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Dha. Velu

2026-05-06T18:55:43Z

Davidcza: Creating Data

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Dha. Velu
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 12 May 2021
| term_end = 5 May 2026
| constituency = [[Mylapore Assembly constituency|Mylapore]]
| party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| predecessor = [[R. Nataraj]]
| successor = [[P. Venkataramanan]]
| spouse = Susila
| father =
| children =
| alma_mater = [[Sri Venkateswara University]]
}}

'''Dha. Velu''' is an Indian politician who is a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He was elected from [[Mylapore Assembly constituency|Mylapore]] as a [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] candidate in 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title= Form 21E (Return of Election) |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211222055545/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC025.pdf |url= https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC025.pdf|access-date= 27 Apr 2022 |archive-date=22 Dec 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mylapore Election Result |url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a025|access-date= 27 Apr 2022}}</ref> He lost in [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] to [[P. Venkataramanan]] of [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam]].<ref>{{cite news|date=5 May 2026|work=Mylapore Times|title=DMK’s Dha Velu says he will continue to take calls from Mylapore despite defeat in poll|url=https://www.mylaporetimes.com/2026/05/dmks-dha-velu-says-he-will-continue-to-take-calls-from-mylapore-despite-defeat-in-poll/|access-date=6 May 2026}}</ref>

== Elections contested ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Election
! Constituency
! Party
! Result
! Vote %
! Opposition
! Opposition Party
! Opposition vote %
|- style="background:#FFD1DF;"
|bgcolor=#FFB6C1 | [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] || [[Mylapore Assembly constituency|Mylapore]]|| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] || Lost || 27.29% || [[P. Venkataramanan]]|| [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|TVK]] || 46.53%
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|bgcolor=#98FB98 | [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] || [[Mylapore Assembly constituency|Mylapore]]|| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] || Won ||45.51% || [[R. Nataraj]]|| [[ADMK]] || 39.12%
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Veli, Dha}}
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{DMK-politician-stub}}
{{TamilNadu-politician-stub}}

Narayanpur, Bhojpur

2026-04-26T05:59:35Z

Davidcza: new!

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name =
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| area_total_km2 = 5.86
| elevation_footnotes = <ref name="Geonames"/>
| elevation_m = 75
| population_total = 6,476<ref name="Census 2011"/>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]]
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=9 August 2020|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Regional
| demographics1_info2 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]
| demographics1_title3 =
| demographics1_info3 =
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN Code]]
| postal_code = 802201
| registration_plate = BR-03
| blank1_name_sec1 =
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| website = https://bhojpur.nic.in/
| footnotes =
| official_name = Narayanpur
| subdivision_type3 = Block/Tehsil
| area_rank =
| unit_pref = Metric
| other_name =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Agiaon block map.png
| map_caption = Map of Narayanpur in Agiaon block
| pushpin_map = India Bihar#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| coordinates = {{coord|25.37651|N|84.60789|E|display=inline,title}}<ref name="Geonames">{{Cite web|url=https://www.geonames.org/1279271/agiaon.html|title=Geonames.org. ''Narayanpur''|accessdate=22 October 2020}}</ref>
| governing_body =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Bihar|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bhojpur district, India|Bhojpur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| subdivision_name3 = [[Agiaon]]
| subdivision_type4 =
| subdivision_name4 =
| subdivision_type5 =
| subdivision_name5 =
}}

'''Narayanpur''' is a village in [[Agiaon]] block, [[Bhojpur district, India|Bhojpur district]] of [[Bihar]], India. As of 2011, its population was 6,476 in 961 households.<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web|title=Census of India 2011: Bihar District Census Handbook - Bhojpur, Part A (Village and Town Directory)|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/BiharA.html|website=Census 2011 India|pages=27–94, 628–659|accessdate=26 October 2020}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Arrah Lok Sabha constituency]]
*[[Agiaon Assembly constituency]]

==References==

<references />

[[Category:Villages in Bhojpur district, India]]

{{BhojpurIN-geo-stub}}

Kingdom of Gauda

2026-04-25T04:57:05Z

Davidcza: new.

{{Short description|Classical period Indian subcontinent kingdom}}
{{about|a medieval kingdom originating in the [[Gauḍa (region)|Gauda]] region of [[Bengal]]|the later kingdom in [[Sylhet region]]|Gour Kingdom}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
{{use Indian English|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox Former Country
| native_name = "Gauṛa Sāmrājya" (Sanskrit) "Gōur sāmrājja" (Old Bengali)
| conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Gauḍa
| common_name = Gauḍa Kingdom
| government_type = [[Monarchy]]
| life_span = {{circa|4th century AD}} (pre-Gupta) 554–636
| year_end = 636 CE
| p1 = Later Gupta dynasty
| s1 = Pushyabhuti dynasty
| s2 = Mallabhum kingdom
| s3 = Kamarupa
| image_coat = Gauda ruler Sasanka Deva. Circa AD 600-635. Samatata type. Assam mint.jpg
| coa_size = 250px
| coat_alt = 
| symbol_type = Coin of [[Shashanka]], king of Gauda, circa 600–635. [[Samatata]] type, Assam mint.
| image_map = Map_of_the_Shashankas.png
| image_map_caption = Map of the Shashankas or "Gauda Kingdom", circa 600 CE.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=146, map XIV.2 (b)|isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/reference/schwartzberg/query.py?display_type=image_display&object=183#gsc.tab=0}}</ref>
| image_map2 =
| image_map2_caption =
| capital = [[Karnasuvarna]]
| official_languages =
| religion = [[Hinduism]] ([[Shaivism]])
| leader1 = [[Jayanaga]]
| year_leader1 = 554–593
| leader2 = [[Shashanka]]
| year_leader2 = 593–636
| leader3 = [[Manava (king)|Manava]]
| year_leader3 = 636
| title_leader = [[List of rulers of Bengal#Gauda Kingdom (c. 550–626 CE)|Maharajadhiraja]]
| demonym =
| area_km2 =
| area_rank =
| GDP_PPP =
| GDP_PPP_year =
| HDI =
| HDI_year =
| today = [[India]] [[Bangladesh]]
| leader_name3 =
}}

The '''Gauḍa kingdom''' was a kingdom during the [[Classical India|Classical era]] in the [[Indian subcontinent]], which originated in the [[Gauḍa (region)|Gauda]] region of [[Bengal]] (modern-day [[West Bengal]] and [[Bangladesh]])<ref name = Majumdar>{{cite book |last=Majumdar |first=R. C. |author-link=R. C. Majumdar |year=1971 |title=History of Ancient Bengal |location=Calcutta |publisher=G. Bhardwaj & Co. |pages=6–8 |oclc=961157849}}</ref><ref name = Banglapedia>{{cite book |last=Ghosh |first=Suchandra |year=2012 |chapter=Gauda, Janapada |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Gauda,_Janapada |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> in 4th century CE or possibly earlier.<ref>{{Cite book|last=K. P. Jayaswal|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279518|title=An Imperial History Of India|date=1934|pages=34}}</ref>

==Location and extent==
A Buddhist [[Mahayana|Mahāyāna]] Text [[Mañjuśrī-mūla-kalpa|Mañjuśrī-Mūlakalpa]] records the existence of Gauda kingdom in Bengal before it was replaced by [[Gupta Empire]] in the 4th century. King Loka who was born in Vardhamāna ([[Bardhaman|Bardhamān]]) is mentioned who must have ruled in the early 4th century CE.<ref>{{Cite book|last=K. P. Jayaswal|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279518|title=An Imperial History Of India|date=1934}}</ref>

King [[Shashanka]] is often attributed with creating the first separate political entity in a unified [[Bengal]] called [[Gauḍa (region)|Gauda]]. He reigned in 7th century, and some historians place his rule approximately between 593 and 636.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}} His capital was at [[Karnasubarna]], {{convert|9.6|km}} south-west of [[Baharampur]], headquarters of Murshidabad district.<ref name="Majumdar" /> The Chinese monk, [[Xuanzang]] (Hiuen Tsang) travelled from the country of Karnasubarna to a region in the present-day state of Orissa ruled by Shashanka.<ref name = Banglapedia/> There is mention of [[Pundravardhana]] being part of Gauda in certain ancient records.<ref>Bandopadhyay, Rakhaldas, ''Bangalar Itihas'', {{in lang|bn}}, first published 1928, revised edition 1971, vol I, p 101, Nababharat Publishers, 72 Mahatma Gandhi Road, Kolkata.</ref> Not much is known about the early life of Shashanka. Historian D K Ganguly is reported to have concluded that he was a native of Magadha.<ref name="Sinha-magadha">{{cite book |last1=Sinha |first1=Bindeshwari Prasad |title=Dynastic History of Magadha |date=1977 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |location=India |pages=131–133 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V3KDaZY85wYC |access-date=16 September 2019}}</ref> The same source reports that the historian [[Padmanath Bhattacharya Vidya Vinod|Padmanath Bhattacharya]] took Shashanka to be a son of Mahāsenagupta. R D Banerji concluded that he was descended from the Magadha Guptas. [[Nagendranath Basu]] has argued that Shashanka was the son / descendant of Raja Karnadeva, who founded the city of [[Karnasubarna]] in Bengal.<ref name="Nagendranath_Jatiyoitihash">{{cite book |last1=Basu |first1=Nagendranath |title=Bonger Jatiya Itihash (Kayastha Kando) |date=1937 |location=India |pages=63 |url=https://bn.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE:%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8_(%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1,_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B6,_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1).djvu/%E0%A7%AD%E0%A7%AF |access-date=26 September 2019}}</ref>

[[File:Rohtas seal of Shashanka.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Royal Seal of [[Shashanka]].]]
{{South Asia in 600 CE|right|Location of the Shahshankas and fragmented South Asian polities circa 600 CE, after the retreat of the [[Alchon Huns]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=063 26],146 |isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=063 |archive-date=12 January 2024 |access-date=27 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112181611/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=063 |url-status=dead }}</ref>|{{Annotation|179|113|[[File:Long Fine Rectangle (plain).png|44px]]}}}}
In some sources, Shashanka is described as a tribal leader of Bengal.<ref name="History_UK">{{cite web |title=Kingdoms of South Asia – Indian Kingdom of Bengal |url=https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsFarEast/IndiaBengal.htm |website=historyfiles.co.uk |access-date=19 September 2019}}</ref> Shashanka's name appears in multiple forms, including Śaśānka and Śaśānka-deva. The name is derived from [[Sanskrit]], as another name for the Moon. Śaśānka-deva therefore loosely translates to "moon god".

The Hindu god [[Shiva]] bears the epithet ''Shashankasekhara,'' meaning, "he who bears the moon". The Chinese monk [[Xuanzang]]'s writings, he is mentioned as She-Shang-Kia..<ref>{{cite journal |title=Indian Antiquary |journal=Journal of Oriental Research (Ed. J.A.S. Burgess) |date=1878 |volume=VII |page=197 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yR3mAAAAMAAJ |access-date=16 September 2019 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |language=en}}</ref> In Sinha's Dynastic History of Magadha, the names 'Śaśānka' and 'Soma' are used interchangeably. Some historians believe that Shashanka began his career as a feudatory chief (maha [[samanta]]) under Mahasenagupta, of the [[Later Gupta dynasty|Later Gupta Dynasty]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sen |first1=N. S. |title=Ancient Indian history and civilization |date=1999 |publisher=New Age International |location=India |isbn=81-224-1198-3 |edition=Second |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC |access-date=15 September 2019}}</ref> And that after the death of Mahasenagupta, Shashanka drove the later Guptas and other prominent nobles out of the region and established his own kingdom with his capital at [[Karnasubarna]]. Other historians like Sailendra Nath Sen is of the opinion that Mahasenagupta - already under pressure from the Maukharis (for failing to provide adequate protection) - wouldn't have knowingly appointed Shashanka to such an important position. Middleton (2015) argues in a similar vein that Shashanka served as ''maha samanta'' to a Gauda king, possibly [[Jayanaga]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Middleton |first1=John |title=World Monarchies and Dynasties |date=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781317451587 |page=330 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R63ACQAAQBAJ |access-date=15 September 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Whether Shashanka was a feudatory under the Maukharis or the Guptas is not known. But he ruled from Karnasuvarna.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sinha |first=Bindeshwari Prasad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V3KDaZY85wYC |title=Dynastic History of Magadha |year=1977 |pages=137}}</ref> According to Bana, he was the king of Gauda<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Sinha |first=Bindeshwari Prasad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V3KDaZY85wYC |title=Dynastic History of Magadha |year=1977 |pages=138}}</ref> and was addressed as ''Maharajadhiraja'' (king of great kings).<ref name=":0" />Following his death, Shashanka was succeeded by his son, [[Manava (king)|Manava]], who ruled the kingdom for eight months. However Gauda was soon divided amongst [[Harsha]]vardhana and Bhaskarvarmana of [[Kamarupa]], the latter even managing to conquer Karnasuvarna.

Evidence is inconsistent regarding links of Gauda with the [[Rarh region]]. While Krishna Mishra (11th or 12th century), in his ''Prabodha-chandrodaya'', mentions that Gauda Rashtra includes Rarh (or Rarhpuri) and Bhurishreshthika, identified with [[Bhurshut]], in [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]] and [[Howrah district|Howrah]] districts, the Managoli inscription of the [[Seuna Yadavas of Devagiri|Yadava]] king [[Jaitugi I]] distinguishes Lala (Rarh) from Gaula (Gauda).<ref name="Majumdar" />

According to Jain writers of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, Gauda included Lakshmanavati in present-day [[Malda district]].<ref name="Majumdar" />

The [[Pala Empire|Pala emperors]] were referred to as Vangapati (Lord of Vanga) and Gaudesvara (Lord of Gauda). [[Sena dynasty|Sena]] kings also called themselves Gaudesvara. From then Gauda and Vanga seem to be interchangeable names for the whole of Bengal.<ref name="Majumdar"/> Even, In the early 12th-century Sanskrit text [[Manasollasa]], the name ''Gaudavangala'' was mentioned to denote the whole [[Bengal region]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.calcutta.01172/page/n24/mode/1up|title=Itihas|author=Sukumar Sen|page=19}}</ref>

==See also==
{{History of Bengal}}
* [[Gauḍa (city)]]
* [[Karnasuvarna]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Coord|24.18|N|88.27|E|region:BD_type:country|display=title}}

{{Malda topics}}
{{West Bengal}}
{{Bangladesh topics}}

[[Category:Gauda Kingdom| ]]
[[Category:Medieval Bengal]]
[[Category:590 establishments]]
[[Category:States and territories established in the 590s]]
[[Category:626 disestablishments]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 7th century]]

Shah Alam (Indian politician)

2026-04-21T11:47:33Z

Davidcza: created initial post initial version

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Shah Alam
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| constituency2 =
| office = Member of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]
| term_start = {{birth date|2024|05|06}}
| term_end =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| constituency = ''elected by Legislative assembly members''
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1973|06|01}}<ref>{{cite web | url=http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/pdfs/mla/346.pdf | title=Shah Alam | publisher=Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly | accessdate=3 April 2019}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Azamgarh]], Uttar Pradesh, India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| birth_name =
| citizenship = [[India]]n
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]] (2024–present)
| other_party = [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] (2010–2021, 2022–2024) [[AIMIM]] (2021–2022)
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Business
| profession = Politician
| office1 = Member of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Mubarakpur (Assembly constituency)|Mubarakpur]]
| term_start1 = {{birth date|2012|03|08}}
| term_end1 = {{death date|2022|03|12}}
| predecessor1 = Chandradev Ram Yadav
| successor1 = Akhilesh Yadav
}}
'''Shah Alam''' (known as '''Guddu Jamali''') is an Indian politician and a member of the [[16th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|16th]] and [[17th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]] of India. He represented the [[Mubarakpur (Assembly constituency)|Mubarakpur]] constituency of [[Uttar Pradesh]] and is a member of the [[Samajwadi Party]] and he was a close associate of BSP Supremo [[Mayawati]].

==Early life and education==
Alam was born in [[Azamgarh]], Uttar Pradesh. He holds a Master of Arts degree.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/mubarakpur.html|title=Mubarakpur Elections Results 2014, Current MLA, Candidate List of Assembly Elections in Mubarakpur, Uttar Pradesh|work=elections.in}}</ref>

==Political career==
Alam has been a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]. He represented the [[Mubarakpur (Assembly constituency)|Mubarakpur]] constituency and was a member of the [[Bahujan Samaj Party]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://myneta.info/ls2014/candidate.php?candidate_id=9208|title=Shah Alam Alias Guddu Jamali(Bahujan Samaj Party(BSP)):Constituency- AZAMGARH(UTTAR PRADESH) – Affidavit Information of Candidate|author=ADR|work=myneta.info}}</ref> He left BSP to join [[Samajwadi Party]] before the [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] but when he wasn't made the candidate from [[Mubarakpur (Assembly constituency)|Mubarakpur]] he joined [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]] and got a ticket from [[Mubarakpur (Assembly constituency)|Mubarakpur]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=नोमानी |first=खुर्रम |title=जानिए- कौन हैं गुड्डू जमाली जिन्हें AIMIM ने मुबारकपुर से दिया टिकट? |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/up-uk/mubarakpur-aimim-gave-ticket-to-shah-alam-urf-guddu-jamali-from-mubarakpur-know-about-him-ann-2062276 |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=ABP News |date=15 February 2022 |language=hi}}</ref> Jamali left [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]] on 27 March 2022 and rejoined [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] most probably for being the party's candidate for the [[Azamgarh (Lok Sabha constituency)]] by-polls due to [[Akhilesh Yadav]] vacating the seat to become the leader of the opposition in the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/azamgarh/aimim-leader-shah-alam-guddu-jamali-returns-home-in-bsp-maywati-made-candidate-in-azamgarh-lok-sabha-by-election | title=यूपी: मायावती के इस कदम से दिलचस्प होगा आजमगढ़ का उपचुनाव, एक तीर से ओवैसी-अखिलेश पर साधा निशाना }}</ref> He Joined [[Samajwadi Party]] in 2024 and became a [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council|MLC]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-22 |title=SP may wrest Azamgarh stronghold back with key Muslim leader on its side |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/samajwadi-party-azamgarh-stronghold-muslim-leader-9345067/ |access-date=2024-05-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He played a crucial role in 2024 Lok Sabha elections by joining Samajwadi Party and helping the party to win Azamgarh Lok Sabha constituency. He was also considered as one of richest MLAs during 2012-17 era. He holds a strong position between people in Mubarakpur Assembly Constituency.

==Positions held==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !! From !! To !! Position
! Constituency!! Comments
|-
| 01 || March 2012 ||March 2017 ||Member, [[16th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
| [[Mubarakpur Assembly constituency|Mubarakpur]]||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf|title=Uttar Pradesh 2012 Results|website=Election Commission of India|accessdate=9 December 2018}}</ref>
|-
| 02 ||March 2017 || March 2022 || Member, [[17th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
|[[Mubarakpur Assembly constituency|Mubarakpur]] ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2017/UP/10.Detailed%20Results.pdf|title=Uttar Pradesh 2017 Result|website=Election Commission of India|accessdate=9 December 2018}}</ref>
|-
| 03 ||May 2024 || ||
Member, [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]
|''elected by [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|MLA's]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shah Alam and 12 others elected unopened to upper house of Uttar Pradesh |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/all-13-mlc-candidates-elected-unopposed-in-uttar-pradesh-101710437931765.html |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[Mubarakpur (Assembly constituency)|Azamgarh]]
*[[Politics of India]]
*[[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Alam, Shah}}
[[Category:Bahujan Samaj Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2012–2017]]
[[Category:Politicians from Azamgarh district]]
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Jamia Millia Islamia alumni]]
[[Category:All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen politicians]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Members of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2017–2022]]

T. Palur Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T08:54:46Z

Davidcza: created new data w/ refs

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| established = 1957
| district = [[Ariyalur district|Ariyalur]]
| loksabha_cons = | state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| name = T. Palur
| electors= 88,957
| reservation = None
| abolished= 1967
}}
'''T. Palur''' was former constituency in the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], a southern state of [[India]]. It was in [[Ariyalur district]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Winner
! colspan="2"| Party
|-
|style="text-align: center;" colspan="4"|'''Madras State'''
|-
| [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]||S. Ramasami|| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1957]]||T. K. Subbiah|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|60.06}}
{{bar percent|[[#1957|1957]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|43.37}}
}}

===1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: T. Palur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India |title=Statistical Report on General Election 1962 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |access-date= 19 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=S. Ramasami |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=40,593 |percentage=60.06% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. K. Subbiah |party=Indian National Congress |votes=22,969 |percentage=33.98% |change=-9.39% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Rathinam |party=Swatantra Party |votes=2,540 |percentage=3.76% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. M. S. Alagesa Pillai |party=Independent politician |votes=1,484 |percentage=2.20% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=17,624 |percentage=26.08% |change=21.32% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=67,586 |percentage=79.66% |change= 30.02% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 88,957 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 16.69% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1957===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: T. Palur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1957 | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf | access-date=2015-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf |archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=T. K. Subbiah |party=Indian National Congress |votes=17,522 |percentage=43.37% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ramasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=15,602 |percentage=38.62% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Chinnasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=7,276 |percentage=18.01% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,920 |percentage=4.75% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=40,400 |percentage=49.64% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 81,385 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |title=Statistical reports of assembly elections |access-date=8 July 2010 |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=5 October 2010 }}

{{Defunct assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}
{{coords|11.10|79.37|display=title}}

[[Category:Ariyalur district]]
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Madras State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 disestablishments in India]]

{{Ariyalur-geo-stub}}
{{India-constituency-stub}}

Ajendra Singh Lodhi

2026-04-18T20:06:01Z

Davidcza: added first bio w/ sources

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ajendra Singh Lodhi
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1970|08|09}}
| birth_place =
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency2 = [[Hamirpur, Uttar Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency|Hamirpur]]
| term = 2024 - Present
| successor =
| predecessor = [[Pushpendra Singh Chandel|Pushpendra Chandel]]
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| spouse = {{marriage| Rekha Singh|24 June 1991}}
| parents = Chandra Narayan Singh, Sita Rani
| children =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source = http://sansad.in/ls/members/biographyM/5784?from=members
| occupation = [[Politician]]
}}
'''Ajendra Singh Lodhi''' is an Indian politician. He is a member of [[Samajwadi Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ajendra Singh Lodhi, SP candidate bio : Assets, Total Income, Liabilities, Criminal Cases and other details. |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/candidates/LokSabha2024/ajendra-singh-lodhi-7179/ |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Lodhi has been elected as a Member of Parliament from [[Hamirpur, Uttar Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency|Hamirpur Lok Sabha Constituency]] in the [[2024 Indian general election]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Lok Sabha Elections 2024 Winners' List: From Narendra Modi to Rahul Gandhi, Here's List Of All Your MPs |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/election-results-winners-list-lok-sabha-election-2024-bharatiya-janata-party-congress-india-alliance-8920579.html |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> He defeated [[Pushpendra Singh Chandel]] by a margin of 2629 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Hamirpur, Uttar Pradesh Lok Sabha Election Results 2024 Highlights: Ajendra Singh Lodhi Wins by 2629 Votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha/story/hamirpur-uttar-pradesh-lok-sabha-election-results-2024-live-updates-clse-2548024-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Hamirpur">{{cite news |date=4 June 2024 |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Hamirpur |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2447.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250601154604/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2447.htm |archive-date=1 June 2025 |access-date=1 June 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Hamirpur Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result 2024">{{cite news |date=4 June 2024 |title=Hamirpur Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/himachal-pradesh/hamirpur |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250601154605/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/himachal-pradesh/hamirpur |archive-date=1 June 2025 |access-date=1 June 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Ajendra Singh Lodhi: Grassroot Leader's Win From Hamirpur">{{cite news |title=Ajendra Singh Lodhi: Grassroot Leader's Win From Hamirpur |url=https://timelinedaily.com/lok-sabha-election-2024/ajendra-singh-lodhi-grassroot-leaders-win-from-hamirpur |access-date=1 June 2025 |publisher=TimelineDaily |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250601155149/https://timelinedaily.com/lok-sabha-election-2024/ajendra-singh-lodhi-grassroot-leaders-win-from-hamirpur |archive-date=1 June 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="हमीरपुर लोकसभा सीट से जीतने वाले समाजवादी पार्टी के अजेंद्र सिंह लोधी कौन हैं, जानिए अपने सांसद को">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=हमीरपुर लोकसभा सीट से जीतने वाले समाजवादी पार्टी के अजेंद्र सिंह लोधी कौन हैं, जानिए अपने सांसद को |url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/elections/lok-sabha-election/uttar-pradesh-chunav/ajendra-singh-lodhi-samajwadi-party-won-hamirpur-lok-sabha-uttar-pradesh-over-bjp-pushpendra-singh-chandel-stwas-2655796.html |access-date=1 June 2025 |publisher=TV9 Bharatvarsh |date=5 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250601155128/https://www.tv9hindi.com/elections/lok-sabha-election/uttar-pradesh-chunav/ajendra-singh-lodhi-samajwadi-party-won-hamirpur-lok-sabha-uttar-pradesh-over-bjp-pushpendra-singh-chandel-stwas-2655796.html |archive-date=1 June 2025 |language=}}</ref><ref name="Hamirpur Election Results 2024: SP's Ajendra singh Lodhi wins with over 4.9 lakh votes">{{cite news |title=Hamirpur Election Results 2024: SP's Ajendra singh Lodhi wins with over 4.9 lakh votes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/hamirpur-election-result-2024-uttar-pradesh-hamirpur-lok-sabha-election-poll-result-updates/articleshow/110641758.cms |access-date=1 June 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=5 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250601155200/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/hamirpur-election-result-2024-uttar-pradesh-hamirpur-lok-sabha-election-poll-result-updates/articleshow/110641758.cms |archive-date=1 June 2025}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}
{{18th Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh|state=expanded}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lodhi, Ajendra Singh}}
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1970 births]]

{{UttarPradesh-SP-politician-stub}}

Kharba Assembly constituency

2026-04-18T13:18:13Z

Davidcza: started.

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kharba
| type= SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla =
| party =
| alliance =
| latest_election_year =
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Malda district|Malda]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Raiganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raiganj]]
| constituency_no = 41
| established = 1951
| electors =
| reservation = None
| abolished = 2011
}}

'''Kharba Assembly constituency''' was an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Malda district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As a consequence of the orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], Kharba Assembly constituency and [[Araidanga Assembly constituency]] cease to exist from 2011.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 | access-date= 21 July 2014| work = West Bengal| publisher= ECI}}</ref> There are two new constituencies in the area – [[Chanchal Assembly constituency]] and [[Malatipur Assembly constituency]].

Kharba Assembly constituency was part of [[Raiganj (Lok Sabha constituency)]]

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election Year!!Constituency!!Name of M.L.A.!!Party affiliation
|-
|[[1951 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1951]]||Kharba||[[Tafazzal Hossain]]||[[Indian National Congress]]<ref name=vidhansabha1952>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_WestBengal.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1951, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]||||[[Golam Yazdani]]||Independent<ref name=vidhansabha1957>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_WB_1957.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1957, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref>||
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]||||Golam Yazdani||Independent<ref name=vidhansabha1962>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1962, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]||||Golam Yazdani||Independent<ref name=vidhansabha1967>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1969||||Golam Yazdani||Independent<ref name=vidhansabha1969>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission |access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1971||||Golam Yazdani||[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]<ref name=vidhansabha1971>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1972||||Mahabubul Haque||Indian National Congress<ref name=vidhansabha1972>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1977||||Golam Yazdani||Independent<ref name=vidhansabha1977>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1982||||Mahabubul Haque||Indian National Congress<ref name=vidhansabha1982>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1987||||Nazmul Hoque||Communist Party of India (Marxist)<ref name=vidhansabha1987>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1991||||Nazmul Hoque||Communist Party of India (Marxist)<ref name=vidhansabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1996||||Mahabubul Haque||Indian National Congress<ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]||||Mahabubul Haque||Indian National Congress<ref name=vidhansabha2001>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]||||Mahabubul Haque||Indian National Congress<ref name=vidhansabha2006>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref>
|-
|2008 Bye-election||||Asif Mahboob||Indian National Congress<ref name=vidhansabhabye2008>{{cite web | url =http://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20080416/933195.html | title =Congress defeats CPI(M) in Kharba bypoll | publisher =web india 123 | access-date =20 July 2014 | archive-date =14 August 2014 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20140814162708/http://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20080416/933195.html | url-status =dead }}</ref>
|}
For MLAs from the area in subsequent years see [[Chanchal Assembly constituency]] and [[Malatipur Assembly constituency]]

==Election results==

===1977–2006===
In a by-election in 2008<ref name=vidhansabhabye2008/> necessitated by the death of the sitting MLA, Mahabubul Haque, Asif Mehboob of the Congress won the Kharba seat. In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006]],<ref name=vidhansabha2006/> 2001<ref name=vidhansabha2001/> and 1996<ref name=vidhansabha1996/> state assembly elections Mahabubul Haque of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] won the 41 Kharba assembly seat defeating his nearest rivals Anjuman Ara Begum of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] in 2006 and Nazmul Hoque of CPI(M) in 2001 and 1996. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. Nazmul Hoque of CPI(M) defeated Mahabubul Haque of Congress in 1991 and 1987.<ref name=vidhansabha1987/> Mahabubul Haque of Congress defeated Nazmul Hoque of CPI(M) in 1982.<ref name=vidhansabha1982/> Golam Yazdani, Independent, defeated Mahabubul Haque of Congress in 1977.<ref name=vidhansabha1977/><ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp41.htm | title = 41 - Kharba Assembly Constituency | work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India| access-date = 26 September 2010}}</ref>

===1951–1972===
Mahabubul Haque of Congress won in 1972.<ref name=vidhansabha1972/> Golam Yazdani of CPI(M) won 1971.<ref name=vidhansabha1971/> Golam Yazdani, Independent, won in 1969,<ref name=vidhansabha1969/> 1967,<ref name=vidhansabha1967/> [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]]<ref name=vidhansabha1962/> and [[1957 West Bengal state assembly election|1957]].<ref name=vidhansabha1957/> In [[1952 West Bengal state assembly election|independent India’s first election in 1951]], Tafazzal Hossain of Congress won the Kharba seat.<ref name=vidhansabha1952/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Malda topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}
{{coords|25.42|88.08|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Malda district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2011]]
[[Category:2011 disestablishments in India]]

Mixed Great Andamanese

2026-04-16T05:59:42Z

Davidcza: stub!

{{Short description|Koine language of Northern Andamanese}}

{{Infobox language
| name = Mixed Great Andamanese
| altname = Great Andamanese ''koiné''
| states = [[India]]
| region = [[Strait Island]]
| ethnicity = 60 (2020)<ref name=e23/>
| extinct = 2009, with the death of Nao Jr., the last semi-fluent speaker
| ref = e23
| familycolor = mixed
| family = [[Mixed language|Mixed]] Khora–Bo–Jeru–Sare on a Jeru base
| iso3 = gac
| glotto = mixe1288
| glottorefname = Mixed Great Andamanese
| map2 = Lang Status 01-EX.svg
}}

'''Mixed Great Andamanese''' is a [[Koiné language|''koiné language'']] of the [[Northern Andamanese language]] based primarily on the [[Akajeru|Jeru]] dialect, with lexical and grammatical influence from other Northern Andamanese dialects ([[Akabo dialect|Bo]], [[Akakhora|Kora]] and [[Akacari|Cari]]).

== Phonology ==

=== Vowels ===
The Great Andamanese ''koiné'' has a seven-vowel system.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Vowels
! || [[Front vowel|Front]] || [[Central vowel|Central]] || [[Back vowel|Back]]
|- style="text-align: center;"
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
| {{IPA link|i}} || || {{IPA link|u}}
|- style="text-align: center;"
! [[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
| {{IPA link|e}} || || {{IPA link|o}}
|- style="text-align: center;"
! [[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
| {{IPA link|ɛ}} || || {{IPA link|ɔ}}
|- style="text-align: center;"
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
| || {{IPA link|ɐ|a}} ||
|}

=== Consonants ===
{|class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|+Consonants
! colspan="2"|
! [[Labial consonants|Labial]]
! [[Dental consonants|Dental]] /[[Alveolar consonants|Alveolar]]
! [[Retroflex consonants|Retroflex]]
! [[Palatal consonants|Palatal]]
! [[Velar consonants|Velar]]
|-
! colspan="2"| [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| {{IPA link|m}}
| {{IPA link|n}}
|
| {{IPA link|ɲ}}
| {{IPA link|ŋ}}
|-
! rowspan="3"| [[Plosive]]
! {{small|[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
| {{IPA link|p}}
| {{IPA link|t̪|t}}
| {{IPA link|ʈ}}
| {{IPA link|tʃ}}
| {{IPA link|k}}
|-
! {{small|[[Aspirated consonant|voiceless aspirated]]}}
| {{IPA link|pʰ}}
| {{IPA link|tʰ}}
| {{IPA link|ʈʰ}}
|
| {{IPA link|kʰ}}
|-
! {{small|[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
| {{IPA link|b}}
| {{IPA link|d̪|d}}
| {{IPA link|ɖ}}
| {{IPA link|dʒ}}
|
|-
! colspan="2"| [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
|
| {{IPA link|s}}
|
| {{IPA link|ʃ}}
|
|-
! colspan="2"|[[Tap and flap consonants|Tap]]
|
| {{IPA link|ɾ}}
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|{{IPA link|w}}
|{{IPA link|l}}
|
|{{IPA link|j}}
|
|}

== Grammar ==
It is a head-marking polysynthetic and agglutinative language with a SOV pattern. It has a very elaborate system for marking inalienability,<ref>{{citation |author=Anvita Abbi |title=Endangered Languages of the Andaman Islands |date=2006 |work=LINCOM Studies in Asian Linguistics, 64.) München}}</ref> with seven possessive markers reflecting different body-divisions. These markers appear as proclitics that classify a large number of nouns as dependent categories.<ref>{{citation |author=Anvita Abbi |title=The Unique Structure of the Present Great Andamanese: An Overview of the Grammar |date=2009 |work=VOGA(Vanishing Voices of the Great Andamanese) |url=http://www.andamanese.net/Grammar_Notes.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101024201154/http://www.andamanese.net/Grammar_Notes.html |archive-date=October 24, 2010 |url-status=usurped}}</ref>

== Vocabulary ==
[[File:PGA varnamala.png|thumb|upright=1.5|Northern Andamanese literacy material]]
''Koiné'' vocabulary:<ref>{{citation |title=Andamani Varnamala |year=2008 |url=http://www.andamanese.net/varnamaala/andamani%20varnamaala.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422141145/http://www.andamanese.net/varnamaala/andamani%20varnamaala.pdf |archive-date=April 22, 2021 |url-status=usurped |publisher=Centre for Linguistics Jawaharlal Nehru University}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=GA Lexicon |url=http://www.andamanese.net/GA-Lexicon/lexicon/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301010614/https://www.andamanese.net/GA-Lexicon/lexicon/index.htm |archive-date=March 1, 2024 |url-status=usurped |publisher=VOGA}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! Gloss !! Great Andamanese !! Devanagari
|-
| nest || aaracha || आराचा
|-
| housefly || ijibu || ईजीबू
|-
| snake (king cobra) || ulukhu || ऊलूखू
|-
| chilli || ekajira || एकाजीरा
|-
| deer || style="background:yellow;"|airen || style="background:yellow;" |ऐरेन
|-
| fishing net || ocho || ओचो
|-
| axe || aulo || औलो
|-
| snail || kalatop || कालाटौप
|-
| dugong || kauroing || कौरौईञ
|-
| coconut || khider || खीदेर
|-
| road || ngorto || ङौरतौ
|-
| betelnut || chaum || चौम
|-
| dolphin || choa || चोआ
|-
| bat || jibet || जीबेट
|-
| fish || nyure || ञूरे
|-
| heron || taka || टाका
|-
| tongue || thatat || ठातात
|-
| sunset || diu || डीऊ
|-
| black pig || dirim raa || डीरीम राऽ
|-
| leaf || taich || तौच
|-
| dew || thun || थून
|-
| scorpion || dikiraseni || दीकीरासेनी
|-
| mosquito || nipho || नीफो
|-
| mushroom || pata || पाता
|-
| crow || phatkaa || फाटका
|-
| frog || phorube || फोरूबे
|-
| rope || pharako || फाराको
|-
| green turtle || belotauro || बेलोटौरौ
|-
| grey pigeon || mirit || मीरीत
|-
| rooster || maucho || मौचौ
|-
| strewn leaves || yephaay taich || येफाऽय तैच
|-
| bamboo || rat || रैट
|-
| tusked male pig || ratairlauto || रातैरलौतो
|-
| smoke || lep || लेप
|-
| fire || luro, wuro || लूरो, वूरो
|-
| waist jewellery || shirbele || शीरबेले
|-
| snake || shubi || शूबी
|-
| crocodile || sarekateyo || सारेकातेयो
|-
| White-bellied Sea-Eagle || karatchom || करटचोम
|-
| Pacific Golden Plover || chelele || चैलेले
|-
| Oriental Honey Buzzard || taulom-tut-bio || टौलोम-तूत-बीओ
|-
| Whimbrel || chautot || चौटोट
|}
* Column in yellow denotes loanword derived from Hindi

== Place names ==
Vocabulary:<ref>{{cite web |title=Indigenous knowledge place names |url=https://www.andamanese.org/great-andamanese/language/indigenous-knowledge |access-date=1 May 2025 |publisher=Andamanese.org }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Contemporary name !! Present Great Andamanese name
|-
| [[Andaman Islands]] || Marakele
|-
| [[South Andaman Island]] || Sorobul
|-
| [[Little Andaman]] || Ilimu Tauro
|-
| [[Strait Island]] || Khringkosho
|-
| [[Havelock Island]] (Swaraj Island) || Thi Lar Siro
|-
| [[Interview Island]] || Bilikhu Tara Phong
|-
| [[Neill Island]] (Shaheed Island) || Tebi Shiro
|-
| [[Baratang Island]] || Boa
|-
| [[Bluff Island (Andaman and Nicobar Islands)|Bluff Island]] || Lurua
|-
| [[Landfall Island]] || Mauntenga
|-
| [[Long Island (Andaman Islands)|Long Island]] || Bol Phong
|-
| [[Inglis Island (Ritchie's Archipelago)|Inglis Island]] || Jirikta Phong
|-
| [[Port Blair]] || Laotara Nyo
|-
| [[Diglipur]] || Thitaumul
|-
| [[Mayabunder]] || Ret Phor
|-
| [[Saddle Peak (Andaman Islands)|Saddle Peak]] || Puluga Chang
|}

== References ==
<references />
{{Andamanese languages}}{{Creoles, mixed languages and pidgins}}

[[Category:Great Andamanese languages]]
[[Category:Indigenous languages of Asia]]

Maganti Gopinath

2026-04-16T03:47:07Z

Davidcza: data

{{Short description|Indian politician (1963–2025)}}
{{Family name hatnote|Maganti|lang=Telugu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Maganti Gopinath
| image = Maganti Gopinath.jpg
| caption = Gopinath in 2022
| assembly = Telangana Legislative
| term_start = 2014
| term_end = 2025
| successor = [[Naveen Yadav]]
| predecessor = [[P. Vishnuvardhan Reddy]]
| constituency_AM = [[Jubilee Hills Assembly constituency|Jubilee Hills]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1963|6|2|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Hyderguda]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Andhra Pradesh (1956–2014)|Andhra Pradesh]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2025|6|8|1963|5|2|df=y}}
| death_place = Hyderabad, [[Telangana]], India
| party = [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]
| other_party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
}}

'''Maganti Gopinath''' (2 June 1963 – 8 June 2025) was an Indian politician from [[Telangana]] state. He was a three-time member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) from [[Jubilee Hills Assembly constituency]] in [[Hyderabad district, India|Hyderabad district]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 December 2023 |title=Hyderabad: హ్యాట్రిక్‌ వీరులు.. హైదరాబాద్‌లో 10 మంది.. |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/districts/Hyderabad/529/123224623 |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204151150/https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/districts/Hyderabad/529/123224623 |archive-date=4 December 2023 }}</ref> He won the [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]] representing [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jubilee Hills Constituency Election Results 2023: Jubilee Hills Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/telangana/constituency-show/jubilee-hills |access-date=16 July 2024 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Gopinath was born in [[Hyderguda]], [[Hyderabad]] on 2 June 1963<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maganti Gopinath: జూబ్లీహిల్స్‌ ఎమ్మెల్యే మాగంటి గోపీనాథ్‌ కన్నుమూత |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/telangana/jubilee-hills-mla-maganti-gopinath-passed-away/1801/125102678 |access-date=8 June 2025 |website=EENADU |language=te}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=8 June 2025 |title=BRS MLA from Jubilee Hills Maganti Gopinath passes away at 63 |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/telangana/brs-mla-from-jubilee-hills-maganti-gopinath-passes-away-at-63 |access-date=11 June 2025 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> to Krishnamurthy and Mahanand Kumari. He passed intermediate from Venkateswara tutorials and completed his graduation from a college affiliated with [[Osmania University]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=25 April 2020 |title=Maganti Gopinath {{!}} MLA {{!}} TRS {{!}} Jubilee Hills {{!}} Hyderabad {{!}} Telangana |url=https://theleaderspage.com/maganti-gopinath/ |access-date=16 July 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Maganti Gopinath(BRS):Constituency– JUBILEE HILLS(HYDERABAD) – Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/telangana2018/candidate.php?candidate_id=6266 |access-date=16 July 2024 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> He married Sunitha (2nd Wife) and they had three children, a son M. Vatsalyanath and two daughters, Akshara Nag and Dissira.<ref name="Jubilee Hills MLA Maganti Gopinath passes away at 63">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Jubilee Hills MLA Maganti Gopinath passes away at 63 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/jubilee-hills-mla-maganti-gopinath-passes-away-at-63/article69670631.ece |access-date=9 June 2025 |work=The Hindu |date=8 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250609065852/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/jubilee-hills-mla-maganti-gopinath-passes-away-at-63/article69670631.ece |archive-date=9 June 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Career ==
Gopinath started his political journey with the [[Telugu Desam Party]] in its initial years in 1983 as a student and an admirer of former chief minister [[N. T. Rama Rao]].<ref name=":0" /> From 1985 to 1992, he was the president of [[Telugu Yuvata|Telugu Yuvatha]], the youth wing of the TDP. He also served as director of the [[Hyderabad Urban Development Authority]] from 1987 to 1989.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 January 2022 |title=హైదరా'బాద్‌షా' మాగంటి |url=https://www.andhrajyothy.com/2022/telangana/hyderabad/jubilee-hills-mla-maganti-gopinathmrgstelangana-591755.html |access-date=16 July 2024 |website=Andhrajyothy Telugu News |language=te}}</ref> Then, he was a member of the District Consumer Forum from 1989 to 1993.<ref name=":0" /> In 2018, he served as a member of the Public Estimates Committee.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2021 |title=తెలంగాణ పీఏసీ చైర్మన్‌గా అక్బరుద్దీన్ ఒవైసీ |url=https://www.sakshieducation.com/Ca/TStory.aspx?cid=1&sid=298&chid=1579&nid=244031 |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715060755/https://www.sakshieducation.com/Ca/TStory.aspx?cid=1&sid=298&chid=1579&nid=244031 |archive-date=15 July 2021 }}</ref>

He was elected as an MLA for the first time in 2014. Representing the [[Telugu Desam Party]], he was elected in the [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] in the [[Jubilee Hills Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC: Telangana 2014 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha/2014/telangana/239/www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha/2014/telangana/239/61 |access-date=16 July 2024 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref> He polled 50,898 votes and defeated his nearest rival, V. Naveen Yadav of [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]] by a margin of 9,242 votes. Later, he shifted to [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]], and won the Jubilee Hills seat in the [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]] defeating [[P. Vishnuvardhan Reddy]] of the [[Indian National Congress]] by a margin of 16,004 votes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 December 2023 |title=Jubilee Hills constituency election result 2023: BRS's Maganti Gopinath leads against Congress's Mohammed Azharuddin |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/jubilee-hills-constituency-election-result-2023-its-incs-mohammed-azharuddin-vs-trss-maganti-gopinath/articleshow/105695449.cms |access-date=16 July 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 December 2023 |title=Jubilee Hills Election Result 2023: Maganti Gopinath Of BRS Declared Winner |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/jubilee-hills-election-result-2023-live-updates-and-highlights-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8687849.html |access-date=16 July 2024 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

He became an MLA for the third time winning the Jubilee Hills seat in the [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]. He polled 80,549 votes and defeated his nearest rival and former Indian cricket captain [[Mohammad Azharuddin|Mohammed Azharuddin]] of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 16,337 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jubilee Hills assembly election results 2023: Jubilee Hills Winning Candidates List and Vote Share |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/telangana/jubilee-hills-assembly-result-29061 |access-date=16 July 2024 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 December 2023 |title=Jubilee Hills Election Result 2023 LIVE: Congress' Mohammad Azharuddin loses against Maganti Gopinath of BRS |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/jubilee-hills-election-result-2023-live-how-to-check-telangana-legislative-assembly-poll-winners-news-brs-bjp-congress-maganti-gopinathlankala-deepak-reddy-mohammed-azharuddin-18465841.htm |access-date=16 July 2024 |website=CNBC TV18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jubilee Hills Election Result 2023 Live, Jubilee Hills Elections Vote Counting, Telangana Results 2023 |url=https://news.abplive.com/electionselections/telangana-assembly-election-2023/telangana-jubilee-hills-constituency-61.html |access-date=16 July 2024 |website=ABP News |language=en}}</ref>

== Death ==
Gopinath died of heart attack in a [[Hyderabad]] hospital, on the morning of 8 June 2025, six days after his 62nd birthday.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Reddy |first=R. Ravikanth |date=8 June 2025 |title=Jubilee Hills MLA Maganti Gopinath passes away at 63 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/jubilee-hills-mla-maganti-gopinath-passes-away-at-63/article69670631.ece |access-date=8 June 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="BRS MLA Maganti Gopinath passes away">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=BRS MLA Maganti Gopinath passes away |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/brs-mla-maganti-gopinath-passes-away/article69670841.ece |access-date=9 June 2025 |work=The Hindu |date=8 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250609065548/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/brs-mla-maganti-gopinath-passes-away/article69670841.ece |archive-date=9 June 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="Jubilee Hills BRS MLA Maganti passes away at 62">{{cite news |title=Jubilee Hills BRS MLA Maganti passes away at 62 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/jubilee-hills-brs-mla-maganti-passes-away-at-62/articleshow/121712716.cms |access-date=9 June 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=9 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250609065616/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/jubilee-hills-brs-mla-maganti-passes-away-at-62/articleshow/121712716.cms |archive-date=9 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=BRS legislator Maganti Gopinath is no more |url=https://telanganatoday.com/brs-legislator-maganti-gopinath-is-no-more |date=8 June 2025 |website=Telangana Today |access-date=11 June 2025 |language=en}}</ref> He was admitted to a private hospital on 5 June. Gopinath also suffered from a kidney-related illness and underwent a surgery two months before his death.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 June 2025 |title=Telangana news: Jubilee Hills MLA Maganti Gopinath dies at 62 |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/telangana-news-jubilee-hills-mla-maganti-gopinath-dies-at-62-11749356413362.html |access-date=8 June 2025 |website=The Mint}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gopinath, Maganti}}
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:Bharat Rashtra Samithi politicians]]
[[Category:Politicians from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2014–2018]]
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians from Telangana]]

Ashwini Kumar (sports administrator)

2026-04-04T03:31:19Z

Davidcza: added first bio initial version

{{Short description|Indian sports administrator and police officer (1920-2015)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ashwini Kumar
| office = Vice-President of the [[International Olympic Committee]]
| term_start = 1983
| term_end = 1987
| office1 = [[List of members of the International Olympic Committee|Member of the International Olympic Committee]]
| term_start1 = 1973
| term_end1 = 2000
| office2 = 4th and 6th Secretary General of the [[Indian Olympic Association]]
| term_start2 = 1956
| term_end2 = 1960
| president2 = [[Yadavindra Singh]]
| predecessor2 = [[Moin-ul-Haq]]
| successor2 = [[Pankaj Gupta (sports administrator)|Pankaj Gupta]]
| term_start3 = 1970
| term_end3 = 1974
| president3 = [[Bhalindra Singh]]
| predecessor3 = [[Pankaj Gupta (sports administrator)|Pankaj Gupta]]
| successor3 = J. C. Paliwal
| office4 = President of the [[Indian Hockey Federation]]
| term_start4 = 1958
| term_end4 = 1974
| predecessor4 = [[Naval Tata]]
| successor4 = [[M. A. M. Ramaswamy]]
| office5 = 2nd Director General of the [[Border Security Force]]
| term_start5 = 1972
| term_end5 = 1977
| predecessor5 = [[Khusro Faramurz Rustamji]]
| successor5 = Sharawan Tandon
| module = {{Infobox police officer
| allegiance = [[Indian Police Service]]
| service = India
| service_years = 1942-1978<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 December 1999 |title=Erosion of law & order has affected society |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99dec11/saturday/head5.htm |access-date=2023-01-19 |website=Tribune India |archive-date=5 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170505230242/http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99dec11/saturday/head5.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
| rank = [[File:Director General of Police.png|20px]] [[Director General of Police]]
| embed = yes
}}
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1920|12|28}}
| death_date = {{dda|df=y|2015|10|19|1920|12|28}}
| birth_place = [[Jalandhar]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]], [[British India]]
| death_place = [[New Delhi]], India
| spouse = Renu Kumar
| children = 2
| occupation = {{Hlist|Sports administrator|police officer}}
| alma_mater = [[Government College University, Lahore|Government College, Lahore]]
| image = Ashwini Kumar.jpeg
| caption = Kumar in 2005
}}

'''Ashwini Kumar''' (28 December 1920 –15 October 2015) was an Indian sports administrator and police officer. Kumar was noted as one of India's most prominent sports administrators and was also a decorated [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS) officer.<ref name=":3" /> He held positions in both international and Indian [[Sports governing body|sports governing bodies]].

Kumar's international positions included being a member of the [[International Olympic Committee]] (IOC) from 1973 to 2000, a member of the IOC Executive Board from 1980 to 1987 and once again from 1992 to 1996, Vice-President of the IOC from 1983 to 1987 and Vice-President of the [[International Hockey Federation]] for over 15 years.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=20 October 2015 |title=Death of Ashwini Kumar, IOC Honorary Member |url=https://olympics.com/ioc/news/death-of-ashwini-kumar-ioc-honorary-member |access-date=19 January 2023 |website=Olympics}}</ref> His positions in Indian sports administration included being President of the [[Indian Hockey Federation]] from 1958 to 1974 and Secretary General of the [[Indian Olympic Association]] from 1956 to 1960, and once again from 1970 to 1974.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Bala |first=Vijayan |date=24 December 2022 |title=Remembering Ashwini Kumar – The brilliant police officer and great sports administrator |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/remembering-ashwini-kumar-the-brilliant-police-officer-and-great-sports-administrator/articleshow/79938484.cms |access-date=2023-01-19 |archive-date=19 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119083639/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/remembering-ashwini-kumar-the-brilliant-police-officer-and-great-sports-administrator/articleshow/79938484.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

Kumar was also a senior and decorated IPS officer.<ref>{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpfVVXV3-t4C |title=India's Foreign Policy in the 21st Century |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |year=2006 |isbn=978-81-7835-500-9 |editor-last=Chopra |editor-first=V.D. |location=New Delhi |page=11 |language=en |access-date=19 January 2023 |archive-date=13 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413200949/https://books.google.com/books?id=cpfVVXV3-t4C |url-status=live }}</ref> His police career lasted 36 years, and he was serving as the [[Director general of police|Director General]] of the [[Border Security Force]] when he retired in 1978.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=21 October 2015 |title=Former FIH Vice-President Ashwini Kumar passes away {{!}} FIH |url=https://www.fih.ch/news/former-fih-vice-president-ashwini-kumar-passes-away/ |access-date=2023-01-19 |website=FIH |archive-date=19 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119182620/https://www.fih.ch/news/former-fih-vice-president-ashwini-kumar-passes-away/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Kumar was awarded several decorations during his police career, including the [[Padma Bhushan]], India's third-highest civilian award, in 1972.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=President's Secretariat |date=15 January 1972 |title=The Gazette of India Extraordinary [Part 1-Section1] |url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/content/notifications/PadmaAwards/1972.pdf |access-date=19 January 2023 |website=Padma Awards |page=85 |archive-date=19 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119182446/https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/content/notifications/PadmaAwards/1972.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Padma Awards {{!}} Interactive Dashboard |url=https://dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in/?Field=Civil%20Service&Award=Padma%20Bhushan&Year=1972-1972&Name=Ashwini%20Kumar |access-date=2023-01-19 |website=dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in |language=en |archive-date=13 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413200953/https://dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in/?Field=Civil%20Service&Award=Padma%20Bhushan&Year=1972-1972&Name=Ashwini%20Kumar |url-status=live }}</ref>

Kumar died on 15 October 2015, at the age of 94, in [[New Delhi]], India.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |last=Butler |first=Nick |date=2015-10-20 |title=India's former IOC vice-president Ashwini Kumar dies aged 94 |url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1031087/indias-former-ioc-vice-president-ashwini-kumar-dies-aged-94 |access-date=2023-01-19 |website=Inside the Games |archive-date=19 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119184256/https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1031087/indias-former-ioc-vice-president-ashwini-kumar-dies-aged-94 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Early life ==
Ashwini Kumar was born on 28 December 1920 in [[Jalandhar]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]], [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]], to Dr. Vishwa Nath, a [[physician]] from [[Lahore]].<ref name=":0" /> He attended university at the [[Government College University, Lahore|Government College, Lahore]], where he was also part of the boxing club, and graduated in 1942 with a [[master's degree]] in [[History]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Batra |first=M. N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QCOWUKV-dLMC |title=In the Middle |date=2005 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |isbn=978-81-7062-265-9 |location=New Delhi |page=63 |language=en |access-date=19 January 2023 |archive-date=13 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413200959/https://books.google.com/books?id=QCOWUKV-dLMC |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b2bfAAAAMAAJ |title=Military Year-book |publisher=Guide Publications |year=1977 |editor-last=Baranwal |editor-first=Sukhdeo Prasad |volume=12 |location=New Delhi |page=359 |language=en |access-date=19 January 2023 |archive-date=13 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413201001/https://books.google.com/books?id=b2bfAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Police career ==
Kumar began police his career in 1942.<ref name=":1" /> He achieved first place in the service examination and then joined the [[Indian Imperial Police|Imperial Police]], the predecessor of the [[Indian Police Service]], at the age of 22.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> During his police career, Kumar was involved in several notable cases. His first notable case came in 1951, when Kumar was sent by the [[Government of India]] to deal with the Bhupat gang that was active in [[Saurashtra (state)|Saurashtra]], which is now part of [[Gujarat]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Dulat |first=A.S. |date=21 October 2015 |title=An irreplaceable police officer with hockey as his love |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/nation/an-irreplaceable-police-officer-with-hockey-as-his-love-148763 |access-date=2023-01-20 |website=The Tribune |language=en |archive-date=20 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120094837/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/nation/an-irreplaceable-police-officer-with-hockey-as-his-love-148763 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JDVWAAAAYAAJ |title=Link |publisher=United India Periodicals |year=1965 |volume=7 |location=Delhi |page=39 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YwZs02kZSxAC&pg=PA26 |title=Reflections and Reminiscences of Police Officers |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |year=2006 |isbn=978-81-8069-236-9 |editor-last=Sen |editor-first=Sankar |location=Delhi |pages=26–33 |language=en |access-date=13 April 2023 |archive-date=13 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413201009/https://books.google.com/books?id=YwZs02kZSxAC&pg=PA26 |url-status=live }}</ref> Kumar successfully liquidated the Bhupat gang and the leader of the gang fled to [[Pakistan]].<ref name=":2" />

In 1965, Kumar, who at the time was a [[Deputy inspector general of police|Deputy Inspector-General of Police]] arrested the killers of a former [[Chief Minister of Punjab (India)|Chief minister of Punjab]], [[Partap Singh Kairon|Partab Singh Kairon]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XXIbAAAAMAAJ |title=The Detective |year=1965 |pages=13–14 |language=en |access-date=20 January 2023 |archive-date=13 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413200955/https://books.google.com/books?id=XXIbAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> During the case, Kumar chased Sucha Singh, who was one of the killers, to [[Nepal]] before arresting him within Nepal.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kapur |first=M. L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xlZXAAAAMAAJ&q=%22 |title=Punjab Sports and Who's who: Official Book of Punjab Olympic Association |publisher=Punjab Olympic Association |year=1968 |location=Punjab |language=en |access-date=13 April 2023 |archive-date=13 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413200946/https://books.google.com/books?id=xlZXAAAAMAAJ&q=%22 |url-status=live }}</ref> Kumar himself was arrested by the [[Nepali Army|Nepalese Army]] and was forced to share a cell with Singh for over a week before Kumar was freed and made his way back to India.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5" />

Kumar joined the [[Border Security Force]] (BSF) when it was formed in 1965.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Rajgopal |first=P. V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=okJ523AgRFIC&dq=%22Ashwini+Kumar%22+%22border+security+force%22&pg=PT322 |title=The British, The Bandits and The Bordermen: From the diaries and articles of K F Rustamji |date=2010-12-10 |publisher=Wisdom Tree Publishers |isbn=978-81-8328-203-1 |location=New Delhi |language=en |access-date=13 April 2023 |archive-date=13 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413200929/https://books.google.com/books?id=okJ523AgRFIC&dq=%22Ashwini+Kumar%22+%22border+security+force%22&pg=PT322 |url-status=live }}</ref> Before becoming the [[Director general of police|Director General]] of the BSF in 1974, he was an [[Inspector-general of police|Inspector General]] (IG) of the BSF (Western Frontier) and was in charge of the BSF's operations in the western front of the [[India–Pakistan border|India-Pakistan border]].<ref name=":7" /> At the same time as being the IG of the BSF (Western Frontier), Kumar was also the IG of [[Punjab Police (India)|Punjab Police]].<ref name=":7" /> He became the Director General of the BSF in 1974.<ref name=":7" />

Kumar's police career lasted for 36 years, and he was serving as the Director General of the BSF when he retired in 1978.<ref name=":6" /> Over the course of his police career, Kumar received the President’s Medal for Gallantry twice, the President’s Medal for Distinguished Service, the Police Medal for Meritorious Service and the [[Padma Bhushan]] in 1972.<ref name=":0" />

== Sports administration career ==
Kumar held various positions in both Indian [[Sports governing body|sports governing bodies]] and international sports governing bodies.

=== Indian sports administration ===
Kumar was the President of the [[Indian Hockey Federation]] (IHF) from 1958 to 1974.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bala |first=Vijayan |date=2020-12-27 |title=A sports lover's century |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/open-page/a-sports-lovers-century/article33422896.ece |access-date=2023-01-22 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=28 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928020913/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/open-page/a-sports-lovers-century/article33422896.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> During his tenure as the President of the IHF, the [[India men's national field hockey team]] won the gold medal in the [[1964 Summer Olympics]] and in the [[1966 Asian Games]], and the bronze medal in the [[1968 Summer Olympics]] and in the [[1972 Summer Olympics]].<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Kapadia |first=Novy |title=Chronicling the intriguing era of Indian hockey under the legendary Ashwini Kumar |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/hockey/witness-to-an-era-novy-kapadia |access-date=2023-01-23 |website=Sportskeeda |date=23 October 2015 |language=en-us |archive-date=23 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123174403/https://www.sportskeeda.com/hockey/witness-to-an-era-novy-kapadia |url-status=live }}</ref> Despite a successful tenure as the IHF President, Kumar was criticised for his selection procedures for the men's national team and for not taking any action to dispel the persistent rumours that [[Muslims|Muslim]] players in the Indian team would not play at their best in the matches against Pakistan.<ref name=":8" /> He was also criticised for his authoritarian leadership, and a growing opposition against Kumar eventually forced him to resign from the presidency of the IHF.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Majumdar |first1=Boria |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E3ONAgAAQBAJ&dq=Ashwini+Kumar+hockey+president+forced+to+resign&pg=PA90 |title=India and the Olympics |last2=Mehta |first2=Nalin |date=2009-05-07 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-27575-4 |page=90 |language=en |access-date=13 April 2023 |archive-date=13 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413200945/https://books.google.com/books?id=E3ONAgAAQBAJ&dq=Ashwini+Kumar+hockey+president+forced+to+resign&pg=PA90 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dwe2AAAAIAAJ |title=The Indian Review |publisher=G.A. Natesan & Company |year=1974 |volume=70 |pages=69–70 |language=en |access-date=23 January 2023 |archive-date=13 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413200957/https://books.google.com/books?id=dwe2AAAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Kumar's other positions in Indian sports administration include being the Secretary General of the [[Indian Olympic Association]] (IOA) for two terms.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Indian Olympic Association. |url=https://olympic.ind.in/organisation |access-date=2023-01-24 |website=olympic.ind.in |archive-date=24 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124111734/https://olympic.ind.in/organisation |url-status=live }}</ref> His first term as the Secretary General of the IOA lasted from 1956 to 1960 and his second term lasted from 1970 to 1974.<ref name=":9" /> Kumar eventually became the life President of the IOA.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Press Trust of India |first= |date=2015-10-19 |title=Former IOA President Ashwini Kumar passes away |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/former-ioa-president-ashwini-kumar-passes-away-115101901277_1.html |access-date=2023-01-24 |archive-date=24 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124085250/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/former-ioa-president-ashwini-kumar-passes-away-115101901277_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> For 12 years, he also served as the President of the Punjab Olympic Association and the President of the [[Basketball Federation of India]].<ref>{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=24zZCgAAQBAJ&dq=Ashwini+kumar+Indian+hockey+federation&pg=PA315 |title=Current Affairs October 2015 eBook: by Jagran Josh |publisher=Jagran Josh |year=2015 |editor-last=Josh |editor-first=Jagran |pages=315–316 |language=en |access-date=13 April 2023 |archive-date=13 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413201003/https://books.google.com/books?id=24zZCgAAQBAJ&dq=Ashwini+kumar+Indian+hockey+federation&pg=PA315 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== International sports administration ===
Kumar was a member of the [[International Olympic Committee]] (IOC) from 1973 to 2000, a member of the IOC Executive Board from 1980 to 1987 and from 1992 to 1996, Vice-President of the IOC from 1983 to 1987 and an honorary member of the IOC from 2000 to 2015.<ref name=":4" /> He also served on several IOC commissions and also served as the Vice-President of the [[International Hockey Federation]] for over 15 years.<ref name=":4" /> Kumar was the first individual from [[Asia]], [[Africa]] or [[Latin America]] to become Vice-President of the IOC.<ref name=":10">{{Cite news |last=Bala |first=Vijayan |date=2020-12-26 |title=A sports lover's century |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/open-page/a-sports-lovers-century/article33422896.ece |access-date=2023-01-24 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=28 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928020913/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/open-page/a-sports-lovers-century/article33422896.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

During his time in the IOC, Kumar became well known for his role in organising security for the Olympics.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Krieger |first=Jörg |url= |title=Dark Sides of Sport |year=2019 |pages=48–55 |chapter=How Fears Changed the Games: Of Terror, Security and Costs |access-date=24 January 2023 |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333669558}}</ref> In 1983, Kumar first presented his views on how security for the Olympics Games should be handled, and this led [[Juan Antonio Samaranch]], the IOC President at the time, to create the position of IOC Security Delegate for Kumar.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Duckworth |first=Austin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BzaFEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA66 |title=International Security and the Olympic Games, 1972–2020 |date=2022-08-24 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-031-05133-3 |pages=66–69 |language=en |access-date=13 April 2023 |archive-date=13 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413201950/https://books.google.com/books?id=BzaFEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA66 |url-status=live }}</ref> He oversaw security for the Olympic Games from the [[1980 Summer Olympics]] in [[Moscow]] to the [[2000 Summer Olympics]] in [[Sydney]].<ref name=":10" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Duckworth |first=Austin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BzaFEAAAQBAJ |title=International Security and the Olympic Games, 1972–2020 |date=2022-08-24 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-031-05133-3 |page=198 |language=en |access-date=13 April 2023 |archive-date=13 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413201950/https://books.google.com/books?id=BzaFEAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> Kumar's leadership in and crucial contributions to Olympic security led to him being named Policeman of the Millennium in 2000 and he was also awarded an Olympic Order of Merit in 2002.<ref name=":10" />

== Awards ==

* [[Padma Bhushan]] - 1972
* [[Olympic Council of Asia]] Order of Merit - 1990<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WytBAQAAIAAJ |title=Asiaweek |publisher=Asiaweek Limited |year=1990 |volume=16 |page=46 |language=en}}</ref>
* IOC’s Centenary Award - 1994<ref name=":10" />
* Sports Distinction Medal by the [[Federal government of Brazil|Brazilian Government]] - 1996<ref name=":0" />
* Olympic Order of Merit - 2002

== Personal life ==
Kumar was married to Renu Kumar, the niece of [[Guru Dutt Sondhi]], who was the first Indian to become an IOC member.<ref name=":10" /> Kumar and Renu had two daughters: Rohini and Yamani.<ref name=":10" /> Kumar died on 15 October 2015, at the age of 94, in a hospital in [[New Delhi]], India.<ref name=":11" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1970–79}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Ashwini}}
[[Category:1920 births]]
[[Category:2015 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian sports executives and administrators]]
[[Category:Indian International Olympic Committee members]]
[[Category:Indian Police Service officers]]
[[Category:People from Jalandhar]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in civil service]]

Ashok Kamte

2026-03-28T21:20:01Z

Davidcza: cleaned up lead per sources for consistency

{{Short description|Indian police officer}}
{{BLP sources|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{obit|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox police officer
| name = Ashok Kamte
| image = Qayyum Inamdar Solapur.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Shri Ashok Kamte with Dr. Prabhakar Budhavant and Qayyum Inamdar in an event organized by Solapur District Chemist and Druggist Association
| birth_date = {{birth date|1965|02|23|df=yes}}
| birth_place = India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2008|11|26|1965|02|23|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| other_names = Ashok Kampte
| known_for =
| department = [[Indian Police Service]] [[Police officer|officer]]
| service_years = 1989–2008
| rank = [[File:Deputy Inspector General of Police.png|50px]] [[Additional Commissioner of Police]]
| awards = [[File:Ashoka Chakra ribbon.svg|30px]] [[Ashoka Chakra (military decoration)|Ashoka Chakra]]
| honorific prefix = '''[[Additional Commissioner of Police]]'''
| honorific suffix = [[Ashok Chakra|AC]] [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
}}

'''Ashok Kamte''' [[Ashoka Chakra (military decoration)|AC]] (23 February 1965 – 26 November 2008) was an Indian police officer, serving as the [[Deputy Inspector General of Police|Additional Commissioner]] of the [[Mumbai Police]] supervising the Eastern region. He was killed in action during the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Three-top-cops-die-on-duty/articleshow/3762023.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022112030/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-11-27/mumbai/27909298_1_encounter-specialist-ips-officer-malegaon |url-status=live |archive-date=22 October 2012 |title=Three top cops were martyred on duty |date=27 November 2008 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=27 November 2008}}</ref> He was posthumously given the [[Ashoka Chakra (military decoration)|Ashoka Chakra]] on 26 January 2009.<ref name="ashoka">{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/11-security-personnel-to-get-ashok-chakra/83597-3.html |title=11 security personnel to get Ashok Chakra |date=24 January 2009 |website=[[IBNLive]] |access-date=25 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203074058/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/11-security-personnel-to-get-ashok-chakra/83597-3.html |archive-date=3 February 2009}}</ref>

==Personal background==
The son of [[Lieutenant-Colonel]] Marutirao Narayanrao Kamte (August 22, 1929 – 13 January 2014) and his first wife Perm Kamte, Ashok Kamte was born on 23 February 1965 in a [[Marathi people|Marathi]] family with a long tradition of police service. His great-grandfather, [[Rao Bahadur]] Marutirao Kamte [[King's Police Medal|KPM]] [[Indian Police Medal|IPM]], had served in the [[Indian Imperial Police]] from 1895 to 1923, while his grandfather Narayanrao Kamte [[Order of the British Empire|MBE]] [[King's Police Medal|KFSM]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=Page 1 {{!}} Supplement 38161, 30 December 1947 {{!}} Londo... |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/38161/supplement/1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219222526/https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/38161/supplement/1 |archive-date=2024-12-19 |access-date=2025-09-07 |work=The Gazette |language=en-GB}}</ref> also joined the [[Imperial Police]] in 1923, eventually serving as the first Indian [[Inspector-general of police|Inspector-General]] (Director-General) of the [[Maharashtra Police]] from 1947 to 1955.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sakaaltimes.com/NewsDetails.aspx?NewsId=5515769597201321965&SectionId=4924098573178130559&SectionName=Latest%20News&NewsDate=20140113&NewsTitle=Lt%20Col%20%28retired%29%20Marutirao%20Kamte%20passes%20away |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729084401/http://www.sakaaltimes.com/NewsDetails.aspx?NewsId=5515769597201321965&SectionId=4924098573178130559&SectionName=Latest%20News&NewsDate=20140113&NewsTitle=Lt%20Col%20%28retired%29%20Marutirao%20Kamte%20passes%20away |url-status=usurped |archive-date=29 July 2014 |title=Lt Col (retired) Marutirao Kamte passes away |date=13 January 2014 |newspaper=[[Sakaal Times]] |access-date=1 October 2018}}</ref>

Kamte's schooling consisted of The [[Rajkumar College, Rajkot|Rajkumar College]], [[Rajkot]], and then the [[Kodaikanal International School]] for five years. He was an international scholarship recipient at [[Camp Rising Sun (New York)|Camp Rising Sun]] in 1980 and subsequently graduated with the Class of 1982.

