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Lakhimadevi

2026-05-08T16:12:06Z

Davidwnl: started a bio v1 - done

{{Short description|Queen of Mithila in Oiniwar Dynasty}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Lakhimadevi
| title = Maharani of Mithila
| reign = 1416 CE - 1428 CE
| predecessor = [[Shiva Simha Singh|Shivasimha]]
| successor = [[Padmasimha]] (Brother of [[Shiva Simha Singh|Shivasimha]])
| birth_date = Lakhima
| birth_place = Mithila
| death_place = [[Banauli Vidyapati Dih]], [[Raj Banauli]]
| spouse = [[Shiva Simha Singh|Shivasimha]]
| spouse-type = Husband
| full name = Lakshmi Devi
| regnal name = Maharani Lakhimadevi
| house = Tirhut Sarkar
| house-type = Kingdom
| occupation = *Chief Queen - Maharani
*Later ruler of Tirhut Sarkar
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| royal house = Mithila Kingdom
| dynasty = [[Oiniwar Dynasty]]
}}
'''Lakhimadevi''' ([[Maithili language|Maithili]]: लखीमादेवी) was the queen of the [[Videha|Mithila Kingdom]] in [[Oiniwar dynasty|Oiniwar Dynasty]] during the period of the [[Shiva Simha Singh|King Shivasimha]] in the kingdom. She was contemporary of the prominent [[Maithili language|Maithili]] poet [[Vidyapati]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kāṇe |first=Pāṇḍuraṅga Vāmana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E7bWAAAAMAAJ |title=History of Dharmaśāstra: (ancient and Mediæval Religious and Civil Law in India) |date=1975 |publisher=Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute |pages=811 |language=en}}</ref> She was the wife of the King Shivasimha in Mithila.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Benīpurī |first=Rāmavr̥ksha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2uQrAAAAMAAJ |title=Benīpurī granthāvalī |date=1998 |publisher=Rādhākr̥shṇa Prakāśana |isbn=978-81-7119-424-7 |language=hi}}</ref> After the missing and death of the King Shivasimha, the queen took control of the Mithila Kingdom. The Mithila Kingdom was also known as Tirhut Kingdom those days.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Origins of Caste Identity among the Maithil Brahmins of North Bihar |url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/110341/pandey_1.pdf?sequence=1 |journal=University of Michigan Library}}</ref> She was the eighth ruler in the Oiniwar Dynasty of the kingdom.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sircar |first=D. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m1JYwP5tVQUC&q=Bhairavasimha |title=Studies in Indian Coins |date=2005 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publisher |isbn=978-81-208-2973-2 |pages=269 |language=en}}</ref>

The history of the queen Lakhimadevi is elaborated in the text ''[[Purushapariksha]]'' composed by the [[Maithils|Maithil]] scholar [[Vidyapati]]. She is much praised by the Maithil scholar Vidyapati in his compositions. He has written about the queen Lakhimadevi as a praise in his text quoted<ref>{{Cite book |last=Choudhary |first=Radhakrishna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C0f898HDLAYC&q=%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80 |title=A Survey of Maithili Literature |date=1976 |publisher=Ram Vilas Sahu |isbn=978-93-80538-36-5 |pages=45 |language=en}}</ref>
{{Quotes|text="My poetry flows at the contemplation of the feet of Lakhima Devi"|author=Maithili Poet Vidyapati}}She is also known as ''Lakshmi Devi''. The poet Vidyapati in his poems had emotionally described the queen as the form of [[Lakshmi|Goddess Lakshmi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=प्राचीन हिंदी काव्य |url=https://ddceutkal.ac.in/Syllabus/MA_HINDI/Paper-05.pdf |website=DDCE, Utkal University}}</ref> In some historical texts, her name is also mentioned as ''Lakhima Thakurani'' or ''Rani Lakhima Thakurain''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Choudhary |first=Rabindra Nath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nmYeAAAAMAAJ |title=Political History of Khandavala Dynasity [sic] in Mithila, 1556-1793 |date=1987 |publisher=Capital Publishing House |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Lakhimadevi was born in a [[Maithil Brahmin]] family in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] of the [[Indian subcontinent]].

== Later life ==
Lakhimadevi was married to the King Shivasimha of the Oiniwar Dynasty in Mithila. After the marriage, she became the chief queen of the Mithila Kingdom. According to historians, she was a scholarly woman and well versed about the knowledge of administrative matters of a kingdom. She was also a [[Poet|poetess]]. She is considered as one of prominent ''Vibhutis'' in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]]. Due to her poetic talent, she is also identified as ''Mahakavi'' in the region.<ref>{{Cite web |title=मिथिला की उपेक्षा निंदनीय - |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/darbhanga-8483874.html |access-date=2025-03-16 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

It is said that when the Mughal emperor arrested the King Sivasimha of Mithila, then the King said to his Rajpandita Vidyapati to flew his wife Lakhimadevi into the neighbouring kingdom [[Raj Banauli]] of his friend ''Dronwara Puraditya''. Then the poet Vidyapati along with Maharani Lakhimadevi flew away from the capital [[Gajarathapur]] and came to the kingdom of Raj Banauli and took asylum at the court of the King Dronwara Puraditya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Thakur Upendra. |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.505783 |title=History Of Mithila (1956) |date=1956 |publisher=Bhola Nath Mishra Acharya At Sudhakar Press.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Govind Ram |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Vidy%C4%81pati_k%C4%AB_k%C4%81vya_pratibh%C4%81.html?id=gLVHAAAAMAAJ#%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0 |title=Vidyāpati kī kāvya-pratibhā |date=1965 |publisher=Navayuga-Prakāśana |language=hi}}</ref>

== Rule ==
In the asylum at the court of Raj Banauli, Maharani Lakhimadevi took control on the throne of King Shivasimha by the help of the ''Rajpandita'' Vidyapati. According to historians, ''Maharani Lakhimadevi'' ruled the Mithila Kingdom in the absence of King Shivasimha from the court of [[Raj Banauli]] at [[Banauli Vidyapati Dih]] for 12 years. The time period of the regime of Maharani Lakhimadevi was from 1416 CE to 1428 CE. The Rajpandita Vidyapati became her political advisor and helped her in the matters of administration of the ''Tirhut Sarkar''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pāṇḍeya |first=Śambhūnātha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bQsPAAAAMAAJ |title=Apabhraṃśa aura Avahaṭṭa: eka antaryātrā : uttama Apabhraṃśa kāvya-sāṅgraha, Hindī vyākhyā, vhākaraṇa, ṭippaniyām̐, tathā vyutpattigatakośa sahita |date=1979 |publisher=Caukhambhā Oriyanṭāliyā |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

The Maithil historian ''Makhan Jha'' in his book ''Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms'', described the queen Lakhimadevi of progressive nature. Maharani Lakhimadevi criticized the ''Bikaua'' system marriage of women prevalent in the Maithil society those days.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Jha |first=Makhan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0i94Z5C8HMC&q=Lakhima |title=Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms: A Study in Civilizational Perspective |date=1997 |publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=978-81-7533-034-4 |pages=157 |language=en}}</ref> In the Bikaua system, a large number of women of lower grade section were married to a single man of higher grade section in the same caste. The women married to the Bikaua man had to live with their own parents. The word Bikaua was used for the man whom several women were married. This system of marriage was practiced in order to raise own social status of the lower grade family. But this system had a serious problem that after the death of the Bikaua man, a large number of women were becoming widows. Therefore, Maharani Lakhimadevi criticized the Bikaua system and tried to eradicate it from the society.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jha |first=Jata Shankar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y5pAAAAAMAAJ |title=Aspects of the History of Modern Bihar |date=1988 |publisher=Kashi Prasad Jayaswal Research Institute |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Thakur |first=Upendra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xVHRAAAAMAAJ |title=History of Mithila: (circa 3000 B.C.-1556 A.D.) |date=1956 |publisher=Mithila Institute |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Choudhary |first=Radhakrishna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8bwBAAAAMAAJ |title=Mithilā in the Age of Vidyāpati |date=1976 |publisher=Chaukhambha Orientalia |language=en}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
Maharani Lakhimadevi is one the important figures in the legendary as well as historical stories of the mediaeval [[Videha|Mithila Kingdom]]. She is also an important character in the literature of the [[Maithili language]].

There are several historical places named after her name in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] of the Indian subcontinent. In the Himalayan nation [[Nepal]], there is a historical pond called as ''Lakshmi Sagar'' near the [[Banauli Vidyapati Dih|Vidyapati Dih]] in the [[Banauli Donauli|Banauli Danauli]] village of the [[Mahottari District|Mahottari district]] in the Mithila region. The historical pond was named after the name of the ''Maharani Lakhimadevi'' of the Mithila Kingdom.

== See also ==

* [[Vishwasa Devi]]

== References ==
<references />

{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Indian queens regnant]]
[[Category:15th-century queens regnant]]
[[Category:Indian Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:Monarchs of Mithila]]
[[Category:15th-century Indian women]]

V. Kunhikrishnan

2026-05-07T20:13:05Z

Davidwnl: Starting a entry - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}

'''V. Kunhikrishnan''' (born 1952) is an Indian politician from Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2026-05-04 |title=CPI(M) rebel Kunhikrishnan breaches Left fortress in Payyannur, wins by over 7,000 votes |url=https://theprint.in/india/cpim-rebel-kunhikrishnan-breaches-left-fortress-in-payyannur-wins-by-over-7000-votes/2921546/ |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> He is a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly]] from [[Payyanur Assembly constituency]] in Kannur district. He won as an independent candidate and made history by winning in a constituency where the CPI(M) was undefeated for more than 60 years.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-05-04 |title=Kerala Assembly poll results: CPI(M) rebel V. Kunhikrishnan wins Payyannur seat with 7,487 votes, breaking CPI(M) stronghold |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/kerala-assembly/kerala-assembly-poll-results-cpim-rebel-v-kunhikrishnan-wins-payyannur-seat-with-7487-votes-breaking-cpim-stronghold/article70938239.ece |access-date=2026-05-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-04 |title=Payyanur Assembly Election Results 2026 Live Updates: Independent V. Kunhikrishnan wins by 7487 votes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/kerala/payyanur-assembly-election-results-2026-live-updates-lefts-t-i-madhusoodhan-and-bjps-a-p-gangadharan-are-contesting-for-this-seat-among-others/liveblog/130692738.cms |access-date=2026-05-04 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Kunhikrishnan is from Payyanur, Kannur district, Kerala. He is the son of Kammara Poduval. He did his schooling as Government High School, Karivellur and passed the SSLC examination in March 1970. He later did a Junior Diploma at Co-Operative Training Center, Kozhikode in 1976. He is a retired employee and decalred assets worth Rs.4 crore in his affidavit to the [[Election Commission of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=V. Kunhikrishnan(Independent(IND)):Constituency- PAYYANNUR(KANNUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Kerala2026/candidate.php?candidate_id=643 |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
He contested as a rebel CPI (M) candidate and won the [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]] from Payyanur Assembly constituency as an [[independent politician]]. He polled 76,640 votes and defeated his nearest rival and sitting MLA [[T. I. Madhusoodanan]] of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]], by a margin of 7,487 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-04 |title=Rebels rewrite poll script in Kerala, cost CPM its bastions |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/kerala-election-2026-cpim-sudhakaran-kunhikrishnan-govindan-10672140/ |access-date=2026-05-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-04 |title=Payyannur Election Result 2026 Live: IND's V. Kunhikrishnan defeats CPM's T. I. Madhusoodanan with 7487 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/payyannur-assembly-election-results-2026-live-updates-kerala-vote-counting-seat-constituency-candidates-leading-trailing-kaelb-2905364-2026-05-04 |access-date=2026-05-04 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kunhikrishnan, V.}}
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 2026–2031]]
[[Category:People from Kannur district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]

V. Cartigueyane

2026-05-07T09:32:56Z

Davidwnl: Starting new details

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = V. Cartigueyane
| office = Member of the [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Nellithope Assembly constituency|Nellithope]]
| predecessor = [[Richards Johnkumar]]
| term_start = 2026
| party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| profession = Politician
}}
'''V. Cartigueyane''' is an Indian politician from [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]. He is a member of the [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly]] from [[Nellithope Assembly constituency|Nellithope]] representing the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=V. Cartigueyane(DMK):Constituency- NELLITHOPE(PUDUCHERRY) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Puducherry2021/candidate.php?candidate_id=29 |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=V. Cartigueyane, NELLITHOPE constituency, DMK, Puducherry Assembly Election 2026: Profile & Affidavit |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/candidates/Puducherry2026/v-cartigueyane-288/ |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Cartigueyane won the [[Nellithope Assembly constituency|Nellithope]] seat in the [[2026 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election]] as a candidate of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]. He received 8,226 votes and defeated Omsakthisekar, an independent candidate, by a margin of 850 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-04 |title=Nellithope (Puducherry) Assembly Election Result 2026: V. Cartigueyane of DMK Wins |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/nellithope-election-result-live-updates-puducherry-assembly-election-results-winner-10668748/ |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-05-04 |title=Nellithope election result 2026: DMK's V Cartigueyane defeats Independent's Omsakthisekar by 850 votes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/nellithope-election-result-2026/articleshow/130575556.cms |access-date=2026-05-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cartigueyane, V.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Members of the Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]

Diocese of Cochin

2026-05-06T10:39:44Z

Davidwnl:

{{Short description|Latin Catholic diocese in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox diocese
| jurisdiction = Diocese
| name = Cochin
| latin = Diœcesis Coccinensis
| local = {{lang|ml|കൊച്ചി രൂപത }}
| border =
| image = Kathedralbasilika_Santa_Cruz_2018-04-04a.jpg
| caption = [[Santa Cruz Cathedral Basilica, Kochi]]
| country = India
| territory =
| episcopal conference = {{indented plainlist|
* [[Conference of Catholic Bishops of India]]
* [[Catholic Bishops' Conference of India]]
* [[KCBC|Kerala Catholic Bishop's Council]]
}}
| metropolitan =
| province = [[List of Catholic dioceses in India#Province of Verapoly|Verapoly]]
| headquarters = [[Fort Kochi]], Kerala
| coordinates = {{Coord|9.964774|76.242738|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| ecclesiastical region = [[Kerala]]


| area_km2 = 236
| area_footnotes = {{sfn|Cheney|2024}}
| population = 625,500{{efn|name="ap2022"|''[[Annuario Pontificio]]'' (2022) via ''[[Catholic-Hierarchy.org]]''{{sfn|Cheney|2024}}}}
| population_as_of = 2021
| catholics = 182,324{{efn|name=""|''[https://www.dioceseofcochin.org/news/rev-msgr-antony-kattiparambil-bishop-elect-diocese-cochin]'' (2022) via ''[[Catholic-Hierarchy.org]]''{{sfn|Cheney|2024}}}}
| catholics_percent= {{percentage|176,680|625,500|1|%=}}
| parishes = 51{{efn|name="ap2022"}}
| deaneries = 6
| area_sqmi = 96


| denomination = [[Catholic Church]]
| sui_iuris_church = [[Latin Church]]
| rite = [[Roman Rite]]
| established = {{start date and age|df=yes|4 February 1557}}
| cathedral = [[Santa Cruz Cathedral Basilica]], [[Fort Cochin]]
| patron = {{ubl | [[True Cross|Holy Cross]] | [[St Francis Xavier]]}}
| priests = 166 Diocesan Priests
116 Religious Priests
545 Religious Sisters
| language = {{Hlist|Malayalam |English | Portuguese}}


| pope = {{Incumbent pope}} 
| bishop = [[Antony Kattiparambil]]
| bishop_title = Bishop
| metro_archbishop = [[Joseph Kalathiparambil]]
| emeritus_bishops = {{Ubl | [[Joseph Kariyil]] | [[John Thattumkal]]}}
| judicial_vicar = Joshy George Alesseril
| website = {{URL|dioceseofcochin.org}}
| module = {{Infobox mapframe}}
| vicar_general = Josy Kandanattuthara
| episcopal_vicar = Francis Xavier Kalathiveetil
Tomy Chambakkatt
|coat=Vector_Cochin.jpg}}

The '''Diocese of Cochin''' ({{langx|la|Diœcesis Coccinensis}}) is a [[Latin Church]] [[diocese]] of the [[Catholic Church]] in [[Cochin, Kerala]], India. A constituent of the {{lang|la|sui iuris}} [[Latin Church]], the diocese was established in 1557 after the domination of the [[Portuguese language|Portuguese-speaking]] missionaries. The diocese is a [[suffragan diocese]] in the [[ecclesiastical province]] of the [[Metropolis (religious jurisdiction)|metropolitan]] [[Archdiocese of Verapoly]]. According to Annuario Pontificio 2025, Diocese of Cochin is the first diocese of Kerala<ref>{{Cite book |title=Annuario Pontificio 2025 |page=316 |language=Italian |trans-title=Pontifical Yearbook 2025 (Italian: Annuario Pontificio 2025) on sale online - Immediate delivery worldwide. Catholic Church Directory. Author: Vatican Secretariat of State, Central Office of Church Statistics. Publisher: Libreria Editrice Vaticana. Text in Italian. Paper edition only - there is no pdf version availble.}}</ref>

The diocese is situated with the [[Arabian Sea]] in the west, the Archdiocese of Verapoly in both north and east, and the [[Diocese of Alleppey]] in the south. The [[Santa Cruz Cathedral Basilica, Kochi|Santa Cruz Cathedral Basilica]] in [[Fort Cochin]] is the diocese's cathedral where the Diocesan Administrator resides. Pope Francis appointed [[James Raphael Anaparambil]], Bishop of [[Diocese of Alleppey]], as apostolic administrator ''[[sede plena]]'' to the diocese on 11 October 2024 <ref>{{Cite web |title=News {{!}} Catholic Connect |url=https://cc.pacifyca.com/news/bishop-james-appointed-as-the-apostolic-administrator-of-cochin |access-date=2024-11-08 |website=cc.pacifyca.com}}</ref> and his term has ended on 8th December by the installation of [[Antony Kattiparambil]] as the Bishop of Cochin.

On 25 October 2025, [[Pope Leo XIV]] appointed [[Antony Kattiparambil]] as the bishop of the [[Diocese of Cochin]]. His episcopal ordination was on 7th December 2025 at the Basilica Nagar- Parade ground Fort Cochin and he was installed as the bishop of Cochin by the next day at [[Santa Cruz Cathedral Basilica, Kochi]].
[[File:Bishop House kochi.png|thumb]]

== History ==
The Diocese of Cochin, now diminutive in size due to successive bifurcations in the course of time, once used to be the Mother Diocese of many a bishopric in the Sub-continent. The erstwhile Mother Diocese extended in the west coast from [[Malabar Coast|Malabar]], down south to [[Cape Comorin]] (the present [[Kanya Kumari]] and still further down, [[Ceylon]] ( now, [[Sri Lanka]] ) and stretched along the east coast all the way up, encompassing [[Nepal]], [[Bangladesh]] and beyond [[Burma]] ( now, [[Myanmar]] ) and still further east to [[Hong Kong]], [[Malacca]] and [[Macau]].
{| class="wikitable"
!Date
!Event
!From
!To
|-
|4 February 1557
|Erected
|[[Archdiocese of Goa]]<ref name="JJ">[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06602a.htm Archdiocese of Goa - suffragan sees of Cochin and Malacca]</ref>
|Diocese of Cochin<ref name="CathHierCochin">[http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dcchn.html www.catholic-hierarchy.org | Diocese of Cochin]</ref><ref name="AR">[http://oce.catholic.com/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Cochin Diocese of Cochin erected | Original Catholic Encyclopedia] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151127005217/http://oce.catholic.com/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Cochin|date=2015-11-27}}</ref><ref name="GCathCochin">[http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/coch1.htm www.gcatholic.org | Diocese of Cochin]</ref> was erected as a [[suffragan diocese]] (other being [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Malacca-Johor|Diocese of Malacca]]) to the [[Archdiocese of Goa]]<ref name="JJ" />
|-
|1599
|Territory Lost
|Diocese of Cochin
|Archdiocese of Angamalé (erected)(Later name changed to<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cranganore (Angamala) (Archdiocese) [Catholic-Hierarchy] |url=https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dc518.html |access-date=2025-07-30 |website=www.catholic-hierarchy.org}}</ref>[[Archdiocese of Cranganore]] and suppressed to [[Vicariate Apostolic of Verapoly]])
|-
|9 January 1606
|Territory Lost
|Diocese of Cochin
|[[Dioceses of Saint Thomas of Mylapore]] (Tamil Nadu)
United To: [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Madras and Mylapore|Archdiocese of Madras and Mylapore]] (Meliapor)<ref>{{Cite web |title=São Tomé of Meliapore (Diocese) [Catholic-Hierarchy] |url=https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/ds326.html |access-date=2025-07-30 |website=www.catholic-hierarchy.org}}</ref>
|-
|1606
|Territory Lost
|Diocese of Cochin
|as Mission "sui iuris" of Madura (Tamil Nadu<ref>{{Cite web |title=Madura (Mission "Sui Iuris") [Catholic-Hierarchy] |url=https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dm608.html |access-date=2025-07-30 |website=www.catholic-hierarchy.org}}</ref>) Later Suppressed.
|-
|1659
|Territory Lost
|Diocese of Cochin
|Vicariate Apostolic of Malabar (erected) (Later namechanged to [[Vicariate Apostolic of Verapoly]] and Later to [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Verapoly|Archdiocese of Verapoly]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Verapoly (Archdiocese) [Catholic-Hierarchy] |url=https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dvrpl.html |access-date=2025-07-30 |website=www.catholic-hierarchy.org}}</ref>)
|-
|3 Dec 1834
|Territory Lost
|Diocese of Cochin
|Vicariate Apostolic of Ceylon (Sri Lanka)
Later changed to [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Colombo|Archdiocese of Colombo]]<ref>https://gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/colo0 {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2025}}</ref>
|-
|19 June 1952
|Territory Lost
|Diocese of Cochin
|[[Diocese of Alleppey]] (erected)
|-
|19 September 1953
|Metropolitan Changed
|Archdiocese of Goa
|Archdiocese of Verapoly
|-
|1955
|Territory Lost
|Diocese of Cochin
|Diocese of Trivandrum<ref>{{cite web | title=Diocese of Cochin, India 🇮🇳 | url=https://gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/coch1 }}</ref>
|}
The early Christian missionaries arrived in India from [[Portugal]] in 1550, pioneering the Portuguese mission in the country. Subsequently, the Christians of Kochi began practicing the [[Latin liturgical rite]]. [[St. Francis Xavier]] often visited the land of Kochi, where he offered holy mass at the St. Francis Church, in which lies the body of [[Vasco da Gama]] buried in 1524.{{sfn | ''apostolicnunciatureindia.com'' | 2000}} The Order of the Franciscans built a monastery in 1518 and two more, of the Jesuit Order, in 1550 and 1561. In 1553 the Dominicans sisters started a college and Monastery in Kochi, and before 1557, publication began and book printing began in Kochi. The Society of Jesus was then founded by Father Balthazar Gago, S.J. in 1550 and in 1560, the King of Portugal built for the Society of Jesus, the college of Kochi, and in 1562, a novitiate of the Society was established there. Following the rising of the land, [[Pope Leo X]], in 1514 erected the [[Diocese of Funchal]], and in 1534, the [[Diocese of Goa]] which was joined by the people in Kochi. The diocese of Cochin was elected by [[Pope Paul IV]] on 4 February 1557, in his decree {{lang|la|"Pro Excellenti Praeeminentia"}}{{sfn | ''apostolicnunciatureindia.com'' | 2000}} for the two new [[suffragan diocese]]s (the other being [[Diocese of Malacca]]).{{sfn | ''uc.pt'' | 2022}}{{sfn|Cheney|2024}} After its erection as a diocese, it was the second and preceded southern and eastern India, Burma, and [[Ceylon]] (now [[Sri Lanka]]). It was later reorganized following the Concordat of 23 June 1886, between [[Leo XIII]] and King Luiz of Portugal.{{fact|date=November 2024}}

Before the missionaries, people of Malabar practiced Hinduism, Christianity, Islam, and Judaism. Three out of the eight Franciscan friars, who sailed from [[Lisbon]] to India died in the 1500 masacre in Kozhikode. The survivors then settled at Kochi and from there began the foundation of the Diocese of Cochin. They also received support from other missionaries working from the city which was a centre. Vasco da Gama, a messenger from Portugal who had arrived at Cochin accepted the writings of the early converted Christians for the King of Portugal. The Syrian Bishop of those Christians promised obedience to the pope through the Franciscan missionaries and two Nestorian priests, who later accompanied Gama to Lisbon en route for [[Rome]]. The pioneer priests of the diocese, Franciscans João d'Elvas and Pedro d'Amarante until 1507, preached the Gospel at [[Vypin]], [[Pallippuram, Ernakulam|Pallippuram]], and [[Kodungallur]]. Father Vincent de Lagos established the College of Kodungallur in 1540 to train the Nestorian Christians.{{fact|date=November 2024}}

The Papal Bull of [[Pope Paul IV]], which was used earlier in erecting the diocese was also utilised in raising the collegiate church of the Holy Cross, and the parish church of Cochin to a cathedral of the diocese with the first Bishop of Cochin, a Dominican Father Jorge Tremudo. In 1577, Brother João Gonsalves, S.J. was engraved at Cochin for the first time, thus, outlined the first Malealam book ''Outlines of Christian Doctrine'', which was written in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] by St. Francis Xavier to aid children. Cochin was taken on 6 January 1663, by the Dutch after a siege of six months. The city was reduced in size; the clergy were expelled; the monasteries and colleges, bishop's palace, etc., were razed to the ground. The church of St. Francis of Assisi, belonging to the Franciscan monastery was spared by the conquerors and converted for their religious use. After the English overthrew the Dutch, they kept the church which was turned into a merchandise to serve as a witness to the past four centuries, as well as an existing oldest church in India.{{sfn | ''apostolicnunciatureindia.com'' | 2000}}

== Administration ==
[[File:Leo XIV (13 October 2025).jpg|left|200x200px]]
[[File:Bishop Antony Kattiparambil official (cropped).jpg|right|200x200px]]
'''Pope''': {{Incumbent pope}}
'''Bishop''' : Rt Rev Msgr [[Antony Kattiparambil]]
Vicar General : Very Rev Msgr Josy Kandanattuthara
Chancellor and Episcopal Vicar: Very Rev Dr Johney Xavier Puthukkattu

Episcopal Vicar: Very Rev Fr Francis Xavier Kalathiveetil

Episcopal Vicar: Very Rev Fr Tomy Chambakkatt
Procurator: Very Rev Fr Prasad Joseph Kandathiparambil
Judicial Vicar : Very Rev Fr Joshy George Alesseril
Minor Seminary Rector: Very Rev Fr Antony Thaiveettil
Spiritual Father : Very Rev Fr Denson Oliver

== Ordinaries ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Sl.no
! Ordinary
! Year of appointment
! Last year of service
|-
| 1
| [[Jorge Temudo|Dom Jorge Temudo O.P]]
| align="center" | 1557
| align="center" | 1567
|-
| 2
| [[Dom Henrique De Tavora O.P|Dom Henrique de Távora e Brito O.P]]
| align="center" | 1576
| align="center" | 1578
|-
| 3
| [[Dom Antonio De Baja]]
| align="center" | 1578
| align="center" | 1578
|-
| 4
| [[Dom Matheus De Medina O.S.A.]]
| align="center" | 1579
| align="center" | 1588
|-
| 5
| [[ Dom Andrea De Sant Maria O.F.M]]
| align="center" | 1588
| align="center" | 1610
|-
| 6
| [[ Dom Sebastianos A Santa Pedro O.A.]]
| align="center" | 1615
| align="center" | 1624
|-
| 7
| [[Dom Luiz De Britto A Menezes O.S.A.]]
| align="center" | 1628
| align="center" | 1629
|-
| 8
| [[Dom Francesco Baretto]]
| align="center" | 1630
| align="center" | 1630
|-
| 9
| [[Dom Miguel Da Cruz Rangal O.P]]
| align="center" | 1633
| align="center" | 1646
|-
| 10
| [[Dom Antonio Da Serpa]]
| align="center" | 1647
| align="center" | 1647
|-
| 11
| [[Dom Joao Celo]]
| align="center" | 1650
| align="center" | 1650
|-
| 12
| [[Dom Fabio Dos Reis]]
| align="center" | 1668
| align="center" | 1668
|-
| 13
| [[Dom Fernando Da santa Maria]]
| align="center" | 1672
| align="center" | 1672
|-
| 14
| [[Dom Antonio Da Santo Dionysio O.S.A.]]
| align="center" | 1676
| align="center" | 1685
|-
| 15
| [[ Dom Pedro Da Silva O.S.A.]]
| align="center" | 1688
| align="center" | 1691
|-
| 16
| [[ Dom Antonio Da Santa Teresa]]
| align="center" | 1692
| align="center" | 1692
|-
| 17
| [[Dom Pedro Pachecco O.P.]]
| align="center" | 1694
| align="center" | 1713
|-
| 18
| [[ Dom Francesco Pedro Dos Martyres]]
| align="center" | 1717
| align="center" | 1717
|-
| 19
| [[Dom Francesco De Vasconselo]]
| align="center" | 1722
| align="center" | 1742
|-
| 20
| [[Dom Antonio De Conceisao]]
| align="center" | 1745
| align="center" | 1745
|-
| 21
|[[Clemente José Colaço Leitão]]
| align="center" | 1745
| align="center" | 1776
|-
| 22
| [[ Dom Sebastiao Da Costa]]
| align="center" | 1777
| align="center" | 1777
|-
| 23
| [[Dom Manuel De Santa Catherina O.C.D.]]
| align="center" | 1778
| align="center" | 1785
|-
| 24
| [[Dom Jose De Soledad O.C.D.]]
| align="center" | 1785
| align="center" | 1818
|-
| 25
| [[Dom Tomas De Noronha E Britto O.P.]]
| align="center" | 1819
| align="center" | 1819
|-
| 26
| [[Dom Joakim De Santa Rita Boethello]]
| align="center" | 1832
| align="center" | 1832
|-
| 27
| [[João Gomes Ferreira]]
| align="center" | 1887
| align="center" | 1897
|-
| 28
| [[Mateus de Oliveira Xavier|Dom Mateus de Oliveira Xavier]]
| align="center" | 1898
| align="center" | 1908
|-
| 29
| [[José Bento Martins Ribeiro]]
| align="center" | 1909
| align="center" | 1931
|-
| 30
| [[Dom Abilio Agusto Vas Das Neves]]
| align="center" | 1934
| align="center" | 1939
|-
| 31
| [[José Vieira Alvernaz|Dom José Vieira Alvernaz]]
| align="center" | 1942
| align="center" | 1951
|-
| 32
| Rt. Rev. Dr. [[Alexander Edezhath]]
| align="center" | 1952
| align="center" | 1975
|-
| 33
| Rt. Rev. Dr. [[Joseph Kureethara]]
| align="center" | 1975
| align="center" | 1999
|-
| 34
| Rt. Rev Dr. [[John Thattumkal]]
| align="center" | 2000
| align="center" | 2008
|-
| 35
| Rt. Rev Dr. [[Joseph Kariyil]]
| align="center" | 2009
| align="center" | 2024
|-
|36
|Rt. Rev Dr. [[Antony Kattiparambil]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fr. Antony Kattiparambil Appointed New Bishop of Cochin |url=https://catholicconnect.in/news/fr-antony-kattiparambil-appointed-new-bishop-of-cochin |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=Catholic Connect |language=en}}</ref>
| align="center" |2025
| align="center" |Present
|}

== Parishes ==
The Diocese Of Cochin is blessed with fifty one independent parishes with resident priests under six ecclesiastical districts as follows

{| class="wikitable"
|'''''Name Of The Parish'''''
|'''''Year Established'''''
|-
|colspan=3 style="background:#FAEBD7; text-align:center;" | '''First District – Fort Cochin Forane'''
|-
|[[Santa Cruz Cathedral Basilica, Kochi|Santa Cruz Cathedral Basilica Fort Kochi]]
|1505
|-
|[[Our Lady of Life Church, Mattancherry|Church of Our Lady of Life Mattancherry]]
|9th century
|-
|Church of Our Lady of Hope|[[Church of Our Lady of Hope|Church of Our Lady of Hope Fort Vypeen]]
|1605
|-
|St Peter and Paul Church Amaravathy
|1857
|-
|Holy Family Church Nazareth
|1901
|-
|Stella Maris Church Willington Island
|1955
|-
|St Joseph's Bethlehem Church Chullicakal
|1974
|-
|St Mary's Church Kochery
|2016
|-
! colspan="3" style="background:#FAEBD7; text-align:center;" | '''Second District – Kannamaly Forane'''
|-
|[[St Antony's Forane Church, Kannamaly|St Antony's Forane Church Kannamaly]]
|1873
|-
|[[St Louis Church, Mundamveli|St Louis Church Mundamveli]]
|9th century
|-
|St Sebastian's Church Chellaanam
|1832
|-
|St Joseph's Church Cheriyakadavu
|1968
|-
|St Francis Assisi Church Kaattiparambu
|1980
|-
|St Thomas Apostle Church Santhome
|1990
|-
|St John The Baptist Church Anjilithara
|2019
|-
! colspan="3" style="background:#FAEBD7; text-align:center;" | '''Third District – Edakochi Forane'''
|-
|[[St. Lawrence Church, Edacochin|St Lawrence Church Edakochi]]
|9th century
|-
|[[St Sebastian's Church Thoppumpady]]
|1833
|-
|Santa Cruz Church Perumpadappu
|1965
|-
|St Joseph's Church Chirackal
|1965
|-
|St Mary's Church North Edakochi
|1978
|-
|St Lawrence Church Palluruthy
|1986
|-
|St Thomas More Church Palluruthy
|1991
|-
|St Joseph's Church Maduracompany
|2012
|-
|Santa Maria Church Perumpadappu
|2018
|-
! colspan="3" style="background:#FAEBD7; text-align:center;" | '''Fourth District – Kumbalanghi Forane'''
|-
|[[St George Church Pazhangad]]
|1869
|-
|St Peter's Church Kumbalanghi
|1875
|-
|St Joseph's Church North Kumbalanghi
|1967
|-
|Immaculate Conception Church Ezhupunna
|1977
|-
|St Sebastian's Church Neendakara
|1977
|-
|Sacred Heart Church Kumbalanghi
|1994
|-
|St Martin De Porres Church Kallencherry
|1996
|-
|Holy Maris Church Azheekakam
|2014
|-
|San Jose Church Ettumkal
|2014
|-
! colspan="3" style="background:#FAEBD7; text-align:center;" | '''Fifth District – Aroor Forane'''
|-
|[[St Augustine's Church Aroor]]
|1901
|-
|St Francis Xavier Church Eramalloor
|1843
|-
|St Joseph's Church Kumbalam
|1977
|-
|St Antony's Church Arookutty
|1978
|-
|St Joseph's Church Vallithod
|1986
|-
|Our Lady Of Fatima Church Kodamthuruth
|1991
|-
|St Mary's Church Chandiroor
|2004
|-
|St Sebastian's Church Karunyapuram
|2013
|-
|Little Flower Church Perumbalam
|2013
|-
|St Jude Church Eramalloor
|2020
|-
|Queen Of Peace Church Ezhupunna
|2024
|-
! colspan="3" style="background:#FAEBD7; text-align:center;" | '''Sixth District – Thankey Forane'''
|-
|[[St Mary's Forane Church Thankey]]
|1832
|-
|[[Our Lady Of Assumption Church, Poomkavu]]
|1860
|-
|St George Church Arthumkal
|1866
|-
|St Francis Xavier Church Vayalar
|1936
|-
|St Sebastian's Church Areeparambu
|2016
|-
|St George Church Arasupuram
|2017
|-
|St Antony's Church Pathirapally
|2019
|}

In the 9th century there were only three parishes in Kochi:

St. Lawrence Church Edakochi,

Our Lady Of Life Church Mattancherry, and

St. Louis Church Mundamveli.{{sfn | ''ucanews.com''}}

== Pilgrim and Novena Centers ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Pilgrim And Novena Centers
!Image
!Name Of The Church
!Veneration
!Feast Day
!Location
|-
|[[File:Santa_Cruz_Cathedral_06.jpg|center|150x150px]]
|[[Santa Cruz Cathedral Basilica, Kochi|Santa Cruz Cathedral Basilica Fortcochin]]
|Holy Cross / Our Lady of Fatima
|September 14 - The Feast of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross and December 31 - Feast of Our Lady of Fatima
|<mapframe latitude="9.9648" longitude="76.2428" zoom="17" width="200" height="155" align="center" />
|-
|[[File:Holy Cross Chapel, Mattancherry.jpg|center|150x150px]]
|Holy Cross Pilgrim Center (Coonan Kurisu) Mattancherry
|Holy Cross
|September 14 - Feast of the Exaltation of Holy Cross
|<mapframe latitude="9.959594" longitude="76.257809" zoom="16" width="200" height="155" align="center" />
|-
|[[File:Poonkavu Church, Alappuzha.jpg|center|138x138px]]
|Our Lady of Assumption Church Poomkavu
|Holy Week Pilgrimage & Infant Jesus
|Holy Week
|<mapframe latitude="9.532194" longitude="76.322150" zoom="14" width="200" height="155" align="center" />
|-
|[[File:Thankey church.jpg|center|155x155px]]
|St Mary's Forane Church Thankey
|Holy Week Pilgrimage
Special Veneration towards the miraculous pascal statue of Jesus Christ
|Holy Week
|<mapframe latitude="9.7082" longitude="76.2957" zoom="15" width="200" height="155" align="center" />
|-
|[[File:Image Our Lady of Velankanni.jpg|center|150x150px]]
|Our Lady Of Velankanni Shrine,Maruvakad, Chellanam
|[[Our Lady of Good Health|Our Lady Of Good Health]]
|September 8 - The Nativity of Blessed Virgin Mary
|<mapframe latitude="9.8371" longitude="76.2699" zoom="19" width="200" height="155" align="center" />
|-
|[[File:Kannamaly Church Ernakulam.jpg|center|161x161px]]
|St Joseph's Miraculous Shrine [[Kannamaly]]
|[[Saint Joseph|St Joseph]] the Worker
|March 19 - Feast of St Joseph
|<mapframe latitude="9.8756" longitude="76.2646" zoom="17" width="200" height="155" align="center" />
|-
|[[File:Tomb of Monsignor Lawrence Puliyanath.jpg|center|160x160px]]
|St Sebastian's Church Edacochin,Tomb Of Servant Of God Msgr.[[Lawrence Puliyanath]]
|Msgr.[[Lawrence Puliyanath]]
(Servant Of God)
|February 20 - Death Anniversary of Msgr Lawrence Puliyanath
|<mapframe latitude="9.901131" longitude="76.293354" zoom="14" width="200" height="155" align="center" />
|-
|
|[[St Francis Assisi Church Kattiparambu]]
|St Francis of Assisi
|October 4 - 2026-27 Jubilee Year of St Francis Assisi - Pilgrimage Centre
|
|}

== Saints and causes for canonisation ==
{{gallery
| mode = slideshow
| align = right
|File:Franciscus de Xabier.jpg|[[Francis Xavier|St Francis Xavier]]
|File:St. John De Britto.jpg|[[John de Britto|St John De Britto]]
|File:ශ්‍රී ලංකා අපොස්තුළුවර ශු.ජුසේ වාස් මුනිතුමා.jpg|[[Joseph Vaz|St Joseph Vaz]]
|File:Mother Teresa 1.jpg|[[Mother Teresa|St Theresa Of Culcutta]]
|File:Devasagayam 1.jpg|[[Devasahayam Pillai|St Devasahayam]]
|File:Ricciportrait.jpg|[[Matteo Ricci|Venerable Matteo Ricci]]
}}
* [[Francis Xavier|St Francis Xavier]] worked in the costal belt of the diocese as a missionary, often visited the diocese.
* [[John de Britto|St John De Britto]] visited the diocese on his way towards his mission.
* [[Joseph Vaz|St Joseph Vaz]] served the diocese as its Vicar General.
* [[Mother Teresa|St Theresa Of Culcutta]], widely known as Mother Theresa, visited the diocese and inaugurated Cochin Institute of printing technology (CIPT Press) In Thoppumpady.
* [[Devasahayam Pillai|St Devasahayam]] a member of the diocese during his great martyrdom.
* [[Matteo Ricci|Venerable Matteo Ricci]] Ordained as a Priest in Santa Cruz Cathedral Basilica Fort Kochi.
* Servant of God [[Lawrence Puliyanath]], a dioceasean priest who is often called as the apostle of the poor,served in the parish of St Lawrence Church Edacochin as Assistant Vicar and Later Vicar for more that 33 years.

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Santa Cruz Cathedral 06.jpg|[[Santa Cruz Cathedral Basilica]]
File:Church of Our Lady of Hope.jpg|[[Church of Our Lady of Hope]]Vypeen
File:Thankey church.jpg|[[Thankey Church]]
File:Our Lady of Life's Church in Mattancherry.jpg|[[Church of Our Lady of Life]]
File:Coonan Cross Cochin 3.jpg|[[Holy Cross Church, Mattancherry]]
File:Kannamaly Church Ernakulam.jpg|[[St Antony's Forane Church, Kannamaly]]
File:Poonkavu Church, Alappuzha.jpg|[[Poomkavu Church]]
File:Aroor Church 2023.jpg|[[St Augustine Church, Aroor]]
File:St. Laurence's Church, Edakochi 03.jpg|[[St. Lawrence Church, Edacochin]]
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Catholic Church in India]]
* [[List of Catholic dioceses in India]]
* [[Territories of Catholic dioceses in India]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==Citations==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite web | title=Apostolic Nunciature, India & Nepal | website=apostolicnunciatureindia.com | date=25 June 2000 |url=https://www.apostolicnunciatureindia.com/DiocesesofIndiaDispFull.aspx?DID=226 | ref={{sfnref | apostolicnunciatureindia.com | 2000}} | access-date=16 May 2024}}
* {{cite web | last=Cheney | first=David M. | title=Cochin (Diocese) [Catholic-Hierarchy] | website=Catholic-Hierarchy | date=4 February 2024 |url=https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dcchn.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423175023/https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dcchn.html | archive-date=23 April 2024 | url-status=live | access-date=16 May 2024}}
* {{cite web | title=Ecclesiastical Structure of the Diocese of Cochin | website=Diocese of Cochin.org | date=1 October 2023 |url=https://dioceseofcochin.org/diocese/ecclesiastical-structure-diocese | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130215444/https://dioceseofcochin.org/diocese/ecclesiastical-structure-diocese | archive-date=30 November 2023 | url-status=live | ref={{sfnref | Diocese | 2023}} | access-date=17 May 2024}}
* {{cite web | title=Diocese of Cochin, India 🇮🇳 | website=GCatholic | date=21 April 2024 |url=https://gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/coch1.htm?tab=bishops | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424122100/https://gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/coch1.htm?tab=bishops | archive-date=24 April 2024 | url-status=live | ref={{sfnref | GCatholic | 2024}} | access-date=17 May 2024}}
* {{cite web | title=Rinunce e nomine | website=press.vatican.va| publisher=Bollettino Sala Stampa della Santa Sede | location=[[Vatican City]], [[Italy]]| date=2 March 2024 | url=https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2024/03/02/0180/00379.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302153322/https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2024/03/02/0180/00379.html | archive-date=2 March 2024 | url-status=live | language=it | ref={{sfnref | press.vatican.va | 2024}} | access-date=17 May 2024}}
* {{cite web | title=Corporate Educational Agency under the Diocese of Cochin | website=ceacochin.org| date=1 April 1981 | url=https://www.ceacochin.org/html/history.htm | ref={{sfnref | ceacochin.org| 1981}} | access-date=17 May 2024}}
* {{cite web | title=Diocese Activities and Organizations of India | website=[[Union of Catholic Asian News]]|publisher=Union of Catholic Asian News Limited|location=[[Hong Kong]], Asia | url=https://www.ucanews.com/directory/parishes-stations/india-cochin/57 | ref={{sfnref | ucanews.com}} | access-date=17 May 2024}}
* {{cite web | title=Bula Cochim traduzida | website=uc.pt |quote=1558, 4 de Fevereiro, Roma – Bula Pro excellenti praeeminentia, pela qual Paulo IV instituiu a diocese de Cochim, desmembrando o seu território da então criada arquidiocese de Goa e concedendo ao rei de Portugal o direito de padroado e de apresentação do bispo da nova diocese.|language=pt| date=23 February 2022 | url=https://www.uc.pt/++preview++/fluc/religionAJE/fontes/docs/Bula_Cochim_traduzida.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121193721/https://www.uc.pt/++preview++/fluc/religionAJE/fontes/docs/Bula_Cochim_traduzida.pdf | archive-date=21 November 2023 | url-status=dead | ref={{sfnref | uc.pt | 2022}} | access-date=17 May 2024}}
{{Refend}}

{{portal bar| Catholic Church | India}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cochin}}
{{commons category|Roman Catholic Diocese of Cochin}}
[[Category:1558 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Churches in Ernakulam district]]
[[Category:Dioceses in Kerala]]
[[Category:Religious organizations established in the 1550s]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses established in the 16th century]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses in India]]

Smaranjit Chakraborty

2026-04-30T09:04:43Z

Davidwnl: Starting new pg

{{short description|Bengali author and screenwriter|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Smaranjit Chakraborty
| native_name = স্মরনজিৎ চক্রবর্ত্তী
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1976|6|19|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Batanagar]], [[Calcutta]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Author, Poet, Businessman
| genre = Fiction
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| nationality = [[India]]n
| movement =
| notableworks =
| subject = [[Literature]]
| influenced =
| signature =
}}

'''Smaranjit Chakraborty''' ({{langx|bn|স্মরনজিৎ চক্রবর্ত্তী}}) is a [[Bengali people|Bengali]] author and screenwriter. He received [[Ananda Puraskar]] in 2025.<ref>https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/novel-of-author-smaranjit-chakraborty-received-ananda-samman-award-prnt/cid/1598229</ref>

==Bibliography==
Adamya Sen Series (Detective Series):
*1) Adamya (2015)
*2) Adamya 2 (2016)
*3) Adamya 3 (2019)

Full-Length Novels:
*1) Patajharar Marshume (2007)
*2) Amader Sei Shahare (2009)
*3) Etuku Bristi (2011)
*4) Finge (2012)
*5) Pakhider Sahare Jeman (2012)
*6) Britta(2013)
*7) Budbud (2013)
*8) Alor Gandha (2013)
*9) Furaye Sudhu Chokhe (2014)
*10) Palta Hawa (2014)
*11) Criss-cross (2014)
*12) Omm(2015)
*13) Mom-Kagaj (2016)
*14) Doyel Sanko (2017)
*15) Fanush (2018)
*16) Compass (2018)
*17) Himjug (2018)
*18) Asampurna (2019)
*19) Jonakider Bari (2019)
*20) SafetyPin (2020)
*21) Babui (2020)
*22) Chuyanno (2022)
*23) Chatim (2022)
*24) Botamghor (2022)
*25) Neel Roler Laal Roler (2024)
*26) Sunyo Pother Mallika (2024)
*27) Choti Golpo (2025)
*28) Baul suto(2026)

Collection of Short Stories and Novella:
*1) Unish Kurir Prem (2009)
*2) Premer Unish Kuri (2017)
*3) Ponchas ti golpo(2023)

Juvenile Fiction:
*1) Atal Joler Bandhu (2016)
*2) Warren Dadur Dhadha Bakso (2017)
*3) Sada Sonar Deshe (2021)

Poem Books:
*1) Debotar chilekotha (2016)
*2) Neel Holud Muffler-er Kache (2018)
*3) Porigondher sohor (2020)
*4) Sarajiboner moto (2020)
*5) Dupur belar kobita (2020)
*6) Nijeke Bojhai Nispriho (2020)
*7) Jetuku Amar Noy (2022)
*8) Biscuit Ronger Bari (2023)

Autobiography:

*1) Jhaal Lozen (2024)

==Filmography==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Film
!Screenplay
!Story
!Notes
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2009
|''[[Go for Goals]]''
|
|{{yes}}
|based on his book ''Patajharar Marshume''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/Go-For-Goals/movie-review/4572130.cms|title = Go for Goals Movie Review {1.5/5}: Critic Review of Go for Goals by Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2014
|''[[Gogoler Kirti]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|debut in screenplay writing<ref name=ref1>{{citation|title=Gogoler Kirti Info, TOI |url=http://mobiletoi.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=28&sectid=edid=&edlabel=TOIKM&mydateHid=12-03-2014&pubname=Times+of+India+-+Kolkata&edname=&articleid=Ar02806&publabel=TOI |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140513014745/http://mobiletoi.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=28&sectid=edid=&edlabel=TOIKM&mydateHid=12-03-2014&pubname=Times+of+India+-+Kolkata&edname=&articleid=Ar02806&publabel=TOI |url-status=dead |archive-date=2014-05-13 }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2018
|''[[Crisscross (2018 film)|Crisscross]]''
|
|{{yes}}
|based on his book ''Crisscross''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/864939/shree-venkatesh-films-to-roll-out-25-bengali-films-over-next-three-years|title=Shree Venkatesh Films to roll out 25 Bengali films over next three years|date=13 January 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/gaaner-oparey-hit-pair-mimi-chakraborty-and-arjun-chakraborty-back-together-in-crisscross/articleshow/63466142.cms|title = "Gaaner Oparey" hit pair Mimi Chakraborty and Arjun Chakraborty back together in "Crisscross" - Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]]| date=26 March 2018 }}</ref>
|}
==Awards==
*[[Ananda Puraskar]], 2025

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://imdb.com/name/nm8697466/ Smaranjit Chakraborty] at [[IMDb]]
*[https://www.goodreads.com/author/list/6938003.Smaranjit_Chakraborty Smaranjit Chakraborty] at [[Goodreads]]
*[https://youtube.com/watch?v=uVhTe7ji6_k&feature=youtu.be Smaranjit Chakraborty interview]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chakraborty, Smaranjit}}
[[Category:Bengali writers]]
[[Category:Bengali-language writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Bengali male poets]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ananda Puraskar]]

GVK Industries

2026-04-23T16:46:13Z

Davidwnl:

{{Short description|Indian conglomerate company}}{{advert|date=June 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox company
| name = GVK Industries Limited
| logo = File:GVK Power & Infrastructure Limited Logo.svg
| logo_size = 250px
| caption high gbd =
| type = [[Public Company|Private]]
| traded_as =
| genre = 
| fate =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| founded = {{Start date and age|2005|04|20|df=yes}}
| founder = [[G. V. Krishna Reddy]]
| defunct = 
| location_city = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]]
| key_people = {{Unbulleted_list|G. V. Krishna Reddy {{small|(Chairman)}}|G. V. Sanjay Reddy {{small|(Vice-Chairman)}}|A. Issac George {{small|(CFO)}}}}
| locations = [[India]], [[Australia]], [[Indonesia]],
| industry = [[Conglomerate (company)|Conglomerate]]
| products = {{Bulleted_list|Energy|Resources|Airports|Transportation}}
| num_employees = 50,000 (2017)
| revenue = {{profit}}{{INRConvert| 31.363|b}}(2015)<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.gvk.com/files/investorrelations/financialinformation/annualreports/201415_e28a6f6b789142b6926a2c1e57e05bc2.pdf | work=GVK| title= GVK Annual Financial report | date=1 January 2015}}</ref>
| homepage = https://www.gvk.com/
| footnotes =
}}

'''GVK Industries Limited''' is an Indian conglomerate headquartered in Hyderabad with interests in several sectors, including energy, airports, hospitality, transportation, real estate, pharmaceuticals, and technology.<ref>{{cite web|last=Power & Infrastructure|first=GVK|title=ABOUT GVK|url=http://www.gvk.com}}</ref> After acquiring Australian coal mines in [[Queensland]] for {{USD}}1.26 billion, GVK forecasts an investment of {{USD}}10 billion in mine, rail, and port projects. Its flagship company, GVK Power & Infrastructure Limited, is listed on both the [[Bombay Stock Exchange]] (BSE) and the [[National Stock Exchange of India|National Stock Exchange]] (NSE) as [https://www.bseindia.com/stock-share-price/gvk-power--infrastructure-ltd/gvkpil/532708/ GVKPIL] .<ref name=FinanceInfo2011>{{cite web|last=Power & Infrastructure|title=Annual Finance Report 2011-12 |url=http://www.gvk.com/files/investorrelations/financialinformation/annualreports/2011__12_630cd3abcee849e5b603c2ec7471edae.pdf}}</ref>
==Businesses==
===Energy===
GVK's energy portfolio comprises CCPP (gas/naphtha-based), thermal (coal-based), and hydropower plants.

====Projects under operation====
* 469 MW Gautami CCPP, [[Andhra Pradesh]], commenced operations in 2009. <ref name="gvk.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.gvk.com/ourbusiness/energy/gas.aspx|title=GVK - Our Business - Enegry - CCPP (Gas & Naptha)|work=gvk.com|accessdate=3 April 2017}}</ref>
* 228 MW Jegurupadu CCPP Phase 2 (228 MW), [[Andhra Pradesh]], commenced operations in 2009. <ref name="gvk.com"/>
* 330 MW Srinagar HEP, [[Uttarakhand]], commenced operations in 2015. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://netindian.in/news/2015/06/11/00034060/bhel-commissions-4th-825-mw-uttarakhand-hydel-project|title=BHEL commissions 4th 82.5 MW at Uttarakhand hydel project - NetIndian|date=11 June 2015|work=netindian.in|accessdate=3 April 2017}}</ref>
*The 540 MW Goindwal Sahib Thermal Power Project, [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], commenced operations in 2016. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/finally-goindwal-sahib-thermal-plant-to-get-going/story-1I8h8YveDjJAmNezg4efJK.html|title=Finally, Goindwal Sahib thermal plant to get going|date=26 January 2016|work=hindustantimes.com|accessdate=3 April 2017}}</ref>

====Projects under construction and development====
* 850 MW Ratle Hydro Electric Project, [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]

===Resources===
====Coal====
'''Australia:'''

GVK has secured a 79% stake each in [[Alpha Coal]] and Alpha West Coal mines and a 100% stake in Kevin's Corner mines in [[Queensland]], [[Australia]], for {{USD}}1.26 billion, with total resources of about 8 billion tonnes and a capacity of over 80 million tonbes per annum. When combined, these projects will create one of the largest coal mining operations in the world. GVK has also acquired 100% stake in a 500 km rail line and a 60 million tons per annum port as part of the ‘pit-to-port’ logistics solution.{{buzzword inline|date=July 2019}} the project proposes a total investment of {{USD}}10 billion. This acquisition was awarded as “Asia Deal of the Year” and “Asia Outbound Investor of the Year” at the 8th Asia Mining Awards 2012, Singapore. GVK has received all pertinent approvals having reference to mine, rail and port projects from both the State and Federal Government and is in the culminating stages of project development.
.<ref name=GVKMiningWeekly>{{cite web|last=weekly|first=Mining|title=Queensland approves two new rail corridors|url=http://www.miningweekly.com/print-version/queensland-approves-two-new-rail-corridors-2012-06-06|accessdate=6 June 2012}}</ref>

===Airports===
====India ====
GVK's thrust into the aviation sector set about with the modernization of [[Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport]] (CSIA) in [[Mumbai]]. Further, with the acquisition of [[Kempegowda International Airport]] (KIA) in [[Bengaluru]], GVK had once become one of the largest airport operators in the country handling a combined traffic of over 60 mppa at these two airports.<ref name=GVKMumbaiAirport>{{cite web|website=The Hindu|title='There are many challenges, including land acquisition'|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/article3473800.ece}}</ref><ref name=GVKBangaloreAirport>{{cite web|website=The Hindu|title=GVK buys 14% stake in Bangalore airport from Siemens|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/logistics/article2552213.ece}}</ref><ref name=BAILAward>{{cite web|website=ITWeb|title=Airport scores business continuity first|date=12 January 2012 |url=http://www.itweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=50509}}</ref>

Between 2016 and 2018, GVK sold its stake in Bengaluru International Airport Limited (BIAL) to [[Fairfax Financial|Fairfax India]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=V. Rishi |title=GVK to sell 10% stake in Bengaluru airport to Fairfax for ₹1,290 crore |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/gvk-to-sell-10-stake-in-bengaluru-airport-to-fairfax-for-1290-crore/article9718516.ece |access-date=13 July 2021 |work=Hindu Business Line |date=11 January 2018 |language=en}}</ref> In 2021, GVK sold its operations at Mumbai International Airport Limited (MIAL) to the [[Adani Group]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Adani Group Takes Management Control Of Mumbai International Airport From GVK Group |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/adani-group-takes-over-mumbai-international-airport-7167941.html |access-date=14 July 2021 |work=Moneycontrol |date=13 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

====Indonesia====
GVK has collaborated with the Airports Authority of Indonesia, Angkasa Pura Airports (AP1), for operations, management and development of non-aeronautical commercial services at [[Denpasar International Airport]], [[Bali]]. GVK is also developing an International greenfield airport in [[Yogyakarta]], [[Special Region of Yogyakarta]].<ref>{{cite news|title=GVK Power bags 2 airport projects in Indonesia|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2011/01/26/stories/2011012651070200.htm|accessdate=11 July 2013|newspaper=Hindu Business Line|date=26 January 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=GVK Power and Infrastructure ties up with Indonesian Airport Authority|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-11-08/news/34992566_1_gvk-power-and-infrastructure-gv-sanjay-reddy-chairman-gvk-reddy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109084640/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-11-08/news/34992566_1_gvk-power-and-infrastructure-gv-sanjay-reddy-chairman-gvk-reddy|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 November 2013|accessdate=11 July 2013|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=8 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=GVK calls tenders for services contracts at Bali airport|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-05-29/news/39602244_1_bali-airport-dufry-car-rental-contract|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130711091348/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-05-29/news/39602244_1_bali-airport-dufry-car-rental-contract|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 July 2013|accessdate=11 July 2013|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=29 May 2013}}</ref>

===Transportation===
'''Roads:'''

GVK's [[Jaipur]] – [[Kishangarh]] Expressway, [[Rajasthan]], the first privately operated six-lane road project with 542.4 lane km. GVK's road portfolio encompasses other projects of over 900 lane km under various stages of construction and development:

====Projects under operation====
* Jaipur – Kishangarh Expressway (542.4 lane km), Rajasthan
* [[Deoli, Rajasthan|Deoli]] – [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]] Expressway (332.16 lane km), Rajasthan

====Projects under construction and development====
* Badodara – [[Vasad]] Expressway (611.4 lane km), Gujarat

===Ports===
* GVK has signed an MoU with the [[Government of Gujarat]], to develop a greenfield port at [[Okha, India|Okha]].

===Hospitality===
GVK has seven TAJGVK properties across [[Hyderabad]], [[Chandigarh]], [[Chennai]] and [[Mumbai]] having a total key base of 1372. These include Taj Krishna, Taj Deccan, Taj Banjara and [[Vivanta]] by [[Taj Group]] in [[Hyderabad]]; Taj Chandigarh, Taj Clubhouse in [[Chennai]] and Taj Santacruz in Mumbai. It is also coming up with the Ginger brand in [[Andhra Pradesh]] to cater to the value segment.

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:GVK Group]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]

Indian Social Institute, Bengaluru

2026-04-23T04:35:40Z

Davidwnl: Made new post.

{{short description|Jesuit development centre based in India}}
{{primary sources|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox organization
| image = IndSocInstBang.png
| caption =
| predecessor = [[Indian Social Institute|Indian Institute of Social Order]]
| merged_into =
| successor =
| formation =
| extinction =
| type =
| status =
| purpose =
| headquarters =
| coordinates =
| language =
| leader_title = Director
| leader_name = Joseph Xavier, SJ
| key_people =
| main_organ = ''Critique'' (tri-annual)
| parent_organization =
| affiliations = [[Jesuit]], [[Catholic church|Catholic]]
| budget =
| remarks =
| name = Indian Social Institute, Bangalore
| former_name =
| image_border =
| image_size =
| abbreviation = ISI-B
| merger =
| established = {{Start date and age|1993 }}
| location = Benson Town, [[Bangalore]]
| region_served =
| membership =
| general_secretary =
| num_staff =
| num_volunteers =
| website = {{url|https://www.isibangalore.com/}}
}}
'''Indian Social Institute, Bangalore,''' has been an extension service of the [[Jesuits]] in [[Pune]], [[New Delhi]], [[India]], since the 1950s, working for social change in the interests of poor and underserved peoples. In 1993 it became an independent [[NGO]] and took its current name.

== Historical background ==
In 1951, [[Jerome D'Souza]], an educator and member of the [[Indian Constituent Assembly]], founded the Indian Institute of Social Order in [[Pune]], India, to contribute to the emergence of a new social order in post-independence India. Regional training centres were established in various parts of the country, including [[Bangalore]]. In 1963 the Institute in Pune moved to [[New Delhi]] and in 1967 became [[Indian Social Institute]].<ref name=":0" />

Since the 1980s the Documentation Centre of [[Indian Social Institute]] functioned out of Bangalore furnishing documentation for activists throughout India. By 1993 the need was realized to make the Indian Social Institute in Bangalore a separate [[NGO]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://isibangalore.com/history|title=Historical survey|last=|first=|date=|website=www.isibangalore.com|publisher=|access-date=2017-01-18}}</ref>

Fr. [[Stan Swamy]]. who was arrested and chargesheeted by the [[National Investigation Agency]] (NIA) under the [[Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act]],<ref>{{Cite web|last1=S|first1=Kamaljit Kaur|title=This is what NIA's Bhima Koregaon chargesheet says about Stan Swamy|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/this-is-what-nia-s-bhima-koregaon-chargesheet-says-about-stan-swamy-1731272-2020-10-13|access-date=2020-10-13|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> was a former Director from 1975-1986.<ref>{{cite web |title=Directors, Indian Social Institute |url=https://isibangalore.com/directors |website=Indian Social Institute |accessdate=11 October 2020}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Jesuit sites]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Research institutes in India]]
[[Category:Social science research institutes]]
[[Category:Christian organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Jesuit development centres]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1993]]
[[Category:Rural development organisations in India]]

Sanjay Rattan

2026-04-21T04:20:36Z

Davidwnl: Starting a stub

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sanjay Rattan
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1963|03|10}}
| birth_place = Garli, [[Kangra, Himachal Pradesh|Kangra]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], India
| party = [[File:Indian National Congress hand logo.svg|20px]] [[Indian National Congress]]
| relations =
| education =
| honorific_prefix = Honourable
| office = [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 8 December 2022

| constituency = [[Jawalamukhi Assembly constituency|Jawalamukhi]]
| predecessor = Ramesh Chand Dhawala
| office2 =
| constituency2 = [[Jawalamukhi Assembly constituency|Jawalamukhi]]
| term_start2 = 25 December 2012
| predecessor2 = Ramesh Chand Dhawala
| term_end2 = 18 December 2017
| successor2 = Ramesh Chand Dhawala
| spouse =
| alma_mater =
| profession = MLA
}}

'''Sanjay Rattan''', (born 10 March 1963 at Garli, Dist. Kangra) is an Indian politician and serving [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from [[Jawalamukhi Assembly constituency|Jawalamukhi]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Sanjay Rattan: Himachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results Live, Candidates News, Videos, Photos |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/himachal-pradesh/sanjay-rattan-jawalamukhi-candidate-s08a012c003/ |website=[[CNN-News18|News18]] |access-date=9 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Rattan defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] candidate Ravinder Singh in [[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Jawalamukhi Assembly Seat, Himachal Pradesh Election 2022 – Get Jawalamukhi constituency news updates and complete details |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/himachal-pradesh-assembly-election/jawalamukhi-194 |access-date=9 February 2023 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Jawalamukhi Election Result 2022 LIVE: Congress' Sanjay Rattan defeats BJP's Ravinder Singh |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/himachal-pradesh-jawalamukhi-election-result-2022-live-congress-sanjay-rattan-leads-aap-bjp-trailing-article-96079191 |access-date=9 February 2023 |work=[[Times Now]] |date=8 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rattan, Sanjay}}
[[Category:Himachal Pradesh MLAs 2012–2017]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Himachal Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Kangra, Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Himachal Pradesh University alumni]]

Nevasa Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:32:14Z

Davidwnl: Made stub

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Nevasa
| constituency_no = 221
| type = SLA
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| map_image = 221-Nevasa.svg
| loksabha_cons = [[Shirdi Lok Sabha constituency|Shirdi]]
| district = [[Ahmednagar district|Ahmednagar]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Vitthal Langhe|Vitthal Langhe Patil]]
| party = {{Party index link|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
| incumbent_image =
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| electors =283,489
}}
'''Nevasa Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 [[Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Maharashtra]] state in [[Western India]]. The MLA elected in 2009 was Shankarrao Gadakh.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php|title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website|accessdate=11 February 2010|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318055304/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php|archivedate=18 March 2010|df=}}</ref>

==Overview==
Nevasa (constituency number 221) is one of the twelve Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in [[Ahmednagar district]]. It covers the entire Nevasa tehsil of the district.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=275}}</ref>

Nevasa is part of [[Shirdi Lok Sabha constituency]] along with five other Vidhan Sabha segments in this district, namely [[Sangamner Assembly constituency|Sangamner]], [[Shirdi Assembly constituency|Shirdi]], [[Kopargaon Assembly constituency|Kopargaon]], [[Shrirampur Assembly constituency|Shrirampur]] and [[Akole Assembly constituency|Akole]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=278}}</ref>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==

{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nevasa Vidhan Sabha Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/maharashtra/assembly-constituencies/nevasa.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''Before 2009 : Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[Shankarrao Gadakh| Shankarrao Gadakh Patil]]
|{{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| Shankarrao Gadakh Patil
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| [[Shankarrao Gadakh| Shankarrao Gadakh Patil]]
|{{Full party name with color|Krantikari Shetkari Party}}
|-
|[[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|[[Vitthal Langhe|Vitthal Langhe Patil]]
|{{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Nevasa<ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Nevasa">{{cite news |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Nevasa |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13221.htm |access-date=7 January 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250107092716/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13221.htm |archive-date=7 January 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Vitthal Langhe]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 95,444 |percentage = 42.23% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gadakh Shankarrao Yashwantrao |party=Shiv Sena (UBT) |votes = 91,423 |percentage = 40.45% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Balasaheb Alias Dadasaheb Damodhar Murkute |party=Prahar Janshakti Party |votes = 35,331 |percentage = 15.63% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,723 |percentage = 0.76% |change={{increase}}0.61 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,021 |percentage = 1.78% |change= {{decrease}}12.73 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 227,728 |percentage = 80.33% |change= {{decrease}}0.56 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 226,005}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 283,489|ref = |change= {{increase}}7.73 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Krantikari Shetkari Party |swing= {{decrease}}13.12 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Nevasa<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Shankarrao Gadakh|Shankarrao Yashwantrao Gadakh Patil]] |party=Krantikari Shetkari Party |votes = 116,943 |percentage = 55.35% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Balasaheb Alias Dadasaheb Damodhar Murkute |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 86,280 |percentage = 40.84% |change={{decrease}}7.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Karbhari Vishnu Udage |party=Ambedkarite Party of India |votes = 2,046 |percentage = 0.97% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 316 |percentage = 0.15% |change={{decrease}}0.75 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 30,663 |percentage = 14.51% |change= {{increase}}11.88 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 211,765 |percentage = 80.47% |change= {{increase}}6.44 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 211,266}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 263,158|ref = |change= {{increase}}10.02 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Krantikari Shetkari Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}7.47 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Nevasa<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Balasaheb Alias Dadasaheb Damodhar Murkute |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 84,570 |percentage = 47.88% |change={{increase}}6.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gadakh Shankarrao Yashwantrao |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 79,911 |percentage = 45.24% |change={{decrease}}8.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sahebrao Haribhau Ghadge Patil |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 4,766 |percentage = 2.70% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dilip Vitthal Wakchaure |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 2,139 |percentage = 1.21% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mote Dilip Uttamrao |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 1,654 |percentage = 0.94% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,590 |percentage = 0.90% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ajit Namdev Phatake |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,563 |percentage = 0.88% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,659 |percentage = 2.64% |change= {{decrease}}9.93 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 178,309 |percentage = 74.54% |change= {{decrease}}3.05 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 176,619}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 239,201|ref = |change= {{increase}}7.55 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{decrease}}5.58 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Nevasa<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Shankarrao Gadakh|Shankarrao Yashwantrao Gadakh Patil]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 91,429 |percentage = 53.47% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Langhe Vitthal Wakilrao |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 69,943 |percentage = 40.90% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gadakh Tukaram Gangadhar |party=Independent politician |votes = 5,166 |percentage = 3.02% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pehere Rambhau Kacharu |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,502 |percentage = 0.88% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 21,486 |percentage = 12.56% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 171,078 |percentage = 76.92% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 171,003}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 222,401|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Nevasa]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Ahmednagar district topics}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coords|19.55|74.93|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Ahmednagar district]]
[[Category:Year of establishment missing]]
[[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

FEF Global Fashion Awards

2026-04-18T12:19:53Z

Davidwnl: New The Entry More To Come

{{short description|Indian fashion industry awards}}
{{Promotional|date=June 2025}}
[[File:FEF IFA.jpg|thumb|Disha Patani, Karan Johar & Sidharth Malhotra at the 4th edition of FEF IFA]]

'''FEF GFA''' honors [[fashion design]]ers, [[Model (person)|models]], [[photographers]] and every other tier of individual who contributes to the Indian fashion industry. The FEF India Fashion Awards was conceptualized by [[Talent Factory]], founder - Sanjay Nigam,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sanjay Nigam – The Torch Bearer |url= https://fashionherald.in/sanjay-nigam-the-torch-bearer/ |website= Fashion Herald |date= 6 August 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref> and Co-founder - Raj Sarthak Nigam to provide a platform for the fashion society, to support and honor the earnest professionals for the efforts and hard work, that they contributed in making the Indian fashion industry successful.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-02-13|title=FEF India Fashion Awards to honour unsung heroes|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/fashion-and-trends/india-fashion-awards-to-honour-unsung-heroes/story-BOr2eXtleoeAE1vgnl1w0O.html|access-date=2021-06-26|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

The first edition of FEF IFA<ref>{{ Cite web|title=FEF India Fashion Awards |url= https://www.magbook.in/ArticleView.aspx?ArtID=190937&ArtTitle=India-Fashion-Awards |website= Magbook |language=en-US}}</ref> was held in February 2020 in [[Delhi]], in association with DLF Avenue.<ref>{{ Cite web|title= DLF Avenue Hosts 'FEF India Fashion Awards'! |url= https://www.dlfavenue.com/blogs-10-dlf-avenue-hosts-india-fashion-awards!|website=dlfavenue|language=en-US}}</ref> Politician [[Maneka Gandhi]], businessman [[Ravi Jaipuria|Ravi Kant Jaipuria]], and designers [[Leena Singh]] and [[Rocky Star]] participated in the jury of FEF IFA 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-01|title=Rajnigandha Pearls Presents FEF India Fashion Awards, in Association with DLF Avenue|url=http://fashionherald.in/rajnigandha-pearls-presents-india-fashion-awards-in-association-with-dlf-avenue/|access-date=2021-06-26|website=Fashion Herald {{!}} Top Fashion & Lifestyle Curator Delhi Mumbai Lucknow|language=en-US}}</ref> The winner list<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Kumar|first1=Saurabh|last2=Goswami|first2=Lokesh|date=2020-02-21|title=Rajnigandha Pearls Presents FEF India Fashion Awards, in Association with DLF Avenue|url=https://tennews.in/rajnigandha-pearls-presents-india-fashion-awards-in-association-with-dlf-avenue/|access-date=2021-09-12|website=Tennews.in: National News Portal|language=en-US}}</ref> includes: [[Candice Pinto]] in the category of Legendary Model; [[Rohit Bal]], as Iconic Designer; [[Manish Malhotra]] was recognized as the label of the year and custom design; Gaurav Gupta received the award of Designer of the Year in Popular Choice; [[Shahnaz Husain]] received the trophy of the Torch Bearer of the Beauty Industry and the list goes on.<ref>{{ Cite web|title=FEF India Fashion Awards to honour unsung heroes |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/fashion-and-trends/india-fashion-awards-to-honour-unsung-heroes/story-BOr2eXtleoeAE1vgnl1w0O.html |website=Hindustan Times|date=13 February 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref>
[[File:FEF India Fashion Awards-22.jpg|thumb|The Jury included Sanjay Nigam, Vagish Pathak, Dia Mirza, Raghavendra Rathore, Nikhil Kamath, Shalini Passi, Maneka Gandhi, Ambika Pillai, Kunal Rawal, Carol Gracias, Tarun Khiwal and Ravi Jaipuria and other stalwarts from fashion space.]]
The second edition of FEF IFA
<ref>{{Cite web|title=FEF India Fashion Awards a Fashionable Soiree |url= https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/india-fashion-awards-a-fashionable-soiree-51071-1.html |website=Filmfare |language=en-US}}</ref> was held on 25 September 2021 to acknowledge, reward, and promote the efforts shown by the industry members between March 2020 and September 2021. It was hosted by [[Sunil Grover]] and [[Hussain Kuwajerwala]]<ref>{{Cite web|title= Sunil Grover and Hussain Kuwajerwala host FEF India Fashion Awards in Delhi |url= https://news.abplive.com/videos/entertainment/television-sunil-grover-and-hussain-kuwajerwala-host-india-fashion-awards-in-delhi-sbs-originals-1485015 |website= abp live|date= 29 September 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref> and the winner's list<ref>{{Cite web|title= The Winners of the FEF India Fashion Awards 2021 |url= https://www.desiblitz.com/content/the-winners-of-the-india-fashion-awards-2021 |website= DesiBLitz|date= 6 October 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref> includes the names of Miss Malini,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Malini Agarwal Bags Two Wins At FEF India Fashion Awards 2021 |url= https://www.missmalini.com/2021/10/07/malini-agarwal-bags-two-wins-at-india-fashion-awards-2021|website= MissMalini |date= October 2021|language=en-US}}</ref> Anamika Khanna, Nitibha Kaul, [[Raghav Chadha]], Siddharth Tytler and so on.

== Awarded Categories ==

* Artisan Felicitation
* Emerging Model of the year
* Emerging Fashion Designer of the Year
* Leader of Sustainability
* Fashion Designer of the Year
* Fashion Trendsetter of the Year
* Show Director of the Year
* Face of the Year
* Fashion Influencer of the Year
* Fashion Stylist of the Year
* Fashion Photographer of the Year
* Makeup Artist of the Year
* Backstage Manager of the Year

==Past Award Winners==

===FEF India Fashion Awards 2020 ===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; text-align:left"
|-
! Winner !! Award Category
|-
| [[Ritu Beri]] || Fashion Designer of the Year : International Fame
|-
| [[Shahnaz Husain]] || Torch Bearer of Beauty Industry
|-
| Masoom Minawala || Fashion Influencer of the Year
|-
| Rahul Jhangiani || Fashion Photographer of the Year
|-
| Prabh Uppal <td> Emerging Model of the Year
|-
| Aishwarya Sushmita || Emerging Face of the Year
|-
| [[Robin Raina]] || Fashionable Emerging Entrepreneur
|-
| Vahbiz Mehta || Emerging Show Director of the Year
|-
| Dayana Erappa || Face of the Year
|-
| Gaurav Raina || Music Director of the Year
|-
| [[Ambika Pillai]] || Makeup Artist of the Year
|-
| Gautam Kalra || Fashion Stylist of the Year
|-
| [[Rohit Bal]] || Iconic Fashion Designer of the Country: Jury Choice
|}

and many more...

===FEF India Fashion Awards 2021 ===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; text-align:left"
|-
! Winner !! Award Category
|-
| [[MissMalini|Miss Malini]] || Female Digital Entrepreneur of the Year
|-
| Ramneek Pantal || Legendary super model
|-
| Vaishali S || Designer of the year – International Fame
|-
| Delnaz || Backstage Manager of the year
|-
| Taras Taraporvala || Fashion Photographer of the year
|-
| Anamika Khanna || Designer of the Year : Jury Choice
|-
| Tarun Khiwal || Legendary Photographer of the Country
|-
| Amit Aggarwal || Digital Fashion Film of the Year
|-
| Sahil Kochhar || Innovative Designer in Craft Techniques
|-
| Namrata Soni || Makeup Artist of the Year
|-
| Aparna Anisha || Show Director of the year
|-
| Conrad Sangma || Leader of Sustainability
|-
| Inega || Talent Management of the Year
|}

and many more...

