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Holika Dahana

2026-05-08T06:16:51Z

Dangerpanditankit:

{{Short description|Hindu festival symbolizing the victory of good over evil}}
{{Infobox holiday
| holiday_name = Holika Dahana
| type = Hindu and indian
| nickname = 
| image = File:Holika Dahan 2020.jpg
| caption = Holi Bonfire at Shri Ram Chowk, I.P Extension, [[Delhi]].
| official_name =
| begins =
| ends =
| date = Fourteenth day of the waxing half of the Hindu month [[Phalguna]]<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KDUOAQAAMAAJ&q=holika+dahan+prahlada | isbn=9780780802582 | title=Religious Holidays and Calendars: An Encyclopedic Handbook | year=1998 | publisher=Omnigraphics }}</ref>
| date2015 =
| date2016 =
| date2017 =
| date2018 =
| celebrations = Bonfires, celebrations
| relatedto = [[Holi]]
| observedby = [[Hindus]]
| significance = Victory of righteousness over unrighteousness Incineration of Kamadeva into ash by Shiva
}}
[[File:Holi bonfire on Holi eve 2012.webm|thumb|Holi bonfire on Holi eve in Delhi, 2012]]
'''Holika Dahana''' ({{Langx|sa|होलिकादहन|lit=Burning of Holika|translit=Holikādahana}}), is a [[Hindu festival]] in which a bonfire is lit to celebrate the burning of the demoness [[Holika]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Galván |first=Javier A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e2RyBAAAQBAJ&dq=choti+holi&pg=PA137 |title=They Do What? A Cultural Encyclopedia of Extraordinary and Exotic Customs from around the World: A Cultural Encyclopedia of Extraordinary and Exotic Customs from around the World |date=2014-06-19 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-61069-342-4 |pages=137 |language=en}}</ref> This ritual is symbolic of victory of good over evil.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Lochtefeld |first=James G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AbWazgEACAAJ |title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M |date=2002 |publisher=Rosen |isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8 |pages=287 |language=en}}</ref> It precedes [[Holi]], the festival of colours, which celebrates the spring season.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gakhar |first=Roshan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E8dyEAAAQBAJ&dq=holika+dahan&pg=PT65 |title=Human Nature: Love & Happiness |date=2022-06-17 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=979-8-88704-336-4 |pages=65 |language=en}}</ref> According to legend, Holika was the sister of [[Hiranyakashipu]], who acquired a boon that rendered her invulnerable to fire. She then attempted to kill her nephew, [[Prahlada]], by placing him on her lap in a bonfire. However, she was immolated while Prahlada was saved from the fire.<ref name=":0" />
[[File:Holikadahan.jpg|thumb|Holika Dahana at [[Koparkhairane railway station|Koparkhairane]] in [[Navi Mumbai]], 2025]]

In [[South India]], this occasion is called '''Kama Dahanam''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kumar |first=Tumuluru Kamal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uYCAEAAAQBAJ&dq=kama+dahanam&pg=PA54 |title=Hindu Prayers, Gods and Festivals |date=2015-04-21 |publisher=Partridge Publishing |isbn=978-1-4828-4708-6 |pages=54 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Verma |first=Rajeev |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S7eo6vsvkEkC&dq=kama+dahanam&pg=PA255 |title=Faith & Philosophy of Hinduism |date=2009 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7835-718-8 |pages=255 |language=en}}</ref> and is associated with the legend of [[Shiva]] burning [[Kamadeva]] to ashes with his third eye.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gopal |first=Dr Krishna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jAbgAAAAMAAJ&q=kamadeva+kama+dahanam |title=Fairs and Festivals of India |date=2003 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-212-0809-3 |pages=344 |language=en}}</ref> Pantomimes of Kamadeva are performed on this occasion in rural [[Tamil Nadu]], and his effigies are burnt.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Usha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z6OYRUEAF7oC&dq=kama+dahanam&pg=PA81 |title=Festivals In Indian Society (2 Vols. Set) |date=2008-01-01 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-8324-113-7 |pages=81 |language=en}}</ref>

==Significance==
{{Main articles|Holika}}
[[File:Holika Dahan, Kathamandu, Nepal.jpg|right|thumb|Woman preparing for Holika Dahana, Kathamandu, Nepal]]
The night before Holi, pyres are burnt in [[Maharashtra]] [[North India]], [[East India]], [[Assam]], [[Nepal]], and parts of [[South India]] in keeping with this tradition.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/forests-bear-the-brunt-of-holi/article4552974.ece|title=Forests bear the brunt of Holi|first=S. Harpal|last=Singh|date=27 March 2013|accessdate=9 January 2020|via=www.thehindu.com|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>

Holika Dahana marks the end of winter and the beginning of spring, a time of renewal and rejuvenation in nature, symbolizing new beginnings and the arrival of a fresh season. The fire is seen as a means of burning away negativity and impurities, both physical and spiritual, preparing individuals for the joy and festivities of Holi. People gather together to participate in the rituals, strengthening social ties and promoting unity within the community.

In some parts of [[North India]] the day is called Holika Dahana. while in other parts like [[Purvanchal]] (eastern [[Uttar Pradesh]] and western [[Bihar]]) as well as [[Terai]] regions of [[Nepal]] it is called Sammat or Samhat. In [[West Bengal]], the day before Dolyatra is called "Chanchor" or "Nyara Pora", in which dry branches, twigs and leaves of the trees are heaped together and set on fire to commemorate Holika Dahan.

==See also==
*[[Shigmo]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{HinduFestivals}}
[[Category:Holi]]
[[Category:Hindu festivals]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Hindu festivals in India]]
[[Category:Religious festivals in India]]
[[Category:Traditions involving fire]]

Tindivanam Assembly constituency

2026-05-07T14:13:31Z

Dangerpanditankit: Made initial details more to come

{{Short description|State Legislative Assembly Constituency in Tamil Nadu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 72
| map_image = Constitution-Tindivanam.svg

| Existence =
| district = [[Viluppuram district|Viluppuram]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Viluppuram Lok Sabha constituency|Viluppuram]]
| established = 1951
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| mla = Vanni Arasu
| party = {{Party index link|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Secular Progressive Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| name = Tindivanam
| electors = 219,256
| reservation = SC
}}
'''Tindivanam''' is a [[Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu|state assembly]] constituency in [[Viluppuram district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], India.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |title= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map |website= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date= 22 January 2017}}</ref> Its State Assembly Constituency number is 72. The seat is [[reservation in India|reserved]] for candidates from the [[Scheduled Caste]]s. It comprises a portion of [[Tindivanam taluk]] and is a part of [[Viluppuram Lok Sabha constituency]] for national elections to the [[Parliament of India]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Tamilnadu/Final%20Notification%20&%20Order%20.pdf |title= Tamil Nadu - Final Notification & Order |website= Delimitation Commission of India |publisher= National Informatics Centre |access-date= 26 January 2017}}</ref> It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India.

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
=== Madras State ===

{| class="wikitable" width="50%"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|[[Venugopala Gounder]] and [[M. Jagannathan]]
|
|[[Tamil Nadu Toilers' Party]]
|-
| [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| [[P. Veerappa Gounder]] and M. Jagannathan
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| [[A. Thangavelu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[K. Ramamoorthy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

=== Tamil Nadu ===

{| class="wikitable"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| [[G. Rajaram]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[T. R. Rajaram Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| [[K. M. Thangamani Gounder]]
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress (I)}}
| [[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
| K. M. Thangamani Gounder
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| [[R. Masilamani]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| [[S. Pannirselvam]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| [[R. Sedunathan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| rowspan=2|[[C. V. Shanmugam]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|-
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| [[D. Haridoss]]
|-
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| [[P. Seethapathy]]<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Election Commission of India |title=2016 Tamil Nadu General Election: Constituency Data Summary |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2016/09-Constitutional%20Data%20Summarytamil.pdf |access-date=27 May 2016|page=72}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| [[P. Arjunan]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| [[Vanni Arasu]]
|{{Full party name with color |Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}}
|}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|48.15}}
{{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|35.33}}
{{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|52.59}}
{{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|47.04}}
{{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|53.31}}
{{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|45.40}}
{{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|50.58}}
{{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|48.05}}
{{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|58.67}}
{{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|42.33}}
{{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|29.55}}
{{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|55.83}}
{{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|51.59}}
{{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|45.33}}
{{bar percent|[[#1957|1957]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|27.00}}
{{bar percent|[[#1952|1952]]|{{party color|Tamil Nadu Toilers' Party}}|29.09}}
}}

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tindivanam}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Vanni Arasu]] |party=Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Arjunan]]|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Pechimuthu|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Sakthivel|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|votes=|percentage=|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA|party=None of the above (India)|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage=}}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors =219256 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi |loser=AIADMK |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tindivanam<ref>{{cite web|title=Tindivanam Election Result|url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a072|access-date= 2 Jul 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Arjunan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=87,152 |percentage=48.15% |change=+12.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Seethapathy]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=77,399 |percentage=42.76% |change=+7.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Pachimuthu |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=9,203 |percentage=5.08% |change=+4.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Chandralekha |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=2,701 |percentage=1.49% |change=-7.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Poyathu @ Anbin S. Poyyamozhi |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=2,079 |percentage=1.15% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,523 |percentage=0.84% |change=-0.36 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,753 |percentage=5.39% |change= 5.33% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=181,015 |percentage=78.52% |change= -0.42% }}
{{Election box rejected|votes=142|percentage=0.08% }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 230,527 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 12.82% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tindivanam<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|access-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Seethapathy]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=61,879 |percentage=35.33% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. P. Rajendran |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=61,778 |percentage=35.27% |change=-17.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Kalidoss |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=29,848 |percentage=17.04% |change=-25.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Udhayakumar |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=14,928 |percentage=8.52% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=2,112 |percentage=1.21% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. Poovazhagi |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,509 |percentage=0.86% |change=+0.2 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Bhuvaneshwari |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=908 |percentage=0.52% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=101 |percentage=0.06% |change= -10.09% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=175,150 |percentage=78.94% |change= -2.33% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 221,864 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -17.26% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tindivanam<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu|work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf| archive-date =15 February 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[D. Haridoss]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=80,553 |percentage=52.59% |change=+5.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. P. Sankar |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=65,016 |percentage=42.45% |change=-2.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Munusamy |party=Independent politician |votes=2,071 |percentage=1.35% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Radhika |party=Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi |votes=1,125 |percentage=0.73% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Venugopal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,010 |percentage=0.66% |change=+0.09 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=15,537 |percentage=10.14% |change= 8.28% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=153,169 |percentage=81.27% |change= 3.94% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 188,461 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 5.55% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2006===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tindivanam<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 2006 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| access-date = 12 May 2006| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[C. V. Shanmugam]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=55,856 |percentage=47.04% |change=-6.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Karunanithi |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=53,648 |percentage=45.18% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Lakshmanan |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=4,364 |percentage=3.68% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Manickam |party=Independent politician |votes=2,102 |percentage=1.77% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Thanasekaran |party=Independent politician |votes=827 |percentage=0.70% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=I. M. Sekar Nayakar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=674 |percentage=0.57% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,208 |percentage=1.86% |change= -9.94% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=118,735 |percentage=77.34% |change= 14.63% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 153,528 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -6.27% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tindivanam<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[C. V. Shanmugam]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=54,884 |percentage=53.31% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Sedunathan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=42,736 |percentage=41.51% |change=-3.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Ravi |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,353 |percentage=2.29% |change=-14.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Megesh |party=Independent politician |votes=2,182 |percentage=2.12% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Iniyadayalan |party=Independent politician |votes=801 |percentage=0.78% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,148 |percentage=11.80% |change= -13.55% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=102,956 |percentage=62.71% |change= -5.93% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 164,200 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 7.91% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tindivanam<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 1996 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Sedunathan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=45,448 |percentage=45.40% |change=+14.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Karunanithi |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=20,068 |percentage=20.05% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Masilamani |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=16,449 |percentage=16.43% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Rajaram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=16,018 |percentage=16.00% |change=-34.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Moorthy |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=523 |percentage=0.52% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=25,380 |percentage=25.35% |change= 5.43% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=100,106 |percentage=68.64% |change= 0.79% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 153,450 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -5.18% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tindivanam<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=S. Pannirselvam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=48,317 |percentage=50.58% |change=+15.61 }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=R. Masilamani |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=29,282 |percentage=30.65% |change=-17.4 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Karuranidhi |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=16,580 |percentage=17.36% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Sadaian |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=577 |percentage=0.60% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=19,035 |percentage=19.93% |change= 6.84% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=95,532 |percentage=67.85% |change= 3.41% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 145,939 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 2.52% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tindivanam<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=R. Masilamani |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=39,504 |percentage=48.05% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Ramamurthi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=28,749 |percentage=34.97% |change=-23.7 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. R. Ravindhran |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=6,258 |percentage=7.61% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. M. Thangamani |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,478 |percentage=5.45% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Gandhidass |party=Independent politician |votes=941 |percentage=1.14% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. R. Maheswaran |party=Independent politician |votes=525 |percentage=0.64% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,755 |percentage=13.08% |change= -11.88% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=82,210 |percentage=64.44% |change= -7.11% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 129,844 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -10.61% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tindivanam<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| archive-date = 17 Jan 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. M. Thangamani Gounder]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=45,404 |percentage=58.67% |change=+16.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Subramanya Kounder |party=Janata Party |votes=26,088 |percentage=33.71% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Krishnan |party=Independent politician |votes=3,596 |percentage=4.65% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Semmaneri Gounder K. |party=Independent politician |votes=2,306 |percentage=2.98% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=19,316 |percentage=24.96% |change= 17.17% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=77,394 |percentage=71.55% |change= 5.39% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 113,711 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 16.33% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tindivanam<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf| archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. M. Thangamani Gounder]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=29,778 |percentage=42.33% |change=+12.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Erajaram Reddy |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=24,302 |percentage=34.55% |change=+11.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Radhakrishnan |party=Janata Party |votes=15,953 |percentage=22.68% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,476 |percentage=7.78% |change= 4.92% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=70,343 |percentage=66.16% |change= 2.06% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 107,921 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 12.78% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tindivanam<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=T. R. Erajaram Reddy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,990 |percentage=29.55% |change=-6.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Radhakrishnan |party=Janata Party |votes=17,150 |percentage=26.69% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Rajaram |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=15,117 |percentage=23.52% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Venkatraman |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=11,958 |percentage=18.61% |change=-37.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. M. Ranganathan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,046 |percentage=1.63% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,840 |percentage=2.86% |change= -16.69% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=64,261 |percentage=64.10% |change= -8.77% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 101,610 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -26.27% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tindivanam<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=G. Rajaram |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=33,933 |percentage=55.83% |change=+7.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Ramamurthy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=22,048 |percentage=36.27% |change=-15.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Renganathan |party=Independent politician |votes=3,960 |percentage=6.51% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. R. Reddy |party=Independent politician |votes=843 |percentage=1.39% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,885 |percentage=19.55% |change= 16.38% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=60,784 |percentage=72.87% |change= -3.53% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 95,171 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 4.24% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Tindivanam<ref>{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf|title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf|archive-date=20 March 2012|access-date= 19 April 2009}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=K. Ramamoorthy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=34,106 |percentage=51.59% |change=+6.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Thangavelu |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=32,008 |percentage=48.41% |change=+3.08 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,098 |percentage=3.17% |change= 2.74% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=66,114 |percentage=76.39% |change= 4.61% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 89,697 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 6.26% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Tindivanam<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title=Statistical Report on General Election 1962|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf|access-date= 19 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf|archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Thangavelu A. |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=27,687 |percentage=45.33% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Veerappa Kounder P. |party=Indian National Congress |votes=27,422 |percentage=44.90% |change=+24.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Murugesan |party=Communist Party of India |votes=4,927 |percentage=8.07% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Krishnan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,044 |percentage=1.71% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=265 |percentage=0.43% |change= -1.51% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=61,080 |percentage=71.79% |change= -17.44% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 88,723 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Independent politician |swing= 18.33% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1957===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Tindivanam<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2015-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf |archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=P. Veerappa Goundar |party=Independent politician |votes=37,448 |percentage=27.00% |change= }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Jagannathan]] |party=Independent politician |votes=34,753 |percentage=25.06% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Venugopal Koundar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=28,658 |percentage=20.66% |change=0.32% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Pichaikuppan (Sc) |party=Indian National Congress |votes=22,941 |percentage=16.54% |change=-3.80% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kannan (Sc) |party=Independent politician |votes=5,563 |percentage=4.01% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Thiruneelakantar |party=Independent politician |votes=4,730 |percentage=3.41% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Arumugha Mudaliar |party=Independent politician |votes=4,586 |percentage=3.31% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,695 |percentage=1.94% |change=-2.70% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,38,679 |percentage=89.23% |change= -14.55% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,55,419 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Tamil Nadu Toilers' Party |swing= -2.09% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1952===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Tindivanam<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Jagannathan]] |party=Tamil Nadu Toilers' Party |votes=48,783 |percentage=29.09% |change= }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Venugopala Gounder |party=Tamil Nadu Toilers' Party |votes=40,998 |percentage=24.45% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Balasundaram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=34,119 |percentage=20.35% |change=20.35% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Venkatakrishna Reddiar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=33,414 |percentage=19.92% |change=19.92% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ganapathi |party=Independent politician |votes=10,385 |percentage=6.19% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,785 |percentage=4.64% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,67,699 |percentage=103.78% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,61,593 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Tamil Nadu Toilers' Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|access-date= 8 July 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archive-date= 5 October 2010|df= dmy-all}}
* [http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS2272.htm?ac=72 MLA Tindivanam Assembly Election] Election Commission of India.

{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}
{{coord|12.23|79.65|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Viluppuram district]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]

Kashmir Shaivism

2026-05-06T15:57:30Z

Dangerpanditankit: Put up pg

{{Short description|Nondualist Kashmiri Hindu tradition}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
[[File:Trident Yantra of Parama Siva.svg|alt=|thumb|232px|The trident (''triśūlābija maṇḍalam'') symbol and yantra of Parama Shiva, representing the triadic energies of the [[Adi Parashakti|supreme goddess]] ''[[Parashakti|Parā]]'', ''Parā-aparā'' and ''Aparā śakti.'']]
{{Saivism}}
{{Saktism}}
{{Advaita}}

'''Kashmir Shaivism''' is a 19th-century{{efn|name="19th_century"|The term ''Kashmir Shaivism'' was popularized by a 19th-century Bengali scholar, Pandit Gangadhara Kaviratna. He coined the term for the Trika corpus — a naming that shaped how the tradition is known today.<ref>https://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/23857.pdf</ref>}} umbrella-term for a body of [[Sanskrit learning|Sanskrit exegetical]] literature{{efn-la|name="Wallis_2013_exegetical"|{{harvtxt|Wallis|2013}}: "... the second phase, the exegetical writings of the Śaiva Tantrik masters from Kashmīr. It is this body of literature that has been called “Kashmīr Shaivism” since the early 20th century and taught in the West under that name but entirely disassociated from the full context of Śaiva Tantra and its scriptures}} of [[Nondualism|non-dual]] [[Shaivism|Shaiva-]][[Shaktism|Shakta]] [[Tantra|tantric]] and [[Monism|monistic]] religious traditions from Kashmir,{{sfn|Dyczkowski|1989|p=17}} "principally the [[Trika]] and the Krama,"{{sfn|Sanderson|2005a|p=8047}} both subschools of the [[Kaula (Hinduism)|Kaula]]-tradition. This exegetical tradition developed in [[Kashmir Valley|Kashmir]] after 850 CE, as an [[Sanskritization|adaptation]] to upper-class Hindu norms of 'wild' tantric [[Kaula (Hinduism)|Kaula]] traditions,{{sfn|Lawrence}}{{sfn|Wallis|2013}} replacing [[Shaiva Siddhanta]] as the dominant form of Saivism.{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=162}} It includes the '''Spanda''' ('Divine vibration') teachings, and the "Philosophy of Recognition" (''[[Pratyabhijna|Pratyabhijñā]]'') of the Kashmir Trika-school.{{sfn|Dyczkowski|1989|p=17}} The term "Kashmir Shaivism" is often used synonymously for the Kashmir Trika-school and it's ''pratyabhijñā'' philosophy.{{sfn|Dyczkowski|1989|p=17}}

The [[Shiva Sutras of Vasugupta]] (9th c. CE) and the Spanda Karika (9th c. CE) are the central texts of the '''''Spanda''' system'', interpreting Shakti as ''spanda'', "cosmic pulsation" or "divine vibraction", the active and creative energy of Shiva.{{sfn|Lawrence}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Paṇḍita |first=Balajinnātha |title=History of Kashmir Saivism |date=1989 |publisher=Utpal Publications |isbn=978-81-85217-01-7 |edition=1st |location=Srinagar, Kashmir}}</ref>

Defining features of the Trika tradition are the use of several triades in its philosophy, including the three goddesses [[Parashakti|Parā]], Parāparā, and Aparā; and its [[Idealism|idealistic]] and [[Monism|monistic]] teaching of ''[[pratyabhijna]]'' ("direct knowledge of one's self," "recognition"{{sfn|Singh|1982|p=117}}) philosophical system, propounded by [[Utpaladeva]] (c. 925–975 CE) and [[Abhinavagupta]] (c. 975–1025 CE).{{sfn|Lawrence}}{{sfn|Wallis|2013}} The main exegetical works of the Trika-tradition are those of [[Abhinavagupta]], such as the ''[[Tantraloka]]'', ''Mālinīślokavārttika'', and ''Tantrasāra''.{{sfn|Sanderson|2014}} Another important text of this tradition is the ''[[Vijñāna Bhairava Tantra|Vijñāna-bhairava-tantra]],'' which focuses on outlining numerous yogic practices.{{sfn|Muller-Ortega|1989|p=42-43}} Trika Shaivism later spread beyond Kashmir, particularly flourishing in the states of [[Odisha]] and [[Maharashtra]].{{sfn|Wallis|2013}}{{sfn|Olson|2007|p=237}}

==Nomenclature==
''Kashmir Shaivism'' is an umbrella-term for several [[Nondualism|non-dual]] [[Shaivism|Shaiva-]][[Shaktism|Shakta]] [[Tantra|tantric]] religious traditions that flourished in [[Kashmir]] after 850 CE,{{sfn|Lawrence}}{{sfn|Wallis|2013}} as an [[Sanskritization|adaptation]] to upper-class Hindu norms of 'wild' tantric [[Kaula (Hinduism)|Kaula]] traditions,{{sfn|Lawrence}}{{sfn|Wallis|2013}} and include the ''spanda'' ('Divine vibration') teachings, and the "Philosophy of Recognition" (''[[Pratyabhijna|Pratyabhijñā]]'') of the Trika-school.{{sfn|Dyczkowski|1989|p=17}} The term ''Kashmir Shaivism'' was popularized by a 19th-century Bengali scholar, Pandit Gangadhara Kaviratna. He coined the term for the Trika corpus — a naming that shaped how the tradition is known today.<ref>https://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/23857.pdf</ref> As such, ''Kashmir Shaivism'' is often used synonymously for the ''Trika''-school and it's "Philosophy of Recognition" (''[[Pratyabhijna|pratyabhijñā]]'').{{sfn|Dyczkowski|1989|p=17}} Trika, named after the use of several triades (''trika'') in its philosophy, was a subdivision of the Kaula-tradition,{{sfn|Sanderson|1988|p=680}} probably originated outside Kashmir before 800 CE,{{sfn|Sanderson|2005e|p=8046}} but the ''pratyabhijñā'' developed in Kashmir.

==History==
[[File:Ancient Temple, Naranag, Jammu and Kashmir, India.jpg|thumb|right|{{Circa|8th century CE}} [[Wangath Temple complex|Shaivite Temple complex at Wangath]] in the Himalayas of Kashmir]]
[[File:Development of Shaivism (expanded).png|thumb|left|The development of various schools of Shaivism from early worship of Rudra.<ref>Gavin Flood (1997), An Introduction to Hinduism, p.152</ref>]]

===Origins (9th century CE)===
Kashmir Shaivism originated in [[Kashmir]] after 850 CE, as a domestication of [[Kaula (Hinduism)|Kaula]] tantric movements, [[Sanskritization|adapting]] its views and practices to normative upper-caste Hinduism.{{sfn|Lawrence}}{{sfn|Wallis|2013}} As Lawrence notes, " Radical practices were toned down, concealed under the guise of propriety, or interpreted as metaphors of internal contemplations."{{sfn|Lawrence}}

One result of this domestication-process was the composition, by monistic Saivite Brahmins, of "increasingly systematic manuals of doctrines and practices on the model of Sanskrit scholastic texts (''[[shāstras]]'').{{sfn|Lawrence}} This textual development began with the ''[[Shiva Sutras of Vasugupta]]'' (9th cent. CE) and the ''Spandakārikā'' (9th cent. CE), which are the central texts of the ''Spanda system'', interpreting Shakti as ''spanda'', "cosmic pulsation" or "divine vibraction", the active and creative energy of Shiva.{{sfn|Lawrence}}

The ''Shiva Sutras'' appeared to [[Vasugupta]] in a dream, according to tradition. The ''Spandakārikā'' was either composed by Vasugupta (c. 800-850 CE) or his student [[Bhatta Kallata]] (9th cent. CE).{{sfn|Parmeshwaranand|2004}}{{sfn|Dyczkowski|1989|p=21}} These were a Śākta Śaiva attempt to present a non-dualistic metaphysics and gnostic [[soteriology]], in opposition to the dualistic exegesis of the Meykandar school of [[Shaiva Siddhanta]],{{sfn|Sanderson|2009|p=31-32}} while remaining in agreement with the monistic view expressed in the older and arguably more authoritative [[Tirumantiram]] of [[Tirumular]].{{sfn|Ganapathy|2004|p=464}}

[[File:Kashmir, stele con shiva e parvati, x-xi secolo.jpg|thumb|Shiva and [[Parvati]] (which is associated with [[Shakti]]), Kashmir, 10 or 11th century.]]

===Growth and flowering (900–1200 CE)===
While Trika draws from numerous [[Tantras (Hinduism)#Classes of Hindu Tantra|Shaiva]] texts, such as the [[Agama (Hinduism)#Shaiva Agamas|Shaiva Agamas]] and the [[Tantras (Hinduism)#Classes of Hindu Tantra|Shaiva and Shakta Tantras]], its major scriptural authorities are the ''Mālinīvijayottara Tantra'', the ''Siddhayogeśvarīmata'' and the ''Anāmaka-tantra.''{{sfn|Dyczkowski|1989|p=12}} The main theologians of Trika Shaivism are those of the [[Pratyabhijna|Pratyabhijñā]] (Recognition) school of Shaiva non-dual philosophy.

[[Somananda|Somānanda]] (875-925) wrote the ''Śivadr̥ṣṭi'',{{sfn|Torella|2021|p=1-3}} "the first work of full-fledged scholastic philosophy" of the Trika school.{{sfn|Lawrence}} [[Utpaladeva]] (c. 900–950 CE) and [[Abhinavagupta]] (c. 950–1016, a student of one of Utpaladeva's disciples) developed the Pratyabhijñā-system into its mature form.{{sfn|Torella|2021|p=1-3}} Utpaladeva's ''Īśvarapratyabhijñā-kārikā (Verses on the Recognition of the Lord)'' is one of the main works of this tradition, but was overshadowed by the work of Abhinavagupta. Thus, according to Torella, "Abhinavagupta's ''Īśvarapratyabhijñā-Vimarśinī'' and the ''Īśvarapratyabhijñā-Vivr̥ti-Vimarśinī'' (a commentary on Utpaladeva’s Vivr̥ti on his own ''Īśvarapratyabhijñā-Kārikā'' and Vr̥tti) are generally considered the standard works of the Pratyabhijñā."{{sfn|Torella|2021|p=1-3}} Torella notes however, that "most of Abhinavagupta’s ideas are just the development of what Utpaladeva had already expounded."{{sfn|Torella|2021|p=4}}

Abhinavagupta was initiated in the [[sampradaya]]s (lineages) of the Trika, Pratyabhijñā, the Kaula Krama, and Shaiva Siddhantha, and also self-studied that spanda-system.{{sfn|Wallis|2013|p=292-306}} Abhinavagupta wrote numerous other works on Shaiva tantra. His ''[[Tantrāloka]]'', ''Mālinīślokavārttika'', and ''[[Tantrasāra]]'' are mainly based on the ''Mālinīvijayottara Tantra'', although they also drew heavily on the [[Kali]]-based Krama tradition of the [[Kaula (Hinduism)|Kulamārga]].{{sfn|Sanderson|2014}} Abhinavagupta's ''Tantrāloka'' is probably his most important work.{{sfn|Lawrence}} According to Christopher Wallis, "the ''Tantrāloka'' is a monumental explication of Tantrik practice and philosophy in over 5,800 verses. It is encyclopedic in its scope though not organized like an encyclopedia, for instead of just enumerating theories and practices, it brings them all into a coherent framework in which everything has its place and everything makes sense in relation to the whole."{{sfn|Wallis|2013|p=292-306}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mason |first=Christine Marie |title=Episode #146 Near Enemies of the Truth: The Spiritual Bypassing Platitudes with Gold at the Center |url=https://rosewoman.com/blogs/rosewoman-podcast/episode-146-near-enemies-of-the-truth-the-spiritual-bypassing-platitudes-with-gold-at-the-center |access-date=10 August 2025 |website=The Rose Woman Podcast}}</ref>

One of Abhinavagupta's students, [[Kṣemarāja|Kshemaraja]], is also an important figure who authored the short ''[[Pratyabhijnahridayam|Pratyabhijñāhṛdayam]]'' (''The Essence of Self-Recognition'').{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=164-167}}{{sfn|Flood|2006|p=66}}

[[Jayaratha]] (1150–1200 CE) wrote a commentary on the ''[[Tantrāloka]]''.{{sfn|Sanderson|2014}}

=== Decline (1200 CE – 19th century)===
After 1200 CE, the institutional basis and support for the Shaiva and Buddhist Tantric tradition mostly disappeared with [[Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent|Islamic conquests of the region]] leading to the slow decline and contraction of the tradition, though especially the Kaula-influenced lineages continued to be passed down and practiced by wandering ascetics well into the 18th century, due to their non-institutionalized structure.{{sfn|Wallis|2013|pp=308–319}}

In the 14th century, [[Islam]] gradually became the dominant religion in Kashmir.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/explore-the-beauty-of-kashmir-1444056294|title=Explore the Beauty of Kashmir|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|date=5 October 2015|last1=Downey|first1=Tom}}</ref> With the fall of Kashmir, a premier center of Sanskrit literary creativity, Sanskrit literature there disappeared.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Hanneder|first=J.|title=On 'The Death of Sanskrit'|journal=Indo-Iranian Journal |volume=45|issue=4|year=2002|pages=293–310|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1021366131934|s2cid=189797805|jstor=24664154|doi=10.1163/000000002124994847|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1017/s001041750100353x|title=The Death of Sanskrit|journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History|volume=43|issue=2|pages=392–426|year=2001|last1=Pollock|first1=Sheldon|s2cid=35550166}}</ref>{{rp|397–398}} Islamic preacher Sheikh Nooruddin Noorani, who is traditionally revered by Hindus as [[Nund Rishi]], combined elements of Kashmir Shaivism with [[Sufi mysticism]] in his discourses which further eroded the independence of Kashmir Shaivism.{{sfn|Bose|2005|pp=268–9}}

The number of major writers and publications declined after approximately the 14th century, although writers such as Rājānaka Ānanda Kavi, Anantaśaktipāda, Śivopādhyāya, Bhāskarakaṇṭha, Rājānaka Lakṣmīrāma, and Harabhaṭṭa Śāstri continued to produce important commentaries on core Kashmiri Shaiva texts into the early 20th century.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Kashmir Śaiva philosophy |date=2019 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers |isbn=978-81-208-4220-5 |editor-last=Potter |editor-first=Karl H. |edition= |series=Encyclopedia of Indian philosophies / general editor: Karl H. Potter |location=Delhi}}</ref>

[[File:Painting of a priest and worshippers at a Shiva temple in Srinagar, Kashmir, circa 1850–1860.jpg|thumb|upright|Painting of a priest and worshippers at a Shiva temple in [[Srinagar]], Kashmir, circa 1850–1860]]

=== Revival (19th century – present) ===
The term ''Kashmir Shaivism'' was popularized by a 19th-century Bengali scholar, Pandit Gangadhara Kaviratna. He coined the term for the Trika corpus — a naming that shaped how the tradition is known today.<ref>https://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/23857.pdf</ref>

In the 20th century [[Lakshman Joo]], a [[Kashmiri Hindu]], helped revive both the scholarly and yogic streams of Kashmir Shaivism.<ref>Kashmir Shaivism, The Secret Supreme, Revealed by Lakshmanjoo</ref> His contribution is enormous. He inspired a generation of scholars who made Kashmir Shaivism a legitimate field of inquiry within the academy.<ref>"Foreword", Lance E. Nelson in Self Realization in Kashmir Shaivism, John Hughes, pp.xxii-iv</ref><ref>Consciousness is Everything, The Yoga of Kashmir Shaivism, Swami Shankarananda pp. 47-8</ref>

[[Acharya Rameshwar Jha]], is often credited with establishing the roots of Kashmir Shaivism in the learned community of [[Varanasi]]. Rameshwar Jha with his creativity, familiarity with the ancient texts and personal experiences provided access to concepts of non-dualistic Kashmir Shaivism. His writings of Sanskrit verses have been published as the books ''Purnta Pratyabhijna''<ref name="ReferenceB">Pratyabhijna Press Varanasi, Publishers Arun Krishna Joshi, Vijay Krishna Joshi, Nichi bag Varanasi</ref> and ''Samit Swatantram''.<ref name="ReferenceB"/>

[[Lilian Silburn]] (1908–1993) was a French [[Indologist]] specialising in Kashmir Shaivism, Tantra and [[Buddhism]]. Working together with [[Louis Renou]], she translated from [[Sanskrit]] and published the core scriptures of Kashmir Shaivism, including ''[[Shiva Sutras of Vasugupta]]'', ''[[Vijnana Bhairava Tantra]]'', and others, many being first-ever translations of the recently discovered texts. Silburn, a student of [[Lakshman Joo]], authored ''Kundalini: The Energy of the Depths, A Comprehensive Study Based on the Scriptures of Kasmir Saivism'' (Shaiva Traditions of Kashmir, State University of New York Press, 1988).

[[Muktananda|Swami Muktananda]], although not belonging to the direct lineage of Kashmir Shaivism, felt an affinity for the teachings, validated by his own direct experience.<ref>Lal Ded: The great Kashmiri Saint-poetess, Proceedings of the National Seminar Conducted by Kashmir Education, Culture and Science Society. p12</ref><ref>Play of Consciousness – A Spiritual Autobiography, Swami Muktananda, p117</ref> He encouraged [[Motilal Banarsidass]] to publish [[Jaideva Singh]]'s translations of ''Shiva Sutras'', ''Pratyabhijnahrdayam'', ''Spanda Karikas'' and ''Vijnana Bhairava'', all of which Singh studied in-depth with Lakshman Joo.<ref>Swami Durgananda,‘To See the World Full of Saints’ in Meditation Revolution, Brooks, Durgananda et al, pp96-97</ref><ref>Siva Sutras – The Yoga of Supreme Identity, Jaideva Singh p iv</ref> He also introduced Kashmir Shaivism to a wide audience of western meditators through his writings and lectures on the subject.<ref>Swami Durgananda, ‘To See the World Full of Saints’ in Meditation Revolution, Brooks, Durgananda et al, pp.96-97</ref><ref>Secret of the Siddhas, Swami Muktananda, Chapters 9-37</ref>

The ''[[Vijnana Bhairava Tantra]]'', a chapter from the ''Rudrayamala Tantra'', was introduced to the West by [[Paul Reps]], a student of Lakshman Joo, by including an English translation in his book ''[[Zen Flesh, Zen Bones]]''. Cast as a discourse between the god [[Shiva]] and his consort [[Devi]] or [[Shakti]], it presents 112 meditation methods or centering techniques (''[[dharana]]''s).<ref>Paul Reps, ''Zen Flesh, Zen Bones, A Collection of Zen and Pre-Zen Writings'' ({{ISBN|0-8048-0644-6}})</ref>

The four key Trika mandalas from Abhinavagupta’s ''Tantrāloka,'' previously considered indecipherable, were translated, decoded and illustrated by [[Christian de Vietri]] in his 2024 book titled ''Trika Maṇḍala Prakāśa''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=de Vietri |first=Christian |title=Trika Maṇḍala Prakāśa: Illuminating the mandalas of Abhinavagupta's Tantrāloka |date=2024-10-09 |publisher=The Magnetic Citadel Press |isbn=978-1763555310 |location=Perth, Australia |language=English, Sanskrit}}</ref>

==Texts==
In general, the whole written tradition of Kashmir Shaivism can be divided in three fundamental parts: ''Āgama Śāstra'', ''Spanda Śāstra'' and ''Pratyabhijñā Śāstra''.<ref>The Trika Shaivism of Kashmir, Moti Lal Pandit, pag. IX</ref>

1. ''[[Āgama (Hinduism)|Āgama]] Śāstra'' are those writings that are considered as being a direct revelation from Siva. These writings were first communicated orally, from the master to the worthy disciple. They include essential works such as ''{{IAST|Mālinīvijaya Tantra}}'', ''{{IAST|Svacchanda Tantra}}'', ''{{IAST|[[Vijñāna Bhairava Tantra]]}}'', ''{{IAST|[[Netra Tantra]]}}'', ''{{IAST|Mṛgendra Tantra}}'', ''{{IAST|Rudrayāmala Tantra}}'', ''Śivasūtra'' ([[Shiva Sutras of Vasugupta|Shiva Sutra of Vasugupta]]) and others. There are also numerous commentaries to these works, ''{{IAST|Śivasūtra}}'' having most of them.<ref name="ReferenceA">The Trika Shaivism of Kashmir, Moti Lal Pandit, pag. X</ref>

2. ''{{IAST|Spanda Śāstra}}'', the main work of which is ''{{IAST|Spanda Kārikā}}'' of [[Bhatta Kallata]], a disciple of [[Vasugupta]], with its many commentaries. Out of them, two are of major importance: ''{{IAST|Spanda Sandoha}}'' (this commentary talks only about the first verses of ''{{IAST|Spanda Kārikā}}''), and ''{{IAST|Spanda Nirṇaya}}'' (which is a commentary of the complete text).<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

3. ''[[Pratyabhijna|Pratyabhijñā]] Śāstra'' are those writings which have mainly a [[metaphysics|metaphysical]] content. Due to their extremely high spiritual and intellectual level, this part of the written tradition of Shaivism is the least accessible for the uninitiated. Nevertheless, this corpus of writings refers to the simplest and most direct modality of spiritual realization. ''Pratyabhijñā'' means "recognition" and refers to the spontaneous recognition of the divine nature hidden in each human being ([[Atman (Hinduism)|atman]]). The most important works in this category are: ''{{IAST|Īśvara Pratyabhijñā}}'', the fundamental work of [[Utpaladeva]], and ''{{IAST|Pratyabhijñā Vimarśinī}}'', a commentary to ''{{IAST|Īśvara Pratyabhijñā}}''. ''{{IAST|Īśvara Pratyabhijñā}}'' means in fact the direct recognition of the Lord (''Īśvara'') as identical to one's Heart. Before ''Utpaladeva'', his master [[Somānanda]] wrote ''{{IAST|Śiva Dṛṣṭi}}'' (''The Vision of Siva''), a [[:wikt:devotional|devotional]] [[poem]] written on multiple levels of meaning.<ref>The Trika Shaivism of Kashmir, Moti Lal Pandit, pag. XI</ref>

According to [[Mark S. G. Dyczkowski]], Kashmiri Trika Shaivism looks to three scriptures "as its primary authorities", the [[Trika|''Mālinīvijayottara Tantra'']], the ''Siddhayogeśvarīmata and the Anāmaka-tantra.''{{sfn|Dyczkowski|1989|p=12}}

As a monistic [[Tantra|tantric]] system, [[Trika]] Shaivism, as it is also known, draws teachings from [[shrutis]], such as the monistic ''[[Vijnana Bhairava Tantra|Bhairava Tantras]]'', [[Shiva Sutras of Vasugupta]], and also a unique version of the ''[[Bhagavad Gita|{{IAST|Bhagavad Gītā}}]]'' which has a commentary by [[Abhinavagupta]], known as the ''[[Gitartha Samgraha]]''. Teachings are also drawn from the ''[[Tantraloka|Tantrāloka]]'' of Abhinavagupta, prominent among a vast body of ''[[smritis]]'' employed by Kashmir Shaivism.

==Spanda-philosophy==
The spanda-philosophy regards consciousness as active and dynamic, described as the spontaneous vibration or pulsation (''spanda'') of universal consciousness, which is an expression of its freedom (''svātāntrya'') and power (''[[Shakti|Śakti]]'').{{sfn|Dyczkowski|1989|p=24}} Because of this, though this philosophy is [[Idealism|idealist]], it affirms the reality of the world and everyday life, as a real transformation (''parinama''), manifestation or appearance (''ābhāsa'') of the absolute consciousness.{{sfn|Dyczkowski|1989|p=25}} The Absolute is also explained through the metaphor of light (''prakasha'') and reflective awareness (''vimarsha'').{{sfn|Dyczkowski|1989|p=26}}

==Trika- and Pratyabhijna-philosophy==
[[file:Maker unknown, India - Bhadrakali within the Rising Sun - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|A painting of goddess [[Kali]] from [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], c. 1660-70, from a [[Tantra|Tantric]] [[Devi]] series attributed to [[Kripal of Nurpur]] (active c. 1660 - c. 1690). [[Philadelphia Museum of Art]]]]
{{Main|Trika}}

===Triads (trika)===
[[File:Madhubani Mahavidyas.jpg|thumb|right|[[Sri Yantra]] diagram with the Ten [[Mahavidyas]]. The triangles represent [[Shiva]] and [[Shakti]], the snake represents [[#Anuttara.2C the Supreme|Spanda]] and [[Kundalini]].]]

An important element of Trika Shaivism's theology is the use of several triads (symbolized by the trident) in its description of Absolute and phenomenal reality, hence the name ''trika''.

===Pratyabhijna - One consciousness Being unfolds as the multiplicity of the world===
Central to Trika Shaivism is [[Pratyabhijna|''Pratyabhijñā'']], "recognition." Etymologically, ''pratyabhijñā'' is formed from ''prati-'' ("re-") + ''abhi-'' ("closely") + *''jñā'' ("to know"), so the meaning is "direct knowledge of one's self," "recognition."{{sfn|Singh|1982|p=117}}

The central thesis of this philosophy is that everything is a manifestation or unfolding of absolute consciousness, termed ''[[Shiva|Śiva]]'', and it is possible to "re-cognise" this fundamental reality and be freed from limitations, identified with Śiva and immersed in bliss.<ref>The Yoga of Kashmir Shaivism – S.Shankarananda, p. 45</ref> Thus, the slave (''paśu'': the human condition) shakes off the fetters (''[[pāśa]]'') and becomes the master (''pati'': the divine condition).{{sfn|Kapoor|p=254}}

Pratyabhijna, the 'philosophy of recognition', as outlined by thinkers like Utpaladeva, teaches that though the identity of all souls is one with [[God]] ([[Ishvara|Isvara]]) or Shiva (which is the single reality, Being and absolute consciousness), they have forgotten this due to [[Maya (religion)|Maya]] or ignorance. However, through knowledge one can recognize one's authentic divine nature and become a liberated being.{{sfn|Dyczkowski|1989|p=17-18}}

The basic theology of Trika's Recognition school, as summarised by Utpaladeva in ''Īśvarapratyabhijñā-Kārikā'' (Verses on the Recognition of the Lord), is as follows:
{{blockquote|There is only one Great Divinity, and it is the very inner Self of all creatures. It embodies itself as all things, full of unbroken awareness of three kinds: “I”, “this”, and “I am this.”<ref name=":3">Wallis, Christopher (2013). ''Tantra Illuminated'', pp. 283-292.</ref>}}

The school's theology is expressed by [[Kshemaraja]] in his ''Pratyabhijñā-hṛdayam'' (''The Heart of Recognition'') as follows:
{{blockquote|Awareness, free and independent, is the cause of the performance of everything. She unfolds the universe through Her own will and on Her own canvas. It becomes diverse by its division into mutually adapting subjects and objects. The individual conscious being, as a condensation of universal Awareness, embodies the entire universe in a microcosmic form.<ref name=":3" />}}

==Kali==
[[File:Kali, ca. 9th century, from Andhra Pradesh, Government Museum, Chennai.jpg|thumb|right|[[Kali]], ca. 9th century, from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. The Trika synthesis of Abhinavagupta also adopted the doctrines of the Krama school of Shakta Tantra, whose main goddess was Kali.{{sfn|Wallis|2013}}]]

In Kashmir Shivaism the highest form of [[Kali]] is [[Mahakali|Kalasankarshini]] who is nirguna, formless and is often show as a flame above the head of ''Guhya Kali'' the highest gross form of Kali. In Nepali Newar arts, both form and formless attributes of Kali is often envisioned in a single art form showing the hierarchy of goddesses in their tradition. In it Guhyakali image culminates in flame, with Kalasankarshini, the highest deity in the sequence, who consumes time within herself and is envisioned solely as a flame representing [[Para Brahman]].<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/sthAneshvara-papers/Time_and_Space_in_Tantric_Art_djvu.txt Time and Space In Tantric arts, Sthaneshwar Timalsina]</ref>

==Relation with other traditions==

===Shaiva Siddhanta===
Shaiva Siddhanta was a northern, especially Kashmi development.{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=162}} While Kashmir Shaivism developed in opposition to the dualistic [[Shaiva Siddhanta]] tradition, it shares many parallel points of agreement with the lesser-known monistic school of Shaiva Siddhanta as expressed in the ''[[Tirumantiram]]'' of [[Tirumular]].{{sfn|Ganapathy|2004|p=464}} It shares this branch's disagreements with the dualistic Shaiva Siddhanta school of [[Meykandar]], which scholars consider to be normative tantric Shaivism.{{sfn|Flood|2006|p=61}}

===Shaktism===
The doctrines of Kashmir Shaivism were very influential on the [[Shri Vidya]] tradition of Shaktism.{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=188}}

===Comparison with Advaita Vedanta===
Kashmir Shaivism and [[Advaita Vedanta]] are both non-dual philosophies that recognize Universal Consciousness (''Chit'' or ''Brahman''), but have different views on the relation between this highest Reality and the phenomenal world.<ref>Jaideva Singh (2008), ''Pratyãbhijñahṛdayam: The Secret of Self-Recognition'', Moltilal Banarsidass, 2008 p.24-26</ref> In Advaita Vedanta, only this consciousness (Brahman) is ultimately Real, whereas the phenomenal world is considered to be ''Maya'', illusion, creating a fundamental ontological problem. In Kashmir Shaivism, all things are a manifestation of this Consciousness,{{sfn|Dyczkowski|1989|p=44}} and the phenomenal world (''Śakti'') is real, existing and having its being in Consciousness (''Chit'').<ref>Ksemaraja, trans. by Jaidev Singh, Spanda Karikas: The Divine Creative Pulsation, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, p.119</ref>

Jaideva Singh lists seven key differences between Advaita and Kashmir Shaivism,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Jaideva |title=Vedanta and Advaita Shaivagama Of Kashmir: A Comparative Study |date=1985 |publisher=[[Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture]] |isbn=9788187332930 |pages=44–51}}</ref> where in Kashmir Shaivism,
# the absolute is active, rather than passive,
#the world is a real appearance, rather than false (mithyā),
# grace (anugraha) has a soteriological role,
# the ātman is present in the human body in dynamic form (spaṇda), rather than as a pure witness (sākṣī),
# the methods include all four upāyas, rather than solely emphasizing [[Śāmbhavopāya]], 'the method of consciousness'
# ignorance (avidyā) is uprooted at both intellectual (bauddha) and personal (paurusha) levels, rather than just the intellectual level, and
# liberation (muktī) is not an isolation from the world (kaivalya) but an integration into world which appears as Shiva.

==See also==
* [[Shri Vidya]]
* [[Lalleshwari]]
* [[Swami Lakshman Joo]]
* [[Bhagwan Gopinath]]
{{Reflist|group=note|2}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}

* {{Cite book |last=Brooks |first=Douglas Renfrew|date=1992 |title=Auspicious wisdom: the texts and traditions of Srīvidyā Sākta Tantrism in South India |publisher=State Univ. of New York Press |isbn=978-0-7914-1146-9 |series=SUNY series in tantric studies |location=Albany, NY |pages=38–43}}

* {{cite book | last =Dyczkowski | first =Mark S. G. | year =1989 | title =The Doctrine of Vibration: An Analysis of the Doctrines and Practices of Kashmir Shaivism | publisher =Motilal Banarsidass Publ. | url =https://archive.org/details/mark-s.-g.-dyczkowski-the-doctrine-of-vibration-an-analysis-of-the-doctrines-and}}

* {{Citation | last =Flood | first =Gavin | year =1996 | title =An Introduction to Hinduism | publisher =Cambridge University Press | location =Cambridge | isbn =0-521-43878-0 | url-access =registration | url =https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo}}
* {{cite book | last =Flood | first =Gavin | year =2006 | author-link =Gavin Flood | title =The Tantric Body}}

* {{cite book | last =Ganapathy | first =T.N. | year =2004 | title =The Yoga of Tirumular: essays on the Tirumandiram}}

* {{cite book| last =Kapoor | first =S. | title =The Philosophy of Saivism | volume =1}}

* {{cite web | last =Lawrence | first =David Peter | title =Kashmiri Shaiva Philosophy | publisher =Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy | url =http://www.iep.utm.edu/kashmiri/ }}

* {{cite book | last =Muller-Ortega | first =Paul E. | year =1989 | title =The Triadic Heart of Siva: Kaula Tantricism of Abhinavagupta in the Non-dual Shaivism of Kashmir | publisher =SUNY Press}}

* {{cite book | last =Olson | first =Carl | year =2007 | title =The Many Colors of Hinduism | publisher =Rutgers University Press | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=RVWKClYq4TUC&dq=Pratyabhij%C3%B1a+%2B+trika&pg=PA237}}

* {{cite book | last =Parmeshwaranand | year =2004 | title =Encyclopaedia of the Śaivism | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=N4xIBNmhpXcC&pg=PA32 | publisher =Sarup & Sons | isbn=978-81-7625-427-4}}


* {{cite book | last =Sanderson |first =Alexis | year =1988 | chapter =Saivism and the Tantric Tradition | editor-last1 =Clarke | editor-first1 =Peter | title =The World's Religions | publisher =Routledge}}
* {{Citation | last =Sanderson | first =Alexis | year =2005a | chapter =Saivism:Saivism in Kasmir | editor-last =Jones | editor-first =Lindsay | title =MacMillan Encyclopedia of Religion. Vol.12: Rnying Ma Pa School - Soul | publisher =MacMillan}}
* {{Citation | last =Sanderson | first =Alexis | year =2005e | chapter =Saivism: Krama Saivism | editor-last =Jones | editor-first =Lindsay | title =MacMillan Encyclopedia of Religion. Vol.12: Rnying Ma Pa School - Soul | publisher =MacMillan}}
* {{cite web | last =Sanderson | first = Alexis | year =2009 | title =The Hinduism of Kashmir | url =http://www.alexissanderson.com/uploads/6/2/7/6/6276908/hinduismofkashmirarticle.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002175006/http://www.alexissanderson.com/uploads/6/2/7/6/6276908/hinduismofkashmirarticle.pdf |archive-date=2015-10-02}}
* {{cite journal | last =Sanderson | first =Alexis | year =2014 | title =The Śaiva Literature | journal =Journal of Indological Studies (Kyoto), Nos. 24 & 25 (2012–2013), 2014, pp. 52-53 | url =http://www.alexissanderson.com/uploads/6/2/7/6/6276908/sanderson_2014_the_saiva_literature_jist_kyoto_(1).pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304104838/http://www.alexissanderson.com/uploads/6/2/7/6/6276908/sanderson_2014_the_saiva_literature_jist_kyoto_(1).pdf | archive-date =4 March 2016}}
* {{cite book| last =Singh | first =Jaideva | year =1982 | title =Pratyabhijñāhrdayam | isbn =8120803221}}

* {{cite book | last =Torella | first = | year =2021 | chapter =Nondualistic Saivism of Kashmir | editor-last1 =Goetz | editor-first1 =Stewart | editor-last2 =Taliaferro | editor-first2 =Charles | title =The Encyclopedia of Philosophy of Religion, 4 Volume Set | publisher =Wiley}}


* {{cite book | last =Wallis | first =Christopher | year =2013 | title =Tantra Illuminated, Part II, A History of Śaiva Tantra | publisher =Mattamayura Press | url =https://archive.org/details/tantrailluminate0000wall/page/n2/mode/1up}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
'''Primary'''
* {{cite book |last=Lakshmanjoo |first=Swami |title=Kashmir Shaivism: The Secret Supreme |year=2003 |publisher=1st Books Library|isbn=1-58721-505-5 | url =https://archive.org/details/mark-s.-g.-dyczkowski-the-doctrine-of-vibration-an-analysis-of-the-doctrines-and/page/3/mode/1up | ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Shankarananda |first=Swami |title=Consciousness is Everything, The Yoga of Kashmir Shaivism |year=2003 |publisher=Shaktipat Press|isbn=0-9750995-0-7 | ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Muktananda |first=Swami |title=Play of Consciousness – A Spiritual Autobiography |year=2000 |publisher=SYDA Foundation |isbn=0-911307-81-8 }}
* {{cite book |last=Muktananda |first=Swami |title=Secret of the Siddhas |year=1980 |publisher=SYDA Foundation |isbn=81-86693-07-6 }}
* {{cite book |last=Durgananda |first=Swami |author2=Brooks |title=Meditation Revolution |year=1997 |publisher=Agama Press |isbn=0-9654096-1-9 |display-authors=etal}}

'''Secondary'''
* {{cite book |last=Dyczkowski |first=Mark S. G. |title=The Doctrine of Vibration: An Analysis of the Doctrines and Practices of Kashmir Shaivism |year=1987 |publisher=State University of New York Press|location=Albany, New York |isbn=0-88706-432-9 | ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last =Muller-Ortega | first =Paul E. | year =2010 | title =Triadic Heart of Siva: Kaula Tantricism of Abhinavagupta in the Non-Dual Shaivism of Kashmir | publisher =Suny press | ref =none}}
* {{cite book |last =Mishra | first =Kamalakar | title =Kashmir Saivism, The Central Philosophy of Tantrism | year =1999 | publisher =Sri Satguru Publications | isbn =81-7030-632-9 | url =https://archive.org/details/kashmirshaivismthecentralphilosophyoftantrismkamalakarmishramrml_202003_795_t/page/n7/mode/1up | ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Hughes |first=John|title=Self Realization in Kashmir Shaivism |year=1994|publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=0-7914-2179-1 | ref=none}}
* {{cite book | last =Rastogi | first =N. | year =1979 | title =The Krama Tantricism of Kashmir | publisher =Motilal Banarsidass | url =https://archive.org/details/the-krama-tantricism-of-kashmir-rastogi-1979 | ref =none}}

'''Translations'''
* {{cite book |last=Singh |first=Jaideva |title=Śiva Sutras – The Yoga of Supreme Identity |year=2000 |publisher=Moltilal Banarsidass |location=Delhi |isbn=81-208-0406-6 | url =https://archive.org/download/Scriptures/Jaideva_Singh_Siva_Sutras.pdf | ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Singh |first=Jaideva |title=Spanda-Kārikas - The Divine Creative Pulsation |year=2005 |publisher=Moltilal Banarsidass |location=Delhi |isbn=81-208-0821-5 | ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Singh |first=Jaideva |title=Pratyãbhijñahṛdayam - The Secret of Self-Recognition |year=2008 |publisher=Moltilal Banarsidass |location=Delhi |isbn=978-81-208-0323-7 | ref=none}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.iep.utm.edu/kashmiri/ David Peter Lawrence (2005) ''Kashmiri Shaiva Philosophy'', Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
*[http://www.shaivism.net/articles/11.html Piyaray L. Raina, ''Kashmir Shaivism versus Vedanta – A Synopsis'']

{{Shaivism|state=collapsed}}
{{yoga}}
{{idealism}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Kashmir Shaivism| ]]
[[Category:Hindu denominations]]
[[Category:Theistic Indian philosophy]]
[[Category:Advaita Shaivism]]
[[Category:Nonduality]]
[[Category:Yoga styles]]
[[Category:Hinduism in Jammu and Kashmir]]

Ramdaspur Industrial Estate

2026-05-03T22:57:20Z

Dangerpanditankit: Creating stub!

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}

'''Ramdaspur Industrial Estate''' is an industrial area located in the state of [[Odisha]], India. Developed to promote [[Small and medium enterprises|small and medium-scale industries]], the estate provides basic infrastructure and facilities for [[manufacturing]] and service units, contributing to [[Economic development in India|regional economic development]] and [[employment]] generation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Editorial |date=2019-08-22 |title=Odisha offers land to set-up 'Jockey' garment unit |url=https://www.apparelviews.com/odisha-offers-land-to-set-up-jockey-garment-unit/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=Apparel Views }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-22 |title=Jockey India can now invest in Odisha! {{!}} Sourcing News India |url=https://apparelresources.com/business-news/sourcing/jockey-india-can-now-invest-in-odisha/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=Apparel Resources }}</ref> It is administered by state agencies responsible for [[Industrial and Infrastructure Development Finance Company Limited|industrial infrastructure]], and forms part of the broader network of [[Industrial park|industrial estates]] established across Odisha to support decentralised industrial growth.<ref>{{Cite report |title=Report on Performance of Industrial Estates & Growth Centres in Odisha |url=http://www.msmedicuttack.gov.in/press-release/Reeport%20on%20Performance%20of%20Industrial%20Estates%20&%20Growth%20Centres%20in%20Odisha-2018.pdf |publisher=MSME Development Institute, Cuttack |year=2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IDCO |url=https://www.idco.in/notifications/view/6b2bca7c-45a8-4130-af33-e4cd812acdde |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=www.idco.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Roy |first=Tasmayee Laha |date=2016-11-03 |title=Odisha’s first private industrial park gets a go ahead |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/odishas-first-private-industrial-park-gets-a-go-ahead/articleshow/55228849.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-04-22 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Odisha}}

[[Category:Industrial estates in Odisha]]
[[Category:Cuttack district]]
[[Category:Economy of Odisha]]
[[Category:Industrial parks in India]]
[[Category:Industrial parks in Odisha]]

{{Odisha-stub}}

Qamar Hussain

2026-05-03T10:07:17Z

Dangerpanditankit: Creating new pg

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1948)}}
{{use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
'''Qamar Hussain Choudhary''' (born 1948) is an Indian politician from [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. He was the MLA from [[Rajouri Assembly constituency]] in [[Rajouri district]]. He won the [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-12-23 |title=Jammu and Kashmir Assembly election winners list |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/assembly-elections-2015/jammu-and-kashmir/story/jammu-kashmir-election-winners-list-assembly-polls-results-bjp-congress-pdp-nc-232557-2014-12-23 |access-date=2024-09-15 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> He was nominated again to contest the [[Thannamandi Assembly constituency|Thanamandi Assembly constituency]] which was a newly created seat, reserved for Scheduled Tribe community in the 2024 election by JKPDP but lost to Independent candidate [[Muzaffar Iqbal Khan]] and finishing 3rd, behind Independent and BJP candidates. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-14 |title=Pahari-Gujjar divide in first battle for Jammu ST seats; BJP, INDIA play role reversal |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/first-battle-jammu-st-seats-pahari-gujjar-divide-bjp-india-role-reversal-9567770/ |access-date=2024-09-15 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Qamar is from [[Thanamandi]], [[Rajouri district]], Jammu and Kashmir. He is the son of late Lal Din. He is an advocate and his wife is a government teacher. He completed his B.A. and then completed his L.L.B. in 1987 at [[University of Jammu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Qamar Hussain(JKPDP):Constituency- RAJOURI(RAJAURI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/jk2014/candidate.php?candidate_id=871 |access-date=2024-09-15 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Qamar won from Rajouri Assembly constituency representing the [[Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party]] in the 2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election. He polled 26,954 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Chowdhary Talib Hussain of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 2,490 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-12-24 |title=In a First, Muslim Candidate Wins on BJP Ticket in Jammu |url=https://kashmirobserver.net/2014/12/24/in-a-first-muslim-candidate-wins-on-bjp-ticket-in-jammu/ |access-date=2024-09-15 |website=Kashmir Observer |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=sameer |date=2024-09-04 |title=It will be historic: BJP candidate Gupta on winning Rajouri seat |url=https://risingkashmir.com/it-will-be-historic-bjp-candidate-gupta-on-winning-rajouri-seat/ |access-date=2024-09-15 |website=Rising Kashmir |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2024 elections, he contested from Thannamandi constituency as a candidate of Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party but lost to [[Muzaffar Iqbal Khan]], securing 21,986 votes and finishing behind the BJP candidate.

== Electoral performance ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Election !! Constituency !! colspan="2"|Party !! Result !! Votes % !! Opposition Candidate !! colspan="2"|Opposition Party !! Opposition vote %|| Ref
|-
|[[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]||[[Thanamandi Assembly constituency|Thanamandi]]||{{party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party}}||{{Lost}}||24.06%||[[Muzaffar Iqbal Khan]]||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||35.72%||<ref>{{cite news|last1=Election Commission of India|title=J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 - Bandipora|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|access-date=10 October 2024|date=8 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010072117/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|archive-date=10 October 2024}}</ref>
|-
|[[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2014]]||[[Rajouri Assembly constituency|Rajouri]]||{{party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party}}||{{Won}}||30.63%||Chowdhary Talib Hussain||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||27.80%||<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Jammu & Kashmir 2014 - Jammu & Kashmir - Election Commission of India |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613150235/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-date=2019-06-13 |access-date= |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|[[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2008]]||[[Rajouri Assembly constituency|Rajouri]]||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||{{Lost}}||9.58%||Shabir Ahmed Khan||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||13.63%||<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225073739/https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-date=25 December 2024|access-date=25 December 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>
|-
|[[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2002]]||[[Rajouri Assembly constituency|Rajouri]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||{{Lost}}||31.02%||Mohammed Aslam||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||40.00%||<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127192246/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>
|-
|}
== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Qamar, Hussain}}
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party politicians]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2014–2018]]
[[Category:People from Rajouri district]]
[[Category:Independent politicians from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Jammu and Kashmir]]

Bihpur (community development block)

2026-05-02T15:25:29Z

Dangerpanditankit: Made

{{Short description|Community Development Block in Bhagalpur, Bihar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}

'''Bihpur''' is a block in [[Bhagalpur district]] of [[Bihar]], [[India]]. It is one of sixteen blocks under [[Bhagalpur district]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Subdivision & Blocks {{!}} Bhagalpur {{!}} India |url=https://bhagalpur.nic.in/subdivision-blocks/ |access-date=2024-02-24 |language=en-US}}</ref> According to Census 2011 , the sub-district code of Bihpur Block (CD) is 01330.It lies in the [[Angika|Anga Region]] of Bihar.

== Geography and Demographics ==
Total area of '''Bihpur block''' is 149 km². Bihpur subdivision has a population of 1,23,386 peoples. Bihpur has a population density of 826 inhabitants per square kilometre. There are about 23,503 houses in the sub-district.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bihpur {{!}} CD Block {{!}} GeoIQ |url=https://geoiq.io/places/Bihpur/CD-Block |access-date=2024-02-24 |website=geoiq.io}}</ref> 0% of total population of Bihpur Block lives in Urban areas while 100% lives in Rural areas.

=== Religion ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Religion
! colspan="2" |Total
!Male
!Female
|-
|Hindu
|100,523
|(81.66%)
|53,129
|46,394
|-
|Muslim
|22,420
|(17.98%)
|12,309
|11,111
|-
|Christian
|65
|(0.05%)
|31
|34
|-
|Sikh
|15
|(0.01%)
|5
|10
|-
|Buddhist
|5
|(0%)
|4
|1
|-
|Jain
|5
|(0%)
|2
|3
|-
|Other Religion
|1
|(0%)
|1
|0
|-
|No Religion Specified
|352
|(0.29%)
|183
|169
|}
{{Pie chart|value1=81.66|value2=17.98|value3=0.35|color1=orange|color2=green|color3=grey|caption=Religion in Bihpur Block|label1=[[Hinduism]]|label2=[[Islam]]|label3=Others}}

=== Literacy Rate ===
Average literacy rate of Bihpur Block in 2011 were 60.26% in which, male and female literacy were 67.19% and 52.21% respectively. Total literate in Bihpur Block were 60,944 of which male and female were 36,506 and 24,438 respectively.

=== Language ===
'''[[Angika]]''' is the regional language in Bihpur Block. [[Hindi]] is the official language in the block and [[Urdu]] is the additional official language .<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Prakash |first1=Om |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WBEHEAAAQBAJ&dq=angika+language+socio&pg=PA327 |title=Linguistic Foundations of Identity: Readings in Language, Literature and Contemporary Cultures |last2=Kumar |first2=Rajesh |date=2020-11-02 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-000-21796-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://ruralindiaonline.org/en/library/resource/linguistic-survey-of-india-bihar/ |title=Linguistic Survey of India - Bihar |date=2020-12-01 |language=en}}</ref>

== Administration ==
According to Bihpur Gram Panchayati System, Bihpur is divided into 16 Gram Panchayats and 64 villages.

1.Ahuti

2.Amarpur

3.Babhangama

4.Baiswara

5.Bhagwatipur

6.Bihpur

7.Bikrampur

8.Bishunpur Gopal

9.Bishunpur Milik

10.Bishunpur Ramsahai

11.Dayalpur

12.Dharampur Ratti

13.Maksuspur

14.Garaia

15.Gauripur

16.Goari

17.Gobindpur Gobind

18.Hario

19.Hario Milik

20.Jairampur Nankar

21.Jairampur (Lathipur)

22.Jamalpur

23.Jamaluddinpur

24.[[Kaharpur]]

25.Kishunpur Banwari

26.Marwa

27.Mirma Chak

28.Muzaffarpur Sadik Milik

29.Nagarpara Arazi Milik

30.Narkatia

31.Peari Chak

32.Shah Chak

33.Bhramarpur

34.Sonbarsa

35.Tarbana

36.Tekwazpur

37.Thandapur

38.Tulsipur

39.Maheshpur

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Bhagalpur district|state=Bihar}}

[[Category:Bhagalpur district]]
[[Category:Blocks in Bhagalpur district]]
[[Category:Community development blocks in Bhagalpur district]]

Indian Association of Amusement Parks and Industries

2026-04-22T03:05:49Z

Dangerpanditankit: Put up new data

{{AI-generated|date=February 2026|reason=many edits such as [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Association_of_Amusement_Parks_and_Industries&diff=1187936096&oldid=1183892670 these in 2023] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Association_of_Amusement_Parks_and_Industries&diff=1308096055&oldid=1286288832 these in 2025]; note [[WP:AISIGNS]] in promotional tone, superficial analyses, vocab distribution typical of LLM output etc}}
{{Orphan|date=July 2023}}
{{use mdy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox organization
| image_alt = Logo of the Indian Association of Amusement Parks and Industries
| caption =
| logo = File:IAAPI logo.png
| logo_size =
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| extinction =
| type = [[Trade association]]
| status =
| headquarters = [[Mumbai, Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| coordinates =
| services =
| language =
| leader_title = [[Chairman]]
| leader_name = Ankur Maheshwary
| leader_title2 = First Vice Chairman
| leader_name2 = Prashant Kanoria
| leader_title3 = Second Vice Chairman
| leader_name3 = Maneesh Verma
| leader_title4 =
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| name = Indian Association of Amusement Parks and Industries
| abbreviation = IAAPI
| region_served = India
| map_caption =
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| num_employees = 7
| num_staff_year = 2025
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| purpose = To promote safe operations, global development, and commercial success of the amusement parks, attractions industry and indoor amusement centers
| website = {{URL|https://iaapi.org/}}
}}

The '''Indian Association of Amusement Parks and Industries''' ('''IAAPI''') is an apex body representing the interests of [[amusement park]]s, [[theme park]]s, [[water parks]] and indoor amusement centers in [[India]]. IAAPI is a non-government, not-for-profit, industry-led and industry-managed organization, playing a proactive role in the development of this sector. Founded in 1999, IAAPI is India's premier business association having over 600 members from private sectors including [[small and medium enterprises]] consisting of park operators and equipment manufacturers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moderngroup.in/post/story-of-iaapi-surge-amid-chaos|title=IAAPI- surge amid chaos|website=moderngroup.in|date=March 24, 2021}}</ref> IAAPI is recognized and affiliated with various international trade bodies operating in the amusement sector.

IAAPI represents location-based entertainment facilities, including amusement and theme parks, snow parks, indoor amusement centers, arcades, museums, water parks, aquariums, science centers, zoos, bowling alleys and resorts. It also represents industry equipment manufacturers, distributors, operators, industry suppliers, and service providers. IAAPI's head office is in [[Mumbai]] and it has four regional chapters and sector-relevant committees lead by industry leaders. IAAPI serves as a reference point for the Indian amusement sector.

== Mission and objectives ==

The mission of IAAPI is to create a conducive environment for the sustainable growth of the amusement industry in India. The association aims to achieve this through:

'''[[Advocacy]]:''' Representing the interests of its members and the industry at large by engaging with regulatory bodies and government agencies.

'''[[Education]]:''' Promoting knowledge-sharing and continuous learning through workshops, seminars, and conferences to enhance industry expertise.

'''[[Safety standards|Safety Standards]]:''' Advocating and upholding the highest safety standards to ensure the well-being of visitors to amusement facilities.

'''Networking:''' Providing a platform for industry professionals to network, collaborate, and share insights for mutual benefit.

== Membership ==
IAAPI boasts a diverse membership base of around 700 strong members comprising amusement facility owners, suppliers, manufacturers, and other stakeholders. The association's strength lies in its collective approach to addressing industry challenges and driving positive change.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Now |first=Bharat |date=2023-11-21 |title=IAAPI: Powering India's Amusement Odyssey — Where Thrills, Safety, and Innovation Collide! |url=https://medium.com/@bharatnow/iaapi-powering-indias-amusement-odyssey-where-thrills-safety-and-innovation-collide-b61cafb4714b |access-date=2024-05-26 |website=Medium |language=en}}</ref>

== Mascot ==
[[File:3S2A9384.jpg|thumb|Gaja - the official mascot of IAAPI]]
On August 21, 2025, during the AMTP in Hyderabad, IAAPI unveiled its official mascot, Gaja. Gaja stands as a symbol of creativity, inclusivity, and ambition, signaling the Indian amusement industry's evolution from standard rides to comprehensive stories, icons, and experiences.<ref>https://iaapi.org/blog/2025/08/23/meet-gaja-the-official-mascot-of-iaapi</ref>

== Rebranding ==
On 19 January 2024, as it celebrated its 25th anniversary, IAAPI underwent a rebranding and unveiled a fresh new logo and color scheme. The focus was on reflecting the industry's evolution and embracing upcoming technologies, all while maintaining the existing ethos.

== Events ==

'''Annual IAAPI Expo:'''
One of the flagship events organized by IAAPI is the annual IAAPI Expo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/the-joyride-club/1191372/|title=From rollercoasters to flying theatres; theme parks go all out to woo Indians|date=June 3, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tourismbreakingnews.com/tag/iaapi/|title=IAAPI – Tourism Breaking News}}</ref> This expo serves as a global stage for industry players, featuring the latest technological advancements, trends, and innovations in the amusement sector. With exhibitors from around the world, the expo facilitates networking opportunities and fosters international collaboration.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Indian amusement industry to attract 30 million visitors annually|url=https://www.hotelierindia.com/business/10047-indian-amusement-industry-to-attract-30-million-visitors-annually|access-date=2021-03-03|newspaper=Hotelier India|date=February 27, 2020 }}</ref>

<ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/ap-govt-signs-rs-100-crore-mou-for-amusement-park-and-resort-in-vizag/articleshow/129516248.cms</ref>The IAAPI Expo 2026, held from March 10–12, 2026, at the Bombay Exhibition Centre in Mumbai, marked a historic milestone as the association's largest expo to date. Spanning an expansive 14,000 square meters, the event showcased the pinnacle of innovation and industry trends, drawing unprecedented global investment interest and historic industry pacts. The increased exhibition space reflected the dynamic growth and significance of the amusement sector in India. IAAPI Expo 2027 would be held 3–5 March 2027.

Previously, the IAAPI Amusement Expo 2025 was held from March 19–21, 2025, at the Bombay Exhibition Centre. The expo attracted a large volume of visitors from more than 30 countries, with exhibitors from 25 countries participating in the event.

'''IAC Connect:'''
A significant sub-event within the IAAPI Expo is "IAC Connect," focusing on Indoor Amusement Centers (IAC). This platform brings together operators, manufacturers, and consultants from the indoor amusement sector, fostering innovation and growth. Notably, during the 2026 event, IAAPI collaborated with ANAROCK Consulting to launch the first-ever white paper on India's Indoor Amusement Centre industry, providing comprehensive data and strategic insights into the sector's growth.

'''Safety and Standardization:'''
As part of its commitment to elevating industry standards, IAAPI actively promotes operational safety. The association has published a comprehensive, professional Safety Handbook designed to guide amusement park and indoor amusement center operators in implementing robust, internationally aligned safety protocols.

'''AMTP (Annual Meeting and Training Program):'''
IAAPI hosts the Annual Meeting and Training Program (AMTP), a key initiative that underscores the association's commitment to education and professional development. This program provides industry professionals with a unique opportunity to gather, share insights, and participate in training sessions. Through AMTP, IAAPI contributes to the continuous enhancement of skills and knowledge within the amusement industry.<ref>https://www.business-standard.com/content/press-releases-ani/annual-meet-training-program-23-igniting-the-spark-of-explosive-growth-123081700757_1.html</ref>

'''Other Events:'''
In addition to the aforementioned initiatives, IAAPI conducts diverse training programs, workshops, and conclaves across different regions of India throughout the year. These events serve as comprehensive guidance, training, and facilitation platforms for its members. Furthermore, IAAPI organizes international training events held outside India, offering members a global perspective and fostering strong bonds among them.

During the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], the themed entertainment industry faced significant pressures.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://businessindia.co/magazine/struggling-to-survive|title=Struggling to survive|website=businessindia.co}}</ref> IAAPI was among several themed entertainment organizations whose members faced potential billions in losses as a result.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/national/indian-amusement-industry-feels-doomed-in-lockdown|title=Indian amusement industry feels doomed in lockdown|date=April 18, 2020|website=National Herald}}</ref> The IAAPI 2021 Expo was postponed by a year due to the pandemic.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://expotobi.com/iaapi-amusement-expo|title=IAAPI Amusement Expo 2021 - Mumbai, India - exhibition|website=expotobi.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iaapa.org/covid-19-resources-asia-pacific|title=Member Resources and Support {{pipe}} IAAPA|website=www.iaapa.org}}</ref>

== Awards ==
The National Awards for Excellence is an initiative organized by IAAPI that recognizes those who work in the Indian amusement industry.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.modernxd.com/2020/03/08/iaapi-awards-2020-dare-to-soar/|title=IAAPI Awards 2020|website=modernxd.com|date=March 3, 2018}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.esselworld.in/travel/IAAPI-awards.html/|title=IAAPI Awards|website=esselworld.in}}</ref>

== Thriller Magazine publication ==
IAAPI publishes its magazine, Thriller, the official magazine for members. It also comes with monthly newsletter to keep its membership informed about current and pending federal, state and local amusement-related laws and legislation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iaapi.org/thriller.html|title=IAAPI Thriller Magazine|website=iaapi.org|date=March 3, 2018}}</ref>

== Services ==
IAAPI offers training in every aspect of the amusement-park and attractions industry and provides member facilities with opportunities to educate their personnel with workshops, on-site seminars, videotapes, manuals and webinars. The association promotes amusement park safety standards<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tuv-nord.com/in/en/news/news/news-details/article/tuv-india-part-of-tuv-nord-group-at-3rd-safety-conclave-organised-by-indian-associations-of-amusement-parks-and-industries-iaapi/|title=TUV India (part of TUV NORD GROUP) at 3rd Safety Conclave organised by Indian Associations of Amusement parks and Industries (IAAPI)|website=www.tuv-nord.com}}</ref> to its members and regularly does safety conclaves. It also does a yearly offshore training program knows as AMTP.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Amusement parks in India| ]]
[[Category:Trade associations based in India]]
[[Category:1999 establishments in India]]

Nitu Kumari

2026-04-20T06:19:32Z

Dangerpanditankit: Creating new bio!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}{{BLP sources|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Nitu Kumari
| nickname = Nitu Devi
| office = Member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Hisua Assembly constituency|Hisua]]
| predecessor = [[Anil Singh (politician)|Anil Singh]]
| term_start = November 2020
| office1 = [[Chairperson]],[[District Councils of India]]
| 1blankname =
| 1namedata =
| term_start1 = July 2006
| term_end1 = May 2011
| birth_date = 6 January 1981
| birth_place = Sher,[[Gopalganj, Bihar|Gopalganj]],[[Bihar]] ([[India]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse = Shekhar Singh Alias Pappu Singh
| parents = Madan Mohan Rai (Father)
| 1blankname1 = District
| 1namedata1 = [[Nawada District]]
| successor = Anil Singh
| term_end = 2025
}}

'''Nitu Kumari'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Interesting Story: मुखिया बनने से पहले हिसुआ की विधायक बन गईं नीतू कुमारी, जानिए कैसे हुआ यह|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/gaya-neetu-kumari-became-mla-of-hisua-before-becoming-mukhiya-know-how-it-happened-21135716.html|access-date=2021-06-09|website=Dainik Jagran|language=hi}}</ref> also known as Nitu Singh<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-12|title=जीत की खुशी: हिसुआ की विधायक बनी नीतू सिंह, मायके में खुशी|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/patna/sidhavlia/news/neetu-singh-became-mla-from-hisua-happy-in-her-maiden-127906663.html|access-date=2021-06-09|website=Dainik Bhaskar|language=hi}}</ref> is a member of [[Indian National Congress]] and elected representative of [[Hisua Assembly constituency|Hisua]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumari, Nitu}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2020–2025]]
[[Category:People from Nawada district]]
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Bihar]]

{{Bihar-INC-politician-stub}}

Lailunga Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:29:44Z

Dangerpanditankit: Put up data.