He completed his bachelor's degree from [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai]], graduating in 1985 and a post-graduate degree in Arts from the [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi]], 1985–87.

An accomplished athlete, he represented India at the junior power-lifting championship in [[Peru]] in 1978.

Ashok Kamte was survived by his wife Vinita, their two sons Rahul and Arjun, and by his father, mother, and sister, Sharmila.{{citation needed|date=October 2018}}

His wife subsequently co-authored a biography of her husband.<ref>{{cite news|last=Admin |first=Super |url=https://www.oneindia.com/2009/11/25/ashok-kamate-book-widow-wife-vinita-26-11.html |title=Ashok Kamate Book | Widow Wife Vinita | To The Last Bullet | 26/11 Mumbai Attacks | RTI Act |work=Oneindia.com |date=2009-11-25 |access-date=2018-10-02}}</ref>

==Death==
[[File:Smt. Vinita Ashok Kamte receiving Ashoka Chakra awarded to her husband Shri Ashok Marutrao Kamte (Posthumous) from the President, Smt. Pratibha Devisingh Patil, during the 60th Republic Day Parade-2009, in New Delhi.jpg|right|thumb|Kamte’s widow Vinita receiving the [[Ashoka Chakra]] on behalf of Kamte from [[President of India|President]] [[Pratibha Patil]] on [[Republic Day (India)|26 January 2009]]]]
Ashok Kamte was [[killed in action]] by terrorists during the Mumbai attacks, on 26 November 2008 in a narrow lane between St. Xavier's College and the Rang Bhavan opposite Corporation Bank ATM just a stone away from Crime Branch office.

Kamte was well known for his cool temperament and negotiation skills; during the attacks he offered his assistance due to being Additional Commissioner of the East zone; an area not under attack. When he reached CST area, upon arriving at Azad Maidan Police Station (AMPS) he met with ATS Chief Hemant Karkare and other police officers; they took a Police Toyota Qualis in pursuit of the reported terrorists with Kamte armed with an [[AK47]]. When they reached rear entrance of the Cama and Albless Hospital (A women and children's hospital) which is next to AMPS, Kamte spotted and fired at terrorists with the terrorists retaliating by throwing [[hand grenade]]s; with this situation Kamte suggested that they should take on the terrorists from the front entrance of the Cama. At this point the terrorists had left the Cama area before the Kamte's plan could be implemented; during pursuit the police received a report that the terrorists were hiding behind a red car in the same lane. At around the same time a terrorist was spotted running from the area which Kamte fired at, injuring him. The terrorist [[Ajmal Kasab]] was the only terrorist to be captured alive during the attacks. As they were about to get down another Pakistani terrorist, Ismail Khan fired a volley of bullets killing all but Asst. Police Inspector Arun Jadhav. Kamte was hit in the head; although he was wearing helmet with no [[ballistic vest]].{{citation needed|date=October 2018}}

''India Express'' quotes statements by API Arun Jadhav, who was with the officers Ashok Kamte, [[Vijay Salaskar]] and [[Hemant Karkare]] when they died.<ref name=IndiaExpress29-11>{{cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/witness-account-of-karkare-kamte-and-salaskars-death/392181/ |title=Witness Account of Karkare, Kampte and Salaskar's Death |date=29 November 2008 |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=1 October 2018 }}</ref>
The three officers and four constables had received information that [[Sadanand Date]] had been injured in the gunfire at the [[Cama Hospital|Cama and Albless Hospital]] for women and children.
Currently located at [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus]] (CST), a ten-minute drive from the hospital,<ref name=IndiaExpress29-11 /> they took a [[Toyota Qualis]] and proceeded in that direction. Kamte was in the passenger seat, Salaskar driving, Karkare in the second row, and the four Constables, including Jadhav, were in the back row of seating.<ref name=IndiaExpress29-11 /> According to Jadhav, five minutes later two terrorists stepped out from behind a tree and opened fire with [[AK-47]] automatic rifles.<ref name=IndiaExpress29-11 /> Kamte was the sole officer who managed to retaliate, wounding terrorist Ajmal in the arm.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mid-day.com/news/2009/jan/100109-Injured-Ajmal-killed-Ombale-Maria.htm |title=Injured Ajmal killed Ombale: Maria |date=10 January 2009 |newspaper=[[Mid-Day]] |access-date=7 March 2013}}</ref> The six policemen, other than Jadhav, were all killed quickly in the gunfire.<ref name=IndiaExpress29-11 /> The wounded Jadhav had no opportunity to render assistance. The two terrorists approached the vehicle, dumped the bodies of the three officers on the road and, leaving the constables for dead, proceeded to [[Metro Junction Mall|Metro Junction]].<ref name=IndiaExpress29-11 /> Upon arrival, they aimed three bursts of automatic fire at police and journalist vehicles drawn up at that location, then drove off towards the government offices ([[Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Bhawan]]) in South Mumbai. Here again they fired several times. While attempting to leave the area, one of the tyres of the vehicle burst, so the terrorists departed to obtain another. At this point, Jadhav was able to contact headquarters. The bodies of the dead were promptly recovered and taken to [[St George Hospital, Mumbai|St George Hospital]].

Kamte was cremated with state honours at the Vaikunth crematorium on 27 November 2008.

==See also==
* [[Havaldar Gajender Singh]]
* [[Sandeep Unnikrishnan]]
* [[Hemant Karkare]]
* [[Vijay Salaskar]]
* [[Tukaram Omble]]
* [[Sadanand Date]]
{{Portal bar|India|Biography}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*{{cite news |url=http://lite.epaper.timesofindia.com/getpage.aspx?articles=yes&pageid=4&max=true&articleid=Ar00403&sectid=3edid=&edlabel=TOIM&mydateHid=18-05-2010&pubname=Times+of+India+-+Mumbai+-+Times+City&title=A+ROCK-SOLID+TRIBUTE+TO+26%2F11+MARTYR+COPS&edname=&publabel=TOI |title=Rock-Solid Tribute To 26/11 Martyrs |newspaper=The Times of India |date=18 May 2010 |access-date=7 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713204727/http://lite.epaper.timesofindia.com/getpage.aspx?articles=yes |archive-date=13 July 2014 |url-status=dead}}
*{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_satara-factory-puts-up-26-11-martyrs-memorial_1384294 |title=Satara factory puts up 26/11 martyrs' memorial |first=Neeta |last=Kolhatkar |date=17 May 2010 |newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis]]}}
*{{cite web |url=http://www.obituaryindia.com/viewad.asp?id=50329570375100001 |title=Kamte, Ashok |website=Obituary India |access-date=9 February 2011 |archive-date=24 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524211325/http://www.obituaryindia.com/viewad.asp?id=50329570375100001 |url-status=dead}}

{{2008 Mumbai attacks}}
{{Ashoka Chakra award recipients}}
{{Indian civil servants}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kamte, Ashok}}
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:2008 deaths]]
[[Category:Kodaikanal International School alumni]]
[[Category:Deaths by firearm in India]]
[[Category:Indian police officers killed in the line of duty]]
[[Category:Indian Police Service officers]]
[[Category:Marathi people]]
[[Category:Police officers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ashoka Chakra (military decoration)]]
[[Category:Terrorism victims in India]]
[[Category:Victims of the 2008 Mumbai attacks]]

Watchman (film)

2026-03-28T14:58:13Z

Davidcza: further adjusted citations further and improved wording for accuracy

{{Short description|2019 Indian film by A. L. Vijay}}
{{distinguish|Watchmen (2009 film){{!}}''Watchmen'' (2009 film)|Watchmen (2024 film){{!}}''Watchmen'' (2024 film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Watchman
| image = Watchman poster 2019.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[A. L. Vijay|Vijay]]
| producer = [[Arun Mozhi Manickam]]
| writer = Vijay
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = Vijay [[Ajayan Bala]]
}}
| starring = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] [[Samyuktha Hegde]]
| music = G. V. Prakash Kumar
| cinematography = [[Nirav Shah]] Saravanan Ramasamy
| editing = [[Anthony (film editor)|Anthony]]
| studio = Double Meaning Productions
| released = {{Film date|2019|04|12|df=yes}}
| runtime = 95 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Watchman''''' is a 2019 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]] [[crime film|crime]] [[thriller film]] written and directed by [[A. L. Vijay|Vijay]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://adrenalin.trendolizer.com/2018/11/watchman-tamil-movie-official-teaser-g-v-prakash-suman-vijay-nirav-shah.html|title=Watchman Tamil Movie Official Teaser {{!}} G V Prakash {{!}} Suman {{!}} Vijay {{!}} Nirav Shah|website=adrenalin.trendolizer.com|access-date=2018-12-20}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The film stars [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] in lead role in addition to composing the music for the film, reuniting with Vijay after the film ''[[Idhu Enna Maayam]]'' (2015).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/gv-prakash-and-vijays-watchman-teaser.html|title=GV Prakash and Vijay's Watchman Teaser|date=2018-11-05|website=Behindwoods|access-date=2018-12-10}}</ref> The film stars
[[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] as the hero and [[Samyuktha Hegde]] as the female lead alongside [[Suman (actor)|Suman]], and [[Yogi Babu]] in supporting roles.<ref>{{Citation|title=Watchman (2018)|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt9378320/|access-date=2018-12-10}}</ref> The film was released to average response. The satellite rights of the film were sold to [[Colors Tamil]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/watchman-review-a-half-baked-crime-thriller-review-tamil-temqw2gjaiiej.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413081726/http://www.sify.com/movies/watchman-review-a-half-baked-crime-thriller-review-tamil-temqw2gjaiiej.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 April 2019|title=Watchman review: A half baked crime thriller|website=Sify}}</ref>

==Plot==
The story starts right from the word "Go!". Bala comes out of a police station and seems very nervous about something. As he is striding on his bike thinking about gathering money to pay back his loan, he stumbles upon a big villa. Once, he hears that everyone from that house is not in town that night, so he decides to rob the house. When he climbs the villa's compound wall and jumps on the other side, his fall is deep. The task and the wall seemed possible at first, but then, just as Bala, we fall into something deeper. Bala's multiple attempts to somehow break into the villa without causing a scene gets him face to face with Bruno, the dog. Finally, after failed attempts to escape Bruno, he gains courage and gets into the villa which leads him into even darker paths. He realises that the villa is not empty. It is filled with mysteries. Terrorists who escaped from prison got into this villa to get revenge on the owner of it, who is an Ex-DIG. Bala too gets into this spiderweb revenge. With a lot of struggle of himself and the dog with which he came face to face with, Bala and the owner of the villa get rid of the terrorists, but unfortunately Bruno loses his life in the process. In recognition of Bala's help in getting rid of terrorists and saving his life, the Ex-DIG grants Bala his loan amount and a job as a guard, which Bala corrects as ''watchman''.

==Cast==
{{Colbegin}}
* [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] as Bala
* [[Samyuktha Hegde]] as Anitha
* [[Suman (actor)|Suman]] as Ex-DIG Rasheed Khan IPS
* [[Raj Arjun]] as Terrorist
* [[Yogi Babu]] as Maari
* [[Ramdoss]] as Bala's brother-in-law
* Bruno as Bruno, the dog
* Usha Elizabeth as Bala's mother
* Winner Ramachandran as Bala's father
* [[Stunt Silva]] as "Vatti" Kumar
* [[Sayyeshaa Saigal]] as herself in the promotional song
{{Colend}}

==Production==
''Watchman'' first look poster showing G.V. Prakash and a dog with him while the fence is locked with padlock.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/watchman-is-the-title-for-gv-prakash-kumar-director-vijay-film-news-tamil-si2qMgebddfif.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828223501/http://www.sify.com/movies/watchman-is-the-title-for-gv-prakash-kumar-director-vijay-film-news-tamil-si2qMgebddfif.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 August 2018|title=Watchman is the title for GV Prakash Kumar - Director Vijay film|website=Sify|access-date=2018-12-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/watchman-teaser-gv-prakash-5435271/|title=Watchman teaser: The GV Prakash thriller promises to keep the audience on the edge of their seats|date=2018-11-05|website=The Indian Express|access-date=2018-12-20}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The film had no songs. The song "ToTo" was released as a promotional song.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/gv-prakashs-watchman-promo-video-song-ft-sayyeshaa-and-yogi-babu.html|title=GV Prakash's Watchman promo video song ft. Sayyeshaa and Yogi Babu|date=18 January 2019|website=Behindwoods}}</ref>

{{Tracklist
| total_length =
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
|title1=Toto Toto |lyrics1=[[Arunraja Kamaraj]]|extra1=[[Arunraja Kamaraj]], Sanjana Kalmanje|length1=3:19}}

==Reception==
''Sify'' wrote "Despite the crisp runtime, top technicalities and sincere effort from the actors, Watchman fails to engage us and ends up as yet another wishy-washy film."<ref name="auto"/> ''Times of India'' wrote "The plot offers great scope for a gripping action thriller. But the screenplay seems rushed and ends up as a half-baked attempt."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/watchman/movie-review/68847325.cms|title=Watchman Movie Review {2.0/5}: Critic Review of Watchman by Times of India|via=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref> ''The Hindu'' wrote "Thankfully, the Vijay-directed Watchman works to an extent, and has potential at the box-office, despite being stripped of regular commercial ingredients."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/watchman-review-this-average-thriller-has-potential-at-the-box-office/article26821756.ece|title=‘Watchman’ review: This average thriller has potential at the box office|first=Srinivasa|last=Ramanujam|date=12 April 2019|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> Film Companion South wrote "Only brief flashes in the second half make good on the premise, thanks to some inventive staging and the low-light cinematography by Nirav Shah and Saravanan Ramasamy...this broad Benji-style cuteness is completely at odds with the claustrophobic Panic Room-style thriller the director is going for".<ref>{{cite web|title=Watchman Movie Review: GV Prakash Gets Help From A Golden Retriever In An Unsatisfying Thriller
|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/watchman-movie-review-baradwaj-rangan-gv-prakash-kumar-vijay/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413145438/https://www.filmcompanion.in/watchman-movie-review-baradwaj-rangan-gv-prakash-kumar-vijay/|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 April 2019|website=Film Companion South}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|id=tt9378320}}
{{A. L. Vijay}}

[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:2019 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2019 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Films directed by A. L. Vijay]]
[[Category:2019 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Films scored by G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Comedy film

2026-03-26T14:40:13Z

Davidcza:

{{Short description|Genre of film that emphasizes humour}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
[[File:Modern Times poster.jpg|thumb|Poster for [[Charlie Chaplin]]'s film ''[[Modern Times (film)|Modern Times]]'' (1936)]]
The '''comedy film''' is a [[film genre]] that emphasizes [[Humour|humor]]. These films are designed to amuse audiences and make them laugh.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.filmsite.org/comedyfilms.html |title=Comedy Films |publisher=Filmsite.org |access-date=29 April 2002}}</ref> Films in this genre typically have a [[happy ending]], with [[black comedy|dark comedy]] being an exception to this rule. Comedy is one of the oldest genres in film, and it is derived from classical [[comedy]] in [[theatre]]. Some of the earliest [[silent film]]s were [[slapstick comedy|slapstick comedies]], which often relied on visual depictions, such as sight gags and pratfalls, so they could be enjoyed without requiring sound. To provide drama and excitement to silent movies, live music was played in sync with the action on the screen, on pianos, organs, and other instruments.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tucker |first=Bruce |date=2021-12-13 |title=The History of Silent Movies in the Theater |url=https://octaneseating.com/blog/history-of-silent-movies/ |access-date=2023-03-14 |website=Octane Seating |language=en-US}}</ref> When sound films became more prevalent during the 1920s, comedy films grew in popularity, as laughter could result from both [[burlesque]] situations but also from humorous [[dialogue]].

When compared to other [[film genre]]s, comedy films place more emphasis on the individual star actor or actors, with many former [[stand-up comics]] transitioning to the film industry due to their popularity.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vitale |first=Micaela Pérez |date=2022-01-17 |title=Stand-Up Comedians Who Became Great Actors |url=https://movieweb.com/stand-up-comedians-great-actors/ |access-date=2022-10-13 |website=MovieWeb |language=en-US}}</ref>

In ''[[Screenwriters Taxonomy|The Screenwriters Taxonomy]]'' (2017), [[Eric R. Williams]] contends that film genres are fundamentally based upon a film's atmosphere, character, and story, and therefore, the labels "drama" and "comedy" are too broad to be considered a genre.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Williams, Eric R.|title=Screen adaptation: beyond the basics: techniques for adapting books, comics, and real-life stories into screenplays|others=Ayres, Tyler.|isbn=978-1-315-66941-0|location=New York|oclc=986993829}}</ref> Instead, his taxonomy argues that comedy is a type of film that contains at least a dozen different sub-types.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Williams, Eric R.|title=The Screenwriters Taxonomy: A Roadmap to Collaborative Storytelling|publisher=Routledge |year=2017|isbn=978-1-315-10864-3|location=New York, NY|oclc=993983488}}</ref> A number of hybrid genres have emerged, such as [[action comedy]] and [[romantic comedy]].

==History==
===Silent film era===
[[File:Cinématographe Lumière.jpg|thumb|right|The film poster for the first comedy film, ''[[L'Arroseur Arrosé]]'' (1895)]]
The first comedy film was ''[[L'Arroseur Arrosé]]'' (1895), directed and produced by film pioneer [[Louis Lumière]]. Less than a minute long, it shows a boy playing a prank on a gardener. The most notable comedy actors of the [[silent film era]] (1895–1927) were [[Charlie Chaplin]], [[Harold Lloyd]], and [[Buster Keaton]], though they were able to make the transition into "[[Sound film|talkies]]" after the 1920s.

====Social commentary in comedy====
Film-makers in the 1960s skillfully employed the use of comedy film to make social statements by building their narratives around sensitive cultural, political or social issues. Such films include [[Dr. Strangelove|Dr Strangelove, or How I Learned to Love the Bomb]], [[Guess Who's Coming to Dinner|Guess Who's Coming to Dinner?]] and [[The Graduate]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Staff |date=16 April 2014 |title=Laughs Of The Decades: A History Of Comedy In Film |url=https://blogs.libraries.indiana.edu/mediabeat/2014/04/16/laughs-of-the-decades-a-history-of-comedy-in-film/ |access-date=5 February 2024 |website=Indiana University Bloomington Library}}</ref>

====Camp and bawdy comedy====
In America, the [[sexual revolution]] drove an appetite for comedies that celebrated and parodied changing social morals, including [[Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice]] and [[Fanny Hill (1964 film)|Fanny Hill]].<ref name=":5" /> In Britain, a [[Camp (style)|camp]] sensibility lay behind the successful [[Carry On (franchise)|Carry On films]], while in America subversive independent film-maker [[John Waters]] made camp films for college audiences with his [[drag queen]] friends that eventually found a mainstream audience.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Marchese |first=David |date=18 March 2022 |title=John Waters Is Ready to Defend the Worst People in the World |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/03/21/magazine/john-waters-interview.html |access-date=5 February 2024 |website=The New York Times}}</ref> The success of the American television show [[Saturday Night Live]] drove decades of cinema with racier content allowed on television drawing on the program's stars and characters, with bigger successes including ''[[Wayne's World (film)|Wayne's World]]'', ''[[Mean Girls]]'', ''[[Ghostbusters]]'' and ''[[Animal House]]''.<ref name=":5" />

===Present era===
Parody and joke-based films continue to find audiences.<ref name=":5" />
== Reception ==
While comedic films are among the most popular with audiences at the box office, there is an 'historical bias against a close and serious consideration of comedy' when it comes to critical reception and conferring of awards, such as at the [[Academy Awards]]. Film writer Cailian Savage observes "Comedies have won Oscars, although they’ve usually been comedy-dramas, involved very depressing scenes, or appealed to stone-hearted drama lovers in some other way, such as ''[[Shakespeare in Love]]''."

== Sub-types ==
* '''Anarchic comedy:''' a random or [[Stream of consciousness|stream-of-consciousness]] type of humor that often lampoons a form of authority.<ref>{{cite web|title=Absurd Comedy|url=http://www.allmovie.com/subgenre/absurd-comedy-d622|publisher=Allmovies}}</ref> The genre dates from the silent era. Notable examples are films produced by [[Monty Python]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Sexton|first=Timothy|title=Anarchic Comedy from the Silent Era to Monty Python|url=https://movies.yahoo.com/news/anarchic-comedy-silent-era-monty-python-173500945.html|publisher=Yahoo! Movies}}</ref> Other examples include ''[[A Night at the Opera (film)|A Night at the Opera]]'' (1935) and ''[[Dirty Work (1998 film)|Dirty Work]]'' (1998).
* '''Bathroom comedy''' (or gross-out comedy)''':''' [[Gross out#Cinema|Gross out films]] are often aimed at the young adult market (18–24) and rely heavily on vulgar, sexual, or [[Toilet humour|"toilet" humor]]. They often contain a large amount of profanity and nudity.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Henderson, Jeffrey|title=The maculate muse : obscene language in Attic comedy|date=1991|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-802312-8|edition=2nd|location=New York|oclc=252588785}}</ref> Examples include ''[[Porky's]]'' (1981) and ''[[There's Something About Mary]]'' (1998).
* '''[[Black comedy]]''': film deals with [[taboo]] subjects{{--}}including death, murder, crime, suicide, and war{{--}}in a satirical manner.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Black humour|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/black-humor|access-date=2020-06-15|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> Examples include ''[[Do the Right Thing]]'' (1989) and ''[[In Bruges]]'' (2008).
* '''Comedy of ideas:''' This sub-type uses comedy to explore serious ideas such as religion, sex, or politics. Often, the characters represent particular divergent worldviews and are forced to interact for comedic effect and social commentary.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Definition of Comedy of Ideas|url=https://ourpastimes.com/definition-of-comedy-of-ideas-12545829.html|access-date=2020-06-15|website=Our Pastimes|language=en}}</ref> Some examples include both ''[[Wag the Dog]]'' (1997) and ''[[The Invention of Lying]]'' (2009).
* '''[[Comedy of manners]]''': satirizes the mores and affectations of a social class. The plot is often concerned with an illicit love affair or other scandal. Generally, the plot is less important for its comedic effect than its witty dialogue. This form of comedy has a long ancestry that dates back at least as far as ''[[Much Ado About Nothing]]'' by [[William Shakespeare]], published in 1623.<ref>{{Cite book|title=British dramatists from Dryden to Sheridan|others=Nettleton, George Henry, 1874-1959, Case, Arthur Ellicott, 1894-1946, Stone, George Winchester, 1907-2000.|year=1975|isbn=0-8093-0743-X|edition=Southern Illinois University Press |location=Carbondale, [Illinois]|oclc=1924010}}</ref> Examples include ''[[Breakfast at Tiffany's (film)|Breakfast at Tiffany's]]'' (1961) and ''[[Under the Tuscan Sun (film)|Under the Tuscan Sun]]'' (2003).
* '''Farce:''' [[Farce|Farcical]] films exaggerate situations beyond the realm of possibility{{--}}thereby making them entertaining.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Farce {{!}} drama|url=https://www.britannica.com/art/farce|access-date=2020-06-15|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> Examples include ''[[What's Up, Doc? (1972 film)|What's Up, Doc?]]'' (1972).
* '''[[Mockumentary]]:''' comedies are fictional but use a doc-style that includes interviews and "documentary" footage, along with regular scenes. Examples include ''[[This Is Spinal Tap]]'' (1984) and ''[[I'm Still Here (2010 film)|I'm Still Here]]'' (2010).
* '''Musical comedy''': a film genre has its roots in the 1920s, with Disney's ''[[Steamboat Willie]]'' (1928) being the most popular of these early films. The subgenre resurged with popularity in the 1970s, with movies such as ''[[Bugsy Malone]]'' (1976) and ''[[Grease (film)|Grease]]'' (1978) gaining status as [[Cult film|cult classics]].
* '''[[Observational comedy]]:''' films find humor in the common practices of everyday life.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Grable|first=Tim|date=2017-02-24|title=What is funny about Observational Humor? (Updated for 2019)|url=https://www.thegrablegroup.com/comedy/funny-observational-humor/|access-date=2020-06-15|website=The Grable Group|language=en-US}}</ref> Some film examples of observational humor include ''[[Purely Belter]]'' (2000) and ''[[The Big Year]]'' (2011).
* '''Parody (or spoof):''' A [[Parody film|parody or spoof film]] satirizes other film genres or classic films. Such films employ sarcasm, stereotyping, mockery of scenes from other films, and the obviousness of meaning in a character's actions.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mellon|first=Rory|date=2016|title=A History of the Parody Movie|url=https://scan.lancastersu.co.uk/2016/02/11/a-history-of-the-parody-movie/|access-date=2020-06-15|language=en-GB}}</ref> Examples of this form include ''[[Young Frankenstein]]'' (1974) and ''[[Airplane!]]'' (1980).
* '''[[Sex comedy]]:''' The humor is primarily derived from sexual situations and desire,<ref>{{Cite book|last=McDonald, Tamar Jeffers|title=Romantic comedy: boy meets girl meets genre|date=2007|publisher=Wallflower|isbn=978-0-231-50338-9|location=London|oclc=813844867}}</ref> as in ''[[Animal House]]'' (1978) and ''[[How to Be a Latin Lover]]'' (2017).
* '''[[Sitcom]]:''' where humor comes from knowing a stock group of characters (or character types) and then exposing them to different situations to create humorous and ironic juxtaposition.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dancyger, Ken.|title=Alternative scriptwriting: beyond the Hollywood formula|date=2013|publisher=Focal Press|others=Rush, Jeff.|isbn=978-1-136-05362-7|edition=5th|location=Burlington, MA|oclc=828423649}}</ref> Examples include ''[[After Hours (film)|After Hours]]'' (1985) and ''[[Hot Tub Time Machine]]'' (2010).
* '''Straight comedy:''' This broad sub-type applies to films that do not attempt a specific approach to comedy but, rather, use comedy for comedic sake.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Bown, Lesley|title=The secrets to writing great comedy|date=2011|publisher=Hodder Education|isbn=978-1-4441-2892-5|location=London|oclc=751058407}}</ref> ''[[Anger Management (film)|Anger Management]]'' (2003) and ''[[Bridesmaids (2011 film)|Bridesmaids]]'' (2011) are examples of straight comedy films.
* '''[[Slapstick film]]:''' involve exaggerated, boisterous physical action to create impossible and humorous situations. Because it relies predominantly on visual depictions of events, it does not require sound. Accordingly, the subgenre was ideal for silent movies and was prevalent during that era.<ref name=":0" /> Stars of slapstick include [[Harold Lloyd]], [[Roscoe Arbuckle]], [[Charlie Chaplin]], [[Peter Sellers]] and [[Norman Wisdom]]. Some of these stars, as well as acts such as [[Laurel and Hardy]] and [[the Three Stooges]], also found success incorporating [[slapstick comedy]] into sound films. Modern examples of slapstick comedy include ''[[Mouse Hunt]]'' (1997) and ''[[Nacho Libre]]'' (2006).
* '''[[Surreal humor]]:''' Although not specifically linked to the history of [[surrealism]], [[Surreal humor|surreal comedies]] include behavior and storytelling techniques that are illogical{{--}}including bizarre [[Juxtaposition|juxtapositions]], absurd situations, and unpredictable reactions to normal situations.<ref name=":3" /> Some examples are ''[[Brazil (1985 film)|Brazil]]'' (1985) and ''[[Barton Fink]]'' (1991).

== Hybrid sub-genres ==
According to [[Williams' taxonomy]], all film descriptions should contain their type (comedy or drama) combined with one (or more) sub-genres.<ref name=":2" /> This combination does not create a separate genre, but rather, provides a better understanding of the film.

* '''[[Action comedy]]:''' Films of this type blend comic antics and action where the stars combine one-liners with a thrilling plot and daring stunts. The genre became a specific draw in [[North America]] in the 1980s when comedians such as [[Eddie Murphy]] started taking more action-oriented roles, such as in ''[[48 Hrs.]]'' (1982) and ''[[Beverly Hills Cop]]'' (1984).
* Sub-genres of the action comedy (labeled macro-genres by Williams) include:<ref name=":2" />
** '''[[Martial arts films]]:''' [[Slapstick]] [[martial arts films]] became a mainstay of [[Hong Kong action cinema]] through the work of [[Jackie Chan]] among others, such as ''[[Who Am I? (1998 film)|Who Am I?]]'' (1998). ''[[Kung Fu Panda (franchise)|Kung Fu Panda]]'' is an action comedy that focuses on the martial art of [[Chinese martial arts|kung fu]].
** '''[[Superhero films]]:''' Some action films focus on [[superhero]]es; for example, ''[[The Incredibles]]'', ''[[Hancock (film)|Hancock]]'', ''[[Kick-Ass (film)|Kick-Ass]]'', and ''[[Deadpool (film)|Deadpool]]''.
** [[Buddy film|'''Buddy films:''']] Films starring mismatched partners for comedic effects, such as in ''[[Midnight Run]]'', ''[[Rush Hour (1998 film)|Rush Hour]]'', ''[[21 Jump Street (film)|21 Jump Street]]'', ''[[Bad Boys (1995 film)|Bad Boys]]'', ''[[Starsky and Hutch (film)|Starsky and Hutch]]'', ''[[Tango & Cash]]'', ''[[Lethal Weapon]]'', and ''[[Stakeout (1987 film)|Stakeout]]''.
* '''[[Comedy thriller]]:''' Comedy thriller is a type that combines elements of humor and suspense. Films such as ''[[Silver Streak (film)|Silver Streak]]'', ''[[Charade (1963 film)|Charade]]'', ''[[Kiss Kiss Bang Bang]]'', ''[[American Psycho (film)|American Psycho]]'', ''[[Mr. & Mrs. Smith (2005 film)|Mr. and Mrs. Smith]]'', ''[[Grosse Pointe Blank]]'', ''[[The Thin Man (film)|The Thin Man]]'', ''[[The Big Fix (1978 film)|The Big Fix]]'', and ''[[The Lady Vanishes (1938 film)|The Lady Vanishes]]''.
* '''Comedy mystery:''' Comedy mystery is a film genre combining elements of comedy and mystery fiction. Though the genre arguably peaked in the 1930s and 1940s, comedy-mystery films have been continually produced since.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Film History of the 1930s |url=https://www.filmsite.org/30sintro4.html |access-date=2020-06-15 |website=www.filmsite.org}}</ref> Examples include the ''[[Pink Panther]]'' series,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Pink Panther: Inspector Clouseau arrives! - the Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/the-pink-panther-inspector-clouseau-arrives/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706105709/https://www.navhindtimes.in/the-pink-panther-inspector-clouseau-arrives/ |archive-date=6 July 2020 |access-date=5 July 2020}}</ref> ''[[Scooby-Doo in film|Scooby-Doo]]'' films, ''[[Clue (film)|Clue]]'' (1985) and ''[[Knives Out]]'' (2019). See also [[List of comedy-mystery films]]
* '''[[Crime comedy]]:''' A hybrid mix of crime and comedy films, examples include ''[[Inspector Palmu's Mistake (film)|Inspector Palmu's Mistake]]'' (1960), ''[[O Brother, Where Art Thou?|Oh Brother Where Art Thou?]]'' (2000), ''[[Take the Money and Run (film)|Take the Money and Run]]'' (1969) and ''[[Who Framed Roger Rabbit]]'' (1988).
* '''[[Fantasy comedy]]:''' Fantasy comedy films use [[Magic (fantasy)|magic]], [[supernatural]] or mythological figures for comedic purposes. Some fantasy comedy includes an element of parody, or satire, turning fantasy conventions on their head, such as the hero becoming a cowardly fool or the princess being a klutz. Examples of these films include ''[[Big (film)|Big]]'', ''[[Being John Malkovich]]'', ''[[Ted (film)|Ted]]'', ''[[Hook (film)|Hook]]'', ''[[Night at the Museum]]'', ''[[Groundhog Day (film)|Groundhog Day]]'', ''[[Click (2006 film)|Click]]'', and ''[[A Thousand Words (film)|A Thousand Words]]''.
* '''[[Comedy horror]]:''' Comedy horror is a genre/type in which the usual dark themes and "scare tactics" attributed to horror films are treated with a humorous approach. These films either often goofy horror cliches, such as in ''[[Scream (franchise)|Scream]]'', ''[[The Rocky Horror Picture Show]]'', ''[[Little Shop of Horrors (1986 film)|Little Shop of Horrors]]'', ''[[Dracula: Dead and Loving It]]'', and ''[[Scary Movie]]'' where campy styles are favored. Some are much more subtle and do not parody horror, such as ''[[An American Werewolf in London]]''. Another style of comedy horror can also rely on over-the-top violence and gore such as in ''[[The Evil Dead]]'' (1981), ''[[The Return of the Living Dead]]'' (1985), ''[[Braindead (film)|Braindead]]'' (1992), and ''[[Doghouse (film)|Doghouse]]'' (2009) – such films are sometimes known as ''splatstick'', a portmanteau of the words ''splatter'' and ''slapstick''. It would be reasonable to put ''[[Ghostbusters]]'' in this category.
* '''[[Day in the life|Day-in-the-life]] comedy:''' Day-in-the-life films take small events in a person's life and raise their level of importance. The "small things in life" feel as important to the protagonist (and the audience) as the climactic battle in an action film, or the final shootout in a western.<ref name=":2" /> Often, the [[Protagonist|protagonists]] deal with multiple, overlapping issues in the course of the film.<ref name=":2" />  The day-in-the-life comedy often finds humor in commenting upon the absurdity or irony of daily life; for example ''[[The Terminal]]'' (2004) or ''[[Waitress (2007 film)|Waitress]]'' (2007). Character humor is also used extensively in day-in-the-life comedies, as can be seen in ''[[American Splendor (film)|American Splendor]]'' (2003).
* '''[[Romantic comedy]]:''' Romantic comedies are humorous films with central themes that reinforce societal beliefs about love (e.g., themes such as "[[love at first sight]]", "love conquers all", or "there is someone out there for everyone"); the story typically revolves around characters falling into (and out of, and back into) love.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Eric R.|url=https://www.audible.com/pd/Falling-in-Love-with-Romance-Movies-Audiobook/B07XPDH9YT|title=Falling in Love with Romance Movies|publisher=Audible|year=2019|language=en}}</ref> ''[[Amélie]]'' (2001), ''[[Annie Hall]]'' (1977), ''[[Charade (1963 film)|Charade]]'' (1963), ''[[City Lights]]'' (1931), ''[[Four Weddings and a Funeral]]'' (1994), ''[[It (1927 film)|It]]'' (1927), ''[[The Lobster]]'' (2015), ''[[My Wife, the Director General]]'' (1966), ''[[My Favorite Wife]]'' (1940), ''[[Pretty Woman]]'' (1990), ''[[Some Like It Hot]]'' (1959), ''[[Something's Gotta Give (film)|Something's Gotta Give]]'' (2003) and ''[[When Harry Met Sally...]]'' (1989) are examples of romantic comedies.
* '''[[Screwball comedy]]:''' A subgenre of the romantic comedy, [[Screwball comedy|screwball comedies]] appears to focus on the story of a central male character until a strong female character takes center stage; at this point, the man's story becomes secondary to a new issue typically introduced by the woman; this story grows in significance and, as it does, the man's masculinity is challenged by the sharp-witted woman, who is often his love interest.<ref name=":2" /> Typically it can include a romantic element, an interplay between people of different economic strata, quick and witty [[repartee]], some form of role reversal, and a happy ending. Some examples of screwball comedy during its heyday include ''[[It Happened One Night]]'' (1934), ''[[Bringing Up Baby]]'' (1938), ''[[The Philadelphia Story (film)|The Philadelphia Story]]'' (1940), ''[[His Girl Friday]]'' (1940), ''[[Mr. & Mrs. Smith (1941 film)|Mr. & Mrs. Smith]]'' (1941); more recent examples include ''[[Continental Divide (film)|Continental Divide]]'' (1981), [[Rat Race (film)|''Rat Race'']] (2001), and ''[[Our Idiot Brother]]'' (2011).
* '''[[Science fiction comedy]]:''' Science fiction comedy films often exaggerate the elements of traditional [[science fiction film]]s to comic effect. Examples include ''[[Spaceballs]]'', ''[[Coneheads (film)|Coneheads]]'', ''[[Galaxy Quest]]'', ''[[Mars Attacks!]]'', ''[[Men in Black (series)|Men in Black]]'', and many more.
* '''[[Sports comedy]]:''' Sports comedy combines the genre of comedy with that of the [[sports film]] genre. Thematically, the story is often one of "Our Team" versus "Their Team"; their team will always try to win, and our team will show the world that they deserve recognition or redemption; the story does not always have to involve a team.<ref name=":1" /> The story could also be about an individual athlete or the story could focus on an individual playing on a team. The comedic aspect of this super-genre often comes from physical humor (''[[BASEketball]]'' - 1998), character humor (''[[Space Jam]]'' - 1996), or the juxtaposition of bad athletes succeeding against the odds (''[[The Benchwarmers]]'' - 2006).
* '''[[War comedy]]:''' War films typically tell the story of a small group of isolated individuals who – one by one – get killed (literally or metaphorically) by an outside force until there is a final fight to the death; the idea of the protagonists facing death is a central expectation in a war film.<ref name=":1" /> War comedies infuse this idea of confronting death with a morbid sense of humor. In a war film even though the enemy may out-number, or out-power, the hero, we assume that the enemy ''can'' be defeated if only the hero can figure out how.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Williams|first=Eric R.|date=2018|title=How to View and Appreciate Great Movies (episode 5: Story Shape and Tension)|url=https://www.thegreatcourses.com/courses/how-to-view-and-appreciate-great-movies.html|access-date=2020-06-15|website=English|language=en}}</ref> Often, this strategic sensibility provides humorous opportunities in a war comedy. Examples include ''[[Good Morning, Vietnam]]''; ''[[M*A*S*H]]''; ''[[Stripes (film)|Stripes]]'' and others.
* '''[[Western comedy]]:''' Films in the Western super-genre often take place in the American Southwest or Mexico, with a large number of scenes occurring outside so we can soak in nature's rugged beauty.<ref name=":1" /> Visceral expectations for the audience include fistfights, gunplay, and chase scenes. There is also the expectation of spectacular panoramic images of the countryside including sunsets, wide open landscapes, and endless deserts and sky.<ref name=":2" /> Western comedies often find their humor in specific characters (''[[Three Amigos]]'', 1986), in interpersonal relationships (''[[The Lone Ranger (2013 film)|The Lone Ranger]]'', 2013) or in creating a parody of the western (''[[Rango (2011 film)|Rango]]'', 2011).

==See also==
*[[AFI's 100 Years...100 Laughs]] (1924–1998, list made in 2000)
*[[American comedy films]]
*[[British comedy films]]
*[[Commedia all'italiana]]
*[[French comedy films]]
*[[List of Indian comedy films]]
*[[Television comedy]]
*[[Comedy drama]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* Thomas W. Bohn and Richard L. Stromgren, ''Light and Shadows: A History of Motion Pictures'', 1975, Mayfield Publishing.
* {{cite book | last=Horton | first=Andrew S. | year=1991 | title=Comedy/Cinema/Theory | publisher=University of California Press | isbn=978-0-520-07040-0 | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780520069978 }}
* {{cite book | last=King | first=Geoff | year=2002 | title=Film Comedy | publisher=Wallflower Press | isbn=978-1-903364-36-9 | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/filmcomedy0000king }}
* {{cite book | last=Rickman | first=Gregg | year=2004 | title=The Film Comedy Reader | publisher=Limelight Editions | isbn=978-0-87910-295-1 | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/filmcomedyreader0000unse }}
* {{cite book | last=Weitz | first=Eric | year=2009 | title=The Cambridge Introduction to Comedy | publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=978-0-521-83260-1 }}
*Williams, Eric R. (2017) The Screenwriters Taxonomy: A Roadmap to Creative Storytelling. New York, NY: Routledge Press, Studies in Media Theory and Practice. {{ISBN|978-1-315-10864-3}}

==External links==
* [https://www.imdb.com/genre/comedy Comedy films at IMDB]
* [http://www.rottentomatoes.com/top/bestofrt/top_100_comedy_movies/ Top 100 Comedy movies from Rottentomatoes]

{{film genres}}
{{filmsbygenre}}
{{comedy footer}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Comedy Film}}
[[Category:Comedy films| ]]
[[Category:Film genres]]

J. Ramachandran

2026-03-25T10:04:47Z

Davidcza: stub

{{Short description|Indian corporate strategist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox academic
| name = J. Ramachandran
| image =
| caption =
| birth_place = [[India]]
| occupation = Academic, corporate leader
| title = Chairman & Non Executive Director at Redington Limited ; Senior Professor of Corporate Strategy (retired)
| boards = {{ubl|[[Redington Group|Redington Limited]]|Aditya Auto Products and Engineering|[[Reliance Communications]]|[[Sasken Technologies]]|[[MVA Asia|MVA Group International]]|[[Allcargo Logistics]]|[[Antrix Corporation]]|[[Tejas Networks]]}}
| alma_mater = [[Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad]] (Fellow) [[Institute of Chartered Accountants of India]] (ACA) [[Institute of Cost Accountants of India]] (ACMA)
| school_tradition =
| doctoral_advisor =
| discipline = [[Strategic Management]]
| workplaces = [[Indian Institute of Management Bangalore]]
| doctoral_students =
| notable_works = "Why Conglomerates Thrive (Outside the US)"
}}

'''J. Ramachandran''' is an [[India|Indian]] academic and corporate leader.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=India's Best B-school Profs |url=https://archives.digitaltoday.in/businesstoday/20060716/cover5.html |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=India Today}}</ref> He is the chairman and non-executive director of [[Redington Group|Redington Limited]] and a former professor of corporate strategy at the [[Indian Institute of Management Bangalore]] (IIMB), where he taught for three decades.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-15 |title=IIT Madras & Redington announce alliance to enhance supply chain expertise |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/iit-madras-redington-announce-alliance-to-enhance-supply-chain-expertise/article67845517.ece |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref> In 2006, ''[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]]'' included him in a list of leading business school professors in India.<ref name=":3" />

Ramachandran's research focuses on corporate strategy, [[corporate governance]], and the growth of firms in [[emerging economies]]. His work has been published in academic journals including the ''[[Harvard Business Review]]'', ''[[Strategic Management Society|Strategic Management Journal]], [[Organization Science (journal)|Organization Science]]'', ''[[Journal of International Business Studies]]'', ''[[Journal of Management Studies]]'', ''[[Strategic Management Society|Global Strategy Journal]]'', and ''Journal of Product Innovation and Management''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Prof. J Ramachandran retires as faculty of Strategy – The IIMB Digest |url=https://digest.iimb.ac.in/2022/05/prof-j-ramachandran-retires-as-faculty-of-strategy/ |access-date=2026-03-16 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date= |title=Professor J Ramachandran honoured as first Bain Fellow in India |url=http://www.iimb.ernet.in/node/2519 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027010211/http://www.iimb.ernet.in/node/2519 |archive-date=2011-10-27 |access-date=11 July 2012 |publisher=IIMB}}</ref> He was listed amongst the Best Management Thinkers in India by Thinkers50 India List.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Professor J Ramachandran is one among India’s Best Management Thinkers |url=https://www.iimb.ac.in/node/4947}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Ramachandran qualified as a chartered accountant, cost accountant, and company secretary. He is an associate member of the [[Institute of Chartered Accountants of India]] (ICAI), the [[Institute of Cost Accountants of India]] (ICMAI), and the [[Institute of Company Secretaries of India]] (ICSI). He earned his doctoral degree as a Fellow of the [[Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad]].<ref name=":0" />

== Academic career ==
Ramachandran joined [[Indian Institute of Management Bangalore|IIM Bangalore]] in 1992 and taught corporate strategy and policy for over three decades, retiring as Senior Professor of Corporate Strategy. He has held visiting positions at [[INSEAD]], the [[Wharton School|Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania]], and the [[Carlson School of Management]], [[University of Minnesota]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Prof. J Ramachandran retires as faculty of Strategy – The IIMB Digest |url=https://digest.iimb.ac.in/2022/05/prof-j-ramachandran-retires-as-faculty-of-strategy/ |access-date=2026-03-16 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Research and publications ==
Ramachandran's research focuses on the growth and governance of firms in emerging economies. His paper on identity duality in multinational subsidiaries received the IMD FDC Award for Best Paper in Strategy/IB Theory from the [[Academy of Management]]. Another of his papers, which advocated for the use of case studies over variance studies in emerging markets research, was nominated for the Carolyn Dexter Best International Paper Award.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paper by Professor J Ramachandran and Anirvan Pant in Social Science Research Network Top Ten download list |url=https://www.iimb.ac.in/node/1067}}</ref>

His 2013 ''[[Harvard Business Review]]'' article, "Why Conglomerates Thrive (Outside the US)," has been identified by the publisher as a top-selling title.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramachandran |first=J. |last2=Manikandan |first2=K. S. |last3=Pant |first3=Anirvan |date=2013-12-01 |title=Why Conglomerates Thrive (Outside the U.S.) |url=https://hbr.org/2013/12/why-conglomerates-thrive-outside-the-us |access-date=2026-03-16 |work=Harvard Business Review |language=en |issn=0017-8012}}</ref> In 2012, his research regarding the Indian software services industry was noted as being among the 100 most-cited papers in the ''Global Strategy Journal''.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Harvard Business Impact Education |url=https://hbsp.harvard.edu/product/IMB581-PDF-ENG |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=hbsp.harvard.edu}}</ref>

=== Teaching cases ===
Ramachandran has authored numerous teaching cases distributed through [[Harvard Business Publishing]], several of which are used in business school curricula globally.<ref name=":2" /> He has received awards for his cases from the [[European Foundation for Management Development]] (EFMD), the Central and East European Management Development Association (CEEMAN), the Association of Management Development Institutions in South Asia (AMDISA), and the Association of Indian Management Schools (AIMS). His study of [[Fabindia]] received the Tata Steel Best Case Award.<ref name=":0" />

In the field of executive education, Ramachandran has designed and directed leadership programs in collaboration with the [[MIT Sloan School of Management]] and the [[Tuck School of Business]] at Dartmouth. He has also served as a corporate trainer and consultant for several companies, including 3M India, [[Castrol India]], Siemens India, [[Infosys]], and [[Wipro]].

== Corporate presence ==

=== Redington Limited ===
Ramachandran was appointed chairman of Redington Limited in 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IIT Madras & Redington Announce Strategic Alliance to Enhance Supply Chain Expertise through Visiting Chair Professorship |url=https://acr.iitm.ac.in/iitm_in_news/iit-madras-redington-announce-strategic-alliance-to-enhance-supply-chain-expertise-through-visiting-chair-professorship/ |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=acr.iitm.ac.in}}</ref> He is credited with overseeing the company's transition from a founder-led to a board-led governance structure. During his chairmanship, the company went public in 2007 and expanded as a global distributor of [[information technology]] products.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PE-backed Redington’s promoter Kewalram Chanrai Group sells 5% stake |url=https://www.vccircle.com/pe-backed-redingtons-promoter-kewalram-chanrai-group-sells-5-stake |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=VCCircle |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Other board roles ===
He has served as a director on the boards of [[Reliance Communications]], [[Sasken Technologies|Sasken Communication Technologies]], [[Allcargo Logistics]], [[Antrix Corporation]], and [[Tejas Networks]]. He was also chairman of Aditya Auto Products and Engineering. In the non-profit and academic sector, he has been on the Governance Council of the [[MICA (institute)|Mudra Institute of Communications, Ahmedabad]] (MICA) and the editorial board of the [[The Journal of Entrepreneurship|''Journal of Entrepreneurship'']].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />

== Selected publications ==

=== Papers ===

* Ramachandran, J.; Gopal, S.; Manikandan, K. S. (2021). "Are there limits to diversification in emerging economies? Distinguishing between firm-level and business group strategies." ''Journal of Management Studies''. '''58''' (6). {{doi|10.1111/joms.12680}}

* Ramachandran, J.; Patvardhan, S. (2020). "Shaping the Future: Strategy Making as Artificial Evolution." ''Organization Science''. '''31''' (3). {{doi|10.1287/orsc.2019.1321}}

* Ramachandran, J.; Pant, A. (2017). "Navigating identity duality in multinational subsidiaries: A paradox lens on identity claims at Hindustan Unilever, 1959–2015." ''Journal of International Business Studies''. '''48''': 664–692. {{doi|10.1057/s41267-017-0076-x}}

* Ramachandran, J.; Manikandan, K. S. (2015). "Beyond institutional voids: Business groups, incomplete markets, and organizational form." ''Strategic Management Journal''. '''36''' (4): 598–617. {{doi|10.1002/smj.2226}}

* Ramachandran, J.; Manikandan, K. S.; Pant, A. (2013). "Why do conglomerates thrive (outside the U.S.)?" ''Harvard Business Review''. '''91''' (12): 111–119.

* Ramachandran, J.; Pant, A. (2012). "Legitimacy beyond borders: Indian software services firms in the United States, 1984–2004." ''Global Strategy Journal''. '''2''': 224–243. {{doi|10.1111/j.2042-5805.2012.01037.x}}

* Ramachandran, J.; Pant, A.; Pani, S. (2012). "Building the BOP producer ecosystem: The evolving engagement of Fabindia with Indian handloom artisans." ''Journal of Product Innovation Management''. '''29''' (1): 33–51. {{doi|10.1111/j.1540-5885.2011.00877.x}}

* Ramachandran, J.; Manikandan, K. S. (2012). "Growth and persistence of business groups in emerging markets: Towards solving the puzzle." ''Academy of Management Proceedings''. {{doi|10.5465/AMBPP.2012.93}}

* Ramachandran, J.; Pant, A. (2011). "How do subsidiaries confront institutional duality? Identity claims at Hindustan Lever, 1961–2009." ''Academy of Management Proceedings''. {{doi|10.5465/ambpp.2011.65870610}}

* Ramachandran, J.; Pant, A. (2010). "The liabilities of origin: An emerging economy perspective on the costs of doing business abroad." In Devinney, T. M.; Pedersen, T.; Tihanyi, L. (eds.), ''Advances in International Management: The Past, Present and Future of International Business and Management'', Vol. 23. New York: Emerald. {{doi|10.1108/S1571-5027(2010)00000230017}}

* Ramachandran, J.; Pant, A.; Gunta, S. (2008). "Research in emerging economies: Reading small type in dim light in a speeding train?" ''Academy of Management Proceedings''. {{doi|10.5465/ambpp.2008.33662184}}

=== Teaching cases ===

* Ramachandran, J.; Ramesh, S.; Manikandan, K. S. (2021). ''[https://hbsp.harvard.edu/product/IMB899-PDF-ENG The House of Tata: Governance Challenges (A)]''. IIM Bangalore.

* Ramachandran, J.; Ramesh, S.; Manikandan, K. S. (2021). ''[https://hbsp.harvard.edu/product/IMB901-PDF-ENG The House of Tata: Governance Challenges (B)]''. IIM Bangalore.

* Ramachandran, J.; Ramesh, S.; Shah, P. (2021). ''[https://hbsp.harvard.edu/product/IMB897-PDF-ENG Motherson Sumi Systems Limited: Rewiring the Ownership Structure]''. IIM Bangalore.

* Ramachandran, J.; Bajaj, N. (2021). ''[https://hbsp.harvard.edu/product/IMB849-PDF-ENG The Art of Living: Celebrating Life]''. IIM Bangalore.

* Ramachandran, J.; Ramesh, S. (2020). ''[https://hbsp.harvard.edu/product/IMB847-PDF-ENG Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Limited: Disclosure Practices]''. IIM Bangalore.

* Ramachandran, J.; Ramesh, S. (2020). ''[https://hbsp.harvard.edu/product/IMB837-PDF-ENG Yes Bank Limited: Too Big to Fail?]''. IIM Bangalore.

* Ramachandran, J.; Dutta, S. (2020). ''[https://hbsp.harvard.edu/product/IMB825-PDF-ENG Mindtree Limited: Hostile Acquisition]''. IIM Bangalore.

* Ramachandran, J.; Pradhan, D. (2020). ''[https://cb.hbsp.harvard.edu/cbmp/product/IMB805-PDF-ENG Infosys Limited: Governance Imbroglio]''. IIM Bangalore.

* Ramachandran, J.; Garg, J. (2019). ''[https://cb.hbsp.harvard.edu/cbmp/product/IMB749-PDF-ENG Asian Paints Limited: Painting History]''. IIM Bangalore.

* Ramachandran, J.; Garg, P. (2019). ''[https://hbsp.harvard.edu/product/IMB739-PDF-ENG Hindustan Unilever Limited (A): Growing with India]''. IIM Bangalore.

* Ramachandran, J.; Garg, P.; Kashyap, B. (2019). ''[https://hbsp.harvard.edu/product/IMB741-PDF-ENG Hindustan Unilever Limited (B): Winning in Many Indias]''. IIM Bangalore.

* Ramachandran, J.; Garg, P.; Kashyap, B. (2019). ''[https://hbsp.harvard.edu/product/IMB743-PDF-ENG Hindustan Unilever Limited (C): Boosting Growth in India]''. IIM Bangalore.

* Ramachandran, J.; Manikandan, K. S.; Rajyalakshmi, K. (2016). ''[https://cb.hbsp.harvard.edu/cbmp/product/IMB597-PDF-ENG Leading the Tata Group (A): The Ratan Tata Years]''. IIM Bangalore.

* Ramachandran, J.; Manikandan, K. S. (2016). ''[https://cb.hbsp.harvard.edu/cbmp/product/IMB599-PDF-ENG Leading the Tata Group (B): The Cyrus Mistry Years]''. IIM Bangalore.

* Ramachandran, J.; Manukonda, S.; Awate, K. (2016). ''[https://cb.hbsp.harvard.edu/cbmp/product/IMB601-PDF-ENG Ranbaxy Limited: Changing Aspirations]''. IIM Bangalore.

* Ramachandran, J.; Garg, P. (2016). ''[https://cb.hbsp.harvard.edu/cbmp/product/IMB603-PDF-ENG i-flex Solutions (A): Winning Unconventionally]''. IIM Bangalore.

* Ramachandran, J.; Garg, P. (2016). ''[https://cb.hbsp.harvard.edu/cbmp/product/IMB603-PDF-ENG i-flex Solutions (B): The Oracle Years]''. IIM Bangalore.

* Ramachandran, J.; Krishnamurthy, R.; Garg, P. (2016). ''[https://cb.hbsp.harvard.edu/cbmp/product/IMB581-PDF-ENG Indian Software Services Industry: The Changing Landscape]''. IIM Bangalore.

* Ramachandran, J.; Gupta, S. (2016). ''[https://cb.hbsp.harvard.edu/cbmp/product/IMB569-PDF-ENG DDB Mudra Group (A): Transformative Growth]''. IIM Bangalore.

* Ramachandran, J.; Gupta, S. (2016). ''[https://cb.hbsp.harvard.edu/cbmp/product/IMB571-PDF-ENG DDB Mudra Group (B): Profitable Growth]''. IIM Bangalore.

* Ramachandran, J.; Gupta, S. (2013). "''[[doi:10.1142/S0218927513500090|The Park Hotels: Communicating Experience]]''." ''Asian Case Research Journal''. '''17''' (2): 199–224.

* Ramachandran, J.; Manikandan, K. S. (2012). ''[https://cb.hbsp.harvard.edu/cbmp/product/IMB375-PDF-ENG ITC Limited: India First]''. IIM Bangalore.

* Ramachandran, J.; Gupta, S. (2010). ''[https://cb.hbsp.harvard.edu/cbmp/product/IMB373-PDF-ENG The Park Hotels: Designing Experience]''. IIM Bangalore.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.iimb.ac.in/node/4947 Faculty profile at IIM Bangalore]
* [https://hbsp.harvard.edu/search?action=&f-author=J%20Ramachandran J. Ramachandran at Harvard Business Publishing]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramachandran, J}}
[[Category:Academic staff of the Indian Institute of Management Bangalore]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian academics]]
[[Category:Indian businesspeople]]

Sri Satya Sai University of Technology & Medical Sciences

2026-03-22T13:37:44Z

Davidcza:

{{Short description|Private university in Madhya Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox University
| image = SSSUTMS Logo.png
| name = Sri Satya Sai University of Technology & Medical Sciences
|native_name =श्री सत्य साई प्रौद्योगिकी एवं चिकित्सा विज्ञान विश्वविद्यालय
| motto = "''Where Talent Meets Opportunity''"
| motto_lang = en
| established = {{Start date|1999}} (24 years ago)
| affiliation = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]], [[Association of Indian Universities|AIU]], [[Pharmacy Council of India|PCI]], [[National Council for Teacher Education|NCTE]], [[Council of Architecture|COA]], [[All India Council for Technical Education|AICTE]], [[Department of Higher Education|DHE]],
| endowment =
| type = [[Private university|Private]]
| chairman =
| chancellor = Dr. Siddharth Kumar
| vice_chancellor = Dr. Mukesh Tiwari
| president =
| city = [[Sehore]]
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|23|12|57.6|N|77|07|37.2|E|}}
| publictransit =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| staff =
| nickname = SSSUTMS
| website = {{URL|https://www.sssutms.co.in/}}
{{URL|https://www.sssutms.ac.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Sri Satya Sai University Of Technology And Medical Sciences''' ('''SSSUTMS''') is a private university located in [[Sehore]] in [[Madhya Pradesh]], India.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ugc.ac.in/privateuniversitylist.aspx?id=20&Unitype=3| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731142359/https://www.ugc.ac.in/privateuniversitylist.aspx?id=20&Unitype=3 |archive-date=31 July 2017 | title=Private University Madhya Pradesh| publisher=[[University Grants Commission (India)]] | accessdate=31 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.unirank.org/in/uni/sri-satya-sai-university-of-technology-and-medical-sciences/ | title=Sri Satya Sai University of Technology and Medical Sciences | publisher=unirank.org | accessdate=26 December 2017}}</ref> Many students come to study from different states of India.

== History ==
Sri Satya Sai Campus, Sehore came into existence in 1999 with the Sri Satya Sai Institute of Science & Technology (SSSIST). SSSIST initially had three branches in engineering education with a total intake of 180.

In 2012, because of the vision of promoters, the Sehore Campus was operating twelve colleges, having twenty undergraduate courses & twenty Postgraduate courses, one post-graduate Diploma course & one Diploma course, with a total intake of 3054 students. Sri Satya Sai Group of Institutions attracts a large number of students from faraway places and states due to the quality of education at an affordable cost, without any hidden fees policy. In its history of fourteen years, various Institutions under the umbrella of the Sri Satya Sai Group of Institutions were the only Institutes in Sehore & nearby six districts offering technical education at affordable fees to worthy and needy students.

== Location ==
Sri Satya Sai University Of Technology And Medical Science is situated in a {{convert|180|acre|ha|adj=on}} site adjacent to [[Bhopal]]-[[Indore]] [[Road]], Opp.Oil fed plant, and is about {{convert|4.9|km|mi}} from [[Sehore]] and {{convert|33.9|km|mi}} from [[Bhopal]] in [[Madhya Pradesh]]

==Schools==
SSSUTMS has established the following schools:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sssutms.co.in/cms/Website/About/Institutes/|title=SSSUTMS Schools and Department List|website=sssutms.co.in/cms/Website/About/Institutes}}</ref>
* School of Engineering
* School of Computer Application
* School of Management Studies
* Faculty of Pharmacy
* School of Hotel Management

=== School of Paramedical Studies ===
* Polytechnic (Engineering)
* School of Law
* School of Homoeopathy
* Faculty of Education
* School of Design
* School of Ayurveda and Siddha Studies

== Campus & Infrastructure ==

=== Campus ===
The university campus is spread over 180 acres<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.entrancezone.com/university/sri-satya-sai-university-of-technology-and-medical-sciences-bhopal | title=Sri Satya Sai University Of Technology And Medical Sciences }}</ref> in [[Pachama|Pachama Village]] on the [[Sehore district|Sehore District]] in [[Madhya Pradesh]].