===FEF India Fashion Awards 2022 ===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; text-align:left"
|-
! Winner !! Award Category
|-
| [[Ambika Devi (artist)|Ambika Devi]] || Kuber- Outstanding Contribution in Art & Textiles
|-
| Dalavayi Kullayappa || Kuber- Outstanding Contribution in Art & Textiles
|-
| Krishna Kant Sharma (Chhotu Ji) || Kuber- Outstanding Contribution in Art & Textiles
|-
| Vankar Bhimji Kanji || Kuber- Outstanding Contribution in Art & Textiles
|-
| Shahidhusain Ansari || Kuber- Outstanding Contribution in Art & Textiles
|-
| Robert Naorem || Tea Valley-Regional Felicitation- North East
|-
| Kaifi Bharti founder Heights Group || Agency Of The Year For Retail Fashion Show Curation
|-
| Lloyd Bosco || Goldiee-Outstanding Performance in light & Sound
|-
| Gaurav Raina || Goldiee- Music Director of the Year
|-
| Delnaz Daruwala || Goldiee- Backstage Manager Of The Year
|-
| Aastha Sidanna || DLF- Special Recognition (Film & Television)
|-
| Prachi Raniwala || Fashion Writer of the Year
|-
| Archana - PR pundit || Artize-Fashion PR representative of the year
|-
| {{ubl|Abhishek Sharma|Vishal Chabbra|Swati Kapoor|Shivam Paathak|Sushant Abrol|Lovely Singh|Sukriti & Akriti}} || Vega FEF IFA SPOTLIGHT 2022
|-
| A- List || Vega - Influencer management agency of the year
|-
| Abhishek Singh || Mario- FEF IFA HALL OF FAME
|-
| Michael Cinco || Mario- FEF IFA HALL OF FAME
|-
| Lubna Adams || Pepsi - FEF IFA HALL OF FAME
|-
| Prasad Bidapa || Pepsi - FEF IFA HALL OF FAME
|-
| Robin Raina & Anchal Jain || Stylish Power Couple Of the year
|-
| Shaurya Athley || Vega - New Age Fashion Stylist Of The Year
|-
| Mohit Rai || Vega - Fashion Stylist Of The Year
|-
| Sasha Jairam || New Age Fashion Photographer Of The Year
|-
| Taras Tarporvala || Fashion Photographer Of The Year
|-
| Vahbiz Mehta & Lokesh Sharma || New Age Show Director Of The Year
|-
| Anu Ahuja || Show Director Of The Year
|-
| Purple Thoughts || FEF - Talent Management Agency Of the Year
|-
| Anjali Sivaraman || New Age Model Of The Year Ramp- Female
|-
| Rabanne Jamsandekar Victor || New Age Model Of the year Ramp- Male
|-
| Shimona Nath || New Age Model Of The Year Editorial
|-
| Vartika Singh || Model Of The Year Editorial
|-
| Prabh Uppal || Supermodel Of The Year - Ramp - Male
|-
| Alicia Kaur Uppal || Artize-Supermodel Of The Year - Ramp - Female
|-
| Sakshi Sindhwani || PCJ- Influential Model Of The Year
|-
| Avanti Nagrath || Model of the year- International Fame
|-
| Vijender Singh & Karman Kaur Thandi || FEF IFA Stylist Sportsperson
|-
| Amruta Fadnavis || DLF - Stylish Politician Of The Year
|-
| Darshan Mehta- Surbhi Negi || Rajnigandha - Business Leader of the year in Fashion
|-
| NIFT || Fashion & Design Institute of the Year
|-
| Bloni- Akshat Bansal || New Age Designer Of The Year
|-
| Gaurang Shah || Designer Of The Year - Handlooms & Textiles
|-
| Rohit & Rahul || Rajnigandha - Designer Of The Year - Men's Wear
|-
| Gaurav Gupta || Designer Of The Year - Bridal Wear Fusion
|-
| JJ Valaya || Designer Of The Year - Bridal Wear Indian
|-
| Anamika Khana || Designer Of The Year - Jury choice
|-
| Manish Malhotra || Rajnigandha - Designer Of The Year - Popular choice
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:FEF Global Fashion Awards}}
[[Category:Indian fashion]]
[[Category:Fashion events in India]]
[[Category:Fashion awards]]

Cyclone Hudhud

2026-04-17T06:00:34Z

Davidwnl:

{{Short description|Category 4 North Indian Ocean cyclone in 2014}}
{{good article}}
{{Infobox weather event
| name = Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm Hudhud
| image = Hudhud 2014-10-12 0510Z.jpg
| caption = Hudhud nearing landfall at peak intensity on October 12
| alt = A satellite image of Cyclone Hudhud nearing the coast of India, showing curved banding and an eye
| formed = October 7, 2014
| dissipated = October 14, 2014
}}{{Infobox weather event/IMD
| winds = 100
| pressure = 950
}}{{Infobox weather event/JTWC
| winds = 115
| pressure = 937
}}{{Infobox weather event/Effects
| year = 2014
| fatalities = 116
| damages = $11 billion (2014 [[USD]])<ref name="Dmg">{{Cite news|title=India's cyclone Hudhud caused USD 11bn worth of losses: UN|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/india-s-cyclone-hudhud-caused-usd-11bn-worth-of-losses-un-115022601298_1.html|work=[[Business Standard]]|date=26 February 2015|access-date=7 December 2025|archive-date=30 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630015127/http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/india-s-cyclone-hudhud-caused-usd-11bn-worth-of-losses-un-115022601298_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| areas = {{hlist|[[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]|[[Andhra Pradesh]] (especially [[Visakhapatnam]])|[[Odisha]]|[[Chhattisgarh]]|[[Madhya Pradesh]]|[[Uttar Pradesh]]|[[Bihar]]|[[Jharkhand]]|[[Bangladesh]]|[[Nepal]]}}
}}{{Infobox weather event/Footer
| season = [[2014 North Indian Ocean cyclone season]]
}}
'''Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm Hudhud'''{{efn|The name ''Hudhud'' ([[Arabic language|Arabic]]: هدهد, [[Help:IPA/Arabic|[hud.hud]]]) was contributed by [[Oman]] and refers to the [[Eurasian hoopoe]] (''Upupa epops'') in [[Arabic language|Arabic]].<ref>{{Cite web|website=[[BBC News]]|date=11 October 2014|title=How Cyclone Hudhud got its name|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-29564007|last=Biswas|first=Soutik|access-date=7 December 2025|archive-date=22 September 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250922094621/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-29564007|url-status=live}}</ref>}} brought heavy rain and powerful winds in eastern [[India]] and snowstorms in [[Nepal]] in October 2014. Hudhud originated from a low-pressure area in the [[Bay of Bengal]] and strengthened into a cyclone on October 8, receiving the name ''Hudhud''. It made its first landfall on [[Long Island (Andaman Islands)|Long Island]] in the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] before re-emerging into the Bay of Bengal on 9 October. Amid favorable conditions, Hudhud underwent [[rapid intensification]], making landfall on [[Visakhapatnam]] on 12 October at peak intensity with a minimum central pressure of {{convert|950|mbar|inHg|abbr=on}}. Hudhud weakened inland, degenerating into a low-pressure area over [[Uttar Pradesh]] on 14 October. It then merged with a [[trough (meteorology)|trough]] over the Himalayas.

During Hudhud's landfall, strong winds shattered glass, uprooted trees and poles, and threw debris across roads. In Andhra Pradesh and Odisha, 730,000 residents were moved to relief camps or shelters following the cyclone, and thousands of homes and crops suffered damage. In [[Nepal]], Hudhud's remnants caused [[2014 Nepal snowstorm disaster|a snowstorm disaster]] which killed 43 and injured hundreds more, with most of the casualties coming from [[Annapurna|Mount Annapurna]].

In the aftermath of Hudhud, special response forces mounted relief efforts across the affected states, with the state governments of Andhra Pradesh and Odisha requesting a combined total of {{INRConvert|27771200000|year=2014|mode=historical}}{{efn|All currency totals are unadjusted for inflation.}} in aid. A joint military operation named ''Lehar'' ("wave"), led by the [[Indian Navy]], saw various branches of the military deploying and readying response teams and vehicles. Hudhud caused a combined total of 116 deaths and $11 billion (2014 [[USD]]) in damage across India and Nepal.

==Meteorological history==
{{storm path|Hudhud 2014 path.png|colors=new|alt=Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale}}
On 6 October, the [[India Meteorological Department]] (IMD) began tracking a low-pressure area that formed over the [[Gulf of Thailand]] as a result of a cyclonic circulation.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tropical Weather Outlook for North Indian Ocean Issued at 0600 UTC of October 6, 2014 |url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/RSMC_201410061700.pdf |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]] |access-date=12 November 2025 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6T90ov8CS?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/RSMC_201410061700.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2014|date=6 October 2014}}</ref> On 7 October, the low-pressure area strengthened into a depression over the northern [[Andaman Sea]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Depression over north Andaman Sea, Cyclone Alert for Andaman & Nicobar Islands and Pre-cyclone Watch for north Andhra Pradesh & Odisha coasts.|url=https://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/INDIAN_201410070700.pdf|publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]]|access-date=12 November 2025|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6TCN3bwDM?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/INDIAN_201410070700.pdf|archive-date=9 October 2014|date=7 October 2014}}</ref> It further strengthened into a deep depression later that day as it moved westwards.<ref>{{cite web |title=Depression intensified into a Deep Depression over north Andaman Sea and neighbourhood, Cyclone Alert for Andaman & Nicobar Islands and Pre-cyclone Watch for north Andhra Pradesh & Odisha coasts |url=https://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/INDIAN_201410072100.pdf |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]] |access-date=12 November 2025 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6TCN1PvJh?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/INDIAN_201410072100.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2014 |date=7 October 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] (JTWC) also began tracking the system on 8 October, designating it as tropical cyclone ''03B''.<ref>{{cite web |title=SUBJ/TROPICAL CYCLONE 03B (THREE) WARNING NR 001 |url=https://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTIO31-PGTW_201410080300.htm |publisher=[[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] |access-date=13 November 2025 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6TCMfqHEl?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTIO31-PGTW_201410080300.htm |archive-date=9 October 2014 |date=8 October 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Later that day, it strengthened into Cyclonic Storm ''Hudhud'' before making its first landfall on [[Long Island (Andaman Islands)|Long Island]] in the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Cyclonic Storm, 'HUD HUD' over north Andaman Sea & adjoining southeast Bay of Bengal, Cyclone Warning for Andaman & Nicobar Islands and Cyclone Alert for north coastal Andhra Pradesh & south Odisha coasts |url=https://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/INDIAN_201410080700.pdf |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]] |access-date=12 November 2025 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6TCMzhM6y?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/INDIAN_201410080700.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2014 |date=8 October 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Hudhud continued intensifying as it emerged into the eastern [[Bay of Bengal]] on 9 October<ref>{{cite web |title=TROPICAL STORM 'HUDHUD' ADVISORY NO. EIGHT ISSUED AT 0300 UTC OF 9TH OCTOBER 2014 BASED ON 0000 UTC CHARTS |url=https://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/RSMC_201410090400.pdf |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]] |access-date=12 November 2025 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6TILiaGN8?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/RSMC_201410090400.pdf |date=9 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 October 2014}}</ref> and intensified into a severe cyclonic storm later that day with a minimum three-minute sustained central pressure of {{convert|990|mbar|inHg|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=TROPICAL STORM 'HUDHUD' ADVISORY NO. NINE ISSUED AT 0600 UTC OF 9TH OCTOBER 2014 BASED ON 0300 UTC CHARTS |url=https://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/RSMC_201410090500.pdf |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]] |access-date=12 November 2025 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6TILi27ed?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/RSMC_201410090500.pdf |archive-date=13 October 2014 |date=9 October 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Increased [[Rainband#Tropical cyclones|curved banding]] was also noted that day.<ref>{{cite web |title=TROPICAL STORM 'HUDHUD' ADVISORY NO. TWELVE ISSUED AT 1500 UTC OF 9TH OCTOBER 2014 BASED ON 1200 UTC CHARTS |url=https://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/RSMC_201410091500.pdf |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]] |access-date=12 November 2025 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6TILfZ87W?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/RSMC_201410091500.pdf |archive-date=13 October 2014 |date=9 October 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

On 10 October, Hudhud strengthened into a very severe cyclonic storm with a three-minute sustained central pressure of {{convert|984|mbar|inHg|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=TROPICAL STORM 'HUDHUD' ADVISORY NO. NINETEEN ISSUED AT 1200 UTC OF 10TH OCTOBER 2014 BASED ON 0900 UTC CHARTS OF 10TH OCTOBER 2014 |url=https://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/RSMC_201410101200.pdf |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]] |access-date=12 November 2025 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6TILbrY1l?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/RSMC_201410101200.pdf |archive-date=13 October 2014 |date=10 October 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Early on October 11, Hudhud entered the radar range of [[Visakhapatnam]] while continuing to move northwestwards toward the coast of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. Curved banding increased and the appearance of an [[Eye (cyclone)|eye]] was noted.<ref>{{cite web |title=TROPICAL STORM 'HUDHUD' ADVISORY NO. TWENTY FOUR ISSUED AT 0300 UTC OF 11TH OCTOBER 2014 BASED ON 0000 UTC CHARTS OF 11TH OCTOBER 2014 |url=https://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/RSMC_201410110400.pdf |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]] |access-date=12 November 2025 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6TIKMxXpO?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/RSMC_201410110400.pdf |archive-date=13 October 2014 |date=11 October 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Amid favorable conditions that day, Hudhud underwent [[rapid intensification]], with a clearly visible eye as it approached northern Andhra Pradesh. Its minimum central pressure was {{cvt|950|mbar|inHg}}.{{efn|Operationally, the IMD assessed the cyclone's central pressure at {{cvt|960|mbar|inHg}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=TROPICAL STORM 'HUDHUD' ADVISORY NO. TWENTY EIGHT ISSUED AT 1500 UTC OF 11TH OCTOBER 2014 BASED ON 1200 UTC CHARTS OF 11TH OCTOBER 2014 |url=https://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/RSMC_201410111500.pdf |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]] |access-date=12 November 2025 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6TIKJOpnv?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/RSMC_201410111500.pdf |archive-date=13 October 2014 |date=11 October 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A post-cyclone report reanalyzed it to {{convert|950|mbar|inHg|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Report">{{cite web|title=Very Severe Cyclonic Storm, HUDHUD over the Bay of Bengal (7-14 October 2014): A Report |url=http://www.rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/images/pdf/publications/preliminary-report/hud.pdf |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]]|access-date=12 November 2025 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102071629/http://www.rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/images/pdf/publications/preliminary-report/hud.pdf |archive-date=January 2, 2015 }}</ref>{{rp|1,7,11,65}}}} It maintained its intensity as it stalled southeast of Visakhapatnam.<ref>{{cite web |title=TROPICAL STORM 'HUDHUD' ADVISORY NO.TWENTY NINE ISSUED AT 1800 UTC OF 11TH OCTOBER 2014 BASED ON 1500 UTC CHARTS OF 11TH OCTOBER 2014 |url=https://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/RSMC_201410111800.pdf |access-date=12 November 2025 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6TIKIeZw6?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/RSMC_201410111800.pdf |archive-date=13 October 2014 |date=11 October 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Hudhud made its second and final landfall near Visakhapatnam at peak intensity during the afternoon of 12 October.<ref>{{cite web |title=TROPICAL STORM 'HUDHUD' ADVISORY NO.THIRTY FOUR ISSUED AT 0700 UTC OF 12TH OCTOBER 2014 BASED ON 0600 UTC CHARTS OF 12TH OCTOBER 2014 |url=https://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/RSMC_201410120700.pdf |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]] |access-date=12 November 2025 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6TIKCZcOy?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/RSMC_201410120700.pdf |archive-date=13 October 2014 |date=12 October 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

After moving over land, Hudhud weakened into a severe cyclonic storm<ref>{{cite web |title=Very Severe Cyclonic Storm, 'HUDHUD' over north Andhra Pradesh |url=https://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/INDIAN_201410121500.pdf |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]] |access-date=13 November 2025 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6THCcFQ74?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/INDIAN_201410121500.pdf |date=12 October 2014 |archive-date=12 October 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and then a cyclonic storm northwest of Visakhapatnam.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cyclonic Storm, 'HUDHUD' over north Andhra Pradesh & adjoining south Odisha |url=https://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/INDIAN_201410121800.pdf |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]] |access-date=13 November 2025 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6THCbsWHK?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/INDIAN_201410121800.pdf |archive-date=12 October 2014 |date=12 October 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> It weakened into a deep depression the following day over southern [[Chhattisgarh]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Cyclonic Storm, 'HUDHUD' over south Chhattisgarh & adjoining southwest Odisha |url=https://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/INDIAN_201410130000.pdf |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]] |access-date=13 November 2025 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6TIGFIcmT?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/INDIAN_201410130000.pdf |archive-date=13 October 2014 |date=13 October 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> It further weakened into a depression that evening over central Chhattisgarh and persisted northward, degenerating into a low pressure area on 14 October over eastern [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="Report"/>{{rp|1,6,7}} The weakening remnants of Hudhud then merged with an upper-level [[Trough (meteorology)|trough]], resulting in an interaction over the Himalayas which produced a heavy amount of moisture.<ref name="Himalayan" />{{rp|89}}

== Preparations ==
[[File:Hudhud 7-8 Oct 2014 Animated.gif|thumb|right|Hudhud traversing the Andaman and Nicobar Islands|alt=A satellite loop shows a strengthening Cyclone Hudhud moving over the Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
On 9 October, the IMD placed areas of northern Andhra Pradesh and southern Odisha under a heavy rainfall warning.<ref>{{cite news |title='Hudhud' to cross Andhra on Oct 12 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/Cyclone-‘Hudhud’-expected-to-make-landfall-in-Andhra-Odisha-coast/article60389614.ece |access-date=15 November 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=9 October 2014|publication-place=[[New Delhi]]|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Across both states, 44 [[National Disaster Response Force]] (NDRF) teams and eight rescue teams were mobilized. Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] discussed readiness and response efforts with high-ranking officials in a meeting on 11 October.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Vinay |title=Modi reviews Hudhud preparedness |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Modi-holds-emergency-meeting-to-review-Hudhud-preparedness/article60386075.ece |access-date=15 November 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=11 October 2014 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In Odisha, district officials were told to prepare kitchens and store dry food supplies. Ten [[Odisha Disaster Rapid Action Force]] (ODRAF) teams were sent out and preparations were made to evacuate those living in unsafe houses.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cyclone Hudhud: Odisha deploys rescue teams, to start evacuation soon |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Odisha-deploys-rescue-teams-to-start-evacuation-soon/article60387755.ece |access-date=15 November 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=10 October 2014 |location=[[Bhubaneswar]] |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> [[Panic buying]] also occurred in the state on 8 October.<ref name="ReutersPrep">{{Cite news|title=Cyclone Hudhud heads for India, after battering Andaman and Nicobar islands|last1=Kumar Roy|first1=Sanjib|last2=Dash|first2=Jatindra|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/cyclone-hudhud-heads-for-india-after-battering-andaman-and-nicobar-islands-idUSKCN0HX129/|access-date=3 December 2025}}</ref> Emergency response teams were mobilized for railways. [[Indian Railways]] considered rerouting or cancelling 75 trains in the [[South Central Railway zone]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Srinivas |first1=Rajulapudi |title=Hudhud cyclone: SCR to divert 75 trains |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/Hudhud-cyclone-SCR-to-divert-75-trains/article60382156.ece |access-date=15 November 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=10 October 2014|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In Andhra Pradesh, 111,000 people living in coastal districts were evacuated, 370 relief camps were readied,<ref>{{cite news |title=Cyclone Hudhud: 1.11 lakh people in Andhra Pradesh evacuated |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/cyclone-hudhud-1-11-lakh-people-in-andhra-pradesh-evacuated/articleshow/44782908.cms |access-date=16 November 2025 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=11 October 2014}}</ref> and two months' worth of food was stocked.<ref name="ReutersPrep"/> All flights from the [[Visakhapatnam Airport]] were suspended.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hudhud cyclone damages Visakhapatnam Airport|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nation-world/hudhud-cyclone-damages-visakhapatnam-airport/slideshow/44810056.cms|website=[[The Economic Times]]|date=14 October 2014|access-date=5 December 2025}}</ref> A cricket match between the [[India national cricket team|Indian]] and [[West Indies cricket team]], set to be played in Visakhapatnam on 14 October, was cancelled.<ref>{{Cite news|work=[[The Telegraph (India)]]|title=Hudhud costs Indians dearly|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/hudhud-costs-indians-dearly/cid/1613963|date=14 October 2014|publication-place=[[Kolkata]]|access-date=14 March 2026}}</ref>

==Impact==
=== India ===
==== Andhra Pradesh ====
[[File:Cyclone Hudhud destruction in Visakhapatnam 2.jpg|thumbnail|right|A collapsed bridge near Visakhapatnam|alt=An aerial shot shows a bridge with a large part broken off over a river]]
Strong winds shattered glass and left debris strewn across roads in Visakhapatnam.<ref name="IEi" /> 70 per cent of the city's trees were destroyed.<ref>{{Cite news|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|title=Cyclone Hudhud: Visakhapatnam Stripped of 70 Percent of Green Cover|last=Dileep|first=P. S.|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2014/Oct/14/cyclone-hudhud-visakhapatnam-stripped-of-70-percent-of-green-cover-671318.html|date=14 October 2014|access-date=14 December 2025|archive-date=10 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410205943/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2014/oct/14/Cyclone-Hudhud-Visakhapatnam-Stripped-of-70-Percent-of-Green-Cover-671318.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A {{convert|1.4|m|ft|abbr=on}} [[storm surge]] wore down parts of the city's shoreline.<ref name="Report"/>{{rp|1,36,38}} [[Gantyada]] recorded {{cvt|380|mm|in}} of rain in 24 hours on 12–13 October, the highest in the state.<ref name="Report" />{{rp|1}} The cyclone damaged Visakhapatnam Airport, flooding a runway and tearing off its roof. It did not operate from 11 to 17 October.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=15 October 2014 |title=Visakhapatnam Airport to be Shut for a Week |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2014/Oct/15/visakhapatnam-airport-to-be-shut-for-a-week-671734.html |access-date=2 February 2026 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=2 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402114927/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2014/oct/15/Visakhapatnam-Airport-to-be-Shut-for-a-Week-671734.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=17 October 2014 |title=Vizag airport becomes operational, Air India resumes flights |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/vizag-airport-becomes-operational-air-india-resumes-flights/articleshow/44859298.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2 February 2026 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=22 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250722153056/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/vizag-airport-becomes-operational-air-india-resumes-flights/articleshow/44859298.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> Damage to it was estimated at {{INRConvert|5000000000|year=2014|mode=historical}}.<ref name="IndiaTodayDmg">{{Cite news|work=[[India Today]]|title=Cyclone Hudhud impact: Navy suffered Rs 2,000 crore loss in Vizag|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/cyclone-hudhud-vizag-navy-rs-2000-crore-loss-chandrababu-naidu-andhra-223084-2014-10-14|date=14 October 2014|access-date=3 February 2026|archive-date=25 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525234156/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/cyclone-hudhud-vizag-navy-rs-2000-crore-loss-chandrababu-naidu-andhra-223084-2014-10-14|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|title=Vizag struggles in Cyclone Hudhud's aftermath|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/bS3SDh3Dim0J4bz5oegt7K/Visakhapatnam-hit-by-shortage-of-essential-commodities-after.html|last=Pilla|first=Viswanath|date=14 October 2014|access-date=3 February 2026|archive-date=15 July 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250715074627/https://www.livemint.com/Politics/bS3SDh3Dim0J4bz5oegt7K/Visakhapatnam-hit-by-shortage-of-essential-commodities-after.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Visakhapatnam Steel Plant]] lost power from 12–16 October, halting operations and causing losses of about {{INRConvert|3500000000|year=2014|mode=historical}}.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Damage by Hudhud Cyclone|url=https://www.pib.gov.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=111827&reg=3&lang=2|publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]]|website=pib.gov.in|date=25 November 2014|access-date=4 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|work=[[The Economic Times]]|title=Impact of cyclone Hudhud on RINL's profitability is Rs 350 crore|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/steel/impact-of-cyclone-hudhud-on-rinls-profitability-is-rs-350-crore/articleshow/45276087.cms|date=25 November 2014|access-date=4 February 2026|publication-place=[[New Delhi]]}}</ref> Operations at the headquarters of the [[Eastern Naval Command]] were disrupted, and the [[Indian Navy]] incurred losses of {{INRConvert|20000000000|year=2014|mode=historical}}.<ref>{{Cite news|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Eastern Naval Command base battered|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/Eastern-Naval-Command-base-battered/article60392862.ece|last=Anandan|first=S.|date=13 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260209151411/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/Eastern-Naval-Command-base-battered/article60392862.ece|archive-date=9 February 2026|access-date=9 February 2026|publication-place=[[Kochi]]}}</ref><ref name="IndiaTodayDmg"/>

The campus of [[Andhra University]] sustained widespread destruction; numerous offices inside the buildings were rendered unusable, the roofs of all 16 canteens were stripped, and the walls of six structures gave way. More than 90 percent of the campus' trees were felled. On 14 October, ''[[The Hindu]]'' described the state of most academic buildings as "unapproachable". Damage was assessed to be near {{INRConvert|2370000000|year=2014|mode=historical}}.<ref>{{Cite news|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Mute spectator to nature’s fury|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/mute-spectator-to-natures-fury/article6497444.ece|last=Bhattacharjee|first=Sumit|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918053604/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/mute-spectator-to-natures-fury/article6497444.ece|archive-date=18 September 2024|date=14 October 2014|access-date=31 January 2026|publication-place=[[Visakhapatnam]]|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Hudhud cyclone damage: AU taps alumni for rebuilding process|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/Hudhud-cyclone-damage-AU-taps-alumni-for-rebuilding-process/article60393711.ece|last=Bhattacharjee|first=Sumit|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240916182440/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/Hudhud-cyclone-damage-AU-taps-alumni-for-rebuilding-process/article60393711.ece|archive-date=16 September 2024|date=26 October 2014|access-date=31 January 2026|publication-place=[[Visakhapatnam]]|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> {{Cvt|1000|m|ft}} of surrounding walls and several enclosures were destroyed at the [[Indira Gandhi Zoological Park]],<ref name="THZoo1">{{Cite news|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Hudhud-hit zoo yet to regain lost glory|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/Hudhud-hit-zoo-yet-to-regain-lost-glory/article16070008.ece|date=13 October 2016|access-date=2 February 2026|publication-place=[[Visakhapatnam]]|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> allowing some animals to roam unrestricted.<ref>{{Cite news|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Picture of the week: Birds of a feather|url=https://www.thehindu.com/photos/picture-of-the-week-birds-of-a-feather/article69302563.ece|last=Deepak|first=K.R.|date=7 March 2025|access-date=2 February 2026|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Over 2,000 downed trees cluttered the facility, creating hindrances to navigation and harming animals. The zoo reopened on 11 November after the restoration of 65 enclosures and clearing of felled trees and debris.<ref name="THZoo1" /><ref>{{Cite news|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Zoo reopens after one month|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/Zoo-reopens-after-one-month/article60350155.ece|date=12 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260202151247/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/Zoo-reopens-after-one-month/article60350155.ece|archive-date=2 February 2026|access-date=2 February 2026|publication-place=Visakhapatnam|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Local police and NDRF members rescued residents trapped in vehicles on highways.<ref name="IEi">{{Cite news|title=Cyclone Hudhud hits Andhra Pradesh, leaves a trail of destruction|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/3-killed-trail-of-destruction-as-hudhud-sweeps-over-andhra-coast/|work=[[The Indian Express]]|last=Janyala|first=Sreenivas|date=13 October 2014|access-date=4 December 2025}}</ref> At least {{cvt|6075.43|km|mi}} of roads were affected,{{efn|Damage to national highways was not assessed.<ref name="Report"/>{{rp|37}}}} leaving 73 villages isolated for up to 2 days.<ref name="Report" />{{rp|36–37}} Hudhud caused widespread power outages in Andhra Pradesh due to it damaging 27,041 electric poles.<ref name="Report" />{{rp|37}} 33 drinking wells and {{cvt|39.4|km|mi}} of water lines were also damaged, along with 197 [[water tower]]s and 102 [[pumping station]]s.<ref name="Report" />{{rp|37}} The cyclone caused a water shortage in Visakhapatnam, resulting in inflated bottled water prices.<ref>{{Cite news|work=[[India Today]]|title=Cyclone Hudhud impact: No power, water or mobile network in Vizag|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/cyclone-hudhud-vizag-without-power-essential-commodities-damage-223062-2014-10-14|date=14 October 2014|access-date=9 February 2026}}</ref> Power outages exhausted suppliers' existing bottled water inventory.<ref>{{Cite news|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=It all boils down to 'power'|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/it-all-boils-down-to-power/article6503587.ece|last=Bhattacharjee|first=Sumit|date=16 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619203231/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/it-all-boils-down-to-power/article6503587.ece|archive-date=19 June 2024|access-date=9 February 2026|publication-place=[[Visakhapatnam]]}}</ref> 41,269 houses and {{cvt|237854|ha|acre}} of cropland were impacted across the state. The cyclone caused 46 deaths and 43 injuries in Andhra Pradesh; 2,446,532 livestock—2,831 larger animals and 2,443,701 poultry—also died.<ref name="Report" />{{rp|36}}

==== Odisha ====
[[File:Cyclone Hudhud destruction in Visakhapatnam.jpg|thumbnail|A road in Visakhapatnam after Hudhud|alt=A street in Visakhapatnam cluttered by fallen trees, branches, and debris]]
In rural southern Odisha, 600 electricity poles were toppled. 48,000 [[thatching|thatched]] homes were damaged or destroyed. 230,000 people were temporarily moved to shelters.<ref>{{Cite news|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Cyclone Hudhud batters South Odisha|last=Barik|first=Satyasundar|publication-place=[[Bhubaneswar]]|date=13 October 2014|access-date=5 December 2025|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/Cyclone-Hudhud-batters-South-Odisha/article11069047.ece|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Out of the {{Convert|247,557|ha|acre}} of crops that were affected, {{Convert|40,484|ha|acre}} lost more than half of their contents. 670 livestock were killed.<ref name="OdishaGovt">{{Cite web|title=Memorandum on the Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Hudhud 2014|url=https://srcodisha.nic.in/calamity/Memorandum%20Cyclone%20Hudhud%202014.pdf|publisher=Special Relief Commissioner, Odisha|access-date=5 December 2025|archive-date=18 September 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250918225102/https://srcodisha.nic.in/calamity/Memorandum%20Cyclone%20Hudhud%202014.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|25,34}} The [[Vamsadhara River]] crested at {{cvt|55.28|m|ft}} on 13 October near [[Kashinagar]], above the danger level of {{cvt|54.60|m|ft}}.<ref name="OdishaGovt"/>{{rp|11}} A maximum of {{cvt|260|mm|in}} of precipitation fell in [[R. Udayagiri]] in a 24-hour span on 12–13 October.<ref name="Report" />{{rp|33}} Three deaths occurred in Odisha due to the cyclone, while twelve others were injured.<ref name="OdishaGovt"/>{{rp|34}}<ref>{{Cite news|title=Cyclone Hudhud in India Kills 8 as Typhoon Hits Japan|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/cyclone-hudhud-india-kills-8-typhoon-hits-japan-n223931|date=12 October 2014|access-date=6 December 2025|work=[[NBC News]]|archive-date=13 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113143257/http://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/cyclone-hudhud-india-kills-8-typhoon-hits-japan-n223931|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|work=[[Reuters]]|publication-place=[[Bhubaneswar]]|title=Death toll from cyclone Hudhud climbs to 41|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/death-toll-from-cyclone-hudhud-climbs-to-41-idUSKCN0I7062/|date=18 October 2014|access-date=6 December 2025}}</ref>

==== Elsewhere ====
In the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Hudhud downed trees, forcing the closing of the [[National Highway 4 (India)|Andaman Trunk Road]] on 8 October.<ref name="ReutersPrep" /> A total of {{cvt|210|mm|in}} of rain fell in [[Port Blair]] in a 24-hour span between 7–8 October.<ref name="Report" />{{rp|31}} Hudhud also caused extreme rainfall in [[Chhattisgarh]], with {{cvt|17|cm|in}} in [[Manendragarh]] in 24 hours on 13–14 October.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hudhud causes heavy rains across Chhattisgarh|url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/environment/hudhud-causes-heavy-rains-across-chhattisgarh-46869|website=[[Down to Earth (magazine)|Down to Earth]]|last=Pallavi|first=Aparna|date=14 October 2014|access-date=5 December 2025|archive-date=13 October 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251013025626/https://www.downtoearth.org.in/environment/hudhud-causes-heavy-rains-across-chhattisgarh-46869|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Report" />{{rp|33}} A house collapsed in [[Govindgarh, Madhya Pradesh]], amid torrential rainfall on the morning of 14 October, killing a family of three and injuring another occupant.<ref>{{Cite news|work=[[Firstpost]]|title=Cyclone Hudhud: Three killed, one injured in house collapse in Madhya Pradesh|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/cyclone-hudhud-three-killed-one-injured-in-house-collapse-in-madhya-pradesh-1755985.html|date=14 October 2014|access-date=31 January 2026|archive-date=2 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200902030147/https://www.firstpost.com/india/cyclone-hudhud-three-killed-one-injured-in-house-collapse-in-madhya-pradesh-1755985.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|work=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]|title=Cyclone Hudhud kills 22 in India; thousands of homes damaged|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-10-15/death-toll-hits-22-from-deadly-india-cyclone/5813990|date=14 October 2014|access-date=31 January 2026|archive-date=17 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917180223/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-10-15/death-toll-hits-22-from-deadly-india-cyclone/5813990|url-status=live}}</ref> In Uttar Pradesh, rainfall killed 18 and caused damage to homes and crops.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/cyclone-hudhud-heavy-rains-kill-18-uttar-pradesh-223195-2014-10-15|title=Cyclone Hudhud impact: Heavy rain kills 18 in Uttar Pradesh|publisher=India Today|date=15 October 2014|accessdate=15 October 2014|archive-date=11 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511090831/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/cyclone-hudhud-heavy-rains-kill-18-uttar-pradesh-223195-2014-10-15|url-status=live}}</ref> On 14 October in [[Lucknow]], a record {{cvt|61.1|mm|in}} of rain fell, flooding multiple areas in the city. Accompanying strong winds damaged power lines, causing widespread power outages. Torrential rainfall in [[Bihar]] killed three and injured 50.<ref name=THTUP>{{Cite news|work=[[The Hindustan Times]]|title=18 dead as Hudhud tail stings UP with heavy rains|date=15 October 2014|access-date=23 January 2026|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/18-dead-as-hudhud-tail-stings-up-with-heavy-rains/story-q4FxSFtoh561A3eJluEeMM.html|publication-place=[[Lucknow]]|archive-date=27 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127175637/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/18-dead-as-hudhud-tail-stings-up-with-heavy-rains/story-q4FxSFtoh561A3eJluEeMM.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In [[West Bengal]], Hudhud caused minimal damage. Hotels in coastal towns such as [[Digha]] were filled up by an influx of tourists who wanted to observe the cyclone.<ref>{{Cite news|work=[[NDTV]]|title=Cyclone Hudhud Has Little Impact in West Bengal|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/cyclone-hudhud-has-little-impact-in-west-bengal-678305|date=12 October 2014|access-date=25 January 2026|archive-date=1 June 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250601233627/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/cyclone-hudhud-has-little-impact-in-west-bengal-678305|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Sundarbans]] as well as a few districts in the state saw heavy rainfall.<ref>{{Cite news|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Hudhud impact: Heavy rainfall in West Bengal|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/hudhud-impact-heavy-rainfall-in-west-bengal/article11067908.ece|date=12 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260125193724/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/hudhud-impact-heavy-rainfall-in-west-bengal/article11067908.ece|archive-date=25 January 2026|access-date=25 January 2026|publication-place=[[Kolkata]]|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Minor rainfall and flooding occurred in [[Bangladesh]].<ref>{{Cite news|work=[[Dhaka Tribune]]|title=Hudhud effect felt in Bangladesh|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/feature/travel/82335/hudhud-effect-felt-in-bangladesh|last=Siddique|first=Abu|date=12 October 2014|access-date=25 January 2026}}</ref>

=== Nepal ===
{{Main article|2014 Nepal snowstorm disaster}}
[[File:Snow Blankets Nepal after Cyclone Hudhud (15589255411).jpg|thumb|Satellite imagery shows a progression of snow cover from 10 to 15 October|alt=Two satellite images side-by-side of Nepal, with one showing little to snow cover and a date saying 10 October, and the other showing completely white snow cover and a date saying 15 October]]
On 14 October, the remnants of Hudhud caused severe avalanches and blizzards following a merger with an upper-level trough.<ref name="Himalayan" />{{rp|89}} Four people were killed on [[Annapurna|Mount Annapurna]], eight in [[Mustang District|Mustang district]], and eight in [[Manang District, Nepal|Manang district]]. 14 injured climbers were airlifted to hospitals on 15 October. 43 were killed due to the snowstorms, with 21 of the fatalities coming from Mount Annapurna.<ref>{{Cite news|work=[[Reuters]]|title=Freak Nepal blizzards kill at least 20, including hikers, guides|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-nepal-hikers-snowfall/freak-nepal-blizzards-kill-at-least-20-including-hikers-guides-idUKKCN0I40UY20141015/|date=15 October 2014|last=Sharma|first=Gopal|access-date=6 December 2025|publication-place=[[Kathmandu]]}}</ref><ref name="Himalayan">{{Cite journal|author1=Wang, S-Y Simon|author2=Gillies, Robert R|author3=Fosu, Boniface|author4=Singh, Pratibha M|title=The Deadly Himalayan Snowstorm of October 2014: Synoptic Conditions and Associated Trends [in "Explaining Extremes of 2014 from a Climate Perspective"]|journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society|date=December 2015|volume=96|issue=12|pages=S89–S94|doi=10.1175/BAMS-D-15-00113.1|bibcode = 2015BAMS...96S..89S |doi-access=free}}</ref>{{rp|89}} By 18 October, 384 trekkers had been rescued from Mount Annapurna.<ref>{{Cite web| url = https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-29672358| title = Nepal Annapurna: Trekking disaster toll reaches 39| date = 18 October 2014| access-date = 6 December 2025| publisher = [[BBC News]]| archive-date = 17 September 2024| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240917095338/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-29672358| url-status = live}}</ref> The mountain received {{convert|1.8|m|ft|abbr=on}} of snow in the span of 12 hours. On 19 October, the search for survivors ended, with close to 400 having been rescued. Many survivors were frostbitten following their rescue, requiring amputation of limbs.<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-29679773 | title = Nepal Annapurna: Search ends for surviving trekkers | date = 19 October 2014 | access-date = 6 December 2025 | publisher = [[BBC News]] | archive-date = 4 September 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240904101110/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-29679773 | url-status = live }}</ref>

==Aftermath==
In Visakhapatnam, 12 NDRF teams worked to clean up fallen trees and debris on roads and 5,000 workers from power companies worked to restore electricity in the city on 14 October.<ref>{{Cite news|work=[[The Hindu]]|last=Subrahmanyam|first=G. S.|date=14 October 2014|title=Post-Hudhud, flood of relief in A.P.|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/Post-Hudhud-flood-of-relief-in-A.P./article60389225.ece|access-date=7 December 2025|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Higher temperatures in the city in the months following the cyclone caused a 60 percent decrease in its bird population as they moved elsewhere or died.<ref>{{Cite news|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|title=60 Per Cent Decline in Bird Species in Vizag Post-Hudhud|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2015/Apr/26/60-per-cent-decline-in-bird-species-in-vizag-post-hudhud-747252.html|last=Gilai|first=Harish|date=26 April 2015|access-date=14 December 2025}}</ref> Andhra Pradesh's chief minister, [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]], said that 70% of communications were down and urged residents to remain in their homes.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Cyclone Hudhud blasts India's east coast, at least five dead|last=Dash|first=Jatindra|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/10/12/us-india-cyclone-idUSKCN0I102D20141012/|date=12 October 2014|access-date=4 December 2025|work=[[Reuters]]|archive-date=10 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151010174621/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/10/12/us-india-cyclone-idUSKCN0I102D20141012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=13 October 2014 |title=Cyclone Hudhud hammers eastern India |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2014/10/13/cyclone-hudhud-hammers-eastern-india |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111235939/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2014/10/13/cyclone-hudhud-hammers-eastern-india/ |archive-date=11 November 2020 |access-date=25 January 2026 |work=Al Jazeera}}</ref> To assist with relief efforts, 24 NDRF and 155 medical teams were sent to the affected areas. The [[Indian Navy]] led a military operation named ''Lehar'' to help citizens affected by Hudhud and placed 20 rescue teams in Visakhapatnam, while the Indian Army sent 25 rescue teams. The [[Indian Coast Guard]] sent 17 ships, and the [[Indian Air Force]] readied seven aircraft.<ref name="HinduAftermath1">{{Cite news|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Hudhud leaves trail of destruction|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Cyclone-Hudhud-Normal-life-hit-in-Odisha-Andhra-Pradesh/article60394535.ece|access-date= 5 December 2025|date=12 October 2014|last=Mallikarjun|first=Y.|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=13 October 2014|access-date=7 December 2025|title=Navy will lead 'Op Lehar' for rescue|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/navy-will-lead-op-lehar-for-rescue/}}</ref>

Equipped with night glasses and other supplies, 300 members of the ODRAF worked on clearing uprooted large trees and poles from roads.<ref>{{Cite news|work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]|last1=Mishra|first1=Ashutosh|last2=Mohanty|first2=Subhashish|title=Odisha returns Andhra's favour|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/odisha-returns-andhras-favour/cid/1574104|date=14 October 2014|access-date=7 December 2025|archive-date=13 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513071044/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/odisha-returns-andhras-favour/cid/1574104|url-status=live}}</ref> Naidu sought {{INRConvert|20000000000|year=2014|mode=historical}} from the central government, while the government of Odisha sought {{INRConvert|7771200000|year=2014|mode=historical}} and also requested a team to assess damages in the state.<ref>{{Cite news|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Naidu seeks Rs. 2,000 crore|last=Mallikarjun|first=Y.|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/Cyclone-Hudhud-aftermath-Chandrababu-Naidu-seeks-adhoc-assistance-of-Rs.-2000-crore/article60394751.ece|date=12 October 2014|access-date=7 December 2025|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="OdishaGovt" />{{rp|47}} Inland fisheries in [[Dhubri district|Dhubri]], Assam benefited from increased [[Ilish|hilsa]] catch as the fish were driven from the stormy ocean.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Borah |first=Amarjyoti |date=15 December 2014 |title=Cyclone with a catch: Indian fishermen enjoy bountiful haul |url=https://news.trust.org/item/20141215163744-gg75u/ |access-date=21 January 2026 |website=news.trust.org ([[Reuters]]) |archive-date=22 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522075631/https://news.trust.org/item/20141215163744-gg75u/ |url-status=live }}</ref> According to a United Nations report in 2015, Hudhud caused $11 billion in damages.<ref name="Dmg" />

==See also==
{{portal|Tropical cyclones|India|Nepal}}
{{Commons category}}
*[[1977 Andhra Pradesh cyclone]]
*[[1999 Odisha cyclone]]
*[[Cyclone Phailin]]
*[[Cyclone Fani]]
*[[Tropical cyclones in India]]
{{clear}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{2014 North Indian Ocean cyclone season buttons}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hudhud (2014)}}
[[Category:2014 North Indian Ocean cyclone season]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in India]]
[[Category:2010s in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Disasters in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:2010s in Odisha]]
[[Category:Disasters in Odisha]]
[[Category:Extremely severe cyclonic storms]]
[[Category:October 2014 in Asia]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in 2014]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Nepal]]
[[Category:2014 in Nepal]]

Rewant Ram Danga

2026-04-16T06:41:12Z

Davidwnl: Made new entry

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Rewant Ram Danga
| office = Member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| predecessor = [[Hanuman Beniwal]]
| constituency = [[Khinwsar Assembly constituency|Khinwsar]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (2023 - present)
| profession = Politician
| term_start = 23 November 2024
| image =
| district =
| other_party = [[Rashtriya Loktantrik Party]] (before 2023)
| spouse = Geeta Devi
}}

'''Rewant Ram Danga''' is an Indian politician. He is a member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] representing [[Khinwsar Assembly constituency|Khinvsar, Nagaur]] as a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Khinwsar Assembly Election Result Live Update: खींवसर में हार गईं हनुमान बेनीवाल की पत्नी कनिका बेनीवाल, रेवंत राम डांगा ने भेदा बेनीवाल का किला |url=https://rajasthan.ndtv.in/rajasthan-news/rajasthan-assembly-by-election-result-live-update-khinwsar-vidahan-sabha-result-kanika-beniwal-rewant-ram-danga-ratan-chaudhary-7083888 |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=rajasthan.ndtv.in |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=जयपुर: Rajasthan Bypoll Results 2024: खींवसर से रेवंतराम डांगा की जीत, RLP प्रत्याशी कनिका बेनीवाल को हराया |url=https://firstindianews.com/news/rajasthan-bypoll-results-2024-rewant-ram-danga-wins-from-khimsar |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=firstindianews.com}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Danga began his political career with the [[Rashtriya Loktantrik Party]] but joined the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bharatiya Janta Party]] ahead of the 2023 Rajasthan Assembly elections and was a BJP candidate from Khinwsar. He lost the [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023 Rajasthan assembly election]] to [[Hanuman Beniwal]] by a margin of 2,059 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Assembly Election 2023 Result: राजस्थान के खींवसर से आरएलपी सांसद हनुमान बेनीवाल जीते, बीजेपी उम्मीदवार को दी 2 हजार वोटों से शिकस्त |url=https://www.jansatta.com/elections/rlp-leader-and-nagaur-mp-hanuman-beniwal-won-khinwsar-seat-rajasthan-defeated-bjp-rewant-ram-danga/3102449/ |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=Jansatta |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Khinwsar Election Result 2023 Highlights: Rashtriya Loktantrik Party's Hanuman Beniwal retains seat - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/khinwsar-election-result-2023-live-how-to-check-rajasthan-legislative-assembly-poll-winners-news-bjp-congress-rlp-revat-ram-danga-tejpal-mirdha-hanuman-beniwal-18460771.htm |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref> He won the bypoll in 2024 by a margin of 13,870 votes to become MLA again.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Khinwsar Assembly Election Result Highlights: खींवसर में रेवंत राम डांगा ने भेदा बेनीवाल का किला, कनिका की हार पर हनुमान बोले- सत्ता का दुरुपयोग कर जीती भाजपा |url=https://rajasthan.ndtv.in/rajasthan-news/rajasthan-assembly-by-election-result-live-update-khinwsar-vidahan-sabha-result-kanika-beniwal-rewant-ram-danga-ratan-chaudhary-7083888 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250611133340/https://rajasthan.ndtv.in/rajasthan-news/rajasthan-assembly-by-election-result-live-update-khinwsar-vidahan-sabha-result-kanika-beniwal-rewant-ram-danga-ratan-chaudhary-7083888 |archive-date=2025-06-11 |access-date=2025-12-15 |work=rajasthan.ndtv.in |language=hi}}</ref> In December 2025, he was caught behind camera asking for 40% bribe for development projects under the [[Member of Legislative Assembly Local Area Development Fund]] scheme.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-14 |title=Rajasthan MLAs caught seeking commissions on camera: Recommendation letters issued for cash; BJP legislator Danga demands 40% cut for ₹50 lakh project - Rajasthan News |url=https://www.bhaskarenglish.in/local/rajasthan/news/rajasthan-mla-caught-on-camera-selling-funds-for-commission-bjp-mla-danga-asks-40-for-50-lakh-project-136664487.html |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=Bhaskar English |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* Rewant Ram Danga on [https://www.myneta.info/Rajasthan2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=254 MyNeta]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Danga, Rewant Ram}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:People from Nagaur district]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Loktantrik Party politicians]]

{{Rajasthan-BJP-politician-stub}}

1940 Durand Cup final

2026-04-11T16:35:10Z

Davidwnl: Created a entry

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox football match
| title = 1940 Durand Cup final
| image =
| caption =
| event = [[Durand Cup|1940 Durand Cup]]
| team1 = [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]]
| team2 = [[Royal Warwickshire Regiment]]
| details =
| team1score = 2
| team2score = 1
| date = 12 December 1940
| stadium = [[Major Dhyan Chand National Stadium|Irwin Amphitheatre]]
| city = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
| referee = Harnam Singh
| attendance =
| weather =
| previous = 1939
| next =
}}

The '''1940 Durand Cup final''' was the concluding match of the 1940 Durand Cup, the 53rd edition of the Durand Cup, the final took place in 1940 between [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting Club]] and [[Royal Warwickshire Regiment]], and was played at [[Major Dhyan Chand National Stadium|Irwin Amphitheatre]], [[New Delhi]], then part of [[British India]]. [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting Club]] won the match by 2–1 securing their first Durand Cup title and becoming the first ever Indian team to achieve this accomplishment.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=India - List of Durand Cup Finals |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indiadurandcuphist.html |access-date=2026-01-19 |website=www.rsssf.org}}</ref>

==Route to the final==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!colspan="2"| [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]]
!Round
!colspan="2"| [[Royal Warwickshire Regiment]]
|- style="background:#C1E0FF"
|Opponent
|colspan="1"|Result
|Round
|Opponent
|colspan="1"|Result
|-
|style="text-align:left"|Union Club
|colspan="1"|2–0
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Quarter–Final
|style="text-align:left"|Unknown
|colspan="1"|N/A
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Welch Regiment]]
|colspan="1"|3–1
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Semi–Final
|style="text-align:left"|Unknown
|colspan="1"|N/A
|-
|}

== Match ==
=== Summary ===
On 12 December 1940, the final of the 53rd edition of the Durand Cup, the final took place between [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting Club]] and the [[Royal Warwickshire Regiment]]. The [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan's]] beat several difficult clubs and organisations such as the [[Welch Regiment]] in the semi-finals, earning their ticket to the final.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Faizan |date=2025-08-28 |title=Mohammedan SC's Iconic 1940 Durand Cup Victory |url=https://tacklefrombehind.com/football/mohammedan-sc-1940-durand-cup/ |access-date=2026-01-19 |website=TFB |language=en-US}}</ref> While the [[Royal Warwickshire Regiment]], being one of the best teams in the tournament, paved their way through and reached the final.

The final began with [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]] dominating much of the opening half and eventually taking the lead in the 24th minute when Noor Mohammed Jr. scored after [[Saboo (footballer)|Saboo]] who broke clear and passed to Karim, whose effort was initially partially cleared.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kc0-AAAAIBAJ&dq=Durand+Cup+Final&pg=PA3&article_id=4263,764990 |title=The Indian Express |publisher=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=8 December 1940 |title=Amrita Bazar Patrika |url=http://ndl.iitkgp.ac.in/nw_document/csssc_abp/abp/21078}}</ref> [[Royal Warwickshire Regiment|Warwickshire Regiment]] equalised early into the second half in the third minute, through their centre-forward, Warman, following a corner kick and a defensive lapse.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]] regained the lead soon afterwards when Saboo scored the winning goal from close range after a break involving Karim and Noor Mohammed Jr., despite sustained pressure from the opposition in the closing stages, Mohammedan Sporting held on to secure the title, becomjng the first Indian club to win the trophy.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-10-24 |title=How Mohammedan Sporting's glorious past is linked to its uncertain future |url=https://qz.com/india/286516/how-its-glorious-past-is-linked-to-the-uncertain-future-of-mohammedan-sporting |access-date=2026-01-19 |website=Quartz |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/history |access-date=2026-01-19 |website=www.the-aiff.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-10-19 |title=Five best 'international' wins by Indian clubs |url=https://www.espn.in/football/story/_/id/37495587/five-best-international-wins-indian-clubs |access-date=2026-01-19 |website=ESPN |language=en}}</ref>

===Details===
{{football box
|date=12 December 1940
|time=
|team1=[[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]]
|report=
|team2=[[Royal Warwickshire Regiment]]
|score= 2–1
|goals1=Noor Mohammad Jr. {{goal|24}} [[Saboo (footballer)|Saboo]] {{goal|?}}
|goals2=Warman {{goal|48}}
|stadium=[[Major Dhyan Chand National Stadium|Irwin Amphitheatre]], [[New Delhi]]
|attendance=1,00,000 (est.)
|referee=Harnam Singh}}

{| width=92%
|-
|{{Football kit
| pattern_la =
| pattern_b = _collar_buttons_2
| pattern_ra =
| pattern_sh =
| pattern_so =
| leftarm = 000000
| body = ffffff
| rightarm = 000000
| shorts = ffffff
| socks = ffffff
| title = Mohammedan Sporting
}}
|}

{| width="100%"
|valign="top" width="40%"|
{| style="font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
|colspan="4"|
|-
!width="25"| !!width="25"|
|-
|GK || ||{{flagicon|British India}} Ali Hossain
|-
|FB || ||{{flagicon|British India}} [[Bachi Khan]]
|-
|FB || ||{{flagicon|British India}} [[Jumma Khan]]
|-
|HB || ||{{flagicon|British India}} Bashir
|-
|HB || ||{{flagicon|British India}} [[Rashid Khan (footballer)|Rashid Khan]]
|-
|HB || ||{{flagicon|British India}} Masum ([[Captain (association football)|c]])
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|British India}} Noor Mohammad Jr.
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|British India}} Karim
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|British India}} [[Hafiz Rashid]]
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|British India}} [[Saboo (footballer)|Saboo]]
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|British India}} [[Abdur Rahman (footballer)|Abdur Rahman]]
|-
|}
|valign="top"|
|valign="top" width="50%"|
{| style="font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align=center
|colspan="4"|
|-
!width="25"| !!width="25"|
|-
|GK || ||{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} Cloves
|-
|FB || ||{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} Lewis
|-
|FB || ||{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} Clay
|-
|HB || ||{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} Wharton
|-
|HB || ||{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} Stanley
|-
|HB || ||{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} Sparks
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} Jones
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} Williams
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} Warman
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} Harris
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} Jones
|-
|}
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indiadurandcuphist.html Durand Cup Finals]

{{Durand Cup}}

[[Category:Durand Cup finals]]
[[Category:Football competitions in New Delhi]]

Moksha (2001 film)

2026-03-28T00:45:06Z

Davidwnl: started new post initial version

{{For other uses|Moksha (disambiguation)}}{{short description|2001 Bollywood film by Ashok Mehta}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Moksha
| image = Moksha Salvation 2001 film poster.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[Ashok Mehta]]
| screenplay = Hriday Lani Raj Marbros {{infobox | decat = yes | child = yes | label1 = Dialogues by | data1= Hriday Lani}}
| story = Ashok Mehta
| producer = Ashok Mehta Neerja Mehta
| starring = [[Arjun Rampal]] [[Manisha Koirala]]
| cinematography = Ashok Mehta
| editing = Nandu
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Rajesh Roshan]] '''Score:''' [[Salim–Sulaiman]]
| studio = Ashok Mehta Visuals Pvt. Ltd
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2001|11|30}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR|5 [[crore]]}}<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=1260|title=Moksha – Movie|publisher=Box Office India|access-date=21 June 2022|archive-date=21 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621012835/https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=1260|url-status=live}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR|82 [[lakh]]}}<ref name="auto"/>
}}

'''''Moksha: Salvation''''' is a 2001 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[crime film|crime]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] produced and directed by [[Ashok Mehta]] in his directorial debut.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/nov/26ashok.htm|title=rediff.com, Movies: Maverick Ashok Mehta finds salvation!|website=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=12 October 2022|archive-date=12 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012165317/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/nov/26ashok.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The film stars [[Arjun Rampal]] and [[Manisha Koirala]].<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/aug/13mok.htm|title=rediff.com, Movies: On the sets of Moksh|website=Rediff.com|access-date=13 October 2022|archive-date=13 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013041542/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/aug/13mok.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The film won the award for [[National Film Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]] and [[National Film Award for Best Audiography|Best Audiography]] at the [[48th National Film Awards]].<ref name="48thawardPDF">{{cite web |last1= |first1= |date=27 March 2001 |title=48th National Film Awards |language=en-IN |work=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/48th_nff_2001.pdf |access-date=29 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107004102/http://dff.nic.in/2011/48th_nff_2001.pdf|archive-date=7 November 2017}}</ref>

==Plot==
The story revolves around Vikram Saigal, a law graduate who is dissatisfied with his current situation. He is an idealist and aspires to fight against corruption and societal issues to make a change in the world. Hritika, a young girl, is enamored with him and tries to win his heart. At first, Vikram rejects her advances, but after she presents him with an expensive painting, they become a couple.

Vikram's idealism leads him to want to establish a free legal service for the poor. However, he finds it difficult to find like-minded lawyers to support his cause. His father and boss think he is too young and naive to understand the ramifications of providing free legal services, and he becomes more disillusioned. Eventually, he plans to rob a bank to obtain the money needed to establish his free legal institute.

Together with Hritika, Vikram hatches a plot to rob a bank. Hritika keeps getting nightmares about the robbery and tells her friend about it who suggests her to not go for it. On the day of the planned robbery, an informant alerts the bank authorities, causing them to be on high alert. Vikram suspects Hritika as she was the only know who knew about the plan, and kills her during their date.

A courtroom battle ensues, with Vikram representing himself, court find him not guilty. After the verdict, Hritika's best friend reveals that she, not Hritika, was the informant who alerted the bank. Overcome with guilt, Vikram attempts to take his own life but is unable to do so. He decides to rob the bank again, this time with an unloaded gun. He enters the bank with the [[Suicide by cop|intention of sacrificing himself, and ultimately dies from a gunshot wound by cops]].

==Cast==
*[[Arjun Rampal]] as Vikram Saigal
*[[Manisha Koirala]] as Hritika Sanyal
*[[Naseeruddin Shah]] as Dean
*[[Kalpana Pandit]] as Neelima, Ritika's roommate.
*[[Suresh Oberoi]] as Mr. Saigal, Vikram's father.
*[[Shubhangi Gokhale]] as Mrs Saigal, Vikram's mother.
*[[Paresh Rawal]] as Sharan Mama, Vikram's maternal uncle.
*[[Sushma Seth]] as Naani Maa, Ritika's maternal grandmother.
*[[Danny Denzongpa]] as Bachelor Simon
*[[Farida Jalal]] as Salim's mother
*[[Mohan Gokhale]] as Behram
*[[Kiran Kumar]] as Head Lawyer Gorakh
*[[Saurabh Shukla]] as Peon Office Kale
*[[Gulshan Grover]] as Prosecutor Rakesh Mehra
*[[Archana Puran Singh]] as Landlady Mrs D'Souza
*[[Sulabha Deshpande]] as eyewitness
*[[Kamal Chopra]] as Rich Guy
==Production==
In 1995, cinematographer [[Ashok Mehta]] decided to turn director with a film that would star [[Sanjay Dutt]] in the lead role. However, Dutt was unable to act in it due to his legal court case proceedings, and Mehta opted for another actor. [[John Abraham (actor)|John Abraham]] was considered for the role before [[Arjun Rampal]] was selected for the protagonist at the recommendation of [[Shekhar Kapur]]. [[Manisha Koirala]] was signed as the heroine.

Mehta began filming ''Moksha'' in 1997 but financial issues kept delaying the shooting. It took several years to complete the film.

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Moksha
| type = [[Soundtrack album]]
| artist = [[Rajesh Roshan]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released =
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[Venus Records & Tapes]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
All tracks was composed by [[Rajesh Roshan]] and lyrics penned by [[Javed Akhtar]]. Duo composer [[Salim–Sulaiman]] had provided four instrumental tracks for this album. The full album was released on 9 September 2001.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/sep/21moksh.htm|title=rediff.com, Movies: The music review of Moksha|website=Rediff.com|access-date=12 October 2022|archive-date=12 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012164756/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/sep/21moksh.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)!! Music !! Length
|-
| 1
| "Jaan Leva"
| [[Sukhwinder Singh]], [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
| [[Rajesh Roshan]]
| 5:41
|-
| 2
| "Humko Pyar Hai"
| Kamaal Khan, Sneha Pant
| Rajesh Roshan
| 8:31
|-
| 3
| "Mohabbat Zindagi Hai"
| [[Madhushree]]
| Rajesh Roshan
| 5:50
|-
| 4
| "Nani Maa"
| [[Dominique Cerejo]]
| Rajesh Roshan
| 7:26
|-
| 5
| "Seep Mein Moti" (Female)
| [[Pamela Jain]]
| Rajesh Roshan
| 5:22
|-
| 6
| "Nani Maa" (Lori)
| [[Mahalakshmi Iyer]]
| Rajesh Roshan
| 5:17
|-
| 7
| "Seep Mein Moti" (Male)
| [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]
| Rajesh Roshan
| 5:26
|-
| 8
| "Jaan Leva" (Remix)
| [[Sukhwinder Singh]], [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
| Rajesh Roshan
| 4:30
|-
| 9
| "Beautiful World"
| Instrumental
| [[Salim–Sulaiman]]
|
|-
| 10
| "Beginning of The End"
| Instrumental
| Salim–Sulaiman
|
|-
| 11
| "Change Is The Only Constant"
| Instrumental
| Salim–Sulaiman
|
|-
| 12
| "Salvation"
| Instrumental
| Salim–Sulaiman
|
|}

==Reception==
===Box office===
The film was a [[box-office bomb]], grossing {{INR}} 8.2 million against a {{INR}} 50 million production budget.<ref name="auto"/> Film trade analyst [[Taran Adarsh]] believed that circulation of pirated VCDs much before the film's theatrical release hampered its box-office prospects greatly.<ref name=Adarsh/>

===Critical response===
Writing for [[Bollywood Hungama]], [[Taran Adarsh]] gave the film one star, writing, "On the whole, MOKSHA is a dry and dull film that won't find flavour with the audience." He praised Anil Mehta's cinematography and Rampal's performance saying "Arjun Rampal excels in a role availability that was difficult to portray. He takes giant strides as a performer and proves that he's an actor with an amazing range."<ref name=Adarsh>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/moksha-salvation/critic-review/moksha-salvation-movie-review/|title=Moksha: Salvation Movie Review by Taran Adarsh - Bollywood Hungama|author=Bollywood Hungama|work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=12 October 2022|archive-date=12 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012161951/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/moksha-salvation/critic-review/moksha-salvation-movie-review/|url-status=live}}</ref> Priyanka Bhattacharya of [[Rediff.com]] called it "Arjun's 70 mm portfolio!" by stating "Moksha was supposed to be Arjun Rampal's debut film. The director has taken special care to present it just that way. The camera has focused on Arjun the way a painter would on his muse. In that sense, Moksha is more a 70-mm portfolio for Arjun Rampal than a story."<ref name=Rediff>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/nov/30mok.htm|title=Arjun's 70 mm portfolio!|first=Priyanka|last=Bhattacharya|date=30 November 2001|work=Rediff.com|access-date=11 February 2015|archive-date=17 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130317160643/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/nov/30mok.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Awards===
[[Ashok Mehta]] won [[National Film Award for Best Cinematography]] at [[48th National Film Awards]], the jury stated "For providing wide range of tonal variation and outstanding compositions to cater to the changing moods of the film's narrative." The film also won [[National Film Award for Best Audiography|Best Audiography]] award.<ref name="48thawardPDF"/>

== References ==
<references />

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|0301240}}

[[Category:2001 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian legal drama films]]
[[Category:Films whose cinematographer won the Best Cinematography National Film Award]]
[[Category:Films scored by Rajesh Roshan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Salim–Sulaiman]]
[[Category:Films that won the Best Audiography National Film Award]]
[[Category:2001 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2001 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Films about dreams]]

Mithra Mandali

2026-03-26T09:23:49Z

Davidwnl: started a bio more to come

{{Short description|2025 Indian Telugu film by Vijayendar S}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Mithra Mandali.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Vijayendar S
| writer = Vijayendar S
| screenplay =
| story =
| producer = {{plain list|
* Kalyan Manthina
* Bhanu Pratapa
* Vijender Reddy Teegala
}}
| starring = {{plain list|
* [[Priyadarshi Pulikonda]]
* Niharika NM
* [[Rag Mayur]]
* Vishnu Oi
* Prasad Behara
}}
| cinematography = Siddharth SJ
| editing = Kodati Pavan Kalyan
| music = RR Dhruvan
| studio = {{plain list|
* Sapta Aswa Media Works
* Vyra Entertainments
}}
| distributor = [[Bunny Vas|BV Works]]
| released = {{Film date|2025|10|16|df=y}}
| runtime = 140 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = ₹15 crore
| gross = ₹15–19.75 crore
}}
'''''Mithra Mandali''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[comedy film]] written and directed by Vijayendar S.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-07 |title=Mithra Mandali Trailer: Priyadarshi, Vennela Kishore Team Up For Hilarious Entertainer |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/mithra-mandali-trailer-priyadarshi-vennela-kishore-team-up-for-hilarious-entertainer-article-152956428 |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> It stars an [[ensemble cast]] including [[Priyadarshi Pulikonda]], Niharika NM, [[Rag Mayur]], Vishnu Oi and Prasad Behara.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ponnappa |first=Sanjay |date=2025-10-16 |title=Mithra Mandali Review: A Jathi Ratnalu clone that's more miss than hit |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/mithra-mandali-review-chaotic-comedy-weak-plot-laughs-2803749-2025-10-16 |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

The film was released on 16 October 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2025-10-15 |title=Priyadarshi calls 'Mithra Mandali' a honest comedy entertainer |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/priyadarshi-calls-mithra-mandali-a-honest-comedy-entertainer-1014942 |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Narayana ([[VTV Ganesh]]) is an influential man in his caste (Tottekulam) and aims to become MLA in his constituency, and eliminates whoever stands in between him and his dream. He is portrayed as an evil and ruthless man among his castemen and is highly revered for his caste fanaticism. One fine day, Narayana meets S.I. Sagar ([[Vennela Kishore]]) secretly and asks him to find his kidnapped daughter (claiming she has actually eloped with someone) and bribes him. Sagar starts investigating and comes to a point where the story shifts to four rogues.

Chaitanya ([[Priyadarshi Pulikonda]]), Abhi ([[Rag Mayur]]), Sathwik (Vishnu Oi), and Rajeev (Prasad Behara) are best friends who are jobless and penniless. However, they live their lives to the fullest. One day, Abhi and Sathwik come across Swecha (Niharika NM) and fall for her at first sight. Both pursue her, while Chaitanya helps them along with Rajeev, and the latter duo enjoys the former duo's problems and squabbling with each other to win over Swecha.

Chaitanya advises both hopeless romantics to propose to Swecha. Before that, the gang learns that Swecha is actually Narayana's daughter, which makes Abhi and Sathwik consider backing off. Chaitanya motivates them, resulting in the two separately proposing to Swecha. However, Swecha confesses she loves Chaitanya because she thinks he is the one pursuing her.

Due to Swecha loving Chaitanya, he reciprocates her feelings. Sagar comes to the ridiculous conclusion that the four men are responsible for Swecha's kidnapping and decides to find them, but Chaitanya and his friends are just drunk and sleeping in the yard next to the police station. When the group wakes up, they realize Narayana's men are pursuing them, and they are accused of kidnapping Swecha, and somehow Swecha is in the car's boot.

After a ridiculous number of events that Chaitanya and Swecha tries to marry, Swecha returns to her father after Chaitanya decides to be with his friends, even though they are selfish and self-centred. Narayana fixes Swecha's marriage with their castemen. However, Chaitanya arrives, a ridiculous fight takes place, and Narayana agrees to Swecha and Chaitanya's marriage after he manipulates him. The movie ends with Swecha and Chaitanya's marriage and Narayana losing his MLA position to his follower Govardhan (Jeevan Reddy).

In between this whole mess of events, Satya ([[Satya Akkala]]) appears on the screen many times, claiming he is an important character, and annoys Sagar. However, it is revealed that he is just a guy who was placed in the film because he is related to some technical staff.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Priyadarshi Pulikonda]] as Chaitanya
* Niharika NM as Swecha
* [[Rag Mayur]] as Abhi
* Vishnu Oi as Sathwik
* Prasad Behara as Rajeev
* [[Vennela Kishore]] as SI Sagar Chandra
* [[Satya (Telugu actor)|Satya]] as "Important Character"
* [[VTV Ganesh]] as Narayana Tutte, Swecha's father
* Anitha Chowdary as Swecha’s mother
* Jeevan Naidu as Govardhan Tutte
* [[Satya Prakash (actor)|Satya Prakash]] as Freedom Raju, Opposing party [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] candidate
* [[Ramaraju (actor)|Ramaraju]] as Party Leader
* [[Raghu Karumanchi]] as a goon
* [[Sudharshan]] as Tea stall Customer
* [[Sivannarayana Naripeddi]] as Chaitanya’s father
* [[Vasu Inturi]] as Abhi’s father
* [[Satya Krishnan]] as Abhi’s mother
* Manik Reddy as Sathwik’s father
* Kranthi Balivada as Sathwik’s mother
* Vamshidhar Goud as Tony
* Mahesh Chintala as Govardhan’s assistant
* Rohan Roy
* [[Brahmanandam]] - cameo appearance in the song Jambar Gimbar Laala
* [[K. V. Anudeep]] in a cameo appearance
}}

== Music ==
The background score and soundtrack were composed by RR Dhruvan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Cinema Express |date=2025-09-22 |title='Jambar Gimbar Laa' from Mithra Mandali is a quirky yet groovy dance number |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Sep/22/jambar-gimbar-laa-from-mithra-mandali-is-a-quirky-yet-groovy-dance-number |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| all_music =
| title1 = Kattanduko Janaki
| length1 = 4:09
| lyrics1 = [[Kasarla Shyam]]
| extra1 = [[Rahul Sipligunj]], RR Dhruvan
| title2 = Jambar Gimbar Lala
| length2 = 3:45
| lyrics2 = RR Dhruvan
| extra2 = Aditi Bhavaraju, RR Dhruvan
| title3 = Swecha Standuu
| length3 = 4:05
| lyrics3 = RR Dhruvan
| extra3 = [[Dhanunjay Seepana]], RR Dhruvan, Vedavagdevi
| title4 = Thella Kodi Nalla Kodi
| length4 = 3:20
| lyrics4 = RR Dhruvan, Sai Prasad Poojari
| extra4 = Ashwini Rathod, RR Dhruvan
| title5 = Theme Song
| length5 = 2:34
| lyrics5 = RR Dhruvan
| extra5 = RR Dhruvan
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Mithra Mandali'' was released on 16 October 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-10 |title=Mithra Mandali Releasing on October 16: Producers Share Insights on Their Creative Journey |url=https://www.sakshipost.com/news/entertainment/mithra-mandali-gears-grand-release-october-16-producers-share-insights-their |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=Sakshi Post |language=en}}</ref>

''[[The Times of India]]'' stated that, "the premise is promising, but the execution struggles to balance absurd comedy with social commentary".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mithra Mandali Movie Review: A madcap buddy comedy that amuses in parts but lacks finesse |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/mithra-mandali/movie-review/124595208.cms |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> In a similar tone, Aditya Devulapally of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' stated, "The film’s heart is in the right place, but its rhythm is out of tune".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devulapally |first=Aditya |date=2025-10-16 |title=Mithra Mandali movie review: A comedy that laughs too hard at its own jokes |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/review/2025/Oct/16/mithra-mandali-movie-review-a-comedy-that-laughs-too-hard-at-its-own-jokes |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> ''[[The Hindu]]'' reviewed it as "more noise, little fun".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nadadhur |first=Srivathsan |date=2025-10-16 |title='Mithra Mandali' movie review: Priyadarshi, Rag Mayur, Vishnu Oi's buddy comedy is more noise, little fun |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/mithra-mandali-movie-review-priyadarshi-rag-mayur-vishnu-ois-buddy-comedy-introduces-niharika-nm-to-telugu-cinema/article70170091.ece |access-date=2025-10-22 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|37273405|Mithra Mandali}}

[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:2025 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Telugu-language comedy films]]

Pawan & Pooja

2026-03-26T01:37:52Z

Davidwnl: add intro also and improved wording to improve readability

{{Short description|Indian drama web series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Pawan & Pooja web series poster.jpg
| genre = Relationship drama
| based_on =
| creator =
| director = Ajay Bhuyan [[Shaad Ali]]
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Mahesh Manjrekar]]
*[[Deepti Naval]]
*[[Sharman Joshi]]
*[[Gul Panag]]
*[[Taaruk Raina]]
*[[Natasha Bharadwaj]]
}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| location = India
| screenplay = {{Plainlist|
*Agrim Joshi
*Debojit Das Purkayastha
*Abhishek Chatterjee}}
| editor = Dharmesh Patel
| network = [[MX Player]]
| released =
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2020|02|14}}
| company = Alchemy Films PVT.LTD
| executive_producer =
| producer = {{Plainlist|
*Siddharth Malhotra
*Sapna Malhotra}}
| runtime = 40 mins
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 10
}}
'''''Pawan & Pooja''''' is a relationship-drama web series directed by Ajay Bhuyan and [[Shaad Ali]]. The show features [[Mahesh Manjrekar]], [[Deepti Naval]], [[Sharman Joshi]], [[Gul Panag]], [[Taaruk Raina]] and [[Natasha Bharadwaj]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-02-04|title=Deepti Naval, Mahesh Manjrekar to star in web series Pawan and Pooja|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/deepti-naval-mahesh-manjrekar-to-star-in-web-series-pawan-and-pooja-6250539/|access-date=2021-06-18|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> The series is available for streaming on MX Player and Season 1 was aired on 14 February 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-02-26|title=Mahesh Manjrekar: Have diverse line of work because I am not afraid of failure|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/mahesh-manjrekar-new-show-pawan-and-pooja-6286247/|access-date=2021-06-18|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Mahesh Manjrekar took inspiration from his personal life for web series 'Pawan & Pooja' - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/mahesh-manjrekar-took-inspiration-from-his-personal-life-for-web-series-pawan-pooja/articleshow/74195722.cms|access-date=2021-06-18|website=The Times of India|date=18 February 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Pawan & Pooja movie review: Modern-day relationships!|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/250220/pawan-pooja-movie-review-modern-day-relationships.html|access-date=2021-06-18|website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=25 February 2020 }}</ref>

==Cast==

=== Main ===
'''Couple 1'''
* [[Mahesh Manjrekar]]<ref>{{Cite news|last=Khan|first=Murtaza Ali|date=2020-03-19|title=The industry doesn't understand me: Mahesh Manjrekar|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-industry-doesnt-understand-me-mahesh-manjrekar/article31110018.ece|access-date=2021-06-18|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> as Pawan Kalra
* [[Deepti Naval]] as Pooja Kalra
'''Couple 2'''
* [[Sharman Joshi]] as Pawan Mehra
* [[Gul Panag]] as Pooja Mehra<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gul Panag on her quest to find a practical definition of love |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/gul-panag-on-her-quest-to-find-a-practical-definition-of-love/cid/1747336 |access-date=2021-10-06 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>
'''Couple 3'''
* [[Taaruk Raina]] as Pawan Srivastav
* [[Natasha Bharadwaj]] as Pooja Maheshwari

=== Recurring ===
* [[Mrinal Dutt]] as Raj<ref>{{Cite web|last=Service|first=Tribune News|title=Mrinal Dutt shares details of his next project|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/the-world-is-ending-195474|access-date=2021-10-06|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Geetika Vidya Ohlyan]] as Mehak

== Release ==
The official trailer of the web series was launched on 5 February 2020, by [[MX Player]] on [[YouTube]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-02-05|title=Pawan & Pooja trailer: Deepti Naval, Mahesh Manjrekar, Gul Panag, Sharman Joshi explore changing definitions of love|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/pawan-pooja-trailer-deepti-naval-mahesh-manjrekar-gul-panag-explore-changing-definitions-of-love-8006651.html|access-date=2021-06-18|website=Firstpost}}</ref> ''Pawan & Pooja'' was made available for free streaming on MX Player from 14 February 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Web series Review: Pawan & Pooja -- Can be your go-to Valentine's watch|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/web-series-review-pawan-pooja-can-be-your-go-to-valentines-watch|access-date=2021-06-18|website=Free Press Journal|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Subhash K. |date=2020-02-17 |title=Review of MX Player series Pawan & Pooja: Is a pleasing take on relationships |url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/digital/editorial-digital/review-mx-player-series-pawan-pooja-pleasing-take-relationships/2020/02/17 |access-date=2021-06-18 |website=IWMBuzz |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Reception ==
''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' wrote about the series in their newspaper, "All three couples have sufficient meat in the plot to chew on, and they make the best of it. The series maintains an emotional equilibrium, never going overboard in its quest of eyeballs. Three pairs of actors take care of the rest."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pawan & Pooja movie review: Modern-day relationships!|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/250220/pawan-pooja-movie-review-modern-day-relationships.html|access-date=2021-06-19|website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=25 February 2020 }}</ref>

''[[The Free Press Journal]]'' rated it 3 out of 5 and published a review saying, "The series treads an explorative path allowing the couples to exploit their hidden desires, stretching them to the extreme ends of their endurance before bringing them back from the brink. These are trends of love that are believable and immediately relatable. This series is sure to keep you interested and is the most appropriate Valentine's Day watch."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Web series Review: Pawan & Pooja -- Can be your go-to Valentine's watch|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/web-series-review-pawan-pooja-can-be-your-go-to-valentines-watch|access-date=2021-06-19|website=Free Press Journal|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|tt11800404}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pawan and Pooja}}
[[Category:Indian drama web series]]
[[Category:MX Player original programming]]
[[Category:2020 web series debuts]]

HMIS Carnatic

2026-03-25T01:06:58Z

Davidwnl: Made details

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox ship
|display_title=none
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
|image=
|image_caption=
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
|hide_header=
|country=India
|flag={{shipboxflag|India|naval 1947}}
|name=''Carnatic''
|ordered=20 December 1939
|awarded=
|builder=[[William Hamilton and Company]]
|laid_down=28 March 1941
|launched=29 July 1942
|christened=
|acquired=
|commissioned=27 October 1942
|recommissioned=
|decommissioned=1949
|in_service=
|out_of_service=
|renamed=
|reclassified=
|refit=
|captured=
|struck=
|reinstated=
|fate=Scrapped 1949
|homeport=
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
|hide_header=
|header_caption=
|class={{sclass|Bangor|minesweeper}}
|displacement=*{{convert|656|LT|t|0|abbr=on}} standard
*{{convert|820|LT|t|0|abbr=on}} full
|length={{convert|174|ft|m|abbr=on}} [[Length overall|o/a]]
|beam={{convert|28|ft|6|in|m|abbr=on}}
|draught={{convert|10|ft|3|in|m|abbr=on}}
|depth=
|hold_depth=
|power=*{{convert|2000|ihp|abbr=on|lk=in}}
*2 × [[Admiralty 3-drum boiler]]s
|propulsion=*2 shafts
*2 [[steam turbine]]s
|speed={{convert|16|kn|lk=in}}
|range={{convert|2800|nmi|lk=in|abbr=on}} at {{convert|10|kn}}
|complement=60
|sensors=
|EW=
|armament=*1 × single [[QF 3 inch 20 cwt|12-pounder {{convert|3|in|mm|adj=on}}]] [[anti-aircraft gun]]
*1 × single [[QF 2-pounder naval gun|QF 2-pounder (4 cm)]] AA gun
|notes=
}}
}}

'''HMIS ''Carnatic'' (J182)''' was a {{sclass|Bangor|minesweeper}} built for the [[Royal Navy]], but transferred to the [[Royal Indian Navy]] (RIN) during the Second World War.