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Chhattisgarh State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Lailunga
| state = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| type = SLA
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = Chakradhar Singh Sidar
| constituency_no = 15
| district = [[Raigarh district|Raigarh]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Raigarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raigarh]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = ST
| mla = Vidyawati Sidar
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| electors = {{formatnum:204520}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/chhattisgarh-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |title=State Election, 2023 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate=25 January 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
| map_image = Lailunga Assembly constituency map.svg
}}
'''Lailunga''' is one of the 90 [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Chhattisgarh]] state in [[India]].<ref name=ceoMap>{{cite web |url=https://ceochhattisgarh.nic.in/en/new-maps-assembly-constituency |title=New Maps of Assembly Constituency |website=ceochhattisgarh.nic.in |accessdate= 3 February 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Raigarh district|Raigarh]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]]. The current MLA is Vidayawati Sidar from the Congress party.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| colspan="4" |''Until 2008: Constituency did not exist''
|-
|[[2008 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| Hriday Ram Rathiya<ref name="election2008">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3883-chhattisgarh-2008/ |title=State Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate= 31 December 2021}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2013 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| Sunil Satyanand Ratiya<ref name="election2013">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3884-chhattisgarh-2013/ |title=State Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate= 31 December 2021}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| Chakradhar Singh Sidar<ref name="election2018" />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|[[Vidyawati Sidar]]<ref name="election2023" />
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly Election, 2023]]: Lailunga<ref name=election2023/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Vidyawati Sidar]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 84,666
|percentage = 48.20
|change = +13.11
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Suniti Satyanand Rathiya|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=80,490|percentage=45.82|change=-4.26}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Raghuveer Rathiya|party=Gondwana Ganatantra Party|votes=2,186|percentage=1.24|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the Above]]|party=None of the above|votes=2328|percentage=1.33|change=-2.53}}
{{Election box majority||votes=4,176|percentage=2.38|change=-12.62}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=164,980|percentage=81.81|change=-3.11}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}

{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly Election, 2018]]: Lailunga<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9643-statistical-data-of-general-election-to-chhatisgarh-assembly/ |title=Statistical data of General Election to Chhatisgarh Assembly - 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |accessdate= 3 February 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Chakradhar Singh Sidar
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 81,770
|percentage = 50.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Satyanand Rathiya
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 57,287
|percentage = 35.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Hridaya Ram Rathiya
|party = Janta Congress Chhattisgarh
|votes = 12,195
|percentage = 7.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 4,092
|percentage = 2.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 24,483
|percentage = 15.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,63,266
|percentage = 84.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Raigarh district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh}}
{{coord|22.4|83.57|display=title}}

[[Category:Raigarh district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Politics of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Alirajpur Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T08:41:39Z

Dangerpanditankit: Bio

{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Alirajpur
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 191
| map_image = 191-Alirajpur.svg
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Alirajpur district|Alirajpur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Ratlam Lok Sabha constituency|Ratlam]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[Nagar Singh Chouhan]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = Mukesh Rawat
}}
'''Alirajpur''' is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]].<ref name=ceo1>{{cite web|url=http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/DACList.aspx|title=District/Assembly List|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Madhya Pradesh website|access-date=1 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201083311/http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/(S(4ftawu55w1soru45gswzuz55))/DACList.aspx|archive-date=2015-12-01|url-status=dead}}</ref> This constituency came into existence in 1951, as one of the 79 Vidhan Sabha constituencies of the erstwhile [[Madhya Bharat]] state. This constituency is reserved for the candidates belonging to the [[Adivasi|Scheduled tribes]] since its inception.<ref name=eci1>{{cite web|url=http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MB.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Bharat|page=5|publisher=Election Commission of India website|access-date=2011-04-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721155640/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MB.pdf|archive-date=2011-07-21|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Overview==
Alirajpur (constituency number 191) is one of the two Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in [[Alirajpur district]]. This constituency covers the Alirajpur municipality and part of Alirajpur [[tehsil]] of this district.<ref name="eci2">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|pages=245, 252}}</ref>

Alirajpur is part of [[Ratlam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ratlam Lok Sabha constituency]] along with seven other Vidhan Sabha segments, namely, [[Jobat Assembly constituency|Jobat]] in this district, [[Jhabua Assembly constituency|Jhabua]], [[Thandla Assembly constituency|Thandla]] and [[Petlawad Assembly constituency|Petlawad]] in [[Jhabua district]] and [[Ratlam Rural Assembly constituency|Ratlam Rural]], [[Ratlam City Assembly constituency|Ratlam City]] and [[Sailana Assembly constituency|Sailana]] in [[Ratlam district]].<ref name="eci2"/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
As a constituency of Madhya Bharat:
* 1951: Bhima, [[Socialist Party (India, 1948)|Socialist Party]]<ref name=eci1/>

As a constituency of Madhya Pradesh:
{| class="wikitable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Chatrarsingh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Bhagirath Bhanwar
|{{Full party name with color|Socialist Party (India)}}
|-
|[[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Chatrarsingh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Magan Singh Patel
|-
|[[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Bhagwan Singh Chauhan
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="5" |Magan Singh Patel
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)|dab=y}}
|-
|[[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
|[[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
|[[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
|[[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|-
|1999*
|Vesta Singh Patel (Rawat)<ref name="election1999">{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC Bye Election: Alirajpur 1999 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/ac/byeDetail/366 |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref>
|-
|[[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Nagar Singh Chouhan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
|[[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name="ceom">{{cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha General Elections - 2008 (in Hindi) |url=http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/OtherLinks/Election_Result_2008.pdf |access-date=1 April 2011 |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Madhya Pradesh website}}</ref>
|-
|[[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|[[Mukesh Rawat]]<ref name=election2018/>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| [[Nagar Singh Chouhan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}
<nowiki>*</nowiki>By-election

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Alirajpur<ref name="BJP Candidates MP 2023">{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bjp-announces-candidates-for-39-assembly-seats-in-madhya-pradesh-3-months-ahead-of-state-election-101692298341918.html|title=BJP releases first list of candidates for 39 seats in MP|work=Hindustan Times|accessdate=18 August 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Nagar Singh Chouhan]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:83764}}
|percentage = 44.63
|change = +6.12
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Mukesh Patel
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:80041}}
|percentage = 42.65
|change = -9.95
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Surendra Thakrala
|votes = {{formatnum:11361}}
|percentage = 6.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Patel Antar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:3705}}
|percentage = 1.97
|change = +0.25
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Nawal Singh Mandloi
|votes = {{formatnum:2706}}
|percentage = 1.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Hirla Chouhan
|votes = {{formatnum:2275}}
|percentage = 1.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3814}}
|percentage = 2.03
|change = -1.08
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:3723}}
|percentage = 1.98
|change = -12.11
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:187666}}
|percentage = 70.85
|change = +0.83
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Alirajpur<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Mukesh Rawat]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:82017}}
|percentage = 52.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Nagar Singh Chouhan]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:60055}}
|percentage = 38.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Jalm Singh Patel
|votes = {{formatnum:4680}}
|percentage = 3.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Bhadiya Dawar
|votes = {{formatnum:2687}}
|percentage = 1.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Shamsher Singh Chouhan
|votes = {{formatnum:1654}}
|percentage = 1.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:4843}}
|percentage = 3.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:21962}}
|percentage = 14.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:155936}}
|percentage = 70.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Alirajpur]]
* [[Niranjan Singh Patel]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coords|22.31|74.35|display=title}}

[[Category:Alirajpur district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]

Kalupur Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:33:31Z

Dangerpanditankit: Put up a stub

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name=Kalupur Assembly constituency
|state=[[Gujarat]]
|established=1972
|abolished=2008
|type=SLA}}

'''Kalupur Assembly constituency''' is a former constituency of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]. It was made defunct by ''Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly constituencies order - 2008''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Commission |first=India Election |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MpO2AAAAIAAJ&dq=Kalupur+Assembly+constituency&pg=PA135 |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1976 |date=1976 |publisher=Election Commission, India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-07-17 |title=The story of 40 abolished Gujarat assembly seats |url=https://www.deshgujarat.com/2012/07/17/the-story-of-40-abolished-gujarat-assembly-seats/ |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=DeshGujarat |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Member of Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Election!!Member!!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1972 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Prabodh Rawal
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1975 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1975]]
| Gupta Rajkumar Gigraj
|
| Independent
|-
| [[1980 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| Mohammed Husein Barejia
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1985 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| Tamizben Koreishi
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| Bhupendra Sevakram Patni
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janta Party}}
|-
| [[1995 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
| Bhupendrakumar Sevakram Patni (bhupendra Khatri)
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janta Party}}
|-
| [[1998 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| [[Mohammad Farooq Shaikh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2002 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
| [[Mohammad Farooq Shaikh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| [[Mohammad Farooq Shaikh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat}}
{{coord|23.028|72.594|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Ahmedabad district]]
[[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]

{{India-constituency-stub}}
{{Ahmedabad-geo-stub}}

Surat North Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:51:47Z

Dangerpanditankit: Made the data with sources

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}
{{incomplete list|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Surat North
| mla = [[Kanti Balar|Kantibhai Himmatbhai Balar]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = Gujarat
| district = [[Surat district|Surat]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Surat Lok Sabha constituency|Surat]]
| established = 1967
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:163190}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|2}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 160
}}
'''Surat North''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> It is part of [[Surat district|Surat]] district.

==List of segments==
This assembly seat represents the following segments,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent|last=|first=|date=12 December 2006|website=Election Commission of India|publisher=Delimitation Commission of India|pages=2–31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016|access-date=12 February 2017}}</ref>

# Surat City Taluka (Part) – [[Surat Municipal Corporation]] (Part) Ward No. – 4, 6, 7, 29, 31, 32.

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
*2007 - Nanubhai Vanani, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
*2012 - Ajaykumar Choksi, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!Picture
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Kanti Balar|Kantibhai Balar]]<ref name=election2017/> || rowspan="2" |
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party | rowspan=2 }}
|-
| [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}

==Election results==
=== 2022 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly election, 2022]]: Surat North Assembly constituency }}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Kanti Balar]]<ref>{{cite news |title=BJP Deploys 'Retain' Strategy In South Guj |url=https://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/bjp-deploys-retain-strategy-in-south-guj/81847218.html |access-date=11 November 2022 |work=AhmedabadMirror.com |date=11 November 2022}}</ref>|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=57117|percentage=59.1|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Mahendra Navadiya<ref>{{cite news |title=AAP's 6th List For Gujarat Polls Out, 73 Names Out Of 182 Seats Revealed |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/aaps-6th-list-for-gujarat-polls-out-73-names-out-of-182-seats-revealed-3450225 |access-date=21 October 2022 |work=NDTV.com |date=21 October 2022}}</ref>|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=22824|percentage=23.62|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ashok Patel (Adhevada)|party=Indian National Congress|votes=14854|percentage=15.37|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above]]|party=None of the above|votes=831|percentage=0.86|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=|percentage=35.48|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:162796}}
|ref=<ref name="Gujarat Elections ECI">{{cite web |title=Gujarat Legislative Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Legislative Assembly Election, 2017]]: Surat North<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Kanti Balar]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the Above]]|party=None of the above|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2012]]}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2012 to the Legislative Assembly of Gujarat |access-date=29 October 2014 |archive-date=26 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126215052/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ajaykumar Choksi
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 59690
|percentage = 67.77
|change =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Dineshbhai Kachhadiya
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 37656
|percentage = 33.23
|change =
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes = 22034
|percentage = 21.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 103330
|percentage = 67.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat|state=expanded}}
{{Gujarat elections|state=collapsed}}

{{coord|21.23|72.81|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Surat]]
[[Category:Year of establishment missing]]
[[Category:Surat district]]
[[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Gujarat]]

Birur Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:39:08Z

Dangerpanditankit: created a data

{{Short description|Former Assembly constituency in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Birur
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Chikmagalur district|Chikmagalur]]
| division = [[Mysore division|Mysore]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Chikmagalur Lok Sabha constituency|Chikmagalur]]
| constituency_no = 155
| established = 1967
| reservation = None
| abolished = 2008
| mla =
| party =
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| electors =
}}
'''Birur Assembly constituency''' was one of the constituencies in [[Karnataka]] state assembly in India until 2008 when it was made defunct. It was part of [[Chikmagalur Lok Sabha constituency]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || rowspan="3" | M. Mallappa || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || rowspan="2" | S. R. Lakshmaiah || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || K. S. Mallikarjuna Pasanna || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || S. R. Lakshmaiah || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || Mallikarjuna. K. B || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || Dharme Gowda. S. L || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Birur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Dharme Gowda. S. L |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 33,164 |percentage = 34.59% |change = {{increase}}3.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mallikarjuna. K. B |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 32,031 |percentage = 33.41% |change = {{increase}}9.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Devaraj. N |party = Janata Party |votes = 14,583 |percentage = 15.21% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rekha Huliyappa Gowda. J. S |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 13,351 |percentage = 13.93% |change = {{increase}}6.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mallesha Rao |party = Independent politician |votes = 877 |percentage = 0.91% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kantharaju |party = Independent politician |votes = 850 |percentage = 0.89% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,133 |percentage = 1.18% |change = {{decrease}}5.05 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 95,964 |percentage = 71.54% |change = {{increase}}3.90 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 95,874}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 134,140 |ref = |change = {{increase}}3.78 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |loser = Janata Dal (United) |swing = {{decrease}}2.70 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Birur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Mallikarjuna. K. B |party = Janata Dal (United) |votes = 29,864 |percentage = 37.29% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. R. Lakshmaiah |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 24,879 |percentage = 31.07% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Devaraj. N |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 19,039 |percentage = 23.77% |change = {{decrease}}3.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. P. Prakashachar |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 6,298 |percentage = 7.86% |change = {{decrease}}13.76 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,985 |percentage = 6.23% |change = {{decrease}}10.75 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 87,421 |percentage = 67.64% |change = {{decrease}}3.48 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 80,080}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 7,341 |percentage = 8.40% |change = {{increase}}6.66 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 129,250 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.77 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal (United) |loser = Janata Dal |swing = {{decrease}}6.68 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Birur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = S. R. Lakshmaiah |party = Janata Dal |votes = 35,535 |percentage = 43.97% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. K. Huchappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 21,815 |percentage = 26.99% |change = {{decrease}}18.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. C. Sreekantappa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 17,472 |percentage = 21.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Somashekarappa |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 2,828 |percentage = 3.50% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. N. Bommanna |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 2,612 |percentage = 3.23% |change = {{decrease}}3.56 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,720 |percentage = 16.98% |change = {{decrease}}5.31 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 82,250 |percentage = 71.12% |change = {{decrease}}2.05 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 80,822}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,428 |percentage = 1.74% |change = {{decrease}}5.09 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 115,644 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.18 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}1.76 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Birur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. S. Mallikarjuna Pasanna |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 33,954 |percentage = 45.73% |change = {{decrease}}0.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. R. Lakshmaiah |party = Janata Party |votes = 17,400 |percentage = 23.43% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. S. Chikkabasappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 8,508 |percentage = 11.46% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chandramma |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,308 |percentage = 7.15% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bommanna |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 5,041 |percentage = 6.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. Laxmaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,848 |percentage = 3.84% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,554 |percentage = 22.29% |change = {{increase}}17.74 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 79,692 |percentage = 73.17% |change = {{decrease}}0.84 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 74,253}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 5,439 |percentage = 6.83% |change = {{increase}}5.25 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 108,917 |ref = |change = {{increase}}29.45 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}5.51 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Birur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = S. R. Lakshmaiah |party = Janata Party |votes = 31,405 |percentage = 51.24% |change = {{increase}}3.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. S. Mallikarjuna Pasanna |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 28,614 |percentage = 46.69% |change = {{increase}}0.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = U. S. Shivalinga Murthy |party = Independent politician |votes = 540 |percentage = 0.88% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rajashekharappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 464 |percentage = 0.76% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,791 |percentage = 4.55% |change = {{increase}}3.47 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 62,271 |percentage = 74.01% |change = {{increase}}6.23 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 61,288}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 983 |percentage = 1.58% |change = {{decrease}}0.52 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 84,137 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.35 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}3.97 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Birur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = S. R. Lakshmaiah |party = Janata Party |votes = 23,698 |percentage = 47.27% |change = {{increase}}1.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. S. Mallikarjuna Pasanna |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 23,158 |percentage = 46.19% |change = {{increase}}39.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. C. Sreekantappa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,695 |percentage = 3.38% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. V. Shivamurthy |party = Independent politician |votes = 588 |percentage = 1.17% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Thimmaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 535 |percentage = 1.07% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. S. Siddappa Yena Thammanna |party = Independent politician |votes = 463 |percentage = 0.92% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 540 |percentage = 1.08% |change = {{increase}}0.14 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 51,210 |percentage = 67.78% |change = {{decrease}}7.82 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 50,137}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,073 |percentage = 2.10% |change = {{decrease}}0.39 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 75,558 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.79 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{increase}}0.67 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Birur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = M. Mallappa |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 24,078 |percentage = 46.60% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. K. Huchappa |party = Janata Party |votes = 23,591 |percentage = 45.65% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. S. Mallikarjuna Pasanna |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 3,394 |percentage = 6.57% |change = {{decrease}}46.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = U. S. Shivalinga Murthy |party = Independent politician |votes = 610 |percentage = 1.18% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 487 |percentage = 0.94% |change = {{decrease}}5.90 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 52,992 |percentage = 75.60% |change = {{increase}}11.53 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 51,673}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,319 |percentage = 2.49% |change = {{increase}}2.49 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 70,098 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.44 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}6.82 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Birur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = M. Mallappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 20,333 |percentage = 53.42% |change = {{increase}}13.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. K. Huchappa |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 17,729 |percentage = 46.58% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,604 |percentage = 6.84% |change = {{decrease}}0.43 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 39,241 |percentage = 64.07% |change = {{decrease}}0.62 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 38,062}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 61,251 |ref = |change = {{increase}}25.30 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}6.04 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Birur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = M. Mallappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 13,866 |percentage = 47.38% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. H. Rudrappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 11,737 |percentage = 40.10% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. C. Sannegowda |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 3,663 |percentage = 12.52% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,129 |percentage = 7.27% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 31,621 |percentage = 64.69% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 29,266}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 48,882 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Independent politician |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Karnataka}}

{{Coord|13.597771|75.972604|region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Chikmagalur district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Mysore State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]

Gotra, Maharashtra

2026-04-15T17:33:26Z

Dangerpanditankit: created new data

{{Short description|Village in Maharashtra, India}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Gotra
| official_name =
| native_name = गोत्रा
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = Maharashtra
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|Buldhana]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Buldhana district]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder = -
| named_for = Gotra
| government_type = Grampanchayat
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|443302]]
| postal_code = 443302
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 =
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| blank2_name_sec1 =
| blank2_info_sec1 =
| website = {{url|www.buldhana.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Gotra''' is a village in the [[Lonar|Lonar Taluka]] of [[Buldhana district]], [[Maharashtra]] state, India.

==Demographics==
Covering {{convert|700|ha|acre}} and comprising 277 households at the time of the [[2011 Census of India|2011 census of India]], Gotra had a population of 1244. There were 672 males and 572 females, with 191 people being aged six or younger.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gotra Village Population - Lonar - Buldana, Maharashtra |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/529576-gotra-maharashtra.html |access-date=2026-03-23 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gotra Village (Pincode: 443302), Lonar, Buldhana {{!}} Maharashtra {{!}} – Population, Area, Nearby Villages, Assembly & Parliament Constituency |url=https://villageinfo.org/village/529576 |access-date=2026-03-24 |website=villageinfo.org}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Buldhana district]]

Delhi–Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System

2026-03-26T04:12:11Z

Dangerpanditankit: further enhanced intro based on references and cleaned formatting to improve readability

{{Short description|Regional transit system in NCR, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox rail line
| name = Delhi–Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System
| color = 274778
| logo_width = 75px
| image = RRTS train.jpg
| image_width = 300px
| caption = A [[Namo Bharat]] trainset at [[Meerut South RRTS station]]
| other_name = Delhi–Meerut RRTS Delhi–Ghaziabad–Meerut RRTS
| type = [[Higher-speed rail|Semi-high speed rail]] [[Commuter rail|Regional transit]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-22 |title=Why Rapid Rail Is PM Modi's Masterstroke And A Must For Delhi-NCR |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/why-rapid-rail-is-pm-modis-masterstroke-and-a-must-for-delhi-ncr-article-104627159 |access-date=2024-03-04 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-22 |title=Why rapid rail is right fit as Delhi-NCR gets bigger |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/why-rapid-rail-is-right-fit-as-delhi-ncr-gets-bigger/articleshow/104619906.cms |access-date=2024-03-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Noida, Ghaziabad residents demand direct connectivity to rapid rail corridor |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/delhi-noida-ghaziabad-residents-demand-connectivity-to-rrts-2452856-2023-10-24 |access-date=2024-03-04 |website=India Today |date=24 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rapid Rail के इन स्टेशनों से मिनटों में पहुंच जाएंगे नोएडा |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/hindi/web-stories/viral/rapid-rail-stations-for-noida-delhi-ghaziabad-meerut-rapidx-namo-bharat-train-updates-1698155588366 |access-date=2024-03-04 |website=DNA India |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-20 |title=Rapid rail inauguration may boost property prices along route in Ghaziabad |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/real-estate/rapid-rail-inauguration-may-boost-property-prices-along-route-in-ghaziabad-11566181.html |access-date=2024-03-04 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref>
| locale = [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region]] (NCR)
| start = [[File:Z00 Sarai Kale Khan RRTS station.svg|frameless|20px]] {{stl|RapidX|Sarai Kale Khan}} ''(further extension to {{stl|RapidX|Jangpura}} (under construction))''
| end = [[File:A21 Modipuram RRTS station.svg|frameless|20px]] {{stl|RapidX|Modipuram}}
| stations = 16 15 (operational) 1 (under construction)
| routes = 1
| daily_ridership = 63,399 (February 2026)<ref name="RI">{{cite web|title=Ridership Information|url=https://www.rrts.co.in/web/ridership|website=[[Namo Bharat]]|date=1 August 2025|access-date=19 August 2025}}</ref>
| ridership2 = 1,775,182 (February 2026)<ref name="RI" />
| website = {{URL|http://ncrtc.in}}
| open = {{start date and age|df=yes|2023|10|20}} (priority corridor ({{stl|RapidX|Sahibabad}}-{{stl|RapidX|Duhai Depot}}))<ref name="os">{{cite news |last=Anand |first=Jatin |title=PM Modi flags off RRTS: What is this mass transport system, how it can benefit NCR |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/pm-modi-to-flag-off-rrts-what-is-this-mass-transport-system-how-it-can-benefit-ncr-8991437/ |work=The Indian Express |date=20 October 2023 |access-date=20 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="LM">{{Cite web |date=2022-04-04 |title=Delhi-Meerut RRTS construction work on schedule, likely to be done June 2025 |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/delhimeerut-rrts-construction-work-on-schedule-likely-to-be-done-june-2025-11649091109261.html |access-date=2022-04-06 |website=livemint.com |language=en}}</ref>
| lastextension = {{start date and age|df=yes|2024|03|06}} (Duhai Depot–{{stl|RapidX|Modinagar North}})<ref name="ZN">{{cite news|last=Jha|first=Medha|title=PM Modi Virtually Unveils New Stretch Of Delhi-Meerut RRTS Corridor: Details|url=https://zeenews.india.com/auto/pm-modi-virtually-unveils-new-stretch-of-delhi-meerut-rrts-corridor-details-2727845.html|work=Zee News|date=6 March 2024|access-date=6 March 2024|language=en}}</ref>
{{start date and age|df=yes|2024|08|18}} (Modinagar North–{{stl|RapidX|Meerut South}})<ref name="EXT">{{cite news|title=Rapid Rail to run between Delhi-NCR to Meerut from today–Know details|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/rapid-rail-to-run-between-delhi-ncr-to-meerut-from-today-rrts-ncrtc-noida-ghaziabad-sahibabad-know-fare-details-2024-08-18-947448|website=India TV|date=18 August 2024|access-date=18 August 2024|language=en}}</ref>
{{start date and age|df=yes|2025|01|05}} (Sahibabad–{{stl|RapidX|New Ashok Nagar}})<ref name="A01">{{Cite web |date=2025-01-05 |title=Delhi-Ghaziabad-Meerut RRTS: PM Modi inaugurates Sahibabad-Ashok Nagar Namo Bharat Corridor – Check list of new stations |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/infrastructure-delhi-ghaziabad-meerut-rrts-namo-bharat-all-set-to-enter-delhi-pm-modi-to-ride-newly-opened-stretch-today-3707461/ |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>
{{start date and age|df=yes|2026|02|22}} (New Ashok Nagar–{{stl|RapidX|Sarai Kale Khan}}; Meerut South–{{stl|RapidX|Modipuram}})<ref name="Z00">{{Cite web |title=PM inaugurates India's fastest metro in Meerut, entire Namo Bharat corridor |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pm-modi-namo-bharat-delhi-meerut-rrts-meerut-metro-yogi-adityanath-inauguration-2872326-2026-02-22|date=22 February 2026|access-date=2026-02-22|website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
| yearcompleted = Q1 2026
| owner = [[National Capital Region Transport Corporation]] (NCRTC)
| operator = [[Deutsche Bahn|DB]] RRTS Operations India Private Limited
| character = [[Elevated]], underground and [[At-grade railway|at-grade]]
| depot = [[Duhai Depot RRTS station|Duhai]] [[Modipuram Depot metro station|Modipuram]]
| stock = [[Namo Bharat]]
| linelength = {{convert|82.15|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| gauge = {{track gauge|sg|allk=on}}<ref>{{Cite report |url=http://ncrpb.nic.in/pdf_files/Feasibility%20Report%20Delhi%20Ghaziabad%20Meerut%20RRTS%20Corridor.pdf |title=Feasibility Report: RRTS Delhi-Ghaziabad-Meerut |access-date=7 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161113133820/http://ncrpb.nic.in/pdf_files/Feasibility%20Report%20Delhi%20Ghaziabad%20Meerut%20RRTS%20Corridor.pdf |archive-date=13 November 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| electrification = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} [[overhead line|overhead catenary]]
| speed = {{convert|100|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} (average) {{convert|160|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}} (maximum)
| signalling = [[ETCS L2]]/[[ETCS L3|L3]] over [[LTE (telecommunication)|LTE]]<ref>{{cite web|title=ETCS2 Signalling system for RRTS Corridor|url=https://ncrtc.in/etcs2-signalling-system-for-rrts-corridor/|work=[[National Capital Region Transport Corporation]]|date=21 January 2023|access-date=18 February 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref name="ETCSL3">{{cite news|title=World-first deployment of ETCS Hybrid Level 3|url=https://www.railjournal.com/in_depth/world-first-deployment-of-etcs-hybrid-level-3/|work=International Railway Journal|date=26 July 2024|access-date=6 January 2025|language=en}}</ref>
| map = {{Delhi–Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

The '''Delhi–Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System''', also known as '''Delhi–Meerut RRTS''' and colloquially '''Rapid Rail''',<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/why-rapid-rail-is-pm-modis-masterstroke-and-a-must-for-delhi-ncr-article-104627159 | title=Why Rapid Rail is PM Modi's Masterstroke and a Must for Delhi-NCR | date=22 October 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/why-rapid-rail-is-right-fit-as-delhi-ncr-gets-bigger/articleshow/104619906.cms | title=Why rapid rail is right fit as Delhi-NCR gets bigger | work=The Times of India | date=22 October 2023 }}</ref> is a {{cvt|82.15|km}}-long [[Higher-speed rail|semi high-speed rail]] [[Commuter rail|regional transit]] corridor that connects the cities of [[Delhi]], [[Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh|Ghaziabad]] and [[Meerut]] in the [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-22 |title=Why Rapid Rail Is PM Modi's Masterstroke And A Must For Delhi-NCR |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/why-rapid-rail-is-pm-modis-masterstroke-and-a-must-for-delhi-ncr-article-104627159 |access-date=2024-03-04 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Delhi-Ghaziabad-Meerut RRTS: List of stations, ticket fare prices, and all you need to know|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/what-is/delhi-meerut-rrts-routes-ticket-prices-9198466/|work=The Indian Express|date=6 March 2024|access-date=9 March 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Rapid Rail: How RRTS can transform the way Indians travel between cities|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/rapid-rail-how-rrts-can-transform-the-way-indians-travel-between-cities/articleshow/104574166.cms|work=The Economic Times|date=20 October 2023|access-date=9 March 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-22 |title=Delhi–Meerut RRTS now fully operational: Will improved connectivity drive real estate demand along the corridor? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/real-estate/delhimeerut-rrts-now-fully-operational-will-improved-connectivity-drive-real-estate-demand-along-the-corridor-101771743611396.html |access-date=2026-02-22 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> It is the first of the four rapid rail corridors envisioned under the first phase of the [[Namo Bharat]] project managed by the [[National Capital Region Transport Corporation]] (NCRTC). Designed to allow a maximum speed of {{cvt|180|km/h}}, the distance between Delhi and Meerut is traversed in less than 60 minutes. The project was developed at a cost of {{INRConvert|30274|c}}. Originating from [[Jangpura]], the corridor will run through [[Sarai Kale Khan RRTS station|Sarai Kale Khan]], which will serve as the terminal for the three planned corridors in Delhi, before concluding at Modipuram in Meerut. It comprises 16 stations and two [[Train depot|depot]]s at [[Duhai Depot RRTS station|Duhai]] and [[Modipuram Depot metro station|Modipuram]].<ref name="MC">{{Cite web |title=NCRTC {{!}} Delhi – Meerut Corridor |url=https://ncrtc.in/details/ |access-date=11 June 2017 |website=ncrtc.in |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Delhi – Meerut RRTS – Information, Route Map, Fares, Tenders & Updates|url=https://themetrorailguy.com/delhi-meerut-rrts-information-route-maps-fares-tenders-updates/|website=The Metro Rail Guy|language=en-US|access-date=16 October 2023}}</ref><ref name="DM">{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/over-rs-30-000-crore-cleared-for-delhi-meerut-high-speed-rail-corridor-1996284|title=Delhi-Meerut rapid rail project gets green light|author=Staff Reporter|work=NDTV|access-date=20 February 2019|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=India's first rapid rail to open next week, with women driving RAPIDX|url=https://www.constructionworld.in/transport-infrastructure/metro-rail-and-railways-infrastructure/indias-first-rapid-rail-to-open-next-week-with-women-driving-rapidx/45623|work=Construction World|date=12 October 2023|access-date=16 October 2023|language=en}}</ref><ref name="HT">{{cite news|last=Chitlangia|first=Risha|title=Jangpura newest link in Delhi-Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/jangpura-newest-link-in-delhi-meerut-regional-rapid-transit-system-101635704364751.html|work=The Hindustan Times|date=1 November 2021|access-date=25 February 2024|language=en}}</ref>

Construction of the Delhi–Meerut RRTS began in June 2019.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |last=Prasad |first=Nikeeta |date=8 March 2019 |title=Delhi to Meerut in 60 mins with 160 kmph rapid rail! PM Modi lays foundation stone; 10 facts you must know |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/infrastructure/delhi-to-meerut-in-60-mins-with-160-kmph-rapid-rail-pm-modi-lays-foundation-stone-10-facts-you-must-know/1509736/ |access-date=16 October 2023 |work=The Financial Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite news |date=22 August 2023 |title=RAPIDX – India's first indigenous S-HSR all set to Begin Operations on Priority Section |url=https://www.metrorailnews.in/rapidx-indias-first-indigenous-s-hsr-all-set-to-begin-operations-on-priority-section/ |access-date=16 October 2023 |work=Metro Rail News |language=en}}</ref> Though initially planned for full commissioning by 2024, the system was beset with a series of delays and was only partially operational from October 2023 to February 2026.

Its rollout has taken place in multiple stages, starting with a 17 km priority corridor between [[Sahibabad RRTS station|Sahibabad]] and [[Duhai Depot RRTS station|Duhai Depot]] that itself opened months behind schedule.<ref name=":2">{{cite news |last=Jha |first=Abhijay |date=10 March 2023 |title=Delhi-Meerut RRTS priority stretch to be ready by March? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ghaziabad/delhi-meerut-rrts-priority-stretch-to-be-ready-by-march/articleshow/98529702.cms |access-date=16 October 2023 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> Subsequent extensions to [[Modinagar North RRTS station|Modinagar North]] (6 March 2024), [[Meerut South RRTS station|Meerut South]] (18 August 2024), and [[New Ashok Nagar RRTS station|New Ashok Nagar]] (5 January 2025), originally planned for earlier dates in 2024 and 2025, were also delayed, missing their respective deadlines by several months.<ref name="ZN" /><ref name="EXT" /><ref name="A01" /> As a result, the full 82.15 km corridor from [[Sarai Kale Khan RRTS station|Sarai Kale Khan]] in Delhi to Modipuram in Meerut missed three successive deadlines for complete operationalisation.

Although all civil work, testing, and trial runs have been completed by October 2025, the remaining stretches remained unopened until February 2026. Officials had earlier stated that full operations would commence only after a formal inauguration by the [[Prime Minister of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mufti |first=Ifrah |date=2025-10-09 |title=Delhi's Sarai Kale Khan RRTS station awaits inauguration as deadlines slip |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2025/Oct/09/delhis-sarai-kale-khan-rrts-station-awaits-inauguration-as-deadlines-slip |access-date=2025-10-14 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

DB RRTS Operations India, a subsidiary of Germany's [[Deutsche Bahn]], is the corridor's operator.<ref name="DB">{{cite press release|title=DB subsidiary starts operations on India's first regional rapid transit system|url=https://www.deutschebahn.com/en/presse/press_releases/DB-subsidiary-starts-operations-on-India-s-first-regional-rapid-transit-system-12373804|work=[[Deutsche Bahn]]|date=20 October 2023|access-date=26 February 2024|language=en}}</ref> Upon inauguration, the RRTS became the first regional transit system of India, and has also been designated the fastest [[rapid transit]] train in the nation with an operational speed of {{cvt|160|km/h}}.<ref name="os" /><ref name="LM" />

== Background ==

Owing to burgeoning population, traffic, congestion, pollution, and risk of accidents and mishaps in the [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region]], the [[Planning Commission (India)|Planning Commission]] constituted a task force in 2005 under the chairmanship of the secretary of the [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs|Ministry of Urban Development]] to develop a multi-modal regional transit system for the NCR. This was included in the Integrated Transport Plan for NCR 2032, with special emphasis on a Regional Rapid Transit System (RRTS) connecting regional centres. In 2013, the [[Government of India]] and the [[Government of Delhi]] decided to create a comprehensive plan for developing a [[Commuter rail|regional railway]] that would connect [[Delhi]] directly with the adjoining cities and regions of the NCR and beyond. Consequently, the [[National Capital Region Transport Corporation]] was established in July 2013 as a [[joint venture]] between the Government of India and the governments of the states of [[Government of Delhi|Delhi]], [[Government of Haryana|Haryana]], [[Government of Rajasthan|Rajasthan]], and [[Government of Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]]. The objective of this organisation is to reduce the reliance of commuters on road-based transportation and enhance regional connectivity within the NCR and beyond, and construct, own and operate the Regional Rapid Transit Systems (RRTS). Within Delhi, the RRTS systems will largely run underground, connect to the [[Delhi Metro]] and provide commuters with a faster alternative option as a last-mile connectivity avenue to reach their respective destinations. These systems will be similar to other regional transit systems in the world, like [[London]]'s [[Crossrail]], [[Paris]]' [[Réseau Express Régional|RER]], and [[Munich]]'s [[Munich S-Bahn|S-Bahn]]. Eight corridors traversing the NCR of at least {{cvt|1000|km}} were initially planned to be implemented, which subsequently swelled to nine. Of the nine, four corridors are slated for implementation in the coming years, namely the Delhi–Meerut, [[Delhi–Alwar Regional Rapid Transit System|Delhi–Alwar]], [[Delhi–Panipat Regional Rapid Transit System|Delhi–Panipat]] and [[Ghaziabad–Jewar Regional Rapid Transit System|Ghaziabad–Jewar]] corridors. The Delhi–Meerut corridor was chosen to be developed first on account of high frequency of travellers and traffic between Delhi and Meerut: the [[Government of India]], the respective state governments, and the NCRTC commissioned feasibility studies and subsequently approved the corridor's construction.<ref>{{cite news|title=Delhi-NCR RRTS – Information, Route Maps, Fares, Tenders & Updates|url=https://themetrorailguy.com/delhi-ncr-regional-rapid-transit-system-information-map-updates/|work=The Metro Rail Guy|access-date=24 February 2024|language=en}}</ref>

== History ==

The feasibility study and the [[Project plan|detailed project report]] prepared by the [[National Capital Region Transport Corporation]] were approved by the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]] in May 2017. In February 2019, the [[Government of India]] approved the project's implementation, and also approved the funding of {{INRConvert|30274|c}}.<ref name="NCRTC2">{{Cite web|url=http://ncrtc.in/uttar-pradesh-government-approves-delhi-meerut-rrts/|title=NCRTC {{!}} Uttar Pradesh Government Approves Delhi-Meerut RRTS|website=ncrtc.in|language=en-US|access-date=11 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612031652/http://ncrtc.in/uttar-pradesh-government-approves-delhi-meerut-rrts/|archive-date=12 June 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="BT">{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/sectors/infra/govt-approves-rs-30274-cr-delhi-ghaziabad-meerut-regional-rapid-transport-system/story/320397.html|title=Govt approves Rs 30,274 cr Delhi-Ghaziabad-Meerut Regional Rapid Transport System|date=19 February 2019}}</ref> On 8 March 2019, the [[Cornerstone|foundation stone]] for the corridor and the [[Meerut Metro]] project were laid: construction for both the projects commenced in June 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Shah|first=Narendra|date=8 March 2019|title=Prime Minister has laid the foundation stone of country's first RRTS|url=https://www.metrorailnews.in/prime-minister-has-laid-the-foundation-stone-of-countrys-first-rrts/|access-date=15 October 2020|website=Metro Rail News|language=en-US}}</ref> The metro has been tacked along the RRTS route in Meerut to provide local connectivity, covering {{cvt|21|km|1}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-16 |title=India's first rapid rail unveiled, promises Delhi to Meerut in 55 minutes |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/indias-first-rapid-rail-unveiled-promises-delhi-to-meerut-in-55-minutes-7823208/ |access-date=2023-05-09 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The NCRTC planned for the {{cvt|17|km|1}}-long priority section between [[Sahibabad RRTS station|Sahibabad]] and [[Duhai Depot RRTS station|Duhai Depot]] to begin regular operations by March 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|date=31 July 2019|title=Delhi-Meerut RRTS: Good news! 17-km long Sahibabad-Duhai stretch to be operational by June 2023; details|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/delhi-meerut-rrts-good-news-17-km-long-sahibabad-duhai-stretch-to-be-operational-by-march-2023-details/1662085/|access-date=15 October 2020|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref> However, due to pending work at certain stations, especially in Ghaziabad, the project faced delays. As a result, it was inaugurated and opened on 20 October 2023.<ref name="LM" /> In July 2022, the NCRTC selected [[Deutsche Bahn]], the national railway company of [[Germany]], to operate and maintain the corridor for twelve years with a further five years' option, as part of the contract. Hence, after the inauguration of the corridor, the company formed a subsidiary named DB RRTS Operations India.<ref>{{cite news|title=NCRTC signs pact with Deutsche Bank for operation, maintenance of RRTS corridor|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2022/Jul/02/ncrtc-signs-pact-with-deutsche-bank-for-operation-maintenance-of-rrts-corridor-2472144.html|work=The Times of India|date=2 July 2022|access-date=18 February 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref name="DB"/> The NCRTC christened the provider of the services and trains [[RapidX]] and [[Namo Bharat]] respectively.<ref name="N18">{{cite news|last=Alam|first=Majid|title=PM Modi Launches Delhi-Meerut RRTS: How is RAPIDX Different from Metro & Its Unique Features – EXPLAINED|url=https://www.news18.com/explainers/rrts-trains-delhi-meerut-ghaziabad-regional-rapid-transit-system-rapidx-8626419.html|work=News18|date=20 October 2023|access-date=26 February 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref name="TIE">{{cite news|title=India's first regional rapid train to be named 'Namo Bharat', to be inaugurated by PM Modi on Friday|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/indias-first-regional-rapid-train-to-be-named-namo-bharat-to-be-inaugurated-by-pm-on-friday-8991424/|work=The Indian Express|date=21 January 2023|access-date=18 February 2024|language=en}}</ref>

In December 2023, after conducting trials runs on another {{cvt|25|km|1}}-long section between Duhai Depot and [[Meerut South RRTS station|Meerut South]], the NCRTC announced that the section would likely be opened by March 2024, thereby taking the operational length to about {{cvt|42|km|1}}.<ref>{{cite news|title=42-Km RRTS Stretch Till Meerut (South) to Be Ready By March|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/delhi/42-km-rrts-stretch-till-meerut-south-to-be-ready-by-march-article-106429837|work=Times Now|date=1 January 2024|access-date=24 February 2024|language=en}}</ref> The section was later extended to [[Modinagar North RRTS station|Modinagar North]] on 6 March 2024, to [[Meerut South RRTS station|Meerut South]] on 18 August 2024, and to [[New Ashok Nagar RRTS station|New Ashok Nagar]] on 5 January 2025, gradually increasing the operational length to around {{Convert|34|km|4=1|abbr=on}}, {{Convert|42|km|4=1|abbr=on}}, and finally {{Convert|55|km|4=1|abbr=on}}.<ref name="WION">{{cite news|title=India Prime Minister Modi inaugurates 17-kilometre extension of Delhi-Ghaziabad-Meerut RRTS corridor|url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/india-prime-minister-modi-inaugurates-17-kilometre-extension-of-delhi-ghaziabad-meerut-rrts-corridor-697102|work=[[WION]]|date=6 March 2024|access-date=6 March 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref name="EXT"/><ref name="A01" /> The construction of the final {{cvt|16.6|km}}-long section from [[Sarai Kale Khan RRTS station|Sarai Kale Khan]] to New Ashok Nagar, which traverses the Yamuna river, concluded by June 2025.<ref name="TET">{{cite news|title=Delhi-Meerut RRTS to become operational this year: Report|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/delhi-meerut-rrts-to-become-operational-this-year-report/articleshow/107620476.cms|work=The Economic Times|date=12 February 2024|access-date=24 February 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref name="A01" />

In November 2021, the NCRTC decided to build a station in [[Jangpura]], Delhi, to serve as the terminating station of the corridor. Per the original plan, it was envisioned to establish a stabling yard and operations control centre at [[Sarai Kale Khan]], thence managing the three corridors originating there. However, the Jangpura station was floated to provide connectivity to the RRTS for residents of [[Jangpura]] and nearby areas, more so owing to the congestion along [[Mathura Road, Delhi|Mathura Road]]. With this addition, the total number of stations on the corridor increased to 16. The station will be at grade and is expected to be completed and opened after the rest of the corridor.<ref name="HT">{{cite news|last=Chitlangia|first=Risha|title=Jangpura newest link in Delhi-Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/jangpura-newest-link-in-delhi-meerut-regional-rapid-transit-system-101635704364751.html|work=The Hindustan Times|date=1 November 2021|access-date=25 February 2024|language=en}}</ref> The rest of the corridor till Modipuram is expected be operational by July 2025.<ref name="os" />

Following the [[Galwan Valley skirmish]] on 15 June 2020, there were calls by the [[Swadeshi Jagaran Manch]] for the government to cancel the bid of a [[List of Chinese companies|Chinese firm]] involved in constructing and manufacturing the trains of the RRTS.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Arnimesh|first=Shanker|date=15 June 2020|title=RSS affiliate wants Modi govt to cancel Chinese firm's bid for Delhi-Meerut RRTS project|url=https://theprint.in/india/rss-affiliate-wants-modi-govt-to-cancel-chinese-firms-bid-for-delhi-meerut-rrts-project/442119/|access-date=18 June 2020|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Shrivastava|first=Rahul|date=16 June 2020|title=Chinese firm bids lowest for Delhi-Meerut project, RSS affiliate asks Modi govt to scrap company's bid|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/chinese-firm-delhi-meerut-project-rss-modi-govt-stec-sjm-1689438-2020-06-16|access-date=18 June 2020|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> Although the Chinese company did not abstain from constructing a tunnel segment of the RRTS, it was determined that the trains would be constructed by another firm. On this account, a fresh bid was conducted by the NCRTC: [[Bombardier Transportation]], a Canadian-German rolling stock manufacturer, won the bid to make the trains for the RRTS and the Meerut Metro. The company will supply 210 coaches consisting of 30 trainsets with six coaches each, which could be extended to eight coaches based on demand. The trains are being manufactured at the company's plant in [[Savli]], [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=4 January 2021|title=Delhi-Meerut RRTS Project: Chinese firm to build stretch of India's first Regional Rapid Rail Transit corridor|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/delhi-meerut-rrts-project-chinese-firm-to-build-stretch-of-indias-first-regional-rapid-rail-transit-corridor/2163925/|access-date=21 January 2021|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="BBD">{{cite news|title=Bombardier wins contract to supply 210 commuter and intracity cars for the Delhi–Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System|url=https://bombardier.com/en/media/news/bombardier-wins-contract-supply-210-commuter-and-intracity-cars-delhi-meerut-regional|work=[[Bombardier Inc.|Bombardier]]|date=7 May 2020|access-date=18 February 2024|language=en}}</ref>

== Route ==
Of the entire length, {{cvt|68.03|km|4=2}} is elevated, {{cvt|14.12|km|4=2}} is underground and the remaining {{cvt|1.45|km|4=2}} segment is [[Intersection (road)|at-grade]] for connections to two depots, located at Duhai and [[Modipuram Depot metro station|Modipuram]].<ref name="MC" /> In the densely populated suburbs of [[Delhi]] and [[Meerut]], the route runs underground.<ref name="DM" /> The entire route is designed for a maximum speed of {{Cvt|180|km/h|0}}, with an operating speed of {{cvt|160|km/h|mph|round=}}.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/ncrtc-approves-delhi-ghaziabad-meerut-rrts-corridor-659160-2016-12-06|title=NCRTC approves Delhi-Ghaziabad-Meerut RRTS corridor|date=6 December 2016|work=India Today|access-date=12 June 2017}}</ref><ref name="RB">{{Cite web|url=http://ncrtc.in/rrts-background/ |title=RRTS – Background|website=ncrtc.in|language=en-US|access-date=12 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605055042/http://ncrtc.in/rrts-background/|archive-date=5 June 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> The average speed is approximately {{cvt|100|km/h|mph|0}}.<ref name="RB" />
[[File:Meerut South RRTS station board.jpg|thumb|Meerut South RRTS station]]
[[File:Delhi-Meerut RRTS line.jpg|thumb|Delhi-Meerut RRTS line under construction at Roorkee Road in Meerut]]

Although the corridor is planned to originate at [[Jangpura]], it currently begins at [[Sarai Kale Khan RRTS station|Sarai Kale Khan station]], as the Jangpura station remains under construction. Sarai Kale Khan serves as the terminal station for all the planned corridors in the area. The corridor passes through various suburbs of Delhi and [[Ghaziabad]] before terminating at Modipuram in [[Meerut]].<ref name="MC" /><ref name="DM" /> The Sarai Kale Khan station is the largest of all the stations, featuring three levels, six platforms, and six tracks to serve the three corridors to Meerut, [[Panipat]] and [[Alwar]]. Due to its terminal status and location, it serves as a [[multi-modal transport]] hub by facilitating direct connectivity with the adjoining transport systems and facilities in its vicinity, like the [[Sarai Kale Khan - Nizamuddin metro station|Sarai Kale Khan-Nizamuddin metro station]] of the [[Delhi Metro]], the [[Sarai Kale Khan Inter-State Bus Terminus]], and the [[Hazrat Nizamuddin railway station]].

The [[Anand Vihar RRTS station|Anand Vihar station]] of the corridor hosts a similar strategic value owing to its adjacency to the [[Anand Vihar Terminal railway station]], whereas the [[Ghaziabad RRTS station|Ghaziabad station]] serves as another hub for interconnectivity with three more proposed corridors: [[Ghaziabad–Jewar Regional Rapid Transit System|Ghaziabad–Jewar]], [[Ghaziabad]]–[[Bulandshahr]]–[[Khurja]] and [[Ghaziabad]]–[[Hapur]].<ref name="DM" />

Since January 2025, only a limited stretch of the corridor ({{cvt|55|km|2}}-long) spanning from [[New Ashok Nagar RRTS station|New Ashok Nagar]] in Delhi to [[Meerut South RRTS station|Meerut South]] section was operational.<ref name="A01" /> The section spanning from Sarai Kale Khan to New Ashok Nagar was plagued by successive delays,<ref name="TET" /> and only became operational in February 2026; with this, the whole corridor became functional.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-23 |title=RRTS meets Delhi Metro: Sarai Kale Khan gets boost as biggest transport hub in capital |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/rrts-meets-delhi-metro-sarai-kale-khan-gets-boost-as-biggest-transport-hub-in-capital-101771804327706.html |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Construction ==
The [[National Capital Region Transport Corporation]] divided the civil construction work of the RRTS project into eight packages and 30 packages for all stations, ramps, tunnel sections and technical facilities, consisting of 16 stations and two [[Train shed|depot]]s. Of the eight packages, two packages in the [[Meerut]] section are also part of the [[Meerut Metro]] project. The list of all packages, their contractors, and statuses is as follows:<ref name="TMRG">{{cite web |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/delhi-meerut-rrts-information-route-maps-fares-tenders-updates/ |title=Delhi-Meerut RRTS RAPIDX |work=The Metro Rail Guy|access-date=18 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Meerut Metro – Information, Route Map, Fares, Tenders & Updates|url=https://themetrorailguy.com/meerut-metro-information-map-updates/|work=The Metro Rail Guy|access-date=18 August 2024|language=en}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Phases
!Description
!Opening
!Status
|-
|1
|[[Sahibabad RRTS station|Sahibabad]] to [[Duhai Depot RRTS station|Duhai Depot]]
|October 2023
|{{Yes|Completed}}
|-
|2
|Duhai Depot to [[Meerut South RRTS station|Meerut South]]
|March-August 2024
|{{Yes|Completed}}
|-
|3
|[[Sarai Kale Khan RRTS station|Sarai Kale Khan]] to Sahibabad
|January 2025
|{{Yes|Completed}}
|-
|4
|[[Meerut South RRTS station|Meerut South]] to [[Modipuram Depot metro station|Modipuram Depot]]
|June 2025
|{{Yes|Completed}}
|}

'''Note:''' Package-1 and Package-2 are part of the priority section of the RRTS, and Package-7 and Package-8 are part of the Meerut Metro.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Package
!Description
!No of Stations
!Contractor(s)
!Status
|-
| 1
| Sahibabad Ramp – [[Ghaziabad RRTS station|Ghaziabad Station]]
| 2 ([[elevated]])
| [[KEC International]] and [[China Civil Engineering Construction Corporation|China Civil Engineering Construction Corp.]] ([[Joint Venture|JV]])
| {{Yes|Completed}}
|-
| 2
| Ghaziabad Station – [[Duhai RRTS station|Duhai]] [[Eastern Peripheral Expressway|EPE]] crossing
| 2 (elevated)
| Apco Infratech and China Railway First Group (JV)
| {{Yes|Completed}}
|-
| 3
| [[Murad Nagar RRTS station|Muradnagar]], [[Modinagar South RRTS station|Modinagar South]], [[Modinagar North RRTS station|Modinagar North]], [[Meerut South RRTS station|Meerut South]], [[Partapur metro station|Partapur]], [[Rithani metro station|Rithani]] and [[Shatabdi Nagar RRTS station|Shatabdi Nagar]]
| 7 (elevated)
| [[Larsen and Toubro|L&T Heavy Civil Infrastructure]]
| {{Yes|Completed}}
|-
| 4
| [[New Ashok Nagar RRTS station|New Ashok Nagar]] Ramp – [[Anand Vihar RRTS station|Anand Vihar]] – Sahibabad Ramp
| 1 (underground)
| Shanghai Tunnel Engineering Co. (STEC)
| {{Yes|Completed}}
|-
| 5A
| Duhai Depot and Workshop ([[At-grade railway|at-grade]],
| 1 ([[Train shed|Depot]])
| Vijay Nirman Co. and [[KEC International]] (JV)
| {{Yes|Completed}}
|-
| 5B
| Modipuram Depot and Workshop
| 1 ([[At-grade railway|at-grade]])
| KSM Bashir Mohammad & Sons
| {{Partial|Under construction}}
|-
| 6
| [[Sarai Kale Khan RRTS station|Sarai Kale Khan]] and New Ashok Nagar
| 2 (underground and elevated)
| [[Afcons Infrastructure]]
| {{Yes|Completed}}
|-
| 7
| Shatabdi Nagar–Brahmapuri Down Ramp–[[Brahmapuri metro station|Brahmapuri]]–Begumpul Down Ramp–[[MES Colony metro station|MES Colony]], [[Daurli metro station|Daurli]], [[Meerut North metro station|Meerut North]] and [[Modipuram RRTS station|Modipuram]]
| 5 (underground and elevated)
| L&T Heavy Civil Infrastructure
| {{Yes|Completed}}
|-
| 8
| Brahmapuri Down Ramp–[[Meerut Central metro station|Meerut Central]], [[Bhaisali metro station|Bhaisali]] and [[Begumpul RRTS station]]–Begumpul Up Ramp
| 3 (underground)
| Afcons Infrastructure
| {{Yes|Completed}}
|-
| 9A
| Multistoried Staff Quarters and Connectivity
|
| Sam India Builtwell
| {{Partial|Under Construction}}
|-
| 9B
| Construction of [[Jangpura]] stabling yard, Operation control center (OCC) and associated buildings
|
|
| Bidding process underway
|}
The [[Cornerstone|foundation stone]] for the project was laid in March 2019, and construction began in June 2019.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |last=Prasad |first=Nikeeta |date=8 March 2019 |title=Delhi to Meerut in 60 mins with 160 kmph rapid rail! PM Modi lays foundation stone; 10 facts you must know |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/infrastructure/delhi-to-meerut-in-60-mins-with-160-kmph-rapid-rail-pm-modi-lays-foundation-stone-10-facts-you-must-know/1509736/ |access-date=16 October 2023 |work=The Financial Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite news |date=22 August 2023 |title=RAPIDX – India's first indigenous S-HSR all set to Begin Operations on Priority Section |url=https://www.metrorailnews.in/rapidx-indias-first-indigenous-s-hsr-all-set-to-begin-operations-on-priority-section/ |access-date=16 October 2023 |work=Metro Rail News |language=en}}</ref> The project's first phase—the priority corridor spanning {{Convert|17|km|4=2|abbr=}} from [[Sahibabad]] to [[Duhai Depot RRTS station|Duhai Depot]]—was expected to become operational by March 2023.<ref name=":2">{{cite news |last=Jha |first=Abhijay |date=10 March 2023 |title=Delhi-Meerut RRTS priority stretch to be ready by March? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ghaziabad/delhi-meerut-rrts-priority-stretch-to-be-ready-by-march/articleshow/98529702.cms |access-date=16 October 2023 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> However, owing to more work arising at certain stations, particularly in Ghaziabad, it exceeded its planned timeline. It was eventually inaugurated on 20 October 2023. The entirety of the corridor running from Sarai Kale Khan to Meerut, which was previously claimed to be rendered operational by September 2025, only commenced functioning from February 2026.

The operational span of the corridor was extended in stages. On 6 March 2024, it was extended to [[Modinagar North RRTS station|Modinagar North]] from [[Duhai Depot RRTS station|Duhai Depot]], increasing the total length to about {{Convert|34|km|4=2|abbr=in}}). The extension reached [[Meerut South RRTS station|Meerut South]] on 18 August 2024, bringing the operational length to around {{Convert|42|km|4=2|abbr=in}}. Eventually, the corridor was extended to [[New Ashok Nagar RRTS station|New Ashok Nagar]] on 5 January 2025, increasing the total operational length to approximately {{Convert|55|km|4=2|abbr=in}}.<ref name="ZN" /><ref name="EXT" /><ref name="A01" /> On 22 February 2026, the corridor was extended to Sarai Kale Khan in Delhi and Modipuram in Uttar Pradesh, thereby extending to its fully-planned length spanning {{Convert|82.15|km|4=2|abbr=in}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-22 |title=Sarai Kale Khan-Modipuram Namo Bharat train starts today: Check fare, stops, timings, parking spaces |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/delhi-meerut-namo-bharat-train-fare-time-stops-timings-10545276/ |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Facilities ==
[[File:Drinking water fountain at an RRTS station.jpg|300px|thumb|Drinking water facilities at [[Modinagar South RRTS station]]]]
[[File:Seats inside standard coach of RRTS train.jpg|300px|thumb|There are charging points near every seat inside the train. The coach depicted in the picture is a standard coach.]]
All stations and trains of the RRTS have facilities and provisions similar to that of an [[airport]]: booking counters, ticket and food vending machines, on-board catering and washrooms, check-in kiosks, baggage checking counters, CCTVs, [[platform screen doors]], washrooms, retiring rooms, restaurants, retail stores, free WiFi, child care facilities, emergency and medical facilities, facilities for physically challenged passengers like wheelchairs, escalators, elevators and connecting facilities to other existing transport modes like [[Delhi Metro]] stations in the [[Delhi]] section, inter-state bus terminals of the [[Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation]] at [[Anand Vihar]], [[Sahibabad]] and [[Shaheed Sthal metro station|Shaheed Sthal]] at [[Ghaziabad]], [[Indian Railways|Indian railway]] stations, [[Meerut Metro]] stations in the [[Meerut]] section, and so on. All services are provided to passengers on-board the trains and travellers in the stations by [[RapidX]].<ref name="N18" />

In November 2023, the [[National Capital Region Transport Corporation]] introduced a mobile app called RRTS Connect that allows passengers to book tickets. The NCRTC introduced a "one-tap ticketing" feature through the RRTS Connect app. This provision allows commuters to generate a QR code from anywhere within 300 meters of an RRTS station, without needing to select a destination.<ref>{{cite news|title=NCRTC introduces "One-Tap Ticket" booking through "RRTS Connect" Mobile App for the convenience of the commuters|url=https://news.railanalysis.com/ncrtc-introduces-one-tap-ticket-booking-through-rrts-connect-mobile-app-for-the-convenience-of-the-commuters/|work=Rail Analysis India|date=17 November 2023|access-date=7 March 2024|language=en}}</ref>

In May 2024, NCRTC announced plans to install [[Electric vehicle charging|electric vehicle charging points]] at all stations along the entire corridor, with the first charging points being launched at the [[Sahibabad RRTS station|Sahibabad station]].<ref>{{cite news|title=NCRTC's first EV charging station operational at Sahibabad RRTS|url=https://auto.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/ncrtcs-first-ev-charging-station-operational-at-sahibabad-rrts/109878700|work=ET Auto|date=6 May 2024|access-date=11 May 2024|language=en}}</ref>

== Ridership ==
After commencing operations in October 2023 on the 17 km (11 mi) stretch from Sahibabad to Duhai Depot, the initial ridership of the RRTS ranged between 2,500 and 3,000 passengers per day.<ref>{{cite news|title=Delhi-Ghaziabad-Meerut RRTS Corridor: Almost 3,000 passengers travel in Ghaziabad's Namo Bharat train daily in first 3 months|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/infrastructure-delhi-ghaziabad-meerut-rrts-corridor-almost-3000-passengers-travel-in-ghaziabads-namo-bharat-train-daily-in-first-3-months-3398241/|work=The Financial Express|date=19 February 2024|access-date=23 February 2024|language=en}}</ref> In May 2024, after the extension of the corridor by 17 km (11 mi) from Duhai Depot to Modinagar North in March 2024, bringing the total operational length to about 34 km (21 mi), ridership increased to around 12,000 passengers per day, nearly five times the previous figure.<ref>{{cite news|title=Rapid rail ridership now 12k, up 5 times in a week|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ghaziabad/rapid-rail-ridership-surge-on-namo-bharat-corridor-12k-daily/articleshow/108505293.cms|work=The Times of India|date=15 March 2024|access-date=15 March 2024|language=en}}</ref> The corridor also surpassed one million passengers since its opening in October 2023 in the same month.<ref>{{cite news|last=Jha|first=Abhijay|title=RRTS records 10L ridership in less than 2 months since launch of Modinagar arm|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ghaziabad/rrts-records-10l-ridership-in-less-than-2-months-since-launch-of-modinagar-arm/articleshow/110021117.cms|work=The Times of India|date=11 May 2024|access-date=11 May 2024|language=en}}</ref> In December 2024, following the opening till [[Meerut South RRTS station|Meerut South]] in August 2024, this record surpassed 5 million, with a daily ridership of almost 22,000 passengers.<ref>{{cite news|title=Delhi-Ghaziabad-Meerut RRTS Corridor: Namo Bharat trains cross 5 million commuters since October 2023 launch, says NCRTC|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/infrastructure-delhi-ghaziabad-meerut-rrts-corridor-namo-bharat-trains-cross-5-million-commuters-since-october-2023-launch-says-ncrtc-3700412/lite/|work=The Financial Express|date=26 December 2024|access-date=3 January 2025|language=en}}</ref><ref name="RI" /> With the entire {{cvt|82.15|km}}-long corridor from [[Sarai Kale Khan RRTS station|Sarai Kale Khan]] to [[Modipuram RRTS station|Modipuram]] becoming operational in early 2026, it is expected to soar to 800,000 per day.<ref name="PAX">{{cite news|title=RAPIDX – India's first indigenous S-HSR all set to Begin Operations on Priority Section|url=https://www.metrorailnews.in/rapidx-indias-first-indigenous-s-hsr-all-set-to-begin-operations-on-priority-section/|work=Metro Rail News|date=22 August 2023|access-date=23 February 2024|language=en}}</ref>{{Table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable defaultcenter col1left col13right"
|+
!Monthly ridership
!Jan
!Feb
!Mar
!Apr
!May
!Jun
!Jul
!Aug
!Sep
!Oct
!Nov
!Dec
|-
|2023
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
|63,970
|72,016
|72,513
|-
|2024
|99,935
|92,341
|256,868
|285,829
|339,852
|370,078
|455,050
|542,896
|621,967
|613,776
|658,657
|678,762
|-
|2025
|938,652
|1,001,956
|1,092,404
|1,164,288
|1,232,152
|1,221,235
|1,479,598
|1,473,737
|1,504,669
|1,534,233
|1,566,674
|1,631,041
|-
|2026
|1,641,564
|1,775,182
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

Source: RRTS official website<ref name="RI" />

{| class="wikitable defaultcenter col1left col13right"
|+
!Average daily ridership
!Jan
!Feb
!Mar
!Apr
!May
!Jun
!Jul
!Aug
!Sep
!Oct
!Nov
!Dec
|-
|2023
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
|2,063
|2,400
|2,339
|-
|2024
|3,223
|3,297
|8,286
|9,527
|10,962
|12,335
|14,679
|17,512
|20,732
|19,799
|21,955
|21,895
|-
|2025
|30,279
|35,784
|35,238
|38,809
|39,746
|40,707
|47,728
|47,539
|50,155
|49,491
|52,222
|52,614
|-
|2026
|52,953
|63,399
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

Source: RRTS official website<ref name="RI" />

== Stations ==

The RRTS corridor will originate from [[Jangpura RRTS station|Jangpura]]—where construction is currently underway—and take its course from [[Sarai Kale Khan RRTS station|Sarai Kale Khan]]: both stations are located in [[Delhi]]. Thereafter, it runs through [[Ghaziabad]]—whence three more corridors to [[Jewar]], [[Hapur]], and [[Khurja]] have been proposed to connect the nearby towns and cities lying in [[Uttar Pradesh]] with the [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region]]—and terminates at Meerut. The corridor includes 16 stations, with 9 additional stations serving as intermediate stops for the Meerut Metro, where the RapidX services will not stop. However, there are stations—Meerut South, Shatabdi Nagar, Begumpul, and Modipuram—where the RRTS and Meerut Metro are integrated, allowing stops for both services. The corridor currently has 15 stations and one depot functional, with the Jangpura station currently under construction. The stations' exterior designs are inspired by the hue of the plumage of the [[Indian peafowl|peacock]], the [[List of national symbols of India|national bird of India]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Mondal|first=Anish|title=Special attention to every aspect! Peacock feathers inspire hues of RAPIDX stations – Details inside|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/railways-special-attention-to-every-aspect-peacock-feathers-inspire-hues-of-rapidx-stations-details-inside-3068100/|work=The Times of India|date=29 April 2023|access-date=26 February 2024|language=en}}</ref> The following list outlines the stations, their integration with existing transport modes and their statuses.<ref name="TMRG" /><ref name="NCRTC">{{Cite web |title=Interactive Map – NCRTC |url=https://ncrtc.in/interactive-map/ |access-date=2024-02-17 |language=en-US}}</ref>

{| width="100%" class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+
! colspan="9" align="center" style="background:#{{rcr|RapidX|Delhi–Meerut}};" |'''Delhi–Meerut RRTS'''
|-
! rowspan="2" |No.
! rowspan="2" |Station Code
! colspan="2" |Station Name
! rowspan="2" |Integration
! rowspan="2" |Station Layout
! rowspan="2" |Platform Level Type
! rowspan="2" |Status
! rowspan="2" |Opening
|-
! colspan="1" |English
!Hindi
|-
|1
|[[File:AS1 Jangpura RRTS station.svg|frameless|20x20px]]
|'''Jangpura'''
|'''जंगपुरा'''
|None
|[[At-grade railway|At-grade]]
|Side
| rowspan="1" {{Partial|Under-Construction}}
| rowspan="1" |-
|-
|2
|[[File:Z00 Sarai Kale Khan RRTS station.svg|frameless|20x20px]]
|'''[[Sarai Kale Khan RRTS station|Sarai Kale Khan]]'''
|'''सराय काले खान'''
|{{ric|Delhi Metro}} {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Pink|croute}} {{ric|Indian Railways}} '''[[Hazrat Nizamuddin railway station|Hazrat Nizamuddin]]''' {{rint|bus}} '''[[Sarai Kale Khan Inter-State Bus Terminus|Sarai Kale Khan ISBT]]'''
|Elevated
|Side/Island
|rowspan="15" {{Yes|Operational}}
|rowspan="1" |22 February 2026
|-
|3
|[[File:A01 New Ashok Nagar RRTS station.svg|frameless|20x20px]]
|'''[[New Ashok Nagar RRTS station|New Ashok Nagar]]'''
|'''न्यू अशोक नगर'''
|{{ric|Delhi Metro}} {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}}
|Elevated
|Side
| rowspan="2" | 5 January 2025
|-
|4
|[[File:A02 Anand Vihar RRTS station.svg|frameless|20x20px]]
|'''[[Anand Vihar RRTS station|Anand Vihar]]'''
|'''आनंद विहार'''
|{{ric|Delhi Metro}} {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Blue|croute}} {{ric|Delhi Metro}} {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Pink|croute}} {{ric|Indian Railways}} '''[[Anand Vihar Terminal railway station|Anand Vihar Terminal]]''' {{rint|bus}} '''[[Swami Vivekanand Inter State Bus Terminus|Anand Vihar ISBT]]'''
|Underground
|Island
|-
|5
|[[File:A03 Sahibabad RRTS station.svg|frameless|20x20px]]
|'''[[Sahibabad RRTS station|Sahibabad]]'''
|'''साहिबाबाद'''
|None
|Elevated
|Side
| rowspan="5" | 20 October 2023
|-
|6
|[[File:A04 Ghaziabad RRTS station.svg|frameless|20x20px]]
|'''[[Ghaziabad RRTS station|Ghaziabad]]'''
|'''ग़ाज़ियाबाद'''
|{{ric|Delhi Metro}} {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Red|croute}}
|Elevated
|Side/Island
|-
|7
|[[File:A05 Guldhar RRTS station.svg|frameless|20x20px]]
|'''[[Guldhar RRTS station|Guldhar]]'''
|'''गुलधर'''
|None
|Elevated
|Side
|-
|8
|[[File:A06 Duhai RRTS station.svg|frameless|20x20px]]
|'''[[Duhai RRTS station|Duhai]]'''
|'''दुहाई'''
|None
|Elevated
|Side
|-
|9
|[[File:AS2 Duhai Depot RRTS station.svg|frameless|20x20px]]
|'''[[Duhai Depot RRTS station|Duhai Depot]]'''
|'''दुहाई डिपो'''
|None
|At-grade
|Side
|-
|10
|[[File:A07 Murad Nagar RRTS station.svg|frameless|20x20px]]
|'''[[Murad Nagar RRTS station|Murad Nagar]]'''
|'''मुराद नगर'''
|None
|Elevated
|Side
| rowspan="3" | 6 March 2024
|-
|11
|[[File:A8 Modinagar South RRTS station.svg|frameless|20x20px]]
|'''[[Modinagar South RRTS station|Modinagar South]]'''
|'''मोदीनगर दक्षिण'''
|None
|Elevated
|Side
|-
|12
|[[File:A09 Modinagar North RRTS station.svg|frameless|20x20px]]
|'''[[Modinagar North RRTS station|Modinagar North]]'''
|'''मोदीनगर उत्तर'''
|None
|Elevated
|Side
|-
|13
|[[File:A10 Meerut South RRTS station.svg|frameless|20x20px]]
|'''[[Meerut South RRTS station|Meerut South]]'''
|'''मेरठ दक्षिण'''
|[[File:NCRTC_logo.png|link=Meerut_Metro|24x24px]] '''[[Meerut Metro]]'''
|Elevated
|Side
| 18 August 2024
|-
|14
|[[File:A13 Shatabdi Nagar RRTS station.svg|frameless|20x20px]]
|'''[[Shatabdi Nagar RRTS station|Shatabdi Nagar]]'''
|'''शताब्दी नगर'''
|[[File:NCRTC_logo.png|link=Meerut_Metro|24x24px]] '''[[Meerut Metro]]'''
|Elevated
|Side
| rowspan="3" |22 February 2026
|-
|15
|[[File:A17 Begumpul RRTS station.svg|frameless|20x20px]]
|'''[[Begumpul RRTS station|Begumpul]]'''
|'''बेगमपुल'''
|[[File:NCRTC_logo.png|link=Meerut_Metro|24x24px]] '''[[Meerut Metro]]'''
|Underground
|Island
|-
|16
|[[File:A21 Modipuram RRTS station.svg|frameless|20x20px]]
|'''[[Modipuram RRTS station|Modipuram]]'''
|'''मोदीपुरम'''
|[[File:NCRTC_logo.png|link=Meerut_Metro|24x24px]] '''[[Meerut Metro]]'''
|Elevated
|Side
|}

== Rolling stock ==
[[File:Namo_Bharat_Trains.jpg|thumb|left|[[Namo Bharat]] trainsets parked in [[Duhai Depot RRTS station|Duhai depot]]]]
On 1 May 2020, [[Bombardier Transportation]], a Canadian-German rolling stock firm,<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 January 2021 |title=A transformational step for Alstom: completion of the acquisition of Bombardier Transportation |url=https://www.alstom.com/press-releases-news/2021/1/transformational-step-alstom-completion-acquisition-bombardier#_ftnref1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315043335/https://www.alstom.com/press-releases-news/2021/1/transformational-step-alstom-completion-acquisition-bombardier |archive-date=15 March 2023 |access-date=29 April 2023 |website=Alstom Press releases and news}}</ref> emerged as the lowest bidder amongst a group of three bidders to supply and maintain 210 coaches for a period of fifteen years, with a price bid of {{INRConvert|2577|c}}. The 210 coaches include 180 coaches, comprising 30 six-car trains for the RRTS, and 30 coaches consisting of 10 three-car trains for the Meerut Metro.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 May 2020 |title=Bombardier bags rolling stock deal for Delhi-Meerut RRTS corridor |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/property-/-cstruction/bombardier-bags-rolling-stock-deal-for-delhi-meerut-rrts-corridor/articleshow/75585776.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505071038/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/property-/-cstruction/bombardier-bags-rolling-stock-deal-for-delhi-meerut-rrts-corridor/articleshow/75585776.cms |archive-date=5 May 2023 |access-date=29 April 2023 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref name="FR">{{Cite web |last=Sinha |first=S |date=8 May 2022 |title=First RRTS trainset handed over to NCRTC |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/noida-news/first-rrts-trainset-handed-over-to-ncrtc-101651950027361-amp.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516015738/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/noida-news/first-rrts-trainset-handed-over-to-ncrtc-101651950027361-amp.html |archive-date=16 May 2022 |access-date=29 April 2023 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

In September 2020, the [[National Capital Region Transport Corporation]] unveiled the design of the RRTS trainset, which is inspired by the [[Lotus Temple]]. Designed in [[Hyderabad]], the trains have a design speed of {{cvt|180|km/h}} and an operational speed of {{cvt|160|km/h}}, making them the fastest [[rapid transit]] trains in India. Each fully air-conditioned, six-car trainset, which could be extended to eight coaches based on demand, consists of one premium coach and one coach reserved for women, and has a capacity of 1,750 passengers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 September 2020 |title=India's first RRTS train with design speed of 180 kmph unveiled; to have business class |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indias-first-rrts-train-with-design-speed-of-180-kmph-unveiled-to-have-business-class/articleshow/78321755.cms |access-date=15 October 2020 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name="FR" /> It is compatible with a host of [[Train protection system|train protection systems]] like [[automatic train protection]] and [[automatic train control]] systems, and also features [[regenerative braking]].<ref name="FR" />

The trains are the first-ever rapid transit trains in India to feature an [[aerodynamic]] and sleek design and [[ergonomically]] designed seats. Several facilities and amenities such as on-board catering, ticket scanners, food vending machines, information display systems, window blinds, charging points, CCTVs, and dedicated seats for physically-challenged passengers are available aboard. The trains were named [[Namo Bharat]] after the inauguration of the corridor.<ref name="N18" />

The rolling stock are manufactured in India at Alstom's plant in [[Savli]], [[Gujarat]],<ref>{{cite news|title=French MNC Alstom begins making regional commuter transit trains in Gujarat|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/alstom-begins-making-regional-commuter-transit-trains-in-gujarat/articleshow/84476952.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429103613/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/alstom-begins-making-regional-commuter-transit-trains-in-gujarat/articleshow/84476952.cms |archive-date=29 April 2023 |access-date=29 April 2023 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref> and the first trainset was delivered to the NCRTC in May 2022. As of January 2025, of the 30 trains of the RRTS, more than 15 trains have been received and are in operation.<ref name="FR" />

== Source of funding ==

* '''Multilateral Funding:''' About $1 billion from the [[Asian Development Bank]], $500 million from the [[New Development Bank]], and $500 million from the [[Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank]] were loaned to the [[National Capital Region Transport Corporation]] for the construction of the RRTS.<ref>{{Cite web|date=1 October 2020|title=New Development Bank approves $500 million loan for RRTS rail project|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/noida/new-development-bank-approves-500-million-loan-for-rrts-rail-project/story-CqfsVTrMW3sZO8O1IlBFhM.html|access-date=15 October 2020|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Saluja|first=Nishtha|title=ADB approves $1 billion loan for construction of Delhi-Meerut RRTS|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/infrastructure/adb-approves-1-billion-loan-for-construction-of-delhi-meerut-rrts/articleshow/77610496.cms|access-date=15 October 2020}}</ref>