===Hostel===
There are separate hostels for men and women on the campus. Each hostel is self-contained with amenities such as a reading room, an indoor games room, a lounge and a dining hall with a mess, a computer room and a TV in the common room. The Board for Hostel Management coordinates the various hostel activities. At present, the boys' hostel has a capacity of accommodating 252 students and the girls' hostel has a capacity of 100 girls. The mess of both hostels is run on a cooperative basis. The provision of separate rooms with air conditioners is available. A qualified medical attendant is available at the campus. Medical and hospital facilities are available in Sehore and the cost is met by the students. Mess and canteen facility are also available.

== Controversies ==
The campus of university on bhopal road in [[Sehore]] was inspected by a team from the [[Rajasthan]] SPECIAL OPERATIONS GROUP(SOG) for irregularities it was revealed that the degrees on the basis of which 67 candidates included in the 2020 PTI recruitment in Rajasthan got jobs were fake.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sehore News: सत्य साई यूनिवर्सिटी में SOG का छापा, पीटीआई भर्ती से जुड़ी 67 फर्जी डिग्रियों का खुलासा |url=https://www.amarujala.com/madhya-pradesh/sehore/mp-newssog-raid-on-satya-sai-university-67-fake-degrees-used-in-pti-recruitment-exposed-sehore-news-c-1-1-noi1381-3868914-2026-01-22 |access-date=2026-03-11 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of universities in India]]
* [[Universities and colleges in India]]

=== References ===
{{Reflist}}

=== External links ===
*{{URL|https://sssutms.co.in}}
*{{URL|https://sssutms.ac.in/}}

{{coord|23.216|77.127|display=title}}

{{Portal bar|India|Education}}

{{Universities in Madhya Pradesh}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sri Satya Sai University of Technology and Medical Sciences}}
[[Category:1999 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Universities in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1999]]

{{MadhyaPradesh-university-stub}}

Dhruv Rathee

2026-03-16T20:11:38Z

Davidcza: cleanup section based on references and cleaned formatting for accuracy

{{Short description|Indian influencer and activist (born 1994)}}{{Redirect|Rathee}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{infobox youtuber
| name = Dhruv Rathee
| logo =
| image = File:Dhruv Rathee (cropped).jpg
| caption = Rathee in 2019
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1994|10|08}}
| birth_place = [[Rohtak, Haryana]], India
| education = [[Karlsruhe Institute of Technology]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BSc]], [[Master of Science|MSc]])
| occupation = {{hlist|[[YouTuber]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/culture/year-comedians-took-politics-seriously|title=The Year Indian Comedians Took Politics Seriously|website=The Wire|access-date=7 July 2020|archive-date=8 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708011724/https://thewire.in/culture/year-comedians-took-politics-seriously|url-status=live}}</ref>|[[Vlogger]]|[[Activist]]}}
| spouse = {{marriage |Juli Lbr|24 November 2021}}
| children = 1
| website = {{URL|https://dhruvrathee.com|dhruvrathee.com}}
| youtube_handle = dhruvrathee
| youtube_display_name = Dhruv Rathee
| youtube_handle2 = dhruvratheevlogs
| youtube_display_name2 = Dhruv Rathee Vlogs
| youtube_handle3 = drshorts
| youtube_display_name3 = Dhruv Rathee Shorts
| youtube_years_active = 2014–present
| youtube_genre = {{flatlist|
* [[Political commentary]]
* [[news]]
* [[vlogs]]}}
| youtube_subscribers = 31.2 million (main channel) 
{{Rounddown|{{Sum|31.2|4.45|3.45}}|2}} million (combined){{efn|
Subscribers, broken down by channel:{{blist
|31.2 million (Dhruv Rathee)
|4.85 million (Dhruv Rathee Shorts)
|3.45 million (Dhruv Rathee Vlogs)}}
}}
| youtube_views = 5.22 billion (main channel) 
{{Rounddown|{{Sum|3.65|1.89|0.52}}|2}} billion (combined){{efn|
Views, broken down by channel:{{blist
|5.22 billion (Dhruv Rathee)
|2.30 billion (Dhruv Rathee Shorts)
|603 million (Dhruv Rathee Vlogs)}}
}}
| stats_update = 22 February 2026
}}

'''Dhruv Rathee''' (born 8 October 1994, {{IPA|hi|d̪ʰrʊʋ raːʈʰiː}}) is an Indian [[Activist|influencer]] and [[activism|social media activist]] based in [[Berlin]], Germany. He is known for his [[YouTuber|YouTube]] videos on social, political, and environmental issues. As of June 2025, he has over 36 million subscribers and 7 billion views across all of his channels.

== Early life and education ==
Dhruv Rathee was born on 8 October 1994 to a Haryanvi [[Hindu]] family in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Haryana]]. He completed his primary education in Haryana before pursuing higher education in Germany, completing a [[bachelor's degree]] in [[mechanical engineering]] and a master's degree in [[renewable energy]] from the [[Karlsruhe Institute of Technology]].<ref>{{Cite web |title='Persistence and patience are the hallmarks of success': YouTuber Dhruv Rathee |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2020/jun/07/interview--persistence-and-patience-are-the-hallmarks-of-success-youtuber-dhruv-rathee-2152288.html |access-date=12 February 2023|website=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=6 June 2020 |archive-date=12 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212091245/https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2020/jun/07/interview--persistence-and-patience-are-the-hallmarks-of-success-youtuber-dhruv-rathee-2152288.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="freepress">{{cite web |title=From 'practising Hindu atheist' to 'All Lives Matter': Who exactly is Dhruv Rathee? |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/from-practising-hindu-atheist-to-all-lives-matter-who-exactly-is-dhruv-rathee |access-date=9 June 2020 |website=[[Free Press Journal]] |language=en |archive-date=9 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609093045/https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/from-practising-hindu-atheist-to-all-lives-matter-who-exactly-is-dhruv-rathee |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Career ==
Rathee is mainly known for his political videos,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Year Indian Comedians Took Politics Seriously |url=https://thewire.in/culture/year-comedians-took-politics-seriously |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708011724/https://thewire.in/culture/year-comedians-took-politics-seriously |archive-date=8 July 2020 |access-date=7 July 2020 |website=The Wire}}</ref> which mainly contain [[fact-checking]] and explanatory content.<ref name="time2">{{cite magazine |last1=Rajvanshi |first1=Astha |title=Fact-Checking Indian Media Is Tough. Dhruv Rathee Uses Youtube to Do It |url=https://time.com/collection/next-generation-leaders/6317267/dhruv-rathee/ |magazine=[[TIME]] |access-date=6 October 2023 |language=en |date=5 October 2023 |archive-date=5 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005232110/https://time.com/collection/next-generation-leaders/6317267/dhruv-rathee/ |url-status=live }}</ref> According to ''[[ThePrint]]'', Rathee was one of the first Indian users to use YouTube as a political platform. He began uploading travel videos in 2013, but by the end of the year, he shifted his focus towards political and social topics.<ref name="freepress2">{{Cite web |title=Who Is YouTuber Dhruv Rathee? Indian Creator's Net Worth Is Rs 27 crore, Takes Home Rs 48 Lakh Every Month |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/who-is-youtuber-dhruv-rathee-indian-creator-whose-recent-dictatorship-in-india-video-is-going-viral |access-date=23 March 2024 |website=[[Free Press Journal]] |language=en}}</ref>

Alongside his serious content, Rathee launched ''Pee News'', a satirical "[[fake news]]" segment.<ref name=scroll>{{cite web |last1=Ghosh |first1=Devarsi |title=Meet Dhruv Rathee, the 23-year-old YouTuber whose videos are infuriating Modi's admirers |url=https://scroll.in/magazine/878470/meet-dhruv-rathee-the-23-year-old-youtuber-who-is-fighting-the-right-wing-one-video-at-a-time |website=Scroll.in |date=16 May 2018 |access-date=9 June 2020 |archive-date=8 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608122330/https://scroll.in/magazine/878470/meet-dhruv-rathee-the-23-year-old-youtuber-who-is-fighting-the-right-wing-one-video-at-a-time |url-status=live }}</ref> Additionally, from 2017 until early 2020, Rathee wrote opinion columns for ''[[ThePrint]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dhruv Rathee, Author at ThePrint |url=https://theprint.in/author/dhruv-rathee/ |website=ThePrint |date=11 February 2020 |access-date=9 June 2020 |archive-date=23 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200423145903/https://theprint.in/author/dhruv-rathee/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In July 2020, Rathee began another YouTube channel called ''Dhruv Rathee Vlogs'', where he shares his international [[Vlog|travel vlogs]]. In addition to his vlogs, Rathee hosts various shows, including DW Travel of ''[[Deutsche Welle]]'' and ''Decode with Dhruv'' of [[Netflix India]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 October 2020 |title=Money Heist: Dhruv Rathee decodes Netflix's 'Spanish Masala Blockbuster' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/money-heist-dhruv-rathee-decodes-netflix-spanish-masala-blockbuster-6907320/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=27 November 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en |archive-date=27 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027072948/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/money-heist-dhruv-rathee-decodes-netflix-spanish-masala-blockbuster-6907320/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He also hosts a podcast on [[Spotify]] called ''Maha Bharat with Dhruv Rathee''.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=19 March 2023|title=YouTuber Dhruv Rathee Talks About Entering Into Audio Space, Says 'Podcasts Have Small But Dedicated Audience' - Exclusive|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/youtuber-dhruv-rathee-talks-about-entering-into-audio-space-says-podcasts-have-small-but-dedicated-audience-exclusive-6313525.html|date=9 November 2022|website=News18|archive-date=19 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319202425/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/youtuber-dhruv-rathee-talks-about-entering-into-audio-space-says-podcasts-have-small-but-dedicated-audience-exclusive-6313525.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{As of|2022|2}}, Rathee has a [[YouTube Shorts]] channel to share 30-seconds fact videos, offering a quick and accessible way for viewers to engage with the information he presents.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhruv Rathee Shorts |url=https://socialblade.com/youtube/channel/UCw4IHIMsDO5wpIiprOSXiEA |access-date=4 January 2023 |website=Social Blade |archive-date=4 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104071407/https://socialblade.com/youtube/channel/UCw4IHIMsDO5wpIiprOSXiEA |url-status=live }}</ref> On 18 April 2024, Rathee announced five new YouTube channels focusing on publishing [[Dubbing|dubbed videos]] in five [[Languages of India|Indian regional languages]]: [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], and [[Kannada language|Kannada]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=T. N. M. |date=4 April 2024 |title=Dhruv Rathee starts YouTube channels in five languages including Tamil, Telugu and Kannada |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/news/dhruv-rathee-starts-youtube-channels-in-five-languages-including-tamil-telugu-and-kannada |access-date=21 April 2024 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>

In 2023, Rathee was included in [[Time (magazine)|''Time'']]'s list of [[Next Generation Leaders]].<ref name="time1">{{Cite web |last1=Anand |first1=Nisha |date=6 October 2023 |title=Dhruv Rathee among TIME Magazine's 'next generation leaders 2023'; YouTuber reacts |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/dhruv-rathee-among-time-magazine-s-next-generation-leaders-2023-youtuber-reacts-101696577610903.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007071736/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/dhruv-rathee-among-time-magazine-s-next-generation-leaders-2023-youtuber-reacts-101696577610903.html |archive-date=7 October 2023 |access-date=6 October 2023 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="time22">{{cite magazine |last1=Rajvanshi |first1=Astha |date=5 October 2023 |title=Fact-Checking Indian Media Is Tough. Dhruv Rathee Uses Youtube to Do It |url=https://time.com/collection/next-generation-leaders/6317267/dhruv-rathee/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005232110/https://time.com/collection/next-generation-leaders/6317267/dhruv-rathee/ |archive-date=5 October 2023 |access-date=6 October 2023 |magazine=[[TIME]] |language=en}}</ref>

In September 2022, he faced controversy when a video he posted about Pakistan's [[Cabinet crisis|political crisis]] was blocked by India's [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]] for including a map of India that does not align with India's national position on [[Kashmir]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Quint |first=The |date=26 September 2022 |title=Govt Removes 45 YouTube Videos, Including Dhruv Rathee's, For Spreading 'Lies' |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/youtuber-dhruv-rathees-video-among-45-posts-pulled-down-by-centre-for-spreading-lies-about-agnipath-scheme |access-date=6 October 2023 |website=TheQuint |language=en |archive-date=29 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929073646/https://www.thequint.com/news/india/youtuber-dhruv-rathees-video-among-45-posts-pulled-down-by-centre-for-spreading-lies-about-agnipath-scheme |url-status=live}}</ref> Following the [[2025 Pahalgam attack]], Rathee was the subject of backlash when Pakistani news channels aired clips of his video which criticized the Indian government's security failures; Rathee claimed that the clips were misused.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mukhopadhyay |first=Sounak |date=2025-05-10 |title=Dhruv Rathee accuses Pakistani channels of misusing his 'clips', slams influencer for calling him out {{!}} Mint |url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/dhruv-rathee-accuses-pakistani-channels-of-misusing-his-clips-slams-influencer-for-calling-him-out-11746858437952.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250512121215/https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/dhruv-rathee-accuses-pakistani-channels-of-misusing-his-clips-slams-influencer-for-calling-him-out-11746858437952.html |archive-date=2025-05-12 |access-date=2025-05-17 |work=mint |language=en}}</ref>

In March 2023, Rathee faced copyright charges from [[Dabur]] on his video titled "The dark-side of cold drinks". The [[Calcutta High Court]] ordered social media platforms to remove the video.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Calcutta HC orders social media platforms to take down video of Dhruv Rathee mocking Real fruit juice |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-calcutta-hc-orders-social-media-platforms-to-take-down-video-of-dhruv-rathee-denigrating-real-fruit-juice-3032940 |access-date=6 October 2023 |website=DNA India |language=en |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031012943/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-calcutta-hc-orders-social-media-platforms-to-take-down-video-of-dhruv-rathee-denigrating-real-fruit-juice-3032940 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In May 2025, Rathee faced controversy from the [[Sikhs|Sikh]] community for posting an AI-generated thumbnail in a new video, titled ''"The Rise of Sikhs"'', which primarily focused on the first Sikh ruler, [[Banda Singh Bahadur]]. The video received widespread condemnation from the Sikh community, including the [[Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee]] President, for depicting AI-generated visuals of the Sikh gurus. Following the backlash, Rathee removed the video from his YouTube channel.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/youtuber-dhruv-rathee-video-sikh-history-objections-10015928/ |title=YouTuber Dhruv Rathee takes down video on Sikh history after objections|work=The Times of India |date=19 May 2025|via=The Indian Express}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Rathee is a resident of Germany. In November 2021, Rathee married his long-time partner Juli Lbr at the [[Belvedere, Vienna|Belvedere Palace]], in [[Vienna]], Austria.<ref name="news18">{{Cite web|date=28 November 2021|title=Love Across Borders: Indian YouTuber Dhruv Rathee Marries German Girlfriend Juli at Vienna|url=https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/dhruv-rathee-marries-girlfriend-juli-vienna-palace-indian-youtuber-4495205.html|url-status=live|access-date=1 January 2022|website=[[News18]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128140441/https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/dhruv-rathee-marries-girlfriend-juli-vienna-palace-indian-youtuber-4495205.html |archive-date=28 November 2021 }}</ref> Their first child was born in September 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 September 2024 |title=Dhruv Rathee announces birth of first child with sweet photos; fans celebrate new arrival |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/dhruv-rathee-announces-birth-of-first-child-with-sweet-photos-fans-celebrate-new-arrival/articleshow/113552972.cms?from=mdr |access-date=21 September 2024 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=दुबे |first=स्नेहा |date=21 September 2024 |script-title=hi:फेमस यूट्यूबर ध्रुव राठी बने पापा, शेयर की बेबी बॉय की प्यारी सी तस्वीर |url=https://www.abplive.com/entertainment/ott/dhruv-rathee-became-father-of-a-boy-he-shared-new-born-baby-first-photo-2788398 |access-date=21 September 2024 |website= |language=hi}}</ref>
== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
*[https://dhruvrathee.com/ Official website]
*[https://www.youtube.com/@dhruvrathee Dhruv Rathee's Channel] on [[YouTube]]

{{Portal bar|Biography|Internet|India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rathee, Dhruv}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Indian atheists]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to Germany]]
[[Category:Indian mechanical engineers]]
[[Category:Indian YouTubers]]
[[Category:Karlsruhe Institute of Technology alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People associated with renewable energy]]
[[Category:People from Haryana]]
[[Category:1994 births]]
[[Category:People from Rohtak]]
[[Category:Hindi-language YouTube channels]]
[[Category:Indian podcasters]]

Springer Publishing

2026-03-08T17:24:48Z

Davidcza:

{{short description|American publishing company}}
{{about|the American academic publisher|the German academic publisher|Springer Science+Business Media|the German digital and popular periodical publishing house|Axel Springer SE}}
{{use American English|date=September 2022}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox publisher
| image = Springer Publishing logo.JPG
| parent = Mannheim Media
| status = Active
| founded = {{start date and age|1950}}
| founder =
| country = [[United States]]
| headquarters = [[Salmon Tower Building]] [[New York City]]
| distribution = self-distributed (US) Login Canada (Canada) Viva Books (India) [[Taylor & Francis]] (Asia) Footprint Books (Australia) Eurospan Group (EMEA)<ref>{{Cite web |title = Booksellers |access-date = 2019-06-04 |url= https://www.springerpub.com/booksellers |publisher=Springer Publishing}}</ref>
| publications =
| topics = Nursing, gerontology, psychology, social work, counseling, public health, and rehabilitation
| genre =
| imprints = [[Demos Medical Publishing]]
| url = {{URL|http://www.springerpub.com}}
| keypeople =
| numemployees =
| revenue =
}}
'''Springer Publishing Company'''<ref name=SpringerUSAobitNYT70/> is an American publishing company of [[academic journal]]s and books, focusing on the fields of [[nursing]],<ref name=NursPubSpringerNYT2016/> [[gerontology]], [[psychology]], [[social work]], [[counseling]], [[public health]], and [[rehabilitation (neuropsychology)]]. It was established in 1951 by Bernhard Springer, a great-grandson of [[Julius Springer]],<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.springerpub.com/pages/Springer-Publishing |title=Publishing History |access-date=May 14, 2012 |archive-date=April 26, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426014828/http://www.springerpub.com/pages/Springer-Publishing-History |url-status=dead }}</ref> and is based in [[Midtown Manhattan]], [[New York City]].<ref name=GGf1842NYT1998>{{cite news |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]
|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/11/21/business/international-business-bertelsmann-signs-a-deal-springer-verlag.html
|title=Bertelsmann Signs a Deal Springer-Verlag
|author=Doreen Carvajal |date=November 21, 1998 |access-date=September 15, 2022}}</ref>

==History==
Springer Publishing Company<ref name=SpringerUSAobitNYT70>{{cite news |newspaper=[[The New York Times]]
|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/12/30/archives/bernhard-springer-publisher-here-63.html
|title=Bernard Springer, Publisher Here, 63 |date=December 30, 1970 |access-date=September 15, 2022}}</ref> was founded in 1950 by Bernhard Springer, the Berlin-born great-grandson of [[Julius Springer]], who founded [[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer-Verlag]] (now [[Springer Science+Business Media]]). Springer Publishing's first landmark publications included ''Livestock Health Encyclopedia'' by R. Seiden and the 1952 ''Handbook of Cardiology for Nurses''. The company's books soon branched into other fields, including medicine and psychology. Nursing publications grew rapidly in number, as Modell's ''Drugs in Current Use'', a small annual paperback, sold over 150,000 copies over several editions. Solomon Garb's ''Laboratory Tests for Nurses'', first published in 1954, sold nearly 240,000 copies over six editions in 25 years. In its second decade, the firm expanded into new publishing areas to reflect the rapidly expanding [[health care industry]]. [[Gerontology]] was a growing topic of interest, and in the 1960s Bernhard Springer published six titles on aging. Meanwhile, publications in psychiatry and psychology continued to grow.

After Bernhard Springer's death in 1970,<ref name=SpringerUSAobitNYT70/> his wife Ursula assumed responsibility for the company, and the firm continued to expand, adding titles in social work, counseling, rehabilitation, and public health, in addition to publishing journals, and annual reviews.<ref name=WidowedPublisherObitNYT>{{cite news
|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]
|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage-9A06E7DB133AF930A35757C0A9629D8B63.html
|title=SPRINGER,Ursula - Paid Notice: Deaths |date=April 3, 2014 |access-date=September 15, 2022}}</ref> In 2004, Ursula Springer sold Springer Publishing Company to Mannheim Holdings, LLC, a subsidiary of the Mannheim Trust. In 2008 they established a division to focus on nursing, and "signs to look for" when abuse is suspected.<ref name=NursPubSpringerNYT2016>{{cite news |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/14/jobs/a-caregiver-for-new-books-about-nursing.html
|title=A Caregiver for New Books About Nursing |editor=Patricia R. Olsen |date=August 13, 2016 |access-date=September 15, 2022}}</ref> In 2015, [[Demos Medical Publishing]] merged into Springer Publishing.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.springerpub.com/springer-publishing-demos-medical-merger |title=Springer Publishing Company and Demos Medical Publishing Merge to Better Serve Health Care and Helping Professions |access-date=September 9, 2017 |archive-date=September 10, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910040626/http://www.springerpub.com/springer-publishing-demos-medical-merger |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Journals==
Springer Publishing publishes the following [[academic journal]]s:<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.springerpub.com/journals.html | title=Springer Publishing Journals}}</ref>
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
*''Annals of LGBTQ Public and Population Health''
*''Annual Review of Gerontology and Geriatrics''
*''Annual Review of Nursing Research''
*''Biogerontology''
*''Care Management Journals''
*''Clinical Lactation''
*''Clinical Scholars Review''
*''Connect: The World of Critical Care Nurse''
*''Creative Nursing''
*''Current Hypertension Reports''
*''[[Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry]]''
*''Ethical Human Sciences and Services''
*''International Journal of Childbirth''
*''International Journal for Human Caring''
*''Journal of Applied Rehabilitation Counseling''
*''Journal of Cell Communication and Signaling''
*''Journal of Cognitive Education and Psychology''
*''[[Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy]]''
*''Journal of Doctoral Nursing Practice''
*''Journal of EMDR Practice and Research''
*''Journal of Financial Counseling and Planning''
*''Journal of Nursing Measurement''
*''Journal of Perinatal Education''
*''Minority Nurse''
*''[[Neonatal Network]]''
*''Nursing History Review''
*''Partner Abuse''
*''Rehabilitation Education''
*''Rehabilitation Research, Policy, and Education''
*''Research and Theory for Nursing Practice''
*''Scholarly Inquiry for Nursing Practice''
*''Sports Medicine''
*''Theory and Society''
*''Urban Social Work''
*''[[Violence & Victims]]''<ref name=WoS>{{cite book |year=2015 |chapter=Violence and Victims
|title=2014 Journal Citation Reports |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters]]
|edition=Science |series=[[Web of Science]] |title-link=Journal Citation Reports }} {{subscription required}}</ref>
}}

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{Portal|New York City|Companies|Books}}
*{{cite book |last=Springer |first=Ursula |date=2008 |title=The History of Springer Publishing Company |publisher=Springer Publishing |isbn=978-0826111128 }}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.springerpub.com}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Academic publishing companies]]
[[Category:Publishing companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Publishing companies established in 1950]]
[[Category:1950 establishments in New York City]]
[[Category:Companies based in New York City]]

Saalivaahanan

2026-03-06T03:42:39Z

Davidcza: adjusted citations also and added references for accuracy

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Saalivaahanan
| image = Saalivaahanan.jpg
| caption = Theatrical poster
| director = B. N. Rao
| screenplay = [[Kambadasan]]
| story = B. S. Ramaiah
| starring = [[Ranjan (actor)|Ranjan]] [[T. R. Rajakumari]] [[M. G. Ramachandran]] [[K. L. V. Vasantha]]
| producer =
| music = Nagercoil K. Mahadevan
| distributor =
| studio = Bhaskar Pictures
| released = {{film date|1945|02|16|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
}}
'''''Saalivaahanan''''' is a [[Tamil language]] film starring [[Ranjan (actor)|Ranjan]], [[T. R. Rajakumari]], [[M. G. Ramachandran]] and [[K. L. V. Vasantha]]. The film was released in 1945.<ref name="hindu">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=26 June 2011 |title=Saalivaahanan 1945 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/saalivaahanan-1945/article2135380.ece |access-date=23 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123045925/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/saalivaahanan-1945/article2135380.ece |archive-date=23 January 2017 |authorlink=Randor Guy}}</ref> No print of the film is known to survive, making it a lost film.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=2017-08-31 |title=Another Anandan in the making |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/another-anandan-in-the-making/article19593507.ece |access-date=2017-09-18}}</ref>

== Cast ==
;Male
*[[Ranjan (actor)|Ranjan]] as Saalivahanan
*[[M. G. Ramachandran]] as Vikramaditya
*Nagercoil K. Mahadevan
*[[T. S. Balaiah]]
*[[N. S. Krishnan]]
;Female
*[[T. R. Rajakumari]] as Princess Chandralekha
*[[K. L. V. Vasantha]] as Vikramaditya's sister
*[[M. R. Santhanalakshmi]]
*[[T. A. Madhuram]]

== Production ==
The film had a sequence, a love scene between Ranjan and T. R. Rajakumari, in colour. It was done by ''hand-tinting'' each frame of the sequence. M. G. Ramachandran, who was acting in minor roles at that time, played as villain. According to film historian [[Randor Guy]], during the shooting of a sword fight between Ranjan and Ramachandran, the latter complained to the director that "Ranjan was putting in too much of ''realism'' in the fencing which was likely to hurt him!"<ref name=hindu />

== Soundtrack ==
# Kayirai edutthukko by [[N. S. Krishnan]] & [[T. A. Madhuram]]

== Reception ==
According to film historian Randor Guy, Saalivaahanan did not do well at the box office and the producers lost heavily in the process. He stated the film would be remembered for coloured sequence and the comedy of Krishnan-Mathuram.<ref name=hindu />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1945 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1945 Indian films]]
[[Category:1945 films]]
[[Category:Lost Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:1940s lost films]]
[[Category:Films partially in color]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

{{1940s-Tamil-film-stub}}

Romeo (2011 film)

2026-03-04T00:23:30Z

Davidcza: Page updated with additional details

{{Short description|2011 film by Sujit Mondal}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Romeo
| image = Romeo - 2011 Movie Poster.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Sujit Mondal]]
| producer = [[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
| writer = [[N. K. Salil]] [[Kishore Kumar Pardasani]]
| starring = [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]] [[Subhashree Ganguly|Subhashree]] [[Sabyasachi Chakrabarty]] [[Laboni Sarkar]] [[Partha Sarathi Deb]] [[Kaushik Banerjee]]
| music = [[Jeet Gannguli]]
| cinematography = Kumud Verma
| editing = Rabi Ranjan Moitra
| studio = [[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2011|11|4}}
| runtime = 156:05 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
}}

'''''Romeo''''' is a 2011 [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali]]-language [[romantic comedy|romantic comedy film]] directed by [[Sujit Mondal]]. Produced by [[Shrikant Mohta]] under the banner of [[Shree Venkatesh Films]], it stars [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]] and [[Subhashree Ganguly|Subhashree]] in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Romeo (2011) {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/romeo_2011_2 |access-date=2024-06-26 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref> It is the third film where [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]] and [[Subhashree Ganguly|Subhashree]] worked together after [[Challenge (2009 film)|''Challenge'']] and ''[[Paran Jai Jaliya Re]]''. The film was released on 4 November 2011 to mixed reviews.<ref>{{cite news |title=Content-driven Bengali films surprise 2011 |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/content-driven-bengali-films-surprise-2011-432742.html |access-date=27 February 2025 |work=[[News18]] |date=30 December 2011}}</ref> It is an official remake of the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] blockbuster movie ''[[Konchem Ishtam Konchem Kashtam]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Subhashree is my Juliet: Dev |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/subhashree-is-my-juliet-dev/articleshow/10552022.cms |access-date=27 February 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=31 October 2011}}</ref>

==Plot==
This story is set in the backdrop of a village where Pooja grows under the shade of her doting father Chatterjee who takes care of everything for her and she is equally attached to him. She comes to [[Kolkata]] for her further studies and stays at her uncle Dibakar's house. There, her cousin Swati has a group of friends and one among them is the happy and playful Siddhartha alias Siddhu.

Siddhu is a big Casanova among girls and though he always has a smile on his face, there is a sad past as his mother Nandini is living separately from his father Aviraj Roy. Both of Siddhu's parents had a love marriage. Eventually, both Siddhu and Pooja fall in love and the time comes for Siddhu to ask for Pooja's hand in marriage. Mr. Chatterjee says that if Siddhu can unite his parents and get them together, he would be willing to accept the proposal.

From then on start the efforts and trials of both Siddhu and Pooja to get Aviraj and Nandini together. One night, when Aviraj is driving Siddhu to his mother's home, they talk about when his parents separated. His father understands his feelings and what he's trying to say, and his father answers "that he couldn't have done anything, his mother just left him." To this Siddhu answers, "No, you should have gone after her. You should have never let her go." Even after this talk with Aviraj, Pooja and Siddhu have many failures, but eventually Siddhu reunites his parents and Pooja's father, Chatterjee, also unites the other lovers, Pooja and Siddhu.

== Cast ==
* [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]] as Siddharth Roy
* [[Subhashree Ganguly|Subhashree]] as Pooja Chatterjee
* [[Sabyasachi Chakrabarty]] as Aviraj Roy
* [[Laboni Sarkar]] as Nandini Roy
* [[Biswajit Chakraborty]] as Dibakar (special appearance)
* [[Kaushik Banerjee]] as Mr. Chatterjee, Pooja's father
* Parthasarathi Chakraborty as Ratan, Sidhu's friend

== Production ==
Four of the songs in the film were shot across different locations in [[Africa]]. Although the director initially decided to shoot in [[London]], the shooting spot was later changed as [[London]] would look similar to already seen places like [[Italy]] or [[Venice]]. Finally, two of the songs were shot in Sun City and [[Cape Town]] in [[South Africa]] and two others in [[Namibia]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Dev, Subhashree to romance in South Africa |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/dev-subhashree-to-romance-in-south-africa/articleshow/9281115.cms |access-date=27 February 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=19 July 2011}}</ref> The song "Lady Killer Romeo" was made on a budget of {{INR|50}} lakhs and it was the most expensive Bengali movie song at its time.<ref>{{cite news |title=Romeo blows lakhs on a song |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/romeo-blows-lakhs-on-a-song/articleshow/9693446.cms |access-date=27 February 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=22 August 2011}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Romeo
| type = [[Soundtrack Album]]
| artist = [[Jeet Gannguli]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 4 November 2011
| recorded = Purple Haze & Purple Rain Studios
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| label = [[Shree Venkatesh Films|SVF]]
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Paglu]]
| prev_year = 2011
| next_title = System
| next_year = 2011
| misc = {{Singles
| name = Romeo
| type = Soundtrack
| single1 = Mala Re
| single1date = 15 Oct 2011
| single2 = Lady Killer Romeo
| single2date = 16 Oct 2011
| single3 = Ghumghum Ei Chokhe
| single3date = 21 Oct 2011
| single4 = Mon Toke Dilam
| single4date = 27 Oct 2011
| single5 = Eta Ki Bhul
| single5date = 1 Nov 2011
| single6 = Jaye Pakhi Urey
| single6date = 5 Nov 2011
}}
}}

The music of the film has been composed by [[Jeet Gannguli]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-01-11 |title=Singing their own tunes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/singing-their-own-tunes/articleshow/11446041.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250831135454/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/singing-their-own-tunes/articleshow/11446041.cms |archive-date=2025-08-31 |access-date=2025-08-31 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The lyrics has been written by Priyo Chattopadhyay, Chandrani Gannguli and Prasen.<ref>{{cite news |title=Romeo (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) [Original] - EP |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/romeo-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-original-ep/1631502923 |access-date=27 February 2025 |work=Apple Music |date=4 November 2011}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline =
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Lady Killer Romeo
| note1 =
| lyrics1 = Priyo Chattopadhyay
| extra1 = Jeet Gannguli, [[Akriti Kakkar]]
| length1 = 3:50
| title2 = Eta Ki Bhul
| note2 =
| lyrics2 = Prasen
| extra2 = [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Monali Thakur]]
| length2 = 4:47
| title3 = Mala Re
| note3 =
| lyrics3 = Priyo Chattopadhyay
| extra3 = Jeet Gannguli
| length3 = 4:29
| title4 = Ghumghum Ei Chokhe
| note4 =
| lyrics4 = Chandrani Gannguli
| extra4 = [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length4 = 4:24
| title5 = Mon Toke Dilam
| note5 =
| lyrics5 = Priyo Chattopadhyay
| extra5 = [[Zubeen Garg]]
| length5 = 3:50
| title6 = Jaye Pakhi Urey
| note6 =
| lyrics6 = Priyo Chattopadhyay
| extra6 = [[Rana Mazumdar]]
| length6 = 4:24
}}

== Reception ==
=== Critical reception ===
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 3/5 stars and wrote "Sujit Mondal tries to hammer a point — love is responsibility, family is of utmost importance. You’ve seen him deal with the baddies, now, don’t miss out the dishy dude in his romantic avatar." He praised Ganguli's music, Yadav's choreography and the acting of the supporting cast but criticised the plot for being borderline predictable.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Romeo Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/romeo/movie-review/10664328.cms |access-date=2024-06-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|4773084}}
{{Shree Venkatesh Films}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Romeo 2011 film}}
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2011 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:2011 romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2011 films]]
[[Category:Bengali remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Jeet Gannguli]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Bengali language films scored by Zubeen Garg]]

Jothi (2022 film)

2026-03-03T02:40:07Z

Davidcza: started.

{{Short description|2022 Indian Tamil language film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Jothi
| image = Jothi Film Poster.jpg
| caption = Official poster
| director = AV Krishna Paramatma
| writer =
| producer = S. P. Rajasethupathi
| starring = {{plainlist|[[Vetri (actor)|Vetri]] [[Sheela Rajkumar|Sheela]] [[Krisha Kurup]]
}}
| cinematography = Sesi Jaya
| editing = Sathya Moorthy R.
| music = [[Harshavardhan Rameshwar]]
| studio = SPR Films
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2022|07|28}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Jothi''''' ({{translation|Light}}) is a 2022 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[crime thriller film]] directed by AV Krishna Paramatma, starring [[Vetri (actor)|Vetri]], [[Sheela Rajkumar|Sheela]], [[Krisha Kurup]], S P Rajasethupathi and [[Mime Gopi]]. The film was released on 28 July 2022.<ref>{{cite web |date=5 February 2022 |title=Teaser of investigative crime thriller 'Jothi' garners million views |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/entertainment/teaser-of-investigative-crime-thriller-jothi-garners-million-views |website=National Herald India |access-date=4 August 2022 |archive-date=4 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804170253/https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/entertainment/teaser-of-investigative-crime-thriller-jothi-garners-million-views |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Plot ==
The movie begins with Aruljothi, a pregnant woman, who is due to give birth in four days. Her husband, Ashwin, a doctor, leaves for an emergency case, and Jothi is alone at home. When the scene cuts, Jothi's tummy is being stitched by an unknown person, and the baby has been stolen. The police, including Sakthi, Jothi's friend Janaki's husband, investigate the case. It is revealed that Jothi is adopted and has a sister, Nisha, who is envious of Jothi's wealth. When the police watch CCTV footage, they see Ranga, a former driver of Ashwin and Jothi, enter the house before the camera stops working.

When questioned, Ranga confesses that he went to ask for money from Jothi as his mother needed a kidney transplant. He recalls Nisha arguing with Jothi and threatening to kill her. Nisha reveals that she has a suspicion about someone who stalked them when they went out. The police find out that Arun Kumar, a regular visitor to the hospital where Jothi is admitted, broke the hospital window and was struggling financially. However, they later discover that his wife and child died due to complications during delivery.

The lab results from the blood collected at Jothi's house reveal that two blood groups were found, one belonging to Jothi and the other belonging to the criminal, who is female, AB−, and under 30 years old with [[Thalassemia]]. The police suspect Janaki, who has been depressed due to her inability to conceive. They confront her, and she admits to seeing Ashwin with Kamini, the managing director of Kamini Hospitals, who is also Janaki's doctor and Ashwin's ex-lover. She also confesses that Ashwin had forced her to abort many times.

The police later identify the criminal as Shanti, who works at Kamini hospital, and arrest her. When Shanti is beaten by a policewoman, she admits that Ranga took her to Jothi's house, but someone else told her to do it. Sakthi then confronts Jothi, Ashwin, Nisha, and Janaki at the hospital where Sakthi reveals that Jothi was the one who told Shanti to do it. Later Ranga reveals that Ashwin sells new born babies to rich couples. To get back at Ashwin, Jothi gives the baby to one of the victim's family.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|* [[Vetri (actor)|Vetri]] as Sakthi
* [[Sheela Rajkumar]] as Arul Jothi
* [[Krisha Kurup]] as Janaki
* [[Elango Kumaravel]] as Muthu Kumaraswamy
* [[Mime Gopi]] as Tamizharasu
* Naan Saravanan as Ashwin
* SP Rajasethupathi as Ranga}}

== Production ==
The film's plot was based on a real-life kidnapping incident that took place in [[Cuddalore]],<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/jothi-is-about-a-shocking-real-life-incident-vetri-exclusive/articleshow/92853090.cms | title='Jothi' is about a shocking real-life incident: Vetri - Exclusive! | website=[[The Times of India]] | access-date=4 August 2022 | archive-date=4 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804170251/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/jothi-is-about-a-shocking-real-life-incident-vetri-exclusive/articleshow/92853090.cms | url-status=live }}</ref> and it was shot during the relaxed COVID restrictions in 2021.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/jothi-actress-sheela-rajkumar-audiences-are-well-molded-now-we-cant-trick-them-exclusive/articleshow/93234883.cms | title='Jothi' actress Sheela Rajkumar: Audiences are well moulded now, we can't trick them- Exclusive | website=[[The Times of India]] | access-date=4 August 2022 | archive-date=4 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804083427/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/jothi-actress-sheela-rajkumar-audiences-are-well-molded-now-we-cant-trick-them-exclusive/articleshow/93234883.cms | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/features/2022/feb/07/location-diaries-love-in-the-time-of-covid--krisha-kurup-forjothi-29582.html | title=Location Diaries: Love in the time of Covid- Krisha Kurup for Jothi | website=[[Cinema Express]] | date=7 February 2022 | access-date=4 August 2022 | archive-date=4 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804170253/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/features/2022/feb/07/location-diaries-love-in-the-time-of-covid--krisha-kurup-forjothi-29582.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Times of India]]'' called the film "an amateurish investigative thriller", adding "rather than give us a plausible investigative thriller, director Krishna Paramathma goes for melodrama and amateurish police work that dashes our hopes".<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/jothi/movie-review/93190961.cms | title=Jothi Movie Review: An amateurish investigative thriller | website=[[The Times of India]] | last1=Suganth | first1=M. | access-date=4 August 2022 | archive-date=4 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804133355/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/jothi/movie-review/93190961.cms | url-status=live }}</ref> A reviewer from ''[[The New Indian Express|Cinema Express]]'' noted it was "a shoddy, forgettable film" and "one of those true-incidents-inspired-films that never raises above mediocrity".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2022/jul/29/jothi-movie-review-a-shoddy-forgettable-film-33211.html | title=Jothi Movie Review: A shoddy, forgettable film | website=[[Cinema Express]] | date=29 July 2022 | access-date=4 August 2022 | archive-date=4 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804170252/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2022/jul/29/jothi-movie-review-a-shoddy-forgettable-film-33211.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt21345936}}

[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:2022 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2022 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:2022 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Harshavardhan Rameshwar]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Sawai Jai Singh

2026-03-01T12:38:56Z

Davidcza: general expand intro based on references for consistency

{{Short description|Maharaja of Amber (1688–1743)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox royalty
| regnal name = Jai Singh II
| full name = Sawai Raja Jai Singh
| name = Sawai Raja Jai Singh II

| title = Saramad-e-Raja-e-Hindustan Raj-Rajeshwar Raj-Rajendra Shri Maharajadhiraj Maharaja Sawai Bahadur<ref name="Sarkar, Jadunath 1994" /> Shri <ref>Sarkar, Jadunath (1984, reprint 1994) ''A History of Jaipur'', New Delhi: Orient Longman, {{ISBN|81-250-0333-9}}, p. 171</ref>
| image = 1 Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II ca 1725 Jaipur. British museum.jpg
| caption = Sawai Jai Singh's portrait (1725) from [[British Museum]]
| succession = 30th [[Raja]] of [[Jaipur state|Amber]]
| succession1 = 1st [[Raja]] of Jaipur
| reign = 5 March 1699 – 18 November 1727
| reign1 = 18 November 1727 – 21 September 1743
| coronation = 5 March 1699 (first) 25 January 1700 (second)
| predecessor = [[Bishan Singh]]
| predecessor1 =
| successor = [[Ishwari Singh of Jaipur]]
| successor1 = [[Ishwari Singh of Jaipur|Ishwari Singh]]
| succession2 = [[Subahdar]] of [[Malwa Subah|Malwa]]
| cor-type2 = [[Mughal Emperor|Emperor]]
| reign2 = 25 October 1732 – 24 December 1737
| coronation2 = [[Muhammad Shah]]
| predecessor2 = [[Muhammad Khan Bangash]]
| successor2 = [[Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I]]
| birth_name = Kunwar Vijay Singh
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1688|11|3}}
| birth_place = Kharwa, [[Ajmer Subah]], [[Mughal Empire]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1743|9|21|1688|11|3}}
| death_place = [[Jaipur]], [[Jaipur Kingdom|Jaipur State]], [[Rajputana]]
| burial_place = Royal Crematorium at Gaitore, [[Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan]]
| spouse = {{unbulleted list
|Gaurji Kesar Kanwarji of [[Sheopur]] in [[Malwa]]
|Khichanji Sukh Kanwarji of [[Raghogarh-Vijaypur]] in [[Malwa]]
|Ranawatji Chandra Kanwarji of [[Mewar]]
|Rathorji Suraj Kanwarji of [[Marwar]]
|Rathorji Anand Kanwarji of [[Kishangarh]]
|Sisodiniji Phool Kanwarji of [[Banera]] in [[Mewar]]
|Chundawatji Amrit Kanwarji of [[Deogarh, Rajasthan|Devgarh]] in [[Mewar]]
|Jadonji Indra Kanwarji of [[Karauli]]
|Hadiji Umaid Kanwarji of [[Bundi]]
|Hadiji of [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]]
|Rathorji Chandan Kanwarji of Bandanwara in [[Ajmer]]
|Rathorji Bakht Kanwarji of [[Amjhera]] in [[Malwa]]
|Tanwarji Laad Kanwarji of Lakhasar in [[Bikaner]]
|Rathorji of Pisangan in [[Marwar]]
|Solankiniji Gulab Kanwarji of Aligarh in [[Tonk, India|Tonk]]
}}
| issue = '''Sons''' {{unbulleted list
|Shiv Singh [[Ishwari Singh of Jaipur|Ishwari Singh]] [[Madho Singh I|Madho Singh]]
}}
'''Daughters''' {{unbulleted list
|Vichitra Kanwarji m. to Maharaja [[Abhay Singh of Marwar|Abhay Singh]] of [[Kingdom of Marwar]]
|Kishan Kanwarji m. to Rao Dalel Singh of [[Bundi State]]
}}
| dynasty = [[Kachhwaha]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| father = [[Bishan Singh]]
| mother = Rathorji Indra Kanwarji d. of Rao Kesari Singh of Kharwa in [[Ajmer]]<ref>Harnath Singh, ''Jaipur and its Environs'' (1970), p. 9</ref>
}}
'''Sawai Jai Singh II''' (3 November 1688 – 21 September 1743), was the 30th [[Kachwaha]] [[Rajput]] ruler of the [[Jaipur State|Kingdom of Amber]], who later founded the fortified city of [[Jaipur]] and made it his capital. He became the ruler of Amber at the age of 11, after the untimely death of his father Mirza [[Raja]] [[Bishan Singh]] on 31 December 1699.<ref>{{cite book |author=Andrew Topsfield |title=Court Painting in Rajasthan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A8XqAAAAMAAJ |year=2000 |publisher=Marg |isbn=978-81-85026-47-3 |page=50 }}</ref>

Initially, Raja Jai Singh served as a [[vassal]] of the [[Mughal Empire]]. He was given the title of "''Sawai"'' by [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] [[Emperor]] [[Aurangzeb]] before the siege of [[Khelna]] [[Fort]] in [[Deccan]]."Sawai" means one and a quarter times superior to his contemporaries. He received the title of "''Maharaja Sawai'', ''Raj Rajeshwar'', ''Shri Rajadhiraj'' " in the year 1723 which happened to be the reign of later [[Mughals]] under emperor [[Muhammad Shah]]; this was in addition to the title of "''Saramad-i-Raja-i-Hindustan"'', conferred on him on 21 April 1721.<ref name="Sarkar, Jadunath 1994">Sarkar, Jadunath (1994) A History of Jaipur, New Delhi: Orient Blackswan, {{ISBN|81-250-0333-9}}, pp. 171, 173</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Prahlad Singh |author2=Kalyan Dutt Sharma |title=Stone observatories in India, erected by Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh of Jaipur |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0njvAAAAMAAJ |year=1978 |publisher=Bharata Manisha |page=57 }}</ref>

In the later part of his life Sawai Jai Singh broke free from Mughal [[hegemony]], and to assert his sovereignty, performed the [[Ashvamedha]] sacrifice, an ancient rite that had been abandoned for several centuries.<ref>{{cite book |author=Ajay Verghese |title=The Colonial Origins of Ethnic Violence in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8TkyCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA64 |year=2016 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-9817-4 |page=64 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Yamini Narayanan |title=Religion, Heritage and the Sustainable City: Hinduism and urbanisation in Jaipur |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sfrDBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA106 |year=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-01269-4 |page=106 }}</ref> He moved his kingdom's capital from the town of Amber to the newly established walled city of Jaipur in 1727 and performed two Ashwamedha sacrifices, one in 1734, and again in 1741.<ref>{{cite book |author=Catherine B Asher |chapter=Excavating Communalism: Kachhwaha Rajadharma and Mughal Sovereignty |editor=Rajat Datta |title=Rethinking a Millennium: Perspectives on Indian History from the Eighth to the Eighteenth Century : Essays for Harbans Mukhia |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2H4PGhFB9ScC&pg=PA232 |year=2008 |publisher=Aakar Books |isbn=978-81-89833-36-7 |page=232 }}</ref>

Sawai Jai Singh II other than administration and state craftship had a profound interest in the fields of [[Mathematics]], [[Architecture]], [[Astronomy]], [[Astrology]] and [[Literature]]. He commissioned the [[Jantar Mantar]] observatories at multiple places in India, including his capital Jaipur.<ref>{{cite book |author=Virendra Nath Sharma |title=Sawai Jai Singh and His Astronomy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QRA2mgZnXXMC&pg=PA2 |year=1995 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-1256-7 |pages=2, 98}}</ref> He had [[Euclid]]'s "Elements of Geometry" translated into [[Sanskrit]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chandara|first=Bipan|title=History of Modern India|publisher=Orient Black Swan|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref>

==The situation on his accession==
When Jai Singh acceded to the ancestral throne at Amber, he had barely enough resources to pay for the support of 1000 cavalry. This abysmal situation had arisen during the previous 96 years, coinciding with the reign of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] Emperor [[Aurangzeb]]. The Jaipur kings had always preferred diplomacy over arms in their dealings with the Mughals, since their kingdom was located so close to the Mughal power centers of [[Delhi]] and [[Agra]].

Six months after his accession, Jai Singh was ordered by Aurangzeb to serve in the Deccan Wars. However, there was a delay of about one year in his responding to the call. One reason for this was that he was ordered to recruit a large force, in excess of the contingent required by his ''mansab''. He also had to conclude his marriage with the daughter of Udit Singh, the nephew of Raja Uttam Ram Gaur of Sheopur, in March 1701. Jai Singh reached [[Burhanpur]] on 3 August 1701, but he could not proceed further due to heavy rains. On 13 September 1701, an additional cut in his rank (by 500) and pay was made.<ref>Sarkar, Jadunath (1984, reprint 1994) ''A History of Jaipur'', New Delhi: Orient Longman, {{ISBN|81-250-0333-9}}, p. 157</ref> His feat of arms at the siege of [[Khelna]] (1702) was rewarded with the mere restoration of his earlier rank and the title of '''Sawai''' (meaning one and a quarter, i.e., more capable than one man). When Aurangzeb's grandson [[Bidar Bakht]] deputed Sawai Jai Singh to govern the province of [[Malwa]] (1704), Aurangzeb angrily revoked this appointment as ''jaiz nist'' (invalid).

==War with the Mughals==
{{Main|Rajput Rebellion (1708–1710)}}
The Mughal emperor [[Bahadur Shah I]] conferred the title of ''Mirza Raja'' to Jai Singh's younger brother, Vijay Singh, and declared him as the Raja of Amber ousting Jai Singh from the throne and demoting him to an ordinary [[Jagir|Jagirdar]]. In response, Jai Singh formed a political alliance with the [[Kingdom of Marwar]] and matrimonial alliance with the [[Kingdom of Mewar]] against the emperor, leading to the Rajput rebellion and re-annexation of lost territories.

==Jai Singh and the Marathas==
{{Main|Battle of Kampel||Battle of Mandsaur}}

The [[Kachwaha]] ruler was appointed to govern [[Malwa]] three times between 1714 and 1737. In Jai Singh's first [[viceroyalty]] (subahdar) of Malwa (1714–1717), isolated Maratha war-bands that entered the province from the south (Deccan) were constantly defeated and repulsed by Jai Singh.<ref>{{Cite book |last=R.K. Gupta |first=S.R. Bakshi |title=Studies In Indian History: Rajasthan Through The Ages The Heritage Of Rajputs |publisher=Sarup and sons |year=2008 |isbn=978-81-76258-418 |edition=1st |pages=92–93}}</ref> In 1728, Peshwa [[Baji Rao I|Baji Rao]] defeated the [[Nizam]] of [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]], part of the Mughal Deccan ([[Treaty of Mungi-Shevgaon|Treaty of Shevgaon]], March 1728). With an agreement from Baji Rao to spare the Nizam's own domains, the Nizam allowed the Marathas a free passage through [[Berar Subah|Berar]] and [[Khandesh]], the gateway into [[Hindustan]].<ref>Sarkar, Jadunath (1984, reprint 1994) ''A History of Jaipur'', New Delhi: Orient Longman, {{ISBN|81-250-0333-9}}, p. 175</ref> The Marathas were then able to plant a permanent camp beyond the southern frontier of [[Malwa]]. Following the victory of the [[Peshwa]]'s brother, [[Chimaji Appa]], over the governor of Malwa [[Girdhar Bahadur]] on 29 November 1728, coupled with the subsequent rebellion in Bundelkhand led by [[Chhatrasal|Chhatra Sal]] with Maratha support, the Marathas were able to convulse much of the country beyond the Northern and Southern borders of the [[Narmada River|Narmada]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=R.K. Gupta |first=S.R. Bakshi |title=Studies In Indian History: Rajasthan Through The Ages The Heritage Of Rajputs |publisher=Sarup and sons |year=2008 |isbn=9788176258418 |edition=1st |pages=129–130}}</ref>

Upon Jai Singh's second appointment to Malwa (1729–1730), as a far-sighted statesmen, Jai Singh was able to perceive a complete change in the political situation, during the twelve years which had passed since his first viceroyalty there. Imperial power had by then been crippled by the [[rebellion]] of the Nizam of Hyderabad as well as the ability of Peshwa Baji Rao to stabilize the internal situation of the Marathas, which resulted in their occupation of [[Gujarat]] and an immense increase of their forces.
Nonetheless, in the name of the friendship between their royal ancestors, Jai Singh II, was able to appeal to [[Chattrapati Shahu|Shahu]] to restore to the imperialist, the great [[fortress]] of [[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh|Mandu]] which the Marathas had occupied a few weeks earlier (order date 19 March 1730). By May, Jai Singh was recalled back to [[Rajputana]] to attend more pressing matters, which thus resulted in his two years disassociation from Malwa.{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}

In 1732, Jai Singh was for the last time, appointed Subahdar of Malwa (1732–1737), during which time he petitioned [[Muhammad Shah]] to compromise with the Marathas under [[Shahu I|Shahu]], who remembered the positive relationship between the late [[Jai Singh I]] and his own grandfather, [[Shivaji]].
For this sensible advice, coupled with anti–Jai Singh rhetoric at the Mughal court at Delhi, as well as Muhammad Shah's inability to assert his own [[Will (philosophy)|will]], Jai Singh was removed from his post while the Mughals decided on war. In this regard, Jai Singh II was practically the last subahdar of Malwa, as [[Qamar-ud-din Khan, Asaf Jah I|Nizam-ul-Mulk]] [[Asaf Jah]], who replaced him in 1737, met with most discomfiting failure at the hands of the Peshwa, resulting with the ceding of the whole of Malwa to the Marathas ([[Treaty of Duraha]], Saturday 7 January 1738).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://horsesandswords.blogspot.com/2006/10/malwa-and-gujarat.html |title=Military History & Fiction: Malwa and Gujarat |website=horsesandswords.blogspot.com |access-date=30 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070520163129/http://horsesandswords.blogspot.com/2006/10/malwa-and-gujarat.html |archive-date=20 May 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=June 2022}}

Exploiting the weakening of the Mughal state, the [[Persian people|Persian]] raider [[Nadir Shah]] defeated the Mughals at [[Karnal]] (13 February 1739) and finally sacked [[Delhi]] (11 March, same year). Through this period of turmoil, Jai Singh remained in his own state—but he was not idle. Foreseeing the troubled time ahead, Jai Singh II initiated a program of extensive [[fortification]] within the [[thikana]]s under Jaipur. To this day, most of the later fortifications around the former Jaipur state, are attributed to the reign of Jai Singh II.

==Militarization ==
Jai Singh increased the size of his ancestral kingdom by annexing lands from the Mughals and rebel chieftains—sometimes by paying money and sometimes through war. The most substantial acquisition was of [[Shekhawati]], which also gave Jai Singh the most able recruits for his fast-expanding army.<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 October 2006|title=Military History & Fiction: Shekhawati|url=http://horsesandswords.blogspot.com/2006/09/shekhawati.html|access-date=20 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061020110101/http://horsesandswords.blogspot.com/2006/09/shekhawati.html|archive-date=20 October 2006}}</ref>

According to an estimate by [[Jadunath Sarkar]], ''Jai Singh's regular army did not exceed 40,000 men, which would have cost about 60 lakhs a year, but his strength lay in the large number of [[artillery]] and copious supply of munitions which he was careful to maintain and his rule of arming his foot with [[matchlock]]s instead of the [[traditional]] [[Rajput]] [[sword]] and [[shield]]'' - ''He had the wisdom to recognize early the change which firearms had introduced in Indian warfare and to prepare for himself for the new war by raising the fire-power of his army to the maximum'',{{Clarify|reason=Should this be a block quote? Where does the quotation end?|date=January 2024}} he thus anticipated the success of later Indian rulers like [[Mirza Najaf Khan]], [[Mahadji Sindhia]] and [[Tipu Sultan]]. Jai Singh's experimental weapon, [[the Jaivana]], which he created prior to the shift of his capital to Jaipur, remains the largest wheeled [[cannon]] in the world. In 1732, Jai Singh, as governor of [[Malwa]], maintained a force of 30,000 [[soldiers]], split evenly into horsemen and foot-[[musketeers]]. This figure does not include his contingents in the Subahs of [[Agra]] and [[Ajmer]] or in his own dominions and [[fort]] [[garrisons]].

==Diplomacy in Rajputana==
[[File:Jaipur_03-2016_22_City_Palace_complex.jpg|thumb|[[City Palace, Jaipur]] built in 1727]]
The armed strength of Jai Singh had made him the most formidable ruler in Northern India, and all the other Rajas looked up to him for protection and the promotion of their interests at the Imperial court. As the fast-spreading Maratha dominion and their raids into the north had caused alarm among the Rajput chiefs, Jai Singh called a conference of Rajput rulers at Hurda (1734) to deal with this peril, but nothing came of it. In 1736, Peshwa Baji Rao imposed tribute on the Kingdom of Mewar. To thwart further Maratha expansion, Sawai Jai Singh planned the formation of a local hegemony, led by Jaipur, and a political union in Rajputana. To this end, he annexed [[Bundi]] and [[Rampura, Neemuch|Rampura]] in the Malwa plateau, strengthen alliance with Mewar, and intervened in the affairs of the [[Rathore (Rajput clan)|Rathores]] of [[Bikaner]] and Jodhpur. These half-successful attempts only stiffened the backs of the other Rajput clans, who turned to the Marathas for aid, consequently hastening that state's domination over Rajasthan. Jai Singh's ambitions in Rajputana failed after the [[Battle of Gangwana]].

==Death and succession==

The [[Battle of Gangwana]] was Jai Singh's last significant battle.Due to old age and some health issues he died two years later, in 1743. [[Madho Singh I|Madho Singh]] later avenged his father by poisoning [[Bakht Singh of Marwar|Bakht Singh]] of Marwar. Jai Singh was cremated at the Royal Crematorium at Gaitore in the north of Jaipur. He was succeeded by his<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |title=texts Fall Of The Mughal Empire |publisher=Orient BlackSwan |year=1964 |isbn=978-8125032458 |volume=1 |pages=150}}</ref> son [[Ishwari Singh of Jaipur|Ishwari Singh]].<ref>Vir Vinod, Rajasthan Through the Ages By R.K. Gupta, S.R. Bakshi p. 156</ref><ref name="Pingree 1999 73–85">{{Cite journal |last=Pingree |first=David |date=1999 |title=An Astronomer's Progress |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3181975 |journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society |volume=143 |issue=1 |pages=73–85 |jstor=3181975 |issn=0003-049X}}</ref>

==Contributions to society, culture, and science==
Jai Singh was the first Hindu ruler in centuries to perform ancient [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic]] ceremonies like the [[Ashwamedha]] sacrifices (1716)<ref>Bowker, John, The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions, New York, Oxford University Press, 1997, p. 103</ref> and the [[Vajapeya]] (1734); on both occasions, vast amounts were distributed in [[Charity (practice)|charity]]. Being initiated in the [[Nimbarka Sampradaya]] of the [[Vaishnava]] sect, he also promoted [[Sanskrit]] learning and initiated reforms in [[Hindu]] [[society]], including the abolition of Sati and the reduction of wasteful expenditures associated with [[Rajput]] [[wedding]]s. It was at Jai Singh's insistence that the hated [[jaziya]] [[tax]], imposed on the [[Hindu]] [[population]] by Aurangzeb (1679), was finally abolished by the [[Emperor]] [[Muhammad Shah]] in 1720. In 1728, Jai Singh prevailed on him to also withdraw the [[pilgrimage]] [[tax]] on [[Hindus]] at [[Gaya, India|Gaya]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}}

In 1719, he was witness to a noisy controversy in the court of [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Muhammad Shah]]. The argument concerned astronomical calculations intended determine an auspicious date on which the emperor could start a journey. This discussion led Jai Singh to believe that the nation needed to be educated on the subject of [[astronomy]]. His interest may have been kindled as early as 1702 by his tutor Jagannatha Samrat. Despite local wars, foreign invasions, and consequent turmoil, Jai Singh found time and energy to build astronomical [[observatories]].<ref name="Pingree 1999 73–85"/>

[[File:Jantar Mantar Delhi 27-05-2005.jpg|thumb|220px|[[Jantar Mantar, New Delhi|The observatory]] built by Sawai Jai Singh in Delhi]]
He ordered the construction of five such buildings—at [[Delhi]], [[Mathura, Uttar Pradesh|Mathura]] (in his Agra province), [[Varanasi#Jantar Mantar|Benares]], [[Ujjain]] (capital of his Malwa province), and his own capital of [[Jaipur]]. His astronomical observations were remarkably accurate. He drew up a set of tables, entitled ''Zij-i-Muhammadshahi'', to enable people to make astronomical observations. He instigated the translation into Sanskrit of Euclid's ''Elements of Geometry'', several works on trigonometry, and Napier's work on the construction and use of logarithms.<ref name=mitra1995>{{Cite journal|author=Umasankar Mitra|title=Astronomical Observatories of Maharaja Jai Singh|publisher=NCERT|journal=School Science|volume=23|year=1995|issue=4|pages=45–48|url=http://www.ncert.nic.in/publication/journals/pdf_files/school_science/sc_June_2009.pdf}}</ref> Relying primarily on [[Indian astronomy]], his observatories were used to accurately predict eclipses and other astronomical events. The observational techniques and instruments used in his observatories were also superior to those used by the European [[Jesuit]] astronomers he invited to his observatories.<ref>{{citation|title=Sawai Jai Singh and His Astronomy|first=Virendra Nath|last=Sharma|year=1995|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] Publ.|isbn=81-208-1256-5|pages=8–9}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=The Science of Empire: Scientific Knowledge, Civilization, and Colonial Rule in India|first=Zaheer|last=Baber|year=1996|publisher=[[State University of New York Press]]|isbn=0-7914-2919-9|pages=82–90}}</ref> Termed as the [[Jantar Mantar]], they consisted of the ''Ram Yantra'' (a cylindrical building with an open top and a pillar in its center), the ''Jai Prakash'' (a concave hemisphere), the ''Samrat Yantra'' (a huge equinoctial dial), the ''Digamsha Yantra'' (a pillar surrounded by two circular walls), and the ''Narivalaya Yantra'' (a cylindrical dial).
[[File:Digansa Yantra.JPG|thumb|Jantar Mantar in Varanasi]]
The ''Samrat Yantra'' is a huge [[sundial]]. It can be used to estimate the [[Time zone|local time]], to locate the [[Pole Star]], and to measure the [[declination]] of celestial objects. The ''Rama Yantra'' can be used to measure the [[altitude]] and [[azimuth]] of celestial objects. The ''Shanku Yantra'' can be used to measure the [[latitude]] of the place.<ref name=mitra1995/>

Jai Singh's greatest achievement was the construction of the city of [[Jaipur]] (known originally as Jai Nagara<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tillotson |first=Giles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mR1eDwAAQBAJ&q=jai+nagar |title=Jaipur Nama: Tales From The Pink City |publisher=Penguin Random House India |year=2006 |isbn=9789387625167}}</ref> in Sanskrit and as the 'city of victory' and later as the 'pink city' by the British by the early 20th century). The planned city later became the capital of the Indian state of Rajasthan. Construction of the new capital began as early as 1725, although it was only in 1727 that the foundation stone was ceremonially laid. By 1733, Jaipur officially replaced Amber as the capital of the Kachawahas. Built on the ancient Hindu grid pattern, found in the archaeological ruins of 3000 BCE,{{Clarify|reason=What ruins?|date=January 2024}} it was designed by [[Vidyadhar Bhattacharya]], who was educated in the ancient Sanskrit manuals on city-planning and architecture (''silpa-sutras''). Merchants from all over India settled down in the relative safety of this rich city, protected by thick walls and a garrison of 17,000 (including adequate artillery). The Sanskrit epic 'Ishvar Vilas Mahakavya', written by [[Kavikalanidhi Devarshi Shrikrishna Bhatt]], recounts various important events of that era, including the construction of Jaipur city, in detail.<ref>‘Īśvara Vilāsa Mahākāvya’, Ed. Bhatt Mathuranath Shastri, Jagdish Sanskrit Pustakalaya, Jaipur, 2006. He was born in 1686, Rajasthan. He was a great Indian astronomer, architect, and a mathematician he ascended the throne of Amber at age of 13. At age of 15, he was honoured with title of Sawai meaning One And A quarter he built five jantar mantars, four of which are situated in Ujjain, varanasi, delhi, jaipur . while the one in Mathura no more exists he himself designed the three major instruments known as Ram Yantra, Samrat Yantra and Jai Prakash.
Samrat Yantra is basically a huge sundial. Its accuracy is up to half a minute.