==Design and description==
The ''Bangor'' class was designed as a small minesweeper that could be easily built in large numbers by civilian shipyards; as [[steam turbine]]s were difficult to manufacture, the ships were designed to accept a wide variety of engines. ''Carnatic'' displaced {{convert|656|LT|t}} at [[Displacement (ship)|standard]] load and {{convert|820|LT|t}} at [[deep load]]. The ship had an [[length overall|overall length]] of {{convert|174|ft|m|1}}, a [[beam (nautical)|beam]] of {{convert|28|ft|6|in|m|1}} and a [[draft (hull)|draught]] of {{convert|10|ft|3|in|m|1}}.<ref>Lenton, pp. 253–54</ref> The ship's complement consisted of 60 officers and [[naval rating|ratings]].<ref name=c1>Chesneau, p. 64</ref>

She was powered by two [[Parsons Marine Steam Turbine Company|Parsons]] geared steam turbines, each driving one shaft, using steam provided by two [[Admiralty three-drum boiler]]s. The engines produced a total of {{convert|2000|shp|lk=in}} and gave a maximum speed of {{convert|16|kn|lk=in}}. ''Carnatic'' carried a maximum of {{convert|160|LT|t|0}} of [[fuel oil]] that gave her a range of {{convert|2800|nmi|lk=in}} at {{convert|10|kn}}.<ref name=l3>Lenton, p. 254</ref>

The turbine-powered ''Bangor''s were armed with a [[QF 3 inch 20 cwt|12-pounder {{convert|3|in|mm|adj=on}}]] [[anti-aircraft gun]] and a single [[QF 2-pounder naval gun|QF 2-pounder (4 cm)]] AA gun. In some ships the 2-pounder was replaced a single or twin [[Oerlikon 20 mm cannon|20 mm Oerlikon]] AA gun, while most ships were fitted with four additional single Oerlikon mounts over the course of the war.<ref name=l3/> For escort work, her minesweeping gear could be exchanged for around 40 [[depth charge]]s.<ref name=c1/>

==Construction and career==
HMIS ''Carnatic'' was ordered from the [[William Hamilton and Company]] originally for the [[Royal Navy]] as HMS ''Newhaven'' in 1939. However, before she was launched, she was transferred to the Royal Indian Navy and eventually commissioned as ''Carnatic''.<ref name=u-newhaven>{{cite web|url=http://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3173.html |title=HMS Newhaven (J 199) of the Royal Navy - British Minesweeper of the Bangor class - Allied Warships of WWII |publisher=uboat.net |access-date=2015-08-25}}</ref> She served in the RIN during World War II. ''Carnatic'' was a part of the [[Eastern Fleet]], and escorted numerous convoys between [[Africa]], [[British India]] and [[Australia]] in 1943-45.<ref name=nh-1943>{{cite web|url=http://www.naval-history.net/xDKWD-EF1943b.htm |title=Eastern Fleet War Diary 1943 |publisher=Naval-history.net |access-date=2015-08-25}}</ref><ref name=nh-1944>{{cite web|url=http://www.naval-history.net/xDKWD-EF1944-11.htm |title=East Indies Fleet War Diary 1944 |publisher=Naval-history.net |date=1944-12-30 |access-date=2015-08-25}}</ref><ref name=nh-1945>{{cite web|url=http://www.naval-history.net/xDKWD-EF1945.htm |title=East Indies Fleet War Diary 1945 |publisher=Naval-history.net |access-date=2015-08-25}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946|editor1-last=Chesneau|editor1-first=Roger|publisher=Conway Maritime Press|location=Greenwich, UK|year=1980|isbn=0-85177-146-7}}
*{{Colledge: Ships RN|year=2006}}
*{{cite book|last=Lenton|first=H. T.|author-link=Henry Trevor Lenton|title=British & Empire Warships of the Second World War|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|year=1998|isbn=1-55750-048-7}}

{{Bangor class minesweeper}}

{{italic title prefixed|4}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Carnatic (J199)}}
[[Category:Bangor-class minesweepers of the Royal Indian Navy]]
[[Category:1942 ships]]
[[Category:Ships built on the River Clyde]]
[[Category:World War II minesweepers of India]]

History of general anesthesia

2026-03-18T20:44:22Z

Davidwnl: Made a stub

{{Short description|none}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
[[File:Southworth & Hawes - First etherized operation (re-enactment).jpg|thumb|
Historic image of an early [[diethyl ether|ether]] operation conducted at [[Massachusetts General Hospital]], Boston. The daguerreotype was taken by [[Southworth & Hawes]] on July 3, 1847. Drs. [[John Collins Warren (surgeon, born 1778)|John Collins Warren]], [[Jonathan Mason Warren]], and [[Henry Jacob Bigelow]] are among the surgeons depicted in the photo.]]
[[File:Bulfinch Building.jpg|thumb|The [[Charles Bulfinch|Bulfinch]] Building, home of the [[Ether Dome]]]]

Throughout [[recorded history]], attempts at producing a state of [[general anesthesia]] can be traced back to the writings of ancient [[Sumerians]], [[Babylonians]], [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]], [[Akkadian Empire|Akkadians]], [[ancient Egyptians|Egyptians]], [[Persians]], [[Indus Valley Civilization|Indians]], and [[history of China#Ancient China|Chinese]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Leake |first=Chauncey D. |title=The historical development of surgical anesthesia |journal=The Scientific Monthly |date=1925 |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=304–328|bibcode=1925SciMo..20..304L }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Dumas |first=A. |year=1932 |title=The History of Anaesthesia |journal=Journal of the National Medical Association |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=6–9 |issn=0027-9684 |pmc=2625225 |pmid=20892517}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Keys |first=Thomas E. |url=https://www.woodlibrarymuseum.org/e-book/keys-thomas-e-the-history-of-surgical-anesthesia/ |title=The history of surgical anesthesia |publisher=Wood Library-Museum of Anesthesiology |year=1945 |isbn=0-9614932-7-5 |edition=Reprint 1996 |location=Park Ridge, Illinois}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Li |first=Hui-Lin |year=1974 |title=The origin and use of cannabis in eastern asia linguistic-cultural implications |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF02861426 |journal=Economic Botany |language=en |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=293–301 |doi=10.1007/BF02861426 |bibcode=1974EcBot..28..293L |issn=0013-0001|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Whitby |first=J. D. |date=1980 |title=Alcohol in anaesthesia and surgical resuscitation |url=https://associationofanaesthetists-publications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2044.1980.tb03830.x |journal=Anaesthesia |language=en |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=502–505 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2044.1980.tb03830.x |pmid=6994523 |issn=1365-2044}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brownstein |first=M J |date=1993-06-15 |title=A brief history of opiates, opioid peptides, and opioid receptors. |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=90 |issue=12 |pages=5391–5393 |doi=10.1073/pnas.90.12.5391 |doi-access=free |pmc=46725 |pmid=8390660|bibcode=1993PNAS...90.5391B }}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Bergman |first=Norman A. |url=https://www.woodlibrarymuseum.org/e-book/bergman-norman-a-the-genesis-of-surgical-anesthesia/ |title=The genesis of surgical anesthesia |publisher=Wood Library-Museum of Anesthesiology |year=1998 |edition=Limited |location=Park Ridge, Illinois}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mechoulam |first1=R. |last2=Ben-Shabat |first2=S. |year=1999 |title=From gan-zi-gun-nu to anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol: the ongoing story of cannabis |journal=Natural Product Reports |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=131–143 |doi=10.1039/a703973e |issn=0265-0568 |pmid=10331283}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schiff |first=Paul L. |year=2002 |title=Opium and its alkaloids |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/211188830 |journal=American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education |language=English |volume=90 |issue=2 |pages=186–194 |id={{ProQuest|211188830}} }}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite book |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781135300951 |title=The Origins and Ancient History of Wine |date=2003-09-02 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-30095-1 |editor-last=McGovern |editor-first=Patrick E. |edition=0 |language=en |doi=10.4324/9780203392836 |editor-last2=Fleming |editor-first2=Stuart J. |editor-last3=Katz |editor-first3=Solomon H.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hanus |first=Lumír O. |year=2007 |title=Discovery and isolation of anandamide and other endocannabinoids |journal=Chemistry & Biodiversity |volume=4 |issue=8 |pages=1828–1841 |doi=10.1002/cbdv.200790154 |issn=1612-1880 |pmid=17712821}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lawler |first=Andrew |date=2018-04-20 |title=Cannabis, opium use part of ancient Near Eastern cultures |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.360.6386.249 |journal=Science |volume=360 |issue=6386 |pages=249–250 |doi=10.1126/science.360.6386.249|pmid=29674571 |bibcode=2018Sci...360..249L |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Despite significant advances in [[anatomy]] and [[Surgery|surgical techniques]] during the [[Renaissance]], surgery remained a last-resort treatment largely due to the [[pain]] associated with it.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Whalen |first1=Francis X. |last2=Bacon |first2=Douglas R. |last3=Smith |first3=Hugh M. |date=2005-09-01 |title=Inhaled anesthetics: an historical overview |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S152168960500008X |journal=Best Practice & Research Clinical Anaesthesiology |series=Renaissance of Inhalational Anaesthesia |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=323–330 |doi=10.1016/j.bpa.2005.02.001 |pmid=16013684 |issn=1521-6896|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |date=2018 |editor-last=Schlich |editor-first=Thomas |title=The Palgrave Handbook of the History of Surgery |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1057/978-1-349-95260-1 |language=en |doi=10.1057/978-1-349-95260-1|isbn=978-1-349-95259-5 }}</ref> This limited [[surgical procedure]]s to addressing only life-threatening conditions, with techniques focused on speed to limit blood loss. All of these interventions carried high risk of complications, especially death. Around 80% of surgeries led to severe infections, and 50% of patients died either during surgery or from complications thereafter.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Alexander |first=J. Wesley |year=1985 |title=The Contributions of Infection Control to a Century of Surgical Progress |journal=Annals of Surgery |language=en-US |volume=201 |issue=4 |pages=423–428 |doi=10.1097/00000658-198504000-00004 |issn=0003-4932 |pmc=1250728 |pmid=3883923}}</ref> Many of the patients who were fortunate enough to survive remained psychologically traumatized for the rest of their lives.<ref>{{Citation |last=Brown |first=Michael |title=Surgery and Emotion: The Era Before Anaesthesia |date=2018 |work=The Palgrave Handbook of the History of Surgery |pages=327–348 |editor-last=Schlich |editor-first=Thomas |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/978-1-349-95260-1_16 |access-date=2024-12-07 |place=London |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |language=en |doi=10.1057/978-1-349-95260-1_16 |pmid=29419977 |isbn=978-1-349-95260-1}}</ref> However, scientific discoveries in the late 18th and early 19th centuries paved the way for the development of modern anesthetic techniques.

The 19th century was filled with scientific advancements in [[pharmacology]] and [[physiology]]. During the 1840s, the introduction of [[diethyl ether]] (1842),<ref>{{Cite journal |last=CONWAY |first=C. M. |year=1965 |title=The Anaesthetic Ethers |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0007091217535527 |journal=British Journal of Anaesthesia |volume=37 |issue=9 |pages=644–654 |doi=10.1093/bja/37.9.644 |pmid=5320085 |issn=0007-0912|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rahardjo |first=Eddy |date=2002-12-01 |title=Ether, the anesthetic from 19th through 21st century |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0531513102007392 |journal=International Congress Series |series=The history of anesthesia |volume=1242 |pages=51–55 |doi=10.1016/S0531-5131(02)00739-2 |issn=0531-5131|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chaturvedi |first1=Ravindra |last2=Gogna |first2=RL |date=2011-10-01 |title=Ether day: an intriguing history |journal=Medical Journal Armed Forces India |volume=67 |issue=4 |pages=306–308 |doi=10.1016/S0377-1237(11)60098-1 |issn=0377-1237 |pmc=4920664 |pmid=27365835}}</ref> [[nitrous oxide]] (1844),<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Baskerville |first=Charles |date=1911-08-11 |title=The Chemistry of Anesthetics |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.34.867.161 |journal=Science |volume=34 |issue=867 |pages=161–176 |doi=10.1126/science.34.867.161|pmid=17814438 |bibcode=1911Sci....34..161B |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Bovill 2008 121–142">{{Citation |last=Bovill |first=J. G. |title=Inhalation Anaesthesia: From Diethyl Ether to Xenon |date=2008 |work=Modern Anesthetics |series=Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology |volume=182 |issue=182 |pages=121–142 |editor-last=Schüttler |editor-first=Jürgen |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-540-74806-9_6 |access-date=2024-12-07 |place=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-540-74806-9_6 |pmid=18175089 |isbn=978-3-540-74806-9 |editor2-last=Schwilden |editor2-first=Helmut|url-access=subscription }}</ref> and [[chloroform]] (1847)<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=POOBALASINGHAM |first1=N. |last2=PAYNE |first2=J. P. |year=1978 |title=The Uptake and Elimination of Chloroform in Man |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0007091217451853 |journal=British Journal of Anaesthesia |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=325–329 |doi=10.1093/bja/50.4.325 |pmid=656248 |issn=0007-0912|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Payne |first=J. P. |date=1981 |title=Chloroform in clinical anaesthesia |journal=British Journal of Anaesthesia |volume=53 Suppl 1 |pages=11S–15S |doi=10.1016/S0007-0912(19)30527-6 |issn=0007-0912 |pmid=7016151|doi-access=free }}</ref> as [[General anaesthetic|general anesthetics]] revolutionized modern [[medicine]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Robinson |first1=Daniel H. |last2=Toledo |first2=Alexander H. |date=2012-05-22 |title=Historical development of modern anesthesia |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3109/08941939.2012.690328 |journal=Journal of Investigative Surgery |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=141–149 |doi=10.3109/08941939.2012.690328 |pmid=22583009 |issn=0894-1939|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Editorial |date=2000-01-06 |title=Looking Back on the Millennium in Medicine |url=https://www.nejm.org/doi/abs/10.1056/NEJM200001063420108 |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=342 |issue=1 |pages=42–49 |doi=10.1056/NEJM200001063420108 |pmid= 10620649|issn=0028-4793|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Bovill 2008 121–142"/> The late 19th century also saw major advancements to modern surgery with the development and application of [[antiseptic]] techniques as a result of the [[germ theory of disease]], which significantly reduced [[morbidity]] and [[mortality rate]]s.<ref name=":5" />

In the 20th century, the safety and efficacy of general anesthetics were further improved with the routine use of [[tracheal intubation]] and [[advanced airway management]] techniques, [[monitoring (medicine)|monitoring]], and new [[anesthetic agent]]s with improved characteristics. Standardized training programs for [[anesthesiologist]]s and [[nurse anesthetist]]s emerged during this period.

Moreover, the application of economic and business administration principles to healthcare in the late 20th and early 21st centuries led to the introduction of management practices, such as [[transfer pricing]], to improve the efficiency of anesthetists.<ref name="kuntz2005">{{cite journal |last1=Kuntz |first1=L |last2=Vera |first2=A |title=Transfer pricing in hospitals and efficiency of physicians: the case of anesthesia services |journal=Health Care Management Review |volume=30 |issue=3 |date=July–September 2005 |pages=262–69 |pmid=16093892 |s2cid=33859170 |doi=10.1097/00004010-200507000-00010}}</ref>

==Etymology of ''anesthesia''==

In ancient Greek texts, such as the Hippocratic Corpus and the dialogue Timaeus, the term ἀναισθησία (anaisthēsíā) is used, which translates to "without sensation". This term is derived from the prefix ἀν- (an-), meaning "without", and αἴσθησις (aisthēsis), which means "sensation". The concept of anaisthēsia is significant in understanding the historical foundations of anesthesia and its relevance in medical practices.
In 1679, [[Steven Blankaart]] published ''Lexicon medicum graeco-latinum'' with the Latin term ''anaisthesia''. In 1684, an English translation appeared titled ''A Physical Dictionary'', with ''anesthesia'' defined as a "defect of sensation, as in paralytic and blasted persons". Subsequently, the term and variant spellings like ''anæsthesia'' are used in medical literature signifying "insensibility".{{r|haridas}}

In 1846, in a letter, [[Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.|Oliver Wendell Holmes]] proposed the term ''anesthesia'' to be used for the state induced by an agent and ''anesthetic'' for the agent itself. Holmes motivates this with earlier uses of anesthesia in medical literature to mean "insensibility", particularly to "objects of touch".<ref name="Small1962"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Haridas |first1=R. P. |title=The etymology and Use of the Word 'Anaesthesia': Oliver Wendell Holmes' Letter to W. T. G. Morton |journal=Anaesthesia and Intensive Care |volume=44 |date=July 2016 |pages=38–44 |pmid=27456290 |doi=10.1177/0310057X1604401S07 |doi-access=free}}</ref>{{r|haridas}}

==Antiquity==
The first attempts at general anesthesia were probably [[herbalism|herbal remedies]] administered in [[prehistory]]. [[Ethanol|Alcohol]] is the oldest known [[sedative]]; it was used in ancient [[Mesopotamia]] thousands of years ago.<ref name="Powell1996"/>

===Ethanol===
The first historical achievement in anesthesia occurred around 4000 BC in ancient [[Mesopotamia]].<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":9" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dundee |first1=J. W. |last2=Isaac |first2=M. |last3=Clarke |first3=R. S. |date=1969 |title=Use of alcohol in anesthesia |journal=Anesthesia and Analgesia |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=665–669 |doi=10.1213/00000539-196907000-00031 |issn=0003-2999 |pmid=4893568}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last1=Aldrete |first1=J. A. |title=The Use of Alcohol for Anesthesia by Miguel García-Marín |date=1985 |work=Anaesthesia: Essays on Its History |pages=79–87 |editor-last=Rupreht |editor-first=Joseph |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-69636-7_17 |access-date=2024-12-15 |place=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-69636-7_17 |isbn=978-3-642-69636-7 |last2=Aldrete-Velasco |first2=J. |editor2-last=van Lieburg |editor2-first=Marius Jan |editor3-last=Lee |editor3-first=John Alfred |editor4-last=Erdmann |editor4-first=Wilhelm|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=S. M. |last2=Fong |first2=E. |last3=Tauck |first3=D. L. |last4=Kendig |first4=J. J. |date=1997-06-25 |title=Ethanol as a general anesthetic: actions in spinal cord |journal=European Journal of Pharmacology |volume=329 |issue=2–3 |pages=121–127 |doi=10.1016/S0014-2999(97)89174-1 |issn=0014-2999 |pmid=9226403}}</ref> This was the advent of [[ethanol]] (commonly known as ''drinking alcohol''), the first [[general anaesthetic]] agent.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":8" /> These accounts of the anesthetic uses of ethanol come from the oldest known historical civilization of [[Sumer]] and are documented in the oldest known writing system [[cuneiform]].

===Opium===
[[File:Illustration Papaver somniferum0.jpg|thumb|upright|Opium poppy, ''[[Papaver somniferum]]'']]

The Sumerians are said to have cultivated and harvested the [[opium]] poppy (''[[Papaver somniferum]]'') in lower Mesopotamia as early as 3400 BC,<ref name="Neligan1927"/><ref name="Booth1996"/> though this has been disputed.<ref name="Krikorian1975"/> The most ancient testimony concerning the opium poppy found to date was inscribed in [[cuneiform script]] on a small white clay tablet at the end of the third millennium BC. This tablet was discovered in 1954 during excavations at [[Nippur]], and is currently kept at the [[University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology]]. Deciphered by [[Samuel Noah Kramer]] and Martin Leve, it is considered to be the most ancient [[pharmacopoeia]] in existence.<ref name="Kramer1954"/><ref name="Kramer1988"/> Some Sumerian tablets of this era have an [[ideogram]] inscribed upon them, "hul gil", which translates to "plant of joy", believed by some authors to refer to opium.<ref name="Terry1928"/><ref name="Sonnedecker1962"/> The term ''gil'' is still used for opium in certain parts of the world.<ref name="Anslinger1953"/> The Sumerian goddess [[Nidaba]] is often depicted with poppies growing out of her shoulders. About 2225 BC, the Sumerian territory became a part of the Babylonian empire. Knowledge and use of the opium poppy and its [[euphoria|euphoric]] effects thus passed to the Babylonians, who expanded their empire eastwards to [[Iran|Persia]] and westwards to Egypt, thereby extending its range to these civilizations.<ref name="Anslinger1953"/> British archaeologist and cuneiformist [[Reginald Campbell Thompson]] writes that opium was known to the Assyrians in the 7th century BC.<ref name="Thomson1924"/> The term "Arat Pa Pa" occurs in the ''Assyrian [[Herbal]]'', a collection of inscribed Assyrian tablets dated to c. 650 BC. According to Thompson, this term is the Assyrian name for the juice of the poppy and it may be the [[etymology|etymological]] origin of the Latin "''[[papaver]]''".<ref name="Terry1928"/>

The ancient Egyptians had some surgical instruments,<ref name="Ebers1889"/><ref name="Pahor1992I"/> as well as crude analgesics and sedatives, including possibly an extract prepared from the [[mandrake (plant)|mandrake]] fruit.<ref name="Sullivan1996"/> The use of preparations similar to opium in surgery is recorded in the [[Ebers Papyrus]], an [[Egyptian medical papyri|Egyptian medical papyrus]] written in the [[Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt|Eighteenth Dynasty]].<ref name="Anslinger1953"/><ref name="Ebers1889"/><ref name="Ebbell1937"/> However, it is questionable whether opium itself was known in ancient Egypt.<ref name="Bisset1994"/> The Greek gods [[Hypnos]] (Sleep), [[Nyx]] (Night), and [[Thanatos]] (Death) were often depicted holding poppies.<ref name="Kritikos1967-3"/>

Prior to the introduction of opium to [[Indus Valley Civilization|ancient India]] and [[history of China#Ancient China|China]], these civilizations pioneered the use of [[cannabis (drug)|cannabis]] [[incense]] and [[aconitum]]. c. 400 BC, the [[Sushruta Samhita]] (a text from the [[Indian subcontinent]] on [[Ayurveda|Ayurvedic medicine]] and surgery) advocates the use of [[wine]] with incense of cannabis for anesthesia.<ref name="Sushruta"/> By the 8th century AD, Arab traders had brought opium to India<ref name="Dwarakanath1965"/> and China.<ref name="Fort1965"/>

===Classical antiquity===
{{Expand section|date=February 2015}}

In [[Classical antiquity]], anaesthetics were described by:

* Pedanius [[Pedanius Dioscorides|Dioscorides]] (''[[De Materia Medica]]''), a Greek physician living in Rome during the first century A.D., who is recorded as the first person to make explicit reference to the administration of mandrake-induced anesthesia to facilitate a surgical intervention.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Doufas |first1=Anthony G. |last2=Saidman |first2=Lawrence J. |date=January 2010 |title=The Hippocratic Paradigm in Medicine: Origins of the Clinical Encounter |url=https://journals.lww.com/anesthesia-analgesia/Fulltext/2010/01000/The_Hippocratic_Paradigm_in_Medicine__Origins_of.2.aspx |journal=Anesthesia & Analgesia |language=en-US |volume=110 |issue=1 |pages=4–6 |doi=10.1213/ANE.0b013e3181c0f223 |pmid=20023180 |issn=0003-2999|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* [[Galen]]
* [[Hippocrates]]
* [[Theophrastus]] (''[[Historia Plantarum (Theophrastus)|Historia Plantarum]]'')

===China and Hua Tuo's ancient chemical mixture===
[[File:HuaTuo.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Hua Tuo]], Chinese [[surgeon]], c. AD 200]]

[[Bian Que]] ([[Chinese character|Chinese]]: 扁鵲, [[Wade–Giles]]: ''Pien Ch'iao'', {{circa|300 BC}}) was a legendary Chinese [[internal medicine|internist]] and surgeon who reportedly used general anesthesia for surgical procedures. It is recorded in the ''[[Han Feizi (book)|Book of Master Han Fei]]'' ({{circa|250 BC}}), the ''[[Records of the Grand Historian]]'' ({{circa|100 BC}}), and the ''[[Liezi|Book of Master Lie]]'' ({{circa|300 AD}}) that Bian Que gave two men, named "Lu" and "Chao", a toxic drink which rendered them unconscious for three days, during which time he performed a [[gastrostomy]] upon them.<ref name="Gordon1949"/><ref name="Giles1912"/><ref name="Salguero2009"/>

[[Hua Tuo]] ([[Chinese character|Chinese]]:華佗， {{circa|140–208 AD}}) was a Chinese [[surgeon]] of the 2nd century AD. According to the ''[[Records of Three Kingdoms]]'' ({{circa|270 AD}}) and the ''[[Book of the Later Han]]'' ({{circa|430 AD}}), Hua Tuo performed surgery under general anesthesia using a formula he had developed by mixing wine with a mixture of [[herbal extract]]s he called ''[[Hua Tuo#Mafeisan|mafeisan]]'' (麻沸散).<ref name="Chu2004"/> Hua Tuo reportedly used mafeisan to perform even major operations such as [[segmental resection|resection]] of [[gangrene|gangrenous]] [[intestines]].<ref name="Chu2004"/><ref name="Giles1897"/><ref name="Giles1948"/> Before the surgery, he administered an oral anesthetic [[potion]], probably dissolved in wine, in order to induce a state of [[unconsciousness]] and partial [[neuromuscular-blocking drug|neuromuscular blockade]].<ref name="Chu2004"/>

The exact composition of mafeisan, similar to all of Hua Tuo's clinical knowledge, was lost when he burned his manuscripts, just before his death.<ref name="Chen2008"/> The composition of the anesthetic powder was not mentioned in either the ''Records of Three Kingdoms'' or the ''Book of the Later Han''. Because [[Confucianism|Confucian]] teachings regarded the body as [[sacred]] and surgery was considered a form of body mutilation, surgery was strongly discouraged in [[history of China#Ancient China|ancient China]]. Because of this, despite Hua Tuo's reported success with general anesthesia, the practice of surgery in ancient China ended with his death.<ref name="Chu2004"/>

The name ''mafeisan'' combines ''ma'' ([[Wikt:麻|麻]], meaning "cannabis, [[hemp]], [[Anesthesia|numbed]] or [[Paresthesia|tingling]]"), ''fei'' ([[Wikt:沸|沸]], meaning "[[boiling]] or bubbling"), and ''san'' ([[Wikt:散|散]], meaning "to break up or scatter", or "medicine in powder form"). Therefore, the word ''mafeisan'' probably means something like "cannabis boil powder". Many [[sinology|sinologists]] and scholars of [[traditional Chinese medicine]] have guessed at the composition of Hua Tuo's mafeisan powder, but the exact components still remain unclear. His formula is believed to have contained some combination of:<ref name="Chu2004"/><ref name="Chen2008"/><ref name="Wang1999"/><ref name="Fu2002"/>

* ''bai zhi'' (''[[Chinese character|Chinese]]:白芷''，''[[Angelica|Angelica dahurica]]''),
* ''cao wu'' (''[[Chinese character|Chinese]]:草烏'', ''[[species:Aconitum kusnezoffii|Aconitum kusnezoffii]]'', ''[[Aconitum|Aconitum kusnezoffii]]'', Kusnezoff's monkshood, or wolfsbane root),
* ''chuān xiōng'' (''[[Chinese character|Chinese]]:川芎，[[Ligusticum wallichii]]'', or Szechuan lovage),
* ''dong quai'' (''[[Chinese character|Chinese]]:当归'', ''[[Angelica sinensis]]'', or "female [[ginseng]]"),
* ''wu tou'' (烏頭, ''[[Aconitum carmichaelii]]'', rhizome of ''Aconitum'', or "Chinese monkshood"),
* ''yang jin hua'' (洋金花, ''[[species:Datura metel|Flos Daturae metelis]]'', or ''[[Datura stramonium]]'', jimson weed, devil's trumpet, thorn apple, locoweed, moonflower),
* ''ya pu lu'' (押不芦, ''[[Mandragora officinarum]]''),
* [[rhododendron]] flower, and
* [[jasmine]] root.

Others have suggested the potion may have also contained [[hashish]],<ref name="Giles1897"/> [[bhang]],<ref name="Giles1948"/> ''shang-luh'',<ref name="Gordon1949"/> or opium.<ref name="Veith1972"/> [[Victor H. Mair]] wrote that ''mafei'' "appears to be a transcription of some [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] word related to "morphine"."<ref name="Mair2000"/> Some authors believe that Hua Tuo may have discovered surgical analgesia by [[acupuncture]], and that mafeisan either had nothing to do with or was simply an adjunct to his strategy for anesthesia.<ref name="Lu2002"/> Many physicians have attempted to re-create the same formulation based on historical records but none have achieved the same clinical efficacy as Hua Tuo's. In any event, Hua Tuo's formula did not appear to be effective for major operations.<ref name="Mair2000"/><ref name="Wai2004"/>

Other substances used from antiquity for anesthetic purposes include extracts of [[juniper]] and [[coca]].<ref name="Carroll"/><ref name="Peterson"/><ref name="Rivera"/>

==Middle Ages and Renaissance==
[[Ferdowsi]] (940–1020) was a [[Persian people|Persian]] [[poet]] who lived in the [[Abbasid Caliphate]]. In ''[[Shahnameh]]'', his [[national epic]] poem, Ferdowsi described a [[caesarean section]] performed on [[Rudaba]].{{citation needed|date=September 2010}} A special wine prepared by a [[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrian]] priest was used as an anesthetic for this operation.<ref name="Gordon1949"/>

Circa 1020, [[Avicenna|Ibn Sīnā]] (980–1037) in ''[[The Canon of Medicine]]'' described the "soporific sponge", a [[sponge (material)|sponge]] imbued with [[aroma compound|aromatics]] and [[narcotic]]s, which was to be placed under a patient's nose during surgical operations.<ref name="Skinner2008"/><ref name="Ajram1992"/><ref name="Hunke1969"/> Opium made its way from Asia Minor to all parts of Europe between the 10th and 13th centuries.<ref name="Kritikos1967-2"/>

Throughout 1200 to 1500 AD in England, a potion called dwale was used as an anesthetic.<ref name="ncbi.nlm.nih.gov">{{cite journal |last=Carter |first=Anthony J. |title=Dwale: an anaesthetic from old England |journal=[[BMJ]] |volume=319 |issue=7225 |date=18 December 1999 |pages=1623–1626 |pmc=1127089 |pmid=10600971 |doi=10.1136/bmj.319.7225.1623}}</ref> This [[ethanol|alcohol]]-based mixture contained [[bile]], [[opium]], [[lettuce]], [[bryony]], [[henbane]], [[conium|hemlock]], and [[vinegar]].<ref name="ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"/> Surgeons roused their patients by rubbing vinegar and salt on their cheekbones.<ref name="ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"/> One can find records of dwale in numerous literary sources, including [[Shakespeare's]] ''[[Hamlet]]'', and the [[John Keats]] poem "[[Ode to a Nightingale]]".<ref name="ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"/> In the 13th century, we have the first prescription of the "spongia soporifica"—a sponge soaked in the juices of unripe mulberry, flax, mandragora leaves, ivy, lettuce seeds, lapathum, and hemlock with hyoscyamus. After treatment and/or storage, the sponge could be heated and the vapors inhaled with anesthetic effect.{{citation needed|date=February 2015}}

[[Alchemy|Alchemist]] [[Ramon Llull]] has been credited with discovering [[diethyl ether]] in 1275.{{citation needed|date=September 2010}} <ref name="ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"/> Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim (1493–1541), better known as [[Paracelsus]], discovered the [[analgesic]] properties of diethyl ether around 1525.<ref name="Gravenstein1965"/> It was first synthesized in 1540 by [[Valerius Cordus]], who noted some of its medicinal properties.{{citation needed|date=September 2010}} He called it ''oleum dulce vitrioli'', a name that reflects the fact that it is synthesized by distilling a mixture of ethanol and [[sulfuric acid]] (known at that time as oil of vitriol). [[August Sigmund Frobenius]] gave the name ''Spiritus Vini Æthereus'' to the substance in 1730.<ref name="Frobenius1730"/><ref name="Mortimer1741"/>

==18th century==
[[File:A lecture on pneumatics at the Royal Institution, London. Co Wellcome V0006724.jpg|thumb|left|Satirical cartoon by [[James Gillray]] showing a [[Royal Institution]] lecture, with [[Humphry Davy]] holding the bellows and [[Benjamin Thompson|Count Rumford]] looking on at extreme right]]

[[Joseph Priestley]] (1733–1804) was an English [[polymath]] who discovered [[nitrous oxide]], [[nitric oxide]], [[ammonia]], [[hydrogen chloride]], and (along with [[Carl Wilhelm Scheele]] and [[Antoine Lavoisier]]) [[oxygen]]. Beginning in 1775, Priestley published his research in ''[[Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air]]'', a six-volume work.<ref name="Priestley1775"/> The recent discoveries about these and other [[gas]]es stimulated a great deal of interest in the European scientific community. [[Thomas Beddoes]] (1760–1808) was an English [[philosophy|philosopher]], physician and teacher of medicine, and like his older colleague Priestley, was also a member of the [[Lunar Society of Birmingham]]. With an eye toward making further advances in this new science as well as offering treatment for diseases previously thought to be untreatable (such as [[asthma]] and [[tuberculosis]]), Beddoes founded the ''[[Pneumatic Institution]]'' for inhalation gas therapy in 1798 at [[Dowry Square]] in [[Clifton, Bristol]].<ref name="Levere1977"/> Beddoes employed [[chemist]] and physicist [[Humphry Davy]] (1778–1829) as superintendent of the institute, and [[engineer]] [[James Watt]] (1736–1819) to help manufacture the gases. Other members of the Lunar Society such as [[Erasmus Darwin]] and [[Josiah Wedgwood]] were also actively involved with the institute.

During the course of his research at the Pneumatic Institution, Davy discovered the anesthetic properties of nitrous oxide.<ref name="Sneader2005"/> Davy, who coined the term "laughing gas" for [[nitrous oxide]], published his findings the following year in the now-classic [[treatise]], ''Researches, chemical and philosophical–chiefly concerning nitrous oxide or dephlogisticated nitrous air, and its respiration''. Davy was not a physician, and he never administered nitrous oxide during a surgical procedure. He was, however, the first to document the analgesic effects of nitrous oxide, as well as its potential benefits in relieving pain during surgery:<ref name="Davy1800"/>

{{blockquote|As nitrous oxide in its extensive operation appears capable of destroying physical pain, it may probably be used with advantage during surgical operations in which no great effusion of blood takes place.}}

==19th century==
===Eastern world===
[[File:HanaokaSeishu.gif|thumb|upright|[[Hanaoka Seishū]], a Japanese surgeon of the 18th and 19th centuries]]

[[Takamine Tokumei]] from [[Shuri, Okinawa|Shuri]], [[Ryūkyū Kingdom]], is reported to have made a general anesthesia in 1689 in the Ryukyus, now known as Okinawa. He passed on his knowledge to the [[Satsuma Domain|Satsuma]] doctors in 1690 and to Ryūkyūan doctors in 1714.<ref>Arashiro Toshiaki, ''Ryukyu-Okinawa Rekishi Jinbutusuden OkinawaJijishuppan'', 12006. pp. 66–68</ref>

[[Hanaoka Seishū]] (華岡青洲, 1760–1835) of [[Osaka]] was a Japanese surgeon of the [[Edo period]] with a knowledge of [[Chinese herbology|Chinese herbal medicine]], as well as Western surgical techniques he had learned through ''[[Rangaku]]'' (literally "Dutch learning", and by extension "Western learning"). Beginning in about 1785, Hanaoka embarked on a quest to re-create a compound that would have pharmacologic properties similar to Hua Tuo's mafeisan.<ref name="Izuo2004"/> After years of research and experimentation, he finally developed a formula which he named ''tsūsensan'' (also known as ''mafutsu-san''). Like that of Hua Tuo, this compound was composed of extracts of several different plants, including:<ref name="Ogata1973"/><ref name="Hyodo1992"/><ref name="BLTC"/>

* 2 parts ''bai zhi'' (''[[Chinese character|Chinese]]:白芷''，''Angelica dahurica'');
* 2 parts ''cao wu'' (''[[Chinese character|Chinese]]:草烏''，''Aconitum sp.'', ''monkshood'' or ''wolfsbane'');
* 2 parts ''chuān ban xia'' (''[[Pinellia ternata]]'');
* 2 parts ''chuān xiōng'' (''Ligusticum wallichii'', ''Cnidium rhizome'', ''Cnidium officinale'' or ''Szechuan lovage'');
* 2 parts ''dong quai'' (''Angelica sinensis'' or ''female [[ginseng]]'');
* 1 part ''tian nan xing'' (''[[Arisaema|Arisaema rhizomatum]]'' or ''cobra lily'')
* 8 parts ''yang jin hua'' (''Datura stramonium'', ''Korean morning glory'', ''thorn apple'', ''jimson weed'', ''devil's trumpet'', ''stinkweed'', or ''locoweed'').

The active ingredients in tsūsensan are [[hyoscine hydrobromide|scopolamine]], [[hyoscyamine]], [[atropine]], [[aconitine]] and [[angelicotoxin]]. When consumed in sufficient quantity, tsūsensan produces a state of general anesthesia and [[skeletal muscle]] [[paralysis]].<ref name="BLTC"/> [[Shutei Nakagawa]] (1773–1850), a close friend of Hanaoka, wrote a small pamphlet titled "Mayaku-ko" ("narcotic powder") in 1796. Although the original manuscript was lost in a fire in 1867, this brochure described the current state of Hanaoka's research on general anesthesia.<ref name="Matsuki1999"/>

On 13 October 1804, Hanaoka performed a partial [[mastectomy]] for [[breast cancer]] on a 60-year-old woman named Kan Aiya, using tsūsensan as a [[general anaesthetic]]. This is generally regarded today as the first reliable documentation of an operation to be performed under general anesthesia.<ref name="Izuo2004"/><ref name="Hyodo1992"/><ref name="Perrin1979"/><ref name="Matsuki2000"/> Hanaoka went on to perform many operations using tsūsensan, including resection of [[malignancy|malignant]] [[tumor]]s, extraction of [[bladder stone]]s, and extremity [[amputation]]s. Before his death in 1835, Hanaoka performed more than 150 operations for breast cancer.<ref name="Izuo2004"/><ref name="Matsuki2000"/><ref name="Tominaga1994"/><ref name="Matsuki2002"/>

===Western world===
[[File:Colton Gardner Q.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Gardner Quincy Colton]], 19th-century American dentist]]
[[File:Wells Horace.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Horace Wells]], 19th-century American dentist]]
[[File:CrawfordLong.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Crawford Long|Crawford W. Long]], 19th-century American physician]]
[[File:WilliamMorton.jpg|thumb|upright|[[William T. G. Morton]], 19th-century American dentist]]

[[Friedrich Sertürner]] (1783–1841) first isolated [[morphine]] from [[opium]] in 1804;<ref name="Meyer2004"/> he named it morphine after [[Morpheus]], the Greek god of dreams.<ref name="Serturner1806"/>{{full citation needed|date=November 2016}}<ref name="Serturner1817"/>{{full citation needed|date=November 2016}}

[[Henry Hill Hickman]] (1800–1830) experimented with the use of [[carbon dioxide]] as an anesthetic in the 1820s. He would make the animal insensible, effectively via almost suffocating it with carbon dioxide, then determine the effects of the gas by amputating one of its limbs. In 1824, Hickman submitted the results of his research to the [[Royal Society]] in a short treatise titled ''Letter on suspended animation: with the view of ascertaining its probable utility in surgical operations on human subjects''. The response was an 1826 article in ''[[The Lancet]]'' titled "Surgical Humbug" that ruthlessly criticised his work. Hickman died four years later at age 30. Though he was unappreciated at the time of his death, his work has since been positively reappraised and he is now recognised as one of the fathers of anesthesia.

By the late 1830s, Humphry Davy's experiments had become widely publicized within academic circles in the northeastern United States. Wandering lecturers would hold public gatherings, referred to as "ether frolics", where members of the audience were encouraged to inhale diethyl ether or nitrous oxide to demonstrate the mind-altering properties of these agents while providing much entertainment to onlookers.<ref name="Desai2007"/> Four notable men participated in these events and witnessed the use of ether in this manner. They were [[William Edward Clarke]] (1819–1898), [[Crawford Long|Crawford W. Long]] (1815–1878), [[Horace Wells]] (1815–1848), and [[William T. G. Morton]] (1819–1868).

While attending undergraduate school in Rochester, New York, in 1839, classmates Clarke and Morton apparently participated in ether frolics with some regularity.<ref name="Sims1877"/><ref name="Lyman1881"/><ref name="Lyman1886"/><ref name="Richmond1950"/> In January 1842, by now a medical student at [[University of Vermont College of Medicine|Berkshire Medical College]], Clarke administered ether to a Miss Hobbie, while [[Elijah Pope]] performed a [[dental extraction]].<ref name="Lyman1881"/> In so doing, he became the first to administer an inhaled anesthetic to facilitate the performance of a surgical procedure. Clarke apparently thought little of his accomplishment, and chose neither to publish nor to pursue this technique any further. Indeed, this event is not even mentioned in Clarke's biography.<ref name="Stone1898"/>

Crawford W. Long was a physician and pharmacist practicing in [[Jefferson, Georgia]] in the mid-19th century. During his time as a student at the [[University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine]] in the late 1830s, he had observed and probably participated in the ether frolics that had become popular at that time. At these gatherings, Long observed that some participants experienced bumps and bruises, but afterward had no recall of what had happened. He postulated that diethyl ether produced pharmacologic effects similar to those of nitrous oxide. On 30 March 1842, he administered diethyl ether by inhalation to a man named James Venable, in order to remove a tumor from the man's neck.<ref name="Long1849"/> Long later removed a second tumor from Venable, again under ether anesthesia. He went on to employ ether as a general anesthetic for limb amputations and [[childbirth]]. Long, however, did not publish his experience until 1849, thereby denying himself much of the credit he deserved.<ref name="Long1849"/>

With the beginnings of modern medicine the stage was set for physicians and surgeons to build a paradigm in which anesthesia became useful.<ref name="Snow2005"/>

On 10 December 1844, [[Gardner Quincy Colton]] held a public demonstration of nitrous oxide in Hartford, Connecticut. One of the participants, Samuel A. Cooley, sustained a significant injury to his leg while under the influence of nitrous oxide without noticing the injury. Horace Wells, a Connecticut dentist present in the audience that day, immediately seized upon the significance of this apparent analgesic effect of nitrous oxide. The following day, Wells underwent a painless dental extraction while under the influence of nitrous oxide administered by Colton. Wells then began to administer nitrous oxide to his patients, successfully performing several dental extractions over the next couple of weeks.

William T. G. Morton, another [[New England]] dentist, was a former student and then-current business partner of Wells. He was also a former acquaintance and classmate of William Edward Clarke (the two had attended undergraduate school together in Rochester, New York). Morton arranged for Wells to demonstrate his technique for dental extraction under nitrous oxide general anesthesia at [[Massachusetts General Hospital]], in conjunction with the prominent surgeon [[John Collins Warren (surgeon, born 1778)|John Collins Warren]]. This demonstration, which took place on 20 January 1845, ended in failure when the patient cried out in pain in the middle of the operation.<ref name="Wells1847"/>

On 30 September 1846, Morton administered diethyl ether to Eben Frost, a music teacher from [[Boston]], for a dental extraction. Two weeks later, Morton became the first to publicly demonstrate the use of diethyl ether as a general anesthetic at Massachusetts General Hospital, in what is known today as the [[Ether Dome]].<ref name="Morton1847"/> On 16 October 1846, John Collins Warren removed a tumor from the neck of a local printer, [[Edward Gilbert Abbott]]. Upon completion of the procedure, Warren reportedly quipped, "Gentlemen, this is no humbug." News of this event rapidly traveled around the world.<ref name="Fenster2001"/> [[Robert Liston]] performed the first amputation in December of that year. Morton published his experience soon after.<ref name="Morton1847"/> [[Harvard University]] professor [[Charles Thomas Jackson]] (1805–1880) later claimed that Morton stole his idea;<ref name="Jackson1861"/> Morton disagreed and a lifelong dispute began.<ref name="Fenster2001"/> For many years, Morton was credited as being the pioneer of general anesthesia in the Western hemisphere, despite the fact that his demonstration occurred four years after Long's initial experience. Long later petitioned [[William Crosby Dawson]] (1798–1856), a United States Senator from Georgia at that time, to support his claim on the floor of the [[United States Senate]] as the first to use ether anesthesia.<ref name="Northen1910"/>

In 1847, Scottish [[obstetrics|obstetrician]] [[James Young Simpson]] (1811–1870) of [[Edinburgh]] was the first to use [[chloroform]] as a general anesthetic on a human ([[Robert Mortimer Glover]] had written on this possibility in 1842 but only used it on dogs). The use of chloroform anesthesia expanded rapidly thereafter in Europe. Chloroform began to replace ether as an anesthetic in the United States at the beginning of the 20th century. It was soon abandoned in favor of ether when its [[liver|hepatic]] and [[heart|cardiac]] [[toxicity]], especially its tendency to cause potentially fatal [[cardiac dysrhythmia]]s, became apparent. In fact, the use of chloroform versus ether as the primary anesthetic gas varied by country and region. For instance, Britain and the American South stuck with chloroform while the American North returned to ether.<ref name="Snow2005"/> [[John Snow]] quickly became the most experienced British physician working with the new anesthetic gases of ether and chloroform thus becoming, in effect, the first British anesthetist. Through his careful clinical records he was eventually able to convince the elite of London medicine that anesthesia (chloroform) had a rightful place in childbirth. Thus, in 1853 Queen Victoria's accoucheurs invited John Snow to anesthetize the Queen for the birth of her eighth child.<ref name="Caton2000"/> From the beginnings of ether and chloroform anesthesia until well into the 20th century, the standard method of administration was the drop mask. A mask was placed over the patient's mouth with some fabric in it and the volatile liquid was dropped onto the mask with the patient spontaneously breathing. Later development of safe endotracheal tubes changed this.<ref name="Brodsky2007"/> Because of the unique social setting of London medicine, anesthesia had become its own speciality there by the end of the nineteenth century, while in the rest of the United Kingdom and most of the world anesthesia remained under the purview of the surgeon who would assign the task to a junior doctor or nurse.<ref name="Snow2005"/>

After Austrian diplomat [[Karl von Scherzer]] brought back sufficient quantities of coca leaves from Peru, in 1860 [[Albert Niemann (chemist)|Albert Niemann]] isolated cocaine, which thus became the first local anesthetic.<ref name="Wawersik1991"/><ref name="Bain1964"/>

In 1871, the German surgeon [[Friedrich Trendelenburg]] (1844–1924) published a paper describing the first successful [[elective surgery|elective]] human [[tracheotomy]] to be performed for the purpose of administration of general anesthesia.<ref name="Trendelenburg1871"/><ref name="Hargrave1934"/><ref name="Reutsch2001"/><ref name="Niemann1860"/>

In 1880, the Scottish surgeon [[William Macewen]] (1848–1924) reported on his use of orotracheal intubation as an alternative to tracheotomy to allow a patient with glottic edema to breathe, as well as in the setting of general anesthesia with [[chloroform]].<ref name="Macewen18800724"/><ref name="Macewen18800731"/><ref name="Macmillan2010"/> All previous observations of the glottis and larynx (including those of [[Manuel Patricio Rodríguez García|Manuel García]],<ref name="Garcia1855"/> [[Wilhelm Hack]]<ref name="Hack1878-sammlung"/><ref name="Hack1878-uber"/> and Macewen) had been performed under indirect vision (using mirrors) until 23 April 1895, when [[Alfred Kirstein]] (1863–1922) of Germany first described direct visualization of the vocal cords. Kirstein performed the first direct laryngoscopy in Berlin, using an esophagoscope he had modified for this purpose; he called this device an ''autoscope''.<ref name="Hirsch1986"/> The death of [[Frederick III, German Emperor|Emperor Frederick III]] (1831–1888)<ref name="Mackenzie1888"/> may have motivated Kirstein to develop the autoscope.<ref name="Burkle2004"/>

==20th century==
[[File:Hermann Emil Fischer. Photograph by Atelier Victoria, 1895. Wellcome V0027668 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Hermann Emil Fischer]], German [[chemist]]]]

The 20th century saw the transformation of the practices of tracheotomy, [[endoscopy]] and non-surgical tracheal intubation from rarely employed procedures to essential components of the practices of anesthesia, [[intensive-care medicine|critical care medicine]], [[emergency medicine]], [[gastroenterology]], pulmonology, and surgery.

In 1902, [[Hermann Emil Fischer]] (1852–1919) and [[Joseph von Mering]] (1849–1908) discovered that [[barbital|diethylbarbituric acid]] was an effective [[hypnotic]] agent.<ref name="Fischer1903"/> Also called barbital or ''Veronal'' (the [[trade name]] assigned to it by [[Bayer|Bayer Pharmaceuticals]]), this new drug became the first commercially marketed [[barbiturate]]; it was used as a treatment for [[insomnia]] from 1903 until the mid-1950s.

Until 1913, [[oral and maxillofacial surgery]] was performed by mask [[inhalational anaesthetic|inhalation anesthesia]], topical application of [[local anesthetic]]s to the [[mucous membrane|mucosa]], rectal anesthesia, or [[intravenous therapy|intravenous]] anesthesia. While otherwise effective, these techniques did not protect the airway from obstruction and also exposed patients to the risk of pulmonary aspiration of blood and [[mucus]] into the tracheobronchial tree. In 1913, [[Chevalier Jackson]] (1865–1958) was the first to report a high rate of success for the use of direct laryngoscopy as a means to intubate the trachea.<ref name="Jackson1913"/> Jackson introduced a new laryngoscope blade that had a light source at the distal tip, rather than the proximal light source used by Kirstein.<ref name="Zeitels1998"/> This new blade incorporated a component that the operator could slide out to allow room for passage of an endotracheal tube or bronchoscope.<ref name="Jackson1922"/>

Also in 1913, [[Henry H. Janeway]] (1873–1921) published results he had achieved using a laryngoscope he had recently developed.<ref name="Janeway1913"/> An American anesthesiologist practicing at [[Bellevue Hospital Center|Bellevue Hospital]] in [[New York City]], Janeway was of the opinion that direct intratracheal [[insufflation (medicine)|insufflation]] of [[inhalational anesthetic|volatile anesthetics]] would provide improved conditions for [[otolaryngology|otolaryngologic]] surgery. With this in mind, he developed a laryngoscope designed for the sole purpose of tracheal intubation. Similar to Jackson's device, Janeway's instrument incorporated a distal light source. Unique, however, was the inclusion of [[battery (electricity)|batteries]] within the handle, a central notch in the blade for maintaining the tracheal tube in the midline of the oropharynx during intubation and a slight curve to the distal tip of the blade to help guide the tube through the glottis. The success of this design led to its subsequent use in other types of surgery. Janeway was thus instrumental in popularizing the widespread use of direct laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation in the practice of anesthesiology.<ref name="Burkle2004"/>

In 1928 [[Arthur Ernest Guedel]] introduced the cuffed endotracheal tube, which allowed deep enough anesthesia that completely suppressed spontaneously respirations while the gas and oxygen were delivered via positive pressure ventilation controlled by the anesthesiologist.<ref name="Guedel928"/> Also important for the development of modern anesthesia are [[anaesthetic machine|anesthesia machines]]. Only three years later Joseph W. Gale developed the technology where the anesthesiologist was able to ventilate only one lung at a time.<ref name="Gale1932"/> This allowed the development of thoracic surgery, which had previously been vexed by the pendelluft <ref name="Greenblatt2014"/> problem in which the bad lung being operated on inflated with patient exhalation due to the loss of vacuum with the thorax being open to the atmosphere. Eventually by early 1980s double lumen endotracheal tubes made out of clear plastic enabled anesthesiologists to selectively ventilate one lung while using flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy to block off the diseased lung and prevent cross contamination.<ref name="Brodsky2007"/> One early device, the copper kettle, was developed by Dr. Lucien E. Morris at the University of Wisconsin.<ref name="Morris1952"/><ref name="Morris2006"/>

[[Sodium thiopental]], the first [[intravenous anesthetic]], was synthesized in 1934 by [[Ernest H. Volwiler]] (1893–1992) and [[Donalee L. Tabern]] (1900–1974), working for [[Abbott Laboratories]].<ref name="Tabern1935"/> It was first used in humans on 8 March 1934 by [[Ralph M. Waters]] in an investigation of its properties, which were short-term anesthesia and surprisingly little analgesia. Three months later, [[John Silas Lundy]] started a clinical trial of thiopental at the [[Mayo Clinic]] at the request of Abbott Laboratories. Volwiler and Tabern were awarded U.S. Patent No. 2,153,729 in 1939 for the discovery of thiopental, and they were inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 1986.

In 1939, the search for a synthetic substitute for atropine culminated serendipitously in the discovery of meperidine, the first opiate with a structure altogether different from that of morphine.<ref name="Eisleb1939"/> This was followed in 1947 by the widespread introduction of methadone, another structurally unrelated compound with pharmacological properties similar to those of morphine.<ref name="Scott1946"/>

After [[World War I]], further advances were made in the field of intratracheal anesthesia. Among these were those made by Sir [[Ivan Magill|Ivan Whiteside Magill]] (1888–1986). Working at the [[Frognal House|Queen's Hospital for Facial and Jaw Injuries]] in [[Sidcup]] with plastic surgeon Sir [[Harold Gillies]] (1882–1960) and anesthetist [[E. Stanley Rowbotham]] (1890–1979), Magill developed the technique of awake blind nasotracheal intubation.<ref name="Rowbotham1921"/><ref name="Magill1923-provision"/><ref name="Magill1928"/><ref name="Magill1930"/><ref name="Thomas1978"/><ref name="Mclachlan2008"/> Magill devised a new type of angulated forceps (the [[Magill forceps]]) that are still used today to facilitate nasotracheal intubation in a manner that is little changed from Magill's original technique.<ref name="Magill1920"/> Other devices invented by Magill include the Magill laryngoscope blade,<ref name="Magill1926"/> as well as several apparatuses for the administration of volatile anesthetic agents.<ref name="Magill1921-portable"/><ref name="Magill1921-warming"/><ref name="Magill1923-apparatus"/> The Magill curve of an endotracheal tube is also named for Magill.

The first hospital anesthesia department was established at the Massachusetts General Hospital in 1936, under the leadership of [[Henry K. Beecher]] (1904–1976). Beecher, who received his training in surgery, had no previous experience in anesthesia.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gravenstein |first1=Joachim |title=Henry K. Beecher: The Introduction of Anesthesia into the University |journal=Anesthesiology |volume=88 |issue=1 |date=January 1998 |pages=245–253 |pmid=9447878 |s2cid=5944101 |doi=10.1097/00000542-199801000-00033 |url=https://pubs.asahq.org/anesthesiology/article/88/1/245/36479/Henry-K-Beecher-The-Introduction-of-Anesthesia|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Although initially used to reduce the sequelae of spasticity associated with [[electroconvulsive therapy]] for psychiatric disease, [[curare]] found use in the operating rooms at Bellvue by E.M. Papper and Stuart Cullen in the 1940s using preparations made by Squibb.<ref name="Betcher1977"/> This neuromuscular blockade permitted complete paralysis of the diaphragm and enabled control of ventilation via positive pressure ventilation.<ref name="Brodsky2007"/> [[Medical ventilator|Mechanical ventilation]] first became common place with the polio epidemics of the 1950s, most notably in Denmark where an outbreak in 1952 lead to the creation of critical care medicine out of anesthesia. At first anesthesiologists hesitated to bring the ventilator into the operating theater unless necessary, but by the 1960s it became standard operating room equipment.<ref name="Brodsky2007"/>

Sir [[Robert Macintosh]] (1897–1989) achieved significant advances in techniques for tracheal intubation when he introduced his new curved laryngoscope blade in 1943.<ref name="Macintosh1943"/> The Macintosh blade remains to this day the most widely used laryngoscope blade for orotracheal intubation.<ref name="Scott2009"/> In 1949, Macintosh published a case report describing the novel use of a [[natural rubber|gum elastic]] [[urinary catheterization#Catheter types|urinary catheter]] as an endotracheal tube introducer to facilitate difficult tracheal intubation.<ref name="Macintosh1949"/> Inspired by Macintosh's report, P. Hex Venn (who was at that time the anesthetic advisor to the British firm Eschmann Bros. & Walsh, Ltd.) set about developing an endotracheal tube introducer based on this concept. Venn's design was accepted in March 1973, and what became known as the Eschmann endotracheal tube introducer went into production later that year.<ref name="Venn1993"/> The material of Venn's design was different from that of a gum elastic bougie in that it had two layers: a core of tube woven from [[polyester]] threads and an outer [[resin]] layer. This provided more stiffness but maintained the flexibility and the slippery surface. Other differences were the length (the new introducer was {{convert|60|cm|0|abbr=on}}, which is much longer than the gum elastic bougie) and the presence of a 35° curved tip, permitting it to be steered around obstacles.<ref name="Viswanathan1992"/><ref name="Henderson2003"/>

For over a hundred years the mainstay of inhalational anesthetics remained [[diethyl ether|ether]] with [[cyclopropane]], which had been introduced in the 1930s. In 1956 [[halothane]]<ref name="Raventos1956"/> was introduced which had the significant advantage of not being flammable. This reduced the risk of operating room fires. In the sixties the [[halogenated ether]]s superseded [[Halothane]] due to the rare, but significant side effects of cardiac arrhythmias and liver toxicity. The first two halogenated ethers were [[methoxyflurane]] and [[enflurane]]. These in turn were replaced by the current standards of [[isoflurane]], [[sevoflurane]], and [[desflurane]] in the eighties and nineties although [[methoxyflurane]] remains in use for prehospital anesthesia in Australia as Penthrox. [[Halothane]] remains in common place throughout much of the developing world.

Many new intravenous and inhalational anesthetics were developed and brought into clinical use during the second half of the 20th century. [[Paul Janssen]] (1926–2003), the founder of [[Janssen Pharmaceutica]], is credited with the development of over 80 pharmaceutical compounds.<ref name="Stanley2008"/> Janssen synthesized nearly all of the [[butyrophenone]] class of [[antipsychotic]] agents, beginning with [[haloperidol]] (1958) and [[droperidol]] (1961).<ref name="Janssen1963d"/> These agents were rapidly integrated into the practice of anesthesia.<ref name="Castro1959"/><ref name="Nilsson1961"/><ref name="Aubry1966"/><ref name="Corrsen1966"/><ref name="Reyes1969"/> In 1960, Janssen's team synthesized [[fentanyl]], the first of the [[N-Phenethyl-4-piperidinone|piperidinone]]-derived opioids.<ref name="Janssen1960f"/><ref name="Janssen1963f"/> Fentanyl was followed by [[sufentanil]] (1974),<ref name="Niemegeers1976"/> [[alfentanil]] (1976),<ref name="Spierdijk1980"/><ref name="Niemegeers1981"/> [[carfentanil]] (1976),<ref name="DeVos1978"/> and [[lofentanil]] (1980).<ref name="Laduron1982"/> Janssen and his team also developed [[etomidate]] (1964),<ref name="Doenicke1973"/><ref name="Morgan1975"/> a potent intravenous anesthetic induction agent.

The concept of using a fiberoptic endoscope for tracheal intubation was introduced by [[Peter Murphy (anaesthetist)|Peter Murphy]], an English anesthetist, in 1967.<ref name="Murphy1967"/> By the mid-1980s, the flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope had become an indispensable instrument within the [[pulmonology]] and anesthesia communities.<ref name="Wheeler2007"/>

==21st century==
[[File:Maquet Flow-I anesthesia machine.jpg|thumb|upright|A modern anaesthetic machine. This particular machine is a "Flow-I" model, manufactured by [[Maquet]].]]

The "[[digital revolution]]" of the 21st century has brought newer technology to the art and science of tracheal intubation. Several manufacturers have developed [[laryngoscopy#Video laryngoscope|video laryngoscopes]] which employ [[digital electronics|digital technology]] such as the [[CMOS]] [[active pixel sensor]] (APS) to generate a view of the glottis so that the trachea may be intubated. The Glidescope video laryngoscope is one example of such a device.<ref name="Agro2003"/><ref name="Cooper2005"/>

[[Xenon]], which does not act as a greenhouse gas, has recently been approved in some jurisdictions as an anaesthetic agent.<ref name="Tonner2006"/>
{{Clear}}

==See also==
{{Portal|History|Medicine}}
{{Columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[ACE mixture]]
* [[American Association of Nurse Anesthesiology]]
* [[American Society of Anesthesiologists]]
* [[Anaesthetic machine]]
* [[ASA physical status classification system]]
* [[Blood transfusion]]
* [[Henry Edmund Gaskin Boyle]]
* [[Walter Channing (physician)]]
* [[Joseph Thomas Clover]]
* [[Curare]]
* [[James Esdaile]]
* [[General anaesthesia]]
* [[Arthur Ernest Guedel]]
* [[History of anatomy]]
* [[History of medicine]]
* [[History of neuraxial anesthesia]]
* [[History of neuroscience]]
* [[History of surgery]]
* [[History of tracheal intubation]]
* [[Local anesthesia]]
* [[Fidel Pagés]]
* [[Royal College of Anaesthetists]]
* [[John Snow]]
* [[Takamine Tokumei]]
* [[The Zoist|The Zoist: A Journal of Cerebral Physiology & Mesmerism, and Their Applications to Human Welfare]]
}}

==References==
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<ref name="Garcia1855">{{cite journal |last=García |first=M |author-link=Manuel Patricio Rodríguez García |title=Observations on the Human Voice |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London |volume=7 |date=24 May 1855  |pages=399–410 |issue=60 |pmid=30163547 |bibcode=1854RSPS....7..399G |pmc=5180321 |doi=10.1098/rspl.1854.0094 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o6PYNM7RNwkC&pg=PA399 |access-date=2010-09-13}}</ref>

<ref name="Giles1897">{{cite book |title=A Chinese Biographical Dictionary |pages=323–4, 762–3 |author=Giles HA |author-link=Herbert Giles |publisher=Bernard Quaritch |location=London |year=1898 |isbn=9780896440104 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BxH0PqdGTVUC&q=%22A+Chinese+Biographical+Dictionary%22 |access-date=2010-09-14 |quote=If a disease seemed beyond the reach of needles and cautery, he operated, giving his patients a dose of hashish which rendered them unconscious.}}</ref>

<ref name="Giles1912">{{cite book |title=Taoist teachings from the book of Lieh-Tzŭ, translated from the Chinese, with introduction and notes, by Lionel Giles (Wisdom of the East series) |author=Giles L (transl.) |author-link=Lionel Giles |publisher=John Murray |location=London |year=1912 |url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/tao/tt/index.htm |access-date=2010-09-14}}</ref>

<ref name="Giles1948">{{cite book |title=A Gallery of Chinese immortals: selected biographies, translated from Chinese sources by Lionel Giles (Wisdom of the East series) |edition=1 |author=Giles L (transl.) |author-link=Lionel Giles |editor=Cranmer-Byng JL |publisher=John Murray |location=London |year=1948 |url=https://www.angelfire.com/in4/alchemy2084/giles.html |access-date=2010-09-14 |quote=The well-attested fact that Hua T'o made use of an anaesthetic for surgical operations over 1,600 years before Sir James Simpson certainly places him to our eyes on a pinnacle of fame....}}</ref>

<ref name="Gordon1949">{{cite book |title=Medicine throughout Antiquity |edition=1 |pages=358, 379, 385, 387 |author=Gordon BL |publisher=F.A. Davis Company |location=Philadelphia |year=1949 |isbn=9780598609977 |oclc=1574261 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BDprAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Medicine+throughout+Antiquity%22 |access-date=2010-09-14 |quote=Pien Chiao (ca. 300 BC) used general anesthesia for surgical procedures. It is recorded that he gave two men, named "Lu" and "Chao", a toxic drink which rendered them unconscious for three days, during which time he performed a gastrotomy upon them}}</ref>

<ref name="Gravenstein1965">{{cite journal |author=Gravenstein JS |title=Paracelsus and his contributions to anesthesia |journal=Anesthesiology |volume=26 |issue=6 |date=November–December 1965 |pages=805–11 |pmid=5320896 |doi=10.1097/00000542-196511000-00016 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

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<ref name="Henderson2003">{{cite journal |last=Henderson |first=JJ |title=Development of the 'gum-elastic bougie' |journal=Anaesthesia |volume=58 |issue=1 |date=January 2003 |pages=103–4 |pmid=12492697 |s2cid=34113322 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2044.2003.296828.x |doi-access=free}}</ref>

<ref name="Hirsch1986">{{cite journal |last1=Hirsch |first1=NP |last2=Smith |first2=GB |last3=Hirsch |first3=PO |title=Alfred Kirstein. Pioneer of direct laryngoscopy |journal=Anaesthesia |volume=41 |issue=1 |date=January 1986 |pages=42–5 |pmid=3511764 |s2cid=12259652 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2044.1986.tb12702.x |doi-access=free}}</ref>

<ref name="Hunke1969">{{cite book |title=Allahs Sonne über dem Abendland: unser arabisches Erbe |edition=2 |pages=279–80 |author=Hunke S |author-link=Sigrid Hunke |publisher=Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt |location=Stuttgart |language=de |year=1960 |isbn=978-3-596-23543-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wlIuAAAAIAAJ&q=%22Allahs+Sonne+%C3%BCber+dem+Abendland:+unser+arabisches+Erbe%22 |access-date=2010-09-13 |quote=The science of medicine has gained a great and extremely important discovery and that is the use of general anaesthetics for surgical operations, and how unique, efficient, and merciful for those who tried it the Muslim anaesthetic was. It was quite different from the drinks the Indians, Romans and Greeks were forcing their patients to have for relief of pain. There had been some allegations to credit this discovery to an Italian or to an Alexandrian, but the truth is and history proves that, the art of using the anaesthetic sponge is a pure Muslim technique, which was not known before. The sponge used to be dipped and left in a mixture prepared from cannabis, opium, hyoscyamus, and a plant called Zoan.}}</ref>

<ref name="Hyodo1992">{{cite book |title=The Pain Clinic IV: proceedings of the fourth international symposium |chapter=Doctor S. Hanaoka, the world's-first success in providing general anesthesia |pages=3–12 |author=Hyodo M |veditors=Hyodo M, Oyama T, Swerdlow M |publisher=VSP |location=Utrecht, Netherlands |year=1992 |isbn=978-90-6764-147-0 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ljBTn8HBBjcC&q=%22Doctor%20S.%20Hanaoka%2C%20the%20World's-First%20Success%20in%20Providing%20General%20Anesthesia%22&pg=PA3 |access-date=2010-09-13}}</ref>

<ref name="Izuo2004">{{cite journal |last=Izuo |first=M |title=Medical history: Seishū Hanaoka and his success in breast cancer surgery under general anesthesia two hundred years ago |journal=Breast Cancer |volume=11 |issue=4 |date=November 2004 |pages=319–24 |pmid=15604985 |s2cid=43428862 |doi=10.1007/BF02968037}}</ref>

<ref name="Jackson1861">{{cite book |author=Jackson CT |author-link=Charles Thomas Jackson |title=A Manual of Etherization: Containing Directions for the Employment of Ether |year=1861 |publisher=J.B. Mansfield |location=Boston |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LiEJAAAAIAAJ |access-date=2010-09-13}}</ref>

<ref name="Jackson1913">{{cite journal |last=Jackson |first=C |title=The technique of insertion of intratracheal insufflation tubes |journal=Surgery, Gynecology & Obstetrics |volume=17 |pages=507–9 |year=1913}} Reprinted in {{cite journal |last1=Jackson |first1=Chevalier |title=The technique of insertion of intratracheal insufflation tubes |journal=Pediatric Anesthesia |volume=6 |date=May 1996 |page=230 |issue=3 |s2cid=72582327 |doi=10.1111/j.1460-9592.1996.tb00434.x}}</ref>

<ref name="Jackson1922">{{cite book |last=Jackson |first=C |title=A manual of peroral endoscopy and laryngeal surgery |chapter=I: Instrumentarium |publisher=W.B. Saunders |location=Philadelphia |year=1922 |pages=17–52 |chapter-url=http://mybebook.com/download_free_ebook/jackson-chevalier-1865-1958_ebooks/bronchoscopy-and-esophagoscopya-manual-of-peroral-endoscopy-and-laryngeal-surgery/ebook13336.pdf |isbn=978-1-4326-6305-6 |access-date=2010-09-13}}</ref>

<ref name="Janeway1913">{{cite journal |last=Janeway |first=HH |title=Intra-tracheal anesthesia from the standpoint of the nose, throat and oral surgeon with a description of a new instrument for catheterizing the trachea |journal=The Laryngoscope |volume=23 |issue=11 |date=November 1913 |pages=1082–90 |s2cid=71549386 |doi=10.1288/00005537-191311000-00009 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1448738}}</ref>

<ref name="Janssen1960f">{{cite journal |last1=J. |first1=PA |last2=Eddy |first2=NB |title=Compounds Related to Pethidine--IV. New General Chemical Methods of Increasing the Analgesic Activity of Pethidine |journal=Journal of Medicinal Chemistry |volume=2 |date=February 1960 |pages=31–45 |pmid=14406754 |issue=1 |doi=10.1021/jm50008a003}}</ref>

<ref name="Janssen1963d">{{cite journal |last1=Janssen |first1=PA |last2=Niemegeers |first2=CJ |last3=Schellekens |first3=KH |last4=Verbruggen |first4=FJ |last5=Van Nueten |first5=JM |title=The pharmacology of dehydrobenzperidol, a new potent and short acting neuroleptic agent chemically related to Haloperidol |journal=Arzneimittel-Forschung |volume=13 |date=March 1963 |pages=205–11 |pmid=13957425}}</ref>

<ref name="Janssen1963f">{{cite journal |pmid=13957426 |last1=Janssen |year=1963 |first1=PA |pages=502–7 |last2=Niemegeers |volume=13 |journal=Arzneimittel-Forschung |first2=CJ |last3=Dony |first3=JG |title=The inhibitory effect of fentanyl and other morphine-like analgesics on the warm water induced tail withdrawal reflex in rats |url=http://garfield.library.upenn.edu/classics1991/A1991GA09000001.pdf}}</ref>

<ref name="Kramer1954">{{cite journal |last1=Kramer |first1=SN |author-link=Samuel Noah Kramer |title=First pharmacopeia in man's recorded history |journal=American Journal of Pharmacy and the Sciences Supporting Public Health |volume=126 |issue=3 |date=March 1954 |pages=76–84 |issn=0002-9467 |pmid=13148318}}</ref>

<ref name="Kramer1988">{{cite book |title=History Begins at Sumer: Thirty-Nine Firsts in Recorded History |edition=3 |vauthors=Kramer SN, Tanaka H |author-link=Samuel Noah Kramer |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |location=Philadelphia |date=March 1988 |isbn=978-0-8122-1276-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/humansideofjapan00tana}}</ref>

<ref name="Krikorian1975">{{cite journal |last=Krikorian |first=AD |title=Were the opium poppy and opium known in the ancient Near East? |journal=Journal of the History of Biology |volume=8 |issue=1 |date=March 1975 |pages=95–114 |pmid=11609871 |s2cid=23899398 |doi=10.1007/BF00129597}}</ref>

<ref name="Kritikos1967-2">{{cite journal |title=The History of the Poppy and of Opium and Their Expansion in Antiquity in the Eastern Mediterranean Area |vauthors=Kritikos PG, Papadaki SP |journal=Bulletin on Narcotics |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=5–10 |year=1967 |issn=0007-523X}}</ref>

<ref name="Kritikos1967-3">{{cite journal |title=The history of the poppy and of opium and their expansion in antiquity in the eastern Mediterranean area |vauthors=Kritikos PG, Papadaki SP |journal=Bulletin on Narcotics |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=17–38 |year=1967 |issn=0007-523X |url=http://unosek.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/bulletin/bulletin_1967-01-01_3_page004.html |access-date=2010-09-18 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728144432/http://unosek.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/bulletin/bulletin_1967-01-01_3_page004.html |archive-date=2011-07-28}}</ref>

<ref name="Laduron1982">{{cite journal |last1=Laduron |first1=P |last2=Janssen |first2=PF |title=Axoplasmic transport and possible recycling of opiate receptors labelled with 3H-lofentanil |journal=Life Sciences |volume=31 |issue=5 |date=August 1982 |pages=457–62 |pmid=6182434 |doi=10.1016/0024-3205(82)90331-9}}</ref>
<ref name="Levere1977">{{cite journal |last=Levere |first=TH |title=Dr. Thomas Beddoes and the establishment of his Pneumatic Institution: a tale of three presidents |journal=Notes and Records of the Royal Society |volume=32 |issue=1 |date=July 1977 |pages=41–9 |pmid=11615622 |jstor=531764 |s2cid=27322059 |doi=10.1098/rsnr.1977.0005}}</ref>

<ref name="Long1849">{{cite journal |author=Long CW |author-link=Crawford Long |title=An account of the first use of Sulphuric Ether by Inhalation as an Anaesthetic in Surgical Operations |journal=Southern Medical and Surgical Journal |volume=5 |pages=705–13 |date=December 1849 |url=http://journals.lww.com/surveyanesthesiology/Citation/1991/12000/An_Account_of_the_First_Use_of_Sulphuric_Ether_by.49.aspx}} reprinted in {{cite journal |last1=Long |first1=C. W. |title=An account of the first use of Sulphuric Ether by Inhalation as an Anaesthetic in Surgical Operations |journal=Survey of Anesthesiology |volume=35 |issue=6 |page=375 |date=December 1991 |doi=10.1097/00132586-199112000-00049}}</ref>

<ref name="Lu2002">{{cite book |title=Celestial lancets: a history and rationale of acupuncture and moxa |chapter=Acupuncture and major surgery |pages=218–30 |author1=Lu GD |author2=Needham J |publisher=RoutledgeCurzon |location=London |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-7007-1458-2 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0-0tdqBr58cC&q=Celestial+Lancets:+A+History+and+Rationale+of+Acupuncture+and+Moxa |access-date=2010-09-13}}</ref>

<ref name="Lyman1881">{{cite book |title=Artificial anaesthesia and anaesthetics |chapter=History of anaesthesia |page=6 |author=Lyman HM |year=1881 |publisher=William Wood and Company |location=New York |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xNEIAQAAIAAJ&q=Artificial%20anaesthesia%20and%20anaesthetics&pg=PA68 |access-date=2010-09-13}}</ref>

<ref name="Lyman1886">{{cite journal |author=Lyman HM |title=The discovery of anesthesia |journal=Virginia Medical Monthly |volume=13 |issue=6 |pages=369–92 |date=September 1886 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bkYVAAAAYAAJ&q=%22The%20Discovery%20of%20Anaesthesia%22%20Virginia%20Medical%20Monthly&pg=PA369 |access-date=2010-09-13}}</ref>

<ref name="Macewen18800724">{{cite journal |first=W |last=Macewen |title=General Observations on the Introduction of Tracheal Tubes by the Mouth, Instead of Performing Tracheotomy or Laryngotomy |journal=British Medical Journal |volume=2 |issue=1021 |date=July 1880 |pages=122–4 |pmid=20749630 |pmc=2241154 |doi=10.1136/bmj.2.1021.122}}</ref>

<ref name="Macewen18800731">{{cite journal |first=W |last=Macewen |author-link=William Macewen |title=Clinical Observations on the Introduction of Tracheal Tubes by the Mouth, Instead of Performing Tracheotomy or Laryngotomy |journal=[[BMJ|British Medical Journal]] |volume=2 |issue=1022 |date=July 1880 |pages=163–5 |pmid=20749636 |pmc=2241109 |doi=10.1136/bmj.2.1022.163}}</ref>

<ref name="Macintosh1943">{{cite journal |first=RR |last=Macintosh |author-link=Robert Reynolds Macintosh |title=A new laryngoscope |journal=The Lancet |volume=241 |issue=6233 |date=13 February 1943 |page=205 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(00)89390-3}}</ref>

<ref name="Macintosh1949">{{cite journal |first=RR |last=Macintosh |title=Marxist Genetics |journal=British Medical Journal |volume=1 |issue=4591 |date=1 January 1949 |pages=26–28 |pmc=2049235 |doi=10.1136/bmj.1.4591.26-b}}</ref>

<ref name="Mackenzie1888">{{cite book |first=M |last=Mackenzie |author-link=Morell Mackenzie |title=The case of Emperor Frederick III.: full official reports by the German physicians and by Sir Morell Mackenzie |publisher=Edgar S. Werner |location=New York |year=1888 |page=276 |isbn=978-1-02-238793-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G2DTAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA276 |access-date=2010-09-13}}</ref>

<ref name="Macmillan2010">{{cite journal |last=Macmillan |first=M |title=William Macewen [1848–1924] |journal=Journal of Neurology |volume=257 |issue=5 |date=May 2010 |pages=858–9 |pmid=20306068 |doi=10.1007/s00415-010-5524-5 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

<ref name="Magill1920">{{cite journal |first=I |last=Magill |title=Appliances and Preparations |journal=British Medical Journal |volume=2 |date=October 1920 |page=670 |pmc=2338485 |pmid=20770050 |issue=3122 |doi=10.1136/bmj.2.571.670}}</ref>

<ref name="Magill1921-portable">{{cite journal |first=I |last=Magill |title=A Portable Apparatus for Tracheal Insufflation Anaesthesia |journal=The Lancet |volume=197 |issue=5096 |date=30 April 1921 |page=918 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(00)55592-5}}</ref>

<ref name="Magill1921-warming">{{cite journal |first=I |last=Magill |title=Warming Ether Vapour for Inhalation |journal=The Lancet |volume=197 |issue=5102 |date=11 June 1921 |page=1270 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(01)24908-3 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/2511612}}</ref>

<ref name="Magill1923-apparatus">{{cite journal |first=I |last=Magill |title=An apparatus for the administration of nitrous oxide, oxygen, and ether |journal=The Lancet |volume=202 |issue=5214 |date=4 August 1923 |page=228 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(01)22460-X}}</ref>

<ref name="Magill1923-provision">{{cite journal |first=I |last=Magill |author-link=Ivan Magill |title=The provision for expiration in endotracheal insufflations anaesthesia |journal=[[The Lancet]] |volume=202 |issue=5211 |date=14 July 1923 |pages=68–9 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(01)37756-5}}</ref>

<ref name="Magill1926">{{cite journal |first=I |last=Magill |title=An improved laryngoscope for anaesthetists |journal=The Lancet |volume=207 |issue=5349 |date=6 March 1926 |page=500 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(01)17109-6}}</ref>

<ref name="Magill1928">{{cite journal |first=I |last=Magill |title=Endotracheal Anæsthesia |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine |volume=22 |issue=2 |date=December 1928 |pages=85–8 |doi=10.1177/003591572802200201 |pmc=2101959 |pmid=19986772}}</ref>

<ref name="Magill1930">{{cite journal |first=I |last=Magill |title=Technique in Endotracheal Anaesthesia |journal=British Medical Journal |volume=2 |date=November 1930 |pages=817–9 |pmc=2451624 |pmid=20775829 |issue=1243 |doi=10.1136/bmj.2.1243.817-a}}</ref>