* '''Contribution from Governments:''' [[Government of India]]: 20%; [[Government of Delhi]]: 3.22%; [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]: 16.78%.<ref>{{Cite web|date=24 September 2020|title=Delhi-Meerut high-speed corridor gets Rs 100 crore fillip |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/delhi-meerut-high-speed-corridor-gets-rs-100-crore-fillip/articleshow/78289388.cms|access-date=15 October 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

== Integration with Delhi Metro and Meerut Metro ==
{{See also|Meerut Metro}}
[[File:DelhiMetroYellowLine.JPG|thumb|left|A train of the [[Yellow Line (Delhi Metro)|Yellow Line]] of the [[Delhi Metro]]]]
The RRTS, after originating from [[Jangpura RRTS station|Jangpura]], is connected to the [[Delhi Metro]]'s [[Pink Line (Delhi Metro)|Pink Line]] at [[Sarai Kale Khan RRTS station|Sarai Kale Khan]] before taking its course towards [[Meerut]]. Thereafter, it has an interchange with the [[Blue Line (Delhi Metro)|Blue Line]] at [[New Ashok Nagar RRTS station|New Ashok Nagar]], a second connection to the Pink Line and Blue Line at [[Anand Vihar RRTS station|Anand Vihar]], and a third interchange with the [[Red Line (Delhi Metro)|Red Line]] at [[Ghaziabad RRTS station|Ghaziabad]]. Thereafter, the RRTS boasts of three stations in the Meerut section—with interchanges with the [[Meerut Metro]] at [[Shatabdi Nagar RRTS station|Shatabdi Nagar]], [[Begumpul RRTS station|Begumpul]] and [[Modipuram]]—whereafter it shares its trains with that of the Meerut Metro at Modipuram depot. In the metro's first phase, the first line will run parallel to the RRTS tracks on both sides. Four of its 13 stations—Modipuram, Begumpul, Shatabdi Nagar, and Meerut South—will be integrated with the RRTS, allowing seamless connections between the metro and Namo Bharat trains. This will provide commuters with easy travel within Meerut and connections to Delhi, Noida, Ghaziabad, and other parts of the National Capital Region. This makes the metro the first metro in India to run along and directly integrate with a [[Commuter rail|regional transit system]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=First Look Of Meerut Metro Trains Unveiled As NCRTC Gets Delivery Of Trainsets |url=https://zeenews.india.com/auto/first-look-of-meerut-metro-trains-unveiled-as-ncrtc-gets-delivery-of-trainsetsfirst-look-of-meerut-metro-trains-unveiled-as-ncrtc-gets-delivery-of-trainsets-2722052.html |access-date=2024-02-17 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref>

== Signalling and train control system ==
The corridors of the RRTS and the [[Meerut Metro]] are equipped with [[ETCS L2]] signalling, a signalling system ubiquitous in [[Europe]]. Tenders for its procurement were invited in April 2020: [[Alstom]] was awarded the contract worth approximately {{INRConvert|937|c}} in January 2021. All operations and trains are controlled by [[RapidX]] from its operations control centre at [[Duhai Depot RRTS station|Duhai Depot]]. After the completion of the second OCC at [[Jangpura RRTS station|Jangpura]], the corridor will have two OCCs to look after the operations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2020/04/28/ncrtc-invites-bids-for-delhi-meerut-rrts-etcs-signalling-system/|title=NCRTC Invites Bids for Delhi - Meerut RRTS' ETCS Signalling System|date=28 April 2020|website=The Metro Rail Guy|language=en|access-date=19 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 January 2021 |title=Alstom Will Deploy India's First ETCS L3 System, Bags 937 Cr Delhi-Meerut RRTS Signalling Contract |url=https://www.railpost.in/alstom-will-deploy-indias-first-etcs-l3-system-bags-937-cr-delhi-meerut-rrts-signalling-contract/amp/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503004852/https://www.railpost.in/alstom-will-deploy-indias-first-etcs-l3-system-bags-937-cr-delhi-meerut-rrts-signalling-contract/amp/ |archive-date=3 May 2023 |access-date=19 February 2024|website=RailPost}}</ref>

[[Nokia]] partnered with Alstom to implement the 4.9G/LTE [[Private Shared Wireless Network|private wireless network]] to support the ETCS L2 signalling. This is the first instance globally of an [[LTE (telecommunication)|LTE network]] being integrated with ETCS L2 signalling.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 August 2022 |title=Nokia tests mission-critical voice and data on 4.9G private wireless network for NCRTC |url=https://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/nokia-tests-mission-critical-voice-and-data-on-4-9g-private-wireless-network-for-ncrtc/93341322 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503005619/https://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/amp/news/nokia-tests-mission-critical-voice-and-data-on-4-9g-private-wireless-network-for-ncrtc/93341322 |archive-date=3 May 2023 |access-date=19 February 2024|website=ET Telecom}}</ref> In July 2024, the [[European Train Control System#ETCS Hybrid Train Detection (formerly known as ETCS Hybrid Level 3)|ETCS L3 signalling as its hybrid form]] was commissioned along the corridor.<ref name="ETCSL3" />

== Future plans ==
In January 2024, the [[National Capital Region Transport Corporation]] drafted a plan to extend the RRTS corridor from its terminating point in [[Meerut]] to [[Haridwar]] via [[Muzaffarnagar]]. NCRTC officials stated that, if the plan is implemented, the travel time from Delhi to Haridwar would be reduced to just 2 hours, compared to the current 3-4 hours by road and 5-6 hours by rail. The officials decided to conduct a physical survey of the proposed section to assess the feasibility and execution of the project. A [[Project plan|detailed project report]] will be prepared to further analyse the practicality of the corridor.<ref>{{cite news|last=Bhandari|first=Shashwat|title=Delhi-Meerut rapid rail corridor likely to be extended to Muzaffarnagar, Haridwar, say reports|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/rapid-rail-corridor-likely-to-be-extended-to-muzaffarnagar-haridwar-delhi-meerut-rrts-namo-bharat-train-ncrtc-latest-updates-2024-01-26-913865|work=India TV|date=26 January 2024|access-date=27 February 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=NCRTC likely to extend Delhi-Meerut RRTS Corridor to Muzaffarnagar and Haridwar|url=https://metrorailtoday.com/news/ncrtc-likely-to-extend-delhi-meerut-rrts-corridor-to-muzaffarnagar-and-haridwar|work=Metro Rail Today|date=27 January 2024|access-date=27 February 2024|language=en}}</ref>

== Sustainability measures ==

The project will install 25,000 solar panels on station and depot rooftops, generating 11 MW of electricity and reducing carbon dioxide emissions by 615 tonnes annually, totalling 15,375 tonnes over 25 years. Of the 25,000 panels, 16 stations in the [[Meerut Metro]] section will each receive approximately 1,100 panels, while the remaining nine stations will receive around 400 panels. The solar panels are expected to meet 70% of the energy demand. With reduced friction and reliance on rail-based transit, the corridor will consume one-fifth the fossil fuel of road vehicles. Water recycling, rainwater harvesting, and sewage treatment systems are also being implemented to promote conservation. These measures will reduce carbon dioxide emissions by an estimated 250,000 tonnes annually and conserve water.<ref>{{cite news|last=Shah|first=Narendra|title=NCRTC completes Jangpura RRTS Station underpass construction work|url=https://www.metrorailnews.in/ncrtc-completes-jangpura-rrts-station-underpass-construction-work/|work=The Times of India|date=18 January 2022|access-date=26 February 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Khandelwal|first=Peeyush|title=25,000 solar panels to be installled on RRTS route to generate power for project|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/noida-news/25000-solar-panels-to-be-installled-on-rrts-route-to-generate-power-for-project-101688842343459.html|work=Hindustan Times|date=9 July 2023|access-date=27 February 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=RRTS to cover 70 per cent of total energy requirement via solar power: NCRTC|url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/rrts-to-cover-70-per-cent-of-total-energy-requirement-via-solar-power-ncrtc/98363854|work=ET Energyworld|date=2 March 2023|access-date=27 February 2024|language=en}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==

* The RRTS project, officials of the [[National Capital Region Transport Corporation]], and experts were featured in the ''Engineering Marvels: RRTS'' of the [[History TV18]] on 27 November 2023.<ref>{{cite news|last=Thaivalappil|first=Nishad|title=Engineering Marvels: RRTS; All You Need To Know About India's Most Ambitious Infrastructure Project|url=https://www.news18.com/lifestyle/engineering-marvels-rrts-all-you-need-to-know-about-indias-most-ambitious-infrastructure-project-8674841.html|work=News18|date=24 November 2023|access-date=27 February 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title='Engineering Marvels: RRTS' - A documentary by History TV18|url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?reload=9&v=W2HpYOWlIjw|website=[[YouTube]]|date=27 November 2023|access-date=27 February 2024|language=en}}</ref>

== Status updates ==
* '''Jun 2019:''' Pillar construction work started on both the RRTS and the Meerut Metro by [[Larsen & Toubro]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/delhi/new-delhi-city-ncr-all-you-need-to-about-delhi-meerut-regional-rapid-transit-system-jagran-special-19282345.html|title=दिल्ली से मेरठ तक का सफर 60 मिनट में, रोजाना हजारों यात्रियों को होगा फायदा|website=Dainik Jagran|language=hi|access-date=4 June 2019}}</ref>
* '''May 2020:''' [[Bombardier Transportation]], now acquired by [[Alstom]], won the contract for manufacturing 210 trains for the RRTS and the Meerut Metro.<ref name="BBD" />
* '''Oct 2020:''' Civil construction work on about {{cvt|50|km}} between [[Sahibabad]] and [[Shatabdi Nagar RRTS station|Shatabdi Nagar]] was in progress.<ref>{{Cite web|date=8 July 2020|first=Abhijay|last=Jha|title=Work on Delhi-Meerut RRTS corridor gathers pace|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ghaziabad/work-on-delhi-meerut-rrts-corridor-gathers-pace/articleshow/76857893.cms|access-date=15 October 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
* '''Feb 2021:''' The construction of the [[Anand Vihar RRTS station|Anand Vihar]] station of the RRTS just beside the [[Anand Vihar Terminal railway station]] began.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Construction work for Anand Vihar station of 82km Delhi-Meerut RRTS corridor begins |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/construction-work-for-anand-vihar-station-of-82km-delhi-meerut-rrts-corridor-begins/articleshow/80756076.cms |first=Anshu |last=Agarwal |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=9 February 2021 |access-date=9 February 2021}}</ref>
* '''Apr 2021:''' Track laying started for the [[Ghaziabad]] section of the corridor.<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 July 2021|title=RRTS project: Laying of tracks for {{cvt|17|km}} priority section begins in Ghaziabad|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/noida-news/rrts-project-laying-of-tracks-for-17km-priority-section-begins-in-ghaziabad-101626803375489.html|access-date=20 September 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>
* '''Jun 2021:''' The first elevated section pier (namely for the [[Sarai Kale Khan]] section) was constructed.<ref>{{Cite web|date=4 June 2021|title=Delhi-Meerut RRTS: Work in progress! First pier of elevated section constructed - The Financial Express|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/delhi-meerut-rrts-work-in-progress-first-pier-of-elevated-section-constructed/2265131/|access-date=20 September 2021|website=www.financialexpress.com}}</ref>
* '''Jun 2021:''' Construction work on the first part of the underground portion of began in [[Anand Vihar]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Underground construction work commenced for Delhi-Meerut RRTS project|url=https://www.urbantransportnews.com/news/underground-construction-work-commenced-for-delhi-meerut-rrts-project|access-date=20 September 2021|website=Urban Transport News}}</ref>
* '''Jul 2021:''' The piers were completed for the {{cvt|24|km}} [[elevated]] stretch.<ref>{{Cite news|date=10 July 2021|title=Piers completed in 24-km elevated stretch of Delhi-Meerut RRTS corridor|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/piers-completed-in-24-km-elevated-stretch-of-delhi-meerut-rrts-corridor/article35243571.ece|access-date=20 September 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* '''Jul 2021:''' Alstom began manufacturing the 210 trains for the RRTS and the Meerut Metro. These are being manufactured in Alstom's plant in [[Savli]], [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 July 2021|title=Alstom begins manufacturing of commuter & transit trains for RRTS project|url=https://www.constructionweekonline.in/projects-tenders/18682-alstom-begins-mfrg-of-commuter-transit-trains-for-rrts-project|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920212109/https://www.constructionweekonline.in/projects-tenders/18682-alstom-begins-mfrg-of-commuter-transit-trains-for-rrts-project |archive-date=20 September 2021 }}</ref>
* '''Mar 2022:''' The tunneling work for the underground section of the RRTS in Meerut began.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 18, 2022 |first=Sandeep |last=Rai |title=Tunnelling Work For Delhi-meerut Rrts Corridor Begins In Meerut {{!}} Meerut News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/meerut/tunnelling-work-for-delhi-meerut-rrts-corridor-begins-in-meerut/articleshow/90301106.cms |access-date=2022-04-06 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
* '''Mar 2022:''' [[Paytm|Paytm Payments Bank]] won the bid for becoming the financial institution responsible for the fare system, beating the [[State Bank of India]] (SBI).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-10 |title=Paytm Awarded Delhi - Meerut RRTS' AFC Contract Package 26B |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2022/04/10/paytm-awarded-delhi-meerut-rrts-afc-contract-package-26b/ |access-date=2022-04-10 |website=The Metro Rail Guy |language=en-US}}</ref>
* '''Apr 2022:''' Roughly 25% of the corridor was completed.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-04-05 |title=Delhi-Meerut RRTS on track, 24.8% completed so far: Ministry |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/delhi-meerut-rrts-on-track-248-completed-so-far-ministry/article65289294.ece |access-date=2022-04-06 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* '''May 2022:''' Alstom manufactured and delivered the first train to the NCRTC from Savli, Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Livemint |date=2022-05-08 |title=Delhi-Meerut RRTS: Fastest trainset in country built under 'Make in India' |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/delhimeerut-rrts-the-fastest-trainset-in-country-built-under-make-in-india-see-photos-11651971777686.html |access-date=2022-05-15 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>
* '''Aug 2022:''' First trial of the first trainset had been successfully completed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-08 |title=Delhi-Meerut Rapid Train Hits Track, Trial Btw Sahibabad-Duhai Successful {{!}} Watch Video Here |url=https://www.india.com/news/delhi/delhi-meerut-rapid-train-big-breaking-trial-successful-btw-sahibabad-duhai-watch-first-video-ncrtc-5559876/ |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=India.com |language=en}}</ref>
* '''Feb 2023:''' The trial runs for the trains, including high-speed tests, had been completed, and now there were a total of six trains. The 17-km priority corridor from Sahibabad to Duhai was at its final stages of work, and was confirmed to be opened by mid-June 2023. The second stretch from Duhai to [[Meerut South RRTS station|Meerut South]] would be opened by the first quarter of 2024, and the entire corridor would become operational by March 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-02-04 |title=RRTS trials to south Meerut by year-end |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/meerut/rrts-trials-to-south-meerut-by-year-end/articleshow/97591947.cms |access-date=2023-02-26 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-04 |title=NCRTC Conducts Successful Trial Run Of India's First High-Speed RRTS Train From Duhai To Ghaziabad |url=https://www.india.com/uttar-pradesh/ncrtc-conducts-successful-trial-run-of-indias-first-high-speed-rrts-train-from-duhai-to-ghaziabad-5838675/ |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=India.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-25 |title=Ghaziabad: Four RRTS stations on 17km priority line to be ready by mid-March |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/noida-news/ghaziabad-four-rrts-stations-on-17km-priority-line-to-be-ready-by-midmarch-101677318809199.html |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
* '''Aug 2023:''' The entire tunneling work of the RRTS was fully completed.<ref>{{cite news|last=Mufti|first=Ifrah|title=Tunnelling of entire Delhi-Meerut RRTS corridor completed|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2023/Aug/30/tunnelling-of-entire-delhi-meerut-rrts-corridor-completed-2609987.html|work=The New Indian Express|date=30 August 2023|access-date=27 February 2024|language=en}}</ref>
* '''Oct 2023:''' The priority corridor from Sahibabad to Duhai was inaugurated on 20 October 2023.<ref name="os" />
* '''Dec 2023:''' The trial run on the 25-km stretch from Duhai to Meerut South was conducted.<ref>{{cite news|title=RRTS News: Trial Run Commences Between Duhai-Meerut South Section|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/delhi/rrts-news-trial-run-commences-between-duhai-meerut-south-section-article-106391992|work=The Times of India|date=30 December 2023|access-date=27 February 2024|language=en}}</ref>
* '''Feb 2024:''' The NCRTC announced that the 25-km stretch from Duhai to Meerut South will become operational by March 2024, thereby increasing the operational length to 42 km. The RRTS and the Meerut Metro projects are both on track to be completed by June 2025.<ref>{{cite news|title=Delhi-Ghaziabad-Meerut RRTS Corridor: Final viaduct span linking Meerut South to Shatabdi Nagar Station installed on NaMo Bharat, informs NCRTC|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/infrastructure-delhi-ghaziabad-meerut-rrts-corridor-final-viaduct-span-linking-meerut-south-to-shatabdi-nagar-station-installed-on-namo-bharat-informs-ncrtc-3399161/|work=The Financial Express|date=20 February 2024|access-date=27 February 2024|language=en}}</ref>
* '''Mar 2024:''' Of the 25 km-long stretch from Duhai Depot to Meerut South, the 17-km stretch till [[Modinagar North RRTS station|Modinagar North]] was inaugurated on 6 March 2024, thus bringing the current operational length to 34 km. The Meerut South station will be completed by the first half of May 2024.<ref>{{cite news|title=PM Modi virtually inaugurates new section of Delhi-Meerut RRTS corridor|url=https://infra.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/urban-transportation/pm-modi-virtually-inaugurates-new-section-of-delhi-meerut-rrts-corridor/108263169|work=ET Infra|date=6 March 2024|access-date=6 March 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Khandelwal|first=Peeyush|title=Ghaziabad: Namo Bharat to reach Meerut station in May|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/noida-news/ghaziabad-namo-bharat-to-reach-meerut-station-in-may-101714244997740.html|work=Hindustan Times|date=28 April 2024|access-date=30 April 2024|language=en}}</ref>
*'''Aug 2024:''' Of the 25 km-long stretch from Duhai Depot to Meerut South, the 8-km section from Modinagar North to Meerut South was opened on 18 August 2024. Of the total 82 Km long corridor, more than 80 km has been completed, and the opening of the section from Sahibabad till Sarai Kale Khan is on track to be completed by December 2024.<ref name="EXT" /><ref>{{cite news|title=80-km section of Delhi-Ghaziabad-Meerut RRTS Corridor constructed, only 2 km remain|url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2024/07/25/des68-dl-ncrtc-rrts-corridor.html|website=The Week|date=25 July 2024|access-date=18 August 2024|language=en}}</ref>
*'''Jan 2025:''' A 13-km long stretch between Sahibabad and New Ashok Nagar was inaugurated on 5 January 2025, thus connecting Delhi with the corridor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-05 |title=Delhi-Ghaziabad-Meerut RRTS: PM Modi inaugurates Sahibabad-Ashok Nagar Namo Bharat Corridor – Check list of new stations |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/infrastructure-delhi-ghaziabad-meerut-rrts-namo-bharat-all-set-to-enter-delhi-pm-modi-to-ride-newly-opened-stretch-today-3707461/ |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>
*'''May 2025:''' NCRTC has completed the installation of all 169 track km (TKM) of precast slab track.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-13 |title=Delhi-Meerut RRTS: Full ops by June, here's the latest update on the super-fast corridor |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/delhi-meerut-rapid-rail-corridor-installation-of-precast-slab-track-complete-says-ncrtc-9998757/ |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
*'''February 2026:''' Entire strech of the RRTS from Sarai Kale Khan to Modipuram becomes operational on 22 February 2026.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-02-12 |title=Delhi–Ghaziabad–Meerut Namo Bharat corridor set for inauguration |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/delhighaziabadmeerut-namo-bharat-corridor-set-for-inauguration/articleshow/128224645.cms |access-date=2026-02-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[National Capital Region Transport Corporation]]
* [[Meerut Metro]]
* [[Commuter rail]]
* [[Delhi–Alwar Regional Rapid Transit System]]
* [[Delhi–Panipat Regional Rapid Transit System]]
* [[Ghaziabad–Jewar Regional Rapid Transit System]]
* [[RapidX]]
* [[Namo Bharat]]
* [[Alstom]]
* [[Transport in India]]
* [[Urban rail transit in India#List of systems|List of metro cities in India]]
* [[National Capital Region#Transport|Transport in National Capital Region]]
* [[Meerut#Transport|Transport in Meerut]]
* [[History TV18]]
* [[Over-the-top media service]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://ncrtc.in Official website]
* [https://m.youtube.com/watch?reload=9&v=W2HpYOWlIjw '''Engineering Marvels: RRTS' - A documentary by History TV18'']

{{Portal bar|India|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}
{{RapidX|Delhi–Meerut=yes}}
{{Rapid transit in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Delhi-Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System}}
[[Category:Transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Transport in Meerut]]
[[Category:National Capital Region (India)]]

Turkish people

2026-03-22T00:27:44Z

Dangerpanditankit: expanded content

{{Short description|Turkic ethnic group}}
{{distinguish|Turkic peoples}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Turks
| native_name = {{native name|tr|Türkler}}
| image = Map of the Turkish Diaspora in the World.svg
| caption = Map of the Turkish people around the world
| native_name_lang = tr
| pop = {{circa}} '''80 million'''
| popplace = Turkey  60,000,000 to 65,000,000<ref name=Garibova2011>{{citation|last=Garibova|first=Jala|year=2011|chapter=A Pan-Turkic Dream: Language Unification of Turks|title=Handbook of Language and Ethnic Identity: The Success-Failure Continuum in Language and Ethnic Identity Efforts|editor1-last=Fishman|editor1-first=Joshua|editor2-last=Garcia|editor-first2=Ofelia|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oUydX_3rG0AC&dq=60+million+ethnic+Turks+living+in+its+territories&pg=PA268|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|page=268|quote=Approximately 200 million people,... speak nearly 40 Turkic languages and dialects. Turkey is the largest Turkic state, with about 60 million ethnic Turks living in its territories.|isbn=978-0-19-983799-1}}</ref><ref name=Hobbs2017>{{citation|last=Hobbs|first=Joseph J.|year=2017|title=Fundamentals of World Regional Geography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0rUaCgAAQBAJ&dq=The+greatest+are+the+65+million+Turks+of+Turkey&pg=PA223|publisher=[[Cengage]]|quote=The greatest are the 65 million Turks of Turkey, who speak Turkish, a Turkic language...|page=223|isbn=978-1-305-85495-6}}</ref> Northern Cyprus  315,000{{sup|a}}<ref>{{cite web |title=KKTC 2011 NÜFUS VE KONUT SAYIMI |url=http://www.devplan.org/Nufus-2011/nufus%20son_.pdf |access-date=14 February 2014 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927104440/http://www.devplan.org/Nufus-2011/nufus%20son_.pdf |archive-date=27 September 2013}}</ref>
{{collapsed infobox section begin|Other countries}}
| region3 = '''[[Turkish diaspora]]:'''
| pop3 =  
| region4 = {{flagcountry|Germany}}
| pop4 = 3,000,000 to over 7,000,000
| ref4 = <ref>{{cite book |last1=Orvis|first1=Stephen|last2=Drogus|first2=Carol Ann|year=2018|title=Introducing Comparative Politics: Concepts and Cases in Context |publisher=CQ Press|quote=Today, nearly three million ethnic Turks live in Germany, and many have raised children there.|isbn=978-1-5443-7444-4|page=305|language=en}}</ref><ref name=Engstrom2021>{{citation|last=Engstrom|first=Aineias|title=Turkish-German "dream team" behind first COVID-19 vaccine|url=https://psuvanguard.com/turkish-german-dream-team-behind-first-covid-19-vaccine/|journal=[[Portland State Vanguard]]|date=12 January 2021 |publisher=[[Portland State University]]|quote=The German census does not gather data on ethnicity, however according to estimates, somewhere between 4–7 million people with Turkish roots, or 5–9% of the population, live in Germany.|access-date=27 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210327134346/https://psuvanguard.com/turkish-german-dream-team-behind-first-covid-19-vaccine/|archive-date=27 March 2021}}</ref><ref name=Zestos&Cooke2020>{{citation|last1=Zestos|first1=George K.|last2=Cooke|first2=Rachel N.|year=2020|title=Challenges for the EU as Germany Approaches Recession |publisher=[[Levy Economics Institute]]|page=22|url=http://www.levyinstitute.org/pubs/wp_948.pdf|quote=Presently (2020) more than seven million Turks live in Germany.}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=[[Tessa Szyszkowitz|Szyszkowitz, Tessa]]|year=2005|chapter=Germany|title=Europe Confronts Terrorism|editor-last=Von Hippel|editor-first=Karin|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|page=53|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pyx-DAAAQBAJ&q=It+is+a+little+late+to+start+the+debate+about+being+an+immigrant+country+now%2C+when+already+seven+million+Turks+live+in+Germany&pg=PA53|isbn=978-0-230-52459-0|quote=It is a little late to start the debate about being an immigrant country now, when already seven million Turks live in Germany.}}</ref>
| region5 = {{flagcountry|France}}
| pop5 = over 1,000,000
| ref5 = <ref name=Hentz&Hasselmann2010>{{cite book|last1=Hentz|first1=Jean-Gustave|last2=Hasselmann|first2=Michel|year=2010|title=Transculturalité, religion, traditions autour de la mort en réanimation|url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-2-287-99072-4_33|quote=La France d'aujourd'hui est une société multiculturelle et multiethnique riche de 4,9 millions de migrants représentant environ 8 % de la population du pays. L'immigration massive de populations du sud de l'Europe de culture catholique après la deuxième guerre mondiale a été suivie par l'arrivée de trois millions d'Africains du Nord, d'un million de Turcs et de contingents importants d'Afrique Noire et d'Asie qui ont implanté en France un islam majoritairement sunnite (Maghrébins et Africains de l'Ouest) mais aussi chiite (Pakistanais et Africains de l'Est).|publisher=[[Springer Publishing|Springer-Verlag France]]|doi=10.1007/978-2-287-99072-4_33|isbn=978-2-287-99072-4}}</ref><ref name=Gallard&Nguyen2020>{{citation|last1=Gallard|first1= Joseph|last2=Nguyen|first2=Julien|year=2020|title="Il est temps que la France appelle à de véritables sanctions contre le jeu d'Erdogan"|url=https://www.marianne.net/agora/tribunes-libres/il-est-temps-que-la-france-appelle-a-de-veritables-sanctions-contre-le-jeu-derdogan|publisher=[[Marianne (magazine)|Marianne]]|quote=... et ce grâce à la nombreuse diaspora turque, en particulier en France et en Allemagne. Ils seraient environ un million dans l'Hexagone, si ce n'est plus...es raisons derrière ne sont pas difficiles à deviner : l'immense population turque en Allemagne, estimée par Merkel elle-même aux alentours de sept millions et qui ne manquerait pas de se faire entendre si l'Allemagne prenait des mesures allant à l'encontre de la Turquie. |access-date=25 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214154041/https://www.marianne.net/agora/tribunes-libres/il-est-temps-que-la-france-appelle-a-de-veritables-sanctions-contre-le-jeu-derdogan|archive-date=14 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=Garriaud-Maylam2021>{{citation|year=2021|title=Contrat d'objectifs et de moyens (COM) 2020-2022 de France Médias Monde: Mme Joëlle Garriaud-Maylam, co-rapporteur|url=http://www.senat.fr/rap/r20-308/r20-3087.html|quote=Enfin, comme vous l'avez dit au sujet de la Turquie, il est essentiel que la France investisse davantage dans les langues qui sont parlées sur le territoire national. On recense plus d'un million de Turcs en France. Ils ne partagent pas toujours nos objectifs et nos valeurs, parce qu'ils subissent l'influence d'une presse qui ne nous est pas toujours très favorable. Il est donc très utile de les prendre en compte dans le développement de nos médias.|publisher=[[Senate (France)|Sénat]]|access-date=7 May 2021}}</ref>
| region6 = {{flagcountry|Netherlands}}
| pop6 = 500,000
| ref6 = <ref name="Aalberseetal2019">{{citation|last1=Aalberse|first1=Suzanne|last2=Backus|first2=Ad|author3-link=:nl:Pieter Muysken|last3=Muysken, Pieter |year=2019|title=Heritage Languages: A language Contact Approach|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ab-9DwAAQBAJ&q=the+Dutch+Turkish+community+over+the+years+must+have+numbered+half+a+million.&pg=PA90|page=90|publisher=[[John Benjamins Publishing Company]]|quote=the Dutch Turkish community... out of a population that over the years must have numbered half a million.|isbn=978-90-272-6176-2}}</ref><ref name="Tocci">{{citation|author-link=Nathalie Tocci|last=Tocci, Nathalie|year=2004|title=EU Accession Dynamics and Conflict Resolution: Catalysing Peace Or Consolidating Partition in Cyprus?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ndWzAAAAIAAJ&q=%22two+million+Turks+in+Holland%22|page=130|publisher=[[Ashgate Publishing]]|quote=The Dutch government was concerned about Turkey's reaction to the European Council's conclusions on Cyprus, keeping in mind the presence of two million Turks in Holland and the strong business links with Turkey.|isbn=978-0-7546-4310-4}}</ref><ref name="vanVeen2007">{{citation|last=van Veen|first=Rita|year=2007|title='De koningin heeft oog voor andere culturen'|url=https://www.trouw.nl/nieuws/de-koningin-heeft-oog-voor-andere-culturen~be1cbe71/?referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F|publisher=[[Trouw]]|quote=Erol kan niet voor alle twee miljoen Turken in Nederland spreken, maar hij denkt dat Beatrix wel goed ligt bij veel van zijn landgenoten.|access-date=25 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412080206/https://www.trouw.nl/nieuws/de-koningin-heeft-oog-voor-andere-culturen~be1cbe71/?referrer=https://www.google.com/|archive-date=12 April 2021}}</ref><ref name="Baker2021">{{citation|last=Baker|first=Rauf|year=2021|title=The Netherlands: The EU's "New Britain"?|url=https://besacenter.org/netherlands-eu-gateway/|publisher=[[Begin–Sadat Center for Strategic Studies]], [[Bar-Ilan University]]|quote=The Netherlands, which has a total population of 17 million, contains around two million Turks,...}}</ref><ref name="StatisticsNetherlands2025">{{cite dataset|url=https://opendata.cbs.nl/#/CBS/en/dataset/85384ENG/table|title=Population; sex, age, country of origin, country of birth, 1 January|website=StatLine|publisher=[[Statistics Netherlands]]|date=14 May 2025|access-date=2025-12-29}}</ref>
| region7 = {{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}
| pop7 = 500,000{{sup|b}}
| ref7 = <ref>{{cite news|work=The Guardian |title=UK immigration analysis needed on Turkish legal migration, say MPs|date=1 August 2011 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/aug/01/turkish-immigration-possibilities-assessed|access-date=1 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=[[Federation of Turkish Associations UK]]|title=Short history of the Federation of Turkish Associations in UK |url=http://www.turkishfederationuk.org/en/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=26&Itemid=31|date=19 June 2008|access-date=13 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110204634/http://www.turkishfederationuk.org/en/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=26&Itemid=31|archive-date=10 January 2012}}</ref>
| region8 = {{flagcountry|Austria}}
| pop8 = 360,000–500,000
| ref8 = <ref name="InitiativeMinderheiten">{{citation|year=2011|title=Warum die Türken?|url=https://homepage.univie.ac.at/sabine.strasser/stimme_78_editorial.pdf|publisher=[[:de:Initiative Minderheiten|Initiative Minderheiten]]|volume=78|quote=Was sind die Gründe für dieses massive Unbehagen angesichts von rund 360.000 Menschen türkischer Herkunft?|access-date=17 August 2021|archive-date=18 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118011455/https://homepage.univie.ac.at/sabine.strasser/stimme_78_editorial.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Mölzer">{{cite web|last=[[Andreas Mölzer|Mölzer, Andreas]]|title=In Österreich leben geschätzte 500.000 Türken, aber kaum mehr als 10–12.000 Slowenen|url=http://www.andreas-moelzer.at/index.php?id=24|access-date=30 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225063611/http://www.andreas-moelzer.at/|archive-date=25 December 2018}}</ref>
| region9 = {{flagcountry|United States}}
| pop9 = 252,256{{Cref|a}}<ref name="2023US">{{cite web|author=U.S. Census Bureau|title=People Reporting Ancestry - Table B04006 - 2023 ACS 1-Year Estimates|url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=B04006&t=Ancestry&y=2023&d=ACS%201-Year%20Estimates%20Detailed%20Tables}}</ref>-500,000<ref name="TAC">{{cite web |title=The Turkish American Community |url=https://www.tc-america.org/turkish-american-community/ |publisher=2023 Turkish Coalition of America |access-date=21 April 2023}}</ref>
| region10 = {{flagcountry|Belgium}}
| pop10 = 250,000–500,000
| ref10 = <ref>{{citation |last1=Manço|first1=Altay|last2=Taş|first2=Ertugrul|year=2019|title=Migrations Matrimoniales: Facteurs de Risque en Sante´ Mentale|page=444|url= |journal=[[The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry]]|volume=64|issue=6|publisher=[[SAGE Publishing]]|doi=10.1177/0706743718802800|pmid=30380909|pmc=6591757}}</ref><ref name="Debels2021">{{citation|author=[[:nl:Thierry Debels|Debels, Thierry]]|year=2021|title=Operatie Rebel: toen de Belgische heroïnehandel in Turkse handen was|work=PNWS |url=https://pnws.be/operatie-rebel-toen-de-belgische-heroinehandel-in-turkse-handen-was/|quote=Volgens diverse bronnen zouden eerst een half miljoen Turken die toen in Belgie verbleven – Belgen van Turkse afkomst en aanverwanten – gescreend zijn.|publisher=PMagazine|access-date=16 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816145656/https://pnws.be/operatie-rebel-toen-de-belgische-heroinehandel-in-turkse-handen-was/|archive-date=16 August 2021}}</ref>
| region11 = {{flagcountry|Australia}}
| pop11 = 320,000{{sup|c}}
| ref11 = <ref name=Lennie>{{cite web|last=Lennie|first=Soraya|year=2017|title=Turkish diaspora in Australia vote in referendum|url=https://www.trtworld.com/turkey/turkish-diaspora-in-australia-vote-in-referendum-327290|publisher=[[TRT World]]|quote=An estimated 200,000 Turks live in Australia with most of them based in Melbourne's northern suburbs.|page=28|access-date=14 November 2020}}</ref><ref name=Vahdettinetal>{{citation|last1=Vahdettin|first1=Levent|last2=Aksoy|first2=Seçil|last3=Öz|first3=Ulaş|last4=Orhan|first4=Kaan|year=2016|title=Three-dimensional cephalometric norms of Turkish Cypriots using CBCT images reconstructed from a volumetric rendering program in vivo|publisher=[[Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey]]|quote=Recent estimates suggest that there are now 500,000 Turkish Cypriots living in Turkey, 300,000 in the United Kingdom, 120,000 in Australia, 5000 in the United States, 2000 in Germany, 1800 in Canada, and 1600 in New Zealand with a smaller community in South Africa.}}</ref>
| region12 = {{flagcountry|Kazakhstan}}
| pop12 = 250,000{{sup|d}}
| ref12 = <ref name="Karcı2018">{{citation|last=Karcı|first=Durmuş|year=2018|title=The Effects of Language Characters and Identity of Meskhetian Turkish in Kazakhstan|url=https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1519899|journal=The Journal of Kesit Academy|volume=4|issue=13|pages=301–303}}</ref>
| region13 = {{flagcountry|Sweden}}
| pop13 = 185,000{{sup|e}}
| ref13 = <ref name="Sayıner">{{cite web|last=Sayıner|first=Arda|year=2018|title=Swedish touch in Turkey|url=https://www.dailysabah.com/history/2018/06/25/swedish-touch-in-turkey|publisher=[[Daily Sabah]]|access-date=6 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="Laczko">{{citation|last1= Laczko|first1= Frank|last2=Stacher|first2=Irene|last3=Klekowski von Koppenfels|first3=Amanda|year=2002|title= New challenges for Migration Policy in Central and Eastern Europe|page=187|publisher= Cambridge University Press|isbn= 978-90-6704-153-9 }}</ref><ref name="Widding">{{cite web|last=Widding|first=Lars|title=Historik|url=http://www.prespabirlik.se/f%C3%B6reningen/historik|publisher=KSF Prespa Birlik|access-date=17 November 2020}}</ref>
| region14 = {{flagcountry|Russia}}
| pop14 = 109,883–150,000
| ref14 = <ref name=Russian2010census>{{cite web |author=Демоскоп Weekly |script-title=ru:Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 г. Национальный состав населения Российской Федерации |url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_10.php |access-date=30 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120521170119/http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_10.php |archive-date=21 May 2012}}</ref>{{sfn|Ryazantsev|2009|p=172}}
| region15 = {{flagcountry|Azerbaijan}}
| pop15 = 130,000{{sup|d}}
| ref15 = <ref name="Karcı2018"/>
| region16 = {{flagcountry|Switzerland}}
| pop16 = 120,000
| ref16 = <ref>{{citation|year=2009|title=Schweizer Nein könnte Europa-Skeptiker stärken|url=https://www.tagesspiegel.de/politik/tuerkei-schweizer-nein-koennte-europa-skeptiker-staerken/1836640.html|quote=Dabei erwarten Vertreter der rund 120.000 Türken in der Schweiz nach dem Referendum keine gravierenden Änderungen in ihrem Alltag.|publisher=[[Der Tagesspiegel]]|access-date=26 May 2021}}</ref>
| region17 = {{flagcountry|Canada}}
| pop17 = over 100,000
| ref17 = <ref name="Aytac2018">{{citation|last=Aytaç|first=Seyit Ahmet|year=2018|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/life/shared-issues-stronger-ties-canadas-envoy-to-turkey/1332258#|title=Shared issues, stronger ties: Canada's envoy to Turkey|quote=Turkish diaspora of some 100,000 Turks largely in Toronto is growing, says Canadian Ambassador Chris Cooter{{nbsp}}... We have a growing Turkish diaspora and they're doing very well in Canada. We think it's 100,000, largely in Toronto. We have several thousand Turkish students in Canada as well.|publisher=[[Anadolu Agency]]|access-date=7 February 2021}}</ref>
| region18 = {{flagcountry|Denmark}}
| pop18 = 67,885
| ref18 = <ref>{{Cite web |title=National statistics of Denmark |publisher=statistikbanken.dk |access-date=22 August 2025| url= https://www.statistikbanken.dk/statbank5a/default.asp?w=1829| date= 11 August 2025 }}</ref>
| region19 = {{flagcountry|Kyrgyzstan}}
| pop19 = 55,000{{sup|d}}
| ref19 = <ref name="Karcı2018"/>
| region20 = {{flagcountry|Italy}}
| pop20 = 50,000
| ref20 = <ref>{{citation|last=Seçkin|first=Barış|year=2020|title=İtalya'daki Türk vatandaşları Kovid-19 nedeniyle kayıp vermedi|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/italyadaki-turk-vatandaslari-kovid-19-nedeniyle-kayip-vermedi-/1813990|publisher=[[Anadolu Agency]]|quote=İtalya'da yaşayan 50 bin kadar Türk vatandaşının|access-date=6 September 2021}}</ref>
| region21 = {{flagcountry|Uzbekistan}}
| pop21 = 25,000
| ref21 = <ref name="Karcı2018"/>
| region22 = {{flagcountry|Norway}}
| pop22 = 16,500
| ref22 = <ref>{{citation|year=2013|title=Norwegian-Turkish cooperation|url=https://www.royalcourt.no/nyhet.html?tid=118715|publisher=The Royal House of Norway|access-date=6 September 2021}}</ref>
| region23 = {{flagcountry|Ukraine}}
| pop23 = 8,844–15,000
| ref23 = <ref name=census>{{cite web |author=State Statistics Service of Ukraine |title=Ukrainian Census (2001):The distribution of the population by nationality and mother tongue |url=http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/nationality_population/nationality_1/ |access-date=16 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501100907/http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/nationality_population/nationality_1/ |archive-date=1 May 2008}}</ref><ref name="Karcı2018"/>
| region24 = {{flagcountry|Turkmenistan}}
| pop24 = 13,000
| ref24 = <ref name=2012Turkmencensus>{{cite web|author=Asgabat|title=Национальный и религиозный состав населения Туркменистана сегодня|url=http://asgabat.net/stati/obschestvo/nacionalnyi-i-religioznyi-sostav-naselenija-turkmenistana-segodnja.html|access-date=27 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624062134/http://asgabat.net/stati/obschestvo/nacionalnyi-i-religioznyi-sostav-naselenija-turkmenistana-segodnja.html|archive-date=24 June 2016}}</ref>
| region25 = {{flagcountry|Finland}}
| pop25 = 10,000
| ref25 = <ref>{{citation|last=Kütük|first=Zeki|year=2010|title=Finlandiya'da Yabancı Düşmanlığı, Sosyal Dışlanma ve Türk Diasporası|url=https://tasam.org/tr-TR/Icerik/4448/finlandiyada_yabanci_dusmanligi_sosyal_dislanma_ve_turk_diasporasi|quote=Toplam sayılarının 10 000 civarında olduğu tahmin edilen Türklerin...|publisher=[[:tr:TASAM|Türk Asya Stratejik Araştırmalar Merkezi]]|access-date=8 November 2020}}</ref>
| region26 = {{flagcountry|Poland}}
| pop26 = 5,000
| ref26 = <ref>{{citation|last=Pawłowska-Salińska|first=Katarzyna|year=2013|title=Nie pytaj Turka o kebab i język arabski|url=https://wyborcza.pl/1,75398,13642657,Nie_pytaj_Turka_o_kebab_i_jezyk_arabski.html?disableRedirects=true|publisher=[[Gazeta Wyborcza]]|quote=Turków jest w Polsce ok. 5 tys. – wynika z danych opracowanych przez Instytut Spraw Publicznych. |access-date=3 November 2020}}</ref>
| region27 = {{flagcountry|New Zealand}}
| pop27 = 3,600–4,600{{sup|f}}
| ref27 = <ref name=pif>{{cite web|url=http://pif.org.nz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=73:question-how-many-turks-living-in-new-zealand-&catid=46:turkish-community&Itemid=79|title=How many Turks living in New Zealand?|publisher=Pearl of the Islands Foundation|access-date=29 October 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100513092537/http://pif.org.nz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=73:question-how-many-turks-living-in-new-zealand-&catid=46:turkish-community&Itemid=79|archive-date=13 May 2010}}</ref><ref name=Vahdettinetal/>
| region28 = {{flagcountry|Ireland}}
| pop28 = 2,000–3,000
| ref28 = <ref>{{citation|last=Lacey|first=Jonathan|year=2007|url=http://www.translocations.ie/volume1issue2-8.pdf|title=Exploring the Transnational Engagements of a Turkic Religio-Cultural Community in Ireland|journal=Translocations: The Irish Migration, Race and Social Transformation Review|volume=1|issue=2|access-date=6 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721140752/http://www.translocations.ie/volume1issue2-8.pdf|archive-date=21 July 2011}}</ref>
| region29 = {{flagcountry|Brazil}}
| pop29 = 2,000–6,300
| ref29 = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Imigrantes internacionais registrados no Brasil|url=https://www.nepo.unicamp.br/observatorio/bancointerativo/numeros-imigracao-internacional/sincre-sismigra/|access-date=20 August 2021|website=www.nepo.unicamp.br}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Imigrantes internacionais registrados no Brasil|url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/18274|access-date=7 July 2022}}</ref>
| region30 = {{flagcountry|Liechtenstein}}
| pop30 = 1,000
| ref30 = <ref>{{citation|year=2009|title=Bir masal ülkesinde yaşam öğretisi.|url=http://blog.milliyet.com.tr/bir-masal-ulkesinde-yasam-ogretisi/Blog/?BlogNo=166707|quote= Bu küçücük ülkede yaşayan 1000 Türk'ten...|publisher=[[Milliyet]]|access-date=6 September 2021}}</ref>
| region31 = '''[[Turks in the Arab world]]:'''
| pop31 =  
| region32 = {{flagcountry|Iraq}}
| pop32 = 3,000,000–5,000,000
| ref32 = <ref name="Triana2017">{{citation |last=Triana|first=María|year=2017|title=Managing Diversity in Organizations: A Global Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VC4lDwAAQBAJ&dq=Iraqi+citizens+of+Turkish+origin&pg=PA168|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|isbn=978-1-317-42368-3|page=168 |quote=Turkmen, Iraqi citizens of Turkish origin, are the third largest ethnic group in Iraq after Arabs and Kurds and they are said to number about 3 million of Iraq's 34.7 million citizens according to the Iraqi Ministry of Planning.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Bassem|first=Wassim|year=2016|title=Iraq's Turkmens call for independent province|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2016/10/turkmens-iraq-mosul-tal-afar.html|publisher=[[Al-Monitor]]|quote=Turkmens are a mix of Sunnis and Shiites and are the third-largest ethnicity in Iraq after Arabs and Kurds, numbering about 3 million out of the total population of about 34.7 million, according to 2013 data from the Iraqi Ministry of Planning.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017222707/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2016/10/turkmens-iraq-mosul-tal-afar.html|archive-date=17 October 2016}}</ref><ref name=Tastekin2018>{{cite web|last=Tastekin|first=Fehim|year=2018|title=Why Iraqi Turkmens are excluded from the new government|url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2018/10/turkey-iraq-new-administration-excludes-turkmens.html|publisher=[[Al-Monitor]]|quote=Turkmens are said to be 10-13% of the overall Iraqi population [i.e. 4 to 5 million out of a total population of 40 million], but that ratio is not reflected in parliament.|access-date=12 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912125910/https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2018/10/turkey-iraq-new-administration-excludes-turkmens.html|archive-date=12 September 2021}}</ref>
| region33 = {{flagcountry|Syria}}
| pop33 = 1,000,000–1,700,000{{sup|g}}
| ref33 = <ref name=Taef2005>{{cite journal |last=Taef |first=El-Azhari |year=2005 |title=The Turkmen Identity Crisis in the fifteenth-century Middle East: The Turkmen-Turkish Struggle for Supremacy |url=http://acta.bibl.u-szeged.hu/5799/1/chronica_005_097-107.pdf|quote=The Turkmen were always the forgotten minority in the area despite their large population. In the absence of official records, their numbers cannot be calculated, but it is widely accepted that they exceed three millions in Iraq, and one million in Syria and other countries.|journal=Chronica |volume=5 |access-date=9 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143728/http://acta.bibl.u-szeged.hu/5799/1/chronica_005_097-107.pdf |archive-date=12 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Aikman">{{citation |last=Aikman|first=David|year=2014|title=The Mirage of Peace: Understand The Never-Ending Conflict in the Middle East|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EIwXBQAAQBAJ&dq=There+is+also+about+1.7+million+Turks+in+Syria&pg=PT35|publisher=[[Baker Publishing Group]]|quote=There is also about 1.7 million Turks in Syria, and about 800,000 Druze,...|isbn=978-1-4412-2355-5}}</ref>
| region34 = {{flagcountry|Libya}}
| pop34 = 1,000,000–1,400,000{{sup|h}}
| ref34 = <ref>{{cite web|last=Rashad|first=Sarah|year=2020|title=Kouloughlis: Turkey's bridge to intervention in Libya|url=https://www.thereference-paris.com/9263|publisher=Centre d'Etudes Moyen-Orient (CEMO)|access-date=19 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Scipione|first=Alessandro|year=2019|title=Libia, la mappa dei combattenti stranieri|url=https://it.insideover.com/guerra/libia-la-mappa-dei-combattenti-stranieri.html|publisher=Inside Over|access-date=26 September 2019|quote=La Turchia peraltro può vantare in Livia una numerosa comunità dei "Koroglu" (i libici di discendenza turca) che conterrebbe ben 1,4 milioni di individui, concentrati soprattutto a Misurata, la "città-Stato" situata circa 180 chilometri a est di Tripoli: praticamente meno un libico su quattro in Libia ha origini turche.}}</ref>
| region35 = {{flagcountry|Egypt}}
| pop35 = 100,000–1,500,000
| ref35 = <ref>{{citation|last=Gamal|first=Gamal|title=Did the Turks sweeten Egypt's kitty? |publisher=[[Al-Ahram Weekly]]|url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/News/16549.aspx|quote=Today, the number of ethnic Turks in Egypt varies considerably, with estimates ranging from 100,000 to 1,500,000. Most have intermingled in Egyptian society and are almost indistinguishable from non-Turkish Egyptians, even though a considerable number of Egyptians of Turkish origin are bilingual.|access-date=1 May 2018}}</ref>
| region36 = {{flagcountry|Lebanon}}
| pop36 = 280,000{{sup|i}}
| ref36 = <ref name=Al-Akhbar>
{{cite web|author=Al-Akhbar|title=Lebanese Turks Seek Political and Social Recognition|work=Al Akhbar English |url=http://english.al-akhbar.com/content/lebanese-turks-seek-political-and-social-recognition|access-date=2 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620232105/https://english.al-akhbar.com/content/lebanese-turks-seek-political-and-social-recognition|publisher=[[Al Akhbar (Lebanon)|Al Akhbar]]|quote=Erdogan's envoys were surprised to find out that Turks who immigrated 100 years ago today number nearly 80,000.|archive-date=20 June 2018}}
</ref><ref name=tbmm>{{cite web|year=2018|title=Suriye Türkmenlerinin sorunlarına ilişkin gündem dışı konuşması|url=https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/develop/owa/genel_kurul.cl_getir?pEid=68928|quote= Yaklaşık olarak 200 bin Türkmen'in Lübnan'da yaşadığı tahmin edilmektedir.|publisher=[[Grand National Assembly of Turkey]]|access-date=17 December 2020}}</ref>
| region37 = {{flagcountry|Saudi Arabia}}
| pop37 = 270,000–350,000
| ref37 = {{sfn|Akar|1993|p=95}}{{sfn|Karpat|2004|p=12}}
| region38 = {{flagcountry|Yemen}}
| pop38 = 10,000–100,000
| ref38 = <ref name="NGOs">{{citation|publisher= Union of NGOs of The Islamic World|year=2014|title=Yemen Raporu|page=26|quote=Bu noktadan hareketle, bölgede yaklaşık 10 bin ila 100 bin arasında Türk asıllı vatandaş bulunduğu tahmin edilmektedir.}}</ref>
| region39 = {{flagcountry|Jordan}}
| pop39 = 50,000
| ref39 = <ref>{{cite web|last=Alaca|first=Mehmet |year=2019 |title='Ürdün'de Kadim Türk Varlığı ve Akraba Topluluklar' raporu tanıtıldı|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/turkiye/urdunde-kadim-turk-varligi-ve-akraba-topluluklar-raporu-tanitildi/1515642|publisher=[[Anadolu Agency]]|access-date=6 September 2021}}</ref>
| region40 = '''[[Turks in the Balkans]]:'''
| pop40 =  
| region41 = {{flagcountry|Bulgaria}}
| pop41 = 588,318–800,000
| ref41 = <ref>{{cite web|author=National Statistical Institute of Bulgaria|year=2011|title=2011 Population Census in the Republic of Bulgaria (Final data)|publisher=National Statistical Institute of Bulgaria |url=http://www.nsi.bg/census2011/PDOCS2/Census2011final_en.pdf}}</ref><ref name=Karakulaketal2018>{{citation|last1=Aydinli-Karakulak|first1=Arzu|last2=Baylar|first2=Ayben|last3=Keleş|first3=Seray Çağla|last4=Dimitrova|first4=Radosveta |year=2018|chapter=Positive Affect and School Related Outcomes: Feeling Good Facilitates School Engagement Among Turkish-Bulgarian Minority Adolescents|title=Well-Being of Youth and Emerging Adults across Cultures: Novel Approaches and Findings from Europe, Asia, Africa and America|editor1-last=Dimitrova|editor1-first=Radosveta|chapter-url=|publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]]|page=149|quote=Turks in Bulgaria represent the largest ethnic minority group in the country, constituting almost 10% of Bulgaria's seven million total population,...|isbn=978-3-319-68363-8}}</ref>{{sfn|Bokova|2010|p=170}}
| region42 = {{flagcountry|North Macedonia}}
| pop42 = 77,959–200,000
| ref42 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stat.gov.mk/pdf/kniga_13.pdf|title=Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in the Republic of Macedonia, 2002|year=2005|publisher=Republic of Macedonia – State Statistical Office |access-date=12 December 2017}}</ref><ref name=Knowlton2020>{{citation|last1=Knowlton|first1=MaryLee|last2=Nevins|first2=Debbie|year=2020|title=North Macedonia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7j0mEAAAQBAJ&dq=turks+in+macedonia+second+largest&pg=PA63|publisher=Cavendish Square Publishing|quote=The Turks are the second largest national minority in Macedonia. Like other ethnic groups, they claim higher numbers than the census shows, somewhere between 170,000 and 200,000.|isbn=978-1-5026-5590-5}}</ref>
| region43 = {{flagcountry|Greece}}
| pop43 = 49,000–130,000
| ref43 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.minelres.lv/reports/greece/greece_NGO.htm|title=GREEK HELSINKI MONITOR|website=Minelres.lv|access-date=12 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurfedling.org/Greece.htm|title=Demographics of Greece|work=European Union National Languages|access-date=19 December 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/pdfs/g/greece/greece908.pdf|title=Destroying Ethnic Identity: The Turks of Greece|publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]|access-date=3 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/greece/Greec991-04.htm|title=Turks Of Western Thrace|publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]|access-date=3 January 2018}}</ref>
| region44 = {{flagcountry|Romania}}
| pop44 = 28,226–80,000
| ref44 = <ref>{{citation|last=National Institute of Statistics|year=2011|url=http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Comunicat_DATE_PROVIZORII_RPL_2011.pdf|title=Comunicat de presă privind rezultatele provizorii ale Recensământului Populaţiei şi Locuinţelor – 2011|publisher=Romania-National Institute of Statistics|page=10|access-date=14 May 2012|archive-date=2 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802060014/http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Comunicat_DATE_PROVIZORII_RPL_2011.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{citation |last=Phinnemore |first=David|year=2006|title=The EU and Romania: accession and beyond |publisher=The Federal Trust for Education & Research|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HU1pAAAAMAAJ&q=Today,+there+are+around+55,000+Turks+living+in+Romania|quote=Today, there are around 55,000 Turks living in Romania and they are represented as a minority in parliament.|isbn= 978-1-903403-78-5|page=157}}</ref><ref>{{citation |last1=Constantin |first1=Daniela L.|last2=Goschin |first2=Zizi|last3=Dragusin |first3=Mariana|year=2008|title=Ethnic entrepreneurship as an integration factor in civil society and a gate to religious tolerance. A spotlight on Turkish entrepreneurs in Romania|quote=The significant Turkish population living in Romania (nearly 80,000 members, including immigrants)...|journal=Journal for the Study of Religions and Ideologies|volume=7 |issue=20|page=59}}</ref>
| region45 = {{flagcountry|Kosovo}}
| pop45 = 18,738–60,000
| ref45 = <ref>2011 census in the Republic of Kosovo.{{full citation needed|date=July 2021}}</ref><ref name=OSCE2010>{{citation |last=OSCE|year=2010|chapter-url=http://www.osce.org/kosovo/75450|chapter=Community Profile: Kosovo Turks|title=Kosovo Communities Profile|page=3|quote=Approximately 30,000 Kosovo Turks live in Kosovo today, while up to 250,000 people from different Kosovo communities speak or at least understand the Turkish language...The Turkish language has been granted official language status in the municipalities of Prizren and Vushtrri/ Vučitrn.|publisher=Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last1=Kibaroğlu|first1= Mustafa|last2=Kibaroğlu|first2=Ayșegül|year=2009|title=Global Security Watch—Turkey: A Reference Handbook|url=|page=107|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]]|quote=Turks themselves are also an important ethnic minority in the region... In Kosovo, their number is estimated to be around 60,000... |isbn=978-0-313-34560-9}}</ref>
| region46 = {{flagcountry|Bosnia}}
| pop46 = 1,108
| ref46 = <ref name="popis">"[http://www.popis.gov.ba/popis2013/knjige.php?id=2 1. Stanovništvo prema etničkoj/nacionalnoj pripadnosti – detaljna klasifikacija] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620181203/http://www.popis.gov.ba/popis2013/knjige.php?id=2 |date=20 June 2018 }}". ''Popis.gov.ba''.</ref>
| region47 = {{flagcountry|Serbia}}
| pop47 = 850
| ref47 = <ref name="2022Serbiancensus">{{Cite web |title=Population by ethnicity |url=https://data.stat.gov.rs/Home/Result/3104020102?languageCode=en-US |access-date=2023-09-03 |website=Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia}}</ref>
| region48 = {{flagcountry|Albania}}
| pop48 = 714
| ref48 = <ref name="2011Albaniancensus">{{cite web|year=2012|title=Population and Housing Census 2011|url=http://www.instat.gov.al/media/177354/main_results__population_and_housing_census_2011.pdf|page=72|publisher=[[Institute of Statistics (Albania)]] |access-date=2 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141114073838/http://www.instat.gov.al/media/177354/main_results__population_and_housing_census_2011.pdf |archive-date=14 November 2014 }}</ref>
| region49 = {{flagcountry|Croatia}}
| pop49 = 367
| ref49 = <ref>{{Croatian Census 2011 |url=http://web.dzs.hr/Hrv/censuses/census2011/results/htm/usp_03_HR.htm |title=Stanovništvo prema narodnosti, popisi 1971. – 2011. |access-date=22 November 2015}}</ref>
| region50 = {{flagcountry|Montenegro}}
| pop50 = 1,816
| ref50 = <ref name="2023MontenegroCensus">{{cite web |author=Statistical Office of Montenegro|title=Population of Montenegro by sex, type of settlement, etnicity, religion and mother tongue, per municipalities|url= https://monstat.org/uploads/files/popis%202021/saopstenja/SAOPSTENJE_Popis%20stanovnistva%202023%20II_cg.pdf}}</ref>
{{collapsed infobox section end}}
| languages = [[Turkish language|Turkish]]
| religions = Predominantly [[Islam]]<ref name=Mayer2010/> ([[Sunni Islam|Sunnism]], [[Alevism]], [[non-denominational Muslim|non-denominational]])<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/turkey/ | title=Turkey }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://turkeytravelplanner.com/Religion/index.html | title=Religion & Islam in Turkey }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://is.muni.cz/th/gmgyv/Sects_and_Meaning_in_the_Contemporary_Turkish_Society.docx?lang=cs;stahnout=1;dk=c4J9awIh | title=Sects and Meaning in the Contemporary Turkish Society Through the Eyes of Sect Members | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241104142318/https://is.muni.cz/th/gmgyv/Sects_and_Meaning_in_the_Contemporary_Turkish_Society.docx?lang=cs;stahnout=1;dk=c4J9awIh | archive-date=2024-11-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | title=Here's what you should know before attending a whirling dervish ceremony in Turkey - The Washington Post | newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/travel/heres-what-you-should-know-before-attending-a-whirling-dervish-ceremony-in-turkey/2019/04/11/1af4bbac-57af-11e9-9136-f8e636f1f6df_story.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412124740/https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/travel/heres-what-you-should-know-before-attending-a-whirling-dervish-ceremony-in-turkey/2019/04/11/1af4bbac-57af-11e9-9136-f8e636f1f6df_story.html | access-date=2025-05-28 | archive-date=2019-04-12}}</ref> Minority [[Irreligion]]<ref>{{cite news |last=Girit |first=Selin |date=10 May 2018 |title=Losing their religion: The young Turks rejecting Islam |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-43981745 |url-status=live |work=[[BBC News]] |location=[[London]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206105549/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-43981745 |archive-date=6 December 2021 |access-date=17 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=McKernan |first=Bethan |date=29 April 2020 |title=Turkish students increasingly resisting religion, study suggests |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/29/turkish-students-increasingly-resisting-religion-study-suggests |url-status=live |work=[[The Guardian]] |location=[[London]] |issn=1756-3224 |oclc=60623878 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122171105/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/29/turkish-students-increasingly-resisting-religion-study-suggests |archive-date=22 November 2021 |access-date=17 January 2022}}</ref>
| footnotes = {{sup|a}} Approximately 200,000 are [[Turkish Cypriots]] and the remainder are [[Turkish settlers in Northern Cyprus|Turkish settlers]].<ref name=Mayer2010/> {{sup|b}} Turkish Cypriots form 300,000<ref>{{citation|last1=Freeman|first1=Michael|last2=Ellena|first2=Katherine|last3=Kator-Mubarez|first3=Amina|year=2021|title=The Global Spread of Islamism and the Consequences for Terrorism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0uAMEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA83|quote=there are now around 300,000 Turkish Cypriots in the United Kingdom.|page=83|publisher=[[University of Nebraska Press]]|isbn=978-1-64012-416-5}}</ref> to 400,000<ref>{{citation|last=Scott-Geddes|first=Arthur|year=2019|title=London's Turkish restaurants take a hit in uncertain times|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/europe/london-s-turkish-restaurants-take-a-hit-in-uncertain-times-1.930386|quote=Almost 90 per cent of the UK's Turkish population lives in London, including as many as 400,000 Turkish Cypriots concentrated in areas of north and north-east London including Hackney, Enfield and Haringey.|publisher=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]]|access-date=10 January 2021}}</ref> of the [[British Turks|Turkish-British]] population. Mainland Turks are the next largest group, followed by [[Turkish Bulgarians]] and [[Turks in Romania|Turkish Romanians]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Home Affairs Committee|date=1 August 2011|title=Implications for the Justice and Home Affairs area of the accession of Turkey to the European Union|url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201012/cmselect/cmhaff/789/789.pdf|publisher=The Stationery Office|page=Ev 34|access-date=11 April 2012}}</ref> Turkish minorities have also settled from Iraq,<ref name="International Organization for Migration loc=5">{{cite web|author=International Organization for Migration|url=http://www.iomlondon.org/doc/mapping/IOM_IRAQ.pdf|title=Iraq: Mapping exercise|location=London|date=2007|access-date=3 July 2010|publisher=International Organization for Migration|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716163637/http://www.iomlondon.org/doc/mapping/IOM_IRAQ.pdf|archive-date=16 July 2011|page=5}}</ref> Greece,<ref name="ABTTF">{{citation|title=Avrupa'da Batı Trakya Batı Trakya Türkleri Gerçeği ve Avrupa Batı Trakya Türk Federasyonu|url=https://www.abttf.org/about.php?id=79|quote=Avustralya ve Amerika Birleşik Devletleri, Kanada gibi uzak ülkelerin dışında aralarında Hollanda, İngiltere, İsveç, Fransa, Belçika ve Avusturya gibi ülkelerde de sayısı yadsınamayacak bir Batı Trakyalı Türk kitlesi yaşamaktadır.|publisher=Avrupa Batı Trakya Türk Federasyonu|access-date=8 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511122835/https://www.abttf.org/about.php?id=79|archive-date=11 May 2021}}</ref> etc. {{sup|c}} [[Turkish Australians]] include 200,000 mainland Turks,<ref name=Lennie/> 120,000 Turkish Cypriots,<ref name=Vahdettinetal /> and smaller Turkish groups from Bulgaria,<ref name="Maeva2008">{{citation|last=Maeva|first=Mila|year=2008|chapter=Modern Migration Waves of Bulgarian Turks|title=Dynamics of National Identity and Transnational Identities in the Process of European Integration|editor-last=Marushiakova|editor-first=Elena|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|pages=227–229|isbn=978-1-84718-471-9}}</ref> Greece,<ref name="Inglisetal">{{citation |last=Inglis|first=K. S.|year=2008|title=Sacred Places: War Memorials in the Australian Landscape|page=108|publisher=The Miegunyah Press|isbn=978-0-522-85479-4}}</ref> North Macedonia,<ref name="Inglisetal" /> Syria,<ref name="Crowe 2015">{{cite news |last=Crowe |first=David |year=2015 |title=First Syrian refugees here for Christmas: Tony Abbott |url=https://www.theaustralian.com.au/in-depth/europes-migrant-crisis/first-syrian-refugees-here-for-christmas-tony-abbott/news-story/ea0107b2fe83cb96c9f8367457c99ffd |publisher=[[The Australian]] |access-date=15 July 2018}}</ref> and Western Europe.<ref name="Inglisetal" /> {{sup|d}} These figures only include [[Meskhetian Turks|Turkish Meskhetians]]. Official censuses are considered unreliable because many Turks have incorrectly been registered as "Azeri",<ref>{{citation |mode=cs1 |title=Meskhetian Turks: Solutions and Human Security |chapter=Chapter Two: Contemporary Conditions and Dilemmas |chapter-url=http://www.osi.hu/fmp/html/mesktwo.html |first=Arthur C. |last=Helton |publisher=Open Society Institute |year=1998 |access-date=17 January 2012|quote=An estimated 20,000 to 25,000 Meskhetian Turks settled in Azerbaijan between 1958 and 1962. The inflow continued over the years, although pinpointing precise numbers is difficult because many were officially registered as Azerbaijani. Vatan leaders in Azerbaijan asserted that close to 40,000 Meskhetian Turks were living in the republic in 1989, the time of the last Soviet census. Those numbers were then augmented by the more than 45,000 who arrived in Azerbaijan to escape the Uzbekistan troubles. Up to 5,000 more have come to Azerbaijan from Russia during the 1990s, according to some estimates.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070415043834/http://www.osi.hu/fmp/html/mesktwo.html |archive-date=15 April 2007}}</ref><ref>{{citation |last=UNHCR|year=1999|title=Background Paper on Refugees and Asylum Seekers from Azerbaijan|url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/pdfid/3ae6a6504.pdf|publisher=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees|page=14}}</ref> "Kazakh",<ref name="Khazanov202">{{citation |last=Khazanov|first=Anatoly Michailovich|year=1995|title=After the USSR: Ethnicity, Nationalism and Politics in the Commonwealth of Independent States|quote=Because of the high birthrates their number is constantly increasing and, according to sources, has already reached 400,000. ... It is true that the last Soviet census of 1989 gives a lower figure – 207,369; however, one should take into account that far from all Meskhetian Turks have been registered as such. For years many were even denied the right to register their nationality in legal documents. Thus, by 1988 in Kazakhstan, only one third of them were recorded as Turks on their passports. The rest had been arbitrarily declared members of other ethnic groups.|page=202|publisher=[[University of Wisconsin Press]]|isbn=978-0-299-14894-2}}</ref> "Kyrgyz",<ref name="Aydıngün1">{{harvnb|Aydıngün|Harding|Hoover|Kuznetsov|2006}}: This figure, however, does not reflect the real population of Meskhetian Turks, because Soviet authorities recorded many of them as belonging to other nationalities such as Azeri, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, and Uzbek."</ref> and "Uzbek".<ref name="Aydıngün1" /> {{sup|e}} The [[Turks in Sweden|Turkish Swedish]] community includes 150,000 mainland Turks,<ref name="Sayıner" /> 30,000 Turkish Bulgarians,<ref name="Laczko" /> 5,000 Turkish Macedonians,<ref name="Widding" /> and smaller groups from Iraq and Syria. {{sup|f}} Including 2,000–3,000 mainland Turks<ref name=pif /> and 1,600 Turkish Cypriots.<ref name=Vahdettinetal/> {{sup|g}} This includes the Turkish-speaking minority only (i.e. 30% of [[Syrian Turkmen|Syrian Turks]]).<ref name=Khalifa2013 /> Estimates including the [[Arabized]] Turks range between 3.5 and 6 million.<ref name="Piccinin">{{citation |author=[[:fr:Pierre Piccinin da Prata|Piccinin, Pierre]]|year=2011|title=Après avoir été sur le terrain|publisher=[[La Libre Belgique]]|quote=Les Turcomans pratiquant exclusivement leur dialecte turc sont 1 500 000. L'ensemble des Turcomans de Syrie (y compris ceux qui ont adopté l'arabe comme langue usuelle), sont estimés entre 3,5 et 6 millions, soit de 15 à 20 % de la population. C'est le troisième groupe de population en importance.}}</ref> {{sup|h}} Includes the [[Kouloughlis]] who are descendants of the old Turkish ruling class.<ref name=Ahmida2011>{{citation|last=Ahmida|first= Ali Abdullatif|year=2011|title=The Making of Modern Libya: State Formation, Colonization, and Resistance, Second Edition|quote=The majority of the population came from Turkish, Arab Berber, or black backgrounds, in addition to the religious minorities... Some inhabitants, like the Cologhli, were descendants of the old Turkish ruling class...|page=44|publisher=[[State University of New York]]|isbn=978-1-4384-2893-2}}</ref> {{sup|i}} Includes 80,000 [[Turks in Lebanon|Turkish Lebanese]]<ref name=Al-Akhbar/> and 200,000 recent refugees from Syria.<ref name=tbmm />
| related = [[Azerbaijanis]],<ref name=barthold>{{harvp|Barthold|1962}}""The book of my grandfather Korkut" ("Kitab-i dedem Korkut") is an outstanding monument of the medieval Oghuz heroic epic. Three modern Turkic-speaking peoples - Turkmens, Azerbaijanis and Turks - are ethnically and linguistically related to the medieval Oghuzes. For all these peoples, the epic legends deposited in the "Book of Korkut" represent an artistic reflection of their historical past."</ref><ref name=Lee_2023_p84>{{harvnb|Lee|2023|p=84}}: "The modern Turks of Anatolia, the Azeris, and the Turkmens of Iran and Central Asia owe their origins to the Oghuz"</ref> [[Crimean Tatars]],<ref name="qwe">{{cite book |last1=Williams |first1=Brian |title=The Crimean Tatars: The Diaspora Experience and the Forging of a Nation |date=2001 |publisher=BRILL |location=Leiden Boston |isbn=9789004121225|pages=275}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Aydin |first1=Filiz Tutku |title=Émigré, exile, diaspora, and transnational movements of the Crimean Tatars: preserving the eternal flame of Crimea |date=2021 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=Cham |isbn=9783030741242|pages=175,176}}</ref> [[Gagauz people|Gagauz]],<ref name=":4">{{cite journal |last=Menz |first=Astrid |date=2007 |title=The Gagauz between Christianity and Turkishness |url=https://hcommons.org/deposits/item/hc:18217/ |journal=Cultural Changes in the Turkic World |language=en-US |pages=123–130 |doi=10.17613/m6q56n|isbn=978-3-89913-550-3 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wittek |first1=Paul |title=Yazijioghlu 'Alī on the Christian Turks of the Dobruja |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |date=October 1952 |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=648–649, 659 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X00088595|s2cid=140172969 }}</ref> [[Turkmens]]<ref name="barthold"/><ref name=Lee_2023_p84/> and other [[Turkic peoples]]<ref>{{harvnb|Lee|2023|p=3}}: "The modern Turkic-speaking peoples are a very diverse entity, who are widely spread out across the Eurasian continent between Yakutia (the Republic of Sakha) in the east and Anatolia (the Republic of Turkey or Türkiye) in the west. Scholars tend to classify all Turkic-speaking peoples broadly as 'Turks,' virtually using the name Turk as a synonym for a Turkic speaker. Modern historians also tend to view the Turks as a single, unbroken ethnolinguistic entity that originated from the Türks of the Türk Qaghanate and spread to the wider Eurasian world during the medieval era, before diverging into the various modern Turkic peoples"</ref>}}

'''Turks''' ({{langx|tr|Türkler}}), or '''Turkish people''', are the largest [[Turkic peoples|Turkic ethnic group]], comprising the majority of the population of [[Turkey]] and [[Northern Cyprus]]. They generally speak the various [[Turkish dialects]]. In addition, centuries-old [[Turkish communities in the former Ottoman Empire|ethnic Turkish communities]] still exist across other former territories of the [[Ottoman Empire]]. Article 66 of the [[Constitution of Turkey]] defines a ''Turk'' as anyone who is a citizen of the Turkish state.<ref>{{cite book |title=CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF TURKEY |publisher=Grand National Assembly of Turkey, Department of Laws and Resolutions |date=May 2019 |access-date=20 February 2024 |url=https://www.anayasa.gov.tr/media/7258/anayasa_eng.pdf}}</ref> While the legal use of the term ''Turkish'' as it pertains to a citizen of Turkey is different from the term's ethnic definition,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Akgönül|first1=Samim|translator=Sila Okur|title=The minority concept in the Turkish context: practices and perceptions in Turkey, Greece, and France |date=2013|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden |isbn=978-90-04-22211-3|page=136|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a87kwv3fzicC}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bayir|first1=Derya|title=Minorities and Nationalism in Turkish Law|isbn=978-1-317-09579-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_skFDAAAQBAJ|date=22 April 2016|publisher=Routledge }}</ref> the majority of the Turkish population (an estimated 70 to 75 percent) are of Turkish ethnicity.<ref name="CIATurkey">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/turkey/|title=Turkey|work=[[The World Factbook]]|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|access-date=12 December 2017|archive-date=10 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110073821/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/turkey/}}</ref> The vast majority of Turks are [[Sunni Islam|Sunni Muslims]], with a notable minority practicing [[Alevism]].<ref name="Mayer2010" />

The ethnic Turks can therefore be distinguished by a number of cultural and regional variants, but do not function as separate ethnic groups.<ref name="Nyropetal1973">{{citation|last1=Nyrop|first1=Richard F.|last2=Benderly|first2=Beryl Lieff |last3=Cover|first3=Willian W.|last4=Cutter|first4=Melissa J.|last5=Evin|first5=Ahmet Ö.|last6=Parker|first6=Newton B.|last7=Teleki|first7=Suzanne|year=1973|title=Area Handbook for the Republic of Turkey|journal=Pamphlet|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qHUsAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22Anatolian+Turks%22+%22Rumelian+Turks%22+%22Black+Sea+Turks%22&pg=PA102|publisher=[[United States Government Publishing Office]]|quote=Among the Turks may be distinguished a number of regional variants that do not function as ethnic groups but merely reflect differing historical and ecological circumstances. To some extent, differences of accent, customs, and outlook distinguish the regions and are popularly expressed in regional stereotypes. Three of the most important of these variants are Anatolian Turks, the peasantry of central core of Asiatic Turkey, whose culture is said to underlie Turkish nationalism; Rumelian Turks, primarily immigrants from Balkan territories of the empire of their descendants; and central Asian Turks, the assorted Turkic tibesmen from Asia who have come to Turkey. Others, such as the Black Sea Turks, whose speech largely lacks the vowel harmony valued elsewhere and whose natural predilections are thought to be toward extremely devout religion and the sea, are also distinguished.|volume=550|issue=80|issn=0892-8541}}</ref><ref name="Mayer2010">{{citation|author=[[Ann Elizabeth Mayer|Mayer, Ann Elizabeth]]|year=2010|chapter=Turks|title=The Contemporary Middle East: A Westview Reader|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KHM7AQAAIAAJ&q=%22Turkish+Cypriots%22+%22rumelian+turks%22|publisher=[[Westview Press]]|quote=Generally, they speak Turkish as a primary language, are Muslims (90% are Sunni), claim a Turkish heritage... Four groups of Turks can be identified through cultural and geographic differences. First, the Anatolian Turks in Asia Minor...Second, the Rumelian Turks (from Rum, meaning "Roman", or European) are European Turks who remained in Europe after the Ottoman days... Third are descendants of Turks who stayed in various parts of the Middle East separated from the Ottoman Empire after World War I. Fourth are some 200,000 Turkish Cypriots...|page=27|isbn=978-0-8133-4465-2}}</ref> In particular, the culture of the Anatolian Turks in [[Asia Minor]] has underlain and influenced the [[Turkish nationalism|Turkish nationalist]] ideology.<ref name="Nyropetal1973" /> Other Turkish groups include the [[Balkan Turks|Rumelian Turks]] (also referred to as Balkan Turks) historically located in the [[Balkans]];<ref name="Mayer2010" /><ref name="Şimşir1989">{{citation|last=Şimşir|first=Bilal|year=1989|title=The Turks of Bulgaria, 1878–1985|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QJM_wkv41icC&q=%22Balkan+Turks%22+%22Anatolian+Turks%22|journal=Turkish Quarterly Review Digest|volume=3|issue=15|quote=The Balkan Turks and the Anatolian Turks together constituted the core of the Ottoman Empire and its founding element.|page=6|publisher=[[:tr:Basın-Yayın ve Enformasyon Genel Müdürlüğü|Directorate General of Press and Information]]}}</ref> [[Turkish Cypriots]] on the island of Cyprus, [[Turkish Meskhetians|Meskhetian Turks]] originally based in [[Meskheti]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]];<ref name="Cornell2005">{{citation|last=Cornell|first=Svante E.|year=2005|title=Small Nations and Great Powers: A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict in the Caucasus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_qQAgAAQBAJ&dq=Rather%2C+Turkey+wants+these+minority+groups%2C+perhaps+for+strategic+reasons%2C+to+remain+in+or+return+to+their+ancestral+lands.&pg=PA171|page=171|publisher=[[Routledge]]|quote=Many Georgians have advocated that the Meskhetian Turks should be sent to Turkey, 'where they belong'. The Turkish authorities have, nevertheless, been reluctant to accept them, probably as they are afraid of experiencing a massive migration of ethnic Turks from different parts of the Balkans, the Middle East and the CIS. Other examples are that Turks in Western Thrace and Bulgaria, as well as Turkish Cypriots, face difficulties in obtaining Turkish citizenship. Rather, Turkey wants these minority groups, perhaps for strategic reasons, to remain in or return to their ancestral lands.|isbn=978-1-135-79669-3}}</ref> and ethnic Turkish people across the [[Middle East]],<ref name="Mayer2010" /> where they are also called Turkmen or Turkoman in the [[Levant]] (e.g. [[Iraqi Turkmen]], [[Syrian Turkmen]], [[Lebanese Turkmen]], etc.).<ref name="Saatçi 2018 loc=331">{{citation|last=Saatçi|first=Suphi|year=2018|chapter=The Turkman of Iraq|title=Linguistic Minorities in Turkey and Turkic-Speaking Minorities of the Periphery|editor1-last=Bulut|editor1-first=Christiane|page=331|publisher=[[Harrassowitz Verlag]]|isbn=978-3-447-10723-5}}</ref> Consequently, the Turks form the largest minority group in [[Bulgaria]],<ref name="Karakulaketal2018" /> the second largest minority group in [[Iraq]],<ref name="Triana2017"/> [[Libya]],<ref name="Pan 1949">{{citation |last=Pan|first=Chia-Lin|year=1949|title=The Population of Libya|journal=Population Studies|volume=3|issue=1|pages=100–125|doi=10.1080/00324728.1949.10416359}}</ref> [[North Macedonia]],<ref name="Knowlton2020" /> and [[Syria]],<ref name="Khalifa2013">{{citation|last=Khalifa|first=Mustafa|year=2013|title=The impossible partition of Syria|url=https://www.arab-reform.net/en/node/510|pages=3–5|journal=[[Arab Reform Initiative]]|quote=Turkmen are the third largest ethnic group in Syria, making up around 4–5% of the population. Some estimations indicate that they are the second biggest group, outnumbering Kurds, drawing on the fact that Turkmen are divided into two groups: the rural Turkmen who make up 30% of the Turkmen in Syria and who have kept their mother tongue, and the urban Turkmen who have become Arabized and no longer speak their mother language.|access-date=27 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327091448/https://www.arab-reform.net/en/node/510|archive-date=27 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> and the third largest minority group in [[Kosovo]].<ref name="OSCE2010" /> They also form substantial communities in the [[Western Thrace]] region of [[Greece]], the [[Dobruja]] region of [[Romania]], the [[Akkar]] region in [[Lebanon]], as well as minority groups in other post-Ottoman Balkan and Middle Eastern countries. The mass immigration of Turks also led to them forming the largest ethnic minority group in [[Austria]],<ref>{{citation|year=2008|chapter=Austria|title=Annual Report on International Religious Freedom 2007, February 2008, 110–2 Report|page=253|publisher=[[United States Government Publishing Office]]|quote=By far the largest ethnic group is Turkish, of which 123,000 have Turkish citizenship, Many more ethnic Turks are Austrian citizens.}}</ref> [[Denmark]],<ref name="Liversage2013">{{citation|last=Liversage|first=Anika|year=2013|chapter=Transnational Families Breaking Up: Divorce among Turkish Immigrants in Denmark|editor-last=Charsley|editor-first=Katharine|title=Transnational Marriage: New Perspectives from Europe and Beyond|page=146|publisher=[[Routledge]]|quote=Turkish immigrants began arriving in Denmark in the late 1960s. After subsequent family migration, people of Turkish descent now make up the largest ethnic minority group in Denmark.|isbn=978-1-136-27974-4}}</ref> [[Germany]],<ref name="Friedrichsetal2012">{{citation|last1=Friedrichs|first1=Jürgen|last2=Klöckner|first2=Jennifer|last3=Şen|first3=Mustafa|last4=de Witte|first4=Nynke|year=2012|chapter=Turkish Islamic Organisations: A Comparative Study in Germany, the Netherlands and Turkey|title=Faith-based Organisations and Exclusion in European Cities|editor1-last=Beaumon|editor1-first=Justin|editor2-last=Cloke|editor-first2=Paul J.|page=219|quote=Turks are the largest immigrant group in both Germany and the Netherlands.|publisher=[[Policy Press]]|isbn=978-1-84742-834-9}}</ref> and the [[Netherlands]].<ref name="Friedrichsetal2012" /> There are also [[Turks in Europe|Turkish communities in other parts of Europe]] as well as in [[North America]], [[Australia]] and the [[Post-Soviet states]]. Turks are the 13th largest ethnic group in the world.