He planned and built the city of Jaipur in 1727, which is a model of ''town planning and architecture''.</ref>

Jai Singh also translated works by people like [[John Napier]]. For these multiple achievements, Jai Singh II is remembered as the most enlightened king of 18th-century [[India]] even to this date. These days Jai Singh's observatories at [[Jaipur]], [[Varanasi]], and [[Ujjain]] are functional. Only the one at Delhi is not functional and the one at [[Mathura]] disappeared a long time ago.<ref>Sharma, Virendra Nath (1995), ''Sawai Jai Singh and His Astronomy'', Motilal Banarasidass, {{ISBN|81-208-1256-5}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[House of Kachwaha]]
*[[List of Rajputs]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Bibliography==
#Bhatnagar, V. S. (1974) ''Life and Times of Sawai Jai Singh, 1688-1743'', Delhi: Impex India
#Sarkar, Jadunath (1984, reprint 1994) ''A History of Jaipur'', New Delhi: Orient Longman, {{ISBN|81-250-0333-9}}
#Jyoti J. (2001) ''Royal Jaipur'', Roli Books, {{ISBN|81-7436-166-9}}
#Tillotson G, (2006) ''Jaipur Nama'', [[Penguin books]]
#Schwarz, Michiel (1980) ''Observatoria : De astronomische instrumenten van Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II in New Delhi, Jaipur, Ujjain en Benares'', Amsterdam: Westland/Utrecht Hypothekbank
#Sharma, Virendra Nath (1995, revised edition 2016) ''Sawai Jai Singh and his Astronomy'', Delhi: Motilal Barnasidass Publishers

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061207200908/http://uqconnect.net/~zzhsoszy/ips/j/jaipur.html Genealogy of the rulers of Jaipur] (archived 7 December 2006)
{{Jaipur}}
{{Maharajas of Jaipur}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jai Singh 02 Of Amber}}
[[Category:1688 births]]
[[Category:1743 deaths]]
[[Category:Maharajas of Jaipur]]
[[Category:Indian city founders]]
[[Category:Subahdars of Malwa]]
[[Category:Scientists from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian astronomers]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian mathematicians]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Scholars from Rajputana]]
[[Category:18th-century Mughal Empire people]]

Angiras

2026-02-25T19:07:19Z

Davidcza: rework information per standard format and updated info for accuracy

{{Other uses}}
{{distinguish|Angiris}}
{{short description|Hindu sage}}
{{Infobox Hindu leader
| name = Angiras
| image = File:Angiras.jpg
| alt = Angiras
| caption = An 18th-century painting of Angiras
| religion = [[Historical Vedic religion]]
| spouse = Surūpa, Smriti
| parents = [[Brahma]] or [[Agni]] (father; as per [[Puranic]] scriptures)
| children = Utathya, [[Brihaspati]] and other children<ref name="Dalal2010p29" />
}}
{{Contains special characters|Indic}}
{{EngvarB|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}

'''Angiras''' ({{langx|sa|अङ्गिरस्}} (stem), {{IAST3|Aṅgiras}}, {{IPA|sa|'ɐŋɡirɐs}}, nominative singular {{langx|sa|अङ्गिराः}}, {{IAST3|Aṅgirāḥ}}, {{IPA|sa|'ɐŋɡirɐ:h}}, rendered '''Angirā''' in Hindi) was a Vedic [[rishi]] (sage) of [[Hinduism]]. He is described in the ''[[Rigveda]]'' as a teacher of divine knowledge, a mediator between men and gods, as well as stated in other hymns to be the first of [[Agni]]-devas (fire gods).<ref name="Dalal2010p29">{{cite book|author=Roshen Dalal|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC|year=2010|publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-341421-6|pages=29–30}}</ref><ref name="Williams2008p55">{{cite book|author=George M. Williams|title=Handbook of Hindu Mythology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N7LOZfwCDpEC&pg=PA55|year=2008|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-533261-2|pages=55–56}}</ref> In some texts, he is considered to be one of the seven great sages or ''[[Saptarishi]]s'', but in others he is mentioned but not counted in the list of seven great sages.<ref>{{cite book|author=John Brough|title=The Early Brahmanical System of Gotra and Pravara: A Translation of the Gotra-Pravara-Manjari of Purusottama-Pandita |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QZhtAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA66| year=2013| publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-62398-9|page=66}}</ref> In some manuscripts of ''Atharvaveda'', the text is attributed to "Atharvangirasah", which is a compound of [[Rishi|sage]] [[Atharvan]] and Angira.<ref>{{cite book|author=Maurice Bloomfield|author-link=Maurice Bloomfield| title= Atharvaveda| url= https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.180555|year=1899|publisher=K.J. Trübner|pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.180555/page/n11 7]–11}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Moriz Winternitz|author-link1=Moriz Winternitz|author2=V. Srinivasa Sarma|title=A History of Indian Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JRfuJFRV_O8C&pg=PA109|year=1996|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0264-3|pages=109–111}}</ref> The student family of Angira are called "Angira",<ref name="Dalal2010p29"/><ref name=Wilkins/> and they are credited to be the authors of some hymns in the first, second, fifth, eighth, ninth, and tenth books of the ''Rigveda''.<ref name=jamisonangiras>{{cite book|author1=Stephanie Jamison|author2=Joel Brereton|title=The Rigveda: 3-Volume Set|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fgzVAwAAQBAJ|year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-972078-1|pages=1673, 1675, 1679, 1684, 1689–1693}}</ref> By the time of the composition of the Rigveda, the Angirases were an old [[Rishi]] clan, and were stated to have participated in several events.<ref name=":0">{{cite encyclopedia|title= Ṛṣis|encyclopedia= Brill’s Encyclopedia of Hinduism Online|year= 2012|last= Witzel|first= Michael|publisher= Brill}}</ref>

==Texts==
Many hymns of the ''Rigveda'' credit the Angirases as their authors,<ref name=jamisonangiras/> mainly in Mandalas I and VIII.<ref name=":0" /> Various Angirasa sub-clans, including the Śunahotras, the Gautamas, and the Bhāradvājas composed Mandalas II, IV, and VI respectively.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mahadevan|first=Thennilapuram P.|date=2011|title=The Ṛṣi index of the Vedic Anukramaṇī system and the Pravara lists: Toward a Pre-history of the Brahmans|url=https://crossasia-journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/ejvs/article/view/320/309|journal=Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies|volume=18|pages=137|access-date=24 June 2021|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204132/https://crossasia-journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/ejvs/article/view/320/309|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Other than crediting authorship, the Vedic texts mention sage Angiras in various roles such as a fire priest or a singer. For example, the allegorical hymn 3.31 of the ''Rigveda'' calls him a singer:

{{Quote|
<poem>
The most inspired one came, assuming a friendly attitude,
The rock made ripe (its) fruit for the one who performs the kind deed,
The young hero attained (his aim) with the youths, assuming a warlike attitude,
And here right away, the singing Angiras appeared.
</poem>
|''Rigveda 3.31.7''|Translator: Tatyana J. Elizarenkova<ref>{{cite book|author=Tatyana J. Elizarenkova|title=Language and Style of the Vedic Rsis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j-B0Y-IwTQAC|year=1995|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0-7914-1668-6|page=238}}</ref>}}

According to [[Max Muller]]—a professor of Sanskrit and Indology at the [[University of Oxford|Oxford University]]—the sage Angiras in Vedic literature is different from the plural term ''Angirasa'', and these terms refer to different people. The ''Angiras'' rishi is different from the group of sorcerers in ''Atharvaveda'' also named ''Angirasa'', and according to Muller, the Vedic rishi is also different from a class of divine beings who too are called ''Angirasa'' in the Vedic texts and described as "sprung from coals (''angara'')".<ref>{{cite book|author=F. Max Muller|title=The Sacred Books of the East: Index, Volume 50|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c8SRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA46|year=2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=1-135-79045-0|pages=45–46}}</ref>

In Buddhist Pali canonical texts such as ''[[Digha Nikaya]]'', Tevijja Sutta describes a discussion between the Buddha and Vedic scholars of his time. The [[Buddha]] names ten [[rishi]]s, calls them "early sages" and makers of ancient verses that have been collected and chanted in his era, and among those ten rishis is Angiras.<ref name=walshe188f>{{cite book|author=Maurice Walshe|title=The Long Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the Digha Nikaya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uj86AwAAQBAJ |year=2005|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-0-86171-979-2|pages=188–189}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|The Buddha names the following as "early sages" of Vedic verses, "Atthaka (either Ashtavakra or Atri), Vamaka, Vamadeva, Vessamitta (Visvamitra), Yamataggi, Angirasa, Bharadvaja, Vasettha (Vashistha), Kassapa (Kashyapa) and Bhagu (Bhrigu)".<ref name=walshe188f/>}}

==Life in Puranas==
The name Angirasas is applied generically to several Puranic individuals. Further, the Vedic sage Angiras appears in medieval Hindu texts with contradictory roles as well as many different versions of his birth, marriage and biography.<ref name="Williams2008p55"/> In some, he is described to be the son of [[Brahma]], in others he is one of many [[Prajapatis]]. Depending on the legend, he has one, two or four wives.<ref name="Williams2008p55"/> In one myth, his wife is stated to be [[Surūpa]] and his sons are Utathya, Samvartana and Brahaspati.<ref>{{cite book|title=India through the ages|url=https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada|last=Gopal|first=Madan|year= 1990| page= [https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/67 67]|editor=K.S. Gautam|publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India}}</ref> Other accounts say that he married Smriti (memory), the daughter of Daksha and later married Svadha (oblation).<ref name=Wilkins>{{cite book|title=Hindu Mythology|last=Wilkins|first=W.J.|pages=369–70|publisher=D.K. Printworld (P) Limited|location=New Delhi|isbn=81-246-0234-4|year=2003}}</ref> Yet other Puranic accounts state, he married ''Shubha'' and they had seven daughters named after aspects of "fire" and a son named [[Brihaspati]].<ref name="Dalal2010p29"/> In some legends, sage Brihaspati is his son.<ref name="Williams2008p55"/>

According to one legend, Angirasa turned his senses inwards and meditated on [[Para Brahman]], the creator of the creator, for several years. The great Tejas he got by birth had multiplied infinitely by his penance. He attained many divine qualities, powers, and riches, and control over many worlds. But he was oblivious of all the worldly attainments and did not stop his penance. Due to this penance he became one with the Para-Brahman and thus attained the state of “Brahmarishi”. He had visions of many Vedic Mantras and brought them to this earthly world. He is credited as being the source of great number of Vedic Hymns and mantras and also believed to have introduced fire-worship along with sage [[Bhrigu]].<ref name=Wilkins/>

He is one of Saptarishis in the [[Puranas]].<ref>[http://www.sacred-texts.com/tantra/maha/maha00.htm Inhabitants of the Worlds] Mahanirvana Tantra, translated by Arthur Avalon, ([[John Woodroffe|Sir John Woodroffe]]), 1913, Introduction and Preface. The Rishi are seers who know, and by their knowledge are the makers of shastra and "see" all mantras. The word comes from the root rish Rishati-prapnoti sarvvang mantrang jnanena pashyati sangsaraparangva, etc. The seven great Rishi or saptarshi of the first manvantara are Marichi, Atri, Angiras, Pulaha, Kratu, Pulastya, and Vashishtha. In other manvantara there are other ''sapta-rishi''. In the present manvantara the seven are '''Kashyapa''', Atri, Vashishtha, Vishvamitra, Gautama, Jamadagni, Bharadvaja. To the Rishi the Vedas were revealed. Vyasa taught the Rigveda so revealed to Paila, the Yajurveda to Vaishampayana, the Samaveda to Jaimini, Atharvaveda to Samantu, and Itihasa and Purana to Suta. The three chief classes of Rishi are the Brah-marshi, born of the mind of Brahma, the Devarshi of lower rank, and Rajarshi or Kings who became Rishis through their knowledge and austerities, such as Janaka, Ritaparna, etc. Thc Shrutarshi is makers of Shastras, as Sushruta. The Kandarshi are of the Karmakanda, such as Jaimini.</ref>

Ghora of the Angiras family is identified by some scholars as [[Neminatha]], the twenty-second ''[[tirthankara]]'' in [[Jainism]].{{sfn|Natubhai Shah|2004|p=23}}

==See also==
*[[Angra Mainyu]] ("wrong spirit" or "enemy spirit", according to [[Zoroastrianism]])
*[[Dirghatamas]] (grandson of Angiras, a great sage born blind. Father of [[Gautama Maharishi]])
*[[Bhrigu]] (father of [[Shukra]]charya, guru of [[asura]]s)

==References==
===Notes===
{{reflist|group=note}}
===Citations===
{{reflist|30em}}

===Sources===
* {{citation |last=Shah |first=Natubhai |title=Jainism: The World of Conquerors |url={{Google books|qLNQKGcDIhsC|plainurl=yes}} |volume=I |date=2004 |orig-year=First published in 1998 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |isbn=978-81-208-1938-2 |ref={{sfnref|Natubhai Shah|2004}} }}

==External links==
* [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25208880 The First Maṇḍala of the Ṛig-Veda], Frederic Pincott (see discussion on Angiras)

{{Rishis of Hindu mythology}}
{{Hindudharma}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Angiras (Sage)}}
[[Category:Brahmin gotras]]
[[Category:Rishis]]
[[Category:Prajapatis]]

V. Shantaram

2026-02-24T13:48:51Z

Davidcza:

{{short description|Indian film director, producer, screenwriter, and actor (1901–1990)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = V. Shantaram
| image = File:V. Shantaram.jpg
| caption = Shantaram in 1938
| imagesize =
|birth_name = Shantaram Rajaram Vankudre
| birth_date = {{birth date |df=yes|1901|11|18}}
| birth_place = [[Kolhapur]], [[Kolhapur State]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1990|10|30|1901|11|18}} [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| spouse = {{plainlist|
*{{marriage|Vimalabai |1921}}
*{{marriage|Jayashree |1941|1956|end=div}}
*{{marriage|[[Sandhya Shantaram|Sandhya]] |1956}}
}}
| other names = Annasaheb, Shantaram Bapu
| occupation = {{hlist|Film Director|Film Producer|Screenwriter|Actor|Editor}}
| years_active = 1921–1987<ref>[http://www.ultraindia.com/movies/awards/vsfgraphy.htm Dadasaheb Phalke Award filmography]. ultraindia.com {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091207032045/http://www.ultraindia.com/movies/awards/vsfgraphy.htm |date=7 December 2009 }}</ref>
| awards = {{Awards|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]]|1957|[[Jhanak Jhanak Payal Baaje]]}} {{Awards|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film|Best Film]]|1958 [[16th Golden Globe Awards#Samuel Goldwyn International Film Award|Samuel Goldwyn International Film Award]]|1959}} {{Awards|[[Dadasaheb Phalke Award]]|1985}} {{Awards|[[Padma Vibhushan]]|1992}}
}}
'''Shantaram Rajaram Vankudre''' (18 November 1901 – 30 October 1990), also known as '''V. Shantaram''' or '''Shantaram Bapu''', was an Indian film director, producer, screenwriter, actor and editor known for his work in [[Hindi]] and [[Marathi language|Marathi]] films.<ref name="Tilak2006">{{cite book |author=Tilak, Shrinivas |title=Understanding Karma: In Light of Paul Ricoeur's Philosophical Anthropology and Hemeneutics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m1xXDHLlNYIC&pg=PA306 |access-date=19 June 2012 |year=2006 |publisher=International Centre for Cultural Studies |isbn=978-81-87420-20-0 |pages=306}}</ref> He is best known for films such as {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Dr. Kotnis Ki Amar Kahani]]}} (1946), ''[[Amar Bhoopali]]'' (1951), ''[[Jhanak Jhanak Payal Baaje]]'' (1955), ''[[Do Aankhen Barah Haath]]'' (1957), ''[[Navrang]]'' (1959), ''[[Duniya Na Mane]]'' (1937), ''[[Pinjra (film)|Pinjara]]'' (1972), ''Chani'', ''Iye Marathiche Nagari'' and ''Zunj''.

==Career==
V. Shantaram started his film career doing odd jobs in Maharashtra Film Co. owned by [[Baburao Painter]] at [[Kolhapur]].<ref>[http://www.indiaplaza.com/Promo/vshantaram/page2.shtml Biography – The V. Shantaram Centennial Collection] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130902234856/http://www.indiaplaza.com/Promo/vshantaram/page2.shtml |date=2 September 2013 }}</ref> He went on to debut as an actor in the silent film ''Surekha Haran'' in 1921.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080714173748/http://www.screenindia.com/old/20001208/falis.htm Remembering the Pioneer] screenindia.</ref>

Shantaram, fondly known as ''Annasaheb (अण्णासाहेब)'', had an illustrious career as a filmmaker for almost seven decades. He was one of the early filmmakers to realize the efficacy of the film medium as an instrument of social change and used it successfully to advocate humanism on one hand and expose bigotry and injustice on the other. V. Shantaram had a very keen interest in music. It is said that he "ghost wrote" music for many of his music directors, and took a very active part in the creation of music. Some of his songs had to be rehearsed several times before they were approved by V. Shantaram.
<ref>{{cite book |last=Narwekar |first=Kiran Shantaram with Sanjit |title=V. Shantaram, the legacy of the Royal Lotus |year=2003 |publisher=Rupa & Co. |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-291-0218-8}}</ref> He was praised by [[Charlie Chaplin]] for his Marathi film ''[[Manoos]]''. Chaplin reportedly liked the film to a great extent.<ref>[https://in.movies.yahoo.com/news/charlie-chaplin-saluted-v-shantaram-140157157.html Charlie Chaplin saluted V. Shantaram]. In.movies.yahoo.com (18 November 2013). Retrieved on 2018-11-20.</ref>

He directed his first film ''[[Netaji Palkar (film)|Netaji Palkar]]'', in 1927.<ref name="Lal2008">{{cite book |author=Lal, S. |title=50 Magnificent Indians Of The 20Th Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rkI1_n4QAxMC&pg=PT274 |access-date=20 February 2015 |date=1 January 2008 |publisher=Jaico Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7992-698-7 |pages=274–}}</ref> In 1929, he founded the [[Prabhat Film Company]] along with [[Vishnupant Damle]], K.R. Dhaiber, S. Fatelal and S.B. Kulkarni, which made ''[[Ayodhyecha Raja]]'', the first [[Marathi language]] film in 1932 under his direction.<ref>[http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2002/05/02/stories/2002050200380100.htm A navrang of Shantaram's films – Retrospective] ''[[The Hindu]]'', 2 May 2002. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100901060422/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2002/05/02/stories/2002050200380100.htm |date=1 September 2010 }}</ref> He left Prabhat co. in 1942 to form "[[Rajkamal Kalamandir]]" in [[Mumbai]].<ref>[http://www.prabhatfilm.com/founders.htm Founders] ''[[Prabhat Film Company]] '' {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130903050113/http://www.prabhatfilm.com/founders.htm |date=3 September 2013 }}</ref> In time, "[[Rajkamal]]" became one of the most sophisticated studios of the country.<ref>[http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2001/11/30/stories/2001113000910400.htm Well ahead of his times] ''[[The Hindu]]'', 30 November 2001. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110201142316/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2001/11/30/stories/2001113000910400.htm |date=1 February 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Scroll Staff |title=Google doodle honours V Shantaram on his 116th birth anniversary |url=https://scroll.in/latest/858318/google-doodle-honours-v-shantaram-on-his-116th-birth-anniversary |website=Scroll.in |language=en |date=18 November 2017}}</ref>

Shantaram introduced his daughter [[Rajshree]] and [[Jeetendra]] in the 1964 film ''[[Geet Gaya Patharon Ne]]''. He also introduced his third wife Sandhya's niece [[Ranjana Deshmukh]] into the Marathi film industry through ''Chandanachi Choli Ang Ang Jaali'', directed by his son Kiran Shantaram in 1975. Ranjana dominated the Marathi silver screen in the '70s and '80s.

The [[Dadasaheb Phalke Award]] was conferred on him in 1985.<ref name=phalke>[http://www.ultraindia.com/movies/awards/vshantaram.htm 17th Awardee] Dada Saheb Phalke Awards, List of Awardees. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725024304/http://www.ultraindia.com/movies/awards/vshantaram.htm |date=25 July 2008 }}</ref> He was posthumously awarded the [[Padma Vibhushan]] in 1992.<ref>[http://india.gov.in/myindia/padmavibhushan_awards_list1.php Official List of Awardees] Padma Vibhushan. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121115044717/http://india.gov.in/myindia/padmavibhushan_awards_list1.php |date=15 November 2012 }}</ref>

His autobiography ''Shantarama'' was published in Hindi and Marathi.<ref name=phalke/><ref>{{cite news |title=50 years of a Shantaram classic |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2033356.cms |access-date=8 August 2011 |newspaper=Times of India |date=28 September 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090811020639/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2033356.cms |archive-date=11 August 2009}}</ref>

[[File:V Shantaram 2001 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Shantaram on a 2001 stamp of India]]
The V. Shantaram Award was constituted by Central Government and Maharashtra State Government. The V. Shantaram Motion Picture Scientific Research and Cultural Foundation, established in 1993, offers various awards to film-makers. The award is presented annually on 18 November.<ref name=phalke/> A postage stamp dedicated to Shantaram was released by [[India Post]] on 17 November 2001.

==Early life==
Shantaram was born as one of five brothers in 1901 at [[Kolhapur]] to a Marathi Jain Kasar father and a hindu mother.<ref>{{cite book |author=Lyden, John |title=The Routledge Companion to Religion and Film |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q9OJLAZakI4C&pg=PA148 |year=2009 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-415-44853-6 |pages=148–}}</ref> Shantaram was maternal cousin of famous Marathi film director [[Master Vinayak]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://bollywoodirect.medium.com/remembering-master-vinayak-on-his-113th-birth-anniversary-56e740fc139f | title=Remembering Master Vinayak on his 113th birth anniversary | date=19 January 2019 }}</ref> (father of Bollywood actress [[Nanda (actress)|Nanda]])<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/nanda-the-little-known-life-of-a-screen-goddess-638178 | title=Nanda: The little-known life of a screen goddess }}</ref> as well as [[Baburao Pendharkar]] and [[Bhalji Pendharkar]]. He used to live at [[Panhala]] near [[Kolhapur]] in [[Maharashtra]] state before moving to Pune and then ultimately Bombay.

==Personal life==
In 1921, aged 20, he married 12-year-old Vimalabai in a match arranged by their families. They had four children: son Prabhat Kumar (whom Shantaram named after [[Prabhat Film Company|his movie company]]) and daughters Saroj, Madhura and Charusheela. Saroj, the eldest daughter, is married to Soli Engineer, a [[Parsi]], and they run the Grand Hotel in Mumbai and the Valley View Grand Resort at [[Panhala]] near [[Kolhapur]], built on Shantaram's farmhouse, which was inherited by Saroj. Shantaram's second daughter, author Madhura, is the wife of [[Pandit Jasraj]] and mother of music director Shaarang Dev Pandit and of TV personality [[Durga Jasraj]].<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/jai-ho-jasraj/article2254030.ece Jai ho! Jasraj]. ''The Hindu''. 8 October 2007.</ref> Shantaram's third daughter, Charusheela, is the mother of former film actor [[Siddharth Ray]].

In 1941, Shantaram married actress Jayashree (née Kamulkar), with whom he had worked in several films, including ''Shakuntala'' (1942). He had three children with Jayashree: a son, the Marathi film director and producer [[Kiran Shantaram]],<ref name="Gavankar2011">{{cite book |author=Gavankar, Nilu N. |title=The Desai Trio and the Movie Industry of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gGAyEpXtK3UC&pg=PA139 |access-date=5 May 2013 |date=26 July 2011 |publisher=AuthorHouse |isbn=978-1-4685-9981-7 |pages=139}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=50 years of a Shantaram classic |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/50-years-of-a-Shantaram-classic/articleshow/2033356.cms |author=Mishra, Ambarish |date=28 September 2006 |access-date=22 September 2014 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> and two daughters, the actress [[Rajshree]] and Tejashree. The couple divorced in 1956.<ref>{{cite web |title="My father married the women he loved" |date= 29 October 2015 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/my-father-married-the-women-he-loved-11023.html}}</ref>

In 1956, just before the law was changed to prohibit polygamy for [[Hindu]]s, Shantaram married another of his leading ladies, the actress [[Sandhya Shantaram|Sandhya]] (née Vijaya Deshmukh), who had starred in his films ''[[Amar Bhoopali]]'' and ''Parchaiyan'' and would go on to star in many of his future films like ''[[Do Aankhen Barah Haath]],'' ''[[Jhanak Jhanak Payal Baaje]],'' ''Navrang,'' ''[[Jal Bin Machhli Nritya Bin Bijli]]'' and ''Sehra.'' They did not have any children together.

==Death==
Shantaram died on 30 October 1990 in [[Mumbai]].<ref name=bfi>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080207100050/http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/individual/14188 Biography] American Film Institute.</ref> He was survived by his three wives and seven children.

Vimalabai died in 2008 after being bedridden for four years. Jayashree died peacefully in her sleep in 2003. Sandhya (Vijaya Deshmukh) died in 2025.

===V. Shantaram worked in railway workshop Hubballi, Karnataka State===
V. Shantaram's family moved from [[Kolhapur]] to Hubbbali also known as [[Hubli]] in [[Dharwar district, Bombay state]] [[Now Karnataka]] in 1917 facing a tough time financially. Shantaram, then a teenager joined the railway workshop at Hubballi as a fitter for a salary of 8 annas (50 paise) per day. Impressed by his hard work his salary was raised to 12 annas per day.
In the evenings he worked as a door keeper at NEW Deccan Cinema Theatre at Hubballi. Although he was not paid for this job, he was allowed to watch all movies screened for free. There he watched movies of [[Dadasaheb Phalke]], father of Indian Cinema, and developed a passion for the movies. He learnt photography and sign board painting in Hubballi. He later said that the first time he touched a camera, he instantly connected to it.

==Filmography==
{{refbegin|colwidth=20em}}

===As actor===
*''[[Surekha Haran]]'' (1921)
* ''[[Savkari Pash]]'' (1925)
* [[Sinhagad (film)|''Sinhagad'']] (1933)
* ''[[Parchhain]]'' (1952)
* ''[[Do Ankhen Barah Haath]]'' (1957)
* [[Stree (1961 film)|''Stree'']] (1961)

===As producer===
* ''Bhakticha Mala'' (1944)
* ''Maali'' (1944)
* ''Banwasi'' (1948)
* ''Sehra'' (1963)
* ''[[Geet Gaya Patharon Ne]]'' (1964)
* '' Vanvaas '' (1967)
* ''[[Ladki Sahyadri Ki]]'' (1966)
* ''[[Jal Bin Machhli Nritya Bin Bijli]]'' (1971)
* ''Raja Rani Ko Chahiye Pasina'' (1978)
* ''[[Jhanjhaar]]'' (1987)

===As director===

====[[Maharashtra Film Company]]====
* [[Netaji Palkar (film)|''Netaji Palkar'']] (1927)

====[[Prabhat Film Company]]====
* [[Gopal Krishna (1929 film)|''Gopal Krishna'']] (1929)
* ''[[Udaykal]]'' (1930)
* [[Rani Saheba (1930 film)|''Rani Saheba'']] (1930)
* ''[[Khooni Khanjar]]'' (1930)
* [[Chandrasena (1931 film)|''Chandrasena'']] (1931)
* [[Maya Machindra#1932 Hindi/Marathi film|''Maya Machindra'']] (1932)
* [[Jalti Nishani|''Agnikankan'']] (1932)
* ''[[Ayodhyecha Raja]]'' (1932)
* [[Sinhagad (film)|''Sinhagad'']] (1933)
* [[Sairandhri (1933 film)|''Sairandhri'']] (1933)
* [[Amrit Manthan (1934 film)|''Amrit Manthan'']] (1934)
* [[Dharmatma (1935 film)|''Dharmatma'']] (1935)
* [[Chandrasena (1935 film)|''Chandrasena'']] (1935)
* ''[[Amar Jyoti]]'' (1936)
* ''[[Duniya Na Mane]]'' (1937)
* ''[[Kunku]]'' (1937)
* ''[[Manoos]]'' (1939)
* [[Aadmi (1939 film)|''Aadmi'']] (1939)
* [[Padosi (film)|''Padosi'']] (1941)

====[[Rajkamal Kalamandir]]====
* [[Shakuntala (1943 film)|''Shakuntala'']] (1943)
* {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Dr. Kotnis Ki Amar Kahani]]}} (1946)
* ''[[Lokshahir Ram Joshi]]'' (1947)
* [[Apna Desh (1949 film)|''Apna Desh'']] (1949)
* [[Dahej (film)|''Dahej'']] (1950)
* ''[[Amar Bhoopali]]'' (1951)
* ''[[Teen Batti Char Raasta]]'' (1953)
* ''[[Surang]]'' (1953)
* ''[[Subah Ka Tara]]'' (1954)
* ''[[Jhanak Jhanak Payal Baaje]]'' (1955)
* ''[[Do Aankhen Barah Haath]]'' (1957)
* ''[[Navrang]]'' (1959)
* [[Stree (1961 film)|''Stree'']] (1961)
* [[Sehra (film)|''Sehra'']] (1963)
* ''[[Geet Gaya Patharon Ne]]'' (1964)
* ''[[Ladki Sahyadri Ki]]'' (1966)
* ''[[Boond Jo Ban Gayee Moti]]'' (1967)
* ''[[Jal Bin Machhli Nritya Bin Bijli]]'' (1971)
* [[Pinjra (film)|''Pinjra'']] (1973)
* ''[[Jhanjhaar]]'' (1987)

{{refend}}
Source: IMDB<ref>{{cite web |title=IMDB Profile films |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0788391/filmoyear |publisher=IMDB |access-date=16 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130904020029/http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0788391/filmoyear |archive-date=4 September 2013}}</ref>

==Awards and recognition==

===Recognition===

* 2017 – on 18 November 2017, [[Google]] honored Shantaram on his 116th Birthday with a [[Google Doodle]] on their Indian front page.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://doodles.google/doodle/v-shantarams-116th-birthday/ |title=V. Shantaram's 116th Birthday |website=www.google.com |language=en |access-date=17 November 2017}}</ref><ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=waS_vQabXdo V. Shantaram Google Doodle | Biography of V. Shantaram]. YouTube (17 November 2017). Retrieved on 2018-11-20.</ref>
* 1952 – ''[[The Immortal Song|Amar Bhoopali]]'' (''The Immortal Song'') competed at the [[1952 Cannes Film Festival]].<ref name=IMDB>{{cite web |title=Awards for Amar Bhoopali (1951) |publisher=[[Internet Movie Database]] |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0331417/awards |access-date=20 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130904013558/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0331417/awards |archive-date=4 September 2013}}</ref>

===Awards ===
*[[1952 Cannes Film Festival]] – [[Vulcan Award|Vulcan Award - Technical Grand Prize]] for Direction<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/festival/films/amar-bhoopali|title=AMAR BHOOPALI|website=Festival de Cannes}}</ref>
* [[3rd National Film Awards|1955]] – [[Discontinued and Intermittent National Film Awards#All India Certificate of Merit|All India Certificate of Merit for Best Feature Film]] – ''[[Jhanak Jhanak Payal Baaje]]''<ref name="3rdawardPDF">{{cite web |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/3rd_nff_1956.pdf |title=3rd National Film Awards |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] |access-date=1 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105232134/http://dff.nic.in/2011/3rd_nff_1956.pdf |archive-date=5 November 2013}}</ref>
* 1955 – [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi|President's Silver Medal for Best Feature Film in Hindi]] – ''Jhanak Jhanak Payal Baaje''<ref name="3rdawardPDF" />
* [[5th National Film Awards|1957]] – [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film|President's Gold Medal for the All India Best Feature Film]] – ''[[Do Aankhen Barah Haath]]''<ref name="5thawardPDF">{{cite web |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/5th_nff.pdf |title=5th National Film Awards |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103222703/http://dff.nic.in/2011/5th_nff.pdf |archive-date=3 November 2013 |access-date=2 September 2011}}</ref>
* 1957 – President's Silver Medal for Best Feature Film in Hindi – ''Do Aankhen Barah Haath''<ref name="5thawardPDF" />
* 1957 – [[Filmfare Award for Best Director]] – ''[[Jhanak Jhanak Payal Baaje]]''
* 1958 – [[8th Berlin International Film Festival|Berlin International Film Festival]], [[SIGNIS|OCIC Award]] – ''[[Do Aankhen Barah Haath]]''<ref name="IMDB-Do-Aankhen">[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0050322/awards Awards for Do Aankhen Barah Haath] ''[[Internet Movie Database]]''. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130904014446/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0050322/awards|date=4 September 2013}}</ref><ref name="berlinale 1958">{{cite web |url=http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1958/03_preistr_ger_1958/03_Preistraeger_1958.html |title=Berlin Film Festival: Prize Winners |access-date=1 January 2010 |work=berlinale.de |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015121020/http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1958/03_preistr_ger_1958/03_Preistraeger_1958.html |archive-date=15 October 2013}}</ref>
* 1958 – [[8th Berlin International Film Festival|Berlin International Film Festival]], [[Silver Bear]] (Special Prize) – ''[[Do Aankhen Barah Haath]]''<ref name=IMDB-Do-Aankhen/><ref name="berlinale 1958" />
* 1959 - [[16th Golden Globe Awards]], [[16th Golden Globe Awards#Samuel Goldwyn International Film Award|Samuel Goldwyn International Film Award]] – ''[[Do Aankhen Barah Haath]]'' (won)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0050322/awards | title=Do Ankhen Barah Haath (1957) - Awards - IMDb | website=[[IMDb]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0050322/awards |title=Do Ankhen Barah Haath (1958) - Awards |website=[[IMDb]] |access-date=8 May 2009 |archive-date=4 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130904014446/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0050322/awards |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.goldenglobes.com/film/do-ankhen-barah-haath-two-eyes-twelve-hands | title=Do Ankhen Barah Haath (Two Eyes, Twelve Hands) }}</ref>
* 1985 – [[Dadasaheb Phalke Award]]
* 1992 – [[Padma Vibhushan]] (posthumous)

==See also==
* [[List of Indian winners and nominees of the Golden Globe Awards]]
* [[V. Shantaram Award]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Biographies==
* Shantaram, Kiran & Narwekar, Sanjit; ''V Shantaram: The Legacy of the Royal Lotus'', 2003, Rupa & Co., {{ISBN|978-81-291-0218-8}}.
* Banerjee, Shampa; ''Profiles, five film-makers from India: V. Shantaram, Raj Kapoor, Mrinal Sen, Guru Dutt, Ritwik Ghatak'' Directorate of Film Festivals, National Film Development Corp, 1985.
* Pandit Jasraj, Madhura, ''V. Shantaram: The Man Who Changed Indian Cinema'', Hay House, 2015<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-09-09 |title=Madhura Pandit's biography focuses more on her father and filmmaker-actor V. Shantaram's work than his personal life |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/books/story/20150921-its-strictly-professional-v-shantaram-820415-2015-09-09 |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==External links==
{{Commons category|V. Shantaram}}
* {{IMDb name|id=0788391|name=V. Shantaram}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110201142316/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2001/11/30/stories/2001113000910400.htm 'Well ahead of his times', Article on V.Shantaram in ''The Hindu'' dated 30 November 2001]

{{Dadasaheb Phalke Award}}
{{Padma Vibhushan Awards}}
{{FilmfareAwardBestDirector}}

{{Authority control|state=expanded}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shantaram, V.}}
[[Category:1901 births]]
[[Category:1990 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Marathi film directors]]
[[Category:Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:Film producers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:People from Kolhapur]]
[[Category:Dadasaheb Phalke Award recipients]]
[[Category:Golden Globe Award winners]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in arts]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Shantaram family]]
[[Category:Film directors from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Indian silent film directors]]
[[Category:Producers who won the Best Feature Film National Film Award]]
[[Category:Directors who won the Best Feature Film National Film Award]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Jains]]

Qila Mubarak, Bathinda

2026-02-18T22:36:25Z

Davidcza: added first pg w/ sources

{{short description|Fort in Bathinda}}
{{distinguish|text=[[Qila Mubarak, Patiala|Qila Mubarak in Patiala]] or [[Qila Mubarak, Faridkot|Qila Mubarak in Faridkot]]}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox historic site
| name = Qila Mubarak
| native_language =
| image = Qila Mubarak in 2015(2).jpg
| image_size = 300px
| alt = Qila Mubarak in Bhatinda, Punjab, India
| caption = Qila Mubarak in 2015
| location = [[Bhatinda]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]]
| built = 6th century CE
| architect =
| architecture =
| coordinates = {{coord|30|12|29|N|74|56|15|E|display=inline,title}}
| locmapin = India#India Punjab
| map_relief = yes
| map_caption = Location in Punjab
| height = 30 meters
| restored_by = [[Maharaja of Patiala]]
| governing_body = [[Government of Punjab, India]] (Since abolishment of Patiala state & accedence within Union of India )
}}
'''Qila Mubarak''',<ref>Hindustan times article [https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/bathinda-s-gobindgarh-fort-crumbling-poses-threat-to-visitors/story-8S6CneBKbLtPhAE4VgMV5J.html Bathinda’s Gobindgarh Fort crumbling, poses threat to visitors]</ref> also known as '''Gobindgarh''' or '''Bathinda Fort''', is a [[historical monument]] in the heart of the city of [[Bathinda]] in [[Punjab, India]]. It is recognised as monument of national importance and maintained by [[Archaeological Survey of India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://121.242.207.115/asi.nic.in/alphabetical-list-of-monuments-punjab/|title=Alphabetical List of Monuments – Punjab|website=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] - Chandigarh circle|access-date=25 June 2018|archive-date=25 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625194401/http://121.242.207.115/asi.nic.in/alphabetical-list-of-monuments-punjab/|url-status=dead}}</ref> It has been in existence from 1100 to 1200 AD in its current place and is the oldest surviving fort in India. It was here that [[Razia Sultana|Razia Sultan]], the first woman to take charge of the [[Delhi]] throne was incarcerated upon her defeat and dethroned.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/queen-razia-sultanas-story-crumbles-in-bathinda-fort/articleshow/58887331.cms|title=Queen Razia Sultana's story crumbles in Bathinda fort|date=29 May 2017|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=25 June 2018}}</ref> The bricks of the fort date back to the [[Kushana]] period when emperor [[Kanishka]] ruled over Northern [[India]]/[[Bactria]]. Raja Dab, along with emperor [[Kanishka]], is believed to have built the fort.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/bathinda-fort-heading-towards-collapse-cries-for-renovation/story-Q1KNUJbt7SAm6fQarh621N.html|title=Bathinda fort heading towards collapse, cries for renovation|last=Bathinda fort heading towards collapse, cries for renovation|date=4 November 2014|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=25 June 2018}}</ref> Qila Mubarak in latter part of the 10th Century was under the rule of [[Jayapala]], a ruler of the [[Hindu Shahi]] dynasty.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Smith |first=Vincent Arthur |url=http://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryofi00smituoft |title=The Oxford history of India, from the earliest times to the end of 1911 |last2=Edwardes |first2=Stephen Meredyth |authorlink2=Stephen Edwardes |date=1919 |page=190 |publisher=Oxford, Clarendon Press |others=Robarts - University of Toronto}}</ref> Much of the fortress is closed-off to the public, aside from lawns and the gurdwaras.<ref name=":19">{{Cite web |last=Sidhu |first=Puneetinder Kaur |date=15 June 2014 |title=Forlorn fortifications |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2014/20140615/spectrum/main1.htm |access-date=23 December 2025 |website=The Tribune}}</ref>

== Architecture ==
The Imperial Gazetteer of India describes the fort having 36 bastions and a height of about 118 ft. It was a conspicuous landmark for many miles around.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V08_096.gif|title=Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 8, p. 89, p. 90. - BHATINDA TOWN|website=Digital South Asia Library.|access-date=9 July 2018|archive-date=9 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709153943/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V08_096.gif|url-status=dead}}</ref> A gurdwara located on its ramparts marks the visit of Guru Gobind Singh to the fort.<ref name=":19" /> The Rani Mahal located above the fort's entrance was a later addition.<ref name=":19" />

== History ==

=== Early history ===
The bricks used to construct the fort dates back to the [[Kushan Empire|Kushana period]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}} The fort was constructed by the king so that [[Huna people|Huns]] could not invade the kingdom of Emperor [[Kanishka]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}} The Qila Mubarak of Bathinda is purported to have been constructed by [[Raja Dab]], a local ruler.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |title=Handbook on Urban History of Early India |publisher=Springer Nature |year=2024 |isbn=9789819762309 |editor-last=Sen |editor-first=Aloka Parasher |pages=351–352 |quote=Bathinda was an important settlement from 300 to 1200 CE and even during the medieval period. It was called Govindgarh in earlier times. As per the tradition the fort was built by Raja Deb, an ancestor of Vena Pal, during the early centuries. The fort was originally made of mud bricks. It has witnessed several alterations at the hands of successive rulers. The excavation conducted by Shri Raghbir Singh at Bathinda Fort revealed pottery and mud-brick wall of the early medieval period.}}</ref> Raja Dab was the ancestor of [[Vena Pal]], another local ruler later on.<ref name=":2" /> According to Puneetinder Sidhu, the fortress was constructed around the early 9th century by the local [[Bhatti]] [[Rajput]] rulers of the region.<ref name=":19" /> Hindu chronicles of [[Kashmir]] described it as [[Jayapala|Jaipal's]] capital, and say it was captured by [[Mahmud of Ghazni]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}

=== Sultanates and Mughals ===
In the later years, the fort has undergone various types of alteration done by the rulers of the area.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}} Bhatinda appears in the works of the historians from early Muhammadan period as ''Batrinda'', often incorrectly converted into ''Tabarhind''.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}} The location in the early Muslim chronociles is described as Tabarhind, ruled by [[Malik Altunia|Altunia]].<ref name=":19" /> [[Razia Sultana]], the first empress of Delhi had been imprisoned in Quila Mubarak by Altunia, who had rebelled against her rule.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Qila Mubarak Bathinda |url=http://www.viewpunjab.com/qila-mubarak-bathinda/ |access-date=9 July 2018 |archive-date=9 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709153744/http://www.viewpunjab.com/qila-mubarak-bathinda/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Razia Sultana escaped from the fort and married Altunia, with them re-capturing Delhi and later being killed.<ref name=":19" /> The fortress was enhanced many times under the rule of the [[Mughal Empire]], especially under [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Akbar]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}

=== Sikh period ===
[[File:Photograph of Gurdwara Sri Qila Mubarak Sahib at Qila Mubarak (Bathinda Fort), Bathinda, Punjab, India, April 2023.jpg|thumb|Photograph of Gurdwara Sri Qila Mubarak Sahib at Qila Mubarak (Bathinda Fort), Bathinda, Punjab, India, April 2023]]
In 1754, Baba [[Ala Singh]] of [[Patiala State|Patiala state]] took control of Qila  Mubarak and renamed it ''Gobindgarh'' to honor Guru Gobind Singh. Before this, local say that Guru Nanak Dev, the first Sikh guru, visited the fort in 1515, and Guru Tegh Bahadur, the ninth Sikh guru, visited around 1665. Many years later, in 1705, Guru Gobind Singh came to the fort after his victory at the [[Battle of Muktsar]].<ref name=":3">Hindustan times article - [https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/bathinda-s-gobindgarh-fort-crumbling-poses-threat-to-visitors/story-8S6CneBKbLtPhAE4VgMV5J.html Bathinda’s Gobindgarh Fort crumbling, poses threat to visitors]</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 8, p. 89, p. 90. - BHATINDA TOWN |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V08_096.gif |access-date=9 July 2018 |website=Digital South Asia Library. |archive-date=9 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709153943/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V08_096.gif |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>Discover the ancient fort of bathinda - [https://indianculture.gov.in/forts-of-india/discovering-the-forts-of-india/ancient-bathinda-fort#:~:text=In%201665%2C%20the%20ninth%20guru,Battle%20of%20Muktsar%20(1705). indianculture.gov.in]</ref><ref name=":19" /> To commemorate Guru Gobind Singh’s visit, two gurdwaras were later constructed within the fort complex, one of which was built by Karam Singh, a former ruler of Patiala.<ref name=":3" />

==See also==
* [[Qila Mubarak, Patiala]]
* [[Bathinda district]]

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Bhatinda Fort 1906- pg 78 - India under royal eyes- Henry Francis Prevost Battersby.jpg|Bathinda Fort in 1906
File:Qila Mubarak in Bathinda.jpg|View from inside the Fort
File:Qila Mubarak inside.jpg|Qila Mubarak inside view
File:Bathinda fort fromtop.jpg|View from top terrace of Fort, June 2003
File:Quila-Mubarak-complex-Bhatinda-Bhatinda-Punjab.jpg|The fort of Govindgarh
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20041009/punjab1.htm No record of antiquities at Quila Mubarak]

{{commons category}}

{{Forts_in_India}}

[[Category:Military history of the Ghaznavid Empire]]
[[Category:Kushan Empire]]
[[Category:Forts in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Bathinda]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Punjab, India]]

Sunayana Fozdar

2026-02-12T03:01:27Z

Davidcza: created basic stub added tags

{{short description|Indian actress (born 1986)|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sunayana Fozdar

| caption = Sunayana Fozdar
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1986|07|19}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| education = Mary Immaculate Girls’ High School, Mumbai
SVKM’s Mithibai College of Arts, Mumbai
| occupation = [[Actress]]
| years_active = 2006 {{endash}} present
| known_for = {{Unbulleted_list|''Santaan''|''[[Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah]]''}}
| spouse = Kunal Bhambwani
}}

'''Sunayana Fozdar''' is an Indian television actress. She made her television debut with the show ''Santaan'' on [[Star Plus]]. She is currently playing the role of Anjali Taarak Mehta in the comedy show ''[[Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah]]''<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-25 |title=Exclusive - From Sachin Shroff to Sunayana Fozdar; Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah actors recall their fondest Holi memories |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-from-sachin-shroff-to-sunayana-fozdar-taarak-mehta-ka-ooltah-chashmah-actor-recall-their-fondest-holi-memories/articleshow/108760689.cms |access-date=2024-07-31 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-18 |title=TMKOC Fame Sunayana Fozdar Says She Faced 'So Much Trolling' for Playing Anjali: 'We Get Abused...' |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/tmkoc-fame-sunayana-fozdar-says-she-faced-so-much-trolling-for-playing-anjali-we-get-abused-4787231.html |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> on [[Sony SAB]]
.

==Filmography==
=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Show
!Role
!Ref
|-
|2007–2009
|''Santaan''
|Namrata Dixit Jaiswal
|
|-
|2008
|''[[Meet Mila De Rabba]]''
|Nikki
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2010
|''[[Adaalat (TV series)|Adaalat]]''
|Niyati
|
|-
|''[[Rehna Hai Teri Palkon Ki Chhaon Mein]]''
|Nandini
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2011–2012
|''[[Laagi Tujhse Lagan]]''
|Sunayana
|
|-
|''[[Humse Hai Liife]]''
|Shona Sen
|
|-
|2012
|''[[Arjun (TV series)|Har Yug Me Ayega Ek Arjun]]''
|Sandhya Saxena
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2013
|''[[C.I.D. (Indian TV series)|C.I.D]]''
|Ananya
|
|-
|''[[Fear Files: Darr Ki Sacchi Tasvirein]]''
|
|<ref>{{cite news|date=12 May 2013|title=Sumana Das & Sunayana Fozdar in Fear Files|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Sumana-Das-Sunayana-Fozdar-in-Fear-Files/articleshow/20016569.cms|accessdate=27 April 2015}}</ref>
|-
|2013
|''[[SuperCops vs Supervillains]]''
|Various characters
|
|-
|2013–2014
|''[[Qubool Hai]]''
|Sameera Farhan Qureshi
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sunayana Fozdar in Qubool Hai! - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Sunayana-Fozdar-in-Qubool-Hai/articleshow/27798278.cms|access-date=2020-10-03|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|2014
|''[[Savdhaan India]]''
|Aruna
|
|-
|''[[Piya Basanti Re]]''
|Aditi
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|2015
|''[[Aahat (Indian TV series)|Aahat]]''
|Rishi
|
|-
|''[[Doli Armaano Ki]]''
| Simran
|
|-
|''[[SuperCops Vs SuperVillains]]''
|Mishka (Ep: A Tower Of Revenge)
|
|-
|2015–2016
|''[[Yam Hain Hum]]''
|Monika
|
|-
|2016
|''[[Agent Raghav – Crime Branch]]''
|Gargi Chhada
|
|-
|2016–2017
|''[[Ek Rishta Saajhedari Ka]]''
|Priyanka Sushant Sethia
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sunayana Fozdar's surprise birthday bash on the sets of 'Ek Rishta Saajedhari Ka' - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Sunayana-Fozdars-surprise-birthday-bash-on-the-sets-of-Ek-Rishta-Saajedhari-Ka/articleshow/53335026.cms|access-date=2020-10-03|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|''[[Belan Wali Bahu]]''
|Shalini Awasthi
|
|-
|2019
|''[[Laal Ishq (2018 TV series)|Laal Ishq]]''
|Sweety
|<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=February 7, 2019|title=Belan Wali Bahu actress Sunayana Fozdar to be seen as a bar dancer in her next|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/belan-wali-bahu-sunayana-actress-fozdar-to-be-seen-as-a-bar-dancer-in-her-next-1450665-2019-02-07|access-date=2020-10-03|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2020–present
|''[[Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah]]''
|Anjali Taarak Mehta
|
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|3841801}}
*{{instagram|sunayanaf}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fozdar, Sunayana}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:1986 births]]

S. G. Dani

2026-02-10T03:11:23Z

Davidcza: added the entry basic info

{{Short description|Indian mathematician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2013}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Shrikrishna Gopalrao Dani
| image = Shrikrishna Dani.jpeg
| image_size =
| alt = Shrikrishna Gopalrao Dani
| caption = Dani at [[Berkeley, California]] (1982)
|
| birth_place = [[Belgaum]], [[India]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| citizenship = Indian
| fields = [[Lie group]], [[Ergodic theory]]
| workplaces = [[Mumbai]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Mumbai]] [[TIFR]]
| doctoral_advisor = [[M. S. Raghunathan]]
| academic_advisors =
| doctoral_students =
| notable_students =
| known_for =
| author_abbrev_bot =
| author_abbrev_zoo =
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards = [[Shanti Swaroop Bhatnagar Award]] [[TWAS Prize]]
| signature = 
| signature_alt =
| footnotes =
| spouse =
}}

'''Shrikrishna Gopalrao Dani''' is a [[professor]] of [[mathematics]] at the Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences, [[Mumbai]] who works in the broad area of [[ergodic theory]].<ref name="Indian Fellow">{{cite web | url=http://www.insaindia.org.in/detail.php?id=N90-1047 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813001310/http://www.insaindia.org.in/detail.php?id=N90-1047 | url-status=usurped | archive-date=13 August 2016 | title=Indian Fellow | publisher=INSA | date=2016 | accessdate=13 May 2016}}</ref>

==Education==
He did a master's degree from the [[University of Mumbai]] in 1969. He then joined the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), Mumbai for a PhD which he was awarded in 1975. After that, he joined TIFR as a faculty member. After TIFR, he was the Chair Professor at the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay]]. He was a visiting scholar at the [[Institute for Advanced Study]] during 1976–77 and 1983–84.<ref name="ias">{{cite web
| url=http://www.ias.edu/people/cos/users/sdani01
| title=Community of Scholars Profile: Dani, Shrikrishna G.
| publisher=[[Institute for Advanced Study]]
| accessdate=27 September 2012}}</ref>

==Administration==
He has been a member of the [[NBHM]] since 1996 and was the Chairman of the NBHM. He is also the chairman, Commission for Development and Exchange (CDE) of [[International Mathematical Union]], for the period 2007–2010. He has served as Editor of Proceedings (Math. Sci.) of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]], Bangalore for many years since 1987.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://aimconf.webs.com/profiles/S%20G%20Dani.pdf |title=Short Biography |access-date=10 March 2011 |archive-date=11 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811062426/http://aimconf.webs.com/profiles/S%20G%20Dani.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
Dani was awarded the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology|Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar]] Prize in 1990. He gave an invited talk at the [[International Congress of Mathematicians]] held in Zurich, Switzerland in 1994. He received the World Academy of Sciences prize in 2007.<ref name="Prizes and Awards">{{Cite web |url=http://twas.org/opportunities/prizes-and-awards |title=Prizes and Awards |date=2016 |publisher=The World Academy of Sciences}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Indian mathematicians]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{MathGenealogy|id=103739}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Mathematical Science}}
{{Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Laureates of Karnataka}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dani, S. G.}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian mathematicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]
[[Category:Institute for Advanced Study visiting scholars]]
[[Category:Tata Institute of Fundamental Research alumni]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:People from Belgaum]]
[[Category:Scientists from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Ergodic theory]]
[[Category:TWAS laureates]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Mathematical Science]]

M. N. Dastur

2026-02-08T11:56:24Z

Davidcza: new

{{Short description|Indian engineer (1916 – 2004)}}
{{Orphan|date=May 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Minu Nariman Dastur
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| citizenship =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth_date |1916|03|18}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death_date and age|2004|01|05|1916|03|18}}
| death_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]] [[India]]
| resting_place =
|resting_place_coordinates =
| education = [[Banaras Hindu University ]] [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]
| spouse =
| parents =
| children = 3
| module = {{Infobox engineering career
| discipline = Mechanical & Electrical
| institutions =
| practice_name = M N Dastur & Company Private Limited
| employer = [[Tata Steel]] H.A. Brassert & Company Ramseyer and Miller Inc.
| significant_projects = Brassert direct reduction process
| significant_design =
| significant_advance =
| significant_awards = }}
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website =
}}

'''Minu Nariman Dastur''' (18 March 1916 – 5 January 2004) was an Indian mechanical and electrical engineer.<ref name ="TT">{{ cite web | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/business/mn-dastur-passes-away/cid/773957|title=MN Dastur passes away| access-date =2022-05-04}}</ref><ref name ="BS">{{ cite web | url = https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/engineering-metallurgy-doyen-passes-away-104010601020_1.html|title = Engineering, metallurgy doyen passes away| date=6 January 2004 | access-date =2022-05-04}}</ref> His work included working with the government of India on the country's steel development plans.<ref name ="ET">{{ Cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/pioneer-steel-consultant-mn-dastur-passes-away/articleshow/406706.cms|title = Pioneer Steel Consultant MN Dastur passes away |newspaper = The Economic Times |date = 6 January 2004 |access-date =2022-05-04}}</ref> Dastur graduated from [[Banaras Hindu University]] with a degree in electrical & mechanical engineering in 1938 and initially worked for [[Tata Steel]].<ref name ="IM">{{ cite web |url = https://www.indiamart.com/m-n-dastur-company/about-the-founder.html| title= M.N.Dastur & Company Private Limited - About the Founder| access-date =2022-05-04}}</ref> He later moved to the United States and obtained a doctorate in metallurgy from [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] in 1948.<ref name ="BS"/>

He founded M. N. Dastur & Company (P) Ltd in 1955 with head quarter in Kolkata India

==See also==
* [[Iron and steel industry in India]]
* [[Visvesvaraya Iron and Steel Limited]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dastur, M. N.}}
[[Category:2004 deaths]]
[[Category:1916 births]]
[[Category:Banaras Hindu University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian mechanical engineers]]
[[Category:Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian engineers]]

Jairam Valjee Chouhan

2026-02-07T23:00:48Z

Davidcza: done.

{{Use Indian English|date=November 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rai Bahadur Jairam Valjee
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Jairam Valjee Chouhan
| birth_date = 1892
| birth_place = [[Kumbharia, Kutch District, Gujarat|Kumbharia]], [[kutch State|Cutch]]
| death_date = 1956
| death_place = [[Raigarh]], India
| other_names =
| known_for =
| occupation = miner, industrialist, railway contractor, philanthropist
}}

'''Jairam Valjee Chouhan''', [[Rai Bahadur]], [[Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire|MBE]]<ref name=ib/> (1892<ref name=y/>–1956<ref name=a/>), better known as '''Rai Bahadur Jairam Valjee''', was a [[Kutchi people|Kutchi]] railway contractor, mill-owner, miner & [[philanthropist]], who established himself at [[Jairamnagar]] and [[Raigarh]], India.

==Birth==
Jairam was born to Valjee Vira Chouhan, who belonged to [[Kutch Gurjar Kshatriya|Mestri]] community of Kutch, who are noted for their architect skills and contributions in Railway. He was born in 1892 in his native village [[Kumbharia, Kutch District, Gujarat|Kumbharia]] in [[Kutch]]. His father worked as a railway contractor.<ref name=a/>

==Career==
Jairam Valjee carried on his father's legacy and earned a name as a railway
contractor, especially working for [[Bengal Nagpur Railway]] completing several bridges and doubling of railway lines. In years 1921–29, he camped near [[Jairamnagar|Paraghat]] for construction of railway bridge over [[Arpa (river), Chhattisgarh|Arpa river]] and doubling of rail lines of [[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]]-Raigarh section.<ref name=a/> He used to work as railway contractor with his main office at [[Raigarh]] and there is a colony named after him called Jairam Valjee Colony at Raigarh.<ref name=a>''Diary of Golden Days at Jharia : A Memoir & History of Gurjar Kashtriya Samaj of Kutch in Coalfields of Jharia'' - written by Natwarlal Devram Jethwa, co-auth. Raja Pawan Jethwa of Calcutta. (1998). Life sketch of Rai Bahadur Jairam Valji Chouhan. Page: 24.</ref> In many railway and civil contracts he worked in syndicate with fellow [[Mistris|Mistri]] railway contractors like Jagmal Gangji Sawaria, [[Mulji Jagmal Sawaria|Rai Saheb Mulji Jagmal Sawaria]] of Bilaspur and Shamji Gangji Sawaria and Rai Saheb Harilal Shamji of Raigarh.<ref>{{cite book|title=Commercial & general directory of C. P. & Berar|year=1941|page=174|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RFg1AQAAIAAJ&q=shyamji+gangji+raigarh}}</ref><ref name=a/>

He was also one of the Class - A contractor for government's public works department of C. P. & Berar.<ref name=x/> He also started a large brick kiln on banks of Arpa river at Jairamnagar to manufacture on large scale bricks needed by railways and other construction works.<ref name=a/> [[Ramgarh Cantonment]] works were one of major works done by him.<ref name=a/>

He ventured in to dolomite and limestone mining business in beginning in 1918 and soon became owner of several dolomite and limestone mines in erstwhile [[Central Provinces and Berar]]. He was sole proprietor of whole of [[Jairamnagar]].<ref name=y/> Among the limestone and dolomite mines he owned were Bhilain and Bhadeswar quarries near Jairamnagar.<ref name=g/><ref>{{cite book|title=Bulletins of the Geological Survey of India: Economic geology, Issues 11-16|year=1956|publisher=Geological Survey of India.|pages=4–5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sfpQAAAAYAAJ&q=jairam+valjee}}</ref> He also owned a large Latia quarry at Latia village (near [[Akaltara]]) the total area of which was 67.53 [[acre]]s<ref name=g>{{cite book|title=Records of the Geological Survey of India , Volume 84|year=1953|publisher=The Survey Geology|location=370-371|page=https://books.google.com/books?id=fewdAQAAMAAJ&q=jairam+valjee&dq=jairam+valjee&hl=en|quote=Latia quarry It is situated about 3 furlongs from the Latia village (22° 1£':82° 24'). The concession, the total area of which is 6753 acres, is owned by Sri Jairam Valjee and worked practically from the beginning of 1942.}}</ref> and dolomite mines near Jairamnagar, [[Barpali]] and at [[Kalunga, Orissa|Kalunga]] in [[Orissa, India|Orissa]].<ref name=a/><ref name=y>{{cite book|title=The Times of India directory and year book including who's who , Volume 28|year=1941|pages=1087|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RakSAAAAIAAJ&q=Jairamnagar+Jairam+Valjee|quote=JAIRAM, VALJEE, RAI BAHADUR, Landlord, mines & millowner, sole proprietor of Jairamnagar and a great philanthropist of C.P. & Berar...|last1=Reed|first1=Sir Stanley}}</ref><ref>Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, Volume 71 by Order of the Governor-General of India, 1937: pp; 47,153, iii</ref><ref name="google">{{cite book|title=The Indian Year Book|date=1841|issue=v. 23; v. 25-28|publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Company|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eSsdAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=3 March 2017}}</ref> He held certificate for approval of all minerals in Central Provinces and Berar and also whole of [[Eastern States Agency]].<ref name=a/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RFg1AQAAIAAJ&q=paraghat+1939|title=Commercial & general directory of C. P. & Berar}}</ref>

He also owned ice-factory at Bilaspur and two rice-mills at Jairamnagar.<ref name=y/> Further, he founded a sugar-factory at Jairamnagar, foundation of which was laid on 10 February 1940, where the chief guest of honor was the [[List of Governors of the Central Provinces and Berar|Governor of C.P. & Berar]], [[Francis Verner Wylie]]. He used his farm lands in Jairamnagar for large scale production of sugarcane, required as raw material for his sugar factory.<ref name=i>The Indian Year Book, Volume 23; Volumes 25-28, Bennett, Coleman & Company, 1941.</ref><ref>Report on Demonstration Work Carried Out in the Eastern Circle, Together with Reports on the Seed and Demonstration Farms at Chandkhuri, Bilaspur and Drug with that of Cattle-breeding Stations by Central Provinces (India). Dept. of Agriculture, 1940 pp:14.</ref><ref name=a/> A jaggary making unit and rice-mill were also started by him at Jairamnagar.<ref name=a/>

He was also a member of the Executive Committee of both the District and Provincial War Committees of CP. and Berar.<ref name=i/>

==Philanthropy==
Further, he was also known for his philanthropy. He is accredited to have built a primary school named Valjee Primanry School with teachers quarter at Jairamnagar, Kunwarbai Charitable Dispensary, weekly markets, wells and roads.<ref name=x>{{cite book|title=Commercial & general directory of C. P. & Berar|year=1941|page=116|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RFg1AQAAIAAJ&q=JAIRAMNAGAR}}</ref><ref name=d>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eSsdAQAAMAAJ&q=+Valjee|title = The Indian Year Book|year = 1841}}</ref> He also built a [[Shiva]] temple and several wells, markets, roads, hospitals & [[Dharamshalas]] in Jairamnagar. He also donated money to build [[Raigarh]] Town Hall.<ref name=a/><ref name=d/><ref name=t>{{cite book|title=The Indian Year Book , Volume 23; Volumes 25-28|year=1941|publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Company|page=1087|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eSsdAQAAMAAJ&q=jairam+valjee|quote=JAIRAM, VALJEE, RAI BAHADUR, Landlord, mines & millowner, sole proprietor of Jairamnagar and a great philanthropist of C.P. & Berar....The B. N. Railway Co. has also, In consideration of his loyal and long connection with the Company, changed the name of the Railway Station from Paraghat to Jairamnagar from the 1st September 1939, after his name. }}</ref> In 1940, to commemorate the visit of Governor of C.P. & Berar, on occasion of founding of sugar factory at Jairamnagar, he donated a fully equipped Ambulance car to [[Indian Red Cross Society|Red Cross]].<ref name=i/>

==Honors==
British authorities had given him title firstly [[Rai Saheb]], which was elevated to [[Rai Bahadur]] in 1941<ref name=a/> for his achievements in business and philanthropic works.<ref name=y/><ref name=t/>

The local British government changed the name of village from Khaira to Jairamnagar in his honor.<ref>The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who's who - Page 1087 JAIRAM, Valjee, Rai Bahadur, (1941). ... and industrious colony and In consideration of all this the local Government have changed the name of the village, in the Settlement Papers, from Khaira to Jairamnagar, of which he is the Malgujar.</ref><ref name=a/>

The railway station which was earlier known as Paraghat was named [[Jairamnagar]]<ref name=x/> railway station after him on 1 September 1939 by Bengal Nagpur Railway authorities being the only Railway Station in the whole of India to have been named after an individual businessman.<ref name=a/><ref name=t/><ref>Commercial & general directory of C. P. & Berar - Page 116|quote=This is the only Railway Station in the whole of India to have been named after an individual businessman, having marble name hoards on the station platform.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=RFg1AQAAIAAJ&q=1939+re-named It was originally known as Paraghat and was re-named Jairamnagar by Mr. A. Duncan, Agent & General Manager, B.N. Railway...on 1 September 1939]</ref>

He was made [[Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire]] on 1 January 1945 by British authorities.<ref name=ib>{{cite book|title=The India Office and Burma Office List|year=114|page=1947|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oCUbAQAAIAAJ&q=jairam+valjee|quote=Valjee, R.B. Jairam, M.B.E., 1 Jan , 1945
}}</ref><ref name=a/>

==Death==
He died in 1956 at his Raigarh bungalow survived by wife and several sons and daughters.<ref name=a/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chauhan, Jairam Valji}}
[[Category:People from Kutch district]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Indian people in rail transport]]
[[Category:1956 deaths]]
[[Category:Founders of Indian schools and colleges]]
[[Category:1892 births]]
[[Category:Rai Bahadurs]]
[[Category:Indian businesspeople in mining]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Indian businesspeople in the sugar industry]]
[[Category:Businesspeople in agriculture]]
[[Category:Gujarati people]]
[[Category:People from Raigarh]]
[[Category:People from Bilaspur district, Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian philanthropists]]

Louis Vuitton

2026-02-03T15:56:35Z

Davidcza: formatting fix

{{Short description|French international fashion house}}
{{for|its founder|Louis Vuitton (designer)}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}

{{Infobox company
| name = Louis Vuitton Malletier SAS
| logo = [[File:LV Monogram.svg|35px|LV monogram|class=skin-invert]] [[File:Louis Vuitton logo.svg|150px|LV new wordmark|class=skin-invert]]
| logo_size =
| image = Boutique Louis Vuitton au 101 avenue des Champs-Elysées à Paris.JPG
| image_caption = [[Champs-Élysées]] flagship store, Paris
| type = [[Subsidiary]]<ref name="legal-notice"/>
| foundation = {{Start date and age|1854}} [[Paris]], France
| founder = [[Louis Vuitton (designer)|Louis Vuitton]]
| location_city = {{nowrap|2 Rue du Pont Neuf}} {{nowrap|75001 [[Paris]]}} France {{nowrap|{{coord|48.8593|2.3439|display=title,inline}}}}
| key_people = {{ubl|Pietro Beccari ([[Chairman|CHM]], [[Chief executive officer|CEO]])|[[Delphine Arnault]] ([[Vice President|VP]])|[[Nicolas Ghesquière]] ([[Creative director|CD, Women's]])|[[Pharrell Williams]] ([[Creative director|CD, Men's]])}}
| industry = [[Fashion industry|Fashion]]
| products = {{hlist|[[Handbags]]|[[Fashion accessories|accessories]]|[[ready-to-wear]]|[[shoes]]|[[watches]]|[[jewelry]]|[[cosmetics]]}}
| revenue = {{increase}} €14 billion (2020)<ref name="Louis Vuitton Annual Report 2016">{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/companies/louis-vuitton/|title=Louis Vuitton on the Forbes World's Most Valuable Brands List|website=Forbes|access-date=4 September 2017|archive-date=7 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207073538/https://www.forbes.com/companies/louis-vuitton/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| num_employees = 19,000 (2013)<ref name="La marque Louis Vuitton, star française dans le monde">{{cite web|url=https://lexpansion.lexpress.fr/actualites/1/actualite-economique/la-marque-louis-vuitton-star-francaise-dans-le-monde_1465356.html|title=La marque Louis Vuitton, star française dans le monde|website=lexpansion.lexpress.fr|date=2 October 2013|access-date=22 July 2021|archive-date=22 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722115933/https://lexpansion.lexpress.fr/actualites/1/actualite-economique/la-marque-louis-vuitton-star-francaise-dans-le-monde_1465356.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| parent = [[LVMH]]
| homepage = {{URL|https://www.louisvuitton.com|louisvuitton.com}}
| footnotes =
}}

[[File:Louis Vuitton, Champs-Elysées 2.jpg|thumb|Interior view of the Louis Vuitton flagship store in the Champs-Elysées]]

'''Louis Vuitton Malletier SAS'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|l|u|ˈ|iː|_|v|ɪ|ˈ|t|ɒ|n|audio=En-us-LouisVuitton.ogg}}, {{IPA|fr|lwi vɥitɔ̃|lang|Fr-LouisVuitton.ogg}}}} is a French [[Luxury goods|luxury]] [[fashion house]] and company founded in 1854 by [[Louis Vuitton (designer)|Louis Vuitton]].<ref name="legal-notice">{{cite web |url=https://eu.louisvuitton.com/eng-e1/legal-notice |title=Louis Vuitton Malletier SAS |work=louisvuitton.com |access-date=2020-09-09 |archive-date=7 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207175415/https://eu.louisvuitton.com/eng-e1/legal-notice |url-status=live }}</ref> The label's LV [[monogram]] appears on most of its products, ranging from luxury bags and leather goods to [[ready-to-wear]], shoes, perfumes, watches, jewellery, accessories, sunglasses and books. Louis Vuitton is one of the world's leading international fashion houses. It sells its products through standalone [[boutiques]], lease departments in high-end [[department stores]], and through the [[e-commerce]] section of its website.<ref name="legal">{{cite web|url=http://www.louisvuitton.com/web/flash/index.jsp;jsessionid=AFYOJ1P4XBPV0CRBXUDVAFYKEG4RAUPU?direct2=ch_legal_notice&direct1=faq&langue=en_GB&buy=0 |title=Legal Notice |work=Louis Vuitton |access-date=24 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501102919/http://www.louisvuitton.com/web/flash/index.jsp%3Bjsessionid%3DAFYOJ1P4XBPV0CRBXUDVAFYKEG4RAUPU?direct2=ch_legal_notice&direct1=faq&langue=en_GB&buy=0 |archive-date=1 May 2011 }}</ref><ref name="Contemporary Fashion">{{cite book
|author=Martin, Richard
|title=Contemporary fashion
|publisher=St. James Press
|location=Guatemala
|year=1995
|page=750|isbn=1-55862-173-3
}}</ref> Louis Vuitton merged with [[Moët Hennessy]] in 1987 to create [[LVMH]], of which it is a subsidiary.