<ref name="Mair2000">{{cite book |title=The shorter Columbia anthology of traditional Chinese literature |volume=Part III: Prose |chapter=The Biography of Hua-t'o from the History of the Three Kingdoms |pages=441–9 |author=Ch'en S |editor=Mair VH |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-231-11998-6 |editor-link=Victor H. Mair |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y0Pxz1L9I4EC&pg=PA441 |access-date=2010-09-13}}</ref>

<ref name="Matsuki1999">{{cite journal |author=Matsuki A |title=A bibliographical study on Shutei Nakagawa's "Mayaku-ko" (a collection of anesthetics and analgesics)--a comparism of four manuscripts |journal=Nihon Ishigaku Zasshi |volume=45 |issue=4 |date=December 1999 |pages=585–99 |language=ja |issn=0549-3323 |pmid=11624281 |url=http://sciencelinks.jp/j-east/article/200004/000020000400A0121859.php |access-date=2010-09-13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313120037/http://sciencelinks.jp/j-east/article/200004/000020000400A0121859.php |archive-date=13 March 2012}}</ref>

<ref name="Matsuki2000">{{cite journal |author=Matsuki A |title=New studies on the history of anesthesiology—a new study on Seishū Hanaoka's "Nyugan Ckiken Roku" (a surgical experience with breast cancer) |journal=Masui |volume=49 |issue=9 |date=September 2000 |pages=1038–43 |issn=0021-4892 |pmid=11025965 |url=http://www.biomedsearch.com/nih/New-studies-history-anesthesiology-new/11025965.html |access-date=2010-09-13}}</ref>

<ref name="Matsuki2002">{{cite journal |author=Matsuki A |title=A Study on Seishu Hanaoka's Nyugan Seimei Roku (Scroll of Diseases): A Name List of Breast Cancer Patients |journal=Nihon Ishigaku Zasshi |volume=48 |issue=1 |date=March 2002 |pages=53–65 |language=ja |issn=0549-3323 |pmid=12152628 |url=http://sciencelinks.jp/j-east/article/200215/000020021502A0339356.php |access-date=2010-09-13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313120047/http://sciencelinks.jp/j-east/article/200215/000020021502A0339356.php |archive-date=13 March 2012}}</ref>

<ref name="Mclachlan2008">{{cite journal |last=McLachlan |first=G |title=Sir Ivan Magill KCVO, DSc, MB, BCh, BAO, FRCS, FFARCS (Hon), FFARCSI (Hon), DA, (1888–1986) |journal=Ulster Medical Journal |volume=77 |issue=3 |date=September 2008 |pages=146–52 |pmid=18956794 |pmc=2604469}}</ref>

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<ref name="Murphy1967">{{cite journal |last=Murphy |first=P |title=A fibre-optic endoscope used for nasal intubation |journal=[[Anaesthesia (journal)|Anaesthesia]] |volume=22 |issue=3 |date=July 1967 |pages=489–91 |pmid=4951601 |s2cid=33586314 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2044.1967.tb02771.x |doi-access=free}}</ref>

<ref name="Neligan1927">{{cite journal |last1=Evans |first1=TC |title=The opium question, with special reference to Persia (book review) |journal=Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |volume=21 |pages=339–340 |year=1928 |issue=4 |doi=10.1016/S0035-9203(28)90031-0 |url=http://www.tropicalmedandhygienejrnl.net/article/S0035-9203(28)90031-0/abstract |access-date=2010-09-18 |quote=The earliest known mention of the poppy is in the language of the Sumerians, a non-Semitic people who descended from the uplands of Central Asia into Southern Mesopotamia....|url-access=subscription }}{{Dead link|date=November 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

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<ref name="Nilsson1961">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nilsson E, Janssen PA |title=Neurolept-analgesia: an alternative to general anesthesia |journal=Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica |volume=5 |pages=73–84 |year=1961 |issn=0001-5172 |pmid=13729171 |issue=2 |s2cid=44479255 |doi=10.1111/j.1399-6576.1961.tb00085.x}}</ref>

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<ref name="Reyes1969">{{cite journal |vauthors=Reyes JC, Wier GT, Moss NH, Romero JB, Hill R |title=Neuroleptanalgesia and anesthesia: Experiences in 60 poor risk geriatric patients |journal=South Dakota Journal of Medicine |volume=22 |issue=9 |pages=31–3 |pmid=5259472 |date=September 1969}}</ref>

<ref name="Richmond1950">{{cite journal |author=Richmond PA |title=Was William E. Clarke of Rochester the first American to use ether for surgical anesthesia? |journal=Genesee County Scrapbook of the Rochester Historical Society |volume=1 |pages=11–3 |year=1950}}</ref>

<ref name="Rivera">{{cite journal |author=Rivera MA |author2=Aufderheide AC |author3=Cartmell LW |author4=Torres CM |author5=Langsjoen O |title=Antiquity of coca-leaf chewing in the south central Andes: a 3,000 year archaeological record of coca-leaf chewing from northern Chile |journal=Journal of Psychoactive Drugs |volume=37 |issue=4 |date=December 2005 |pages=455–8 |pmid=16480174 |s2cid=28661721 |doi=10.1080/02791072.2005.10399820}}</ref>

<ref name="Rowbotham1921">{{cite journal |last1=Rowbotham |first1=ES |last2=Magill |first2=I |title=Anæsthetics in the Plastic Surgery of the Face and Jaws |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine |volume=14 |issue=Sect Anaesth |year=1921 |pages=17–27 |pmid=19981941 |pmc=2152821 |doi=10.1177/003591572101401402}}</ref>

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<ref name="Serturner1817">Serturner FWA (1817). Gilbert's Annalen der Physik 25, 56–89.</ref>

<ref name="Sims1877">{{cite journal |author=Sims JM |author-link=J. Marion Sims |title=The Discovery of Anaesthesia |journal=Virginia Medical Monthly |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=81–100 |year=1877}}</ref>

<ref name="Skinner2008">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Skinner |first=P |encyclopedia=The Gale Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine |editor=Laurie J. Fundukian |title=Unani-tibbi |publisher=[[Gale (publisher)|Gale Cengage]] |location=Farmington Hills, Michigan |edition=3rd |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-4144-4872-5 |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_g2603/is_0007/ai_2603000716/ |access-date=2010-09-13}}</ref>

<ref name="Small1962">{{cite book |last=Small |first=MR |title=Oliver Wendell Holmes |page=55 |publisher=Twayne Publishers |location=New York |year=1962 |isbn=978-0-8084-0237-4 |oclc=273508 |quote=In a letter to dentist [[William T. G. Morton]], Holmes wrote: "Everybody wants to have a hand in a great discovery. All I will do is to give a hint or two as to names—or the name—to be applied to the state produced and the agent. The state should, I think, be called 'Anaesthesia.' This signifies insensibility—more particularly ... to objects of touch."}}</ref>

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<ref name="Spierdijk1980">{{cite journal |vauthors=Spierdijk J, van Kleef J, Nauta J, Stanley TH, de Lange S |title=Alfentanil: a new narcotic induction agent |journal=Anesthesiology |volume=53 |pages=S32 |year=1980 |doi=10.1097/00000542-198009001-00032}}</ref>

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<ref name="Terry1928">{{cite book |title=The Opium Problem |chapter=II: Development of the problem |page=54 |vauthors=Terry CE, Pellens M |publisher=Bureau of Social Hygiene |location=New York |year=1928 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mlhCAAAAIAAJ&q=%22The+Opium+Problem%22+Terry |access-date=2010-09-18}}</ref>

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<ref name="Thomson1924">{{cite journal |title=The Assyrian herbal: a monograph on the Assyrian vegetable drugs |journal=Isis |volume=8 |number=3 |date=July 1926 |pages=506–508 |author=Thompson RC |author-link=Reginald Campbell Thompson |jstor=223920 |doi=10.1086/358424 |quote=Thompson reinforces his view with the following quotation from a cuneiform tablet: 'Early in the morning old women, boys, and girls collect the juice, scraping it off the notches (of the poppy-capsule) with a small iron blade, and place it within a clay receptacle.'}}</ref>

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<ref name="Tonner2006">{{cite journal |last=Tonner |first=PH |title=Xenon: one small step for anaesthesia...? (editorial review) |journal=Current Opinion in Anesthesiology |volume=19 |issue=4 |date=August 2006 |pages=382–4 |pmid=16829718 |s2cid=2989630 |doi=10.1097/01.aco.0000236136.85356.13}}</ref>

<ref name="Trendelenburg1871">{{cite journal |first=F |last=Trendelenburg |author-link=Friedrich Trendelenburg |title=Beiträge zu den Operationen an den Luftwegen |trans-title=Contributions to airways surgery |language=de |journal=Archiv für Klinische Chirurgie |volume=12 |pages=112–33 |year=1871}}</ref>

<ref name="Veith1972">{{cite book |title=Huang Ti Nei Ching Su Wen: The Yellow Emperor's Classic of Internal Medicine |title-link=Huangdi Neijing |page=[https://archive.org/details/huangtineichings00huan/page/265 265] |translator=Ilza Veith |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley, Los Angeles |year=1972 |isbn=978-0-520-02158-7}}</ref>

<ref name="Venn1993">{{cite journal |last=Venn |first=PH |title=The gum elastic bougie |journal=Anaesthesia |volume=48 |date=March 1993 |pages=274–5 |issue=3 |s2cid=56666422 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2044.1993.tb06936.X |doi-access=}}</ref>

<ref name="Viswanathan1992">{{cite journal |last1=Viswanathan |first1=S |last2=Campbell |first2=C |last3=Wood |first3=DG |last4=Riopelle |first4=JM |last5=Naraghi |first5=M |title=The Eschmann Tracheal Tube Introducer. (Gum elastic bougie) |journal=Anesthesiology Review |volume=19 |issue=6 |date=November–December 1992 |pages=29–34 |pmid=10148170}}</ref>

<ref name="Wai2004">{{cite journal |last=Wai |first=FK |title=On Hua Tuo's Position in the History of Chinese Medicine |journal=The American Journal of Chinese Medicine |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=313–20 |year=2004 |pmid=15315268 |doi=10.1142/S0192415X04001965}}</ref>

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<ref name="Wawersik1991">{{cite journal |first=J |last=Wawersik |title=History of anesthesia in Germany |journal=Journal of Clinical Anesthesia |volume=3 |issue=3 |date=May–June 1991 |pages=235–244 |pmid=1878238 |doi=10.1016/0952-8180(91)90167-L |url=http://www.general-anaesthesia.com/german.htm |access-date=2010-09-13|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

<ref name="Wells1847">{{cite book |last=Wells |first=H |author-link=Horace Wells |title=A History of the Discovery of the Application of Nitrous Oxide Gas, Ether, and Other Vapors to Surgical Operations |year=1847 |publisher=J. Gaylord Wells |location=Hartford |url=https://archive.org/details/66950830R.nlm.nih.gov |access-date=2010-09-13 |quote=Horace Wells.}}</ref>

<ref name="Wheeler2007">{{cite book |editor-last=Benumof |editor-first=JL |author=Wheeler M and Ovassapian A |title=Benumof's Airway Management: Principles and Practice |chapter=Chapter 18: Fiberoptic endoscopy-aided technique |page=423 |publisher=Mosby-Elsevier |location=Philadelphia |edition=2nd |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-323-02233-0 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uUVYjVUexKUC |access-date=2010-09-13}}</ref>

<ref name="Zeitels1998">{{cite journal |last1=Zeitels |first1=S |title=Chevalier Jackson's contributions to direct laryngoscopy |journal=Journal of Voice |volume=12 |issue=1 |date=March 1998 |pages=1–6 |pmid=9619973 |doi=10.1016/S0892-1997(98)80069-6}}</ref>

<ref name="Morris1952">{{cite journal |last1=Morris |first1=L |title=A new vaporizer for liquid anesthetic agents |journal=Anesthesiology: The Journal of the American Society of Anesthesiologists |volume=13 |issue=6 |date=1952 |pages=587–593 |pmid=12986220 |s2cid=26847436 |doi=10.1097/00000542-195211000-00003}}</ref>

<ref name="Morris2006">{{cite journal |last1=Morris |first1=L |title=Copper kettle revisited |journal=Anesthesiology: The Journal of the American Society of Anesthesiologists |volume=104 |issue=4 |date=2006 |pages=881–884 |pmid=16571985 |s2cid=72593495 |doi=10.1097/00000542-200604000-00034 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

<ref name="Reutsch2001">{{cite journal |last1=Reutsch |first1=Y |last2=Boni |first2=T |last3=Borgeat |first3=A |title=From cocaine to ropivacaine: the history of local anesthetic drugs |journal=Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry |volume=1 |issue=3 |date=2001 |pages=175–182 |pmid=11895133 |doi=10.2174/1568026013395335}}</ref>

<ref name="Niemann1860">{{cite thesis |last1=Niemann |first1=A |title=Uber eine Neue Organische Base in den Cocablättern [thesis] |place=Göttingen |date=1860 |trans-title=On a New Organic Base in the Coca Leaves}}</ref>

<ref name="Betcher1977">{{cite journal |last1=Betcher |first1=A |title=The civilizing of curare: a history of its development and introduction into anesthesiology |journal=Anesthesia & Analgesia |volume=56 |issue=2 |date=1977 |pages=305–319 |pmid=322548 |doi=10.1213/00000539-197703000-00032 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

<ref name="Snow2005">{{cite book |last=Snow |first=Stephanie |title=Operations without pain: the practice and science of anaesthesia in Victorian Britain |publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]] |date=2005 |isbn=978-0-333-71492-8}}</ref>

<ref name="Caton2000">{{cite journal |last1=Caton |first1=D |title=John Snow's practice of obstetric anesthesia |journal=Anesthesiology: The Journal of the American Society of Anesthesiologists |volume=92 |issue=1 |date=2000 |pages=247–52 |pmid=10638922 |s2cid=8117674 |doi=10.1097/00000542-200001000-00037 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

<ref name="Brodsky2007">{{cite journal |last1=Brodsky |first1=J |last2=Lemmens |first2=H |title=The history of anesthesia for thoracic surgery |journal=Minerva Anestesiologica |volume=73 |issue=10 |date=2007 |pages=513–24 |pmid=17380101}}</ref>

<ref name="Guedel928">{{cite journal |last1=Guedel |first1=A |last2=Waters |first2=R |title=A new intratracheal catheter |journal=Anesthesia and Analgesia |volume=7 |issue=4 |date=1928 |pages=238–239 |doi=10.1213/00000539-192801000-00089}}</ref>

<ref name="Gale1932">{{cite journal |last1=Gale |first1=J |last2=Waters |first2=R |title=Closed endobronchial anesthesia in thoracic surgery: preliminary report |journal=Anesthesia and Analgesia |volume=11 |issue=6 |date=1932 |pages=283–288 |doi=10.1213/00000539-193201000-00049|doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name="Greenblatt2014">{{cite journal |last1=Greenblatt |first1=E |last2=Butler |first2=J |last3=Venegas |first3=J |last4=Winkler |first4=T |title=Pendelluft in the bronchial tree |journal=American Journal of Physiology. Heart and Circulatory Physiology |volume=117 |issue=9 |date=2014 |pages=979–988 |pmid=25170072 |pmc=4217048 |doi=10.1152/japplphysiol.00466.2014}}</ref>

<ref name="Raventos1956">{{cite journal |last1=Raventos |first1=J |last2=Goodall |first2=R |title=The Action of Fluothane-A New Volatile Anaesthetic |journal=British Journal of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy |volume=11 |issue=4 |date=1956 |pages=394–410 |pmid=13383118 |pmc=1510559 |doi=10.1111/j.1476-5381.1956.tb00007.x}}</ref>

}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal |last=Goldsmith |first=WM |title=Trepanation and the 'CatlinMark' |jstor=275576 |journal=American Antiquity |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=348–52 |year=1945 |s2cid=163518652 |doi=10.2307/275576 |url=https://scholarworks.uni.edu/pias/vol49/iss1/106|url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite journal |last=Guerra Doce |first=E |title=Evidencias del consumo de drogas en Europa durante la Prehistoria |language=es |journal=Trastornos Adictivos |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=53–61 |year=2006 |doi=10.1016/S1575-0973(06)75106-6 |url=http://db.doyma.es/cgi-bin/wdbcgi.exe/doyma/mrevista.fulltext?pident=13087278 |access-date=2010-11-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515210321/http://db.doyma.es/cgi-bin/wdbcgi.exe/doyma/mrevista.fulltext?pident=13087278 |archive-date=15 May 2008|url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite book |last=Gurlt |first=EJ |author-link=Ernst Julius Gurlt |title=Geschichte der Chirurgie und ihrer Ausübung |volume=1 |chapter=VI: Volkschirurgie in Japan in alter und neuerer |page=83 |publisher=Verlag von August Hirschwald |location=Berlin |language=de |year=1898 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/geschichtederchi01gurl |access-date=2010-11-14}}
* {{cite journal |last=Hrdlicka |first=A |title=Trepanation among prehistoric people, especially in America |journal=Ciba Foundation Symposium |volume=1 |issue=6 |pages=170–7 |year=1939}}
* {{cite journal |last=Matsuki |first=A |title=A brief history of the biographical study of Seishu Hanaoka |journal=Nihon Ishigaku Zasshi |volume=51 |issue=3 |pages=355–84 |year=2005 |language=ja |issn=0549-3323 |pmid=16450478 |url=http://medical-journals.healia.com/doc/16450478/A-brief-history-of-biographical-Seishu-Hanaoka |access-date=2010-11-14}}
* {{cite journal |last=Matsuki |first=A |title=Why did Hanaoka's Method of Anesthesia Decay Rapidly at the End of the Edo Period? |journal=Nihon Ishigaku Zasshi |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=40–1 |year=2006 |language=ja |issn=0549-3323}}
* {{cite journal |last=Ruffer |first=MA |title=Studies in paleopathology. Some recent researches on prehistoric trephining |journal=Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology |volume=22 |pages=90–104 |year=1918 |doi=10.1002/path.1700220109 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1427748}}
* {{cite book |title=Smithsonian Annual Report of the Board of Regents, 1957 |chapter=Stone Age skull surgery. A general review with emphasis on the New World |pages=469–91 |last=Stewart |first=TD |year=1958}}
* Arashiro Toshiaki, ''Ryukyu-Okinawa Rekishi Jinbutsuden'', Okinawajijishuppan, 2006 p66 {{ISBN|978-4-903042-04-6}}
* "Reevaluation of surgical achievements by Tokumei Takamine". Matsuki A. Masui. November 2000; '''49'''(11):1285-9. Japanese.{{full citation needed|date=November 2016|reason=journal is missing}}
* "The secret anesthetic used in the repair of a hare-lip performed by Tokumei Takamine in Ryukyu". Matsuki A. ''Nippon Ishigaku Zasshi''. October 1985 '''31'''(4):463-89. Japanese.

==External links==
* [http://www.woodlibrarymuseum.org Wood Library-Museum of Anesthesiology] The most comprehensive educational, scientific and archival resources in anesthesiology.
* [http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/chloroform/chloroformh.htm "Chloroform: ''The molecular lifesaver''"] An article at University of Bristol providing interesting facts about chloroform.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040515001721/http://www.anzca.edu.au/publications/profdocs/profstandards/PS18_2000.htm Australian & New Zealand College of Anaesthetists Monitoring Standard]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051219095333/http://www.rcoa.ac.uk/index.asp?PageID=69 Royal College of Anaesthetists Patient Information page]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100728085207/http://archive.nlm.nih.gov/proj/ttp/flash/hanaoka/hanaoka.html ''Turning the Pages'']: a virtual reconstruction of Hanaoka's ''Surgical Casebook'', c. 1825. From the [[U.S. National Library of Medicine]]
* {{in lang|de}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20121114204957/http://www-user.uni-bremen.de/~d02q/index.html Die Geschichte der Anästhesie].
* [http://www.katedraanest.cm-uj.krakow.pl/download/downloads/Anestezja.ppt "Anesthesia as a specialty: Past, present and future"] Presentation by Prof. Janusz Andres.

{{History of medicine}}

[[Category:General anesthetics]]
[[Category:History of anesthesia|General anesthesia]]
[[Category:Drug discovery]]

Kandla Airport

2026-03-17T16:01:35Z

Davidwnl: refined formatting as per guidelines and fixed typos per sources

{{short description|Domestic airport in Gandhidham, Gujarat, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox airport
| name = Kandla Airport
| image = Kandla Airport building.jpg
| image-width =
| caption =
| IATA = IXY
| ICAO = VAKE
| pushpin_map = India Gujarat #India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of airport in Gujarat
| pushpin_label = '''IXY'''
| pushpin_label_position = right
| type = Public
| owner =
| operator = [[Airports Authority of India]]
| owner-oper =
| city-served = [[Kandla]], [[Gandhidham]]
| location = Anjar, Gandhidham, [[Gujarat]], [[India]]
| elevation-f = 96
| elevation-m = 29
| coordinates = {{coord|23|06|46|N|070|06|01|E|type:airport}}
| website = [https://www.aai.aero/en/airports/kandla Kandla Airport]
| metric-rwy =
| r1-number = 05/23
| r1-length-f = 4,997
| r1-length-m = 1,523
| r1-surface = [[Concrete]]
| stat-year = April 2024 – March 2025
| stat1-header = Passengers
| stat1-data = 48,408 ({{decrease}} 39.9%)
| stat2-header = Aircraft movements
| stat2-data = 822 ({{decrease}} 37.3%)
| stat3-header = Cargo tonnage
| stat3-data = —
| footnotes = Source: [[Airports Authority of India|AAI]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure III – Passenger Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex3.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=30 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure II – Aircraft Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex2.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=30 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure IV – Freight Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex4.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=30 April 2025}}</ref>
}}

'''Kandla Airport''' {{Airport codes|IXY|VAKE}} is a [[domestic airport]] serving the cities of [[Kandla]] and [[Gandhidham]] in [[Gujarat, India|Gujarat]], [[India]]. It is located in Anjar, {{cvt|20|km}} northwest of Kandla and {{cvt|7.5|km}} northwest of Gandhidham.

==History==
The airport was built in the late 1950s. [[Indian Airlines]] commenced passenger operations by deploying [[Douglas DC-3]] aircraft, and later in 1960 using their [[Fokker F-27 Friendship]] aircraft and by [[Hawker Siddeley HS 748]] aircraft, and was also followed by [[Vayudoot]]. [[Gujarat Airways]] also used to operate flights to [[Mumbai]] until the airline ceased operations in 1999.<ref name="ie05">{{cite news|title=Indian Air Farce|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/oldStory/62777/|access-date=29 February 2012|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=16 January 2005}}</ref> After a gap of seven years, commercial services resumed in October 2006 with [[Air Deccan]] operating daily services to Mumbai, using an [[ATR-72]] aircraft, until the airline ceased operations in 2012.<ref>{{cite news|title=Air Deccan connects yet another unconnected sector – brings Kandla into the aviation map|url=http://peanuts.aero/low_cost_airline_news/airline/186/59/Air+Deccan+connects+yet+another+unconnected+sector+%26ndash%3B+brings+Kandla+into+the+aviation+map|access-date=29 February 2012|newspaper=Peanuts! Online|date=4 October 2006|archive-date=25 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130725003726/http://peanuts.aero/low_cost_airline_news/airline/186/59/Air+Deccan+connects+yet+another+unconnected+sector+%26ndash%3B+brings+Kandla+into+the+aviation+map|url-status=dead}}</ref> After five years, [[SpiceJet]] commenced service again in July 2017 using the [[Bombardier Q400]] aircraft to Mumbai, and to [[Delhi]] from 2018.

==Notable people==
Farhan Memon is a poet and Lyricist who works in Bollywood and Gujarati Movies born in Anjar Kutch. He wrote lyrics for many hit songs including 'Rang Dariya' from movie CHEHRE Starring Amitabh Bachchan and Emraan Hashmi. He worked at Kandla Airport several years. <ref>https://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/stirred-not-shaken--the-perfect-cocktail/81821968.html</ref>

==Facilities==
[[File:Plane refuelling at Kandla Airport.jpg|thumb|Apron area of the airport]]
The airport is spread over an area of 268.2 acres, and has a terminal building capable of handling 100 passengers at a time. Its [[airport ramp|apron]] measuring 90 m x 60 m has two parking bays for [[ATR-72]] type aircraft. The airport has navigational facilities and landing aids like [[Non-directional beacon|NDB]] and [[Precision Approach Path Indicator|PAPI]].

==Airlines and destinations==

{{Airport destination list
|[[SpiceJet]]|[[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai]]
}}

== Statistics ==
{{Airport-Statistics|iata=IXY}}

== See also ==

* [[List of airports in Gujarat]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://aai.aero/allAirports/kandla_generalinfo.jsp Kandla Airport at the Airports Authority of India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080219012526/http://aai.aero/allAirports/kandla_generalinfo.jsp |date=19 February 2008 }}

{{Airports in India}}

[[Category:Airports in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Transport in Kutch district]]
[[Category:Gandhidham]]
[[Category:Airports established in 1960]]
[[Category:1960 establishments in East Punjab]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]
[[Category:Airports Authority of India]]

IGl Sports Stadium

2026-03-16T22:38:46Z

Davidwnl: Made new stub.

{{Short description|Stadium in Haldwani, Uttarakhand, India}}
{{Other uses|Indira Gandhi Stadium (disambiguation){{!}}Indira Gandhi Stadium}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Notability|Sports|date=November 2018}}
{{One source|date=November 2018}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox venue
| image =
| caption =
| address = Haldwani Bypass Road, Gaulapar
| city = [[Haldwani]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|29.21938|79.54297}}
| owner = [[Government of Uttarakhand]]
| operator = Uttarakhand Olympic Association
| type = Stadium
| capacity = 25,000
| tenants = [[Uttarakhand football team]] [[Uttarakhand Super League]]
}}

'''Indira Gandhi International Sports Stadium''' is located in [[Haldwani]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]]. It can seat 25,000 spectators and was inaugurated on 18 December 2016 by [[Harish Rawat]], the then [[Chief Minister of Uttarakhand]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Harish Rawat inaugurates international stadium in Haldwani|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/rawat-inaugurates-international-stadium-in-haldwani/articleshow/56051981.cms|access-date=22 March 2017|agency=TNN|work=The Times of India|date=19 December 2016|location=Nainital}}</ref> It is spread over 70 acres and has [[Association football|football]] & [[cricket]] grounds, a [[Racing track|track for 800-metre race]], a [[field hockey|hockey]] field, [[badminton court]]s, a [[lawn tennis]] court, a [[boxing ring]], and a [[swimming pool]]. The stadium is one of the host ground of 38th edition of [[National Games of India|National games]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-03 |title=National Games: Locals flock to Haldwani for swimming and football – heated pools, floodlit soccer, music, dance … ‘festive atmosphere’ |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/national-games-haldwani-heated-pools-floodlit-soccer-music-dance-9815263/ |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-xl/news/other/uttarakhand-cm-dhami-inspects-arrangements-for-38th-national-games-in-haldwani/ar-AA1ytQ7s |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Agrawal |first=Meeth |date=2024-12-13 |title=Uttarakhand National Games 2025: Complete list of venues, sports, and significance |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-sports/news-uttarakhand-national-games-2025-complete-list-venues-sports-significance |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=www.sportskeeda.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Location ==
The stadium is located on the banks of the [[Gaula River (India)|Gaula river]] in the Gaulapar area of [[Haldwani]].<ref>{{cite news|first1=Vineet|last1=Upadhyay|title=Old Haldwani stadium to be upgraded with Int'l facilities|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/Old-Haldwani-stadium-to-be-upgraded-with-Intl-facilities/articleshow/47167221.cms|access-date=10 December 2017|date=4 May 2015|work=The times of India|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222050737/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/Old-Haldwani-stadium-to-be-upgraded-with-Intl-facilities/articleshow/47167221.cms|archive-date=22 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> It is about {{convert|3|km|mi}} from [[Haldwani|Haldwani bus station]] and {{convert|2.5|km|mi}} from [[Haldwani railway station|railway station]].

== History ==
On 7 November 2014, the [[Government of Uttarakhand]] signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the [[NCCU College of Commerce|NCC]] Limited, [[Hyderabad]], to build the stadium in 18 months on 30.20 hectares of land.<ref name="Shishir">{{cite news|first1=Shishir|last1=Prashant|title=NCC bags Rs 225-cr bid to build stadium in Uttarakhand|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/ncc-bags-rs-225-cr-bid-to-build-stadium-in-uttarakhand-114110701300_1.html|access-date=10 December 2017|date=7 November 2014|publisher=Business Standard|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210232025/http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/ncc-bags-rs-225-cr-bid-to-build-stadium-in-uttarakhand-114110701300_1.html|archive-date=10 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> At that time Rs. 225 crore were allocated to this project.<ref name="Shishir" /><ref>{{cite news|title=ग्रेटर हल्द्वानी में बनेगा अंतरराष्ट्रीय स्तर का खेल स्टेडियम|url=http://zeenews.india.com/hindi/sports/world-class-stadium-to-be-built-in-greater-haldwani-indira/237921|access-date=11 December 2017|date=7 November 2014|publisher=Zee News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212031531/http://zeenews.india.com/hindi/sports/world-class-stadium-to-be-built-in-greater-haldwani-indira/237921|archive-date=12 December 2017|url-status=live|language=hi}}</ref> The foundation of Haldwani Stadium was laid on 9 November 2014 by then Chief Minister of [[Uttarakhand]], [[Harish Rawat]].<ref>{{cite news|title=अंतरराष्ट्रीय खेल की दुनिया में उत्तराखंड का बड़ा कदम|url=https://www.amarujala.com/news-archives/sports-archives/international-stadium-in-haldwani-hindi-news|access-date=11 December 2017|date=14 November 2014|publisher=[[Amar Ujala]]|location=Haldwani|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212031642/https://www.amarujala.com/news-archives/sports-archives/international-stadium-in-haldwani-hindi-news|archive-date=12 December 2017|url-status=live|language=hi}}</ref> On 18 December 2016, he inaugurated the International Cricket Ground as a part of the stadium complex.<ref>{{cite news|title=उत्तराखंड को मिली विश्व स्तर पर पहचान|url=https://www.amarujala.com/dehradun/international-cricket-stadium-in-haldwani|access-date=11 December 2017|date=19 December 2016|publisher=[[Amar Ujala]]|location=Haldwani|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212031705/https://www.amarujala.com/dehradun/international-cricket-stadium-in-haldwani|archive-date=12 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=आज हल्द्वानी को मिलेंगे दो बड़े तोहफे|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttarakhand/nainital-15223015.html|access-date=11 December 2017|date=18 December 2016|publisher=[[Dainik Jagran]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212084119/https://www.jagran.com/uttarakhand/nainital-15223015.html|archive-date=12 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first1=हरीश|last1=पांडे|title=एक साल बाद होने हैं राष्ट्रीय खेल मगर नहीं है तैयारी, कैसे होगी मेजबानी|url=https://www.amarujala.com/dehradun/haldwani-international-stadium-not-ready-for-2018-nation-game|access-date=10 December 2017|date=29 May 2017|publisher=[[Amar Ujala]]|location=Haldwani|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210231958/https://www.amarujala.com/dehradun/haldwani-international-stadium-not-ready-for-2018-nation-game|archive-date=10 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=साह |first=अंकित |date=2022-05-17 |title=176 करोड़ की लागत से बने अंतरराष्ट्रीय स्टेडियम की स्थिति बदहाल, 6 साल बाद भी नहीं पूरा हुआ काम |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/up-uk/haldwani-international-cricket-stadium-built-at-a-cost-of-176-crores-condition-is-bad-and-work-not-completed-even-after-6-years-ann-2125365 |access-date=2022-09-27 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref>

== Gallery==
[[File:Indira Gandhi stadium Haldwani 02.jpg|300px|thumb|Entrance gate of the sports ground]]

== See also ==
* [[Doon School Ground]]
* [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium, Dehradun]]
* [[Maharana Pratap Sports College]]

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.collagedesign.net/international_cricket_stadium.html Stadium design]{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}

{{coord|29|13|14|N|79|32|38|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}

{{List of cricket grounds in India}}
{{Uttarakhand}}

[[Category:Sports venues in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Cricket grounds in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials to Indira Gandhi]]
[[Category:Haldwani]]
[[Category:Sports venues completed in 2016]]
[[Category:2016 establishments in Uttarakhand]]

P. K. Mukherjee

2026-03-15T03:14:50Z

Davidwnl: Made new stub - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Prasun K Mukherjee
| image =
| caption =
| image_size =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1955|12|01|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[West Bengal, India]]
| occupation = [[Executive Director]] of [[Sesa Sterlite Limited]]
| alma_mater = [[Institute of Chartered Accountants of India]] [[Calcutta University]]
| education = [[Chartered Accountant|CA]], [[Institute of Cost Accountants of India|ICWA]]
| spouse = Subhra Mukherjee
| children = Tathagatha (Son) Sarthak (Son)
| website = [http://www.sesagoa.com www.sesagoa.com]
}}

'''Prasun Kumar Mukherjee''' (born 1 December 1955) is the Executive Director of [[Sesa Sterlite Limited]], a subsidiary of [[Vedanta Resources|Vedanta Resources plc]].

==Education==
Mukherjee completed his [[Bachelor of Commerce]] with Honours from [[Calcutta University]]. He is an Associate Member of the [[Institute of Cost Accountants of India]], and a fellow of the [[Institute of Chartered Accountants of India]].

==Career==
Mukherjee has worked in various profiles including finance, accounts, costing, taxation, legal and management, at various organisations including [[CEAT Tyres]] and [[Bridge and Roof Company (India)]]. He is presently the Managing director of [[Sesa Goa|Sesa Goa Limited]], having taken up the position in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sesagoa.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=49&Itemid=56 |title=Board Members |publisher=Sesa Goa |date= |accessdate=2013-03-05}}</ref>

==Personal life==
He is married to Subhra Mukherjee and they have two sons. The elder, Tathagatha is currently pursuing his MBA in China Europe International Business School and the younger, Sarthak is pursuing his CA.
Mukherjee has a special interest in classical music and soccer. He is also the President of the [[Sesa Football Academy]].

==Awards==
Mukherjee was adjudged one of India’s Best [[Chief Financial Officers]] (CFOs) in the year 2005 by [[Business Today (business magazine)|Business Today]].

In November 2009, [[BusinessWorld]] declared him [[India|India’s]] most ‘Value’able CEO.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.businessworld.in/en/storypage/-/bw/building-a-road-where-none-exists/646294.0/page/0 |title=Building A Road Where None Exists |publisher=Businessworld.in |date=2009-11-29 |accessdate=2013-03-05 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130412235231/http://www.businessworld.in/en/storypage/-/bw/building-a-road-where-none-exists/646294.0/page/0 |archive-date=12 April 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In July 2010, [[Star Ananda]] conferred on him the "Sera Bengali" award in the business arena.

==Associations==
Mukherjee has been associated with various organisations in various capacities, including

*Former Co-chairman of the Mining Committee Federation of the Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry([[FICCI]]).

*Managing Committee Member & Member of Mentoring Committee of Goa Chamber of Commerce and Industry (GCCI).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goachamber.org/html/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=11&Itemid=50 |title=Goa Chamber of Commerce & Industry - Managing Committee |publisher=Goachamber.org |date=2012-02-22 |accessdate=2013-03-05}}</ref>

*Chairperson of the Mineral Foundation of Goa.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mfgoa.com/chairmanss-note |title=Mineral Foundation of Goa - Chairman's Note |publisher=Mfgoa.com |date= |accessdate=2013-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016130619/http://mfgoa.com/chairmanss-note |archive-date=16 October 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

*Executive Committee Member of the Goa Mineral Ore Exporters’ Association (GMOEA).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gmoea.com/aboutus_managing.php#aboutus |title=Goa Mineral Ore Exporters' Association |publisher=Gmoea.com |date= |accessdate=2013-03-05}}</ref>

*Former President and Member of the Federation of Indian Mineral Industries (FIMI).

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mukherjee, P K}}
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Kolkata]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Goa]]
[[Category:People from Panaji]]
[[Category:Vedanta Resources]]

Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener

2026-03-08T03:59:26Z

Davidwnl: minor correct formatting and fixed typos to improve readability

{{Short description|British army officer and colonial administrator (1850–1916)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = The Earl Kitchener
| honorific-prefix = [[Field marshal (United Kingdom)|Field Marshal]] [[The Right Honourable]]
| honorific-suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100|KG|KP|GCB|OM|GCSI|GCMG|GCIE|PC}}
| image = Horatio Herbert Kitchener (cropped).jpg
| caption = Kitchener in 1910
| monarch1 = [[George V]]
| office1 = [[Secretary of State for War]]
| predecessor1 = [[H. H. Asquith]]
| primeminister1 = H. H. Asquith
| successor1 = [[David Lloyd George]]
| term_start1 = 5 August 1914
| term_end1 = 5 June 1916
| order2 =
| office2 = [[List of diplomats of the United Kingdom to Egypt|Consul-General in Egypt]]
| term_start2 = 12 July 1911
| term_end2 = 5 August 1914
| predecessor2 = [[Sir Eldon Gorst]]
| successor2 = [[Sir Milne Cheetham]]
| office3 = Member of the [[House of Lords]] [[Lord Temporal]]
| term_start3 = 1 November 1898
| term_end3 = 5 June 1916 [[Hereditary peerage]]
| predecessor3 = ''[[Earl Kitchener|Peerage created]]''
| successor3 = [[Henry Kitchener, 2nd Earl Kitchener]]
| office4 = [[List of governors of pre-independence Sudan|Governor of Sudan]]
| predecessor4 = [[Abdallahi ibn Muhammad]] ([[Mahdist State]])
| successor4 = [[Reginald Wingate]] ([[Anglo-Egyptian Sudan]])
| term_start4 = 2 September 1898
| term_end4 = 22 December 1899
| birth_date = {{birth date|1850|06|24|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Gunsborough Villa, north of [[Listowel]], [[County Kerry]], Ireland
| death_date = {{death date and age|1916|06|05|1850|06|24|df=yes}}
| death_place = {{HMS|Hampshire|1903|6}}, west of [[Orkney]], Scotland
| death_cause = [[Killed in action]]
| relations = Henry Kitchener, 2nd Earl Kitchener (older brother) [[Walter Kitchener|Sir Walter Kitchener]] (younger brother)
| nickname = "Kitch"
| allegiance = United Kingdom
| branch = [[British Army]]
| serviceyears = 1871–1916
| rank = [[Field marshal (United Kingdom)|Field marshal]]
| unit =
| commands = [[Commander-in-Chief, India]] (1902–1909) [[Commander-in-Chief of British Forces in South Africa|British Forces in South Africa]] (1900–1902) [[Sirdar|Egyptian Army]] (1892–1899)
| battles = [[Franco-Prussian War]] [[Mahdist War]] [[Second Boer War]] [[First World War]]
| mawards = [[#Honours and arms|''Complete list'']]
| signature = Peace Treaty of Vereeniging, South Africa, 31 May 1902 (page 4 crop) - Kitchener signature.jpg
}}
Field Marshal '''Horatio Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ɪ|tʃ|ᵻ|n|ər}}; 24 June 1850 – 5 June 1916) was an [[Anglo-Irish]] [[British Army]] officer and colonial administrator. Kitchener came to prominence for his imperial campaigns, his involvement in the [[Second Boer War]],{{sfn|Pakenham|1979|pages=51, 573}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/victorians/boer_wars_01.shtml|title=BBC – History – The Boer Wars|website=BBC}}</ref> and his central role in the early part of the [[First World War]].

Kitchener was credited in 1898 for having won the [[Battle of Omdurman]] and securing control of the [[Sudan]], for which he was [[ennoblement|made]] [[Baron Kitchener]] [[territorial designation|of Khartoum]]. As Chief of Staff (1900–1902) in the Second Boer War<ref name=Debrett>Anon., [https://archive.org/details/b24883797/page/n527/mode/2up "Kitchener of Khartoum, Viscount"], in ''Debrett's peerage, baronetage, knightage, and companionage'', London: Dean & Son, 1903, p. 483-484.</ref> he played a key role in [[Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts|Lord Roberts]]' conquest of the [[Boer Republics]], then succeeded Roberts as commander-in-chief – by which time [[Boer]] forces had taken to guerrilla fighting and British forces imprisoned Boer and African civilians in [[British concentration camps|concentration camps]]. His term as [[Commander-in-Chief, India|commander-in-chief]] (1902–1909) of the Army in India saw him quarrel with another eminent proconsul, the [[Governor-General of India|viceroy]] [[George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston|Lord Curzon]], who eventually resigned. Kitchener then returned to [[Khedivate of Egypt|Egypt]] as British agent and consul-general (''de facto'' administrator).

In 1914, at the start of the [[First World War]], Kitchener became [[secretary of state for war]], a cabinet minister. One of the few to foresee a long war, lasting for at least three years, and having the authority to act effectively on that perception, he organised the largest [[Kitchener's Army|volunteer army]] that Britain had seen, and oversaw a significant expansion of material production to fight on the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]]. Despite having warned of the difficulty of provisioning for a long war, he was blamed for the [[Shell Crisis of 1915|shortage of shells]] in the spring of 1915 – one of the events leading to the formation of a coalition government – and stripped of his control over munitions and strategy.

On 5 June 1916, Kitchener was making his way to Russia on {{HMS|Hampshire|1903|6}} to attend negotiations with Tsar [[Nicholas II of Russia|Nicholas II]] when in bad weather the ship struck a German mine {{convert|1.5|mi}} west of [[Orkney]], Scotland, and sank. Kitchener was among 737 who died.

==Early life==
[[File:Kitchener & family.jpg|thumb|left|Kitchener on his mother's lap, with his brother and sister]]
Kitchener was born at Gunsborough Villa,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dib.ie/biography/kitchener-horatio-herbert-a4596|title=Kitchener, Horatio Herbert|publisher=Dictionary of Irish Biography|access-date=22 June 2025}}</ref> north of [[Listowel]], [[County Kerry]], in [[Ireland]], son of army officer Henry Horatio Kitchener (1805–1894) and Frances Anne Chevallier (1826–1864); daughter of [[Chevalliers of Aspall Hall|John Chevallier]], a clergyman, of Aspall Hall, and his third wife, Elizabeth (''née'' Cole).<ref name=Debrett/><ref name=odnb>{{cite ODNB |id=34341 |title=Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener |year=2004}}</ref>

Both sides of Kitchener's family were from [[Suffolk]], and could trace their descent to the reign of [[William III of England|William III]]; his mother's family was of French [[Huguenot]] descent.{{sfn|Cassar|1977|p=17}} His father had only recently sold his commission and bought land in Ireland, under the [[Incumbered Estates (Ireland) Act 1849]] designed to encourage investment into Ireland after the [[Irish Famine]].{{sfn|Heathcote|1999|p=192}} In later life Kitchener only once revisited his childhood home, in the summer of 1910 at the invitation of [[Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne]]; he astonished the estate's owners by recalling the Irish names of many of the fields. Although sometimes labeled by military [[historians]] as Irish or [[Anglo-Irish people|Anglo-Irish]] (a group which provided a disproportionate number of senior British [[officers]] – see [[Irish military diaspora]]), Kitchener did not regard himself as such and was known to quote the saying misattributed to the [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Duke of Wellington]] that "a man may be born in a stable, but that does not make him a horse".{{sfn|Royle|1985|pp=1, 15-6}}

In 1864 the family moved to [[Switzerland]], where the young Kitchener was educated at [[Montreux]], then at the [[Royal Military Academy, Woolwich]].<ref name=Debrett/>{{sfn|Heathcote|1999|p=192}} Pro-French and eager to see action, he joined a French field ambulance unit in the [[Franco-Prussian War]]. His father took him back to [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Britain]] after he caught [[pneumonia]] while ascending in a [[balloon]] to see the French [[Army of the Loire]] in action.{{sfn|Heathcote|1999|p=192}}

Commissioned into the [[Royal Engineers]] on 4 January 1871,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=23694|page=38|date=6 January 1871}}</ref> Kitchener was reprimanded by the [[Prince George, Duke of Cambridge|Duke of Cambridge]], the commander-in-chief, as his service in France had violated British neutrality.{{sfn|Heathcote|1999|p=192}} He served in [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]], [[Khedivate of Egypt|Egypt]] and [[British Cyprus|Cyprus]] as a surveyor, learned [[Arabic language|Arabic]], and prepared detailed topographical maps of the areas.<ref name=odnb/> His brother, Lt. Gen. Sir [[Walter Kitchener]], had also entered the army and was [[Governor of Bermuda]] from 1908 to 1912.<ref>{{Cite news| title =Brother of Kitchener passes in Bermuda| newspaper=[[The Atlanta Journal-Constitution|The Atlanta Constitution]]| page =29| date =8 March 1912}}</ref>

==Survey of western Palestine==
In 1874, aged 24, Kitchener was assigned by the [[Palestine Exploration Fund]] to a mapping-survey of the [[Holy Land]], replacing [[Charles Tyrwhitt-Drake]], who had died of malaria.{{sfn|Silberman|1982|pp=121–122}} By then an officer in the [[Royal Engineers]], Kitchener joined fellow officer [[Claude R. Conder]]; between 1874 and 1877 they surveyed Palestine, returning to [[England]] only briefly in 1875 after an attack by locals at [[Safed]], in [[Galilee]].{{sfn|Silberman|1982|pp=121–122}}

Conder and Kitchener's expedition became known as the [[Survey of Western Palestine]] because it was largely confined to the area west of the [[Jordan River]]. The survey collected data on the topography and toponymy of the area, as well as local flora and fauna.<ref name=Debrett/>{{sfn|Hull|1885| pages=199–222}}

The results of the survey were published in an eight-volume series, with Kitchener's contribution in the first three tomes (Conder and Kitchener 1881–1885). This survey has had a lasting effect on the [[Middle East]] for several reasons:
* It serves as the basis for the [[Palestine grid|grid system]] used in the modern maps of [[Israel]] and [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]];
* The data compiled by Conder and Kitchener are still consulted by archaeologists and geographers working in the southern [[Levant]];
* The survey itself effectively delineated and defined the political borders of the southern Levant. For example, the modern border between Israel and [[Lebanon]] is established at the point in upper [[Galilee]] where Conder and Kitchener's survey stopped.{{sfn|Silberman|1982|pp=121–122}}

In 1878, having completed the survey of western Palestine, Kitchener was sent to Cyprus to undertake a survey of that newly acquired British protectorate.{{sfn|Heathcote|1999|p=192}} He became vice-consul in [[Anatolia]] in 1879.<ref name=Debrett/><ref>{{London Gazette|issue=24741|page=4338|date=8 July 1879|nolink=y}}</ref>

==Egypt==
On 4 January 1883 Kitchener was promoted to [[Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)|captain]],<ref name=Debrett/><ref>{{London Gazette|issue=25184|page=31|date=2 January 1883|nolink=y}}</ref> given the Turkish rank [[binbashi|binbasi]] (major), and dispatched to Egypt, where he took part in the reconstruction of the [[Egyptian Army]].{{sfn|Heathcote|1999|p=192}}

Egypt had recently become a British puppet state, its army led by British officers, although still nominally under the sovereignty of the [[Khedive]] (Egyptian viceroy) and his nominal overlord the [[List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire|Ottoman sultan]]. Kitchener became second-in-command of an Egyptian cavalry regiment in February 1883, and then took part in the failed [[Nile Expedition]] to relieve [[Charles George Gordon]] in the [[Turco-Egyptian Sudan|Sudan]] in late 1884.{{sfn|Heathcote|1999|p=192}}{{sfn|Faught|2016|page=33}}

Fluent in Arabic, Kitchener preferred the company of the Egyptians over the British, and the company of no-one over the Egyptians, writing in 1884 that: "I have become such a solitary bird that I often think I were happier alone".{{sfn|Urban|2005|page=188}} Kitchener spoke Arabic so well that he was able to effortlessly adopt the dialects of the different [[Bedouin]] tribes of Egypt and the Sudan.{{sfn|Urban|2005|page=190}}

Promoted to [[Brevet (military)|brevet]] [[Major (rank)|major]] on 8 October 1884<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=25402|page=4373|date=7 October 1884|nolink=y}}</ref> and to brevet [[lieutenant-colonel]] on 15 June 1885,<ref name=Debrett/><ref>{{London Gazette|issue=25505|page=4052|date=25 August 1885|nolink=y}}</ref> he became the British member of the [[Zanzibar]] boundary commission in July 1885.<ref name=Debrett/><ref>{{London Gazette|issue=25527|page=5080|date=6 November 1885|nolink=y}}</ref> He became Governor of the Egyptian Provinces of Eastern Sudan and Red Sea Littoral (which in practice consisted of little more than the Port of [[Suakin]]) in September 1886, also [[Pasha]] the same year,<ref name=Debrett/> and led his forces in action against the followers of [[Muhammad Ahmad|the Mahdi]] at Handub in January 1888, when he was injured in the jaw.<ref name=Debrett/>{{sfn|Heathcote|1999|p=193}}

Kitchener was promoted to brevet [[Colonel (United Kingdom)|colonel]] on 11 April 1888<ref name=Debrett/><ref>{{London Gazette|issue=25806|page=2070|date=10 April 1888|nolink=y}}</ref> and to the substantive rank of [[Major (United Kingdom)|major]] on 20 July 1889<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=25963|page=4319|date=9 August 1889|nolink=y}}</ref> and led the Egyptian cavalry at the [[Battle of Toski]] in August 1889.<ref name=Debrett/> At the beginning of 1890 he was appointed inspector general of the [[Egyptian National Police|Egyptian police]] 1888–92<ref name=Debrett/>{{sfn|Faught|2016|page=54}} before moving to the position of Adjutant-General of the Egyptian Army in December of the same year and [[Sirdar]] (commander-in-chief) of the Egyptian Army with the local rank of brigadier in April 1892.<ref name=Debrett/>{{sfn|Heathcote|1999|p=193}}

Kitchener was worried that, although his moustache was bleached white by the sun, his blond hair refused to turn grey, making it harder for Egyptians to take him seriously. His appearance added to his mystique: his long legs made him appear taller, whilst a cast in his eye made people feel he was looking right through them.{{sfn|Reid|2006|p=78}} Kitchener, at {{convert|6|ft|2|in|m|abbr=on}}, towered over most of his contemporaries.{{sfn|MacLaren|1978|page=11}}

[[Evelyn Baring, 1st Earl of Cromer|Sir Evelyn Baring]], the ''de facto'' British ruler of Egypt, thought Kitchener "the most able (soldier) I have come across in my time".{{sfn|Tuchman|1962|page=193}} In 1890, a [[War Office]] evaluation of Kitchener concluded: "A good brigadier, very ambitious, not popular, but has of late greatly improved in tact and manner ... a fine gallant soldier and good linguist and very successful in dealing with Orientals" [in the 19th century, Europeans called the Middle East the Orient].{{sfn|Urban|2005|pages=188–189}}

While in Egypt, Kitchener was initiated into [[Freemasonry]] in 1883 in the Italian-speaking La Concordia Lodge No. 1226, which met in Cairo.{{sfn|Pollock|2001| page= 54}} In November 1899 he was appointed the first District Grand Master of the District Grand Lodge of Egypt and the Sudan, under the [[United Grand Lodge of England]].<ref>Dorothe Sommer, '' Freemasonry in the Ottoman Empire'', I. B. Tauris, Londra-New-York, 2015, p. 80.</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Kitchener of Khartoum: Mason extraordinary|url=http://www.mqmagazine.co.uk/issue-12/p-07.php|magazine=MQ Magazine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213040023/http://www.mqmagazine.co.uk/issue-12/p-07.php |archive-date=13 December 2007 |access-date=2018-11-26}}</ref>

==Sudan and Khartoum==
{{see also|Anglo-Egyptian invasion of Sudan}}
[[File:General Kitchener and the Anglo-egyptian Nile Campaign, 1898 HU93828.jpg|thumb|Kitchener, Commander of the Egyptian Army (centre right), 1898]] In 1896, the [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|British Prime Minister]], [[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury|Lord Salisbury]], was concerned with keeping [[French Third Republic|France]] out of the [[Horn of Africa]]. A French expedition under the command of [[Jean-Baptiste Marchand]] had left [[Dakar]] in March 1896 with the aim of conquering the Sudan, seizing control of the [[Nile]] as it flowed into Egypt, and forcing the British out of Egypt; thus restoring Egypt to the place within the French sphere of influence that it had had prior to 1882. Salisbury feared that if the British did not conquer the Sudan, the French would.{{sfn|Urban|2005|p=194}} He had supported [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]]'s ambitions to conquer Ethiopia in the hope that the Italians would keep the French out of Ethiopia. The Italian attempt to conquer [[Ethiopian Empire|Ethiopia]], however, was going very badly by early 1896, and ended with the Italians being annihilated at the [[Battle of Adowa]] in March 1896. In March 1896, with the Italians visibly failing and the [[Mahdist State]] threatening to conquer [[Italian Eritrea]], Salisbury ordered Kitchener to invade northern Sudan, ostensibly for the purpose of distracting the [[Ansar (Sudan)|''Ansar'']] (whom the British called "[[Dervish]]es") from attacking the Italians.{{sfn|Urban|2005|page=187}}

Kitchener won victories at the [[Battle of Ferkeh]] in June 1896 and the [[Battle of Hafir]] in September 1896, earning him national fame in the United Kingdom and promotion to [[major-general]] on 25 September 1896.<ref name=Debrett/><ref>{{London Gazette|issue=26781|page=5379|date=29 September 1896|nolink=y}}</ref> Kitchener's cold personality and his tendency to drive his men hard made him widely disliked by his fellow officers. One officer wrote about Kitchener in September 1896: "He was always inclined to bully his own entourage, as some men are rude to their wives. He was inclined to let off his spleen on those around him. He was often morose and silent for hours together ... he was even morbidly afraid of showing any feeling or enthusiasm, and he preferred to be misunderstood rather than be suspected of human feeling." Kitchener had served on the [[Garnet Wolseley, 1st Viscount Wolseley|Wolseley]] expedition to rescue General [[Charles George Gordon]] at Khartoum, and was convinced that the expedition failed because Wolseley had used boats coming up the Nile to bring his supplies.{{sfn|Urban|2005|pages=88}} Kitchener wanted to build a railroad to supply the Anglo-Egyptian army, and assigned the task of constructing the [[Sudan Military Railroad]] to a Canadian railroad builder, [[Percy Girouard]], for whom he had specifically asked.{{sfn|Pigott|2009|page=79}}

Kitchener achieved further successes at the [[Battle of Atbara]] in April 1898, and then the [[Battle of Omdurman]] in September 1898.<ref name=Debrett/>{{sfn|Heathcote|1999|p=193}} After marching to the walls of Khartoum, he placed his army into a crescent shape with the Nile to the rear, together with the gunboats in support. This enabled him to bring overwhelming firepower against any attack of the ''Ansar'' from any direction, though with the disadvantage of having his men spread out thinly, with hardly any forces in reserve. Such an arrangement could have proven disastrous if the ''Ansar'' had broken through the thin [[khaki]] line.{{sfn|Urban|2005|page=189}} At about 5 a.m. on 2 September 1898, a huge force of ''Ansar'', under the command of the [[Abdallahi ibn Muhammad|Khalifa]] himself, came out of the fort at [[Omdurman]], marching under their black banners inscribed with Koranic quotations in Arabic; this led [[Bennet Burleigh]], the Sudan correspondent of ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', to write: "It was not alone the reverberation of the tread of horses and men's feet I heard and seemed to feel as well as hear, but a voiced continuous shouting and chanting-the Dervish invocation and battle challenge "Allah e Allah Rasool Allah el Mahdi!" they reiterated in vociferous rising measure, as they swept over the intervening ground".{{sfn|Urban|2005|pages=190–191}} Kitchener had the ground carefully studied so that his officers would know the best angle of fire, and had his army open fire on the ''Ansar'' first with artillery, then machine guns and finally rifles as the enemy advanced.{{sfn|Urban|2005|pages=191–192}} A young [[Winston Churchill]], serving as an army officer, wrote of what he saw: "A ragged line of men were coming on desperately, struggling forward in the face of the pitiless fire{{snd}}black banners tossing and collapsing; white figures subsiding in dozens to the ground ... valiant men were struggling on through a hell of whistling metal, exploding shells, and spurting dust{{snd}}suffering, despairing, dying". By about 8:30 am, much of the Dervish army was dead; Kitchener ordered his men to advance, fearing that the Khalifa might escape with what was left of his army to the fort of Omdurman, forcing Kitchener to lay siege to it.{{sfn|Urban|2005|p=192}}

Viewing the battlefield from horseback on the hill at Jebel Surgham, Kitchener commented: "Well, we have given them a damn good dusting".{{sfn|Urban|2005|p=192}} As the British and Egyptians advanced in columns, the Khalifa attempted to outflank and encircle the columns; this led to desperate hand-to-hand fighting. Churchill wrote of his own experience as the [[21st Lancers]] cut their way through the ''Ansar'': "The collision was prodigious and for perhaps ten wonderful seconds, no man heeded his enemy. Terrified horses wedged in the crowd, bruised and shaken men, sprawling in heaps, struggle dazed and stupid, to their feet, panted and looked about them". The Lancers' onslaught carried them through the 12-men-deep ''Ansar'' line with the Lancers losing 71 dead and wounded while killing hundreds of the enemy. Following the annihilation of his army, the Khalifa ordered a retreat and early in the afternoon, Kitchener rode in triumph into Omdurman and immediately ordered that the thousands of Christians enslaved by the ''Ansar'' were now all free people. Kitchener lost fewer than 500 men while killing about 11,000 and wounding 17,000 of the ''Ansar''. Burleigh summed the general mood of the British troops: "At Last! Gordon has been avenged and justified. The dervishes have been overwhelming routed, Mahdism has been "smashed", while the Khalifa's capital of Omdurman has been stripped of its barbaric halo of sanctity and invulnerability.{{sfn|Urban|2005|page=193}} Kitchener promptly had [[the Mahdi's tomb]] blown up to prevent it from becoming a rallying point for his supporters, and had his bones scattered. [[Queen Victoria]], who had wept when she heard of General Gordon's death, now wept for the man who had vanquished Gordon, asking whether it had been really necessary for Kitchener to desecrate the Mahdi's tomb.{{sfn|Urban|2005|p=195}}The body of the Mahdi was disinterred and beheaded.<ref>Gordon, Michelle, [http://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1318055/FULLTEXT01.pdf "Viewing Violence in the British Empire: Images of Atrocity from the Battle of Omdurman, 1898"]. ''Journal of Perpetrator Research 2.2'', 2019, p. 81. Retrieved 23 December 2020.</ref> This symbolic decapitation echoed General Gordon's death at the hands of the Mahdist forces in 1885. The headless body of the Mahdi was thrown into the Nile.<ref>The Guardian Research department (2011) [https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/from-the-archive-blog/2011/may/18/guardian190-mahdi-body-in-sudan "21 February 1899: Treatment of the Mahdi's body condemned"]. ''The Guardian''. Retrieved 23 December 2020.</ref><ref>Nicoll, Fergus and Nusairi, Osman (last updated 2020) [https://makingafricanconnections.org/s/archive/item/1721 Finial of the Mahdī's qubba]. ''Making African Connections''. Retrieved 23 December 2020.</ref> Kitchener is sometimes claimed to have kept the Mahdī's skull and rumoured that he intended to use it as a drinking cup or ink well.<ref>[[Moorehead, Alan]]. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=JE-vQgAACAAJ The White Nile]''. Hamish Hamilton, 1971, p. 335.</ref> Other historians state that he had the head buried unmarked in a Muslim cemetery.{{sfn|Asher|2005|p=403}}{{sfn|Hastings|1986|pp=308–310}} In a letter to his mother, Churchill wrote that the victory at Omdurman had been "disgraced by the inhuman slaughter of the wounded and ... Kitchener is responsible for this".{{sfn|Urban|2005|pages=193–194}} There is no evidence that Kitchener ordered his men to shoot the wounded ''Ansar'' on the field of Omdurman, but he did give before the battle what the British journalist [[Mark Urban]] called a "mixed message", saying that mercy should be given, while at the same time saying "Remember Gordon" and that the enemy were all "murderers" of Gordon.{{sfn|Urban|2005|page=194}} The victory at Omdurman made Kitchener into a popular war hero, and gave him a reputation for efficiency and as a man who got things done. The journalist [[G. W. Steevens]] wrote in the ''[[Daily Mail]]'' that "He [Kitchener] is more like a machine than a man. You feel that he ought to be patented and shown with pride at the [[Exposition Universelle (1900)|Paris International Exhibition]]. British Empire: Exhibit No. 1 ''hors concours'', the Sudan Machine". The shooting of the wounded at Omdurman, along with the desecration of the Mahdi's tomb, gave Kitchener a reputation for brutality that was to dog him for the rest of his life, and posthumously.{{sfn|Urban|2005|p=195}}

After Omdurman, Kitchener opened a special sealed letter from Salisbury that told him that Salisbury's real reason for ordering the conquest of the Sudan was to prevent France from moving into the Sudan, and that the talk of "avenging Gordon" had been just a pretext.{{sfn|Urban|2005|p=194}} Salisbury's letter ordered Kitchener to head south as soon as possible to evict Marchand before he got a chance to become well-established on the Nile. On 18 September 1898, Kitchener arrived at the French fort at Fashoda (present day [[Kodok]], on the west bank of the Nile north of [[Malakal]]) and informed Marchand that he and his men had to leave the Sudan at once, a request Marchand refused, leading to a tense stand-off as French and British soldiers aimed their weapons at each other.{{sfn|Urban|2005|p=194}} During what became known as the [[Fashoda Incident]], Britain and France almost went to war with each other.<ref name="The Fashoda Incident">{{cite web |url=http://ibatpv.org/projects/scramble/fashoda.htm |title=The Fashoda Incident |publisher=Silvapages |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029194554/http://ibatpv.org/projects/scramble/fashoda.htm |archive-date=29 October 2013 |url-status=dead |access-date=21 July 2013}}</ref> The Fashoda Incident caused much jingoism and chauvinism on both sides of the [[English Channel]]; however, at Fashoda itself, despite the stand-off with the French, Kitchener established cordial relations with Marchand. They agreed that the [[Flag of France|tricolor]] would fly equally with the [[Union Jack]] and the [[Flag of Egypt|Egyptian flag]] over the disputed fort at Fashoda.<ref name="The Fashoda Incident" /> Kitchener was a [[Francophile]] who spoke fluent French, and despite his reputation for brusque rudeness was very diplomatic and tactful in his talks with Marchand; for example, congratulating him on his achievement in crossing the Sahara in an epic trek from Dakar to the Nile.{{sfn|Massie|2012|page=252}} In November 1898, the crisis ended when the French agreed to withdraw from the Sudan.{{sfn|Urban|2005|p=195}} Several factors persuaded the French to back down. These included British naval superiority; the prospect of an Anglo-French war leading to the British gobbling up the entire [[French colonial empire]] after the defeat of the [[French Navy]]; the pointed statement from the Russian emperor [[Nicholas II of Russia|Nicholas II]] that the Franco-Russian alliance applied only to Europe, and that Russia would not go to war against Britain for the sake of an obscure fort in the Sudan in which no Russian interests were involved; and the possibility that [[German Empire|Germany]] might take advantage of an Anglo-French war to strike France.{{sfn|Massie|2012|page=254}}

Kitchener became [[List of governors of pre-independence Sudan|Governor-General of the Sudan]] in September 1898, and began a programme of restoring good governance. The programme had a strong foundation, based on education at [[Gordon Memorial College]] as its centrepiece{{snd}}and not simply for the children of the local elites, for children from anywhere could apply to study. He ordered the [[mosque]]s of Khartoum rebuilt, instituted reforms which recognised Friday{{snd}}the Muslim holy day{{snd}}as the official day of rest, and guaranteed freedom of religion to all citizens of the Sudan. He attempted to prevent evangelical Christian missionaries from trying to convert Muslims to Christianity.{{sfn|Korieh|2007|page=206}}

At this stage of his career Kitchener was keen to exploit the press, cultivating [[G. W. Steevens]] of the ''[[Daily Mail]]'' who wrote a book ''With Kitchener to Khartum''. Later, as his legend had grown, he was able to be rude to the press, on one occasion in the Second Boer War bellowing: "Get out of my way, you drunken swabs".{{sfn|Reid|2006|p=78}} He was created '''Baron Kitchener''', of [[Khartoum]] and of [[Aspall, Suffolk|Aspall in the County of Suffolk]], on 31 October 1898.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=27019|page=6375|date=1 November 1898|nolink=y}}</ref>

==Anglo-Boer War==
[[File:Horatio Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener of Khartoum, 1901.jpg|thumb|Duffus Bros, platinum print/NPG P403. Horatio Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener of Khartoum, 1901]]
During the [[Second Boer War]], Kitchener arrived in [[South Africa]] with Field Marshal [[Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts|Lord Roberts]] on the RMS ''[[RMS Dunottar Castle|Dunottar Castle]]'' along with massive British reinforcements in December 1899.{{sfn|Heathcote|1999|p=193}} Officially holding the title of chief of staff,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=27146|page=8541|date=22 December 1899|nolink=y}}</ref> he was in practice a second-in-command and was present at the [[relief of Kimberley]] before leading an unsuccessful frontal assault at the [[Battle of Paardeberg]] in February 1900.{{sfn|Heathcote|1999|p=193}} Kitchener was [[Mentioned in Despatches|mentioned in despatches]] from Roberts several times during the early part of the war; in a despatch from March 1900 Roberts wrote how he was "greatly indebted to him for his counsel and cordial support on all occasions".<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=27282 |page=844 |date=8 February 1901 |nolink=y}}</ref>

Following the defeat of the conventional [[Boer]] forces, Kitchener succeeded Roberts as overall commander in November 1900.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{London Gazette|issue=27256|page=8459|date=14 December 1900|nolink=y}}</ref> He was also promoted to [[Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)|lieutenant-general]] on 29 November 1900<ref name=Debrett/><ref>{{London Gazette|issue=27253|page=8217|date=4 December 1900|nolink=y}}</ref> and to local [[General (United Kingdom)|general]] on 12 December 1900.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> He subsequently inherited and expanded the successful strategies devised by Roberts to force the Boer [[commandos]] to submit, including concentration camps and the burning of farms.{{sfn|Heathcote|1999|p=193}} Conditions in the [[British concentration camps|concentration camps]], which had been conceived by Roberts as a form of control of the families whose farms he had destroyed, began to degenerate rapidly as the large influx of Boers outstripped the ability of the minuscule British force to cope. The camps lacked space, food, sanitation, medicine, and medical care, leading to rampant disease and a very high death rate for those Boers who entered. Eventually 26,370 women and children (81% were children) died in the concentration camps.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.anglo-boer.co.za/concentration-camps/camps2.php |title=Concentration Camps |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070825180514/http://www.anglo-boer.co.za/concentration-camps/camps2.php |archive-date=25 August 2007 |url-status=dead |access-date=14 August 2014}}</ref> The biggest critic of the camps was the English humanitarian and welfare worker [[Emily Hobhouse]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/from-the-archive-blog/2011/may/19/guardian190-south-africa-concentration-camps|title=19 June 1901: The South African concentration camps|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=21 July 2013|location=London|first=Research|last=Department|date=19 May 2011}}</ref> She published a prominent report that highlighted atrocities committed by Kitchener's soldiers and administration, creating considerable debate in London about the war.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Elkins |first=Caroline |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3icqEAAAQBAJ |title=Legacy of Violence: A History of the British Empire |date=2022 |publisher=Knopf Doubleday |isbn=978-0-593-32008-2 |pages=86–89 |language=en}}</ref> Kitchener blocked Hobhouse from returning to South Africa by invoking martial law provisions.<ref name=":1" />
[[File:LizzieVanZyl.jpg|left|thumb|216x216px|[[Lizzie van Zyl]], a South African girl imprisoned in a [[Second Boer War concentration camps|concentration camp]] as a result of Kitchener's counterinsurgency tactics during the [[Second Boer War]]]]
Historian [[Caroline Elkins]] characterised Kitchener's conduct of the war as a "[[scorched earth]] policy", as his forces razed homesteads, poisoned wells and implemented concentration camps, as well as turned women and children into targets in the war.<ref name=":1" />

The [[Treaty of Vereeniging]] ending the war was signed in May 1902 following a tense six months. During this period Kitchener struggled against the governor of the [[Cape Colony]] ([[Alfred Milner, 1st Viscount Milner]]), and against the British government. Milner was a hard-line conservative and wanted to Anglicise the [[Afrikaans]]-speaking people (the Boers) by force, and both Milner and the British government wanted to assert victory by forcing the Boers to sign a humiliating peace treaty; Kitchener wanted a more generous compromise peace treaty that would recognise certain rights for the Afrikaners and promise them future self-government. He even entertained a peace treaty proposed by [[Louis Botha]] and the other Boer leaders, although he knew the British government would reject the offer; their proposal would have maintained the sovereignty of the [[South African Republic]] and the [[Orange Free State]] while requiring them to sign a perpetual treaty of alliance with the UK and grant major concessions to the British, such as equal language rights for English with Dutch in their countries, voting rights for [[Uitlanders]], and a customs and railway union with the Cape Colony and the [[Colony of Natal|Natal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/27529/27529-h/27529-h.htm |title=The Peace Negotiations| first1= J. D.|last1= Kestell |first2= D. E. |last2=van Velden|publisher=Richard Clay & Sons|year=1902|access-date=21 July 2013}}</ref> During Kitchener's posting in South Africa, Kitchener became acting [[High Commissioner for Southern Africa]].<ref name=Debrett/>

Kitchener, who had been promoted to the substantive rank of general on 1 June 1902,<ref name=Debrett/><ref>{{London Gazette|issue=27441|page=3750|date=10 June 1902|nolink=y}}</ref> was given a farewell reception at Cape Town on 23 June, and left for the United Kingdom in the SS ''Orotava'' on the same day.<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Latest intelligence – The Peace, Lord Kitchener at Cape Town |date=24 June 1902 |page=5 |issue=36802}}</ref> He received an enthusiastic welcome on his arrival the following month. Landing in [[Southampton]] on 12 July, he was greeted by the corporation, who presented him with the [[Freedom of the borough]]. In London, he was met at the train station by the [[George V|Prince of Wales]], drove in a procession through streets lined by military personnel from 70 different units and watched by thousands of people, and received a formal welcome at [[St James's Palace]]. He also visited King [[Edward VII]], who was confined to his room recovering from his recent operation for [[appendicitis]], but wanted to meet the general on his arrival and to personally bestow on him the insignia of the [[Order of Merit]] (OM).<ref name=TT14071902>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Lord Kitchener′s return |date=14 July 1902 |page=6 |issue=36819}}</ref> Kitchener was created '''Viscount Kitchener''', of [[Khartoum]] and of [[Vaal River|the Vaal]] in the [[Colony of Transvaal]] and of Aspall in the County of Suffolk, on 28 July 1902.<ref name=Debrett/><ref>{{London Gazette|issue=27459|page=4834|date=29 July 1902|nolink=y}}</ref>

===Court-martial of Breaker Morant===
{{main|Court-martial of Breaker Morant|Breaker Morant}}
In the Breaker Morant case, five Australian officers and one English officer of an irregular unit, the [[Bushveldt Carbineers]], were [[court-martial]]led for summarily executing twelve Boer prisoners,{{sfn|Pakenham|1979|page=538}} and also for the murder of a German [[missionary]] believed to be a Boer sympathiser, all allegedly under orders approved by Kitchener. The celebrated horseman and bush poet [[Breaker Morant|Lt. Harry "Breaker" Morant]] and Lt. [[Peter Handcock]] were found guilty, sentenced to death, and shot by [[Execution by firing squad|firing squad]] at [[Polokwane|Pietersburg]] on 27 February 1902. Their death warrants were personally signed by Kitchener. He reprieved a third soldier, Lt. [[George Witton]], who served 32 months before being released.<ref>{{cite book|first=Barry |last=Bridges|title=Lord Kitchener and the Morant-Handcock Executions|work=Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society, 73(1)|year= 1987 |pages= 24–40}}</ref>

==India==
[[File:Broome Park.jpg|thumb|left|[[Broome Park]], Kitchener's country house in [[Canterbury, Kent|Canterbury]], Kent, which he acquired from [[Sir Percy Dixwell-Oxenden, 10th Baronet|Sir Percy Dixwell-Oxenden, Bt]] in 1911]]

In late 1902 Kitchener was appointed [[Commander-in-Chief, India]],<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=27515 |date=13 January 1903 |page=237 }}</ref> and arrived there to take up the position in November, in time to be in charge during the January 1903 [[Delhi Durbar]]. He immediately began the task of reorganising the [[British Indian Army|Indian Army]]. Kitchener's plan "The Reorganisation and Redistribution of the Army in India" recommended preparing the Indian Army for any potential war by reducing the size of fixed garrisons and reorganising it into two armies, to be commanded by Generals Sir [[Bindon Blood]] and [[George Luck]].{{sfn|Reid|2006|page=108}}

[[File:Kitchener and his personal staff in India.png|thumb|right|Kitchener and his personal staff in India. From left to right: Lieutenant [[Guy Wylly|G. G. E. Wylly]]; Captain N. J. C. Livingstone-Learmonth; Capt. O. A. G. Fitzgerald; Colonel [[William Birdwood|W. R. Birdwood]]; Captain W. F. Basset; Lord Kitchener.]]

While many of the [[Kitchener Reforms]] were supported by the [[Viceroy of India|viceroy]], [[George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston|Lord Curzon of Kedleston]], who had originally lobbied for Kitchener's appointment, the two men eventually came into conflict. Curzon wrote to Kitchener advising him that signing himself "Kitchener of Khartoum" took up too much time and space – Kitchener commented on the pettiness of this (Curzon simply signed himself "Curzon" as a hereditary peer, although he later took to signing himself "Curzon of Kedleston").{{sfn|Reid|2006|page=116}} They also clashed over the question of military administration, as Kitchener objected to the system whereby transport and logistics were controlled by a "Military Member" of the [[Viceroy's Executive Council|Viceroy's Council]]. After what Curzon's most recent biographer described as "prolonged intrigue" and "deceitful methods", including correspondence which Kitchener asked the recipients to destroy after reading, the commander-in-chief won the crucial support of the government in London, and the viceroy had no option but to resign.{{sfn|Heathcote|1999|p=194}} <ref>{{cite book |last1=Gilmour |first1=David |title=[[Curzon: Imperial Statesman]] |date=2002 |publisher=Penguin Books |location=London |isbn=978-0-141-99087-3 |edition=Revised 2019 |chapter=Ch 20 "Kitchener's Conspiracy", & Ch 21 "The Breaking of the Viceroy" |quote=It is hard to disagree with Ibbetson’s [the then Lt-Governor of the Punjab] explanation to Curzon that he had been sacrificed by a tottering Government frightened of ‘the personal popularity of an unscrupulous intriguer; and you are going because you are honest, and he is not.’}}</ref>

[[File:The First World War 1914-1918- Personalities Q115124.jpg|thumbnail|left|A portrait of Field Marshal Kitchener in full dress uniform taken shortly after being promoted to the rank]]

Later events proved Curzon was right in opposing Kitchener's attempts to concentrate all military decision-making power in his own office. Although the offices of Commander-in-Chief and Military Member were now held by a single individual, senior officers could approach only the Commander-in-Chief directly. In order to deal with the Military Member, a request had to be made through the Army Secretary, who reported to the Indian Government and had right of access to the Viceroy. There were even instances when the two separate bureaucracies produced different answers to a problem, with the Commander-in-Chief disagreeing with himself as Military Member. This became known as "the canonisation of duality". Kitchener's successor, General Sir Garrett [[O'Moore Creagh]], was nicknamed "no More K", and concentrated on establishing good relations with the viceroy, [[Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst|Lord Hardinge]].{{sfn|Reid|2006|pages=148–149}}

Kitchener presided over the [[Rawalpindi Parade 1905|Rawalpindi Parade]] in 1905 to honour the Prince and Princess of Wales's visit to India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vsdh.org/feltham/cathy_day/rawal2.htm|title=Rawalpindi Parade|access-date=21 July 2013}}</ref> That same year Kitchener founded the Indian Staff College at [[Quetta]] (now the [[Pakistan Command and Staff College]]), where his portrait still hangs.{{sfn|Reid|2006|page=114}} His term of office as commander-in-chief, India, was extended by two years in 1907.{{sfn|Heathcote|1999|p=194}} In April 1906 he was appointed [[colonel commandant]] of the Royal Engineers.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=27916|page=3657|date=25 May 1906}}</ref>

[[File:StateLibQld 1 102586 Lord Herbert Kichener on horseback..jpg|thumb|Kitchener on horseback in ''The Queenslander Pictorial'' in 1910]]

Kitchener was promoted to the highest Army rank, [[Field marshal (United Kingdom)|field marshal]], on 10 September 1909<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=28287|page=6814|date=10 September 1909}}</ref> and went on a tour of [[Far East]] (including [[Empire of Japan|Japan]]), [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]]. In Japan, Kitchener had an audience with [[Emperor Meiji]] and also attended the funeral of Prince [[Itō Hirobumi]].{{sfn|Heathcote|1999|p=194}}<ref name="1909Lord">{{cite news |title=LORD KITCHENER HIS TOUR THROUGH JAPAN. THE GREAT GENERAL HONORED. |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/209499519# |access-date=18 April 2025 |work=[[The Express and Telegraph]] |date=20 December 1909}}</ref>

He aspired to be [[Viceroy of India]], but the [[secretary of state for India]], [[John Morley]], was not keen and hoped to send him instead to [[Crown Colony of Malta|Malta]] as commander-in-chief of [[Mediterranean Command|British forces in the Mediterranean]], even to the point of announcing the appointment in the newspapers. Kitchener pushed hard for the Viceroyalty, returning to London to lobby cabinet ministers and the dying King [[Edward VII]], from whom, whilst collecting his field marshal's [[Baton (military)|baton]], Kitchener obtained permission to refuse the Malta job. However, Morley could not be moved. This was perhaps in part because Kitchener was thought to be a Tory (the Liberals were in office at the time); perhaps due to a Curzon-inspired whispering campaign; but most importantly because Morley, who was a [[William Ewart Gladstone|Gladstonian]] and thus suspicious of imperialism, felt it inappropriate, after the recent grant of limited self-government under the [[Indian Councils Act 1909]], for a serving soldier to be viceroy (in the event, no serving soldier was appointed viceroy until [[Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell|Lord Wavell]] in 1943, during the [[Second World War]]). The prime minister, [[H. H. Asquith]], was sympathetic to Kitchener but was unwilling to overrule Morley, who threatened resignation, so Kitchener was finally turned down for the post of Viceroy of India in 1911.{{sfn|Heathcote|1999|p=195}}

From 22 to 24 June 1911, Kitchener took part in the [[Coronation of George V and Mary|coronation of King George V and Queen Mary]]. Kitchener assumed the role of Captain of the Escort, responsible for the personal protection of the royals during the coronation. In this capacity, Kitchener was also the field marshal, In Command of the Troops, and assumed command of the 55,000 British and imperial soldiers present in London. During the Coronation ceremony itself, Kitchener acted as Third Sword, one of the four swords tasked with guarding the monarch.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Milne|first=J. Hogarth|title=Great Britain in the Coronation Year|publisher=W. H. Allen & Company Limited|year=1914|location=London|pages=3–59}}</ref> Later, in November 1911, Kitchener hosted the King and Queen in [[Port Said]], Egypt while they were on their way to India for the [[Delhi Durbar]] to assume the titles of Emperor and Empress of India.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Milne|first=J. Hogarth|title=Great Britain in the Coronation Year|publisher=W. H. Allen & Company Limited|year=1914|location=London|pages=87–88}}</ref>

==Return to Egypt==
In June 1911, Kitchener then returned to Egypt as British agent and consul-general in Egypt during the formal reign of [[Abbas Hilmi II]] as [[Khedive]].{{sfn|Heathcote|1999|p=195}}

At the time of the [[Agadir Crisis]] (summer 1911), Kitchener told the [[Committee of Imperial Defence]] that he expected the Germans to walk through the French "like partridges" and he informed [[Reginald Brett, 2nd Viscount Esher|Lord Esher]] "that if they imagined that he was going to command the Army in France he would see them damned first".{{sfn|Tuchman|1962|page=194}}

He was created '''[[Earl Kitchener]]''', of Khartoum and of [[Barham, Kent|Broome in the County of Kent]], on 29 June 1914.{{sfn|Heathcote|1999|p=195}}

During this period he became a proponent of [[Scouting]] and coined the phrase "once a Scout, always a Scout".<ref>John S. Wilson (1959), ''Scouting Round the World''. First edition, Blandford Press. p. 30</ref>

==First World War==
===1914===
====Raising the New Armies====
[[File:30a Sammlung Eybl Großbritannien. Alfred Leete (1882–1933) Britons (Kitchener) wants you (Briten Kitchener braucht Euch). 1914 (Nachdruck), 74 x 50 cm. (Slg.Nr. 552).jpg|thumb|The iconic, much-imitated 1914 [[Lord Kitchener Wants You]] poster]]
[[File:British Response to the Outbreak of War August 1914. Recruiting and Scenes in the United Kingdom 1914 (IWM Q 42033).jpg|thumb|left|Lines of young men stretching out the doors of the recruiting offices in Whitehall, London, August 1914]]
At the outset of the [[First World War]], the prime minister, Asquith, quickly had Kitchener appointed [[secretary of state for war]]; Asquith had been filling the job himself as a stopgap following the resignation of [[J. E. B. Seely, 1st Baron Mottistone|Colonel Seely]] over the [[Curragh Incident]] earlier in 1914. Kitchener was in Britain on his annual summer leave, between 23 June and 3 August 1914, and had boarded a cross-Channel steamer to commence his return trip to Cairo when he was recalled to London to meet with Asquith.{{sfn|Faught|2016|page=189}} [[United Kingdom declaration of war upon Germany (1914)|War was declared]] at 11pm the next day.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.iwm.org.uk/sites/default/files/press-release/4_August_1914_Factsheet.pdf|title=Factsheet: 4 August 1914|publisher=Imperial War Museum|access-date=14 October 2016}}</ref>

[[File:Lord Kitchener2.jpg|thumb|Postcard of Kitchener from WW1 period. The picture shows him as a younger man.]]