Turks from [[Central Asia]] settled in [[Anatolia]] in the 11th century, through the conquests of the [[Seljuk Turks]]. This began the transformation of the region, which had been a largely Greek-speaking region after previously being [[Hellenization|Hellenized]], into a [[Turkification|Turkish and Muslim-majority one]].<ref name="Davison2013">{{cite book |last1=Davison |first1=Roderic H. |title=Essays in Ottoman and Turkish History, 1774–1923: The Impact of the West |date=2013 |publisher=University of Texas Press |isbn=978-0-292-75894-0 |pages=3–4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NQvUAAAAQBAJ |access-date=22 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806173413/https://books.google.com/books?id=NQvUAAAAQBAJ |archive-date=6 August 2018 |url-status=live |quote=So the Seljuk sultanate was a successor state ruling part of the medieval Greek empire, and within it the process of Turkification of a previously Hellenized Anatolian population continued. That population must already have been of very mixed ancestry, deriving from ancient Hittite, Phrygian, Cappadocian, and other civilizations as well as Roman and Greek.}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Ahmed|2006|p=1576}}: "Turkey's diversity is derived from its central location near the world's earliest civilizations as well as a history replete with population movements and invasions. The Hattite culture was prominent during the Bronze Age prior to 2000 BCE, but was replaced by the Indo-European Hittites who conquered Anatolia by the second millennium ... Subsequently, Hellenization of the elites transformed Anatolia into a largely Greek-speaking region"</ref><ref name="Sahadeo_and_Zanca2007">{{cite book|last1=Sahadeo|first1=Jeff|last2=Zanca|first2=Russell|title=Everyday life in Central Asia: past and present|date=2007|publisher=Indiana University Press|location=Bloomington |isbn=978-0-253-01353-8|pages=22–23 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AbnwAAAAQBAJ}}</ref> The Ottoman Empire expanded into parts of [[West Asia]], [[Southeast Europe]], and [[North Africa]] over the course of several centuries. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, [[persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction]] and [[Persecution of Muslims#Russian Empire|in the Russian Empire]] resulted in large-scale loss of life and [[muhacir|mass migration]] into modern-day Turkey from the Balkans, [[Caucasus]], and [[Crimean Khanate|Crimea]]; the immigrants were both Turkish and non-Turkish people, and overwhelmingly Muslim.<ref>
* {{harvnb|Kaser|2011|p=336}}: "The emerging Christian nation states justified the prosecution of their Muslims by arguing that they were their former "suppressors". The historical balance: between about 1820 and 1920, millions of Muslim casualties and refugees back to the remaining Ottoman Empire had to be registered; estimations speak about 5 million casualties and the same number of displaced persons"
* {{harvnb|Gibney|Hansen|2005|p=437}}: 'Muslims had been the majority in Anatolia, the Crimea, the Balkans, and the Caucasus and a plurality in southern Russia and sections of Romania. Most of these lands were within or contiguous with the Ottoman Empire. By 1923, "only Anatolia, eastern Thrace, and a section of the southeastern Caucasus remained to the Muslim land....Millions of Muslims, most of them Turks, had died; millions more had fled to what is today Turkey. Between 1821 and 1922, more than five million Muslims were driven from their lands. Five and one-half million Muslims died, some of them killed in wars, others perishing as refugees from starvation and disease" (McCarthy 1995, 1). Since people in the Ottoman Empire were classified by religion, Turks, Albanians, Bosnians, and all other Muslim groups were recognized—and recognized themselves—simply as Muslims. Hence, their persecution and forced migration is of central importance to an analysis of "Muslim migration."'
* {{harvnb|Karpat|2001|p=343}}: "The main migrations started from Crimea in 1856 and were followed by those from the Caucasus and the Balkans in 1862 to 1878 and 1912 to 1916. These have continued to our day. The quantitative indicators cited in various sources show that during this period a total of about 7 million migrants from Crimea, the Caucasus, the Balkans, and the Mediterranean islands settled in Anatolia. These immigrants were overwhelmingly Muslim, except for a number of Jews who left their homes in the Balkans and Russia in order to live in the Ottoman lands. By the end of the century the immigrants and their descendants constituted some 30 to 40 percent of the total population of Anatolia, and in some western areas their percentage was even higher." ... "The immigrants called themselves Muslims rather than Turks, although most of those from Bulgaria, Macedonia, and eastern Serbia descended from the Turkish Anatolian stock who settled in the Balkans in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries."
* {{harvnb|Karpat|2004|pp=5–6}}: "Migration was a major force in the social and cultural reconstruction of the Ottoman state in the nineteenth century. While some seven to nine million, mostly Muslim, refugees from lost territories in the Caucasus, Crimea, Balkans and Mediterranean islands migrated to Anatolia and Eastern Thrace, during the last quarter of the nineteenth and the early part of the twentieth centuries..."
* {{harvnb|Pekesen|2012}}: "The immigration had far-reaching social and political consequences for the Ottoman Empire and Turkey." ... "Between 1821 and 1922, some 5.3 million Muslims migrated to the Empire.50 It is estimated that in 1923, the year the republic of Turkey was founded, about 25 per cent of the population came from immigrant families.51"
* {{harvnb|Biondich|2011|p=93}}: "The road from Berlin to Lausanne was littered with millions of casualties. In the period between 1878 and 1912, as many as two million Muslims emigrated voluntarily or involuntarily from the Balkans. When one adds those who were killed or expelled between 1912 and 1923, the number of Muslim casualties from the Balkan far exceeds three million. By 1923 fewer than one million remained in the Balkans"
* {{harvnb|Armour|2012|p=213}}: "To top it all, the Empire was host to a steady stream of Muslim refugees. Russia between 1854 and 1876 expelled 1.4 million Crimean Tartars, and in the mid-1860s another 600,000 Circassians from the Caucasus. Their arrival produced further economic dislocation and expense."</ref> The empire lasted until the end of the First World War, when it was defeated by the [[Allies of World War I|Allies]] and [[Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire|partitioned]]. Following the [[Turkish War of Independence]] that ended with the [[Turkish National Movement]] retaking much of the territory lost to the Allies, the Movement [[Abolition of the Ottoman Sultanate|ended the Ottoman Empire]] on 1 November 1922 and proclaimed the [[Republic of Turkey]] on 29 October 1923.

==Etymology and definition==
{{see also|Turkic peoples#Etymology}}

===Etymology===
As an [[ethnonym]], the etymology of ''Turk'' is still unknown.<ref>{{harvnb|Tasar|Frank|Eden|2021|pp=6–7}}</ref> In [[Han Chinese|Chinese]] sources, ''Turk'' appears as ''Tujue'' ({{lang-zh|c={{linktext|突|厥}}|w=T'u-chüe|mc=*duət̚ kɨut̚}}), which referred to the [[Göktürks]].{{sfn|Stokes|Gorman|2010a|p=707}}{{sfn|Findley|2005|p=21}} The earliest mention of ''Turk'' ({{lang|otk|𐱅𐰇𐰺𐰜}}, {{transliteration|otk|türü̲k̲}}; or {{lang|otk|𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰚}}, {{transliteration|otk|türk/tẄrk}}) in [[Turkic languages]] comes from the [[Second Turkic Khaganate]].<ref>{{harvnb|Tasar|Frank|Eden|2021|pp=9, 16}}</ref> In [[Orkhon inscriptions]], {{transliteration|otk|kök türü̲k̲}} ({{lang|otk|𐰚𐰇𐰚 𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰜}}) is also mentioned, potentially referring to "[[Ashina tribe|Ashina]]-led Turks" or "Ashinas and Turks".<ref>{{harvnb|Tasar|Frank|Eden|2021|p=10}}</ref>

There are several theories regarding the origin of the ethnonym {{lang|trk|Turk}}. There is a claim that it may be connected to [[Herodotus]]'s ({{Circa|484|425 BC}}) reference to ''Targitaos'', ({{lang|grc|Ταργιτάος}}), a king of the [[Scythians]];{{sfn|Leiser|2005|p=837}} however, [[Manfred Mayrhofer]] (apud Lincoln) assigned Iranian etymology for Targitaos: from [[Proto-Iranian language|Old Iranian]] *''darga-tavah'', meaning "he whose strength is long-lasting".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lincoln |first1=Bruce |title=Once again 'the Scythian' myth of origins (Herodotus 4.5–10) |journal=Nordlit |date=2014 |volume=33 |issue=33 |pages=19–34 |doi=10.7557/13.3188|doi-access=free}}</ref> During the first century A.D., [[Pomponius Mela]] refers to the ''Turcae'' in the forests north of the [[Sea of Azov]], and [[Pliny the Elder]] lists the ''Tyrcae'' among the people of the same area;{{sfn|Leiser|2005|p=837}} yet English archaeologist [[Ellis Minns]] contended that ''Tyrcae'' is "a false correction" for ''Iurcae''/''Iurkai'' ({{lang|grc|Ἱύρκαι}}), a people who dwelt beyond the [[Thyssagetae]], according to Herodotus ([[Histories (Herodotus)|Histories]], IV. 22)<ref>{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Iyrcae |page= 102 |volume= 15 |last= Minns|first= Ellis Hovell}}</ref> There are references to certain groups in antiquity whose names might have been foreign transcriptions of ''Tür(ü)k'' such as [[Togarmah#Turkic history|''Togarmah'']], ''Turukha''/''Turuška'', [[Turukkaeans|''Turukku'']] and so on; but according to American historian [[Peter Benjamin Golden|Peter B. Golden]], while any connection of some of these ancient peoples to Turks is possible, it is rather unlikely.<ref>{{cite book|title=An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples:Ethnogenesis and State-Formation in Medieval and Early Modern Eurasia and the Middle East|page=116|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz|location=Wiesbaden, Germany|year=1992}}</ref>

As a word in [[Turkic languages|Turkic language]]s, {{lang|trk|Türk}} may mean {{gloss|strong, strength, ripe}} or {{gloss|flourishing, in full strength}}.<ref>{{harvnb|Tasar|Frank|Eden|2021|p=30}}</ref> It may also mean ripe as for a fruit or "in the prime of life, young, and vigorous" for a person.<ref>{{harvnb|Clauson|1972|pp=542–543}}</ref> [[András Róna-Tas|Róna-Tas]] (1991) pointed to a [[Saka language|Khotanese-Saka]] word, {{lang|kho|tturakä}} {{gloss|lid}}, semantically stretchable to {{gloss|helmet}}, as a possible source for this folk etymology, yet Golden thinks this connection requires more data.<ref name="Golden2006">{{cite journal |last=Golden |first=Peter B. |title=Türks and Iranians: Aspects of Türk and Khazaro-Iranian Interaction |journal=Turcologica |issue=105 |page=25}}</ref>

===Definition===
In the 19th century Ottoman Empire, the word ''Türk'' referred to [[Anatolia]]n peasants. The Ottoman ruling class identified themselves as [[Ottoman Turks|Ottomans]], not as Turks.{{sfn|Kushner|1997|p=219}}{{sfn|Meeker|1971|p=322}} However, they still claimed to be members of [[Kayı (tribe)|Kayi tribe]] of [[Oghuz Turks]] and direct descendants of [[Oghuz Khagan|Oghuz Khan]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shaw |first=Stanford |url=https://archive.org/details/historyottomanem00shaw |title=History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey |date=1976 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyottomanem00shaw/page/n38 13] |url-access=limited}}</ref> In the late 19th century, as the Ottoman upper classes adopted European ideas of [[nationalism]], the term ''Türk'' took on a more positive connotation.{{sfn|Kushner|1997|pp=220–221}}

During Ottoman times, the ''[[Millet (Ottoman Empire)|millet]]'' system defined communities on a religious basis. In the early 20th century, the [[Young Turks]] abandoned [[Ottoman nationalism]] in favor of [[Turkish nationalism]], while adopting the name ''Turks'', which was finally used in the name of the new Turkish Republic.

[[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]] defined the Turkish nation as the "people (''halk'') who established the Turkish republic". Further, "the natural and historical facts which effected the establishment (''teessüs'') of the Turkish nation" were "(a) unity in political existence, (b) unity in language, (c) unity in homeland, (d) unity in race and origin (''menşe''), (e) to be historically related and (f) to be morally related".<ref>{{cite book|title=Minorities and Nationalism in Turkish Law|page=110|author=Derya Bayir|year=2013}}</ref>

[[s:Constitution of the Republic of Turkey|Article 66]] of the [[Turkish Constitution]] defines a ''Turk'' as anyone who is "bound to the Turkish state through the bond of [[citizenship]]."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/pdfid/4a9d204d2.pdf |title=Turkish Citizenship Law |date=29 May 2009 |access-date=17 June 2012}}</ref>

==History==
{{see also|History of Turkey}}

===Prehistory, Ancient era, and Early Middle Ages===
{{further|Turkic peoples|Oghuz Turks|Anatolian peoples}}

First inhabited by modern humans during the [[Late Paleolithic]],<ref>{{harvnb| Howard|2016|p=24}}</ref> present-day Turkey was home to [[List of ancient peoples of Anatolia|various ancient peoples]].<ref>
* {{harvnb|Sagona|Zimansky|2015|p=1}}
* {{harvnb|Howard|2016|p=xv}}
* {{harvnb|McMahon|Steadman|2012a|pp=3–12}}
* {{harvnb|Matthews|2012|p=49}}</ref> The [[Hattians]] were assimilated by the [[Hittites]] and other [[Anatolian peoples]].<ref>
* {{harvnb|Ahmed|2006|p=1576}}: "Turkey's diversity is derived from its central location near the world's earliest civilizations as well as a history replete with population movements and invasions. The Hattite culture was prominent during the Bronze Age prior to 2000 BCE, but was replaced by the Indo-European Hittites who conquered Anatolia by the second millennium. Meanwhile, Turkish Thrace came to be dominated by another Indo-European group, the Thracians for whom the region is named."
* {{harvnb|Steadman|2012|p=234}}: "By the time of the Old Assyrian Colony period in the early second millennium b.c.e . (see Michel, chapter 13 in this volume) the languages spoken on the plateau included Hattian, an indigenous Anatolian language, Hurrian (spoken in northern Syria), and Indo-European languages known as Luwian, Hittite, and Palaic"
* {{harvnb|Michel|2012|p=327}}
* {{harvnb|Melchert|2012|p=713}}
* {{harvnb|Howard|2016|p=26}}</ref> [[Classical Anatolia]] transitioned into cultural [[Hellenization]] after [[Alexander the Great]]'s conquests, and later [[Romanization (cultural)|Romanization]] during the [[Roman Empire|Roman]] and [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] eras.<ref>
* {{harvnb|Howard|2016|p=29}}: "The sudden disappearance of the Persian Empire and the conquest of virtually the entire Middle Eastern world from the Nile to the Indus by Alexander the Great caused tremendous political and cultural upheaval. ... statesmen throughout the conquered regions attempted to implement a policy of Hellenization. For indigenous elites, this amounted to the forced assimilation of native religion and culture to Greek models. It met resistance in Anatolia as elsewhere, especially from priests and others who controlled temple wealth."
* {{harvnb|Ahmed|2006|p=1576}}: "Subsequently, hellenization of the elites transformed Anatolia into a largely Greek-speaking region"
* {{harvnb|McMahon|Steadman|2012a|p=5}}
* {{harvnb|McMahon|2012|p=16}}
* {{harvnb|Sams|2012|p=617}}
* {{harvnb|Kaldellis|2024|p=26}}</ref>

According to historians and linguists, the [[Proto-Turkic language]] originated in Central-East Asia,<ref>{{harvnb|Uchiyama|Gillam|Savelyev|Ning|2020}}: "Most linguists and historians agree that Proto-Turkic, the common ancestor of all ancient and contemporary Turkic languages, must have been spoken somewhere in Central-East Asia (e.g. Róna-Tas, Reference Róna-Tas1991, p. 35; Golden, Reference Golden1992, pp. 124–127; Menges, Reference Menges1995, pp. 16–19)."</ref> potentially in [[Altai-Sayan region]], [[Mongolia]] or [[Tuva]].<ref name="Golden 2011">{{cite book | last=Golden | first=Peter B. | title=Studies on the Peoples and Cultures of the Eurasian Steppes | date=2011 | isbn=978-973-27-2152-0 | pages=37–38| publisher=Editura Academiei Române }}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Uchiyama|Gillam|Savelyev|Ning|2020}}: "The ultimate Proto-Turkic homeland may have been located in a more compact area, most likely in Eastern Mongolia"</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Lee|Kuang|2017}}: "The best candidate for the Turkic Urheimat would then be northern and western Mongolia and Tuva, where all these haplogroups could have intermingled, rather than eastern and southern Mongolia..."</ref> Initially, Proto-Turkic speakers were potentially both hunter-gatherers and farmers; they later became [[nomadic]] [[Pastoralism|pastoralists]].<ref>{{harvnb|Uchiyama|Gillam|Savelyev|Ning|2020}}:"To sum up, the palaeolinguistic reconstruction points to a mixed subsistence strategy and complex economy of the Proto-Turkic-speaking community. It is likely that the subsistence of the Early Proto-Turkic speakers was based on a combination of hunting–gathering and agriculture, with a later shift to nomadic pastoralism as an economy basis, partly owing to the interaction of the Late Proto-Turkic groups with the Iranian-speaking herders of the Eastern Steppe."</ref> Early and [[Post-classical history|medieval]] Turkic groups exhibited a wide range of both East Asian and West-Eurasian physical appearances and genetic origins, in part through long-term contact with neighboring peoples such as [[Iranian peoples|Iranic]], [[Mongolic peoples|Mongolic]], [[Tocharians|Tocharian]], [[Uralic people|Uralic]] and [[Yeniseian people|Yeniseian]] peoples.<ref>
* {{harvnb|Lee|2023|p=4}}: "It should also be noted that even the early Turkic peoples, including the Tiele and the Türks, were made up of heterogeneous elements. Importantly, DNA studies demonstrate that the expansion process of the Turkic peoples involved the Turkicization of various non-Turkic-speaking groups. The "Turks" intermixed with and Turkicized various indigenous groups across Eurasia: Uralic hunter-gatherers in northern Eurasia; Mongolic nomads in Mongolia; Indo-European-speaking nomads and sedentary populations in Xinjiang, Transoxiana, Iran, Kazakhstan, and South Siberia; and Indo-European elements (the Byzantine subjects, among others) in Anatolia and the Balkans.11"
* {{harvnb|Findley|2005|p=18}}: "Moreover, Turks do not all physically look alike. They never did. The Turks of Turkey are famous for their range of physical types. Given the Turks' ancient Inner Asian origins, it is easy to imagine that they once presented a uniform Mongoloid appearance. Such traits seem to be more characteristic in the eastern Turkic world; however, uniformity of type can never have prevailed there either. Archeological evidence indicates that Indo-Europeans, or certainly Europoid physical types, inhabited the oases of the Tarim basin and even parts of Mongolia in ancient times. In the Tarim basin, persistence of these former inhabitants' genes among the modern Uyghurs is both observable and scientifically demonstrable.32 Early Chinese sources describe the Kirghiz as blue-eyed and blond or red-haired. The genesis of Turkic ethnic groups from earliest times occurred in confederations of diverse peoples. As if to prove the point, the earliest surviving texts in Turkic languages are studded with terms from other languages."
* {{Cite journal |last=Golden |first=Peter B. |date=25 July 2018|title=The Ethnogonic Tales of the Türks |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0971945818775373 |journal=The Medieval History Journal |language=en |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=291–327 |doi=10.1177/0971945818775373 |s2cid=166026934 |issn=0971-9458|url-access=subscription }}"Some DNA tests point to the Iranian connections of the Ashina and Ashide,133 highlighting further that the Turks as a whole 'were made up of heterogeneous and somatically dissimilar populations'.134 Geographically, the accounts cover the regions of Inner Mongolia, Gansu, Xinjiang, the Yenisei zone and the Altay, regions with Turkic, Indo-European (Iranian [Saka] and Tokharian), Yeniseic, Uralic and other populations. Wusun elements, like most steppe polities of an ethno-linguistic mix, may have also played a substratal role."
* {{harvnb|Lee|Kuang|2017}}: "Both Chinese histories and modern dna studies indicate that the early and medieval Turkic peoples were made up of heterogeneous populations"</ref> In Central Asia, the earliest surviving [[Turkic languages|Turkic language]] texts, found on the eighth-century [[Orkhon inscriptions|Orkhon inscription monuments]], were erected by the [[Göktürks]] in the sixth century CE, and include words not common to Turkic but found in unrelated Inner Asian languages.{{sfn|Findley|2005|p=39}} Although the ancient Turks were [[nomad]]ic, they traded wool, leather, carpets, and horses for grain, silk, wood, and vegetables, and also had large ironworking stations in the south of the [[Altai Mountains]] during the 600s CE. Most of the Turkic peoples were followers of [[Tengrism]], sharing the cult of the sky god [[Tengri]], although there were also adherents of [[Manichaeism]], [[Nestorianism|Nestorian Christianity]], and [[Buddhism]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Frederik |last=Coene |title=The Caucasus-An Introduction |page=77 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2009}}</ref>{{sfn|Leiser|2005|p=837}} [[Byzantine Anatolia|Byzantine era Anatolia]] served as a center of [[Christianity]], with the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] being based in [[Constantinople]].<ref name="IrvinSunquist2002">{{cite book |last1=Irvin |first1=Dale T. |last2=Sunquist |first2=Scott |title=History of the World Christian Movement: Volume 1: Earliest Christianity To 1453 |date=10 January 2002 |publisher=A&C Black |isbn=978-0-567-08866-6 |page=496 |language=en}}</ref> However, during the [[Early Muslim conquests|Muslim conquests]], the Turks entered the [[Muslim world]] proper as [[slavery|slaves]], the booty of Arab raids and conquests.{{sfn|Leiser|2005|p=837}} The Turks began converting to [[Islam]] after the [[Muslim conquest of Transoxiana]] through the efforts of [[missionaries]], [[Sufis]], and merchants. Although initiated by the [[Arabs]], the [[Conversion to Islam#Islamic missionary activities|conversion]] of the Turks to Islam was filtered through [[Persian people|Persian]] and Central Asian culture. Under the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyads]], most were domestic servants, whilst under the [[Abbasid Caliphate]], increasing numbers were trained as soldiers.{{sfn|Leiser|2005|p=837}} By the ninth century, Turkish commanders were leading the [[caliphs]]' Turkish troops into battle. As the Abbasid Caliphate declined, Turkish officers assumed more military and political power by taking over or establishing provincial dynasties with their own corps of Turkish troops.{{sfn|Leiser|2005|p=837}}

===Seljuk era===
{{Main|Seljuk dynasty}}
{{See also|Seljuk Empire|Sultanate of Rum}}
[[File:Tugrul_bey.jpg|thumb|right|[[Tughril I]], the [[Turkoman (ethnonym)|Turkoman]] chieftain who founded the [[Seljuk Empire]]]]
During the 11th century, the [[Seljuk dynasty|Seljuk Turks]], who were influenced by Persian civilization in many ways, grew in strength and succeeded in taking the eastern province of the [[Abbasid Empire]]. By 1055, the [[Seljuk Empire|Seljuks]] captured [[Baghdad]] and began to make their first incursions into [[Anatolia]].{{sfn|Duiker|Spielvogel|2012|p=192}} When they won the [[Battle of Manzikert]] against the [[Byzantine Empire]] in 1071, it opened the gates of Anatolia to them.{{sfn|Darke|2011|p=16}} Although ethnically Turkish, the Seljuk Turks brought [[Turco-Persian tradition|Turco-Persian]] culture to Anatolia rather than just a purely Turkish one.{{sfn|Chaurasia|2005|p=181}}{{sfn|Bainbridge|2009|p=33}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pfeifer |first=Helen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ySw1EAAAQBAJ&dq=turco-persian+Seljuk&pg=PA46 |title=Empire of Salons: Conquest and Community in Early Modern Ottoman Lands |date=2022-03-29 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-19523-0 |language=en |quote=The cultural influence of the Turco-Persian Seljuks long outlasted their political control of Anatolia, and the Turkish principalities that succeeded them starting in the late thirteenth century continued to look to that tradition for models of refinement and sociability}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mandelbaum |first=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hl-A3yTT8PYC&pg=PA79 |title=Central Asia and the World: Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Turkmenistan |date=1994 |publisher=Council on Foreign Relations |isbn=978-0-87609-167-8 |language=en |quote=Persianate zone (...) The rise of Persianized Turks to administrative control (...) The Turko-Persian tradition developed during the Seljuk period (1040–1118) (...) In the Persianate zone, Turkophones ruled and Iranians administered}}</ref> Nonetheless, the [[Turkish language]] and [[Islam]] were introduced and gradually spread over the region and the slow transition from a predominantly [[Christians|Christian]] and [[Greek language|Greek]]-speaking Anatolia to a predominantly [[Muslim]] and Turkish-speaking one was underway.{{sfn|Darke|2011|p=16}}

In dire straits, the Byzantine Empire turned to the West for help, setting in motion the pleas that led to the [[First Crusade]].{{sfn|Duiker|Spielvogel|2012|p=193}} Once the [[Crusaders]] took [[Iznik]], the Seljuk Turks established the [[Sultanate of Rum]] from their new capital, [[Konya]], in 1097.{{sfn|Darke|2011|p=16}} By the 12th century, Europeans had begun to call the Anatolian region {{lang|la|Turchia}} or ''Turkey'', the land of the Turks.{{sfn|Ágoston|2010|p=574}} The Turkish society in Anatolia was divided into urban, rural and nomadic populations;{{sfn|Delibaşı|1994|p=7}} other [[Turkoman (ethnonym)|Turkoman]] (Turkmen) tribes who had arrived into Anatolia at the same time as the Seljuks kept their nomadic ways.{{sfn|Darke|2011|p=16}} These tribes were more numerous than the Seljuks, and rejecting the sedentary lifestyle, adhered to an Islam impregnated with [[animism]] and [[shamanism]] from their [[Central Asia]]n steppeland origins, which then mixed with new Christian influences. From this popular and syncretist Islam, with its mystical and revolutionary aspects, sects such as the [[Alevis]] and [[Bektashis]] emerged.{{sfn|Darke|2011|p=16}} Furthermore, [[Transnational marriage|intermarriage]] between the Turks and local inhabitants, as well as the [[Religious conversion#Islam|conversion]] of many to Islam, also increased the Turkish-speaking Muslim population in Anatolia.{{sfn|Darke|2011|p=16}}<ref>{{cite book|year=2004|title=Turkey Foreign Policy And Government Guide|publisher=International Business Publications|isbn=978-0-7397-6282-0 |page=64}}</ref>

By 1243, at the [[Battle of Köse Dağ]], the [[Mongols]] defeated the Seljuk Turks and became the new rulers of Anatolia, and in 1256, the second Mongol invasion of Anatolia caused widespread destruction. Particularly after 1277, political stability within the Seljuk territories rapidly disintegrated, leading to the strengthening of Turkoman principalities in the western and southern parts of Anatolia called the "[[beyliks]]".{{sfn|Somel|2003|p=266}}

===Beyliks era===
{{Main|Anatolian beyliks}}

[[File:Anadolu Beylikleri.png|thumb|upright=1.35|A map of the independent [[beyliks]] in Anatolia during the early 1300s.]]
When the Mongols defeated the Seljuk Turks and [[Mongol conquest of Anatolia|conquered Anatolia]], the Turks became the [[vassal]]s of the [[Ilkhanate|Ilkhans]] who established their own empire in the vast area which stretched from present-day [[Afghanistan]] to present-day [[Turkey]].{{sfn|Ágoston|2010|p=xxv}} As the Mongols occupied more lands in Asia Minor, the Turks moved further into western Anatolia and settled in the Seljuk-Byzantine frontier.{{sfn|Ágoston|2010|p=xxv}} By the last decades of the 13th century, the Ilkhans and their Seljuk vassals lost control over much of Anatolia to these [[Turkoman (ethnonym)|Turkoman peoples]].{{sfn|Ágoston|2010|p=xxv}} A number of Turkish lords managed to establish themselves as rulers of various [[principalities]], known as "[[Beyliks]]" or [[emirate]]s. Amongst these beyliks, along the [[Aegean Region|Aegean]] coast, from north to south, stretched the beyliks of [[Karasids|Karasi]], [[Sarukhanids|Saruhan]], [[Aydinids|Aydin]], [[Beylik of Menteşe|Menteşe]], and [[Beylik of Teke|Teke]]. Inland from Teke was [[Hamidids|Hamid]] and east of Karasi was the beylik of [[Germiyanids|Germiyan]].

To the northwest of Anatolia, around [[Söğüt]], was the small and, at this stage, insignificant, Ottoman beylik. It was hemmed into the east by other more substantial powers like [[Karamanids|Karaman]] on [[Iconium]], which ruled from the [[Kızılırmak River]] to the [[Mediterranean]]. Although the [[Ottoman Turks|Ottomans]] was only a small principality among the numerous Turkish beyliks, and thus posed the smallest threat to the Byzantine authority, their location in north-western Anatolia, in the former Byzantine province of [[Bithynia]], became a fortunate position for their future conquests. The [[Italic peoples|Latins]], who had conquered the city of [[Constantinople]] in 1204 during the [[Fourth Crusade]], established a [[Latin Empire]] (1204–1261), divided the former Byzantine territories in the [[Balkans]] and the [[Aegean Region|Aegean]] among themselves, and forced the Byzantine Emperors into exile at [[Nicaea]] (present-day [[Iznik]]). From 1261 onwards, the Byzantines were largely preoccupied with regaining their control in the Balkans.{{sfn|Ágoston|2010|p=xxv}} Toward the end of the 13th century, as Mongol power began to decline, the Turkoman chiefs assumed greater independence.{{sfn|Kia|2011|p=1}}

===Ottoman Empire===
{{Main|Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Turks}}

[[File:OttomanEmpireIn1683.png|thumb|upright=1.35|The [[Ottoman Empire]] was a Turkish empire that lasted from 1299 to 1922.]]
[[File:West Thrace Republic, Turks in Kardzali.jpg|thumb|West Thrace Republic, Turks in Kardzali]]
Under its founder, [[Osman I]], the nomadic Ottoman beylik expanded along the [[Sakarya River]] and westward towards the [[Sea of Marmara]]. Thus, the population of western [[Asia Minor]] had largely become [[Turkish language|Turkish]]-speaking and [[Muslim]] in religion.{{sfn|Ágoston|2010|p=xxv}} It was under his son, [[Orhan I]], who had attacked and conquered the important urban center of [[Bursa]] in 1326, proclaiming it as the Ottoman capital, that the [[Ottoman Empire]] developed considerably. In 1354, the Ottomans crossed into [[Europe]] and established a foothold on the [[Gallipoli Peninsula]] while at the same time pushing east and taking [[Ankara]].{{sfn|Fleet|1999|p=5}}{{sfn|Kia|2011|p=2}} Many Turks from Anatolia began to settle in the region which had been abandoned by the inhabitants who had fled [[Thrace]] before the Ottoman invasion.{{sfn|Köprülü|1992|p=110}} However, the Byzantines were not the only ones to suffer from the Ottoman advance for, in the mid-1330s, Orhan annexed the Turkish beylik of [[Karasids|Karasi]]. This advancement was maintained by [[Murad I]] who more than tripled the territories under his direct rule, reaching some {{convert|100,000|sqmi}}, evenly distributed in [[Europe]] and [[Asia Minor]].{{sfn|Ágoston|2010|p=xxvi}} Gains in Anatolia were matched by those in Europe; once the Ottoman forces took [[Edirne]] ([[Adrianople]]), which became the capital of the Ottoman Empire in 1365, they opened their way into [[Bulgaria]] and [[Macedonia (region)|Macedonia]] in 1371 at the [[Battle of Maritsa]].{{sfn|Fleet|1999|p=6}} With the conquests of [[Thrace]], Macedonia, and Bulgaria, significant numbers of Turkish emigrants settled in these regions.{{sfn|Köprülü|1992|p=110}} This form of Ottoman-Turkish [[colonization]] became a very effective method to consolidate their position and power in the [[Balkans]]. The settlers consisted of soldiers, nomads, farmers, artisans and [[merchants]], [[dervishes]], [[preachers]] and other religious functionaries, and administrative personnel.{{sfn|Eminov|1997|p=27}}

In 1453, Ottoman armies, under Sultan [[Mehmed II]], conquered [[Constantinople]].{{sfn|Ágoston|2010|p=xxvi}} Mehmed reconstructed and repopulated the city, and made it the new Ottoman capital.{{sfn|Kermeli|2010|p=111}} After the [[Fall of Constantinople]], the Ottoman Empire entered a long period of [[Growth of the Ottoman Empire|conquest and expansion]] with its borders eventually going deep into [[Europe]], the [[Middle East]], and [[North Africa]].{{sfn|Kia|2011|p=5}} [[Selim I]] dramatically expanded the empire's eastern and southern frontiers in the [[Battle of Chaldiran]] and gained recognition as the guardian of the holy cities of [[Mecca]] and [[Medina]].{{sfn|Quataert|2000|p=21}} His successor, [[Suleiman the Magnificent]], further expanded the conquests after capturing [[Belgrade]] in 1521 and using its territorial base to conquer [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungary]], and other Central European territories, after his victory in the [[Battle of Mohács]] as well as also pushing the frontiers of the empire to the east.{{sfn|Kia|2011|p=6}} Following Suleiman's death, Ottoman victories continued, albeit less frequently than before. The island of [[Cyprus]] was conquered, in 1571, bolstering Ottoman dominance over the sea routes of the eastern [[Mediterranean]].{{sfn|Quataert|2000|p=24}} However, after its defeat at the [[Battle of Vienna]], in 1683, the Ottoman army was met by ambushes and further defeats; the 1699 [[Treaty of Karlowitz]], which granted Austria the provinces of Hungary and [[Transylvania]], marked the first time in history that the Ottoman Empire actually relinquished territory.{{sfn|Levine|2010|p=28}}

[[File:Muhajir.jpg|thumb|The loss of almost all [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] territories during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and the establishment of the [[Republic of Turkey]], in 1923, produced waves of Turkish refugees, who were known as "[[Muhacir]]s", who fled from hostile regions of the [[Balkans]], the [[Black Sea]], the [[Aegean islands]], the island of [[Cyprus]], the [[Sanjak of Alexandretta]], the [[Middle East]], and the [[Soviet Union]] to migrate to [[Anatolia]] and [[Eastern Thrace]].]]

By the 19th century, the empire began to [[Decline of the Ottoman Empire|decline]] when [[Ethnic nationalism|ethno-nationalist]] uprisings occurred across the empire. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, [[persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction]] and [[Persecution of Muslims#Russian Empire|in the Russian Empire]] resulted in estimated 5 million deaths,<ref>{{harvnb|Kaser|2011|p=336}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{harvnb|Gibney|Hansen|2005|p=437}}</ref> with the casualties including Turks.<ref name="auto"/> Five to seven or seven to nine million [[Muhacir|refugees]] migrated into modern-day Turkey from the [[Balkans]], [[Caucasus]], [[Crimean Khanate|Crimea]], and [[Mediterranean]] islands,<ref>
* {{harvnb|Pekesen|2012}}
* {{harvnb|Kaser|2011|p=336}}
* {{harvnb|Karpat|2001|p=343}}
* {{harvnb|Karpat|2004|pp=5–6}}</ref> shifting the center of the Ottoman Empire to Anatolia.<ref>{{harvnb|Howard|2016|p=70}}</ref> In addition to a small number of Jews, the refugees were overwhelmingly Muslim; they were both Turkish and non-Turkish people, such as [[Circassians]] and [[Crimean Tatars]].<ref>{{harvnb|Karpat|2001|p=343}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Armour|2012|p=213}}</ref> [[Paul Mojzes]] has called the Balkan Wars an "unrecognized genocide", where multiple sides were both victims and perpetrators.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mojzes|first=Paul|date=November 2013|title=Ethnic cleansing in the Balkans, why did it happen and could it happen again|url=https://www.cicerofoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/Paul_Mojzes_Ethnic_Cleansing_In_The_Balkans.pdf|website=Cicero Foundation|access-date=23 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223191938/https://www.cicerofoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/Paul_Mojzes_Ethnic_Cleansing_In_The_Balkans.pdf|archive-date=23 February 2024|url-status=live}}</ref>

By 1913, the government of the [[Committee of Union and Progress]] started a program of forcible [[Turkification]] of non-Turkish minorities.<ref>{{cite book |title=Century of Genocide|year=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-24550-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EDZa0zZ-XCAC|editor=Samuel Totten, William S. Parsons|pages=118–124|quote=By 1913 the advocates of [[liberalism]] had lost out to radicals in the party who promoted a program of forcible Turkification.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Jwaideh|first=Wadie|title=The Kurdish national movement: its origins and development|year=2006 |publisher=Syracuse Univ. Press|location=Syracuse, NY|isbn=978-0-8156-3093-7|page=104|edition=1st |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FCbspX-dGPYC|quote=With the crushing of opposition elements, the Young Turks simultaneously launched their program of forcible Turkification and the creation of a highly centralized administrative system."}}</ref> By 1914, the [[World War I]] broke out, and the Turks scored some success in [[Gallipoli]] during the [[Naval operations in the Dardanelles Campaign|Battle of the Dardanelles]] in 1915. During World War I, the government of the Committee of Union and Progress continued to implement its Turkification policies, which affected non-Turkish minorities, such as the [[Armenians]] during the [[Armenian genocide]] and the [[Greeks]] during [[Greek genocide|various campaigns of ethnic cleansing and expulsion]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Akçam|first=Taner|title=The Young Turks' crime against humanity: the Armenian genocide and ethnic cleansing in the Ottoman Empire|year=2012|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, N.J.|isbn=978-0-691-15333-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xdBKN1j-QhMC|page=29}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Bjornlund|first=Matthias|s2cid=72975930|title=The 1914 cleansing of Aegean Greeks as a case of violent Turkification|journal=Journal of Genocide Research |date=March 2008|volume=10|issue=1|pages=41–57 |issn=1462-3528|quote=In 1914, the aim of Turkification was not to exterminate but to expel as many Greeks of the Aegean region as possible as not only a "security measure," but as an extension of the policy of economic and cultural boycott, while at the same time creating living space for the muhadjirs that had been driven out of their homes under equally brutal circumstances.|doi=10.1080/14623520701850286}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Akçam |first=Taner|title=From Empire to Republic: Turkish Nationalism and the Armenian Genocide|year=2005|publisher=Zed Books |location=London|isbn=978-1-84277-527-1|page=115|author-link=Taner Akçam|quote=...the initial stages of the Turkification of the Empire, which affected by attacks on its very heterogeneous structure, thereby ushering in a relentless process of ethnic cleansing that eventually, through the exigencies and opportunities of the First World War, culminated in the Armenian Genocide.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Rummel|first=Rudolph J.|title=Death By Government|year=1996|publisher=Transaction Publishers |isbn=978-1-4128-2129-2|page=235|author-link=Rudolph Rummel |quote=Through this genocide and the forced deportation of the Greeks, the nationalists completed the Young Turk's program-the Turkification of Turkey and the elimination of a pretext for Great Power meddling.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=America and the Armenian Genocide of 1915|editor=J.M. Winter|year=2003|publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=New York|isbn=978-0-511-16382-1|page=60|quote=The devising of a scheme of a correlative Turkification of the Empire, or what was left of it, included the cardinal goal of the liquidation of that Empire's residual non-Turkish elements. Given their numbers, their concentration in geo-strategic locations, and the troublesome legacy of the Armenian Question, the Armenians were targeted as the prime object for such a liquidation.}}</ref> In 1918, the Ottoman Government agreed to the [[Mudros Armistice]] with the [[Allies of World War I|Allies]].

The [[Treaty of Sèvres]] —signed in 1920 by the government of [[Mehmed VI]]— dismantled the Ottoman Empire. The Turks, under [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|Mustafa Kemal Pasha]] (Atatürk), rejected the treaty and fought the [[Turkish War of Independence]], resulting in the abortion of that text, never ratified,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lEFSI-qJHSEC&q=Treaty+S%C3%A8vres+was+never+ratified&pg=PA91|title=The Turkish Straits|access-date=18 March 2015|isbn=978-90-247-3464-1 |last1=Rozakēs|first1=Chrēstos L|date=31 August 1987|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers }}</ref> and the [[Abolition of the Ottoman sultanate|abolition of the Sultanate]]. Thus, the 623-year-old Ottoman Empire ended.{{sfn|Levine|2010|p=29}}

===Modern era===
{{See also|History of the Republic of Turkey}}
[[File:Anafartalar Boulevard, Köklü Office Building and shops, 1950s (16645159247).jpg|thumb|People on the Anafartalar Boulevard, [[Ankara]] in the 1950s]]
Once Kemal Atatürk led the [[Turkish War of Independence]] against the [[Allies of World War I|Allied forces]] that occupied the former [[Ottoman Empire]], he united the Turkish Muslim majority and successfully led them from 1919 to 1922 in overthrowing the occupying forces out of what the [[Turkish National Movement]] considered the Turkish homeland.{{sfn|Göcek|2011|p=22}} The Turkish identity became the unifying force when, in 1923, the [[Treaty of Lausanne]] was signed and the newly founded [[Republic of Turkey]] was formally established. Atatürk's presidency was marked by a series of [[Atatürk's reforms|radical political and social reforms]] that transformed Turkey into a [[Secularism in Turkey|secular]], modern republic with civil and political equality for sectarian minorities and women.{{sfn|Göcek|2011|p=23}}

Throughout the 1920s and the 1930s, Turks, as well as other [[Muslims]], from the [[Balkans]], the [[Black Sea]], the [[Aegean islands]], the island of [[Cyprus]], the [[Sanjak of Alexandretta]] ([[Hatay Province|Hatay]]), the [[Middle East]], and the [[Soviet Union]] continued to arrive in [[Turkey]], most of whom settled in urban north-western Anatolia.{{sfn|Çaǧaptay|2006|p=82}}{{sfn|Bosma|Lucassen|Oostindie|2012|p=17}} The bulk of these immigrants, known as "[[Muhacir]]s", were the Balkan Turks who faced harassment and discrimination in their homelands.{{sfn|Çaǧaptay|2006|p=82}} However, there were still remnants of a Turkish population in many of these countries because the Turkish government wanted to preserve these communities so that the Turkish character of these neighbouring territories could be maintained.{{sfn|Çaǧaptay|2006|p=84}} One of the last stages of ethnic Turks immigrating to Turkey was between 1940 and 1990 when about 700,000 Turks arrived from Bulgaria. Today, between a third and a quarter of Turkey's population are the descendants of these immigrants.{{sfn|Bosma|Lucassen|Oostindie|2012|p=17}}

==Geographic distribution==
{{main|Turkish population}}

===Traditional areas of Turkish settlement===

====Turkey====
[[File:Turkish in Turkey (1965).png|thumb|Percentage of people who speak Turkish as their first language by city, according to [[1965 Turkish census]]]]
The ethnic Turks are the largest ethnic group in [[Turkey]] and number approximately 60 million<ref name=Garibova2011/> to 65 million.<ref name=Hobbs2017/> Due to differing historical Turkish migrations to the region, dating from the Seljuk conquests in the 11th century to the continuous Turkish migrations which have persisted to the present day (especially Turkish refugees from neighboring countries), there are various accents and customs which can distinguish the ethnic Turks by geographic sub-groups.<ref name=Nyropetal1973/> For example, the most significant are the Anatolian Turks in the central core of [[Anatolia|Asiatic Turkey]] whose culture was influential in underlining the roots of the Turkish nationalist ideology.<ref name=Nyropetal1973 /> There are also nomadic Turkic tribes who descend directly from [[Central Asia]], such as the [[Yörüks]];<ref name=Nyropetal1973/> the [[Black Sea]] Turks in the north whose "speech largely lacks the vowel harmony valued elsewhere";<ref name=Nyropetal1973/> the descendants of ''[[muhacir]]s'' (Turkish refugees) who fled persecution from former Ottoman territories in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries;<ref name=Nyropetal1973/> and more recent refugees who have continued to flee discrimination and persecution since the mid-1900s.

Initially, ''muhacirs'' who arrived in [[Eastern Thrace]] and [[Anatolia]] came fleeing from former Ottoman territories which had been annexed by [[History of colonialism|European colonial powers]] (such as [[French colonial empire|France]] in [[Algeria]] or [[Russian Empire|Russia]] in [[Crimea]]); however, the largest waves of ethnic Turkish migration came from the [[Balkans]] during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, when the [[Balkan Wars]] led to most of the region becoming independent from Ottoman control.{{sfn|Bosma|Lucassen|Oostindie|2012}} The largest waves of ''muhacirs'' came from the Balkans (especially [[Bulgaria]], [[Greece]], [[Romania]] and [[Yugoslavia]]); however, substantial numbers also came from Cyprus,<ref name=Cagaptay200682 /> the [[Sanjak of Alexandretta]],<ref name=Cagaptay200682 /> the [[Middle East]] (including [[Transjordan (region)|Trans-Jordan]]<ref name=Cagaptay200682 /> and [[Yemen]]<ref name=Cagaptay200682 />) [[North African]] (such as [[Algeria]]<ref name="Kateb 2001 loc=50-51">{{citation |last=Kateb|first=Kamel |year=2001 |title=Européens: "Indigènes" et juifs en Algérie (1830-1962): Représentations et Réalités des Populations|publisher=[[INED]] |isbn=2-7332-0145-X |pages=50–53}}</ref> and [[Libya]]<ref name=Tastekin>{{cite web|last=Tastekin|first=Fehim|year=2019|title=Are Libyan Turks Ankara's Trojan horse?|url=https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2019/08/turkey-libya-are-libyan-turks-ankaras-trojan-horse.html|publisher=[[Al-Monitor]]|access-date=15 September 2019}}</ref>) and the [[Soviet Union]] (especially from [[Meskheti]]).<ref name=Cagaptay200682>{{citation |last=Cagaptay|first=Soner|year=2011|title=Islam, Secularism and Nationalism in Modern Turkey: Who is a Turk?|page=82 |publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-134-17448-5}}</ref>

The Turks who remained in the former Ottoman territories continued to face discrimination and persecution thereafter leading many to seek refuge in Turkey, especially [[Turkish Meskhetians]] deported by [[Joseph Stalin]] in 1944; Turkish minorities in [[Yugoslavia]] (i.e., [[Turks in Bosnia and Herzegovina|Turkish Bosnians]], [[Turks in Croatia|Turkish Croatians]], [[Turks in Kosovo|Turkish Kosovars]], [[Turks in North Macedonia|Turkish Macedonians]], [[Turks in Montenegro|Turkish Montenegrins]] and [[Turks in Serbia|Turkish Serbians]]) fleeing [[Josip Broz Tito]]'s regime in the 1950s;<ref>{{citation |last=Cohen|first=Robin|year=1995|title=The Cambridge Survey of World Migration|quote=During the 1950s some 300,000 ethnic Turks left Bosnia, Macedonia and other south-eastern parts of Yugoslavia for Turkey.|page=476|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-44405-7}}</ref> [[Turkish Cypriots]] fleeing the [[Cypriot intercommunal violence]] of 1955–74;<ref>{{citation |last=Bilge|first=Ali Suat|year=1961|title= Le Conflit de Chypre et les Chypriotes Turcs|page=5|publisher=Ajans Türk}}</ref> [[Iraqi Turkmen|Turkish Iraqis]] fleeing discrimination during the rise of Arab nationalism in the 1950s and 1970s followed by the [[Iran–Iraq War]] of 1980–88;<ref name="Çataloğlu&Bulut">{{citation|last1=Çataloğlu|first1=Seher|last2=Bulut|first2=Meryem|year=2016|chapter=Artificial Borders and Nationalism: Turkmen Migration from Iraq to Istanbul |title=Anthropological Perspectives on Transnational Encounters in Turkey: War, Migration and Experiences of Coexistence|editor1-last=Bulut|editor1-first=Meryem|editor2-last=Şahin|editor2-first=Kadriye|publisher=Transnational Press London|page=21|isbn=978-1-912997-26-8}}</ref> [[Turkish Bulgarians]] fleeing the [[Bulgarisation]] policies of the so-called "[[Revival Process]]" under the communist ruler [[Todor Zivkov]] in the 1980s;<ref name="Maeva2008"/> and [[Turks in Kosovo|Turkish Kosovars]] fleeing the [[Kosovo War]] of 1998–99.<ref>{{citation|last=Binet|first=Laurence|year=2014|title=Violence against Kosovar Albanians, NATO's intervention 1998-1999|url=https://www.msf.org/sites/msf.org/files/2019-04/SOCSKosovoEnglish.pdf|quote=UNHCR notes that a number of members of the Turkish Kosovar community – around 60,000 people before the war - left for Turkey. This community is under increasing pressure, notably from the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA), who seek to 'Albanianise' them, and make them relinquish their language, stated the AFP.|publisher=[[Médecins Sans Frontières]]|page=261}}</ref>

Today, approximately 15–20 million Turks living in Turkey are the descendants of refugees from the Balkans;<ref name=Reinkowski>{{citation |last=Reinkowski|first=Maurus|year=2011 |chapter=The Ottoman Empire and South Eastern Europe from a Turkish perspective|title=Images of Imperial Legacy: Modern Discourses on the Social and Cultural Impact of Ottoman and Habsburg Rule in Southeast Europe|page=27|publisher=[[LIT Verlag]]|isbn=978-3-643-10850-0|quote=Given the strong demographic growth in Turkey, today 15-20 million Turks could be descendants of immigrants from South East Europe.}}</ref> there are also 1.5 million descendants from [[Meskheti]]<ref>{{citation|year=2018|title=Bursa'da Ahıskalıların vatandaşlık kuyruğu!|url=https://www.bursadabugun.com/haber/bursa-da-ahiskalilarin-vatandaslik-kuyrugu-934666.html|publisher=Bursada Bugün|access-date=30 August 2021}}</ref> and over 600,000 descendants from [[Cyprus]].<ref name=Kanlı>{{cite web |last=Kanlı|first=Yusuf|year=2018|title=Bridging the population gap in Cyprus|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/opinion/yusuf-kanli/bridging-the-population-gap-in-cyprus-128756|work=[[Hurriyet Daily News]]|access-date=8 April 2018|quote=It is often said that if the descendants of those who migrated from Cyprus to Turkey back in 1931 are included, the number of Turkish Cypriots living in the "motherland" might exceed 600,000.}}</ref> The Republic of Turkey continues to be a land of migration for ethnic Turkish people fleeing persecution and wars. For example, there are approximately 1 million [[Syrian Turkmen]] living in Turkey due to the current [[Syrian civil war]].<ref name="VOA">{{Cite web |last=Erkılıç |first=Orhan |year=2020 |title=Türkiye'deki Suriyeli Türkmenler de Vatandaşlık İstiyor |url=https://www.amerikaninsesi.com/a/turkiyedeki-suriyeli-turkmenler-de-vatandaslik-istiyor/5536622.html |access-date=17 December 2020 |publisher=[[Voice of America]] |quote=1 Milyon Suriyeli Türkmen Vatandaşlık Hakkından Yararlanmak İstiyor.}}</ref>

====Cyprus====
{{see also|Turkish Cypriots|List of Turkish Cypriots}}
The [[Turkish Cypriots]] are the ethnic Turks whose Ottoman Turkish forebears colonized the island of [[Cyprus]] in 1571. About 30,000 Turkish soldiers were given land once they settled in Cyprus, which bequeathed a significant Turkish community. In 1960, a census by the new Republic's government revealed that the Turkish Cypriots formed 18.2% of the island's population.{{sfn|Hatay|2007|p=22}} However, once inter-communal fighting and ethnic tensions between 1963 and 1974 occurred between the Turkish and [[Greek Cypriots]], known as the "[[Cyprus conflict]]", the Greek Cypriot government conducted a census in 1973, albeit without the Turkish Cypriot populace. A year later, in 1974, the Cypriot government's Department of Statistics and Research estimated the Turkish Cypriot population was 118,000 (or 18.4%).{{sfn|Hatay|2007|p=23}} A [[coup d'état]] in Cyprus on [[1974 Cypriot coup d'état|15 July 1974]] by Greeks and Greek Cypriots favoring union with [[Greece]] (also known as "[[Enosis]]") was followed by [[Turkish invasion of Cyprus|military intervention]] by [[Turkey]] whose troops established Turkish Cypriot control over the northern part of the island.<ref>{{cite web |work=United Nations|title=UNFICYP: United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus|url=https://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/unficyp/background.shtml}}</ref> Hence, census's conducted by the Republic of Cyprus have excluded the Turkish Cypriot population that had settled in the unrecognized [[Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus]].{{sfn|Hatay|2007|p=23}} Between 1975 and 1981, [[Turkey]] encouraged its own citizens to settle in Northern Cyprus; a report by [[CIA]] suggests that 200,000 of the residents of Cyprus are Turkish.

====Balkans====
[[File:WIKITONGUES- Ela speaking Turkish.webm|thumb|A [[Turks in Kosovo|Turkish Kosovar]] speaking standard Turkish]]

Ethnic Turks continue to inhabit certain regions of [[Greece]], [[North Macedonia]], [[Kosovo]], [[Romania]], and [[Bulgaria]] since they first settled there during the Ottoman period. As of 2019, the Turkish population in the Balkans is over 1 million.<ref name="Dursun-Özkanca">{{citation |last=Dursun-Özkanca|first=Oya|year=2019|title=Turkey–West Relations: The Politics of Intra-alliance Opposition|page=40|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-1-108-48862-4|quote=One-fifth of the Turkish population is estimated to have Balkan origins. Additionally, more than one million Turks live in Balkan countries, constituting a bridge between these countries and Turkey.}}</ref> Majority of Balkan Turks were killed or deported in the [[Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction|Muslim Persecution during Ottoman Contraction]] and arrived to Turkey as [[Muhacir]]s.<ref name="Northumberland Press">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_KttAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Turks+were+massacred%22|title=The Middle East, Abstracts and Index|date=1999|publisher=Northumberland Press|language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{harvnb|Biondich|2011}}</ref>

The majority of the Rumelian/Balkan Turks are the descendants of Ottoman settlers. However, the first significant wave of Anatolian Turkish settlement to the Balkans dates back to the mass migration of sedentary and nomadic subjects of the Seljuk sultan [[Kaykaus II]] (b. 1237 – d. 1279/80) who had fled to the court of [[Michael VIII Palaiologos]] in 1262.<ref>{{citation |last=Shukurov|first=Rustam |year=2016|title=The Byzantine Turks, 1204-1461|page=99|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|isbn=978-90-04-30775-9}}</ref>

=====Albania=====
The Turkish Albanians are one of the smallest Turkish communities in the Balkans. Once [[Albania under the Ottoman Empire|Albania came under Ottoman rule]], Turkish colonization was scarce there; however, some Anatolian Turkish settlers did arrive in 1415–30 and were given ''[[timar]]'' estates.<ref>{{citation |last=Madgearu|first=Alexandru|year=2008|title=The Wars of the Balkan Peninsula: Their Medieval Origins|page=38|publisher=[[Scarecrow Press]]|isbn=978-0-8108-5846-6}}</ref> According to the 2011 census, the [[Turkish language]] was the sixth most spoken language in the country (after [[Albanian language|Albanian]], [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]], [[Romani language|Romani]], and [[Aromanian language|Aromanian]]).<ref name="2011Albaniancensus"/>

=====Bosnia and Herzegovina=====
{{see also|Turks in Bosnia and Herzegovina}}
The [[Turks in Bosnia and Herzegovina|Turkish Bosnians]] have lived in the region since the [[Ottoman Bosnia and Herzegovina|Ottoman rule of Bosnia and Herzegovina]]. Thus, the Turks form the oldest [[Demographics of Bosnia and Herzegovina|ethnic minority]] in the country.<ref name=coe>{{cite web|author=Council of Europe|title=European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages: Bosnia and HerzegovinaLANGUAGES|url=http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/education/minlang/report/PeriodicalReports/Bosnia%20and%20HerzegovinaPR1_en.pdf|access-date=16 October 2011}}</ref> The Turkish Bosnian community decreased dramatically due to mass emigration to [[Turkey]] when Bosnia and Herzegovina came under [[Austro-Hungarian]] rule.<ref name=coe/>

In 2003 the Parliamentary Assembly of Bosnia and Herzegovina adopted the "Law on the Protection of Rights of Members of National Minorities" which officially protected the Turkish minority's cultural, religious, educational, social, economic, and political freedoms.<ref>{{cite web|author=OSCE|title=National Minorities in BiH|url=http://www.oscebih.org/default.aspx?id=53&lang=EN|access-date=29 December 2013|archive-date=11 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160711214038/http://www.oscebih.org/Default.aspx?id=53&lang=EN}}</ref>

=====Bulgaria=====
{{see also|Turks in Bulgaria|List of Bulgarian Turks}}
[[File:Percentage of Ethnic Turks in Bulgaria by Province (2011).png|thumb|Percentage of ethnic Turks in Bulgaria by province (2011)]]
The [[Bulgarian Turks|Turks of Bulgaria]] form the largest Turkish community in the Balkans as well as the largest ethnic minority group in [[Bulgaria]]. According to the 2011 census, they form a majority in the [[Kardzhali Province]] (66.2%) and the [[Razgrad Province]] (50.02%), as well as substantial communities in the [[Silistra Province]] (36.09%), the [[Targovishte Province]] (35.80%), and the [[Shumen Province]] (30.29%). They were ethnically cleansed during the [[Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction|Muslim Persecution during Ottoman Contraction]] and subsequently targeted during the [[Revival Process]] that aimed to assimilate them into a Bulgarian identity.<ref name="Northumberland Press"/><ref name="auto1"/>

=====Croatia=====
{{see also|Turks in Croatia|Turkish Croatia}}
The [[Turks in Croatia|Turkish Croatians]] began to settle in the region during the various [[Croatian–Ottoman wars]]. Despite being a small minority, the Turks are among the 22 officially recognized national minorities in Croatia.<ref>{{citation |last=Farley|first=Brigit|year=2013|chapter=Croatia|title=Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities|editor-last=Skutsch|editor-first=Carl|volume=1|page=344|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-135-19388-1}}</ref>

=====Greece=====
{{see also|Turks in Greece|Turks of Western Thrace|Turks of the Dodecanese|Cretan Turks}}

=====Kosovo=====
{{see also|Turks in Kosovo}}
The [[Turks in Kosovo|Turkish Kosovars]] are the third largest ethnic minority in Kosovo (after the [[Kosovo Serbs|Serbs]] and [[Bosniaks in Kosovo|Bosniaks]]). They form a majority in the town and municipality of [[Mamuša]].

=====Montenegro=====
{{see also|Turks in Montenegro}}
The [[Turks in Montenegro|Turkish Montenegrins]] form the smallest Turkish minority group in the Balkans. They began to settle in the region following the [[Ottoman Montenegro|Ottoman rule of Montenegro]]. A historical event took place in 1707 which involved the killing of the Turks in Montenegro as well as the murder of all Muslims. This early example of ethnic cleaning features in the epic poem ''[[The Mountain Wreath]]'' (1846).<ref>{{citation |last=Larsen|first=Mogens Trolle|year=2014|title=The Conquest of Assyria: Excavations in an Antique Land|page=42|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-317-94995-4}}</ref> After the Ottoman withdrawal, the majority of the remaining Turks emigrated to [[Istanbul]] and [[İzmir]].<ref>{{cite web |year=2011|title=Adriyatik'te unutulan Türkler|url=http://www.milliyet.com.tr/adriyatik-te-unutulan-turkler-gundem-1441439/|publisher=[[Milliyet]]|access-date=25 November 2017}}</ref> Today, the remaining Turkish Montenegrins predominantly live in the coastal town of [[Bar, Montenegro|Bar]].

=====North Macedonia=====
{{see also|Turks in North Macedonia|List of Macedonian Turks}}
[[File:Flag of Centar Župa Municipality, North Macedonia.svg|thumb|upright|The flag of the [[Centar Župa Municipality]] in [[North Macedonia]] is labelled with [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]] and Turkish writing in its central banner]]

The [[Turks in North Macedonia|Turkish Macedonians]] form the second largest Turkish community in the Balkans as well as the second largest minority ethnic group in [[North Macedonia]]. They form a majority in the [[Centar Župa Municipality]] and the [[Plasnica Municipality]] as well as substantial communities in the [[Mavrovo and Rostuša Municipality]], the [[Studeničani Municipality]], the [[Dolneni Municipality]], the [[Karbinci Municipality]], and the [[Vasilevo Municipality]].

=====Romania=====
{{see also|Turks of Romania|Ada Kaleh}}
The [[Turks of Romania|Turkish Romanians]] are centered in the [[Northern Dobruja]] region. The only settlement which still has a Turkish majority population is in [[Dobromir, Constanța|Dobromir]] located in the [[Constanța County]]. Historically, Turkish Romanians also formed a majority in other regions, such as the island of [[Ada Kaleh]] which was destroyed and flooded by the Romanian government for the construction of the [[Iron Gate I Hydroelectric Power Station]].

=====Serbia=====
{{see also|Turks in Serbia}}
The [[Turks in Serbia|Turkish Serbians]] have lived in Serbia since the [[Ottoman Serbia|Ottoman conquests in the region]]. They have traditionally lived in the urban areas of Serbia. In 1830, when the [[Principality of Serbia]] was granted autonomy, most Turks emigrated as "[[muhacir]]s" (refugees) to [[Ottoman Turkey]], and by 1862 almost all of the remaining Turks left [[Central Serbia]], including 3,000 from [[Belgrade]].<ref name="Vuletić">{{citation |last=Vuletić|first=Aleksandra|year=2012|url=http://www.demogr.mpg.de/papers/working/wp-2012-018.pdf|title=Censuses in 19th century Serbia: inventory of preserved microdata|publisher=Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research|page=7}}</ref> Today, the remaining community mostly live in [[Belgrade]] and [[Sandžak]].

====Caucasus====
=====Azerbaijan=====
{{see also|Turks in Azerbaijan}}
The [[Turks in Azerbaijan|Turkish Azerbaijanis]] began to settle in the region during the Ottoman rule, which lasted between 1578 and 1603. By 1615, the Safavid ruler, [[Shah Abbas I]], solidified control of the region and then deported thousands of people from Azerbaijan.<ref name="Kaeter">{{citation|last=Kaeter|first=Margaret|year=2004|title=The Caucasian Republics|publisher=Infobase Publishing|page=15|isbn=978-0-8160-5268-4}}</ref> In 1998, there was still approximately 19,000 Turks living in Azerbaijan who descended from the original Ottoman settlers; they are distinguishable from the rest of Azeri society because they practice Sunni Islam (rather than the dominant Shia sect in the country).<ref name="Minahan">{{citation |last=Minahan|first=James|year=1998|title=Miniature Empires: A Historical Dictionary of the Newly Independent States|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=0-313-30610-9|page=19}}</ref>

Since the [[Second World War]], the Turkish Azerbaijani community has increased significantly due to the mass wave of [[Meskhetian Turks|Turkish Meskhetian]] refugees who arrived during the [[Soviet Union|Soviet rule]].

=====Georgia=====

======Abkhazia======
{{see also|Turks in Abkhazia}}
The Turkish Abkhazians began to live in [[Abkhazia]] during the sixteenth century under Ottoman rule.<ref name=TodaysZaman>{{cite web|author=Today's Zaman|title=Abkhazian President Bagapsh in Ankara|work=TodaysZaman |url=http://www.todayszaman.com/columnist-240558-abkhazian-president-bagapsh-in-ankara.html|access-date=6 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110410205847/http://www.todayszaman.com/columnist-240558-abkhazian-president-bagapsh-in-ankara.html|archive-date=10 April 2011}}</ref> Today, there are still Turks who continue to live in the region.<ref name="Gogia2011">{{cite book|last=Gogia|first=Giorgi|url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/georgia0711LR.pdf|title=Georgia/Abkhazia: Living in Limbo – The Rights of Ethnic Georgian Returnees to the Gali District of Abkhazia|publisher=Human Rights Watch|location=New York, NY|year=2011|access-date=29 November 2016|isbn=978-1-56432-790-1|page=9|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017202339/https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/georgia0711LR.pdf|archive-date=17 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

======Meskheti======
{{see also|Meskhetian Turks}}
Prior to the Ottoman conquest of [[Meskheti]] in Georgia, hundreds of thousands of Turkic invaders had settled in the region from the thirteenth century.<ref name=Tomlinson2005p110>{{citation|last=Tomlinson|first=Kathryn|year=2005|chapter=Living Yesterday in Today and Tomorrow: Meskhetian Turks in Southern Russia|title=Writing History, Constructing Religion|editor1-last=Crossley|editor1-first=James G.|editor2-last=Karner|editor2-first=Christian |pages=110–111|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-351-14274-8}}</ref> At this time, the main town, [[Akhaltsikhe]], was mentioned in sources by the Turkish name "Ak-sika", or "White Fortress". Thus, this accounts for the present day Turkish designation of the region as "Ahıska".<ref name=Tomlinson2005p110/> Local leaders were given the Turkish title "Atabek" from which came the fifteenth century name of one of the four kingdoms of what had been Georgia, [[Samtskhe-Saatabago]], "the land of the Atabek called Samtskhe [Meskhetia]".<ref name=Tomlinson2005p110/> In 1555 the Ottomans gained the western part of Meskheti after the [[Peace of Amasya]] treaty, whilst the [[Safavids]] took the eastern part.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mikaberidze|first1=Alexander|title=Historical Dictionary of Georgia|date=2015|page=|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4422-4146-6|edition=2}}</ref> Then in 1578 the Ottomans attacked the Safavid controlled area which initiated the [[Ottoman–Safavid War (1578–1590)]]. Meskheti was fully secured into the Ottoman Empire in 1639 after a treaty signed with Iran brought an end to Iranian attempts to take the region. With the arrival of more Turkish colonizers, the [[Meskhetian Turks|Turkish Meskhetian]] community increased significantly.<ref name=Pirtskhalava2019>{{citation|last=Pirtskhalava|first=Ekaterine|year=2019|chapter=The Reshaping Identity of Deported people in a New Environment|title=Bridging Differences: Understanding Cultural Interaction in Our Globalized World|editor1-last=Johnson|editor1-first=Newtona (Tina) |editor2-last=Simpson|editor2-first=Shawn|page=|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-1-84888-368-0}}</ref>

However, once the Ottomans lost control of the region in 1883, many Turkish Meskhetians migrated from Georgia to Turkey. Migrations to Turkey continued after the [[Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)]] followed by the [[Bolshevik Revolution]] (1917), and then after Georgia was incorporated into the [[Soviet Union]].<ref name=Pirtskhalava2019/> During this period, some members of the community also relocated to other Soviet borders, and those who remained in Georgia were targeted by the [[Sovietisation]] campaigns.<ref name=Pirtskhalava2019/> Thereafter, during [[World War II]], the Soviet administration initiated a mass deportation of the remaining 115,000 Turkish Meskhetians in 1944,{{sfn|UNHCR|1999b|p=20}} forcing them to resettle in the Caucasus and the Central Asian Soviet republics.<ref name=Pirtskhalava2019/>

Thus, today hundreds of thousands of Turkish Meskhetians are scattered throughout the [[Post Soviet states]] (especially in [[Kazakhstan]], [[Azerbaijan]], [[Russia]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Uzbekistan]] and [[Ukraine]]). Moreover, many have settled in Turkey and the [[United States]]. Attempts to repatriate them back to Georgia saw Georgian authorities receive applications covering 9,350 individuals within the two-year application period (up until 1 January 2010).<ref>{{citation|last=|first=|year=2015|title=The repatriation question of the Meskhetian Turks to their homeland in Georgia|url=https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1236549/1930_1443084042_g1520228.pdf|page=2|publisher=[[United Nations Human Rights Council]]|access-date=8 September 2021}}</ref>

====Levant and the Middle East====

=====Iraq=====
{{see also|Iraqi Turkmen|Turkmeneli}}
[[File:Iraqi Turkmen girl in traditional Turkish costume.jpg|thumb|200px|right|An [[Iraqi Turkmen]] girl in traditional Turkish costume.]]
Commonly referred to as the [[Iraqi Turkmens]], the Turks are the second largest ethnic minority group in [[Iraq]] (i.e. after the [[Kurds]]). The majority are the descendants of Ottoman settlers (e.g. soldiers, traders and civil servants) who were brought into Iraq from [[Anatolia]].<ref name="Taylor 2004">{{citation |last=Taylor|first=Scott|year=2004|title=Among the Others: Encounters with the Forgotten Turkmen of Iraq|publisher=[[Esprit de Corps (magazine)|Esprit de Corps]]|isbn=1-895896-26-6|pages=31–32}}</ref> Today, most Iraqi Turkmen live in a region they refer to as "[[Turkmeneli]]" which stretches from the northwest to the east at the middle of Iraq with [[Kirkuk]] placed as their cultural capital.

Historically, Turkic migrations to Iraq date back to the 7th century when Turks were recruited in the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] armies of [[Ubayd-Allah ibn Ziyad]] followed by thousands more Turkmen warriors arriving under the [[Abbasid]] rule. However, most of these Turks became assimilated into the local Arab population.<ref name="Taylor 2004"/> The next large scale migration occurred under the [[Great Seljuq Empire]] after Sultan [[Toğrül|Tuğrul Bey]]'s invasion in 1055.<ref name="Taylor 2004"/> For the next 150 years, the Seljuk Turks placed large Turkmen communities along the most valuable routes of northern Iraq.<ref name="Anderson & Stansfield 2009">{{citation |last1=Anderson|first1=Liam D.|last2=Stansfield|first2=Gareth R. V.|year=2009|title=Crisis in Kirkuk: The Ethnopolitics of Conflict and Compromise|pages=16–17|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=978-0-8122-4176-1}}</ref> Yet, the largest wave of Turkish migrations occurred under the four centuries of [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] rule (1535–1919).<ref name="Taylor 2004"/><ref name="Stansfield 2007">{{citation|last=Stansfield|first=Gareth R. V.|year=2007|title=Iraq: People, History, Politics|pages=70–72|publisher=Polity|isbn=978-0-7456-3227-8|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/iraqpeoplehistor0000stan}}</ref> In 1534, [[Suleiman the Magnificent]] secured [[Mosul]] within the Ottoman Empire and it became the chief province ([[eyalet]]) responsible for administrative districts in the region. The Ottomans encouraged migration from Anatolia and the settlement of Turks along northern Iraq.<ref>{{citation|last1=Fattah|first1=Hala|last2=Caso|first2=Frank|year=2009|chapter=Turkish Tribal Migrations and the Early Ottoman State|title=A Brief History of Iraq|page=116|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-8160-5767-2|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofir0000fatt}}</ref> After 89 years of peace, the [[Ottoman–Safavid War (1623–1639)]] saw [[Murad IV]] recapturing [[Baghdad]] and taking permanent control over Iraq which resulted in the influx of continuous Turkish settlers until Ottoman rule came to an end in 1919.<ref name="Stansfield 2007"/><ref name="Anderson & Stansfield 2009"/><ref>{{citation |last=Talabany|first=Nouri|year=2007|title=Who Owns Kirkuk? The Kurdish Case|journal=Middle East Quarterly|url=http://www.meforum.org/1075/who-owns-kirkuk-the-kurdish-case|publisher=Middle East Quarterly, Winter 2007|page=75}}</ref>

After the establishment of the [[Republic of Turkey]] in 1923, the Iraqi Turkmens initially sought for Turkey to annex the [[Mosul Vilayet]].<ref name="Stansfield 2007" /> However, they participated in elections for the [[Constituent Assembly]] with the condition of preserving the Turkish character in Kirkuk's administration and the recognition of [[Turkish language|Turkish]] as the liwa's official language.<ref>{{citation |last=Lukitz|first=Liora|year=1995|title=Iraq: The Search for National Identity|page=41|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-7146-4550-8}}</ref> Although they were recognized as a constitutive entity of Iraq, alongside the [[Arabs]] and [[Kurds]], in the constitution of 1925, the Iraqi Turkmen were later denied this status.<ref name="Stansfield 2007" /> Thereafter, the Iraqi Turkmen found themselves increasingly discriminated against from the policies of successive regimes, such as the Kirkuk Massacre of 1923, 1947, 1959 and in 1979 when the [[Ba'th Party]] discriminated against the community.<ref name="Stansfield 2007" />

Thus, the position of the Iraqi Turkmens has changed from historically being administrative and business classes of the Ottoman Empire to an increasingly discriminated minority.<ref name="Stansfield 2007" /> [[Arabization]] and [[Kurdification]] policies have seen Iraqi Turkmens pushed out of their homeland and thus various degrees of suppression and assimilation have ranged from political persecution and exile to terror and [[ethnic cleansing]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Anderson|Stansfield|2009|loc=62}}.</ref> Many Iraqi Turkmen have consequently sought refuge in Turkey whilst there has also been increasing migration to Western Europe (especially [[Denmark]], [[Germany]], the [[Netherlands]], [[Sweden]] and the [[United Kingdom]]) as well as [[Canada]], the [[United States]], [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]].