For six consecutive years (2006–2012), Louis Vuitton was named the world's most valuable luxury [[brand]]. Its 2012 valuation was US$25.9 billion.<ref>{{cite news|last=Roberts|first=Andrew|title=Louis Vuitton Tops Hermes As World's Most Valuable Luxury Brand|newspaper=Bloomberg.com|date=21 May 2012|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-05-21/louis-vuitton-tops-hermes-as-world-s-most-valuable-luxury-brand.html|publisher=Bloomberg L.P.|access-date=28 May 2012|archive-date=10 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110212415/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-05-21/louis-vuitton-tops-hermes-as-world-s-most-valuable-luxury-brand.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2013, the valuation of the brand was US$28.4 billion with [[revenue]] of US$9.4 billion.<ref>forbes.com [https://www.forbes.com/companies/louis-vuitton/ Louis Vuitton] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207073538/https://www.forbes.com/companies/louis-vuitton/ |date=7 February 2021 }}</ref> The company operates in 50 countries with more than 460 stores worldwide.<ref>''Globe and Mail'' [https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/international-business/european-business/louis-vuitton-slows-expansion-to-protect-image/article8069266/ Louis Vuitton] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029204910/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/international-business/european-business/louis-vuitton-slows-expansion-to-protect-image/article8069266/ |date=29 October 2020 }}</ref>

Louis Vuitton has faced some episodes of [[criticism]]: continuous targeting due to its failures in ceasing [[forced labour]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mosley |first=Layna |title=Labor Rights and Multinational Production |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2010 |isbn=9781139493451 |publication-date=2010 |pages=100 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Suleymanova |first=Radmilla |date=14 July 2021 |title=Are your favourite fashion brands using forced labour? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2021/7/14/are-your-favourite-fashion-brands-using-forced-labour |access-date=24 May 2024 |work=[[Al Jazeera]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Imam |first=Ambreen |date=5 November 2022 |title=Fashion Industry Giants and their failure to fix labor exploitation |url=https://fashionlawjournal.com/fashion-industry-giants-and-their-failure-to-fix-labor-exploitation/ |access-date=24 May 2022 |work=[[Fashion and Law Journal]]}}</ref> alleged [[Abuse|mistreatment]] of its models in 2017,<ref name=":10" /> and a series of strong polemics in [[Barcelona]], Catalonia (due to sponsoring the [[2024 America's Cup]]) that involved an administratively opaque fashion show,<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":5" /> significant damages in the [[Park Güell]]'s [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]],<ref name=":1" /> and multiple citizen protests against the company.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" />

==History==

===Founding to World War II===
{{See also|Louis Vuitton (designer)}}

The Louis Vuitton label was founded by Vuitton in 1854 on Rue Neuve des Capucines in [[Paris]].<ref name="LV Timeline">{{cite web|url=http://www.louisvuitton.com/web/flash/index.jsp;jsessionid=QEDUVBBTA0GZWCRBXUXFAHYKEG4RAUPU?buy=1&langue=en_US |title=Timeline |publisher=Louis Vuitton |access-date=3 March 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219020321/http://www.louisvuitton.com/web/flash/index.jsp%3Bjsessionid%3DQEDUVBBTA0GZWCRBXUXFAHYKEG4RAUPU?buy=1&langue=en_US |archive-date=19 December 2008 }}</ref> Louis Vuitton had observed that the [[H. J. Cave & Sons|H. J. Cave]] Osilite<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.christies.com/LotFinder/LotDetailsPrintable.aspx?intObjectID=1719175 |title=A large suitcase of coffee color leather, with leather straps and with black and claret painted owner's stripes, monogrammed R.F., the interior fitted with a tray and labelled H. J. Cave and Sons 'Osilite' trademark-31.5 x 18 x 11in. (80 x 46 x 26 cm.); another matching smaller case-29 x 17 x 10in. (74 x 43 x 25.5 cm.); and a smaller lightweight case, the interior labelled as above-24 x 13.75 x 6in. (61 x 35 x 15 cm.), 1930s (3) |publisher=Christies.com |date=2000-01-25 |access-date=2012-11-07 |archive-date=18 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121118104459/http://www.christies.com/LotFinder/LotDetailsPrintable.aspx?intObjectID=1719175 |url-status=live }}</ref> trunk could be easily stacked. In 1858, Vuitton introduced his flat-topped trunks with Trianon canvas, making them lightweight and airtight.<ref name="LV Timeline" /> Before the introduction of Vuitton's trunks, rounded-top trunks were used, generally to promote water runoff, and thus could not be stacked. It was Vuitton's gray Trianon canvas flat trunk that allowed the ability to stack them on top of another with ease for voyages. Many other luggage makers later imitated Vuitton's style and design.<ref name="Contemporary Fashion"/>

The company participated in the [[Exposition Universelle (1867)|1867 Universal Exhibition in Paris]].<ref name="LV Timeline"/> In 1871, [[Ōyama Iwao]] became the first recorded Japanese customer, ordering a set of luggage while in Paris as a military observer during the [[Franco-Prussian War]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Horne |first1=Alistair |title=Hubris: The Tragedy of War in the Twentieth |date=2015 |publisher=W&N |isbn=978-0297867623 |page=30}}</ref> To protect against the duplication of his look, Vuitton changed the Trianon design to a beige-and-brown stripes design in 1876.<ref name="Contemporary Fashion"/> By 1885, the company opened its first store in [[London]] on [[Oxford Street]].<ref name="LV Timeline" /> Soon thereafter, due to the continuing imitation of his look, in 1888, Vuitton created the Damier Canvas pattern, which bore a logo that reads "''marque L. Vuitton déposée''", which translates into "L. Vuitton registered [[trademark]]". In 1892, Louis Vuitton died, and the company's management passed to his son.<ref name="Contemporary Fashion"/><ref name="LV Timeline" />

[[File:Advertisement for Louis Vuitton July 1898.jpg|left|thumb|Ad for Louis Vuitton luggage, 1898]]

After the death of his father, [[Georges Ferréol Vuitton|Georges Vuitton]] began a campaign to build the company into a worldwide corporation, exhibiting the company's products at the [[World's Columbian Exposition|Chicago World's Fair]] in 1893. In 1896, the company launched the signature Monogram canvas<ref name="Monogram canvas">[https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Louis-Vuitton-monogram-canvas-colour-and-pattern_fig1_373825352 Louis Vuitton Monogram canvases] researchgate.net</ref> and made the worldwide patents on it.<ref name="Contemporary Fashion"/><ref name="LV Timeline" /> Its graphic symbols, including quatrefoils and flowers (as well as the LV monogram), were based on the trend of using [[Mon (emblem)|Japanese family crests (''mon'')]] designs in the late [[Victorian era]]. At the time, Georges Vuitton was fascinated by Japanese motifs, including ''mon'', and his son, Gaston-Louis Vuitton, amassed a large collection of [[Japanese sword mountings|Japanese sword guards (''tsuba'')]]. Some of the motifs found on the trunks were inspired by these ''tsuba''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eu.louisvuitton.com/eng-e1/articles/exhibition-in-tokyo-japan-room|title=News By Louis Vuitton: EXHIBITION IN TOKYO: INSPIRATIONAL JAPAN|first=Louis|last=Vuitton|website=eu.louisvuitton.com|access-date=13 December 2016|archive-date=20 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220162151/http://eu.louisvuitton.com/eng-e1/articles/exhibition-in-tokyo-japan-room|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tatlerasia.com/lifestyle/travel/louis-vuitton-tokyo-exhibition-volez-voguez-voyagez|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713010351/https://www.tatlerasia.com/lifestyle/travel/louis-vuitton-tokyo-exhibition-volez-voguez-voyagez|title=Orient Express: A Journey Through Tokyo with Louis Vuitton's Travel Exhibition|publisher=[[Tatler]]|date=16 May 2016|archive-date=13 July 2023|access-date=16 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.waseda.jp/top/en/news/43260|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317142249/https://www.waseda.jp/top/en/news/43260|title=Japan and Louis Vuitton – The "Volez, Voguez, Voyagez – Louis Vuitton" Exhibition|publisher=[[Waseda University]]|date=14 July 2016|archive-date=17 March 2024|access-date=15 May 2025}}</ref> The patents later proved to be successful in stopping counterfeiting. In this same year, Georges travelled to the United States, where he toured cities such as New York, [[Philadelphia]], and Chicago, selling Vuitton products. In 1901, the Louis Vuitton Company introduced the ''Steamer Bag'', a smaller piece of luggage designed to be kept inside Vuitton luggage trunks.

By 1913, the Louis Vuitton Building opened on the [[Champs-Elysees]]. It was the largest travel-goods store in the world at the time. Stores also opened in New York, [[Bombay]], [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]], London, [[Alexandria]], and [[Buenos Aires]] as World War I began. Afterwards, in 1930, the Keepall bag was introduced. During 1932, LV introduced the ''Noé'' bag. This bag was originally made for champagne vintners to transport bottles. Soon thereafter, the Louis Vuitton ''Speedy'' bag was introduced (both are still manufactured today).<ref name="LV Timeline" /> In 1936 Georges Vuitton died, and his son, Gaston-Louis Vuitton, assumed control of the company.<ref name="LV Timeline" />

===WWII Nazi collaboration===

During World War II, Louis Vuitton [[Collaborationism|collaborated]] with the [[Nazis]] during the [[German military administration in occupied France during World War II|German occupation of France]]. The French book ''Louis Vuitton, A French Saga'', authored by French journalist Stephanie Bonvicini and published by Paris-based Editions Fayard,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fayard.fr/|title=Fayard | Editions Fayard|website=www.fayard.fr|access-date=25 August 2021|archive-date=16 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816082530/https://www.fayard.fr/|url-status=live}}</ref> tells how members of the Vuitton family actively aided the Vichy government led by Marshal [[Philippe Pétain]] and increased their wealth from their business affairs with the Germans. The family set up a factory dedicated to producing artefacts glorifying Pétain, including more than 2,500 busts.

Caroline Babulle, a spokeswoman for the publisher, Fayard, said: "They have not contested anything in the book, but they are trying to bury it by pretending it doesn't exist."<ref name="guardian.co.uk">{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/secondworldwar/story/0,14058,1230301,00.html | title=''Louis Vuitton's links with Vichy regime exposed'', The Guardian, June 3, 2004. | location=London | date=3 June 2004 | access-date=11 May 2010 | first=Kim | last=Willsher | archive-date=2 June 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602034637/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/jun/03/france.secondworldwar | url-status=live }}</ref> Responding to the book's release in 2004, a spokesman for LVMH said: "This is ancient history. The book covers a period when it was family-run and long before it became part of LVMH. We are diverse, tolerant and all the things a modern company should be."<ref name="guardian.co.uk"/> An LVMH spokesman told the satirical magazine ''[[Le Canard Enchaîné]]'': "We don't deny the facts, but regrettably the author has exaggerated the Vichy episode. We haven't put any pressure on anyone. If the journalists want to censor themselves, then that suits us fine." That publication was the only French periodical to mention the book, possibly because LVMH is the country's biggest advertiser in the press.<ref name="guardian.co.uk"/>

===1945 through 2000===
{{See also|Louis Vuitton Cup|America's Cup|LVMH}}During this period, Louis Vuitton began to incorporate leather into most of its products, which ranged from small purses and wallets to larger pieces of luggage. In order to broaden its line, the company revamped its signature Monogram canvas in 1959<ref name="LV Timeline" /> to make it more supple, allowing it to be used for purses, bags, and wallets. It is believed that in the 1920s, counterfeiting returned as a greater issue to continue on into the 21st century.<ref name="Contemporary Fashion"/> In 1966, the ''Papillon'' was launched (a cylindrical bag that is still popular today).

In 1975, the company owned only two shops and had an annual revenue of 10 million [[Francs]]. Odile Vuitton pushed for the expansion of the company internationally.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Louis Vuitton. INTERNATIONAL REGISTRATION IN FORCE TRADEMARK - Madrid (WIPO). |url=https://branddb.wipo.int/en/brand/WO500000000416052 |website=wipo.int}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Portraits des dirigeants de la Maison Vuitton |url=https://www.la-malle-en-coin.com/fr/le-blog/liste-des-articles/40-encyclopedie-vuitton/biographie/2713-portraits-des-dirigeants-de-la-maison-vuitton.html?showall=&start=5 |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=www.la-malle-en-coin.com}}</ref> Her husband [[Henry Racamier]] joined her and took over the reins of Louis Vuitton in 1977. By 1977 Louis Vuitton reached an annual revenue up to 70 million [[Francs]] (US$14.27 million).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://powerzymes.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/louis-vuitton.pdf|title=Louis Vuitton|date=April 4, 2013|author=Manu Mahbubani |publisher=Richard Ivey School of Business Foundation|access-date=September 19, 2025 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250919144849/https://powerzymes.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/louis-vuitton.pdf|archive-date=September 19, 2025 }}</ref>

A year later, the label opened its first stores in Japan: in Tokyo and [[Osaka]]. In 1983, the company joined with [[America's Cup]] to form the [[Louis Vuitton Cup]], a preliminary competition (known as an eliminatory regatta) for the yacht race. Louis Vuitton later expanded its presence in Asia with the opening of a store in [[Taipei]], Taiwan in 1983 and [[Seoul]], South Korea in 1984. In the following year, 1985, the Epi leather line was introduced.<ref name="LV Timeline" />

1987 saw the creation of [[LVMH]].<ref name="LV Timeline" /> [[Moët et Chandon]] and [[Hennessy]], leading manufacturers of champagne and [[cognac]], merged respectively with Louis Vuitton to form the luxury goods conglomerate. Profits for 1988 were reported to have been up by 49% more than in 1987. By 1989, Louis Vuitton came to operate 130 stores worldwide.<ref name="LV Timeline" /> Entering the 1990s, Yves Carcelle was named president of LV, and in 1992, Louis Vuitton entered mainland China by opening its first store in [[Beijing]] at the Palace Hotel. Further products became introduced such as the Taiga leather line in 1993, and the literature collection of ''Voyager Avec...'' in 1994. In 1996, the celebration of the Centennial of the Monogram canvas was held in seven cities worldwide.<ref name="LV Timeline" />

In 1997, Louis Vuitton made [[Marc Jacobs]] its Artistic Director.<ref>{{cite web|title=Marc Jacobs|url=http://www.louisvuitton.co.uk/front/#/eng_GB/Journeys-section/La-Maison/Marc-Jacobs|publisher=Louis Vuitton|access-date=26 May 2012|archive-date=18 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120518062814/http://www.louisvuitton.co.uk/front/#/eng_GB/Journeys-section/La-Maison/Marc-Jacobs|url-status=live}}</ref> In March of the following year, he designed and introduced the company's first "[[prêt-à-porter]]" line of clothing for men and women. Also in this year products introduced included the Monogram Vernis line, the LV scrapbooks, and the ''Louis Vuitton City Guide''.<ref name="LV Timeline" />

The last events in the 20th century were the release of the mini monogram line in 1999 and the opening of the first store in Africa in [[Marrakesh]], Morocco, in 2000. Finally, the auction at the International Film Festival in [[Venice, Italy]], where the vanity case "amfAR" designed by [[Sharon Stone]] was sold, with the proceeds going to the [[amfAR|Foundation for AIDS Research]] (also in 2000).<ref name="LV Timeline" />

===2001 to 2011===
[[File:Louis Vuitton VIP room in Vienna.JPG|thumb|Louis Vuitton VIP room in Vienna for ordering custom-designed goods]]

By 2001, [[Stephen Sprouse]], in [[collaboration]] with [[Marc Jacobs]], designed a limited-edition line of Vuitton bags<ref name="LV Timeline" /> that featured [[graffiti]] written over the monogram pattern. The graffiti read ''Louis Vuitton'' and, on certain bags, the name of the bag (such as Keepall and Speedy). Certain pieces, which featured the graffiti without the Monogram canvas background, were only available on Louis Vuitton's [[Very Important Person|V.I.P.]] customer list. Jacobs also created the charm bracelet, the first-ever piece of jewellery from LV, within the same year.<ref name="LV Timeline" />

In 2002, the Tambour watch collection was introduced.<ref name="LV Timeline" /> During this year, the LV building in Tokyo's [[Ginza]] district was opened, and the brand [[Collaboration|collaborated]] with Bob Wilson for its [[Christmas window]]s scenography. In 2003, [[Takashi Murakami]],<ref name="LV Timeline" /> in collaboration with [[Marc Jacobs]], masterminded the new Monogram Multicolore canvas range of handbags and accessories. This range included the monograms of the standard Monogram canvas but in 33 different colours on either a white or black background. (The classic canvas features gold monograms on a brown background.) Murakami also created the Cherry Blossom pattern, in which smiling cartoon faces in the middle of pink and yellow flowers were sporadically placed atop the Monogram canvas. This pattern appeared on a limited number of pieces. The production of this [[Special edition|limited-edition]] run was discontinued in June 2003. Within 2003, the stores in Moscow, Russia, and in New Delhi, India were opened, the Utah and Suhali leather lines were released, and the 20th anniversary of the LV Cup was held.<ref name="LV Timeline" />

In 2004, Louis Vuitton celebrated its 150th anniversary. The brand also inaugurated stores in New York City (on [[Fifth Avenue]]), [[São Paulo]], [[Mexico City]], [[Cancún]] and [[Johannesburg]]. It also opened its first global store in Shanghai. By 2005, Louis Vuitton reopened its [[Champs-Élysées]] store in Paris designed by the American Architect Eric Carlson and released the Speedy watch collection. In 2006, LV held the inauguration of the Espace Louis Vuitton on its 7th floor.<ref name="LV Timeline" /> In 2008, Louis Vuitton released the Damier Graphite canvas. The canvas features the classic Damier pattern but in black and grey, giving it a masculine look and urban feel. Also in 2008, [[Pharrell Williams]] co-designed a series of jewellery ("Blason") and glasses for Louis Vuitton.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hip-hop's glittering touchstone|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/arts/hip-hops-glittering-touchstone/story-e6frg8n6-1111118976796?nk=6d1373b7f7588c7850c08a211690b434|publisher=The Australian|access-date=27 February 2009}}</ref>

In 2010, Louis Vuitton opened what is described as their most luxurious store in London.<ref>{{cite web|last=Zenner |first=Brittany |url=http://www.insidelux.com/2010/05/29/louis-vuitton-opens-most-luxurious-store-to-date/ |title=Insidelux.com |publisher=Insidelux.com |access-date=29 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514035359/http://www.insidelux.com/2010/05/29/louis-vuitton-opens-most-luxurious-store-to-date/ |archive-date=14 May 2011 }}</ref>

In early 2011, Louis Vuitton hired [[Kim Jones (designer)|Kim Jones]] as its "Men Ready-to-Wear Studio and Style Director". He became the lead designer of menswear while working under the company-wide artistic directorship of Marc Jacobs.<ref>{{cite web|last=White|first=Belinda|title=Kim Jones takes the helm at Louis Vuitton menswear|url=http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/news-features/TMG8356946/Kim-Jones-takes-the-helm-at-Louis-Vuitton-menswear.html|work=The Telegraph|access-date=26 May 2012|archive-date=1 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101162517/http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/news-features/TMG8356946/Kim-Jones-takes-the-helm-at-Louis-Vuitton-menswear.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 17 September 2011, the company opened its Louis Vuitton Island ''Maison'' at Marina Bay Sands, [[Singapore]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Louis Vuitton Island Maison unveiled in Singapore |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/louis-vuitton-island-maison-unveiled-in-singapore-2011-10 |access-date=10 November 2018 |agency=Business Insider |publisher=Pursuitist |date=14 October 2011 |archive-date=10 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181110120429/https://www.businessinsider.com/louis-vuitton-island-maison-unveiled-in-singapore-2011-10 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===2012 to present===
{{As of|September 2013}}, the company hired Darren Spaziani to lead its accessory collection.<ref name="accesory WWD 2013">{{cite web | url=http://www.wwd.com/accessories-news/leather-goods/louis-vuitton-taps-accessories-designer-darren-spaziani-7181023?src=nl/mornReport/20130924 | title=Louis Vuitton Taps Accessories Designer Darren Spaziani | publisher=WWD | date=24 September 2013 | access-date=24 September 2013 | author=Socha, Miles | archive-date=29 September 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929202144/http://www.wwd.com/accessories-news/leather-goods/louis-vuitton-taps-accessories-designer-darren-spaziani-7181023?src=nl/mornReport/20130924 | url-status=live }}</ref>

On 4 November 2013, the company confirmed that [[Nicolas Ghesquière]] had been hired to replace Marc Jacobs as artistic director of women's collections. Ghesquière's first line for the company was shown in Paris in March 2014.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.wwd.com/fashion-news/designer-luxury/vuitton-confirms-nicolas-ghesquire-hire-7262148?module=hp-fashion | title=Louis Vuitton Confirms Nicolas Ghesquière Hire | publisher=WWD | date=4 November 2013 | access-date=4 November 2013 | author=Socha, Miles | archive-date=15 November 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131115000322/http://www.wwd.com/fashion-news/designer-luxury/vuitton-confirms-nicolas-ghesquire-hire-7262148?module=hp-fashion | url-status=live }}</ref>

On 7 April 2014, Edouard Schneider became the head of press and public relations at Louis Vuitton under Frédéric Winckler, who is Vuitton's communications and events director.<ref name="Louis Vuitton Taps Edouard Schneider to Head P.R.">{{cite web | url=http://www.wwd.com/media-news/fashion-memopad/new-recruit-7595288?src=nl/mornReport/20140317 | title=Louis Vuitton Taps Edouard Schneider to Head P.R. | publisher=WWD | date=17 March 2014 | access-date=18 March 2014 | author=Socha, Miles | archive-date=9 April 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409132544/http://www.wwd.com/media-news/fashion-memopad/new-recruit-7595288?src=nl/mornReport/20140317 | url-status=live }}</ref>

On 26 March 2018, [[Virgil Abloh]] was named artistic director of men's wear, replacing Kim Jones who had departed for Dior<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/19/business/christian-dior-kim-jones.html|title=Dior Confirms Kim Jones as Men's Wear Artistic Director|last=Paton|first=Elizabeth|date=2018-03-19|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-07-12|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=19 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180319164154/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/19/business/christian-dior-kim-jones.html|url-status=live}}</ref>—he was the label's first African-American artistic director and one of few black designers of a major European fashion house.<ref name="auto">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/26/business/louis-vuitton-virgil-abloh.html |title=Louis Vuitton Names Virgil Abloh as Its New Men's Wear Designer |work=The New York Times |date=26 March 2018 |access-date=2018-08-12 |language=en |last1=Friedman |first1=Vanessa |last2=Paton |first2=Elizabeth |archive-date=17 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417045411/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/26/business/louis-vuitton-virgil-abloh.html |url-status=live }}</ref> His debut show was held at the 2018 Paris Men's Fashion Week and staged in the historical [[Palais-Royal]] gardens' courtyard.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/22/fashion/louis-vuitton-virgil-abloh-paris.html|title=Virgil Abloh Tells Louis Vuitton's Story of Fashion|work=The New York Times|date=22 June 2018|access-date=2018-08-12|language=en|last1=Trebay|first1=Guy|archive-date=13 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813103335/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/22/fashion/louis-vuitton-virgil-abloh-paris.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newsweek.com/virgil-abloh-welcomes-his-first-ever-louis-vuitton-mens-collection-fashion-989763|title=Designer Virgil Abloh unveiled his first-ever Louis Vuitton collection at Fashion Week in Paris|date=2018-06-21|work=Newsweek|access-date=2018-08-12|language=en|archive-date=13 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813004506/https://www.newsweek.com/virgil-abloh-welcomes-his-first-ever-louis-vuitton-mens-collection-fashion-989763|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 28 November 2021, Abloh died of cardiac [[angiosarcoma]], which he had been battling privately for two years prior.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Georgiou |first=Aristos |date=2021-11-29 |title=Cardiac angiosarcoma explained as Off-White founder Virgil Abloh dies |url=https://www.newsweek.com/virgil-abloh-cause-death-cardiac-angiosarcoma-symptoms-explained-dies-heart-cancer-off-white-founder-1653878 |access-date=2022-08-19 |website=Newsweek |language=en |archive-date=19 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819040605/https://www.newsweek.com/virgil-abloh-cause-death-cardiac-angiosarcoma-symptoms-explained-dies-heart-cancer-off-white-founder-1653878 |url-status=live }}</ref>

LV was in the first place in the BrandZ's top 10 most valuable luxury brands in 2019, with a worth of $47.2 billion.
On 15 January 2020, the company acquired the [[Sewelô]] diamond, which is the third-largest rough diamond ever found in history, from [[Lucara Diamond]] who mined it from their mine in Botswana.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/15/style/sewelo-diamond.html|title=The Second-Biggest Diamond in History Has a New Owner|first=Vanessa|last=Friedman|date=15 January 2020|access-date=9 February 2020|work=[[The New York Times]]|archive-date=25 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125015222/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/15/style/sewelo-diamond.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/katematthams/2020/01/17/louis-vuitton-buys-second-biggest-diamond-sewelo/#322b9829743a|title=Louis Vuitton Buys Third-Biggest Rough Diamond Ever, Eyes Top-Five Jewelry Position|first=Kate|last=Matthams|date=17 January 2020|access-date=9 February 2020|work=[[Forbes Magazine]]|archive-date=1 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201164544/https://www.forbes.com/sites/katematthams/2020/01/17/louis-vuitton-buys-second-biggest-diamond-sewelo/#322b9829743a|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/style/article/louis-vuitton-sewelo-diamond-intl-hnk-scli/index.html|title=Louis Vuitton just bought the world's second-biggest diamond|first=Jessie|last=Yeung|date=17 January 2020|access-date=9 February 2020|publisher=CNN|archive-date=4 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204235412/https://edition.cnn.com/style/article/louis-vuitton-sewelo-diamond-intl-hnk-scli/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.rockngem.com/botswana-produces-the-worlds-third-largest-diamond/ |first1=Jim |last1=Brace-Thompson |website=Rock & Gem Magazine | title=Botswana Produces the World's Third-Largest Diamond | date=26 July 2021 | access-date=9 November 2022 | archive-date=9 November 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109135718/https://www.rockngem.com/botswana-produces-the-worlds-third-largest-diamond/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

In March 2022, LVMH announced closure of its 120+ stores in Russia, "given the current circumstances in the region,"<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Maheshwari |first=Sapna |date=2022-03-04 |title=Luxury giants LVMH and Hermès will close stores in Russia temporarily. |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/04/business/lvmh-hermes-russia.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=2022-08-15 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=15 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815045700/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/04/business/lvmh-hermes-russia.html |url-status=live }}</ref> due to the [[Russo-Ukrainian War]]. An LVMH spokesperson stated the company would continue to pay salary and benefits to its 3,500 employees in Russia.<ref name=":0" />

On 14 February 2023, [[Pharrell Williams]] was named creative director of men's wear.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hypebeast.com/2023/2/pharrell-williams-louis-vuitton-mens-creative-director-reports|title=Pharrell Williams Named Next Louis Vuitton Men's Creative Director|date=14 February 2023|website=Hypebeast|access-date=4 March 2023|archive-date=4 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304205010/https://hypebeast.com/2023/2/pharrell-williams-louis-vuitton-mens-creative-director-reports|url-status=live}}</ref> In March 2025, announced the launch of a [[Cosmetics|cosmetic]] and beauty line, called La Beauté Louis Vuitton, with [[British people|British]] [[Make-up artist|makeup artist]] [[Pat McGrath (make-up artist)|Pat McGrath]] as its creative director.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Spiliotopoulos |first=Penny |date=2025-03-11 |title=Louis Vuitton Debuts La Beauté Louis Vuitton With Pat McGrath as Creative Director |url=https://vmagazine.com/article/louis-vuitton-debuts-la-beaute-louis-vuitton-with-pat-mcgrath-as-creative-director/ |access-date=2025-03-14 |website=V Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=James |first=Jesse |date=2025-03-11 |title=Louis Vuitton Expands into Luxury Beauty with La Beauté, Led by Pat McGrath |url=https://stupiddope.com/2025/03/louis-vuitton-expands-into-luxury-beauty-with-la-beaute-led-by-pat-mcgrath/ |access-date=2025-03-14 |website=stupidDOPE |language=en-US}}</ref> The collection has been in development for four years and is expected to include 55 [[lipstick]]s, eight [[eye shadow]] palettes and 10 [[lip balm]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yates |first=Jacqueline Laurean |date=March 5, 2025 |title=Louis Vuitton launches 1st beauty collection with Pat McGrath this fall |url=https://www.goodmorningamerica.com/style/story/louis-vuitton-pat-mcgrath-debut-beauty-collection-119473356 |access-date=2025-04-07 |website=Good Morning America |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ware |first=Asia Milia |date=2025-03-05 |title=Louis Vuitton and Pat McGrath Are Coming for Your Lipstick Collection |url=https://www.thecut.com/article/louis-vuitton-makeup-launch-with-pat-mcgrath.html |access-date=2025-04-07 |website=The Cut |language=en}}</ref> McGrath's collaboration with Louis Vuitton originated from her longstanding relationship with [[Nicolas Ghesquière]], the house's [[artistic director]] of women’s collections since 2014, and resulted in a product line developed over five years through a confidential process that included visits to the brand's historic home and [[atelier]] in [[Asnières-sur-Seine]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hou |first=Kathleen |date=2025-08-19 |title=Pat McGrath on Crafting Louis Vuitton’s New Makeup Line |url=https://www.elle.com/beauty/makeup-skin-care/a65677525/louis-vuitton-lipstick-launch-pat-mcgrath-interview-2025/ |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=ELLE |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite web |last=La Torre |first=Vincenzo |date=2025-08-19 |title=Beauty legend Pat McGrath on developing Louis Vuitton’s first make-up range |url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/style/beauty/article/3322230/beauty-legend-pat-mcgrath-developing-louis-vuittons-first-make-range |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref>

The line officially launched on August 29, 2025 on Louis Vuitton's website and select stores worldwide, with 55 lipstick shades, 10 lip balms and eight eyeshadow palettes in the debut line.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Morosini |first=Daniela |date=2025-08-19 |title=Louis Vuitton Tests the Limits of Luxury Beauty With $160 Lipsticks |url=https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/beauty/louis-vuitton-beauty-products-reveal/ |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=The Business of Fashion |language=en}}</ref> The number of lipstick shades was chosen as a reference to the [[Roman numerals|Roman numeral]] LV, which equals 55, and is known as the brand's monogram.<ref name=":13" />

==Brand and intellectual property==
[[File:Louis Vuitton LV logo.png|thumb|left|upright=0.6|LV monogram<ref>{{Cite web |title=REGISTERED TRADEMARK - INPI (France) |url=https://branddb.wipo.int/en/brand/FR502021004829068 |website=wipo.int}}</ref>]]

The Louis Vuitton brand and the LV monogram are among the world's most valuable brands.<ref name="fambrand">{{cite web|title=Louis Vuitton Logo: Design and History|url=http://www.famouslogos.net/louis-vuitton-logo|publisher=FamousLogos.net|access-date=12 October 2011|archive-date=18 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018004553/http://www.famouslogos.net/louis-vuitton-logo|url-status=dead}}</ref>

According to a Millward Brown 2010 study, Louis Vuitton was then the world's 19th most valuable brand, and was estimated to be worth over US$19 billion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.millwardbrown.com/Libraries/Optimor_BrandZ_Files/2010_BrandZ_Top100_Report.sflb.ashx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101202431/http://millwardbrown.com/Libraries/Optimor_BrandZ_Files/2010_BrandZ_Top100_Report.sflb.ashx |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 January 2011 |title=Millwardbrown.com |access-date=29 April 2011 }}</ref> For six consecutive years, Louis Vuitton was number one of the 10 most powerful brands list published by the Millward Brown Optimor's 2011 BrandZ study with value of $24.3 billion. It was more than double the value of the second ranking brand.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prlog.org/11481063-luxurydiffusioncom-highlights-louis-vuitton-most-valuable-luxury-brand-for-sixth-consecutive-year.html|title=LuxuryDiffusion.com Highlights Louis Vuitton Most Valuable Luxury Brand For Sixth Consecutive Year|last=LuxuryDiffusion.com|website=PRLog|access-date=12 May 2011|archive-date=25 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125025745/http://www.prlog.org/11481063-luxurydiffusioncom-highlights-louis-vuitton-most-valuable-luxury-brand-for-sixth-consecutive-year.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Louis Vuitton is one of the most counterfeited brands in the fashion world due to its image as a status symbol.<ref name="fambrand" /> Ironically, the signature Monogram canvas was created to prevent counterfeiting.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/06/25/business/google.php|title=European trademarks vs. Google|access-date=25 June 2006|archive-date=1 July 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060701234957/http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/06/25/business/google.php|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2004, Louis Vuitton fakes accounted for 18% of counterfeit accessories seized in the [[European Union]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/law/article673534.ece |title=Times Online: Special Report: Trying to stub out the fakes |work=The Times |location=London |date=11 June 2006 |access-date=11 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514090854/http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/law/article673534.ece |archive-date=14 May 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The company actively seeks to eradicate [[counterfeiting]], and employs a team of lawyers and special investigation agencies to pursue offenders through the courts worldwide. The company allocates approximately half of its communications budget to counteract counterfeiting of its goods.<ref name="Contemporary Fashion"/> [[LVMH]], Vuitton's parent company, has described "Some 60 people at various levels of responsibility working full-time on anti-counterfeiting in collaboration with a wide network of outside investigators and a team of lawyers."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://business.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,8209-2220038,00.html|title=Special Report: Trying to stub out the fakes |work=The Times |location=London | date=11 June 2006 | access-date=11 May 2010}}{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The company closely controls the distribution of its products.<ref name="Contemporary Fashion"/> Until the 1980s, Vuitton products were widely sold in [[department store]]s, such as [[Neiman Marcus]] and [[Saks Fifth Avenue]]. Today, Vuitton products are primarily available at company-owned Louis Vuitton boutiques,<ref name="Contemporary Fashion"/> with a small number of exceptions noted in upscale [[shopping district]]s or inside luxury department stores. Company boutiques within department stores operate independently, and are operated by company managers and employees. LV has an official online store, through its main website.<ref name="Louis Vuitton Website">{{cite web
|url=https://www.louisvuitton.com/
|title=Louis Vuitton: luxury leather luggage, French fashion designer
|access-date=4 March 2008
|archive-date=4 March 2008
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080304032753/http://www.louisvuitton.com/
|url-status=live
}}</ref>

In 2006, the company filed a [[lawsuit]] against [[Colorado]]-based Manifest Information Services Ltd. (aka Manifest Hostmaster and Manifest.com), through [[World Intellectual Property Organization|WIPO]], in order to compel Manifest transfer the [[domain name]] LV.com to Louis Vuitton; the legal action failed and the domain was subsequently acquired by [[Liverpool Victoria]] (LV=), England's largest [[friendly society|fraternal]] [[insurance company]].<ref>[http://domains.adrforum.com/domains/decisions/796276.htm Louis Vuitton Malletier S.A. v. Manifest Information Services c/o Manifest Hostmaster] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140420033808/http://domains.adrforum.com/domains/decisions/796276.htm |date=20 April 2014 }} accessed 24 February 2015.</ref>

Several high-profile [[rap music]] artists have mentioned the company in song lyrics, most notably: [[Kanye West]], [[Juicy J]], and [[Wiz Khalifa]].<ref>{{Citation|title=Wiz Khalifa – Fly You|url=https://genius.com/Wiz-khalifa-fly-you-lyrics|language=en|access-date=2017-03-21|archive-date=22 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322112107/https://genius.com/Wiz-khalifa-fly-you-lyrics|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.purselvforum.com/post-868.html|title=Louis Vuitton – A Legendary|date=2016|website=Louis Vuitton|access-date=18 January 2017|archive-date=31 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131184236/http://www.purselvforum.com/post-868.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Louis Vuitton has been operating in China for 30 years and nowadays the country is the main market for the French maison, boasting about 40 offline stores nationwide.<ref>{{Citation|title=Louis Vuitton in China: The king of luxury brands in China|newspaper=Daxue Consulting - Market Research China|date=19 February 2020|url=https://daxueconsulting.com/louis-vuitton-in-china/|language=en|access-date=2022-06-23|last1=David|first1=Matthieu|archive-date=23 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623090418/https://daxueconsulting.com/louis-vuitton-in-china/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==="Simple Living"===
[[File:Simpleliving lg.jpg|thumb|"Simple Living" image (left) and Vuitton's ''Audra'' bag, created by Takashi Murakami (right)]]

On 13 February 2007, Louis Vuitton sent a [[cease-and-desist order]] to Danish art student [[Nadia Plesner]] for using an image of a bag that allegedly infringed Louis Vuitton's intellectual property rights. Plesner had created a satirical illustration, "Simple Living", depicting a malnourished child holding a designer dog and a designer bag, and used it on T-shirts and posters to raise funds for the charity "Divest for Darfur".<ref name="NYMag">{{cite news |title=Art Student Nadia Plesner's Giant Louis Vuitton Copyright Suit |url=http://nymag.com/daily/fashion/2008/05/art_student_nadia_pelsners_gia.html |newspaper=[[New York (magazine)|New York]] |date=6 May 2008 |access-date=12 May 2011 |archive-date=2 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202181445/http://nymag.com/daily/fashion/2008/05/art_student_nadia_pelsners_gia.html |url-status=live }}</ref> On 25 March, the court ruled in favour of LV that the image was a clear [[copyright infringement|infringement of copyright]].<ref name="nyma_article"/> Despite the ruling, Plesner continued to use the image, arguing artistic freedom, and posted copies of the cease-and-desist order on her website. On 15 April 2008, Louis Vuitton notified Plesner of the lawsuit being brought against her. Louis Vuitton demanded $7,500 (€5,000) for each day Plesner continues to sell the "Simple Living" products, $7,500 for each day the original cease-and-desist letter is published on her website and $7,500 a day for using the name "Louis Vuitton" on her website, plus legal and enforcement costs.<ref name="Fundraiser">{{cite web |title=Louis Vuitton Sues Darfur Fundraiser; Seems Unclear on the Concept of Trademark |first=Mike |last=Masnick |url=http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20080425/114126947.shtml |work=Techdirt |date=25 April 2008 |access-date=12 May 2011 |archive-date=11 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511212757/http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20080425/114126947.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref>

An LVMH spokeswoman interviewed by ''[[New York Magazine]]'' said that Louis Vuitton were forced to take legal action when Plesner did not respond to their original request to remove the contested image, nor to the subsequent cease-and-desist order.<ref name="nyma_article">{{cite news |title=Louis Vuitton Tried to Prevent the Nadia Plesner Lawsuit |url=http://nymag.com/daily/fashion/2008/05/louis_vuitton_tried_to_prevent.html |newspaper=[[New York (magazine)|New York]] |date=9 May 2008 |access-date=12 May 2011 |archive-date=7 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100307223743/http://nymag.com/daily/fashion/2008/05/louis_vuitton_tried_to_prevent.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In October 2008, Louis Vuitton declared that the company had dropped its lawsuit<ref>{{cite news |title=Beck: Franske hyklere |first=Cecilie |last=Beck |url=http://ekstrabladet.dk/nationen/article1075921.ece |newspaper=[[Ekstra Bladet]] |language=da |date=27 October 2008 |access-date=12 May 2011 |archive-date=19 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100219140729/http://ekstrabladet.dk/nationen/article1075921.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> but have since reopened it along with a new €205,000 claim due to a painting by the same artist.<ref>{{cite news|title=Målade en väska – ska böta 1.820.000 |first=Jenny |last=Stiernstedt |url=http://www.dn.se/ekonomi/malade-en-vaska--ska-bota-1820000 |newspaper=[[Dagens Nyheter]] |language=sv |date=9 March 2011 |access-date=12 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429124640/http://www.dn.se/ekonomi/malade-en-vaska--ska-bota-1820000 |archive-date=29 April 2011 }}</ref> In May 2011, the court in [[The Hague]] found in favour of Plesner's right to [[freedom of expression]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Artist wins suit against fashion icon |url=http://www.cphpost.dk/culture/culture/122-culture/51570-artist-wins-suit-against-fashion-icon.html |newspaper=[[The Copenhagen Post]] |date=5 May 2011 |access-date=12 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513074945/http://www.cphpost.dk/culture/culture/122-culture/51570-artist-wins-suit-against-fashion-icon.html |archive-date=13 May 2011 }}</ref>

===Britney Spears video===
On 19 November 2007 Louis Vuitton, in further efforts to prevent counterfeiting, successfully sued [[Britney Spears]] for violating anti-counterfeiting laws. A part of the music video for the song "[[Do Somethin']]" shows fingers tapping on the dashboard of a hot pink [[Hummer]] with what looks like Louis Vuitton's "Cherry Blossom" design bearing the LV logo. Britney Spears herself was not found liable, but a civil court in Paris ordered [[Sony BMG]] and MTV Online to stop showing the video. They were also fined €80,000 to each group. An anonymous spokesperson for [[LVMH]] stated that the video constituted an "attack" on Louis Vuitton's brands and its luxury image.<ref name="The Associated Press 2007">{{cite news|title=Louis Vuitton Wins Spears Video Lawsuit |date=20 November 2007 |agency=Associated Press |url=http://www.foxnews.com/wires/2007Nov20/0,4670,FranceBritneyBan,00.html |work=FOXNews |access-date=20 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071121113603/http://www.foxnews.com/wires/2007Nov20/0%2C4670%2CFranceBritneyBan%2C00.html |archive-date=21 November 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===S-Lock copyright in Hong Kong===
In another legal warning dated back to September 2012, Louis Vuitton had filed complaints against two small retail shops in [[Hong Kong]] for allegedly violating its [[Intellectual property|intellectual property rights]] in relation to the "S-Lock" design for Louis Vuitton's handbags.
According to the Hong Kong-based ''Apple Daily'' newspaper, the company was seeking compensation of HK$40,000 (around $US 5,000) and a public apology in the newspaper. The shopkeeper refused to pay, and Louis Vuitton demanded further damages up to HK$150,000 in February 2013. The shop claimed to have sourced two such handbags from Japan at around HK$120, which it retailed at HK$220.
In the case of the other small shop selling two handbags, they argued with Louis Vuitton that the designs were different, and got LV's demand reduced to HK$5,000 (around US$640). The owner refused to pay and said they were ready to face LV in court.
<ref name=s-lock>{{cite news |title=Louis Vuitton sues Hong Kong shops for S-Lock copyright |url=http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/news/art/20130306/18185945 |newspaper=[[Apple Daily]] |date=6 March 2013 |access-date=6 March 2013 |location=Hong Kong |archive-date=9 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131009211246/http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/news/art/20130306/18185945 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Checker-pattern chair in Hong Kong barber shop===
In February 2013, Louis Vuitton lodged a complaint against the owner of a barber shop in [[Hong Kong]] for allegedly violating its [[Intellectual property|intellectual property rights]] in relation to a stool using fabric that is similar to the checkered pattern of Louis Vuitton's handbags. According to the Hong Kong-based ''[[Apple Daily]]'' newspaper the company was seeking compensation of HK$25,000 (around US$3,200) and the publication of an apology in the form of newspaper advertisement. The barber had sourced his furniture and equipment from Chinese vendors. Facing this accusation the barbershop owner said he had no means to defend himself against Louis Vuitton and may have to close his shop, which had been operating for a year in a remote area of Hong Kong Island. The controversy caused discussion on Hong Kong news forums and resulted in protests on Facebook pages.<ref name=checkerstool>{{cite news |title=Louis Vuitton sues Hong Kong Barber shop for a checkered stool |url=http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/realtime/news/20130305/51287232 |newspaper=[[Apple Daily]] |date=5 March 2013 |access-date=5 March 2013 |location=Hong Kong |archive-date=27 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527095132/http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/realtime/news/20130305/51287232 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===2021 patent ruling in Japan===
[[File:Louis Vuitton wallet.jpg|thumb|A Louis Vuitton "Sarah Wallet"]]
In 2020, Louis Vuitton filed a complaint with the [[Japan Patent Office]], claiming that the design of pouches for [[Japamala|Buddhist prayer beads (''juzu'')]] and cases for temple stamp books (''[[Shuin|goshuin-chō]]'') produced by a manufacturer in [[Asakusa, Tokyo]], infringed on its trademark rights for the Damier Canvas pattern used in its products. In 2021, the Japan Patent Office rejected Louis Vuitton's claim, stating that the designs of the ''juzu'' pouches and ''goshuin-chō'' were based on ''ichimatsu moyō'' ([[:ja:市松模様|ja]]), a traditional Japanese [[Check (pattern)|checkered pattern]], and did not constitute an imitation of Louis Vuitton's design.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://marks-iplaw.jp/damier-vs-ichimatsu/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250214115208/https://marks-iplaw.jp/damier-vs-ichimatsu/|title=LV Damier pattern is unenforceable TM right against traditional Japanese checkered pattern|publisher= Marks IP Law Firm|date=|archive-date=14 February 2025|access-date=16 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jpo.go.jp/system/trial_appeal/document/madopro_sinketsu_20210608/2020_695001.html |title=判定 |publisher=Jpo.go.jp |access-date=2022-02-16 |archive-date=11 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611212636/https://www.jpo.go.jp/system/trial_appeal/document/madopro_sinketsu_20210608/2020_695001.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.co.jp/articles/a85a8b9c1498a243c23800acb936a33081730b39|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250423222852/https://news.yahoo.co.jp/articles/a85a8b9c1498a243c23800acb936a33081730b39|script-title=ja:“市松模様”が権利侵害…仏「ルイ・ヴィトン」“仏具店”に言いがかり日本メーカーがクレームに“勇気ある”反撃、その結末は…|language=ja|publisher=Yahoo Japan News|date=|archive-date=23 April 2025|access-date=16 May 2025}}</ref>

==Products==
[[File:HK CH LV Landmark 60421.jpg|thumb|upright=1|Louis Vuitton products with Monogram canvas]]
[[File:Louis vuitton shop window, Galleria, Houston.jpg|thumb|upright=1|Louis Vuitton shopwindow (2019) [[Houston]], [[United States]]]]

Since the 19th century, Louis Vuitton trunks have been made by hand.<ref name="Contemporary Fashion"/> ''Contemporary Fashion'' gives a preview of the creation of the LV trunks: <blockquote>The craftsmen line up the leather and canvas, tapping in the tiny nails one by one and securing the five-letter solid pick-proof brass locks with an individual handmade key, designed to allow the traveller to have only one key for all of his or her luggage. The wooden frames of each trunk are made of 30-year-old [[Populus|poplar]] that has been allowed to dry for at least four years. Each trunk has a serial number and can take up to 60 hours to make, and a suitcase as many as 15 hours.<ref name="Contemporary Fashion" /></blockquote>

Iconic bags of Louis Vuitton include the Speedy bag produced in 1930 and Neverfull bags produced in 2007. Both bags have become Louis Vuitton's most successful handbag launches. They were designed for being both stylish and practical. These bags also come in three sizes: Petit modèle, Moyen modèle and Grand modèle. Each season Louis Vuitton produces rare, limited edition bags that are generally only available by reservation through larger Louis Vuitton stores.{{citation needed|date=November 2015|http://www.huffingtonpost.com/sidonie-sawyer/louis-vuitton-the-origina_b_8611254.html=}}

Many of the company's products utilize the brown Damier and Monogram canvas materials,<ref name="Monogram canvas"/> both of which were first used in the late 19th century. All of the company's products exhibit the eponymous LV initials. The company markets its product through its own stores located throughout the world, which allows it to control product quality and pricing. It also allows LV to prevent counterfeit products entering its distribution channels. In addition, the company distributes its products through the company's own website, LouisVuitton.com.<ref name="Contemporary Fashion" />

In June 2021, Louis Vuitton sparked controversy by marketing a $700 scarf called 'Monogram Keffieh'.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/palestine-louis-vuitton-keffiyeh-under-fire-disgusting |website= [[middleeasteye.net]] |first= Nur |last= Ayoubi |title= Louis Vuitton under fire for 'disgusting' $700 keffiyeh |date= 2021-06-02 |access-date= 2021-06-06 |archive-date= 6 June 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210606064126/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/palestine-louis-vuitton-keffiyeh-under-fire-disgusting |url-status= live }}</ref> The traditional [[Palestinian keffiyeh|Palestinian black and white keffiyeh]] has been a symbol of Palestinian nationalism since 1968. Louis Vuitton, however, changed the colours from the original black and white to blue and white which Palestinians and pro-Palestine social media activists called the colours of the flag of Israel, sporting with House signature patterns which was described as 'disgraceful'. Some users of Twitter began to tweet memes using the quote "If I don't steal it, someone else will" from a repatriated Israeli citizen who had recently gone viral for trying to illegally occupy the home of a Palestinian. Another user accused Louis Vuitton for being politically neutral when it came to Palestine and Israel but "totally cool" with profiting off of the keffiyeh.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/fashion/louis-vuitton-blasted-for-disgraceful-keffiyeh-with-israel-flag-colours-101622608528150.html |website= [[hindustantimes.com]] |first= Zarafshan |last= Shiraz |title= Louis Vuitton blasted for 'disgraceful' keffiyeh with Israel flag colours |date= 2021-06-02 |access-date= 2021-06-06 |archive-date= 6 June 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210606064125/https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/fashion/louis-vuitton-blasted-for-disgraceful-keffiyeh-with-israel-flag-colours-101622608528150.html |url-status= live }}</ref>
In 2017 Louis Vuitton made headlines for producing a men's collection using prints similar to those of the [[Basotho blanket]] and to the designs of [[Thabo Makhetha-Kwinana]], a controversial move that sparked accusations of [[cultural appropriation]] in [[South Africa]] and [[Lesotho]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Cultural inspiration or appropriation? |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-41437143 |access-date=2023-06-18 |archive-date=18 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618001728/https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-41437143 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cultural appropriation or appreciation? Louis Vuitton turns Basotho blankets into expensive fashion items {{!}} eNCA |url=https://www.enca.com/life/cultural-appropriation-or-appreciation-louis-vuitton-turns-basotho-blankets-into-expensive |access-date=2023-06-18 |website=www.enca.com |language=en |archive-date=18 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618075033/https://www.enca.com/life/cultural-appropriation-or-appreciation-louis-vuitton-turns-basotho-blankets-into-expensive |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Advertising campaigns==
Louis Vuitton advertising campaigns have included [[Lea Seydoux]], [[Jennifer Lopez]], [[Keith Richards]], [[Kim Kardashian]], [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]], [[Sean Connery]], [[Matthias Schoenaerts]], [[Angelina Jolie]], [[Gisele Bündchen]], [[Mikhail Gorbachev]],<ref name="nytimes20071105">{{cite news
|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/05/business/media/05vuitton.html
|title=Louis Vuitton Ad Shows Gorbachev Accompanied by Subversive Text
|access-date=5 November 2007
|work=The New York Times
|first=Dan
|last=Levin
|date=5 November 2007
|archive-date=29 November 2011
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111129052950/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/05/business/media/05vuitton.html
|url-status=live
}}</ref> [[JO1]] and [[David Bowie]].<ref>{{cite tweet|author=Louis Vuitton|user=LouisVuitton|title=#BTS for #LouisVuitton. Joining as new House Ambassadors|number=1385428216966533122|date=2021-04-22|access-date=2021-04-23|language=en}}</ref>

The company commonly uses print ads in magazines and billboards in [[Multicultural|cosmopolitan]] cities. Louis Vuitton Posters by [[Razzia (artist)|Razzia]] were popular in the 1980s. It previously relied on selected press for its advertising campaigns (frequently involving prestigious stars like [[Steffi Graf]], [[Andre Agassi]] and [[Catherine Deneuve]]) shot by [[Annie Leibovitz]]. However, [[Antoine Arnault]], director of the communication department, has recently decided to enter the world of television and cinema: The commercial (90 seconds) is exploring the theme "Where will life take you?" and is translated into 13 different languages. This is the first Vuitton commercial ad ever and was directed by renowned French ad director [[Bruno Aveillan]].<ref name="titleFashion Week Daily – Dispatch -">{{cite web
|url = http://www.fashionweekdaily.com/news/fullstory.sps?inewsid=52796
|title = Fashion Week Daily – Dispatch
|access-date = 4 March 2008
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://archive.today/20121209041916/http://www.fashionweekdaily.com/news/fullstory.sps?inewsid=52796
|archive-date = 9 December 2012}}</ref>

In 2002, president and CEO of LVMH Watches [[Daniel Lalonde]] (later, global CEO for LVMH brands Moët and Dom Pérignon) recruited celebrities, such as Maria Sharapova, Brad Pitt, Tiger Woods, and Uma Thurman, for advertising campaigns photographed by [[Patrick Demarchelier]]. Ads featuring Woods reportedly led to a 30% boost in sales, resulting in [[TAG Heuer]] being rated as the No. 2 luxury watch brand in America by 2005.<ref>[http://www.nysun.com/business/daniel-lalonde-works-his-marketing-magic-for-lvmh/13880/ Gupte, Pranay] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180904052323/https://www.nysun.com/business/daniel-lalonde-works-his-marketing-magic-for-lvmh/13880/ |date=4 September 2018 }} "Daniel Lalonde Works His Marketing Magic for LVMH", ''[[The New York Sun]]'', 16 May 2005. Retrieved 29 November 2018.</ref>

In 2021, French actress and Louis Vuitton house ambassador [[Lea Seydoux]] wore a custom designed dress by [[Nicolas Ghesquière]] to the [[James Bond]] [[No Time to Die]] premiere in [[London]]. The dress itself took over 520 hours to make and the design was consisted of a white silk gown which featured a sparkling chiffon cape. The dress also included 29,000 sequins, 50,000 cuvettes and over 8800 glass beads which were carefully set on the dress.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.harpersbazaar.com/uk/fashion/a37789713/ana-de-armas-lea-seydoux-bond-premiere/|title=Discover the intricate work that went into Ana and Léa's Bond premiere gowns|date=29 September 2021|access-date=9 October 2021|archive-date=9 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009080926/https://www.harpersbazaar.com/uk/fashion/a37789713/ana-de-armas-lea-seydoux-bond-premiere/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.harpersbazaar.com/uk/fashion/g37776934/no-time-to-die-bond-premiere-best-dressed/|title=10 of the best red-carpet fashion moments from the world premiere of 'No Time to Die'|date=28 September 2021|access-date=9 October 2021|archive-date=9 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009080928/https://www.harpersbazaar.com/uk/fashion/g37776934/no-time-to-die-bond-premiere-best-dressed/|url-status=live}}</ref> In the same year, the luxury brand released an NFT mobile game titled ''Louis the Game'' to celebrate its founder's 200th birthday and in an effort to reach out to its younger, Gen-Z audience.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-11 |title=Louis Vuitton Launches NFT Game 200-Year Anniversary Celebration |url=https://www.highsnobiety.com/p/louis-vuitton-nft-game/ |access-date=2022-06-27 |website=Highsnobiety |language=en |archive-date=20 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420191629/https://www.highsnobiety.com/p/louis-vuitton-nft-game/ |url-status=live }}</ref> As part of its 200th anniversary celebrations in 2021, Louis Vuitton included work by [[Constantin Prozorov]], a digital collage artist.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Alexia|last=Petsini|date=May 26, 2023|title=Meet Constantin Prozorov: The Digital Collage Artist Loved By Louis Vuitton And Moncler|language=en-US|website=Harper’s BAZAAR, Singapore|url=https://www.harpersbazaar.com.sg/fashion/meet-constantin-prozorov-the-digital-collage-artist-loved-by-louis-vuitton-and-moncler/}}</ref>
In 2022, [[Deepika Padukone]] was roped in as House Ambassador.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How Louis Vuitton picks its celebrity ambassadors |url=https://www.nssmag.com/en/article/30059 |access-date=2022-12-19 |website=nss magazine |language=en |archive-date=20 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420191630/https://www.nssmag.com/en/fashion/30059/louis-vuitton-celebrity |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaushal |first=Sweta |title=Deepika Padukone Shares Philosophy Behind Her Brand Associations |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/swetakaushal/2022/10/08/deepika-padukone-the-louis-vuitton--cartier-ambassador-shares-philosophy-behind-her-brand-associations/ |access-date=2022-12-19 |website=Forbes |language=en |archive-date=19 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219084343/https://www.forbes.com/sites/swetakaushal/2022/10/08/deepika-padukone-the-louis-vuitton--cartier-ambassador-shares-philosophy-behind-her-brand-associations/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Louis Vuitton's parent company [[LVMH]] is set to enter [[Formula One]] from the 2025 season onward,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Arteche |first=Katherine |date=2024-07-15 |title=Breaking News: Rolex Exits Formula 1, LVMH to Invest $150M Annually with TAG Heuer |url=https://revolutionwatch.com/rolex-tag-heuer-f1-sponsorship/ |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=Revolution Watch |language=en-US}}</ref> with the brand set to sponsor the [[Australian Grand Prix]] from 2025 onward.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Louis Vuitton joins Formula 1 and becomes title partner of the Australian Grand Prix |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article/louis-vuitton-joins-formula-1-and-becomes-title-partner-of-the-australian.58mNaCGDE8tStakoVUkhz |website=Formula One |language=en |date=2024-01-30}}</ref>

[[Sho Hirano]] of Japanese group [[Number i]] was appointed as brand ambassador for the Japanese side of the brand on 7 January 2025. On his role as ambassador, Hirano said: “Louis Vuitton has been a brand I’ve admired for years, and I’m thrilled to be involved in future projects. I hope to share the charm of this iconic Maison in my own way. Let’s explore the world of Louis Vuitton together.”<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 January 2025 |title=Number_i's Sho Hirano of Number_i appointed Louis Vuitton ambassador |url=https://www.tokyohive.com/article/2025/01/number-is-sho-hirano-of-number-i-appointed-louis-vuitton-ambassador |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250212100341/https://www.tokyohive.com/article/2025/01/number-is-sho-hirano-of-number-i-appointed-louis-vuitton-ambassador |archive-date=12 February 2025 |access-date=12 February 2025 |website=Tokyohive}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 January 2025 |title=ルイ・ヴィトン、平野紫耀を新たなアンバサダーに起用！ |url=https://www.vogue.co.jp/article/2025-01-07-louis-vuitton |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250212100237/https://www.vogue.co.jp/article/2025-01-07-louis-vuitton |archive-date=12 February 2025 |access-date=12 February 2025 |website=Vogue Japan |language=Japanese}}</ref> Hirano was in Paris for the brand's Fall/Winter 2025 campaign.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 January 2025 |title=平野紫耀、ルイ・ヴィトン 2025年秋冬メンズショーに出席！気になる着こなしは？ |url=https://www.vogue.co.jp/article/louis-vuitton-sho-hirano-25aw |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250212100216/https://www.vogue.co.jp/article/louis-vuitton-sho-hirano-25aw |archive-date=12 February 2025 |access-date=12 February 2025 |website=Vogue Japan |language=Japanese}}</ref> He returned for the Spring/Summer 2026 showcase.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 June 2025 |title=The Best Dressed Asian Stars At Men’s Fashion Week Spring/Summer 2026 |url=https://www.voguehk.com/en/article/celebrity/best-dressed-asian-stars-menswear-ss26/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250711090112/https://www.voguehk.com/en/article/celebrity/best-dressed-asian-stars-menswear-ss26/ |archive-date=11 July 2025 |access-date=16 July 2025 |website=Vogue Hong Kong}}</ref>

==Collaborations==
[[File:Louis Vuitton purse Van Gogh edition (39513463232).jpg|thumb|upright|Van Gogh handbag produced in collaboration with [[Jeff Koons]] ]]
Louis Vuitton has had many collaborations with artists, brands and celebrities. They were first popularized in the 2010s by Marc Jacobs, a collector of contemporary art, for the women's ready-to-wear and bags departments.<ref>{{cite web | last=Judah | first=Hettie | title=Inside an Artist Collaboration | website=The Business of Fashion | date=2013-12-04 | url=https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/news-analysis/inside-an-artist-collaboration/ | access-date=2025-09-27}}</ref> Since then, collaborations have included promotional campaigns, collaborative designs and architectural works with the various Louis Vuitton "''Métiers''" (departments).