Against [[Cabinet of the United Kingdom|cabinet]] opinion, Kitchener correctly predicted a long war that would last at least three years, require huge new armies to defeat Germany, and cause huge casualties before the end would come. Kitchener stated that the conflict would plumb the depths of manpower "to the last million". A massive [[Recruitment to the British Army during World War I|recruitment campaign]] began, which soon featured a [[Lord Kitchener Wants You|distinctive poster of Kitchener]], taken from a magazine front cover. It may have encouraged large numbers of volunteers, and has proven to be one of the most enduring images of the war, having been copied and parodied many times since. Kitchener built up the "[[Kitchener's Army|New Armies]]" as separate units because he distrusted the [[Territorial Army (United Kingdom)|Territorials]] from what he had seen with the French Army in 1870. This may have been a mistaken judgement. The British reservists of 1914 tended to be much younger and fitter than their French equivalents a generation earlier.{{sfn|Terraine|1960|pp=39–40}}

Cabinet Secretary [[Maurice Hankey, 1st Baron Hankey|Maurice Hankey]] wrote of Kitchener:
{{blockquote|The great outstanding fact is that within eighteen months of the outbreak of the war, when he had found a people reliant on sea-power, and essentially non-military in their outlook, he had conceived and brought into being, completely equipped in every way, a national army capable of holding its own against the armies of the greatest military Power the world had ever seen.{{sfn|Hankey|1961|page=508}}}}

However, [[Ian Standish Monteith Hamilton|Ian Hamilton]] later wrote of Kitchener "he hated organisations; he smashed organisations ... he was a Master of Expedients".{{sfn|Terraine|1960|page=38}}

====Deploying the BEF====
At the War Council (5 August) Kitchener and Lieutenant General Sir [[Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig|Douglas Haig]] argued that the BEF should be deployed at [[Amiens]], where it could deliver a vigorous counterattack once the route of German advance was known. Kitchener argued that the deployment of the [[British Expeditionary Force (World War I)|BEF]] in Belgium would result in having to retreat and abandon much of its supplies almost immediately, because the [[Belgian Army]] would be unable to hold its ground against the Germans; Kitchener was proved right but, given the belief in fortresses common at the time, it is not surprising that the War Council disagreed with him.{{sfn|Cassar|1985|page=84}}

Kitchener, believing Britain should husband its resources for a long war, decided at Cabinet (6 August) that the initial BEF would consist of only 4 infantry divisions (and 1 cavalry), not the 5 or 6 promised.{{sfn|Holmes|2004|page=198}} His decision to hold back two of the six divisions of the BEF, although based on exaggerated concerns about German invasion of Britain, arguably saved the BEF from disaster when Sir [[John French, 1st Earl of Ypres|John French]] (on the advice of Sir [[Henry Hughes Wilson|Henry Wilson]] who was much influenced by the French) might have been tempted to advance further into the teeth of the advancing German forces, had his own force been stronger.{{sfn|Terraine|1960|pp=39–40}}

Kitchener's wish to concentrate further back at Amiens may also have been influenced by a largely accurate map of German dispositions which was published by [[Charles à Court Repington|Repington]] in ''[[The Times]]'' on the morning of 12 August.{{sfn|Terraine|1960|pp=39–40}} Kitchener had a three-hour meeting (12 August) with Sir John French, [[Archibald Murray]], Wilson and the French liaison officer Victor Huguet, before being overruled by the prime minister, who eventually agreed that the BEF should assemble at [[Maubeuge]].{{sfn|Holmes|2004|page=199}}

Sir John French's orders from Kitchener were to cooperate with the French but not to take orders from them. Given that the tiny BEF (about 100,000 men, half of them serving regulars and half reservists) was Britain's only field army, Kitchener also instructed French to avoid undue losses and exposure to "forward movements where large numbers of French troops are not engaged" until Kitchener himself had had a chance to discuss the matter with the Cabinet.{{sfn|Holmes|2004|pages=199–201}}

====Meeting with Sir John French====
The BEF commander in France, Sir John French, concerned by heavy British losses at the [[Battle of Le Cateau]], was considering withdrawing his forces from the Allied line. By 31 August, French commander-in-chief [[Joseph Joffre]], President [[Raymond Poincaré]] (relayed via Bertie, the British ambassador) and Kitchener had sent him messages urging him not to do so. Kitchener, authorised by a midnight meeting of whichever cabinet ministers could be found, left for France for a meeting with Sir John on 1 September.{{sfn|Holmes|2004|page=231}}

They met, together with [[René Viviani]] (French prime minister) and [[Alexandre Millerand]] (now French [[Minister of War (France)|War Minister]]). Huguet recorded that Kitchener was "calm, balanced, reflective" whilst Sir John was "sour, impetuous, with congested face, sullen and ill-tempered". On [[Francis Bertie, 1st Viscount Bertie of Thame|Francis Bertie]]'s advice Kitchener dropped his intention of inspecting the BEF. French and Kitchener moved to a separate room, and no independent account of the meeting exists. After the meeting Kitchener telegraphed the Cabinet that the BEF would remain in the line, although taking care not to be outflanked, and told French to consider this "an instruction". French had a friendly exchange of letters with Joffre.{{sfn|Holmes|2004|pages=231–236}}

French had been particularly angry that Kitchener had arrived wearing his field marshal's uniform. This was how Kitchener normally dressed at the time ([[Maurice Hankey]] thought Kitchener's uniform tactless, but it had probably not occurred to him to change), but French felt that Kitchener was implying that he was his military superior and not simply a cabinet member. By the end of the year French thought that Kitchener had "gone mad" and his hostility had become common knowledge at [[General Headquarters British Army (1914-1918)|GHQ]] and [[Grand Quartier Général (1914–1919)|GQG]].{{sfn|Holmes|2004|pages=231, 234–236}}

===1915===
[[File:Kitchener's Dream DSCF9948.JPG|thumb|''Kitchener's Dream'', German propaganda medal, 1915]]

====Strategy====
In January 1915, Field Marshal French, with the concurrence of other senior commanders (e.g. General Sir Douglas Haig), wanted the New Armies incorporated into existing divisions as battalions rather than sent out as entire divisions. French felt (wrongly) that the war would be over by the summer before the New Army divisions were deployed because Germany had recently redeployed some divisions to the east. French took the step of appealing to the prime minister, Asquith, over Kitchener's head, but Asquith refused to overrule Kitchener. This further damaged relations between French and Kitchener, who had travelled to France in September 1914 during the [[First Battle of the Marne]] to order French to resume his place in the Allied line.{{sfn|De Groot|1988|page=178}}

Kitchener warned French in January 1915 that the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]] was a siege line that could not be breached, in the context of Cabinet discussions about amphibious landings on the Baltic or North Sea Coast, or against Turkey.{{sfn|Neillands|2006|page=166}} In an effort to find a way to relieve pressure on the Western front, Kitchener proposed an invasion of [[İskenderun|Alexandretta]] in Turkey with [[Australian and New Zealand Army Corps]] (ANZAC), [[New Army (British)|New Army]], and [[British Indian Army|Indian]] troops. Alexandretta was an area with a large Christian population and was the strategic centre of the [[Ottoman Empire]]'s railway network – its capture would have cut the empire in two. Yet he was instead eventually persuaded to support [[Winston Churchill]]'s disastrous [[Gallipoli Campaign]] in 1915–1916. (Churchill's responsibility for the failure of this campaign is debated; for more information see [[David Fromkin]]'s ''[[A Peace to End All Peace]]''.) As late as mid-October 1915, however, Kitchener told a parliamentary committee that withdrawal from the peninsula would be "the most disastrous event in the history of the empire".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gilmour |first1=David |title=Curzon: imperial statesman |date=2002 |publisher=Penguin Books |location=London |isbn=978-0-141-99087-3 |edition=Revised 2019 |chapter=Ch 27 - In Search of a Rôle}}</ref> The eventual failure, combined with the [[Shell Crisis of 1915]] – amidst press publicity engineered by Sir John French – dealt Kitchener's political reputation a heavy blow; Kitchener was popular with the public, so Asquith retained him in office in the new [[Asquith coalition ministry|coalition government]], but responsibility for munitions was moved to a new ministry headed by [[David Lloyd George]]. He was a sceptic about the tank, which is why it was [[Landships Committee|developed]] under the auspices of Churchill's [[Admiralty (United Kingdom)|Admiralty]].{{sfn|Neillands|2006|page=174}}

With the [[Russian Empire|Russians]] being pushed back from [[Congress Poland|Poland]], Kitchener thought the transfer of German troops west and a possible invasion of Britain were increasingly likely. He told the War Council (14 May) that he was not willing to send the New Armies overseas. He wired French (16 May 1915) that he would send no more reinforcements to France until he was clear the German line could be broken but sent two divisions at the end of May to please Joffre, not because he thought a breakthrough possible.{{sfn|Holmes|2004|page=293}} He had wanted to conserve his New Armies to strike a knockout blow in 1916–17, but by the summer of 1915 realised that high casualties and a major commitment to France were inescapable. "Unfortunately we have to make war as we must, and not as we should like" as he told the Dardanelles Committee on 20 August 1915.{{sfn|Woodward|1998|pages=14, 17}}

[[File:George V inspects 36th Division 1915.jpg|thumb|left|King [[George V]] reviews the [[36th (Ulster) Division]] at Aldershot, 30 September 1915. Lord Kitchener rides in the centre of the three riders behind him, with Major General [[Oliver Nugent]], GOC 36th Division, to Kitchener's right.]]

At an Anglo-French conference at Calais (6 July) Joffre and Kitchener, who was opposed to "too vigorous" offensives, reached a compromise on "local offensives on a vigorous scale", and Kitchener agreed to deploy New Army divisions to France. An inter-Allied [[Chantilly Conferences|conference at Chantilly]] (7 July, including Russian, Belgian, Serb and Italian delegates) agreed on coordinated offensives.{{sfn|Holmes|2004|pages=294–295}} However, Kitchener now came to support the upcoming Loos offensive. He travelled to France for talks with Joffre and Millerand (16 August). The French leaders believed [[Great Retreat (Russian)|Russia might sue for peace]] (Warsaw had fallen on 4 August). Kitchener (19 August) ordered the [[Battle of Loos|Loos offensive]] to proceed, despite the attack being on ground not favoured by French or Haig (then commanding [[First Army (United Kingdom)|First Army]]).{{sfn|Holmes|2004|pages=299–300}} The Official History later admitted that Kitchener hoped to be appointed Supreme Allied Commander. [[Basil Liddell Hart]] speculated that this was why he allowed himself to be persuaded by Joffre. New Army divisions first saw action at Loos in September 1915.{{sfn| Liddell Hart|1930|page=197}}

====Reduction in powers====
Kitchener continued to lose favour with politicians and professional soldiers. He found it "repugnant and unnatural to have to discuss military secrets with a large number of gentlemen with whom he was but barely acquainted". [[Reginald Brett, 2nd Viscount Esher|Esher]] complained that he would either lapse into "obstinacy and silence" or else mull aloud over various difficulties. [[Alfred Milner]] told [[Howell Arthur Gwynne]] (18 August 1915) that he thought Kitchener a "slippery fish".{{sfn|Woodward|1998|page=14}} By autumn 1915, with Asquith's Coalition close to breaking up over [[Conscription in the United Kingdom|conscription]], he was blamed for his opposition to that measure (which would eventually be introduced for single men in [[Military Service Act 1916|January 1916]]) and for the excessive influence which civilians like Churchill and [[Richard Haldane, 1st Viscount Haldane|Richard Haldane]] had come to exert over strategy, allowing ''ad hoc'' campaigns to develop in [[Sinai and Palestine campaign|Sinai]], [[Mesopotamian campaign|Mesopotamia]] and [[Macedonian front|Salonika]]. Generals such as Sir [[William Robertson (British Army officer)|William Robertson]] were critical of Kitchener's failure to ask the Imperial General Staff (whose chief [[James Wolfe-Murray]] was intimidated by Kitchener) to study the feasibility of any of these campaigns.{{sfn|Woodward|1998|pages=14, 16–17}} These operations were certainly feasible but assumed a level of competence that the British armed forces proved unable to achieve at that time. Tactical incompetence in the Gallipoli campaign meant that even a fairly straightforward task ended in disaster.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mallinson|first=Alan|title=Too Important For the Generals: How Britain Nearly Lost The First World War|year=2016|publisher=Bantam|isbn=978-0593058183}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=A.J. |last=Barker|title=The First Iraq War, 1914–1918: Britain's Mesopotamian Campaign|publisher=Enigma Books|year=2009|isbn=978-1929631865}}</ref>

Kitchener advised the Dardanelles Committee (21 October) that [[Baghdad]] be seized for the sake of prestige then abandoned as logistically untenable. His advice was no longer accepted without question, but the British forces fell short of their objective and were eventually besieged and captured at [[Siege of Kut|Kut]].{{sfn|Woodward|1998|pages=113}}

[[File:Kitchener and Birdwood at Anzac 2.jpg|thumb|Kitchener with General [[William Birdwood]] at Anzac, November 1915]]
[[Archibald Murray]] (Chief of the Imperial General Staff) later recorded that Kitchener was "quite unfit for the position of secretary of state" and "impossible", claiming that he never assembled the [[Army Council (1904)|Army Council]] as a body, but instead gave them orders separately, and was usually exhausted by Friday. Kitchener was also keen to break up Territorial units whenever possible whilst ensuring that "No 'K' Division left the country incomplete". Murray wrote that "He seldom told the absolute truth and the whole truth" and claimed that it was not until he left on a tour of inspection of Gallipoli and the Near East that Murray was able to inform the Cabinet that volunteering had fallen far below the level needed to maintain a BEF of 70 divisions, requiring the introduction of conscription. The Cabinet insisted on proper General Staff papers being presented in Kitchener's absence.{{sfn|Bonham-Carter|1963|pages= 131–133}}

Asquith, who told Robertson that Kitchener was "an impossible colleague" and "his veracity left much to be desired", hoped that he could be persuaded to remain in the region as commander-in-chief and acted in charge of the [[War Office]], but Kitchener took his seals of office with him so he could not be sacked in his absence. Douglas Haig – at that time involved in intrigues to have Robertson appointed [[Chief of the Imperial General Staff]] – recommended that Kitchener be appointed Viceroy of India ("where trouble was brewing") but not to the Middle East, where his strong personality would have led to that sideshow receiving too much attention and resources.{{sfn|De Groot|1988|page=212}} Kitchener visited Rome and Athens, but [[Archibald Murray]] warned that he would likely demand the diversion of British troops to fight the Turks in the Sinai.{{sfn|Woodward|1998|page=20}}

Kitchener and Asquith were agreed that Robertson should become CIGS, but Robertson refused to do this if Kitchener "continued to be his own CIGS", although given Kitchener's great prestige he did not want him to resign; he wanted the secretary of state to be sidelined to an advisory role like the [[Ministry of War (Prussia)|Prussian War Minister]]. Asquith asked them to negotiate an agreement, which they did over the exchange of several draft documents at the [[Hotel de Crillon]] in Paris. Kitchener agreed that Robertson alone should present strategic advice to the Cabinet, with Kitchener responsible for recruiting and supplying the Army, although he refused to agree that military orders should go out over Robertson's signature alone – it was agreed that the secretary of state should continue to sign orders jointly with the CIGS. The agreement was formalised in an [[Order in Council]] in January 1916. Robertson was suspicious of efforts in the Balkans and Near East and was instead committed to major British offensives against Germany on the Western Front – the first of these was to be the Somme in 1916.{{sfn|Woodward|1998|page=24}}

===1916===
Early in 1916 Kitchener visited Douglas Haig, newly appointed commander-in-chief of the BEF in France. Kitchener had been a key figure in the removal of Haig's predecessor Sir John French, with whom he had a poor relationship. Haig differed with Kitchener over the importance of Mediterranean efforts and wanted to see a strong General Staff in London, but nonetheless valued Kitchener as a military voice against the "folly" of civilians such as Churchill. However, he thought Kitchener "pinched, tired, and much aged", and thought it sad that his mind was "losing its comprehension" as the time for decisive victory on the Western Front (as Haig and Robertson saw it) approached.{{sfn|De Groot|1988|page= 228}} Kitchener was somewhat doubtful of Haig's plan to win decisive victory in 1916, and would have preferred smaller and purely attritional attacks, but sided with Robertson in telling the Cabinet that the planned [[Battle of the Somme|Anglo-French offensive on the Somme]] should go ahead.{{sfn|De Groot|1988|pages=238–239}}

By 29 March 1916, Kitchener was under pressure from French prime minister [[Aristide Briand]] for the British to attack on the Western Front to help relieve the pressure of the [[Battle of Verdun|German attack at Verdun]]. The French refused to bring troops home from Salonika, which Kitchener thought a ploy for the increase of French power in the Mediterranean.{{sfn|De Groot|1988|page=237}}

On 2 June 1916, Kitchener personally answered questions asked by politicians about his running of the war effort; at the start of hostilities Kitchener had ordered two million rifles from various US arms manufacturers. Only 480 of these rifles had arrived in the UK by 4 June 1916. The number of shells supplied was no less paltry. Kitchener explained the efforts he had made to secure alternative supplies. He received a resounding vote of thanks from the 200 [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Members of Parliament]] (MPs) who had arrived to question him, both for his candour and for his efforts to keep the troops armed; Sir [[Ivor Treowen, 1st Baron Treowen|Ivor Herbert]], who, a week before, had introduced the failed vote of censure in the [[British House of Commons|House of Commons]] against Kitchener's running of the War Office, personally seconded the motion.{{sfn|Burg|2010|page=120}}

==Death==
===Russian mission===
In the midst of his other political and military concerns, Kitchener had devoted personal attention to the deteriorating situation on the [[Eastern Front (World War I)|Eastern Front]]. This included the provision of extensive stocks of war material for the [[Imperial Russian Army]], which had been under increasing pressure since mid-1915.{{sfn|Faught|2016|page=239}} In May 1916, the [[chancellor of the exchequer]] [[Reginald McKenna]] suggested that Kitchener head a special and confidential mission to Russia to discuss munition shortages, military strategy and financial difficulties with the Imperial Russian Government and the ''[[Stavka]]'' (military high command), which was now under the personal command of Tsar [[Nicholas II of Russia|Nicholas II]]. Both Kitchener and the Russians were in favour of face to face talks, and a formal invitation from the Tsar was received on 14 May.{{sfn|Faught|2016|page=240}} Kitchener left London by train for Scotland on the evening of 4 June with a party of officials, military aides and personal servants.{{sfn|Faught|2016|page=244}}

===Lost at sea===
[[File:Kitchener boarding HMS Iron Duke 5 June 1916 IWM HU 66128.jpg|thumb|One of the last photographs taken of Kitchener. He is boarding [[HMS Iron Duke (1912)|HMS ''Iron Duke'']] from [[HMS Oak (1912)|HMS ''Oak'']] at [[Scapa Flow]], to confer with Admiral Jellicoe, 5 June 1916]]
[[File:Lord Kitchener's tomb, St Paul's Cathedral, London.JPG|thumb|upright=1.3|right|Kitchener's memorial, St Paul's Cathedral, London]]

Kitchener sailed from [[Scrabster]] to [[Scapa Flow]] on 5 June 1916 aboard [[HMS Oak (1912)|HMS ''Oak'']]. He had lunch with Admiral Sir [[John Jellicoe, 1st Earl Jellicoe|John Jellicoe]], commander-in-chief of the [[Grand Fleet]], on board his flagship [[HMS Iron Duke (1912)|HMS ''Iron Duke'']]; Kitchener was keen to discuss the recent [[Battle of Jutland]] and stated that he was looking forward to his three-week diplomatic mission to Russia as a break from domestic pressures. He then set out for Russia on board the [[armoured cruiser]] [[HMS Hampshire (1903)|HMS ''Hampshire'']]. At the last minute Jellicoe changed ''Hampshire''{{'}}s route on the basis of a mis-reading of the weather forecast and ignoring (or not being aware of) recent intelligence and sightings of German U-boat activity in the vicinity of the amended route.{{sfn|Royle|1985|pp=347–353}} Shortly before 7:30 pm that same day, while steaming for the Russian port of [[Arkhangelsk]] during a [[Beaufort scale|force 9]] [[gale]], ''Hampshire'' struck a mine laid by the newly launched German U-boat ''[[SM U-75|U-75]]'' (commanded by Kurt Beitzen) and sank west of the [[Orkney Islands]]. Recent research has set the death toll of those aboard ''Hampshire'' at 737.{{sfn|Irvine|2016}}{{page needed|date=June 2025}} Only twelve men survived.{{sfn|Irvine|2016}}{{page needed|date=June 2025}}{{sfn|Faught|2016|pp=244–245}} Among the dead were all ten members of Kitchener's entourage. Kitchener himself was seen standing on the [[quarterdeck]] during the approximately twenty minutes that it took the ship to sink. His body was never recovered.{{sfn|Faught|2016|pp=244–245}}{{sfn|Heathcote|1999|p=197}}

The news of Kitchener's death was received with shock all over the British Empire.<ref name="McGreevy">{{cite news| last = McGreevy | first = Ronan | title = An Irishman's Diary on the death of Lord Kitchener, the personification of empire | newspaper = [[The Irish Times]] |date=30 November 2007| url = http://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/an-irishman-s-diary-on-the-death-of-lord-kitchener-the-personification-of-empire-1.2666230| access-date = 14 October 2016}}</ref> A man in [[Yorkshire]] committed suicide at the news; a sergeant on the Western Front was heard to exclaim "Now we've lost the war. Now we've lost the war"; and a nurse wrote home to her family that she knew Britain would win as long as Kitchener lived, and now that he was gone: "How awful it is – a far worse blow than many German victories. So long as he was with us we knew even if things were gloomy that his guiding hand was at the helm."<ref name="McGreevy"/>

General [[Douglas Haig]] commanding the British Armies on the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]] remarked on first receiving the news of Kitchener's death via a German radio signal intercepted by the British Army, "How shall we get on without him".<ref>''At G.H.Q.'' by [[John Charteris]] (Pub. 1931).</ref>{{page needed|date=June 2025}} King [[George V]] wrote in his diary: "It is indeed a heavy blow to me and a great loss to the nation and the allies." He ordered army officers to wear black armbands for a week.<ref name=strange>{{cite news|title=The strange death of Lord Kitchener|newspaper=[[Financial Times]]|date=7 November 2014|first= Jeremy|last= Paxman|url=https://www.ft.com/content/f3760af0-6545-11e4-91b1-00144feabdc0?mhq5j=e1#|access-date=15 July 2017}}</ref>

[[C. P. Scott]], editor of ''[[The Manchester Guardian]]'', is said to have remarked that "as for the old man, he could not have done better than to have gone down, as he was a great impediment lately".{{sfn|Goldstone|2007|page=118}}{{efn| Originally quoted from Vera Weizmann Diaries, 13 July 1916 in her memoirs ''The Impossible Takes Longer'' as told to David Tutaev (New York, 1967), p. 63.}}

===Conspiracy theories===
Kitchener's great fame, the suddenness of his death, and its apparently convenient timing for a number of parties gave almost immediate rise to a number of [[conspiracy theory|conspiracy theories]] about his death. One in particular was posited by [[Lord Alfred Douglas]] (of [[Oscar Wilde]] fame), suggesting a connection between Kitchener's death, the recent naval [[Battle of Jutland]], [[Winston Churchill]], and a Jewish conspiracy. Churchill successfully sued Douglas in what proved to be the last successful case of [[criminal libel]] in British legal history, and the latter spent six months in prison.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=NZTR19231117.2.44&l=mi&e=-------10--1----2--|title=Who killed Kitchener?|year=1923|newspaper=[[New Zealand Truth]]|access-date=21 July 2013}}</ref> Another claimed that ''Hampshire'' did not strike a mine at all, but was sunk by explosives secreted in the vessel by [[Irish Republicans]].{{sfn|Heathcote|1999|p=197}}

General [[Erich Ludendorff]], [[Generalquartiermeister]] and joint head (with [[Paul von Hindenburg]]) of Germany's war effort stated in the 1920s that Russian anti-Tsarists had betrayed the plan to visit the Russians to the German command:<blockquote>His mysterious death was the work neither of a German mine nor a German torpedo, but of the power which would not permit the Russian Army to recover with the help of Lord Kitchener because the destruction of Czarist Russia had been determined upon. Lord Kitchener's death was caused by his ability.<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |title=Foreign News: Lord Kitchener|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,927693,00.html#ixzz19Ab0GTjX |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080307104939/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,927693,00.html#ixzz19Ab0GTjX |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 March 2008 |access-date=21 July 2013|date=25 May 1925}}</ref></blockquote> In 1926, a [[hoaxer]] named Frank Power claimed in the ''[[Sunday Referee]]'' newspaper that Kitchener's body had been found by a Norwegian fisherman. Power brought a [[coffin]] back from Norway and prepared it for burial in [[St Paul's Cathedral]]. At this point, however, the authorities intervened, and the coffin was opened in the presence of police and a distinguished [[pathologist]]. The box was found to contain only tar for weight. There was widespread public outrage at Power, but he was never prosecuted.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hmshampshire.co.uk/|title=The sinking of HMS ''Hampshire''|access-date=21 July 2013|archive-date=15 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915025157/http://hmshampshire.co.uk/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:Capt_fritz_duquesne.jpg|right|thumb|Photo of [[Fritz Joubert Duquesne]] in the Boer War]]

[[Frederick Joubert Duquesne]], a [[Boer]] soldier and spy, claimed that he had assassinated Kitchener after an earlier attempt to kill him in [[Cape Town]] failed.{{sfn|Burnham|1944|page=293}} He was arrested and [[court-martial]]led in Cape Town and sent to the [[Bermuda#Anglo-Boer War|penal colony of Bermuda]], but managed to escape to the U.S.<ref name="ronnie">{{cite book| last = Ronnie | first = Art | year = 1995 | title= Counterfeit hero : Fritz Duquesne, adventurer and spy | publisher=Naval Institute Press |location=Annapolis, Md. | isbn = 1557507333 | oclc = 605599179|page=37}}</ref> [[MI5]] confirmed that Duquesne was "a German intelligence officer ... involved in a series of acts of sabotage against British shipping in South American waters during the [First World] war";<ref name="MI5">{{cite web |url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/news/personal-files-april-2014.htm |title=Records of the Security Service; 1915–1918; KV 2/1953 |date=April 2014 |publisher=The National Archives |location=London, UK |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140414011959/http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/news/personal-files-april-2014.htm |archive-date=14 April 2014 |url-status=dead |access-date=31 July 2014}}</ref> he was wanted for: "murder on the high seas, the sinking and burning of British ships, the burning of military stores, warehouses, coaling stations, conspiracy, and the falsification of Admiralty documents".<ref>''Daily Mail'', 27 May 1919</ref>

Duquesne's unverified story was that he returned to Europe, posed as the Russian Duke Boris Zakrevsky in 1916, and joined Kitchener in Scotland.{{sfn|Wood|1932|pp=1–429}} While on board HMS ''Hampshire'' with Kitchener, Duquesne claimed to have signalled a German submarine that then sank the cruiser, and was rescued by the submarine, later being awarded the [[Iron Cross]] for his efforts.{{sfn|Wood|1932|pp=1–429}} Duquesne was later apprehended and tried by the authorities in the U.S. for insurance fraud, but managed to escape again.<ref name="nyt28may, 1919">{{cite news| date=28 May 1919| title='Paralytic' Flees from Prison Ward; Captain Fritz Duquesne, Who Feigned Helplessness, Escapes from Bellevue. | newspaper=[[The New York Times]]| url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9F04E0DD173AE03ABC4051DFB3668382609EDE| issn=0362-4331|access-date=21 July 2013}}</ref> However, there are "numerous improbabilities",<ref name="Heathorn">{{cite book |last=Heathorn |first=Stephen |date=2016 |title=Haig and Kitchener in Twentieth-Century Britain: Remembrance, Representation and Appropriation |location=Oxford |publisher=Routledge |page=94 |isbn=9780754669654}}</ref> in Duquesne's story, and "no records" to corroborate any part of it.<ref name="Heathorn"/>

During the [[Second World War]], Duquesne ran a German [[spy ring]] in the United States until he was caught by the [[FBI]] in what became the biggest roundup of spies in U.S. history: the ''[[Duquesne Spy Ring]]''.<ref name="fbi">{{cite web|year=200 |url=https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/history/famous-cases/the-duquesne-spy-ring |title=The Duquesne spy ring |work=Famous cases |publisher=[[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] |access-date=21 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130930091931/http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/history/famous-cases/the-duquesne-spy-ring |archive-date=30 September 2013 }}</ref> Coincidentally, Kitchener's brother was to die in office in Bermuda in 1912, and his nephew, Major H.H. ''Hap'' Kitchener, who had married a Bermudan,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1916/1916%20-%200619.html |title= Personals: Marriage of Captain H.H. Kitchener, RE, and Esther Bluck of Bermuda. £20,000 legacy from uncle |via=FlightGlobal Archive |magazine=[[Flight International|Flight]] |date= 20 July 1916|access-date=24 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803010123/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1916/1916%20-%200619.html |archive-date=3 August 2017}}</ref> purchased (with a legacy left to him by his uncle) [[Hinson's Island, Bermuda|Hinson's Island]]{{snd}}part of the former prisoner of war camp from which Duquesne had escaped{{snd}}after the First World War as the location of his home and business.<ref>{{cite book|title=That's My Bloody Plane|first1=Major Cecil |last1=Montgomery-Moore| author1-link = Cecil Montgomery-Moore |first2= Peter|last2= Kilduff|publisher= The Pequot Press|year= 1975|isbn=0871060574}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Flying Boats Of Bermuda|first=Squadron-Leader Colin A. |last=Pomeroy|year=2000 |publisher= Print Link Ltd|isbn= 0969833245}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Wings Over Bermuda|first1=Ewan |last1=Partridge|first2=Tom|last2= Singefield|year=2014 |publisher= National Museum of Bermuda Press|isbn=978-1927750322}}</ref>

==Legacy==
Kitchener is officially remembered in a chapel on the northwest corner of [[St Paul's Cathedral]] in London, near the main entrance, where a memorial service was held in his honour.<ref name="StPauls">{{cite web |url=http://www.stpauls.co.uk/Cathedral-History/Explore-the-Cathedral/The-Chapels |title=The Chapels |publisher=St Paul's Cathedral |access-date=10 October 2014 |archive-date=15 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015164203/http://www.stpauls.co.uk/Cathedral-History/Explore-the-Cathedral/The-Chapels |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In Canada, the city of Berlin, [[Ontario]], named in respect to a large German immigrant settler population, was renamed [[Kitchener, Ontario|Kitchener]] following a [[Berlin to Kitchener name change|1916 referendum]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.therecord.com/news-story/6743079-june-28-1916-exactly-346-people-voted-for-berlin-to-be-renamed-kitchener/ |title=June 28, 1916: Exactly 346 people voted for Berlin to be renamed Kitchener |website=Therecord.com |date=27 June 2016 |access-date=29 January 2017}}</ref>

Since 1970, the opening of new records has led historians to rehabilitate Kitchener's reputation to some extent. [[Robin Neillands]], for instance, notes that Kitchener consistently rose in ability as he was promoted.{{sfn|Neillands|2006|page=28}} Some historians now praise his strategic vision in the First World War, especially his laying the groundwork for the expansion of munitions production and his central role in the raising of the [[Kitchener's Army|British army in 1914 and 1915]], providing a force capable of meeting Britain's continental commitment.<ref name=odnb/>

His commanding image, appearing on recruiting posters demanding "[[Lord Kitchener Wants You|Your country needs you!]]", remains recognised and parodied in popular culture.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sterlingtimes.co.uk/memorable_images53.htm |title=Lord Kitchener 'Your country needs you!'|date=26 March 2008 |publisher=Sterling Times|access-date=31 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706092204/http://www.sterlingtimes.co.uk/memorable_images53.htm |archive-date=6 July 2015}}</ref>
In the 1972 movie ''[[Young Winston]]'', Kitchener is portrayed by [[John Mills]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0069528/|title=Young Wiston|publisher=IMDb|access-date=8 April 2023}}</ref>
In the 2021 movie ''[[The King's Man]]'', Kitchener is portrayed by [[Charles Dance]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://therexberkhamsted.com/programmes/the-kings-man/|title=The King's Man|publisher=The Rex, Berkhamsted|access-date=21 February 2022|archive-date=21 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221103108/https://therexberkhamsted.com/programmes/the-kings-man/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Memorials==
[[File:Kitchener-Turm (Orkney).jpg|thumb|upright|Kitchener Memorial at Marwick Head on [[Mainland, Orkney]]]]
[[File:Kitchener Memorial, Horseguards Parade (1).JPG |thumb|Kitchener Memorial on [[Horseguards Parade]]]]
*As a British army officer who was lost at sea in the First World War and has no known grave, Kitchener is commemorated on the [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]]'s Hollybrook Memorial at [[Hollybrook Cemetery]], located at [[Southampton]], Hampshire.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/2894749/KITCHENER%20OF%20KHARTOUM,%20The%20Rt%20Hon%20HORATIO%20HERBERT|title=Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|publisher=Commonwealth War Graves Commission|access-date=23 June 2014}}</ref>
*[[Blue plaques]] have been erected to mark where Kitchener lived in [[Carlton House Terrace#Carlton Gardens|Carlton Gardens]], [[Westminster]]<ref>{{openplaque|590}}</ref> and at [[Broome Park]] near [[Canterbury]].<ref>{{openplaque|3290}}</ref>
* The NW chapel of All Souls at [[St Paul's Cathedral]], London, not normally open to visitors, was rededicated the Kitchener Memorial in 1925.<ref name="StPauls" /> The memorial is, however, clearly visible from the main entrance lobby. The recumbent white marble figure was designed by [[Detmar Blow]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.churchmonumentssociety.org/London_City2_StPaul.html#Field_Marshal_Horatio_Herbert_Kitchener,_1st_Earl_Kitchener_of_Khartoum_and_Broome |title=Field Marshal Horatio Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener of Khartoum and Broome |publisher=Churchmonumentssociety.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624093133/http://www.churchmonumentssociety.org/London_City2_StPaul.html |archive-date=24 June 2018 |url-status=dead |access-date=11 June 2017}}</ref> The figure, plus the statues of Saint George and Saint Michael and the [[Pieta]] in the chapel were sculpted by [[William Reid Dick]].<ref name="IWM11706">{{cite web |url=https://www.iwm.org.uk/memorials/item/memorial/11706 |title=War Memorials Register: Field Marshal Earl Kitchener|access-date= 16 November 2020|work= [[Imperial War Museum]]}}</ref>
* A month after his death, the Lord Kitchener National Memorial Fund was set up by the [[Lord Mayor of London]] to honour his memory. It was used to aid casualties of the war, both practically and financially; following the war's end, the fund was used to enable university educations for soldiers, ex-soldiers, their sons and their daughters, a function it continues to perform today.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kitchenerscholars.org/pages/fund.htm |title=The History of the Lord Kitchener National Memorial Fund |publisher=The Kitchener Scholars' Association |access-date=21 July 2013 |archive-date=25 April 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060425101137/http://www.kitchenerscholars.org/pages/fund.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> A Memorial Book of tributes and remembrances from Kitchener's peers, edited by Sir [[Hedley Le Bas]], was printed to benefit the fund.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/lordkitchenermem00leba|title=The Lord Kitchener Memorial Book|editor-last=Le Bas|editor-first=Hedley|publisher=[[Hodder & Stoughton]]}}</ref>
* The Lord Kitchener Memorial Homes in [[Chatham, Kent]], were built with funds from public subscription following Kitchener's death. A small terrace of cottages, they are used to provide affordable rented accommodation for servicemen and women who have seen active service or their widows and widowers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mhs.org.uk/for_business/governance/mhs_homes_group_structure/lord_kitchener.aspx |title=Lord Kitchener Memorial Homes Trust |publisher=MHS Homes |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130721231205/http://www.mhs.org.uk/for_business/governance/mhs_homes_group_structure/lord_kitchener.aspx |archive-date=21 July 2013 |url-status=dead |access-date=21 July 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
* A statue of Kitchener mounted on his favourite charger, Democrat, is on Khartoum Road (near [[Fort Amherst]]) in Chatham, Kent. The statue was erected in Khartoum in 1920. It was moved to the UK in 1959 after the independence of Sudan. It was unveiled at this site by the [[secretary of state for war]], [[Christopher Soames]]. The statue was designed by the Hull born sculptor Sydney March.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/518050 |title=Statue of Kitchener, Chatham |publisher=[[Geograph Britain and Ireland]] |access-date=21 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/518054 |title=Plaque for Kitchener Statue, Chatham |publisher=Geograph Britain and Ireland |access-date=21 July 2013}}</ref>
* The [[Kitchener Memorial]] on [[Mainland, Orkney]], is on the cliff edge at Marwick Head (HY2325), near the spot where Kitchener died at sea. It is a square, crenellated stone tower with the inscription: "This tower was raised by the people of Orkney in memory of Field Marshal Earl Kitchener of Khartoum on that corner of his country which he had served so faithfully nearest to the place where he died on duty. He and his staff perished along with the officers and nearly all the men of HMS ''Hampshire'' on 5 June 1916."<ref>{{HEScotland|num=LB6182|desc=The Kitchener Memorial|access-date=31 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scottish-places.info/features/featurefirst11005.html |title=Kitchener memorial |publisher=Scottish Places |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304071335/http://www.scottish-places.info/features/featurefirst11005.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=21 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/121054 |title=Inscription on the Kitchener Memorial |publisher=Geograph Britain and Ireland |access-date=21 July 2013}}</ref>
* In the early 1920s, a road on a new [[Council housing|council]] estate in the [[Kates Hill]] area of [[Dudley]], [[Worcestershire]] (now [[West Midlands (county)|West Midlands]]) was named Kitchener Road in honour of Kitchener.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.blackcountrybugle.co.uk/News/How-1920146s-Dudley-honoured-Nurse-Cavell-2.htm|title=How 1920's Dudley honoured Nurse Cavell|newspaper=[[Black Country Bugle]]|date=6 January 2005|access-date=21 July 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513193154/http://www.blackcountrybugle.co.uk/News/How-1920146s-Dudley-honoured-Nurse-Cavell-2.htm|archive-date=13 May 2012}}</ref>
* The east window of the chancel at [[St George's Church, Eastergate]], [[West Sussex]] has [[stained glass]] commemorating Kitchener.<ref name="VCH22942">{{cite web|url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/Sussex/vol5/pt1/pp148-160|title=A History of the County of Sussex: Volume 5 Part 1 – Arundel Rape (south-western part including Arundel). Eastergate|editor-last=Hudson|editor-first=T. P. |year=1997|work=[[Victoria County History]] of Sussex|publisher=[[British History Online]]|pages=148–160|access-date=21 July 2013}}</ref>
* In December 2013, the [[Royal Mint]] announced their plans to mint commemorative [[two-pound coin]]s in 2014 featuring Kitchener's "Call to Arms" on the reverse.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.royalmint.com/shop/The_100th_Anniversary_of_the_First_World_War_Outbreak_2014_UK_2_pound_Brilliant_Uncirculated_Coin |title=The first coin in a five-year series – a journey from outbreak to armistice |publisher=Royal Mint |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824132923/http://www.royalmint.com/shop/The_100th_Anniversary_of_the_First_World_War_Outbreak_2014_UK_2_pound_Brilliant_Uncirculated_Coin |archive-date=24 August 2017 |url-status=dead |access-date=31 December 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
* A memorial cross for Kitchener was unveiled at [[St Botolph-without-Bishopsgate]] church in 1916 (near [[Liverpool Street station]]), perhaps one of the first memorials of the First World War in England.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/ng-interactive/2014/apr/08/kitchener-memorial-first-world-war-and-now-photography-interactive |title=Your country needs you: Kitchener's memorial cross in 1916 ... and now |newspaper=The Guardian |date=8 April 2014 |last=Powell |first=Jim |access-date=9 April 2014}}</ref>
* One of the three houses of the [[Rashtriya Indian Military College]], Dehradun, India was named after Kitchener.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://defencedestination.weebly.com/rimc.html|title=Rashtriya Indian Military College|publisher=Defence Destinations|access-date=15 July 2016|archive-date=22 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822044325/http://defencedestination.weebly.com/rimc.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* A memorial tree was dedicated to Kitchener a month after his death along the [[Avenue of Honour]] in the former town of Eurack, [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] and remains today while the surrounding township no longer exists.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/state-s-oldest-avenue-of-honour-sits-isolated-a-symbol-of-the-times-20200417-p54kue.html |title=State's oldest Avenue of Honour sits isolated, a symbol of the times |newspaper=[[The Age]] |location=Melbourne, Australia |date= 22 April 2020|access-date=30 August 2020}}</ref>
* Half-a-dozen local communities inscribed Kitchener's name on to the memorials they were already building to their own dead, alongside the names of ordinary soldiers and sailors who had answered his 1914 appeal for volunteers and would never return.<ref name=strange/>
* After a Court decision Kitchener's house, Wildflower Hall in [[Shimla]], India, came into the possession of the [[Government of Himachal Pradesh]] in November 2023. An appeal by the hotel owner was rejected in February 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/law/story/shimlas-historic-wildflower-hall-to-be-taken-over-by-himachal-government-2504840-2024-02-20|title=In ownership battle for Shimla's Wildflower Hall, Himachal triumphs vs Oberois|website=India Today|date=20 February 2024 }}</ref> Kitchener had the house built in 1902. In 1925 the original house was demolished and in 2001 replaced by a hotel owned by the Oberoi Group.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlooktraveller.com/whats-new/shimlas-historic-wildflower-hall-taken-over-by-state-government|title=Shimla's Historic Wildflower Hall Taken Over By State Government|author=|date=20 November 2023|website=Outlook Traveller}}</ref>

==Debate on Kitchener's sexuality==
Kitchener was a lifelong bachelor. From his time in Egypt in 1892, he gathered around him a cadre of eager young and unmarried officers nicknamed "Kitchener's band of boys",{{sfn|Hyam|1991|pp=38-39}} who included Captain Oswald Fitzgerald, his [[aide-de-camp]] and "constant and inseparable companion", who died with him on their voyage to Russia.{{sfn|Hyde|1972|p=161}} Rumour sometimes circulated that Kitchener was [[homosexuality|homosexual]].{{sfn|Cassar|2016|p=13}} Egyptian campaign and Boer War veteran Major A. E. Wearne, who was a strong critic of Kitchener, stated in 1909 that he had the "failing acquired by most of the Egyptian officers, a taste for [[buggery]]".<ref>{{cite book|last=Pearl|first=Cyril|title=Morrison of Peking|publisher=Angus & Robertson|place=Sydney, Australia|date=1967|page=200|isbn=978-0207171260}}</ref> In 2001 it was revealed that [[Nancy Astor, Viscountess Astor|Lady Astor's]] son [[Robert Gould Shaw III]] told [[David Somerset, 11th Duke of Beaufort]] that Kitchener had been his first seducer.<ref>Lees-Milne, James; Bloch, Michael (ed.), ''Holy Dread: Diaries 1982–1984'', James Murray, London 2001, p64.</ref> An elderly source told an identical story to historian Peter King,<ref>Peter King, ''The Viceroy's Fall : how Kitchener destroyed Curzon'', Sidgwick & Jackson, London 1986, p4,</ref> while several other sources, including [[Lady Diana Cooper]], stated similar.<ref>Michael Bloch, ''Closet Queens: Some 20th Century British Politicians'', Little Brown, London 2015, p130</ref>

Since Kitchener's death a number of biographers have suggested or hinted that he was latent or active homosexual.{{sfn|Cassar|2016|p=13}} Later scholars who made the case for his homosexuality include [[H. Montgomery Hyde]],{{sfn|Hyde|1972|p=161}} Ronald Hyam (who commented on his avoidance of interviews with women, his keen interest in the [[Scout (Scouting)|Boy Scout]] movement, and his decorating his rose garden with four pairs of sculptured bronze boys. According to Hyam, "there is no evidence that he ever loved a woman"),{{sfn|Hyam|1991|pp=38-39}} Denis Judd{{sfn|Judd|2011|pages=172–176}} and Frank Richardson.{{sfn|Richardson|1981|page=123}} [[Philip Magnus-Allcroft|Philip Magnus]] hints at homosexuality, though [[Lady Winifred Renshaw]] said that Magnus later said "I know I've got the man wrong, too many people have told me so."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kitchenerscholars.org/pages/khartoum.htm|title=Field Marshal 1st Earl Kitchener of Khartoum|publisher=The Kitchener Scholars' Association|access-date=21 July 2013|archive-date=28 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928081538/http://kitchenerscholars.org/pages/khartoum.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

More recently biographer C. Brad Faught acknowledged Kitchener's "vestigial femininity" in collecting porcelain and organising dinner parties, plus emotional repression typical of his class and time, but concluded that the absence of evidence either way leaves "an issue about which historians can say almost nothing useful",{{sfn|Faught|2016|pages=57–58}} while biographer George H. Cassar argued that Kitchener's letters to his sister include evidence of heterosexual attraction and that if there were any credible evidence that Kitchener was homosexual, it would have been used by his many opponents during his lifetime.{{sfn|Cassar|2016|p=13}}

==Honours and arms==
===Orders===

Kitchener received numerous campaign and commemorative decorations from the British government, as well as several medals from allied nations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.melik.org.uk/discover/soldiers-of-the-nile/earl-kitchener-of-khartoum/|title=Earl Kitchener of Khartoum – The Melik Society|website=www.melik.org.uk}}</ref>
His other decorations included: 

'''British'''
*[[Knight Companion of the Order of the Garter]] (KG) – 3 June 1915<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=29180 |date=3 June 1911|page=5325 |supp=y|nolink=y}}</ref>
*[[Knight of the Order of St Patrick]] (KP) – 19 June 1911<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.edinburgh-gazette.co.uk/issues/12366/pages/626|title=Page 626 | Issue 12366, 23 June 1911 | Edinburgh Gazette | The Gazette|access-date=11 November 2013|archive-date=11 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111031314/http://www.edinburgh-gazette.co.uk/issues/12366/pages/626|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*[[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]] (GCB) – 15 November 1898<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=27023 |date=15 November 1898 |page=6688|nolink=y}}</ref> (KCB – 17 November 1896;<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=26795 |date=17 November 1896 |page=6271|nolink=y}}</ref> CB – 8 November 1889<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=25991 |date=8 November 1889 |page=5919|nolink=y}}</ref>)
* Member of the [[Order of Merit]] (OM) – 12 July 1902<ref name=TT14071902 /><ref>{{London Gazette|issue=27470|page=5679|date=2 September 1902|nolink=y}}</ref>
*[[Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India]] (GCSI) – 25 June 1909<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=28263 |date=25 June 1909 |page=4855 |supp=y|nolink=y}}</ref>
*[[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George]] (GCMG) – 29 November 1900<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=27306 |date=19 April 1901 |page=2698|nolink=y}}</ref> (KCMG – 12 February 1894;<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=26484 |date=13 February 1894 |page=912|nolink=y}}</ref> CMG – 6 August 1886<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=25614 |date=6 August 1886|page=3793|nolink=y}}</ref>)
*[[Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]] (GCIE) – 1 January 1908<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=28095 |date=31 December 1907 |page=1 |supp=y|nolink=y}}</ref>
'''Foreign'''
*[[Order of Osmanieh]], [[Ottoman Empire]] first class – 7 December 1896<ref name=Debrett/><ref>{{London Gazette |issue=26801|date=8 December 1896 |page=7227|nolink=y}}</ref> (second class – 30 April 1894;<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=26508 |date=1 May 1894 |page=2508|nolink=y}}</ref> third class – 11 June 1885<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=25479 |date=12 June 1885 |page=2681|nolink=y}}</ref>)
*[[Order of the Medjidie]], [[Ottoman Empire]] first class – 18 November 1893<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=26460|date=21 November 1893 |page=6553|nolink=y}}</ref> (second class – 18 June 1888<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=25830|date=19 June 1888 |page=3372|nolink=y}}</ref>)
* Grand Cordon with [[Order of the Paulownia Flowers|Paulownia Flowers of the Order of the Rising Sun]], [[Empire of Japan]] – 11 November 1909<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jacar.archives.go.jp/aj/meta/result?DB_ID=G0000101EXTERNAL&DEF_XSL=default&ON_LYD=off&IS_INTERNAL=false&IS_STYLE=default&IS_KEY_S1=A10112683500&IS_TAG_S1=InD&IS_MAP_S1=&IS_LGC_S1=&IS_KEY_S2=&IS_TAG_S2=InD&IS_MAP_S2=&IS_LGC_S2=AND&IS_KEY_S3=&IS_TAG_S3=InD&IS_MAP_S3=&IS_LGC_S3=AND&IS_KEY_S4=&IS_TAG_S4=InD&IS_MAP_S4=&IS_LGC_S4=AND&IS_KEY_S5=&IS_TAG_S5=InD&IS_MAP_S5=&IS_LGC_S5=AND&IS_KEY_S20=&IS_TAG_S20=InD&IS_MAP_S20=&IS_LGC_S20=AND&IS_KEY_S21=&IS_TAG_S21=InD&IS_MAP_S21=&IS_LGC_S21=AND&IS_KEY_S22=&IS_TAG_S22=InD&IS_MAP_S22=&IS_LGC_S22=AND&IS_KEY_S23=&IS_TAG_S23=InD&IS_MAP_S23=&IS_LGC_S23=AND&IS_KEY_S24=&IS_TAG_S24=InD&IS_MAP_S24=&IS_LGC_S24=AND&IS_KEY_S25=&IS_TAG_S25=InD&IS_MAP_S25=&IS_LGC_S25=AND&IS_KIND=detail&IS_START=1&IS_NUMBER=1&IS_TAG_S18=eadid&IS_KEY_S18=M2010120911383979167&IS_EXTSCH=F2006090409562792309+F2006090417194979688+F2010083020364334001+F2010083020372334002+F2010083020470934021+F2010120911383579128&IS_ORG_ID=M2010120911383979167|title=英国元帥子爵キッチーナ外四名叙勲ノ件|website=www.jacar.archives.go.jp}}</ref>
*[[Order of Karađorđe's Star]] with swords, [[Kingdom of Serbia]] – 1918<ref>{{Cite book|last=Acović|first=Dragomir|title=Slava i čast: Odlikovanja među Srbima, Srbi među odlikovanjima|year=2012|location=Belgrade|publisher=Službeni Glasnik|pages=143}}</ref>

===Medal Bar (as worn at time of death)===

{| style="margin:auto;"
|-
| colspan="4" |[[File:Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg|116x116px]]
| colspan="4" |[[File:UK Order of Merit ribbon.svg|116x116px]]
| colspan="4" |[[File:UK Order of the Star of India ribbon.svg|116x116px]]
| colspan="4" |[[File:UK_Order_St-Michael_St-George_ribbon.svg|116x116px]]
|-
| colspan="4" |[[File:Order_of_the_Indian_Empire_Ribbon.svg|116x116px]]
| colspan="4" |[[File:Order of St John (UK) ribbon -vector.svg|116x116px]]
| colspan="4" |[[File:Queen_Victoria_Diamond_Jubilee_Medal_(military)_ribbon.PNG|116x116px]]
| colspan="4" |[[File:UK_King_Edward_VII_Coronation_Medal_ribbon.svg|116x116px]]
|-
| colspan="4" |[[File:Med.DelhiDurbar1903.png|116x116px]]
| colspan="4" |[[File:UK_King_George_V_Coronation_Medal_ribbon.svg|116x116px]]
| colspan="4" |[[File:Egypt_Medal_BAR.svg|116x116px]]
| colspan="4" |[[File:Queens_Sudan_Medal_BAR.svg|116x116px]]
|-
| colspan="4" |[[File:Ribbon_bar_of_the_Queen%27s_South_Africa_Medal.svg|116x116px]]
| colspan="4" |[[File:Kings South Africa Medal BAR.svg|116x116px]]
| colspan="4" |[[File:Khedives_Star.png|116x116px]]
| colspan="4" |[[File:Khedives_Sudan_Medal_1897.png|116x116px]]
|-
| colspan="4" |[[File:Croix de Guerre palme de bronze ruban.svg|116x116px]]
| colspan="4" |[[File:Medaille_commemorative_de_la_guerre_1870-1871_ribbon.svg|116x116px]]
| colspan="4" |[[File:Order_of_the_Medjidie_-_Ribbon_bar.svg|116x116px]]
| colspan="4" |[[File:Order_of_the_Osmanie_lenta.png|116x116px]]
|-
| colspan="4" |[[File:JPN_Daikun'i_kikkasho_BAR.svg|116x116px]]
| colspan="4" |[[File:BEL - Order of Leopold - Grand Cordon bar.svg|116x116px]]
| colspan="4" |[[File:Legion_Honneur_GC_ribbon.svg|116x116px]]
| colspan="4" |[[File:Cavaliere di gran croce OMS BAR.svg|116x116px]]
|}

Two medals were given as souvenirs, and Kitchener never wore them. Great War medals were issued posthumously.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.melik.org.uk/discover/soldiers-of-the-nile/earl-kitchener-of-khartoum/|title=Earl Kitchener of Khartoum|website=The Melik Society}}</ref>

===Honorary regimental appointments===
*Honorary Colonel, Scottish Command Telegraph Companies (Army Troops, Royal Engineers) – 1898{{sfn|Kellys|1916|p=874}}
*Honorary Colonel, East Anglian Divisional Engineers, Royal Engineers – 1901{{sfn|Kellys|1916|p=874}}
*Honorary Colonel, [[3rd (7th Royal Lancashire Militia) Battalion, Lancashire Fusiliers|5th (7th Royal Lancashire Militia) Battalion, Lancashire Fusiliers]] – 11 June 1902;<ref name=Debrett/><ref>{{London Gazette |issue=27441 |page=3755 |date=10 June 1902 |nolink=y}}</ref> later [[3rd (Reserve) Battalion, Lancashire Fusiliers]]{{sfn|Kellys|1916|p=874}}
*Honorary Colonel, 4th, later 6th Battalion, [[Royal Scots]] – 1905{{sfn|Kellys|1916|p=874}}
*Colonel Commandant, Royal Engineers – 1906{{sfn|Kellys|1916|p=874}}
*Honorary Colonel, [[7th Duke of Edinburgh's Own Gurkha Rifles|7th Gurkha Rifles]] – 1908{{sfn|Kellys|1916|p=874}}
*Honorary Colonel, [[1st County of London Yeomanry]] – 1910{{sfn|Kellys|1916|p=874}}
*Colonel-in-Chief, [[Corps of New Zealand Engineers]] – 1911<ref>{{cite book|first=P.|last=Cooke|title=Won by the Spade: How the Royal New Zealand Engineers Built a Nation|publisher=Exisle Publishing|location=Dunedin|isbn=9781775593645|year=2019|page=158}}</ref>
*Regimental Colonel, [[Irish Guards]] – 1914{{sfn|Kellys|1916|p=874}}

===Honorary degrees and offices===
*Freedom of the borough, [[Southampton]], 12 July 1902<ref name=TT14071902 />
*Freedom of the borough, [[Ipswich]], 22 September 1902<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Lord Kitchener at Ipswich |date=23 September 1902 |page=5 |issue=36880}}</ref><ref>''Earl Kitchener of Khartoum: The Story of His Life'' by [[Walter Jerrold]], London, 1916</ref>
*Freedom of the city, [[Sheffield]], 30 September 1902.<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Lord Kitchener at Sheffield|date=1 October 1902 |page=9 |issue=36887}}</ref>
*Freedom of the borough, [[Chatham, Kent|Chatham]], 4 October 1902<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Lord Kitchener at Chatham |date=6 October 1902 |page=6 |issue=36891}}</ref>
*Honorary Freedom of the City of [[Liverpool]], 11 October 1902<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Lord Roberts and Lord Kitchener in Liverpool|date=13 October 1902 |page=8 |issue=36897}}</ref>
*Honorary Freeman of the [[Worshipful Company of Fishmongers]]<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Lord Roberts and Lord Kitchener in the City |date=8 October 1902 |page=4 |issue=36893}}</ref>
*Honorary Freeman of the [[Worshipful Company of Grocers]], 1 August 1902.<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Mr Chamberlain and Lord Kitchener in the City |date=2 August 1902 |page=10 |issue=36836}}</ref>

===Arms===
{{Infobox COA wide
|image={{center|[[File:Coronet of a British Earl.svg|150px|centre]]{{Superimpose2
| align = center
| base = Order of the Garter in Heraldry.svg
| base_width = 200px
| float = Arms of Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener.svg
| float_width = 150px
| x = 25
| link = c:file:Arms of Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener.svg
}}}}
|escutcheon = Gules, between three bustards close proper a chevron azure, cotised argent; (for augmentations) a pile or, thereon the British and Turkish flags in saltire proper, the staffs encircled by a mural crown gules inscribed "Khartoum" in letters of gold ; a chief argent, thereon a pale gules charged with a lion passant guardant or, between on the dexter side an eagle displayed sable, and on the sinister on a mount vert an orange tree fructed proper.
|coronet = A [[Coronet#British coronet rankings|Coronet of an Earl]]
|crest = 1st (of augmentation), issuant from a mural crown or an elephant’s head proper holding in the trunk a sword erect of the first ; 2nd, a stag’s head erased, the neck transfixed by an arrow proper between the attires a horseshoe or.
|supporters =Dexter, a camel proper, bridle trappings and line pendent reflexed over the back gules, gorged with a collar or suspended therefrom an escutcheon paly bendy azure and ermine, a canton of the last charged with a portcullis gold; sinister, a gnu proper gorged with a collar or suspended therefrom an escutcheon ermine charged with a chevron engrailed vert thereon four horseshoes or.
|motto = Thorough
|symbolism = The coat of arms displays two Augmentations of honour; the first ''(A pile or, thereon the British and Turkish flags in saltire proper, the staffs encircled by a mural crown gules inscribed "Khartoum" in letters of gold )'' was awarded after having received the title of Baron Kitchener after his efforts in the Anglo-Egyptian conquest of Sudan; the second ''(A chief argent, thereon a pale gules charged with a lion passant guardant or, between on the dexter side an eagle displayed sable, and on the sinister on a mount vert an orange tree fructed proper)'' was awarded after his efforts in the Second Boer War.<ref>{{cite book |last=Fox-Davies |first= Arthur Charles |author-link=Arthur Charles Fox-Davies |title=A Complete Guide to Heraldry |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/41617/pg41617-images.html |location= |publisher= |pages=594–595 }}</ref>
|notes =
| previous_versions = [[File:Arms of Kitchener, Earl Kitchener.svg|75px]]{{spaces}}[[File:Arms of Herbert Kitchener, 1st Baron Kitchener.svg|75px]]
}}

==See also==
* [[Anglo-Egyptian conquest of Sudan]] – a reconquest of territory lost by the Khedives of Egypt in 1884 and 1885 during the Mahdist War
* [[Frances Parker]] – niece and a New Zealand-born British suffragette.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/WT19250212.2.50?end_date=03-03-1925&items_per_page=10&query=Parker+death&snippet=true&start_date=28-12-1924&type=ARTICLE |title= Lord Kitchener's sister |publisher= Papers Past |date= 1925}}</ref>
* [[I Was Lord Kitchener's Valet]] – a clothing boutique which achieved fame in 1960s "Swinging London"
* [[Kitchener's Army]] – an all-volunteer army formed in the United Kingdom from 1914
* [[Kitchener bun]] – a type of sweet pastry made and sold in South Australia
* [[Kitchener, Ontario]] – Canadian city renamed from Berlin after Kitchener's death
* ''[[Scapegoats of the Empire]]'' – a book by George Witton
* [[Statue of the Earl Kitchener, London]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* Anon., [https://archive.org/details/b24883797/page/n527/mode/2up "Kitchener of Khartoum, Viscount"], in ''Debrett's peerage, baronetage, knightage, and companionage'', London: Dean & Son, 1903, p. 483-484.
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* {{cite book|last=Cassar|first=George H.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ijcjfpJH6JoC&q=john+french+lanrezac+huy&pg=PA94|title=The Tragedy of Sir John French|publisher=University of Delaware Press|year=1985|isbn=087413241X}}
*{{cite book |last1=Cassar |first1=George H. |title=Kitchener as Proconsul of Egypt, 1911–1914 |date=2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3319393636 |language=en}}
* {{cite book|last=Faught|first=C. Brad|year=2016|title=Kitchener: Hero and Anti-Hero|publisher=I.B. Tauris|location=London and New York|isbn=978-1784533502}}
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* {{cite book|last=Hastings|first=Max|title=The Oxford Book of Military Anecdotes|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1986|isbn=978-0195205282}}
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* {{cite book|last=Holmes|first=Richard| author-link = Richard Holmes (military historian) | title=The Little Field Marshal: A Life of Sir John French|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|year=2004|isbn=0297846140}}
* {{cite book|last=Hull|first=Edward|title=Mount Seir, Sinai and Western Palestine|publisher=Richard Bentley and sons|year=1885|isbn=978-1402189852}}
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* {{cite book|last=Hyde|first=Montgomery|author-link=H. Montgomery Hyde|title=The Other Love: An Historical and Contemporary Survey of Homosexuality in Britain|publisher=Mayflower Books Ltd|location=London|year=1972|isbn=978-0434359028}}
* {{cite book|last=Irvine|first=James|title=HMS Hampshire: a Century of Myths and Mysteries Unravelled|others=Budge, Brian; Callister, Jude; Heath, Kevin; Hollinrake, Andrew; Grieve, Issy; Johnson, Keith; Kermode, Neil; Lowrey, Michael; Muir, Tom; Turton, Emily; Wade, Ben|publisher=Orkney Heritage Society|year=2016|isbn=978-0953594573}}
* {{cite book|last=Judd|first=Denis|title=Empire: The British Imperial Experience from 1765 to the Present|publisher=I B Tauris Academic|year=2011|isbn=978-1848859951}}
*{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/1916kellyshandbo00londuoft|via=archive.org|title=Kelly's Handbook of the Titled, Landed and Official Classes|year= 1916|publisher=Kelly's|page=874|edition=42 |ref={{harvid|Kellys|1916|page=874}}}}
* {{cite book|last1=Korieh|first1=Chima J.|last2=Njoku|first2=Raphael Chijioke|title=Missions, States, and European Expansion in Africa|publisher=Routledge|year=2007|isbn=978-0415955591|ref={{harvid|Korieh|2007|page=206}}}}
* {{cite book|last=Liddell Hart|first=Basil|title=A History of the World War|publisher=Faber & Faber|year=1930|isbn=0333582616}}
* {{cite book|last=MacLaren|first=Roy|title=Canadians on the Nile, 1882–1898: Being the Adventures of the Voyageurs on the Khartoum Relief Expedition and Other Exploits|year=1978|publisher=University of British Columbia Press|isbn=978-0774800945|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_r3l7}}
* {{cite book|last=Massie|first=Robert|title=Dreadnought: Britain, Germany, and the Coming of the Great War|publisher=Random House|location=New York|year=2012|isbn=978-0307819932}}
* {{cite book|last=Neillands|first=Robin | author-link = Robin Neillands |title=The Death of Glory: the Western Front 1915|publisher=John Murray|location=London|year=2006|isbn=978-0719562457}}
* {{cite book|last=Pakenham|first=Thomas | author-link = Thomas Pakenham (historian) |title=The Boer War|publisher=Jonathan Ball Publishers|year=1979|isbn=978-0868500461}}
* {{cite book|last=Pigott|first=Peter|title=Canada In Sudan War Without Borders|publisher=Dundurn Press|location=Toronto|year=2009|isbn=978-1550028492|url=https://archive.org/details/canadainsudanwar00pigo}}
* {{cite book|last=Pollock|first=John|title=Kitchener: Architect of Victory, Artisan of Peace|publisher=Carroll & Graf Publishers|year=2001|isbn=0786708298|url=https://archive.org/details/kitchenerarchite00poll}}
* {{cite book|last=Reid|first=Walter|title=Architect of Victory: Douglas Haig|publisher=Birlinn Ltd|location=Edinburgh|year=2006|isbn=1841585173}}
* {{cite book|last=Richardson|first=Frank M.|title=Mars Without Venus|publisher=Imprint unknown|year=1981|isbn=978-0851581484|url=https://archive.org/details/marswithoutvenus00rich}}
* {{cite book|last=Silberman|first=Neil Asher | author-link = Neil Asher Silberman | title=Digging for God and Country: Exploration, Archaeology and the Secret Struggle for the Holy Land 1799–1917|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf|location=New York|year=1982|isbn=0394511395}}
* {{cite book|last=Terraine|first=John| author-link = John Terraine | title=Mons, The Retreat to Victory|publisher=Wordsworth Military Library|location=London|year=1960|isbn=1840222409|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/1916battleofsomm0000lidd}}
* {{cite book|last=Tuchman|first=Barbara|title=August 1914|publisher=Constable & Co|year=1962|isbn=978-0333305164}}
* {{cite book|last=Urban|first=Mark|title=Generals: Ten British Generals Who Changed the World|publisher=Faber & Feber|location=London|year=2005|isbn=978-0571224876}}
* {{cite book|last=Wood|first=Clement|year=1932|title=The man who killed Kitchener; the life of Fritz Joubert Duquesne|publisher=William Faro, inc.|location=New York|asin=B0006ALPOO}}
* {{cite book|last=Woodward|first=David R.|title=Field Marshal Sir William Robertson|publisher=Praeger|location=Westport Connecticut & London|year=1998|isbn=0275954226}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|last=Arthur|first= Sir George|title=Life of Lord Kitchener|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.151498|publisher=Macmillan|year= 1920|isbn=978-1616405656}} (in 3 vols.)
* {{cite book |last=Atwood |first=Rodney |title=Roberts and Kitchener in South Africa |publisher=Pen & Sword publishing |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-84884-483-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Ballard|first=Colin|author-link=Colin Robert Ballard|title=Kitchener|publisher=Faber and Faber|location=London|year=1930|isbn=978-1406737646}}
* [[G. K. Chesterton|Chesterton, G. K.]] (1917). [[iarchive:kitchener00chesuoft|''Lord Kitchener''.]] London: The Field & Queen. [http://www.gutenberg.org/files/25795/25795-h/25795-h.htm archived]
* {{cite book|last1=Conder|first1= C. R.|last2=Kitchener|first2=H. H.|title=Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of Topography, Orography, Hydrography and Archaeology (3 vols)|editor1= E. H. Palmer |editor2= W. Besant|publisher= London: Palestine Exploration Fund|year= 1881–1885|oclc=1894216}}
* {{cite book|last=Fortescue|first=Sir John William|author-link=John Fortescue (military historian)|title=Kitchener in Following the Drum|publisher= Edinburgh: Blackwood & Sons|year= 1931|pages =185–250|asin=B000X9RY9S}}
* {{cite book|last=Germains|first=Victor Wallace|author-link=Victor Wallace Germains|title=The Truth about Kitchener|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.72613|publisher=John Lane/Bodley Head|year= 1925|asin=B000XBC3W4}}
* {{cite ODNB|last=Hodson|first= Yolande|title=Kitchener, Horatio Herbert In The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East Ed. Eric M. Meyers|publisher= New York: Oxford University Press|year= 1997|isbn= 0195112172|pages=300–301}}
* {{cite book|last=Hunter|first=Archie|title=Kitchener's Sword-arm: Life and Campaigns of General Sir Archibald Hunter|year=1996|publisher=Spellmount Publishers|isbn=978-1873376546}}
* {{cite book|last=Hutchison|first= G.S. |title=Kitchener: The Man; With a foreword by [[William Birdwood, 1st Baron Birdwood|Field Marshal Lord Birdwood]]|publisher= No imprint|year= 1943}}
* {{cite book|last=King|first= Peter|title=The Viceroy's Fall: How Kitchener Destroyed Curzon|url=https://archive.org/details/viceroysfallhowk0000king|url-access=registration|publisher=Sidgwick & Jackson|year= 1986|isbn=0283993138}}
* {{cite book|last=McCormick|first= Donald |title=The Mystery of Lord Kitchener's Death|publisher= Putnam|year= 1959|asin= B0000CK9BU}}
* {{cite book|last=Magnus|first=Philip|title=Kitchener: Portrait of an Imperialist|url=https://archive.org/details/kitchenerportrai00magn|url-access=registration|publisher=E.P. Dutton|location=New York|year=1958|asin=B0007IWHCY}}
* {{cite book|last=Royle |first= Trevor |title= The Kitchener Enigma|publisher= M. Joseph|year= 1985|isbn= 978-0718123857}}
* {{cite book|last=Simkins|first=Peter|title=Kitchener's Army|publisher= Pen & Sword|year= 1988|isbn=978-1844155859}}
* {{cite book|last=Warner|first= Philip |title= Kitchener: The Man Behind the Legend|publisher= Hamish Hamilton|year=1985|isbn= 0304367206}} new edition Cassell (2006).
* {{cite book|last=Wilson|first=A. N.|author-link=A. N. Wilson|title=The Victorians|publisher=Arrow Books|year=2003|isbn=978-0099451860}}

===Notes===
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{EB1911 poster|Kitchener, Horatio Herbert Kitchener, Viscount}}
{{wikisource|Lord Kitchener (Chesterton)}}
{{wikisource|The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Kitchener, Horatio Herbert}}
{{wikisource|1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Kitchener, Horatio Herbert Kitchener, Earl}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Herbert Kitchener |sopt=t}}
* {{Librivox author |id=11359}}
* {{Hansard-contribs | mr-horatio-kitchener | the Earl Kitchener }}
* [http://www.kitchenerscholars.org/pages/fund.htm Kitchener Scholars' Fund] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060425101137/http://www.kitchenerscholars.org/pages/fund.htm |date=25 April 2006 }}
* [http://www.melik.org.uk The Melik Society]
* [https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?search=ss&sText=Kitchener&LinkID=mp02564 National Portrait Gallery] 112 portraits
* [http://www.freemasons-freemasonry.com/beresiner16.html Lord Kitchener: Active Soldier, Active Freemason]
* {{PM20|FID=pe/009670}}
*{{cite web|url=https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/kitchener_horatio_herbert_kitchener_earl| website=encyclopedia.1914–1918-online.net| title=Kitchener, Horatio Herbert Kitchener, Earl| access-date=29 March 2018| author=Peter Simkins}}
*{{cite web| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/kitchener_lord_horatio.shtml| website=BBC| title=Lord Horatio Kitchener (1850–1916)}}
*{{cite web| url=https://www.historyhit.com/facts-about-lord-kitchener/| website=historyhit.com| title=10 Facts about Lord Kitchener}}
*{{cite web| url=https://www.iwm.org.uk/memorials/item/memorial/42721| title=Horatio Herbert Earl Kitchener of Khartoum| website=iwm.org.uk}}
*{{cite web| url=https://www.westminster-abbey.org/abbey-commemorations/commemorations/herbert-1st-earl-kitchener| website=westminster-abbey.org| title=Herbert, 1st Earl Kitchener}}

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Ranghad (term)

2026-03-05T03:08:05Z

Davidwnl: Made new pg

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{{Short description|Rajput group in Haryana & Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=September 2025}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2025}}
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The term '''"Ranghad"''' is commonly associated with [[Ranghar]]s, or individuals of [[Rajput]] descent originating from [[Haryana]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]]. While a significant portion of individuals bearing this surname adhere to the [[Muslim]] faith, there also exists a considerable [[Hindu]] population among the Ranghad community in Haryana. Following the [[Partition of India]] in 1947, many Muslim Ranghads migrated to [[Pakistan]], primarily settling in the provinces of [[Punjab]] and [[Sindh]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mZHfAAAAMAAJ&q=partition+ranghar |title=Defence Journal |date=May 2000 |publisher=Ikram ul-Majeed Sehgal |pages=108 |language=en}}</ref>

== Etymology of the term "Ranghad" ==
The term Ranghad finds its roots in Sanskrit, deriving from the combination of "rann" meaning "battle," <ref>{{Cite book |last=Elliot |first=H. M. (Henry Miers) |url=http://archive.org/details/memoirsonhistory01henr |title=Memoirs on the history, folk-lore and distribution of the races of the North Western provinces of India |date=2004 |publisher=New Delhi : Asian Educational Services |others=Public Resource |isbn=978-81-206-1905-0 |pages=4}}</ref> and "ghada," meaning "to make." When combined, Ranghad signifies "the one who is made for battle."

Historical records reveal variations in the application of the term across different regions and contexts. According to the Rohtak Gazetteer of 1883, Ranghad was used to describe both Hindu and Muslim [[Rajput]]s in the [[Rohtak district|Rohtak]] district. Similarly, the Hisar Gazetteer echoes this usage in [[Hisar district|Hisar]]. However, in [[Karnal district|Karnal]], the term Ranghad referred exclusively to Muslim Rajputs. This distinction is further supported by the "Geographical, Statistical, and Historical Description of Hindostan and Adjacent Countries" (1820), which associates Ranghad solely with Muslim Rajputs.

The etymology of Ranghad as a term denoting a warrior is corroborated by various sources. "Elliot's Races of the North-Western Provinces" (1844) and H. Blochmann's translation of "Ain-e-Akbari" both attribute its origin to "rann," meaning battle.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Elliot |first=H. M. (Henry Miers) |url=http://archive.org/details/memoirsonhistory01henr |title=Memoirs on the history, folk-lore and distribution of the races of the North Western provinces of India |date=2004 |publisher=New Delhi: Asian Educational Services |others=Public Resource |isbn=978-81-206-1905-0 |pages=4}}</ref> Additionally, James Tod's "Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan" (1829) tells that Ranghad is an epithet applied to Rajputs, implying a turbulent nature stemming from strife.

Rajasthani literature further reflects the usage of Ranghad as a synonym for Rajputs, irrespective of their religious affiliation. For instance, the verses of "Rajiya Ra Doha" by Kripa Ram Ji Khidiya (1743-1833), also known as Rajiya [[Barhath Kriparam Khidiya]], depict Ranghad as emblematic of Rajput valor.
<blockquote>"Jaat subhaav na jaaye, ke ''Ranghad'' bodo hai,

Hai ran maacha aaye, reeth bajaave Raajiya."

"Ran ''Ranghad'' raaji rahe, baale mocha bat

Tarwara tegaa jhade, jad maache gah ghat.

Rann rachi jad ''Raanghada'', kampe dhara Kamath

Rath roke pahata ravi, jad maache gah ghat."</blockquote>
These verses, along with numerous others from Rajasthani literature, emphasize the heroic attributes associated with the term Ranghad.

Through various historical accounts and literary references, the term Ranghad emerges as a symbol of martial prowess and valor, encapsulating the spirit of Rajput heritage across different regions and epochs.