=====Egypt=====
{{see also|Turks in Egypt}}
The [[Turks in Egypt|Turkish Egyptians]] are mostly the descendants of Turkish settlers who arrived during the Ottoman rule of Egypt (1517–1867 and 1867–1914). However, with the exception of the [[Fatimids|Fatimid]] rule of Egypt, the region was ruled from the [[Tulunid]] period (868–905) until 1952 by a succession of individuals who were either of Turkish origin or who had been raised according to the traditions of the Turkish state.<ref name="İhsanoğlu 2012">{{citation|last=İhsanoğlu|first=Ekmeleddin|year=2012|title=The Turks in Egypt and Their Cultural Legacy|translator-last=Davies|translator-first=Humphrey|page=1|publisher=[[American University in Cairo Press]]|isbn=978-977-416-397-5}}</ref> Hence, during the [[Mamluk Sultanate]], Arabic sources show that the [[Bahri dynasty|Bahri]] period referred to its dynasty as the State of the Turks ({{langx|ar|دولة الاتراك}}, ''Dawlat al-Atrāk''; {{lang|ar|دولة الترك}}, ''Dawlat al-Turk'') or the State of Turkey ({{lang|ar|الدولة التركية}}, ''al-Dawla al-Turkiyya'').<ref>{{cite book|last1=Nicolle|first1=David|year=2014|title=Mamluk 'Askari 1250–1517|page=4|publisher=Osprey Publishing|isbn=978-1-78200-929-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Petry|first1=Carl F.|editor1-last=Petry|editor1-first=Carl F.|title=The Cambridge History of Egypt, Vol. 1: Islamic Egypt, 640-1517|date=1998|page=250|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-06885-7|chapter=The Military Institution and Innovation in the Late Mamluk Period}}</ref> Nonetheless, the Ottoman legacy has been the most significance in the preservation of the Turkish culture in Egypt which still remains visible today.<ref name="Eren 2012">{{citation|last=Eren|first=Halit|year=2012|chapter=Foreword|title=The Turks in Egypt and Their Cultural Legacy|translator-last=Davies|translator-first=Humphrey|page=xv|publisher=[[American University in Cairo Press]]|isbn=978-977-416-397-5}}</ref>

=====Jordan=====
{{see also|Turks in Jordan}}

=====Lebanon=====
{{see also|Turks in Lebanon}}
The [[Turks in Lebanon|Lebanese Turkmen]] are the ethnic Turks who constitute one of the ethnic groups in [[Lebanon]]. The historic rule of several Turkic dynasties in the region saw continuous Turkish migration waves to Lebanon during the [[Tulunids|Tulunid]] rule (868–905), [[Ikhshidid dynasty|Ikhshidid]] rule (935–969), [[Seljuk Empire|Seljuk]] rule (1037–1194), [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk]] rule (1291–1515), and [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] rule (1516–1918). Today, most of the Turkish Lebanese community are the descendants of the Ottoman Turkish settlers to Lebanon from [[Anatolia]]. However, with the declining territories of the Ottoman Empire in the 19th century, ethnic [[Turkish minorities]] from other parts of the former Ottoman territories found refuge in Ottoman Lebanon, especially [[Algerian Turks]] after the [[French North Africa|French colonization of North Africa]] in 1830,<ref name="Kateb 2001 loc=50-51" /> and [[Cretan Turks]] in 1897 due to unrest in Greece.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-07-21 |title=The Cretan Rebellion of 1897 and the Emigration of the Cretan Muslims |url=https://refugeehistory.org/blog/2017/7/20/the-cretan-rebellion-of-1897-and-the-emigration-of-the-cretan-muslims |access-date=2024-10-29 |website=Refugee History. |language=en-US}}</ref>

=====Palestine=====
{{see also|Turks in Palestine|Israeli Turkmen}}
Palestine was under Ottoman rule for over four centuries, from 1517 until 1922. Consequently, many Palestinian families have Turkish origins.<ref name="Al Gherbawi 2022">{{citation |last=Al Gherbawi|first=Hadeel|year=2022|title=Palestinian, Turkish ethnic mixture persists over times|url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2022/01/palestinian-turkish-ethnic-mixture-persists-over-times|publisher=[[Al-Monitor]]|access-date=3 November 2022}}</ref> However, Turkish migration did not simply come to a halt after the Ottoman period. Rather, during the British rule of Cyprus (1878–1960), many [[Turkish Cypriot]] families struggling during the [[Great Depression]] and its aftermath were forced to marry off their daughters to [[Arabs]] in [[Mandatory Palestine|British Palestine]] with hopes that they would have a better life there.<ref name="Andreou 2018">{{cite web|last1=Andreou|first1=Evie|access-date=2019-09-10|title=Searching for the missing brides of Cyprus|work=Cyprus Mail |url=https://cyprus-mail.com/2018/07/29/searching-for-the-missing-brides-of-cyprus/|date=29 July 2018}}</ref> Thousands of Turkish Cypriot women and girls were thus sent to Palestine until the late 1950s.<ref name="Sabah">{{cite web |author=Sabah|title=Küçük adanın talihsiz kızları|url=http://www.sabah.com.tr/fotohaber/yasam/kucuk_adanin_talihsiz_kizlari/28151|access-date=26 October 2015}}</ref>

Turkish family surnames in Palestine often end with the letter's "ji" (e.g., al-Batniji and al-Shorbaji) whilst other common names include al-Gharbawi, Tarzi, Turk, Birkdar, Jukmadar, Radwan, Jasir and al-Jamasi.<ref name="Al Gherbawi 2022"/>

As of 2022, there are still thousands of Palestinian families in [[Gaza Strip|Gaza]] who are of Turkish origin.<ref name="Al Gherbawi 2022"/>

===== Saudi Arabia =====
{{Main|Turks in Saudi Arabia}}
As of today, the total estimate of ethnic Turks in Saudi Arabia numbered up to 270,000-350,000.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Akar, Metin (1993), "Fas Arapçasında Osmanlı Türkçesinden Alınmış Kelimeler", Türklük Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7: 94–95}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Harzig, Juteau & Schmitt 2006, 67}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Koslowski 2004, 41}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Karpat 2004, 12}}</ref> After waves of [[Ottoman Turks|Ottoman Turkish]] migration to the Saudi states, the Turks have made themselves one of the largest ethnic minorities in the country.

=====Syria=====
{{see also|Syrian Turkmen|Turkmen Mountain}}
The Turkish-speaking [[Syrian Turkmen]] form the second largest ethnic minority group in Syria (i.e., after the [[Kurds]]);<ref name=Khalifa2013 /> however, some estimates indicated that if [[Arabized]] Turks who no longer speaking Turkish are taken into account then they collectively form the largest ethnic minority in the country.<ref name=Khalifa2013 /> The majority of Syrian Turkmen are the descendants of Anatolian Turkish settlers who arrived in the region during the Ottoman rule (1516–1918). Today, they mostly live near the [[Syria–Turkey border]], stretching from the northwestern governorates of [[Idlib]] and [[Aleppo]] to the [[Raqqa Governorate]]. Many also reside in the [[Turkmen Mountain]] near [[Latakia]], the city of [[Homs]] and its vicinity until [[Hama]], [[Damascus]], and the southwestern governorates of [[Dera'a]] (bordering [[Jordan]]) and [[Quneitra]] (bordering [[Israel]]).<ref name=Khalifa2013 />

Turkic migrations to Syria began in the 11th century, especially after the [[Seljuk Turks]] opened the way for mass migration of Turkish nomads once they entered northern Syria in 1071 and after they took [[Damascus]] in 1078 and Aleppo in 1086.<ref>{{cite book |last=Commins |first=David Dean |year=2004 |title=Historical Dictionary of Syria|page=231 |publisher=[[Scarecrow Press]] |isbn=978-0-8108-4934-1}}</ref> By the 12th century the Turkic [[Zengid dynasty]] continued to settle Turkmes in [[Aleppo]] to confront attacks from the [[Crusades|Crusaders]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Ziadeh |first=Nicola A. |year=1953 |title=Urban life in Syria under the early Mamlūks|page=45|publisher=[[American University of Beirut]] |isbn=978-0-8371-3162-7}}</ref> Further migrations occurred once the Mamluks entered Syria in 1260. However, the largest Turkmen migrations occurred after the Ottoman sultan [[Selim I]] conquered Syria in 1516. Turkish migration from [[Anatolia]] to [[Ottoman Syria]] was continuous for almost 400 years, until Ottoman rule ended in 1918.<ref>{{citation|last1=Öztürkmen|first1=Ali|last2=Duman|first2=Bilgay|last3=Orhan|first3=Oytun|year=2015|title=Suriye'de Değişimin Ortaya Çıkardığı Toplum: Suriye Türkmenleri|url=http://suriyeturkmenmeclisi.org/files/file1.pdf|journal=Ortadoğu Stratejik Araştırmalar Merkezi|page=5|volume=83|access-date=6 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616202939/http://suriyeturkmenmeclisi.org/files/file1.pdf|archive-date=16 June 2016}}</ref>

In 1921 the [[Treaty of Ankara (1921)|Treaty of Ankara]] established [[Alexandretta]] (present-day [[Hatay]]) under an autonomous regime under [[French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon|French Mandate of Syria]]. Article 7 declared that the [[Turkish language]] would be an officially recognized language.<ref>{{citation|year=1921|title=Franco-Turkish Agreement signed at Angora on October 20, 1921|url=http://www.hri.org/docs/FT1921/Franco-Turkish_Pact_1921.pdf|pages=6–7|publisher=[[The Stationery Office]]|access-date=16 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116200547/http://www.hri.org/docs/FT1921/Franco-Turkish_Pact_1921.pdf|archive-date=16 January 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> However, once France announced that it would grant full independence to Syria, Kemal Atatürk demanded that Alexandretta be given its independence. Consequently, the [[Hatay State]] was established in 1938 and then petitioned for [[Ankara]] to unify Hatay with the Republic of Turkey. France agreed to the Turkish annexation on 23 July 1939.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shaw |first1=Stanford J. |last2=Shaw |first2=Ezel Kural |year=1977 |title=History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey: Volume 2, Reform, Revolution, and Republic: The Rise of Modern Turkey 1808–1975|page=377 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-29166-8 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofottoman00stan}}</ref>

Thereafter, [[Arabization]] policies saw the names of Turkish villages in Syria renamed with Arabic names and some Turkmen lands were nationalized and resettled with Arabs near the Turkish border.<ref name="Y2015">{{citation|last=Yılmaz|first=Meşküre|year=2015|title=Suriye Türkleri|url=https://21yyte.org/tr/suriye/suriye-turkleri-2|publisher=21. Yüzyıl Türkiye Enstitüsü}}</ref> A mass exodus of Syrian Turkmen took place between 1945 and 1953, many of which settled in southern Turkey.<ref name="enabbaladi2019">{{citation|year=2019|title=Complex nationalities: the stories of Syria's Turkmen|url=https://english.enabbaladi.net/archives/2019/11/complex-nationalities-the-stories-of-syrias-turkmen/|publisher=[[Enab Baladi]]}}</ref> Since the [[Syrian Civil War]] (2011–present), many Syrian Turkmen have been internally displaced and many have sought asylum in [[Turkey]], [[Jordan]], [[Lebanon]] and northern [[Iraq]],<ref>{{citation|last1=Wahby|first1=Sarah |last2=Ahmadzadeh|first2=Hashem|last3=Çorabatır|first3=Metin|last4=Hashem|first4=Leen|last5=Al Husseini|first5=Jalal|year=2014 |title=Ensuring quality education for you refugees from Syria (12-25 year): a mapping exercise|url=https://www.rsc.ox.ac.uk/publications/ensuring-quality-education-for-young-refugees-from-syria-12-25-years-a-mapping-exercise-executive-summary|publisher=[[Refugee Studies Centre]], [[University of Oxford]] |access-date=25 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425184330/https://www.rsc.ox.ac.uk/publications/ensuring-quality-education-for-young-refugees-from-syria-12-25-years-a-mapping-exercise-executive-summary|archive-date=25 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> as well as several [[Western Europe]]an countries<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hatahet |first1=Sinan |last2=Aldassouky |first2=Ayman |year=2017 |title=Forced Demographic Changes in Syria |work=Sharq Forum |url=http://www.sharqforum.org/2017/09/26/forced-demographic-changes-in-syria/ |publisher=[[Al Sharq Forum]] |access-date=7 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141648/http://www.sharqforum.org/2017/09/26/forced-demographic-changes-in-syria/ |archive-date=12 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Australia]].<ref name="Crowe 2015" />

====Maghreb====
{{see also|Ottoman Algeria|Ottoman Tunisia|Ottoman Tripolitania|Kouloughlis}}
The Ottomans took control of Algeria in 1515 and Tunisia in 1534 (but took full control of the latter in 1574) which lead to the settlement of Turks in the region, particularly around the coastal towns. Once these regions came under [[French colonialism]], the French classified the populations under their rule as either "Arab" or "Berber", despite the fact that these countries had diverse populations, which were also composed of ethnic Turks and [[Kouloughlis]] (i.e., people of partial Turkish origin). Jane E Goodman has said that:

{{blockquote|From early on, the French viewed North Africa through a Manichean lens. Arab and Berber became the primary ethnic categories through which the French classified the population (Lorcin 1995: 2). This occurred despite the fact that a diverse and fragmented populace comprised not only various Arab and Berber tribal groups but also Turks, Andalusians (descended from Moors exiled from Spain during the Crusades), Kouloughlis (offspring of Turkish men and North African women), blacks (mostly slaves or former slaves), and Jews.<ref>{{citation |last=Goodman|first=Jane E.|year=2005|title=Berber Culture on the World Stage: From Village to Video|publisher=[[Indiana University Press]]|isbn=0-253-11145-5|page=7}}</ref>}}

=====Algeria=====
{{see also|Turks in Algeria}}
According to the [[U.S. Department of State]] "Algeria's population, [is] a mixture of Arab, Berber, and Turkish in origin";<ref name=US>{{citation |year=1984|title=Algeria: Post Report, Foreign Service Series 256|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sslkr1dMV78C&pg=PA1|publisher=[[U.S. Department of State]] (9209)|page=1|quote=Algeria's population, a mixture of Arab, Berber, and Turkish in origin, numbers nearly 21 million and is almost totally Moslem.}}</ref> meanwhile, [[Department of Foreign Affairs (Australia)|Australia's Department of Foreign Affairs]] has reported that the demographics of Algeria (as well as that of [[Tunisia]]) includes a "strong Turkish admixture".<ref name=Australia>{{citation |year=1954|title=Current Notes on International Affairs|publisher=[[Department of Foreign Affairs (Australia)]]|volume=25|issue=7–12|page=613|quote=In Algeria and Tunisia, however, the Arab and Berber elements have become thoroughly mixed, with an added strong Turkish admixture.}}</ref>

Today, Turkish descended families in Algeria continue to practice the [[Hanafi school]] of [[Islam]] (in contrast to the ethnic [[Arabs]] and [[Berbers]] who practice the [[Maliki school]]); moreover, many retain their [[Turks in Algeria#Common surnames|Turkish-origin surnames]] — which mostly expresses a provenance or ethnic Turkish origin from Anatolia.<ref name=Parzymies1985>{{citation |last=Parzymies|first=Anna|year=1985|title=Anthroponymie Algérienne: Noms de Famille Modernes d'origine Turque|publisher=Éditions scientifiques de Pologne|page=109|isbn=83-01-03434-3|quote=Parmi les noms de famille d'origine turque, les plus nombreux sont ceux qui expriment une provenance ou une origine ethnique, c.-à-d., les noms qui sont dérivés de toponymes ou d'ethnonymes turcs.}}</ref><ref name=Amari2012>{{citation|last=Amari|first=Chawki|year=2012|title=Que reste-t-il des Turcs et des Français en Algérie?|url=http://www.slateafrique.com/81641/turcs-francais-algerie-colonisation-histoire|publisher=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate Afrique]]|quote=Les Turcs ou leurs descendants en Algérie sont bien considérés, ont même une association (Association des Turcs algériens), sont souvent des lettrés se fondant naturellement dans la société...Les Kouloughlis (kulughlis en Turc) sont des descendants de Turcs ayant épousé des autochtones pendant la colonisation (la régence) au XVIème et XVIIème siècle...Ce qu'il reste des Turcs en Algérie? De nombreux éléments culturels, culinaires ou architecturaux, de la musique,... Des mots et du vocabulaire, des noms patronymiques comme Othmani ou Osmane (de l'empire Ottoman), Stambouli (d'Istambul), Torki (Turc) ou des noms de métiers ou de fonctions, qui sont devenus des noms de famille avec le temps.}}</ref>

=====Libya=====
{{see also|Turks in Libya}}
The [[Turks in Libya|Turkish Libyans]] form the second largest ethnic minority group in [[Libya]] (i.e. after the [[Berbers]]) and mostly live in [[Misrata]], [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]], [[Zawiya, Libya|Zawiya]], [[Benghazi]] and [[Derna, Libya|Derna]].<ref name="Pan 1949"/> Some Turkish Libyans also live in more remote areas of the country, such as the Turkish neighborhood of Hay al-Atrak in the town of [[Awbari]].<ref>{{cite web|year=2015|title=REPORT ON THE HUMAN RIGHTS SITUATION IN LIBYA|url=https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/LY/UNSMIL_OHCHRJointly_report_Libya_16.11.15.pdf|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|access-date=27 September 2019|page=13}}</ref> They are the descendants of Turkish settlers who were encouraged to migrate from Anatolia to Libya during the Ottoman rule which lasted between 1555 and 1911.<ref>{{citation |last1=Malcolm|first1=Peter|last2=Losleben|first2=Elizabeth|year=2004|title=Libya|page=62|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|isbn=0-7614-1702-8}}</ref>

Today, the city of [[Misrata]] is considered to be the "main center of the Turkish-origin community in Libya";<ref>{{cite web|last=De Giovannangeli|first= Umberto|year=2019|title=Al-Sarraj vola a Milano per incontrare Salvini, l'uomo forte d'Italia|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.it/entry/al-sarraj-vola-a-milano-per-incontrare-salvini-luomo-forte-in-italia_it_5d19fac3e4b082e5536cafc1|publisher=Huffington Post|access-date=26 September 2019|quote= ... Misurata (centro principale della comunità di origine turca in Libia e città-chiave nella determinazione dei nuovi equilibri di potere nel Paese)}}</ref> in total, the Turks form approximately two-thirds (est. 270,000<ref name=Rossi/>) of Misrata's 400,000 inhabitants.<ref name=Rossi>{{cite web|last=Rossi|first= David |year=2019|title=PERCHÉ NESSUNO PARLA DELLA LIBIA?|work= Difesa Online |url=http://www.difesaonline.it/evidenza/editoriale/perché-nessuno-parla-della-libia|access-date=26 September 2019|quote=Chi conosce appena la situazione demografica di quella parte di Libia sa che Misurata con i suoi 270.000 abitanti (su 400.000) di origine turca e tuttora turcofoni non perderà mai il sostegno di Ankara e non cesserà un attimo di resistere, con o senza Sarraj.}}</ref> Consequently, since the [[Libyan Civil War (2011)|Libyan Civil War]] erupted in 2011, Misrata became "the bastion of resistance" and Turkish Libyans figured prominently in the war.<ref name=Tastekin /> In 2014 a former [[Muammar Gaddafi|Gaddafi]] officer reported to the ''[[New York Times]]'' that the civil war was now an "ethnic struggle" between Arab tribes (like the [[Zintan Brigades|Zintanis]]) against those of Turkish ancestry (like the Misuratis), as well as against the Berbers and Circassians.<ref name=Kirkpatrick>{{cite web|last=Kirkpatrick|first=David D.|year=2014 |title=Strife in Libya Could Presage Long Civil War|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/25/world/africa/libyan-unrest.html|work=[[New York Times]]|access-date=18 September 2019}}</ref>

=====Tunisia=====
{{see also|Turks in Tunisia}}
Tunisia's population is made up "mostly of people of Arab, Berber, and Turkish descent".<ref name="Rotarian">{{citation|last=|first=|year=1969|title=Focus on Tunisia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TTUEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA56|page=56|quote=The population of more than 4.6 million is made up mostly of people of Arab, Berber, and Turkish descent.|volume=December (1969)|work=[[The Rotarian]]}}</ref> The [[Turks in Tunisia|Turkish Tunisians]] began to settle in the region in 1534, with about 10,000 Turkish soldiers, when the [[Ottoman Empire]] answered the calls of Tunisia's inhabitants who sought the help of the Turks due to fears that the [[Spanish Empire|Spanish]] would invade the country.<ref>{{Harvnb|UNESCO|2009|loc=12}}.</ref> During the Ottoman rule, the Turkish community dominated the political life of the region for centuries; as a result, the ethnic mix of Tunisia changed considerably with the continuous migration of Turks from [[Anatolia]], as well as other parts of the Ottoman territories, for over 300 years. In addition, some Turks intermarried with the local population and their male offspring were called "[[Kouloughlis]]".<ref>{{cite web|author=Tunisia Today|title=Vient de paraître "Tribus: des origines à la dislocation"|url=http://www.tunisia-today.com/archives/21374|access-date=18 April 2012|archive-date=7 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407192019/http://www.tunisia-today.com/archives/21374}}</ref>

===Modern diaspora===
{{main|Turkish diaspora}}

====Europe====
{{see also|Turks in Europe}}
Modern immigration of Turks to [[Western Europe]] began with [[Turkish Cypriots]] migrating to the [[United Kingdom]] in the early 1920s when the [[British Empire]] annexed [[Cyprus]] in 1914 and the residents of Cyprus became subjects of the Crown. However, Turkish Cypriot migration increased significantly in the 1940s and 1950s due to the [[Cyprus conflict]]. Conversely, in 1944, Turks who were forcefully deported from [[Meskheti]] in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] during the [[Second World War]], known as the [[Meskhetian Turks]], settled in [[Eastern Europe]] (especially in [[Russia]] and [[Ukraine]]). By the early 1960s, migration to Western and [[Northern Europe]] increased significantly from [[Turkey]] when Turkish "[[guest workers]]" arrived under a "Labour Export Agreement" with [[Germany]] in 1961, followed by a similar agreement with the [[Netherlands]], [[Belgium]] and [[Austria]] in 1964; [[France]] in 1965; and [[Sweden]] in 1967.{{sfn|Akgündüz|2008|p=61}}{{sfn|Kasaba|2008|p=192}}{{sfn|Twigg|Schaefer|Austin|Parker|2005|p=33}} More recently, [[Bulgarian Turks]], [[Romanian Turks]], and [[Western Thrace Turks]] have also migrated to [[Western Europe]].

In 1997 Professor Servet Bayram and Professor Barbara Seels said that there was 10 million Turks living in Western Europe and the Balkans (excluding Cyprus and Turkey).<ref>{{citation|last1=Bayram|first1=Servet|last2=Seels|first2=Barbara|year=1997|title=The Utilization of Instructional Technology in Turkey|journal=Educational Technology Research and Development|volume=45|issue=1|page=112|publisher=[[Springer Publishing|Springer]]|doi=10.1007/BF02299617|s2cid=62176630|quote=There are about 10 million Turks living in the Balkan area of southeastern Europe and in western Europe at present.}}</ref> By 2010, Boris Kharkovsky from the Center for Ethnic and Political Science Studies said that there was up to 15 million Turks living in the [[European Union]].<ref>{{citation|year=2010|title=52% of Europeans say no to Turkey's EU membership|url=https://www.aysor.am/en/news/2010/02/02/turkey-europe/106730?__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=5cadc325e9d6de274da7044b445bd172c7b2029e-1604753955-0-AVhYEz2aOybvH-qEPBsvvTpaib38A35FbqAgn6teGWuWeh48U9WebMfgeB7pDyti835gLNeS-jECj7JcmXfoYgHhsVqp5x66C2BKTSFGiVGxiw5PqhftOHz7nsSSjTFeaTP0PCXi7AWAmZmQvPS_UAXOWa5sA89tJ0mQObkZjZs3YvMe4mPkL3GRVgW7lkY67Wbd2ObEVwY8WkH8mjSEmlh2nN0XPKt9uF4ez2dmVArsQ-OEeET6EbYl19R6K6OB_o1zllMxypQhTFvwELlCScPf432jttv_ho4iUHZPKOqyXiG_TqKXWttoh6QAbveQgyOmNvsevk84nDkqw_NQhUo|publisher=[[Aysor]]|quote=This is not all of a sudden, says expert at the Center for Ethnic and Political Science Studies, Boris Kharkovsky. "These days, up to 15 million Turks live in the EU countries...|access-date=7 November 2020}}</ref> According to Dr Araks Pashayan 10 million "Euro-Turks" alone were living in [[Germany]], [[France]], the [[Netherlands]] and [[Belgium]] in 2012.<ref name=Pashayan>{{citation |last=Pashayan|first=Araks|year=2012|chapter=Integration of Muslims in Europe and the Gülen|title=European Muslims, Civility and Public Life: Perspectives On and From the Gülen Movement|editor1-last=Weller|editor1-first=Paul|editor2-last=Ihsan|editor2-first=Yilmaz|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BtMmIs4NmqIC&q=There+are+around+10+million+Euro-Turks+living+in+the+European+Union+countries+of+Germany%2C+France%2C+the+Netherlands+and+Belgium.&pg=PA82|publisher=[[Continuum International Publishing Group]]|isbn=978-1-4411-0207-2|quote=There are around 10 million Euro-Turks living in the European Union countries of Germany, France, the Netherlands and Belgium.}}</ref> Yet, there are also significant Turkish communities living in [[Austria]], the [[UK]], [[Switzerland]], [[Italy]], [[Liechtenstein]], the [[Scandinavia]]n countries, and the [[Post-Soviet states]].

====North America====
{{Main|Turkish Americans|Turkish Canadians}}

In the [[2000 United States census]] 117,575 Americans voluntarily declared their ethnicity as Turkish.<ref>{{cite web|author=United States Census Bureau|title=Ancestry: 2000|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/c2kbr-35.pdf|access-date=16 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040920132346/http://www.census.gov/prod/2004pubs/c2kbr-35.pdf|archive-date=20 September 2004}}</ref> However, the actual number of [[Turkish Americans]] is considerably larger with most choosing not to declare their ethnicity. Thus, Turkish Americans have been considered to be a "hard to count" community.<ref name=WashingtonDiplomat>{{cite web |author=The Washington Diplomat|title=Census Takes Aim to Tally'Hard to Count' Populations|url=http://www.washdiplomat.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6036:census-takes-aim-to-tallyhard-to-count-populations-&catid=205:april-2010&Itemid=239|access-date=5 May 2011}}</ref> In 1996 Professor John J. Grabowski had estimated the number of Turks to be 500,000.<ref name=Grabowski1996>{{citation|first=John J.|last=Grabowski|year=1996|editor-last1=Van Tassel|editor-first1=David Dirck|editor-last2=Grabowski|editor-first2=John J.|chapter=Turks in Cleveland|title=Encyclopedia of Cleveland History|publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]]|quote=Currently, the Turkish population of northeast Ohio is estimated at about 1,000 (an estimated 500,000 Turks live in the United States).|isbn=0-253-33056-4}}</ref> By 2009, official institutions placed the number between 850,000 and 900,000; however, Turkish non-governmental organizations in the USA had claimed at least 3 million Turks in the USA.<ref name=Şafak2009>{{citation|first=Şafak|last=Erdal|year=2009|title=ABD'de kaç Türk var?|url=https://www.sabah.com.tr/yazarlar/safak/2009/05/08/abdde_kac_turk_var|publisher=[[Sabah (newspaper)|Sabah]]|quote=Biraz bilmece gibi mi oldu; açalım. Resmi kurumlarımıza göre ABD'de "Tahmini" 850 ile 900 bin arası Türk yaşıyor. Bu sayı öğrenci trafiğine göre her yıl ya biriki bin kişi artıyor veya bir o kadar eksiliyor. Buna karşılık ABD'deki Türk sivil toplum örgütlerinin Yeni Dünya'daki varlığımız üstüne yaptıkları araştırmalardan elde ettikleri sonuçlar, resmi kurumların verilerinin çok ama çok üstünde. Onlara göre, ABD'de halen en az 3 milyon Türk var. Okuyan, çalışan veya yaşayan.|access-date=30 November 2020}}</ref> More recently, in 2012, the [[United States Secretary of Commerce|US Commerce Secretary]], [[John Bryson]], stated that the Turkish American community was over 1,000,000.<ref name=Bryson>{{citation|author=[[John Bryson|Bryson, John]]|year=2012|title =Remarks by Commerce Secretary Bryson, April 5, 2012|journal=Foreign Policy Bulletin|volume=22|issue=3|page=137|quote=Here in the U.S., you can see our person-to-person relationships growing stronger each day. You can see it in the 13,000 Turkish students that are studying here in the U.S. You can see it in corporate leaders like Muhtar Kent, the CEO of Coca-Cola, and you can see it in more than one million Turkish-Americans who add to the rich culture and fabric of our country.|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]}} The citation is also available on {{citation|year=2012|title =Remarks at Center for American Progress & Confederation of Businessmen and Industrialists of Turkey (TUSKON) Luncheon| url=https://2010-2014.commerce.gov/news/secretary-speeches/2012/04/05/remarks-center-american-progress-confederation-businessmen-and-in.html|publisher =[[U.S. Department of Commerce]]|access-date =13 November 2020}}</ref> Meanwhile, in 2021, Senator [[Brian Feldman (politician)|Brian Feldman]] said that there was "over 2 million Turkish Americans".<ref name="Feldman2022">{{citation|author=[[Brian Feldman (politician)|Feldman, Brian]]|year=2022|url=https://www.facebook.com/BrianJeffreyFeldman/photos/a.205098992924823/3565112543590101/|publisher=[[Facebook]]|title=The District 15 Delegation will be making an appearance Thursday on a TV show which reaches over 2 million Turkish Americans as well as viewers in Turkey!|access-date=3 November 2022}}</ref> The largest concentration of Turkish Americans are in [[New York City]], and [[Rochester, New York]]; [[Washington, D.C.]]; and [[Detroit, Michigan]]. In addition, the [[Turks of South Carolina]], are an Anglicized and isolated community identifying as Turkish in [[Sumter County, South Carolina|Sumter County]], where they have lived for over 200 years.<ref>{{citation|last1=Ognibene|first1=Terri Ann|last2=Browder|first2=Glen|year=2018|title=South Carolina's Turkish People: A History and Ethnology|publisher=[[University of South Carolina]]|page=103|isbn=978-1-61117-859-3}}</ref>

Regarding the [[Turkish Canadian]] community, [[Statistics Canada]] reports that 63,955 Canadians in the 2016 census listed ''Turk'' as an ethnic origin, including those who listed more than one origin.<ref name="statcan1">{{cite web |url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/imm/Table.cfm?Lang=E&T=31&Geo=01&SO=4D|title=Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity Highlight Tables |date=25 October 2017 |publisher=statcan.gc.ca}}</ref> However, the Canadian Ambassador to Turkey, Chris Cooter, said that there was over 100,000 Turkish Canadians in 2018.<ref name="Aytac2018" /> The majority live in [[Ontario]], mostly in [[Toronto]], and there is also a sizable Turkish community in [[Montreal, Quebec]].

====Oceania====
{{See also|Turkish Australian}}
A notable scale of Turkish migration to [[Australia]] began in the late 1940s when [[Turkish Cypriots]] began to leave the island of [[Cyprus]] for economic reasons, and then, during the [[Cyprus conflict]], for political reasons, marking the beginning of a Turkish Cypriot immigration trend to Australia.{{sfn|Hüssein|2007|p=17}} The Turkish Cypriot community were the only [[Muslims]] acceptable under the [[White Australia Policy]];{{sfn|Cleland|2001|p=24}} many of these early immigrants found jobs working in factories, out in the fields, or building national infrastructure.{{sfn|Hüssein|2007|p=19}} In 1967, the governments of Australia and Turkey signed an agreement to allow Turkish citizens to immigrate to Australia.{{sfn|Hüssein|2007|p=196}} Prior to this recruitment agreement, there were fewer than 3,000 people of Turkish origin in Australia.{{sfn|Hopkins|2011|p=116}} According to the [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]], nearly 19,000 Turkish immigrants arrived from 1968 to 1974.{{sfn|Hüssein|2007|p=196}} They came largely from [[rural]] areas of Turkey, approximately 30% were skilled and 70% were unskilled workers.{{sfn|Saeed|2003|p=9}} However, this changed in the 1980s when the number of skilled Turks applying to enter Australia had increased considerably.{{sfn|Saeed|2003|p=9}} Over the next 35 years the Turkish population rose to almost 100,000.{{sfn|Hopkins|2011|p=116}} More than half of the Turkish community settled in [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], mostly in the north-western suburbs of [[Melbourne]].{{sfn|Hopkins|2011|p=116}} According to the [[2006 Australian Census]], 59,402 people claimed Turkish ancestry;<ref>{{cite web|author=Australian Bureau of Statistics |title=20680-Ancestry (full classification list) by Sex Australia |url=http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/ABSNavigation/prenav/ViewData?breadcrumb=POLTD&method=Place%20of%20Usual%20Residence&subaction=-1&issue=2006&producttype=Census%20Tables&documentproductno=0&textversion=false&documenttype=Details&collection=Census&javascript=true&topic=Ancestry&action=404&productlabel=Ancestry%20(full%20classification%20list)%20by%20Sex&order=1&period=2006&tabname=Details&areacode=0&navmapdisplayed=true&|access-date=13 July 2011}}</ref> however, this does not show a true reflection of the [[Turkish Australian]] community as it is estimated that between 40,000 and 120,000 Turkish Cypriots<ref>{{cite web|author=TRNC Ministry of Foreign Affairs |title=Briefing Notes on the Cyprus Issue |url=http://www.trncinfo.com/tanitma/en/index.asp?sayfa=cms&dmid=0&cmsid=214&ssid=556095671|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927002327/http://www.trncinfo.com/tanitma/en/index.asp?sayfa=cms&dmid=0&cmsid=214&ssid=556095671|url-status=usurped|archive-date=27 September 2011|access-date=3 October 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Kibris Gazetesi|title=Avustralya'daki Kıbrıslı Türkler ve Temsilcilik... |url=http://www.kibrisgazetesi.com/printa.php?col=119&art=9711|access-date=31 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721144320/http://www.kibrisgazetesi.com/printa.php?col=119&art=9711 |archive-date=21 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |work=BRT|title=AVUSTURALYA'DA KIBRS TÜRKÜNÜN SESİ |url=http://www.brtk.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=31316:avusturalyada-kibrs-tuerkuenuen-ses&catid=1:kktc&Itemid=3 |access-date=18 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |work=Star Kıbrıs|title=Sözünüzü Tutun |url=http://www.starkibris.net/index.asp?haberID=125704|access-date=10 September 2012}}</ref> and 150,000 to 200,000 mainland Turks<ref>{{cite news|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|title=Old foes, new friends|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/World/Old-foes-new-friends/2005/04/22/1114152326767.html |access-date=26 December 2008 |date=23 April 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |work=Milliyet |title=Avustralyalı Türkler'den, TRT Türk'e tepki |url=http://www.milliyet.com.tr/Dunya/SonDakika.aspx?aType=SonDakika&ArticleID=1094744&Date=14.05.2009&Kategori=dunya&b=Avustralyali%20Turklerden,%20TRT%20Turke%20tepki|access-date=16 May 2012}}</ref> live in Australia. Furthermore, there has also been ethnic Turks who have migrated to Australia from [[Bulgaria]],<ref>{{cite web|author=Department of Immigration and Citizenship|year=2006|title=Community Information Summary:Bulgaria|publisher=Australian Government|page=2|url=http://www.immi.gov.au/media/publications/statistics/comm-summ/_pdf/bulgaria.pdf|access-date=16 May 2012|archive-date=16 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110316054847/http://www.immi.gov.au/media/publications/statistics/comm-summ/_pdf/bulgaria.pdf}}</ref> [[Greece]],<ref name=2006AustralianCensusEMP>{{cite web|author=Australian Bureau of Statistics|title=2006 Census Ethnic Media Package |date=27 June 2007 |url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/2914.0.55.0022006?OpenDocument|access-date=13 July 2011}}</ref> [[Iraq]],<ref>{{cite web |author=Department of Immigration and Citizenship |year=2006 |title=Community Information Summary:Iraq |url=http://www.immi.gov.au/media/publications/statistics/comm-summ/_pdf/iraq.pdf |publisher=Australian Government |page=1 |access-date=16 May 2012 |archive-date=13 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140213070534/https://www.immi.gov.au/media/publications/statistics/comm-summ/_pdf/iraq.pdf }}</ref> and [[North Macedonia]].<ref name=2006AustralianCensusEMP />

====Post-Soviet states====
Due to the ordered deportation of over 115,000 [[Meskhetian Turks]] from their homeland in 1944, during the [[Second World War]], the majority were settled in the [[Post-Soviet states]] in the [[Caucasus]] and [[Central Asia]].{{sfn|UNHCR|1999b|p=20}} According to the [[Soviet Census (1989)|1989 Soviet Census]], which was the last Soviet Census, 106,000 Meskhetian Turks lived in [[Uzbekistan]], 50,000 in [[Kazakhstan]], and 21,000 in [[Kyrgyzstan]].{{sfn|UNHCR|1999b|p=20}} However, in 1989, the Meshetian Turks who had settled in Uzbekistan became the target of a [[pogrom]] in the [[Fergana valley]], which was the principal destination for Meskhetian Turkish deportees, after an uprising of nationalism by the [[Uzbeks]].{{sfn|UNHCR|1999b|p=20}} The riots had left hundreds of Turks dead or injured and nearly 1,000 properties were destroyed; thus, thousands of Meskhetian Turks were forced into renewed [[exile]].{{sfn|UNHCR|1999b|p=20}} Soviet authorities recorded many Meskhetian Turks as belonging to other nationalities such as "[[Azerbaijani people|Azeri]]", "[[Kazakhs|Kazakh]]", "[[Kyrgyz people|Kyrgyz]]", and "[[Uzbeks|Uzbek]]".{{sfn|UNHCR|1999b|p=20}}{{sfn|Aydıngün|Harding|Hoover|Kuznetsov|2006|p=1}}

==Culture==
{{Further|Culture of Turkey|Turkey#Culture}}

===Language===
{{Main|Turkish language}}
[[File:Ataturk-September 20, 1928.jpg|thumb|Kemal Atatürk introducing the modern [[Turkish alphabet]] to the people of [[Kayseri]] in 1928]]

Based on geographic variants, the ethnic Turks speak [[Turkish dialects|various dialects]] of the [[Turkish language]]. As of 2021, Turkish remains "the largest and most vigorous [[Turkic language]], spoken by over 80 million people".<ref name=Johanson2021>{{citation|author=[[Lars Johanson|Johanson, Lars]]|year=2021|title=Turkic |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=huk9EAAAQBAJ&dq=Turkish+is+the+largest+and+most+vigorous+Turkic+language%2C+spoken+by+over+80+million+people&pg=PT134 |quote=Turkish is the largest and most vigorous Turkic language, spoken by over 80 million people, a third of the total number of Turkic-speakers... Turkish is a recognized regional minority language in North Macedonia, Kosovo, Romania, and Iraq.|pages=98–99|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-1-009-03821-8}}</ref>

Historically, [[Ottoman Turkish]] was the official language and ''[[lingua franca]]'' throughout the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] territories and the [[Ottoman Turkish alphabet]] used the Perso-Arabic script. However, Turkish intellectuals sought to simplify the written language during the rise of Turkish nationalism in the nineteenth century.<ref>{{citation|last=Kushner|first=David|year=1977|title=The Rise of Turkish Nationalism, 1876–1908|publisher=Cass|isbn=978-0-7146-3075-5}}</ref>

By the twentieth century, intensive [[Turkish language reform|language reforms]] were thoroughly practiced; most importantly, Kemal Atatürk [[Turkish alphabet reform|changed]] the written script to a [[Latin script|Latin]]-based modern [[Turkish alphabet]] in 1928.<ref>{{citation|last=Lewis|first=Geoffrey|year=1999|title=The Turkish Language Reform: A Catastrophic Success|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-158322-3}}</ref> Since then, the regulatory body leading the reform activities has been the [[Turkish Language Association]] which was founded in 1932.<ref name=Johanson2021/>

The modern standard Turkish is based on the dialect of [[Istanbul]].<ref>{{cite book|author=George L. Campbell|title=Concise Compendium of the World's Languages |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A_BIVmjpzmYC&pg=PA547|access-date=28 July 2013|date=1 September 2003 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-415-11392-2|pages=547–}}</ref> However, dialectal variation persists, in spite of the [[Dialect levelling|levelling]] influence of the standard used in mass media and the [[Education in Turkey|Turkish education system]] since the 1930s.{{sfn|Johanson|2001|p=16}} The terms ''ağız'' or ''şive'' often refer to the different types of Turkish dialects.

[[File:Map of Turkish Language.svg|thumb|{{legend|#004DFF|Countries where Turkish is an official language}}{{legend|#88C4FF|Countries where it is recognised as a minority language}}{{legend|#AFEEEE|Countries where it is recognised as a minority language and co-official in at least one municipality}}]]

====Official status====
Today, the modern Turkish language is used as the official language of [[Turkey]] and [[Northern Cyprus]]. It is also an official language in the [[Republic of Cyprus]] (alongside [[Greek language|Greek]]).<ref>{{cite web|author=Presidency of the Republic of Cyprus|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Cyprus|url=http://www.presidency.gov.cy/presidency/presidency.nsf/all/1003AEDD83EED9C7C225756F0023C6AD/$file/CY_Constitution.pdf|access-date=26 April 2016|quote=Article 1...the Greek and the Turkish Communities of Cyprus respectively...Article 3 (4) Judicial proceedings shall be conducted or made and judgements shall be drawn up in the Greek language if the parties are Greek, in the Turkish language if the parties are Turkish, and in both the Greek and the Turkish languages if the parties are Greek and Turkish. The official language or languages to be used for such purposes in all other cases shall be specified by the Rules of Court made by the High Court under Article 163.|archive-date=3 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203001544/http://www.presidency.gov.cy/presidency/presidency.nsf/all/1003AEDD83EED9C7C225756F0023C6AD/$file/CY_Constitution.pdf}}</ref> In [[Kosovo]], Turkish is recognized as an official language in the municipalities of [[Prizren]], [[Mamusha]], [[Gjilan]], [[Mitrovica, Kosovo|Mitrovica]], [[Pristina]], and [[Vushtrri]],<ref>{{citation|year=2014|title=Municipal language compliance in Kosovo|page=10|quote=The Turkish language is currently official in Prizren and Mamuşa/Mamushë/Mamuša municipalities. In 2007 and 2008, the municipalities of Gjilan/Gnjilane, southern Mitrovicë/Mitrovica, Prishtinë/Priština and Vushtrri/Vučitrn also recognized Turkish asa language in official use. |publisher=[[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe]]}}</ref> whilst elsewhere in the country it is recognized as a [[minority language]].<ref name=Johanson2021/> Similarly, in [[North Macedonia]] Turkish is an official language where they form at least 20% of the population (which includes the [[Plasnica Municipality]], the [[Centar Župa Municipality]], and the [[Mavrovo and Rostuša Municipality]]),<ref>{{citation |last=Dzankic|first=Jelena|year=2016|title=Citizenship in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia and Montenegro: Effects of Statehood and Identity Challenges|page=81|quote=With the 2001 amendments, in those municipalities where minorities constituted 20 per cent of the overall population, minority languages became official|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-16579-8}}</ref> whilst elsewhere in the country it remains a minority language only.<ref name=Johanson2021/> [[Iraq]] recognizes Turkish as an official language in all regions where Turks constitute the majority of the population,<ref>{{citation|year=2017|title=History and Legal Dimension of Turkish Education in Iraq|url=https://www.orsam.org.tr/en/history-and-legal-dimension-of-turkish-education-in-iraq/|publisher=[[Center for Middle Eastern Strategic Studies]]|access-date=25 August 2021}}</ref> and as a minority language elsewhere.<ref name=Johanson2021/> In several countries, Turkish is officially recognized as a [[minority language]] only, including in [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]],<ref>{{citation|year=2010|chapter=Bosnia and Herzegovina|title=The European Charter for Regional Or Minority Languages: Collected Texts|pages=107–108|publisher=[[Council of Europe]]|isbn=978-92-871-6671-5}}</ref> [[Croatia]],<ref>{{citation|year=2012|chapter=The Croatian Language in the European Information Society|title=The Croatian Language in the Digital Age|editor1-last=Rehm|editor1-first=Georg|editor2-last=Uszkoreit|editor2-first=Hans|page=51|publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]]|isbn=978-3-642-30882-6}}</ref><ref name="Franceschini546">{{cite book|last=Franceschini|first=Rita|chapter=Italy and the Italian-Speaking Regions|editor-last=Fäcke|editor-first=Christiane|title=Manual of Language Acquisition|year=2014|quote=In Croatia, Albanian, Bosnian, Bulgarian, Czech, German, Hebrew, Hungarian, Italian, Macedonian, Polish, Romanian, Romany, Rusyn, Russian, Montenegrin, Slovak, Slovenian, Serbian, Turkish, and Ukrainian are recognized (EACEA 2012, 18, 50s) |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH|isbn=978-3-11-039414-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zM_mBQAAQBAJ&q=Croatia+Albanian&pg=PA1|pages=546}}</ref> and [[Romania]].<ref name=Johanson2021/><ref>{{citation|year=2010|chapter=Romania|title=The European Charter for Regional Or Minority Languages: Collected Texts|pages=135–136|publisher=[[Council of Europe]]|isbn=978-92-871-6671-5}}</ref> However, in [[Greece]] the right to use the Turkish language is only recognized in [[Western Thrace]]; the sizable and longstanding minorities elsewhere in the country (i.e. [[Rhodes]] and [[Kos]]) do not benefit from this same recognition.<ref>{{citation |last1=Trudgill|first1=Peter|last2=Schreier|first2=Daniel|year=2006|chapter=Greece and Cyprus / Griechenland und Zypern|title=Sociolinguistics / Soziolinguistik|editor-last=Ulrich|editor-first=Ammon|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|quote=Hundreds of thousands of Turkish speakers left Greece in the period 1821–1923. In the Peloponnese, they had constituted more than 10 % of the population in 1820 (Clogg 1979, 35). Today most Turkish speakers in Greece are in western (Greek) Thrace (SellaMazi 1992). Here, alone of all Greek minorities, they have protected status, with rights to practise their religion and to use their language, including in the education system, as a result of the Treaty of Lausanne. They also elect members to the national parliament in Athens. It is sometimes difficult to distinguish between Turks and the Slavic-speaking Pomaks, who tend to be able to speak Turkish as well. Census returns give figures for native Turkish speakers of 190000 in 1928, 230000 in 1940, and 180000 in 1951. They look to Istanbul rather than Athens for many purposes, and young people go there to study rather than to universities in Greece. There are also sizeable and longstanding but officially unrecognised communities of Moslem Turkish-speakers on the islands of Rhodes and Kos.|isbn=3-11-019987-4|pages=1885–1886}}</ref>

There are also several post-Ottoman nations which do not officially recognize the Turkish language but give rights to Turkish minorities to study in their own language (alongside the compulsory study of the official language of the country); this is practiced in [[Bulgaria]]<ref>{{citation |last=Schwartz|first=Herman|year=2002|title=The Struggle for Constitutional Justice in Post-Communist Europe|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=0-226-74196-6|page=184}}</ref> and [[Tunisia]].<ref>{{citation |last=Benrabah|first=Mohamed|year=2013 |title=Language Conflict in Algeria: From Colonialism to Post-Independence|quote=As a result of this, the Tunisian authorities decreed in June 2012 the introduction of the Turkish language in all Tunisian secondary schools, as of September 2012. |page=186|publisher=Multilingual Matters|isbn=978-1-84769-966-4}}</ref>

Various variants of Turkish are also used by millions of Turkish immigrants and their descendants in [[Western Europe]], however, there is no official recognition in these countries.<ref name=Johanson2021 />

====Turkish dialects====
{{see also|Turkish dialects|Cypriot Turkish}}
{{listen
| filename = Kibrisim-cropped.ogg
| title = Kıbrısım
| description = An example of folk music in the Cypriot Turkish dialect.
| format = [[Ogg]]
}}

There are three major Anatolian Turkish dialect groups spoken in [[Turkey]]: the West Anatolian dialect (roughly to the west of the [[Euphrates]]), the East Anatolian dialect (to the east of the Euphrates), and the North East Anatolian group, which comprises the dialects of the Eastern Black Sea coast, such as [[Trabzon]], [[Rize]], and the littoral districts of [[Artvin]].{{sfn|Brendemoen|2002|p=27}}{{sfn|Brendemoen|2006|p=227}}

The Balkan Turkish dialects, also called the Rumelian Turkish dialects, are divided into two main groups: "Western Rumelian Turkish" and "Eastern Rumelian Turkish".<ref name=Johanson2021dialects>{{citation|author=[[Lars Johanson|Johanson, Lars]]|year=2021|chapter=4.3.1.1 Turkish Dialect Areas|title=Turkic|pages=44–49|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-1-009-03821-8}}</ref> The Western dialects are spoken in [[North Macedonia]], [[Kosovo]], western [[Bulgaria]], northern [[Romania]], [[Bosnia]] and [[Albania]]. The Eastern dialects are spoken in [[Greece]], northeastern/southern Bulgaria and southeastern Romania.<ref name=Johanson2021dialects /> This division roughly follows through a borderline between west and east Bulgaria, which starts east of [[Lom, Bulgaria|Lom]] and proceeds southwards to the east of [[Vratsa]], [[Sofia]] and [[Samokov]], and turns west reaching south of [[Kyustendil]] close to the borders with Serbia and North Macedonia.<ref name=Johanson2021dialects /> The eastern dialects lacks some of the phonetic peculiarities found in the western area; thus, its dialects are close to the central Anatolian dialects. The Turkish dialects spoken near the western [[Black Sea]] region (e.g., [[Ludogorie]], [[Dobruja]], and [[Bessarabia]]) show analogies with northeastern Anatolian Black Sea dialects.<ref name=Johanson2021dialects />

The [[Cypriot Turkish|Cypriot Turkish dialect]] maintained features of the respective local varieties of the Ottoman settlers who mostly came from the Konya-Antalya-Adana region;<ref name=Johanson2021dialects/> furthermore, Cypriot Turkish was also influenced by [[Cypriot Greek]].<ref name=Johanson2021dialects /> Today, the varieties spoken in Northern Cyprus are increasingly influenced by standard Turkish.The Cypriot Turkish dialect is being exposed to increasing standard Turkish through immigration from [[Turkey]], new mass media, and new educational institutions.{{sfn|Johanson|2011|p=738}}

[[File:Welcome sign to the village of Çardağlı.jpg|thumb|150px|A bilingual road sign (Turkish and Arabic) in [[Iraq]]]]
The [[Iraqi Turkmen#Language|Iraqi Turkish dialects]] have similarities with certain [[Southeastern Anatolia]]n dialects around the region of [[Urfa]] and [[Diyarbakır]].<ref>{{citation|last=Bulut|first=Christiane|year=1999|title=Klassifikatorische Merkmale des Iraktürkischen|pages=5–27|journal=Orientalia Suecana|volume=48}}</ref> Some linguists have described the Iraqi Turkish dialects as an "[[Anatolia]]n"<ref name="Gülensoy 1981 loc=7">{{citation|last=Gülensoy|first=Tuncer|year=1981|title=Anadolu ve Rumeli Ağızları Bibliyografyası: Anadolu, Kıbrıs, Suriye, Irak, Bulgaristan, Yunanistan, ve Romanya Türk Ağızları|page=7|publisher=Kültür Bakanlığı}}</ref> or an "[[Eastern Anatolia]]n dialect".<ref>{{citation|last=Brendemon|first=Bernt|year=2005|chapter=Consonant Assimilations: A possible Parameter for the Classification of Turkish dialects|title=Turkic Languages|editor1-last=Johanson|editor1-first=Lars|page=178|volume=9|publisher=[[Harrassowitz Verlag]]|title-link=Turkic Languages (journal)}}</ref> Historically, Iraqi Turkish was influenced by [[Ottoman Turkish language|Ottoman Turkish]] and neighboring [[Azeri Turkic|Azerbaijani Turkic]].<ref name="Bulut 2007 loc=167">{{citation|last=Bulut|first=Christiane|year=2007|chapter=Iraqi Turkman|title=Languages of Iraq: Ancient and Modern|chapter-url=http://www.bisi.ac.uk/sites/bisi.localhost/files/languages_of_iraq.pdf|editor1-last=Postgate|editor1-first=J.N.|page=167|publisher=[[British School of Archaeology in Iraq]]|isbn=978-0-903472-21-0|access-date=24 August 2021|archive-date=2 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802015917/http://www.bisi.ac.uk/sites/bisi.localhost/files/languages_of_iraq.pdf}}</ref> However, [[Turkish language|Istanbul Turkish]] is now a [[prestige language]] which exerts a profound influence on their dialects.{{sfn|Johanson|2001}} The [[syntax]] in Iraqi Turkish therefore ''differs sharply'' from neighboring Irano-Turkic varieties,{{sfn|Johanson|2001}} and shares characteristics which are similar with Turkish dialects in Turkey.<ref>{{citation|last=Stein|first=Heidi|year=2010|chapter=Optativ versus Voluntativ-Imperativ in irantürkischen Texten |title=Turcology in Mainz|editor1-last=Boeschoten|editor1-first=Hendrik|author-link1=Hendrik Boeschoten|editor2-last=Rentzsch|editor2-first=Julian |author-link2=Julian Rentzsch|page=244|publisher=[[Otto Harrassowitz Verlag]]|isbn=978-3-447-06113-1|quote=Damit weist das Iraktürkische hier - wie auch bei einigen anderen Merkmalen - eine großere Nähe zum Türkeitürkischen auf.}}</ref> Collectively, the Iraqi Turkish dialects also show similarities with [[Cypriot Turkish]] and Balkan Turkish regarding [[Linguistic modality|modality]].<ref>{{citation|last=Johanson|first=Lars|year=2009|chapter=Modals in Turkic|title=Modals in the Languages of Europe: A Reference Work|editor1-last=Hansen|editor1-first=Björn|editor2-last=de Haan|editor2-first= Ferdinand|pages=502–504|publisher=[[Walter de Gruyter]]|isbn=978-3-11-021920-3}}</ref> The written language of the Iraqi Turkmen is based on Istanbul Turkish using the modern [[Turkish alphabet]].<ref>{{citation|last=Bulut|first=Christiane|year=2018|chapter=Iraq-Turkic|title=The Languages and Linguistics of Western Asia: An Areal Perspective|editor1-last=Haig|editor1-first=Geoffrey|editor2-last=Khan|editor2-first=Geoffrey|page=357|publisher=[[Walter de Gruyter]]|isbn=978-3-11-042168-2}}</ref>

The Meskhetian Turkish dialect was originally spoken in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] until the [[Meskhetian Turks|Turkish Meskhetian]] community were forcefully deported and then dispersed throughout Turkey, [[Russia]], [[Central Asia]], [[Azerbaijan]], [[Ukraine]], and the [[United States]].<ref>{{citation|last1=Dobrushina|first1=Nina|last2=Daniel|first2=Michael|last3=Koryakov|first3=Yuri|year=2020|chapter=Language and Sociolinguistics of the Caucasus |title=The Oxford Handbook of Languages of the Caucasus|editor-last=Polinsky|editor-first=Maria|page=33|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-069069-4}}</ref> They speak an [[Eastern Anatolia Region|Eastern Anatolian]] dialect of Turkish, which hails from the regions of [[Kars Province|Kars]], [[Ardahan]], and [[Artvin]].{{sfn|Aydıngün|Harding|Hoover|Kuznetsov|2006|p=23}} The Meskhetian Turkish dialect has also borrowed from other languages (including [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]], [[Georgian language|Georgian]], [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]], [[Kyrgyz language|Kyrgyz]], [[Russian language|Russian]], and [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]]), which the Meskhetian Turks have been in contact with during the [[Russian Empire|Russian]] and [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] rule.{{sfn|Aydıngün|Harding|Hoover|Kuznetsov|2006|p=23}}

The [[Syrian Turkmen#Language|Syrian Turkish dialects]] are spoken throughout the country. In [[Aleppo]], [[Tell Abyad]], [[Raqqa]] and [[Bayırbucak]] they speak Southeastern Anatolian dialects (comparable to [[Kilis]], [[Antep]], [[Urfa]], [[Hatay]] and [[Yayladağı]]).<ref name="ORSAMpage3">{{citation|year=2015|title=Abdurrahman Mustafa: Turkmens' Survival Can Be Ensured by Syria's Territorial Integrity|url=http://www.orsam.org.tr/files/Soylesiler/16/16eng.pdf|page=3|publisher=ORSAM|access-date=10 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010215636/http://www.orsam.org.tr/files/Soylesiler/16/16eng.pdf|archive-date=10 October 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In [[Damascus]] they speak Turkish language with a [[Yörük]] dialect.<ref name="ORSAMpage3" /> Currently, Turkish is the third most widely used language in Syria (after [[Arabic language|Arabic]] and [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]]).<ref>{{cite book |last=Behnstedt |first=Peter |year=2008 |chapter=Syria |title=Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics |editor1-last=Versteegh |editor1-first=Kees |editor2-last=Eid |editor2-first=Mushira |editor3-last=Elgibali |editor3-first=Alaa |editor4-last=Woidich |editor4-first=Manfred |editor5-last=Zaborski |editor5-first=Andrzej |volume=4|page=402|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |isbn=978-90-04-14476-7}}</ref>

===Religion===
[[File:Sultan Ahmed Mosque Istanbul Turkey retouched.jpg|thumb|The [[Sultan Ahmed Mosque|Blue Mosque]] in [[Istanbul]], [[Turkey]], is an example of Ottoman imperial architecture.]]
[[File:Larnaca 01-2017 img30 Salt Lake.jpg|thumb|The [[Hala Sultan Tekke]] in [[Larnaca]], [[Cyprus]], is an example of Ottoman provincial architecture. As the resting place of [[Umm Haram]], it is one of the holiest sites in Islam and an important pilgrimage site for the largely secular [[Turkish Cypriots|Turkish Cypriot]] community.]]
Most ethnic Turkish people are either practicing or non-practicing Muslims who follow the teachings of the [[Hanafi school]] of [[Sunni Islam]].<ref name=Mayer2010/> They form the largest Muslim community in [[Turkey]] and [[Northern Cyprus]] as well as the largest Muslim groups in [[Austria]],<ref name=Rabasa&Benard>{{citation|last1=Rabasa|first1=Angel|last2=Benard|first2=Cheryl|year=2015|title=Eurojihad|pages=20–21|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-1-107-07893-2}}</ref> [[Bulgaria]],<ref>{{citation|last=Zhelyazkova|first=Antonina|year=2015|chapter=Bulgaria|title=The Oxford Handbook of European Islam|editor-last=Cesari|editor-first=Jocelyne|page=574|quote=Turks are the largest Muslim community. They are furthermore the most strongly consolidated community in the state with a very clear and unambiguous understanding of its ethnic identity. The only differences stem from affiliation to various Islamic movements. Some of in-group competition exist between Sunni Turks and Alevi/Kızılbashi/Bektashi. The Kızılbashi, a minority within a minority, have freely practiced their specific rituals with no visible confrontation with the Sunni Turks. |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-960797-6}}</ref> [[Czech Republic]],<ref name=Lucie2020>{{citation|last=Tungul|first=Lucie|year=2020|title=Turkish Community in the Czech Republic: A Diaspora in the Making? |page=499|journal=Politics in Central Europe|volume=16|issue=2|doi=10.2478/pce-2020-0025|s2cid=229051057|quote=...the position of Turkish migrants, the single largest Muslim community in the Czech Republic, in the specific context of the Czech Republic.|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Denmark]],<ref>{{citation|last=Jacobsen|first=Brian Arly|year=2012|chapter=Muslims in Denmark: A Critical Evaluation of Estimations|title=Islam in Denmark: The Challenge of Diversity|editor-last=Nielsen|editor-first=Jørgen S.|page=47|publisher=[[Lexington Books]]|isbn=978-0-7391-5092-4}}</ref> [[Germany]],<ref name=Arab2021>{{citation|last=Arab|first=Pooyan Tamimi |year=2021|chapter=Strict Neutrality Reconsidered: Religion and Political Belonging in the Netherlands |title=Religion, Secularism, and Political Belonging|editor1-last=Medovoi|editor1-first=Leerom|editor2-last=Bentley|editor2-first=Elizabeth|page=56|quote=The construction of mosques by citizens with a Turkish migration background, the largest Muslim constituents in the Netherlands and in Germany, is well suited to clarify the idea of disentangling political and cultural or religious belonging|publisher=[[Duke University Press]]|isbn=978-1-4780-1298-6}}</ref> [[Liechtenstein]],<ref>{{citation|last=Schmidinger|first=Thomas|year=2010|chapter=Liechtenstein|title=Yearbook of Muslims in Europe|editor1-last=Nielsen|editor1-first=Jørgen|editor2-last=Akgönül|editor-first2=Samim|editor3-last=Alibašić|editor3-first=Ahmet|editor4-last=Maréchal|editor4-first=Brigitte|editor5-last=Moe|editor5-first=Christian|volume=2|pages=311–17|quote=|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|isbn=978-90-04-18476-3}}</ref> the [[Netherlands]],<ref name=Arab2021/> [[Romania]]<ref>{{citation|last=Cupcea|first=Adriana|chapter=The Turkish Diyanet and its Activities in the Muslim Community in Dobruja (Romania)|title=Religious Education: Between Radicalism and Tolerance|date=6 June 2018|editor-last1=Aslan|editor-first1=Ednan|editor-last2=Rausch|editor-first2=Margaret|page=292|publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |isbn=978-3-658-21677-1}}</ref> and [[Switzerland]].<ref name=Rabasa&Benard/> In addition to Sunni Turks, there are [[Alevism|Alevi]] Turks whose local Islamic traditions have been based in [[Anatolia]], as well as the [[Bektashi Order|Bektashis]] traditionally centered in Anatolia and the [[Balkans]].<ref>{{citation|last=Poulton|first=Hugh |year=1997 |title=Muslim Identity and the Balkan State|publisher=[[C. Hurst & Co.]]|isbn=978-1-85065-276-2}}</ref>

In general, "Turkish Islam" is considered to be "more moderate and pluralistic" than in other Middle Eastern-Islamic societies.<ref name=Rabasa&Larrabee/> Historically, Turkish Sufi movements promoted liberal forms of Islam;<ref name=Cagaptay2014>{{citation|last=Cagaptay|first=Soner|year=2014|title=The Rise of Turkey: The Twenty-First Century's First Muslim Power|page=85|publisher=[[Potomac Books]]|isbn=978-1-61234-651-9}}</ref> for example, Turkish humanist groups and thinkers, such as the [[Mevlevi Order|Mevlevis]] ([[whirling dervishes]] who follow [[Rumi]]), the Bektashis, and [[Yunus Emre]] emphasized faith over practicing Islam.<ref name=Cagaptay2014 /> During this tolerant environment under the Seljuk Turks, more Turkish tribes arriving in Anatolia during the 13th century found the liberal Sufi version of Islam closer to their [[Shamanism|shamanists]] traditions and chose to preserve some of their culture (such as dance and music).<ref name=Cagaptay2014 /> During the late Ottoman period, the [[Tanzimat]] policies introduced by the Ottoman intelligentsia fused Islam with modernization reforms; this was followed by [[Atatürk's reforms|Atatürk's secularist reforms]] in the 20th century.<ref name=Rabasa&Larrabee>{{citation|last1=Rabasa|first1=Angel|last2=Larrabee|first2=F. Stephen|year=2008|title=The Rise of Political Islam in Turkey|publisher=[[RAND Corporation]]|page=96|isbn=978-0-8330-4457-0}}</ref>

Consequently, there are also many non-practicing Turkish Muslims who tend to be politically [[secular]]. For example, in Cyprus, the [[Turkish Cypriots]] are generally very secular and only attend mosques on special occasions (such as for weddings, funerals, and community gatherings).<ref>{{citation|last=Henry Dodd|first=Clement|year=1993|title=The Political, Social and Economic Development of Northern Cyprus|publisher=Eothen Press|page=266|isbn=978-0-906719-18-3}}</ref> Even so, the [[Hala Sultan Tekke]] in [[Larnaca]], which is the resting place of [[Umm Haram]], is considered to be one of the holiest sites in Islam and remains an important pilgrimage site for the secular Turkish Cypriot community too.<ref>{{citation|year=1991|title=Muslim Places of Worship in Cyprus|page=7|publisher=Association of Cypriot Archaeologists|isbn=978-9963-38-056-5}}</ref> Similarly, in other urban areas of the [[Levant]], such as in [[Iraq]], the [[Iraqi Turkmen|Turkish minority]] are mainly secular, having internalized the secularist interpretation of state–religion affairs practiced in the [[Republic of Turkey]] since its foundation in 1923.<ref name="Oğuzlu313">{{citation|last=Oğuzlu|first=Tarik H.|year=2004|title=Endangered community:The Turkoman identity in Iraq|journal=Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs|volume=24 |issue=2|publisher=[[Routledge]]|page=313|doi=10.1080/1360200042000296681|hdl=11693/49129|s2cid=56385519 |url=http://repository.bilkent.edu.tr/bitstream/11693/49129/1/Endangered_community_the_Turkoman_identity_in_Iraq.pdf|hdl-access=free}}</ref>

[[File:Westermoskee - Amsterdam (26579109769).jpg|thumb|right|The neo-Ottoman [[Westermoskee]] in [[Amsterdam]] is the largest mosque in the [[Netherlands]], and mostly serves the [[Turks in the Netherlands|Turkish Dutch]] community.]]
In [[North Africa]], the Turkish minorities have traditionally differentiated themselves from the Arab-Berber population who follow the [[Maliki school]]; this is because the Turks have continued to follow the teaching of the Hanafi school which was brought to the region by their ancestors during the Ottoman rule.<ref name=Gordon>{{citation |last1=Gordon|first1=Louis A.|last2=Oxnevad|first2=Ian|year=2016|title=Middle East Politics for the New Millennium: A Constructivist Approach|page=72|publisher=[[Lexington Books]]|quote=An Ottoman military class that separated itself from the general Algerian population through language, dress and religious affiliation... Unlike the Maliki Algerian masses, the Ottoman-Algerians remained affiliated with the Hanafi school of Islamic jurisprudence, and went to great lengths to replenish their ranks with Ottoman Turks from Anatolia...|isbn=978-0-7391-9698-4}}</ref> Indeed, the Ottoman-Turkish mosques in the region are often distinguishable by pencil-like and octagonal minarets which were built in accordance with the traditions of the Hanafi rite.<ref>{{citation |last1=Cantone|first1=Cleo|year=2002|title=Making and Remaking Mosques in Senegal|quote=Octagonal minarets are generally an anomaly in the Maliki world associated with the square tower. Algeria, on other hand had Ottoman influence...|page=174|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|BRILL]]|isbn=90-04-20337-0}}</ref><ref>{{citation |last1=Migeon|first1=Gaston |last2=Saladin|first2=Henri|year=2012|title=Art of Islam|quote=It was not until the 16th century, when the protectorate of the Grand Master appointed Turkish governors to the regencies of Algiers and Tunis, that some of them constructed mosques according to the Hanefit example. The resulting structures had octagonal minarets... |page=28|publisher=Parkstone International|isbn=978-1-78042-993-9}}</ref>

The tradition of building mosques in the Ottoman-style (i.e. either in the imperial style based on [[Istanbul]] mosques or the provincial styles) has continued into the present day, both in traditional areas of settlement (e.g. in Turkey, the Balkans, Cyprus, and other parts of the Levant) as well as in [[Western Europe]] and [[North America]] where there are substantial immigrant communities.<ref>{{citation|last=Rizvi|first=Kishwar|year=2015|title=The Transnational Mosque: Architecture and Historical Memory in the Contemporary Middle East|publisher=[[University of North Carolina Press]]|pages=33–68|isbn=978-1-4696-2117-3}}</ref>

Since the 1960s, "Turkish" was even seen as synonymous with "[[Muslim]]" in countries like Germany because Islam was considered to have a specific "Turkish character" and visual architectural style.<ref>{{citation |last1=Byrnes|first1=Timothy|last2=Katzenstein|first2=Peter|year=2006|title=Religion in an Expanding Europe|page=211|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-85926-4}}</ref>

===Arts and architecture===
{{Further|Turkish arts|Turkish literature|Poetry of Turkey|Music of Turkey|Turkish folk music|Architecture of Turkey}}
{{See also|Ottoman architecture}}

[[File:Eskisehir Odunpazarı tour in 2018 8523.jpg|thumb|With its traditional Turkish architecture, [[Odunpazarı]] district in [[Eskişehir]] is a [[Tentative list of World Heritage Sites in Turkey|tentative UNESCO World Heritage site]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5733/ |title=Odunpazari Historical Urban Site |website=[[UNESCO]] |date=13 April 2012}}</ref>]]

Turkish architecture reached its peak during the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] period. [[Ottoman architecture]], influenced by [[Seljuq dynasty|Seljuk]], [[Byzantine]] and [[Islamic architecture]], came to develop a style all of its own.<ref name=muqarnas12>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RtbeBrAHhxgC&q=Ottoman+Architecture&pg=PA60|title=Muqarnas: An Annual on Islamic Art and Architecture. Volume 12|last=Necipoğlu|first=Gülru|oclc=33228759|year=1995|publisher=Leiden: E.J. Brill|access-date= 7 July 2008|page=60|isbn=978-90-04-10314-6}}</ref> Overall, Ottoman architecture has been described as a synthesis of the architectural traditions of the Mediterranean and the Middle East.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xu_L_FJRvUIC&q=Ottoman+Architecture&pg=PA92 |title=Muqarnas: An Annual on Islamic Art and Architecture. Volume 3|last=Grabar |first=Oleg |isbn=978-90-04-07611-2| year=1985 |publisher=Leiden : E.J. Brill|access-date=7 July 2008}}</ref>

As Turkey successfully transformed from the religion-based former Ottoman Empire into a modern nation-state with a very strong separation of state and religion, an increase in the modes of artistic expression followed. During the first years of the republic, the government invested a large amount of resources into fine arts; such as museums, theatres, opera houses and architecture. Diverse historical factors play important roles in defining the modern Turkish identity. Turkish culture is a product of efforts to be a "modern" Western state, while maintaining traditional religious and historical values.<ref name="TR_culture">{{cite book|author=Ibrahim Kaya|title=Social Theory and Later Modernities: The Turkish Experience|url=https://archive.org/details/socialtheorylate0000kaya|url-access=registration|access-date=12 June 2013|year=2004|publisher=Liverpool University Press|isbn=978-0-85323-898-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/socialtheorylate0000kaya/page/57 57]–58}}</ref> The mix of cultural influences is dramatized, for example, in the form of the "new symbols of the clash and interlacing of cultures" enacted in the works of [[Orhan Pamuk]], recipient of the 2006 [[Nobel Prize in Literature]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/6044192.stm|title=Pamuk wins Nobel Literature prize|publisher=BBC|access-date=12 December 2006|date=12 October 2006}}</ref>
Traditional Turkish music include [[Turkish folk music]] (Halk müziği), [[Fasıl]] and [[Ottoman classical music]] (Sanat müziği) that originates from the Ottoman court.<ref name="DunfordRichardson2013">{{cite book|author1=Martin Dunford|author2=Terry Richardson|title=The Rough Guide to Turkey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dPAPeby7JTgC&pg=PA647|access-date=25 July 2013|date=3 June 2013|publisher=Rough Guides|isbn=978-1-4093-4005-8|pages=647–}}</ref> [[Turkish music#Popular music|Contemporary Turkish music]] include [[Turkish pop music]], rock, and [[Turkish hip hop]] genres.<ref name="DunfordRichardson2013" />

===Science===
{{Main|Science and technology in Turkey}}
{{See also|List of Turkish philosophers and scientists}}
Turkey's spending on [[research and development]] as a share of GDP has risen from 0.47% in 2000 to 1.40% in 2021.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.oecd.org/rd/gross-domestic-spending-on-r-d.htm |doi=10.1787/d8b068b4-en |author=OECD |title=Gross domestic spending on R&D (indicator) |year=2024 |access-date=16 May 2024}}</ref> [[List of countries by number of scientific and technical journal articles|Turkey ranks 16th in the world]] in terms of article output in scientific and technical journals, and 35th in [[Nature Index]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IP.JRN.ARTC.SC?most_recent_value_desc=true | title=Scientific and technical journal articles |website=The World Bank |access-date=15 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nature.com/nature-index/country-outputs/generate/all/global |title=Nature Index | Country/Territory tables |website=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |access-date=15 May 2024}}</ref> Turkish patent office ranks 21st worldwide in overall patent applications, and 3rd in industrial design applications. Vast majority of applicants to the Turkish patent office are Turkish residents. In all patent offices globally, [[World Intellectual Property Indicators#Latest filing trends by country of origin|Turkish residents rank 21st for overall patent applications]].<ref name="WIPO_Türkiye">{{Cite web |ref={{harvid|WIPO Intellectual property statistical country profile 2022: Türkiye|2023}} |author=World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) |year=2023 |title=Intellectual property statistical country profile 2022: Türkiye |url=https://www.wipo.int/edocs/statistics-country-profile/en/tr.pdf |archive-date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328212456/https://www.wipo.int/edocs/statistics-country-profile/en/tr.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2023, Turkey ranked 39th in the world and 4th among its upper-middle income group in the [[Global Innovation Index]].<ref>{{harvnb|World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)|2023|p=19}}</ref> It was one of the countries with a notable increase in the past decade.<ref>{{harvnb|World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)|2023|p=50}}</ref>