Collaborations have increased in frequency in the late 2010s and 2020s, with an increased popularity in [[streetwear]] and hybrid spaces (such as pop-up stores).<ref>{{cite web | last=Bain | first=Marc | title=Louis Vuitton once sued Supreme for stealing its logo. Now it’s borrowing the streetwear label’s logo | website=Quartz | date=2017-01-19 | url=https://qz.com/889361/in-supremes-collaboration-with-louis-vuitton-high-fashion-and-streetwear-have-fully-merged | access-date=2025-09-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Judah | first=Hettie | title=Inside an Artist Collaboration | website=The Business of Fashion | date=2013-12-04 | url=https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/news-analysis/inside-an-artist-collaboration/ | access-date=2025-09-27}}</ref>

===Collaboration history===

* [[Takashi Murakami]] created special edition collections, such as the Monogramouflage Collection, which debuted in 2008, and a previous collection, released in 2002, which featured some of his artwork. The creations were "painted" over the traditional monogram [[canvas]].
* [[Marc Jacobs]] also commemorated a previous collaboration, designed by Stephen Sprouse. This collection, originally released in 2001, featured bold print that looked like [[graffiti]], over the traditional canvas. The recreation of the collab used the same idea, but gave it a new twist using bold colours, like hot pink, neon green, and orange, that also glow in the dark. This recreated version of the graffiti collection was released in 2009.
* Louis Vuitton also collaborated with [[Kanye West]] in 2009, designing his own limited run of shoes.
* In July 2012, Jacobs teamed up with [[Yayoi Kusama]] to create the "Infinitely Kusama" Collection, which features bold colours of dots over the vernis leather or the Monogram canvas. These pieces come in black with white dots, red with white dots, and yellow with black dots.
* Louis Vuitton collaborated in their Spring–Summer 2016 collection advertising campaign with the highly popular Japanese video game franchise [[Final Fantasy]] and the game [[Final Fantasy XIII]]'s main heroine, [[Lightning (Final Fantasy)|Lightning]].
* In 2017 Louis Vuitton collaborated with American streetwear brand [[Supreme (brand)|Supreme]], releasing products in various pop-up stores in major cities around the world. Items feature the Louis Vuitton Monogram canvas mixed with the Supreme box-logo design.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wwd.com/menswear-news/mens-fashion/louis-vuitton-supreme-collaboration-10754981/|title=Louis Vuitton to Unveil Supreme Collaboration at Men's Show|last1=Diderich|first1=Joelle|date=2017-01-19|website=WWD|language=en|access-date=2019-07-12|archive-date=12 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712042021/https://wwd.com/menswear-news/mens-fashion/louis-vuitton-supreme-collaboration-10754981/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Also in 2017, Louis Vuitton collaborated with artist [[Jeff Koons]] for two collections in an effort to "further [explore] the intersection of fashion and art."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://us.louisvuitton.com/eng-us/articles/masters-a-collaboration-with-jeff-koons|title=News By Louis Vuitton: MASTERS – A COLLABORATION WITH JEFF KOONS|first=Louis|last=Vuitton|website=us.louisvuitton.com|access-date=9 February 2018|archive-date=10 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210180124/https://us.louisvuitton.com/eng-us/articles/masters-a-collaboration-with-jeff-koons|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Nicolas Ghesquière|Nicolas Ghesquiere]] collaborated with Vogue creative director [[Grace Coddington]] on a cat-themed "Catogram" collection in 2018.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/louis-vuitton-catogram-collection-cat-pyjamas-dogs-pets-grace-coddington-a8637371.html|title=You can now buy designer cat pajamas from Louis Vuitton – and they are adorable|date=2018-11-16|website=The Independent|language=en|access-date=2019-07-12|archive-date=12 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712042243/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/louis-vuitton-catogram-collection-cat-pyjamas-dogs-pets-grace-coddington-a8637371.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* In June 2019, the brand collaborated with six contemporary artists Sam Falls, [[Urs Fischer (artist)|Urs Fischer]], [[Nicholas Hlobo]], [[Alex Israel]], [[Tschabalala Self]] and [[Jonas Wood]] on "Artycapucines." Each artist designed their version of the Capucine bag which were sold in numbered, limited quantities.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/fashion/la-ig-louis-vuitton-x-exhibition-preview-20190607-story.html|title=Louis Vuitton to debut new exhibition, launch ArtyCapucines bags in Beverly Hills|last=Harper|first=Marques|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=7 June 2019|access-date=2019-07-12|archive-date=12 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712043245/https://www.latimes.com/fashion/la-ig-louis-vuitton-x-exhibition-preview-20190607-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* In July 2019, Louis Vuitton opened a temporary exhibition titled "Louis Vuitton X" in Los Angeles, showcasing items from its various collaborations over the years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.townandcountrymag.com/style/fashion-trends/a28207634/louis-vuitton-x-exhibition-la/|title=Louis Vuitton Opens Massive Fashion Exhibition in L.A.|last=Foussianes|first=Chloe|date=2019-06-28|website=Town & Country|language=en-US|access-date=2019-07-12|archive-date=17 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717052900/https://www.townandcountrymag.com/style/fashion-trends/a28207634/louis-vuitton-x-exhibition-la/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* In October 2019, Louis Vuitton partnered with [[Riot Games]] to create digital assets for new skin line named "True Damage", where you can clearly see the LV logo on Qiyana in [[League of Legends]], along with a specialty trophy case for the [[2019 League of Legends World Championship]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://us.louisvuitton.com/eng-us/articles/louis-vuitton-announces-league-of-legends-partnership|title=Announcement by Louis Vuitton: LOUIS VUITTON ANNOUNCES LEAGUE OF LEGENDS PARTNERSHIP|first=Louis|last=Vuitton|website=us.louisvuitton.com|access-date=10 November 2019|archive-date=10 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110194040/https://us.louisvuitton.com/eng-us/articles/louis-vuitton-announces-league-of-legends-partnership|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* In June 2020, the brand collaborated with Japanese designer [[Nigo]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Phelps|first=Nicole|title=Virgil Abloh Shares Pics of His LV² Collaboration With Nigo and Clarifies That "Streetwear Is Dead" Comment|url=https://www.vogue.com/slideshow/louis-vuitton-lv2-virgil-abloh-nigo-collaboration|access-date=2020-07-27|website=Vogue|date=9 March 2020|language=en-us|archive-date=4 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804090156/https://www.vogue.com/slideshow/louis-vuitton-lv2-virgil-abloh-nigo-collaboration|url-status=live}}</ref> x [[Virgil Abloh]] capsule collection.
* In October 2020, Nicolas Ghesquière reportedly revamped the [[La Samaritaine]] department store for the Women's Spring-Summer 2021 fashion show by providing a virtual runway with 360-degree views and social-distanced seating for guests.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://hauteliving.com/2020/10/louis-vuitton-womens-nicolas-ghesquiere-ss-2021/690970/ | title = Louis Vuitton Women's SS 2021 Show With '80s Inspiration Takes The Digital Experience To The Next Level | date = 7 October 2020 | access-date = 15 October 2020 | work = [[Haute Living]] | author = Deyvanshi Masrani | archive-date = 27 October 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201027162600/https://hauteliving.com/2020/10/louis-vuitton-womens-nicolas-ghesquiere-ss-2021/690970/ | url-status = live }}</ref>
* For the fall 2021 women's collection, the brand collaborated with the [[Piero Fornasetti]] Atelier.<ref>{{cite web | last=Bowles | first=Hamish | title=When Louis Vuitton Met the Whimsical World of Piero Fornasetti | website=Vogue | date=2021-07-07 | url=https://www.vogue.com/article/louis-vuitton-piero-fornasetti-collaboration | access-date=2025-09-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Clark | first=Rebekah | title=Louis Vuitton Taps The Fornasetti Atelier For An Enchanting Collaboration | website=Grazia USA | date=2021-08-19 | url=https://graziamagazine.com/us/articles/louis-vuitton-x-fornasetti/ | access-date=2025-09-26}}</ref>
* In March 2024, Tyler Okonma (a.k.a. [[Tyler, the Creator|Tyler, The Creator]]) collaborated with Louis Vuitton to create their 2024 Spring collection.
* In March 2025, the watch division of the brand collaborated with Finnish watchmaker [[Kari Voutilainen]].<ref>{{cite web | last=Kauzlarich | first=Mark | title=Introducing: The Louis Vuitton x Kari Voutilainen LVKV-02 GMR 6 (Live Pics, Pricing) | website=Hodinkee | date=2025-03-20 | url=https://www.hodinkee.com/articles/introducing-louis-vuitton-kari-voutilainen | access-date=2025-09-26}}</ref>

==Criticism==

=== Alleged mistreatment of models ===
In May 2017, media reported on alleged mistreatment of Louis Vuitton exclusive model [[Ulrikke Høyer]] who was to appear on a Louis Vuitton cruise show in [[Kyoto]]. The 20-year-old model, who, on arrival, measured {{cvt|91.5|cm|sigfig=2}} around her hips, was told she was "too bloated" and "too big" for her ensemble and instructed to drink only water for 24 hours. The model alleged that she was only informed via her agent in France, who received an email including the text "[she] came yesterday in Tokyo to do her final fitting, and she doesn't fit the exact same dress anymore. She has a belly, her face is more puffy [sic] and the back of her dress is open and you can see it is tight." Despite following the instructions, she was eventually excluded from the show. The model stated that she has "received hundreds of messages from models" who have experienced similar mistreatment from the same Louis Vuitton casting director. The casting director denied the allegations and explained the instructions regarding intake of water as a misunderstanding, that the model was instructed that her intake of liquids was to be limited to water.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.eonline.com/news/854786/louis-vuitton-casting-director-responds-to-size-4-model-who-claims-she-was-sent-home-from-show-for-being-too-big |website= [[E!]] |first= Kendall |last= Fisher |title= Louis Vuitton Casting Director Responds to Size 4 Model Who Claims She Was Sent Home From Show for Being ''Too Big'' |date= 2017-05-19 |access-date= 2017-05-22 |archive-date= 22 May 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170522234653/http://www.eonline.com/news/854786/louis-vuitton-casting-director-responds-to-size-4-model-who-claims-she-was-sent-home-from-show-for-being-too-big |url-status= live }}</ref><ref name=":10">{{cite news |url= https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/news-analysis/ashley-brokaw-responds-to-louis-vuitton-casting-controversy |website= [[businessoffashion.com]] |first= Osman |last= Ahmed |title= Ashley Brokaw and Ulrikke Hoyer Speak on Louis Vuitton Casting Controversy |date= 2017-05-19 |access-date= 2017-05-22 |archive-date= 19 May 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170519222257/https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/news-analysis/ashley-brokaw-responds-to-louis-vuitton-casting-controversy |url-status= live }}</ref>

=== Damaging and opaque privatization of UNESCO historic heritage ===
Few years later, in May 2024, a strong [[polemic]] was reported by the media due to the [[fashion show]] organized by Louis Vuitton in [[Barcelona]], [[Catalonia]], as a result of its main sponsorship in the [[2024 America's Cup]] hosted in this city. The company managed to organize the event inside the [[Antoni Gaudí|Antoni Gaudi]]'s authored gardens [[Park Güell]], declared as a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]], despite the public regulations that strictly limited its activities to "scientific and educative purposes".<ref name=":02">{{Cite news |date=14 May 2022 |title=Destrossen una escala del Park Güell per muntar la desfilada de Louis Vuitton de la Copa Amèrica |url=https://naciodigital.cat/societat/destrossen-escala-park-guell-muntar-desfilada-louis-vuitton-copa-america_1932548_102.html |access-date=24 May 2024 |work=[[Nació Digital]] |language=ca}}</ref> The week before the show, the technical contractors were found to have destroyed the wall of a protected stairway and a stone ball.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=15 May 2024 |title=Park Güell stairs damaged during construction of Louis Vuitton's fashion show |url=https://www.catalannews.com/society-science/item/park-guell-stairs-damaged-during-construction-of-louis-vuittons-fashion-show |access-date=24 May 2024 |work=[[Catalan News]]}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=16 May 2024 |title=Indignació a la Salut per la desfilada de Louis Vuitton al Parc Güell: "És exclusiu i privatiu" |url=https://beteve.cat/basics/indignacio-salut-desfilada-louis-vuitton-parc-guell-exclusiu-privatiu/ |access-date=24 May 2024 |work=[[Betevé]] |language=ca}}</ref> The negligence, however, was only admitted after the damage had been denounced and published in the press by the neighborhood association. The residents' platform criticized that neither the company, nor the contractors or the [[City Council of Barcelona]] had informed them about such big occasion neither its impact.<ref name=":2" />

The tension between the public opinion, the City Council and the organizer quickly escalated the immediate days before the show, especially after the neighbors knew that both the park and the nearby streets would remain closed during the event<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Rus |first=Alba |date=18 May 2024 |title=Els veïns del Park Güell denuncien els danys, les restriccions i la poca transparència de la desfilada de Louis Vuitton |url=https://www.diaridebarcelona.cat/-/veins-park-guell-denuncien-danys-restriccions-poca-transparencia-desfilada-louis-vuitton |access-date=24 May 2024 |work=[[Diari de Barcelona]]}}</ref> and due to the lack of transparency in the whole process.<ref name=":3" /> In addition, the neighboring schools were forced to close earlier, denied their after-school activities and the access of families were limited with mandatory ID checkups.<ref name=":3" /> The situation significantly worsened the already fragile, social environment in the area, which had already been suffering from [[touristification]] and [[gentrification]] in the past years.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /> The public company that operates the privatized access of the park, BSM, refused to disclose whether Louis Vuitton had paid or not for the event.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=Congostrina |first=Alonso L. |date=19 May 2024 |title=El Ayuntamiento de Barcelona considera "idónea" la celebración de un desfile de moda en el Park Güell |url=https://elpais.com/espana/catalunya/2024-05-19/el-ayuntamiento-de-barcelona-considera-idonea-la-celebracion-de-un-desfile-de-moda-en-el-park-guell.html |access-date=24 May 2024 |work=[[El País]] |language=es}}</ref> It alleged a non-disclosure agreement, while representatives of the mayor, [[Jaume Collboni]] ([[Socialists' Party of Catalonia]]), defended the show as a "positive promotion for the city to the world".<ref name=":4" />

Both the evenings before, and during the day of the fashion show, hundreds of inhabitants protested in the flagship Louis Vuitton shop of Barcelona ([[Passeig de Gràcia, Barcelona|Passeig de Gràcia]]) and in the outskirts of Park Güell.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |last=Coronado Nadal |first=Laia |date=23 May 2024 |title=Indignació per la "privatització" del Park Güell: protestes veïnals per les destrosses i el soroll |url=https://liniaxarxa.cat/liniagracia/noticies/privatitzacio-destrosses-sorolls-alts-veins-protesten-desfilada-louis-vuitton-park-guell/ |access-date=24 May 2024 |work=[[Línia Xarxa]] |language=ca}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite news |last=Molina |first=Àngels |date=21 May 2024 |title=Desenes de persones protesten contra la Copa Amèrica davant la botiga de Louis Vuitton |url=https://beteve.cat/societat/accio-protesta-davant-botiga-louis-vuitton-passeig-gracia/ |access-date=24 May 2024 |work=[[Betevé]] |format=Video}}</ref> They blocked the access of the shop and displayed banners such as "Your luxury, our misery",<ref name=":6" /> celebrated ''[[Cacerolazo|cassolades]],''<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 May 2024 |title=Cassolada al Park Güell hores abans de la desfilada de Louis Vuitton: consulta les afectacions |url=https://www.ccma.cat/324/cassolada-al-park-guell-hores-abans-de-la-desfilada-de-louis-vuitton-consulta-les-afectacions/noticia/3294140/ |access-date=24 May 2024 |work=[[Televisió de Catalunya]] |language=ca |format=Video}}</ref> and demonstrated few times in front of the gardens' main doors against the company and the City Council.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Carbonell |first=Sílvia |date=21 May 2024 |title=Convoquen una concentració sorollosa i festiva contra la desfilada de Louis Vuitton al Parc Güell |url=https://beteve.cat/societat/convoquen-manifestacio-desfilada-louis-vuitton-parc-guell/ |access-date=24 May 2024 |work=[[Betevé]] |language=ca}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite news |last=Planta Baixa |date=22 May 2024 |title=Tensió i protestes veïnals al Parc Güell arran de la desfilada de moda de Louis Vuitton |url=https://www.ccma.cat/3cat/tensio-i-protestes-veinals-al-parc-guell-arran-de-la-desfilada-de-moda-de-luis-vuitton/video/6283916/ |access-date=24 May 2024 |work=[[Televisió de Catalunya]] |language=ca |format=Video}}</ref> A day before, it was also disclosed by investigative journalists ''Octuvre'' that Louis Vuitton had secretly pressured and achieved the free usage of the part as a sponsorship deal for the America's Cup:<ref name=":11">{{Cite news |last=Subirana |first=Jordi |date=24 May 2024 |title=Així es va gestar el permís de Collboni a la desfilada polèmica de Louis Vuitton |url=https://www.totbarcelona.cat/societat/gestar-permis-collboni-desfilada-polemica-louis-vuitton-2-509996/ |access-date=24 May 2024 |work=[[TOT Barcelona]] |language=ca}}</ref> it was later published by the press that a tailor-made secret decree was concocted so that the parade could fit in as an act of public interest.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Cobo |first=David |date=24 May 2024 |title=Barcelona va fer un decret a mida perquè Louis Vuitton desfilés pel Park Güell |url=https://naciodigital.cat/societat/barcelona-va-fer-decret-mida-perque-louis-vuitton-desfiles-park-guell_1935998_102.html |access-date=24 May 2024 |work=[[Nació Digital]] |language=ca}}</ref> At the arrival of the show attendants to the venue on May 23, hundreds of protesters, mostly activists, neighbors, and families, gathered in the surroundings of the park and attempted to peacefully trespass the [[Cordon and search|police cordon]].<ref name=":7">{{Cite news |date=23 May 2024 |title=Un desfile de Louis Vuitton en el Park Güell pone a los vecinos en pie de guerra: "Los barrios no somos una pasarela" |url=https://www.rtve.es/noticias/20240523/vecinos-convocan-protestas-por-desfile-louis-vuitton-park-gueell/16115816.shtml |access-date=24 May 2024 |work=[[Radiotelevisión Española]] |language=es}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite news |last=Sagrera |first=Berto |date=23 May 2024 |title=Càrregues policials a la protesta contra la desfilada de Louis Vuitton al Park Güell |url=https://www.elnacional.cat/ca/barcelona/carregues-policials-protesta-contra-desfilada-louis-vuitton-park-guell_1221732_102.html |access-date=24 May 2024 |work=[[El Nacional (Catalonia)|El Nacional]] |language=ca}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite news |last=Salamé |first=Albert |date=23 May 2024 |title=Càrregues de la policia en la protesta veïnal contra la desfilada de Louis Vuitton al Parc Güell |url=https://www.vilaweb.cat/noticies/desenes-veins-tallen-travessera-dalt-barcelona-protestar-contra-desfilada-louis-vuitton-al-parc-guell/ |access-date=24 May 2024 |work=[[Vilaweb]] |language=ca}}</ref> The tension increased and the demonstration ended with police charges, while the event (''Cruise 2025 Collection;'' in [[Catalonia|Catalan]] ''Col·lecció Creuer 2025'')<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /> was finally celebrated in the ''Sala Hipòstila'' of Gaudi's park premises.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Leblanc |first=Kevin |date=23 May 2024 |title=Louis Vuitton Unveils an Awe-Inspiring Cruise Collection Full of Texture and Volume |url=https://www.elle.com/fashion/trend-reports/a60886544/louis-vuitton-barcelona-cruise-2025-review/ |access-date=24 May 2024 |work=[[Elle (magazine)|Elle]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Jover |first=Alex |date=24 May 2024 |title=Louis Vuitton reinterpreta Gaudí al Park Güell |url=https://www.lavanguardia.com/encatala/20240524/9672136/louis-vuitton-reinterpreta-gaudi-park-gueell.html |access-date=24 May 2024 |work=[[La Vanguardia]] |language=ca}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Polo Dalfó |first=Laura |date=24 May 2024 |title=La cara A i la cara B de la desfilada de Louis Vuitton a Barcelona |url=https://cadenaser.com/cataluna/2024/05/24/la-cara-a-i-la-cara-b-de-la-desfilada-de-louis-vuitton-a-barcelona-sercat/ |access-date=24 May 2024 |work=[[Cadena SER]] |language=ca}}</ref> During the gala reception of the show, [[Very important person|VIP]] guests by Louis Vuitton were, however, photographed by the media [[Mockery|mocking]] and even [[mooning]] the outside protesters from a [[Scenic viewpoint|viewpoint]] of the park.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Asensio Clupés |first=Marc |date=23 May 2024 |title="A ver si tenéis huevos a subir...", deien entre riures alguns dels assistents a la desfilada al Park Güell de #LouisVuitton. |url=https://x.com/marcasensiofoto/status/1793753629238968802 |access-date=24 May 2024 |website=[[Twitter|X]] |language=ca |format=Press photographies}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Pantaleoni |first=Ana |date=24 May 2024 |title=Felix, la cacerola y Barcelona, en el desfile de Louis Vuitton |url=https://elpais.com/espana/catalunya/2024-05-24/felix-la-cacerola-y-barcelona-en-el-desfile-de-louis-vuitton.html |work=[[El País]] |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Asensio Clupés |first=Marc |date=23 May 2024 |title=Un assistent a la desfilada de #LouisVuitton al Park Güell es toca els genitals com a mostra de menyspreu i desprestigi cap als manifestants. |url=https://x.com/marcasensiofoto/status/1793781215184465964 |access-date=24 May 2024 |website=[[Twitter|X]] |language=ca}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Asensio Clupés |first=Marc |date=23 May 2024 |title=Després de tocar-se els genitals, el mateix assisten a la desfilada de #LouisVuitton fa un "calvo" als manifestants. |url=https://twitter.com/marcasensiofoto/status/1793877448565899492 |access-date=24 May 2024 |website=[[Twitter|X]] |language=ca}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Vogue World 2024]]

==References==
{{Notelist}}
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*{{Official website|https://www.louisvuitton.com}}


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Maisamma

2026-01-28T10:34:45Z

Davidcza: enhance structure also and added references per sources

{{Short description|Hindu deity}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| image = Maisigandi Maisamma Temple (Left Side).jpg
| caption = Goddess Maisamma
| name = Maisamma, Mesai
| Devanagari = मेसाई
| script_name = Telugu
| script = మైసమ్మ
| god_of =
| abode =
| consort =
| weapon =
| mount =
| mantra =
}}
'''Maisamma''' ({{langx|te|మైసమ్మ}}), also known as '''Mesai''' ({{langx|mr|मेसाई}}) and additionally spelt '''Mesko''' ([[Marathi language|Marathi]]: मेस्को), '''Amma''' in Telugu or '''Aai''' in Marathi ({{langx|te|అమ్మ}} {{langx|mr|आई}}, "mother") is a [[Hindu]] folk goddess. She is mainly worshipped as a [[South India]]n mother goddess, predominantly in the rural areas of [[Telangana]], [[Karnataka]] and [[Maharashtra]].
She is believed to protect the cattle. Among the cattle sheds, a niche is white-washed and decorated with "Kukuma" and called "Maisamma Goodu". In many places Katta-Maisamma is also worshipped as a goddess of water and is worshipped in the form of a small stone on the tank bund. People believe that she will ensure that the tank is full.

She is believed to be the daughter of Shiva and Parvati.
As per the place she is worshipped, she is called in different names:

# Katta Maisamma (who protects water)
# Nalla Maisamma (who is in black color and worshipped under a tree)
# Tella Maisamma (who is white and worshipped in a small tomb like structure or wall)
# Bangaaru Maisamma (who is in golden complexion and safe guards the town/village)
# Vendi Maisamma (who is worshipped in outskirts of the village and wears silver)
# Panta Maisamma (who is worshipped in the agricultural lands, she doesn't has any idols, she is worshipped before and after the crop harvest)

Thus, the crops would flourish due to her blessings.
Her worship is mainly associated with curing diseases such as [[smallpox]] and [[chickenpox]].<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G59S2R7O5ygC&q=Maisamma&pg=PA114 | title=Indian Village| isbn=9781135638870| last1=Dube| first1=S. C.| date=2012-11-12| publisher=Routledge}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Katta Maisamma temple]]
* [[Maisigandi Maisamma Temple Kadthal|Maisigandi Maisamma Temple, Kadthal]]
* [[Gandhari khilla|Gandhari Maisamma Jatra]]
* [[Mariamman]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Regional Hindu gods]]
[[Category:Hindu folk deities]]
[[Category:Health goddesses]]
[[Category:Hindu goddesses]]
[[Category:Mother goddesses]]
[[Category:Smallpox deities]]

{{Hindu-deity-stub}}

Maharaja Agrasen Medical College, Agroha

2026-01-08T18:16:12Z

Davidcza: expanded article after review and cleaned formatting to improve readability

{{Short description|Medical college in Haryana, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2017}}
{{primary sources|date=June 2014}}
{{Infobox university
|name = Maharaja Agrasen Medical College, Agroha
| image = File:Masmch-1-1-800x115.png
| image_size = 300px
| image_alt = Maharaja Agrasen Medical College
|established = 18 April 1988
|type = Private
| president = [[Savitri Jindal]]
| founder = [[Om Prakash Jindal]], Ghanshyam Das Goyal
|head_label = Director-Principal
|head = Dr. Alka Chhabra<ref>{{cite web | url=https://mamc.edu.in/director-principal-message/ | title=Director-Principal message – Maharaja Agrasen Medical College, Agroha (Haryana) }}</ref>
|undergrad = 100 per year
|postgrad = 22 per year
|doctoral =
|city = [[Agroha (town)|Agroha]], [[Hisar (district)|Hisar]]
|state = [[Haryana]]
|country = [[India]]
|nickname =MAMC (pronounced as "ma'am-see")
|affiliations = [[Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma University of Health Sciences]]
|website = {{Official website}}
}}

The '''Maharaja Agrasen Medical College, Agroha''' ('''MAMC'''), a medical college affiliated to [[Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma University of Health Sciences]] and recognized by [[National Medical Commission]], is located on [[National Highway 9 (India)|NH-9]] at [[Agroha (town)|Agroha]] city of [[Haryana]] state of [[India]].<ref name=leg1>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mamc.edu.in/contact-address.php |title=Welcome to Maharaja Agrasen Medical Education and Scientific Research Institute |access-date=21 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120704124137/http://mamc.edu.in/contact-address.php |archive-date=4 July 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is located near [[Agroha Dham]] and [[Agroha Mound]].

==Background ==

===Etymology===

Maharaja Agrasen Medical College at Agroha is named after the legendary Indian king of [[Agroha Mound|ancient Agroha]], [[Agrasena|Maharaj Agrasen]].<ref name=leg1/>

===History===

The college was founded by Shree [[Om Prakash Jindal]] while his wife [[Savitri Jindal]] is the current president of the society that governs the institute. This non-profit medical college and hospital are run by a non-profit society, Maharaja Agrasen Medical Education & Scientific Research Society.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.jagran.com/haryana/hisar-savitri-jindal-becomes-the-new-president-of-agroha-medical-college-19619148.html | title=15 साल से काबिज नवीन हटे, सावित्री जिंदल बनीं अग्रोहा मेडिकल कॉलेज की नई अध्यक्ष }}</ref> The Society was established at [[Agroha (town)|Agroha]] on 18 April 1988 to provide health care services, medical education and research facilities to more than 2 crore population living in Haryana and adjoining states of Rajasthan, Punjab and Himachal Pradesh and to fulfil the socialist ideals of Maharaja Agrasen Ji.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://mamc.edu.in/society-information/ | title=Society Information – Maharaja Agrasen Medical College, Agroha (Haryana) }}</ref> [[Om Prakash Jindal]] was the founding president of the society, proceeded by [[Naveen Jindal]] and current president [[Savitri Jindal]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.jagran.com/haryana/hisar-savitri-jindal-becomes-the-new-president-of-agroha-medical-college-19619148.html | title=15 साल से काबिज नवीन हटे, सावित्री जिंदल बनीं अग्रोहा मेडिकल कॉलेज की नई अध्यक्ष }}</ref>

==Administration ==

===Members===

In the governing body elections held on 19 February 2021, the following were elected.<ref name=elect1>{{cite web | url=https://www.jagran.com/haryana/hisar-election-of-steering-committee-of-agroha-medical-college-savitri-jindal-elected-president-21387269.html | title=अग्रोहा मेडिकल कालेज की संचालन समिति का चुनाव, सावित्री जिदल अध्यक्ष निर्वाचित }}</ref>

* President: [[Savitri Jindal]]
* Sr vice president: Pawan Garg
* Vice president: Jagdish Jindal
* General secretary: Jagdish Mittal
* Joint secretary: RC Gupta
* Treasurer: Manmohal Goel

===Executive members===

In the governing body elections held on 19 February 2021, the following were elected.<ref name=elect1/>

* Madan Lal Bansal
* Navneet Goyal
* Preetam Parkash Aggarwal
* R.P Jindal
* Ramesh Aggarwal
* Romi Garg
* Satyanand Arya
* [[Saurabh Ajay Gupta]]
* Sital Kumar Agarwal
* Vivek Mittal

==Facilities==

The college with a 270-acre campus has the infrastructure required for the postgraduate and tertiary care, staff and student accommodation.

===Hospital===

The college has a 550-bed teaching hospital, including a trauma centre, and a 30-bed intensive care unit (ICU) accredited for 14 different specialized PG streams.

===Accommodation===

* Staff accommodation
** Teachers' quarters (type-II houses) – 24 units for faculty members
** Interns and residents' hostel – 100 rooms for doctors pursuing MS/MD/DNB and those completing the mandatory one-year internship
** Nursing staff hostel – 120 rooms for the nursing personnel who are part of the hospital staff
* Students' hostel – accommodation for total 590 UG, PG, Interns students across various hostel blocks. Hostel facilities generally include the basic furnishings such as the bed, table, chair, almirah with common or attached washrooms, and mess facilities, 24-hour security and medical support.
** MBBS girls' hostel – double-sharing (sometimes triple for GNM), 42 rooms in a separate block
** MBBS boys' hostel – double/triple-sharing with single rooms for seniors and PG, four blocks
** Interns & residents' hostel – double-sharing, often with attached bath, 100 rooms

==Colleges==

===Existing colleges===
{{anchor | ColExisting}}

* Maharaja Agrasen Medical College (MAMC): for MBBS, MD, and MS degrees.
* Vidya Devi Jindal Paramedical College (VDJPC): for courses like B.Sc. Nursing, GNM Diploma, Bachelor of Physiotherapy (BPT), and various B.Sc. Paramedical Technology courses (MLT, OTT, etc).

===Proposed colleges===
{{anchor | ColProposed}}

* Dental college: The Maharaja Agrasen Medical College Agroha does not have a separate dental college that offers the BDS (Bachelor of Dental Surgery) or MDS (Master of Dental Surgery) degrees, but it has a department of dentistry. However, there are demands for such a college.
* Pharmacy college: The Maharaja Agrasen Medical College Agroha does not have a pharmacy college, nor does it offer courses in Pharmacy, such as B.Pharm or D.Pharm. However, there are demands for such a college.

==Departments==
{{anchor | Dept}}

There are 20 departments classified into three categories – clinical, paraclinical, and pre-clinical.

=== Clinical departments===
{{anchor | CliDept}}

Clinical departments (hospital-based) are:

* Anaesthesiology
* General Medicine
* Dentistry
* General Surgery
* Obstetrics & Gynaecology (OBG)
* Ophthalmology (Eye)
* Orthopaedics
* Otorhinolaryngology (ENT)
* Paediatrics
* PsychiatryDermatology
* Radiology/Radio-Diagnosis
* TB & Chest Diseases (Pulmonary Medicine)
* Venereology & Leprosy (Skin & VD)

=== Paraclinical departments===
{{anchor | ParaDept}}

* Community Medicine/PSM (Preventive & Social Medicine)
* Forensic Medicine & Toxicology
* Microbiology
* Pathology
* Pharmacology

=== Pre-clinical departments===
{{anchor | PreDept}}

* Anatomy
* Bio-Chemistry
* Physiology

==Faculty==

As of 2013, the college had more than 90 teaching staff covering 20 different departments, namely Dentistry, Radiology, Obst. & Gynae, Anaesthesia, ENT, Ophthalmology, Orthopedics, General Surgery, General Medicine, Frensic Medicine, Psychiatry, Skin & VD, TB & Chest, Paediatrics, Microbiology, Pathology, Pharmacology, Biochemistry, Anatomy and Physiology,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mamc.edu.in/downloads/teaching-staff-2013.pdf |title=Maharaja Agarsen Medical College Agroha(Hisar) - Department wise List of Faculty |access-date=21 May 2014 |archive-date=28 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928203033/http://mamc.edu.in/downloads/teaching-staff-2013.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> 82 Nursing & 168 non-teaching staff, and additional contractor and outsourced staff.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mamc.edu.in/downloads/faculty-non-teaching-regular.pdf |title=List of non teaching staff (regular) |access-date=21 May 2014 |archive-date=28 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928200239/http://mamc.edu.in/downloads/faculty-non-teaching-regular.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Courses offered==
{{anchor | Courses}}

The college offers MBBS, GNM (General Nursing & Midwifery), B.Sc (Nursing), BPT (Bachelor of Physiotherapy)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://mamc.edu.in/newsDetails.php?c=1&ID=38 |title=Welcome to Maharaja Agrasen Medical Education and Scientific Research Institute |access-date=9 September 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140909151323/http://mamc.edu.in/newsDetails.php?c=1&ID=38 |archive-date=9 September 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and PG (post Graduate) courses.

As of 2025, the college does not offer DM ([[Doctor of Medicine]]) or M.Ch. ([[Magister Chirurgiae]]) superspeciality courses.

===Admissions===

The medical college entrance examination for MAMC is through [[National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (Undergraduate)]] on basis of merit list prepared by Pt. B. D. Sharma U. H. S. Rohtak. College also has 22 seats for the [[Postgraduate education|PG (Post Graduate)]] courses, admission for which are through [[National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (Postgraduate)]].

The college has academic facilities (lecture room, demo rooms, common rooms, labs, library, skill lab, computer lab), hospital, residential facilities (staff quarters, hostel, cafeteria, hostel mess), indoor & outdoor recreation facilities and medical facilities for students and staff.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mamc.edu.in/mcs.php |title=Welcome to Maharaja Agrasen Medical Education and Scientific Research Institute |access-date=21 May 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140521122055/http://www.mamc.edu.in/mcs.php |archive-date=21 May 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Undergraduate courses===
{{anchor | UG }}

====Medical====
{{anchor | MedUG}}

* MBBS (Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery), 100 seats based on [[National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (Undergraduate)|NEET UG]] score in 5.5 years course including 4.5. academic coursework (theory & clinicals) and 1 year mandatory rotating residential internship

==== Nursing====
{{anchor | NursingUG}}

* B.Sc. Nursing, 50 seats in 4 years course based on university common Entrance Exam conducted by Pt. B.D. Sharma University
* Nursing GNM (General Nursing and Midwifery) Diploma, 50 seats in 3.5 years course including mandatory 6 months internship

====Paramedical====
{{anchor | ParaUG}}

* BPT (Bachelor of Physiotherapy), 40 seats in 4.5 years degree including 6 months of mandatory internship.
* B.Sc. Medical Laboratory Technology (MLT), 20 seats in 3 years course.
* B.Sc. Operation Theatre Technology (OTT), 10 seats in 3 years course.
* B.Sc. Radiography, 10 seats in 3 years course.
* B.Sc. Optometry & Ophthalmic Techniques, 10 seats in 3 years course.

===Postgraduate courses===
{{anchor | PG }}

Total 52 MD/MS 3-year degree seats with admission based on [[National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (Postgraduate)|NEET PG]] score and 14 to 28 seats per year in [[Diplomate of National Board]] (DNB) based on [[National Board of Examinations in Medical Sciences|NBEMS]] score.

====Medical====
{{anchor | MedPG}}

* MS
** MS General Medicine, 10 seats
** MS Anaesthesiology, 9 seats

* MD
** MD Orthopaedics, 7 seats
** MS Ophthalmology, 37 seats

====Paraclinical====
{{anchor | ParaPG}}

* MD Pathology, 3 seats
* MD Bio-Chemistry, 3 seats
* MD Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, 3 seats
* MD Microbiology, 2 seats
* MD Community Medicine (SPM), 2 seats
* MD Pharmacology, 2 seats

==== Pre-clinical====
{{anchor | PreCliPG}}

* MD/MS
** MD Anatomy, 2 seats
** MD/MS Physiology, 2 seats
* Diplomate of National Board (DNB) 3 year program (an equivalent postgraduate qualification) in several specialties with intaking varying from year to year with seats released by the NBEMS ([[National Board of Examinations in Medical Sciences]]) prior to each counseling session (January/July admission cycles).
** DNB General Medicine, 2 to 4 seats
** DNB Radio-Diagnosis, 2 to 4 seats
** DNB Paediatrics, 2 to 4 seats
** DNB Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 2 to 4 seats
** DNB Psychiatry, 2 to 4 seats
** DNB Tuberculosis and Chest Diseases, 2 to 4 seats
** DNB Otorhinolaryngology (ENT), 2 to 4 seats

===Proposed courses===
{{anchor | PropCourses}}

Due to high case load in the region there is big demand for the following.

==== Medical ====
{{anchor | PropCoursesMed}}

* DM in Cardiology, Neurosurgery, Nephrology, and Gastroenterology
* MS/M.Ch. in Cardiology, Neurosurgery, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Surgical Gastroenterology, and Urology
* MD courses in currently unrepresented clinical specialties with high volume, such as General Medicine, Radiology/Radio-Diagnosis, and Obstetrics & Gynaecology
* DNB Expansion: Adding DNB seats in more specialties, particularly those that are popular, like DNB General Medicine or DNB Radio-Diagnosis, to utilize existing hospital infrastructure fully

====Paramedical ====
{{anchor | PropCoursesPara}}

There are demands to include these courses under the existing VDJPC paramedical college.

* B.Sc. and M.Sc Audiometry and B.Sc. BASLP (Audiology and Speech-Language Pathology)
* B.Sc. and M.Sc in Dietetics & Nutrition: Required for specialized patient care e.g., in cardiology, nephrology, diabetes clinics
* B.Sc. ETT (Emergency & Trauma Technology): Dedicated course to support the expansion of trauma care facilities
* B.Sc. RT(Respiratory Therapy): Increasing need for specialists in pulmonary and critical care medicine

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}

* [[List of medical colleges in India#Haryana|List of medical colleges in Haryana]]: The following MBBS colleges, which are not included in the national Wikipedia list, ensure that each of 22 districts of Haryana has at least one medical college.
: State Counselling Board (SCB) in Haryana, often overseen by the Directorate of Medical Education & Research (DMER) or Shri Krishna AYUSH University (SKAU), manages the online/offline process for allocating seats in medical (MBBS, BDS, PG) and AYUSH courses, handling state quota admissions for government/private colleges based on NEET scores (or entrance exams like JEE/NATA for tech/Arch), ensuring fair, merit-based distribution for students qualified for Haryana's 85% state quota seats, and conducting rounds of choice filling and seat allotment.
** [[Baba Sarsai Nath Medical College, Sirsa]] 100 MBBS seat, 500 bed medical college costing ₹1,010 crore on 21 acres of land for which foundation stone was laid by the Chief MInister Saini in November 2024.<ref name=sir1>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/haryana-cm-saini-lays-foundation-stone-of-medical-college-in-sirsa-101732218106956.html Haryana CM Saini lays foundation stone of medical college in Sirsa], Hindustan Times, 22 Nov 2024.</ref> MBBS admissions from 2027-28 session.
** [[Sant Shiromani Shri Guru Ravidas Government Medical College, Fatehabad]] at Rasulpur village of Fatehabad district on Ratia-Tohana Road is under construction<ref name=fath1>[https://www.babushahi.com/view-news.php?id=188330 Haryana CM inaugurates, lays stone of development works worth over Rs 313 crore in Fatehabad], Babushahi Bureau, 25 Jul 2024.</ref> MBBS admissions from 2026-27 session.
** [[Pandit Neki Ram Sharma Government Medical College, Bhiwani]], GMC Bhiwani, 100 MBBS seat, 640 bed medical college became operational in 2025 with admission to MBBS seats.<ref name=bhi1>[https://www.gmcbhiwani.in/history.php GMC Bhiwnai], gmcbhiwani.in, accessed 9 Dec 2025.</ref>
** [[Government Medical College, Charkhi Dadri]] at [[Ghasola]] village <ref name=cd1>[https://www.punjabnewsline.com/news/haryana-the-land-identified-for-a-medical-college-to-be-built-in-the-village-ghasola-charkhi-dadri-70230 Haryana : The land identified for a medical college to be built in the village Ghasola, Charkhi Dadri], punjabnewsline.com, 18 December 2023.</ref> MBBS admissions from 2027-28 session.
** [[Maharishi Chyavan Government Medical College, Narnaul]] at Koriavas village, with 100 MBBS seats, 810 beds, 76 acre campus costing 500 crore, started MBBS admissions from 2025-26 session.<ref name="nar1">[https://www.mcmckoraiwas.com/about-mcmc], mcmckoraiwas.com, accessed 9 Dec 2025.</ref><ref name=medh1/>
** [[Government Medical College, Panchkula]] at Panchkula sector-32 with 100 MBBS seats and 30.2 acre campus costing Rs 650 crore started admissions from 2024.<ref name=Panch1>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/haryana-government-announces-construction-of-medical-college-in-panchkula/articleshow/111672700.cms Haryana government announces construction of medical college in Panchkula], indiatimes.com, 12 July 2024.</ref>
** [[Shri Guru Teg Bahadur Government Medical College, Yamunanagar]] at Panjupur village with 100 MBBS seats, construction was going on in November 2024.<ref name=medh1/> MBBS admissions from 2026-27 session.
** [[Bhagwan Parshuram Government Medical College, Kaithal]] at Sapan Kheri village with 100 MBBS seats, 500 beds, on 20 acre costing Rs 950 crore, foundation stone was laid by the Chief Minister Khattar in October 2023.<ref name=kaith1>[https://medicaldialogues.in/news/education/medical-colleges/kaithal-foundation-stone-of-bhagwan-parshuram-government-medical-college-118893 Kaithal: Foundation stone of Bhagwan Parshuram], medicaldialogues.in, 17 Oct 2023.</ref> MBBS admissions from 2026-27 session.
** [[Sant Shiromani Shri Dhanna Bhagat Ji Government Medical College, Jind]] at Haibatpur village with 100 MBBS seats, construction was ongoing in November 2024.<ref name=medh1>[https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/speed-up-work-on-medical-infrastructure-across-haryana-minister-to-officials/ Speed up work on medical infrastructure across Haryana: Minister to officials], tribuneindia.com, 10 Nov 2024.</ref> MBBS admissions from 2026-27 session.
** [[NC Medical College and Hospital Panipat]] (private) at [[Israna]] operational since 2019 with 150 MBBS seats.<ref>{{Cite web|title=N. c. medical College And Hospital Blood Bank, Blood Bank Services, Israna {{!}} Medindia|url=https://www.medindia.net/directories/blood-bank-services/n-c-medical-college-and-hospital-blood-bank-israna-3784.htm|access-date=2021-03-12|website=www.medindia.net}}</ref>
** [[Maharaja Agrasen Kedar Nath Gupta Medical College, Bahadurgarh]] 23 acre, 150 MBBS seats, 675 bed hospital, operational since 2025.<ref>[https://makngmc.org/overview.php Maharaja Agrasen Kedar Nath Gupta Medical College, Bahadurgarh], makngmc.org, accessed 9 Dec 2025.</ref>
** [[Government Medical College, Palwal]] at Pelak village on [[National Highway 334D (India)|NH-334D]] Aligarh-Palwal Highway with 100 MBBS seats.<ref name=Farid1>[https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/palwal-to-get-first-medical-college-46-acres-identified-at-pelak-village-591613 Palwal to get first medical college, 46 acres identified at Pelak village], tribuneindia.com, 17 Feb 2024.</ref> MBBS admissions from 2027-28 session.
** Proposed at upcoming districts
*** Medical college at Dabwali-Haripura (jointly with Rajasthan and Punjab)
*** Medical college at Narwana subdivision
*** Medical college at Hansi-Kanwari area
*** Medical college at Mundhal-Meham area
*** Medical college at Loharu-Bidhwan area
*** Medical college at Kosli
*** Medical college at Mahendragarh city
*** Medical college at Narayangarh city
*** Medical college at Farukh Nagar-Pataudi
*** Medical college at Firozpur Jhirka city
*** Medical college at Hodal city
* AIIMS
** [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Majra]] in Rewari district, 100 seats MBBS admissions from 2026-27 session
** [[All_India_Institute_of_Medical_Sciences,_New_Delhi#Badsa|All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Badsa]], Jhajjar district

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Universities in Haryana}}

{{coord|29.336733|75.622477|type:landmark|display=title}}

[[Category:Medical colleges in Haryana]]
[[Category:Memorials to Agrasen]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1994]]
[[Category:1994 establishments in Haryana]]
[[Category:Education in Hisar district]]
[[Category:Agroha (town)]]

FundsIndia

2026-01-06T08:41:32Z

Davidcza: Starting some data initial version

{{Short description|Online investment website}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox website
| name = FundsIndia
| logo =
| website = {{url|https://www.fundsindia.com}}
| owner = Wealth India Financial Services<ref name=Launch />
| CEO = Akshay Sapru
| products = Mutual funds, SIP, stocks, equities, corporate deposits, bonds, IPOs, and NCDs
| services = Advisory services, different types of SIPs, ready-to-go portfolios, Robo-advisory services (Money Mitr), trigger-based investing, Portfolio X-Ray, Value-averaging Investment Plans (VIPs), e-insurance repository, and other [[financial services]]
| headquarters = IndiQube Wave, 3rd Floor, 438/1 T.R Sundaram Avenue, Anna Salai<ref name="i171">{{cite web | last=Spark | first=RK | title=சென்னையில் தொடங்கப்பட்டுள்ள இந்தியாவின் முன்னணி முதலீட்டு நிறுவனம்! | website=Zee Hindustan Tamil | date=29 Sep 2024 | url=https://zeenews.india.com/tamil/tamil-nadu/india-leading-investment-company-funds-india-branch-launched-in-chennai-530285 | language=ta | access-date=8 Nov 2024}}</ref>
| location_city = [[Chennai]]
}}
'''FundsIndia''' (est. 2009) is an online [[investment]] website headquartered in [[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu.<ref name="Launch Date, 41, account">{{cite news|last=Adajania|first=Kayezad|title=Buying mutual funds online is not difficult|url=http://www.livemint.com/Money/3imbKO6VUSYrX0aZQX6WvK/Buying-mutual-funds-online-is-not-difficult.html|accessdate=24 October 2013|newspaper=Livemint|date=17 June 2013|location=India}}</ref><ref name="inventus, first">{{cite web|last=Shankar Roy|first=Kumar|title=Inventus Capital puts Rs 3 crore in WIFS|url=http://www.mydigitalfc.com/opportunities/inventus-capital-puts-rs-3-crore-wifs-680|publisher=mydigitalfc.com|accessdate=24 October 2013|location=India|date=2 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100805024537/http://www.mydigitalfc.com/opportunities/inventus-capital-puts-rs-3-crore-wifs-680|archive-date=5 August 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> The website is owned by Wealth India Financial Services Pvt. Ltd.<ref name=Launch>{{cite news|title=Wealth India launches online investment platform|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/06/17/stories/2009061755441300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090620060747/http://www.hindu.com/2009/06/17/stories/2009061755441300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 June 2009|accessdate=24 September 2013|date=17 June 2009|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> It was initially created just for [[mutual fund]]s but later introduced other investment products like [[stock]]s, corporate fixed deposits, [[Bond (finance)|bonds]], and more.<ref name="Mfs and Others">{{cite news|last=Dhanorkar|first=Sanket|title=Online investing: Tips to manage your investments through portals|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-04-15/news/38555804_1_mutual-funds-to-four-funds-portals|accessdate=24 October 2013|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=15 April 2013|location=India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130417124717/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-04-15/news/38555804_1_mutual-funds-to-four-funds-portals |archive-date=2013-04-17|url-status=dead}}</ref>
FundsIndia was founded by C.R. Chandrasekar and Srikanth Meenakshi,<ref name="founders and customers in India and abroad">{{cite web|last=Gajjar|first=Paritosh|title=FundsIndia Raises Another Round Of Funding|url=http://www.dealcurry.com/20120731-FundsIndia-Raises-Another-Round-Of-Funding.htm|publisher=Deal Curry|accessdate=24 October 2013|location=India|date=31 July 2012}}</ref> alumnus of the [[University of Hyderabad]].<ref name=investment /><ref>{{Cite news|last=Vijayakumar|first=Sanjay|date=2019-06-26|title=PE investors oust FundsIndia.com founders|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/pe-investors-oust-fundsindiacom-founders/article28159307.ece|access-date=2021-06-30|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== History ==

Chandrasekar and Srikanth, were hostel mates while pursuing their Masters in Computer Applications (MCA) at the University of Hyderabad, [[Andhra Pradesh]], in 1990. After they completed their post-graduation there, they both moved to the [[United States]] of America to pursue their postgraduate degree in Computer Science. Chandrasekar pursued his Masters at [[Virginia Tech]] in [[Blacksburg, Virginia]], while Srikanth studied at the [[Oregon Graduate Institute]] in [[Portland, Oregon]]. They both began working in a variety of high-profile jobs in the field of [[financial services]] and after over a decade, they decided to return to India in order to stay closer to their respective families.<ref name=investment /> Eventually, they decided to launch an online [[mutual fund]] investment website together after realizing that most platforms in the country only offered access to investments in equities online.<ref name="BL profile">{{cite news|title=No-frills mutual fund investing|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-investmentworld/nofrills-mutual-fund-investing/article1014557.ece|accessdate=28 October 2013|newspaper=The Hindu Business Line|date=8 August 2010|author=Vidya Bala|author2=Aarati Krishnan|location=India}}</ref> Hence, FundsIndia was launched on 16 June 2009.<ref name=Launch /><ref name="Launch Date, 41, account" />

Initially, Chandrasekar and Srikanth pooled in their savings of about ₹1.5 crore in order to launch FundsIndia in 2009.<ref name=investment>{{cite web|last=Srivastava|first=Ishan|title=Mutual Fundas|url=http://i.imgur.com/AQPOry8.jpg?1|work=The Times of India|accessdate=28 October 2013|date=13 February 2011}}</ref> In 2010, the company found that they required additional funding to fuel their growth and hence, they approached the [[venture capital]] firm, Inventus Capital Partners. However, the company was asked to approach them for funding at a later date, once it had shown a good performance record. Within nine months, FundsIndia was successful in acquiring several customers and earning higher revenues. Impressed by their performance, Inventus Capital Partners invested ₹3 crore in the firm.<ref name="first investment">{{cite news|title=Entrepreneurs must have ability to build top-notch teams with ideas to impress investors|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/emerging-businesses/entrepreneurship/entrepreneurs-must-have-ability-to-build-top-notch-teams-with-ideas-to-impress-investors/articleshow/23928927.cms|accessdate=24 October 2013|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=11 October 2013|author=Peerzada Abrar|author2=Vasumita s Adarsh|location=India}}</ref> This was FundsIndia’s [[Series A round]] of funding that was used to expand their customer base and introduce new products and services. After this, Parag Dhol, the Managing Director of Inventus Capital Partners assumed the post of Director in FundsIndia’s management.<ref name="Series A">{{cite web|last=Pradhan|first=Anmol|title=FundsIndia.com Raises Rs. 3 Crore From Inventus Capital|url=http://www.medianama.com/2010/08/223-fundsindia-com-raises-rs-3-crore-from-inventus-capital/|publisher=Medianama|accessdate=28 October 2013|location=India|date=3 August 2010}}</ref>
In July 2012, the company raised an amount of ₹20 crore in its Series B round of funding that was led by the Silicon Valley–based venture capital firm, [[Foundation Capital]]. Inventus Capital Partners also participated in this round of funding. After this round of investment, Ashu Garg, General Partner, Foundation Capital, also assumed a post as director at FundsIndia.<ref name="funding and founders">{{cite web|last=Das|first=Nandana|title=FundsIndia.com raises $3.6M in Series B funding led by Foundation Capital|url=http://techcircle.vccircle.com/2012/07/31/wealth-india-financial-services-raises-3-6m-in-series-b-funding-led-by-foundation-capital/|publisher=techcircle.in|accessdate=24 October 2013|location=India|date=31 July 2012}}</ref> In June 2015, the company further raised an amount of ₹70 crore in its Series C round of funding. This round of funding was led by the venture capital firm, Faering Capital, with follow-on investments from current investors, Foundation Capital, and Inventus Capital Partners.<ref name="Series C, first">{{cite news |last=Varadharajan|first=S.|title=Fundsindia gets Rs. 70 cr funding |url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/fundsindia-gets-rs-70-cr-funding/article7333875.ece |accessdate=9 September 2015|newspaper=The Hindu|date=20 June 2015|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> After this round of investment, both Sameer Shroff and Aditya Parekh, co-founders and Managing Directors, Faering Capital, assumed a post each as director at FundsIndia.<ref name="Series C, third">{{cite news|last=Mahesh|first=Prahsant|title=FundsIndia.com raises Rs 70 crore for expansion |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-06-18/news/63568162_1_funds-india-com-faering-capital-aditya-parekh|accessdate=9 September 2015|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=18 June 2015|location=India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160823005603/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-06-18/news/63568162_1_funds-india-com-faering-capital-aditya-parekh |archive-date=2016-08-23 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.fundsindia.com/ FundsIndia], Official Website

{{Financial services in India}}
{{Online brokerages}}
{{FinTech in India}}

[[Category:Financial services companies established in 2009]]
[[Category:2009 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2009]]
[[Category:Companies based in Chennai]]

Holy Trinity Church, Bolarum

2025-12-30T19:24:06Z

Davidcza:

{{Short description|Protestant church in Telangana, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox church
| name = [[Church of South India|CSI]]-Holy Trinity Church
| image = Holytrinitychurchbolarumsecunderabad.png
| caption = [[Church of South India|CSI]]-Holy Trinity Church, [[Bolarum]] was commissioned by [[Queen Victoria]]
| dedication = [[Holy Trinity]]
| denomination = [[Church of South India]] (''A [[United and uniting churches|Uniting church]] comprising [[Wesleyan Church|Wesleyan Methodist]], [[Congregational]], [[Lutheran]], [[Calvinist]] and [[Anglican]] missionary societies – [[United Society|SPG]], [[English Wesleyan Mission|WMMS]], [[London Missionary Society|LMS]], [[Basel Mission]], [[Church Missionary Society|CMS]], and the [[Church of England]])''
| churchmanship = [[Low church]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|17|31|0.07|N|78|31|24.99|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| parish =
| deanery =
| archdeaconry =
| diocese = [[Diocese of Medak of the Church of South India|Diocese of Medak]]
| province = [[Secunderabad]]
| presbytery = ''Rev. Charles wesley''<ref>The previous presbyter [[A. C. Solomon Raj]] has been consecrated as [[bishop]] on 13 October 2016.</ref>
| archbishop =
| bishop = [[The Right Reverend]] [[A. C. Solomon Raj]]
| dean =
| prebendary =
| provost =
| canon =
| priest = Rev. Charles wesley
| rector =
| vicar =
| organist = G S Ezekiel
| assistant = Rev. Naveen Noshina
|
}}
'''[[Church of South India|CSI]]-Holy Trinity Church''' is a church under the auspices of the [[Protestant Church|Protestant]] [[Church of South India]], a [[Uniting church|uniting Church]]. It is located in the [[Bolarum]] locality of [[Secunderabad | Secunderabad Cantonment]].

==History==
Construction of the church, in 1847, was personally funded by [[Queen Victoria]], on land donated by the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]]. It was initially an [[Anglicanism|Anglican]] church, and a place of worship for British army officers and other Indian Christian families.<ref name="history">{{cite web|url=http://htcbolarum.org/churchhistory.html|title=Welcome to Holy Trinity Church Bolarum|publisher=htcbolarum.org|accessdate=2014-06-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016155939/http://htcbolarum.org/churchhistory.html|archive-date=16 October 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> The church was built by Her Majesty Queen Victoria in the year 1847 out of her own purse. Following an Anglican tradition the church was the place of worship for the then lived British army officers and families. The land for this historic church was donated by the Nizam's Govt. when General Frazer was the resident of Hyderabad. The interior of the church is adorned by memorial tablets of British Army officers, erected by their loved ones, who died during their tenure in the Hyderabad contingent. One can still see the original pews, which despite the passage of time have retained their sheen. The stained glass at the altar (erected in 1904), the pulpit, and the bell are all in their original eloquence, reflecting an era gone by. There are 44 tablets adorning the church interior, erected by the loved ones of those who died. According to the records, 21 regiments were stationed at Secunderabad during 1847-1947 and were a part of the worship. The cemetery next door back dates to the 18th century, and reflects the history and the memorial of British Officers and their loved ones. The oldest grave belongs to John Alexander, a British Army Officer of Hyderabad Contingent, who died on 7 April 1851. The cemetery is active and still being used by the congregation to bury their dear ones.

==Formation of the Church of South India ==
The Church of South India is a union of many Protestant Christian churches spread throughout South India. It is the largest Protestant church in India and second largest denomination in terms of size (after the Catholic Church in India). It is one of the four United Churches in the Anglican Communion. The inspiration for this union was born out of ecumenism inspired by the self-pronouncing words of Jesus Christ as found in Gospel of John 17:21. The Church of South India was inaugurated on 27 September 1947 at St. George's Cathedral, Madras (Chennai). It was formed from the union of Anglican, Methodist, Congregational, Presbyterian, and Reformed churches in South India. Later in the 1990s, a small number of Baptist and Pentecostal churches joined the movement. The creation of the Church of South India was a historic event in Christendom where, for the first time, churches with Episcopal and non-Episcopal traditions decided to form a union. The Church of South India was one of the earliest forms of the United and Uniting Church.

==Architecture==
The church is medium-sized, and in the Victorian Gothic style.<ref name="awards">{{cite web|url=http://intach.ap.nic.in/awards1.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070122150449/http://intach.ap.nic.in/awards1.htm |archive-date=22 January 2007 |url-status=dead |title=INTACH |accessdate=2014-06-06 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The stained glass windows are similar to those of country churches in England.<ref name="awards"/> The pews in the church are original, as are the stained glass at the altar, the pulpit and the bell. Tablets on the walls commemorate the deaths of parishioners, especially British Army officers and their families. The adjacent cemetery contains graves dating from 1851. It was built in classic European architecture by a member of British Royal family. Then a place of worship for British Army officers and families, it now serves about 370 families covering roughly more than 15 localities and 6 villages.<ref name="history"/>

==Pipe organ==
[[File:Pipeorgan at HTC.jpg|thumb]]
The greatest jewel adorning the church altars, the pipe organ, one can hear the magical sounds of nature every Sunday in the worship service. The pipe organ was built by Misquith & Co. Organ Builders, a company from Madras. Erected by public subscription in May 1903, the pipe organ has retained its original melody and music. Consisting of swell organ, great organ and the pedals, it has a total of 392 pipes, 112 of which are wooden and the remainder are lead. The bellows were originally pumped by hand on the strike of a bell from the organist, and now use a 3HP three-phase electric motor. Mohan Satya Raj has played the pipe organ for about the last 25 years.

==Queen's visit==

In 1983, on 20 November, Queen [[Elizabeth II]] visited the church<ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=nNkzAAAAIBAJ&sjid=OzIHAAAAIBAJ&pg=3433,2371070 ''Lodi News-Sentinel'', 21 Nov 1983.]</ref> and celebrated her 36th wedding anniversary there, in a service led by Bishop [[Victor Premasagar]]<ref name="htcbolarum">{{cite web|url=http://htcbolarum.org/queensvisit.html|title=Welcome to Holy Trinity Church Bolarum|publisher=htcbolarum.org|accessdate=2014-06-06|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131003002740/http://htcbolarum.org/queensvisit.html|archivedate=3 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and his ministerial colleagues Rev. B.P. Sugandhar and Rev. G.J. Hamilton, the pastor. Special invitations and passes were printed; every seat was marked and reserved for the guests and the congregation. Her visit to the church was scheduled for almost two hours, during which she unveiled a tablet to mark her visit. This is still{{when?|date=March 2017}} intact inside the church. She was seated on the very first bench opposite to the pulpit, while the message was being delivered by Rt. Rev. Dr. Victor Premsagar. Marking the Queen's visit and her grandmother's attachment to this historical church, this church is also called the "Queen's Church".

==Service timings (Aaradhana)==
*Sunday English Worship Service 07:30 AM
*Sunday Telugu Worship Service (Aaradhana) 09:30 AM
*Sunday School 09:30 AM
*Youth Fellowship (Sunday) 04:30 PM
*Women's Fellowship (Saturday) 05:30 PM
*Fasting Prayers (Second Saturday) 10:00 AM to 03:00 PM

==Pastors==
*Rev. Lav David 1947-1950
*Rev. S. Stephen 1950-1954
*Rev. Kotilingam 1954-1955
*Rev. W.G.Carblidge 1955-1956
*Rev. Chinnaiah 1956-1964
*Rev. P.R.Dharmaraj 1964-1966
*Rev. P.A Muthaiah 1966-1969
*Rev. T.Ashirvadam 1969-1972
*Rev. B.D. Premsagar 1972-1974
*Rev. E.P. Yesudas 1975
*Rev. Simon 1975
*Rev. P.Seva Prakashan 1976-1977
*Rev. B. Eliezer 1977-1979
*Rev. P.A. Muttaiah 1979-1980
*Rev. P.Y. Luke 1980-1982
*Rev. G.J. Hamilton 1982-1984
*Rev. Ch.D. Sadanand 1984-1986
*Rev. T.B.Prabhakar Rao 1986-1987
*Rev. N.D.Paul Raj 1987-1990
*Rev. Ch.D. Sadanand 1990-1994
*Rev. D.Prasanna Kumar 1994
*Rev. N.D. Paul Raj 1994-1997
*Rev. P. Yesushankar 1997-2002
*Rev. Ch. D. Sadanand 2002-2004
*Rev. T. Danny Subodh 2004-2008
*Rev. D. Prasanna Kumar 2008-2010
*Rev. D. John Jonathan 2010-2012
*Rev. Katta Zacheaqus 2012
*Rev. [[A. C. Solomon Raj]] 2012-2016
*Rev. E J David 2016-present
*Rev. Krupakar Badugu 2019-present

==Outreach and prayer hall-cum-parsonage==
The Holy Trinity Church has taken up the nearby villages under the outreach program and had successfully established a satellite church at Turkapally about 30km away from Bolarum. The extension church which serves the spiritual need of more than 5 villages nearby and more than 30 families, also undertakes the community development programs for the poor and the uneducated. The Turkapally Church stands still over the past 12 years, had been under the care of 5 shepherds. The early 19th century were the fruitful years for Christianity in India, and Bolarum could not remain untouched with the Good News. It is the same era when the Western Methodist Church was active and was working amongst the Indian nearby and surrounding places in Bolarum while the Anglican Holy Trinity Church was a place in worship only for the British Army Officers and their families. In the year 1937 Mr. C.S. David and his wife Mrs. Mercy David the legal owners of the land as measuring 857.05 sq.yards were in possession of the prior built structure situated at H.No. 81 8 82, Dovton Bazar Bolarum, Secunderabad - 500010, donated it to the Wesleyan Methodist Trust Association and was accepted on their behalf by then acting chairman Rev.S.C. Sackett. Since that time it was being in use as a Methodist church-cum-pastor's residence (parsonage).In the year 1947 when the Church of South India was formed and the different denomination churches were amalgamated to a greater unity, the present church at Doveton Bazar was also united and became a part of the Church of South India since then, the property was transferred in the watch of The Church of South India Trust Association. The present Holy Trinity Church during the 1947 was handed over by the British however stands still as a fruit of the efforts of this smaller church (Indian Christians) which took the responsibility of preserving the same and was instrumental in buying it from the British hence saving the heritage. In the year 1950 the smaller church was moved to Holy Trinity church, Medak Diocese while the old premises was still maintained as parsonage and prayer hall. Since then the premises has been outlived and due to climatic conditions, the structure suffered damage and an urgent need to demolish the structure safely was felt. With permission by Medak Diocese and suggestions by engineers in the year 2006, the old and unsafe structure was demolished safely. In the year 2006-2007 with the help and support of Diocese, local congregation and the Pastorate Committee under the able leadership of Rev. T. Danny Subodh took the challenge to build a new building to serve as Prayer Hall-cum-Parsonage successfully. The new prayer Hall-cum-Parsonage was dedicated to the glory of God on Independence day, 15 August 2007.