== Ranghadi language ==
The Ranghad Rajputs migrated from Haryana settled in Pakistan refer their language as [[Rangri dialect (Haryanvi)|ranghadi]]. Although the same language is known as [[Haryanvi language|Haryanvi]] in India.

According to the book "A memoir of central India" (1832), The Ranghadi Bhasha prevails as far West as the [[Indus River|Indus]], East as far as the frontier of [[Bundelkhand]], South to the Satpoora hills, and North to [[Jeypore|Jeypoor]], [[Jodhpur|Joudpoor]], and [[Jaisalmer|Jesselmeer]]. There is in different provinces a difference in the pronunciation, and in many of the words; but the language is the same, and is written in the same character. Many books and songs have been composed in this language. The reason is that because the [[Rajput]]s of this region often known as Rangra/Rangda.

Further he also mentioned that the word Ranghad, the [[Rajput|Rajpoots]] say, is derived from Run, signifying battle, and Gurh, a fort; an epithet asserted to have been given them by one of the Kings of [[Delhi]], expressive of their bravery.

== Conversion to Islam ==
The conversion to Islam among the Ranghad community is a subject marked by various narratives across different estates. Some accounts attribute their conversion to figures like [[Ajmer Sharif Dargah|Khawaja Moin ud Din Ajmeri]], renowned for their religious teachings. However, a significant wave of conversions occurred during the reign of [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq|Firoz Shah Tughlaq]], a prominent ruler of the [[Delhi Sultanate]]. Under his administration, a substantial number of Rajputs, including groups like the [[Qaimkhani]] and [[Khanzada Rajputs|Khanzadas]] of [[Rajputana Agency|Rajputana]] and [[Mewat]], embraced [[Islam]]. This period witnessed a similar trend among the Ranghad estates, wherein many were compelled or influenced to convert to Islam.

The influence exerted by these converted Ranghads subsequently extended to other Rajput communities in Haryana, fostering a broader wave of conversions to Islam within the region.

== Ranghad resistance against British colonial rule ==

=== Pre-1857 Rebellions ===
In 1803, after the dominance of the [[British Empire|British]] over [[Haryana]], the Muslim [[Bhati|Bhatti]] Rajputs of western Haryana adopted a tough stance against the British. They organized under the leadership of Zabita Khan of [[Sirsa]] and [[Rania, Sirsa|Rania]], and Khan Bahadur Khan of Fatehabad. In response, the British Government launched several expeditions to subdue the rebellion. Despite numerous attacks, the British were unable to rout the [[Bhati|Bhattis]] and their leaders. British established a strong garrison at [[Hansi]] fort under the command of Mirza Illahi Beg, a [[Mughal dynasty|Mughal]] chieftain who was appointed as the Nazim of [[Hisar district|Hisar]]. However, he was killed by the Ranghads. Consequently, the British distributed the aforementioned territory among the [[nawab]]s of [[Jhajjar]], [[Loharu]], and Dujana. The British sent Colonel Browning in 1803, but the Bhattis again defeated the British forces. In the battle Colonel Browning was also killed.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mittal |first=Satish Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2RKTigrrP1cC |title=Haryana, a Historical Perspective |date=1986 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distri |pages=35, 36 |language=en}}</ref>

The British postponed campaigns in the [[Sirsa]] region until 1809, during which time the [[Bhati|Bhatti Rajputs]] continued their plundering in British territory. The British Resident, A. Scton, at the instance of Governor General Lord Minto, dispatched a large contingent under the command of Edward Gardiner in 1809 to establish British control over the region.<ref name=jkg>{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Jugal Kishore |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G0Z457ZOR44C |title=History of Sirsa Town |date=1991 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distri |pages=48 |language=en}}</ref>

Gardiner first targeted the [[Rohtak district|Rohtak]] territory, marching via [[Ballabhgarh]] and reaching Beri in the middle of March 1809. Here, he encountered little opposition from the rebels. Subsequently, the Zamindars of [[Dighal]], Kahanaur, and Nigana (Ranghad villages) were brought under control.After settling the [[Rohtak district|Rohtak]] region, Gardiner proceeded to [[Hisar district|Hisar]]. While en route, about 2,000 Ranghads attacked the British force on May 14, 1809, resulting in a bloody battle at Balliali, a small village near [[Hansi]]. Despite the villager's gallant efforts, they were defeated due to their small numbers and inferior arms and ammunition.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yadav |first=Kripal Chandra |url=http://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.58846 |title=Haryana studies in history and culture |date=1968 |pages=78}}</ref>

Following this, Colonel Skinner, Colonel Ball, and Colonel Adam's forces joined Gardiner's contingent. The contingent first attacked [[Bhiwani district|Bhiwani]], and then the British troops launched an assault on the [[Bhati|Bhatti]] Ranghads, but were defeated and Col. Ball was killed. In the months of June–July 1810, Colonel Skinner, with his cavalry force, launched another attack, but again was defeated. On December 3, 1810, Colonel Adam, commanding a considerably large force, attacked the rebels. The Bhattis fiercely resisted the British force at [[Fatehabad district|Fatehabad]] but were ultimately defeated. Colonel Adam then attacked [[Sirsa district|Sirsa]] and [[Rania, Sirsa|Rania]] on December 19 and 21 respectively. Nawab Zabita Khan fled, while the [[Bhati|Bhattis]] fought valiantly, albeit in vain.

In this region, a considerable military force was stationed at [[Hansi]], which also served as the civil headquarters. Edward Gardiner held charge of the district for six years. Even after his submission to the British, [[Nawab Zabita Khan]] continued to encourage raids on his neighbors and disregarded his masters' authority. The British Resident repeatedly instructed the Bhatti Chief to restrain his activities but to no avail.<ref name=jkg/>

Finally, in 1818, a British force was dispatched against him. Despite the Bhattis utmost resistance, they were ultimately defeated. Consequently, thousands of [[Bhati|Bhattis]] were killed, and [[Sirsa]] and [[Rania, Sirsa|Rania]] were confiscated.<ref name=jkg/>

Similarly, opposition arose from the Ranghads, [[Meo (ethnic group)|Meos]], [[Ahir]]s, and [[Jats]] of southern Haryana, including the districts of [[Gurgaon district|Gurgaon]] and [[Mahendragarh district|Mahendergarh]]. These territories were either directly ruled by the [[East India Company|Company]] or through native chiefs. The people fought beyond expectations, and the British forces crushed their rebellion by 1809.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mittal |first=Satish Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2RKTigrrP1cC |title=Haryana, a Historical Perspective |date=1986 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distri |pages=35 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Mutiny of 1857 ===
During the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], the Ranghads openly opposed [[British colonial India|British colonial]] rule and fought bravely. Ranghads in the Rohtak district, who served as soldiers in a regular regiment of the [[East India Company]], played a significant role. When these soldiers went on leave, [[Bahadur Shah Zafar|Bahadur Shah Zafar's]] messenger Tafazzul Hussain, leading a small army, met with these Ranghads. The messenger convinced them to join the revolt.

Upon learning of this development, [[Rohtak district|Rohtak's]] collector, John Adam Loach, deemed it more appropriate to flee with his officers, recognizing their inability to face the rebels. Subsequently, the rebels set fire to government offices and bungalows and released prisoners from Rohtak jail. John Adam Loch, along with the 60th regiment native infantry led by Thomas Seaton, attempted to control the rebels by camping at the District Court Rohtak with the regiment. However, the soldiers of the same regiment also turned rebellious.

Under the leadership of Rao Basharat Ali, the rebels liberated a large portion of [[Rohtak district|Rohtak]] from British control. In response, Major General Wilson dispatched Lieutenant Hudson to [[Rohtak district|Rohtak]] with six British officers and 361 armed soldiers to crush the rebellion. Soon, Hudson confronted the rebels under the command of Risaldar Basharat Ali Rao. Hudson described the rebels as fighting fiercely, but Risaldar Basharat Ali was martyred, and the rebels retreated.

The following morning, Ranghads under the leadership of Rao Sabar Khan attacked Hudson's force with 300 horse riders and 1000 other soldiers. Hudson was defeated and retreated to [[Delhi]] with his remaining force.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kYsMAQAAMAAJ&q=state+gazetteer+haryana |title=Haryana State Gazetteer |date=2001 |publisher=Haryana Gazetteers Organisation, Revenue Department |pages=298, 299 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mittal |first=Satish Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2RKTigrrP1cC |title=Haryana, a Historical Perspective |date=1986 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distri |pages=54 |language=en}}</ref>

=== 1915 Singapore Mutiny ===
On 27 January 1915, the [[5th Light Infantry]] was to be transferred to [[Hong Kong]] for garrison duties. The [[5th Light Infantry|5th light infantry]] primerly consisted of Ranghad soldiers. Under the leadership of three officers, [[Subedar]] Dunde Khan, [[Jemadar|Jemedar]] Chiste Khan, and [[Jemadar|Jemedar]] Ali Khan the regiment did a [[mutiny]] against the British army. The mutiny lasted for almost three days and they killed about 36 British soldiers. Mutiny was eventually suppressed by [[Allied forces (World War I)|Allied forces]] after several days of intense conflict. Allied naval vessels, including [[French Navy|French]] and [[Imperial Japanese Navy|Japanese]] warships, arrived to assist in quelling the rebellion. The mutineers were gradually rounded up and captured, with many of them scattering into the jungle. 64 mutineers were sentenced to transportation for life, and 73 received prison terms ranging from seven to 20 years. 47 were sentenced to execution by firing squad publicly.

== Ranghad Rajput clans ==
{{unreferenced section|date=October 2025}}
=== Panwar ===
The [[Panwar]]s of [[Rohtak district|Rohtak]] claim descent from two of the princes of [[Ujjain district|Ujjain]] named Kalyan Singh and Bhawan Singh, who were married to the [[Tomar (Rajput clan)|Tomar]] princesses of [[Delhi]]. These princesses were the daughters of [[Anangpal Tomar|Raja Anangpal Tomar II]]. [[Anangpal Tomar|Raja Anangpal]], the ruler of the [[Tomara dynasty]] at that time, granted them jagirs in [[Rohtak district|Rohtak]] and the surrounding region. Raja Kalyan Singh, first of all, established a new town named [[Kalanaur, Haryana|Kalanaur]], derived from his own name. Later, his descendants spread throughout the [[Rohtak district|Rohtak]] region and established many estates.
The city of [[Rohtak district|Rohtak]] is also said to be named after one of the [[Panwar]] chieftains named Rohtas Singh Panwar after he built a new fort named Rohtasgarh. The [[Panwar]]s of [[Rohtak district|Rohtak]] were formidable adversaries of the [[Tomar (Rajput clan)|Tanwars]] of [[Hisar district|Hisar]], and Sandhill at Mahim served as the fixed boundary between their territories.

=== Chauhan ===
The [[Chauhan Dynasty|Chauhans]] of [[Haryana]] claim their descent from one of the [[Chauhan Dynasty|Chauhan]] chieftains named Rana Har Rai Chauhan. According to the bard, Rana Har Rai, who had been bathing in the [[Ganges]], returned through the sacred [[Kurukshetra]], which was then held by [[Pundir Rajputs]]. They had four forts: Habri, Pandri, Pundrak, and Churangarh. A quarrel arose between Rana Har Rai and the [[Pundir Rajputs|Pundir]]s. In S. 891, he founded [[Jundla]] and fixed it as his headquarters. Rana Har Rai conquered Habri, Pundri, and then stormed Churangarh (Churani), where the [[Pundir Rajputs|Pundir]]s made their last stand before being driven to the east of the [[Yamuna]], where they now reside. Rana Har Rai married two [[Rajput]] wives . The [[Rajput]]s of the Mustafabad pargana in [[Jagadhri]] are also descendants of Har Rai. The sons by [[Rajput]] women founded various villages, with Kalia settling in [[Karnal]] and Kaura in Habri. The [[Chauhan Dynasty|Chauhans]] of Pipli, [[Jagadhri]], and [[Naraingarh]] are also descended from Rana Har Rai.

=== Tanwar/Toor ===
The [[Tomar (Rajput clan)|Tanwar]] Ranghad claim their origin from the [[Tomara dynasty]] of [[Delhi]]. ''Jatu'', ''Raghu'', and ''Satraola'' are three sub-clans of the [[Tomar (Rajput clan)|Tanwars]] of [[Haryana]].

Their traditional origin is somewhat as follows: On the establishment of [[Chauhan Dynasty|Chauhan]] ascendancy in the [[Tomara dynasty|Tomara kingdom]] of [[Delhi]] under the great [[Chauhan Dynasty|Chauhan]] [[Vigraharaja IV|Bisaldeo]], Some [[Tomar (Rajput clan)|Tanwars]] emigrated from Delhi to Jilopattan. Dul Ram, a son or descendant of [[Anangpal Tomar|Anangpal]], reigned there, and his son Jairat extended the [[Tomar (Rajput clan)|Tanwar]] dominion to [[Bagor, Rajasthan|Bagor]] in [[Jaipur]]. By a Sankla [[Rajput]] woman, Jairat had a son named Jatu. Jatu subsequently emigrated to [[Sirsa district|Sirsa]], where he married Palat Devi, the daughter of Kauwarpal, a [[Siroha Rajput]], the Raja of that part. Kanwarpal gave over the [[Hansi]] ilaka to his son-in-law, and the latter summoned his two brothers, Raghu and Satraola, from Jilopattan. It was divided into three tappas or populations.

Jatu had two sons, Sadh and Harpal. Sadh founded the present village of [[Rajli, Hisar|Rajli]], and Harpal that of Gurana. After the fall of [[Prithviraj Chauhan]], the Jatus extended their power over the parganas of [[Agroha (town)|Agroha]], [[Hansi]], [[Hisar (city)|Hissar]], and [[Bhiwani district|Bhiwani]]. ''Raghu'' and ''Satraola'' Rajputs are traditionally the brothers of ''Jatu'' Rajputs. Therefore, these tribes do not intermarry.

=== Madhad/Mandahar ===
According to ''Mandahar'' Jaga/bards, they are descendants of [[Lava (Ramayana)|Loekumar]], the son of [[Rama|Ramchandra]], who was adopted by his uncle [[Lakshmana|Lachman]]. The descendants of [[Lava (Ramayana)|Lao]] ruled successively in Garh [[Gwalior district|Gawaler]], Nikatarpuri, [[Ayodhya|Ajudia]], [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]], Kachwaglana, and Kamapahari. Raja Jana left Kamapahari and came to bathe in [[Kurukshetra|Kurushetra]]. At a [[Tirtha (Hinduism)|tirth]] near [[Jind]], his wife bore a son named Jindra. Later, in S. 801, Jindra founded [[Jind]]h. His grandson, Sadh, took [[Kaithal district|Kaithal]] from the [[Chandel (Rajput clan)|Chandel Rajputs]] in S. 1093. Sadh begot Bampra, who in turn begot three sons named Kallu, Kalu, and Mamraj. Kallu settled in Kalyat, Kalu in [[Rajound|Rajaundh]], and Mamraj in [[Kaithal district|Kaithal]]. Kallu's son, Rana Gurkha, stormed the three forts of [[Assandh|Asandh]], [[Safidon]], and [[Salwan, Haryana|Salwan]], expelling the Barah Rajputs, and settled in [[Assandh|Asandh]] in S. 1131. The [[Safidon]] branch later expelled the [[Chandel (Rajput clan)|Chandel Rajputs]] from Kokand and [[Gharaunda]]. However, the [[Chandel (Rajput clan)|Chandels]] again reconquered these areas.

During the reign of [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq|Firoz Shah]], many ''Mandahar'' Ranas were taken to [[Delhi]] and converted to [[Islam]].

=== Bhatti ===
The [[Bhati|Bhatti]] Ranghads are descended from Achal, one of the sons of [[Raja]] Jaunra, through a later descendant, Barsi, who extended the [[Bhati|Bhatti]] dominion from the south to [[Hanumangarh|Bhatner]], which the [[Bhati|Bhattis]] held until they were expelled by the [[Rathore dynasty|Rathore]] Raja of [[Bikaner State|Bikaner]]. Subsequently, the [[Bhati|Bhattis]] became the dominant power in the tract corresponding to the present [[Sirsa district|Sirsa tahsil]] and the northern part of [[Fatehabad district|tahsil Fatahabad]].
=== RAO RAJPUT ===
Here is a family of Ranghad in Village (jaee) Meerut district UP the one and only family from Kalanaur district Haryana.
Since partition
Here is a small family of four brothers.
* * * Late Rao Jabir Ali * * *
1. Dr Gulam Nabi.
2. Mohd. Irfan.
3. Mohd. Nasir.
4. Rao Julfikar Ali.
•Dr. Gulam Nabi..
1. Dr Rao Tanveer Ahmed.
2. Drx. Rao Zubair Ahmed.
•Mohd. Irfan.
1. Zunaid Rao.
2. Nadeem Rao.
3. Kaleem Rao.
4. Shuaib Rao.
5. Azeem Rao.
•Mohd. Nasir.
1. Mohd. Mateen.
2. Mohd. Shaan.
3. Mohd. Anas.
• Rao Julfikar Ali.
1. Rao Haider Ali.
One and only family of ranghad rajput.

=== Other Ranghad clans ===
[[Johiya|Joiya]], [[Rathore (Rajput clan)|Rathore]], [[Pundir Rajputs|Pundir]] and [[Khokhar]]

== Prominent historic Ranghad Rajput figures ==

=== Mohan Singh Mandahar ===
Mohan Singh Mandahar was a chieftain of the [[Kaithal district|Kaithal]] region, renowned for his resistance against [[Babur|Babur's]] authority during the medieval period. In a significant event, Mohan Mandahar and his forces successfully defeated a [[Army of the Mughal Empire|Mughal army]] of 3,000 horsemen commanded by Ali Quli Hamdani. However, eager to restore his prestige, [[Babur]] launched a retaliatory expedition against the Mandahars. Employing cunning tactics, they lured the Mandahars out of their village and subsequently razed it to the ground. The brutal onslaught resulted in the death of around 1,000 men, women, and children, including Mohan Singh.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Surinder |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=78vnEAAAQBAJ |title=Situating Medieval India: Polity, Society and Culture |date=2023-12-12 |publisher=Boydell & Brewer |isbn=978-1-83765-125-2 |pages=304 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Massa Ranghar/Massa Ranghad ===
[[Massa Ranghar|Massa Ranghad]] or Musalal Khan was the Ranghad [[Chowdhury|choudhary]] of [[Mandiala]]. In 1738, the [[Subahdar]](Governor) of [[Lahore]] Zakariya Khan Bahadur, appointed [[Massa Ranghar|Massa Ranghad]] as the Commandant of [[Amritsar district|Amritsar]]. He used the precincts of the [[Golden Temple]] for amusement with dancing girls.{{cn|date=October 2025}}

=== Najaf Kuli Khan ===
Najaf Kuli Khan was a [[Rathore dynasty|Rathore Rajput]]. He served as one of the commanders of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] forces and held the [[jagir]] of [[Rewari district|Rewari]]. He also expelled [[Sikhs|Sikh]] and [[Jats|Jat]] forces from the district of [[Tijara]].{{cn|date=October 2025}}

=== Muhammad Hassan Khan Bhatti ===
Muhammad Hassan Khan was a [[Bhati|Bhatti]] Ranghad chieftain. After [[Nader Shah]] retreated from [[India]] in 1747 CE, [[Rania, Sirsa|Rania]] was taken over by Muhammad Hassan Khan. He seized control of [[Rania, Sirsa|Rania]], [[Fatehabad district|Fatehabad]], and [[Sirsa district|Sirsa]], engaging in an ongoing struggle with the [[Sikhs|Sikh]] rulers of [[Patiala State|Patiala]] and [[Jind State|Jind]] States for control of this tract.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Jugal Kishore |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G0Z457ZOR44C&pg=PA42 |title=History of Sirsa Town |date=1991 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distri |pages=41 |language=en}}</ref>

== Modern Ranghad personalities ==
{{div col}}

[[Rao Muhammad Yousaf|Rao Muhammad Yousaf ]] (Founder/President Rajput Ithad Council) RIC Group
* [[Rao Abdus Sattar|Rao Abdul Sattar]] (Pakistan's First Leader of the Upper House)
* [[:ur:راؤ خورشید علی خاں|Rao Khurshid Ali Khan]]
* [[Rao Hashim Khan]]
* [[Phool Muhammad Khan|Rana Phool Muhammad Khan]]
* [[Rafi Muhammad Chaudhry]]
* [[Rao Muhammad Afzal Khan]]
* [[:ur:راؤ عبد الرشید|Rao Abdul Rasheed]] (Former Punjab Police Chief)
* [[Rao Sikandar Iqbal]] (Former Defense Minister of Pakistan)
* [[Rao Farman Ali|Maj Gen (R) Rao Farman Ali]]
* [[Rana Muhammad Iqbal Khan]] (Former Speaker Punjab House)
* [[:ur:راؤ قمر سلیمان|Rao Qamar Sulaiman]] (Former Chief of [[Pakistan Air Force]])
* [[Rao Qaiser Ali Khan|Rao Qaisar Ali Khan]]
* [[Rao Muhammad Ajmal Khan]]
* [[:ur:رانا محمود الحسن|Rana Mahmudul Hasan]]
* [[Rao Sardar Ali Khan]] (Former [[Punjab Police (Pakistan)|Punjab Police]] Chief)
* [[:ur:جہانزیب راؤ|Jahanzeb Rao]]
* [[:ur:افضل گوہر راؤ (شاعر)|Afzal Gohar Rao]]
* [[Iftikhar Anjum|Rao Iftikhar Anjum]]
{{div col end}}

== Titles used by Ranghad Rajputs ==

*[[Rao (title)|Rao]]
*[[Rai (title)|Rai]]
*[[Rana (title)|Rana]]
*[[Kunwar (title)|Kunwar]]
*[[Thakur (title)|Thakur]]
*[[Khan (title)|Khan]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Rajputs]]

Tarkari

2026-03-04T03:45:40Z

Davidwnl:

{{Short description|Vegetable dishes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox food
| name = Vegetable tarkari
| image = File:Vegetable Curry, Dec 2013.jpg
| caption =Vegetable tarkari
| alternate_name = Talkari
| country = [[Indian subcontinent]]
| region = South Asia
| national_cuisine = [[Indian cuisine|India]], [[Bangladeshi cuisine|Bangladesh]], [[Pakistani cuisine|Pakistan]], [[Nepali cuisine|Nepal]], [[Cuisine of Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad and Tobago]]
| creator =
| course =
| type = [[Curry]]
| served =
| main_ingredient = Vegetables
| variations =
| calories =
| other =
}}
'''Tarkari''' is a name given to a wide range of side vegetable dishes found commonly in the [[Indian subcontinent]], notably in [[Bangladesh]], [[India]], [[Pakistan]] and [[Nepal]].<ref name="riverfronttimes">{{cite web |last1=Kirchner |first1=Rease |title=Devi Gurung States of Everest Cafe: Recipe for Fresh Mixed Vegetable Tarkari |url=http://www.riverfronttimes.com/foodblog/2012/05/03/devi-gurung-states-of-everest-cafe-recipe-for-fresh-mixed-vegetable-tarkari |accessdate=4 April 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919040821/http://www.riverfronttimes.com/foodblog/2012/05/03/devi-gurung-states-of-everest-cafe-recipe-for-fresh-mixed-vegetable-tarkari |archivedate=19 September 2015 |date=3 May 2012}}</ref> Preparation methods for tarkaris range from simple to complex. Some of these dishes are also sometimes called curries and are made from vegetables that are popular in large parts of the Indian subcontinent, [[Mauritius]], [[Fiji]], South Africa, and the [[Caribbean]].

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Garden cress curry.jpg|Nepalese [[garden cress]] ''tarkari''
File:Dal Bhat Tarkari,Nepal.JPG|Nepalese ''[[dal bhat]] tarkari''
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[List of vegetable dishes]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian Dishes}}

[[Category:Bangladeshi cuisine]]
[[Category:Bengali cuisine]]
[[Category:Bihari cuisine]]
[[Category:Indian curries]]
[[Category:Nepalese curries]]
[[Category:North Indian cuisine]]
[[Category:Pakistani curries]]
[[Category:Vegetable dishes]]
[[Category:Indo-Caribbean cuisine]]

{{bangladesh-cuisine-stub}}
{{india-cuisine-stub}}
{{nepal-cuisine-stub}}
{{pakistan-cuisine-stub}}

Kanchanamala Cable TV

2026-03-03T21:56:38Z

Davidwnl: Made new details.

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kanchanamala Cable TV
| image = Kanchanamala Cable TV.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Pardha Sarathi
| producer = Potluri Satyanarayana K.V. Krishna Rao P.V.V.S.N. Murthy (Presents)
| writer = [[Marudhuri Raja]] (dialogues)
| starring = [[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]] [[Lakshmi Rai]]
| music = [[K.M. Radha Krishnan]]
| editing = [[A. Sreekar Prasad]]
| cinematography = Poorna
| studio = Ramya Movies
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2005|7|15|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Kanchanamala Cable TV''''' is a 2005 Indian Telugu-language comedy film directed by Pardha Sarathi and starring [[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]] and newcomer [[Lakshmi Rai]].

== Cast ==
{{Colbegin}}
*[[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]] as Sudarshan, the founder of Kanchanamala Cable TV in Juvvalapalem
*[[Lakshmi Rai]] as Sireesha, who pretends to be Sudarshan's nephew Kanchanamala
*[[Tanikella Bharani]] as the criminal lawyer
*[[Kaikala Satyanarayana|Satyanarayana]] as Kanchanamala's father
*[[Annapurna (actress)|Annapurna]] as Kanchanamala's mother
*[[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] as Sudarshan's assistant
*[[Sivaji Raja]] as Sudarshan's assistant
*Preeti as Sudarshan's assistant
*[[Krishna Bhagavaan]]
* [[M. S. Narayana]]
*[[Raghu Babu]]
*[[Brahmanandam]]
*[[Ali (actor)|Ali]]
*[[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]]
*[[Kondavalasa Lakshmana Rao|Kondavalasa]]
*[[Bandla Ganesh]]
* Sarika Ramachandra Rao
* Rama Lakshmanulu
* Harika
* Lavanya
* Deepanjali
*Manoja
*[[Allari Subhashini]]
*[[Rajitha]]
*Bharani as Criminal lawyer
{{Colend}}

== Production ==
Director Pardha Sarathi made his directorial debut with this film.<ref name="idlebrain">{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/title-kanchanamalacabletv.html|title=Title Announcement - Kanchanamala cable TV (c/o Juvvala palem)|work=idlebrain|date=25 April 2005|accessdate=10 February 2024|archive-date=8 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108103617/https://idlebrain.com/news/functions/title-kanchanamalacabletv.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was shot in [[Koduru, Krishna district|Koduru]] and [[Poduru]] villages.<ref name="idlebrain"/><ref name="h2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/now-heres-a-bagful-of-gags/article28583433.ece|title=Now, here's a bagful of gags|newspaper=The Hindu|date=3 June 2005|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> The film's shoot was almost completed in June 2005.<ref name="h2"/>

== Soundtrack ==
''[[Anand (2004 film)|Anand]]'' fame [[K.M. Radha Krishnan]] composed the film's songs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-kanchanamalacabletv.html|title=Kanchanamala Cable TV - audio function - Telugu Cinema - Srikanth, Lakshmi Rai|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref> The lyrics were written by [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]], [[Veturi]] and [[Sahithi]].<ref name="h2"/> Three were shot near [[Palakollu|Palakol]] and two in Kerala.<ref name="h2"/> ''Hindustan Times'' called the soundtrack "an all-round album".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/telugu-numbers-rule-the-roost/story-ewA1LErq68r8kPBI7ACvoI.html|title=Telugu numbers rule the roost|date=21 June 2005|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

*"Kanchanamala" – Sandeep, Srikanth, Lalitha Sagar
*"Kantlo Kaaveri" – Karthik, Harini
*"Krishna Kolatalu" – Shankar Mahadevan, Kalpana
*"Nadiridinna" – Shankar Mahadevan, Kalpana
*"O Neelaveni" – SPB, Chitra
*"Saiyya Ante" – Lalitha Sagar

== Release ==
A critic from ''The Hindu'' opined that "The storyline is water thin but the director turns it into a neat film. One can happily watch with family".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/pass-time-watching-this-cable-tv/article27424399.ece|title=Pass time watching this Cable TV|newspaper=The Hindu|date=16 July 2005|via=www.thehindu.com|archive-date=28 November 2021|access-date=28 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128210338/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/pass-time-watching-this-cable-tv/article27424399.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Jeevi of ''Idlebrain'' said that "On a whole ''Kanchanamala Cable TV'' disappoints".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-kanchanamalacabletv.html|title=Movie review - Kanchanamala Cable TV|work=idlebrain|access-date=28 November 2021|archive-date=28 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128212445/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-kanchanamalacabletv.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Sify'' said that "On the whole ''Kanchanamala Cable TV'' lacks story, logic and moves at snail pace".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/kanchanamala-cable-tv-review-telugu-pclvKNedceice.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207205257/https://www.sify.com/movies/kanchanamala-cable-tv-review-telugu-pclvKNedceice.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 December 2021|title=Review: Kanchanamala Cable TV|work=Sify}}</ref> A critic from ''Webindia'' wrote that "Parthasarathy shows good taste in the visuals but he should understand that the plot is predominant and comedy cannot replace it".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.webindia123.com/movie/regional/ktv/index.htm|title=Kanchanamala Cable TV|work=webindia123|access-date=11 April 2022|archive-date=11 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411071724/https://www.webindia123.com/movie/regional/ktv/index.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|1583284}}

[[Category:2005 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2005 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. M. Radha Krishnan]]

Lohia College

2026-03-02T03:43:31Z

Davidwnl: started first stub initial version - done

{{Short description|Government college in Churu, Rajasthan, India}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Lohia College
| image = Lohia College Logo.png
| motto = ''Tamaso mā jyotirgamaya''{{small| ([[Sanskrit]])}}
| mottoeng = Lead me from darkness to light
| type = [[Public]]
| established = {{start date and age|1945}}
| founder = Kanhiya Lal Lohia<ref>https://hindi.news18.com/news/rajasthan/churu-rajasthan-dhanna-seth-kanhaiya-lal-mahavidyalay-jute-expertise-foreigners-praised-local18-9707790.html</ref>
| principal =
| city = [[Churu, Rajasthan|Churu]]
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| country = India {{flagicon|India}}
| campus = [[Urban area|Urban]]
| language = English, Hindi
| website = {{official URL}}
| mapframe = yes
| coordinates = {{coord|28|17|27|N|74|58|00|E|type:edu_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}
'''Lohia College''' is a government college located in [[Churu district|Churu]], [[Rajasthan]], India, established in 1945.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=66 साल पहले लोहिया कॉलेज के छात्रसंघ अध्यक्ष को तत्कालीन सीएम ने भोज पर बुलाया था जयपुर |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/rajasthan/churu/news/rajasthan-news-66-years-ago-the-then-cm-of-lohia-college-was-invited-by-the-then-cm-for-a-banquet-in-jaipur-111005-5336330.html |work=Dainik Bhaskar}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=October 7, 2025 |title=धन्ना सेठ का अनोखा योगदान...महाविद्यालय का निर्माण और जूट परख की कला में विदेशी भी हुए दीवाने |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/rajasthan/churu-rajasthan-dhanna-seth-kanhaiya-lal-mahavidyalay-jute-expertise-foreigners-praised-local18-9707790.html |work=News 18}}</ref> The Churu District Gazetteer (1970) published by the [[Government of Rajasthan]], records the institution among the higher educational establishments functuning in the district during the mid 20th century.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |url=https://indianculture.gov.in/libraries/pdf.js/web/viewer.html?file=/system/files/nvli_pdfs/GR499.pdf |title=Gazetteer of India Rajasthan Churu |publisher=Publication Branch, Government Central Press |year= |location=Jaipur, India |publication-date=March 20, 1970 |pages=306–307 |language=English}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.08624/page/283/mode/2up |title=Gazetteer of India Rajasthan Churu |publisher=Publication Branch Government Central Press |year= |location=Jaipur, India |publication-date=March 20, 1970 |pages=283 |language=English}}</ref>

The college was earlier affiliated with the [[University of Rajasthan]]<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> and has been affiliated with [[Maharaja Ganga Singh University|Maharaja Ganga Singh University, Bikaner]] since 2003.<ref>https://assessmentonline.naac.gov.in/public/index.php/get_file?file_path=eyJpdiI6InhVRmFtSHVjTTJGWVpWdmt0Q0doZlE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiKzRVVmVTMTlxdU8weUYzL2NXdjJNU09rT0RmY0lOS0hBcGx6eDJRc2tBajZMOHI2a25QWThGbmNZZnhBcXBjNmFNak4xWDhQUDhnb1B0QkQzTlJQWXp5N3RPTDQxcGxuNWJnbmc4Uk5tUWlRQjcyQ1EvYlhQL1RZVG5MR3BoM3kiLCJtYWMiOiI2NDY2MmM5MjcwMmZlZTY2NGE3OWQwMDMyNmM2ZmFkZTFmMDk1NWUwZjdlOTFiMmFhOTFlMjE0MWVjZWE5NzJjIiwidGFnIjoiIn0={{Dead link | date=December 2025 | fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

== History ==
The college was founded in 1945 and initially functioned as an intermediate-level institution before gradually expanding its academic programmes. It was later shifted to its present campus in Churu and developed into a degree college offering UG courses in arts, science and commerce.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

== Academics ==
The college offers UG and PG programmes in arts, science and commerce under its affiliation with Maharaja Ganga Singh University.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Government Lohia College, Churu |url=https://hte.rajasthan.gov.in/college/gcchuru/history |access-date=2025-12-09 |website=hte.rajasthan.gov.in}}</ref>

== Notable people ==

* [[Narendra Budania]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Biographical Sketch |url=https://www.indiapress.org/election/archives/lok11/biodata/11rj10.php |access-date=2025-12-08 |website=www.indiapress.org}}</ref> – alumnus
* [[Bhanwar Singh Samaur]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.61804/page/n633/mode/2up?q=Bhanwar |title=Who's Who of Indian Writers |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |year=1983 |publication-date=July 26, 1983 |pages=634 |language=English}}</ref> – faculty member

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Colleges in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Education in Churu district]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1945]]
[[Category:1945 establishments in India]]

1999 Cricket World Cup

2026-02-27T00:30:16Z

Davidwnl: correct references additionally and corrected details for accuracy

{{short description|Seventh edition of the Cricket World Cup}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = 1999 ICC Cricket World Cup
| image = Wc99.png
| administrator = [[International Cricket Council]]
| cricket format = [[One Day International]]
| tournament format = [[Round-robin tournament|Round robin]] and [[Single-elimination tournament|Knockout]]
| host = {{ubl|England|Wales|Scotland|Ireland|Netherlands}}
| fromdate = 14 May
| todate = 20 June 1999
| champions = {{cr|AUS}}
| count = 2
| runner up = {{cr|PAK}}
| participants = 12
| matches = 42
| attendance =
| player of the series = {{cricon|RSA}} [[Lance Klusener]]
| most runs = {{cricon|IND}} [[Rahul Dravid]] (461)
| most wickets = {{cricon|NZL}} [[Geoff Allott]] (20) {{cricon|AUS}} [[Shane Warne]] (20)
| previous_year = 1996
| previous_tournament = 1996 Cricket World Cup
| next_year = 2003
| next_tournament = 2003 Cricket World Cup
}}
The '''1999 ICC Cricket World Cup''', also branded as '''England '99''', was the seventh edition of the [[Cricket World Cup]], organised by the [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC). It was hosted primarily by England, with selected matches also played in Wales, Scotland, Ireland and the Netherlands. The tournament was won by [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]], who beat [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]] by 8 wickets in the [[1999 Cricket World Cup final|final]] at [[Lord's]] in London.

The tournament was hosted three years after the previous Cricket World Cup, deviating from the usual four-year gap.<ref>{{Cite web|date=16 October 2019|title=Sourav Ganguly Doubtful About ICC's Plans To Host Cricket World Cup Every Three Years|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/sports-news-sourav-ganguly-doubtful-about-iccs-plans-to-host-cricket-world-cup-every-three-years/340587/|access-date=23 November 2020|website=Outlook|agency=PTI}}</ref>

==Format==
It featured 12 teams, playing a total of 42 matches. In the group stage, the teams were divided into two groups of six; each team played all the others in their group once. The top three teams from each group advanced to the Super Sixes, a new concept for the 1999 World Cup; each team carried forward the points from the games against the other qualifiers from their group and then played each of the qualifiers from the other group (in other words, each qualifier from Group A played each qualifier from Group B and vice versa). The top four teams in the Super Sixes advanced to the semi-finals.

==Qualification==
{{main|1997 ICC Trophy}}
[[File:1999 Cricket World Cup Participating nations.svg|400px|right|thumb|
The eight teams which participated in the tournament.{{legend|#003|Qualified as host}}
{{legend|#00f|Qualified as full member of ICC}}
{{legend|#00a700ff|Qualified via the [[1997 ICC Trophy]]}}
{{legend|#fc0|Participated in the ICC Trophy but failed to qualify}}]]
The 1999 World Cup featured 12 teams, which was the same as the previous edition in 1996. The hosts England and the eight other [[Test cricket|test nations]] earned automatic qualification to the World Cup. The remaining three spots were decided at the [[1997 ICC Trophy]] in Malaysia.

22 nations competed in the 1997 edition of the ICC Trophy. After going through two group stages, the semi-finals saw [[Kenya national cricket team|Kenya]] and [[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladesh]] qualify through to the World Cup. [[Scotland national cricket team|Scotland]] would be the third nation to qualify as they defeated [[Ireland national cricket team|Ireland]] in the third-place playoff.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/WORLD_CUPS/ICCT97/ICCT97_HEADLINES.html|title=Carlsberg ICC Trophy, Malaysia Headlines|access-date=31 July 2019}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Team
!Method of qualification
!Finals appearances
!Last appearance
!Previous best performance
!Group
|-
|{{cr|ENG}}
|Hosts
|7th
|[[1996 Cricket World Cup|1996]]
|Runners-up {{small|([[1979 Cricket World Cup|1979]], [[1987 Cricket World Cup|1987]], [[1992 Cricket World Cup|1992]])}}
|A
|-
|{{cr|AUS}}
|rowspan="8"|Full member
|7th
|[[1996 Cricket World Cup|1996]]
|Champions {{small|([[1987 Cricket World Cup|1987]])}}
|B
|-
|{{cr|IND}}
|7th
|[[1996 Cricket World Cup|1996]]
|Champions {{small|([[1983 Cricket World Cup|1983]])}}
|A
|-
|{{cr|NZL}}
|7th
|[[1996 Cricket World Cup|1996]]
|Semi-finals {{small|([[1975 Cricket World Cup|1975]], [[1979 Cricket World Cup|1979]], [[1992 Cricket World Cup|1992]])}}
|B
|-
|{{cr|PAK}}
|7th
|[[1996 Cricket World Cup|1996]]
|Champions {{small|([[1992 Cricket World Cup|1992]]}})
|B
|-
|{{cr|RSA}}
|3rd
|[[1996 Cricket World Cup|1996]]
|Semi-finals {{small|([[1992 Cricket World Cup|1992]])}}
|A
|-
|{{cr|SRI}}
|7th
|[[1996 Cricket World Cup|1996]]
|Champions {{small|([[1996 Cricket World Cup|1996]]}})
|A
|-
|{{cr|WIN}}
|7th
|[[1996 Cricket World Cup|1996]]
|Champions {{small|([[1975 Cricket World Cup|1975]], [[1979 Cricket World Cup|1979]]}})
|B
|-
|{{cr|ZIM}}
|5th
|[[1996 Cricket World Cup|1996]]
|Group stage {{small|(All)}}
|A
|-
|{{cr|BAN}}
|[[1997 ICC Trophy]] winner
|1st
|—
|Debut
|B
|-
|{{cr|KEN}}
|[[1997 ICC Trophy]] runner-up
|2nd
|[[1996 Cricket World Cup|1996]]
|Group stage {{small|([[1996 Cricket World Cup|1996]]}})
|A
|-
|{{cr|SCO}}
|[[1997 ICC Trophy]] third place
|1st
|—
|Debut
|B
|}

==Venues==
{{Location map+|England|width=400|float=right|caption=Venues in England|places=
{{Location map~|England|coordinates={{coord|51|31|N|0|10|W}}|position=left|background=|label=[[Lord's]]}}
{{Location map~|England|coordinates={{coord|51|29|N|0|7|W}}|position=right|background=|label=[[The Oval]]}}
{{Location map~|England|coordinates={{coord|50|49|N|0|10|W}}|position=Left|background=|label=[[County Cricket Ground, Hove|Hove]]}}
{{Location map~|England|coordinates={{coord|51|1|N|3|6|W}}|position=left|background=|label=[[County Cricket Ground, Taunton|Taunton]]}}
{{Location map~|England|coordinates={{coord|51|16|N|1|5|E}}|position=left|background=|label=[[St Lawrence Ground|Canterbury]]}}
{{Location map~|England|coordinates={{coord|52|36|N|1|8|W}}|position=right|background=|label=[[Grace Road|Leicester]]}}
{{Location map~|England|coordinates={{coord|52|14|N|0|52|W}}|position=right|background=|label=[[County Cricket Ground, Northampton|Northampton]]}}
{{Location map~|England|coordinates={{coord|52|11|N|2|13|W}}|position=left|background=|label=[[New Road, Worcester|Worcester]]}}
{{Location map~|England|coordinates={{coord|51|28|N|2|35|W}}|position=right|background=|label=[[County Cricket Ground, Bristol|Bristol]]}}
{{Location map~|England|coordinates={{coord|52|56|N|1|7|W}}|position=right|background=|label=[[Trent Bridge|Nottingham]]}}
{{Location map~|England|coordinates={{coord|52|27|N|1|54|W}}|position=left|background=|label=[[Edgbaston Cricket Ground|Birmingham]]}}
{{Location map~|England|coordinates={{coord|51|43|N|0|28|E}}|position=right|background=|label=[[County Cricket Ground, Chelmsford|Chelmsford]]}}
{{Location map~|England|coordinates={{coord|50|55|N|1|24|W}}|position=left|background=|label=[[County Cricket Ground, Southampton|Southampton]]}}
{{Location map~|England|coordinates={{coord|54|50|N|1|33|W}}|position=left|background=|label=[[Riverside Ground|Chester-le-Street]]}}
{{Location map~|England|coordinates={{coord|53|49|N|1|34|W}}|position=left|background=|label=[[Headingley Cricket Ground|Leeds]]}}
{{Location map~|England|coordinates={{coord|52|55|N|1|27|W}}|position=left|background=|label=[[County Cricket Ground, Derby|Derby]]}}
{{Location map~|England|coordinates={{coord|53|27|N|2|17|W}}|position=left|background=|label=[[Old Trafford Cricket Ground|Manchester]]}}
}}

===England===
{|class=wikitable
|-
!Venue!!City!!Capacity!!Matches
|-
|[[Edgbaston Cricket Ground]]||[[Birmingham]], West Midlands||21,000||3
|-
|[[County Cricket Ground, Bristol|County Cricket Ground]]||[[Bristol]]||8,000||2
|-
|[[St Lawrence Ground]]||[[Canterbury]], Kent||15,000 ||1
|-
|[[County Cricket Ground, Chelmsford|County Cricket Ground]]||[[Chelmsford]], Essex||6,500||2
|-
|[[Riverside Ground]]||[[Chester-le-Street]], County Durham||15,000||2
|-
|[[County Cricket Ground, Derby|County Cricket Ground]]||[[Derby]], Derbyshire||9,500||1
|-
|[[County Cricket Ground, Hove|County Cricket Ground]]||[[Hove]], Sussex||7,000||1
|-
|[[Headingley Cricket Ground|Headingley]]||[[Leeds]], West Yorkshire||17,500||3
|-
|[[Grace Road]]||[[Leicester]], Leicestershire||12,000||2
|-
|[[Lord's Cricket Ground|Lord's]]||[[London]], Greater London||28,000||3
|-
|[[The Oval]]||[[London]], Greater London||25,500||3
|-
|[[Old Trafford Cricket Ground|Old Trafford]]||[[Manchester]], Greater Manchester||22,000||3
|-
|[[County Cricket Ground, Northampton|County Cricket Ground]]||[[Northampton]], Northamptonshire||6,500||2
|-
|[[Trent Bridge]]||[[Nottingham]], Nottinghamshire||17,500||3
|-
|[[County Cricket Ground, Southampton|County Cricket Ground]]||[[Southampton]], Hampshire||6,500||2
|-
|[[County Cricket Ground, Taunton|County Cricket Ground]]||[[Taunton]], Somerset||6,500||2
|-
|[[New Road, Worcester|New Road]]||[[Worcester, England|Worcester]], Worcestershire||4,500||2
|}

===Outside England===
Scotland played two of their Group B matches in their home country becoming the first associate nation to host games in a World Cup. One Group B match was played in Wales and Ireland respectively, while one Group A match was played in the Netherlands.

{|class=wikitable
!Venue!!City!!Capacity!!Matches
|-
|[[SWALEC Stadium|Sophia Gardens]]|| [[Cardiff]], Wales||15,653||1
|-
|[[The Grange Club]]|| [[Edinburgh]], Scotland||3,000 ||2
|-
|[[Castle Avenue|Clontarf Cricket Club Ground]]|| [[Dublin]], Ireland||3,200 ||1
|-
|[[VRA Cricket Ground]]|| [[Amstelveen]], Netherlands||4,500 ||1
|-
|colspan=2|{{Location map+|United Kingdom|width=200|AlternativeMap=British Isles location map.svg|float=center|caption=Venues in Wales, Scotland and Ireland|places=
{{Location map~|United Kingdom|coordinates={{coord|51.487222|-3.191389}}|position=left|background=|label=[[SWALEC Stadium|Cardiff]]}}
{{Location map~|United Kingdom|coordinates={{coord|53.368047|-6.207153}}|position=left|background=|label=[[Clontarf Cricket Club Ground|Dublin]]}}
{{Location map~|United Kingdom|coordinates={{coord|55.959843|-3.214295}}|position=right|background=|label=[[The Grange Club|Edinburgh]]}}
}}
|colspan=2|{{Location map+|Netherlands|width=200|float=center|caption=Venues in the Netherlands|places=
{{Location map~|Netherlands|coordinates={{coord|52.319444|4.849058}}|position=left|background=|label=[[VRA Cricket Ground|Amstelveen]]}}
}}
|}

==Squads==
{{Main|1999 Cricket World Cup squads}}

==Group stage==

===Pool A===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Pos
! width="175" |Team
!width=20 abbr="Played"|Pld
!width=20 abbr="Won"|W
!width=20 abbr="Lost"|L
!width=20 abbr="No result"|NR
!width=20 abbr="Tied"|T
!width=20 abbr="Net run rate"|[[Net run rate|NRR]]
!width=20 abbr="Points"|Pts
!width=20 abbr="Points carried forward"|PCF
|- style="background:#ccffcc"
|1
| style="text-align:left" |{{cr|RSA}}
|5||4||1||0||0||0.86||'''8'''||2
|- style="background:#ccffcc"
|2
| style="text-align:left" |{{cr|IND}}
|5||3||2||0||0||1.28||'''6'''||0
|- style="background:#ccffcc"
|3
| style="text-align:left" |{{cr|ZIM}}
|5||3||2||0||0||0.02||'''6'''||4
|-
|4
| style="text-align:left" |{{cr|ENG}}
|5||3||2||0||0||−0.33||'''6'''||N/A
|-
|5
| style="text-align:left" |{{cr|SRI}}
|5||2||3||0||0||−0.81||'''4'''||N/A
|-
|6
| style="text-align:left" |{{cr|KEN}}
|5||0||5||0||0||−1.20||'''0'''||N/A
|}

{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 14 May 1999
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SRI}}
| score1 = 204 (48.4 overs)
| score2 = 207/2 (46.5 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|ENG}}
| runs1 = [[Romesh Kaluwitharana]] 57 (66)
| wickets1 = [[Alan Mullally]] 4/37 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Alec Stewart]] 88 (146)
| wickets2 = [[Chaminda Vaas]] 1/27 (10 overs)
| result = England won by 8 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65193.html Scorecard]
| venue = Lord's, London
| umpires = [[Rudi Koertzen]] (SA) and [[Srinivasaraghavan Venkataraghavan]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Alec Stewart]] (Eng)
| toss = England won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 15 May 1999
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| score1 = 253/5 (50 overs)
| score2 = 254/6 (47.2 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|RSA}}
| runs1 = [[Sourav Ganguly]] 97 (142)
| wickets1 = [[Lance Klusener]] 3/66 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Jacques Kallis]] 96 (128)
| wickets2 = [[Javagal Srinath]] 2/69 (10 overs)
| result = South Africa won by 4 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65194.html Scorecard]
| venue = New County Ground, Hove
| umpires = [[Steve Bucknor]] (WI) and [[David Shepherd (umpire)|David Shepherd]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Jacques Kallis]] (SA)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 15 May 1999
| team1 = {{cr-rt|KEN}}
| score1 = 229/7 (50 overs)
| score2 = 231/5 (41 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|ZIM}}
| runs1 = [[Alpesh Vadher]] 54 (90)
| wickets1 = [[Neil Johnson (cricketer)|Neil Johnson]] 4/42 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Neil Johnson (cricketer)|Neil Johnson]] 59 (70)
| wickets2 = [[Maurice Odumbe]] 2/39 (7 overs)
| result = Zimbabwe won by 5 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65195.html Scorecard]
| venue = County Ground, Taunton
| umpires = [[Doug Cowie (umpire)|Doug Cowie]] (NZ) and [[Javed Akhtar (cricketer)|Javed Akhtar]] (Pak)
| motm = [[Neil Johnson (cricketer)|Neil Johnson]] (Zim)
| toss = Zimbabwe won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Jimmy Kamande]] (Ken) made his ODI debut.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 18 May 1999
| team1 = {{cr-rt|KEN}}
| score1 = 203 (49.4 overs)
| score2 = 204/1 (39 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|ENG}}
| runs1 = [[Steve Tikolo]] 71 (141)
| wickets1 = [[Darren Gough]] 4/34 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Nasser Hussain]] 88* (127)
| wickets2 = [[Thomas Odoyo]] 1/65 (10 overs)
| result = England won by 9 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65199.html Scorecard]
| venue = St Lawrence Ground, Canterbury
| umpires = [[K. T. Francis]] (SL) and [[Rudi Koertzen]] (SA)
| motm = [[Steve Tikolo]] (Ken)
| toss = England won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 19 May 1999
| team1 = {{cr-rt|ZIM}}
| score1 = 252/9 (50 overs)
| score2 = 249 (45 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| runs1 = [[Andy Flower]] 68* (85)
| wickets1 = [[Javagal Srinath]] 2/35 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Sadagoppan Ramesh]] 55 (77)
| wickets2 = [[Henry Olonga]] 3/22 (4 overs)
| result = Zimbabwe won by 3 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65200.html Scorecard]
| venue = Grace Road, Leicester
| umpires = [[Dave Orchard]] (SA) and [[Peter Willey]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Grant Flower]] (Zim)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = India were fined four overs for a slow [[over rate]] in the first innings.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 19 May 1999
| team1 = {{cr-rt|RSA}}
| score1 = 199/9 (50 overs)
| score2 = 110 (35.2 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|SRI}}
| runs1 = [[Lance Klusener]] 52* (45)
| wickets1 = [[Muttiah Muralitharan]] 3/25 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Roshan Mahanama]] 36 (71)
| wickets2 = [[Lance Klusener]] 3/21 (5.2 overs)
| result = South Africa won by 89 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65201.html Scorecard]
| venue = County Ground, Northampton
| umpires = [[Steve Bucknor]] (WI) and [[Steve Dunne (cricket umpire)|Steve Dunne]] (NZ)
| motm = [[Lance Klusener]] (SA)
| toss = Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 22 May 1999
| team1 = {{cr-rt|RSA}}
| score1 = 225/7 (50 overs)
| score2 = 103 (41 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|ENG}}
| runs1 = [[Herschelle Gibbs]] 60 (99)
| wickets1 = [[Alan Mullally]] 2/28 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Neil Fairbrother]] 21 (44)
| wickets2 = [[Allan Donald]] 4/17 (8 overs)
| result = South Africa won by 122 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65205.html Scorecard]
| venue = The Oval, London
| umpires = [[Steve Dunne (cricket umpire)|Steve Dunne]] (NZ) and [[Srinivasaraghavan Venkataraghavan]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Lance Klusener]] (SA)
| toss = England won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 22 May 1999
| team1 = {{cr-rt|ZIM}}
| score1 = 197/9 (50 overs)
| score2 = 198/6 (46 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|SRI}}
| runs1 = [[Grant Flower]] 42 (69)
| wickets1 = [[Pramodya Wickramasinghe]] 3/30 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Marvan Atapattu]] 54 (90)
| wickets2 = [[Guy Whittall]] 3/35 (10 overs)
| result = Sri Lanka won by 4 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65206.html Scorecard]
| venue = New Road, Worcester
| umpires = [[Steve Bucknor]] (WI) and [[David Shepherd (umpire)|David Shepherd]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Marvan Atapattu]] (SL)
| toss = Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 23 May 1999
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| score1 = 329/2 (50 overs)
| score2 = 235/7 (50 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|KEN}}
| runs1 = [[Sachin Tendulkar]] 140 (101)
| wickets1 = [[Martin Suji]] 1/26 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Steve Tikolo]] 58 (75)
| wickets2 = [[Debashish Mohanty]] 4/56 (10 overs)
| result = India won by 94 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65207.html Scorecard]
| venue = County Ground, Bristol
| umpires = [[Doug Cowie (umpire)|Doug Cowie]] (NZ) and [[Ian Robinson (cricket umpire)|Ian Robinson]] (Zim)
| motm = [[Sachin Tendulkar]] (Ind)
| toss = Kenya won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 25 May 1999
| team1 = {{cr-rt|ZIM}}
| score1 = 167/8 (50 overs)
| score2 = 168/3 (38.3 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|ENG}}
| runs1 = [[Grant Flower]] 35 (90)
| wickets1 = [[Alan Mullally]] 2/16 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Graham Thorpe]] 62 (80)
| wickets2 = [[Mpumelelo Mbangwa]] 2/28 (7 overs)
| result = England won by 7 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65211.html Scorecard]
| venue = Trent Bridge, Nottingham
| umpires = [[Steve Bucknor]] (WI) and [[Darrell Hair]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Alan Mullally]] (Eng)
| toss = England won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 26 May 1999
| team1 = {{cr-rt|KEN}}
| score1 = 152 (44.3 overs)
| score2 = 153/3 (41 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|RSA}}
| runs1 = [[Ravindu Shah]] 50 (64)
| wickets1 = [[Lance Klusener]] 5/21 (8.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Jacques Kallis]] 44* (81)
| wickets2 = [[Maurice Odumbe]] 1/15 (7 overs)
| result = South Africa won by 7 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65212.html Scorecard]
| venue = VRA Ground, Amstelveen
| umpires = [[Doug Cowie (umpire)|Doug Cowie]] (NZ) and [[Peter Willey]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Lance Klusener]] (SA)
| toss = South Africa won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = South Africa qualified for Super Sixes stage. Kenya eliminated.

}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 26 May 1999
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| score1 = 373/6 (50 overs)
| score2 = 216 (42.3 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|SRI}}
| runs1 = [[Sourav Ganguly]] 183 (158)
| wickets1 = [[Pramodya Wickramasinghe]] 3/65 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Aravinda de Silva]] 56 (74)
| wickets2 = [[Robin Singh (cricketer, born 1963)|Robin Singh]] 5/31 (9.3 overs)
| result = India won by 157 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65213.html Scorecard]
| venue = County Ground, Taunton
| umpires = [[Steve Dunne (cricket umpire)|Steve Dunne]] (NZ) and [[David Shepherd (umpire)|David Shepherd]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Sourav Ganguly]] (Ind)
| toss = Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 29 May 1999
| team1 = {{cr-rt|ZIM}}
| score1 = 233/6 (50 overs)
| score2 = 185 (47.2 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|RSA}}
| runs1 = [[Neil Johnson (cricketer)|Neil Johnson]] 76 (117)
| wickets1 = [[Allan Donald]] 3/41 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Lance Klusener]] 52* (58)
| wickets2 = [[Neil Johnson (cricketer)|Neil Johnson]] 3/27 (8 overs)
| result = Zimbabwe won by 48 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65218.html Scorecard]
| venue = County Ground, Chelmsford
| umpires = [[David Shepherd (umpire)|David Shepherd]] (Eng) and [[Srinivasaraghavan Venkataraghavan]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Neil Johnson (cricketer)|Neil Johnson]] (Zim)
| toss = Zimbabwe won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Sri Lanka were eliminated
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 29–30 May 1999
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| score1 = 232/8 (50 overs)
| score2 = 169 (45.2 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|ENG}}
| runs1 = [[Rahul Dravid]] 53 (82)
| wickets1 = [[Mark Ealham]] 2/28 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Graham Thorpe]] 36 (57)
| wickets2 = [[Sourav Ganguly]] 3/27 (8 overs)
| result = India won by 63 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65217.html Scorecard]
| venue = Edgbaston, Birmingham
| umpires = [[Darrell Hair]] (Aus) and [[Javed Akhtar (cricketer)|Javed Akhtar]] (Pak)
| motm = [[Sourav Ganguly]] (Ind)
| toss = England won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = India and Zimbabwe qualified for Super Sixes stage of tournament and England were eliminated.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 30 May 1999
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SRI}}
| score1 = 275/8 (50 overs)
| score2 = 230/6 (50 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|KEN}}
| runs1 = [[Marvan Atapattu]] 52 (67)
| wickets1 = [[Thomas Odoyo]] 3/56 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Maurice Odumbe]] 82 (95)
| wickets2 = [[Chaminda Vaas]] 2/26 (7 overs)
| result = Sri Lanka won by 45 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65219.html Scorecard]
| venue = County Ground, Southampton
| umpires = [[Dave Orchard]] (SA) and [[Peter Willey]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Maurice Odumbe]] (Ken)
| toss = Kenya won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===Pool B===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Pos
! width="175" |Team
!width=20 abbr="Played"|Pld
!width=20 abbr="Won"|W
!width=20 abbr="Lost"|L
!width=20 abbr="No result"|NR
!width=20 abbr="Tied"|T
!width=20 abbr="Net run rate"|[[Net run rate|NRR]]
!width=20 abbr="Points"|Pts
!width=20 abbr="Points carried forward"|PCF
|- style="background:#ccffcc"
|1
| style="text-align:left" |{{cr|PAK}}
|5||4||1||0||0||0.51||'''8'''||4
|- style="background:#ccffcc"
|2
| style="text-align:left" |{{cr|AUS}}
|5||3||2||0||0||0.73||'''6'''||0
|- style="background:#ccffcc"
|3
| style="text-align:left" |{{cr|NZL}}
|5||3||2||0||0||0.58||'''6'''||2
|-
|4
| style="text-align:left" |{{cr|WIN}}
|5||3||2||0||0||0.50||'''6'''||N/A
|-
|5
| style="text-align:left" |{{cr|BAN}}
|5||2||3||0||0||−0.52||'''4'''||N/A
|-
|6
| style="text-align:left" |{{cr|SCO}}
|5||0||5||0||0||−1.93||'''0'''||N/A
|}

{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 16 May 1999
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SCO}}
| score1 = 181/7 (50 overs)
| score2 = 182/4 (44.5 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|AUS}}
| runs1 = [[Gavin Hamilton (cricketer)|Gavin Hamilton]] 34 (42)
| wickets1 = [[Shane Warne]] 3/39 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Mark Waugh]] 67 (114)
| wickets2 = [[Nick Dyer]] 2/43 (10 overs)
| result = Australia won by 6 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65196.html Scorecard]
| venue = New Road, Worcester
| umpires = [[Steve Dunne (cricket umpire)|Steve Dunne]] (NZ) and [[Peter Willey]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Mark Waugh]] (Aus)
| toss = Australia won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 16 May 1999
| team1 = {{cr-rt|PAK}}
| score1 = 229/8 (50 overs)
| score2 = 202 (48.5 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|WIN}}
| runs1 = [[Wasim Akram]] 43 (29)
| wickets1 = [[Courtney Walsh]] 3/28 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shivnarine Chanderpaul]] 77 (96)
| wickets2 = [[Abdul Razzaq (Pakistani cricket player)|Abdul Razzaq]] 3/32 (10 overs)
| result = Pakistan won by 27 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65197.html Scorecard]
| venue = County Ground, Bristol
| umpires = [[Darrell Hair]] (Aus) and [[Dave Orchard]] (SA)
| motm = [[Azhar Mahmood]] (Pak)
| toss = Pakistan won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Ricardo Powell]] (WI) made his ODI debut.
* [[Keith Arthurton]] played his final ODI game.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 17 May 1999
| team1 = {{cr-rt|BAN}}
| score1 = 116 (37.4 overs)
| score2 = 117/4 (33 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|NZL}}
| runs1 = [[Enamul Haque (cricketer, born 1966)|Enamul Haque]] 19 (41)
| wickets1 = [[Chris Cairns]] 3/19 (7 overs)
| runs2 = [[Matt Horne]] 35 (86)
| wickets2 = [[Naimur Rahman]] 1/5 (2 overs)
| result = New Zealand won by 6 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65198.html Scorecard]
| venue = County Ground, Chelmsford
| umpires = [[Ian Robinson (cricket umpire)|Ian Robinson]] (Zim) and [[Srinivasaraghavan Venkataraghavan]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Gavin Larsen]] (NZ)
| toss = New Zealand won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 20 May 1999
| team1 = {{cr-rt|AUS}}
| score1 = 213/8 (50 overs)
| score2 = 214/5 (45.2 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|NZL}}
| runs1 = [[Darren Lehmann]] 76 (94)
| wickets1 = [[Geoff Allott]] 4/37 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Roger Twose]] 80* (99)
| wickets2 = [[Damien Fleming]] 2/43 (8.2 overs)
| result = New Zealand won by 5 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65202.html Scorecard]
| venue = Sophia Gardens, Cardiff
| umpires = [[Javed Akhtar (cricketer)|Javed Akhtar]] (Pak) and [[David Shepherd (umpire)|David Shepherd]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Roger Twose]] (NZ)
| toss = Australia won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{anchor|Pakistan vs Scotland}}
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 20 May 1999
| team1 = {{cr-rt|PAK}}
| score1 = 261/6 (50 overs)
| score2 = 167 (38.5 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|SCO}}
| runs1 = [[Yousuf Youhana]] 81* (119)
| wickets1 = [[Gavin Hamilton (cricketer)|Gavin Hamilton]] 2/36 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Gavin Hamilton (cricketer)|Gavin Hamilton]] 76 (111)
| wickets2 = [[Shoaib Akhtar]] 3/11 (6 overs)
| result = Pakistan won by 94 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65203.html Scorecard]
| venue = Riverside Ground, Chester-le-Street
| umpires = [[Doug Cowie (umpire)|Doug Cowie]] (NZ) and [[Ian Robinson (cricket umpire)|Ian Robinson]] (Zim)
| motm = [[Yousuf Youhana]] (Pak)
| toss = Scotland won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Ian Stanger]] (Sco) made his ODI debut.
* Scotland conceded 59 [[Extra (cricket)|extras]], the joint highest in an ODI.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/284132.html|title=Most extras in an ODI innings}}</ref>
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 21 May 1999
| team1 = {{cr-rt|BAN}}
| score1 = 182 (49.2 overs)
| score2 = 183/3 (46.3 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|WIN}}
| runs1 = [[Mehrab Hossain (cricketer, born 1978)|Mehrab Hossain]] 64 (129)
| wickets1 = [[Courtney Walsh]] 4/25 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Jimmy Adams]] 53* (82)
| wickets2 = [[Minhajul Abedin]] 1/28 (7 overs)
| result = West Indies won by 7 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65204.html Scorecard]
| venue = Clontarf Cricket Club Ground, Dublin
| umpires = [[K. T. Francis|KT Francis]] (SL) and [[Darrell Hair]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Courtney Walsh]] (WI)
| toss = Bangladesh won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 23 May 1999
| team1 = {{cr-rt|PAK}}
| score1 = 275/8 (50 overs)
| score2 = 265 (49.5 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|AUS}}
| runs1 = [[Inzamam-ul-Haq]] 81 (104)
| wickets1 = [[Damien Fleming]] 2/37 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Michael Bevan]] 61 (80)
| wickets2 = [[Wasim Akram]] 4/40 (9.5 overs)
| result = Pakistan won by 10 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65208.html Scorecard]
| venue = Headingley, Leeds
| umpires = [[Rudi Koertzen]] (SA) and [[Peter Willey]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Inzamam-ul-Haq]] (Pak)
| toss = Australia won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 24 May 1999
| team1 = {{cr-rt|BAN}}
| score1 = 185/9 (50 overs)
| score2 = 163 (46.2 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|SCO}}
| runs1 = [[Minhajul Abedin]] 68* (116)
| wickets1 = [[John Blain (cricketer)|John Blain]] 4/37 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Gavin Hamilton (cricketer)|Gavin Hamilton]] 63 (71)
| wickets2 = [[Hasibul Hossain]] 2/26 (8 overs)
| result = Bangladesh won by 22 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65209.html Scorecard]
| venue = Grange Cricket Club Ground, Edinburgh
| umpires = [[K. T. Francis]] (SL) and [[Dave Orchard]] (SA)
| motm = [[Minhajul Abedin]] (Ban)
| toss = Scotland won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 24 May 1999
| team1 = {{cr-rt|NZL}}
| score1 = 156 (48.1 overs)
| score2 = 158/3 (44.2 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|WIN}}
| runs1 = [[Craig McMillan]] 32 (78)
| wickets1 = [[Mervyn Dillon]] 4/46 (9.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Ridley Jacobs]] 80* (131)
| wickets2 = [[Chris Harris (cricketer)|Chris Harris]] 1/19 (8 overs)
| result = West Indies won by 7 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65210.html Scorecard]
| venue = County Ground, Southampton
| umpires = [[Javed Akhtar (cricketer)|Javed Akhtar]] (Pak) and [[Srinivasaraghavan Venkataraghavan]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Ridley Jacobs]] (WI)
| toss = West Indies won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 27 May 1999
| team1 = {{cr-rt|BAN}}
| score1 = 178/7 (50 overs)
| score2 = 181/3 (19.5 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|AUS}}
| runs1 = [[Minhajul Abedin]] 53* (99)
| wickets1 = [[Tom Moody]] 3/25 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Adam Gilchrist]] 63 (39)
| wickets2 = [[Enamul Haque (cricketer, born 1966)|Enamul Haque]] 2/40 (5 overs)
| result = Australia won by 7 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65214.html Scorecard]
| venue = Riverside Ground, Chester-le-Street
| umpires = [[Steve Bucknor]] (WI) and [[Dave Orchard]] (SA)
| motm = [[Tom Moody]] (Aus)
| toss = Australia won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 27 May 1999
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SCO}}
| score1 = 68 (31.3 overs)
| score2 = 70/2 (10.1 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|WIN}}
| runs1 = [[Gavin Hamilton (cricketer)|Gavin Hamilton]] 24* (82)
| wickets1 = [[Courtney Walsh]] 3/7 (7 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shivnarine Chanderpaul]] 30* (30)
| wickets2 = [[John Blain (cricketer)|John Blain]] 2/36 (5.1 overs)
| result = West Indies won by 8 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65215.html Scorecard]
| venue = Grace Road, Leicester
| umpires = [[Javed Akhtar (cricketer)|Javed Akhtar]] (Pak) and [[Ian Robinson (cricket umpire)|Ian Robinson]] (Zim)
| motm = [[Courtney Walsh]] (WI)
| toss = Scotland won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Greig Williamson]] (Sco) made his ODI debut.
* Scotland were eliminated as a result of this match.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 28 May 1999
| team1 = {{cr-rt|PAK}}
| score1 = 269/8 (50 overs)
| score2 = 207/8 (50 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|NZL}}
| runs1 = [[Inzamam-ul-Haq]] 73* (61)
| wickets1 = [[Geoff Allott]] 4/64 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Stephen Fleming]] 69 (100)
| wickets2 = [[Azhar Mahmood]] 3/38 (10 overs)
| result = Pakistan won by 62 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65216.html Scorecard]
| venue = County Ground, Derby
| umpires = [[K. T. Francis]] (SL) and [[Rudi Koertzen]] (SA)
| motm = [[Inzamam-ul-Haq]] (Pak)
| toss = New Zealand won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Pakistan qualified for Super Six stage.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 30 May 1999
| team1 = {{cr-rt|WIN}}
| score1 = 110 (46.4 overs)
| score2 = 111/4 (40.4 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|AUS}}
| runs1 = [[Ridley Jacobs]] 49* (142)
| wickets1 = [[Glenn McGrath]] 5/14 (8.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Adam Gilchrist]] 21 (36)
| wickets2 = [[Curtly Ambrose]] 3/31 (10 overs)
| result = Australia won by 6 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65220.html Scorecard]
| venue = Old Trafford, Manchester
| umpires = [[Steve Dunne (cricket umpire)|Steve Dunne]] (NZ) and [[K. T. Francis]] (SL)
| motm = [[Glenn McGrath]] (Aus)
| toss = Australia won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Australia needed to score 111 within 47.2 overs to qualify for the Super Six stage of the tournament. Australia qualified for the Super Sixes and Bangladesh were eliminated.
* ''[[Ridley Jacobs]] (WI) became the first cricketer to [[List of cricketers who have carried the bat in international cricket#ODIs|carry his bat in a World Cup match]].''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricketcountry.com/news/icc-cricket-world-cup-2019-ferguson-henry-skittle-sri-lanka-for-136-850586 |title=Cricket World Cup 2019: Ferguson, Henry skittle Sri Lanka for 136 |work=Cricket Country |date=June 2019 |access-date=1 June 2019}}</ref>
* [[Phil Simmons]] played his last ODI game.
* [[Brendon Julian]] played his last ODI game.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 31 May 1999
| team1 = {{cr-rt|BAN}}
| score1 = 223/9 (50 overs)
| score2 = 161 (44.3 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|PAK}}
| runs1 = [[Akram Khan (cricketer)|Akram Khan]] 42 (66)
| wickets1 = [[Saqlain Mushtaq]] 5/35 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Wasim Akram]] 29 (52)
| wickets2 = [[Khaled Mahmud]] 3/31 (10 overs)
| result = Bangladesh won by 62 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65221.html Scorecard]
| venue = County Ground, Northampton
| umpires = [[Doug Cowie (umpire)|Doug Cowie]] (NZ) and [[Darrell Hair]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Khaled Mahmud]] (Ban)
| toss = Pakistan won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 31 May 1999
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SCO}}
| score1 = 121 (42.1 overs)
| score2 = 123/4 (17.5 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|NZL}}
| runs1 = [[Ian Stanger]] 27 (58)
| wickets1 = [[Chris Harris (cricketer)|Chris Harris]] 4/7 (3.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Roger Twose]] 54* (49)
| wickets2 = [[John Blain (cricketer)|John Blain]] 3/53 (7 overs)
| result = New Zealand won by 6 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65222.html Scorecard]
| venue = Grange Cricket Club Ground, Edinburgh
| umpires = [[Rudi Koertzen]] (SA) and [[Ian Robinson (cricket umpire)|Ian Robinson]] (Zim)
| motm = [[Geoff Allott]] (NZ)
| toss = New Zealand won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = New Zealand needed to score 122 within 21.2 overs to qualify for Super Sixes stage. New Zealand qualified for Super Sixes and West Indies were eliminated.
}}

==Super Six==
Teams who qualified for the Super Six stage only played against the teams from the other group; results against the other teams from the same group were carried forward to this stage. Results against the non-qualifying teams were therefore discarded at this point.

As a result of League match losses against New Zealand and Pakistan, even though Australia finished second in their group, they progressed to the Super Six stage with no points carried forward (PCF). India faced similar circumstances, finishing 2nd in their group but carrying forward 0 points after losing to fellow qualifiers Zimbabwe and South Africa.