Contemporary Turkish scientists include [[Aziz Sancar]], who won the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] for his work on how cells repair damaged DNA.<ref>{{cite news |last=Broad |first=William J. |title=Nobel Prize in Chemistry Awarded to Tomas Lindahl, Paul Modrich and Aziz Sancar for DNA Studies |date=7 October 2015 |website=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/08/science/tomas-lindahl-paul-modrich-aziz-sancarn-nobel-chemistry.html |access-date=19 July 2024}}</ref> He is one of [[List of Nobel laureates by country#Turkey|two Turkish Nobel laureates]] and the first in the sciences. Immunologists [[Uğur Şahin]] and [[Özlem Türeci]] founded [[BioNTech]], which is the company that developed [[RNA vaccine|one of the first efficacious vaccines]] against [[COVID-19]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Gelles |first=David |title=The Husband-and-Wife Team Behind the Leading Vaccine to Solve Covid-19 |date=10 November 2020 |website=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/10/business/biontech-covid-vaccine.html |access-date=19 July 2024}}</ref> [[Erdal Arıkan]] invented [[Polar code (coding theory)|polar codes]],<ref>{{harvnb|Gibson|2017|p=128}}</ref> which is a key component of [[5G]] technologies.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Levy |first=Steven |title=Huawei, 5G, and the Man Who Conquered Noise |magazine=Wired |date=16 November 2020 |url=https://www.wired.com/story/huawei-5g-polar-codes-data-breakthrough/ |access-date=19 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Sin |first=Ben |title=The Key For Huawei, And China, In 5G Race Is A Turkish Professor |date=27 July 2018 |website=Forbes |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/bensin/2018/07/27/the-key-for-huawei-and-china-in-5g-race-against-the-u-s-is-a-turkish-professor/ |access-date=20 July 2024}}</ref> Mathematician [[Cahit Arf]] is known for [[Hasse–Arf theorem]] and [[Arf invariant]].<ref>{{harvnb|Heper|Öztürk-Tunçel|Criss|2018|loc=Arf, Cahit}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s00591-010-0072-8 |title=On the Arf invariant in historical perspective |date=2010 |last1=Lorenz |first1=Falko |last2=Roquette |first2=Peter |journal=Mathematische Semesterberichte |volume=57 |pages=73–102 }}</ref> Physician [[Hulusi Behçet]] discovered [[Behçet's disease]].<ref>{{harvnb|Law|Martin|2020|loc=Behçet's syndrome}}</ref> Other contemporary scientists include neurologist [[Gazi Yaşargil]],<ref>{{harvnb|Heper|Öztürk-Tunçel|Criss|2018|loc=Yaşargil, M. Gazi}}</ref> physicists [[Feza Gürsey]]<ref>{{harvnb|Heper|Öztürk-Tunçel|Criss|2018|loc=Gürsey, Feza}}</ref> and [[Behram Kurşunoğlu]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Nagourney |first=Eric |title=B. N. Kursunoglu, 81, Physicist Who Led Noted Research Center |date=3 November 2003 |website=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/11/03/us/b-n-kursunoglu-81-physicist-who-led-noted-research-center.html |access-date=20 July 2024}}</ref> and astrophysicists [[Burçin Mutlu-Pakdil]]<ref>{{cite news |last=Zakeer |first=Fehmida |title=Meet the woman who discovered a whole new type of galaxy |date=21 November 2018 |website=National Geographic |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/meet-woman-discovered-new-type-galaxy-burcin-mutlu-pakdil-astrophysics |access-date=20 July 2024}}</ref> and [[Feryal Özel]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Canikligil |first=Razi |title=Turkish woman professor among scientists who revealed first photo of black hole |date=11 April 2019 |website=Hürriyet Daily News |url=https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkish-woman-professor-among-scientists-who-revealed-first-photo-of-black-hole-142584 |access-date=20 July 2024}}</ref>

==Genetics==
{{further|Genetic studies on Turkish people|Turkification}}
Turkish genomic variation, along with several other [[Western Asian]] populations, looks most similar to genomic variation of [[South Europe]]an populations such as southern Italians.<ref name="Taskent_et_al_2017">{{cite journal |vauthors=Taskent RO, Gokcumen O |title=The Multiple Histories of Western Asia: Perspectives from Ancient and Modern Genomes |journal=Hum Biol |year=2017 |volume=89 |issue=2 |pages=107–117 |pmid=29299965 |doi=10.13110/humanbiology.89.2.01 |s2cid=6871226 }}</ref> Data from ancient DNA – covering the [[Paleolithic]], the [[Neolithic]], and the [[Bronze Age]] periods – showed that Western Asian genomes, including Turkish ones, have been greatly influenced by early agricultural populations in the area; later population movements, such as those of Turkic speakers, also contributed.<ref name="Taskent_et_al_2017" />

A 2014 [[whole genome sequencing]] study of Turkish genetics (on 16 individuals) concluded that the Turkish population forms a cluster with Southern European/Mediterranean populations, and the predicted contribution from ancestral [[East Asian]] and [[Central Asian]] populations is 21.7%.<ref name=Alkan>{{cite journal|doi=10.1186/1471-2164-15-963|pmid=25376095|pmc=4236450|title=Whole genome sequencing of Turkish genomes reveals functional private alleles and impact of genetic interactions with Europe, Asia and Africa|journal=BMC Genomics|volume=15|page=963|year=2014|last1=Alkan |first1=Can |last2=Kavak|first2=Pinar|last3=Somel|first3=Mehmet|last4=Gokcumen |first4=Omer|last5=Ugurlu |first5=Serkan |last6=Saygi|first6=Ceren |last7=Dal|first7=Elif|last8=Bugra|first8=Kuyas|last9=Güngör|first9=Tunga |last10=Sahinalp|first10=S. |last11=Özören|first11=Nesrin |last12=Bekpen|first12=Cemalettin|issue=1 |doi-access=free }}</ref> However, that is not a direct estimate of a migration rate, due to reasons such as unknown original contributing populations.<ref name=Alkan /> Moreover, the genetic variation of various populations in Central Asia "has been poorly characterized"; Western Asian populations may also be "closely related to populations in the east".<ref name="Taskent_et_al_2017" /> Meanwhile, Central Asia is home to numerous populations that "demonstrate an array of mixed anthropological features of East Eurasians (EEA) and West Eurasians (WEA)"; two studies showed [[Uyghurs]] have 40-53% ancestry classified as East Asian, with the rest being classified as European.<ref name="pmid23166524">{{cite journal| author=Xu S| title=Human population admixture in Asia. | journal=Genomics Inform | year= 2012 | volume= 10 | issue= 3 | pages= 133–44 | pmid=23166524 | doi=10.5808/GI.2012.10.3.133 | pmc=3492649 }}</ref> A 2006 study suggested that the true Central Asian contributions to Anatolia was 13% for males and 22% for females (with wide ranges of [[confidence interval]]s), and the language replacement in Turkey and Azerbaijan might not have been in accordance with the elite dominance model.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Berkman |first=Ceren Caner |date=September 2006 |title=Comparative Analyses For The Central Asian Contribution To Anatolian Gene Pool With Reference To Balkans |type=PhD |url=http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12607764/index.pdf |access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref>

Another study in 2021, which looked at whole-genomes and [[Exome sequencing|whole-exomes]] of 3,362 unrelated Turkish samples, resulted in establishing the first Turkish [[variome]]. The study found mixing between peoples from the Caucasus, Middle East, and Southeast Europe and other parts of Europe in line with the history of Turkey.<ref name="Kars_etal_2021">{{Cite journal |last1=Kars |first1=M. Ece |last2=Başak |first2=A. Nazlı |last3=Onat |first3=O. Emre |last4=Bilguvar |first4=Kaya |last5=Choi |first5=Jungmin |last6=Itan |first6=Yuval |last7=Çağlar |first7=Caner |last8=Palvadeau |first8=Robin |last9=Casanova |first9=Jean-Laurent |last10=Cooper |first10=David N. |last11=Stenson |first11=Peter D. |last12=Yavuz |first12=Alper |last13=Buluş |first13=Hakan |last14=Günel |first14=Murat |last15=Friedman |first15=Jeffrey M. |date=2021-09-07 |title=The genetic structure of the Turkish population reveals high levels of variation and admixture |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=118 |issue=36 |article-number=e2026076118 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2026076118 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=8433500 |pmid=34426522 |bibcode=2021PNAS..11826076K |doi-access=free }}</ref> Moreover, significant number of rare genome and exome variants were unique to modern-day Turkish population.<ref name="Kars_etal_2021"/> Neighbouring populations in East and West, and Tuscan people in Italy were closest to Turkish population in terms of genetic similarity.<ref name="Kars_etal_2021"/> Central Asian contribution to maternal, paternal, and autosomal genes were detected, consistent with the historical migration and expansion of [[Oghuz Turks]] from Central Asia.<ref name="Kars_etal_2021"/> The authors speculated that the genetic similarity of the modern-day Turkish population with modern-day European populations might be due to [[Early European Farmers|spread of neolithic Anatolian farmers into Europe]], which impacted the genetic makeup of modern-day European populations.<ref name="Kars_etal_2021"/> Moreover, the study found no clear genetic separation between different regions of Turkey, leading authors to suggest that recent migration events within Turkey resulted in genetic homogenization.<ref name="Kars_etal_2021"/>

A 2022 study, which looked at modern-day populations and more than 700 ancient genomes from Southern Europe and West Asia covering a period of 11,000 years, found that Turkish people carry the genetic legacy of "both ancient people who lived in Anatolia for thousands of years covered by our study and people coming from Central Asia bearing Turkic languages."<ref name="Lazaridis2022">{{cite journal| author=Lazaridis I, Alpaslan-Roodenberg S, Acar A, Açıkkol A, Agelarakis A, Aghikyan L | display-authors=etal| title=A genetic probe into the ancient and medieval history of Southern Europe and West Asia. | journal=Science | year= 2022 | volume= 377 | issue= 6609 | pages= 940–951 | pmid=36007020 | doi=10.1126/science.abq0755 | pmc=10019558 | bibcode=2022Sci...377..940L}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Turkey}}
* [[Gagauz people]]
* [[Turkmens]]
* [[Azerbaijanis]]
* [[Meskhetian Turks]]
* [[Tahtacı]]
*[[Yörüks]]
*[[Turkophilia]]
*[[Anti-Turkish sentiment]]
*[[Turquerie]]
*[[Demographics of Turkey]]

==Notes==
{{refbegin|30em}}
{{Cnote|a|"The history of Turkey encompasses, first, the history of Anatolia before the coming of the Turks and of the civilizations—Hittite, Thracian, Hellenistic, and Byzantine—of which the Turkish nation is the heir by assimilation or example. Second, it includes the history of the Turkish peoples, including the Seljuks, who brought Islam and the Turkish language to Anatolia. Third, it is the history of the Ottoman Empire, a vast, cosmopolitan, pan-Islamic state that developed from a small Turkish amirate in Anatolia and that for centuries was a world power."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/turkey/2.htm |title=Turkey: Country Studies |author=Steven A. Glazer |publisher=Federal Research Division, Library of Congress |date=22 March 2011 |access-date=15 June 2013}}</ref>}}
{{refend}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
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==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{citation |title=Cezayir Ülke Raporu 2008 |publisher=Algeria Embassy Trade Consultancy |url=http://www.musavirlikler.gov.tr/altdetay.cfm?AltAlanID=368&dil=TR&ulke=DZ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929205227/http://www.musavirlikler.gov.tr/altdetay.cfm?AltAlanID=368&dil=TR&ulke=DZ |archive-date=29 September 2013 }}.
* {{citation|date=8 February 2011|chapter=Community Profile: Kosovo Turks|title=Kosovo Communities Profile 2010|publisher=Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe|chapter-url=http://www.osce.org/kosovo/75450}}.
* {{cite press release |title=COMUNICAT DE PRESĂ – privind rezultatele provizorii ale Recensământului Populaţiei şi Locuinţelor – 2011 |language=ro |trans-title=PRESS RELEASE – on the provisional results of the Population and Housing Census – 2011 |date=2 February 2012 |place=Romania |publisher=Central Commission for the Census of Population and Housing |url=http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Comunicat_DATE_PROVIZORII_RPL_2011.pdf |access-date=14 May 2012 |archive-date=2 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802060014/http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Comunicat_DATE_PROVIZORII_RPL_2011.pdf }}
* {{cite report |title=Cyprus: Bridging the Property Divide |series=Europe Report N°210 |date=9 December 2010 |publisher=International Crisis Group |url=http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/europe/turkey-cyprus/cyprus/210%20Cyprus%20-%20Bridging%20the%20Property%20Divide.ashx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111103083632/http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/europe/turkey-cyprus/cyprus/210%20Cyprus%20-%20Bridging%20the%20Property%20Divide.ashx |archive-date=3 November 2011 }}
* {{cite report |title=Turkey and the Iraqi Kurds: Conflict or Cooperation? |series=Middle East Report N°81 |date=13 November 2008 |publisher=International Crisis Group |url=http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/Middle%20East%20North%20Africa/Iraq%20Syria%20Lebanon/Iraq/81Turkey%20and%20Iraqi%20Kurds%20Conflict%20or%20Cooperation.ashx |archive-date=12 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110112131324/http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/Middle%20East%20North%20Africa/Iraq%20Syria%20Lebanon/Iraq/81Turkey%20and%20Iraqi%20Kurds%20Conflict%20or%20Cooperation.ashx }}
* {{citation|year=2002|title=Population by ethnic groups, regions, counties and areas|place=Romania|publisher=National Institute of Statistics|url=http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/RPL2002INS/vol5/tables/t16.pdf}}
* {{citation |year=2008|title=The Report: Algeria 2008|publisher=Oxford Business Group|isbn=978-1-902339-09-2}}.
{{refend}}

==External links==
* {{commons category-inline|People of Turkey}}

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Vishwamitra Ashram, Bisaul

2026-03-15T15:54:35Z

Dangerpanditankit: Made first entry w/ infobox

{{Short description|Vishwamitra Gurukul of the Ancient Mithila University}}
{{Infobox monastery
| name = Vishwamitra Ashram, Bisaul
| native_name = विश्वामित्र आश्रम
| established = [[Treta Yuga]]
| dedication = [[Indian philosophy]], [[Gayatri Mantra]]
| founder = [[Vishwamitra]]
| location = [[Bisaul]] village, Harlakhi Block, [[Madhubani district]]
| country = [[India]]
| other_info = Related to [[Ancient Mithila University]]
| celebration = [[Mithila Madhya Parikrama]]
| full_name = Shree Ram - Lakhan - Vishwamitra Bishram Ashram
| other_names = Sundar Sadan
| image = Ram and Lakshman perform guru-seva by pressing Vishvamitra's feet and legs (bazaar art, mid-1900's).jpg
| caption = Symbolic image - Disciples Lord [[Rama]] and Lord [[Lakshmana]] performing guru-seva by pressing [[Vishvamitra]]'s feet and legs (bazaar art, mid-1900's)
| coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=it}}
| people = Lord Rama, Lord Lakshmana, Guru Vishwamitra
| house_superior = Present Mahant - Brajmohan Das
}}

'''Vishwamitra Ashram''' at [[Bisaul]] village of [[Madhubani district]] in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] of [[Bihar]] was the residence place related to the [[Vedas|Vedic]] sage [[Vishvamitra|Vishwamitra]] in [[Ramayana]]. It is located near the capital city [[Janakpur]] of ancient [[Videha|Mithila Kingdom]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fulaware |first=Yuvraj |url=https://www.academia.edu/10001318 |title=Ramayana route}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2020-10-05 |title=Madhubani: यहां हुआ था राम सीता का मिलन... अनेक कहानियां जुड़ी हैं, बिहार के मधुबनी से |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/bihar-assembly-elections/photo/ramayana-madhubani-bihar-harlakhi-block-lord-ram-janaki-sita-lakshman-vishwamitra-bihar-news-tstb-1140574-2020-10-05 |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref>
[[File:Brajmohan das.jpg|thumb|View of the present ''Mahant Brajmohan Dasji'' of the ashram chanting scripture in the premises.]]

== Description ==
{{Related|[[Rama's Journey in Mithila]]}}
[[File:Rajarshi Janaka meets Viswamitra and rama laxmana.jpg|thumb|The image is depicting the King Janaka meeting with Vishwamitra Rishi at the ashram ]]
In [[Ramayana]], [[Rama|Lord Rama]] and [[Lakshmana|Lord Lakshmana]] went to the Vishwamitra Ashram from the [[Gautam Ashram]] in the ancient [[Videha|Mithila Kingdom]] with their teacher [[Vishvamitra|Vishwamitra]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=मारीच वध के बाद राम व लक्ष्मण के साथ विश्वामित्र जनकपुरी पहुंचे |url=https://www.amarujala.com/haryana/sonipat/vishwamitra-reached-janakpuri-with-rama-and-lakshmana-after-maricha-s-slaughter-sonipat-news-rtk6592808184 |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=विश्वामित्र की आज्ञा से श्रीराम ने किया ताड़का का वध - Rama killed Tadaka on the orders of Vishwamitra. - Uttar Pradesh Azamgarh Local News |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/azamgarh-rama-killed-tadaka-on-the-orders-of-vishwamitra-22095300.html |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> It is said that during the [[Rama's Journey in Mithila|arrival of the princes]] [[Rama|Lord Rama]] and [[Lakshmana|Lord Lakshmana]] in Mithila, Guru [[Vishvamitra|Vishwamitra]] stayed with them in Vishaul and rested for the night.<ref>{{Cite web |title=प्रभु श्रीराम के मिथिला आगमन से जुड़ा मध्यमा परिक्रमा का इतिहास, जान‍िए कहां-कहां होती है पर‍िक्रमा - History of Madhyama Parikrama related to the arrival of Lord Shri Ram in Mithila know where the Parikrama takes place |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/muzaffarpur-history-of-madhyama-parikrama-related-to-the-arrival-of-lord-shri-ram-in-mithila-know-where-the-parikrama-takes-place-22513974.html |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Phatak |first=Manoj |date=2019-04-08 |title=1-24 विश्वामित्र आश्रम बिशौल मधुबनी बिहार |url=https://www.shriramvanyatra.org/1-24-vishwamitra-ashram-vishaul/ |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=Shri Ram Sanskritik Shodh Sansthan Nyas |language=en-US}}</ref> Vishwamitra Ashram is also the part of [[Mithila Madhya Parikrama]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2021 |title=धर्मायण - धार्मिक, सांस्कृतिक एवं राष्ट्रीय चेतना की हिन्दी मासिक पत्रिका |url=https://mahavirmandirpatna.org/dharmayan/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE.pdf?shem=ssusxt |access-date=2023-12-06 |website=धर्मायण |publisher=Mahavir Mandir, Patna |language=hi}}</ref> It was located at the royal mango garden of the King [[Janaka]]. It was built by the King [[Janaka|Shreedhwaj Janaka]] of [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]] as the residence place for the [[Vedas|Vedic]] sage [[Vishvamitra|Vishwamitra]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharatvarsh |first=TV9 |date=2022-05-13 |title=राम 'राह': अयोध्या से नेपाल तक की यात्रा.... जहां विश्वामित्र और भाई लक्ष्मण के साथ रघुवर ने रखे थे अपने चरण |url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/knowledge/ramvan-gaman-route-series-ramraah-know-about-ayodhya-to-janakpur-nepal-ram-route-where-lord-ram-and-lakshman-went-for-sita-marriage-au121-1229108.html |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=TV9 Bharatvarsh |language=hi}}</ref> There is a small village nearby called as [[Phulhar]] witnessed the first meeting of the Prince [[Rama|Lord Rama]] and Princess [[Sita|Goddess Sita]] in [[Treta Yuga]] era. When both brothers Lord Rama and Lord Lakshmana were staying in the Vishwamitra Ashram Vishaul and they went to the royal flower garden of the King Janaka known as [[Baag Taraag Pushpavatika]] to pluck flowers for their Guru Vishwamitra, [[Sita|Goddess Sita]] was also there for worshiping Goddess Girja.<ref name=":0" />

The present ''Mahant'' of the Vishwamitra Ashram is ''Brajmohan Das'' also called ''Brijmohandas Ji Maharaj''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=विश्वामित्र आश्रम के महंत ने लगाई जान माल व सुरक्षा की गुहार, दो चौकीदारों की प्रतिनियुक्ति - विश्वामित्र आश्रम के महंत ने लगाई जान माल व सुरक्षा की गुहार, दो चौकीदारों की प्रतिनियुक्ति - Bihar Madhubani Crime News |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/madhubani-news-21583011.html |access-date=2025-06-01 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>
[[File:Vishwamitra Ashram.jpg|thumb|In the picture, the right hand side image is showing the ancient statue of the Guru Vishwamitra established at the ashram and the left hand side image is of the present Mahant Brijmohandas Ji Maharaj of the ashram.]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Mithila (region)]]
[[Category:Ramayana]]
[[Category:Ashramas]]
[[Category:Hindu educational institutions]]

{{India-geo-stub}}

Navdeep Asija

2026-03-07T23:24:52Z

Dangerpanditankit: adding page

{{Short description|Indian scientist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Navdeep Asija
| image = Navdeep Asija.JPG
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Fazilka]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| residence =
| citizenship = [[India]]
| fields = [[transportation]], [[renewable resources]]
| workplaces =
| alma_mater = [[Indian Institute of Technology Delhi]] [[Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana]]{{citation needed|date=February 2016}}
| thesis_title = [[Road traffic safety]]
| thesis_url =
| thesis_year =
| doctoral_advisor = [[Geetam Tiwari]]
| academic_advisors =
| doctoral_students =
| notable_students =
| known_for = [[transportation]], [[Non Motor Transportation]], [[Road Safety]]
| author_abbrev_bot =
| author_abbrev_zoo =
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards = National Award of Excellence in 2011 by Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website = {{URL|http://www.navdeepasija.com| Navdeep Asija}}
| footnotes =
| spouse =
| children =
}}

'''Navdeep Asija''' is the founder of dial-a-cycle rickshaw concept known as Ecocabs<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ecocabs.org/ |title=Ecocabs |publisher=Ecocabs |date=2011-12-06 |accessdate=2013-09-06}}</ref> and won the 2011 National Award of Excellence by Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unhabitat.org/downloads/docs/11804_1_594697.pdf |title=Improving Informal Transport |publisher=Unhabiata.org |accessdate=2013-09-06 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130302183353/http://www.unhabitat.org/downloads/docs/11804_1_594697.pdf |archivedate=2013-03-02 }}</ref>

Asija holds a Ph.D. degree in road safety from the [[Indian Institute of Technology Delhi]] and is currently serving the state of Punjab as Traffic Advisor to Punjab Government appointed by the Punjab and Haryana High Court and has been associated with Home Affairs and Justice, State of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]].

Asija's largest impact is in the development of the Ecocab concept, which is a dial-a-cycle-[[rickshaw]] equivalent to normal cab services accomplished with gasoline-powered [[automobiles]]. The recent development of advanced [[Information technology|IT]] tools and the spread of [[cell phones]] have made it possible to balance the supply and demand of passengers and rickshaw taxis via a distributed fleet and automation.<ref name="cab">{{cite web|url=http://ecocabs.org/about/ |title=technology meets tradition :: Ecocabs - World's first dial a rickshaw service |publisher=Ecocabs |date= |accessdate=2013-09-06}}</ref> Asija demonstrated the concept of Ecocabs first in [[Fazilka]], a district headquarters of the [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] State, which is located near India-Pakistan Border.<ref name="cab"/>

The rickshaw program decreased [[greenhouse gas emissions]] by reducing the use of [[fossil fuels]] for transporting passengers, while at the same time reducing the startup costs for entrepreneurs performing taxi services.<ref>{{cite web|last=Asija |first=Navdeep |url=https://www.academia.edu/867690 |title=Fazilka Ecocabs - Towards Sustainable Transport Solutions | Navdeep Asija |publisher=Academia.edu |date= |accessdate=2013-09-06}}</ref>

==Car free and non-motor transport and "Right to Walk" movement in Punjab, India==
He is a pioneer<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gobartimes.org/content/those-who-made-difference-year-just-gone |title=Those who made a difference in the year just gone by |publisher=Gobar Times |date=2011-04-27 |accessdate=2013-09-06}}</ref> to start [[Car-free movement]] and promotion of non-motorised transport in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] state of [[India]]. His advocacy tool helped city municipal council to decongest the major commercial hub, the clock tower market area of the city [[Fazilka]] into a pedestrian by establishing India's first car free zone.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.downtoearth.org.in/node/2891 |title=Come without your car |publisher=Down To Earth |date=2009-01-15 |accessdate=2013-09-06}}</ref> Later the same concept was taken up by the [[Punjab and Haryana High Court]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/hc-to-ut-why-not-make-sector-17-a-vehiclefree-zone/919480/ |title=HC to UT: Why not make Sector 17 a vehicle-free zone? |publisher=Indian Express |date=2012-03-03 |accessdate=2013-09-06}}</ref> in the form of [[Sua sponte]], Public Interest Litigation, and asked the authorities to identify and establish vehicle free areas in each town and city of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] including Sector 17 of Union Territory of [[Chandigarh]] Punjab. [[Chandigarh]] is a capital city for the state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and [[Haryana]] of [[India]].

In his recent public interest litigation he sought directions from the Punjab and Haryana High Court for enforcement of "right to walk" while claiming that it was part of "right to life" under Article 21 of Constitution of India.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/hc-notice-on-plea-for-right-to-walk/articleshow/56695568.cms|title=High Court notice on plea for right to walk - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 January 2017 |publisher=}}</ref>

==Awards and Recognitions==
* Best Citizen Award by City Administration of Fazilka for contribution in the area of Road Safety on the occasion of [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]] 2011.
* National Award of Excellence by Ministry of [[Urban planning|Urban Development]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=78167|title=Press Information Bureau|publisher=}}</ref> Government of India for Ecocabs in 2011
* His Fazilka Ecocabs venture qualified in the World's Top 15 for MobiPrize.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://mobiprize.com/ecocabs-dial-a-rickshaw/ | title=无锡苛谮科技股份有限公司 }}</ref> MobiPrize is an award for entrepreneurial ventures in sustainable transportation. Created by the [[University of Michigan]] SMART initiative with the generous support of the [[Rockefeller Foundation]] in 2012.
* Geometric designed work on "Gazipur flyover, Delhi (on NH-24 bypass and Road Number 56)" won [[Vishvakarma|Vishawakarma]] National Award for best Project in Urban Transport Category and its integration with non motor transport facilities for the year 2012.
* His venture Ecocab-Dial a Rickshaw, received Runner up Volvo Sustainable Mobility Award 2013<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.volvobuses.com/BUS/INDIA/EN-IN/NEWS_AND_EVENTS/VOLVO_SUSTAINABLE_MOBILITY_AWARD_2013/Pages/default.aspx|title=Volvo Buses India|publisher=}}</ref> for unique Initiative.
* Promising Active Transport [[Social entrepreneurship|Social Entrepreneurs]] by Embarq India for Ecocabs in the year 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://connectkaro.org/content/award-winners |title=Award Winners {{!}} CONNECTKaro |website=connectkaro.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518090235/http://connectkaro.org/content/award-winners |archive-date=2015-05-18}}</ref>
* Listed in the list of 30 Extraordinary Indians, “who made the difference in what India needs and citizens have decided to make it their life's mission to provide it” leading Magazine and Media Group of India “India Today” on the occasion of their 68th Independence Day Special Issue (2015).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20150824-independence-day-special-transport-solutions-820294-1999-11-29|title=Green wheels|date=30 November 1999 |publisher=}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Demand responsive transport]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Asija, Navdeep}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Fazilka district]]
[[Category:Indian environmentalists]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Cycling advocates]]

Chahat Pandey

2026-03-05T23:20:21Z

Dangerpanditankit:

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Chahat Pandey
| image =
| image_size = 250px
| caption = Chahat in her Nath depicting first 2 generations.
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1999|6|1}}{{cn|date=January 2025}}
| birth_place = [[Damoh]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], India
| alma_mater = [[Maharishi Mahesh Yogi Vedic University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])
| years active = 2016–present
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]] (2023 - present)
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Actress]]|[[Model (person)|Model]]}}
| known_for = {{ubl|''[[Durga – Mata Ki Chhaya]]''|''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 18]]''}}
}}

'''Chahat Mani Pandey''' is an [[India|Indian]] actress who has portrayed lead roles as Pakhi Parekh in ''[[Hamari Bahu Silk]]'', Durga Aneja in ''[[Durga – Mata Ki Chhaya]]'' and Mahua/Krishna in ''[[Nath (TV series)|Nath]]''.<ref name="tribune happy"/> In 2024, Pandey participated in [[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 18|''Bigg Boss 18'']], finishing 8th place.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=19 June 2020 |title=TV actress Chahat Pandey in jail for fighting with aunt |work=The State India |url=https://thestateindia.com/2020/06/19/tv-actress-chahat-pandey-in-jail-for-fighting-with-aunt/}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Chahat Pandey was born and raised in Chandi Chopra village, [[Damoh]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]. Her mother is Bhavna  Pandey. She studied in Chandi Chopra to the 5th standard. Her father died when she was young.<ref name="birth"/><ref name="dainik mumbai"/> She completed the 10th standard from Adarsh School in Jabalpur Naka, and the 12th standard at JPB school, both in [[Damoh district]].<ref name="debut"/><ref name="dainik mumbai"/> She also did acting training in [[Indore]] with [[Balaji Group]].<ref name="debut"/><ref name="dainik mumbai"/> She moved to [[Mumbai]] to pursue her acting career.<ref name="birth"/><ref name="dainik mumbai" />

== Career ==

=== Television ===
Pandey debuted in 2016 in the television soap opera ''[[Pavitra Bandhan]]'', where she portrayed Mishti Roy Choudhary, the younger daughter of the main character Girish, who returns from having lived in America.<ref name="debut" /> She also had episodic roles in the crime dramatisation series ''[[Savdhaan India]]''. In 2017, Pandey featured in the teaser trailer for the soap opera ''[[RadhaKrishn]]'' as the lead character [[Radha]], but was later replaced by [[Mallika Singh]].<ref name="radha" />

Pandey played the lead role of Pakhi Parekh in the 2019 TV serial ''[[Hamari Bahu Silk]]'', where she played the role of a voice artist who dubs for an actress who stars in a number of sensual films but has a hoarse voice in real life.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/hamari-bahu-silk-5-things-netizens-need-know-about-chahat-pandey-and-zaan-khan-s-show-1002901 |title=Hamari Bahu Silk: 5 things netizens need to know about Chahat Pandey and Zaan Khan's show |date=22 January 2022 |access-date=6 April 2022 |archive-date=8 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408072715/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/hamari-bahu-silk-5-things-netizens-need-know-about-chahat-pandey-and-zaan-khan-s-show-1002901 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2020, she and the other actors on the show complained that they had not received their payment dues, and that she was getting asked by her landlord to leave for not paying rent.<ref name="hindustan vacate" /> There were also rumours that she had attempted to kill herself<ref name="abplive suicide" /> but she soon refuted, saying her mother's statement was misunderstood.<ref name="hindustan misunderstood">{{Cite news |date=18 May 2020 |title=Humari Bahu Silk's Chahat Pandey clarifies she is not contemplating suicide, says her mother was misunderstood |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/humari-bahu-silk-s-chahat-pandey-clarifies-she-is-not-contemplating-suicide-says-her-mother-was-misunderstood/story-4JOkYIYOdKP6UvEDlIYK1O.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> The issue concerning her payment dues was eventually resolved in 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 August 2021 |title=Hamari Bahu Silk fame Chahat Pandey on getting dues cleared: It took time but I am happy things are sorted |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/hamari-bahu-silk-fame-chahat-pandey-getting-dues-cleared-it-took-time-i-am-happy-things-are-sorted-867274 |work=[[Pinkvilla]] |access-date=5 April 2022 |archive-date=15 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220515205253/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/hamari-bahu-silk-fame-chahat-pandey-getting-dues-cleared-it-took-time-i-am-happy-things-are-sorted-867274 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In February 2020, while shooting an episode for ''[[Mere Sai - Shraddha Aur Saburi]]'', Pandey was briefly injured and hospitalized when she stepped on a piece of glass while barefoot.<ref name="mid-day injured" /><ref name="india tv injured" />

She portrayed the title character Durga Aneja, who is a god-gifted child born with boons from [[Goddess Durga]], in the television series ''[[Durga – Mata Ki Chhaya]]'' opposite [[Avinash Mishra]],<ref name="tribune happy" /> which ran on [[Star Bharat]] from December 2020 to March 2021. From August 2021 to October 2024, Pandey starred as in [[Dangal TV]]'s show ''[[Nath (TV series)|Nath]]'',<ref name="mid-day nath" /> as Mahua opposite [[Arjit Taneja]], [[Avinash Mishra|Mishra]] and [[Ankit Gera]] in its first season ''Nath: Zevar Ya Zanjeer'' and Mahua's daughter Krishna opposite Arjun Singh Dalal in its second season ''Nath: Krishna Aur Gauri Ki Kahani''. From October 2024 to January 2025, she has been a contestant in ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 18|Bigg Boss 18]]''. Since February 2026, she participated in [[Colors TV]]'s ''The 50''.

=== Political ===
She joined [[Aam Aadmi Party]] before the [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Entertainment |date=2023-06-30 |title="Pavitra Rishta" fame actress Chahat Pandey entered the political world |url=https://biharbandhu.in/entertainment/pavitra-rishta-fame-actress-chahat-pandey-entered-the-political-world/ |access-date=2023-06-30 |website=The Bihar Bandhu |language=en-US}}</ref> She was the candidate of [[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]] for the [[Damoh Assembly constituency]] of [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] and lost her deposit.<ref>{{Cite web |last=जबलपुर |first=अजय त्रिपाठी |title=कौन हैं चाहत पांडे जिन्हें AAP ने दमोह से दिया टिकट, प्रत्याशी बनाए जाने पर क्या कहा? |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/madhya-pradesh/mp-assembly-election-2023-aap-gave-ticket-to-tv-actress-chahat-pandey-from-damoh-seat-ann-2507229 |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=ABP News |date=3 October 2023 |language=hi}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== Television ===
{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Notes
! scope="col" | Ref.
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | 2016
| ''[[Pavitra Bandhan]]''
| Mishti Roy Choudhary
|
| <ref name="debut" /><ref name="patrika style" />
|-

| ''[[Savdhaan India]]''
| Various
|
| <ref name="radha" /><ref name="patrika style" />
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="5" | 2017 
| ''[[Aisi Deewangi Dekhi Nahi Kahi]]''
| Preeti
|
| <ref name="patrika style" />
|-

| ''Cheekh... Ek Khauffnaak Sach''
| Sapna Singh
|
| <ref name="patrika style" />
|-

| ''[[Hoshiyar… Sahi Waqt, Sahi Kadam|Hoshiyar]]''
| Anjali
|
| <ref name="patrika style" />
|-

| ''[[Crime Patrol (TV series)|Crime Patrol Satark]]''
| Roohi
|
| <ref>{{Cite episode |title=Crime Patrol Satark Season 2 - क्राइम पेट्रोल सतर्क - घिंनौनी मानसिकता - Episode 237- Full Episode|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sghWCInGGLU|access-date=8 March 2022 |series=[[Crime Patrol (TV series)|Crime Patrol Satark]]|network=[[Sony Entertainment Television]]|date=21 March 2021 |number=237 |publisher=[[Sony Entertainment Television]]|via=[[YouTube]] | url-access=limited | time=2:50-4:00: Roohi talking with the children and the servant. }}</ref>
|-

| ''[[RadhaKrishn]]''
| [[Radha]]
| Promo
| <ref name="patrika style" /><ref name="radha"/>

|-
! scope="row" rowspan="4" | 2018
| ''[[Mahakali — Anth Hi Aarambh Hai]]''
| [[Devasena]]
|
| <ref>{{Cite episode |title=E93 - Ganesha gains powerful consorts |url=https://www.voot.com/shows/mahakaali/1/520611/mahakaali-season-01-episode-93/618825 |series=Mahakali — Anth Hi Aarambh Hai |series-link=Mahakali — Anth Hi Aarambh Hai |network=[[Voot]] |date=28 July 2018 |number=93 |url-access=subscription | time=24:12 to 24:20: when Mahakaali asks to Karthikey if he will marry Devasena }}</ref>
|-

| ''[[Kaun Hai?]]''
| Ambika
| Episode: "The Heir of Dhawalgarh (Part 2)"
| <ref>{{Cite episode |title=Kaun Hai? – Episode 26 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CImpZdNYoLQ |access-date=8 March 2022 |series=[[ Kaun Hai?]] |network=[[Colors TV]] |date=21 January 2021 |number=26 |publisher=[[Colors TV]] |via=[[YouTube]] | url-access=limited }}</ref><ref>{{Cite episode |title=The heir of Dhawalgarh Part - 2 |url=https://www.voot.com/shows/kaun-hai/1/612655/the-heir-of-dhawalgarh-part-2/624171 |series=Kaun Hai? |series-link=Kaun Hai? |network=[[Voot]] |date=28 July 2018 |number=26 |url-access=subscription| time=1:20 to 2:00, when Ratan calls out to Ambika and talks about the witch }}</ref>
|-

| ''[[Tenali Rama (TV series)|Tenali Rama]]''
| Ananta Lakshmi
|
| <ref name="hindustan vacate" /><ref>{{Cite episode |title=Tenali Rama Season 4 Episode 313 - A Gift |url=https://www.mxplayer.in/show/watch-tenali-rama/301400/a-gift-online-9b56380aaf6809598f026c8c9a302bca |series=Tenali Rama |network=[[MX Player]] |date=18 September 2018 |number=313 |url-access=limited  | time=1:29 to 1:40, Ananta Lakshmi talking about toys }}</ref>
|-


| ''India Alert''
| Various
|
| <ref>{{Cite episode |title=Chahat |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C7lCsRG7uE4 |access-date=8 March 2022 |series=India Alert |network=[[Dangal TV]] |date=29 November 2018 |number=105 |publisher=[[Dangal TV]] |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | {{dts|2019|06|03|format=y}}
| ''[[Aladdin – Naam Toh Suna Hoga]]''
| Princess Meher
| Recurring role
| <ref name="aladdin"/>
|-

| ''[[Hamari Bahu Silk]]''
| Pakhi Parekh
|
| <ref name="aladdin"/>
|-
! rowspan="4" scope="row" | 2019–2020
| rowspan="3" | ''[[Laal Ishq (Indian TV series)|Laal Ishq]]''
| Jhanvi
| Episode: "Ashwa Danav"
| <ref>{{Cite episode |title=Ashwa Danav |url=https://www.zee5.com/global/tv-shows/details/laal-ishq/0-6-tvshow_1306724328/laal-ishq/0-1-manual_5klscleaco80 |series=Laal Ishq |series-link=Laal Ishq (Indian TV series) |network=[[Zee5]] |date=6 December 2019 |number=169 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Oak |first=Asutoth |date=6 December 2019 |title=Laal Ishq: Chahat Pandey From Hamari Bahu Silk Will Play The Role Of Jhanvi ! |work=[[Zee5|Zee5 News]] |url=https://www.zee5.com/zee5news/laal-ishq-what-happens-when-the-sweet-memories-of-childhood-turn-into-a-nightmare |access-date=8 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
|Chandrika
|Episode: "Chandra Pishach"
|<ref>{{Cite episode |title=Chandra Pishach |url=https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/laal-ishq/0-6-tvshow_1306724328/laal-ishq/0-1-manual_2cdkomucrq20 |access-date=8 March 2022 |series=Laal Ishq |series-link=Laal Ishq (Indian TV series) |network=[[Zee5]] |date=25 January 2020 |number=199 |url-access=subscription | time=37:01 to 40:00, Chandrika talking to the professor}}</ref>
|-
|Paneeri
|Episode: "Kark Danav"
|<ref>{{Cite episode |title=Kark Danav |url=https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/laal-ishq/0-6-tvshow_1306724328/laal-ishq/0-1-manual_1cbr13hts0a0 |access-date=8 March 2022 |series=Laal Ishq |series-link=Laal Ishq (Indian TV series) |network=[[Zee5]] |date=8 March 2020 |number=223 |url-access=subscription| time=3:56-4:04, Paniri taking the form of the demon}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Dwarkadheesh Bhagwan Shree Krishn – Sarvkala Sampann]]''
|[[Radha]]
|
|
|-
! scope="row"| {{dts|2020|01|format=y}}
| ''[[Mere Sai - Shraddha Aur Saburi]]''
| Upasana
| Recurring role
| <ref name="india tv injured" /><ref name="mid-day injured" /><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://fijitimes.net.au/chahat-pandey-to-join-the-cast-of-mere-sai-shraddha-aur-saburi/ |title=Chahat Pandey to join the cast of Mere Sai- Shraddha Aur Saburi |work=Fiji Times India Times Australia |date=23 January 2020 |access-date=10 May 2022 |archive-date=25 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025170114/https://fijitimes.net.au/chahat-pandey-to-join-the-cast-of-mere-sai-shraddha-aur-saburi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| 2020–2021
| ''[[Durga – Mata Ki Chhaya]]''
| Durga Aneja
|
| <ref name="tribune happy" />
|-
! scope="row"| 2021
| ''Ishq Mein Kill Dil''
| Prarthana
|
|
|-
! scope="row"|2021–2023
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Nath (TV series)|Nath]]''
| Mahua Rathore Mishra
|
| <ref name="aladdin" /><ref name="abp makeup" />
|-
! scope="row"| 2023–2024
| Krishna Mishra Narayan
|
|
|-
! scope="row"| 2024
|''[[Gehna: Zewar Ya Zanjeer]]''
|Krishna Mishra Narayan
|Cameo appearance
|
|-
! scope="row"| 2024–2025
|''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 18|Bigg Boss 18]]''
|rowspan="2"|Contestant
|8th place
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wadhwa |first=Aman |title=Bigg Boss 18: Chahat Pandey evicted, fans say 'she deserved to be in top 5 instead of Chugli gang' |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-bigg-boss-18-chahat-pandey-evicted-chaahat-pandey-evicted-deserved-to-be-in-top-5-chugli-gang-vivian-dsena-avinash-mishra-eisha-singh-rajat-dalal-karan-veer-mehra-chum-darang-shilpa-shirodkar-3126732 |access-date=2025-01-13 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| 2026
|''[[The 50]]''
|
|<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sehgal|first=Chirag|date=22 January 2025|title=Bigg Boss 18 Star Chahat Pandey, Splitsvilla's Hamid Barkzi Confirmed For The 50|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/television/bigg-boss-18-star-chahat-pandey-splitsvillas-hamid-barkzi-confirmed-for-the-50-ws-kl-9848941.html|access-date=23 January 2026|work=[[News 18]]|language=hi}}</ref>
|}

=== Web series ===
{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Notes
! scope="col" | Ref.
|-
! scope="row"| 2025
| ''Saas Bahu Aur Swaad''
| Riya Rastogi
|
|
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of Hindi television actresses]]
* [[List of Indian television actresses]]

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="abplive suicide">{{Cite news |date=20 May 2020 |title=Humari Bahu Silk Actress Chahat Pandey Had Attempted Suicide After Makers Didn't Pay The Cast their Dues! |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/humari-bahu-silk-actress-chahat-pandey-had-attempted-suicide-after-makers-didnt-pay-the-cast-their-dues-1239193 |work=[[ABP Live]]}}</ref>

<ref name="abp makeup">{{Cite AV media |medium=online video |date=20 February 2022 |title=Nath Zewar Ya Zanjeer: Sneak-peek into Chahat Pandey's makeup room |url=https://news.abplive.com/videos/entertainment/nath-zewar-ya-zanjeer-sneak-peek-into-chahat-pandey-s-makeup-room-1514324 |access-date=8 March 2022 |work=[[ABP Live]]}}</ref>

<ref name="aladdin">{{Cite news |last=Varma |first=Lipika |date=25 August 2021 |title=I am an example of speaking up for my rights: "Aladdin" actor Chahat Pandey |work=[[Free Press Journal]] |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/i-am-an-example-of-speaking-up-for-my-rights-aladdin-actor-chahat-pandey |access-date=8 March 2022}}</ref>

<ref name="birth">{{Cite news |title=पैदा होते ही मां ने की बेटी को अभिनेत्री बनाने की चाहत |url=https://www.patrika.com/damoh-news/lead-roll-in-tv-serials-1-2387971/ |access-date=8 March 2022 |work=[[Rajasthan Patrika|Patrika]] |language=hi |date=19 February 2018 |trans-title=Mother wanted her daughter to be an actress as soon as she was born |first=Rajesh Kumar |last=Pandey}}</ref>

<ref name="dainik mumbai">{{Cite news |date=19 February 2019 |title=ऐसी है इस एक्ट्रेस की सक्सेस स्टोरी, कर चुकी कई सीरियल में लीड रोल |language=hi |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]] |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/MP-BPL-HMU-IFTM-making-actress-went-mumbai-doing-several-roles-in-serials-5815279-PHO.html |trans-title=Making Actress Went Mumbai, Doing Several Roles In Serials |access-date=8 March 2022}}</ref>

<ref name="debut">{{Cite news |date=11 September 2016 |title=पवित्र बंधन में मिष्ठी का रोल निभा रहीं चाहत |language=hi |trans-title=Chahat playing the role of Mishti in the sacred bond |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]] |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/MP-OTH-MAT-latest-damoh-news-024502-944603-NOR.html |access-date=8 March 2022}}</ref>

<ref name="hindustan vacate">{{Cite news |date=21 May 2020 |title=Chahat Pandey says she was asked to vacate home for not paying rent |language=en |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/chahat-pandey-says-she-was-asked-to-vacate-home-for-not-paying-rent/story-PuWAkUkYycyww9Snm61qUN.html |access-date=30 July 2020}}</ref>

<ref name="india tv injured">{{Cite news |last=Karki |first=Tripti |date=11 February 2020 |title=TV actress Chahat Pandey injured while walking barefoot |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/tv/tv-actress-chahat-pandey-injured-while-walking-barefoot-587978 |work=[[India TV News]]}}</ref>

<ref name="mid-day injured">{{Cite news |date=11 February 2020 |title=Mere Sai- Shraddha Aur Saburi: Actress Chahat Pandey injured |work=[[Mid-Day]] |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/mere-sai-shraddha-aur-saburi-actress-chahat-pandey-injured-during-shoot-22588180 |access-date=8 March 2022}}</ref>

<ref name="mid-day nath">{{Cite news |date=15 September 2021 |title=Chahat Pandey gets emotional during the haldi sequence in Dangal TV's popular serial 'Nath Zewar Ya Zanjeer' |work=[[Mid-Day]] |url=https://www.mid-day.com/lifestyle/infotainment/article/chahat-pandey-gets-emotional-during-the-haldi-sequence-in-dangal-tvs-popular-serial-nath-zewar-ya-zanjeer-23192335 |access-date=8 March 2022}}</ref>

<ref name="patrika style">{{Cite news |last=Jain |first=Samved |date=20 February 2018 |title=अब इस एक्ट्रेस की अदाओं ने मचाया धमाल,सलमान हुए दीवाने, देखें VIDEO |language=hi |trans-title=Now the style of this actress rocked, Salman became crazy, see VIDEO |work=[[Rajasthan Patrika|Patrika]] |url=https://www.patrika.com/sagar-news/actress-chahat-pandey-hot-video-and-photos-india-1-2393534/ |access-date=8 March 2022}}</ref>

<ref name="radha">{{Cite news |date=19 February 2018 |title=सावधान इंडिया के बाद राधा-कृष्ण सीरियल में भी नजर आएंगी चाहत पांडे |language=hi |trans-title=After Savdhaan India, Chahat Pandey will also be seen in Radha-Krishna serial |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]] |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/MP-OTH-MAT-latest-damoh-news-023502-1143559-NOR.html |access-date=8 March 2022}}</ref>



<ref name="tribune happy">{{Cite interview |subject=Chahat Pandey |date=4 January 2021 |title=Chahat Pandey, who has made a comeback with Star Bharat's show Durga, is happy to re-connect with fans |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/chahat-pandey-who-has-made-a-comeback-with-star-bharats-show-durga-is-happy-to-re-connect-with-fans-193470 |access-date=8 March 2022 |work=[[The Tribune]]}}</ref>

</references>

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=11530269}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pandey, Chahat}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:People from Damoh]]
[[Category:Actresses from Madhya Pradesh]]

Dattapur Dhamangaon

2026-02-25T15:12:30Z

Dangerpanditankit: updated structure and fixed typos

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dhamangaon Railway
| other_name = Dattapur Dhamangaon
| settlement_type = Municipal Council And City
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname = Dattapur Dhamangaon (Railway)
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|20.7847|N|78.1384|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Amravati district|Amravati]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =footprints are founded in late 15th century. It is one of the tribs where Nijam Of Hydrabad used to rest while travelling to Umbravati Sultanate, now known as Amravati.
The original foundation of
City started in 1890 to 1940 when many of the people from village area located near city line used to migrate at dhamangaon

| named_for = Home of pilgrimage
| government_type = Municipal Council Class 'B'
| governing_body = Municipal Council of Dhamangaon Railway
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 18
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 297
| population_total= 45,592
| population_as_of = 2026
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2= auto
| population_rank = In Amravati 6
| population_demonym = Dhamangaonkars
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 444709
| area_code = 07222
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = MH-27
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 51:49 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| website =
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| official_name =
| leader_title1 = Nagar Adhyaksha
| leader_name = [[Pratap Arunbhau Adsad ( As of 2016 Local Elections )]]
}}
'''Dhamangaon''' is a town and a [[municipal council]] in [[Amravati district]] in the state of [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. Dhamangaon is one of the three talukas (Other two are Chandur Railway and Nandgaon Khandeshwar) in Chandur (Railway) subdivision in Amravati district. The municipal council is named as Dattapur-Dhamangaon Municipal council.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://amravati.nic.in/htmldocs/demographic.html |title=Amravati District | Demographic Information |access-date=20 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408161206/http://amravati.nic.in/htmldocs/demographic.html |archive-date=8 April 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{As of|2025}},<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Dhamangaon had a population of 45,592. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Dhamangaon has an average literacy rate of 85%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 83% and, female literacy is 88%. In Dhamangaon, 12% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==Climate==
Dhamangaon has a tropical climate with hot, dry summers and mild to cool winters. Summer lasts from March to June, monsoon season from July to October and winter from November to March. The warmest month is May. About 979 mm of precipitation falls annually.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dhamangaon Railway climate: Average Temperature, weather by month, Dhamangaon Railway weather averages - Climate-Data.org|url=https://en.climate-data.org/asia/india/maharashtra/dhamangaon-railway-173466/|access-date=2021-12-26|website=en.climate-data.org}}</ref>

==Governance==
Dattapur-Dhamangaon is a Municipal Council is the local authority in the city. The Dattapur-Dhamangaon city is divided into 17 wards for which elections are held every 5 years.

Member of Legislative Assembly (MLA):

The Dhamangaon Railway Assembly constituency is one of the 288 Vidhan Sabha constituencies in Maharashtra, situated in Amravati district. In the 2024 Maharashtra Assembly elections, Pratap Adsad of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) was re-elected as the MLA, securing 110,641 votes, which accounted for 49.54% of the total votes. His closest competitor, Virendra Walmikrao Jagtap of the Indian National Congress (INC), received 94,413 votes, representing 42.27% of the votes.

Member of Parliament (MP):

Dhamangaon Railway falls under the Wardha Lok Sabha constituency. In the 2024 general elections, Amar Sharadrao Kale of the Nationalist Congress Party (Sharad Pawar faction) [NCP(SP)] was elected as the Member of Parliament. Prior to this, Kale served as a member of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly, representing the Arvi constituency from 2004 to 2009 and again from 2014 to 2019.

==Professions==
Out of total population, 60,000 were engaged in work or business activity. Of this 50,000 were males while 10,000 were females. Of total 25000 working population, 89.27% were engaged in Main Work while 10.73% of total workers were engaged in Marginal Work. This region mostly depends on the cotton & agricultural business.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}

==Transport==
Dhamangaon is well connected by road and trains to other important cities. Dhamangaon railway station is a railway station serving Dhamangaon town, in Amravati district of Maharashtra State of India. It is under Nagpur railway division of Central Railway Zone of Indian Railways. It is located on Howrah–Nagpur–Mumbai line of the Indian Railways. As of 2016, electrified double Broad Gauge railway line exist and at this station, 40 trains stops. Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport (Nagpur), is at distance of 105 kilometers

Dhamangaon is also connected by The "Samruddhi Mahamarg," officially named the Hindu Hrudaysamrat Balasaheb Thackeray Maharashtra Samruddhi Mahamarg, is a 701-kilometer, 6-lane (expandable to 8) access-controlled expressway connecting Mumbai and Nagpur in Maharashtra, India, also known as the Mumbai-Nagpur Expressway

Dhamangaon Railway Station (station code: DMN) is a significant station located in Amravati district, Maharashtra, India. It falls under the Nagpur Division of the Central Railway zone of Indian Railways. The station serves as a halt for numerous trains, facilitating connectivity to various major cities across India.

As of the latest available information, approximately 38 trains halt at Dhamangaon Railway Station. These trains connect Dhamangaon to several key cities, including:

Nagpur: Regular services link Dhamangaon to Nagpur, enhancing regional connectivity.

Pune: Trains such as the NGP PUNE SF EXP (12136) provide direct routes to Pune.

Mumbai: Services like the VIDARBHA EXPRESS (12105) connect passengers to Mumbai.

Howrah (Kolkata): The HWH CSMT MAIL (12810) offers connectivity to Howrah.

Chennai: The NAVAJIVAN SF EXP (12656) facilitates travel to Chennai.

Ahmedabad: Trains such as the ADI HWH EXP (12833) connect to Ahmedabad.

Shalimar (Kolkata): The SHM LTT EXPRESS (18030) provides a route to Shalimar.

Amravati: Local trains ensure frequent connectivity to Amravati.

These connections make Dhamangaon Railway Station a pivotal hub, linking passengers to various parts of the country.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Amravati district topics}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Amravati district]]
[[Category:Talukas in Maharashtra]]

{{Amravati-geo-stub}}

2024–25 Bengaluru FC season

2026-02-23T18:03:37Z

Dangerpanditankit:

{{Short description|12th season in the existence of Bengaluru FC}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox football club season
| club = [[Bengaluru FC]]
| logo =
| season = [[List of Bengaluru FC seasons|2024–25]]
| manager = {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Gerard Zaragoza]]<ref name="Gerard_Zaragoza_appointment">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bengalurufc.com/2023/club-news/bengaluru-fc-rope-in-gerard-zaragoza-as-head-coach/|title=Bengaluru FC rope in Gerard Zaragoza as Head Coach|publisher=Bengaluru FC|date=14 December 2023|access-date=16 December 2023}}</ref>
| chairman = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sajjan Jindal]]
| stadium = [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]]
| league = [[Indian Super League]]
| league result = [[2024–25 Indian Super League|Runner-up (League 3rd)]]
| cup1 = [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]
| cup1 result = Round of 16
| cup2 = [[Durand Cup]]
| cup2 result = [[2024 Durand Cup#Semi-finals|Semifinalist]]
| league topscorer = {{flagicon|India}} [[Sunil Chhetri]] (14 goals)
| season topscorer = {{flagicon|India}} [[Sunil Chhetri]] (17 goals)
| largest win = [[#ISL25|5–0 vs Mumbai City]]
| largest loss = [[#ISL7|3–0 vs Goa]]
| highest attendance = 22,302
| lowest attendance = 7,367
| average attendance =  12,685
| pattern_la1 = _Bengalurufc_home_2025_26
| pattern_b1 = _bengalurufc_home_2024_25
| pattern_ra1 = _Bengalurufc_home_2025_26
| pattern_so1 = _whiteline
| pattern_sh1 = _whitesides
| leftarm1 = 273496
| body1 = 273496
| rightarm1 = 273496
| shorts1 = 273496
| socks1 = 273496
| pattern_la2 = _blueborder
| pattern_b2 = _bengalurufc_away_2024_25
| pattern_ra2 = _blueborder
| pattern_sh2 = _whitesides
| pattern_so2 = _whiteline
| leftarm2 = E1E1E1
| body2 = C71111
| rightarm2 = E1E1E1
| shorts2 = C71111
| socks2 = C71111
| pattern_la3 = _blueborder
| pattern_b3 = _vneckblue
| pattern_ra3 = _blueborder
| pattern_sh3 = _bluesides
| pattern_so3 = _blueline
| leftarm3 = FFAEC9
| body3 = FFAEC9
| rightarm3 = FFAEC9
| shorts3 = FFAEC9
| socks3 = FFAEC9
| updated = 12 April 2024
| prevseason = [[2023–24 Bengaluru FC season|2023–24]]
| nextseason = [[2025–26 Bengaluru FC season|2025–26]]
}}

The '''2024–25 season''' is [[Bengaluru FC]]'s 12th season as a professional football club since its establishment in 2013 and 7th season in the [[Indian Super League]]. It runs from 1 June 2024 to 31 May 2025 with participation in [[Durand Cup]], Indian Super League and [[Super Cup]].

The Blues revealed six new signings on 7 July 2024, during an open training session at the [[Bangalore Football Stadium]]. Following a week long training at [[Inspire Institute of Sport]] in [[Ballari district|Ballari]], they reached Kolkata on 30 July 2024 for the Durand Cup.

In its fifth appearance at the Durand Cup, Bengaluru started brightly by securing wins in all of its three group stage matches before heading to the knockout stage. In the quarterfinals, a last minute goal by [[Jorge Pereyra Díaz|Pereyra Díaz]] against [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]] ensured a place in the semi-finals against [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]. The campaign along with the winning run came to an end on 27th August after going down against Mohun Bagan in the penalties, despite taking an early 2–0 lead.

==Background==
{{Main|2023–24 Bengaluru FC season}}
After finishing 10th in the league in its previous season, its lowest since finishing 7th in the [[2020–21 Indian Super League|2020–21]] season, and failing to perform in the cup tournaments, Bengaluru began making significant changes to its squad by parting ways with [[Oliver Drost]], [[Slavko Damjanović]] and [[Javi Hernández (footballer, born 1989)|Javi Hernández]].<ref>{{cite twitter|user=bengalurufc|number=1794397946282205648|title=The BFC family wishes striker Oliver Drost and defender Slavko Damjanovic the very best for their future as they bid adieu to Bengaluru. Go well, lads!|date=25 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite twitter|user=bengalurufc|number=1795841249779617910|title=For waving your wand, making the magic happen and so much more. Spanish midfield maestro Javi Hernandez leaves the club after two fantastic seasons in Bengaluru blue. 𝙂𝙧𝙖𝙘𝙞𝙖𝙨, 𝙅𝙖𝙫𝙞!|date=29 May 2024}}</ref>

Later during the open training session on 7 July, the club announced return of [[Rahul Bheke]] who had joined from [[Mumbai City FC]] as season's first signing. The Indian international full back was previously a part of the club during 2017–2021 period.<ref>{{cite twitter|user=bengalurufc|number=1809799726088237518|title=If you're not at the BFS, you've missed out! @RahulBheke's surprised everyone in the stands at the #BFCOpenHouse to announce his arrival back in Bengaluru on a two-year-deal.|date=7 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2024-07-07 |title=ISL 2024-25: Rahul Bheke returns to Bengaluru FC, pens two-year deal with Blues |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/isl-2024-25-news-rahul-bheke-signs-for-bengaluru-fc-till-2026/article68377538.ece |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref> Spaninard forward [[Édgar Méndez]] was later revealed as the season's first foreign signing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=All you need to know about Bengaluru FC's new signing Edgar Mendez |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/features/all-you-need-to-know-about-bengaluru-fcs-new-signing-edgar-mendez |date=9 July 2024 |website=www.indiansuperleague.com |language=en}}</ref> Joining him were [[Jorge Pereyra Díaz]] and [[Alberto Noguera]], both from Mumbai City. Among domestic signings, [[Mohamed Salah (Indian footballer)|Mohamed Salah]] from [[Punjab FC]] and [[Lalthuammawia Ralte]], the returning goalkeeper from [[Odisha FC]] were revealed on the same day.<ref name="7julytransfers">{{Cite web |last=Bharadwaj |first=Sathvik |title=Bengaluru FC unveil six new signings |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/football/bengaluru-fc-unveil-six-new-signings-3095935 |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

In the following week, the Dutch midfielder [[Keziah Veendorp]] parted ways with the club<ref>{{cite twitter|user=bengalurufc|number=1811740178186211369|title=Bengaluru FC thanks Dutch midfielder Keziah Veendorp for his contributions to the club, and wishes him well for all that the future holds. Thank you, Keziah.|date=12 July 2024}}</ref> and replacing him on 16 June was the Spaniard [[Pedro Capó (footballer)|Pedro Capó]].<ref name="pedro">{{cite twitter|user=bengalurufc|number=1813214217367089283|title=Hola, Pedro! Bengaluru FC have signed defensive midfielder Pedro Capo on a one-year deal. The Spaniard is set to join Gerard Zaragoza's Blues in pre-season, as they build up to the 2024-25 campaign. |date=16 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bengaluru FC Signs Spanish Midfielder Pedro Capo On One Year Deal |url=https://www.india.com/sports/bengaluru-fc-signs-spanish-midfielder-pedro-capo-on-one-year-deal-7093342/ |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=www.india.com |language=en}}</ref> In September, forward Salam Johnson Singh was loaned to [[SC Bengaluru]], a local club that competes in [[I-League]].<ref name="Salam_loaned">{{cite twitter|number=1833900511118102678|title=Wishing Blues’ winger Salam Johnson Singh the best as he begins a season-long loan stint at Sporting Club Bengaluru, for an undisclosed fee.|user=bengalurufc|date=11 September 2024}}</ref>

===Transfers in===
{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; text-align:left"
!style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|1px}}|No.
!scope="col" style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|2px}}|Position
!scope="col" style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|2px}}|Player
!scope="col" style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|2px}}|Previous club
!scope="col" style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|2px}}|Date
!scope="col" style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|2px}}|Value at the time
!scope="col" style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|2px}}|Fee
!scope="col" style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|2px}}|Ref
|-
| 12
|{{sort|?|DF}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|IND}} Mohammeed Salah
| {{flagicon|IND}} Punjab FC
| 7 July 2024
| {{INRConvert|0.6|c}}
|rowspan="7"| [[Free transfer (association football)|Free]]
|<ref name="7julytransfers"/>
|-
|
|{{sort|?|GK}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|IND}} Lalthuammawia Ralte
| {{flagicon|IND}} Odisha FC
| 7 July 2024
| {{INRConvert|0.2|c}}
|<ref name="7julytransfers"/>
|-
|
|{{sort|?|DF}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|IND}} Rahul Bheke
| {{flagicon|IND}} Mumbai City FC
| 7 July 2024
| {{INRConvert|1.2|c}}
|<ref name="7julytransfers"/>
|-
| 10
|{{sort|?|MF}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|ESP}} Alberto Noguera
| {{flagicon|IND}} Mumbai City FC
| 7 July 2024
| {{INRConvert|1|c}}
|<ref name="7julytransfers"/>
|-
| 17
|{{sort|?|FW}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|ESP}} Edgar Mendez
| {{flagicon|MEX}} [[Club Necaxa]]
| 7 July 2024
| {{INRConvert|3.2|c}}
|<ref name="7julytransfers"/>
|-
|
|{{sort|?|FW}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|ARG}} Jorge Pereyra Díaz
| {{flagicon|IND}} Mumbai City FC
| 7 July 2024
| {{INRConvert|2.6|c}}
|<ref name="7julytransfers"/>
|-
|
|{{sort|?|MF}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|ESP}} Pedro Capo
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[CD Eldense]]
| 16 July 2024
| {{INRConvert|0.6|c}}
|<ref name="pedro"/>
|-
! colspan="8" | Estimated spending based on the market values: {{INRConvert|{{sum|0.6|0.2|1.2|1|3.2|2.6|0.6|}}|c}}
|}

===Transfers out===
{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; text-align:left"
!style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|1px}}|No.
!scope="col" style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|2px}}|Position
!scope="col" style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|2px}}|Player
!scope="col" style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|2px}}|Outgoing club
!scope="col" style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|2px}}|Date
!scope="col" style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|2px}}|Value at the time
!scope="col" style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|2px}}|Fee
!scope="col" style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|2px}}|Ref
|-
| 30
|{{sort|?|GK}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Lara Sharma]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[FC Goa]]
| 18 June 2024
| {{INRConvert|0.6|c}}
| {{INRConvert|30|l}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=FC Goa bolster squad with signing of goalkeeper Lara Sharma |url=https://fcgoa.in/media/news/isl-2024-25-fc-goa-sign-lara-sharma/ |access-date=2024-07-29 |website=fcgoa.in |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 10
|{{sort|?|MF}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|ESP}} Javi Hernández
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Jamshedpur FC]]
| 25 July 2024
| {{INRConvert|3.6|c}}
|rowspan="11"| [[Free transfer (association football)|Free]]
| <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2024-07-25 |title=ISL 2024-25: Jamshedpur FC signs Javier Hernandez |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/isl-2024-24-jamshedpur-fc-signs-javier-hernandez-career-timeline-stats-indian-football-transfer-updates/article68445187.ece |access-date=2024-07-29 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 21
|{{sort|?|FW}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|DEN}} Oliver Drost
| {{flagicon|DEN}} [[FC Helsingør]]
| {{INRConvert|2|c}}
| 10 July 2024
| <ref>{{Cite web |last=Abolhosseini |first=Farzam |date=2024-07-10 |title=Afsløring: Oliver Drost skifter til Helsingør |url=https://www.tipsbladet.dk/nyhed/skandinavien/afsloering-oliver-drost-skifter-til-helsingoer |access-date=2024-07-29 |website=Tipsbladet.dk |language=Danish}}</ref>
|-
| 23
|{{sort|?|DF}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|MNE}} Slavko Damjanovic
| {{flagicon|IDN}} [[Persebaya Surabaya]]
| 6 July 2024
| {{INRConvert|1.6|c}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sempat Dikaitkan ke Persebaya Surabaya, Bek Brasil Eks Palmeiras Malah Gabung Borneo FC |url=https://surabaya.tribunnews.com/2024/07/29/sempat-dikaitkan-ke-persebaya-surabaya-bek-brasil-eks-palmeiras-malah-gabung-borneo-fc |access-date=2024-07-29 |website=Surya.co.id |language=id-ID}}</ref>
|-
| 18
|{{sort|?|MF}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rohit Kumar (footballer)|Rohit Kumar]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} Odisha FC
| 12 June 2024
| {{INRConvert|1|c}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2024-06-11 |title=ISL: Odisha FC signs midfielder Rohit Kumar on two-year deal |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl-odisha-fc-signs-rohit-kumar-two-year-deal-from-bengaluru-fc-details-transfer-news/article68276628.ece |access-date=2024-07-29 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|
|{{sort|?|MF}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Jayesh Rane]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} Mumbai City FC
| 21 June 2024
| {{INRConvert|0.8|c}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2024-06-21 |title=ISL: Jayesh Rane joins Mumbai City FC on a permanent deal |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/isl-jayesh-rane-joins-mumbai-city-fc-permanent-deal-indian-football-transfer-news/article68316158.ece |access-date=2024-07-29 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 13
|{{sort|?|GK}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Amrit Gope]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} Jamshedpur FC
| 27 June 2024
| {{INRConvert|0.2|c}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |last=Post |first=Town |date=2024-06-27 |title=Jamshedpur FC Welcomes Back Local Goalkeeper Amrit Gope |url=https://townpost.in/2024/06/27/jamshedpur-fc-welcomes-back-local-goalkeeper-amrit-gope/ |access-date=2024-07-29 |website=Town Post |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| 44
|{{sort|?|DF}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|IND}} Robin Yadav
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[NorthEast United FC]]
| 13 July 2024
| {{INRConvert|0.2|c}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |last=Counter |first=Football |date=2024-07-13 |title=NorthEast United FC Signs Robin Yadav on a Multi-Year Deal |url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2024/neufc-signs-robin-yadav-on-a-multi-year-deal/ |website=Football Counter |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| 6
|{{sort|?|MF}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|NED}} Keziah Veendorp
| ''Without a club''
| 12 July 2024
| {{INRConvert|3.6|c}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 July 2024 |title=OFC rope in Boumous; Barla set to continue at JFC; Veendorp leaves BFC |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/press-releases/ofc-rope-in-boumous-barla-set-to-continue-at-jfc-veendorp-leaves-bfc |website=www.indiansuperleague.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 16
|{{sort|?|DF}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shankar Sampingiraj]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[SC Bengaluru]]
| 1 June 2024
| {{INRConvert|0.4|c}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bengaluru FC part ways with defender Shankar Sampingiraj |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/football/bengaluru-fc-part-ways-with-defender-shankar-sampingiraj20240615232811/ |access-date=2024-07-29 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|
|{{sort|?|DF}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Parag Shrivas]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Hyderabad FC]]
| 1 June 2024
| {{INRConvert|0.4|c}}
|
|-
|
|{{sort|?|MF}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ajay Chhetri]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sreenidi Deccan FC]]
| 1 June 2024
| {{INRConvert|0.6|c}}
|
|-
! colspan="8" | Estimated offloading based on the market values: {{INRConvert|{{sum|0.3|3.6|2|1.6|1|0.8|0.2|0.2|3.6|0.4|0.4|0.6}}|c}}
|}

===Loans out===
{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; text-align:left"
!style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|1px}}|No.
!scope="col" style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|1px}}|Position
!scope="col" style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|1px}}|Player
!scope="col" style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|1px}}|Outgoing club
!scope="col" style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|1px}}|Date
!scope="col" style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|1px}}|Fee
!scope="col" style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|1px}}|Duration
!scope="col" style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|1px}}|Ref
|-
| 35
|{{sort|?|FW}}
!scope="row"| {{flagicon|IND}} Salam Johnson Singh
| [[SC Bengaluru]]
| 11 September 2024
| Undisclosed
| One season
| <ref name="Salam_loaned"/>
|}

==Overview==
===Competitions===
{{Fb overview2
|c=1
|c1=[[Indian Super League|Super League]]
|fm1= [[#ISL1|14 September 2024]]
|lm1= [[#ISL24|11 March 2025]]
|sr1= [[#ISL1|Matchday 1]]
|fp1= [[#ISL28|Runners-up (League 3rd)]]
|w1= 13
|l1= 10
|d1= 5
|f1= 49
|a1= 35
|c2=[[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]
|fm2= [[#SC1|23 April 2025]]
|lm2= [[#SC1|23 April 2025]]
|sr2= [[Super Cup (India)#First Round|Round of 16]]
|fp2= [[Super Cup (India)#First Round|Round of 16]]
|w2= 0
|l2= 0
|d2= 1
|f2= 1
|a2= 1
|c3= [[Durand Cup]]
|fm3= [[#DC1|31 July 2024]]
|lm3= [[#DCSF|27 August 2024]]
|sr3= [[2024 Durand Cup#Group B|Group Stage]]
|fp3= [[2024 Durand Cup#Semi-finals|Semifinalist]]
|w3= 4
|l3= 0
|d3= 1
|f3= 13
|a3= 4
|u=12 April 2025
}}

===Personnel===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!scope="col" style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|2px}} | Role
!scope="col" style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|2px}} | Name
!scope="col" style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|2px}} | Refs.
|-
| Head coach
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Gerard Zaragoza]]
| <ref name="auto">{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/gerard-zaragoza-appointed-as-bengaluru-fc-head-coach/articleshow/106005975.cms#:~:text=Argentinian%20Sebastian%20Vega%2C%20who%20was,has%20been%20named%20assistant%20coach.&text=Bengaluru%20FC%20has%20announced%20their,and%20assistant%20coach%20Neil%20McDonald. |title=Zaragoza is BFC head coach |publisher=Times of India |date=15 December 2024}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |Assistant coach
| {{flagicon|ARG}} Sebastián Vega
| <ref name="auto"/>
|-
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Renedy Singh]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bengalurufc.com/2023/club-news/renedy-singh-appointed-bengaluru-fc-assistant-coach/ |title=Renedy Singh appointed Bengaluru FC Assistant Coach |publisher=Bengaluru FC |date=18 July 2023 |access-date=21 July 2023 |archive-date=2 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802081601/https://www.bengalurufc.com/2023/club-news/renedy-singh-appointed-bengaluru-fc-assistant-coach/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| Goalkeeping coach
| {{flagicon|GEO}} Konstantine Gugunava
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://x.com/bengalurufc/status/1810956544881680810 |title=Goalkeeping coach Konstantine Gugunava was part of Blues' Boss Gerard Zaragoza's backroom staff at FC Locomotive Tbilisi, FC Torpedo Kutaisi, Shabab Al-Ahli and Al Ain in the past |publisher=Bengaluru FC |date=10 July 2024 |access-date=11 July 2024}}</ref>
|-
| Strength and conditioning coach
| {{flagicon|GRE}} Ioannis Gkiokas
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://x.com/bengalurufc/status/1810959059689836729 |title=Blues' Strength and Conditioning Coach Ioannis Gkiokas was part of Gerard Zaragoza's backroom staff at Panserraikos, in Greece |publisher=Bengaluru FC |date=10 July 2024 |access-date=11 July 2024}}</ref>
|-
| Team analyst
| {{flagicon|IND}} Prateek Chopra
|
|-
| Reserves coach
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Bibiano Fernandes (footballer)|Bibiano Fernandes]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bengalurufc.com/2023/club-news/bibiano-is-blue/|title=Bibiano Fernandes named Head Coach of BFC Reserves|access-date=11 July 2023|archive-date=2 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802080705/https://www.bengalurufc.com/2023/club-news/bibiano-is-blue/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| Academy head coach
| {{flagicon|IND}} Sandesh Bhoite
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bengalurufc.com/2021/bfc-b/blue-colts-set-begin-bdfa-super-division-league-defence/|title=Blue Colts set to begin BDFA Super Division League defence|website=bengalurufc.com|date=14 January 2021|access-date=3 November 2021|archive-date=24 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124225016/https://www.bengalurufc.com/2021/bfc-b/blue-colts-set-begin-bdfa-super-division-league-defence/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| Head Physio
| {{flagicon|IND}} Naved Hameed
|
|-
| Assistant physio
| {{flagicon|IND}} John Daniel
|
|-
| Masseur
| {{flagicon|IND}} Manu Prasad
|
|}

===Players under contract===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size:small; width:80%;"
|-
! style="text-align:center;"|No.
! style="text-align:center;"|Name
! style="text-align:center;"|Nationality
! style="text-align:center;"|Position
! style="text-align:center;"|Date of Birth (Age)
! style="text-align:center;"|Since
! style="text-align:center;"|Until
! style="text-align:center;"|Picked for [[2024 Durand Cup|Durand Cup]]<ref name="dc_squad">{{cite twitter|number=1817221967432593662|user=bengalurufc|title=Guarding our fortress in Kolkata! Presenting our shot-stoppers for the Durand Cup 2024.|date=27 July 2024}}</ref>
! style="text-align:center;"|Picked for [[2024–25 Indian Super League|ISL]]
! style="text-align:center;"|Picked for [[2025 AIFF Super Cup|Super Cup]]<ref name="sc_squad">{{cite twitter|number=1912435064144605207|user=bengalurufc|title=Fighting out of the Blue corner! Presenting Bengaluru FC's squad for the 2025 #KalingaSuperCup.|date=16 April 2025}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="10" style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|2px}}; text-align:center;"| Goalkeepers
|-
| 1
| [[Gurpreet Singh Sandhu]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]
| {{Birth date and age2|df=yes|2024|6|1|1992|2|3}}
| 2017
| 2028
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| 22
| Sahil Poonia
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]
| {{Birth date and age2|df=yes|2024|6|1|2006|3|8}}
| 2023
| 2026
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| 28
| [[Lalthuammawia Ralte]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]
| {{Birth date and age2|df=yes|2024|6|1|1992|11|28}}
| 2024
| 2025
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
! colspan="10" style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|2px}}; text-align:center;"| Defenders
|-
| 2
| [[Rahul Bheke]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Fullback (association football)|RB]]
| {{Birth date and age2|df=yes|2024|6|1|1996|12|6}}
| 2024
| 2026
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| 4
| [[Chinglensana Singh (footballer)|Chinglensana Singh]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Defender (association football)|CB]]
| {{Birth date and age2|df=yes|2024|6|1|1996|7|23}}
| 2024
| 2029
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| 5
| [[Aleksandar Jovanovic (footballer, born 1989)|Aleksandar Jovanović]]
| {{flagicon|Australia}} {{flagicon|SER}}
| [[Defender (association football)|CB]]
| {{Birth date and age2|df=yes|2024|6|1|1997|11|15}}
| 2022
| 2025
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| 12
| [[Mohamed Salah (Indian footballer)|Mohamed Salah]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Fullback (association football)|RB]]
| {{Birth date and age2|df=yes|2024|6|1|1994|11|7}}
| 2024
| 2025
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
|
| [[Jessel Carneiro]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Fullback (association football)|LB]]
| {{Birth date and age2|df=yes|2024|6|1|1990|7|14}}
| 2023
| 2025
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
|-
| 25
| [[Namgyal Bhutia]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Fullback (association football)|RB]]
| {{Birth date and age2|df=yes|2024|6|1|1990|7|14}}
| 2020
| 2026
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| 27
| Harsh Palande
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Defender (association football)|DF]]
| {{Birth date and age2|df=yes|2024|6|1|2005|1|26}}
| 2024
| 2025
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| 27
| [[Nikhil Poojary]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Fullback (association football)|RB]]
| {{Birth date and age2|df=yes|2024|6|1|1995|9|3}}
| 2024
| 2028
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| 32
| [[Naorem Roshan Singh|Roshan Singh]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Fullback (association football)|LB]]
| {{Birth date and age2|df=yes|2024|6|1|1999|2|2}}
| 2020
| 2026
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| 42
| Clarence Fernandes
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Defender (association football)|CB]]
| {{Birth date and age2|df=yes|2024|6|1|2004|7|25}}
| 2022
| 2025
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
|-
| 53
| Ashik Adhikari
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Defender (association football)|CB]]
| {{Birth date and age2|df=yes|2024|6|1|2007|1|17}}
| 2022
|
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
|-
! colspan="10" style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|2px}}; text-align:center;"| Midfielders
|-
| 6
| Harsh Patre
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Midfielder (association football)|DM]]
| {{Birth date and age2|df=yes|2024|6|1|2003|1|25}}
| 2023
| 2025
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| 8
| [[Suresh Singh Wangjam|Suresh Singh]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Midfielder (association football)|DM]]
| {{Birth date and age2|df=yes|2024|6|1|2000|8|7}}
| 2019
| 2028
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| 10
| [[Alberto Noguera]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}}
| [[Midfielder (association football)|AM]]
| {{Birth date and age2|df=yes|2024|6|1|1989|9|24}}
| 2024
| 2025
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| 14
| Soham Varshneya
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Midfielder (association football)|MF]]
| {{Birth date and age2|df=yes|2024|6|1|2004|08|14}}
| 2024
|
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| 18
| [[Pedro Capó (footballer)|Pedro Capó]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}}
| [[Midfielder (association football)|CM]]
| {{Birth date and age2|df=yes|2024|6|1|1990|12|11}}
| 2024
| 2025
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| 23
| Lalremtluanga Fanai
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Midfielder (association football)|DM]]
| {{Birth date and age2|df=yes|2024|6|1|2004|9|17}}
| 2020
| 2026
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| 31
| [[Vinith Venkatesh]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Midfielder (association football)|DM]]
| {{Birth date and age2|df=yes|2024|6|1|2005|7|31}}
| 2022
| 2025
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| 46
| Shreyas Ketkar
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Midfielder (association football)|RM]]
| {{Birth date and age2|df=yes|2024|6|1|2003|11|1}}
| 2022
| 2025
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
|-
! colspan="10" style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|2px}}; text-align:center;"| Forwards
|-
| 7
| [[Ryan Williams (soccer, born 1993)|Ryan Williams]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Forward (association football)|RW]]
| {{Birth date and age2|df=yes|2024|6|1|1993|10|28}}
| 2023
| 2025
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| 9
| [[Sivasakthi Narayanan]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Forward (association football)|CF]]
| {{Birth date and age2|df=yes|2024|6|1|2001|7|9}}
| 2021
| 2025
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| 11
| [[Sunil Chhetri]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Forward (association football)|CF]]
| {{Birth date and age2|df=yes|2024|6|1|1984|8|3}}
| 2013
| 2025
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| 17
| [[Édgar Méndez]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}}
| [[Forward (association football)|RW]]
| {{Birth date and age2|df=yes|2024|6|1|1990|1|2}}
| 2024
| 2025
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| 19
| [[Halicharan Narzary]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Forward (association football)|LW]]
| {{Birth date and age2|df=yes|2024|6|1|1994|5|10}}
| 2023
| 2026
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| 24
| [[Rohit Danu]]
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Forward (association football)|CF]]
| {{Birth date and age2|df=yes|2024|6|1|2002|7|10}}
| 2023
| 2026
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| 29
| Shivaldo Singh
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Forward (association football)|RW]]
| {{Birth date and age2|df=yes|2024|6|1|2004|6|13}}
| 2023
| 2026
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| 30
| [[Jorge Pereyra Díaz]]
| {{flagicon|ARG}}
| [[Forward (association football)|CF]]
| {{Birth date and age2|df=yes|2024|6|1|1990|8|5}}
| 2024
| 2025
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| 35
| Salam Johnson Singh†
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Forward (association football)|LW]]
| {{Birth date and age2|df=yes|2024|6|1|2001|9|24}}
| 2023
| 2026
| {{no}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
|-
| 37
| Kelvin Singh Taorem
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Forward (association football)|FW]]
| {{Birth date and age2|df=yes|2024|6|1|2005|11|22}}
| 2024
| 2025
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| 41
| Monirul Molla
| {{flagicon|IND}}
| [[Forward (association football)|CF]]
| {{Birth date and age2|df=yes|2024|6|1|2005|5|1}}
| 2023
| 2026
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
|}
†
Loaned out.