==See also==
*[[List of churches in Secunderabad and Hyderabad]]
*[[All Saints Church, Secunderabad]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Church of South India church buildings in India]]
[[Category:Churches in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Churches in Secunderabad]]
[[Category:Churches completed in 1847]]
[[Category:1847 establishments in British India]]

Balakumaran

2025-12-20T09:47:13Z

Davidcza: enhance structure as per guidelines and cleaned formatting as per guidelines

{{short description|Indian Tamil writer}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Balakumaran
| image = BalakumaranVPic.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1946|07|05}}
| birth_place = [[Pazhamarneri]], [[Thirukattupalli]], [[Thanjavur]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2018|05|15|1946|07|05}}
| death_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| occupation = Writer, novelist
| nationality = Indian
| spouses = Kamala Shanta
| children = Gowri, Surya
}}

'''Balakumaran''' (5 July 1946 – 15 May 2018)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/veteran-tamil-novelist-balakumaran-dies-at-71/589638.html |title=Veteran Tamil novelist Balakumaran dies at 71 |access-date=15 May 2018 |archive-date=16 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516020621/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/veteran-tamil-novelist-balakumaran-dies-at-71/589638.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> was an Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]] writer and author of over 200 novels, 100 short stories, and dialogue/screenplay writer for 23 films.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.writerbalakumaran.com/aboutme/| title="About me"| work=writerbalakumaran.com | date= | access-date=17 May 2018}}</ref> He also contributed to Tamil periodicals such as ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'', ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' and ''[[Kumudam]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/Stories-from-the-heart/article14410319.ece|title=Balakumaran about his Novels|date=30 June 2016|work=The Hindu|access-date=12 December 2017}}</ref> His notable works as a dialogue writer in Tamil Cinema include [[Nayakan]], [[Gunaa|Guna]], [[Baashha]] and [[Pudhupettai]].

==Biography==
Balakumaran was born in Pazhamarneri village near [[Thirukattupalli]] in [[Thanjavur district]] on 5 July 1946. He was married to Kamala and Santha. They have daughter Gowri and son Venkataraman aka Surya.<ref name="writerbalakumaran_com">{{cite web | url=http://www.writerbalakumaran.com/aboutme/| title="About me"| work=writerbalakumaran.com | date= | access-date=16 May 2018}}</ref> He was a disciple of [[Yogi_Ramsuratkumar|Yogi Ramsurat Kumar]]. Balakumaran died at the age of 71 due to prolonged illness in a private hospital on 15 May 2018.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tamil-novelist-balakumaran-passes-away/article23892836.ece| title="Popular Tamil novelist Balakumaran passes away"| work=The Hindu | date=16 May 2018 | access-date=16 May 2018}}</ref> As a child, he was highly inspired by his mother, who was a Tamil scholar and a Siromani in Sanskrit, used verses of Sangam and other ancient literature to motivate him whenever he was emotionally down. This created a deep interest in Tamil literature which made literature his passion. Despite having a poor relationship with his father due to average academic performance especially Maths, he continued his deep interest in literature with his mother's support. After completing his studies at Wesley High School, he joined a tractor company TAFE in Chennai for a job like any middle class youth. But, with hunger for literature, he quit the job of stenographer in a tractor company and started work on poems first and gradually moved towards short stories & novels.<ref name="writerbalakumaran_com" /> His first stories were published in a literary magazine called 'ka-ca-da-ta-pa-Ra' and for which he was also a founding member of KaChaTaThaPaRa, a self-anointed militant literary journal that had been launched with a mission to blaze new trails in modernist literature and later in Kumudam. Balakumaran's first novel — 'Mercury Pookaal' was serialized in Saavi and his second 'Irumbu Kuthirai' (Iron horse) was serialized in Kalki.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/Stories-from-the-heart/article14410319.ece| title="Stories from the heart"| work=The Hindu | date=30 June 2016 | access-date=20 May 2018}}</ref>

==Literary style and themes==
Balakumaran's works majorly revolved around woman with great empathy. In his stories, women were not merely gendered cardboard cutouts but fully sentient individuals, with bodies, dreams, desires, yearnings and frustrations. This "legitimisation" of female existence earned him succeeding generations of devoted women readers who resonated with the female characters in his fiction. In an interview, he said that during his initial days in Chennai he spent his life amidst such people. This prompted him to develop a liking for them.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://scroll.in/article/879234/balakumaran-1946-2018-struck-a-chord-with-readers-because-he-gave-a-voice-to-ordinary-individuals| title="Balakumaran (1946-2018) struck a chord with readers because he gave a voice to ordinary individuals"| work=scroll.in | date=17 May 2018 | access-date=20 May 2018}}</ref> Balakumaran had the habit of experiencing characters by himself when writing a book. For instance, In 'Udayar' novel, he had traveled many places where Raja Raja Cholan visited in order to bring closeness towards the novel. Also, he traveled in trucks to longer distance for his 'Irumbu Kuthirai' (Iron horse) novel.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.writerbalakumaran.com/portfolio/udaiyar-2-2/| title="portfolio"| work=writerbalakumaran.com | date= | access-date=20 May 2018}}</ref> In an interview given to The Times of India, he said that after reading Kalki Krishnamurthy's novel Ponniyin Selvan he wondered why it was needed to write a fictional account of the Cholas when there was enough to write about the facts there. "The Raja Raja Chola of Kalki was a different person. He hadn't become the king yet. The Thanjai temple wasn't even in the picture. I went to the Thanjavur district and visited Pallipadai, dedicated to Panchavan Madevi. She was an anukkiyar, a category that is apart from the queens and concubines. She was a friend of Raja Raja Chola I. If you look at the paintings there, each face is unique. Whoever did it, has worked on it with real faces. I did a lot of research for my novel Gangaikonda Chozhan also. But I felt I did that work, visiting those places as a tourist. Udaiyar, a six-part novel, gave me satisfaction as a writer."<ref name="madraswallah_com">{{Cite web|url=https://madraswallah.com/2018/04/16/the-time-traveller-an-interaction-with-writer-balakumaran/|title=The time traveller – An interaction with writer Balakumaran|date=2018-04-16|website=Madraswallah|language=en|access-date=2019-03-04}}</ref>

==Novels written==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*Udayar
Series about the Great Emperor Raja Raja Cholan, includes the details about how he built [[Thanjavur district]] [[Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur]] and many more. It is a reference to the culture gradient between different kingdoms during Udayar period.
*Mercury Pookkal
*Irumbhu Kudhiraigal
*Krishna Arjunan
*Thayumanavan
*Agalya
*Kai Veesamma Kai Veesu
*Endrendrum Anbudan
*Udayar (novel)
*Shenbagathottam
*Pani Vizhum Malar Vanam
*Kadal neelam
*Naan Enna Solli Vittaen
*Kadarpaalam
*Pey Karumbu (''on Pattinathaar'' ''Swamigal'')
*Simmasanam (''on Kumara Guruparar Swamigal'')
*Thangakkai (''on Seshadiri Swamigal of Thiruvannamalai'')
*Guru (''on Bhagawan Sri Yogi Ram Suratkumar of Thiruvannamalai'')
*Nigumbalai
*Kadalora Kuruvigal
*Karaiyora Mudhalaigal
*Payanigal Kavanikkavum
*Thunai
*Meettadha Veenai
*Vetrilai Kodi
*Manja Kaani
*Karnanin Kathai
*Shakthi
*KatruKondal Kutramillai
*En Manathu Thamaraippoo
*Kalyana Murungai
*Peria Puranak Kathaigal
*Kannaadi Koburangal
*Kadigai
*Ramayanam
*Ammavum 10 Katturaigalum
*Manam Uruguthey
*Appam Vadai Thayirsatham
*Ithuthaan Vayathu Kathalikka
*Snegamulla Singam
*Yeno Theriavillai
*kathal Aragam
*Neli Mothiram
*Ean Mathil Tamarai Poo
*Kathalperuman (On Arunagirinathar)
*Vilvamaram
*Marakal
*idharkuth Thane Aasaippattaay Balakumara
*Thalaiyanai Pookkal
*En Kanmani Thamarai (On Abirami Bhattar)
*Thozhan
*Gangai Konda Cholan
*Avani
*Idhu Pothum
*Mahabharatham
*333 Ammaiyappan Theru
*Kanne Vanna Pasungiliye
*Brindhavanam (On Shri Ragavendra Swamigal){{div col end}}

==Filmography==
Balakumaran's contribution to films was largely in the field of screenplay making and dialogue writing. His skills in crafting the dialogue for any conceivable character are noteworthy in [[Kollywood]] and his dialogues in [[Nayakan]] and [[Basha (film)|Baasha]] are still popular and widely used. Surprisingly, he believed movies ware just a means to lift him from the lower middle-class to the upper middle-class. "For a writer of novels, cinema dialogues come easily because our mind has already been conditioned to think while writing novels."<ref name="madraswallah_com" />

Some of Balakumaran novel names have been used in [[Tamil cinema]] as movie titles - [[Idharkuthane Aasaipattai Balakumara]], [[Irumbu Kuthirai]] which are samples of Balakumaran's popularity.

He directed the 1988 K. Bhagyaraj starrer film 'Idhu Namma Aalu'.

List of the films to which Balakumaran contributed:
;Writer
*[[Nayakan]] (1987)
*[[Guna (film)|Guna]] (1991)
*Shenbagathottam (1991)
*[[Gentleman (1993 film)|Gentleman]] (1993)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/38329.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140124181013/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/38329.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 January 2014|title=Balakumaran in 'Robot'|date=3 May 2008|work=IndiaGlitz|access-date=29 June 2012}}</ref>
*[[Kaadhalan]] (1994)
*Kizhakku Malai (1995)
*[[Ragasiya Police]] (1995)
*[[Basha (film)|Baasha]] (1995)
*[[Sivasakthi]] (1996)
*[[Ullaasam]] (1997)
*[[Velai]] (1998)
*[[Jeans (film)|Jeans]] (1998)
*[[Mugavaree]] (2000)
*[[Uyirile Kalanthathu]] (2000)
*[[Citizen (film)|Citizen]] (2001)
*[[Majunu|Majnu]] (2001)
*[[Kadhal Sadugudu]] (2003)
*[[Adhu]] (2004)
*[[Jananam]] (2004)
*[[Manmadhan (film)|Manmadhan]] (2004)
*[[Vallavan]] (2006)
*[[Pudhupettai]] (2006)

==Literary works==
*Epic on Rajendra Cholan
*Monthly Novels on various themes..

==Awards==
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2023}}
*Literary Awards won:
**Irumbu Kudhiraigal – Raja Sir Annamalai Chettiyar Trust Awards
**Mercury Pookal – Illakkiya Sindhanai Awards
**Kadarpalam – State Award (II Prize) (Short Story Collection)
**Sugajeevanam – State Award (I Prize) (short story collection)
*Cinema Awards Won:
**Guna – Cinema Express Award
**Kaadalan – [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Dialogue Writer]]
*Other Awards:
**Honoured with "Sindhanai Chemmal" title (From Lions Club Madras)
** Kalaimaamani Award from Government of Tamil Nadu

==See also==
* [[List of Indian writers]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.writerbalakumaran.com Official Site]
*[http://www.writerbalakumaran.com/blog Official Blog]
*[http://balakumaran-writer.blogspot.com Balakumaran Thoughts]
{{Portal bar|Biography|India|Literature|Tamils}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Balakumaran, V.}}
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Tamil-language writers]]
[[Category:Tamil screenwriters]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:Writers from Thanjavur district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Indian male short story writers]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:Novelists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]

Ramla Beegum

2025-12-17T17:31:46Z

Davidcza: added some entry added tags

{{Short description|Mappilappattu singer (1944–2023)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Ramla Beegum
| image = File:Ramla-beegum.jpg
| caption =
| image_size = 250px
| birth_name =
| alias =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1944|11|03}}
| birth_place = [[Ambalappuzha]], [[Central Division (Travancore)|Travancore Central Division]] (present day [[Alappuzha]], [[Kerala]], India)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2023|09|27|1944|11|03}}
| death_place = [[Marikkunnu|Paroppadi]], [[Kozhikode]]
| resting_place = Kannadikkal Juma Masjid, [[Kozhikode]]
| occupation = Singer
| genre = [[Mappila songs]], [[Kadhaprasangam]]
| spouse = Abdul Salam
| parents = {{Plainlist |
* Mariyam Beevi (mother)
* Hussain Yusuf Yamana (father)}}
| years_active = 1952 – 2018
| website =
}}

'''Ramla Beegum''' (3 November 1944 – 27 September 2023) was an Indian [[Mappila songs|Mappilappatu]] singer and [[Kadhaprasangam]] artist from [[Kerala]], known for her contributions to Mappilapattu, a traditional Muslim [[folk music]] genre. She is widely regarded as one of the pioneering [[female artists]] in Kerala to break through conservative [[Social norm|societal norms]], especially within the Muslim community as she was considered the first Muslim woman from Kerala to perform on stage, despite facing significant religious opposition. Her career spanned 55 years, lasting until her retirement in 2018.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.madhyamam.com/lifestyle/woman/ramla-begum-1208234 | title=The Woman Who Defined the Mappila Song Tradition | publisher=[[Madhyamam]] | work=Faisal Elettil | date=28 September 2023 | accessdate=14 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/features/renowned-mappila-song-artist-ramla-beegum-passed-away-ramla-beegum-life-story-1.8945104 | title=The painful story, now half-buried in Koduvally's memories. | publisher=[[Mathrubhumi News]] | work=M Anil Kumar | date=29 September 2022 | accessdate=14 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/noted-mappilapattu-singer-ramla-beegum-passes-away-1.8940031 | title=Mappilapattu singer Ramla Beegum no more | publisher=[[Mathrubhumi News]] | date=27 September 2023 | accessdate=14 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sirajlive.com/ramla-begum-song-of-the-malayalees.html?s | title=Ramla Begum: A Voice Cherished by Malayalis Through Her Timeless Songs | publisher=[[Siraj Daily]] | work=Shafeek Kanthapuram | date=28 September 2023 | accessdate=14 December 2024}}</ref>

== Early life and career ==
Ramla Beegum was born on 3 November 1944 in [[Ambalappuzha]], [[Alappuzha]], [[Kerala]]. She was the daughter of Hussain Yusuf Yamana, a [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]]-origin [[Malayalis|Malayali]] from Alappuzha and Mariyam Beevi, also a singer from [[Feroke]], [[Kozhikode]]. Her family had deep cultural roots, with her grandfather being an [[Arabs|Arab]] from [[Yemen]]. Due to her family's [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]] background, Hindi was often spoken at home, and Ramla began singing Hindi songs at the age of 8. She got her start in music by singing at the Azaadi Music Club, owned by her uncle Sattar Khan, in her hometown. At the age of 18, Ramla Beegum married Abdul Salam, a tabla player and music director at the Azaadi Music Club. Salam played a pivotal role in introducing her to Mappilapattu. With his guidance, Ramla found her way into the world of Mappilapattu and gained recognition within the Muslim community.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/latest-news/2023/09/27/ramla-beegum-died-in-kozhikode.html | title=Renowned Mappila singer Ramla Begum passes away; began her musical journey with Hindi songs | publisher=[[Manorama Online]] | date=27 September 2023 | accessdate=14 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://english.janamtv.com/news/75277/ramla-begum-pioneering-muslim-singer-and-storyteller-passes-away/ | title=Ramla Begum – Pioneering Muslim singer and storyteller passes away | publisher=[[Janam TV]] | date=27 September 2023 | accessdate=14 December 2024}}</ref>

In 1963, Beegum debuted as a Kadhaprasangam (storytelling) artist with the performance of "Jameela," written by Alappey Sharaf. Known for her unique narrative style, Ramla's Kathaprasangam performances gained wide popularity. One of her most notable performances was "Husnul Jamal Badrul Munir," a love poem written in [[Arabi Malayalam script|Arabic Malayalam]], which she performed at more than 10,000 venues, including her first international performance in [[Singapore]] in 1971. She continued performing until 2018.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.asianetnews.com/woman-life/mappilapattu-singer-ramla-beegum-life-and-journey-prm-s1n9xz | title=Trailblazer Ramla Begum, one of the first Muslim women to defy religious norms and perform on stage, passes away | publisher=[[Asianet News]] | date=27 September 2022 | accessdate=14 December 2024}}</ref>

She recorded over 35 gramophone records and 500 cassettes. Over her career, she performed in 23 Kathaprasangam works, 20 of which were based on [[History of Islam|Islamic history]]. She also performed in non-Islamic works, including "[[Odayil Ninnu|Odayil]]" by [[Keshavdas]], "[[Shakuntala (play)|Shakuntalam]]" by [[Kalidasa]], and "Nalini" by [[Kumaran Asan]], broadening her appeal across different communities. These performances were held in a variety of settings, including temples and wedding ceremonies.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.madhyamam.com/kerala/ramla-begum-passed-away-1208153 | title=Prominent Mappila Singer Ramla Beegum Passes Away | publisher=[[Madhyamam]] | date=27 September 2022 | accessdate=14 December 2024}}</ref> Following the death of her husband in 1986, Ramla took a two-year hiatus from Kadhaprasangam. However, she returned to the art scene at the request of her fans.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/renowned-mappila-song-artist-ramla-beegum-passed-away-1.8940012 | title=Renowned Mappila Song Artist Ramla Begum Passes Away | publisher=[[Mathrubhumi News]] | date=27 September 2023 | accessdate=14 December 2024}}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==
Ramla Beegum's was the recipient of the [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi|Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]] and the [[Kerala Folklore Academy|Kerala Folklore Academy Award]]. Her most prestigious recognition was the [[Moyinkutty Vaidyar|Moinkutty Vaidyar Award]], which honors outstanding contributions to the field of Mappilapattu.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.madhyamam.com/kerala/local-news/malappuram/kondotty/ramla-begum-receives-mappilakala-academy-vaidyar-award-916136 | title=Ramla Begum Honored with Mappilakala Academy's Prestigious Vaidyar Award | publisher=[[Madhyamam]] | date=22 January 2022 | accessdate=14 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2023/Sep/28/mappilapattu-singer-ramla-beegum-83-dies-2618835.html#:~:text=She%20is%20also%20a%20recipient,to%20the%20field%20of%20Mappilapattu. | title=Mappilapattu singer Ramla Beegum, 83, dies | publisher=[[The New Indian Express]] | date=28 September 2023 | accessdate=14 December 2024}}</ref>

== Death ==
Ramla Beegum died on 27 September 2023 at her residence in [[Marikkunnu|Paroppadi]], [[Kozhikode]], at the age of 78. She is survived by her daughter, Rasiya. Her burial took place at the Kannadikkal Juma Masjid, Kozhikode.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/music/2023/09/27/mappilapattu-singer-ramla-beegum-passes-away.html | title=Mappilapattu singer Ramla Beegum no more | publisher=[[Onmanorama]] | date=27 September 2023 | accessdate=14 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/noted-mappilapattu-singer-ramla-beegum-passes-away-1.8940031 | title=Noted Mappilapattu singer Ramla Beegum passes away | publisher=[[Mathrubhumi News]] | date=27 September 2023 | accessdate=14 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mediaoneonline.com/kerala/mappilapattu-singer-ramla-beegum-funeral-232153 | title=Mappila song singer Ramla Begum laid to rest. | publisher=[[MediaOne TV]] | date=27 September 2023 | accessdate=14 December 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Beegum, Ramla}}
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]]
[[Category:People from Alappuzha district]]

Victory Tunnel

2025-12-15T05:27:45Z

Davidcza: created basic entry from scratch

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox tunnel|location=[[Shimla]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], {{flag|India}}|status={{green|Active}}|route=Circular Road|crosses=Bantony Hill|opened=08 May 1945|operator=[[Government of Himachal Pradesh]]|traffic=Automative|lanes=Two (one in each direction)|image=Victory Tunnel Shimla 02.jpg|caption=Victory Tunnel Shimla|coordinates={{coord|31.105349|77.163985|type:tunnel_region:IN|display=inline}}|length=100 m}}
'''Victory Tunnel''' ([[Hindi]]: विक्टरी सुरंग) is a tunnel in [[Shimla]] in the North Indian state of [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[India]]. It is a [[road tunnel]] on Circular Road which connects two important parts of the city. It bypasses [[Sanjauli]] and [[Chotta Shimla]] for short and proper connectivity in the city.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Victory Tunnel road stretch the worst traffic bottleneck |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/himachal/victory-tunnel-road-stretch-the-worst-traffic-bottleneck-799330/ |access-date=2025-12-14 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
Victory Tunnel was built by the [[British india|British]] in 1945. It was immediately opened after the [[Allied leaders of World War II|Allied]] victory in [[World War II]] on 08 May 1945, hence its name.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Ashwani |date=2020-10-08 |title=Shimla's old tunnels are crying for attention; planned ones in limbo |url=https://citizenmatters.in/shimla-mobility-story-of-the-towns-old-tunnels/ |access-date=2025-12-14 |website=Citizen Matters |language=en-US}}</ref>

== History ==
Victory Tunnel was built in 1945 during the British colonial period in India. It was constructed as part of the road network in Shimla, which was then the [[summer capital]] of [[British India]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Ashwani |date=2020-10-08 |title=Shimla's old tunnels are crying for attention; planned ones in limbo |url=https://citizenmatters.in/shimla-mobility-story-of-the-towns-old-tunnels/ |access-date=2025-12-14 |website=Citizen Matters |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Importance ==
[[File:Victory Tunnel Shimla 01.jpg|thumb|Traffic in Victory Tunnel]]
The Tunnel is an important junction. It is located on the key circular road connecting [[Shimla railway station|Shimla’s railway station]] and Old Bus Stand area with the cities other important parts such as [[Kufri, India|Kufri]], [[Indira Gandhi Medical College and Hospital|IGMC]], [[Kaithu, Shimla|Kaithu]], [[Annadale, Shimla|Annadale]] and other parts of the city bypassing south eastern Shimla (Chotta Shimla). The short route to [[Sanjauli]] is also from the tunnel. It also connects upper parts of [[Shimla district]] such as [[Theog]], [[Narkanda]], [[Kumarsain]], [[Kotgarh]], [[Kotkhai]], [[Rampur Bushahr]], and [[Rohru]] to many parts of Shimla as well as to other cities like [[Solan]], [[Chandigarh]], [[Delhi]], etc. It is one of the busiest tunnels of Shimla and traffic heavy at maximum times.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-30 |title=Short Halts At Entry Points: Police's New Mantra To Decongest Shimla During Peak Tourist Season |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/short-halts-at-entry-points-police-s-new-mantra-to-decongest-shimla-during-peak-tourist-season-news-282533 |access-date=2025-12-14 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Lists of tunnels]]
* [[Atal Tunnel]]
* [[Shingo La Tunnel|Shinku La Tunnel]]

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Tunnels in India]]
[[Category:Road tunnels in India]]
[[Category:Road tunnels in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Transport in Shimla]]
[[Category:Transport in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Road tunnels in the Himalayas]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Shimla]]
[[Category:1945 establishments in India]]
[[Category:World War II memorials]]

Jarnail Singh (Haryana politician)

2025-12-14T15:26:38Z

Davidcza: started.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Ratia Assembly constituency|Ratia]]
| term_start = 8 October 2024
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = [[Lakshman Napa]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
}}
'''Jarnail Singh''' is an Indian politician from Haryana. He is a [[Haryana Legislative Assembly|Member of the Haryana Legislative Assembly]] since the [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024 election]], representing [[Ratia Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Ratia, Haryana Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: INC's Jarnail Singh with 51903 defeats BJP's Sunita Duggal |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/ratia-haryana-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-aelb-2612818-2024-10-08 |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Ratia Election Result 2024 LIVE Update: Assembly Winner, Leading, MLA, Margin, Candidates |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/ratia-election-result-2024-live-update-9077328.html |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Jarnail}}
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Haryana]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Haryana-INC-politician-stub}}

Sadhopur, Ghazipur

2025-11-28T02:06:34Z

Davidcza: created first info more to come

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
[[File:Sunset on river Ganges 01.jpg|thumb|Maa ganga]]
'''Sadhopur''' also known as Rampur is a [[village]] in [[Ghazipur District]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Sadhopur village in Zamania|url=https://www.censusindia2011.com/uttar-pradesh/ghazipur/zamania/sadhopur-population.html|access-date=|website=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Growth of population in Zamania|url=http://www.indiagrowing.com/Uttar_Pradesh/Ghazipur/Zamania|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701041235/http://www.indiagrowing.com/Uttar_Pradesh/Ghazipur/Zamania|url-status=usurped|archive-date=1 July 2014|access-date=|website=}}</ref>The village falls under the jurisdiction of the [[Reotipur]] Post Office, with the PIN code 232328, and is located in the Ghazipur district. The primary source of income for the residents is agriculture. The village is situated near the sacred Ganga[[Ganges|(Ganges)]]River, adding to its cultural and spiritual significance.

The nearest markets to the village are Reotipur and Muhammadabad. A temporary bridge is constructed over the Ganga River between the village and Muhammadabad, which remains operational for six months of the year—from December to June. During the remaining six months, from June to December, the bridge is closed, and residents rely on boats to travel to Muhammadabad. As for commuting to Reotipur, villagers primarily use their personal vehicles, as there is no regular public transportation service available in the area.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Villages in Ghazipur district]]

1983 Delhi Metropolitan Council election

2025-11-25T05:35:13Z

Davidcza: Enhanced article with new information

{{Short description|Council election held in Delhi, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1983 Delhi Metropolitan Council election
| country = India
| type = legislative
| vote_type = Popular 
| ongoing = no
| party_colour =
| party_name =
| alliance_name =
| previous_election = 1977 Delhi Metropolitan Council election
| previous_year = 1977
| next_election = 1993 Delhi Legislative Assembly election
| next_year = 1993
| election_date = ''2 May 1983''
| seats_for_election = 56 of 58 seats in the [[Delhi Metropolitan Council]]
| majority_seats = 30
| registered = {{formatnum:3712524}}
| turnout = 55.29%
| image_size = 100px
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Lotus flower symbol.svg|bSize=120|cWidth=120|cHeight=120|oLeft=0|oTop=0}}
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Hand INC.svg||bSize=140|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=16|oTop=0}}
| party1 = Indian National Congress
| leader1 =
| leaders_seat1 =
| seats_before1 =
| popular_vote1=
| seat_change1 =
| seats1 = 44
| swing1 =

| party2 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| leader2 =
| leaders_seat2 =
| seats_before2 =
| popular_vote2=
| seat_change2 =
| seats2 = 19
| swing2 =


| title = Chairman of the Council
| after_party = Indian National Congress
| after_election =
}}
'''Delhi Metropolitan Council election, 1983''' was held in [[India]]n [[National Capital Territory of Delhi]] to elect 56 councillors to the [[Delhi Metropolitan Council]].<ref name="eci">Election Commission of India. ''[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReportDelhi_83.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1983 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF DELHI]''</ref> This council had no legislative powers, but only an advisory role in administration of the territory.<ref name=dmc>{{cite web |url=http://delhiassembly.nic.in/metropoliton.htm |title= Delhi Metropolitan Council|date= |website=delhiassembly.nic.in|publisher=[[National Informatics Centre]] |accessdate=19 March 2014}}</ref>

==Results==
{{election table|title=Summary of results of the Delhi Metropolitan Council election, 1983<ref name= eci />|sortable=yes}}
!colspan=10|[[File:India Delhi Metropolitan Council 1983.svg]]
|-
!colspan=2|Party
!Candidates
!Seats won
!Votes
!Vote %
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|align="left"|[[Indian National Congress]]||56||34||856,055||47.50%
|-
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|align="left"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]||50||19||666,605||36.99%
|-
| {{party color cell|Lok Dal}}
|align="left"|[[Lok Dal]]||6||2||73,765||4.09%
|-
| {{party color cell|Janata Party}}
|align="left"|[[Janata Party]]||37||1||65,980||3.66%
|-
!colspan=2|Total !! 400 !! 56 !! 1,802,118 !!
|-
|}

The election elected Fourth Delhi Metropolitan Council. Purushottam Goel was Chairman of the council, Tajdar Babar being deputy chairman.<ref name=dmc />

==Elected members==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Constituency
!Reserved for ([[Scheduled Castes|SC]]/None)
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| Sarojini Nagar || None || Ram Bhaj || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Laxmibai Nagar || None || Arjun Dass || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Gole Market || SC || R.n. Chandeliya || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bara Khamba || None || Tajdar Babar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Delhi Contonment || None || Karan Singh Tanwar || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Minto Road || None || Subhash Chopra || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Jangpura || None || Jag Parvesh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kasturba Nagar || None || Jagdish Lal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Lajpat Nagar || None || Ram Lal Verma || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Okhla || None || Des Raj Chhabra || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Malviya Nagar || None || Hans Raj Sethi || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| R .k. Puram || None || Archna Kumari || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Hauz Khas || None || Ashok Kumar Jain || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Rajinder Nagar || None || Ram Nath Vij || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Ashok Nagar || None || Jagdish Mukhi || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Tilak Nagar || None || Jaspal Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Rajouri Garden || None || Subhash Arya || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Moti Nagar || None || Madan Lal Khurana || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Shakur Basti || None || S.c. Vats || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Rampura || None || Shyam Lal Garg || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Wazirabad || SC || Malinder Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Narela || None || Hari Ram || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Bawana || None || Rohtash Singh || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| Najafgarh || None || [[Chaudhary Bharat Singh]]|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Madipur || SC || Bhonri Lal Shastri || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Palam || None || Mukhtiar Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Mehrauli || SC || Kalka Dass || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Tughlaquabad || SC || Prem Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Gita Colony || None || Darshan Kumar Bahl || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Krishan Nagar || None || Sukhan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Gandhi Nagar || None || Sukhan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Shahdara || None || Narender Nath || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Rohtas Nagar || None || Ram Narain || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Ghonda || None || Kalayan Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Civil Lines || None || Ram Lal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kamla Nagar || None || Purushottam Goyal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Vijay Nagar || None || Chander Amrit || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Model Town || None || V.p. Khullar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Chandni Chowk || None || Vas Dev Kaptan || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Ballimaran || None || Mehtab Chand Jain || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Ajmeri Gate || None || Mirza Siddiq Ali || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Kucha Pati Ram || None || Ashok Jain || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Matia Mahal || None || Begum Khursheeed Kidwai || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Pahar Ganj || None || Ranjit Rai Sharma || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Ram Nagar || SC || Babu Ram Solanki || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Qasabpura || None || Mohd. Ismail || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Deputy Ganj || None || Satish Saxena || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sohan Ganj || None || Nand Lal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Shakti Nagar || None || Kulanand Bhartiya || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Karampura || None || P.k. Chandla || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Sarai Rohilla || None || Bansi Lal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Motia Khan || None || Manohar Lal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Dev Nagar || SC || Moti Lal Sakolia || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Patel Nagar || None || Mawa Ram Arya || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Anand Parbat || SC || Gurbax Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Shadipur || SC || Sundervati Naval Pravhakar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Delhi elections}}

[[Category:1983 elections in India]]
[[Category:Elections in Delhi]]
[[Category:Local elections in Delhi]]
[[Category:1980s in Delhi]]

Krishna Lal Chadha

2025-11-07T17:31:39Z

Davidcza: started

{{Short description|Indian horticultural scientist (1936–2025)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Krishna Lal Chadha
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1936|9|15|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bhopalwala]], [[Sialkot District]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2025|3|23|1936|9|15|df=y}}
| death_place = [[New Delhi]], India
| occupation = Horticultural scientist
| spouse =
| children =
| parents =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] [[Borlaug Award]] Om Prakash Bhasin Award Dr. H. M. Marigowda Award S. K. Mitra Memorial Award S. S. Ranade Memorial Life Time Achievement Award HSI-Shivashakthi Life Time Achievement Award AIKGA Millennium Achievement Award Dr. B. P. Pal Memorial Award [[National Academy of Agricultural Sciences|NAAS]] Leadership Award
| website = {{URL||Official web site}}
| imagesize =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| yearsactive = 1963–20??
| domesticpartner =
}}

'''Krishna Lal Chadha''' (15 November 1936 – 23 March 2025) was an Indian horticultural scientist, author and a National Professor of the [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]].<ref name="ICAR">{{cite web | url=http://www.icar.org.in/en/node/4255 | title=ICAR | publisher=ICAR | date=2014 | access-date=10 December 2014}}</ref> He was honoured by the [[Government of India]], in 2012, with the fourth highest Indian civilian award of [[Padma Shri]].<ref name="Padma Shri">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Shri |publisher=Padma Shri |date=2014 |access-date=11 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref>

==Life and career==
Krishna Lal Chadha was born to a [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] [[Khatri]] family on 15 November 1936 in Bhopalwala, [[Sialkot District|Sialkot]], in [[British India]], presently in Pakistan.<ref name="NAAS profile">{{cite web | url=http://naasindia.org/fdetail.html#C001 | title=NAAS profile | publisher=NAAS | date=2014 | access-date=10 December 2014}}</ref><ref name="HSI">{{cite web | url=http://www.hsi1942.in/ | title=HSI | publisher=HSI | date=2014 | access-date=10 December 2014}}</ref> His schooling was at the Government High School, Jalandhar from 1948 to 1951 after which he joined [[Panjab University, Chandigarh]] from where he secured a BSc (Agriculture) in 1955 and an MSc (Horticulture) in 1960.<ref name="HSI" /> Thereafter, he joined the [[Indian Agricultural Research Institute]], New Delhi for higher research and obtained a PhD in 1964.<ref name="NAAS profile" /><ref name="IARI">{{cite web | url=http://www.iari.res.in/alumni/admin/alumnimaster.php?operation=view&pk0=1308722928&pk1=&pk2=KRISHAN+LAL&pk3=CHADHA&pk4=1+January+&pk5=INDIAN&pk6=MALE&pk7=HOUSE+NO.+7281%2C+SECTOR+-+B%2C+POCKET-+X+VASANT+KUNJ%2C&pk8=DISTT+-+NEW+DELHI&pk9=DELHI&pk10=110070&pk11=INDIA&pk12=0&pk13= | title=IARI | publisher=IARI | date=2014 | access-date=10 December 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210204245/http://www.iari.res.in/alumni/admin/alumnimaster.php?operation=view&pk0=1308722928&pk1=&pk2=KRISHAN+LAL&pk3=CHADHA&pk4=1+January+&pk5=INDIAN&pk6=MALE&pk7=HOUSE+NO.+7281,+SECTOR+-+B,+POCKET-+X+VASANT+KUNJ,&pk8=DISTT+-+NEW+DELHI&pk9=DELHI&pk10=110070&pk11=INDIA&pk12=0&pk13= | archive-date=10 December 2014 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

Chadha started his career as an Assistant Horticulturist at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute in 1963 and worked only for a year to move to [[Punjab Agricultural University]], Ludhiana as a Fruit Specialist in 1964.<ref name="HSI" /> After working there for five years, he joined the [[Indian Institute of Horticultural Research]] (IIHR), Bengaluru in 1969 as Senior Horticulturist. In 1972, he moved to the Central Mango Research Station, Lucknow as the Project Coordinator (Fruits) and, later, got promoted as the Head of the Centre.<ref name="HSI" /> The next move was back to IIHR, Bengaluru as the Director of the institute in 1980 for a stint till 1986 when he was called to the government cadre as the Horticultural Commissioner, [[Government of India]]<ref name="Aspee Foundation" /> and later, as the Executive Director of the National Horticultural Board.<ref name="NHB">{{cite web | url=http://nhb.gov.in/ | title=NHB | publisher=NHB | date=2014 | access-date=10 December 2014}}</ref> In 1987, he was promoted as the Deputy Director General of the [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]] from where he retired in 1996.<ref name="NAAS profile" /> In 1997, he was selected as the [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research|ICAR]] National Professor,<ref name="Aspee Foundation">{{cite web | url=http://aspeefoundation.org/awardees.asp | title=Aspee Foundation | publisher=Aspee Foundation | date=2011 | access-date=10 December 2014}}</ref> a post he held till 2001 and was an adjunct professor of the Indian Agricultural Research Institute ever afterwards.<ref name="NAAS profile" />

Krishna Lal Chadha held the chairs of the Indian Society of Agribusiness Professionals (ISAP), the International Mango Working Group and the Indian Agribusiness Systems (Agriwatch), New Delhi during 2007–08.<ref name="HSI" /> He was a president of various national-level agricultural societies such as the Indian Society of Agriculture Sciences, the [[Bougainvillea]] Society of India, the [[Orchidaceae|Orchid]] Society of India and the [[Mushroom]] Society of India. He was also the vice-president of the Indian Society of Vegetable Sciences and the [[Rose]] Society of India. He was the chief patron of the Association for Improvement in Production and Utilization of Banana and All India Kitchen Garden Association<ref name="HSI" /> and served the Board of Trustees of the [[International Potato Center]] (CIP), Lima, Peru, seven years as a member and three years as its vice-chairman.<ref name="NAAS profile" /><ref name="HSI" /> He also worked as the secretary of the sub-group on [[Viticulture]] for Southeast Asia and the vice-chairman of the Commission on Tropical and Sub-Tropical Horticulture.<ref name="HSI" /> He was a consultant to several international agencies such as [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] for the fruit production in eight countries of Asia, Genetic Resources in Thailand, [[USAID]] on mango production to Horticultural Export Improvement Association (HEIA), Cairo, Egypt, [[Bioversity International]] (former IPGRI) on [[genetic resources]] in citrus, mango and sub-tropical fruits and the [[World Bank]] on nursery production of horticulture and Forestry species.<ref name="HSI" /> He was the incumbent president of the Horticultural Society of India.<ref name="ACTA" /><ref name="Indian Journal of Horticulture">{{cite journal | url=http://anft.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:ijh&volume=69&issue=1&article=news | title=Hort News | author=IJH | journal=Indian Journal of Horticulture | year=2012 | volume=69 | issue=1 | pages=III | issn=0972-8538 | access-date=10 December 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305010227/http://anft.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:ijh&volume=69&issue=1&article=news | archive-date=5 March 2016 | url-status=dead}} </ref>

Chadha was a Fellow of the ''International Society for Horticultural Science,''<ref name="ISHS">{{cite web | url=http://www.ishs.org/ishs-awards | title=ISHS | publisher=ISHS | date=2014 | access-date=10 December 2014}}</ref> a US based forum of the scientific and technical professionals in the field of horticulture<ref name="ISHS about">{{cite web | url=http://www.ishs.org/ishs-world-wide-horticultural-network | title=ISHS about | publisher=ISHS | date=2014 | access-date=10 December 2014}}</ref> and was a member of several workgroups within the organization.<ref name="ACTA">{{cite web | url=http://www.actahort.org/members/membershiplist?keuzescw=sc&lidnummerzoek=13087&action=detail&testnumber=Zb268&magdetailzien=1 | title=ACTA | publisher=ACTA | date=2014 | access-date=10 December 2014}}</ref> He also held fellowships of the [[National Academy of Agricultural Sciences]],<ref name="NAAS profile" /><ref name="NAAS Fellow">{{cite web | url=http://naasindia.org/fellowships.html | title=NAAS Fellow | publisher=NAAS Fellow | date=2014 | access-date=10 December 2014 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150127230718/http://naasindia.org/fellowships.html | archive-date=27 January 2015 }}</ref> the Horticultural Society of India<ref name="HSI" /> and the Indian Society of Vegetable Science.<ref name="ISVS">{{cite web | url=http://www.isvs.org.in/Awards.aspx# | title=ISVS | publisher=ISVS | date=2014 | access-date=10 December 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210210754/http://www.isvs.org.in/Awards.aspx | archive-date=10 December 2014 | url-status=dead }}</ref> He was the chairman of such government and professional agencies as [[National Planning Commission of India]] working group for Horticulture Development in India, National Committee for oilpalm cultivation, Registration Committee for Pesticides, High Power Committee on Restructuring of Department of Agriculture, High Power Committee for Horticulture in the states of West Bengal, Haryana and Gujarat.<ref name="HSI" /> He was also a member of the National Steering Committee for Organic Products, Planning Commission Committee for Mid-term Review of the eleventh [[Five Year Plan (India)|Five Year Plan]] and two Task Forces for the [[Government of Kerala]] and [[Government of Rajasthan]].<ref name="HSI" />

Krishna Lal Chadha lived in New Delhi, where the Horticultural Society of India had its headquarters.<ref name="NAAS profile" /> He died on 23 March 2025, at the age of 88.<ref>[https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/business/2025/03/23/des34-krishna-lal-chadha-death.html Eminent horticulture scientist Krishna Lal Chadha dies after brief illness] </ref>

==Legacy==
Chadha was credited with 30 books on the topics of agriculture and horticulture,<ref name="List of Books"> {{cite web | url=http://www.dkagencies.com/doc/from/1023/to/21330/Author/Chadha,%20K.%20L.%20(Krishan%20Lal),%201935-/Books-By-Indian-Author.html | title=List of Books | publisher=DK Agencies | date=2014 | access-date=10 December 2014}}</ref> which include ''Advances in Horticulture'',<ref name="Advances in Horticulture">{{cite web | url=https://www.amazon.com/s?ie=UTF8&page=1&rh=n%3A283155%2Cp_27%3AK.L.%20Chadha | title=Advances in Horticulture | publisher=Amazon | date=2014 | access-date=10 December 2014}}</ref> a 13-volume publication covering 9410 pages.<ref name="HSI" /> He also brought out a ''Handbook of Horticulture''.<ref name="Handbook of Horticulture">{{cite book | url=http://www.dkagencies.com/doc/from/1063/to/1123/bkId/DKD56162763217313736929249628238231371/details.html | title=Handbook of Horticulture | publisher=DK Agencies | author=K L Chadha | year=2011 | pages=1031 | isbn=978-8171640065}}</ref> Some of the other notable books are ''Biotechnology of Horticulture and Plantation Crops'',<ref name="Biotechnology of Horticulture and Plantation Crops">{{cite book | url=http://www.abebooks.com/Biotechnology-Horticultural-Plantation-Crops-Chadha-Ravindran/209676207/bd | title=Biotechnology of Horticulture and Plantation Crops | publisher=Malhotra Publications | author=K L Chadha and P N Ravindran | year=2003 | isbn=9788185048420}}</ref> ''Agriculture and Environment'',<ref name="Agriculture and Environment">{{cite book | title=Agriculture and Environment | publisher=Malhotra Publishing House | author=K. L. Chadha, M. S. Swaminathan | year=2006 | pages=920 | isbn=978-8185048444}}</ref> ''The Grape : Improvement, Production and Post-Harvest Management''<ref name="The Grape : Improvement, Production and Post-Harvest Management">{{cite book | url=http://indianwine.com/cs/forums/t/268.aspx | title=The Grape : Improvement, Production and Post-Harvest Management | publisher=Malhotra Publishing House | author=K. L. Chadha and S.D. Shikhamany | year=1999 | isbn=81-85048-40-1 | access-date=10 December 2014 | archive-date=5 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305025909/http://indianwine.com/cs/forums/t/268.aspx | url-status=dead }}</ref> and ''The Apple : Improvement, Production and Post Harvest Management''.<ref name="The Apple : Improvement, Production and Post Harvest Management">{{cite book | title=The Apple : Improvement, Production and Post Harvest Management | publisher=Malhotra Publishing House | author=K. L. Chadha, R. P. Awasthi | year=2005 | isbn=978-8185048437}}</ref> Many books on horticulture and agriculture have cited Chadha in their works.<ref name="Citations">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ns4vQyf-zI0C&q=Krishna+Lal+Chadha+horticulture&pg=PA241 | title=Handbook of Vegetable Science and Technology | publisher=CRC Press | author=S. S. Kadam, D. K. Salunkhe | year=1998 | pages=742 | isbn=9780824701055}}</ref><ref name="Fruit Crops">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EpUOGrafCNgC&q=%22The+Grape%22+Chadha&pg=PA396 | title=Fruit Crops | publisher=New India Publishing | author=T. Radha, Lila Mathew | year=2007 | pages=440 | isbn=9788189422462}} </ref>

==Awards and recognitions==
Krishna Lal Chadha was conferred the doctoral degree of DSc (Honoris Causa) by the [[Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology]] in 1995. Two other universities, [[Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology]] and Rajendra Prasad Agricultural University followed suit in 2008 and 2009 respectively.<ref name="NAAS profile" /><ref name="HSI" /> He received the [[Borlaug Award]] in 1984, the Om Prakash Bhasin Award in 1992, the Dr. H. M. Marigowda Award in 1996, the S. K. Mitra Award in 1998 and the S. S. Ranade Memorial Award in 1999.<ref name="NAAS profile" /><ref name="HSI" /> He was also a recipient of honours such as the All-India Kitchen Garden Association Millennium Achievement Award (2001), [[National Academy of Agricultural Sciences|NAAS]] Dr. B. P. Pal Memorial Award (2004), HSI-Shivashakthi Life-Time Achievement Award (2007) and the National Agriculture Leadership Award (2008).<ref name="NAAS profile" /><ref name="HSI" /> In 2012, the [[Government of India]] included Chadha in the [[Indian honours system|Republic Day honours]] list for the award of [[Padma Shri]].<ref name="Padma Shri" /><ref name="NAAS profile" />

==See also==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[National Academy of Agricultural Sciences]]
* [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]]
* [[Indian Agricultural Research Institute]]
* [[International Potato Center]]
{{div col end}}
{{portal|India}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* {{cite book | url=http://www.dkagencies.com/doc/from/1063/to/1123/bkId/DKD56162763217313736929249628238231371/details.html | title=Handbook of Horticulture | publisher=DK Agencies | author=K L Chadha | year=2011 | pages=1031 | isbn=978-8171640065}}
* {{cite book | url=http://www.abebooks.com/Biotechnology-Horticultural-Plantation-Crops-Chadha-Ravindran/209676207/bd | title=Biotechnology of Horticulture and Plantation Crops | publisher=Malhotra Publications | author=K L Chadha and P N Ravindran | year=2003 | isbn=9788185048420}}
* {{cite book | title=Agriculture and Environment | publisher=Malhotra Publishing House | author=K. L. Chadha, M. S. Swaminathan | year=2006 | pages=920 | isbn=978-8185048444}}
* {{cite book | url=http://indianwine.com/cs/forums/t/268.aspx | title=The Grape : Improvement, Production and Post-Harvest Management | publisher=Malhotra Publishing House | author=K. L. Chadha and S.D. Shikhamany | year=1999 | isbn=81-85048-40-1 | access-date=10 December 2014 | archive-date=5 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305025909/http://indianwine.com/cs/forums/t/268.aspx | url-status=dead }}
* {{cite book | title=The Apple : Improvement, Production and Post Harvest Management | publisher=Malhotra Publishing House | author=K. L. Chadha, R. P. Awasthi | year=2005 | isbn=978-8185048437}}
* {{cite book | title=Advances in Horticulture: v. 1: History Genetic Resources Crop Improvement | publisher=Malhotra Publishing House | author=K. L. Chadha, O. P. Pareek | year=2007 | pages=567 | isbn=978-8185048192}}
* {{cite book | title=Advances in Horticulture: v. 2: Propagation and Rootstocks | publisher=Malhotra Publishing House | author=K. L. Chadha, O. P. Pareek | year=2007 | pages=586 | isbn=978-8185048192}}
* {{cite book | title=Advances in Horticulture: v. 3: Psychological Aspects, Disease Management, and Pest Management | publisher=Malhotra Publishing House | author=K. L. Chadha, O. P. Pareek | year=2007 | pages=505 | isbn= 978-8185048215}}
* {{cite book | title=Advances in Horticulture: v. 4: Pre and Post Harvest Management | publisher=Malhotra Publishing House | author=K. L. Chadha, O. P. Pareek | year=2007 | pages=514 | isbn=978-8185048222}}
* {{cite book | title=Advances in Horticulture: v. 5: Genetic Resources, Crop Improvement and Crop Production | publisher=Malhotra Publishing House | author=K. L. Chadha, G. Kalloo | year=2007 | pages=652 | isbn=978-8185048239}}
* {{cite book | title=Advances in Horticulture: v. 6: Disease Management, Seed Production | publisher=Malhotra Publishing House | author=K. L. Chadha, G. Kalloo | year=2007 | pages=580 | isbn=978-8185048246}}
* {{cite book | title=Advances in Horticulture: v. 7: Potato | publisher=Malhotra Publishing House | author=K. L. Chadha, J. S. Grewal | year=2007 | pages=827 | isbn=978-8185048253}}
* {{cite book | title=Advances in Horticulture: v. 8: Tuber Crops | publisher=Malhotra Publishing House | author=K. L. Chadha, G. G. Nayar | year=2007 | pages=746 | isbn=978-8185048260}}
* {{cite book | title=Advances in Horticulture: v. 9: Plantation and Spice Crops | publisher=Malhotra Publishing House | author=K. L. Chadha, P. Rethinam | year=2007 | pages=703 | isbn= 978-8185048277}}
* {{cite book | title=Advances in Horticulture: v. 10: Plantation and Spice Crops | publisher=Malhotra Publishing House | author=K. L. Chadha, P. Rethinam | year=2007 | pages=669 | isbn= 978-8185048284}}
* {{cite book | title=Advances in Horticulture: v. 11: Medicinal and Aromatic Plants | publisher=Malhotra Publishing House | author=K. L. Chadha, Rajendra Gupta | year=2007 | isbn=978-8185048291}}
* {{cite book | title=Advances in Horticulture: v. 13: Mushroom | publisher=Malhotra Publishing House | author=K. L. Chadha, S. R. Sharma | year=2007 | pages=680 | isbn=978-8185048314}}
{{div col end}}

==External links==
* {{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OV4F4sUV7xE | title=Civil Investiture Ceremony - Padma Shri | publisher=YouTube | work=Video | date=4 April 2012 | access-date=1 December 2014}}

{{2000s Padma Shri Award Recipients in Science & Engineering}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chadha, Krishna Lal}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering]]
[[Category:People from Sialkot District]]
[[Category:Indian horticulturists]]
[[Category:Om Prakash Bhasin Award recipients]]

List of Sanskrit universities in India

2025-11-06T23:41:56Z

Davidcza: update page to improve readability and cleaned formatting as per guidelines

{{Short description|none}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2020}}

The '''Sanskrit Universities''' are specialized universities that aim to promote and spread Sanskrit education, [[Shastra|shastraic]] education and related research.

The following is a list of at least 18 [[Sanskrit]] universities in [[India]] (3 central, 1 deemed and 14 state universities) which are only focused on [[Sanskrit revival]] and [[Sanskrit studies]] along with related disciplines like [[Ayurveda]].

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year Est.
! Name, place
! District
! State
! Type
! Notes
|-
| 1791<ref>[http://ssvv.up.nic.in/historyweb.htm History of Sampurnanand Sanskrit University] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120429105357/http://ssvv.up.nic.in/historyweb.htm |date=29 April 2012 }}</ref>
| [[Sampurnanand Sanskrit Vishwavidyalaya]] (former Government Sanskrit College)
| [[Varanasi]]
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| University
| (during Governor General Cornwallis)
|-
| 1821
| [[Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute|Poona Sanskrit College]] (Deccan College)
| [[Pune]]
| [[Maharashtra]]
| Deemed University
| (during Governor General Francis Hastings)
|-
| 1824
| [[The Sanskrit College and University]]
| [[Kolkata]]
| [[West Bengal]]
| University
| (during Governor General Amherst)
|-
| 1961
| [[Kameshwar Singh Darbhanga Sanskrit University]]
| [[Darbhanga]]
| [[Bihar]]
| University
|-
| 1962
| [[National Sanskrit University]]
| [[Tirupati]]
| [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| Central University
|-
| 1962
| [[Shri Lal Bahadur Shastri National Sanskrit University]]
| [[New Delhi]]
| [[Delhi]]
| Central University
|-
| 1970
| [[Central Sanskrit University]]
| [[New Delhi]]
| [[Delhi]]
| Central University
|-
| 1981
| [[Shree Jagannath Sanskrit University]]
| [[Puri]]
| [[Odisha]]
| University
|-
| 1993
| [[Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit]], [[Kalady]]
| [[Kochi]]
| [[Kerala]]
| University
|-
| 1997
| [[Kavikulaguru Kalidas Sanskrit University]], [[Ramtek]]
| [[Nagpur]]
| [[Maharashtra]]
| University
|-
| 2001
| [[Jagadguru Ramanandacharya Rajasthan Sanskrit University]]
| [[Jaipur]]
| [[Rajasthan]]
| University
|-
| 2005
| [[Uttarakhand Sanskrit University]]
| [[Haridwar]]
| [[Uttarakhand]]
| University
|-
| 2005
| [[Shree Somnath Sanskrit University]], [[Veraval]]
| [[Veraval]]
| [[Gujarat]]
| University
|-
| 2006
| [[Sri Venkateswara Vedic University]], [[Tirumala]]
| [[Tirupati]]
| [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| University
|-
| 2008
| [[Maharshi Panini Sanskrit University|Maharshi Panini Sanskrit Evam Vedic Vishwavidyalaya]]
| [[Ujjain]]
| [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| University
|-
| 2011
| [[Karnataka Samskrit University]]
| [[Bengaluru]]
| [[Karnataka]]
| University
|-
| 2011<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.punjabcolleges.com/64348-indiacolleges-Kumar-Bhaskar-Varma-Sanskrit-and-Ancient-Studies-University-Nalbari/|title=Kumar Bhaskar Varma Sanskrit and Ancient Studies University, Nalbari, Assam |publisher=punjabcolleges.com|date= |accessdate=2013-09-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110305/jsp/northeast/story_13668063.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002122206/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110305/jsp/northeast/story_13668063.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 October 2013|title=Varsity to preserve India’s ancient wisdom - Dispur plans institution to promote studies and research in Sanskrit and indigenous philosophy |publisher=Telegraphindia.com|date= |accessdate=2013-09-28}}</ref>
| [[Kumar Bhaskar Varma Sanskrit and Ancient Studies University]]
| [[Nalbari]]
| [[Assam]]
| University
|-
| 2018
| [[Maharishi Balmiki Sanskrit University|Maharishi Valmiki Sanskrit University]]<ref name=uni1>[http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/maharishi-valmiki-sanskrit-university-to-be-set-up-at-kaithal-118031501294_1.html Maharishi Valmiki Sanskrit University to be set up at Kaithal], Business Standard, 15 Mar 2018.</ref>
| [[Kaithal]]
| [[Haryana]]
| University
|-
|2016
|[[Chinmaya Vishwavidyapeeth]]
|[[Kochi]]
|[[Kerala]]
|Deemed University
|-
|1918
|[[Faculty of Sanskrit Vidya Dharma Vigyan, Banaras Hindu University]]
|Varanasi
|[[Uttar Pradesh|UP]]
|School
|}

==See also==
* [[Sanskrit revival#Revival outside India|List of Sanskrit academic institutes outside India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{sanskrit}}
{{Sanskrit Universities in India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Sanskrit universities in India| ]]
[[Category:Sanskrit]]
[[Category:Hinduism-related lists]]
[[Category:Indology]]
[[Category:Lists of universities in India|Sanskrit universities]]
[[Category:Sanskrit revival]]

P. R. Krishna Kumar

2025-10-28T15:49:11Z

Davidcza: added some bio more to come

{{Short description|Indian Ayurveda expert (1951–2020)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = P. R. Krishna Kumar
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1951|09|23|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Shoranur]], [[Kerala]], India
| death_date = 16 September 2020 (aged 68)
| death_place = [[Coimbatore]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = [[Ayurveda]] expert<ref name="DH_PRK" />
| yearsactive =
| known for = [[AVP Research Foundation]]
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| website = {{Url|http://www.avpayurveda.com|Arya Vaidya Pharmacy}}
| awards = [[Padma Shri]]; Dhanvantari Puraskar
}}
'''P. R. Krishna Kumar''' (23{{nbsp}}September 1951{{snd}}16{{nbsp}}September 2020) was an Indian [[Ayurveda]] expert<ref name="DH_PRK">{{cite news |title=Ayurveda expert P R Krishnakumar passes away |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/ayurveda-expert-p-r-krishnakumar-passes-away-888705.html |access-date=2 December 2020 |work=Deccan Herald |date=17 September 2020 |language=en}}</ref> and managing director of The Arya Vaidya Pharmacy (Coimbatore) Ltd. He established The Ayurvedic Trust, overseeing AVCRI (The Arya Vaidya Chikitsalayam and Research Institute) and [[AVP Research Foundation]], a non-profit organisation promoting research in the [[Ayurveda]].<ref name="Research conducted by Kovai scientists on rheumatic patients shortlisted for prestigious award">{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/Research-conducted-by-Kovai-scientists-on-rheumatic-patients-shortlisted-for-prestigious-award/articleshow/15011740.cms?referral=PM | title=Research conducted by Kovai scientists on rheumatic patients shortlisted for prestigious award | publisher=Times of India | date=17 July 2012 | access-date=24 February 2016 | archive-date=3 October 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003095240/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/Research-conducted-by-Kovai-scientists-on-rheumatic-patients-shortlisted-for-prestigious-award/articleshow/15011740.cms?referral=PM | url-status=live }}</ref> He was the chancellor of the [[Avinashilingam University]],<ref name="Krishnakumar assumes charge as Chancellor">{{cite web | url=http://english.mathrubhumi.com/education/news/news-updates/krishnakumar-assumes-charge-as-chancellor-english-news-1.689986 | title=Krishnakumar assumes charge as Chancellor | publisher=Mathrubhumi | date=23 November 2015 | access-date=24 February 2016 | archive-date=9 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309123137/http://english.mathrubhumi.com/education/news/news-updates/krishnakumar-assumes-charge-as-chancellor-english-news-1.689986 | url-status=live }}</ref> and the chairman of CARe Keralam (Confederation for Ayurvedic Renaissance – Keralam), a resource centre involved in efforts to standardise Ayurvedic medicines.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Staff Reporter|date=16 September 2020|title=Ayurveda doyen P. R. Krishnakumar dies of COVID-19|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/ayurveda-doyen-p-r-krishnakumar-dies-of-covid-19/article32623803.ece|access-date=18 September 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The Government of India awarded him the fourth-highest civilian honour of the [[Padma Shri]], in 2009, for his contributions to Ayurveda.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2016 | access-date=3 January 2016 | archive-date=15 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref>

== Early life ==
Krishna Kumar was born on 23 September 1951 in a family of Ayurvedic practitioners in [[Shoranur]], [[Palakkad district]], in the south Indian state of [[Kerala]], to Pankajam and [[Aryavaidyan P.V. Rama Varier]], an ayurvedic physician and the founder of the Arya Vaidya Pharmacy.<ref name="A true plural being">{{cite journal | pmc=3121251 | title=A true plural being | author=U. Indulal | journal=J Ayurveda Integr Med | date=January 2011 | volume=2 | issue=1 | pages=32–34 | doi=10.4103/0975-9476.78189 | pmid=21731385 | doi-access=free }}</ref> His formal education in ayurveda was at the Shoranur Ayurveda College, in [[Shoranur]], [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]].<ref name="Ayurveda honoured">{{cite web|date=28 February 2009|title=Ayurveda honoured|url=http://www.avpayurveda.com/dmdocuments/Ayurveda%20Honored.pdf|access-date=24 February 2016|publisher=Merri News}}{{Dead link|date=December 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Kumar joined the Arya Vaidya Pharmacy after completing his education, and was involved in the study of Ayurveda through his work at the foundation.<ref name="A true plural being" />

In 1977, he conceived and implemented a seven and a half year curriculum for Ayurvedic studies, first affiliated to the [[University of Madras]] and later to the [[Bharathiar University]]. The course introduced Ayurvedic studies along with components of spiritual practices, traditional martial arts, and was set in a ''[[gurukula]]''-based living arrangement. The curriculum came to be known in academic circles as the "Coimbatore Experiment".<ref name="A true plural being" /> In the same year, he initiated the first ever clinical research to study the efficacy of [[Ayurvedic medicaments|Ayurvedic medicines]] for [[rheumatoid arthritis]], in a joint study with the [[World Health Organization]] and the [[Indian Council of Medical Research]].<ref name=":0" />

Kumar implemented projects for the Government of India's [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]] and Department of Environment linked to ayurveda and traditional land use, including execution of the All India Coordinated Project on Ethnobiology of Tribals in the Western Ghats between 1985 and 1988.<ref name="A true plural being" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Padmashree Dr. P. R. Krishna Kumar|url=http://ayurvedicpointcongress.com/index.php/en/speaker-en/item/154-padmashree-dr-p-r-krishna-kumar|access-date=18 September 2020|website=ayurvedicpointcongress.com|language=en-gb}}</ref>

In 2003, Kumar founded the AVT Institute for Advanced Research', later renamed the [[AVP Research Foundation]], to promote scientific research in ayurveda. The foundation initiated several research programs which included a study, funded jointly with the [[National Institutes of Health]], and conducted by the [[University of Washington, Seattle]], and the [[University of California Los Angeles, California]], to ascertain the efficacy of ayurvedic medicines in the treatment of [[rheumatoid arthritis]].<ref name="U.S. study shows efficacy of Ayurveda medicines in rheumatoid arthritis cure">{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2236351.ece | title=U.S. study shows efficacy of Ayurveda medicines in rheumatoid arthritis cure | work=The Hindu | date=18 July 2011 | access-date=24 February 2016 | archive-date=22 February 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222023208/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2236351.ece | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Furst|first1=Daniel E.|last2=Venkatraman|first2=Manorama M.|last3=McGann|first3=Mary|last4=Manohar|first4=P. Ram|last5=Booth-LaForce|first5=Cathryn|last6=Sarin|first6=Reshmi|last7=Sekar|first7=P. G.|last8=Raveendran|first8=K.G.|last9=Mahapatra|first9=Anita|last10=Gopinath|first10=Jidesh|last11=Kumar|first11=P. R. Krishna|date=1 June 2011|title=Double-Blind, Randomized, Controlled, Pilot Study Comparing Classic Ayurvedic Medicine, Methotrexate, and Their Combination in Rheumatoid Arthritis|url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1097%2FRHU.0b013e31821c0310|journal=Journal of Clinical Rheumatology|language=en-US|volume=17|issue=Suppl 1|pages=185–192|doi=10.1097/RHU.0b013e31821c0310|pmid=21617554|s2cid=14949859|issn=1076-1608|url-access=subscription}}</ref> In the same year, the foundation also launched a clinical documentation program, called RUDRA, to promote practice-based evidence in [[Ayurveda]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Arya Vaidya Pharmacy Chairman Krishnakumar dies of COVID-19 in Coimbatore|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2020/sep/17/arya-vaidya-pharmacy-chairman-krishnakumar-dies-of-covid-19-in-coimbatore-2197820.html|access-date=18 September 2020|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

He founded the DIVYAM Academy as a centre for holistic value-based education for children.<ref name="A true plural being" /> He was also known to have contributed in conceptualizing and implementing the preparation of ayurvedic medicines in tablet form and conducted several free medical camps for the poor in rural areas.<ref name="An Honour for Ayurveda">{{cite web | url=http://www.avpayurveda.com/dmdocuments/KKJIPADMASRI.1.pdf | title=An Honour for Ayurveda | work=Indian Express | date=28 January 2009 | access-date=24 February 2016 }}{{Dead link|date=December 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The Government of India honoured him with the civilian award of the [[Padma Shri]] in 2009.<ref name="Ayurveda a holistic science, not a tourism component">{{cite web | url=http://www.avpayurveda.com/dmdocuments/KKJIPADMASRI.2.pdf | title=Ayurveda a holistic science, not a tourism component | work=The Hindu | date=6 February 2009 | access-date=24 February 2016 }}{{Dead link|date=December 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> He was also chairman of the Confederation for Ayurvedic Renaissance (CARe) in Kerala.<ref name=":0" />

During the beginning of the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]], the Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] held a video conference with Kumar to discuss the prospects of Ayurveda to manage COVID-19.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Reporter?|first=Staff|date=16 September 2020|title=Ayurveda doyen P. R. Krishnakumar dies of COVID-19|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/ayurveda-doyen-p-r-krishnakumar-dies-of-covid-19/article32623803.ece|access-date=16 September 2020|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=17 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917192318/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/ayurveda-doyen-p-r-krishnakumar-dies-of-covid-19/article32623803.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Illness and death ==
Kumar had a below knee [[amputation]] of his right leg due to a [[diabetic foot ulcer]].<ref name=":0" />

After he contracted [[COVID-19]] during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]], Kumar was admitted for medical treatment at a private hospital in [[Coimbatore]] for over a week.<ref name=":0" /> He died on 16 September 2020, seven days short of his 69th birthday.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Doyen of Ayurveda – P R Krishnakumar is no more|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/science/doyen-of-ayurveda-p-r-krishnakumar-is-no-more/article32629195.ece|access-date=|website=@businessline|date=17 September 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

== Honours ==

* [[Padma Shri]], Government of India (2009)<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Indulal|first=U.|date=2011|title=A true plural being – A life profile of P. R. Krishna Kumar|journal=Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine|volume=2|issue=1|pages=32–34|doi=10.4103/0975-9476.78189|issn=0975-9476|pmc=3121251|pmid=21731385 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* ''Dhanvantari Puraskar'', Government of India (2016)<ref name=":0" />
Kumar was also a recipient of an honorary doctoral degree from the [[Kuvempu University]].<ref name=":2" />

== See also ==

* [[AVP Research Foundation]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Medicine}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, P. R. Krishna}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine]]
[[Category:Heads of universities and colleges in India]]
[[Category:People from Palakkad district]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:Ayurvedacharyas from Kerala]]
[[Category:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in India]]

Empress of India Medal

2025-10-15T19:09:29Z

Davidcza: Creating Pg

{{EngvarB|date=April 2014}}
{{about|the medal commemorating the proclamation of Queen Victoria|the medal for distinguished public service in British India| Kaisar-i-Hind Medal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2014}}
{{infobox military award
| name = Empress of India Medal
| image = Empress of India Medal gold.png
| image_size = 290px
| caption = Obverse and reverse of the Empress of India Medal
| presenter = [[Queen Victoria]]
| country =
| type = Commemorative medal
| eligibility =
| awarded_for = Commemorate the proclamation of Queen Victoria as Empress of India
| campaign =
| status =
| description =
| motto =
| clasps =
| post-nominals =
| established = 1 January 1877
| firstawarded =
| lastawarded =
| total_awarded =
| total_awarded_posthumously =
| total_recipients =
| precedence_label =
| individual =
| higher =
| same =
| lower =
| related =
| image2 = [[File:Empress of India Medal.png]]
| caption2 = Ribbon bar of the medal
}}
The '''Empress of India Medal''', also referred to as '''KIH Medal''', was a commemorative medal awarded to mark the occasion of the proclamation of [[Queen Victoria]] as [[Empress of India]] in 1877. It was the first wearable medal issued to mark a commemorative occasion within the British Empire. The medal was awarded in gold to [[Princely state|Indian princes]] and senior officials and in silver to selected British and Indian military officers and civilians, as well as one soldier from each British and Indian regiment serving in India at the time of the proclamation celebrations of the 1877 [[Delhi Durbar]].