During their super six clash, Pakistan and India [[Kargil War| were officially at war]] at the time of their match, the only time this has ever happened in the history of the sport.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1245222|title=1999: When Pakistan and India went to war, on and off the field|date=18 March 2016 |access-date=19 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/sports/in-1999-as-the-kargil-war-went-on-india-played-a-historic-world-cup-match-against-pakistan-322917.html|title=While Our Armies Battled In Kargil, India Faced Off Against Pakistan In A Do-Or-Die World Cup Game|date=26 July 2020 |access-date=19 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricketcountry.com/articles/world-cup-1999-india-and-pakistan-put-aside-kargil-to-battle-on-field-246287|title=World Cup 1999: India and Pakistan put aside Kargil to battle on field|date=8 February 2015 |access-date=19 August 2022}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Points carried forward (PCF)
|-
!Results
!Against qualified teams
|-
|Win
| align="center" |2 points
|-
|No result / tie
| align="center" |1 points
|-
|Loss
| align="center" |0 point
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Pos
! width="175" |Team
!width=20 abbr="Played"|Pld
!width=20 abbr="Won"|W
!width=20 abbr="Lost"|L
!width=20 abbr="No result"|NR
!width=20 abbr="Tied"|T
!width=20 abbr="Net run rate"|[[Net run rate|NRR]]
!width=20 abbr="Points"|Pts
!width=20 abbr="Points carried forward"|PCF
|- style="background:#ccffcc"
|1
| style="text-align:left" |{{cr|PAK}}
|5||3||2||0||0||0.65||'''6'''||4
|- style="background:#ccffcc"
|2
| style="text-align:left" |{{cr|AUS}}
|5||3||2||0||0||0.36||'''6'''||0
|- style="background:#ccffcc"
|3
| style="text-align:left" |{{cr|RSA}}
|5||3||2||0||0||0.17||'''6'''||2
|- style="background:#ccffcc"
|4
| style="text-align:left" |{{cr|NZL}}
|5||2||2||1||0||−0.52||'''5'''||2
|-
|5
| style="text-align:left" |{{cr|ZIM}}
|5||2||2||1||0||−0.79||'''5'''||4
|-
|6
| style="text-align:left" |{{cr|IND}}
|5||1||4||0||0||−0.15||'''2'''||0
|-
|
| colspan="9" style="text-align:left" |Source: [http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/WORLD_CUPS/WC99/WC99_TABLE.html Cricinfo]
|}

{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 4 June 1999
| team1 = {{cr-rt|AUS}}
| score1 = 282/6 (50 overs)
| score2 = 205 (48.2 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| runs1 = [[Mark Waugh]] 83 (99)
| wickets1 = [[Robin Singh (cricketer, born 1963)|Robin Singh]] 2/43 (7 overs)
| runs2 = [[Ajay Jadeja]] 100* (138)
| wickets2 = [[Glenn McGrath]] 3/34 (10 overs)
| result = Australia won by 77 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65223.html Scorecard]
| venue = The Oval, London
| umpires = [[Steve Bucknor]] (WI) and [[Peter Willey]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Glenn McGrath]] (Aus)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 5 June 1999
| team1 = {{cr-rt|PAK}}
| score1 = 220/7 (50 overs)
| score2 = 221/7 (49 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|RSA}}
| runs1 = [[Moin Khan]] 63 (56)
| wickets1 = [[Steve Elworthy]] 2/23 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Jacques Kallis]] 54 (98)
| wickets2 = [[Azhar Mahmood]] 3/24 (10 overs)
| result = South Africa won by 3 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65224.html Scorecard]
| venue = Trent Bridge, Nottingham
| umpires = [[Darrell Hair]] (Aus) and [[David Shepherd (umpire)|David Shepherd]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Lance Klusener]] (SA)
| toss = Pakistan won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 6–7 June 1999
| team1 = {{cr-rt|ZIM}}
| score1 = 175 (49.3 overs)
| score2 = 70/3 (15 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|NZL}}
| runs1 = [[Murray Goodwin]] 57 (90)
| wickets1 = [[Chris Cairns]] 3/24 (6.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Matt Horne]] 35 (35)
| wickets2 = [[Guy Whittall]] 1/9 (3 overs)
| result = No result
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65225.html Scorecard]
| venue = Headingley, Leeds
| umpires = [[Dave Orchard]] (SA) and [[Srinivasaraghavan Venkataraghavan]] (Ind)
| motm =
| toss = Zimbabwe won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain = Rain interrupted play . No play was possible on reserve day for rain.
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 8 June 1999
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| score1 = 227/6 (50 overs)
| score2 = 180 (45.3 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|PAK}}
| runs1 = [[Rahul Dravid]] 61 (89)
| wickets1 = [[Wasim Akram]] 2/27 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Inzamam-ul-Haq]] 41 (93)
| wickets2 = [[Venkatesh Prasad]] 5/27 (9.3 overs)
| result = India won by 47 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65226.html Scorecard]
| venue = Old Trafford, Manchester
| umpires = [[Steve Bucknor]] (WI) and [[David Shepherd (umpire)|David Shepherd]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Venkatesh Prasad]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =This was the first and only time two nations played at the world cup while officially at war.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 9 June 1999
| team1 = {{cr-rt|AUS}}
| score1 = 303/4 (50 overs)
| score2 = 259/6 (50 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|ZIM}}
| runs1 = [[Mark Waugh]] 104 (120)
| wickets1 = [[Neil Johnson (cricketer)|Neil Johnson]] 2/43 (8 overs)
| runs2 = [[Neil Johnson (cricketer)|Neil Johnson]] 132* (144)
| wickets2 = [[Paul Reiffel]] 3/55 (10 overs)
| result = Australia won by 44 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65227.html Scorecard]
| venue = Lord's, London
| umpires = [[Doug Cowie (umpire)|Doug Cowie]] (NZ) and [[Rudi Koertzen]] (SA)
| motm = [[Neil Johnson (cricketer)|Neil Johnson]] (Zim)
| toss = Zimbabwe won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 10 June 1999
| team1 = {{cr-rt|RSA}}
| score1 = 287/5 (50 overs)
| score2 = 213/8 (50 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|NZL}}
| runs1 = [[Herschelle Gibbs]] 91 (118)
| wickets1 = [[Nathan Astle]] 1/29 (6 overs)
| runs2 = [[Stephen Fleming]] 42 (64)
| wickets2 = [[Jacques Kallis]] 2/15 (6 overs)
| result = South Africa won by 74 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65228.html Scorecard]
| venue = Edgbaston, Birmingham
| umpires = [[Ian Robinson (cricket umpire)|Ian Robinson]] (Zim) and [[Srinivasaraghavan Venkataraghavan]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Jacques Kallis]] (SA)
| toss = South Africa won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = South Africa qualified for the semi-finals.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 11 June 1999
| team1 = {{cr-rt|PAK}}
| score1 = 271/9 (50 overs)
| score2 = 123 (40.3 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|ZIM}}
| runs1 = [[Saeed Anwar]] 103 (144)
| wickets1 = [[Henry Olonga]] 2/38 (5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Neil Johnson (cricketer)|Neil Johnson]] 54 (94)
| wickets2 = [[Saqlain Mushtaq]] 3/16 (6.3 overs)
| result = Pakistan won by 148 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65229.html Scorecard]
| venue = The Oval, London
| umpires = [[Steve Bucknor]] (WI) and [[Dave Orchard]] (SA)
| motm = [[Saeed Anwar]] (Pak)
| toss = Pakistan won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Pakistan qualified for the semi-finals.
* [[Saqlain Mushtaq]] (Pak) became the second bowler to take a [[List of Cricket World Cup records#Bowling records|hat-trick in a World Cup match]].
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 12 June 1999
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| score1 = 251/6 (50 overs)
| score2 = 253/5 (48.2 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|NZL}}
| runs1 = [[Ajay Jadeja]] 76 (103)
| wickets1 = [[Chris Cairns]] 2/44 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Matt Horne]] 74 (116)
| wickets2 = [[Debashish Mohanty]] 2/41 (10 overs)
| result = New Zealand won by 5 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65230.html Scorecard]
| venue = Trent Bridge, Nottingham
| umpires = [[Darrell Hair]] (Aus) and [[David Shepherd (umpire)|David Shepherd]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Roger Twose]] (NZ)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = New Zealand qualified for the semi-finals and India were eliminated.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 13 June 1999
| team1 = {{cr-rt|RSA}}
| score1 = 271/7 (50 overs)
| score2 = 272/5 (49.4 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|AUS}}
| runs1 = [[Herschelle Gibbs]] 101 (134)
| wickets1 = [[Damien Fleming]] 3/57 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Steve Waugh]] 120* (110)
| wickets2 = [[Steve Elworthy]] 2/46 (10 overs)
| result = Australia won by 5 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65231.html Scorecard]
| venue = Headingley, Leeds
| umpires = [[Srinivasaraghavan Venkataraghavan]] (Ind) and [[Peter Willey]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Steve Waugh]] (Aus)
| toss = South Africa won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Australia qualified for the semi-finals and Zimbabwe were eliminated.
}}

==Semi-finals==
{{Round4


|16 June – [[Old Trafford (cricket)|Old Trafford]], Manchester|{{cr|NZL}}|241/7|'''{{cr|PAK}}'''|'''242/1'''
|17 June – [[Edgbaston Cricket Ground|Edgbaston]], Birmingham|'''{{cr|AUS}}'''|'''213'''|{{cr|RSA}}|213

|20 June – [[Lord's]], London|{{cr|PAK}}|132|'''{{cr|AUS}}'''|'''133/2'''
}}
* Australia progressed to the final because they finished higher in the Super Six table than South Africa due to having won their head to head Super Six match.<ref>[https://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/WORLD_CUPS/WC99/WC99_PLAYING-CONDITIONS.html 1999 World Cup Playing Conditions - "When two teams have both equal points and equal wins, the team which was the winner of the match played between them (in either the Group or Super Six Matches) will be placed in the higher position."]. ''ESPNcricinfo''. Retrieved 14 July 2024.</ref>

{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 16 June 1999
| team1 = {{cr-rt|NZL}}
| score1 = 241/7 (50 overs)
| score2 = 242/1 (47.3 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|PAK}}
| runs1 = [[Roger Twose]] 46 (83)
| wickets1 = [[Shoaib Akhtar]] 3/55 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Saeed Anwar]] 113* (148)
| wickets2 = [[Chris Cairns]] 1/33 (8 overs)
| result = Pakistan won by 9 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65232.html Scorecard]
| venue = Old Trafford, Manchester
| umpires = [[Darrell Hair]] (Aus) and [[Peter Willey]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Shoaib Akhtar]] (Pak)
| toss = New Zealand won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Pakistan qualified for the final for second time after [[1992 Cricket World Cup|1992]].
}}
----
{{main|1999 Cricket World Cup 2nd semi-final}}
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 17 June 1999
| team1 = {{cr-rt|AUS}}
| score1 = 213 (49.2 overs)
| score2 = 213 (49.4 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|RSA}}
| runs1 = [[Michael Bevan]] 65 (101)
| wickets1 = [[Shaun Pollock]] 5/36 (9.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Jacques Kallis]] 53 (92)
| wickets2 = [[Shane Warne]] 4/29 (10 overs)
| result = Match tied
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65233.html Scorecard]
| venue = Edgbaston, Birmingham
| umpires = [[David Shepherd (umpire)|David Shepherd]] (Eng) and [[Srinivasaraghavan Venkataraghavan]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Shane Warne]] (Aus)
| toss = South Africa won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Australia progressed to the final because they finished higher in the Super Six table than South Africa due to having won their head to head Super Six match.
* Australia qualified for the final for fourth time after [[1975 Cricket World Cup|1975]], [[1987 Cricket World Cup|1987]] and [[1996 Cricket World Cup|1996]].
}}

==Final==
{{Main|1999 Cricket World Cup Final}}
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 20 June 1999
| team1 = {{cr-rt|PAK}}
| score1 = 132 (39 overs)
| score2 = 133/2 (20.1 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|AUS}}
| runs1 = [[Ijaz Ahmed (cricketer, born 1968)|Ijaz Ahmed]] 22 (46)
| wickets1 = [[Shane Warne]] 4/33 (9 overs)
| runs2 = [[Adam Gilchrist]] 54 (36)
| wickets2 = [[Saqlain Mushtaq]] 1/21 (4.1 overs)
| result = Australia won by 8 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65234.html Scorecard]
| venue = Lord's, London
| umpires = [[Steve Bucknor]] (WI) and [[David Shepherd (umpire)|David Shepherd]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Shane Warne]] (Aus)
| toss = Pakistan won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Paul Reiffel]] (Aus) played his final international match.
}}

==Statistics==
{{main|1999 Cricket World Cup statistics}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Leading run scorers
|-
! Runs !! Player !! Country
|-
|align=center| 461 || [[Rahul Dravid]] || {{cr|IND}}
|-
|align=center| 398 || [[Steve Waugh]] || {{cr|AUS}}
|-
|align=center| 379 || [[Sourav Ganguly]] || {{cr|IND}}
|-
|align=center| 375 || [[Mark Waugh]] || {{cr|AUS}}
|-
|align=center| 368 || [[Saeed Anwar]] || {{cr|PAK}}
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Leading wicket takers
|-
! Wickets !! Player !! Country
|-
|align=center| 20 || [[Geoff Allott]] || {{cr|NZL}}
|-
|align=center| 20 || [[Shane Warne]] || {{cr|AUS}}
|-
|align=center| 18 || [[Glenn McGrath]] || {{cr|AUS}}
|-
|align=center| 17 || [[Lance Klusener]] || {{cr|RSA}}
|-
|align=center| 17 || [[Saqlain Mushtaq]] || {{cr|PAK}}
|}

==Match balls==

A new type of [[cricket ball]], the white 'Duke', was introduced for the first time in the 1999 World Cup. [[British Cricket Balls Ltd]] claimed that the balls behaved identically to the balls used in previous World Cups,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/cricket-world-cupthe-swinging-duke-is-not-all-it-seams-1092354.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220501/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/cricket-world-cupthe-swinging-duke-is-not-all-it-seams-1092354.html |archive-date=1 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |title=The swinging Duke is not all it seams |work=The Independent|location=London |date=9 May 1999}}{{cbignore}}</ref> experiments showed they were harder and swung more.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/1999/may/14/cricket11 |title=Why white is the thing for swing |work=The Guardian|location=London |date=14 May 1999}}</ref>

==Media==

The host broadcasters for television coverage of the tournament were [[BSkyB|Sky]] and [[BBC Television]].<ref name="UK broadcast">{{cite news|last=ECB Media Release|title=Live coverage of the Cricket World Cup – to be staged in the UK next year|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/page2/content/story/76110.html|access-date=25 November 2014|newspaper=ESPN Cricinfo|date=10 March 1998}}</ref> In the [[Television in the United Kingdom|UK]], live games were divided between the broadcasters, with both screening the [[1999 Cricket World Cup Final|final]] live.<ref name="UK broadcast"/> This was to be BBC's last live cricket coverage during that summer, with all of England's home Test series being shown on [[Channel 4]] or Sky from 1999 onwards; the BBC did not show any live cricket again until August 2020.<ref name="BSkyB Tests">{{cite news|title=BSkyB lands England Test coverage|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/4097137.stm|access-date=17 May 2014|publisher=BBC|date=15 December 2004}}</ref>

==References and notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20061023032322/http://www.cricketfundas.com/worldcup1999.html Cricket World Cup 1999 Scorecards]}} in CricketFundas
* [http://www.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1999/WC99/ Cricket World Cup 1999] from [[Cricinfo]]

{{Portal bar|Australia|Cricket|Sports|World|England|Wales|Ireland|Scotland|Netherlands|United Kingdom|1990s}}
{{1999 Cricket World Cup}}
{{Cricket World Cup}}
{{International cricket in 1999}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cricket World Cup}}
[[Category:1999 Cricket World Cup| ]]
[[Category:1999 in English cricket|World Cup]]
[[Category:1999 in Irish sport]]
[[Category:1999 in Dutch sport]]
[[Category:1999 in Scottish sport]]
[[Category:1999 in Welsh sport]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions from 1997–98 to 2000]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in England]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in Ireland]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in the Netherlands]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in Scotland]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in Wales]]
[[Category:Ireland–Netherlands sports relations]]
[[Category:Ireland–United Kingdom sports relations]]
[[Category:Netherlands–United Kingdom sports relations]]
[[Category:International sports competitions in Edinburgh]]
[[Category:International sports competitions in Dublin (city)]]
[[Category:May 1999 sports events in Europe]]
[[Category:June 1999 sports events in Europe]]

Madariyya

2026-02-14T15:31:49Z

Davidwnl: started new pg basic info

{{Short description|Indian Sufi mystic order in Islam}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2009}}
{{Infobox religious group
| group = Madariyya
| flag =
| flag_size =
| flag_alt =
| flag_caption =
| image = Tomb Syed Zinda Shah Qutbul Madar.jpg
| image_size = 250
| image_alt =
| image_caption = The [[dargah]] of Qutbul Madar
| population =
| founder = [[Badi' al-Din|Shah Madar Badi' al-Din]]
| regions = [[North India]], [[Nepal]], [[Bangladesh]]
| tablehdr =
| region1 =
| pop1 =
| ref1 =
| region2 =
| pop2 =
| ref2 =
| region3 = 
| pop3 = 
| ref3 = 
| religions = [[Sufism|Sufi]] [[Islam]]
| scriptures =
| languages =
| related-c =
| website =
| notes =
}}
The '''Madariyya''' is a [[Sufi order]] ({{Transliteration|ar|tariqa}}) popular in [[North India]], especially in [[Uttar Pradesh]], the [[Mewat]] region, [[Bihar]], [[Gujarat]] and [[West Bengal]], as well as in [[Nepal]] and [[Bangladesh]]. Known for its [[syncretist]] beliefs and its focus on internal ''[[Dhikr]]'', it was initiated by the Sufi saint [[Badi' al-Din|Shah Madar Badi' al-Din]] and is centered on his shrine (''[[Dargah]]'') at [[Makanpur]], [[Kanpur|Kanpur district]], Uttar Pradesh.
{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

The Madariyya order reached its zenith in the late [[Mughal period]] between the 15th and 17th centuries and gave rise to new orders as Shah Madar's disciples spread through the northern plains of India, into Bengal. As with most Sufi orders, its name {{Transliteration|ar|Madariyya}} has been created by forming a [[Arabic nouns and adjectives#Nisba|{{Transliteration|ar|Nisba}}]] from the name of its founder, (Shah) {{Transliteration|ar|Madar}}, though it is sometimes also referred as {{Transliteration|ar|Tabaqatiyya}}.<ref>{{cite book |title=Travellers in faith: studies of the Tablīghī Jamāʻat as a transnational Islamic movement for faith renewal |volume=69 |author=Masud, Muhammad Khalid |year=2000 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=90-04-11622-2 |page=xxxii |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IJlamhIR7m8C&pg=PR32 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Piety on its knees: three Sufi traditions in South Asia in modern times |author=Liebeskind, Claudia |year=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-564309-7 |page=49 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Deliverance from error and mystical union with the Almighty: Volume 2 of Cultural heritage and contemporary change |author=Ghazzālī |author2=McLean, George F. |year=2001 |publisher=CRVP |isbn=1-56518-081-X |page=60 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=glfYPh0yVdAC&pg=PA60 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Advanced history of medieval India |author=Bakshi, S. R. |year=2003 |publisher=Anmol Publications PVT. LTD. |isbn=81-7488-028-3 |page=348 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gDjzm-hdzq0C&pg=PA348}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Contemporary religions: a world guide: Longman current affairs |author=Harris, Ian |year=1992 |publisher=Longman |isbn=0-582-08695-7 |page=216 }}</ref>

==See also==
{{stack|{{portal|Islam|India|Bangladesh}}}}
* [[Bayazid Bastami|Bayazid Tayfur Bastami]]
* [[Moinuddin Chishti]]
* [[Ashraf Jahangir Semnani]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Sufism in Asia]]
[[Category:Sufi orders]]

Bhagirath Samai

2026-02-09T16:22:50Z

Davidwnl: Created new entry

{{short description|Indian sport shooter}}
{{BLP sources|date=February 2018}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Bhagirath Samai
| image = EDIT7.jpg
| nationality = Indian
| citizenship = [[India]]n
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1957|8|11}}
| birth_place = [[Asansol]], West Bengal, India
| sport = [[Shooting sports|Shooting]]
| height = {{convert|170|cm|ftin|abbr=on}} ({{As of|August 2017}})
| weight = {{convert|64|kg|lb|abbr=on}} ({{As of|August 2017}})
| spouse = Rina Samai
| website = {{URL|bhagirathsamai.wordpress.com/}}
}}
'''Bhagirath Samai''' (born 11 August 1957),<ref name=":0" /> is an Indian professional [[shooting sports|shooter]] who represented his country at the [[1984 Summer Olympics]]. He won a gold medal at the [[1986 Asian Games]], for which performance he was awarded the [[Arjuna Award]]. He participated in two [[South Asian Games]], two [[Asian Games]], two [[Asian Shooting Championships]], two [[Commonwealth Games]] and one [[Olympic Games]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.olympic.org/bhagirath-samai|title=Bhagirath SAMAI - Olympic Shooting - India|date=16 June 2016|website=Olympic.org|access-date=3 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/tags/bhagirath-samai|title=Bhagirath Samai News Photos Videos - Rediff.com|website=Rediff.com|access-date=3 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricketcountry.com/tag/bhagirath-samai/news|title=Cricket News - Latest Cricket News, Live Match Updates & News Articles on cricketcountry.com - Cricket Country|website=Cricketcountry.com|access-date=3 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-sports.org/bhagirath-samai-shooting-sports-spf396215.html|title=Shooting sports - Bhagirath Samai (India)|website=The-sports.org|access-date=3 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/bengal-shooter-wants-sourav-ganguly-to-cheer-him-in-london-olympics/articleshow/12714707.cms|title=Bengal shooter wants Sourav Ganguly to cheer him in London Olympics |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=3 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://newschoupal.com/tag/bhagirath-samai/|title=Bhagirath Samai|website=Newschoupal.com|access-date=3 February 2018}}</ref>

==Career==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Events
! Games
! Name
! Rating
! Rank
|-
| [[1982 Commonwealth Games]]
| Air rifle
| Bhagirath samai
| ----
| -----
|-
| [[1982 Asian Games]]
|SMALL BORE STD R. 3 PSN
| BHAGIRATH SAMAI
AMITABH CHATTERJEE
SOMA DUTTA
P.K. CHATTERJEE
TEAM
| 561
549
546
541
2197

| 12
20
22
26
5

|-
| [[1982 Asian Games]]
| Air rifle
| Bhagirath Samai
S.K. ROY CHAUDHARY
SOMA DUTTA
RAMESH KUSALE
team

| 552
552
544
533
2181

| 23
23
26
28
7

|-
|[[1982 Asian Games]]
| SMALL BORE F.R. 3 PSN.
| BHAGIRATH SAMAI
J. DASS
P.K. CHATTERJEE
I.C.CHITTIAPPA
TEAM

| 1100
1098
1069
4328

| 20
25
29
7

|-
| [[Asian Shooting Championships]]
| SMALL BORE FREE RIFLE PRONE
| BHAGIRATH SAMAI
| 585
| 9th
|-
| [[1984 Summer Olympics]]
| Free Rifle Prone
| Bhagirath Samai
| 583
| 45
|-
| [[1984 Summer Olympics]]
| Air Rifle (M)
| Bhagirath Samai
| 56
| 39
|-
| [[1986 Asian Games]]
| A.R.(1) M
| Bhagirath Samai
| 562
554
540
1656

| 12
15
23
6th

|-
| [[1986 Asian Games]]
| S.B. RIFLE PRONE
| R.S. PERHAR
BHAGIRATH SAMAI
R.V.NATHAN
TEAM
| 591
591
583
1765

| 11
12
23
4th

|-
| [[1986 Asian Games]]
| FREE RIFLE 3 POSITION (1)
| BHAGIRATH SAMAI
J. DAS
YADAV
TEAM
| 1127
1125
1099
3351

| 9
11
20
5

|-
| [[1986 Asian Games]]
|SMALL BORE STD RIFLE 3 POSITION (M)
| BHAGIRATH SAMAI
J. DAS
GHISALAL YADAV
TEAM BRONZE
| 573
572
557
1702

| 7
8
13
3

|-
| 1987 [[Asian Shooting Championships]]
| FREE RIFLE 3 POSITION (M)
| BHAGIRATH SAMAI
| 1120
| 14
|-
| [[1990 Commonwealth Games]]
| AIR RIF RIFLE
| BHAGIRATH SAMAI
SOMA DUTTA
TEAM BRONZE
| 558
576
1148

| 15
4
3

|-
| [[1991 South Asian Games]]
| FREE RIFLE 3P (M)
| T.C.PALLANGAPPA
BHAGIRATH SAMAI
RAJ KUMAR (ARMY)
TEAM GOLD
| 1124
1118
1107
3349

| Gold
Silver
Bronze

|-
| [[1993 South Asian Games]]
| FREE RIFLE PRONE
| BHAGIRATH SAMAI
HANUMANA RAM
K.S. KAUNDAL
TEAM
| 580
585
576
1741

| n/a
bronze
n/a
bronze

|-
| 1993 VI SAF GAMES, DHAKA
| FREE RIFLE 3 POSITION
| BHAGIRATH SAMAI
HANUMANA RAM
K.S. KAUNDAL
TEAM

| 580
585
576
1741

| n/a
bronze
n/a
bronze

|}

===Notable international performance===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Rank
! Year
! Event
|-
| 02
| 1991
| [[1991 South Asian Games]]
|-
| 07
| 1986
| [[1986 Asian Games]]
|-
| 09
| 1986
| [[1986 Asian Games]]
|-
| 09
| 1983
| [[Asian Shooting Championships]]
|-
| 11
| 1986
| [[1986 Asian Games]]
|-
| 12
| 1982
| [[1982 Asian Games]]
|-
| 14
| 1987
| [[Asian Shooting Championships]]
|-
| 15
| 1990
| [[1990 Commonwealth Games]]
|-
| 15
| 1986
| [[1986 Asian Games]]
|-
| 20
| 1982
| [[1986 Asian Games]]
|-
| 23
| 1986
| [[1982 Asian Games]]
|-
| 39
| 1984
| [[1984 Summer Olympics]]
|-
| 45
| 1984
| [[1984 Summer Olympics]]

|}

==Awards and recognition==
*[[File:Bhagirath Samai.jpg|thumb|Bhagirath Samai in Action]]
He was awarded the [[Arjuna Award]] in Shooting in 1986 for winning a [[Bronze Medal]] in the [[1986 Asian Games]]{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}

* He receives a life time Pension worth 6000 /- INR per month from the [[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports]] for his performance in international events.
* Midnapore rifle club gave him the title 'King of the Rifle of India'.

==Personal life==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=February 2025}}
Bhagirath Samai was born in [[Asansol]] and is the youngest of his brothers. He said that he took shooting to reluctantly, but later fell in love with the sport. He married Rina Samai in 1992.

He currently does service for a construction company in [[Haldia]], living away from family.

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://bhagirathsamai.wordpress.com/}}
* {{ISSF|SHINDM0000000036}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Samai, Bhagirath}}
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male sport shooters]]
[[Category:ISSF rifle shooters]]
[[Category:Olympic shooters for India]]
[[Category:People from Asansol]]
[[Category:Shooters at the 1984 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for India]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games bronze medallists in shooting]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games shooters for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games shooters for India]]
[[Category:Shooters at the 1982 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Shooters at the 1986 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1986 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Shooters at the 1982 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Shooters at the 1990 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:Medallists at the 1990 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists in shooting]]

Vettaiyan (soundtrack)

2026-01-24T04:58:58Z

Davidwnl: Starting new stub - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Vettaiyan
| image = Vettaiyan soundtrack album cover.jpg
| caption = Soundtrack album cover
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| released = 14 October 2024
| recorded = 2023–2024
| studio = Albuquerque Records, [[Chennai]] [[AM Studios]], Chennai Studio DMI, [[Las Vegas]]
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = [[Sony Music India|Sony Music]]
| length = 21:35
| producer = [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| prev_title = [[Devara: Part 1 (soundtrack)|Devara: Part 1]]
| prev_year = 2024
| next_title = [[Vidaamuyarchi (soundtrack)|Vidaamuyarchi]]
| next_year = 2025
| misc = {{Singles
| name = Vettaiyan
| type = soundtrack
| single1 = Manasilaayo
| single1date = 5 September 2024
| single2 = Hunter Vantaar
| single2date = 20 September 2024
| single3 = Uchathila
| single3date = 11 October 2024
}}
}}

'''''Vettaiyan''''' is the [[soundtrack album]] to the 2024 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film [[Vettaiyan|of the same name]] directed by [[T. J. Gnanavel]] and produced by [[Subaskaran Allirajah]]'s [[Lyca Productions]] starring [[Rajinikanth]] in the titular lead role. The film's musical score is composed by [[Anirudh Ravichander]]. The songs "Manasilaayo", "Hunter Vantaar" and "Uchathila" were released as singles from the album. The full album containing 9 tracks was released by [[Sony Music India]] on 14 October 2024.

== Background ==
In March 2023, the film was announced under the [[Working title|tentative title]] ''Thalaivar 170'',{{Efn|Rajinikanth's 170th film as a leading actor}} and Anirudh was brought on board for composing the film's music.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 March 2023 |title=Rajinikanth to team up with 'Jai Bhim' TJ Gnanavel for 'Thalaivar 170' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rajinikanth-to-team-up-with-jai-bhim-tj-gnanavel-for-thalaivar-170/article66570959.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805012153/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rajinikanth-to-team-up-with-jai-bhim-tj-gnanavel-for-thalaivar-170/article66570959.ece |archive-date=5 August 2023 |access-date=5 August 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> This film marked Anirudh's fourth collaboration with Rajinikanth after ''[[Petta (film)|Petta]]'' (2019), ''[[Darbar (film)|Darbar]]'' (2020) and ''[[Jailer (2023 Tamil film)|Jailer]]'' (2023) and his maiden collaboration with Gnanavel.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sundar |first=Anusha |date=2 March 2023 |title=TJ Gnanavel to direct Rajinikanth in Thalaivar 170 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/Mar/02/tj-gnanavel-to-direct-rajinikanth-in-thalaivar-170-40555.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326023209/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/mar/02/tj-gnanavel-to-direct-rajinikanth-in-thalaivar-170-40555.html |archive-date=26 March 2023 |access-date=12 March 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 March 2023 |title=Rajinikanth's next project with Jai Bhim director announced, to release in 2024 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/rajinikanths-next-project-with-jai-bhim-director-announced-to-release-in-2024-101677740177551.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226070926/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/rajinikanths-next-project-with-jai-bhim-director-announced-to-release-in-2024-101677740177551.html |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=12 March 2024 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref> Anirudh, who liked Gnanavel's ''[[Jai Bhim (film)|Jai Bhim]]'' (2021), accepted the offer after reading the script and felt that it would create a huge impact, connecting with the sensibilities of the audience due to the theme and story.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-17 |title=Composer Anirudh Ravichander: Vettaiyan story is strong, will create huge impact |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/anirudh-ravichander-says-rajinikanths-vettaiyan-story-is-strong-will-create-huge-impact-2601248-2024-09-17 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918131811/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/movies/regional-cinema/story/anirudh-ravichander-says-rajinikanths-vettaiyan-story-is-strong-will-create-huge-impact-2601248-2024-09-17 |archive-date=2024-09-18 |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-16 |title=Anirudh Ravichander on Vettaiyan: 'It would be a completely different addition to Rajinikanth's filmography' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/anirudh-ravichander-on-vettaiyan-it-would-be-a-completely-different-addition-to-rajinikanths-filmography-9571207/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240916155510/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/anirudh-ravichander-on-vettaiyan-it-would-be-a-completely-different-addition-to-rajinikanths-filmography-9571207/ |archive-date=2024-09-16 |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Production ==
The song "Manasilaayo" was set in the background of an event taking place in the borders of Tamil Nadu and Kerala, and because of the geography, Anirudh planned to compose a song for it. Super Subu and Vishnu Edavan jointly wrote the lyrics despite their minimal understanding of Malayalam, and [[Deepthi Suresh]] performed the female vocals. It initially had raw vocals sung by Anirudh, but as Rajinikanth had to lip sync for his portions, Anirudh decided to use the vocals of [[Malaysia Vasudevan]], [[Music and artificial intelligence|generated via artificial intelligence]], after Rajinikanth's suggestion.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-06 |title=Malaysia Vasudevan's voice makes a comeback after 27 years in Manasilaayo from Rajinikanth's Vettaiyan |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malaysia-vasudevans-voice-in-manasilaayo-from-rajinikanths-vettaiyan-9558940/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910023027/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malaysia-vasudevans-voice-in-manasilaayo-from-rajinikanths-vettaiyan-9558940/ |archive-date=2024-09-10 |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-06 |title=Malaysia Vasudevan makes a comeback after 27 years with AI in Rajinikanth's 'Vettaiyan' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/malaysia-vasudevan-makes-a-comeback-after-27-years-with-ai-in-rajinikanths-vettaiyan/articleshow/113205171.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913091350/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/malaysia-vasudevan-makes-a-comeback-after-27-years-with-ai-in-rajinikanths-vettaiyan/articleshow/113205171.cms |archive-date=2024-09-13 |access-date=2024-09-19 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Vasudevan's final song he recorded was "Happy" from ''[[Bale Pandiya (2010 film)|Bale Pandiya]]'' (2010) before his death on 20 February 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-04 |title=Glimpse of Manasilaayo from Rajinikanth's Vettaiyan out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Sep/08/glimpse-of-manasilaayo-from-rajinikanths-vettaiyan-out |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908203737/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Sep/08/glimpse-of-manasilaayo-from-rajinikanths-vettaiyan-out |archive-date=2024-09-08 |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> T. R. Krishna Chetan, the CEO of the music production company Pitch Innovations, helped Anirudh on generating the AI vocals. The rough track of the song had vocals by Vasudevan's son [[Yugendran]], which were converted through AI. Initially, Anirudh wanted to use the sample recording of "Singam Ondru Purapattadhae" from ''[[Arunachalam (film)|Arunachalam]]'' (1997) due to the [[High-resolution audio|high-resolution audio quality]] ([[digital recording]] was popular during the mid-1990s), but he eventually settled on using his vocals featured in "Podhuvaga Emmanasu Thangam" from [[Murattu Kaalai (1980 film)|''Murattu Kaalai'']] (1980) as he believed that it provided the [[Retro style|retro]] mood which led to that being used to generate AI vocals. The concluding rap portions were performed by Subu but were changed to Vasudevan's via AI to sync with Rajinikanth's voice onscreen.<ref name=":0">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZJbduCHDU5I |title=Rap Portion-ல தலைவர் Energy 💥💥 {{!}} Vettaiyan Exclusive Interview {{!}} Anirudh {{!}} Rajini {{!}} BTS |date=2024-09-14 |type=Behind-the-scenes |language=ta |publisher=[[Lyca Productions]] |access-date=2024-09-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914222749/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZJbduCHDU5I |archive-date=2024-09-14 |url-status=live |via=YouTube}}</ref>

Ahead of the audio launch, on 18 September, Anirudh shared a making of the song "Hunter Vantaar" with singer [[Siddharth Basrur]] performing.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar R |first=Manoj |date=2024-09-18 |title=Anirudh teases Hunter Vantaar from Vettaiyan: A power anthem for Rajinikanth fans |url=https://www.desimartini.com/movies/trending/anirudh-teases-hunter-vantaar-from-vettaiyan-a-power-anthem-for-rajinikanth-fans/84e840e2fb730/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918150954/https://www.desimartini.com/movies/trending/anirudh-teases-hunter-vantaar-from-vettaiyan-a-power-anthem-for-rajinikanth-fans/84e840e2fb730/ |archive-date=2024-09-18 |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=[[Desimartini]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-18 |title=Second single 'Hunter Vantaar' from Rajinikanth's Vettaiyan to drop on this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Sep/18/second-single-hunter-vantaar-from-rajinikanths-vettaiyan-to-drop-on-this-date |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918212847/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Sep/18/second-single-hunter-vantaar-from-rajinikanths-vettaiyan-to-drop-on-this-date |archive-date=2024-09-18 |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The song would feature lyrics by [[Arivu]] and while it indicated the actor's on and off-screen persona, it was further criticized for the "self-praising lyrics".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-19 |title='Hunter Vantaar' promo from Rajinikanth's 'Vettaiyan' reignites Superstar controversy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/hunter-vantaar-promo-from-rajinikanths-vettaiyan-reignites-superstar-controversy/articleshow/113480311.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919172058/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/hunter-vantaar-promo-from-rajinikanths-vettaiyan-reignites-superstar-controversy/articleshow/113480311.cms |archive-date=2024-09-19 |access-date=2024-09-19 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In an interview with ''[[The Hindu]]'', Gnanavel deciphered that the film featured a "soulful track" performed by [[Sean Roldan]] (later deciphered as "Uchathila").<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajendran |first=Gopinath |date=2024-10-09 |title=TJ Gnanavel on Rajinikanth's 'Vettaiyan': Art is a tool, a weapon... but it all comes down to who's wielding it |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tj-gnanavel-on-rajinikanths-vettaiyan-art-is-a-tool-a-weapon-but-it-all-comes-down-to-whos-wielding-it/article68734258.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241013142945/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tj-gnanavel-on-rajinikanths-vettaiyan-art-is-a-tool-a-weapon-but-it-all-comes-down-to-whos-wielding-it/article68734258.ece |archive-date=2024-10-13 |access-date=2024-10-13 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Release ==
In mid-August 2024, the song "Manasilaayo" was announced,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-20 |title=Anirudh Ravichander shares an update on 'Vettaiyan' first single 'Manasilayo'; Deets inside |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/anirudh-ravichander-shares-an-update-on-vettaiyan-first-single-manasilayo-deets-inside/articleshow/112647579.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240823094415/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/anirudh-ravichander-shares-an-update-on-vettaiyan-first-single-manasilayo-deets-inside/articleshow/112647579.cms |archive-date=2024-08-23 |access-date=2024-09-19 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Goutham |date=2024-08-20 |title='Manasilayo…Hunter Vantaar': Anirudh Ravichander drops update on Rajinikanth starrer Vettaiyan's first single |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/manasilayohunter-vantaar-anirudh-ravichander-drops-update-on-rajinikanth-starrer-vettaiyans-first-single-1340960 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240821234119/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/manasilayohunter-vantaar-anirudh-ravichander-drops-update-on-rajinikanth-starrer-vettaiyans-first-single-1340960 |archive-date=2024-08-21 |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |language=en}}</ref> and released as the first single from the album on 5 September 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nyayapati |first=Neeshita |date=5 September 2024 |title=Manasilaayo: Rajinikanth, Manju Warrier groove to a dance number from Vettaiyan. Watch |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/manasilaayo-rajinikanth-manju-warrier-groove-to-a-dance-number-from-vettaiyan-watch-101725878670743.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909120546/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/manasilaayo-rajinikanth-manju-warrier-groove-to-a-dance-number-from-vettaiyan-watch-101725878670743.html |archive-date=9 September 2024 |access-date=9 September 2024 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rao |first=Anisha |date=2024-09-05 |title=Manasilaayo: Rajinikanth's energy steals the show in Vettaiyan's 1st single |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vettaiyan-rajinikanth-manju-warrier-manasilaayo-anirudh-ravichander-malaysia-vasudevan-2596590-2024-09-09 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915133703/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vettaiyan-rajinikanth-manju-warrier-manasilaayo-anirudh-ravichander-malaysia-vasudevan-2596590-2024-09-09 |archive-date=2024-09-15 |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The film's music launch was held at [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Chennai)|Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium]] in [[Chennai]] on 20 September 2024,<ref>{{Cite web |last=K. |first=Janani |date=2024-09-16 |title=Rajinikanth, Amitabh Bachchan's Vettaiyan audio launch and prevue event date is out |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/superstar-rajinikanth-vettaiyan-audio-launch-prevue-event-september-20-tj-gnanavel-2600640-2024-09-16 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240916123242/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/superstar-rajinikanth-vettaiyan-audio-launch-prevue-event-september-20-tj-gnanavel-2600640-2024-09-16 |archive-date=2024-09-16 |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-16 |title=Rajinikanth's Vettaiyan audio launch and pre-release event date announced |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Sep/16/rajinikanths-vettaiyan-audio-launch-and-pre-release-event-date-announced |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240916074247/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Sep/16/rajinikanths-vettaiyan-audio-launch-and-pre-release-event-date-announced |archive-date=2024-09-16 |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> with the presence of the cast and crew and a musical performance by Anirudh.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 September 2024 |title=Watch: Rajinikanth arrives at Vettaiyan event to roaring cheers from fans |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/rajinikanth-arrives-at-vettaiyan-prevue-launch-to-roaring-cheers-from-fans-watch-video-2603660-2024-09-20 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923061828/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/rajinikanth-arrives-at-vettaiyan-prevue-launch-to-roaring-cheers-from-fans-watch-video-2603660-2024-09-20 |archive-date=23 September 2024 |access-date=20 September 2024 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> However, the album was not launched at the event; the second single titled "Hunter Vantaar" was released prior to the event.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |date=20 September 2024 |title=Hunter Vantaar: Vettaiyan's 2nd single is all about Rajinikanth's star power |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vettaiyan-hunter-vantaar-second-song-rajinikanth-anirudh-ravichander-2603289-2024-09-20 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923061718/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vettaiyan-hunter-vantaar-second-song-rajinikanth-anirudh-ravichander-2603289-2024-09-20 |archive-date=23 September 2024 |access-date=20 September 2024 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> The third single "Uchathila" was released on 11 October 2024, after the film's release.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-11 |title=Uchathila (from ''Vettaiyan'') – Single |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/uchathila-from-vettaiyan-single/1773339742 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241013145630/https://music.apple.com/us/album/uchathila-from-vettaiyan-single/1773339742 |archive-date=2024-10-13 |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=Apple Music}}</ref>

On 13 October 2024, Anirudh shared the album's track list through his social media accounts which featured nine songs including the previously released singles. He also assured that the album would be released soon.<ref>{{Cite web |last=B. |first=Jayabhuvaneshwari |date=2024-10-13 |title=Anirudh Ravichander says 9 tracks from Vettaiyan are to be released soon |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Oct/13/anirudh-ravichander-says-9-tracks-from-vettaiyan-are-to-be-released-soon |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241013150136/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Oct/13/anirudh-ravichander-says-9-tracks-from-vettaiyan-are-to-be-released-soon |archive-date=2024-10-13 |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The full album was released on 14 October 2024. The album received positive reviews from critics and audience.<ref>{{Cite web |access-date=14 October 2024 |title=Vettaiyan (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/6Xw7XAQQwpsy9KfUnJTrHz?si=dYb8y8oYQ3alicOI3kJAAw |work=Spotify}}</ref>

== Track listing ==

=== Tamil ===
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Manasilaayo
| lyrics1 = Super Subu, Vishnu Edavan
| extra1 = [[Malaysia Vasudevan]],{{Efn|name=Via AI|Via artificial intelligence.}} [[Yugendran]], [[Anirudh Ravichander]], [[Deepthi Suresh]]
| length1 = 3:56
| title2 = Clean Shot
| lyrics2 = Amogh Balaji
| extra2 = Malaysia Vasudevan,{{Efn|name=Via AI}} Amogh Balaji
| length2 = 2:34
| title3 = Hunter Vantaar
| lyrics3 = [[Arivu]]
| extra3 = [[Siddharth Basrur]]
| length3 = 3:12
| title4 = Big B Theme
| note4 = Instrumental
| lyrics4 = –
| extra4 = –
| length4 = 2:02
| title5 = Uchathila
| lyrics5 = [[Yugabharathi]]
| extra5 = [[Sean Roldan]]
| length5 = 3:12
| title6 = Battery Theme
| note6 = Instrumental
| lyrics6 = –
| extra6 = –
| length6 = 1:39
| title7 = Hands Up
| lyrics7 = Heisenberg
| extra7 = Anirudh Ravichander
| length7 = 1:10
| title8 = Vaazh Veesum
| lyrics8 = Yugabharathi
| extra8 = Anirudh Ravichander
| length8 = 1:52
| title9 = Vettaiyan Theme
| note9 = Instrumental
| lyrics9 = –
| extra9 = –
| length9 = 1:56
| total_length = 21:35
}}

=== Telugu ===
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Manasilaayo
| length1 = 3:56
| lyrics1 = Srinivasa Mouli
| extra1 = [[Nakash Aziz]], Arun Kaundinya, Deepthi Suresh
| title2 = Clean Shot
| lyrics2 = Amogh Balaji
| extra2 = Malaysia Vasudevan,{{Efn|name=Via AI}} Amogh Balaji
| length2 = 2:34
| title3 = Hunter Entry
| length3 = 3:12
| lyrics3 = Srinivasa Mouli
| extra3 = [[Siddharth Basrur]]
| title4 = Big B Theme
| note4 = Instrumental
| lyrics4 = –
| extra4 = –
| length4 = 2:02
| title5 = Manduthunna
| lyrics5 = [[Krishna Kanth]]
| extra5 = Ritesh G. Rao
| length5 = 3:12
| title6 = Battery Theme
| note6 = Instrumental
| lyrics6 = –
| extra6 = –
| length6 = 1:39
| title7 = Hands Up
| lyrics7 = Heisenberg
| extra7 = Anirudh Ravichander
| length7 = 1:10
| title8 = Rakasi Vidhi
| lyrics8 = Krishna Kanth
| extra8 = Ravi G
| length8 = 1:54
| title9 = Vettaiyan Theme
| note9 = Instrumental
| lyrics9 = –
| extra9 = –
| length9 = 1:56
| total_length = 21:37
}}

=== Kannada ===
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Manasilaayo
| length1 = 3:56
| lyrics1 = Varadaraj Chikkaballapura
| extra1 = Nakash Aziz, Arun Kaundinya, Deepthi Suresh
| title2 = Clean Shot
| lyrics2 = Amogh Balaji
| extra2 = Malaysia Vasudevan,{{Efn|name=Via AI}} Amogh Balaji
| length2 = 2:34
| title3 = Hunter Bandha
| length3 = 3:12
| lyrics3 = Varadaraj Chikkaballapura
| extra3 = [[Siddharth Basrur]]
| title4 = Big B Theme
| note4 = Instrumental
| lyrics4 = –
| extra4 = –
| length4 = 2:02
| title5 = Minuguva
| lyrics5 = Varadaraj Chikkaballapura
| extra5 = Ritesh G. Rao
| length5 = 3:12
| title6 = Battery Theme
| note6 = Instrumental
| lyrics6 = –
| extra6 = –
| length6 = 1:39
| title7 = Hands Up
| lyrics7 = Heisenberg
| extra7 = Anirudh Ravichander
| length7 = 1:10
| title8 = Vidhiya Bete
| lyrics8 = Varadaraj Chikkaballapura
| extra8 = Ravi G
| length8 = 1:54
| title9 = Vettaiyan Theme
| note9 = Instrumental
| lyrics9 = –
| extra9 = –
| length9 = 1:56
| total_length = 21:37
}}

=== Hindi ===
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Manasilaayo
| length1 = 3:56
| lyrics1 = Raqueeb Alam
| extra1 = Nakash Aziz, Arun Kaundinya, Deepthi Suresh
| title2 = Clean Shot
| lyrics2 = Amogh Balaji
| extra2 = Malaysia Vasudevan,{{Efn|name=Via AI}} Amogh Balaji
| length2 = 2:34
| title3 = Hunter Ka Avtaar
| length3 = 3:12
| lyrics3 = Raqueeb Alam
| extra3 = [[Siddharth Basrur]]
| title4 = Big B Theme
| note4 = Instrumental
| lyrics4 = –
| extra4 = –
| length4 = 2:02
| title5 = Ugte Sooraj
| lyrics5 = Raqueeb Alam
| extra5 = Ritesh G. Rao
| length5 = 3:12
| title6 = Battery Theme
| note6 = Instrumental
| lyrics6 = –
| extra6 = –
| length6 = 1:39
| title7 = Hands Up
| lyrics7 = Heisenberg
| extra7 = Anirudh Ravichander
| length7 = 1:10
| title8 = Jang Chhede
| lyrics8 = Raqueeb Alam
| extra8 = Ravi G
| length8 = 1:54
| title9 = Vettaiyan Theme
| note9 = Instrumental
| lyrics9 = –
| extra9 = –
| length9 = 1:56
| total_length = 21:37
}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Anirudh Ravichander}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2024 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:Anirudh Ravichander soundtracks]]
[[Category:Sony Music India soundtracks]]
[[Category:Tamil film soundtracks]]

Battle of Achal

2026-01-22T14:09:31Z

Davidwnl: Created a data.

{{Short description|Battle in 1785}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Achal
| image =
| date = 1785
| place = Achal,
[[Batala]], [[Punjab]]
| territory = Jassa Singh Ramgarhia and Sansar Chand Katoch recover their lost territories from the [[Kanhaiya Misl]]
| result = Sukerchakia-Allied victory
| combatant1 = [[File:Sikh Empire flag.jpg|25px]] [[Sukerchakia Misl]] [[File:Kattar Dhal Talwar.jpg|25px]] [[Ramgarhia Misl]] [[File:Flag_of_Kangra_state.png|25px]] [[Kangra State|Kangra]]
| combatant2 = [[File:Kattar Dhal Talwar.jpg|25px]] [[Kanhaiya Misl]]
| commander1 = [[Maha Singh]] [[Jassa Singh Ramgarhia]] [[Sansar Chand]]
| commander2 = [[Jai Singh Kanhaiya]]{{WIA}} [[Gurbaksh Singh Kanhaiya]]{{KIA}}
| strength1 = Unknown
| strength2 = Unknown
| casualties1 = Unknown
| casualties2 = Unknown
}}

The '''Battle of Achal''', also known as the '''Battle of Randpura''', was fought in Achal, near Batala, in 1785 between the [[Sukerchakia Misl]], [[Ramgarhia Misl]] and [[Sansar Chand]], against the [[Kanhaiya Misl]]. The Battle resulted in the [[Kanhaiya Misl|Kanhaiyas]] retreating which allowed for the [[Ramgarhia Misl|Ramgarhias]] and their [[Kangra State|Hill allies]] regaining their lost territories.

==Background==
In 1778, a quarrel arose between Jassa Singh Ramgarhia, [[Jai Singh Kanhaiya]] and [[Haqiqat Singh Kanhaiya]]. Supported by [[Jassa Singh Ahluwalia]], Afghans attacked [[Jassa Singh Ramgarhia]] and exiled him to the deserts of [[Hansi]] and [[Hisar district|Hisar]]. He set up his headquarters at [[Tosham]].<ref name=Bhagata>{{Cite book |last=Siṅgha |first=Bhagata |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=BihuAAAAMAAJ}}|title=A History of the Sikh Misals |date=1993 |publisher=Publication Bureau, Punjabi University |language=en}}</ref>{{rp|[{{google books|plainurl=y|id=BihuAAAAMAAJ|page=119}} 119]}}

In January 1784, [[Haqiqat Singh Kanhaiya]] and [[Maha Singh]] made a pact to attack and share the wealth, but Maha Singh did it alone. He plundered [[Jammu]] for three days and nights, killing thousands of men. The booty was worth more than one crore. Haqiqat Singh was deeply shocked at this treachery and died soon afterward. The death of Haqiqat Singh was a great loss to Jai Singh. He demanded half of the booty from Maha Singh for Haqiqat Singh’s son, Jaimal Singh, which Maha Singh refused.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Siṅgha |first=Bhagata |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BihuAAAAMAAJ |title=A History of the Sikh Misals |date=1993 |publisher=Publication Bureau, Punjabi University |pages=119 |language=en}}</ref> On [[Diwali]] in 1784, the Sikh chiefs gathered at [[Amritsar]]. [[Jai Singh Kanhaiya]] behaved coldly toward [[Maha Singh]], refused his attempts to reconcile, and called him a “dancing boy.” Maha Singh took this insult to heart and attacked Kanhaiya’s camp outside Amritsar, and Jai Singh pursued him. A further engagement took place near Majitha. Jai Singh was forced to seek shelter inside the besieged town. He escaped to [[Jalandhar]] and prepared his army for battle against Maha Singh.<ref name=Bhagata/><ref>{{cite book |title=A history of the Sikhs, from the origin of the nation to the battles of the Sutlej |last=Cunningham |first=Joseph Davey |year=1918|publisher=Oxford University Press |location=London, New York |page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.31113/page/n176 118] |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.31113|quote=a history of the sikhs cunningham. }}</ref><ref name=":0" />

==Battle==
Mahan Singh, aligned himself with Jai Singh’s adversaries, [[Sansar Chand]] and [[Jassa Singh Ramgarhia]]. Ramgarhia responded without delay, departing [[Tosham]] in February and setting up camp near Jagraon. With [[Jassa Singh Ahluwalia]] no longer alive and his successor, [[Bhag Singh Ahluwalia]], having opted for neutrality, Jai Singh attempted to block Ramgarhia’s progress. Nevertheless, their armies came to blows on the right bank of the [[Satluj River]], where the Kanhaiya forces suffered a defeat.

Seizing the momentum, Ramgarhia advanced across the Heas River without significant resistance. Meanwhile, [[Sansar Chand]] positioned his forces at [[Dinanagar]], situated roughly eighty-two kilometers north of Amritsar. The allied forces of [[Mahan Singh]] and Ramgarhia converged near [[Amritsar]], further strengthened by the defection of Amar Singh Bagga, a former Kanhiya associate and aide to Jai Singh. Together, they marched toward [[Batala]].

The decisive confrontation unfolded at Randpura village near Achal. In a fierce engagement lasting six hours, Jai Singh’s eldest son, [[Gurbaksh Singh Kanhaiya]], was killed by an arrow fired by one of Guru Sundar Das’s men. Stricken with grief, Jai Singh laid down his arms and offered himself up, ready to meet his end. However, he was shielded and led to safety by his loyal companions, Tara Singh and Jaimal Singh. Gurbaksh Singh’s widow, [[Sada Kaur]], escaped the battlefield in disguise. Barefoot and determined, she made her way to the fort at Sohian.<ref name=Bhagata/> Jassa Singh Ramgarhia recovered his lost territories and established his headquarters at Batala.<ref name=Bhagata/>

==Aftermath==
After the Battle of Achal, [[Jai Singh Kanhaiya]] retired to [[Nowshera, Jammu and Kashmir|Naushera]] where he reorganized his force for a fresh struggle. Jassa Singh Ramgarhia and Sansar Chand Katoch occupied their former possessions. Maha Singh remained in the field. Another battle was fought between Maha Singh and Jai Singh Kanhaiya at Naushera. Both sides sustained heavy losses, but Jai Singh Kanhaiya suffered a defeat. He escaped to his fort of Nurpur Maha. Singh pursued him and laid siege to the fort. [[Maha Singh]] did not like to stay at a distant place, so he raised the siege and turned homeward. Maha Singh seized Kanhaiya territories worth three lakhs a year.<ref name="Singh2004">{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Khushwant|title=A History of the Sikhs: 1469–1838|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=MD9uAAAAMAAJ}}|access-date=2 January 2023|edition=2nd|date=11 October 2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-567308-1}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite book |last=Siṅgha |first=Bhagata |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BihuAAAAMAAJ&q=A+History+of+the+Sikh+Misals.+Patiala,+India:+Publication+Bureau |title=A History of the Sikh Misals |date=1993 |publisher=Publication Bureau, Punjabi University |page=119 |language=en}}</ref>

[[Sada Kaur]], the widow of [[Gurbaksh Singh Kanhaiya]], found it in the interest of the [[Kanhaiya Misl]] to bring about reconciliation with the [[Sukerchakia Misl]]. She made up her mind to get her only child, [[Mehtab Kaur]], brothered to Maha Singh's only son, [[Ranjit Singh]]. She prevailed upon Jai Singh to approve of her proposal. Then she deputed Amar Singh Kingra to Maha Singh to consider the overture. She learned that Maha Singh's wife [[Raj Kaur]] had gone to [[Jawalamukhi]] on a pilgrimage to pray for the recovery of Ranjit Singh from smallpox. She immediately went there and persuaded the lady to accept her proposal, In 1786 [[Mehtab Kaur]] was married to [[Ranjit Singh]] who was only six years old, when the Sukerchakia and Kanhaiya Misls were allied through that matrimony.<ref name=Bhagata/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Battles involving the Sikh Confederacy|Achal]]
[[Category:1785 in India]]
[[Category:18th-century battles|Achal]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1785]]

Kaushambi Bhatt

2026-01-18T18:52:31Z

Davidwnl: Made post

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kaushambi Bhatt
| image = Kaushambi Bhatt.jpg
| caption = Kaushambi Bhatt at trailer launch of [[Montu Ni Bittu]] on 27 July 2019 at [[Ahmedabad]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1991|10|1|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Rajkot]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]]
| occupation = Actress
| years_active =
}}
'''Kaushambi Bhatt''' (born 1 October 1991) is an Indian actress from [[Gujarat]], [[India]]. She is known for her role in [[Gujarati cinema|Gujarati films]] ''[[Hellaro]]'' (2019), ''[[Dhunki]]'' (2019) and [[Montu Ni Bittu]] (2019).

==Biography==
Kaushambi Bhatt was born on 1 October 1991 in [[Rajkot]], Gujarat. She received her school education in Rajkot and her college education at GLS College, Ahmedabad. She completed her master's degree in development communication from [[Gujarat University]], Ahmedabad.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}}

She debuted in the 2019 Gujarati period drama film ''Hellaro'', which won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film]] at the [[66th National Film Awards]]<ref>{{cite news |title=National Awards: Aditya Dhar gets best director for 'Uri', Gujarati movie 'Hellaro' wins Best Film |url=https://scroll.in/latest/933356/national-awards-aditya-dhar-gets-best-director-for-uri-gujarati-movie-hellaro-wins-best-film |accessdate=9 August 2019 |work=Scroll.in |date=9 August 2019}}</ref> and she earned [[National Film Award – Special Jury Award (feature film)|Special Jury Award]] for her performance. The film has been theatrically released in India on 8 November 2019 to positive reviews and her acting is appreciated by the audiences.<ref name="Hellaro, a celluloid celebration of breaking free">{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-reviews/hellaro/movie-review/71971460.cms |title=Hellaro, a celluloid celebration of breaking free |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="Hellaro">{{cite web |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/hellaro-national-award-winning-gujarati-film-is-a-beautiful-ode-to-female-desire-and-defiance-7678081.html |title=Hellaro, National Award-winning Gujarati film, is a beautiful ode to female desire and defiance |website=firstpost.com}}</ref> She later acted in [[Vijaygiri Bava]]'s romantic comedy [[Montu Ni Bittu]], and in Anish Shah's Dhunki.<ref>{{cite web |title=Celebration time for Anish Shah's 'Dhunki' as it turns one today |website=The Times of India |date=28 July 2020 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/celebration-time-for-anish-shahs-dhunki-as-it-turns-one-today/articleshow/77220145.cms |access-date=10 August 2020}}</ref>

She is also known for her role in the Gujarati play ''Kaalu Etle Andhaaru''.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}}

== Awards and accolades ==
{| class=wikitable
|-
! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Year
! scope="col" style="width:39em;"| Award
! scope="col" style="width:29em;"| Category
! scope="col" style="width:39em;"| Nominated work
! scope="col" style="width:5em;"| Result
! scope="col" style="width:5em;"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 2019
| [[National Film Awards]]
| [[National Film Award - Special Jury Award (Feature film)|Special Jury Award]]
| ''[[Hellaro]]''
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://dff.gov.in/images/News/66th_NFA_Results.pdf |title=66th National Film Awards |website=dff.gov.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809152118/https://dff.gov.in/images/News/66th_NFA_Results.pdf |archive-date=9 August 2019 |access-date=}}</ref>
|-
| 2019
| GIFA -Gujarati Iconic Film Award
| Best Supporting Actress
| ''[[Dhunki]]''
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{cite web |title=અમદાવાદમાં યોજાયો ગુજરાત આઇકોનિક ફિલ્મ એવાર્ડ, ગુજરાતી ફિલ્મ કલાકારો ચમક્યા! |website=Gujarat Inside |date=26 December 2019 |url=https://www.gujaratinside.com/gifa-awards-2019-was-organised-in-amdavad/ |language=gu |access-date=10 August 2020 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|}

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Hellaro]]'' || Champa
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Dhunki]]'' || Ankita
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Montu Ni Bittu]]'' || Saubhagyalaxmi
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Nayika Devi: The Warrior Queen]]'' ||
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Kutch Express (film)|Kutch Express]]'' || Diwali
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Bhalle Padharya]]'' || Sarita
|-
| rowspan="5" |2025
| ''[[Faati Ne?]]'' || Leelavati
|-
| ''[[Jalebi Rocks]]'' || Neelu
|-
| ''[[Maharani (2025 film) | Maharani]]'' || Kajal
|-
| ''[[Misri (film)|Misri]]'' || Pinky
|-
|''Auntypreneur''
|
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|nm10839787}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhatt, Kaushambi}}
[[Category:1991 births]]
[[Category:Special Jury Award (feature film) National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Gujarati actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Gujarati cinema]]
[[Category:People from Rajkot]]

Tovihoto Ayemi

2025-12-27T09:15:07Z

Davidwnl: Starting a entry - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}

'''H. Tovihoto Ayemi''' (born 1979)<ref name=":0" /> is an Indian politician from [[Nagaland]]. He is a member of the [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly]] from [[Dimapur I Assembly constituency]] in [[Dimapur district]]. He won the [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]], representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nagaland Assembly Election Candidates 2023: BJP, Congress Candidates List {{!}} Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/nagaland/candidates |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Ayemi is from [[Dimapur]], Nagaland. He is the son of Hejeto Ayemi. He completed his BA (honors) in 2001 at [[Patkai Christian College]], Dimapur, which is affiliated with [[Nagaland University]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=H. Tovihoto Ayemi(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- DIMAPUR-I(DIMAPUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/Nagaland2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=6785 |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
In [[2013 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2013]] Ayemi was elected for the first time on an [[Naga People's Front]] (NPF) ticket to the [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly]]. He defeated his nearest rival, and former chief minister, [[K. L. Chishi]] of the [[Indian National Congress]] by a margin of 1838 votes.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Alam |first=J. |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/12th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2013.pdf |title=Report on the General Election to the 12th Nagaland Legislative Assembly, 2013 |date=2013 |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland |location=Kohima |publication-date=2013 |pages=38 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125124535/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/12th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2013.pdf |archive-date=25 November 2022}}</ref> He retained the seat in the [[2018 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]], beating Pukhavi Yepthomi of the [[Naga People's Front]] by a margin of 6,600 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nagaland Election: Dimapur-i Assembly constituency result 2023 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/acno1-4-acno1.html |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> In 2023, he became a three-time MLA representing the BJP again.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-02 |title=Nagaland Assembly Election results 2023: Check full list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/nagaland-assembly-election-results-2023-winners-8473973/ |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Ayemi won from Dimapur I Assembly constituency representing the BJP in the 2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election. He polled 13,325 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Kewekhape Therie of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 6,959 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=H. Tovihoto Ayemi in Nagaland Assembly Elections 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/nagaland/h-tovihoto-ayemi-dimapur-i-candidate-s17a001c002/ |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

He is the advisor for tribal affairs and elections to the [[Government of Nagaland]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210801111327/http://www.nagaland.gov.in/advisors]</ref>

== References ==
<references />{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ayemi, Tovihoto}}
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Nagaland]]
[[Category:Nagaland MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Nagaland MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Nagaland MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Dimapur district]]

Jan Gonda

2025-12-21T17:00:22Z

Davidwnl:

{{Short description|Dutch Indologist (1905–1991)}}
{{expand language|langcode=fr|langcode2=nl|topic=bio|Jan Gonda|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox academic
| honorific_prefix = 
| name = Jan Gonda
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Jan_Gonda_(1972).png
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = A portrait of Gonda from his 1972 {{lang|de|[[Festschrift]]}}
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1905|4|17|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Gouda, South Holland|Gouda]], [[South Holland]], [[The Netherlands]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1991|7|28|1905|4|17|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Utrecht (city)|Utrecht]], [[The Netherlands]]
| known_for =
| title =
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| parents =
| relatives =
| awards = 
| education =
| alma_mater = [[Utrecht University]]
| thesis_title = Δείκνῡμῐ{{r|ensink}}
| thesis_url =
| thesis_year = 1929
| school_tradition =
| doctoral_advisor = {{ill|Carl Vollgraff|fr|Carl Wilhelm Vollgraff}}
| academic_advisors =
| influences = 
| discipline = [[Indo-European linguistics]]
| sub_discipline = [[Indology]]
| workplaces = 
| doctoral_students = 
| notable_students =
| notable_works =
| notable_ideas =
| influenced = 
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| signature_size =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Jan Gonda''' (14 April 1905 – 28 July 1991) was a Dutch [[Indologist]] and the first Utrecht professor of Sanskrit.<ref name=gondaobit/> He was born in [[Gouda, South Holland|Gouda]], in the [[Netherlands]], and died in [[Utrecht (city)|Utrecht]].{{r|hwb}}<ref name=ensink>{{cite journal |last1=Ensink |first1=J. |date=1992 |title=Jan Gonda († 1991) and Indonesian Studies |journal=Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde |volume=148 |issue=2 |pages=209–219 |doi=10.1163/22134379-90003151 |doi-access=free }}</ref> He studied with [[Willem Caland]] at Rijksuniversiteit, Utrecht (since 1990 {{lang|nl|[[Universiteit Utrecht]]}}) and from 1932 held positions at Utrecht and Leiden. He held the positions of Chair of Sanskrit succeeding Caland from 1929, as well as of Indology from 1932.<ref name=gondaobit/> He published scholarly articles on Indian Sanskrit and Indonesian Javanese texts for sixty years.<ref name=gondaobit/> In 1952, he published his monumental work on ''Sanskrit in Indonesia''.<ref name=gondaobit/> His contributions to philology and Vedic literature has been oft-cited.<ref name=gondaobit/>

Gonda is recognized as one of the 20th century's leading scholars of Asian language, literature and religion, particularly on texts and topics related to Hinduism and Buddhism. He wrote with ease and elegance in Dutch, English and German, and had a breath-taking range of interests from the ancient literature of [[Indonesia]] and [[India]] to [[comparative religion]] and [[philology]]. Like many Orientalists of the 20th century, Gonda never visited Asia although some of his publications appeared under the auspices of the "Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen", e.g. his comparative study on the Kavi-edition of the "Bhīşmaparwa", printed in Bandung (Java), 1937.

However, his lack of field experience was compensated for by his knowledge of Indic literature and his empathy for the religious culture of Asia. Among his many students was [[J. A. B. van Buitenen|{{nowrap|J. A. B.}} {{nowrap|van Buitenen}}]], who moved to the [[University of Chicago]] in 1961. [[Henk Bodewitz]] succeeded Gonda as the chair of Sanskrit at Utrecht in 1976.<ref>A. Griffiths and Jan E. N. Houben, 'H.W.Bodewitz: Bibliography 1969-2004,' ''Indo-Iranian Journal'' 47 (2004): 121-31.</ref>

Gonda left a [[bequest]] to [[Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences]], of which he was member since 1957,<ref name=gondaobit>{{cite web|url=http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/biografie/pmknaw/?pagetype=authorDetail&aId=PE00000458 |title=J. Gonda (1905 - 1991) |language=nl |publisher=Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences |access-date=14 July 2015}}</ref> and in 1992 the Gonda Foundation was set up in his name. The foundation offers publication subsidies and grants to projects relating to Indology, the size of the grants and scope of activities being determined by the return on invested capital. The Gonda Lectures and Gonda Indological Series are also named in his honour.

Gonda died suddenly on 28 July 1991.<ref name=hwb>{{cite journal | last=Bodewitz | first=H. W. |author-link=Henk Bodewitz | title=JAN GONDA (14 APRIL 1905 – 28 JULY 1991) | journal=Indo-Iranian Journal | publisher=Brill | volume=34 | issue=4 | year=1991 | issn=0019-7246 | jstor=24655600 | pages=281–286 | doi=10.1163/000000091790083706 | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/24655600 | url-access=subscription | access-date=9 July 2024}}</ref> Along with [[F. B. J. Kuiper|{{nowrap|F. B. J.}} Kuiper]], Gonda has been credited with helping elevate Dutch Indology and its related disciplines internationally.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bodewitz |first=H. W. |author-link=Henk Bodewitz |date=n.d. |title=Franciscus Bernardus Jacobus Kuiper |url=https://dwc.knaw.nl/DL/levensberichten/PE00001424.pdf |website=Digital Web Center for the History of Science in the Low Countries |location=Amsterdam |publisher=[[Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences]] |pages=76–84 |access-date=16 April 2025}}</ref>

==Publications==
Gonda produced a substantial number of books and articles during his long career. The most useful starting point is Jan Gonda, ''Selected Studies'', 6 vols. (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1975–1991). These volumes contain most of his key articles.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.knaw.nl/en/funds-and-prizes/j-gonda-fund The Gonda Fund] at the [[Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences]] website
* [https://www.knaw.nl/en/academy-funds-and-prizes/gonda-lectures-and-gonda-studies The Gonda Lectures] at the [[Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences]] website
*[http://www.brill.com/publications/gonda-indological-studies Gonda Indological Series] at the Brill website
*Gonda entry at the "[https://www.dutchstudies-satsea.nl/deelnemers/gonda-jan/ Dutch Studies on South Asia, Tibet and Classical Southeast Asia]" website

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gonda, Jan}}
[[Category:Dutch Indologists]]
[[Category:1905 births]]
[[Category:1991 deaths]]
[[Category:Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences]]
[[Category:Utrecht University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Gouda, South Holland]]
[[Category:University of Chicago faculty]]

Micrixalus kodayari

2025-12-18T04:11:53Z

Davidwnl: started some article from scratch

{{Short description|Species of amphibian}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Micrixalus kodayari.jpg
| taxon = Micrixalus kodayari
| authority = [[Sathyabhama Das Biju|Biju]] ''et al.'', 2014<ref name="Biju et al. 2014"/>
}}

'''''Micrixalus kodayari''''', commonly known as the '''Kodayar dancing frog''', is a species of [[frog]] in the family [[Micrixalidae]].<ref name="Biju et al. 2014"/><ref name=Frost/><ref name=AmphibiaWeb/> It is [[Endemism|endemic]] to the [[Western Ghats]] south of the [[Shencottah]] Gap in [[Tamil Nadu]], India; it is known from Kodayar and Kakkachi ([[Tirunelveli district]]).<ref name="Biju et al. 2014"/><ref name=Frost/>

==Description==
Adult females, based on the [[holotype]] and two [[paratype]]s, measure {{convert|25.1|-|25.6|mm|in|2|abbr=on}} in [[snout–vent length]]. Two adult male paratypes measured {{convert|17.7|-|18.7|mm|in|2|abbr=on}}. The snout is subelliptical in dorsal view and acute in lateral view. The head is longer than it is wide. The [[Tympanum (anatomy)|tympanum]] is visible and the supratympanic fold is well-developed. The finger and toe tips bear relatively wide discs. The toes are partly webbed. The dorsal colouration is uniform greyish-brown with metallic tinge. The tympanum and its surroundings are light brown. The [[Iris (anatomy)|iris]] is light brown with reddish tinge. The anterior part of the flanks are dark blackish-brown and the posterior parts are light greyish-brown. Ventral colouration is greyish-white. The shank and feet are bluish-grey, while the webbing is dark greyish-black.<ref name="Biju et al. 2014"/>

The female holotype was carrying 20 creamy white [[ova]] with black reticulations measuring about 1 mm in diameter. Foot-flagging behaviour has not been observed in the males of this species, but it has morphological features correlated with that behaviour (flashy foot colouration and webbed toes).<ref name="Biju et al. 2014"/>

==Habitat and conservation==
''Micrixalus kodayari'' inhabits shallow water of streams covered with forest canopy. It is a rare species.<ref name="Biju et al. 2014"/> As of May 2022, it has not been assessed for the [[IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]].<ref name=IUCN/>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name=AmphibiaWeb>{{cite web |url=https://amphibiaweb.org/species/8164 |title=''Micrixalus kodayari'' |year=2022 |work=AmphibiaWeb |publisher=University of California, Berkeley |access-date=3 May 2022}}</ref>

<ref name="Biju et al. 2014">{{cite journal |last1=Biju |first1=S. D. |author2=Sonali Garg |author3=K. V. Gururaja |author4=Yogesh Shouche |author5=Sandeep A. Walujkar |name-list-style=amp |year=2014 |title=DNA barcoding reveals unprecedented diversity in Dancing Frogs of India (Micrixalidae, ''Micrixalus''): a taxonomic revision with description of 14 new species|journal=Ceylon Journal of Science (Biological Sciences) |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=37–123 |doi=10.4038/cjsbs.v43i1.6850|doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name=Frost>{{cite web |url=https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/Amphibia/Anura/Micrixalidae/Micrixalus/Micrixalus-kodayari |title=''Micrixalus kodayari'' Biju, Garg, Gururaja, Shouche, and Walujkar, 2014 |author=Frost, Darrel R. |year=2022 |work=Amphibian Species of the World: An Online Reference. Version 6.1 |publisher=American Museum of Natural History |doi=10.5531/db.vz.0001 |access-date=3 May 2022}}</ref>

<ref name=IUCN>{{cite web | title = IUCN Red List of Threatened Species | url = http://www.iucnredlist.org/ | access-date = 3 May 2022}}</ref>
}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q16863159}}

[[Category:Micrixalus]]
[[Category:Frogs of India]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of the Western Ghats]]
[[Category:Endemic amphibians of India]]
[[Category:Amphibians described in 2014]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Sathyabhama Das Biju]]

Confederation of Himalayan States

2025-11-20T11:15:48Z

Davidwnl: New Some Data Needs Work...

{{More citations needed|date=October 2024}}{{Infobox organization
| name = Confederation of Himalayan States
| formation = N/A
| predecessor = Federation of Sikkim and Bhutan Gurkhastan Autonomy for Darjeeling-Dooars District
| founder = [[Government of China]]
| status = Not accepted
| membership = {{flagicon|Bhutan}} [[Bhutan]] [[Naga Conflict|Nagaland]] {{flagicon|Nepal}} [[Nepal]] [[North-East Frontier Agency]] {{flagicon|Kingdom of Sikkim}} [[Kingdom of Sikkim|Sikkim]]
}}The '''Confederation of Himalayan States''' was a confederation between [[Bhutan]], [[Naga Conflict|Nagaland]], [[Nepal]], the [[North-East Frontier Agency]], and [[Kingdom of Sikkim|Sikkim]], semi-officially proposed by the [[Government of China|government of the People's Republic of China]] in 1962.

== History ==
Starting in 1956, China made several proposals of unions in the [[Himalayas|Himalayan Mountains]] in an attempt to decrease Indian influence in the region. These included the Federation of Sikkim and Bhutan, Gurkhastan, and promises of autonomy for [[Darjeeling]]-[[Dooars]] District.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Patterson |first=George N. |date=1962 |title=Recent Chinese Policies in Tibet and towards the Himalayan Border States |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/651824?seq=3 |journal=The China Quarterly |issue=12 |pages=191–202 |issn=0305-7410}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Shina |first=A. C. |url=https://web.kamihq.com/web/viewer.html?state=%7B%22ids%22%3A%5B%221RBsLs5CiydosmG50eRvV7ztmmVe1ecZW%22%5D%2C%22action%22%3A%22open%22%2C%22userId%22%3A%22116323042245880596608%22%7D&filename=undefined&kami_user_id=19085093 |title=Himalayan Odessey: Attempts for Federation of the Himalayan Kingdoms}}</ref>

Among the last of these attempts came in 1962 with the proposal to form the Confederation of Himalayan States. The proposal seemed "encouraging from a Chinese point of view," and each country and region attempted to pursue this to varying levels of success.<ref name=":0" /> Oddly enough, the proposal also included the regions of [[Kashmir]], [[Ladakh]], [[Arunachal Pradesh|Arunachal]], and [[Nagaland]]—all regions administered by India, with the exception of [[Pakistani Kashmir]].<ref name=":2" />

To the horror of many other countries, including [[India]], some leaders and groups in control of the countries included in the proposal seemed in favor of it, trying to leave India's sphere of influence for China's.<ref name=":2" /> Any fears of ulterior motives were assuaged with references to China's peaceful border negotiations with [[Myanmar|Burma]], Nepal, and [[Pakistan]], as well as her respect for the independence of Asian states.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Levi |first=Werner |date=1963 |title=The Sino-Indian Border War |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45310978?seq=3 |journal=Current History |volume=45 |issue=265 |pages=136–143 |issn=0011-3530}}</ref>

== Reactions of proposed members ==

=== Bhutan ===
The Bhutanese prime minister at the time, [[Jigme Palden Dorji]], stated that he was never approached about the idea of a confederation by China, but his government had referred it to him. He advised his government not to accept the proposal for multiple reasons, including their lack of military strength to stand against India or China, and fears of Nepalese dominance in the state.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />

Citizens of Bhutan felt they were more in favor of the confederation than their government. Plenty of Bhutanese headmen fled to [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]], and around three thousand Tibetan refugees made their way into Bhutan. The Nepalese citizens of Bhutan expressed their anger with the government, due to their lack of representation.<ref name=":0" />

=== Nagaland ===
During the [[Naga Conflict]], India created the [[Naga People's Convention]], an attempt to accept the Nagas as citizens of a new [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]]. The Naga-elected and supported [[Naga National Council]], outlawed by India, said that they much preferred China's proposal over India's, not wanting "annexation and genocide" in Nagaland.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kavic |first=Lorne J. |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/jj.5232953 |title=India's Quest for Security: Defence Policies 1947-1965 |publisher=University of California Press |year=1967 |edition=1 |pages=169-191}}</ref>

=== Nepal ===
[[Rishikesh Shah]], the [[Minister of Finance (Nepal)|Finance Minister of Nepal]], cautiously admitted to other Nepalese officials that he knew of the existence of the proposal and that the matter had been discussed. He also said that he had information, but no evidence, that China had been putting pressure on the [[Communist Party of Nepal (Amatya)|Communist Party of Nepal]] to push the item of the confederation to the top of their agenda. Chinese people had been moving to Nepal en-masse for several years, leading to a vibrant exchange of culture and aid, despite Nepal's reluctance to establish diplomatic relations with China.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

=== North-East Frontier Agency ===
During the [[Naga Conflict]], the "free Nagas" claimed that over 100,000 Nagas were killed, and a further 400,000 were placed into [[concentration camp]]s. This led to deep resentment of Indians among Nagas, and cries for an "Eastern Hills Frontier State." There was no talk about the confederation among the government.<ref name=":0" />

=== Sikkim ===
The [[Sikkim State Congress]] claimed that any Indian treaty would be imposed by force, fearing that the royal family would be placed back into power. However, they also did not have any sympathy for China, as the government was all too aware of what was happening in Tibet. The President of the Sikkim National Congress Party, [[Kazi Lhendup Dorjee]], said that China had attempted to advance ideas of the confederation both through Nepalis visiting Sikkim, usually communist sympathizers, as well as directly to himself. He said that the proposal was "Sikkim's only hope and that he [was] completely in favor of it."<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Politics of Bhutan]]
[[Category:Politics of China]]
[[Category:Politics of Nepal]]
[[Category:China–India border]]
[[Category:China–India relations]]

Raghunath Singh of Pratapgarh

2025-11-13T21:38:37Z

Davidwnl: Made a bio

{{Short description|Maharawat of Pratapgarh from 1890 to 1929}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{infobox royalty
| name = Raghunath Singh
| title = Maharawat of Pratapgarh
| image = File:Maharawat Raghunath Singh.jpg
| succession = Maharawat of [[Pratapgarh State|Pratapgarh]]
| reign = 1890–1929
| predecessor = [[Udai Singh of Pratapgarh|Udai Singh]]
| successor = [[Ram Singh of Pratapgarh|Ram Singh]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1859|12|29|df=yes}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1929|1|12|1859|12|29|df=yes}}
| issue = {{plainlist|
*Man Singh
*Govardhan Singh
}}
| house = {{flagicon image|Royal_flag_of_Partabgarh.svg}} [[Pratapgarh State|Pratapgarh]]
| father = Khushal Singh
| dynasty = [[Sisodia dynasty|Sisodia]]
}}
[[Sir]] '''Raghunath Singh''' [[Order of the Indian Empire|KCIE]] was the Maharawat of [[Pratapgarh State|Pratapgarh]] from 1890 until his death in 1929.