==Pre-season==
As a part of the club's pre-season tradition, Bengaluru organised an open training session on 7 July involvong its supporters at the [[Bangalore Football Stadium]].<ref>{{cite twitter|user=bengalurufc|number=1808866014052168188|title=It's time to get your Blue on! Be there at the BFS as Gerard Zaragoza's men return for the 2024-25 campaign. Live music, a members-only five-a-side kickabout, some new faces and so much more. Don't miss out!|date=4 July 2024}}</ref> The club also celebrated its 11th anniversary on 20 July.<ref>{{cite twitter|user=bengalurufc|number=1814560841955524997|title=Turning never tasted so good! Here's to eleven years of memories, through thick and thin and so much more. Bengaluru, we are because you are!|date=20 July 2024}}</ref> Before departing to [[Kolkata]] for the Durand Cup, the Blues trained at [[Inspire Institute of Sport]] in [[Ballari district|Ballari]], including a couple of friendlies against Indian under-20 national team at the same venue.<ref>{{cite twitter|number=1815323474035913001|title=#TeamIIS was proud to host the Blues @bengalurufc for their pre-season testing and preparations, as they build up to the 2024-25 campaign. Go get 'em! |user=IIS_Vijayanagar|date=22 July 2024}}</ref> In support of [[India at the 2024 Summer Olympics|Indian athletes]] at the [[2024 Summer Olympics|2024 Paris Olympics]], the Blues donned the [[JSW Group|JSW]] designed team India jersey in a training session on 29 July.<ref>{{cite twitter|user=bengalurufc|number=1817895924305469839|title=Bringing the Olympic spirit to our training ground! The Blues trained in the JSW Inspire range of Olympic jerseys as they continued preparations for their #DurandCup2024 opener against Indian Navy FT on Wednesday.|date=29 July 2024}}</ref>

===Friendlies===
{{football box collapsible
| round = Friendly
| date = {{start date|2024|07|17|df=y}}
| time = 10:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Bengaluru
| score = 1–0
| report = https://twitter.com/panenka_goal/status/1813460883655246140
| team2 = [[India national under-20 football team|India U-20]]
| goals1 =
*Chhetri {{goal}}
| goals2 =
| stadium =
| location = [[Inspire Institute of Sport]], [[Ballari district|Ballari]]
| attendance =
| motm =
| result = W
| referee =
}}
{{football box collapsible
| round = Friendly
| date = {{start date|2024|07|20|df=y}}
| time = 10:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Bengaluru
| score = –
| report = https://x.com/IndianFootball/status/1818301243833651559?t=e6QShHwRXb-HQxFRn_p3WA&s=19
| team2 = [[India national under-20 football team|India U-20]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| stadium =
| location = [[Inspire Institute of Sport]], [[Ballari district|Ballari]]
| attendance =
| motm =
| result = D
| referee =
}}
{{football box collapsible
| round = Friendly
| date = {{start date|2024|09|7|df=y}}
| time = 10:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Bengaluru
| score = 4–1
| report = https://x.com/shaggybirkar/status/1832308937514975623
| team2 = [[FC Bengaluru United|Bengaluru United]]
| goals1 =
*[[Édgar Méndez|Méndez]] {{goal}}
*[[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{goal}}
*[[Rohit Danu|Danu]] {{goal}}
*[[Jorge Pereyra Díaz|Díaz]] {{goal}}
| goals2 =
| stadium =
| location = [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]], [[Bengaluru]]
| attendance =
| motm =
| result = W
| referee =
}}

==Durand Cup==
{{Further|2024 Durand Cup}}
The 133rd edition of Durand Cup saw fifth appearance of Bengaluru FC. In the [[2023 Durand Cup#Group C|previous edition]], the reserve squad representing Bengaluru failed to progress further in the tournament after finishing second in the group stage. For the 2024 edition, the 26-member squad consisting of senior team players was announced on 27th July.<ref name="dc_squad"/> They were placed with hosts Mohammedan, Inter Kashi and Indian Navy in Group B.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-24 |title=Durand Cup 2024, Group B Preview: New-look Bengaluru FC look to start afresh |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/features/durand-cup-2024-group-b-preview-new-look-bengaluru-fc-eye-to-start-afresh |access-date=2024-07-30 |website=www.indiansuperleague.com |language=en}}</ref> The Blues arrived in Kolkata on 30 July, a day before their first fixture of the campaign.<ref>{{cite twitter|user=bengalurufc|number=1818303041025548753|title=Hello Kolkata.|date=30 July 2024}}</ref>

=== Group stage ===
{{:2024 Durand Cup group stage|transcludesection=Group B|showteam=BEN}}
{{football box collapsible
| id = DC1
| round = Group Stage
| date = {{start date|2024|07|31|df=y}}
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Bengaluru
| score = 4–0
| report = https://www.news18.com/football/durand-cup-2024-bengaluru-fc-dismantle-indian-navy-4-0-riding-on-jorge-peryra-diaz-double-8985789.html
| team2 = [[Indian Navy (football team)|Indian Navy]]
| goals1 =
*[[Rahul Bheke|Bheke]] {{goal|11}}
*[[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{goal|42|pen.}}
*[[Jorge Pereyra Díaz|Díaz]] {{goal|81||90+1}}
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]
| location = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
| attendance =
| motm = Rahul Bheke
| result = W
| referee = Lakshay
}}
{{football box collapsible
| id = DC2
| round = Group Stage
| date = {{start date|2024|08|3|df=y}}
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Bengaluru
| score = 3–0
| report = https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/bengaluru-fc-beats-inter-kashi-odisha-fc-durand-cup-2024-result-chhetri-goal-news-report-updates/article68482617.ece
| team2 = [[Inter Kashi]]
| goals1 =
*[[Édgar Méndez|Méndez]] {{goal|17|pen.}}
*[[Alberto Noguera|Noguera]] {{goal|77}}
*[[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{goal|82}}
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Kishore Bharati Krirangan]]
| location = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
| attendance =
| motm = Alberto Noguera
| result = W
| referee = Crystal John
}}
{{football box collapsible
| id = DC3
| round = Group Stage
| date = {{start date|2024|08|6|df=y}}
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
| score = 2–3
| report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=35792
| team2 = Bengaluru
| goals1 =
* [[Israfil Dewan|Israfil]] {{goal|77}}
* [[Mahitosh Roy|Mahitosh]] {{goal|90+3}}
| goals2 =
* [[Aleksandar Jovanović (soccer, born 1989)|Jovanović]] {{goal|7}}
* Dipu {{goal|22|o.g.}}
* [[Vinith Venkatesh|Vinith]] {{goal|60}}
| stadium = [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]
| location = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
| attendance = 4,143
| motm = [[Vinith Venkatesh]] (Bengaluru FC)
| result = W
| referee = Venkatesh R
}}

=== Knockout stage ===
{{football box collapsible
| id = DCQF
| round = Quarterfinal
| date = {{start date|2024|08|23|df=y}}
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Bengaluru
| score = 1–0
| report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=36557
| team2 = [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
| goals1 = [[Jorge Pereyra Díaz|Díaz]] {{goal|90+5}}
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]
| location = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
| attendance =
| motm = Pereyra Díaz
| result = W
| referee = Aditya Purkayastha
}}
{{football box collapsible
| id = DCSF
| round = Semifinal
| date = {{start date|2024|08|27|df=y}}
| time = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giants|Mohun Bagan]]
| score = 2–2
| report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=36843
| team2 = Bengaluru
| goals1 =
*[[Dimitri Petratos|Petratos]] {{goal|68|pen.}}
*[[Anirudh Thapa|Thapa]] {{goal|84}}
| goals2 =
[[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{goal|43|pen.}}
 
[[Vinith Venkatesh|Venkatesh]] {{goal|51}}
| penaltyscore = 4–3
| penalties1 = *[[Jason Cummings|Cummings]] {{pengoal}}
*[[Manvir Singh (footballer, born 1995)|Manvir]] {{pengoal}}
*[[Liston Colaco|Colaco]] {{pengoal}}
*[[Dimitri Petratos|Petratos]] {{pengoal}}
*[[Greg Stewart (footballer)|Stewart]] {{penmiss}}
| penalties2 = *{{pengoal}} [[Édgar Méndez|Méndez]]
*{{pengoal}} [[Rahul Bheke|Bheke]]
*{{pengoal}} [[Pedro Capó (footballer)|Pedro]]
*{{penmiss}} [[Halicharan Narzary|Narzary]]
*{{penmiss}} [[Aleksandar Jovanović (soccer, born 1989)|Jovanović]]
| stadium = [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]
| location = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
| attendance = 18,342
| motm = [[Vishal Kaith]] (Mohun Bagan)
| result = D
| referee = Venkatesh
}}

==Super League==
{{Further|2024–25 Indian Super League}}

===Summary===
{{2024–25 Indian Super League points table|showteam=BEN}}

==== Result summary ====
{{Fb_rs|hw=7|hd=2|hl=3|hgf=22|hga=12|aw=4|ad=3|al=5|agf=18|aga=19|dp=0}}

==== Results by round ====
{{#invoke:sports rbr table|table|legendpos=b|header=Matchday
|label1= Ground
| res1= H/H/H/[[Mumbai Football Arena|A]]/H/[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)|A]]/[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Margao)|A]]/H/[[Kishore Bharati Krirangan|A]]/[[Kalinga Stadium|A]]/H/H/[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Chennai)|A]]/[[JRD Tata Sports Complex|A]]/H/[[G. M. C. Balayogi Athletic Stadium|A]]/H/[[Salt Lake Stadium|A]]/[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|A]]/H/[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Shillong)|A]]/H/[[Salt Lake Stadium|A]]/H
|label2= Result
| res2 = W/W/W/D/W/W/L/D/W/L/W/D/W/D/L/D/L/L/L/W/W/W/D/L
|label3= Position
| res3= 4/1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1/2/1/2/3/3/3/4/3/3/3/3/3/3/3/3

|text_H=Home|text_A=Away
|color_W=green2|text_W=Win
|color_D=yellow2|text_D=Draw
|color_L=red2|text_L=Loss
|color_1=1st|color_2=blue1|color_3-6=yellow1

| text_1 = League premiers, qualification to '''[[2025–26 AFC Champions League Two]]''' and '''[[2024–25 Indian Super League|2024–25 Indian Super League Semi Final]]'''
| text_2 = Qualification to '''[[2024–25 Indian Super League|2024-25 Indian Super League Semi Final]]'''
| text_3-6 = Qualification to '''[[2025 Indian Super League playoffs]]'''

|updated=
|source=[https://www.soccerway.com/teams/india/bengaluru/25367/matches/ soccerway]
|date= 11 March 2025
}}

=== League Matches ===
{{football box collapsible
| id = ISL1
| round = 1
| date = {{start date|2024|09|14|df=y}}
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Bengaluru
| score = 1–0
| report = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/66796
| team2 = [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
| goals1 = * [[Vinith Venkatesh|Venkatesh]] {{goal|25}}
* [[Naorem Roshan Singh|Roshan]] {{yel|83}}
* [[Suresh Singh Wangjam|Wangjam]] {{yel|90+7}}
* [[Gurpreet Singh Sandhu|Sandhu]] {{yel|90+8}}
| goals2 = * [[Nandhakumar Sekar|Sekar]] {{yel|4}}
* [[Lalchungnunga]] {{sent off|2|8|87}}
* [[Héctor Yuste|Yuste]] {{yel|22}}
* [[Hijazi Maher|Maher]] {{yel|51}}
* [[Cleiton Silva|Silva]] {{yel|87}}
| stadium = [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]]
| location = [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]]
| attendance = 11,923
| motm = Vinith Venkatesh
| result = W
| referee = Crystal John
}}
{{football box collapsible
| id = ISL2
| round = 2
| date = {{start date|2024|09|19|df=y}}
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Bengaluru
| score = 3–0
| report = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/66800
| team2 = [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
| goals1 = * [[Rahul Bheke|Bheke]] {{goal|5}}
* [[Édgar Méndez|Méndez]] {{yel|44}}
* [[Chinglensana Singh (footballer)|Chinglensana]] {{yel|45}}
* [[Jorge Pereyra Díaz|Díaz]] {{yel|56}}
* [[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{goal|85|pen.|90}}
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]]
| location = [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]]
| attendance = 7,823
| motm = Sunil Chhetri
| result = W
| referee = Tejas Nagvenkar
}}
{{football box collapsible
| id = ISL3
| round = 3
| date = {{start date|2024|09|28|df=y}}
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Bengaluru
| score = 3–0
| report = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/66810
| team2 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giants|Mohun Bagan]]
| goals1 = * [[Édgar Méndez|Méndez]] {{goal|9}}
* [[Suresh Singh Wangjam|Wangjam]] {{goal|20}}
* [[Rohit Danu|Danu]] {{yel|47}}
* [[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{goal|51|pen.}}
* [[Nikhil Poojary|Poojary]] {{yel|66}}
| goals2 = * [[Greg Stewart (footballer)|Stewart]] {{yel|45+7}}
* [[Anirudh Thapa|Thapa]] {{yel|72}}
* [[Lalengmawia Ralte|Ralte]] {{yel|79}}
* [[Suhail Bhat|Bhat]] {{yel|89}}
| stadium = [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]]
| location = [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]]
| attendance = 15,323
| motm = Sunil Chhetri
| result = W
| referee = Aditya Purkayastha
}}
{{football box collapsible
| id = ISL4
| round = 4
| date = {{start date|2024|10|2|df=y}}
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
| score = 0–0
| report = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/66813
| team2 = Bengaluru
| goals1 = * [[Jérémy Manzorro|Manzorro]] {{yel|40}}
| goals2 = * [[Vinith Venkatesh|Venkatesh]] {{yel|24}}
* [[Édgar Méndez|Méndez]] {{yel|36}}
* [[Naorem Roshan Singh|Roshan]] {{yel|76}}
| stadium = [[Mumbai Football Arena]]
| location = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
| attendance = 6,928
| motm = [[Yoëll van Nieff]] (Mumbai City)
| result = D
| referee = Senthil Nathan
}}
{{football box collapsible
| id = ISL5
| round = 5
| date = {{start date|2024|10|18|df=y}}
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Bengaluru
| score = 1–0
| report = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/66819
| team2 = [[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
| goals1 = * [[Chinglensana Singh (footballer)|Chinglensana]] {{sent off|2|33|58}}
* [[Naorem Roshan Singh|Roshan]] {{goal|43}}
* [[Gurpreet Singh Sandhu|Sandhu]] {{yel|90+6}}
| goals2 = * [[Nihal Sudeesh|Sudeesh]] {{yel|26}}
* [[Asmir Suljić|Suljić]] {{yel|84}}
| stadium = [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]]
| location = [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]]
| attendance = 9,348
| motm = Roshan Singh
| result = W
| referee = Jamal Mohamed
}}
{{football box collapsible
| id = ISL6
| round = 6
| date = {{start date|2024|10|25|df=y}}
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
| score = 1–3
| report = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/66826
| team2 = Bengaluru
| goals1 = * [[Danish Farooq Bhat|Farooq]] {{yel|3}}
* [[Adrián Luna|Luna]] {{yel|3}}
* [[Jesús Jiménez (footballer)|Jiménez]] {{goal|45+2|pen.}}
* [[Alexandre Coeff|Coeff]] {{yel|79}}
* [[Huidrom Naocha Singh|Noacha]] {{yel|86}}
| goals2 = * [[Jorge Pereyra Díaz|Díaz]] {{goal|8}}
* [[Rahul Bheke|Bheke]] {{yel|45}}
* [[Nikhil Poojary|Poojary]] {{yel|50}}
* [[Édgar Méndez|Méndez]] {{goal|74|90+4}}
| stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
| location = [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]]
| attendance = 34,940
| motm = Édgar Méndez
| result = W
| referee = Tejas Nagvenkar
}}
{{football box collapsible
| id = ISL7
| round = 7
| date = {{start date|2024|11|2|df=y}}
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[FC Goa|Goa]]
| score = 3–0
| report = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/66832
| team2 = Bengaluru
| goals1 = * [[Odei Onaindia|Onaindia]] {{yel|49}}
* [[Ayush Chhetri|Ayush]] {{yel|62}}
* [[Armando Sadiku|Sadiku]] {{goal|63}}
* [[Brison Fernandes|Brison]] {{goal|72}}
* [[Dejan Dražić|Dražić]] {{goal|93}}
| goals2 = * [[Édgar Méndez|Méndez]] {{yel|45+2}}
| stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Margao)|Fatorda Stadium]]
| location = [[Margao]], [[Goa]]
| attendance = 9,641
| motm = Dejan Dražić (Goa)
| result = L
| referee = Aditya Purkayastha
}}
{{football box collapsible
| id = ISL8
| round = 8
| date = {{start date|2024|11|8|df=y}}
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Bengaluru
| score = 2–2
| report = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/66838
| team2 = [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
| goals1 = * [[Édgar Méndez|Méndez]] {{yel|2}}
* [[Alberto Noguera|Noguera]] {{goal|11}}
* [[Mohamed Salah (Indian footballer)|Salah]] {{yel|42}}
* [[Aleksandar Jovanović (soccer, born 1989)|Jovanović]] {{yel|52}}
* [[Ryan Williams (soccer, born 1993)|Williams]] {{goal|70}}
* [[Chinglensana Singh (footballer)|Chinglensana]] {{yel|79}}
| goals2 = * [[Alaeddine Ajaraie|Ajaraie]] {{goal|8||14}}
* [[Soraisham Dinesh Singh|Dinesh]] {{yel|51}}
* [[Mohammed Ali Bemammer|Bemammer]] {{yel|64}}
* [[Gurmeet Singh (footballer)|Gurmeet]] {{yel|88}}
| stadium = [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]]
| location = [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]]
| attendance = 13,783
| motm = Alaeddine Ajaraie (NorthEast United)
| result = D
| referee = Pratik Mondal
}}
{{football box collapsible
| id = ISL9
| round = 9
| date = {{start date|2024|11|27|df=y}}
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
| score = 1–2
| report = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/66847
| team2 = Bengaluru
| goals1 = * [[Lobi Manzoki|Manzoki]] {{goal|8}} {{yel|79}}
* [[Mohammed Irshad|Irshad]] {{yel|29}}
* [[Mirjalol Kasimov (footballer, born 1995)|Kasimov]] {{yel|64}}
* [[Zodingliana Ralte|Ralte]] {{yel|70}}
| goals2 = * [[Alberto Noguera|Noguera]] {{yel|13}}
* [[Rahul Bheke|Bheke]] {{yel|90+1}}
* [[Florent Ogier|Ogier]] {{goal|90+9|o.g.}}
* [[Sivasakthi Narayanan|Narayanan]] {{yel|90+10}}
| stadium = [[Kishore Bharati Krirangan]]
| location = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
| attendance = 2,541
| motm = Sunil Chhetri
| result = W
| referee = Crystal John
}}
{{football box collapsible
| id = ISL10
| round = 10
| date = {{start date|2024|12|1|df=y}}
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
| score = 4–2
| report = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/66852
| team2 = Bengaluru
| goals1 = * [[Jerry Mawihmingthanga|Mawihmingthanga]] {{goal|10}}
* [[Mourtada Fall|Fall]] {{goal|27}}
* [[Diego Maurício|Maurício]] {{goal|45||60}}
| goals2 = * [[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{goal|52}}
* [[Édgar Méndez|Méndez]] {{goal|88}}
| stadium = [[Kalinga Stadium]]
| location = [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]]
| attendance = 9,014
| motm = Diego Maurício (Odisha)
| result = L
| referee = Aditya Purkayastha
}}
{{football box collapsible
| id = ISL11
| round = 11
| date = {{start date|2024|12|7|df=y}}
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Bengaluru
| score = 4–2
| report = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/66858
| team2 = [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
| goals1 = * [[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{goal|8||73||90+8}}
* [[Ryan Williams (soccer, born 1993)|Williams]] {{goal|38}}
* [[Harsh Patre|Patre]] {{yel|52}}
* [[Gurpreet Singh Sandhu|Sandhu]] {{yel|90+4}}
| goals2 = * [[Jesús Jiménez (footballer)|Jiménez]] {{goal|56}}
* [[Danish Farooq Bhat|Farooq]] {{yel|57}}
* [[Freddy Lallawmawma|Lallawmawma]] {{goal|67}}
| stadium = [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]]
| location = [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]]
| attendance = 22,302
| motm = Sunil Chhetri
| result = W
| referee = Rahul Gupta
}}
{{football box collapsible
| id = ISL12
| round = 12
| date = {{start date|2024|12|14|df=y}}
| time = 17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Bengaluru
| score = 2–2
| report = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/66863
| team2 = [[FC Goa|Goa]]
| goals1 = * [[Harsh Patre|Patre]] {{yel|44}}
* [[Ryan Williams (soccer, born 1993)|Williams]] {{goal|71}} {{yel|90+4}}
* [[Jorge Pereyra Díaz|Díaz]] {{goal|83}} {{yel|90+1}}
| goals2 = * [[Sandesh Jhingan|Jhingan]] {{goal|7}}
* [[Sahil Tavora|Tavora]] {{yel|43}} {{goal|66}}
* [[Hrithik Tiwari|Tiwari]] {{yel|81}}
* [[Brison Fernandes|Brison]] {{yel|89}}
| stadium = [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]]
| location = [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]]
| attendance = 15,411
| motm = Ryan Williams
| result = D
| referee = Harish kundu
}}
{{football box collapsible
| id = ISL13
| round = 13
| date = {{start date|2024|12|28|df=y}}
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
| score = 2–4
| report = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/66875
| team2 = Bengaluru
| goals1 = * [[P. C. Laldinpuia|Laldinpuia]] {{yel|12}}
* [[Mandar Rao Dessai|Dessai]] {{yel|86}}
* [[Irfan Yadwad|Yadvad]] {{goal|19}}
* [[Lalrinliana Hnamte|Hnamte]] {{goal|45+2}}
| goals2 = * [[Ryan Williams (soccer, born 1993)|Williams]] {{goal|16||68}}
* [[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{goal|43}}
* [[Jorge Pereyra Díaz|Díaz]] {{yel|45+3}}
* [[Laldinliana Renthlei|Renthlei]] {{goal|82|o.g.}}
* [[Mohamed Salah (Indian footballer)|Salah]] {{yel|90+1}}
| stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Chennai)|Marina Arena]]
| location = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| attendance = 10,007
| motm = Ryan Williams
| result = W
| referee = Pratik Mondal
}}
{{football box collapsible
| id = ISL14
| round = 14
| date = {{start date|2025|1|4|df=y}}
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
| score = 2–1
| report = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/68104
| team2 = Bengaluru
| goals1 = * [[Javi Hernández (footballer, born 1989)|Hernández]] {{yel|45}}
* [[Jordan Murray (soccer)|Murray]] {{goal|84}} {{yel|84}}
* [[Muhammad Uvais|Uvais]] {{goal|90}}
* [[Mohammed Sanan|Sanan]] {{yel|90+3}}
| goals2 = * [[Alberto Noguera|Noguera]] {{goal|19}}
* [[Rahul Bheke|Bheke]] {{yel|85}}
| stadium = [[JRD Tata Sports Complex]]
| location = [[Jamshedpur]], [[Jharkhand]]
| attendance = 12,109
| motm = Jordan Murray (Jamshedpur)
| result = L
| referee = R Venkatesh
}}
{{football box collapsible
| id = ISL15
| round = 15
| date = {{start date|2025|1|11|df=y}}
| time = 17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Bengaluru
| score = 0–1
| report = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/68109
| team2 = [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan SC]]
| goals1 = * [[Chinglensana Singh (footballer)|Chinglensana]] {{yel|46}}
* [[Alberto Noguera|Noguera]] {{yel|90}}
| goals2 = * [[Mirjalol Kasimov (footballer, born 1995)|Kasimov]] {{goal|88}}
* [[Joe Zoherliana|Zoherliana]] {{yel|36}}
* [[Sagolsem Bikash Singh|Bikash]] {{yel|90+8}}
* Manvir {{yel|81}}
| stadium = [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]]
| location = [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]]
| attendance = 10,789
| motm = Florent Ogier (Mohammedan)
| result = L
| referee = Crystal John
}}
{{football box collapsible
| id = ISL16
| round = 16
| date = {{start date|2025|1|18|df=y}}
| time = 17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
| score = 1–1
| report = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/68120
| team2 = Bengaluru
| goals1 = * [[Devendra Murgaonkar|Murgaonkar]] {{goal|21}}
* [[Manoj Mohammed|Manoj]] {{yel|63}}
* Sunny {{yel|84}}
| goals2 = * [[Rahul Bheke|Bheke]] {{yel|68}}
* [[Sunil Chhetri]] {{goal|78}}
| stadium = [[G. M. C. Balayogi Athletic Stadium|Gachibowli Stadium]]
| location = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]]
| attendance = 2,072
| motm = Devendra Murgaonkar (Hyderabad)
| result = D
| referee = Pranjal Banerjee
}}
{{football box collapsible
| id = ISL17
| round = 17
| date = {{start date|2025|1|22|df=y}}
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Bengaluru
| score = 2–3
| report = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/68117
| team2 = [[Odisha FC]]
| goals1 = * [[Ryan Williams (soccer, born 1993)|Williams]] {{yel|1}}
* [[Édgar Méndez|Méndez]] {{goal|10}}
* [[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{goal|13}}
* [[Aleksandar Jovanović (soccer, born 1989)|Jovanović]] {{sentoff|26}}
* [[Mohamed Salah (Indian footballer)|Salah]] {{yel|57}}
| goals2 = * [[Rahul K. P.|Rahul]] {{yel|3}}
* [[Diego Maurício|Maurício]] {{goal|29|pen.|38}}
* [[Jerry Mawihmingthanga|Mawihminghtanga]] {{yel|8}} {{goal|50}}
* [[Saviour Gama|Gama]] {{yel|61}}
* [[Hugo Boumous|Boumous]] {{yel|85}}
* [[Ahmed Jahouh|Jahouh]] {{yel|90+1}}
| stadium = [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]]
| location = [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]]
| attendance = 9,881
| motm = Diego Mauricio (Odisha)
| result = L
| referee = Pratik Mondal
}}
{{football box collapsible
| id = ISL18
| round = 18
| date = {{start date|2025|1|27|df=y}}
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giants|Mohun Bagan]]
| score = 1–0
| report = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/68126
| team2 = Bengaluru
| goals1 = * [[Lalengmawia Ralte|Ralte]] {{yel|8}}
* [[Subhasish Bose|Bose]] {{yel|29}}
* [[Liston Colaco|Colaco]] {{goal|74}} {{yel|76}}
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium]]
| location = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
| attendance = 41,925
| motm = Lalengmawia Ralte (Mohun Bagan)
| result = L
| referee = Rahul Gupta
}}
{{football box collapsible
| id = ISL19
| round = 19
| date = {{start date|2025|2|1|df=y}}
| time = 17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
| score = 3–2
| report = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/68127
| team2 = Bengaluru
| goals1 = * [[Asmir Suljić|Suljić]] {{yel|9}} {{goal|55|pen.}}
* [[Nikhil Prabhu|Prabhu]] {{yel|17}}
* [[Ezequiel Vidal (footballer, born 1995)|Vidal]] {{yel|37}}
* [[Filip Mrzljak|Mrzljak]] {{goal|79}}
* [[Luka Majcen|Majcen]] {{goal|90+6}}
| goals2 = * [[Édgar Méndez|Méndez]] {{goal|49}}
* [[Rahul Bheke|Bheke]] {{goal|90+2}}
| stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
| location = [[New Delhi]]
| attendance = 3,139
| motm = Luka Majcen (Punjab)
| result = L
| referee = R Venkatesh
}}
{{football box collapsible
| id = ISL20
| round = 20
| date = {{start date|2025|2|9|df=y}}
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Bengaluru
| score = 3–0
| report = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/68145
| team2 = [[Jamshedpur FC]]
| goals1 = * [[Rahul Bheke|Bheke]] {{yel|3}}
* [[Édgar Méndez|Méndez]] {{goal|43}}
* [[Alberto Noguera|Noguera]] {{goal|57||82}}
| goals2 = * [[Mohammed Sanan|Sanan]] {{yel|56}}
| stadium = [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]]
| location = [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]]
| attendance = 10,154
| motm = Alberto Noguera
| result = W
| referee = Crystal John
}}
{{football box collapsible
| id = ISL21
| round = 21
| date = {{start date|2025|2|21|df=y}}
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
| score = 0–2
| report = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/68153
| team2 = Bengaluru
| goals1 = * [[Buanthanglun Samte|Samte]] {{yel|43}}
* [[Macarton Nickson|Nickson]] {{yel|90+6}}
| goals2 = * [[Ryan Williams (soccer, born 1993)|Williams]] {{goal|3}}
* [[Mohamed Salah (Indian footballer)|Salah]] {{yel|18}}
* [[Rahul Bheke|Bheke]] {{yel|41}}
* [[Alberto Noguera|Noguera]] {{goal|81}}
* [[Édgar Méndez|Méndez]] {{yel|90+1}}
| stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Shillong)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
| location = [[Shillong]], [[Meghalaya]]
| attendance = 14,201
| motm = Alberto Noguera
| result = W
| referee = Rahul gupta
}}
{{football box collapsible
| id = ISL22
| round = 22
| date = {{start date|2025|2|25|df=y}}
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Bengaluru
| score = 1–0
| report = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/68149
| team2 = [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
| goals1 = * [[Rahul Bheke|Bheke]] {{goal|37}} {{yel|90+5}}
| goals2 = * [[Ryan Edwards (English footballer)|Edwards]] {{yel|39}}
* [[Connor Shields|Shields]] {{yel|88}}
| stadium = [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]]
| location = [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]]
| attendance = 7,367
| motm = Rahul Bheke
| result = W
| referee = Aditya Purkayastha
}}
{{football box collapsible
| id = ISL23
| round = 23
| date = {{start date|2025|3|2|df=y}}
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
| score = 1–1
| report = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/68161
| team2 = Bengaluru
| goals1 = * [[Raphaël Messi Bouli|Bouli]] {{goal|11}} {{yel|49}}
* [[Provat Lakra|Lakra]] {{yel|41}}
* [[Dimitrios Diamantakos|Diamantakos]] {{sentoff|45+2}}
* [[Richard Celis|Celis]] {{yel|90+3}}
| goals2 = * [[Namgyal Bhutia|Bhutia]] {{yel|43}}
* [[Alberto Noguera|Noguera]] {{yel|45+3}}
* [[Vinith Venkatesh|Venkatesh]] {{yel|64}}
* [[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{goal|90+1|pen.}}
| stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium]]
| location = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
| attendance = 17,964
| motm = Souvik Chakrabarti (East Bengal)
| result = D
| referee = Harish Kundu
}}
{{football box collapsible
| id = ISL24
| round = 24
| date = {{start date|2025|3|11|df=y}}
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Bengaluru
| score = 0–2
| report = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/68168
| team2 = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
| goals1 = * [[Ryan Williams (soccer, born 1993)|Williams]] {{yel|42}}
* [[Lalremtluanga Fanai|Fanai]] {{yel|72}}
* [[Édgar Méndez|Méndez]] {{yel|88}}
* [[Naorem Roshan Singh|Roshan]] {{yel|89}}
| goals2 = * [[Lallianzuala Chhangte|Chhangte]] {{goal|8}}
* [[Nikos Karelis|Karelis]] {{goal|37|pen.}}
| stadium = [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]]
| location = [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]]
| attendance = Lallianzuala Chhangte (Mumbai City)
| result = L
| referee = R Venkatesh
}}

=== Play-offs ===
{{football box collapsible
| id = ISL25
| round = [[2025 Indian Super League playoffs#1st Knockout play-offs|Knockout 1]]
| date = {{start date|2025|3|29|df=y}}
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Bengaluru
| score = 5–0
| report = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/69303
| team2 = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
| goals1 =
* [[Suresh Singh Wangjam|Wangjam]] {{goal|9}}
* [[Édgar Méndez|Méndez]] {{goal|42|pen.}}
* [[Naorem Roshan Singh|Roshan]] {{yel|55}}
* [[Ryan Williams (soccer, born 1993)|Williams]] {{goal|62}}
* [[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{goal|76}}
* [[Jorge Pereyra Díaz|Díaz]] {{goal|83}} {{yel|85}}
| goals2 =
* [[Yoëll van Nieff|Van Nieff]] {{yel|30}}
* [[Mehtab Singh (footballer)|Mehtab]] {{yel|41}}
* [[Brandon Fernandes|Fernandes]] {{yel|45}}
| stadium = [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]]
| location = [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]]
| attendance = 16,123
| motm = Suresh Singh
| result = W
| referee = Harish Kundu
}}
{{football box collapsible
| id = ISL26
| round = [[2025 Indian Super League playoffs#Semi-finals 1st legs|Semi-final Leg 1]]
| date = {{start date|2025|4|2|df=y}}
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Bengaluru
| score = 2–0
| report = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/69305
| team2 = [[FC Goa|Goa]]
| goals1 =
* [[Sandesh Jhingan|Jhingan]] {{goal|42|o.g.}}
* [[Édgar Méndez|Méndez]] {{goal|51}}
* [[Ryan Williams (soccer, born 1993)|Williams]] {{yel|59}}
| goals2 =
* [[Carl McHugh|McHugh]] {{yel|37}}
* [[Borja Herrera|Herrera]] {{yel|37}}
| stadium = [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]]
| location = [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]]
| attendance = 19,443
| motm = Namgyal Bhutia
| result = W
| referee = Aditya Purkayastha
}}
{{football box collapsible
| id = ISL27
| round = [[2025 Indian Super League playoffs#Semi-finals 2nd legs|Semi-final Leg 2]]
| date = {{start date|2025|4|6|df=y}}
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[FC Goa|Goa]]
| score = 2–1
| report = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/69307
| team2 = Bengaluru
| goals1 =
* [[Iker Guarrotxena|Guarrotxena]] {{yel|2}}
* [[Aakash Sangwan|Sangwan]] {{yel|22}}
* [[Borja Herrera|Herrera]] {{goal|49}}
* [[Odei Onaindia|Onaindia]] {{yel|81}}
* [[Armando Sadiku|Sadiku]] {{goal|88}}
* [[Lara Sharma|Lara]] {{yel|90+7}}
| goals2 =
* [[Alberto Noguera|Noguera]] {{yel|44}}
* [[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{goal|90+2}}
| stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Margao)|Fatorda Stadium]]
| location = [[Margao]], [[Goa]]
| attendance = 16,875
| motm = Sunil Chhetri
| result = L
| referee = Senthil Nathan
}}

=== Final ===
{{football box collapsible
| id = ISL28
| round = [[2025 Indian Super League final|Final]]
| date = {{start date|2025|4|12|df=y}}
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giants|Mohun Bagan]]
| score = 2–1
| aet = yes
| report = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/69309
| team2 = Bengaluru
| goals1 = * [[Jason Cummings|Cummings]] {{goal|72|pen.}}
* [[Lalengmawia Ralte|Ralte]] {{yel|90+1}}
* [[Jamie Maclaren|Maclaren]] {{goal|96}}
* [[Deepak Tangri|Tangri]] {{yel|106}}
* [[Greg Stewart (footballer)|Stewart]] {{yel|111}}
* [[Ashique Kuruniyan|Kuruniyan]] {{yel|111}}
| goals2 = * [[Alberto Rodríguez (footballer, born 1992)|Rodríguez]] {{goal|49|o.g.}}
* [[Jorge Pereyra Díaz|Díaz]] {{yel|85}}
* [[Pedro Capó (footballer)|Capó]] {{yel|89}}
* [[Sivasakthi Narayanan|Narayanan]] {{yel|118}}
| stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium]]
| location = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
| attendance = 59,112
| motm = Jamie Maclaren (Mohun Bagan)
| result = L
| referee = Senthil Nathan
}}

== Super Cup (April)==
{{Main|2025 Super Cup (India, April)}}
On 7 April, the [[All India Football Federation|AIFF]] announced the fixtures for the April 2025 edition of the Super Cup.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalinga Super Cup 2025 fixtures announced |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/kalinga-super-cup-2025-fixtures-announced |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=www.the-aiff.com}}</ref> Four days after going down in the ISL Finals, the Blues announced a 28-member squad for the tournament in [[Odisha]].<ref name="sc_squad"/> Bengaluru FC were pitted against the I-League club [[Inter Kashi FC|Inter Kashi]] in the round of 16, where Inter Kashi upseted Bengaluru and knocked out Bengaluru in Round of 16 only.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalinga Super Cup 2025 fixtures announced |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/kalinga-super-cup-2025-fixtures-announced |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=www.the-aiff.com}}</ref>
{{#lst:2025 Super Cup (India, April)|Bracket}}
{{Football box collapsible
| round = Round of 16
| date = {{Start date|2025|04|23|df=y}}
| time = 16:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+05:30|UTC+5:30]])
| team1 = [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
| team2 = [[Inter Kashi FC|Inter Kashi]]
| score = 1-1
|penaltyscore= 3–5
| goals1 =
*[[Ryan Williams (soccer, born 1993)|Ryan]] {{goal|62}}
| penalties1 =
*[[Jorge Pereyra Díaz|Díaz]] {{pengoal}}
*[[Ryan Williams (soccer, born 1993)|Ryan]] {{pengoal}}
*[[Alberto Noguera|Alberto]] {{penmiss}}
*[[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{pengoal}}
| goals2 =
*[[Matija Babović|Babović]] {{goal|87}}
| penalties2 =
*{{pengoal}} Matija Babović
*{{pengoal}} [[Bijoy Varghese|Varghese]]
*{{pengoal}} [[David Bollo|Muñoz]]
*{{pengoal}} Aritra Das
*{{pengoal}} [[Nikola Stojanović (footballer, born 1995)|Stojanović]]
| stadium = [[Kalinga Stadium]]
| location = [[Bhubaneswar]]
| attendance = 3,216
| referee = Venkatesh R Man of the Match: [[Nikola Stojanović (footballer, born 1995)|Nikola Stojanović]] (Inter Kashi)
| report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/49583 AIFF] [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=49583 I-League] [https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/49583_Match_Summary_V1_1745414655.pdf PDF]
|result=D
}}

== Accolades ==
Forward [[Ryan Williams (soccer, born 1993)|Ryan Williams]] was awarded with the Indian Super League's Player of the Month award for the month of December.<ref>{{cite web|title=@ryanwilliams.23 wins the #POTM for December 2024 for consistent, class and game changing performances since returning back to action for #TheBlues! 🏆
|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DE9tRWfsnyT |website=[[Instagram]]}}</ref> While the local player [[Vinith Venkatesh]] from [[Austin Town, Bengaluru|Austin Town]] won the season's first Emerging Player of the Month award in September.<ref>{{cite web|date=Oct 18, 2024|title=Breakthrough month for @bengalurufc's young ⭐️, #VinithVenkatesh, as he wins the Emerging Player of the Month for September 2024!🥇 |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DBRDwmuTv7C/ |website=[[Instagram]]}}</ref> [[Sunil Chhetri]] remained as the top Indian goalscorer of the season with fourteen goals to his name, equalling his record in [[2017–18 Indian Super League|2017–18 season]].

=== Player of the match awards ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!scope="col" style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|2px}} | Rank
!scope="col" style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|2px}} | Player
! [[2024–25 Indian Super League|ISL]]
! [[2024 Durand Cup|DC]]
! [[2025 Super Cup (India, April)|SC]]
!scope="col" style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|2px}} | Total
|-
| 1
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sunil Chhetri]]
| 5
| 0
| 0
| 5
|-
| 2
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Alberto Noguera]]
| 2
| 1
| 0
| 3
|-
| rowspan="3" | 3
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vinith Venkatesh]]
| 1
| 1
| 0
| 2
|-
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Ryan Williams (soccer, born 1993)|Ryan Williams]]
| 2
| 0
| 0
| 2
|-
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rahul Bheke]]
| 1
| 1
| 0
| 2
|-
| rowspan="4" | 6
| {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Jorge Pereyra Díaz|Pereyra Díaz]]
| 0
| 1
| 0
| 1
|-
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Naorem Roshan Singh|Roshan Singh]]
| 1
| 0
| 0
| 1
|-
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Édgar Méndez]]
| 1
| 0
| 0
| 1
|-
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Suresh Singh Wangjam|Suresh Wangjam]]
| 1
| 0
| 0
| 1
|}
Updated: 12 April 2025

==Statistics==
===Appearances and goals===
{{Efs start|[[2024–25 Indian Super League|ISL]]|[[2024 Durand Cup|Durand Cup]]|Super Cup}}
|-
! colspan=12 style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|2px}}; text-align:center| Goalkeepers
{{Efs player|no=1|name=[[Gurpreet Singh Sandhu]]|pos=GK|nat=IND|25+1|0|5+0|0|0+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=22|name=Sahil Poonia|pos=GK|nat=IND|1+0|0|0+0|0|0+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=28|name=[[Lalthuammawia Ralte]]|pos=GK|nat=IND|2+0|0|0+1|0|0+0|0}}
|-
! colspan=12 style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|2px}}; text-align:center| Defenders
|-
{{Efs player|no=2|name=[[Chinglensana Singh (footballer)|Chinglensana Singh]]|pos=[[Defender (association football)|CB]]|nat=IND|19+4|0|1+4|0|0+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=5|name=[[Aleksandar Jovanovic (footballer, born 1989)|Aleksandar Jovanović]]|pos=[[Defender (association football)|CB]]|nat=AUS|13+8|0|5+0|1|0+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=12|name=[[Mohamed Salah (Indian footballer)|Mohamed Salah]]|pos=[[Full-back (association football)|RB]]|nat=IND|4+10|0|1+1|0|0+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=14|name=[[Jessel Carneiro]]|pos=[[Full-back (association football)|LB]]|nat=IND|0+0|0|0+0|0|0+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=25|name=[[Namgyal Bhutia]]|pos=[[Full-back (association football)|RB]]|nat=IND|7+2|0|0+0|0|0+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=27|name=[[Nikhil Poojary]]|pos=[[Full-back (association football)|RB]]|nat=IND|15+2|0|4+0|0|0+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=2|name=[[Rahul Bheke]]|pos=[[Full-back (association football)|RB]]|nat=IND|25+1|3|5+0|1|0+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=32|name=[[Naorem Roshan Singh|Roshan Singh]]|pos=[[Full-back (association football)|LB]]|nat=IND|28+0|1|4+0|0|0+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=42|name=Clarence Fernandes|pos=[[Defender (association football)|CB]]|nat=IND|0+0|0|0+1|0|0+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=53|name=Ashik Adhikari|pos=[[Defender (association football)|CB]]|nat=IND|0+0|0|0+0|0|0+0|0}}
|-
! colspan=12 style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|2px}}; text-align:center| Midfielders
|-
{{Efs player|no=8|name=[[Suresh Singh Wangjam|Suresh Singh]]|pos=[[Midfielder (association football)|DM]]|nat=IND|25+1|2|3+0|0|0+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=10|name=[[Alberto Noguera]]|pos=[[Midfielder (association football)|AM]]|nat=ESP|24+1|5|4+1|1|0+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=14|name=Soham Varshneya|pos=[[Midfielder (association football)|MF]]|nat=IND|0+1|0|0+0|0|0+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=18|name=[[Pedro Capó (footballer)|Pedro Capó]]|pos=[[Midfielder (association football)|CM]]|nat=ESP|23+2|0|4+0|0|0+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=21|name=Shreyas Ketkar|pos=[[Midfielder (association football)|RM]]|nat=IND|0+0|0|0+1|0|0+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=23|name=Lalremtluanga Fanai|pos=[[Midfielder (association football)|DM]]|nat=IND|6+17|0|2+3|0|0+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=49|name=Harsh Patre|pos=[[Midfielder (association football)|DM]]|nat=IND|3+2|0|1+0|0|0+0|0}}
|-
! colspan=12 style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|2px}}; text-align:center| Forwards
|-
{{Efs player|no=7|name=[[Ryan Williams (soccer, born 1993)|Ryan Williams]]|pos=[[Forward (association football)|RW]]|nat=AUS|17+5|7|2+1|0|0+0|1}}
{{Efs player|no=9|name=[[Sivasakthi Narayanan]]|pos=[[Forward (association football)|CF]]|nat=IND|4+10|0|3+0|0|0+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=11|name=[[Sunil Chhetri]]|pos=[[Forward (association football)|CF]]|nat=IND|19+9|14|1+4|3|0+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=17|name=[[Édgar Méndez]]|pos=[[Forward (association football)|RW]]|nat=ESP|22+3|9|2+2|1|0+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=19|name=[[Halicharan Narzary]]|pos=[[Forward (association football)|LW]]|nat=IND|0+0|0|0+1|0|0+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=24|name=[[Rohit Danu]]|pos=[[Forward (association football)|CF]]|nat=IND|2+3|0|0+0|0|0+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=29|name=Shivaldo Singh|pos=[[Forward (association football)|RW]]|nat=IND|1+2|0|3+1|0|0+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=30|name=[[Jorge Pereyra Díaz]]|pos=[[Forward (association football)|CF]]|nat=ARG|11+6|3|3+2|3|0+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=31|name=[[Vinith Venkatesh]]|pos=[[Forward (association football)|RW]]|nat=IND|8+7|1|2+1|2|0+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=32|name=Kelvin Singh|pos=[[Forward (association football)|FW]]|nat=IND|0+1|0|0+0|0|0+0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=41|name=Monirul Molla|pos=[[Forward (association football)|CF]]|nat=IND|0+1|0|0+0|0|0+0|0}}
|-
{{Efs end|s=[https://int.soccerway.com/teams/india/bengaluru/25367/squad/ soccerway]|date=July 2024}}

Updated: 12 April 2025

===Goal scorers===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%; text-align: center;"
|-
!rowspan="1" !width=15 style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|2px}};|{{Abbr|Rank|Rank}}
!rowspan="1" !width=15 style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|2px}};|{{Abbr|No.|Squad Number}}
!rowspan="1" !width=15 style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|2px}};|{{Abbr|Pos|Position}}
!rowspan="1" !width=15 style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|2px}};|{{Tooltip| Nat | Nationality}}
!width=150 style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|2px}};|Player
!width=80 style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|2px}};|ISL
!width=80 style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|2px}};|DC
!width=80 style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|2px}};|SC
!width=80 style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|2px}};|Total
|-
|| 1 || 11 || [[Forward (association football)|CF]] || {{flagicon|India}} || [[Sunil Chhetri]] || 14 || 3 || 0 || 17
|-
|| 2 || 17 || [[Forward (association football)|RW]] || {{flagicon|Spain}} || [[Édgar Méndez]] || 9 || 1 || 0 || 10
|-
|| 3 || 7 || [[Forward (association football)|RW]] || {{flagicon|Australia}} || [[Ryan Williams (soccer, born 1993)|Ryan Williams]] || 7 || 0 || 1 || 8
|-
| rowspan="2" | 4 || 10 || [[Midfielder|AM]] || {{flagicon|Spain}} || [[Alberto Noguera]] || 5 || 1 || 0 || 6
|-
|| 30 || [[Forward (association football)|CF]] || {{flagicon|Argentina}} || [[Jorge Pereyra Díaz|Pereyra Díaz]] || 3 || 3 || 0 || 6
|-
|| 6 || 2 || [[Full-back (association football)|RB]] || {{flagicon|India}} || [[Rahul Bheke]] || 3 || 1 || 0 || 4
|-
|| 7 || 31 || [[Midfielder|DM]] || {{flagicon|India}} || [[Vinith Venkatesh]] || 1 || 2 || 0 || 3
|-
|| 8 || 8 || [[Midfielder|DM]] || {{flagicon|India}} || [[Suresh Singh Wangjam|Suresh Singh]] || 2 || 0 || 0 || 2
|-
| rowspan="2"| 9 || 5 || [[Defender (association football)|CB]] || {{flagicon |Australia}} || [[Aleksandar Jovanovic (footballer, born 1989)|Aleksandar Jovanović]] || 0 || 1 || 0 || 1
|-
|| 32 || [[Full-back (association football)|LB]] || {{flagicon|India}} || [[Naorem Roshan Singh|Roshan Singh]] || 1 || 0 || 0 || 1
|-
| colspan="5" style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|2px}}; | [[Own goal|{{color|#FFFFFF|Own goals}}]] || 3 || 1 || 0 || 4
|-
! colspan="5" style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|2px}}; | Totals !! 46 !! 13 !! 0 !! 59
|}
Updated: 12 April 2025

===Clean sheets===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%; text-align: center;"
|-
!rowspan="1" !width=15 style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|2px}};|{{Abbr|Rank|Rank}}
!rowspan="1" !width=15 style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|2px}};|{{Abbr|No.|Squad Number}}
!rowspan="1" !width=15 style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|2px}};|{{Abbr|Pos|Position}}
!rowspan="1" !width=15 style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|2px}};|{{Tooltip| Nat | Nationality}}
!width=150 style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|2px}};|Player
!width=80 style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|2px}};|ISL
!width=80 style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|2px}};|DC
!width=80 style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|2px}};|SC
!width=80 style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|2px}};|Total
|-
| '''1''' ||1 ||[[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]] ||{{flagicon|IND}} || align=left| [[Gurpreet Singh Sandhu]] ||8 ||3 ||0 ||'''11'''
|-
| '''2''' ||28 ||[[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]] ||{{flagicon|IND}} || align=left| [[Lalthuammawia Ralte]] || 2 ||0 ||0 ||'''2'''
|-
! colspan="5" style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|2px}}; | Totals !! 8 !! 3 !! 0 !! 11
|}
Updated: 12 April 2025

===Disciplinary record===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!rowspan="2" !width=15 style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|2px}};"|{{Abbr|Rank|Rank}}
!rowspan="2" !width=15 style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|2px}};"|{{Abbr|No.|Squad Number}}
!rowspan="2" !width=15 style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|2px}};"|{{Abbr|Pos|Position}}
!rowspan="2" !width=15 style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|2px}};"|{{Tooltip| Nat | Nationality}}
!rowspan="2" style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|2px}};"|Player
!colspan="3" style="color:#2545A0;" | ISL
!colspan="3" style="color:#2545A0;" | DC
!colspan="3" style="color:#2545A0;" | SC
!colspan="3" style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|2px}};"|Total
!rowspan="2" style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|2px}};"|Points
!rowspan="2" style="width: 350px; background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|2px}};"|Notes
|-
!width=34 |{{Fb yellow card}}
!width=34 |{{Fb second yellow card}}
!width=34 |{{Fb red card}}
!width=34 |{{Fb yellow card}}
!width=34 |{{Fb second yellow card}}
!width=34 |{{Fb red card}}
!width=34 |{{Fb yellow card}}
!width=34 |{{Fb second yellow card}}
!width=34 |{{Fb red card}}
!width=34 |{{Fb yellow card}}
!width=34 |{{Fb second yellow card}}
!width=34 |{{Fb red card}}
|-
|| 1 || 3 || [[Full-back (association football)|RB]] || {{flagicon|India}} || [[Rahul Bheke]] ||7 ||0 ||0 ||1 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||8 ||0 ||0 || 8 || Missed the away game against [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2 || 2 || [[Defender (association football)|CB]] || {{flagicon|India}} || [[Chinglensana Singh (footballer)|Chinglensana Singh]] || 3 ||1 ||0 ||1 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||4 ||1 ||0 || 7 ||Missed the home game against [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|-
|| 17 || [[Forward (association football)|RW]] || {{flagicon|Spain}} || [[Édgar Méndez]] || 6 ||0 ||0 ||1 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||7 ||0 ||0 || 7 ||N/A
|-
|rowspan=3| 4 || 30 || [[Forward (association football)|CF]] || {{flagicon|Argentina}} || [[Jorge Pereyra Díaz|Pereyra Díaz]] || 5 ||0 ||0 ||1 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||6 ||0 ||0 || 6 ||N/A
|-
|| 32 || [[Full-back (association football)|LB]] || {{flagicon|India}} || [[Naorem Roshan Singh|Roshan Singh]] ||4 ||0 ||0 ||1 ||0 ||0 ||1 ||0 ||0 ||6 ||0 ||0 || 6 ||N/A
|-
| 10 || [[Midfielder|AM]] || {{flagicon|Spain}} || [[Alberto Noguera]] || 4 ||0 ||0 ||1 ||0 ||0 ||1 ||0 ||0 ||6 ||0 ||0 || 6 ||N/A
|-
|| 7 || 27 || [[Full-back (association football)|RB]] || {{flagicon|India}} || [[Nikhil Poojary]] ||2 ||0 ||0 ||3 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||5 ||0 ||0 || 5 ||N/A
|-
|rowspan="5" | 8 || 1 ||[[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]] ||{{flagicon|IND}} || [[Gurpreet Singh Sandhu|Gurpreet Singh]] ||3 ||0 ||0 ||1 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||4 ||0 ||0 || 4 ||N/A
|-
|| 5 || [[Defender (association football)|CB]] || {{flagicon|Australia}} || [[Aleksandar Jovanović (soccer, born 1989)|Jovanović]] ||1 ||0 ||1 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||1 ||0 ||1 || 4 || Missed the away game against [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]
|-
|| 12 || [[Defender (association football)|RB]] || {{flagicon|India}} || [[Mohamed Salah (Indian footballer)|Mohamed Salah]] || 4 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||4 ||0 ||0 || 4 ||N/A
|-
|| 7 || [[Forward (association football)|RW]] || {{flagicon|India}} || [[Ryan Williams (soccer, born 1993)|Ryan Williams]] || 4 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||4 ||0 ||0 || 4 ||N/A
|-
|| 31 || [[Midfielder|DM]] || {{flagicon|India}} || [[Vinith Venkatesh]] ||2 ||0 ||0 ||1 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||3 ||0 ||0 || 3 ||N/A
|-
|rowspan="4"| 13 || 24 || [[Forward (association football)|CF]] || {{flagicon|India}} || [[Rohit Danu]] || 1 ||0 ||0 ||1 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||2 ||0 ||0 || 2 ||N/A
|-
|| 6 || [[Midfielder|DM]] || {{flagicon|India}} || [[Harsh Patre]] || 2 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||2 ||0 ||0 || 2 || Missed the away game against [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
|-
|| 9 || [[Forward (association football)|CF]] || {{flagicon|India}} || [[Sivasakthi Narayanan]] || 2 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||2 ||0 ||0 || 2 ||N/A
|-
|| 8 || [[Midfielder|DM]] || {{flagicon|India}} || [[Suresh Singh Wangjam|Suresh Singh]] ||1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 2 || N/A
|-
|rowspan="3"| 17 || 25 || [[Full-back (association football)|RB]] || {{flagicon|India}} || [[Namgyal Bhutia|Bhutia]] ||1 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||1 ||0 ||0 || 1 ||N/A
|-
||23 || [[Midfielder|DM]] || {{flagicon|India}} || Lalremtluanga Fanai ||1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 1 || N/A
|-
||18 || [[Midfielder|CM]] || {{flagicon|ESP}} || [[Pedro Capó (footballer)|Pedro Capó]] ||1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 1 || N/A
|-
! colspan="5" style="background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|2px}}; | Totals !!54 !!1 !!1 !!12 !!0 !!0 !!0 !!0 !!0 !!66 !!1 !!1 !!72 !!N/A
|-
|}
Updated: 12 April 2025

==See also==
* [[List of Bengaluru FC seasons]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Bengaluru FC}}
{{2024–25 in Indian football}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2024-25 Bengaluru FC Season}}
[[Category:Bengaluru FC seasons]]
[[Category:2020s in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:2024–25 Indian Super League season by team|Bengaluru]]

Nellikuppam

2026-02-21T22:42:53Z

Dangerpanditankit: Creating a entry

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Nellikuppam
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = tamil
| other_name = Nelli
| nickname = NPM
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = ChinnaTheru Mosque Nellikuppam
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|11.7667|N|79.6833|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Cuddalore district|Cuddalore]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Second Grade Municipality
| governing_body = Nellikuppam Municipality
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 21.49
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 46679
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 607105
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Nellikuppam''' is a town and a [[municipality]] in [[Cuddalore city Corporation]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. As of 2011, the town had a population of 46,678.

==Demographics==
According to [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], Nellikuppam had a population of 46,678 with a sex-ratio of 1,028 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929.<ref name="dashboard">{{cite web|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/index.html|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|year=2013|access-date=26 January 2014}}</ref> A total of 5,072 were under the age of six, constituting 2,580 males and 2,492 females. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] accounted for 36.05% and 0.07% of the population respectively. The average literacy of the town was 73.83%, compared to the national average of 72.99%.<ref name="dashboard"/> The town had a total of 10,763 households. There were a total of 15,939 workers, comprising 469 cultivators, 3,307 main agricultural labourers, 220 in house hold industries, 9,360 other workers, 2,583 marginal workers, 32 marginal cultivators, 1,402 marginal agricultural labourers, 69 marginal workers in household industries and 1,080 other marginal workers.<ref name=2011census>{{cite web|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals - Panruti(05788)|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=690072|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|year=2013|access-date=26 January 2014}}</ref>

==Politics==
Nellikuppam of [[Cuddalore (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|title = List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies
|access-date = 2008-10-09
|work = Tamil Nadu
|publisher = Election Commission of India
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081031131000/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|archive-date = 2008-10-31
}}</ref>

As per latest restructuring of constituency by the Election Commission, Nellikuppam has been merged with Panruti legislative assembly.{{cn|date=August 2023}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://municipality.tn.gov.in/nellikuppam/index.htm ]

{{Cuddalore district}}
{{Municipalities of Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Cuddalore district]]
[[Category:Cities and villages in Cuddalore taluk]]

Vishnu Puran (TV series)

2026-02-05T04:01:49Z

Dangerpanditankit: Page updated with relevant improvements

{{short description|Indian mythological television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| genre =
| creator = [[Ravi Chopra]]
| based_on = [[Bhagavata Purana]]
| developer =
| screenplay = Ram Govind Dialogues Hassan Kamal Satish Bhatnagar Hassan Kamal Ram Govind Shafiq Ansari
| director = [[Ravi Chopra]]
| music = [[Raj Kamal]]
| creative_director =
| starring = [[Nitish Bhardwaj]] Vaidehi Amrute
| narrated = Lata Haya
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 124
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| executive_producer =
| producer = [[B. R. Chopra]]
| location =
| cinematography = Dharam Chopra
| editor =
| runtime = 40-45 minutes
| company = B. R. Films
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2000|01|23}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=y|2002|06|16}}
| related = [[Mahabharat (1988 TV series)]]
 [[Mahabharat Katha]]
 [[Ramayan (2002 TV series)]]
| channel = [[Zee TV]] [[DD National]] [[DD Bharati]]
| opentheme = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
}}

'''''Vishnu Puran''''' (also written ''Vishnupuran'') is an [[Television in india|Indian television]] series, by [[Baldev Raj Chopra|B. R. Chopra]] on the Hindu deity [[Vishnu]]. It is based on the ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]''. ''Bhagavata Purana'' tells about the [[dashavatara|10 incarnations]] of Vishnu, as well as other stories, such as the legend of [[Dhruva]]. The weekly series first aired Sunday morning, 23 January 2000 on [[Zee TV]].<ref name="Tribune20000123">{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000123/spectrum/tv.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum - Television - Playing god with panache|date=23 January 2000|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=2018-08-20}}</ref> The 124 episodes were later released on [[DD National]].<ref name="worldcat">{{Citation|last1=Chopra|first1=Ravi|title=Vishnu Puran: the greatest mythological [tale] ever told|date=2002|publisher=Indo-American Video Corp.|last2=Chopra|first2=B. R|last3=Govind|first3=Ram|last4=Bhardwaj|first4=Nitish|last5=Vaidēhi|last6=Singh|first6=Samar Jay|last7=Kamal|first7=Raj|last8=B.R. Films|last9=Indo American Video Corporation|oclc=63667948}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://franklin.library.upenn.edu/catalog/FRANKLIN_9937760963503681|title=Vishnu Puran [videorecording] : The greatest mythological [tale] ever told / B.R. Films; written by Ram Govind; produced by B.R. Chopra; directed by Ravi Chopra. - Franklin|website=franklin.library.upenn.edu|language=en|access-date=2018-08-30}}</ref>

The chief roles are played by [[Nitish Bharadwaj]] as Bhagwan [[Vishnu]] and Vaidehi Amrute as Devi [[Lakshmi]]. Nitish Bharadwaj previously played the role of [[Krishna]], in Chopra's television adaptation of the epic ''[[Mahabharat (1988 TV series)|Mahabharat]]''. The Story was narrated by Lata Haya in the role of Dharti Maa. The music is composed by [[Raj Kamal]]<ref name="Tribune20000123" /> who also worked on ''Mahabharat''. The title song was sung by [[Shankar Mahadevan]] and the songs decoding summary of each episode was sung by [[Mahendra Kapoor]] & [[Soham Chakrabarty]]. During the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]], [[DD Bharati]], [[DD National]] and [[Zee TV]] started re-airing episodes to entertain the public during the lockdown.

==Episode guide==
===Vishnu is the protector of the universe (episode 1)===
'''Episode 1''': The narrator Mother Earth, [[Bhumi (goddess)|Dharti Maa]], introduces herself to the viewers. After the world ended in fire and flood, only the supreme God [[Vishnu]] was left alive. He gives rise to [[Brahma]] and [[Shiva]]. Brahma creates the world and the first humans, [[Swayambhuva Manu|Manu]] and [[Shatarupa]], who wander in the pristine nature and fall in love.

===The story of Dhruva (episodes 2-6)===
'''Episode 2''': King Uttanpada, Manu and Shatarupa's son, becomes beguiled by his ambitious younger wife Suruchi and neglects his elder queen Suniti and her five-year-old son [[Dhruva]]. Suruchi throws Dhruva off his father's lap and Uttanpada fails to intervene. Suruchi tells the unhappy boy that no one but Lord Vishnu the supreme god can grant him the power to sit on his father's lap now.

'''Episode 3''': Dhruva leaves the palace in search of Lord Vishnu. Goddess Lakshmi pleads with Lord Shri Vishnu to protect Dhruva, and takes matters into her own hands by manifesting as a snake to save the child from a gang of [[dacoits]]. Manu gives Uttanpada a talking to and Uttanpada and Suniti reconcile and search for their son. Sage [[Narada]], sent by Vishnu, guides Dhruva to the forest and gives him a [[mantra]] to chant.

'''Episode 4''': Goddess [[Parvati]], at Goddess Lakshmi's request, protects Dhruva by sending her lion to guard the child from wild beasts. Dhruva asks Narada for further guidance and on his advice, gives up eating and drinking. Lord Vishnu tells Goddess Lakshmi, however, that he cannot come down to the world for just one person. Meanwhile, the king of the [[Deva (Hinduism)|devas]], [[Indra]], fears Dhruva may ask Lord Vishnu for Indra's throne. Indra sends the [[apsara]] Rakshita disguised as Dhruva's mother, but Dhruva does not even notice her.

'''Episode 5''': Uttanpada is miserable and Indra's attempts to frustrate Dhruva's penance fail. Dhruva begs Narada for further advice and, obeying his guru's instructions, stops breathing. The entire universe stands still. Now that just more than one person is affected, Vishnu appears before Dhruva.

'''Episode 6''': Dhruva asks Lord Vishnu why his father didn't let him sit on his lap. Lord Shri Vishnu takes Dhruva on his own lap and heals his burns and hunger. Dhruva's questions disappear; he feels completely blissful. Lord Shri Vishnu instructs Dhruva to return to his people and be an example of an enlightened king. Dhruva returns home and forgives Suruchi, because if not for her he would never have found Lord Vishnu.

===Matsya Avatara and the theft of the Vedas (episodes 7-9)===
'''Episode 7''': Dharti Ma narrates that sage [[Kashyapa]] had three wives, [[Diti]], [[Aditi]] and [[Danu (Asura)|Danu]], the mothers of the [[daityas]] (demons), [[Deva (Hinduism)|devas]] (gods) and [[danavas]] (monsters or giants or demons), respectively. Lord Vishnu entrusts the four scriptures, the [[Vedas]], to Brahma, to be passed on to mankind. Hayagriva, a son of Danu, feels this is unfair to demons and determines to keep the Vedas away from humanity. Brahma is worried that mankind is too evil to receive the Vedas, and goes to consult Shiva about purifying the earth first. While Brahma is away, Hayagriva kidnaps the Vedas (who are in the form of four small boys) and imprisons them in his underwater lair.

'''Episode 8''': Shiva agrees to flood the earth to destroy all evil life and purify it; Brahma can then create humanity anew and give them the Vedas. While Manu is bathing, a tiny fish swims into his hands and begs for protection. Manu takes it home, but it grows to giant size in a single night and he releases it into the ocean, where he realizes the fish is none other than Lord Vishnu. As [[Matsya]], the fish, Lord Vishnu warns Manu of the coming flood and asks him to save anything important in a boat.

'''Episode 9''': Hayagriva decides to destroy the Vedas but Matsya appears first and kills Hayagriva. Manu and Shatarupa gather plants and animals, deciding to save everything rather than having the pride to think they know what is valuable and what is not. At the last minute, Manu thinks of bringing the seven primordial sages, the [[Saptarshi|Saptarishis]]. The deluge. Manu's boat is tossed by the storm but Matsya tows it to safety. After the flood, Lord Vishnu gives the Vedas again to the nine survivors.

===Kurma Avatara and the churning of the ocean (episodes 10-17)===
'''Episode 10''': At Hayagriva's funeral, a danava named Kaalaketu defeats another danava, Arshal, for the kingship. The danavas at once attack the devas in revenge for Hayagriva's death, but Lord Indra easily defeats them. Lord Indra boasts about his victory.

'''Episode 11''': [[Shukracharya]], the danava guru, chides his followers for attacking without a plan. He forms a plan of his own: to ask Lord Shiva for the [[Sanjeevani (plant)|Sanjeevani Mantra]] - a mantra that enables one to bring the dead back to life. Lord Indra goes to Lord Shiva to prevent this, but Shukracharya attracts Lord Shiva's attention first and earns the right to attempt Shiva's [[Tapasya|penance]] to obtain the mantra: to hang upside down from a tree, without eating, drinking or speaking, and breathing only the smoke of burning leaves, for one year.

'''Episode 12''': Lord Indra is worried when it appears that Shukracharya will succeed. When the apsaras are afraid to try and interrupt the penance, Lord Indra's daughter Jayanti determines to go, against Lord Indra's will.

'''Episode 13''': Jayanti throws chili peppers into the leaf fire and Shukracharya is in agony. However, he does not break his penance. Angry at the sabotage, Shiva ends the trial and grants Shukracharya the Sanjeevani Mantra on the spot. Guilt-stricken, Jayanti offers to marry Shukracharya and serve him to atone for causing him such suffering. He accepts.

'''Episode 14''': The danavas attack the devas and with Shukracharya bringing each dead danava back to life, the devas can't win. They flee and ask Lord Shri Vishnu to help them. Lord Shri Vishnu Bhagwan tells Lord Indra he must [[Samudra manthan|churn the ocean]] to extract [[amrita]], the nectar of immortality. This will make the devas and danava even. The catch is, the devas are not strong enough alone to churn the ocean. Lord Indra must obtain the cooperation of the danava.

'''Episode 15''': Lord Indra points out to Shukracharya that when he dies, he won't be able to use the Sanjeevani Mantra on himself and the danava advantage will be lost. Concerned, Shukracharya agrees to help churn the ocean. Both sides agree to share equally whatever they obtain from the ocean, but Shukracharya privately asks the danava [[Rahu|Swarbhanu]] to make sure the danavas get the amrita. The churning rope will be the serpent [[Vasuki (snake)|Vasuki]]; Sage Narada tricks the danavas into getting the head end while the devas grasp the tail.

'''Episode 16''': Lord Shri Vishnu incarnates as [[Kurma]], the divine turtle, and supports the churn - [[Mount Mandara]] - on his back. The first thing to emerge from the ocean is a lethal poison. Lord Shiva drinks it to save the world, earning the nickname [[Nilkanth]]. Second, Goddess Lakshmi emerges from the ocean. The danavas and devas fight over her until Lord Brahma protects her and decrees the eternal right for a woman to choose her own husband.

'''Episode 17''': Lord Brahma holds a [[Swayamvara]] ceremony for Goddess Lakshmi to choose her husband. She chooses Lord Shri Vishnu. The churning of the ocean continues and the amrita emerges and is promptly stolen by Swarbhanu. Lord Shri Vishnu appears as [[Mohini]], a beautiful woman, and dazzles the danavas into inviting the devas to watch them drink the amrita. She gives it to the devas first, however, and there is none left for the danavas. Swarbhanu disguises himself as a deva and receives some amrita, but Lord Shri Vishnu then cuts off his head.

===Narasimha Avatara and Prahlad's trials of faith (episodes 18-39)===

====Hiranyakashipu's boon (episodes 18-21)====
'''Episode 18''': Lord Brahma's [[Four Kumaras|four saintly sons]] visit Lord Shri Vishnu but are prevented from entering by the gatekeepers [[Jaya-Vijaya]]. The saints curse Jaya and Vijaya to be born three times as asuras and to be killed by Lord Shri Vishnu each time. Jaya and Vijaya are born as [[Hiranyaksha]] and [[Hiranyakashipu]]. Hiranyaksha steals the earth and hides it. Lord Shri Vishnu incarnates as [[Varaha]] and kills Hiranyaksha. Hiranyakashipu vows revenge.

'''Episode 19''': To obtain his revenge, Hiranyakashipu does a penance to obtain a boon from Lord Brahma. Indra tries to help Lord Shri Vishnu by disrupting the penance, but every attempt is thwarted by Shukracharya. In desperation, Indra decides to kidnap Hiranyakashipu's wife [[Kayadhu]] and kill her unborn son. However, Sage Narada stops Indra and rescues Kayadhu. In his [[ashram]], Narada chants Lord Shri Vishnu's name to Kayadhu and her unborn son hears it.

'''Episode 20''': Lord Brahma puts off answering Hiranyakashipu's prayers, but is finally forced to do so. Hiranyakashipu asks for immortality, but Lord Brahma says no being can have that. Hiranyakashipu must ask for something else. Hiranyakashipu asks Lord Brahma to make it that he, Hiranyakashipu, cannot be killed by day or by night, inside a building or outside a building, on earth or in heaven, by god or man or animal, or by any weapon. Lord Brahma grants all the boons. Narada tells Hiranyakashipu about the whereabouts of his wife.

'''Episode 21''': Kayadhu says she has never been so happy and asks to stay with Narada until her son is born. Hiranyakashipu agrees and celebrates his boon by declaring himself God and banning the worship of Lord Shri Vishnu. Swarbhanu joins Hiranyakashipu's court. Kayadhu gives birth to a son, [[Prahlada|Prahlad]], and receives permission to stay with Narada until Prahlad is a little older. Hiranyakashipu makes Narada promise not to say the name "Vishnu" in front of Prahlad.

====Story of Prahlad (episodes 22-34)====
'''Episode 22''': Prahlad has grown into a sweet little boy who is utterly devoted to Lord Shri Vishnu (whom he knows by his 999 other names) and has mastered all the [[yoga]] Narada has taught him. Kayadhu and Prahlad return to the asura kingdom and Hiranyakashipu sends Prahlad to school. At school, Prahlad is shocked to see an idol of his father and refuses to worship it. Prahlad teaches his classmates about Lord Shri Vishnu.

'''Episode 23''': When Prahlad returns to the palace, Hiranyakashipu asks what he has learnt. Prahlad says the school taught false knowledge and Lord Shri Vishnu is the only God. Hiranyakashipu is furious and orders the teachers, Shukracharya's sons Amark and Shund, to correct Prahlad's thinking.

'''Episode 24''': Kayadhu goes to the school and begs Prahlad to say that his father is the only God. Prahlad refuses. He is not afraid. When Prahlad returns to court and again affirms his faith, Hiranyakashipu orders Prahlad to be killed. But the soldier's swords do him no harm. Hiranyakashipu sends Prahlad into exile in the wilderness instead. Swarbhanu follows Prahlad and prevents him from getting any food or drink.

'''Episode 25''': Lord Shri Vishnu releases his [[Sudarshana Chakra]] and chases Swarbhanu away. Prahlad's fellow students find him and bring him food. Hiranyakashipu sends soldiers who throw Prahlad off a mountain. Lord Shri Vishnu catches Prahlad and lays him gently in a grain cart.

'''Episode 26''': The grain cart was making a delivery to Hiranyakashipu's court. Furious at Prahlad's survival, Hiranyakashipu has his son thrown in jail. Swarbhanu attempts to poison Prahlad, but Shiva manifests and drinks the poison.

'''Episode 27''': Hiranyakashipu's sister [[Holika|Singhika]] and her husband Viprachitti come for a visit. Singhika demonstrates how she cannot be hurt by fire, thanks to a boon granted to her by [[Agni]] the fire god. Hiranyakashipu enlists Singhika and Viprachitti's help in killing Prahlad. They suggest sending Prahlad to their kingdom, [[Kamarupa (Historical kingdom)|Kamarupa]], with a letter. The letter will tell their son Aahlad to throw Prahlad into a snake pit. Aahlad tells Prahlad he will be taken to visit a temple of Lord Shri Vishnu.

'''Episode 28''': Prahlad is locked in the snake pit, where he prays to Lord Shri Vishnu. Kayadhu also prays to Lord Shri Vishnu to protect her son. The Sudarshana Chakra appears in the snake pit and the snakes vanish. Prahlad opens his eyes and sees the idol of Lord Shri Vishnu. Meanwhile, an escaped snake bites Aahlad and he dies. Prahlad is devastated; he prays to Lord Shri Vishnu for his brother's life and Lord Shri Vishnu brings Aahlad back to life.