==History==
The first official medals to commemorate the coronation of a British sovereign were distributed in 1547, marking the coronation of King [[Edward VI]]. These medals were medallions or commemorative coins, not intended for wear. The first official medal, commemorating a royal occasion, which could be worn, was the Empress of India Medal. This medal marked the occasion of the proclamation at the [[Delhi Durbar]] of Queen Victoria as Empress of India on 1 January 1877.<ref name=McCreery>{{cite book |last=McCreery |first=Christopher |author-link=Christopher McCreery |title=Commemorative medals of the Queen's reign in Canada, 1952-2012 |year=2012 |publisher=Dundurn Press |location=Toronto |isbn=9781459707566 |page=19}}</ref>

==Appearance==
The medal was made in both [[gold]] and [[silver]]. It measures {{convert|58|mm|in}} in diameter, nearly 20 mm more than a campaign medal. The [[obverse and reverse|obverse]] of the medal depicts the [[diadem]]ed [[effigy]] of Queen Victoria, wearing a veil which falls over the back of the head and neck. Around the beaded edge of the medal is inscribed ''Victoria 1st January 1877''. The reverse bears the inscription ''Empress of India'' in [[English language|English]], ''Hind-ka-Kesar'' in [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], and ''Qai''s''ar-e-Hind'' in [[Persian language|Persian]]. Around the edge is a repeating decorative design.<ref>{{cite book|last=Tancred|first=George|title=Historical Record of Medals and Honorary Distinctions Conferred on the British Navy, Army & Auxiliary Forces: From the Earliest Period|year=1891|publisher=Spink & Son|pages=295–296}}</ref> It was issued unnamed, although some medals were later engraved privately.<ref>{{Cite book|author=John W. Mussell|title=Medal Yearbook 2015.|page=278. Token Publishing Ltd, Honiton, Devon}}{{ISBN|978-1-908-828-16-3}}</ref>

It was worn on a {{convert|42|mm|in}} ribbon around the neck.<ref name=McCreery/> The ribbon is crimson, with thin yellow stripes at the edges.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/30007559 |title=Empress of India Medal (1877) |publisher=Imperial War Museums |access-date=30 October 2012}}</ref>

==Award criteria==
The medal was awarded in gold to Indian princes and senior officials, and in silver to selected British and Indian officers and civilians, as well as a selected soldier from each British and Indian regiment serving in India at the time.<ref name=McCreery/><ref name=Dorling>{{cite book|last=Dorling|first=H. Taprell|title=Ribbons and Medals|year=1956|publisher=A. H. Baldwin & Son, London|page=107}}</ref> The medal was not permitted to be worn by officers and soldiers of the British and Indian armies in uniform, although it was frequently worn by Indian princes and civilians.<ref name=Dorling/>

==Award ceremony==
During the Durbar proclaiming Victoria Empress of India, the [[Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton|Viceroy]], arrayed in the robes of the Grand Master of the [[Order of the Star of India]], received each of the 63 ruling princes of India in turn, he: {{quote|... placed round the prince's neck a crimson ribbon, to which was attached a very handsome gold medal with the Queen's head engraved on it, adding: 'I decorate you, by command of Her Majesty. May this medal be long worn by yourself, and long kept as an heirloom in your family in remembrance of the auspicious date it bears'.<ref>{{cite book | last = Roberts | first = Earl | title = Forty-One Years in India. | year = 1999 |page=333. Publisher Richard Bentley and Son, 1896 | url = http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/16528 | isbn =978-1402177422 }}</ref>}}

== Recipients ==
{{Div col|colwidth=15em|rules=|gap=4em}}
* [[Jung Bahadur Rana]]
* [[Vijaya Mohana Muktamba Bai]]
* [[Sultan Jahan, Begum of Bhopal]]
* [[Seth Baldeo Dass Sarda of Punjab]]
* [[Bhagvatsinhji]]
* [[Sayajirao Gaekwad III]]
* [[Raghubir Singh Jind]]
* [[Kasturchand Daga]]
* [[Kalb Ali Khan]]
* [[Mahboob Ali Khan]]
* [[Muhammad Mushtaq Ali Khan]]
* [[Khengarji III]]
* [[Ranodip Singh Kunwar]]
* [[Hira Singh Nabha]]
* [[Nripendra Narayan]]
* [[Ramachandra Tondaiman]]
* [[Chandra Shumsher Jang Bahadur Rana]]
* [[Jayajirao Scindia]]
* [[Shivaji VI]]
* [[Pratap Singh of Jammu and Kashmir]]
* [[Jaswant Singh of Bharatpur]]
* [[Lakshmeshwar Singh]]
* [[Rameshwar Singh]]
* [[Ranbir Singh of Jammu and Kashmir]]
* [[Shah Jahan Begum of Bhopal|Shah Jahan Begum]]
* [[Visakham Thirunal]]
* [[Ayilyam Thirunal]]
{{Div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.omsa.org/view-image/?imageid=15922&catid=1289 Empress of India Medal 1877 Information.] OMSA Medal Database
*[https://www.omsa.org/view-image/?imageid=431&catid=1289 Empress of India Medal, 1877, gold.] OMSA Medal Database
*[https://www.omsa.org/view-image/?imageid=432&catid=1289 Empress of India Medal, 1877, silver.] OMSA Medal Database

{{Queen Victoria}}
{{Commonwealth Coronation and Jubilee medals}}

[[Category:Orders, decorations, and medals of British India]]
[[Category:Awards established in 1877]]
[[Category:Awards disestablished in 1877]]
[[Category:1877 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:Queen Victoria]]

Tas (clan)

2025-09-19T17:29:37Z

Davidcza: created the entry v1

{{Short description| Gujjar clan}}
{{About|an agricultural clan in India and Pakistan|other uses|TAS (disambiguation){{!}}TAS}}
{{infobox caste
| caste_name = '''Mundan'''
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| abbreviation =
| jati =
| gotra =
| religions = {{hlist| [[Hinduism]] | [[Sikhism]] | [[Islam]] }}
| languages = {{hlist| [[Gujari language|Gujari]] | [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] | [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] | [[Haryanvi]] | [[Marwari language|Marwari]] | [[Pahari language|Pahari]] | [[Pashto]] | [[Balochi language|Balochi]] | [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]]}}
| country = {{hlist| [[India]] | [[Pakistan]] }}
| region = {{hlist| [[Gujarat|Gujjarat]] | [[Rajasthan]] [[Punjab]] | [[Kashmir]], [[Balochistan]] | [[Haryana]], [[Himachal Pradesh]] | [[Uttar Pradesh]] }}
| ethnicity = [[Gurjar]] (Gujjar)
| India_migration =
| population =
| family_names =
| feudal_title = Choudhary, Singh
| heraldic_title =
| lineage =
| subdivisions =
| related = }}

'''Tas'''<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yfKBAAAAMAAJ |title=The Journal of the Anthropological Survey of India |date=2001 |publisher=[[The Survey]] |volume=49 |pages=60 |language=en |quote=The Gujjars of Himachal Pradesh whether Hindu or Muslim , no- madic or settled , identify themselves simply as 'Gujjar' and they have many Gots (clans) such as '''Tas''', Kataria, Kor, Kheppad, Toor, and so on.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kumar |first=Raj |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e8o5HyC0-FUC&q=Tas+Gujars&pg=PA446 |title=Encyclopaedia of Untouchables Ancient, Medieval and Modern |date=2008 |publisher=Kalpaz Publishers |isbn=978-81-7835-664-8 |pages=449 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yyMNAAAAIAAJ |title=Gazette[e]r of the Gujrat District |date=1990 |publisher=Sang-e-Meel Publications |pages=46 |language=en |quote=It is said that there are 101 sub - divisions of Gujars which may be following:__ List of Gujars, '''Tas''' , Bhadana, Cawari, Nun, Khari, Paur, Ralaita, Awane, and many other.}}</ref> is an agricultural clan of the Indian and Pakistani [[Gurjar]] ethnic community in [[Punjab, India|Indian Punjab]].{{Contradictory inline|reason=The same sentence says they are an "agricultural clan of the Indian and Pakistani Gurjar ethnic community" and adds "in Indian Punjab." This phrasing limits them to to just one state in Indian Punjab, instead of two countries as claimed a few words earlier.|date=September 2025}} ''Tas'' Gujjars are adherents of Hinduism, Islam and some are also Sikh.

==Geographical distribution==
They inhabit several different Indian states, including [[Rajasthan]], [[Haryana]], Uttar Pradesh, [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], Madhya Pradesh, [[Uttarakhand]], Jammu and Kashmir, Gujarat, [[Himachal Pradesh]]<ref name=":0" /> and [[Delhi|Dehli]]. In Pakistan they inhabit Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, [[Azad Kashmir]], [[Balochistan]] and [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] (especially in [[Gujrat District|Gujrat]],<ref name=":1" /> Lahore and Gujranwala districts) provinces of Pakistan.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Gurjar clans of India]]
[[Category: Gurjar clans of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Social groups of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Social groups of Rajasthan]]

{{India-ethno-stub}}
{{Pakistan-ethno-stub}}

Arjun Dev Nair

2025-09-05T09:11:55Z

Davidcza: added a post w/ refs

{{Short description|Flag officer in the Indian Navy}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]]
| name = Arjun Dev Nair
| honorific_suffix = [[Vishisht Seva Medal|VSM]]
| native_name =
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| image = File:RAdm Arjun Dev Nair.jpg
| image_size =
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| allegiance = {{IND}}
| branch = {{navy|India}}
| serviceyears =
| rank = [[File:British Royal Navy (sleeves) OF-7.svg|20px]] [[File:12-Indian Navy-RADM.svg|20px]] [[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]]
| servicenumber =
| unit =
| commands = {{ship|INS|Trikand|F51}} {{ship|INS|Kirpan|P44}} {{ship|INS|Nashak|K83}}
| battles =
| battles_label =
| awards = [[File:Vishisht_Seva_Medal_ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Vishisht Seva Medal]]
| alma_mater = [[Indian Naval Academy]]
| spouse = 
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}}

[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] '''Arjun Dev Nair''', [[Vishisht Seva Medal|VSM]] is a serving Flag officer in the [[Indian Navy]]. He currently serves as the Commandant of the [[Naval War College, Goa]].

==Naval career==
Nair is an [[anti-submarine warfare]] specialist. He attended the [[Defence Services Staff College]], [[Wellington Cantonment|Wellington]]. He has commanded the [[Veer-class corvette]] {{ship|INS|Nashak|K83}}, the [[Khukri-class corvette]] {{ship|INS|Kirpan|P44}} and the commanding officer of [[Talwar-class frigate]] {{ship|INS|Trikand|F51}}. Under his command, ''Trikand'' won the award of Unit Citation 2016-17 and Best Ship 2016-17.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Warships Visit Port Victoria (26 - 28 august 16) |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=149250 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=24 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Indian warship Trikand visits Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania (06 - 09 September 2016) |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=149562 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=24 May 2024}}</ref> He was awarded the [[Vishisht Seva Medal]] on 26 January 2018.<ref>{{cite web |title=390 Republic Day Gallantry and Other Defence Decorations Announced |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1517875 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=24 May 2024}}</ref>

As a [[Commodore (India)|Commodore]], Nair served as the Fleet operations officer (FOO) of the [[Western Fleet (India)|Western Fleet]]. He subsequently served as the Principal Director (Training) at the [[Indian Naval Academy]], Ezhimala.<ref>{{cite web |title=Valedictory Lunch Held at Indian Naval Academy |url=https://indiannavy.nic.in/node/18806 |website=indiannavy.nic.in |access-date=24 May 2024}}</ref> He attended the 59th course of the [[National Defence College (India)|National Defence College]], New Delhi in 2019.

===Flag rank===
Nair was promoted to flag rank and appointed Assistant Chief of Personnel (Administration and Civilian) (ACOP A&C) at naval headquarters. The ACOP is an assistant principal staff officer role. He subsequently served as the Assistant Chief of the Naval Staff (Staff Requirements), also at NHQ. On 20 November 2023, he was appointed the 6th Commandant of [[Naval War College, Goa]]. He took over from Rear Admiral [[Rajesh Dhankhar]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Rajnath Singh to inaugurate new building of Naval War College, Goa on Mar 5 |url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/rajnath-singh-to-inaugurate-new-building-of-naval-war-college-goa-on-mar-5-124030100676_1.html |website=business-standard.com |access-date=24 May 2024}}</ref>

==Awards and decorations==
{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Vishisht_Seva_Medal_ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND_Samanya_Seva_medal.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND_Operation_Vijay_star.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND_Operation_Vijay_medal.svg|width=106}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND_Operation_Parakram_medal.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND_Sainya_Seva_Medal_Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND_Videsh_Seva_Medal_Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=75yearmedal.svg|width=106}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 50th Anniversary Independence medal.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND_30_Years_Long_Service_Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 20YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 9YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|width=106}}
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|-
|[[Vishisht Seva Medal]]
|[[Samanya Seva Medal]]
|[[Operation Vijay Star]]
|[[Operation Vijay Medal]]
|-
|[[Operation Parakram Medal]]
|[[Sainya Seva Medal]]
|[[Videsh Seva Medal]]
|[[75th Independence Anniversary Medal (India)|75th Independence Anniversary Medal]]
|-
|[[50th Independence Anniversary Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Long service awards|30 Years Long Service Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Long service awards|20 Years Long Service Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Long service awards|9 Years Long Service Medal]]
|}

==See also==
* [[Naval War College, Goa]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{s-bef|before = [[Rajesh Dhankhar]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Naval_War_College,_Goa#Commandants|Commandant Naval War College, Goa]]|years=2021 – 2022}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Nair, Arjun Dev}}
[[Category:Indian Navy rear admirals]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Defence Services Staff College alumni]]
[[Category:National Defence College, India alumni]]
[[Category:Commandants of Naval War College, Goa]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Vishisht Seva Medal]]

Action of 3 July 1810

2025-08-19T14:25:34Z

Davidcza: typo fix

{{Short description|1810 battle of the Mauritius campaign of 1809–1811}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{good article}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Action of 3 July 1810
| partof = the [[Mauritius campaign of 1809–1811]]
| image = The Windham East India Man with the Fleet sailing from St Helena, under convoy of His Majesty's ship Monmouth RMG PY8454 (cropped).jpg
| caption = ''[[Chilean ship Lautaro (1818)|Windham]]'' (centre) leading a convoy of British East Indiamen in 1808
| date = 3 July 1810
| place = Off the [[Comoro Islands]], [[Indian Ocean]]
| result = French victory
| combatant1 = [[First French Empire|France]]
| combatant2 = [[East India Company]]
| commander1 = [[Guy-Victor Duperré]]
| commander2 = [[Henry Meriton]]
| strength1 = 2 frigates 1 brig
| strength2 = 3 merchant ships
| casualties1 = 22 killed 38 wounded
| casualties2 = 20 killed 76 wounded 2 merchant ships captured
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Mauritius campaign of 1809–1811}}
}}

The '''action of 3 July 1810''' was a minor naval engagement of the [[Napoleonic Wars]], in which a French [[frigate]] squadron under [[Guy-Victor Duperré]] attacked and defeated a convoy of three British [[East Indiaman|East Indiamen]] near the [[Comoro Islands]]. Both sides suffered 20 or more sailors killed before two East Indiamen surrendered. These were ''Ceylon'' and the British flagship [[Chilean ship Lautaro (1818)|''Windham'']], which held off the French squadron long enough for the ship ''Astell'' to escape. It was the third successful French attack on an [[Indian Ocean]] convoy in just over a year, and the second time the French had captured ''Windham''. The French frigates were part of a squadron operating from the [[Isle de France (Mauritius)|Isle de France]] under Commodore [[Jacques Hamelin]].

Although a British frigate squadron under [[Josias Rowley]] was under orders to eliminate the French raiders, Rowley was distracted by the planned [[invasion of Isle Bonaparte]], which began the following week. Combined with limited British resources in the region, this allowed the French frigates significant freedom to attack British interests across the Ocean. The attack on Isle Bonaparte was however part of a wider British strategy to seize and capture French raiding bases, and the success of the operation severely limited future French operations as Hamelin's squadron was required for the defence of Isle de France. As a result, this was the last successful attack on a British merchant convoy in the Indian Ocean during the Napoleonic Wars.

==Background==
Since the beginning of the [[Napoleonic Wars]] in 1803, French [[privateers]] and naval [[frigates]] operating from the fortified island bases of [[Isle de France (Mauritius)|Isle de France]] and [[Réunion|Isle Bonaparte]] had attacked British shipping in the [[Indian Ocean]].<ref name="RG92">Gardiner, p. 92</ref> The huge distances involved, restrictions on supplies and the presence of [[Royal Navy]] warships and heavily armed [[East Indiamen]] had prevented these relatively weak French ships from attacking the convoys that transported millions of pounds worth of goods from [[British India]] and the Far East to the United Kingdom. When one French squadron under [[Charles-Alexandre Léon Durand Linois|Admiral Linois]] had tried to seize a convoy in 1805, it had been driven off by the aggressive tactics of the merchant captains.<ref name="RLA185">Adkins, p. 185</ref>

In late 1808, the [[French Navy]] despatched five frigates to the Indian Ocean to rendezvous at Isle de France under the command of Commodore [[Jacques Hamelin]]. Although only four frigates eventually reached the French island, these were new vessels carrying 40 heavy guns each under orders to attack British shipping in the [[Bay of Bengal]], in particular the large East Indiamen of the [[Honourable East India Company]] (HEIC).<ref name="WJ192">James, p. 192</ref> The first frigate to do so was [[French frigate Caroline|''Caroline'']], which attacked a Europe-bound convoy in the [[action of 31 May 1809]]. Capturing two East Indiamen carrying over £500,000 worth of [[silk]], ''Caroline'' brought her prizes back to the fortified port of [[Saint Paul, Réunion|Saint Paul]] on Isle Bonaparte.<ref name="RW283">Woodman, p. 283</ref>

The British commander at the [[Cape of Good Hope]], [[Sir Albemarle Bertie, 1st Baronet|Albemarle Bertie]], had also been planning an operation in the Indian Ocean during 1809 and assembled a squadron under Commodore [[Josias Rowley]] with orders to blockade the French islands, probe their defences and capture them if practical.<ref name="RG92"/> Rowley found that his small squadron was unable to engage the French frigates and that the nearest British military base, [[Madras]] in British India, was much too far away to be practical for staging [[amphibious operations]]. To remedy the latter problem, Rowley seized the small French island of [[Rodrigues (island)|Rodriguez]] with a force of British and Indian soldiers and garrisoned it as a supply base for his ships and as a military reserve to use in landings on the French islands. The first such operation was the [[Raid on Saint Paul]] in September 1809, in which the town of Saint Paul was captured, ''Caroline'' and her prizes seized; Isle Bourbon's commander [[Nicolas Des Bruslys]] was driven to suicide.<ref name="WJ197">James, p. 197</ref>

==Continued raiding==
[[File:Guy-Victor Duperré - Court (cropped 1) (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|1832 portrait of Duperré by [[Joseph-Désiré Court]]]]

Despite the British attack on Saint Paul, French frigates continued to operate in the Indian Ocean, Hamelin personally leading a cruise in the Bay of Bengal during the autumn. His ships seized a number of small merchantmen and in the [[action of 18 November 1809]] he personally defeated and captured three large East Indiamen in convoy.<ref name="WJ201">James, p. 201</ref> Before his squadron and their prizes returned to Isle de France in late December, they had also captured the British brig [[HMS Victor (1808)|HMS ''Victor'']] and the large Portuguese frigate [[Portuguese frigate Minerva|''Minerva'']]. During the winter few ships were at sea, as the risk of being caught in a seasonal [[hurricane]] was considered too severe to operate between December and March.<ref name="RG94">Gardiner, p. 94</ref> Rowley correspondingly withdrew most of his forces to the Cape of Good Hope, leaving a handful of smaller ships to watch the French islands. Hamelin too kept his forces in harbour at Isle de France, replenishing his ships and recruiting sailors from the large pool of unemployed men in [[Port Louis|Port Napoleon]].<ref name="WJ262"/>

On 14 March, before Rowley could return to his blockade, Hamelin ordered a squadron to sea. This force consisted of the large frigate [[French frigate Bellone (1808)|''Bellone'']], the captured ''Minerva'' now renamed [[French frigate Minerve (1809)|''Minerve'']] and the captured brig ''Victor''. The force was led by [[Guy-Victor Duperré]] on ''Bellone'', with [[Pierre François Étienne Bouvet de Maisonneuve|Pierre Bouvet]] in ''Minerve'' as his second in command.<ref name="RW284">Woodman, p. 284</ref> Avoiding the remaining frigates of the British blockade, Duperré's ships escaped unnoticed and began cruising in the Bay of Bengal, capturing a few small vessels but making no serious impression on British trade in the region. By 1 June, Duperré had moved to the Western Indian Ocean, sailing off [[Madagascar]] in the hope of sighting British ships from [[Cape Town]]. Due to the extended period at sea, his ships were in a poor state of repair and much of the following month was spent conducting repairs at isolated beaches.<ref name="WJ262">James, p. 262</ref>

==Battle==
At 06:00 on 3 July, Duperré's squadron was cruising off the small island of [[Mayotta]] when sails were sighted {{convert|36|nmi|km}} to the north east. Giving chase immediately, Duprée discovered that his quarry was a convoy of three British East Indiamen, ''Ceylon'', [[Chilean ship Lautaro (1818)|''Windham'']], under Captain Stewart,<ref name=troude88 /> and ''Astell'', commanded by Henry Meriton in ''Ceylon''.<ref name="WJ263">James, p. 263.</ref> Meriton was an experienced captain who had twice successfully defended convoys from French raiders: firstly at the [[action of 4 August 1800]], when his ship ''Exeter'' had forced the surrender of the [[French frigate Médée (1778)|''Médée'']], and then at the [[Battle of Pulo Aura]] in 1804.<ref name="RW149">Woodman, p. 149.</ref> The convoy had departed from [[Cape Town]] on 13 June with five ships, but two had to turn back after {{ship||Euphrates|1803 EIC ship|2}} struck a rock and began to take in water. The others continued towards Madras via the [[Mozambique Channel]].<ref name="ST281">Taylor, p. 281</ref> One of the East Indiamen, ''Windham'', her captain John Stewart and many of her crew had been engaged and captured by Hamelin on 22 November 1809 in the Bay of Bengal and recaptured a month later by [[HMS Magicienne (1781)|HMS ''Magicienne'']] off Isle de France.<ref name="RW284"/> While Duperré's three ships mounted 108 guns and carried trained naval crews, the British ships had approximately 75 [[cannon]] between them and only a handful of their sailors were trained to military standards. Primarily crewed by [[lascar]] seamen, who had proven unreliable in the previous convoy actions, the merchant ships' advantages lay in their large size and the 250 soldiers of the [[24th Regiment of Foot]] that were aboard the ships. These troops were on passage to India and would be able to provide [[musket]] fire and repel boarders should the French attempt to board.<ref name="EPB462">Brenton, p. 462</ref>

Confident that his squadron outclassed his opponent, Duperré ordered his ships to chase the East Indiamen, who, at Stewart's suggestion, attempted to close with the shore where the wind and waves would not be as strong and they could better resist the French attack.<ref name="ST282">Taylor, p. 282</ref> By 09:30 however the ''Astell'' was forced to reduce sail or risk snapping her topmasts. This slowed the British convoy, ''Windham'' and ''Ceylon'' slowing too to protect ''Astell''.<ref name="WJ263"/> Realising that he could not outrun Duperré, Meriton turned his ships about to engage the French frigates. At 11:30, ''Bellone'' closed the gap between the squadron and convoy to {{convert|4|nmi|km}} and Meriton ordered his ships to form a [[battle line]] to meet the French attack.<ref name="WLC456">Clowes, p. 456</ref>

The French attacked at 14:15, ''Minerve'' approaching the British line and opening fire on the central ship ''Ceylon''. In the intervening time, the British battleline had become disorganised, with ''Astell'' too far to the rear to properly support the other ships. With the British line wavering, ''Minerve'' and ''Victor'' closed with the convoy and began to exchange fire with the three merchant ships in a general action, during which Robert Hay, captain of ''Astell'' was seriously wounded.<ref name="WJ263"/> At 16:00, Bouvet in ''Minerve'' pulled ahead of the struggling convoy and turned as if to ram and board ''Windham''. Hoping to use the soldiers aboard to drive off the French ship, Captain Stewart turned to meet her. The damage done to ''Windham'' was however so severe that she was unable to make the turn correctly and ''Minerve'' passed just ahead of her, [[raking fire|raking]] ''Windham'' and causing severe damage, the soldiers on ''Windham'' responding with musket fire.<ref name="ST282"/>

As ''Minerve'' turned back towards the British convoy with the intention of cutting off the rearmost ships, ''Astell'' passed her more damaged companions to become the first ship in line. This left ''Windham'', now at the rear, to face ''Minerve'' alone. Fortunately for Stewart, ''Minerve'' lost two topmasts as she turned to face his ship and had to pull away from the British to effect repairs.<ref name="WJ264">James, p. 264</ref> An hour and a half later, at 18:30, ''Bellone'' joined the action, attacking ''Windham'' directly. ''Victor'' supported ''Bellone'' and accompanied the flagship as she moved ahead to attack ''Ceylon'' and ''Astell''. By 19:00, with ''Ceylon'' damaged so severely that she could no longer effectively sail or fight, third officer Tristam Fleming hauled the ship out of the battle line and ordered his crew to cease firing: Meriton and his second officer Thomas Oldham had both been seriously wounded by [[grape shot]].<ref name="EPB462"/>

With ''Ceylon'' no longer engaged, Duperré pulled ahead to engage ''Astell'' but found that Stewart had brought his battered ''Windham'' between the French frigate and the third East Indiaman. In the growing darkness, Stewart attempted to hail ''Astell'' to propose boarding ''Bellone'' together, but the remaining officers either ignored or did not hear the suggestion as ''Astell'' extinguished all her lights and made all sail to escape the action, receiving a final broadside from ''Bellone'' as she pulled away.<ref name="WLC457">Clowes, p. 457</ref> Alone, Stewart continued to engage the French ships to enable ''Astell'' to make her escape.<ref name="ST283">Taylor, p. 283</ref> At 19:20 the repaired ''Minerve'' returned and took possession of ''Ceylon'', and at 19:45 Stewart surrendered for the second time in less than a year: his ship badly damaged and casualties mounting among his crew and passengers.<ref name="WJ264"/>{{refn|Troude states that ''Astell'' had struck soon after ''Windham'', around 19:25, but that she took opportunity of the growing darkness to escape before the French took possession.<ref>Troude, ''op. cit.'', p.88.</ref>|group=Note}}

==Aftermath==
[[File:Grand Port mg6973.jpg|thumb|''Ceylon'' (far right) at the [[Battle of Grand Port]]]]

''Astell'' was the only British ship to escape, disappearing in the darkness and later reaching a safe port from which despatches were sent to [[London]] recounting the action. On the basis of these accounts, the crew and officers of ''Astell'' were rewarded with £2,000 from the company directors to be shared among them.<ref name="WJ266">James, p. 266</ref> Casualties in the British convoy had been heavy, ''Windham'' losing six killed and 18 wounded, ''Ceylon'' six killed and 21 wounded (including Meriton and Oldham) and ''Astell'' eight killed and 37 wounded (including Hay). In all, 20 British sailors and soldiers were killed and 76 wounded during the engagement. French losses were 22 killed and 38 wounded: four killed and six wounded on ''Bellone'', 17 killed and 29 wounded on ''Minerve'' and one killed and three wounded on ''Victor''.<ref name="WJ265">James, p. 265</ref> The prizes were very severely damaged and Duperré took his squadron to an isolated beach on [[Anjouan]] until 17 July to effect repairs, before returning to Isle de France. Command of ''Ceylon'', renamed ''Ceylan''<ref>Troude, ''op. cit.'', p. 90</ref> was awarded to Lieutenant [[Vincent Moulac]], of ''Minerve'', and that of ''Windham'', to ensign d'Arod.<ref name=troude88>Troude, ''op.cit.'', p.88</ref>

Duperré did not meet any British ships on his journey back to the French island, as most of the British blockade squadron were busy in the aftermath of the [[invasion of Isle Bonaparte]], conducted during July by Commodore Rowley. With the British distracted by this amphibious operation, it was simple for Duperré to reach [[Grand Port]] on the south east coast of Isle de France in spite of the small blockade squadron under Captain [[Samuel Pym]].<ref name="RW287">Woodman, p. 287</ref> This narrow and well-protected anchorage was considered to be the best place to refit the battered French squadron, but in August it came under attack by a British squadron in the [[Battle of Grand Port]]. This action was a disaster for the British as their ships became grounded in the unfamiliar shoals of the harbour and four frigates were lost under fire from shore batteries and Duperré's squadron.<ref name="RG95">Gardiner, p. 95</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=Note}}

==Citations==
{{reflist|30em}}

==References==
* {{cite book
| last = Adkins
| first = Roy & Lesley
| year = 2006
| title = The War for All the Oceans
| publisher = Abacus
| isbn = 0-349-11916-3
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Brenton
| first = Edward Pelham
| year = 1825
| title = The Naval History of Great Britain
| publisher = C. Rice
| url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_AqQNAAAAQAAJ
| quote = edward pelham brenton.
}}
* {{cite book| last =Clowes
| first =William Laird
| author-link =William Laird Clowes
| year =1997|orig-year=1900
| title =The Royal Navy, A History from the Earliest Times to 1900, Volume V
| publisher =Chatham Publishing
| isbn =1-86176-014-0}}
* {{cite book
| last = Gardiner
| first = Robert
| year = 2001|orig-year=1998
| title = The Victory of Seapower
| publisher = Caxton Editions
| isbn = 1-84067-359-1
}}
* {{cite book
| last = James
| first = William
| author-link = William James (naval historian)
| year = 2002|orig-year=1827
| title = The Naval History of Great Britain, Volume 5, 1808–1811
| publisher = Conway Maritime Press
| isbn =0-85177-909-3}}
* {{cite book
| last = Taylor
| first = Stephen
| year = 2008
| title = Storm & Conquest: The Battle for the Indian Ocean, 1809
| publisher = Faber & Faber
| isbn=978-0-571-22467-8
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Woodman
| first = Richard
| author-link = Richard Woodman
| year = 2001
| title = The Sea Warriors
| publisher = Constable Publishers
| isbn =1-84119-183-3}}
* {{cite book
| title = Batailles navales de la France
| last = Troude
| first = Onésime-Joachim
| author-link = Onésime-Joachim Troude
| year = 1867
| publisher = Challamel ainé
| pages = 160–162
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=zfFrDVTkcpsC
| volume = 4
}}
{{coord missing|Indian Ocean}}

[[Category:Naval battles of the Napoleonic Wars]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1810]]
[[Category:Naval battles involving the British East India Company]]
[[Category:July 1810]]

Dakshin Barasat

2025-06-06T16:24:54Z

Davidcza: expand formatting for accuracy and cleaned formatting based on references

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| footnotes =
}}

'''South Barasat''' is a village and a [[gram panchayat]] within the jurisdiction of the [[Jaynagar Majilpur]] police station in the [[Jaynagar I]] [[Community development block in India|CD block]] in the [[Baruipur subdivision]] of the [[South 24 Parganas]] district in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=300| height=450| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|22|10|0|N|88|30|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in the southern part of Baruipur subdivision (including Baruipur, Jaynagar I & II, Kultali CD blocks) in South 24 Parganas district''' M: municipal city/ town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, N: neighbourhood, H: historical place/ religious centre Places linked with coastal activity are marked in blue Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|22|25|25|N|88|26|56|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1= Petua| numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[Petua]] (CT)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|24|9|N|88|28|14|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2=Garia | numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Garia, Baruipur]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|22|24|45|N|88|27|0|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3=Panchghara | numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Panchghara, Baruipur]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|22|24|0|N|88|25|41|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4=Mallikpur | numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Mallikpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|23|20|N|88|26|38|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5=Hariharpur | numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[Hariharpur, Baruipur]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|22|24|55|N|88|29|37|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6=Champahati | numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Champahati]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|23|50|N|88|31|55|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7=Solgohalia| numbered7=CT| mark-title7= [[Solgohalia]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|22|23|0|N|88|28|50|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8=Naridana| numbered8=CT| mark-title8= [[Naridana]] (CT)
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|21|20|N|88|26|37|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9=Baruipur (CT)| numbered9=CT| mark-title9= [[Baruipur (CT)]]
|mark-coord10={{coord|22|22|35|N|88|25|46|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10=Salipur| numbered10=CT| mark-title10= [[Salipur, Baruipur]] (CT)
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|21|5|N|88|25|37|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11=Khodar Bazar| numbered11=CT| mark-title11= [[Khodar Bazar]] (CT)
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|19|8|N|88|27|13|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12=Komarhat| numbered12=CT| mark-title12= [[Komarhat]] (CT)
|mark-coord13={{coord|22|22|10|N|88|26|30|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13=Baruipur| numbered13=M| mark-title13= [[Baruipur]] (M) |shape-color13=#800000
|mark-coord14={{coord|22|13|30|N|88|27|22|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14=Raynagar| numbered14=CT| mark-title14= [[Raynagar]] (CT)
|mark-coord15={{coord|22|13|20|N|88|26|47|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15=Kalikapur Barasat| numbered15=CT| mark-title15= [[Kalikapur Barasat]] (CT)
|mark-coord16={{coord|22|12|20|N|88|25|41|E}} | label-pos16=left|label16=Baharu| numbered16=CT| mark-title16= [[Baharu]] (CT)
|mark-coord17={{coord|22|12|20|N|88|26|51|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17=Uttarparanij| numbered17=CT| mark-title17= [[Uttarparanij]] (CT)
|mark-coord18={{coord|22|11|45|N|88|25|46|E}} | label-pos18=left|label18=Alipur| numbered18=CT| mark-title18= [[Alipur, Jaynagar]] (CT)
|mark-coord19={{coord|22|11|15|N|88|25|50|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19=Uttar Durgapur| numbered19=CT| mark-title19= [[Uttar Durgapur]] (CT)
|mark-coord20={{coord|22|10|25|N|88|25|32|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20=Jaynagar Majilpur| numbered20=M| mark-title20= [[Jaynagar Majilpur]] (M) |shape-color120=#800000
|mark-coord21={{coord|22|14|5|N|88|26|50|E}} | label-pos21=left|label21= Dakshin Barasat| numbered21=N| mark-title21=Dakshin Barasat (N)|shape-color21=black| label-size21=13|label-color21=black 
|mark-coord22={{coord|22|9|10|N|88|26|23|E}} | label-pos22=bottom|label22=Nimpith| numbered22=CT| mark-title22= [[Nimpith]] (CT)
|mark-coord23={{coord|22|9|8|N|88|27|26|E}} | label-pos23=right|label23=Tulshighata| numbered23=CT| mark-title23= [[Tulshighata]] (CT)
|mark-coord24={{coord|22|5|11|N|88|35|37|E}} | label-pos24=right|label24= Kultali| numbered24=R| mark-title24= [[Kultali]] (R)|shape-color24=#C42222
|mark-coord25={{coord|21|55|17|N|88|32|40|E}} | label-pos25=right|label25= Maipit| numbered25=R| mark-title25= [[Maipit]] (R)|shape-color25=#0048BA
|mark-coord26={{coord|22|6|59|N|88|34|13|E}} | label-pos26=right|label26= Jamtala| numbered26=R| mark-title26= [[Jamtala]] (R)||shape-color26=#C42222
|mark-coord27={{coord|22|14|48|N|88|32|48|E}} | label-pos27=left|label27=Dhosa| numbered27=H| mark-title27= [[Dhosa, Jaynagar]] (H)| shape-color27=#AA6666
|mark-coord28={{coord|22|14|16|N|88|33|41|E}} | label-pos28=right|label28=Tilpi| numbered28=H| mark-title28= [[Tilpi]] (H)| shape-color28=#AA6666
|mark-coord29={{coord|22|14|50|N|88|26|47|E}} | label-pos29=left|label29= Padmerhat| numbered29=R| mark-title29= [[Padmerhat]] (R)||shape-color29=#C42222
|mark-coord30={{coord|22|0|35|N|88|38|40|E}} |label30= Matla River| label-color30 = #77A1CB| label-angle30=-65| label-pos30=top| label-size30=10| mark-size30=0| mark-title30 =none}}

===Area overview===
Baruipur subdivision is a rural subdivision with moderate levels of urbanization. 31.05% of the population lives in the urban areas and 68.95% lives in the rural areas. In the southern portion of the subdivision (shown in the map alongside) there are 20 [[census town]]s. The entire district is situated in the [[Ganges Delta]] and the southern part is covered by the Baruipur-Jaynagar Plain. [[Archaeological]] excavations at [[Dhosa, Jaynagar|Dhosa]] and [[Tilpi]], on the bank of the [[Piyali River]] indicate the existence of human habitation around 2,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 South Twety-four Parganas |work = Table 2.1, 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 5 December 2019 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf| title = Census of India 2011, West Bengal, District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, Series – 20, Part XII-A, Village and Town Directory |work= Page 13, Physiography| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 5 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = Chapter 9: Sundarbans and the Remote Islanders, p 290-311 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 5 December 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

===Location===
Dakshin Barasat is located at {{coord|22.2327|N|88.4451|E}}.

Dakshin Barasat is not identified as a separate town in 2011 census. As per the map of the Jaynagar I CD block, it seems to be a part of [[Raynagar]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf| title = Census of India 2011, West Bengal, District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, Series – 20, Part XII-A, Village and Town Directory |work= Page 699 - Map of Jaynagar I CD block | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 29 November 2019}}</ref>

==Transport==
Dakshin Barasat is on the [[State Highway 1 (West Bengal)|State Highway 1]].<ref name="google">Google maps</ref>

[[Dakshin Barasat railway station]] is on the [[Sealdah South lines|Sealdah–Namkhana line]] of the [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]] system.<ref name="google"/><ref>{{cite web | url = https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-sealdah-namkhana-local-34792/14397/325/9534 | title = 34792 Sealdah-Namkhana Local | work = Time Table | publisher = India Rail Info | access-date = 15 December 2019}}</ref>

===Commuters===
With the electrification of the railways, suburban traffic has grown tremendously since the 1960s. As of 2005-06, more than 1.7 million (17 lakhs) commuters use the [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]] system daily. After the partition of India, refugees from erstwhile East Pakistan and Bangladesh had a strong impact on the development of urban areas in the periphery of Kolkata. The new immigrants depended on Kolkata for their livelihood, thus increasing the number of commuters. Eastern Railway runs 1,272 EMU trains daily.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328319153 | title = Commuting and Metropolitan Development of Kolkata |first= Bhaswati| last= Mondal| access-date = 16 December 2019}}</ref>

==Education==
[[Dhruba Chand Halder College]], established in 1965, is affiliated with the [[University of Calcutta]]. It is located near [[Dakshin Barasat railway station]]. It offers honours courses in Bengali, English, Sanskrit, history, political science, philosophy, education, physics, chemistry, mathematics, zoology, botany, micro biology, economics, geography and accounting & finance, and general courses in arts, science and commerce.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://dchcollege.org/main/contactus.php | title = Dhruva Chand Halder College | publisher = DCHC | access-date = 29 November 2019}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
Padmerhat Rural Hospital, with 30 beds, at [[Padmerhat]], is the major government medical facility in the Jaynagar I CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =29 November 2019 | archive-date =8 October 2022 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20221008143352/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{South 24 Parganas}}
{{South 24 Parganas topics}}

[[Category:Villages in South 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Jaynagar Majilpur]]

List of Hindu temples in West Bengal

2025-05-29T02:54:06Z

Davidcza: Starting some location v1

{{short description|None}}

{{More footnotes|date=July 2020}}
[[File:Nandalal Temple Bishnupur.JPG|thumb|right|[[Bishnupur subdivision|Bishnupur]] – ''Nandalal-Temple'' (17. Jh.) with tower (''ratna'') on the Cella ([[garbhagriha]]) and three shared portals on all four sides; the outside walls are covered with figurative and ornamental [[Terracotta]] relief panels decorated. The corners of the slightly curved roof slopes down.]]

'''Hindu temples in West Bengal''' or '''Bengal Temples''' are a special form of the Hindu temple in India. They are mostly from the 17th to the 19th century and are mainly located in the present-day [[India]]n state of [[West Bengal]]. A few – but often ruined-buildings are also on the territory of today's [[Bangladesh]].<ref name="bangla">{{cite web
|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/51736/Bangladesh/277578/Visual-art-and-architecture
|title=Visual art and architecture in Bangladesh
|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica
|accessdate=6 September 2009
}}
</ref> The major Hindu temples of West Bengal are [[Cooch Behar|Madan Mohan Temple]], [[Jalpesh Temple]], [[Tarapith Temple]], [[Kiriteswari Temple]], [[List of temples in Bishnupur|Bishnupur Terracotta temples]], [[Mayapur Chandrodaya Mandir]], [[Naba Kailash Mandir]], [[Matua Mahasangha|Thakurbari Matua Dham]], [[Taraknath Temple|Tarakeshwar Temple]], [[Hangseshwari Temple]], [[Bargabhima Temple]], [[Belur Math]], [[Kalighat Temple]] and [[Dakshineswar Kali Temple]].

==Materials==

[[File:Antpur ChandiMandap.jpg|thumb|right|Antpur-rural temple (mandir) with thatched roof]]
[[Bengal]] is in large Parts of the fertile [[alluvial plain]] of the [[Ganges]]/[[Hooghly river|Hooghly]] and [[Brahmaputra]], as well as a number of tributaries, the largest of which is [[Meghna]]. Natural stone deposits are almost unknown, and so the residential houses in the countryside until well into the 20th century were. Century almost exclusively – sometimes mud-plastered Branches, or (more rarely) from air-dried clay bricks and the roofs were made of straw or reeds.

At an early age, Bengal also understood the burning of clay, so that the temple buildings of the 5th/6th century (or the hard-to-date [[Deul]] temples) were built of bricks. At the temples of the 17th to 19th century, figurative and decorative [[terracotta]] relief plates were regularly applied. Most of the city houses were built in this period also from bricks and then plastered.<ref name="banglapedia">{{cite web
|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Architecture
|title=Architecture
|publisher=Banglapedia
|accessdate=6 September 2009
}}
</ref>

==Consecration==
Although early Buddhist and [[Jain]]ist traces are also found in Bengal, most temples are dedicated to Hindu deities [[Shiva]], [[Vishnu]] and [[Kali]], or their locally and regionally revered aspects, which is why many temples have different names. God [[Krishna]] and his beloved [[Radha]] also enjoy Bengal wide popularity.

==History==
The oldest known temple of Bengal, belonging to the group of the so-called Gupta temples, is the brick temple (''mandir'') of Balgram ([[Dinajpur District, Bangladesh|Dinajpur district]], [[Bangladesh]]), which can be attributed to the [[Vaishnava]] sect-but only remains of ruins are preserved. At the same time, the two – also largely destroyed – temples of [[Mahasthangarh|Mahasthan]] Gokul (District of Bogra, Bangladesh), which are most likely to be attributed to [[Buddhism]] due to the remains of found figures. Both temples have a square floor plan with an equally square Cella ([[garbhagriha]]), which was enclosed by a prostrate dormant and formerly covered handling ([[pradakshina]]patha). Perhaps from the 9th to the 11th century, but perhaps only much later, several temple buildings were built in the south of West Bengal.After the arrival of [[Islam]] in northern India, which regarded Hinduism as 'pagan' and 'idolatrous,' many older temples were destroyed and hardly any new buildings were built.<ref name="Michell, 156">Michell, 156</ref> In the early 17th century, however, the attitude of the Mogul ruler [[Jahangir]] (reg. 1605-1627), as well as political and military weaknesses of the [[Mughal Empire]] and the great distance to the courts of [[Lahore]], [[Agra]] or [[Aurangabad]] exploitative – reinforced with the construction of temples, which represent within the Hindu temple, a completely unique architectural type. Here, the temples in Bishnupur, the ancient capital of the [[Mallabhum|Malla dynasty]], as well as the temple districts of [[Antpur]] and Kalna, are to be mentioned in the forefront, but also the [[Puthia Temple Complex|temple complex of Puthia]], [[Bangladesh]], deserve special mention.<ref name="banglapedia" />

==Architecture==
[[File:Radhamadhab Temple Arnab Dutta 2011.JPG|thumb|right|Bishnupur – ''Radhamadhab-Temple'' (1739)]]
[[File:Rasmancha Arnab Dutta 2011.JPG|thumb|right|Bishnupur – ''Rasmancha-Temple'' (1600)]]
Early temples of the 16th century have rarely been preserved; they consisted only of a Cella ([[garbhagriha]]) with a square layout (see [[Puthia Temple Complex]]).

Characteristic features of the later temples of Bengal type are the maintenance of the square floor plan-but now with a stronger internal and external structure-and the arched vaulted roofs with their hanging corners ([[Bengal roofs]]). All the temples now stand on two to almost five-Meter high platforms (''jagatis''), which derive the rainwater from the structure and raise it at the same time real as symbolically over other buildings. Behind the four (mostly three – way) portals, which are based on a triumphal arch scheme, is the also square Cella (''garbhagriha''), which is surrounded by a completely integrated into the temple building (''[[pradakshina]]patha''). The roof is usually elevated by one (''[[Ek-ratna]]'') or five (''[[Pancharatna (architecture)|pancharatna]]'') usually round Tambour-like towers, which differ in their shape significantly from the tower-like structures (''shikharas'') of North Indian temples of Nagara style. From 17. to 19. In the 19th century, nine-to thirteen-Tower Temple buildings were built, but also a few with flat roofs.<ref>3.http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/wb/wbtemps.htm</ref>

In contrast, the towerless Rasmancha temple in [[Bishnupur subdivision|Bishnupur]], which was built around 1600, offers a very unusual architecture: the massive square structure, which occupies about four times the base of a normal Bengal temple, is overestimated by a pyramid-like structure. On the other hand, the roof of the exterior, which is open on each side by ten arcades, consists of a number of smaller, stacked roofs of the Bengal type.

Bengal temples are also characterised by the complete absence of [[mandapa]]s, [[jali]]s or balconies; jewelry such as ''[[amalaka]]s'' and ''[[Kalasam|kalashas]]'' are also rare. There are also Toranas (''Toranas''), which, however, have the appearance of smaller buildings.<ref name=aishee>{{citation |url=http://www.aishee.org/essays/classification.php |title=Classification of Terracotta Temples |author=Amit Guha |accessdate=20 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131235044/http://www.aishee.org/essays/classification.php |archive-date=31 January 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
<gallery>
Chota Shiva Temple, Puthia.jpg|[[Puthia Temple Complex|Puthia]] ([[Bangladesh]]) – ''[[Jagannatha]]-Temple'' (16. Jh.)
Shyam Ray Temple in Bishnupur.jpg|[[Bishnupur subdivision|Bishnupur]] – ''Shyam Ray-Temple'' (1643)
Jor Bangla Temple Arnab Dutta 2011.JPG|Bishnupur – ''Jor-Bangla-Temple'' (1655)
Kalachand Temple (side view 2) Arnab Dutta 2011.JPG|Bishnupur – ''Kalachand-Temple'' (1656)
Radhashyam Temple - Bishnupur.jpg|Bishnupur – ''Lalji-Temple'' (1658)
Ananta Basudeba Temple1.JPG|[[Bansberia]] – ''Ananta Basudeba-Temple'' (1679)
Radhashyam Temple entry gate, Bishnupur.JPG|Bishnupur – ''Radhyashyam-Temple'' (um 1758)
Antpur Radhagovindjiu Temple.jpg|[[Antpur]] – ''Radhagovindjiu-Temple'' (1786)
Siddheswari Kali Temple, Ambika-Kalna.jpg|[[Kalna (India)|Kalna]] – ''Siddheswari Kali Temple'' (18. Jh.)
Kalna Lalji Temple by Piyal Kundu.jpg|Kalna – ''Lalji-Temple'' (1739)
Shiva temple at Puthia 01.JPG|Puthia – ''Shiva-Temple'' (19. Jh.)
Hanseswari Mandir - South-west View - Bansberia Royal Estate - Hooghly - 2013-05-19 7513-7514.JPG|Bansberia – ''Hansheshwari-Temple'' (19. Jh.)
</gallery>

==Construction jewellery==
The outer skin of most temples is subdivided into fields. These are either dekorlos or included, in individual cases, terracotta Reliefs, in which gods and demons, but also geometrical and vegetable decorative motifs or scenes of courtly life, but also of the rural and peasant life to see. The depictions of the flute playing and surrounded by dancers god Krishna at the Shyamrai temple or one (reeds-?) Boats with seated rowing boats and standing musicians (vina players) at the Jor Bangla temple in Bishnupur are particularly noteworthy; it is worth noting that the far-flung Dragon mouth on the bow of the ship.
<gallery>
Terracotta work on Shyamrai Temple Bishnupur 8.JPG|[[Bishnupur subdivision|Bishnupur]] – Terracotta-Relief in ''Shyamrai-Temple'' ([[Krishna]] and [[Radha]])
Terracotta work on Jor Bangla temple, Bishnupur 3.JPG|Bishnupur – Terracotta-Reliefs in ''Jor-Bangla-Temple''
Jor Bangla Temple (Ramayana motifs) Arnab Dutta 2011.JPG|Bishnupur – Terracotta-Reliefs in ''Jor-Bangla-Temple''
Antpur Radhagovindjiu Temple terracotta.jpg|[[Antpur]] – Terracotta-Reliefs in ''Radhagovindjiu-Tempel''
Kalna Lalji Temple by Piyal Kundu 5.jpg|[[Kalna, India|Kalna]] – Terracotta-Figure in Lalji-Temple
Ramayana scene in terrakotta.JPG|[[Jiaganj Azimganj]] – Terracotta-Relief in ''Ganesvar-Temple''
</gallery>

==Deul temple==
The also brick-built Deul temple or Tower Temple form a sub-group with independent traditions. This group is characterised by the almost vertical tower above the Cella (''garbhagriha'') and the complete absence of other components (''mandapas''). Outline elements are limited to a Minimum and sculptural jewelry is missing completely. The hypothetical dates for these temples range from the 8th to the 18th century, with the Islamist period (13th century) being the oldest in the world. until the 16th century).

<gallery>
View of stone temple, east of the village of Para, Manbhum district in 1872-73.jpg|Stone Temple of Para, [[Purulia|District Purulia]]
Panchanana Temple, Barakar, Burdwan District, Bengal - 1872.jpg|Panchanana Temple near the village Barakar, [[Bardhaman|District Bardhaman]]
Deul (Temple of Ichai Ghosh).jpg|[[Ichai Ghosh Temple]], District Bardhaman
Siddheshwara Temple at Bahulara, Bankura.jpg|Siddheshwara Temple, [[Bahulara]], [[Bankura|District Bankura]]
Jatar Deul - WB.jpg|[[Jatar Deul]] Temple, District South 24 Parganas
Deul at Banda, Purulia WLM2016-0207.jpg|Temple, Banda, [[Purulia|District Purulia]]
Kalna Pratapeswar Temple by Piyal Kundu5.jpg|Pratapeswar-Temple, [[Kalna, India|Kalna]], District Bardhaman
</gallery>

==New temples==
While in predominantly Muslim [[Bangladesh]], no Hindu be temple,<ref name="Michell, 156"/> built more in the predominantly Hindu West Bengal several temples from more recent times, including the plaster, and in shades of yellow neuntürmige [[Dakshineshwar Kali Temple]] (1847–1855) painted in Calcutta, the [[Hangseshwari Temple]] in Bansberia, the famous [[Kalighat Kali Temple]] (19th century) in Kolkata, the [[Ramakrishna]] sect attributable to [[Belur Math]] temple in [[Haora]] (consecration 1938),the Shree Shree Nagendra Math temple attributed by the Bhaduri Mahasaya's devotees at 2 Rammohan Roy Road in Calcutta (consecration 1916) and the [[Birla Mandir]] in Calcutta (1970–1996).

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*Harle, J.C., ''The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent'', 2nd edn. 1994, Yale University Press Pelican History of Art, {{ISBN|0300062176}}
*Michell, George, (1977) ''The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to its Meaning and Forms'', 1977, University of Chicago Press, {{ISBN|978-0-226-53230-1}}
*Michael W. Meister u. a. (ed.): ''Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture.'' North India-Foundations of North Indian Style. Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1988, p. 19ff {{ISBN|0-691-04053-2}}
*George Michell: ''The Hindu Temple. Architecture of a world religion'', DuMont, Cologne 1991, p. 190 ff {{ISBN|3-7701-2770-6}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Hindu temples in West Bengal}}
* [http://www.aishee.org/essays/essay_index.html ''Bengali Temples – photos + short info''] (English)
* [[:en:List of temples in Bishnupur|''Bishnupur-Temple – photos + short infos'']] (Wikipedia English)
* [http://www.asikolkata.in/barddhaman.aspx ''Temple in West Bengal – photo + Infos''] ([[Archaeological Survey of India|ASI]], English)
* [http://purulia.gov.in/tourntravel/tour_archeo.html ''Temple in Purulia District – photos + Infos''] (English)
* [http://amitabho.dphoto.com/#/album/a36c0v ''Bengali Temples – photos'']
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150202132857/http://aishee.org/monographs/medinipur/malancha/malancha.html ''Dakshin Kali Temple – photo + Infos''] (English)
* [http://www.flickr.com/photos/mona_pics/5102875398/ ''Ichai-Ghosh-temple (rekha deul) – photo'']
* [http://rupkatha.org/isay/tag/paschim-medinipur/ ''Temples in Paschim-Medinipur – photo + Infos''] (English)
* [http://www.templenet.com/encbeng1.html ''Temples in West Bengal – photo + Liste''] (English)
* [http://www.arthistory.upenn.edu/bengal/ ''Terracotta-Decor in Temples of Bengal – photos'']

[[Category:Hindu temples in West Bengal| ]]
[[Category:Lists of Hindu temples in India|W]]
[[Category:Temples in West Bengal| ]]

Shiv Sena Balashaheb Thackeray

2025-05-24T12:36:04Z

Davidcza: Created a redirect

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Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2020

2025-05-05T10:36:46Z

Davidcza: added some entry w/ infobox

{{Short description|Children's literature awards in 2020}}
{{Contains special characters|Indic}}
{{Infobox award
| name = Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2020
| image = साहित्य अकादमी.svg
| alt =
| caption =
| subheader =
| awarded_for = Literary awards for [[children's literature]] in [[Languages of India|Indian languages]]
| sponsor = [[Sahitya Akademi]], [[Government of India]]
| reward = {{INR}} 50,000
| former name =
| previous = [[Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2019]]
| next = [[Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2021]]
| website = {{URL|https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/bal%20sahitya%20samman_suchi.jsp|Official website}}
}}
The '''Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2020''' ({{Translation|Children's literature award}}), also known as '''Sahitya Akademi Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2020''', is a 2020 literary honour in India, which the [[Sahitya Akademi]], India's National Academy of Letters, annually confers on writers for their contribution in the field of [[Children's literature]] in any of the 22 [[languages of the 8th Schedule to the Indian constitution]] as well as in [[English language|English]] and [[Rajasthani language]]. It comprises a cash prize of [[Indian rupee|Rs]]. 50,000 and an engraved copper plaque.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi announces winners of Bal Sahitya Puraskar, Yuva Puraskar 2021 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/sahitya-akademi-announces-winners-of-bal-sahitya-puraskar-yuva-puraskar-2021-1894439-2021-12-31 |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=2023-11-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120023539/https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/sahitya-akademi-announces-winners-of-bal-sahitya-puraskar-yuva-puraskar-2021-1894439-2021-12-31 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-31 |title=Sahitya Akademi announces winners of Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2021 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/books-and-literature/sahitya-akademi-announces-winners-of-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-2021-megha-majumdar-7699167/ |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=2023-05-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531192034/https://indianexpress.com/article/books-and-literature/sahitya-akademi-announces-winners-of-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-2021-megha-majumdar-7699167/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-12-30 |title=Sahitya Akademi Awards, Yuva Puraskar and Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2021 announced |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/features/sahitya-akademi-awards-yuva-puraskar-and-bal-sahitya-puraskar-2021-announced/articleshow/88596074.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-11-20 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-11-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120023536/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/features/sahitya-akademi-awards-yuva-puraskar-and-bal-sahitya-puraskar-2021-announced/articleshow/88596074.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Recipients by language ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Languages
! Authors
! Works
! Genres
! class="unsortable" | References
|-
| Assamese || Madhurima Gharphalia|| ''Phosong''|| Short Stories || <ref name="Deccan Herald5">{{cite web |date=2021-03-12 |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Bal Sahitya Puraskar, Yuva Puraskar 2020 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/sahitya-akademi-announces-bal-sahitya-puraskar-yuva-puraskar-2020-961327.html |access-date=1 December 2022 |website=www.deccanherald.com |archive-date=2022-12-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201105751/https://www.deccanherald.com/national/sahitya-akademi-announces-bal-sahitya-puraskar-yuva-puraskar-2020-961327.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| Bengali || Pracheta Gupta || ''Gopon Bakso Khulte Nei'' || Short Stories ||
|-
| Bodo || Ajit Boro || ''Gothosa Bisombi''|| Essays ||
|-
| Dogri || Ganga Sharma || ''Manne Da Buaal''|| Poetry || <ref name="Deccan Herald7">{{cite web |date=2021-03-12 |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Bal Sahitya Puraskar, Yuva Puraskar 2020 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/sahitya-akademi-announces-bal-sahitya-puraskar-yuva-puraskar-2020-961327.html |access-date=1 December 2022 |website=www.deccanherald.com |archive-date=2022-12-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201105751/https://www.deccanherald.com/national/sahitya-akademi-announces-bal-sahitya-puraskar-yuva-puraskar-2020-961327.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| English || Venita Coelho || ''Dead As A Dodo''|| Fiction ||
|-
| Gujarati || Natwar Patel || ''Bhurini Ajayab Safar''|| Short Stories ||
|-
| Hindi || Balswaroop Rahi || ''Sampurna Bal Kavitayen''|| Poetry ||
|-
| Kannada || H. S. Byakod || ''Nanoo Ambedkar''|| Novel ||
|-
| Kashmiri || Syed Akhtar Hussain Mansoor || ''Paghich Aash''|| Poetry ||
|-
| Konkani || V. Krishna Vadhyar || ''Balu''|| Novelette ||
|-
| Maithili || Siya Ram Jha 'Saras' || ''Sonahula Ijotwala Khidki''|| Poetry ||
|-
| Malayalam || [[Gracy (writer)|Gracy]] || ''Vazhthappetta Poocha''|| Stories || <ref>{{cite web |title=Gracy bags Bal Sahitya Puraskar; Abin Joseph wins Yuva Puraskar. |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/features/books/gracy-bags-bal-sahitya-puraskar-abin-joseph-wins-yuva-puraskar-1.5836738 |access-date=13 December 2022 |website=www.english.mathrubhumi.com |archive-date=13 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213170459/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/features/books/gracy-bags-bal-sahitya-puraskar-abin-joseph-wins-yuva-puraskar-1.5836738 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=16 July 2021 |title=അബിന്‍ ജോസഫിന് കേന്ദ്ര സാഹിത്യ അക്കാദമി യുവ പുരസ്‌കാരം |work=Kairali News {{!}} Kairali News Live l Latest Malayalam News |url=https://www.kairalinewsonline.com/2021/07/16/424545.html |access-date=13 December 2023 |archive-date=19 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719052550/https://www.kairalinewsonline.com/2021/07/16/424545.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| Meitei (Manipuri) || Naorem Bidyasagar || ''Uchan Meira''|| Poetry || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bal Sahitya Puraskar |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2021/11/16/IMPHAL-Nov-15-The-Sahitya-Akademi-has-on-Sunday-conferred-Bal-Sahitya-Puraskar-2020-to-Dr-Naore.html |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=www.thesangaiexpress.com |language=en |archive-date=2023-11-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121083701/https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2021/11/16/IMPHAL-Nov-15-The-Sahitya-Akademi-has-on-Sunday-conferred-Bal-Sahitya-Puraskar-2020-to-Dr-Naore.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2020 |url=https://indiaculture.gov.in/sites/default/files/events/3.1_Bal_Sahitya_Puraskar_(English).pdf |website=Ministry of Culture, Government of India |access-date=2023-12-13 |archive-date=2023-11-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120024021/https://indiaculture.gov.in/sites/default/files/events/3.1_Bal_Sahitya_Puraskar_(English).pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Bal Sahitya Puraskar, Yuva Puraskar 2020 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-bal-sahitya-puraskar-yuva-puraskar-2020-961327.html |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en |archive-date=2023-11-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120023816/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-bal-sahitya-puraskar-yuva-puraskar-2020-961327.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=migrator |date=2021-03-12 |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Bal Sahitya Puraskar, Yuva Puraskar 2020 |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/national-2/sahitya-akademi-announces-bal-sahitya-puraskar-yuva-puraskar-2020/ |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=Greater Kashmir |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-11-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120023851/https://www.greaterkashmir.com/national-2/sahitya-akademi-announces-bal-sahitya-puraskar-yuva-puraskar-2020/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| Marathi || Aba Mahajan || ''Abachi Gosht''|| Short Stories ||
|-
| Nepali || Dhruba Chouhan || ''Akshar Ujyalo'' || ||
|-
| Odia || Ramachandra Nayak || ''Bana Deula Re Suna Neula'' || Stories ||
|-
| Punjabi || [[Karnail Singh Somal]] || ''Phullan Da Shehar'' || Travelogue ||
|-
| Rajasthani || Mangat Badal || ''Kudrat Ro Nyav'' || Poetry ||
|-
| Sanskrit || Aravind Kumar Tiwari || ''Balagunjanam'' || Poetry ||
|-
| Santhali || Joyram Tudu || ''Bhanj Kul Bhurkah Ipil Sunaram Soren'' || Biography ||
|-
| Sindhi || Sahib Bijani || ''Mundee Kera Paaye?'' || Drama ||
|-
| Tamil || Yes. Balabharathi || ''Marappachi Sonna Rahasiyam'' || Novel ||
|-
| Telugu || Kanneganti Anasuya || ''Snehitilu'' || Short Stories ||
|-
| Urdu || Hafiz Karnataki || ''Fakhr-E-Watan'' || Biography ||
|}

== See also ==
* [[Sahitya Akademi Award]]
* [[Yuva Puraskar]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
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[[Category:Bal Sahitya Puraskar by year]]