== Birth ==
He was born in 1859 to Khushal Singh, Thakur of Arnod.<ref name="archive">{{Cite book |last=Bayley |first=C. S. |url=https://archive.org/details/chiefsleadingfam00csba/ |title=Chiefs and leading families in Rajputana |date=2004 |publisher=New Delhi : Asian Educational Services |others=Public Resource |isbn=978-81-206-1066-8 |pages=44–45}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lethbridge |first=Sir Roper |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3kwoAAAAYAAJ |title=The Golden Book of India: A Genealogical and Biographical Dictionary of the Ruling Princes, Chiefs, Nobles, and Other Personages, Titled Or Decorated, of the Indian Empire |date=1893 |publisher=Macmillan |pages=409–410 |language=en}}</ref>

== Succession ==
When [[Udai Singh of Pratapgarh|Udai Singh]], the Maharawat of [[Pratapgarh State|Pratapgarh]], died in 1890 without a legitimate successor, his widow adopted Raghunath Singh, his third cousin and closest surviving relative.<ref name="archive"/><ref name="archive2">{{Cite book |last=Sehgal |first=K. k |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.146807/ |title=Rajasthan District Gazetteers Chittaurgarh |date=1961 |pages=50}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Purushotam Vishram Mawjee |url=https://archive.org/details/DurbarAlbum1/ |title=(1911) Imperial durbar album of the Indian princes, chiefs and zamindars, Vol. I. |date=1911 |pages=95}}</ref> This choice was confirmed by the Government of India, and he was granted full administrative powers on 10 January 1891.<ref name="archive2"/><ref name="archive3">{{Cite book |last=Not Available |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35691 |title=Memoranda On Native States In Indian 1911 |date=1911 |pages=120}}</ref>

== Reign ==
During the [[Indian famine of 1899–1900]], he introduced an efficient system of relief and remitted the land revenue for the year, which amounted to over a lakh and a half.<ref name=":0" /> Due to the extravagance of his predecessor, Udai Singh, and the depreciation of the local coinage, Pratapgarh was heavily in debt.<ref name="archive3"/> To address this, he introduced British currency as the sole legal tender in Pratapgarh in 1904.<ref name="archive2"/> He reorganized the police, conducted a land revenue settlement based on modern principles, set up a municipality in Pratapgarh, and established courts with graded jurisdiction.<ref name="archive2"/><ref name="archive4">{{Cite book |last=The Imperial Publishing Co. |first=Lahore |url=https://archive.org/details/TwiK_his-imperial-majesty-king-george-5-and-the-princes-of-india-and-the-indian-empir |title=His Imperial Majesty King George 5 And The Princes Of India And The Indian Empire ( Historical Biographical) Compiled By K. R. Khosla, 1937, Lahore The Imperial Publishing Co., Lahore |pages=66}}</ref> He introduced the [[Telegraphy|telegraph]] and the telephone in Pratapgarh.<ref name="archive2"/><ref name="archive4"/><ref name="archive5"/> He constructed a hospital building, established a customs department, and connected Pratapgarh to [[Mandsaur]] by a pacca road.<ref name="archive2"/><ref name="archive4"/>

== Personal life ==
He married three times: first, to the daughter of the Raja of Pisangan, with whom he had two children—a daughter who married the Maharaja [[Ganga Singh]] of [[Bikaner State|Bikaner]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hooja |first=Rima |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cUluAAAAMAAJ |title=Prince, Patriot, Parliamentarian: Biography of Dr. Karni Singh, Maharaja of Bikaner |date=1997 |publisher=HarperCollins Publishers India |isbn=978-81-7223-260-3 |pages=15 |language=en}}</ref> and a son, Man Singh.<ref name="archive5">{{Cite book |last=Umair Mirza |url=https://archive.org/details/imperial-coronation-durbar-of-delhi-1911-volume-1/ |title=Imperial Coronation Durbar of Delhi (1911), Volume 1 |date=11 December 1911 |pages=103}}</ref> His second marriage was to the daughter of the Maharaj of [[Semliya|Semlia]] in [[Sailana State|Sailana]].<ref name="archive5"/> His third marriage was to the younger daughter of the Raja of Pisangan, with whom he had two children—a daughter who married the Maharaj Kumar of Sailana and died in 1911, and a son, Govardhan Singh.<ref name="archive5"/>

== Honours ==
He was invested with the insignia of [[Knight Commander]] of the [[Order of the Indian Empire]] by [[George V]] during the [[Delhi Durbar]] of 1911.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Vadivelu |first=A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LfoxAQAAMAAJ |title=The Ruling Chiefs, Nobles and Zamindars of India |date=1915 |publisher=G.C. Loganadham |pages=202 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=R.Bahadur |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fscIAwAAQBAJ |title=Who's who in India |publisher=Рипол Классик |isbn=978-5-87230-125-7 |pages=35 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:People from British India]]
[[Category:People from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Maharajas in Rajputana]]
[[Category:1857 births]]
[[Category:1929 deaths]]

Giddapahar

2025-11-07T02:52:14Z

Davidwnl: basic correct citations for clarity and corrected details

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Giddapahar
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal # India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.873478|N|88.292652|E||display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 2,768
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code
| area_code =
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Darjeeling (Lok Sabha constituency)|Darjeeling]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Kurseong (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kurseong]]
| website = {{URL|darjeeling.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Giddapahar''' (also written as Gidda Pahar) is a village in the [[Kurseong (community development block)|Kurseong]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Kurseong subdivision]] of the [[Darjeeling district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

==Etymology==
Literally, it means "Eagle’s hill" but is often thought of as "Eagle’s Cliff".<ref name="teaboutique">{{cite web | url = https://www.darjeelingteaboutique.com/giddapahar-tea-estate/ | title= Giddapahar Tea Estate | publisher= Darjeeling Tea Bouquet |access-date = 20 March 2020}}</ref>

==History==
Established in 1881, it has been with the Shaw family all through. Presently, a fourth generation owns and manages Giddapahar Tea Garden.<ref name="teaboutique"/>

==Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Museum==
Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Museum at Giddapahar is associated with the sacred memories of two great patriots – [[Sarat Chandra Bose]] and [[Subhas Chandra Bose]]. Sarat Bose purchased the house in 1922. Sarat Bose himself was interned in this house for two years in 1933–35. Subas Bose was placed under house arrest in this house for 7 months in 1936. It now houses a museum with many valuable photographs and articles.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.tripadvisor.in/Attraction_Review-g1207709-d4138711-Reviews-Netaji_Subhash_Chandra_Bose_Museum-Kurseong_Darjeeling_District_West_Bengal.html| title = Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Museum| publisher = Trip Adviser |access-date = 20 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://darjeeling.gov.in/netaji-museum.html | title = Netaji Museum | publisher = Darjeeling district aythorities |access-date = 20 March 2020}}</ref>

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=350| height=370| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|26|57|0|N|88|20|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Places and tea estates in the north-eastern portion of Darjeeling Sadar subdivision (including Rangli Rangliot CD block) and Kurseong subdivision in Darjeeling district''' CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, N: neighbourhood, H: hill centre, NP: national park/ wildlife sanctuary, TE: tea estate, TA: tourist attraction Abbreviations used in names – TG for Tea Garden (town/village), TE for Tea Estate Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly

|mark-coord1={{coord|27|1|20|N|88|21|21|E}}| label-pos1=right|label1= Rangli Rangliot| numbered1=R| mark-title1= [[Rangli Rangliot]] (CT)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #C42222|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|27|2|10|N|88|22|0|E}}| label-pos2=right|label2=Takdah| numbered2=R| mark-title2= [[Takdah]] (R)
|mark-coord3={{coord|27|3|30|N|88|23|12|E}}| label-pos3=right|label3=Peshok TG| numbered3=R| mark-title3= [[Peshok Tea Garden]] (R)
|mark-coord4={{coord|27|0|30|N|88|24|13|E}}| label-pos4=right|label4=Teesta Valley TG| numbered4=R| mark-title4= [[Teesta Valley Tea Garden]] (R)
|mark-coord5={{coord|26|48|35|N|88|15|38|E}}| label-pos5=right|label5=Longview TG| numbered5=R| mark-title5= [[Longview Tea Garden]] (R)
|mark-coord6={{coord|26|57|57|N|88|22|20|E}}| labelpos6=right| label6=Mangpu| numbered6=R| mark-title6= [[Mangpu]] (R)|
|mark-coord7={{coord|26|54|20|N|88|16|40|E}}| label-pos7=left|label7=Monteviot TG| numbered7=R| mark-title7= [[Monteviot Tea Garden]] (R)
|mark-coord8={{coord|26|49|30|N|88|17|22|E}}| label-pos8=left|label8=Rohini TG| numbered8=R| mark-title8= [[Rohini Tea Garden]] (R)
|mark-coord9={{coord|26|46|20|N|88|21|35|E}}| label-pos9=left|label9=Sukna| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Sukna, Darjeeling]] (R)
|mark-coord10={{coord|26|50|25|N|88|19|45|E}}| label-pos10=right|label10=Tindharia| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Tindharia]] (R)
|mark-coord11={{coord|26|52|5|N|88|17|55|E}}| label-pos11=right|label11=Giddapahar| numbered11=R| mark-title11= Giddapahar (R)|shape-color11=black| label-size11=13|label-color11=black 
|mark-coord12={{coord|26|47|42|N|88|18|15|E}}| label-pos12=left|label12=Simulbari TG| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[Simulbari Tea Garden]] (R)
|mark-coord13={{coord|26|56|11|N|88|28|2|E}}| label-pos13=right|label13=Sittong| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Sittong]] (R)
|mark-coord14={{coord|26|53|49|N|88|28|22|E}}| label-pos14=right|label14=Sevoke| numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[Sevoke]] (R)
|mark-coord15={{coord|26|52|15|N|88|15|50|E}}| label-pos15=left|label15=Ambootia| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[Ambootia]] (R)| shape-color15=#C42222
|mark-coord16={{coord|26|49|30|N|88|19|0|E}}| label-pos16=right|label16=Cart Road| numbered16=CT| mark-title16= [[Cart Road]] (CT) | shape-color16=#800000
|mark-coord17={{coord|26|53|30|N|88|17|30|E}}| label-pos17=left |label17=Kurseong| numbered17=M| mark-title17= [[Kurseong]] (M)| shape-color17=#800000
|mark-coord18={{coord|27|5|55|N|88|20|50|E}}| label-pos18=left|label18=Glenburn TE| numbered18=TE| mark-title18= [[Glenburn Tea Estate]] (TE)| shape-color18=#87A96B
|mark-coord19={{coord|27|4|28|N|88|22|10|E}}| label-pos19=left|label19=Lopchu TE| numbered19=TE| mark-title19= [[Lopchu Tea Estate]] (TE)| shape-color19=#87A96B
|mark-coord20={{coord|26|51|25|N|88|14|8|E}}| label-pos20=left|label20=Balasun TE| numbered20=TE| mark-title20= [[Balasun Tea Estate]] (TE)| shape-color20=#87A96B
|mark-coord21={{coord|26|51|15|N|88|17|0|E}}| label-pos21=right|label21=Castleton TE| numbered21=TE| mark-title21= [[Castleton Tea Estate]] (TE)| shape-color21=#87A96B
|mark-coord22={{coord|26|53|35|N|88|20|0|E}}| label-pos22=right|label22=Goomtee TE| numbered22=TE| mark-title22= [[Goomtee Tea Estate]] (TE)| shape-color22=#87A96B
|mark-coord23={{coord|26|54|35|N|88|20|20|E}}| label-pos23=right|label23=Jungpana TE| numbered23=TE| mark-title23= [[Jungpana Tea Estate]] (TE)| shape-color23=#87A96B
|mark-coord24={{coord|26|50|30|N|88|16|20|E}}| label-pos24=left|label24=Makaibari TE| numbered24=TE| mark-title24= [[Makaibari Tea Estate]] (TE)| shape-color24=#87A96B
|mark-coord25={{coord|26|55|30|N|88|17|50|E}}| label-pos25=right|label25=Margaret’s Hope TE| numbered25=TE| mark-title25= [[Margaret's Hope Tea Estate]] (TE)| shape-color25=#87A96B
|mark-coord26={{coord|26|52|25|N|88|26|20|E}}| label-pos26=bottom|label26=Mahananda |labela26= Wildlife| labelb26= Sanctuary| numbered26=NP| mark-title26= [[Mahananda Wildlife Sanctuary]] (NP)| shape-color26=#228B22
|mark-coord27={{coord|26|49|0|N|88|31|0|E}}|label27=Teesta River| label-color27 = #77A1CB| label-angle27=45| label-pos27=top| label-size27=10| mark-size27=0| mark-title27=none
|mark-coord28={{coord|26|47|0|N|88|23|30|E}}|label28=Mahananda|labela28= River| label-color28 = #77A1CB| label-angle28=45| label-pos28=top| label-size28=10| mark-size28=0| mark-title28 =none
|mark-coord29={{coord|26|45|0|N|88|17|0|E}}|label29= Balason River| label-color29 = #77A1CB| label-angle29=35| label-pos29=top| label-size29=10| mark-size29=0| mark-title29 =none
|arc-coordA={{coord|27|9|0|N|88|11|50|E}}|arc-textA= SIKKIM| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=-161| arc-gapA=-4| arc-radiusA=0.7
|arc-coordB={{coord|26|50|0|N|88|7|0|E}}|arc-textB= NEPAL| arc-text-colorB=hard grey| arc-angleB=60| arc-gapB=3.5| arc-radiusB=0.4 }}

===Location===
Gidda Pahar is located at {{coord|26.873478|N|88.292652|E||display=inline}}.

Giddapahar is 4 km from Kurseong. Other tea gardens in the area are: [[Castleton Tea Estate]], Sivitar Tea Estate and Jogmaya Tea Estate.<ref name="teaboutique"/>

Giddapahar Tea Garden has a cultivated area of {{convert|94|ha}} out of the total area of {{convert|115|ha}} at an altitude ranging from {{convert|4500 to 5200|m}} above mean sea level.<ref name="tourism">{{cite web | url = https://www.darjeeling-tourism.com/darj_0000c4.htm| title= Darjeeling Tea Estates: D – J |work= Giddapahar Tea Estate| publisher= Darjeeling Tourism |access-date = 20 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="teaboutique"/>

===Area overview===
The map alongside shows the eastern portion of the [[Darjeeling Himalayan hill region]] and a small portion of the terai region in its eastern and southern fringes, all of it in the Darjeeling district. In the [[Darjeeling Sadar subdivision]] 61.00% of the total population lives in the rural areas and 39.00% of the population lives in the urban areas. In the [[Kurseong subdivision]] 58.41% of the total population lives in the rural areas and 41.59% lives in the urban areas.<ref name="admin">{{cite web | url = http://darjeeling.gov.in/dist-prof.html | title = Darjeeling | work =District Profile - General Information | publisher = District administration |access-date = 21 March 2020 }}</ref><ref name="handbook">{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2013 Darjeeling |work = Tables 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 21 March 2020 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref> There are 78 tea gardens/ estates (the figure varies slightly according to different sources), in the district, producing and largely exporting [[Darjeeling tea]]. It engages a large proportion of the population directly/ indirectly.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.darjeeling.gov.in/darj-tea.html | title = Darjeeling Tea | publisher = District administration | access-date = 21 March 2020 | archive-date = 11 September 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190911133459/http://www.darjeeling.gov.in/darj-tea.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> Some tea gardens were identified in the 2011 census as [[census town]]s or villages.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 21 March 2020 }}</ref> Such places are marked in the map as CT (census town) or R (rural/ urban centre). Specific tea estate pages are marked TE.

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Gidda Pahar had a total population of 2,768 of which 1,385 (50%) were males and 1,383 (50%) were females. There were 221 persons in the age range of 0 to 6 years. The total number of literate people in Gidda Pahar was 2,307 (83.35% of the population over 6 years).<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 20 March 2020 }}</ref>

==Economy==
Giddapahar Tea Garden produces 30,000 kg of exquisite [[Darjeeling tea]] from century old China bushes. The first flush tea produced here is famous. It also produces hand rolled [[white tea]].<ref name="teaboutique"/>

Giddapahar Tea Garden is certified as an ISO:9001 and ISO:21000 company.<ref name="teaboutique"/>

Giddapahar Tea Garden sells tea through tea merchants.<ref name="tourism"/> The two brothers Sudhansu and Himangsu presently own and run the tea garden.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.teasource.com/blogs/beyond-the-leaf/94150083-giddapahar-tea-estate-photo-tour | title = Giddapahar Tea Estate Photo-tour| publisher = Tea Source|access-date = 10 March 2020}}</ref>

==Education==
St. Anthony's School at Giddapahar is an coeducational institution following the ICSE and ISC syllabus.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.icbse.com/schools/st-anthony-s-school-r6kwey | title = St. Anthony’s School | publisher = ICBSE |access-date = 10 March 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Wikivoyage-inline|Kurseong}}

{{Darjeeling District}}

[[Category:Villages in Darjeeling district]]

Dhanush Babu

2025-11-05T00:54:07Z

Davidwnl: New The Data Basic Info

{{short description|Indian inline speed skater}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Dhanush Babu
| image =
| caption = Dhanush Babu
| native_name = Dhanush Babu
| native_name_lang = [[Hindi]]
| occupation = Indian speed skater
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1995|01|06}}
| birth_place = [[Bangalore, Karnataka]], India
| years_active = 1999 – present
| nationality = Indian
| education = High School
| employer = [[Bangalore|City Skaters]]
| height = 6ft
| module = 
| country = [[India]]
| sport = Inline Speed Skating
| module2 = 
| worlds = [[Inline speed skating|Asian Speed Skating Championship 2018]], [[Inline speed skating|World Speed Skating Championship 2018]]
}}

'''Dhanush Babu''' is an Indian [[speed skater]].<ref name="auto4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/skating/india-wins-first-ever-international-roller-skating-medal-at-asian-championship-in-china|title=India wins first ever international team roller skating medal at Asian Championships in China|date=28 October 2016|website=sportskeeda.com|access-date=28 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128203701/https://www.sportskeeda.com/skating/india-wins-first-ever-international-roller-skating-medal-at-asian-championship-in-china|archive-date=28 November 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/rolling-out-champions-on-wheels/articleshow/67399831.cms|title=Rolling Out Champions on Wheels | Bengaluru News|website=The Times of India|date=6 January 2019 |access-date=29 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106195350/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/rolling-out-champions-on-wheels/articleshow/67399831.cms|archive-date=6 January 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2016/sep/07/benagluru-parents-train-to-help-their-children-fly-1516797.html|title=Benagluru parents train to help their children 'Fly'|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=1 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207114028/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2016/sep/07/Benagluru-parents-train-to-help-their-children-Fly-1516797.html|archive-date=7 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Most recently, Babu represented India in the [[World Roller Games|2019 World Roller Games]] held in Spain from 4 to 14 July 2019.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.the-sports.org/dhanush-babu-inline-speed-skating-spf309752.html|title=Inline Skating – Dhanush Babu (India)|website=the-sports.org|access-date=28 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128203705/https://www.the-sports.org/dhanush-babu-inline-speed-skating-spf309752.html|archive-date=28 November 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2016/oct/29/bengaluru-skater-helps-india-win-1st-medal-at-international-meet-1532990.html|title=Bengaluru skater helps India win 1st medal at international meet|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=28 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128180434/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2016/oct/29/bengaluru-skater-helps-india-win-1st-medal-at-international-meet-1532990.html|archive-date=28 November 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> He was the first Indian to secure an international roller skating medal for India in 2016 at the Asian Speed Skating Championship and to finish fifth in the 500+D event on the track in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.the-sports.org/inline-skating-world-speed-championships-results-2019-men-epm99202.html#426370|title=Inline Skating : World Speed Championships 2019 - Results Men|website=www.the-sports.org|access-date=11 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190814005737/https://www.the-sports.org/inline-skating-world-speed-championships-results-2019-men-epm99202.html#426370|archive-date=14 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/Nagpurs-Tabhane-helps-India-win-historic-bronze-at-Asian-Skating-Championships/articleshow/55127238.cms|title=Nagpur's Tabhane helps India win historic bronze at Asian Skating Championships|last=Nayse|first=Suhas|date=29 October 2016|newspaper=The Times of India|accessdate=5 December 2019}}</ref>

{{As of|2019}}, Babu has won more than 14 gold medals, 10 silver medals, and five bronze medals at India's National Championship.<ref name="auto3"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsaurchai.com/skating-across-boundaries-turn-india/|title=Skating Across Boundaries To Turn To India!|date=1 March 2017|website=News Aur Chai|access-date=28 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128182258/https://newsaurchai.com/skating-across-boundaries-turn-india/|archive-date=28 November 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> He has won the [[100-metre dash]] in India since it was introduced in 2015, setting a new national record and earning him the nickname "Triple Crown King of the 100-metre".<ref name="auto2" /> Dhanush has been named national champion and India's best skater six times.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://affairscloud.com/india-wins-first-ever-international-team-roller-skating-medal-asian-championships-china/|title=India wins first ever international team roller skating medal at Asian Championships in China|website=affairscloud.com}}</ref>

He was conferred with the Karnataka Kreeda Ratna Award in 2018 by Karnataka Government Chief Minister Siddaramaiah for outstanding achievement in national sports.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/663132/eklavya-awards-presented-today.html|title=Eklavya awards to be presented today|date=6 March 2018|website=Deccan Herald|access-date=28 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128203808/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/663132/eklavya-awards-presented-today.html|archive-date=28 November 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mangaloretoday.com/main/Ekalavya-awards-for-Karnataka-sports-persons-announced-by-Minister.html|title=Ekalavya awards for Karnataka sports persons announced by Minister|website=mangaloretoday.com|access-date=28 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128203759/http://www.mangaloretoday.com/main/Ekalavya-awards-for-Karnataka-sports-persons-announced-by-Minister.html|archive-date=28 November 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Dhanush is coached by his father Balaji Babu.<ref name="auto4" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://justskatecom.wordpress.com/2016/02/28/indias-fastest-skater-now-dhanush-babu/|title=India's fastest skater now [Dhanush babu]|date=28 February 2016|access-date=11 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207114029/https://justskatecom.wordpress.com/2016/02/28/indias-fastest-skater-now-dhanush-babu/|archive-date=7 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thisweekindia.news:443/article/cisce-skating-competition-at-vibgyor-high-e-city/20240|title=CISCE Skating competition at VIBGYOR High – E City|website=This Week India|access-date=11 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207165807/https://thisweekindia.news/article/cisce-skating-competition-at-vibgyor-high-e-city/20240|archive-date=7 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==

Dhanush Babu, originally from [[Bangalore|Bangalore, Karnataka, India]], started skating in 1999 when he was four years old. He graduated from Carmel High School<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/222559/akash-dhanush-sparkle.html|title=Akash, Dhanush sparkle|date=27 January 2012|website=Deccan Herald|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208170132/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/222559/akash-dhanush-sparkle.html|archive-date=8 December 2019|access-date=11 December 2019}}</ref> and has represented India more than 15 times in national and international speed skating competitions.<ref name="auto"/> His first national championship was in 2002 at Vishakapatnam, where he won one silver and one bronze medal.<ref name="auto5">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Asian-Roller-Skating-Championship|title=Asian Roller Skating Championship: Latest News, Videos and Photos of Asian Roller Skating Championship | Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=11 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115001159/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Asian-Roller-Skating-Championship|archive-date=15 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Competitions ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+National level

!Year
!Competition
!Venue
!Event
!Medal/Participation
|-
|January 2013
|50th National Roller Sports Championship, Speed Skating.<ref name="auto1"/>
|Virar, Mumbai
|
* Rink 3
* Rink 4
* Relay
|
* Bronze
* Bronze
* Gold
|-
|January 2015
|52nd National Roller Sports Championship, Speed Skating.<ref name="auto5"/>
|Virar, Mumbai
|
* Rink 3
* Rink 4
* Road 2
* Relay
* Marathon
|
* Silver
* Gold
* Gold
* Gold
* Gold
|-
|January 2016
|53rd National Roller Sports Championship, Speed Skating.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.karnatakarollersports.com/53rd-national-roller-sports-championship/|title=53rd NATIONAL ROLLER SPORTS CHAMPIONSHIP | Karnataka Roller Sports|access-date=28 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608224241/http://www.karnatakarollersports.com/53rd-national-roller-sports-championship/|archive-date=8 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
|Pune
|
* Rink 4
* Rink 5
* Rink 6
* Road 2
* Relay
* Marathon
|
* Silver
* Silver
* Gold
* Silver
* Gold
* Gold
|-
|January 2017
|54th National Roller Sports Championship, Speed Skating.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://schoolskies.blob.core.windows.net/school-88/ImportantInformation/e1372871-a35a-4156-a8f7-8c509893bb50.pdf#page=7 | title=Achievements of S.B.Lakshya Jhamber | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211122551/https://schoolskies.blob.core.windows.net/school-88/ImportantInformation/e1372871-a35a-4156-a8f7-8c509893bb50.pdf#page=7 | archive-date=2019-12-11 | page=7}}</ref>
|Bangalore
|
* Rink 4
* Rink 5
* Road 2
* Relay
|
* Gold
* Gold
* Gold
* Gold
|-
|January 2018
|55th National Roller Sports Championship, Speed Skating.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://starofmysore.com/55th-national-roller-skating-championships-2018-dr-varsha-puranik-bags-two-gold/|title=55th National Roller Skating Championships 2018: Dr. Varsha Puranik bags two gold|date=20 December 2018|access-date=11 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181220142608/https://starofmysore.com/55th-national-roller-skating-championships-2018-dr-varsha-puranik-bags-two-gold/|archive-date=20 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
|Chennai
|
* Rink 4
* Rink 5
* Road 2
* Road 3
|
* Gold
* Bronze
* Silver
* Gold
|-
|December 2018
|56th National Roller Sports Championship, Speed Skating.<ref name="auto2"/>
|Vishakapatnam
|
* Rink 4
* Rink 5
* Road 2
* Road 3
|
* Gold
* Bronze
* Silver
* Gold
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+International level
!Year
!Competition
!Venue
!Event
!Medal/Participation
|-
|September 2012
|World Roller Speed Skating Championship.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.online-skating.com/news-14833-2012-inline-speed-skating-world-championships-results-of-300-m-tt-junior-men.html |title=2012 Inline Speed-Skating World Championships: Results of 300 m TT Junior Men - Online-skating.com |access-date=11 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180525070230/http://www.online-skating.com/news-14833-2012-inline-speed-skating-world-championships-results-of-300-m-tt-junior-men.html |archive-date=25 May 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|San Benedetto del Tronto, Italy
|
* Rink 3
* Rink 4
* Road 2
* Marathon
|
* Participation
* Participation
|-
|October 2012
|15th Asian Roller Skating Championship.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://60.173.247.16:8003/UpLoad/2012/10/25/af3f0ff26ceba2385cb49e229ce96d2f.pdf |title=The 15th Asian Rollerskating Championships |access-date=18 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212200619/http://60.173.247.16:8003/UpLoad/2012/10/25/af3f0ff26ceba2385cb49e229ce96d2f.pdf |archive-date=12 December 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|Hefei, China
|
* Rink 3
* Rink 4
* Road 2
* Relay
* Marathon
|
* Participation
* Participation
|-
|August 2013
|World Roller Speed Skating Championship.<ref name="auto"/>
|Oostede, Belgium
|
* Rink 3
* Rink 4
* Road 2
* Relay
* Marathon
|
* Participation
* Participation
|-
|September 2014
|16th Asian Roller Skating Championship.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://docplayer.net/40945490-Roller-skating-federation-of-india.html|title=ROLLER SKATING FEDERATION OF INDIA – PDF Free Download|website=docplayer.net|access-date=28 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128203705/https://docplayer.net/40945490-Roller-skating-federation-of-india.html|archive-date=28 November 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
|Haining, China
|
* Rink 3
* Rink 4
* Rink relay
* Road relay
|
* 6th place
* 5th place
* 4th place
* 5th place
|-
|November 2015
|World Roller Speed Skating Championship.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.online-skating.com/news-19757-india-will-be-well-represented-in-kaohsiung-tpe.html|title=India will be well represented in Kaohsiung (TPE) - Online-skating.com|website=online-skating.com|access-date=28 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128203731/http://www.online-skating.com/news-19757-india-will-be-well-represented-in-kaohsiung-tpe.html|archive-date=28 November 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
|Kaohsiung, Chinese Taipei
|
* Rink 3
* Rink 4
* Road 2
|
* Participation
* Participation
* Participation
|-
|September 2016
|World Roller Speed Skating Championship.<ref name="auto1"/>
|Nanjing, China
|
* Rink 3
* Rink 4
* Road 2
|
* Participation
* Participation
* Participation
|-
|October 2016
|17th Asian Roller Skating Championship.<ref name="auto4"/>
|Lishui, China
|
* 3000 meter rink relay
* 5000 meter road relay
|
* Bronze
* Bronze
|-
|September 2018
|18th Asian Roller Skating Championship.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vratsports.com/18th-asian-roller-skating-championship-september-2018namwon-korea/|title=18th ASIAN ROLLER SKATING CHAMPIONSHIP Results- September 2018, Namwon (Korea)|date=11 September 2018|access-date=29 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207114029/http://www.vratsports.com/18th-asian-roller-skating-championship-september-2018namwon-korea/|archive-date=7 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
|Namwon, South Korea
|
* 3000 meter rink relay
|
* Bronze
|-
|July 2019
|World Roller Games.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vratsports.com/world-roller-games-2019-team-india/|title=World Roller Games 2019 – Team India|date=30 May 2019|access-date=11 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203060743/http://www.vratsports.com/world-roller-games-2019-team-india/|archive-date=3 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
|Barcelona, Spain
|
* Rink 500+D
* Road 100 meters
* Road one lap
|
* Ranked 5th
* Participation
* Participation
|}

== Event specialty and performance ==

* Men's 100m sprint road
* Men's 200m time trial road
* Men's 500m sprint piste
* Men's 1 lap circuit

== See also ==

* [[Inline speed skating|Inline Skating]]
* [[List of Indian skaters]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Babu, Dhanush}}
[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Indian male speed skaters]]
[[Category:Inline speed skaters]]

Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Choreography

2025-11-02T04:47:59Z

Davidwnl: started initial stub more to come - done

{{Short description|Indian film award}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox award
| name = Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Choreography
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| awarded_for = Best performance by choreography in a Marathi film
| sponsor =
| firstawarded = 1984
| lastawarded = 2024
| reward =
| former name =
| holder_label = Most recent winner
| holder = [[Umesh Jadhav]]
| most_awards =
| award1_type = Total awarded
| award1_winner = 30
| award2_type = First winner
| award2_winner = Manohar Naidu & Pramod Naidu
| award3_type = Last winner
| award3_winner =
| website =
}}
'''Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Choreography''' is an award, begun in 1984, presented annually at the [[Maharashtra State Film Awards]] of India to the choreographer for best performance in a [[Marathi cinema]]. The awardees are decided by a jury constituted every year. The first awarded to Manohar Naidu & Pramod Naidu for the film ''[[Navri Mile Navryala]]''.

==Winners ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:"
|- bgcolor="#bebebe"
! width="2%" | Year
! width="18%" | Recipient(s)
!Song
! width="48%" | Film
! width="2%" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''1984'''
|Manohar Naidu
| rowspan="2" |"Hi Navri Asli"
| rowspan="2" |''[[Navri Mile Navryala]]''
| rowspan="7" style="text-align: center;" |<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Mujawar |first=Isak |title=Gatha Marathi Cinemachi |publisher=Pratik Prakashan |year=2014 |edition=1st |location=Pune |language=Marathi}}</ref>
|-
|Pramod Naidu
|-
|'''1985'''
|Subal Sarkar
|"Bamchik Bamchik Bam"
|''Ardhangi''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''1986'''
|Madhav Kishan
| rowspan="2" |"Dhagacha Kagad"
| rowspan="2" |''Bijli''
|-
|Pravin Kumar
|-
|'''1987'''
|Satyanarayan Badriprasad
|"Ishkacha Bharun Dete Pela"
|''Bhatak Bhawani''
|-
|'''1988'''
|Subal Sarkar
|"Raja Ra Majhya Sonya Ra"
|''Majjach Majja''
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''1989'''
|Subal Sarkar
|"Madhuchandrachi Ratra"
|''Madhuchandrachi Ratra''
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
|Madhav Kishan
|"Re Man Tula Vahile"
|''Atmavishwas''
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''1990'''
|Madhav Kishan
| rowspan="2" |"Aala Re Aala Ganpati Aala"
| rowspan="2" |''[[Aamchyasarkhe Aamhich]]''
|
|-
|Kishan Borhade
|
|-
|'''1991'''
|[[Usha Naik]]
|"Kal Ratri Bara Vajta"
|''Kal Ratri Bara Vajta''
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name=":0" />
|-
| '''1992'''
|Laxmibai Kolhapurkar
|"Bharla Aabhali"
|''[[Ek Hota Vidushak]]''
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| '''1993'''
|Prakash Hilge
|"Amhi Indraachya Varangana"
|''Lavanyavati''
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
|'''1994'''
|Manisha Sathe
|"Ya Ga Sayano"
|''Varsa Laxmicha''
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
| '''1995'''
|Subal Sarkar
|"Tuntuna Bole Dhimdila"
|''Painjan''
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| '''1996'''
|Subal Sarkar
|"Tach Tachun Bandha Bharla"
|''Sugandha''
| rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;" |<ref name=":0" />
|-
|'''1997'''
| Narendra Pandit
|"Moharle Mi Sajna"
|''Paij Lagnachi''
|-
|'''1998'''
|Subal Sarkar
|"Hee Majhi Satvapariksha"
|''Satvapariksha''
|-
|'''1999'''
|Sangeeta Sarang
|"Baicha Putla"
|''[[Aai Thor Tujhe Upkar]]''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="2KIE">{{cite news |url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/news/ie/daily/20000502/ien02018.html |title=Bindhaast sweeps state Marathi film awards |newspaper=[[Indian Express]] |date=2 May 2000 |accessdate=7 March 2014}}</ref>
|-
| '''2000'''
|Charusheela Sable
|"Sapta Swaranno"
|''Raju''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maharashtra State Film Awards 2000 |url=http://www.rrtd.nic.in/Film%20Bulletin-May03.htm}}</ref>
|-
|'''2001'''
|Deepali Vichare
|"Devki Gaate Angai"
|''[[Devki]]''
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name=":0" />
|-
| '''2002'''
|[[Umesh Jadhav]]
|"Yaa Re Yaa"
|''Aadharstambh''
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
|'''2003'''
|Narendra Pandit
|"Ghe Jhep Udyachi Gagnavar"
|''Tarunyachya Latevar''
| rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20041114/spectrum/main5.htm |access-date=2025-08-27 |website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref>
|-
|'''2004'''
|[[Umesh Jadhav]]
|"Aai Bhavani Tuzya Krupene"
|''[[Savarkhed Ek Gaon]]''
|-
|'''2005'''
|[[Umesh Jadhav]]
|"[[Kombadi Palali]]"
|''[[Jatra: Hyalagaad Re Tyalagaad|Jatra]]''
|-
|'''2006'''
|[[Umesh Jadhav]]
|"Aala Holichya Khelala Rang"
|''Chashme Bahaddar''
|
|-
|'''2007'''
|[[Umesh Jadhav]]
|"Aaicha Gho"
|''[[Zabardast (2007 film)|Zabardast]]''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=A gem of a Marathi movie Tingya shines a spotlight on the plight of farmers- Atlanta Dunia - |url=https://atlantadunia.com/dunia/Features/F136.htm |access-date=2025-08-27 |website=}}</ref>
|-
| '''2008'''
|Dr. Supriya Gadekar
|"Gho Mala Asla Hava"
|''Gho Mala Asla Hava''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maharashtra State Film Awards 2009 |url=http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/4376855.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090415204406/http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/4376855.cms |archive-date=2009-04-15 |access-date=2025-08-27 |website=maharashtratimes}}</ref>
|-
| '''2009'''
|[[Phulwa Khamkar]]
|"[[Apsara Aali]]"
|''[[Natarang]]''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Garima |date=2010-05-01 |title=Jhing Chik Jhing bags 7 state awards |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/jhing-chik-jhing-bags-7-state-awards/ |access-date= |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|'''2010'''
|Sharvari Jamenis
|"Jhananana Baaje"
|''Samudra''
| rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;" |<ref name=":0" />
|-
| '''2011'''
|Rajesh Bidwe
|"Majhya Dolyatil Kajal"
|''[[Arjun (2011 film)|Arjun]]''
|-
|'''2012'''
|Subhash Nakashe
|"Lal Holi"
|''[[Ajintha (film)|Ajintha]]''
|-
|'''2013'''
|Vishal Kamble
|"Hi Poli Sajuk Tupatli"
|''[[Timepass (film)|Timepass]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-08-14 |title=Winners at the 51st Maharashtra State Awards |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/photofeatures/winners-at-the-51st-maharashtra-state-awards/photostory/40284194.cms |access-date= |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| '''2014'''
|Falguni Shah
|"Gajanana Gajanana"
|''[[Lokmanya: Ek Yugpurush]]''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=MMW |first=Team |date=2015-04-08 |title=Nominations of Marathi films declared for 52nd State Awards |url=https://marathimovieworld.com/news/nominations-of-marathi-films-declared-for-52nd-state-awards.php |access-date= |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| '''2015'''
|Raju Khan
|"Malhari Martand"
|''[[Carry On Maratha]]''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=53rd Maharashtra State Film Awards |url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news-np/bol-mb-53rd-maharashtra-state-film-awards-halal-and-ringan-shine-out-5313287-pho.html |website=Divya Marathi}}</ref>
|-
|'''2016'''
|Subhash Nakashe
|"Jhimma Ga Pori"
|''[[Dashakriya]]''
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
|'''2017'''
|Rajesh Bidwe
|"Mohalla"
|''Shentimental''
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-05-05 |title=राज्य पुरस्कारा मध्ये ‘मंत्र’ चा सर्वोत्कृष्ट सामाजिक चित्रपट पुरस्काराने गौरव |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/marathi-cinema/gaurav-best-social-film-award-mantra-state-prize/ |access-date=2025-08-24 |website=LOKMAT |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
| '''2018'''
|[[Umesh Jadhav]]
|"Bhalya Pahate"
|''Menaka Urvashi''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=My Mahanagar |date=2019-05-27 |title=‘भोंगा’ने पटकावला उत्कृष्ट चित्रपट पुरस्कार {{!}} 56th maharashtra state film awards |url=https://www.mymahanagar.com/maharashtra/56th-maharashtra-state-film-awards/95297/ |access-date= |language=mr-IN}}</ref>
|-
| '''2019'''
|Subhash Nakashe
|"Shivrajyabhishek Geet"
|''[[Hirkani]]''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=डेस्क |first=एबीपी माझा एंटरटेनमेंट |title=57 व्या राज्य मराठी चित्रपट पुरस्काराचे वितरण, 'वाय' ठरला सर्वोत्कृष्ट चित्रपट |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/57th-state-marathi-film-awards-y-adjudged-the-best-film-maharashtra-entertainment-news-1258896 |access-date= |website=ABP Marathi |date=23 February 2024 |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|'''2020'''
|Sujith Kumar
|"Album Kadhaal Kay"
|''[[Choricha Mamla]]''
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=महाराष्‍ट्र राज्‍य फिल्‍म पुरस्‍कार: आशा पारेख, अनुराधा पौडवाल और श‍िवाजी साटम को मिला अवॉर्ड |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/entertainment/news-from-bollywood/maharashtra-state-film-awards-2024-full-winners-list-asha-parekh-shivaji-satam-anuradha-paudwal-honoured/articleshow/112711788.cms |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref>
|-
|'''2021'''
|[[Phulwa Khamkar]]
|"Chau Mau Chau Mau"
|''[[Luckdown Be Positive]]''
|-
|'''2022'''
|[[Umesh Jadhav]]
|"Aai Jagdambe"
|''[[Dharmaveer]]''
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=जगताप |first=नामदेव |title=राज्य चित्रपट पुरस्कार सोहळा; हिंदी, मराठी सिनेसृष्टीतील कलाकारांचा सन्मान; पाहा संपूर्ण यादी |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/maharashtra-state-film-awards-diamond-jubilee-held-in-mumbai-see-all-winners-list-kajol-bhimrao-panchale-anupam-kher-mukta-barve-bollywood-news-1375148 |access-date=2025-08-06 |website=ABP Majha |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''2023'''
|Rahul Thombre
| rowspan="2" |"Tu Bi Aan Mi Bi"
| rowspan="2" |''[[Jaggu Ani Juliet]]''
|-
|Sanjeev Hovaladaar
|}

==Multiple wins==

Individuals with two or more Best Choreography awards:

{| class="wikitable"
! scope="col" | Wins
! scope="col" | Actress
|-
| 7
| {{cslist|[[Umesh Jadhav]]}}
|-
| 6
| {{cslist|Subal Sarkar}}
|-
|3
|{{Cslist|Subhash Nakashe |Madhav Kishan}}
|-
| 2
| {{cslist|[[Phulwa Khamkar]]|Rajesh Bidwe |Deepali Vichare |Sujith Kumar |Narendra Pandit ||||
||
|
}}
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
* {{IMDb event|0015478|Maharashtra State Film Awards}}
[[Category:Maharashtra State Film Awards|Choreography]]
[[Category:Indian choreography awards]]

Piduguralla bus station

2025-10-17T00:23:50Z

Davidwnl: Made article - done

{{Short description|Bus station in Piduguralla}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Piduguralla bus station
| native_name =
| native_name_lang= te
| other_name =
| type =
| style =
| image =
| image_caption =
| owned = [[Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation|APSRTC]]
| operator =
| address = [[Piduguralla]], [[Guntur district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates =
| line =
| other =
| structure =
| platforms =
| depth =
| levels =
| parking = Yes
| opened =
| code =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services =
| map_locator =
}}

'''Piduguralla bus station''' is a bus station located in [[Piduguralla]] town of the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is owned by [[Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Bus Stations in State|url=http://www.apsrtc.gov.in/Bus%20Stations.aspx|website=Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation|accessdate=8 March 2016|archive-date=22 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322233330/http://apsrtc.gov.in/Bus%20Stations.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> This is one of the major bus stations in the district, with services to all towns and villages in the district and also to nearby cities in the state.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Bus stations in Andhra Pradesh}}

{{coord missing|Andhra Pradesh}}

{{India-transport-stub}}
[[Category:Bus stations in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Transport in Guntur district]]

Ranchhodlal Chhotalal Technical Institute

2025-09-04T20:53:32Z

Davidwnl: Made a data

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Short description|Technical institute in Gujarat, India}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Ranchhodlal Chhotalal Technical Institute
| image_name = RCTI Logo.png
| image =
| caption =
| motto = तमसो मा ज्योतिर्गमय
| mottoeng = From Darkness, Lead us into Light
| established = 1910
| type = [[Government of Gujarat Institute]]
| head_label = Principal
| head = P. A. Raval(Since 2022)
| city = [[Ahmedabad]]
| state = [[Gujarat]]
| country = India
| campus = Urban
| website = {{URL|www.rcti.cteguj.in}}
| affiliations = Gujarat Technological University
}}
[[File:Main-gate-1-1500x500.jpg|thumb|Main Entrance of R C Technical Institute]]'''Ranchhodlal Chhotalal Technical Institute''' (R C Technical Institute) was established in the memory of Shri [[Ranchhodlal Chhotalal|Ranchhodlal Chhotalal, Rai Bahadur CIE]] by his grandson [[Chinubhai Madhowlal Ranchhodlal]], in the year 1910 at [[Saraspur]], Ahmedabad Gujarat India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/dli.granth.36255|title=Annual Report on the Department of Industries Bombay Presidency for the Year 1936-37|date=1938|publisher=The Government Central Press (Bombay)|pages=65}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Government of Bombay|url=http://archive.org/details/dli.granth.41782|title=Government of Bombay Prelimanary Issue Civil Budget Estimate Provincial for the Year 1936-37|date=1934|publisher=The Government Central Press (Bombay)|pages=238, 297}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Sudarshan|first=Singh &|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zpncT2NbIt4C&dq=R.C.+Technical+institute+in+Ahmedabad&pg=PA119|title=Technical Education|date=2010|publisher=Discovery Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7141-355-3|pages=119|language=en}}</ref>

Sir [[Chinubhai Madhowlal Ranchhodlal]] was the first [[Hindu]] Indian to be made [[baronet]] by the British regime. He was a kind person and a great [[Philanthropy|philanthropist]] and he donated huge amount of money for educational purposes, which led to many educational institutions foundations.

Today, Ranchhodlal Chhotalal Technical Institute (R C Technical Institute or RCTI), is a government diploma engineering institute functioning under Directorate of Technical Education, Gujarat.

== History ==
The institute is named after the Rai Bahadoor Ranchhodlal Chhotalal (The First Nagarpati and pioneer of textile industry in India). Ranchhodlal was one who bought textile revolution in India. He set up many textile mills in Ahmedabad which gave the city its moniker "Manchester of the East". He has his great contribution in the field of education as he established many educational institutions in the city.

The R C Technical Institute was established by Sir Chinubhai in memoir of his grandfather, Ranchhodlal in the year 1910 at Saraspur, Ahmedabad, which provided certificate programs at that time in various disciplines including textile spinning, electrical, mechanical, etc. Later in the year 1930, this institute was handed over to the then State Government of Bombay. Initially, the institute was running certificate programs in Mechanical, Electrical, Textile Spinning, Textile Weaving and Textile Processing. In the year 1947, these certificate programs were replaced by new Diploma programs in Textile Manufacturing and Textile Processing.

Looking to the need of industries, the programs like Printing technology, Mechanical Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Computer Engineering, IT Engineering & Civil Engineering etc. were added gradually. To accommodate this expansion in environmentally clean and larger area, the institute is shifted to the new campus at Sola, Ahmedabad in June 1997.

=== Former principals ===
*B Tayabali (1930 to 1946)
*T A Desai (1946 to 1954)
*J A Rathod (1954 to 1959)
*A U Shenoy (1959 to 1965)
*C L Parmar ( 1965 to 1966)
*N G Sahatrabuddhe (1966 to 1967)
*J A Rathod (1967 to 1977)
*K S S Naik ( 1977 to 1981)
*S S Patel (1981 to 1983)
*M M Patel (1983 to 1984)
*K D Vyas ( 1984 to 1986)
*S P Thakkar ( 1986 to 1990)
*K S Patel (1990 to 1992)
*V J Raiyani (1992 to 1997)
*K S Patel (1997 to 1999)
*C A Patel (1999 to 2001)
*L F Rajput (2001 to 2003)
*B K Ray (2003 to 2004)
*A G Modi (2004 to 2005)
*V A Patel (2005 to 2009)
*V N Soni ( 2009 to 2011)
*P A Raval (2011 to 2015)
*B B Soneji (2015 to 2022)

== Academics ==

=== Programs ===
The institute offers diploma in eight different programs such as:
*Civil engineering (NBA Accredited Program)
*Computer engineering (NBA Accredited Program)
*Electrical engineering (NBA Accredited Program)
*Information technology
*Mechanical engineering (NBA Accredited Program)
*Printing technology
*Textile manufacturing technology
*Textile processing technology

=== Admissions ===
Students are admitted to diploma courses through merit based system on the basis of result of 10th board and there is also provision of admission for ITI certificate holders to diploma programs (C To D) in Civil, Computer, Electrical, IT and Mechanical engineering. The admission procedure is central for all the diploma courses in the state and is conducted by Admission Committee for Professional Diploma Courses (ACPDC).
[[File:RCTI Nature1.jpg|thumb|207x207px|Main Building of Campus]]

== Campus ==
Lush green and pollution free campus of R C Technical institute is spread in {{convert|19|acre}} with {{cvt|15224|sqm}} built-up area for well-developed classrooms, laboratories, library, workshops, learning resource users center, amenity hall, boys’ hostel with mess, girls’ hostel, staff quarters, etc.
[[File:Main-road-1-1030x343-1-1-1500x499.jpg|thumb|217x217px|Campus Internal Road]]

== Facilities ==

=== Laboratories ===
[[File:Language Lab.jpg|thumb|Language Lab]]
Each department has modern, fully equipped laboratories. New laboratories of the institute are constantly being established in emerging areas. In addition to the students, the laboratories also cater to industrial testing in diverse fields. The campus offers free internet facility to its students & faculty.
[[File:Electronics Laboratory.jpg|thumb|Electrical Laboratory]]

=== Workshops ===
[[File:Web Development Lab.jpg|thumb|Web Development Lab]]
The workshop is equipped to teach and demonstrate students the basic operations of manufacturing and production. It is equipped with a CNC machine, an electro-discharge machine, and measuring instruments. The institute has a thermal workshop in which boilers and other thermal equipment can be studied.

=== Library ===
The library has total 24208 books, 939 e-books, 28 Periodicals/Journals including international journals. It has also developed e-Granthalaya facility for students and faculties.

=== Training and placement cell ===
The cell at the institute trains the students for facing personal interviews successfully and supports enhancing their interpersonal skills developing their interview skills. The training and placement cell invites many reputed industries (like Suzuki, Amul, Tata industry, Coca-Cola, Mafatlal industries, Daikin, torrent power, Gujarat gas, Navneet, Arvind, L & T Construction, etc.) to conduct interviews for final year students in the campus. Many students get job offer through the cell.

=== Student Start-up & Innovation Centre (SSIP) ===
Students’ start-up and innovation centre is developed in the institute with different objectives to provide mentoring support for identification of primary research areas, motivate students to work on novel ideas, provide financial support and mentoring for projects, along with providing mentoring support and financial support for patent filing. It also assists students to establish their own enterprise. SSIP cell has supported total 23 projects and out of that 1 project have been selected for patent for the institute so far.

=== Finishing School ===
Finishing school Training in RCTI Ahmedabad is active since 2018.7 batches of students comprising 400 students have completed this training so far.80 hours of training by professional trainers are imparted to students which include Functional English, Life skills and employ-ability skills to the students.

=== Students Amenity Centre (SAC) ===
Student Amenity Centre provides an open space to students for engaging themselves in extra curricular activities and some sports like badminton, table tennis, chess, etc.

=== Hostels ===
The institute is facilitated with Boys hostel and a Girls hostel. The accommodation procedure in the hostel is merit based.

== Student life ==

=== Gymkhana ===
[[File:Aavishkar event.jpg|alt=Principal Sir Dr. B B Soneji with former Director of technical education Mrs. Avantika Singh|thumb|Model making In Aavishkar event]]
Every year Gymkhana organizes various events mainly Aavishkaar and R C Annual Sports Event (RCASE). Aavishkaar is organized since 2016 and is a technical event of the institute which includes various technical events like Robo Race, Robo War, Collage making as their main central event, while all the departments of the institute organize technical quiz, model making, etc. in which many students actively participate. R C Annual Sports Event is planned every year and includes all the indoor and outdoor sports activities like- Volleyball, Relay race, Archery, Kho-Kho, Chess, musical chair, one minute game, etc.
[[File:Robowar at Aavishkar 2019.jpg|thumb|Robo-War at Aavishkar event]]
[[File:Felicitation cereomy photograph.jpg|thumb|The then Director of technical education Hon. K K Nirala Sir felicitating a student in Aavishkar event.]]

=== NSS ===
[[File:RCASE event Basketball .jpg|thumb|Volleyball Event in RCASE]]
[[File:RCASE activity.jpg|thumb|Tug of War event in RCASE]]
The institute offers students voluntary to join NSS and engage themselves in social activities around. Many different social activities are designed by the NSS team from blood donation, to tree plantation and various other social work too.

'''SPARCS (Society for Promoting Art of Revolutionary Charkha)'''

The institute have developed a unit called SPARCS (Society for promoting art of revolutionary charkha) to inculcate Gandhian philosophy among the students. Specifically in this unit students are taught to make yarn by charkha, the main tool of Gandhiji's non-violence movement. For smooth running of this the institute have procured few charkhas so that students can try their hands on it in their convenient time.

=== NCC ===
The NCC is the largest uniformed youth organization in India. Students from institute can join NCC on a volunteer basis as senior cadets for three years. After undergoing institutional training and various camps the successful cadets are awarded "C" certificates at the end of third year examination. Cadets in NCC are given a chance to attend training on Service subjects, Social service & community Development, Disaster Management, Attachment training with Army/ Air Force / Navy, Sports & Adventure activities. Every year various activities are performed by cadets of the institute at the institute and at NCC Unit.

=== Hobby clubs ===
In order to develop some extra curricular skills among the students the institute runs various hobby clubs like Literature club, Photography club, Painting club, Nature club.

=== Alumni Association of R C Technical Institute (AARC) ===
With a view to strengthen the bond between industry  &  institute for Student-Institute centric activities like- to conduct Industrial visits, Industrial tours, expert talks,  student placements and interactions with industry and academia experts, to inculcate entrepreneurship  quality and skills among the students, institute development activities and many more, an Alumni Association of the institute as "Alumni Association of R C Technical Institute" (abbreviated as AARC) is formed at the institute.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Universities and colleges in Ahmedabad]]

S. K. Majumdar

2025-07-19T03:57:49Z

Davidwnl: Made new article - done

{{Use Indian English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = S. K. Majumdar
|office =
|term_start =
|term_end =
|predecessor =
|successor =
|birth_date =
|birth_place =
|spouse = Jyoti
|children = Gauri, [[Air Commodore S K Majumdar|Sudhindra]] & Roma.
|alma_mater =
|profession = [[Barrister]]}}
'''S. K. Majumdar''' was one of [[Patna High Court]]'s leading lawyers, who primarily practiced at the [[Supreme Court of India]] and the Patna High Court. Majumdar was a well-known practitioner of income tax laws.

==Early life ==
The youngest son of Raj Kumar Majumdar, an inspecting director in the Education Department of India, S. K. Majumdar started his educational life as a science student. However, he took up the study of law and became a pleader in Dacca. He decided to go to England and was called to [[Middle Temple]] on 15 May 1924.<ref>{{cite book | title=South Asians at the Inns of Court: Middle Temple, 1863-1944 | editor=H. A. C. Sturgess | work=Register of Admissions to the Honourable Society of the Middle Temple | date=1949|location= London|publisher=Butterworth & Co. for the Hon. Society of the Middle Temple }}</ref>

==Legal acumen==
His preferred field was income tax laws, and his clients included well-known princes, zamindars and other established landowners in the former state of [[Bihar]].

Although a [[barrister]] in his own right, he is remembered more for his biographical works on [[Mohandas K. Gandhi]], [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] and [[Subhas Chandra Bose]]. His books include ''Evolution of Netaji, The Warrior Prophet of India''.

His seminal work ''Jinnah and Gandhi''<ref>{{cite book | title=Jinnah and Gandhi their role in India's quest for freedom | publisher=Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay |author=Majumdar, S.K. | year=1966 | location=Calcutta | lccn=sa67000282}}</ref> is a suggested reading for M.Phil. and PhD courses in the University of Peshawar for Indo-Pakistan relationships.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://pscuop.weebly.com/ma-rules-book.html | title=University of Peshawar's Course Material | accessdate=25 March 2013}}</ref>

==Family==
[[File:Majumdars.jpg|thumb|100px|Family picture - [[Patna]], [[Bihar]]]]
When he died in 1979, he was survived by his wife, Jyotilata Majumdar, a son, [[Air Commodore S K Majumdar]] and two daughters, Gauri Bhattacharyya and Roma Mukherjee.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite book | title=Evolution of Netaji, The Warrior Prophet of India | location=Calcutta|publisher= Netaji Research Bureau| date=1969| oclc=417601691 }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Majumdar, Sailendra Kumar}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:Indian barristers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:1979 deaths]]

Kanuri Ranjith Kumar

2025-05-26T06:29:36Z

Davidwnl: Made bio.

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{essay|date=December 2013}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2021}}
{{notability|Bio|date=February 2017}}
}}

{{Infobox person
|birth_date=24 March 1938
|birth_place=Kowtharam, [[Krishna District]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
|death_date={{dda|1984|6|11|1938|3|24}}
|death_place=
|occupation=Producer
}}
'''Kanuri Ranjith Kumar''' ( 24 March 1938 – 11 June 1984) was an Indian [[Film producer|Film Producer]]. born into a wealthy agricultural family to Kanuri Ramananda Chowdary and VimalaDevi in a rural village Kowtharam in [[Krishna District]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He founded "Ranjith Movies" banner with the help of his uncle [[K L N Prasad]] who is a well known [[Business magnate|Industrialist]] & [[Politician]]. Ranjith Kumar entered the film world as a producer in 1973 with his first Telugu film venture "Chikati Velugulu" directed by K.S.Prakash Rao followed by a successful movie "Mana Voori Katha" starring [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]] and [[Jaya Pradha]] in 1976. Ranjith Kumar has won various laurels for his films. He produced entertainers with not only commercial interests but also social concern. It would be right to say that his films reflect human values. In 1977, he went on to produce the super hit film "Maa Iddari kadha" with the Legend [[N.T.Rama Rao]] who played dual role.

Ranjith Kumar also made significant contributions on the social front with films like "[[Naalaaga Endaro]]" starring [[Dasari Narayana Rao|Narayana Rao]] & Rupa in 1978. This film was selected for`The best film of the year’ and won the prestigious Golden "Nandi Award" by the Govt. of Andhra Pradesh. Apart from this, he produced a bi-lingual film titled "[[Tholi Kodi Koosindi]]" in Telugu and "Engavuru Kannagi" in Tamil which is also directed by [[K. Balachander]]. This was named the second best feature film providing wholesome entertainment by the Andhra Pradesh govt., and presented ‘Nandi Award’ for the year 1979. In 1983, he simultaneously made two films in Telugu titled "Chattaniki Veikallu" and "Lanke Bindelu", both starring Krishna, [[Jayasudha]] & [[Madhavi (actress)|Madhavi]]. He also produced a Malayalam film "Adayam" starring [[Nedumudi Venu]] and [[Poornima Bhagyaraj|Poornima Jayaram]].

Most of his films take a stand on many burning social issues among the poor classes in our society and were received well by the crowds. As a producer, his motive was not only to make money, but also to help the society through his thought-provoking subjects, where Films have a large and deep influence in [[South India]].

Artists and technicians who worked in his films include N T. Rama Rao, Krishna, [[Raja Babu (actor)|Raja Babu]], [[Kaikala Satyanarayana]], Narayana Rao, K.Balachander, [[K. S. Prakash Rao|K.S.Prakash Rao]], [[K S R Swamy|V.S.R.Swamy]], [[J. D. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]], Loknath, Eeranki Sharma, [[Vijaya Nirmala]], Jaya Pradha, Jayasudha, [[Vanisri|Vanisree]], Madhavi, Manjula etc.,

Ranjith Kumar has worked as an Executive Committee Member for Andhra Pradesh Film Chamber and also served as the First Executive Secretary for Filmnagar housing society. Being a father-figure to many in the Industry, Ranjith Kumar encouraged the growth of friendly feelings amongst the producers and technicians to achieve absolute unity. He has put his best efforts to promote and develop the Telugu film industry in Hyderabad. He worked his way to the top with his hard work and strong determination to reach his goal, come what may.

On 11 June 1984 he died.

==Awards==
* [[Nandi Award for Best Feature Film|Nandi Award for Second Best Feature Film - Silver]] - [[Tholi Kodi Koosindi]] (1981) <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008)|trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008)|publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]]|access-date=21 August 2020}}(in [[Telugu language|Telugu]])</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1984 deaths]]
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:Telugu film producers]]
[[Category:Film people from Krishna district]]
[[Category:Film producers from Andhra Pradesh]]

Raghunath Vaman Dighe

2025-05-09T07:48:17Z

Davidwnl: Made info - done

{{Short description|Marathi writer}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2025}}
'''Raghunath Vaman Dighe''' (23 March 1896 - 4 July 1980) was a [[Marathi people|Marathi]] writer from [[Bombay Presidency]], India (some of his later works where created when the area was known as [[Bombay State]] or after the state was divided and the area became [[Maharashtra]]).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-12 |title= ब्रेकींग मराठी न्यूज |url=https://www.loksatta.com/lokrang/raghunath-waman-dighe-dd70-2213492/ |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref> He wrote notable novels pertaining to rural life in Maharashtra.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Datta |first=Amaresh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&dq=R+V+dighe&pg=PA1044 |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Devraj to Jyoti |date=1988 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-260-1194-0 |language=en}}</ref>

Dighe started his professional career as a lawyer in [[Pune]], but later moved to the nearby small town of [[Khopoli]] and switched to full-time writing.

==Works==

===Novels===
* ''Pankala'' (पाणकळा) (1939)
* ''Sarai'' (सराई) (1943)
* ''Poortata'' (पूर्तता) (1944)
* ''Nisargakanya Ranjai'' (निसर्गकन्या रानजाई) (1946)
* ''Ganlubdha Mruganayana'' (गानलुब्धा मृगनयना) (1947)
* ''Pad Re Panya'' (पड रे पाण्या) (1948)
* ''Aai Ahe Shetat'' (आई आहे शेतात)
* ''Kartiki'' (कार्तिकी)
* ''Sonaki'' (सोनकी)
* ''Ramya Ratri'' (रम्य रात्री)

A 1974 movie ''Kartiki'' (कार्तिकी) was made as based on the novel with the same name.

Dighe was a script writer of the movie ''Madhosh''.

===Play===
* ''Majha Sabud'' (माझा सबुद)

===Collection of poems===
* ''Gatat Nachtat Dharatichi Lekare'' (गातात नाचतात धरतीची लेकरे)

==References==
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dighe, Raghunath Vaman}}
[[Category:1896 births]]
[[Category:1980 deaths]]
[[Category:Marathi people]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:Marathi-language novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Novelists from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
<references />
{{Authority control}}

Aradhna

2025-04-11T05:08:37Z

Davidwnl: Minor edits and structural improvements

{{distinguish|Aaradhna}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Aradhna
| origin = [[Cincinnati]], Ohio, US
| genre = [[World music|World]] / [[Fusion (music)|Fusion]]
| years_active = 2000–present
| label = [[Independent record label|Independent]]
| associated_acts = [[Miranda Stone]], Peter Hicks, [[Jim Fiest]]
| website = {{URL|aradhnamusic.com}}
| current_members = Chris Hale Peter Hicks Travis McAfee
}}

'''Aradhna''' is a band that fuses traditional Indian devotional music ([[bhajans]]) with Christ-centered themes, composed primarily in the [[Hindi]] language, in addition to [[Nepali language|Nepali]], [[Bihari people|Bihari]], [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] and [[Braj Bhasha]] languages.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070204053953/http://www.hindu.com/2007/02/03/stories/2007020316190200.htm The Hindu : Tamil Nadu / Chennai News : Wait for fusion music full of surprises]</ref> The band members include Chris Hale (lead vocals, sitar), Peter Hicks (acoustic guitar, sitar) and Travis McAfee (bass). Tabla Player Jim Fiest regularly plays with the band.

==History==

Aradhna was created in 2000 when Chris Hale and Peter Hicks who had been touring India with their band Olio returned to the US to record Aradhna's debut album 'Deep Jale' (Light the Lamp). The name Aradhna is from Hindi, meaning 'Adoration'. The band-members were interested in creating an authentic sound for Indian Christ-centered worship which had so far relied heavily on Western hymns and contemporary worship. To make this possible the band turned to India's [[bhajan]] singers and the style of Indian devotion known as '[[bhakti]]', expressing faith in 'Yeshu Khrist' (Jesus Christ).

Hale assumes primarily songwriting duties due to his fluency in Hindi. In addition to Hale's compositions, the band features songs composed by Peter John, an Indian musician from New Delhi whose Christ-centered [[bhajans]] caught Hale's attention. The band involves several Indian musicians in their performances and recordings as well.

In May 2016, Oxford University Press published "The Oxford Handbook of Music and World Christianities" which featured a chapter featuring Aradhna's music, entitled, "Are Western Christian Bhajans Reverse Missions Music?" by Christopher Dicran Hale.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199859993.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199859993-e-10|isbn = 978-0-19-985999-3|doi = 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199859993.013.10|year = 2015|editor1-last = Dueck|editor1-first = Jonathan|editor2-first = Suzel Ana|editor2-last = Reily|last1 = Hale|first1 = Christopher Dicran|title = Are Western Christian Bhajans "Reverse" Mission Music?}}</ref>

==Musical style==

Aradhna has evolved in its musical style primarily from the [[fusion music]] that Olio played and delving deeper into Northern Indian classical music ([[Hindustani music]]) that Hale was learning under the discipleship of Partho Chatterjee ([[sitar]]). Hicks, who played electric guitar, also was learning sarod under the discipleship of Calcutta's Partho Sarothy. Travis McAfee added electric bass to this duo in the recording of their debut album, bringing his more traditional western sensibilities and experience to the group. Five years after the formation of the band, Fiona Hicks (married to Peter) added Hindustani violin, having studied Northern Indian classical music under [[Kala Ramnath]].

==Critical acclaim==

For a band that has ventured into uncharted territory, the critical acclaim in North America, the UK and India has been favorable. 
Performing across the US from LA to NY, Aradhna has found audiences on University campuses as guest artists, headlining world stages at summer music festivals in the US and Europe. They've also found more religious venues to be quite welcoming with performances in yoga studios, churches like [[St Martin in the Bull Ring|St Martin's]] as well as in Hindu and Buddhist temples and Sikh [[Gurdwaras]] alike.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.eastandwest.co.uk/aradhnatempletour.htm |title=East and West {{!}}{{!}} Aradhna |access-date=2008-01-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080803182359/http://www.eastandwest.co.uk/aradhnatempletour.htm |archive-date=2008-08-03 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Reviews have compared Hicks's vocals to [[Peter Gabriel]]'s.<ref>[http://www.colossiansthreesixteen.com/archives/1946 Colossians Three Sixteen » Amrit Vani (Album Review)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080330231300/http://www.colossiansthreesixteen.com/archives/1946 |date=March 30, 2008 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.tollbooth.org/2008/reviews/aradhna.html Reviews of The Phantom Tollbooth]</ref> Aradhna has performed with talented guest artists like [[Jim Fiest]] on both recordings and tours.

==Discography==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title
! Year
|-
| Deep Jalé
| 2000
|-
| Marga Darshan
| 2002
|-
| Satsang
| 2004
|-
|-
| Amrit Vani
| 2007
|-
| Namaste Saté
| 2011
|-
| Sapna
| 2012
|-
| Live in Concert
| 2013
|}

==External links==
* {{official website|http://www.aradhnamusic.com/}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080617171404/http://www.colossiansthreesixteen.com/archives/2118 Peter Hicks Colossians Three Sixteen Interview]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:American world music groups]]
[[Category:Musical groups from Cincinnati]]
[[Category:Musical groups established in 2000]]

ET Money

2024-12-28T11:16:36Z

Davidwnl: New The Article First Draft

{{Short description|Fintech and wealth management platform}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox company
| name = ET Money
| logo = ET Money logo.svg
| logo_size =
| logo_upright = 
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| former_name = Smartspends
| type =
| industry = [[FinTech]]
| genre =
| founded = {{Start date and age|2015}}
| founder = Mukesh Kalra
| hq_location_city = [[Gurgaon]], [[Haryana]]
| hq_location_country = India
| area_served = India
| key_people = Mukesh Kalra (CEO) Santosh Navlani (COO)
| products = [[Insurance]], [[Systematic investment plan|SIP]], [[Mutual fund|Mutual funds]], [[Loan|Loans]], [[Payment card|Cards]], [[Fixed deposit]], [[National Pension Scheme]]
| owner =
| members =
| members_year = 
| num_employees =
| num_employees_year = 
| aum = $3 billion (₹28,000 crores)<ref name=d/>
| parent = 360 One WAM
| divisions =
| website = {{URL|https://etmoney.com}}
}}
'''ET Money''' is an Indian [[fintech]] and [[wealth management]] platform which was founded in 2015 .<ref name=b>{{cite news |title=ET Money's big billion feat |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/et-moneys-big-billion-feat/articleshow/60822247.cms |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |date=25 September 2017}}</ref> It offers a variety of financial products and services, including mutual funds, insurance, fixed deposits, [[National Pension System|NPS]] and [[Systematic investment plan|SIPs]].<ref name=c>{{cite news |title=ETMONEY offers zero-commission MFs to app users |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/newsbuzz/etmoney-offers-zero-commission-mfs-to-app-users/articleshow/65664620.cms |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |date=4 September 2018}}</ref>
The investments tracked and managed on the app is US$3 billion ({{INR}}22,500 crore) as of March 2022.<ref name=d>{{cite news |title=Mutual Fund investments on ET Money cross $3 billion |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/mf/mf-news/mutual-fund-investments-on-etmoney-cross-3-billion/articleshow/87771215.cms |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |date=8 November 2021}}</ref>

In June 2024, was acquired by 360 One Wealth and Asset Management for 366 crores ($44 Million).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Manish |date=2024-06-12 |title=India's 360 One acquires mutual fund app ET Money for $44M |url=https://techcrunch.com/2024/06/12/indias-360-one-acquires-mutual-fund-app-et-money-for-44m/ |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref>

== History ==
ET Money was founded in 2015 by Mukesh Kalra, who earlier founded the fintech company Moneysights in 2009, which was later acquired by [[Times Internet]] in October 2014. Moneysights was backed by ex-[[HP Inc.|HP]] and [[IBM]] executive Prasad Duvvuri, Blume Ventures and Naveen Tewari of [[InMobi]].<ref name=b/>

The app was launched as Smartspends<ref>{{cite news |title=Times Internet launches Smartspends personal finance app |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/apps/times-internet-launches-smartspends-personal-finance-app/articleshow/48100594.cms |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |date=6 October 2015}}</ref> and later, it was rebranded to ET Money in October 2016.<ref>{{cite news |title=Smartspends gets rebranded to ET MONEY, adds mutual fund transactions |url=https://www.gadgetsnow.com/apps/smart-spends-gets-rebranded-to-et-money-adds-mutual-fund-transactions/articleshow/54527929.cms |publisher=[[The Times of India|GadgetsNow]] |date=6 Oct 2016}}</ref> The ET Money secured 2.5 million app downloads in 2017.<ref name=b/> It processed over 2 crore investment orders and registered a {{INR}}500 crore sales in the mutual fund within two years of its launch. It had more than 4 million users on its app, as reported in 2018.<ref name=c/> It currently has more than 5 million app downloads on the [[Google Play]] store as of April 2022. Initially, it was conceived as a platform to help users maintain their daily and monthly spending. Later it added mutual funds and insurance products to its features.<ref name=b/> It tied up with various financial services companies and banks, including [[Reliance Industries|Reliance Mutual Fund]], [[Bajaj Finance]], [[HDFC Life]] and [[RBL Bank]] to offer multiple products and services.<ref name=c/><ref>{{cite news |title=ET Money partners with Bajaj Finance to offer hassle-free online FDs with up to 7.35% returns |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/etmoney-partners-with-bajaj-finance-to-offer-hassle-free-online-fds-with-up-to-7-35-returns/articleshow/77391987.cms |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |date=6 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=ETMONEY joins forces with HDFC Life to bring India's first data-led life insurance policy for millennials |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/personal-finance-news/etmoney-joins-forces-with-hdfc-life-to-bring-indias-first-data-led-life-insurance-policy-for-millennials/articleshow/57426170.cms |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |date=2 March 2017}}</ref>

In April 2021, it launched an [[Aadhaar]]-based SIP ([[Systematic Investment Plan]]) payments feature, which can be used to start a SIP online and set up automatic payments using an [[Aadhaar]]-based [[One-time password|OTP]] verification.<ref>{{cite news |title=ETMONEY becomes India's first to launch Aadhaar-based SIP payments |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/etmoney-becomes-indias-first-to-launch-aadhaar-based-sip-payments/articleshow/82085002.cms |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |date=15 April 2021}}</ref>

In October 2021, the company crossed the sale of {{INR}}500 crore of mutual funds in a month and investments managed through ET Money exceeded {{INR}}20,000 crore.<ref name=A>{{cite news |title=ETMONEY crosses Rs 500 cr gross mutual funds sales in a month; investments managed surpasses Rs 20,000 cr |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/personal-finance-news/etmoney-crosses-rs-500-cr-gross-mutual-funds-sales-in-a-month-investments-managed-surpasses-rs-20000-cr/articleshow/86829507.cms?from=mdr |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |date=7 October 2021}}</ref> In March 2022, it registered a $3 billion (₹22,500 crores) of total mutual fund investments being managed on the platform. The investments completed through the app has increased from {{INR}}832 crore in March 2019 to over {{INR}}7,500 crore in Oct 2021, a 901% growth.<ref name=d/> The company launched ET Money Genius, a premium membership service to offer personalised investing knowledge to its users, in January 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=ET Money introduces new brand identity; adds personalisation to India's investments |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/et-money-introduces-new-brand-identity-adds-personalisation-to-indias-investments/articleshow/89045896.cms |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |date=21 January 2022}}</ref>

360 ONE WAM, a wealth manager for ultra-high-net-worth individuals, announced to the stock exchanges on June 12 that it has entered into a definitive agreement to acquire ET MONEY, a digital platform focused on wealth management for 366 crores.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sil |first=Debarghya |date=2024-06-12 |title=Times Internet Sells ET Money To 360 One WAM In A $44 Mn Deal |url=https://inc42.com/buzz/times-internet-sells-et-money-to-360-one-wam-in-a-44-mn-deal/ |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=Inc42 Media |language=en}}</ref>

== Features ==
The app offers to purchase and sell direct mutual funds at zero commission charge.<ref name=c/><ref name=e/> The app allows users to buy various financial products and services such as mutual funds, insurance, fixed deposits, instant loans, [[National Pension Scheme|NPS]] (National Pension Scheme) and [[Systematic Investment Plan|SIPs]].<ref name=c/> It has a feature called SmartDeposit, which is powered by [[Reliance Nippon Life Insurance|Reliance Mutual Fund]] and it allows users to earn higher interest rate on saving account balance.<ref>{{cite news |title=ETMONEY launches ‘SMARTDEPOSIT’ to help Indians earn upto 8% on savings account balance without much risk |url=https://www.adgully.com/etmoney-launches-smartdeposit-to-help-indians-earn-upto-8-on-savings-account-balance-without-much-risk-70244.html |publisher=Adgully |date=15 December 2016}}</ref>

The app creates a category-wise record of spending incurred by a user by connecting to the user's [[SMS]] records and fetching data on electronic transactions. It creates the user's financial and risk profile based on the data obtained from the transaction records captured in text message alerts. It also allows users to buy [[Life insurance|life]] and [[term insurance]] plans, [[Motor Vehicle Insurance (India)|motor vehicle insurance]], [[health insurance]], [[gold]], and [[Mutual fund|mutual funds]].<ref name=b/> It also lets its users check their [[Credit score|credit scores]] on its platform for free.<ref>{{cite news |title=ETMONEY rolls out free credit score for all users |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/etmoney-rolls-out-free-credit-score-for-all-users/articleshow/69523345.cms |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |date=27 May 2019}}</ref><ref name=i>{{cite news |title=ETMONEY introduces seamless, instantaneous investments in NPS |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/etmoney-introduces-seamless-instantaneous-investments-in-nps/articleshow/74211145.cms |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |date=19 February 2020}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Reviewing the app, Deepti Ratnam of ''[[Zee Entertainment Enterprises|BGR.in]]'' writes, ‘''Packed with deep insights and fundamentals to advanced concepts of fund investing, this app helps investors develop strategies to meet their financial goals.''’<ref name=e>{{cite news |last1=Ratlam |first1=Deepti |title=Top investment apps in India in 2022: Groww, ET Money, CashRich, and more |url=https://www.bgr.in/apps/top-investment-apps-in-india-in-2022-groww-et-money-cashrich-and-more-1038962/ |publisher=[[Zee Entertainment Enterprises|BGR]] |date=26 January 2022}}</ref> It was awarded the 2019 Mobexx Awards under best mobile app for financial services category in 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mobexx Awards 2019 Winners |url=https://mobexx-awards-2019.adgully.com/winners-list.php |website=Adgully.com |date=2019}}</ref> The app was featured by [[Google]] as a top personal finance app in 2016.<ref>{{cite news |title=ETMoney launches 'SmartDeposit' to help consumers earn 7-8% interest on their savings account |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/personal-finance-news/etmoney-launches-smartdeposit-to-help-consumers-earn-7-8-interest-on-their-savings-account/articleshow/55994835.cms |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |date=15 December 2016}}</ref>
== See also ==
{{Portal|Companies|India}}
* [[Kuvera.in]]
* [[Mutual funds in India]]
* [[Times Internet]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
== External links ==
* [https://www.etmoney.com/ Official website]
* [https://rakshithpai.com/et-money-genius/ Et Money Genius Guide]
* [https://www.gadgetsnow.com/reviews/et-money-the-go-to-app-for-all-your-financial-needs/articleshow/68916768.cms ET Money Review] on [[The Times of India|GadgetsNow]]
{{The Times Group}}
{{Financial services in India}}
{{Online brokerages}}
{{FinTech in India}}
[[Category:Internet properties established in 2015]]
[[Category:2015 establishments in India]]
[[Category:The Times Group]]
[[Category:Companies of The Times Group]]
[[Category:Financial services companies established in 2015]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2015]]
[[Category:Financial services companies of India]]

Parbatbhai Patel

2024-07-05T02:59:40Z

Davidwnl:

{{short description|Indian politician from Gujarat state}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Parbatbhai Patel
| image = Parbat_Patel.jpg
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = 23 May 2019
| term_end = 4 June 2024
| predecessor = [[Haribhai Parthibhai Chaudhary]]
| constituency = [[Banaskantha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Banaskantha]]
| office2 = [[Member of Legislative assembly|MLA]] of [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Gujarat]]
| term_start2 = 2012
| term_end2 = 2017
| constituency2 = [[Tharad (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tharad]]
| office3 = [[Member of Legislative assembly|MLA]] of [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Gujarat]]
| term_start3 = 2007
| term_end3 = 2012
| constituency3 = [[Vav (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Vav]]
| nationality = [[India]]n
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| office1 = Minister of State Water Resources (Independent Charge), Water Supply, Government of Gujarat
| term_start1 = 4 January 2008
| term_end1 = 25 December 2012
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1948|09|04|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bhachar]], Taluka Tharad, [[Banaskantha district|Banaskantha]]
| alma_mater = [[Gujarat University]]
| profession = Farming And Social Work
| spouse = Anjubahen
| children = 2 Sons
| constituency4 = [[Vav (Vidhan Sabha Constituency) Vav ]]
| term_start4 = 1985
| term_end4 = 1990
| office4 = [[Member of Legislative assembly|MLA]] of [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Gujarat]]
| successor = [[Geni Thakor]]
}}

'''Parbatbhai Patel''' is a Gujarati politician who served as a [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]] from [[Banaskantha Lok Sabha constituency|Banaskantha constituency]] in [[Gujarat]] in the [[17th Lok Sabha]].<ref>{{cite web|title=TWELFTH|url=http://www.gujaratassembly.gov.in/emembers12.htm|publisher=Gujarat Vidhan Sabha|accessdate=8 June 2012|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024200/http://www.gujaratassembly.gov.in/emembers12.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

He was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]], lower house of the [[Parliament of India]] from [[Banaskantha (Lok Sabha constituency)|Banaskantha]], [[Gujarat]] in the [[2019 Indian general election]] as member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-banaskantha-lok-sabha-election-result-2019-bjp-s-parbatbhai-savabhai-patel-wins-by-a-huge-margin-2751960 | title=Banaskantha Lok Sabha Election Result 2019: BJP's Parbatbhai Savabhai Patel wins by a huge margin | publisher=DNA | date=24 May 2019 | accessdate=4 September 2020}}</ref><ref>[https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/article/banaskantha-gujarat-election-2019-banaskantha-election-results-candidates-voter-population-polling-percentage/410542 BJP Parbatbhai Patel won by 3.68 lakh votes and will be Banaskantha PM]</ref><ref>[http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=5019 Member Bioprofile]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patel, Parbat}}
[[Category:India MPs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2012–2017]]
[[Category:People from Patan district]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Janata Party politicians]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:Gujarat University alumni]]
[[Category:1948 births]]

{{Gujarat-BJP-politician-stub}}

Darshan

2023-09-25T22:16:34Z

Davidwnl: starting a page...

{{wiktionary|darshan}}
'''Darshan''', a Sanskrit word meaning "sight" or "viewing", may refer to:

{{TOC right}}

==Ceremony and religion==
* [[Darshan (Indian religions)]], the auspicious sight of a divine image or holy person; also a school of Hindu philosophy
* [[Darshan (Judaism)]], a Scriptural interpreter
* [[Jharokha Darshan]], in medieval India, the display of a ruler to his court or the public
* A type of [[maggid]], a traditional Eastern European Jewish religious itinerant preacher

==Arts and entertainment==
* [[Darshan (1967 film)|''Darshan'' (1967 film)]], an East Pakistani film directed by Rehman
* [[Darshan (2004 film)|''Darshan'' (2004 film)]], an Indian Kannada-language film directed by Ramesh Kitty
* [[Darshan (band)]], an American Jewish hip hop group
* ''[[Darshan (The Road to Graceland)]]'', a 1993 album by David Sylvian and Robert Fripp
* ''Darshan'', a 1997 album by [[Shehzad Roy]]
* ''Darshan'', an Indian reality TV show on [[Colors Marathi]]

==People==
* [[Darshan (Kannada actor)]] (born 1977), Indian actor in Kannada films
* [[Darshan (Tamil actor)]] (born 1991), Indian actor in Tamil films
* [[Darshan (video game player)]] (born 1994), Canadian ''League of Legends'' player
* [[Darshan Kang]] (born 1951), Canadian politician
* [[Darshan Punshi]], Pakistani politician, active from 2008
* [[Darshan Ranganathan]] (1941–2001), Indian organic chemist
* [[Darshan Singh (executioner)]], Singaporean executioner
* [[Darshan Singh (field hockey)]] (born 1938), Indian field hockey player
* [[Darshan Singh Awara]] (1906–1982), Indian poet
* [[Darshan Singh Canadian]] (1917–1986), Sikh trade union activist and Communist organizer

==Other uses==
* [[Darshan Academy]], a group of private high schools based in India

==See also==
* [[Darshan Singh (disambiguation)]]
* [[Darshana (disambiguation)]]
* {{look from}}

{{disambiguation|given name}}

Ilaiyaraaja 1980

2023-08-14T08:06:19Z

Davidwnl: created redirect

#REDIRECT [[List of film scores by Ilaiyaraaja 1980s]]