'''Episode 29''': Hiranyakashipu, Singhika and Viprachitti hear of Aahlad's death and all vow revenge. Prahlad and Aahlad go to the palace together, but Singhika only pretends to be happy and persuades Prahlad to enter the fire with her. Aahlad becomes a Lord Shri Vishnu devotee. Hiranyakashipu declares a festival for the fire trial.

'''Episode 30''': Singhika and Prahlad enter the fire. Sinhika burns, Prahlad is protected. Viprachitti in revenge puts Prahlad in an enchanted sleep and throws him into the ocean, but the ocean god protects Prahlad at Goddess Lakshmi's behest. Kayadhu goes to the seashore and pleads with the ocean to return her son.

'''Episode 31''': Goddess Lakshmi asks the ocean god to return Prahlad to Kayadhu; he does so. Shukracharya offers to arrange for Prahlad's demise. He wants to invoke the demoness Kritya and orders his sons Shand and Amark to do so.

'''Episode 32''': Shand and Amark perform the Kritya ceremony. The demoness appears but the Sudarshana Chakra again protects Prahlad, so Kritya kills Shand and Amark instead. Shukracharya is devastated. Prahlad chides Shukracharya for being a bad guru and guiding his father Hiranyakashipu into the path of egotism. Prahlad selflessly prays for Lord Shri Vishnu to revive Shand and Amark and they become his disciples.

'''Episode 33''': Hiranyakashipu decides to kill Prahlad himself. He orders his son to embrace a red hot pillar of iron. Brahma begs Lord Shri Vishnu to do something to overcome the boon. Lord Shri Vishnu appears as [[Narasimha]] with the torso of a man and head of a lion, who is both god and man and animal, and kills Hiranyakashipu at twilight, on the threshold of the palace, suspended in air on His thighs, with His bare hands and sharp claws. Brahma, Shiva, Narada and Goddess Lakshmi all fail to calm Narasimha down, but it is Prahlad who succeeds.

'''Episode 34''': Prahlad performs his father's last rites after Aahlad refuses. Prahlad will not let Kayadhu commit [[Sati (practice)|sati]]. Goddess Lakshmi loves Prahlad, but Lord Shri Vishnu loves all his children, even the wicked ones such as Shukracharya.

====Prahlad and Virochan (episodes 35-39)====
'''Episode 35''': Aahlad refuses the throne. Prahlad, now grown and king, dispenses justice. Shukracharya plans to control Prahlad’s son [[Virochana|Virochan]].

'''Episode 36''': Shukracharya sends Virochan hunting, although Prahlad does not approve. During a storm, Virochan saves Sudhanva, son of Sage Angira, from a falling tree. Both are hurt and together they seek shelter at the cottage of Sage Vatsa. Both fall in love with the sage's daughter Deepavali.

'''Episode 37''': Prahlad searches the forest and finds his son. Later, both Virochan and Sudhanva return to the hermitage and propose to Deepavali. When she cannot choose, Virochan draws his sword on Sudhanva and abducts Deepavali, taking her to Shukracharya's ashram.

'''Episode 38''': The Saptarishis inform Prahlad of his sons' actions and Prahlad at once rescues Deepavali, standing up to Shukracharya. When neither Deepavali nor her father can decide between the two boys, her father asks Prahlad to make the decision.

'''Episode 39''': Prahlad asks Sudhanva if he minds Prahlad being the judge. Sudhanva accepts. Kayadhu and Prahlad's wife try to convince Prahlad to decide in Virochan's favour, but Prahlad says Virochan was wrong to have used force and that he decides Deepavali should marry Sudhanva. Virochan humbly admits his wrongs. Lord Shri Vishnu and Goddess Lakshmi appear and praise Prahlad.

===Vamana Avatara and Mahabali (episodes 40-46)===
'''Episode 40''': Kayadhu dies. Prahlad renounces the world and crowns Virochan. Virochan marries Vishalaakshi of the danavas. Shukracharya's father Sage [[Bhrigu]] foresees a danger to Virochan. Vishalaakshi gives birth to a son, [[Mahabali|Bali]].

'''Episode 41''': Virochan completes the penance for his safety suggested by Sage Bhrigu and receives from [[Surya]], the sun god, a protective crown. Bali goes to school. Virochan announces that no gods other than Lord Shri Vishnu may be worshipped, angering Indra. Indra's anger worries Lord Shri Vishnu.

'''Episode 42''': While Virochan is travelling alone, Indra tricks him, drugs him, steals his crown and kills him. Bali, now grown, vows revenge on Indra and attacks heaven alone - and is brutally killed by Indra and the devas. Lord Shri Vishnu is furious with Indra and after making him return Bali’s body, breaks his relationship with the Deva’s forever.

'''Episode 43''': Shukracharya brings Bali back to life with the Sanjeevani mantra and requests that in return, Bali bring him Indra's crown. Bali attacks heaven, captures Indra and the other devas, bans their worship and exiles them to earth.

'''Episode 44''': Aditi appeals to her sister Dhriti in vain for forgiveness for the devas. Lakshmi showers Bali with wealth after he worships her. When Bali hears that the devas are being worshipped on earth, he resolves to conquer earth; Shukracharya is thrilled. At Narada's request, Prahlad tries to convince Bali not to attack earth. Lakshmi also appeals to Bali in vain.

'''Episode 45''': Bali invades earth. Aditi begs Lord Shri Vishnu to forgive her sons and fulfill his promise to be born from her womb. Lord Shri Vishnu incarnates as [[Vamana]], a [[Dwarfism|little person]]. Lord Brahma, Saraswati, Lord Shiva, Kashyap, [[Brihaspati]] and the devas attend the birth and bring gifts.

'''Episode 46''': Lord Shri Vishnu explains to Indra that he has incarnated to be a beggar. Shukracharya tries to counter Lord Shri Vishnu's birth by ordering Bali to perform the [[Ashvamedha]] sacrifice. Vamana interrupts the yagna and asks Bali for three steps' worth of land. Bali grants the boon. Vamana grows and covers all three worlds in his steps, with the third one stepping on Bali's head and pushing him deep under the world.

===Parashurama Avatara and the Kshatriyas (episodes 47-63)===

====Young Parshuram's determination (episodes 47-52)====
'''Episode 47''': Lord Shri Vishnu forgives and blesses Bali. A new story begins. The [[Brahmins]] (priests) were supreme in this age and the [[Kshatriyas]] (warriors) began to resent this. King [[Kartavirya Arjuna]] (Sahasrarjun) strikes Saint [[Jamadagni|Jamdagni]]'s son and is summoned to the sage's court.

'''Episode 48''': The Brahmins make Sahasrarjun apologize. Embarrassed, Sahasrarjun gets together with other kings and forms a plan to steal Sage Jamdagni's cows and stop the state grants to the Brahmins. Lord Shri Vishnu promises Lakshmi that he will protect the weak.

'''Episode 49''': The people provide for the Brahmins. The sages court accuse king Sahasrarjun of the theft of the cows. Angry, Sahasrarjun burns Sage Jamdagni's ashram.... over and over again. Lord Shri Vishnu is born as [[Parashurama|Parshuram]], son of Saint Jamdagni and his wife Renuka.

'''Episode 50''': Saint Jamdagni does not want young Parshuram to learn martial arts, as this is not appropriate for a Brahmin. But Parshuram practices anyway. Parshuram kills four soldiers who chase him into a Shiva temple.

'''Episode 51''': Shiva appears and offers to teach Parshuram for ten years. Sahasrarjun turns on his allies and seizes their kingdoms. Parshuram renounces his caste and sets out for [[Mount Kailash]], where Shiva accepts him as his pupil. Sahasrarjun meets Ravan, fights him, and takes him prisoner.

'''Episode 52''': Sahasrarjun imprisons Ravan after discovering that Ravan can't be killed. Parshuram undergoes ten years of training. At the end, Shiva gifts him pianki bow and an axe. Renuka goes to reason with Sahasrarjun and he traps her in the palace.

====Sage Jamdagni's family troubles (episodes 53-57)====
'''Episode 53''': Renuka fights off Sahasrarjun, wounding and cursing him. Sahasrarjun's wife wishes she was dead. Jamdagni accuses Renuka of being unfaithful. Renuka's four sons refuse their father's to kill their mother, but Parshuram, arriving home, promises to obey the order before knowing what it is.

'''Episode 54''': Parshuram obeys his father and beheads Renuka. Jamdagni offers him any boon; Parshuram asks for Renuka to be restored to life. Jamdagni asks Renuka for forgiveness. Parshuram confronts Sahasrarjun but does not kill him after Sahasrarjun's wife asks for mercy. Sage [[Vashistha]] visits Jamdagni with the [[Kamadhenu|gift-giving cow]], Sushila, and Anamika, her caregiver.

'''Episode 55''': Sahasrarjun's army attacks the hermitage. Parshuram kills them all and Jamdagni tells him to leave. Sahasrarjun offers Ravan his freedom in exchange for defeating Parshuram; Ravan refuses. Shiva instructs Parshuram to free his devotee Ravan.

'''Episode 56''': Parshuram frees Ravan. Sahasrarjun's army search for Parshurarm without success. Sage Jamdagni forbids the ashram students from joining Parshuram's guerilla army. Anamika offers to spread the word and recruit army members from other ashrams.

'''Episode 57''': In order to be free to go out on her mission, Anamika lies and tells Jamdagni and Renuka that she has married Parshuram. Parshuram is angry. Sahasrarjun's four sons in disguise spy on the ashram and covet Sushila. When they try to take her by force, Jamdagni is finally roused and fights them off. Sage Jamdagni apologizes to Parshuram.

====Parshuram's revenge (episodes 58-63)====
'''Episode 58''': Sahasrarjun attacks Sage Jamdagni, injuring him and stealing Sushila. Parshuram takes her back from the palace, but Sahasrarjun's sons reach the ashram first and kill Jamdagni. Sahasrarjun asks Sage [[Vishvamitra]] to take the Kshatriya side, and is sternly rejected.

'''Episode 59''': Sahasrarjun's queen dies after failing to convince her husband to apologize and end the war. Twenty-one Kshatryia kings join Sahasrarjun; the Brahmins rally to Parshuram. Sahasrarjun's sons plot to kidnap Anamika. Parshuram gives his army a pep talk.

'''Episode 60''': Sahasrarjun's sons attack Renuka and Anamika. Anamika kills herself rather than be used as a hostage. Sahasrarjun sends his sons away for their protection but Parshuram tracks down and kills them one by one.

'''Episode 61''': Parshuram gives his mother Sahasrarjun's sons's heads. She dies unhappy that her son is so vengeful. Sahasrarjun swears vengeance for his sons.

'''Episode 62''': Sahasrarjun tries to draw Parshuram into a trap. Parshuram offers peace in exchange for an apology from Sahasrarjun. Sahasrarjun refuses. Parshuram kills Sahasrarjun.

'''Episode 63''': Parshuram visits Lord Shiva to return his bow. Shiva asks him to give to either Ravan or [[Janaka|Janak]] - both are his devotees. Displeased by Ravan's behaviour, Parshuram leaves without giving him the bow. On the way he meets Shravankumar and his parents. Pleased by his reception at Janak's court, Parshuram gives the bow to Janak.

=== Rama Avatara and Ravana (episodes 64-120) ===

====Ravana's atrocities, Shravan's death and Dasratha's marriage with Kaikeyi (episodes 64-67)====
'''Episode 64''': Dasharatha accidentally kills Shravan while hunting and is cursed by Shravan's blind parents.

'''Episode 65''': Dasharatha goes to help Kaipaya beat off an attack by Ravan. When his charioteer is killed, a young man takes the job. The young man turns out to be the king's daughter, [[Kaikeyi]], in disguise.

'''Episode 66''': Dasharatha defeats Ravan in battle. Kaikeyi saves Dasharatha's life twice, and he offers her two boons that she may have fulfilled any time in the future. Kaikeyi wants to marry Dasharatha and he asks his two queens if they agree.

'''Episode 67''': Dasharatha's guru Sage [[Vashistha|Vashist]] arranges the marriage, which takes place. Meanwhile, Ravan continues to persecute sages and Lord Vishnu decides he must incarnate to stop Ravan.

====Boons of Ravan & Birth of Ram and Sita (episodes 68-78)====
'''Episode 68''': Dasharatha asks Vashisht for help in performing a [[yagna]] (sacrifice) to obtain children. Ravan's hordes kill a sage and the blood falls in a field in Janak's kingdom. This causes a famine.

'''Episode 69''': Sage Narada learns a lesson from Lord Shri Vishnu.

'''Episode 70''': Ravan stops his youngest brother [[Vibhishan]] from worshipping.

'''Episode 71''': On the advice of his younger brother [[Kumbhakarna]], Ravan performs penance and asks for a boon.

'''Episode 72''': Lord Shri Vishnu asks Goddess Lakshmi to incarnate with him.

'''Episode 73''': Lord Shri Vishnu is born as [[Rama|Ram]]. Ravan prepares to attack the devas.

'''Episode 74''': Ravan's son [[Indrajit|Meghnath]] defeats the devas. Laksmi is born as [[Sita]] and is found by Janak as he ploughs the field to stop the famine.

'''Episode 75''': [[Manthara]], Kaikeyi's servant, makes a failed attempt to kill the child Shri Ram. Ravan taunts the captive devas. Dasharatha asks Sage Vashist to undertake the education of his four sons, [[Rama|Ram]], [[Lakshmana|Lakshman]], [[Bharata (Ramayana)|Bharat]] and [[Shatrughna]].

'''Episode 76''': Shri Ram asks Sage Vashista for instruction on religion. Janak invites Sage [[Gautama Maharishi|Gautam]] to be Sita's teacher.

'''Episode 77''': Sita refuses to be taught by Gautam, because Gautam had unjustly turned his wife [[Ahalya]] to stone.

====Ram wins Sita (episodes 78-86)====
'''Episode 78''': .The narrator, Dharti Ma, recaps Lord Shri Vishnu's incarnations so far.

'''Episode 79''':The four brothers finish their education. Sage [[Vishwamitra]]'s sacrifices are being disturbed by [[Tadaka|Taraka]], a [[yaksha]] demoness

'''Episode 80''':Dasharatha offers to send his army against Taraka, but Sage Vishwamitra asks for Ram alone. But Lakshman, who is inseparable from Ram, goes too.

'''Episode 81''':Taraka attacks Ram with magic; he has to use [[Astra (weapon)|celestial weapons]] to kill her and her sons Subahu and Marich.

'''Episode 82''': Janak invites Sage Vishwamitra to Sita's [[swayamvara]]. Vishwamitra brings Ram and Lakshman along. Ram releases Ahalya from Gautam's curse.

'''Episode 83''': Janak imposes a condition on the swayamvara; only those who can lift Shiva's bow will be eligible. Sage Vishvamitra decides to take Ram and Lakshman to the swayamvara.

'''Episode 84''':Ram and Sita meet in a flower meadow and are smitten. Sita prays to [[Parvati|Goddess Gauri]]. Gauri promises Sita that Ram will be her husband.

'''Episode 85''': Ravan goes to the swayamvara and fails to lift the bow. Ram lifts it easily.

'''Episode 86''':Parshuram is aware of the bow being moved and comes to confront Ram. He is appeased by Lakshman who explains Ram respects Lord Shiva. Wedding preparations begin.

====The plot against Ram (episodes 87-97)====

'''Episode 87''': Keikeyi is extremely happy about the wedding but Manthara is quite the opposite. Sage Vishwamitra proposes that Sita's three sisters, Urmila, Mandavi, and Shrutakirti marry Ram's three brothers, Lakshman, Bharat, and Shatrughn respectively.

'''Episode 88''': The quadruple wedding takes place and the couples return to Dasharatha's capital, [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]].

'''Episode 89''': Keikeyi is thrilled to see her son Bharat with his wife Mandavi. Manthara opposes Keikeyi's plan to gift her own jewellery to Sita. Dasharatha wants to retire and crown Ram king. Ram thinks Bharat would be a better choice.

'''Episode 90''': Bharat is summoned to visit Keikeyi's parents, who are ill. The court decides Ram should be king.

'''Episode 91''': Manthara tells Keikeyi that if Ram is crowned instead of Bharat, Keikeyi will be badly treated.

'''Episode 92''': Manthara urges Keikeyi to use her two unfulfilled boons to prevent Ram's coronation.

'''Episode 93''': Keikeyi asks Dasharath to fulfill her two boons by (1) crowning Bharat and (2) sending Ram into exile for 14 years.
Dasharatha is devastated.

'''Episode 94''': Dasharath begs Ram to seize the crown anyway, but Ram says as a dutiful son he must help his father keep his promises. Ram asks Keikeyi to bless him.

'''Episode 95''': Sita resolves to accompany Ram into exile. Queen Sumitra wants to persuade Keikeyi to take back her requests, but Queen Kaushalya agrees that it is vital to keep a promise.

'''Episode 96''': Lakshman also resolves to accompany Ram into exile. Ram, Sita and Lakshman change into renunciant's clothes.

'''Episode 97''': Lakshman asks his wife Urmila to stay behind so that Lakshman can wholly devote himself to serving Ram. It is a sorrowful parting.

====Ram goes into exile; Bharat's grief (episodes 98-106)====
'''Episode 98''': Dasharatha tries to convince Sita and Lakshman to stay behind. Ram promises Keikeyi that he will prevent anyone from rebelling against Bharat as king. Dasharatha never wants to see Keikeyi again.

'''Episode 99''': Shri Ram leaves and meets a friend, Nishadraj Guha, who helps the three cross the river. Bharat and Shatraghun start for home from the palace of Keikeyi's parents. Dasharatha sends his prime minister Sumant to bring Ram back.

'''Episode 100''': Shri Ram refuses Sumant's pleas to return. Lord Shiva explains Ram and Dasharatha's actions to Parvati.

'''Episode 101''': Dasharatha dies of grief. Bharat and Shatrughan arrive home and are devastated to hear of their brothers' exile and their father's death. Bharat refuses the crown and decides to bring Ram back.

'''Episode 102''': Bharat finds out his mother and Manthara engineered the whole plot and is devastated. At Sage Vashishth's request, Bharat conducts his father's funeral.

'''Episode 103''': Devi Sita has a bad dream about Ayodhaya. Keikeyi feels guilty for Dasharatha's death. Sumant obeys Dasharatha's last wish and bars Keikeyi from the funeral.

'''Episode 104''': Keikeyi mourns. Shri Ram, Devi Sita and Lakshman visit Sage [[Bhardwaj]] at [[Allahabad|Prayag]], the confluence of the three sacred rivers: [[Ganges]], [[Yamuna]] and [[Saraswati]].

'''Episode 105''': Bharat asks Keikeyi to come with him in search of Shri Ram. Devi Sita's father Janak hears all the news, including that Bharat has gone after Ram and taken the army. Janak heads after them.

'''Episode 106''': Shri Ram, Devi Sita and Lakshman visit Sage [[Valmiki]], who is writing [[Ramayana|Ram's life story]], in [[Chitrakoot Dham (Karwi)|Chitrakoot]]. Lakshman sees Bharat's army and fears at attack. Ram has perfect faith in Bharat's good intentions.

'''Episode 107''': Bharat tells Shri Ram that Dasharatha has died. But Shri Ram insists on keeping his father's promise and refuses to return. Bharat promises to rule as regent only and takes Ram's sandals to place on the throne.

'''Episode 108''': The demi-god vulture [[Jatayu (Ramayana)|Jatayu]] directs Shri Ram to a dwelling place at [[Panchavati]]. Ravan's sister [[Surpanakha]] visits her brothers [[Khara (Ramayana)|Khar, Dhushan]] and [[Trishira]] who live in a nearby forest. Ram kills some [[rakshasa]] demons when he finds them harassing some sages. Curious about this powerful human, Surpanakha visits Panchavati and is smitten with Ram.

'''Episode 109''': A jealous Surpanakha attacks Devi Sita and an angry Lakshman cuts off Surpanakha's nose. Surpanakha returns with her brothers Khar, Dhushan and Trishira and Ram and Lakshman kill all three. Surpanakha tells Ravan who vows revenge and is furious and decides to attack Ram. Ravan asks the magical rakshasa [[Maricha]], whom Ram saved earlier, to help.

'''Episode 110''': Maricha turns into a golden deer and lures Ram far away, trying to catch it for Devi Sita. Maricha then calls for help and Sita, hearing, sends Lakshman. Devi Sita is now alone and Ravan abducts her, killing Jatayu. As Ravan flies through the air, Devi Sita throw down her jewellery.

'''Episode 111''': At Ravan's island kingdom, [[Lanka]], Devi Sita is kept prisoner by Trijata and other demons in a grove. Surpanakha is thrilled, but Ravan's mother and others warn Ravan this will cause trouble. Ram and Lakshman search for Devi Sita.

'''Episode 112''': Ram blesses [[Shabari]], an untouchable saint.

'''Episode 113''':[[Sugreev]], a prince of the [[Vanara|Vanar kingdom]], and [[Hanuman]], a powerful vanar who is the son of the Wind God [[Vayu]], find Devi Sita's jewellery and show it to Ram.

'''Episode 114''': Sugreev tells his story: he left his brother king [[Vali (Ramayana)|Bali]] who was fighting an asura in a cave, truly thinking that Bali was dead, and took the throne as regent until Bali's son [[Angad]] grew up. However, Bali was not dead, and returned angry, beating up Sugreev. Ram kills Bali for his wrong actions. A grateful Sugreev orders his army to find Devi Sita.

'''Episode 115''':Angad, Hanuman and their friend the bear king [[Jambavantha]] meet Jatayu's brother Sampaati, who tells them Devi Sita is across the sea in Lanka. Hanuman leaps over the ocean and locates Devi Sita and be friends with Vibhishan. Ravan gives Devi Sita a deadline: marry him in one month or she will be forced.

====Battle with Ravan (episodes 116-120)====
'''Episode 116''': Ravan's youngest son [[Akshayakumara|Akshaykumar]] attacks Hanuman and is killed. Meghnad takes Hanuman prisoner. Ravan sets Hanuman's tail on fire. Hanuman burns the city of Lanka to the ground.

'''Episode 117''': Hanuman tells Ram about Ravan's deadline. Ram, Lakshman and Sugreev's army reach the seashore. Vibhishan advises Ravan to return Devi Sita, and Ravan throws Vibhishan out. Vibhishan joins Ram and tells him how to cross the sea. The monkey brothers Neel and Nal build [[Ram Setu|a bridge]] Ram sends Angad as an ambassador to Ravan, in case there is a way to avert war.

'''Episode 118''': Angad successfully stands up to Ravan but Ravan will not make peace. The war begins. Meghnad injures Lakshman with a celestial weapon and Hanuman fetches the [[Sanjeevani (plant)|Sanjeevani herb]] - along with the entire mountain that it's growing on - to cure Lakshman. Kumbhakarna advises Ravan to return Sita, but goes out to fight when Ravan refuses. Ram kills Kumbhakarna.

'''Episode 119''': Lord Shiva tells the birth story of Hanuman to Goddess Parvati.

'''Episode 120''': Meghnad prays to Lord Shiva for a boon, but does not receive it as Hanuman interrupts him. Lakshman kills Meghnad.
Ram treats Meghnad's body with honour and returns it to Lanka. Ravan and Shri Ram have their ultimate confrontation. Ram reveals he incarnated to stop Ravan's atrocities. Vibhishan tells Ram the secret of killing Ravan, who can regrow new heads - shoot his navel instead. Ram kills Ravan. The 14 years are up and Vibhishan, now king of Lanka, lends Shri Ram, Devi Sita and Lakshman his [[Pushpaka Vimana|flying chariot]] so they can return to Ayodhya on the correct day and not worry Bharat. The exiles joyously return to Ayodhya and Bharat.

===Krishna Avatara (episodes 121-124)===
'''Episode 121''': Mother Earth concludes that whenever she was riddled with sinners, whenever the human race was endangered - the creator of the Universe, the God incarnated Himself. She summarizes the 10 incarnation of Vishnu beginning with the incident of Jaya and Vijaya, who due to a curse were born twice as demons and became enemies of the God. and the God had incarnated Himself as [[Varaha]], [[Narasimha]] and [[Rama|Sri Rama]] to slay [[Hiranyaksha]], [[Hiranyakashipu]], [[Kumbhakarna]] and [[Ravana]]. In the form of [[Kans]]a, [[Kalanemi]] (son of Hiranyaksha) has spread terror in [[Mathura, Uttar Pradesh|Mathura]]. The tyrant Kansa had fixed his sister [[Devaki]]'s marriage with his friend [[Vasudeva]]. He is informed that God of death was waiting for this union as Devaki's eighth son will kill him through a heavenly voice. He imprisons his sister and brother-in-law so that he could kill their sons and prove the prediction wrong or false. Kansa kills Devaki's six sons, but Vasudeva's first wife [[Rohini Devi|Rohini]] took away their seventh son, who later came to be known as [[Balarama]]. [[Lord Krishna]] is born as the eighth son. Vasudeva shifts Krishna to Gokul to his friend Nanda overnight to save his child and switching their baby in Krishna's place. Kansa goes to prison to kill the baby and now the baby slips out of Kansa's hand and reveals herself as goddess Yogamaya, stating that it is useless to kill her as Vasudeva and Devaki's true child is safe in Gokula and says to Kansa that his end is inevitable. Kansa sends Demon queen [[Putana]] to kill Krishna. Child Krishna sucks out her life. Lord Krishna as child performs [[Lilas of Krishna|leelas]] with cowherd friends, one of many being Krishna dancing on the snake Kaliya. Kansa goes through repeated nightmares. Krishna kills Kansa's elephant Kuwaliyapeed. Krishna appears in various forms in Rangshala. One time Kansa's messenger Akroora (a righteous person) invites Krishna and Balarama for a duel with Kansa, where Krishna and Balarama kills Chanur and Mushtika respectively (Kamsa's bodyguards). Krishna kills Kansa after a prolong battle to free his parents from prison. Krishna recrowns Ugrasena (Kansa's father) as king of Mathura. During [[Yudhishthira]]'s Rajasuya Yagna at Indraprastha, Shishupala started teasing the people over there, stating Krishna had married 16,100 women who already had a husband before, Bhima for marrying a rakshasi (demoness) Hidimbi, Bhishma for abducting the princess of Kashi and destroying a woman's (Amba) life and also he accused Pandu for killing a sage. Krishna is the one who got too much insults from Shishupala, and once his promise to his aunt (that he would not punish Shishupala until or otherwise he does 100 mistakes) was over, he spun his Sudharshana Chakra to slice off (behead) Shishupala's head. Before all these incidents he also killed Dantavakra, Shishupala and Krishna's another cousin. Shishupala and Dantavakra were the last incarnation of Jaya and Vijaya (respectively) and they were freed from their curse when Krishna killed them.

'''Episode 122''': Using the scenes from previous volumes, this episode summarizes Lord Vishnu's ten Incarnations. The first incarnation was as a fish to protect Manu and to punish the demon Hayagriva (not to be confused with [[Hayagriva]] god) who had stolen the four Vedas that Brahma had created for the welfare of mankind. Angered with the slaying of Hayagriva, demon Hiranyaksha kidnapped Mother Earth thus endangering the entire human race. This necessitated Vishnu's third incarnation as a Boar. He killed Hiranyaksha and rescued Mother Earth. The menace of demons was increasing specially after their Guru Shukracharya had gained the precious mantra from Shiva for giving new life to dead demons. To grant immortality to gods, it was decided to derive elixir by churning the ocean. To raise a mountain from the sea for churning, the Lord Vishnu took the incarnation of a Turtle. To avenge the death of his brother, demon Hiranyakashipu gained a boon from Brahma which made his death almost impossible. He banned the devotion of Vishnu on earth and compelled people, including his son, to worship him. To end his atrocities Lord Vishnu made his son Prahlad as his ardent devotee. Hiranyakashipu used various methods to get his son killed. Lord Vishnu took the incarnation of Narasimha to destroy him. To end the arrogance of King Bali, Lord Vishnu took the Vaman Avtar - His fifth incarnation. When Kings began forgetting their duty as administrator and were closing down hermitages and schools then Lord Vishnu incarnated Himself as Parshuram and then the seventh incarnation as Rama. To relieve the world from the injustice of Kans and [[Kauravas]] Lord Vishnu took the eighth incarnation as Lord Krishna. And in recent times, when deception was at its zenith when the priests had spread the evils of superstitions in the society, the Lord Vishnu took the ninth incarnation - of Lord [[Gautama Buddha]] - to give a new direction of non-violence to the world. Whereas Balarama is worshiped in southern regions of India as the eight avatar, with Krishna as ninth, in distinction to north India, where Krishna is worshiped as eighth and Balaram is not included as an avatar. The present era is called [[Kali Yuga]]. In [[Bhagavad Gita|Srimad Bhagvadam]] the great Sage [[Vyasa]] has said that in the final phase of Kali Yuga, Lord Vishnu shall reincarnate Himself as [[Kalki]]. Thus concludes the sacred Vishnupuran.

'''Episode 123''': This episode uses several important scenes from [[Mahabharat (1988 TV series)|Dr. B.R. Chopra's Mahabharat]] TV serial to depict the importance of women in the Indian mythology. It deals with [[Rukmini]]'s marriage to Krishna which highlights a woman's right to have a major say in the selection of her life partner. It also covers the story of [[Subhadra]]'s abduction by [[Arjuna]] with the help of Lord Krishna.

'''Episode 124''': This last episode also uses material from Mahabharat TV serial. It describes about the boon that was granted by Krishna to [[Shishupala]] and the death of Shishupala at [[Yudhishthira]]'s Rajasuya Yagna at Indraprastha. It also shows the Bhagavad-Gita narration. Krishna drives Arjuna to the middle of the battlefield in his chariot. Arjuna sees the men on the battlefield and tells Krishna, "Winning a kingdom after killing one's own kin is too heavy a price to pay. I prefer to be a beggar if this is the price I have to pay for our throne." Krishna's teaching to Arjuna at the battlefield forms the basis of the [[Bhagavad Gita]]. Unable to satisfy Arjuna's hopeless conscience, Krishna grants divine eyesight to Arjuna and stuns him with his [[Vishvarupa|Viśvarūpa]] (divine manifestation). Arjuna is consoled and enlightened. He understands that the pure seek the spirit while the impure are trapped in [[Prakriti]] (Matter). He agrees to do his duty selflessly, lifts his [[Gandiva]] bow and prepares to fight the Kauravas.

==Cast==
* [[Nitish Bharadwaj]] as Bhagwan [[Vishnu]] / [[Vamana]] / [[Parashurama]] / [[Rama]] / [[Krishna]] (Krishna scenes from Mahabharat)
* Vaidehi Amrute as [[Mahadevi]] [[Lakshmi]]
* [[Sudhir Dalvi]] as [[Brahma]]dev
* [[Samar Jai Singh]] as Bhagwan [[Shiva]]
* Lata Haya as [[Bhumi (goddess)|Dharti Maa]] (Narrator)
* Sandeep Mohan as Devraj [[Indra]]
* Neelam Sagar as [[Shachi]]
* [[Vikrant Chaturvedi]] as Devrishi [[Narada]]
* [[Nimai Bali]] as [[Jaya-Vijaya|Jaya]] / [[Hiranyakashipu]] / [[Ravana]]
* Mahendra Ghule as [[Jaya-Vijaya|Vijaya]] / [[Hiranyaksha]] / [[Kumbhakarna]]
* Rahul Solapurkar as [[Kumbhakarna]]
* [[Sameer Dharmadhikari]] as [[Swayambhuva Manu|Manu]]
* Geeta Gore as [[Shatarupa]]
* [[Jibraan Khan]] as [[Dhruva|Dhruv]]
* Daman Maan as Uttanpada
* Jaya Mathur as Suniti
* [[Deepshikha Nagpal]] as Suruchi
* [[Surendra Pal]] as [[Shukracharya]]
* Shameem as [[Jayanti (Hinduism)|Jayanti]]
* Pradeep Sharma as [[Kashyapa]]
* [[Virendra Razdan]] as [[Bhrigu]]
* [[Deepak Jethi]] as Kaalketu
* Sanjeev Siddharth as Arshal
* [[Varsha Usgaonkar]] as [[Mohini]]
* Kinshuk Vaidya as Child [[Prahlada|Prahlad]]

* Mona Parekh as
** Kayadhu, Hiranyakashipu's wife
** [[Anasuya]]

* Yashodhan Rana as
** [[Prahlada|Prahlad]]
** [[Indrajit|Meghnad]]
* Sunila Karambelkar / Unknown as Dhriti
* [[Jiten Lalwani]] as [[Virochana]]
* [[Ravi Kishan]] as [[Sudhana|Sudhanva]]
* Seema Pandey as Vishalakshi
* Siraj Mustafa Khan as [[Mahabali]]
* [[Arjun (Firoz Khan)|Arjun]] as [[Jamadagni]]
* [[Shalini Kapoor Sagar]] as [[Renuka]]
* [[Deep Dhillon]] as [[Kartavirya Arjuna]] (Sahasrarjuna)
* Adarsh Gautam / Pradeep Sharma as [[Janaka|Janak Seerdhwaj]]
* Gargi Patel as [[Sunayana (Ramayana)|Sunayana]]
* [[Reena Kapoor]] as [[Sita]]
* [[Vindu Dara Singh]] as [[Hanuman]]
* [[Amit Pachori]] as [[Lakshman]]
* Vineeta Thakur as [[Urmila]]
* Ayush Pandey as [[Bharata (Ramayana)|Bharat]]
* Aditya Vaidya as [[Shatrughna]]
* [[Rishabh Shukla]] as [[Dasharatha]]
* [[Alka Kubal]] as [[Kaushalya]]
* [[Dolly Minhas]] as [[Kaikeyi]]
* [[Kamalika Guha Thakurta]] as [[Sumitra]]
* Tina Ghai as [[Manthara]]
* Shashi Sharma as [[Mandodari]]
* [[Vinod Kapoor]] as [[Vibhishana]]
* Ramna Wadhwan / Rajeeta Kochhar as [[Kaikesi]]
* Premchand Sharma as Vishalaksh
* Ambika Jk as Gopika
* Vishnu Sharma as [[Vashistha]]
* Bijay Anand as Young [[Indrajit|Meghnad]]
* Vilas Raj as [[Maricha]]
* Sagar Salunkhe / [[Javed Khan (actor)|Javed Khan]] as [[Vishwamitra]]
* Pradeep Saxena as [[Viprachitti]]

== Reception ==
Even though ''Vishnu Puran'' did not prove to be as successful as ''[[Mahabharat (1988 TV series)|Mahabharat]]'' but it did become popular.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2005-11-10|title=Films cannot be dwarfed by television|work=Hindustan Times|url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-979257181.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916093233/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-979257181.html|archive-date=2018-09-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Hachten|first1=William A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FI6vCQAAQBAJ&q=%22Vishnu+Puran%22&pg=PA125|title=The World News Prism: Digital, Social and Interactive|last2=Scotton|first2=James F.|date=2015-05-26|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9781118809020|page=125|language=en}}</ref> Within a year, the series finished with the [[Vamana|Vamana Avatara]] and [[The Hindu]] review said, "This lovely serial really overwhelmed us."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Of comedy and myth|url=https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2001/01/11/stories/09110656.htm|author=Thara Mohan Rao|website=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2018-09-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030120030334/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2001/01/11/stories/09110656.htm|archive-date=20 January 2003|url-status=live}}</ref> By March 2001, it was consistently in Zee's top 10 ratings.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bankable mythologicals materialise on TV screens at a fantastic pace|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/20010416-bankable-mythologicals-materialise-on-tv-screens-at-fantastic-pace-775292-2001-04-16|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2018-08-20}}</ref> By January 2003, it had completed 78 episodes with 100 more planned and was in the top 20 list.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2003-01-16|title=BR Films to produce new serials for DD, Sahara TV|language=en|work=Indian Television Dot Com|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k3/jan/jan82.htm|access-date=2018-08-30}}</ref> And for the week of 13–19 July 2003, it was in the top 5 for all homes, airing on [[DD National|Doordarshan National (DD1)]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=3 BR TV shows in Top 10 all homes list for Week 29|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k3/july/july242.htm|date=2003-07-29|website=Indian Television Dot Com|language=en|access-date=2020-05-05}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title | 0397214}}
*{{WorldCat | id=63667948}}
*Watch Full Show Of "'''[https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLNKJJImmGYISYK20kVln2m75XXRWf-174 Vishnu Puran]'''" Now On YouTube.
*Watch missing episodes [https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x66m2si 122], [https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x66qx3n 123], and [https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x66qz30 124] on Dailymotion

{{B. R. Chopra}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vishnu Puran (TV Series)}}
[[Category:DD National original programming]]
[[Category:2000 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2002 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Television series based on the Ramayana]]
[[Category:Television series based on the Mahabharata]]

List of films directed by Lal Jose featuring Vidyasagar

2026-02-04T21:09:47Z

Dangerpanditankit: enhanced section to improve readability and improved wording for consistency

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}

This is a list of Malayalam movies made by the Indian director [[Lal Jose]] featuring the Indian music composer [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]].

==History==
Lal Jose began his career by assisting noted director [[Kamaluddin Mohammed|Kamal]]. Vidyasagar's first Malayalam film ''[[Azhakiya Ravanan]]'' was directed by Kamal. Lal Jose was also the assistant director of the film.

In 1998, he made his debut as an independent director with ''[[Oru Maravathoor Kanavu]]'', which starred [[Mammootty]] and was scripted by [[Sreenivasan]]. Lal Jose asked Vidyasagar to compose for his film.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/news/2021/kangana-ranaut-tells-taapsee-pannu-you-will-always-remain-sasti-as-the-latter-reacts-to-it-raids-310809.html|title=Lal Jose teams with Mammootty and Sreenivasan|date=31 August 2009|publisher=[[Oneindia.in]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707200214/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/malayalam/top-stories/2009/lal-jose-mammootty-sreenivasan-310809.html|archive-date=7 July 2012}}</ref> The huge success ''[[Oru Maravathoor Kanavu]]'' earned him a positive reputation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metromatinee.com/artist/Lal%20Jose-114|title=Lal Jose – Biography|date=10 July 2009|publisher=Metromatinee|accessdate=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714080548/http://www.metromatinee.com/artist/Lal%20Jose-114|archive-date=14 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> The songs became very popular. Vidyasagar made a Christian devotional song ''Karunamayane'' in the movie, it was well appreciated by the audience and critics.

In 1999, his second directorial venture ''[[Chandranudikkunna Dikhil]]'' was released. The songs of the film was regarded as the best songs of Malayalam cinema in that year. Lal Jose worked with Vidyasagar for his first seven films continuously. all those films and songs were successful. Vidyasagar has won several awards for his compositions.

==List of films==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Key
| style="background:#FFCFCC;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Year !! Film !! Awards
|-
| 1998
| ''[[Oru Maravathoor Kanavu]]''
| Nominated - [[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards|Kerala Film Critics Award for Best Music Director]] Nominated - [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Music Director]]
|-
| 1999
| ''[[Chandranudikkunna Dikhil]]''
| [[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards|Kerala Film Critics Award for Best Music Director]] [[Asianet Film Awards|Asianet Film Award for Best Music Director]]
|-
| 2001
| ''[[Randam Bhavam]]''
|
|-
| 2002
| ''[[Meesa Madhavan]]''
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Malayalam|Filmfare Award for Best Music Director]] [[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards|Kerala Film Critics Award for Best Music Director]] Nominated - [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Music Director]] Nominated - [[Asianet Film Awards|Asianet Film Award for Best Music Director]]
|-
| 2003
| ''[[Pattalam (2003 film)|Pattalam]]''
| [[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards|Kerala Film Critics Award for Best Music Director]] Nominated - [[Asianet Film Awards|Asianet Film Award for Best Music Director]] Nominated - [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Music Director]]
|-
| 2004
| ''[[Rasikan]]''
|
|-
| 2005
| ''[[Chanthupottu]]''
| [[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards|Kerala Film Critics Award for Best Music Director]] Nominated - [[Asianet Film Awards|Asianet Film Award for Best Music Director]]
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Mulla (film)|Mulla]]''
| [[Asianet Film Awards|Asianet Film Award for Best Music Director]] [[Vanitha|Vanitha Film Magazine Award For Best Music Direction]] Nominated - [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Malayalam|Filmfare Award for Best Music Director]] Nominated - [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Music Director]]
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Neelathamara (2009 film)|Neelathamara]]''
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Malayalam|Filmfare Award for Best Music Director]] [[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards|Kerala Film Critics Award for Best Music Director]] Nominated - [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Music Director]] Nominated - [[Asianet Film Awards|Asianet Film Award for Best Music Director]]
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Spanish Masala]]''
|
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Diamond Necklace (film)|Diamond Necklace]]''
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Malayalam|Filmfare Award for Best Music Director]] Nominated - [[SIIMA Awards|SIIMA Award for Best Music Director]] Nominated - [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Music Director]]
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Pullipulikalum Aattinkuttiyum]]''
| Nominated - [[Asianet Film Awards|Asianet Film Award for Best Music Director]]
|-
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Solamante Theneechakal]]''
|
|-
| {{TBA}}
| style="background:#FFCFCC;"| ''Oru Bhayankara Kaamukan''
| Announced
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jose, Lal}}
[[Category:Indian filmographies]]
[[Category:Vidyasagar (composer)|Films]]
[[Category:Director filmographies]]

Dongaria

2026-01-08T10:36:13Z

Dangerpanditankit: brief rework structure as per guidelines and improved wording as per guidelines

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dongaria
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| imagesize = 300px
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_mapsize = 300
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal##Location in India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.4010|N|88.1642|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Emblem of West Bengal (Banglarmukh) before 2018.png}} [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[South 24 Parganas]]
| subdivision_type3 = CD block
| subdivision_name3 = [[Budge Budge II]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 2.61
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 9
| population_total = 7425
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref name="wblangoff">{{cite web|title=Fact and Figures|url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/facts-and-figures;jsessionid=JzdD9RHb7aMY5esZPtcsIVLy|website=Wb.gov.in|access-date=5 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=52nd REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER FOR LINGUISTIC MINORITIES IN INDIA|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=Nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=5 July 2019|page=85|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = [[English language|English]]<ref name="wblangoff"/>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = PIN
| postal_code = 743318
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91 33
| registration_plate = [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-19 to [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-22, [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-95 to [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-99
| blank1_name_sec1 = Lok Sabha constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Diamond Harbour (Lok Sabha constituency)|Diamond Harbour]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Vidhan Sabha constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Budge Budge (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Budge Budge]]
| website = {{URL|www.s24pgs.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Dongaria''' is a village and a [[gram panchayat]] within the jurisdiction of the [[Nodakhali]] police station in the [[Budge Budge II]] [[Community development block in India|CD block]] in the [[Alipore Sadar subdivision]] of the [[South 24 Parganas]] district in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=360| height=300| zoom=11
| coord={{coord|22|26|30|N|88|12|35|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in the western part of Alipore Sadar subdivision (including Budge Budge I & II, Thakurpukur Maheshtala CD blocks) in South 24 Parganas district''' M: municipal city/ town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly Bakrahat is in Bishnupur II CD block, but Lakshmibala Rural Hospital at Bakrahat serves Budge Budge II CD block and so it is included here.

|mark-coord1={{coord|22|27|15|N|88|8|2|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1=Pujali | numbered1=M| mark-title1= [[Pujali]] (M)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#800000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|28|0|N|88|10|25|E}} | label-pos2=top|label2=Budge Budge| numbered2=M| mark-title2= [[Budge Budge]] (M)
|mark-coord3={{coord|22|28|8|N|88|11|59|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3=Uttar Raypur | numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Uttar Raypur]] (CT)|shape-color3=#A40000
|mark-coord4={{coord|22|28|37|N|88|12|51|E}} | label-pos4=top|label4=Balarampur| numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Balarampur, Budge Budge]] (CT)| shape-color4=#A40000
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|26|55|N|88|11|7|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5=Buita| numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[Buita]] (CT)| shape-color5=#A40000
|mark-coord6={{coord|22|27|37|N|88|10|27|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6=Benjanhari Acharial| numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Benjanhari Acharial]] (CT)| shape-color6=#A40000
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|27|38|N|88|10|0|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7=Abhirampur| numbered7=CT| mark-title7= [[Abhirampur]] (CT)| shape-color7=#A40000
|mark-coord8={{coord|22|27|20|N|88|10|22|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8=Nischintapur| numbered8=CT| mark-title8= [[Nischintapur, Budge Budge]] (CT)| shape-color8=#A40000
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|25|40|N|88|9|18|E}} | label-pos9=top|label9=Birlapur| numbered9=CT| mark-title9= [[Birlapur]] (CT)| shape-color9=#A40000
|mark-coord10={{coord|22|25|48|N|88|10|25|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10=Chak Kashipur| numbered10=CT| mark-title10= [[Chak Kashipur]] (CT)| shape-color10=#A40000
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|24|56|N|88|9|55|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11=Chak Alampur| numbered11=CT| mark-title11= [[Chak Alampur]] (CT)| shape-color11=#A40000
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|24|30|N|88|11|7|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12=Bowali| numbered12=CT| mark-title12= [[Bowali]] (CT)| shape-color12=#A40000
|mark-coord13={{coord|22|24|15|N|88|9|4|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13=Dakshin Raypur| numbered13=CT| mark-title13= [[Dakshin Raypur]] (CT)| shape-color13=#A40000
|mark-coord14={{coord|22|22|55|N|88|8|51|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14=Poali| numbered14=CT| mark-title14= [[Poali]] (CT)| shape-color14=#A40000
|mark-coord15={{coord|22|24|5|N|88|10|41|E}} | label-pos15=right|label15= Nodakhali| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[Nodakhali]] (R)|shape-color15=#C42222
|mark-coord16={{coord|22|23|55|N|88|10|5|E}} | label-pos16=bottom|label16= Dongaria| numbered16=R| mark-title16= Dongaria (R) |shape-color16=black| label-size16=13|label-color16=black 
|mark-coord17={{coord|22|22|6|N|88|6|40|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Burul| numbered17=R| mark-title17= [[Burul]] (R)|shape-color17=#C42222
|mark-coord18={{coord|22|23|45|N|88|13|15|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Bakrahat| numbered18=R| mark-title18= [[Bakrahat]] (R)|shape-color18=#C42222
|mark-coord19={{coord|22|30|43|N|88|15|3|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19= Maheshtala| numbered19=M| mark-title19= [[Maheshtala]] (M)
|mark-coord20={{coord|22|28|55|N|88|15|55|E}} | label-pos20=top|label20=Chata Kalikapur| numbered20=CT| mark-title20= [[Chata Kalikapur]] (CT)|shape-color20=#A40000
|mark-coord21={{coord|22|27|15|N|88|13|55|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21=Rameswarpur| numbered21=CT| mark-title21= [[Rameswarpur, Maheshtala]] (CT)| shape-color21=#A40000
|mark-coord22={{coord|22|28|19|N|88|16|0|E}} | label-pos22=right|label22=Ganye|labela22= Gangadharpur| numbered22=CT| mark-title22= [[Ganye Gangadharpur]] (CT)| shape-color22=#A40000
|mark-coord23={{coord|22|27|35|N|88|15|40|E}} | label-pos23=right|label23=Asuti| numbered23=CT| mark-title23= [[Asuti]] (CT)| shape-color23=#A40000
|mark-coord24={{coord|22|26|52|N|88|17|25|E}} | label-pos24=left|label24=Hanspukuria| numbered24=CT| mark-title24= [[Hanspukuria]] (CT)| shape-color24=#A40000
|mark-coord25={{coord|22|25|1|N|88|15|47|E}} | label-pos25=right|label25=Samali| numbered25=CT| mark-title25= [[Samali]] (CT)| shape-color25=#A40000
|mark-coord26={{coord|22|29|50|N|88|13|17|E}} | label-pos26=right|label26= Nungi| numbered26=R| mark-title26= [[Nungi]] (R)|shape-color26=#C42222
|mark-coord27={{coord|22|30|47|N|88|12|47|E}} | label-pos27=left|label27= Batanagar| numbered27=R| mark-title27= [[Batanagar]] (R)|shape-color27=#C42222
|mark-coord28={{coord|22|22|0|N|88|6|5|E}} |label28=Hooghly | label-color28 = #77A1CB| label-angle28=-75| label-pos28=top| label-size28=10| mark-size28=0| mark-title28 =none
|mark-coord29={{coord|22|23|0|N|88|6|45|E}} |label29= River| label-color29 = #77A1CB| label-angle29=-45| label-pos29=top| label-size29=10| mark-size29=0| mark-title29 =none}}

===Area overview===
Alipore Sadar subdivision is the most urbanized part of the South 24 Parganas district. 59.85% of the population lives in the urban areas and 40.15% lives in the rural areas. In the northern portion of the subdivision (shown in the map alongside) there are 21 [[census town]]s. The entire district is situated in the [[Ganges Delta]] and the subdivision, on the east bank of the [[Hooghly River]], is an [[alluvium|alluvial]] stretch, with industrial development.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 South Twety-four Parganas|work= Table 2.1, 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 5 December 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf| title = Census of India 2011, West Bengal, District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, Series – 20, Part XII-A, Village and Town Directory |work= Page 13, Physiography| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 5 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = Chapter 9: Sundarbans and the Remote Islanders, p 290-311 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 5 December 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

===Location===
Dongaria is located at {{coord|22.4010|N|88.1642|E|format=dms}}. It has an average elevation of {{convert|9|m}}.

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Dongaria had a total population of 7,425, of which 3,794 (51%) were males and 3,631 (49%) were females. There were 711 persons in the age range of 0 to 6 years. The total number of literates in Dongaria was 5,367 (79.94% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 17 October 2019}}</ref>

==Civic administration==
===CD block HQ===
The headquarters of the Budge Budge II CD block are located at Dongaria.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in/node/2155 | title = BDO Offices under South 24 Parganas District | publisher = West Bengal Public Library Network, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 17 October 2019 | archive-date = 3 October 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181003083629/http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in/node/2155 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Transport==
A short stretch of local roads link Dongaria to the Budge Budge Trunk Road.<ref name="google">Google maps</ref>

[[Budge Budge railway station]] is located nearby.<ref name="google"/>

==Education==
Dongaria Anumati Balika Vidyalaya is a Bengali-medium higher secondary school.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.searchall.co.in/details.php?infoId=1936| title = Dongaria Anumati Balika Vidyalaya | publisher = Search All |access-date = 17 October 2019}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
Lakshmibala Dutta Rural Hospital, with 30 beds, at [[Bakrahat]], is the major government medical facility in the Budge Budge II CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =8 January 2020 | archive-date =8 October 2022 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20221008143352/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{South 24 Parganas District}}

[[Category:Villages in South 24 Parganas district]]

Raja Venkatappa Naik

2026-01-07T05:56:02Z

Dangerpanditankit:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}} '''Raja Venkatappa Naik''' (1960{{Sndash}}25 February 2024) was an Indian politician from [[Karnataka]]. He was an MLA from [[Shorapur Assembly constituency]] which is reserved for ST community in [[Yadgir district]]. He represented [[Indian National Congress]] Party and won the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raja Venkatappa Naik in Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/karnataka/raja-venkatappa-naik-shorapur-candidate-s10a036c004/ |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

He was appointed chairman of the Karnataka State Warehousing Corporation on 26 January 2024.<ref name="Karnataka: 34 MLAs made chiefs of boards, Shanti Nagar MLA gets BDA">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=27 January 2024 |title=Karnataka: 34 MLAs made chiefs of boards, Shanti Nagar MLA gets BDA |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/Jan/27/karnataka-34-mlas-made-chiefs-of-boards-shanti-nagar-mla-gets-bda |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250120155042/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/Jan/27/karnataka-34-mlas-made-chiefs-of-boards-shanti-nagar-mla-gets-bda |archive-date=20 January 2025 |access-date=20 January 2025 |publisher=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Naik was from Shorapur, also known as Surpur, Yadgir district. He was born to Raja Kumar Naik, a two time Congress MLA. He married Rani Lata Naik and they have two sons, [[Raja Venugopal Naik]] and Raja Santosh Naik.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=DHNS |title=Senior Cong MLA Raja Venkatappa Naik dies at 64 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/senior-cong-mla-raja-venkatappa-naik-dies-at-64-2909754 |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> He did his MBBS at MR Medical College Gulbarga but discontinued in 1981. Earlier, he passed pre university course in 1979 from Nuthana Vidyalaya Junior College, [[Kalaburagi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raja Venkatappa Naik(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- SHORAPUR (ST)(YADGIR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/Karnataka2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=7714 |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> His son, Venugopal Naik, won the by election and retained his father's seat.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Paniyadi |first=Gururaj A. |date=2024-06-05 |title=Karnataka: Congress wins by-poll in Shorapur Assembly seat |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/karnataka/karnataka-congress-wins-by-poll-in-shorapur-assembly-seat-897460 |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Naik entered the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] for the first in 1994 from [[Shorapur Assembly constituency]] representing [[Karnataka Congress Party]]. He later joined Congress and was re-elected in 1999. After losing twice in the next two elections, he regained the Shorapur seat on Congress ticket in the [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]]. He became MLA for the fourth time winning the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] representing Indian National Congress from Shorapur Assembly constituency.<ref name="Three first-time MLAs enter Assembly from Yadgir and Raichur districts">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=14 May 2023 |title=Three first-time MLAs enter Assembly from Yadgir and Raichur districts |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/karnataka-assembly/three-first-time-mlas-enter-assembly-from-yadgir-and-raichur-districts/article66850376.ece |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524210701/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/karnataka-assembly/three-first-time-mlas-enter-assembly-from-yadgir-and-raichur-districts/article66850376.ece |archivedate=24 May 2023 |accessdate=20 January 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref> He polled 113,559 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Narasimha Nayak (Raju Gowda)|Narasimha Nayak]] of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] by a margin of 25,223 votes. Earlier in February, he was made the chairman of the Karnataka Warehouse Corporation.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2024-02-25 |title=Surpur MLA Raja Venkatappa Naik passes away |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/surpur-mla-raja-venkatappa-naik-passes-away/article67884846.ece |access-date=2024-07-25 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Death ===
Naik died of heart attack on 25 February 2024 at Manipal hospital in [[Bangalore]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-25 |title=Karnataka Congress MLA Raja Venkatappa Naik dies at 66 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/south/story/karnataka-congress-mla-raja-venkatappa-naik-dies-at-66-2506884-2024-02-25 |access-date=2024-07-25 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> He was recovering from a surgery for kidney stones and was admitted again before he suffered an attack. His body was taken to Surpur and his final rites were completed the next day.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Naik, Raja Venkatappa}}
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Kalaburagi]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 1994–1999]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2023–2028]]

Beas City

2026-01-03T02:22:56Z

Dangerpanditankit:

{{about|a town in India|the river|Beas River}}
{{redirect|Beās|the subgroup of Romani people|Beás}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Beas
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[City]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 13
| pushpin_map = India Punjab#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| coordinates = {{coord|31.51655|N|75.28897|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Amritsar district|Amritsar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Gurmukhi|Punjabi (Gurmukhi)]], Hindi
| demographics1_title2 = Regional
| demographics1_info2 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], Hindi
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 143201<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.whereincity.com/india/pincode/punjab/amritsar.htm|title=PIN codes of Amritsar district|publisher=whereincity.com|access-date=21 January 2012}}</ref>
| registration_plate = PB 17
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Beas''' is a riverside [[city]] in the [[Amritsar district]] of the Indian [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], 43 km from [[Amritsar]] city, the district headquarters. It has a population of 55,295: 28,921 male and 26,374 female. Beas lies on the banks of the [[Beas River]].

Beas town is mostly located in revenue boundary of [[Budha Theh]] with parts in villages Dholo Nangal and Wazir Bhullar. Beas falls in Amritsar district. The size of the area is about 68.75 square kilometer. Budha Theh is a [[census town]] in [[Baba Bakala]] tehsil of Amritsar district.<ref>{{cite web|title=Demographic information of Budha Theh census town |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=42440|access-date=23 November 2020|publisher=[[2011 Census of India|Census of India]] official website}}</ref>

==Geography==

Beas is centered (approx.) at {{coord|31|31|00|N|75|17|20|E}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maplandia.com/india/punjab/amritsar/beas/|title=Beas, Amritsar, Punjab|publisher=maplandia.com|access-date=21 January 2012}}</ref> It is located on the [[Grand Trunk Road|G.T. Road]] (from Kolkata to Afghanistan), in the [[Amritsar district]] in Punjab state of India. The nearest city is [[Kapurthala]] ({{convert|abbr=on|24|km|mi|0|disp=or}}) to the southwest. The holy and historical city of the [[Amritsar]] ({{convert|abbr=on|41|km|mi|0|disp=or}}) lies to its northwest, and [[Jalandhar]] (38 km) is situated to its southeast.

==Radha Soami Satsang Beas==

The headquarters of [[Radha Soami Satsang Beas]] is located just north of Beas town. The town is known as Dera Baba Jaimal Singh and is located in the east.
Every year, millions of [[Radha Soami]] followers travel to Beas to attend [[satsang]]s ([[discourse]]s) often held at the Dera for weeks at a time.
 Furthermore, there is also the Maharaj Sawan Singh Charitable Hospital, which was constructed in the 1980s by the Maharaj Jagat Singh Medical Relief Society. Since its inauguration, it has served countless patients free of cost. It is located in the center of beas town on the G.T. Road.<ref>{{cite web|title=Maharaj Sawan Singh Charitable Hospital, Beas|url=https://mjsmrs.in/beas/index.html|access-date=16 November 2020}}</ref>

==Transport==
;Air
The nearest airport is [[Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport]] located in [[Amritsar]] about 57 km away.
Dera beas has its own little airport too.
;Rail
The town of Beas is well connected through [[Beas Junction railway station]] to the major cities of Punjab and India. The station was rated as the cleanest and public friendly one in India in 2019 by NGO INTACT.<ref>{{cite web|title=Residents for sanitation at rly station|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/amritsar/news-detail-798932|access-date=16 November 2020|publisher=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune India]] newspaper online}}</ref>

;Road
[[National Highway 3 (India)|National Highway 3]] which was previously numbered as NH 1, passes through Beas town connecting it to the major cities of Punjab and India.

==See also==
* [[INS Beas]] frigate

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Amritsar district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Amritsar district]]

Sartang language

2026-01-01T23:03:48Z

Dangerpanditankit: Made basic post with sources

{{Short description|Language spoken in Northeast India}}
{{Infobox language
|name=Sartang
|nativename=''But(pa)''
|states=[[India]]
|region=[[Arunachal Pradesh]]
|speakers=1,000
|date=2005
|ref=e18
|familycolor=Sino-Tibetan
|fam1=[[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]]
|fam2=[[Kho-Bwa languages|Kho-Bwa]]
|fam3=Mey–Sartang
|iso3=onp
|glotto=sart1249
|glottorefname=Sartang
}}

'''Sartang''' is a small language of India. It is one of the [[Kho-Bwa languages]],<ref>Post, Mark W. and Roger Blench (2011). "[https://unibe-ch.academia.edu/MarkWPost/Talks/33486/Siangic_A_new_language_phylum_in_North_East_India Siangic: A new language phylum in North East India]", ''6th International Conference of the North East India Linguistics Society'', Tezpur University, Assam, India, Jan 31 – Feb 2</ref> closest to [[Sherdukpen language|Sherdukpen]] (50–60% lexical similarity).<ref name=e18/> Varieties include Sartang of
Jergaon and Sartang of Rahung (Blench 2015).<ref name="Blench2015">Blench, Roger. 2015. [https://www.academia.edu/15108029/The_Mey_languages_and_their_classification ''The Mey languages and their classification'']. Presentation given at the University of Sydney.</ref>

==Distribution==
Sartang (Boot Monpa) is spoken in the villages of Khoitam, Rahung, Namku-thangka (Salari), and Boot (Jerigaon) Khoina, [[West Kameng District]] (Dondrup 2004:1).<ref>Dondrup, Rinchin. 2004. ''An introduction to the Boot Monpa language''. Itanagar: Directorate of Research, Government of Arunachal Pradesh.</ref> There were 2,986 Sartang people as of 1996.

The ''[[Ethnologue]]'' lists Jerigaon, Sellary, Khoitam, Rahung, Darbu and Khoina villages in Nafra and [[Dirang]] circles, [[West Kameng district]].

==Varieties==
According to [[Roger Blench]] (2015),<ref name="Blench2015"/> Sartang is a cover term referring to various languages spoken in 11 villages southeast of Dirang in Nafra and Dirang circles in [[West Kameng District]]. There are 4 varieties total, and only Sartang of Rahung and Sartang of Jergaon have been documented.

Lieberherr & Bodt (2017)<ref name="Lieberherr-Bodt">Lieberherr, Ismael; Bodt, Timotheus Adrianus. 2017. [https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4t27h5fg Sub-grouping Kho-Bwa based on shared core vocabulary]. In ''Himalayan Linguistics'', 16(2).</ref> list the following varieties.
*'''Rahung''': spoken in Rahung village and nearby hamlets. Approximately 600 speakers.
*'''Khoitam''': spoken in two main villages and nearby hamlets. Approximately 500 speakers.
*'''Jerigaon''': spoken in Jerigaon village. Approximately 400 speakers.
*'''Khoina''': spoken in Khoina village and nearby hamlets. Approximately 500 speakers.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Sino-Tibetan languages}}
{{Arunachal languages}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Kho-Bwa languages]]
[[Category:Languages of India]]

{{st-lang-stub}}

Pravin Pandya

2025-12-31T07:59:27Z

Dangerpanditankit: Creating new article

{{Short description|Indian Gujarati-language poet and playwright (Born: 1957)}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Pravin Pandya
| image = Pravin Pandya Gujarati author.jpg
| caption = at [[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]] on 17 December 2016
| pseudonym =
| birth_name = Pravin Jagjivandas Pandya
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1957|2|16}}
| birth_place = [[Dhrangadhra]], [[Surendranagar]], [[Gujarat]]
| occupation = poet, writer, playwright, dramatist
| language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| nationality = Indian
| education = [[Bachelor of Arts]]
| alma_mater = [[Gujarat University]]
| period = postmodern [[Gujarati literature]]
| genres = [[Drama]], [[Free verse]]
| subjects =
| movement =
| notableworks = * ''[[Ajavasnan Matsya]]'' (1994)
* ''India Lodge'' (2003)
* ''[[Barda Na Dungar]]'' (2009)
| spouse =
| children =
| relatives =
| awards = * [[Ushnas Prize]] (1994-95)
* [[Uma-Snehrashmi Prize]] (2008-09)
| signature = Writer Pravin Panda autograph.jpg
| years_active = 1975–present
}}
'''Pravin Pandya''' (born 16 February 1957) is a [[Gujarati language]] poet, writer, playwright and dramatist from [[Gujarat]], [[India]]. His significant works include ''[[Ajavasnan Matsya]]'' (1994), ''India Lodge'' (2003), ''Hathiraja Ane Bija Natako'' (2004) and ''[[Barda Na Dungar]]'' (2009). He is noted in [[Gujarati literature]] for his theatre activism and his dramatized adaptations of Hindi poet Shamser Bahadur Singh's works.<ref name="ILF Samanvay 2015">{{cite web | title=Samanvay Indian Languages Festival | website=ILF Samanvay 2015 | url=http://www.ilfsamanvay.org/2013/speakers2013.php#p | accessdate=2016-04-19 | archive-date=2015-12-26 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151226071703/http://www.ilfsamanvay.org/2013/speakers2013.php#p | url-status=live }}</ref> He won [[Uma-Snehrashmi Prize]] (2008–09) for his book ''[[Barda Na Dungar]]''.<ref name= "kl">{{cite magazine |last=Parikh |first= Dhiru |date= February 2014 |title= Navya Kavi: Navya Kavita (Introduction of Poets) |magazine= [[Kavilok]] |location= Ahmedabad |publisher=Kumar Trust }}</ref>

== Early life ==
Pandya was born in [[Dhrangadhra]], [[Surendranagar district]], [[Gujarat]] to Jagjivandas and Mangalabahen. He completed his schooling from K. M. Boys High School, Dhrangadhra.{{when|date=April 2016}} He got his [[Bachelor of Arts]] (Dramatics) from [[Gujarat University]] in 1989. He completed Diploma in Journalism in 1991.{{where|date=April 2016}} He lives in [[Ahmedabad]].<ref name= "kl"/><ref>{{cite book |last=Shukla |first=Kirit |date=2008 |title=Gujarati Sahityakar Parichaykosh |location=Ahmedabad |publisher= Gujarat Sahitya Akademi |page=388 |isbn=9789383317028 }}</ref>

== Career ==
He is a member of Advisory Board for Gujarati at [[Sahitya Akademi]], [[New Delhi]] since 2014.<ref name="..:: Welcome to Sahitya Akademi">{{cite web | title=Members of Advisory Boards (Gujarati) ::.. | website=..:: Welcome to Sahitya Akademi | url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/aboutus/gujarati.jsp | accessdate=2016-04-19 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122222442/http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/aboutus/gujarati.jsp | archive-date=2015-11-22 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Works ==
''[[Ajavasnan Matsya]]'', his first anthology of poems, was published in 1994, followed by ''[[Barda Na Dungar]]'' (2009) and ''Aa Kaurav Pandavna Samayma'' (2014). His poems reflect social images and political thoughts. ''Hathiraja Ane Bija Natako'' (2004) and ''India Lodge'' (2004) are his collections of plays. He adapted ''Sudamacharitra'' of [[Premanand Bhatt]] in Gujarati play as ''Pachhi Sudamoji Boliya'' which was published in ''[[Kumar (magazine)|Kumar]]'' (April 2016), a Gujarati magazine. He also adapted Hindi poet Shamser Bahadur Singh's works in Gujarati plays.<ref name="ILF Samanvay 2015"/><ref name= "kl"/>

== Recognition ==
His poem ''Vyatha Chakra Kavita'', published in ''[[Kavilok]]'' (1992), won the 1992 Balvantray Thakor Prize. He won the [[Ushnas Prize]] (1994–95) for his poetry collection ''[[Ajavasnan Matsya]]'' (1994) and the [[Uma-Snehrashmi Prize]] (2008-09) for his poetry collection ''[[Barda Na Dungar]]'' (2009). His play ''Begum Hajarat'' has been translated into 22 languages of India and telecast by [[Prasar Bharati]] in 2013. In 2008, he won Best Book Prize (2004) of [[Gujarat Sahitya Academy]] for his collection of plays ''India Lodge''. In November 2015, he declared that he would return the award and money.<ref name= "kl"/><ref name="The Times of India 2015">{{cite web | title=Writer returns award to Gujarat Sahitya Parishad | website=The Times of India | date=2015-11-01 | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Writer-returns-award-to-Gujarat-Sahitya-Parishad/articleshow/49613917.cms | accessdate=2016-04-19 | archive-date=2019-01-07 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107050448/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Writer-returns-award-to-Gujarat-Sahitya-Parishad/articleshow/49613917.cms%20 | url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Gujarati-language writers]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|nm9608019}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pandya, Pravin}}
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Poets from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language poets]]
[[Category:People from Ahmedabad district]]
[[Category:People from Surendranagar district]]

Kashmiri Wikipedia

2025-12-31T04:56:35Z

Dangerpanditankit: Put up a info

{{Short description|Kashmiri-language edition of Wikipedia}}
{{use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox website
| name = {{Wiki favicon}} Kashmiri Wikipedia
| logo = Wikipedia-logo-v2-ks-1.svg
| logo_size = 175px
| screenshot =
| caption =
| collapsible = yes
| url = [http://ks.wikipedia.org/ ks.wikipedia.org]
| commercial = No
| launch_date = 2004
| num_users = {{NUMBEROF|USERS|ks|N}} registered accounts
| type = [[Internet encyclopedia project]]
| registration = Optional
| language = [[Kashmiri language]]
| content_license = {{nobr|[[Creative Commons licenses|Creative Commons Attribution/ Share-Alike]] 4.0}} (most text also dual-licensed under [[GFDL]]) Media licensing varies
}}
The '''Kashmiri Wikipedia''' ({{nastaliq|کٲشُر وِکیٖپیٖڈیا}}) is the [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] language edition of Wikipedia. It was launched in 2004. On 29 November 2021, it crossed the 1,000 articles milestone.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wikimedia Statistics|url=https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/ks.wikipedia.org/reading/total-page-views/normal|bar|2-year|~total|monthly|website=[[Wikimedia]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India's 23rd Regional Language Wikipedia Goes Live in Tulu |url=https://gadgets360.com/internet/news/indias-23rd-regional-language-wikipedia-goes-live-in-tulu-870353 |access-date=2022-03-19 |website=NDTV Gadgets 360 |date=8 August 2016 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Kashmir language Makes it to Wikipedia |url=http://brighterkashmir.com//news/kashmir-language-makes-it-to-wikipedia |access-date=2022-03-19 |website=Brighter Kashmir}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Iflaq |first=Peerzada |date=2022-03-04 |title=Volunteers keeping Koshur alive! |url=https://kashmirreader.com/2022/03/05/volunteers-keeping-koshur-alive/ |access-date=2022-03-19 |website=Kashmir Reader}}</ref> As of {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}, it has {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|ks|N}} articles and {{NUMBEROF|USERS|ks|N}} registered users, making it the [[List of Wikipedias|{{Ordinal|{{Wikipedia rank by size|ks}}}} largest]] edition of Wikipedia by article count.

== History ==
Kashmiri Wikipedia was started in 2004.<ref name=":0" /> The first edit was made on 25 March 2004 by an anonymous user who added Kashmir letters to the main page. This date is also celebrated as the Birthday of Kashmiri Wikipedia.

== Users and editors ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;margin:1em auto"
|+ Kashmiri Wikipedia statistics
|-
! Number of user accounts !! Number of articles !! Number of files !!Number of administrators
|-
| {{NUMBEROF|USERS|ks}} || {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|ks}} || {{NUMBEROF|FILES|ks}} || {{NUMBEROF|ADMINS|ks}}
|}

== See also ==
{{InterWiki|code=ks}}
* [[Arabic Wikipedia]]
* [[Urdu Wikipedia]]
* [[Hindi Wikipedia]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Kashmiri Wikipedia}}
* {{in lang|ks}} [http://ks.wikipedia.org Kashmiri Wikipedia] ([http://ks.m.wikipedia.org Mobile])
*{{Facebook|Kashmiriwikipedia}}
*{{Instagram|Kashmiriwikipedia}}

{{Wikipedias}}

[[Category:Wikipedias in Indo-Aryan languages]]
[[Category:Kashmiri-language encyclopedias]]
[[Category:Kashmiri-language websites]]
[[Category:Wikipedias by languages of India]]

Ambadi Narayana Poduval

2025-12-29T03:58:09Z

Dangerpanditankit: Done

{{short description|Indian writer (1871–1936)}}
'''Ambadi Narayana Poduval''' (1871–1936) was a [[Malayalam|Malayalam-language]] short story writer from [[Kerala]], India. Along with [[Vengayil Kunhiraman Nayanar]], [[Oduvil Kunhikrishna Menon]], [[Moorkoth Kumaran]], [[Chenkulath Cheriya Kunhirama Menon]] (M. R. K. C.) and [[C. S. Gopala Panicker]], Poduval is regarded as a pioneer of the short story in [[Malayalam literature]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=A Brief Survey of Malayalam Literature: History of Literature |author=[[K. M. Tharakan]] |publisher=National Books |date=1990 |page=72 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3nhkAAAAMAAJ |quote=The pioneers of the short-story in Malayalam were Vengayil Kunju Raman Nayanar, Oduvil Kunjukrishna Menon, C. S. Gopala Panikkar, Ambadi Narayana Poduval, Chakulath Kunjirama Menon (M. R. K. C.) and Murkoth Kumaran.}}</ref>

==Life==
Poduval was born in 1871 in [[Trichur]]. His father Seshayar was a lawyer. Parvathi Poduvalsyar was his mother. Kunhikrishna Poduval, a poet at that time, was his relative.<ref name="Ulloor">{{Cite book |title=Kerala Sahithya Charithram |author=[[Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer]] |chapter= 63.1 |url=https://archive.org/details/kerala-sahitya-charitram-vol-1-ulloor-1953-ku |chapter-url= http://ax.sayahna.org/ulloor/ulloor-5-63.html |publisher=University of Travancore |date=1953 |language=ml}}</ref> He joined Trichur Hindu High School and passed the matriculation exam. Later, he entered the government service while still an intermediate student in Cochin. After a long period of government service, he retired while serving as Sub-Registrar in 1926. He died on 15 July 1936 at [[Peringavu]] near Trichur.<ref name="Ulloor"/>

==Writing==
Poduval started his literary life as a poet. His first poem ''Kavimrigavali'' was published in ''[[Vidyavinodini]]''.<ref name="Ulloor"/> Poduval soon started writing stories, which was still budding as a genre in Malayalam literature. In an essay written in 1935, Poduval stated that he desired to become a good short story writer long back and he is still eager to achieve that dream.<ref name="Ulloor"/> Poduval collected his short stories and published them in three volumes under the name ''Kathasaudham''.<ref name="Ulloor"/> Apart from that, his books include a play called ''Mochanam'' and a novel called ''Keralaputran''.<ref name="Ulloor"/> The novel ''Keralaputran'' is set during the [[Chera Perumals of Makotai|reign of the Perumals]] and tells the story of the Chera prince Imayakumaran and Chola princess Pulomaja, the daughter of [[Karikala]].<ref name="Ulloor"/> The play ''Mochanam'' is set in the backdrops of the 18th century [[Zamorin]] rule in Trichur and its narrative style is inspired by [[Walter Scott]]'s ''[[The Bride of Lammermoor]]''.<ref name="Ulloor"/>

Poduval is regarded as one of the pioneers of the short story in [[Malayalam literature]]. Literary critic [[K. M. George (writer)|K. M. George]] writes in his book ''A survey of Malayalam literature'': "Ampadi Narayana Poduval was a conscious artist, who took special care to write in chiselled and resonant prose. His stories are pleasant reading, but they do not make a deep impression on the readers, and they lack unity of design, so important in a short story."<ref>{{cite book |author=[[K. M. George (writer)|K. M. George]] |title=A survey of Malayalam literature |date=1968 |publisher=Asia Publishing House |location=Bombay |page=183 |edition=1st}}</ref> [[P. K. Parameswaran Nair]] writes in his book ''History of Malayalam Literature'': "The stories of Ambady Narayana Poduval give the impression that their author was devoted more to beautifying the language than to the course of the events or the realism of the characters." Nair also observes that of all the early short stories in Malayalam, those of Poduval make a pleasant reading even today.<ref>{{Cite book|title=History of Malayalam Literature|author=[[P. K. Parameswaran Nair]]|publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]]|location=[[New Delhi]]|year=1967|translator=E. M. J. Venniyoor|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmalayal0000unse|page=141}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
* {{Cite book |title=Kathasaudham: Part 1 | publisher=Bharata Vilasam |location=Trivandrum |date=1923 |postscript=. (Collection of 13 short stories; With an introduction by Appan Thampuran)}}
* {{Cite book |title=Kathasaudham: Part 2 | publisher=Bharata Vilasam |location=Trivandrum |date=1923 |postscript=. (Collection of 9 short stories)}}
* {{Cite book |title=Kerala Putran | publisher= |location= |date=1924 |edition=3 |postscript=. (Novel; With an introduction by [[Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer]])}}
* {{Cite book |title=Kshatra Prabhavam | publisher=Ramanuja |location=Trichur |date=1927 |postscript=. (Translation of the work ''Prathapa Simhan'')}}
* {{Cite book |title=Kathasaudham: Part 3 | publisher=Ramanuja |location=Trichur |date=1934 |edition=2 |postscript=. (Collection of 10 short stories)}}
* {{Cite book |title=Mochanam Athava Chiruthakundile Pothottam | publisher=Ramanuja |location=Trichur |date=1935 |postscript=. (Play)}}

==References==
<references />

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Poduval, Ambadi Narayana}}

[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:1871 births]]
[[Category:1936 deaths]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]
[[Category:Malayalam short story writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:Indian male short story writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian essayists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Short story writers from British India]]

John Bowen (British author)

2025-12-26T14:47:57Z

Dangerpanditankit: Content updated and refined

{{Short description|British playwright and novelist (1924–2019)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2012}}
'''John Griffith Bowen''' (5 November 1924 – 18 April 2019) was a British playwright and novelist.<ref>Tim Woods (2001) "Who's Who of Twentieth Century Novelists", {{ISBN|0-415-16506-7}}</ref>

==Early life==
John Bowen was born in [[Calcutta]], [[British India|India]], to Ethel (née Cook) and Hugh Bowen; his father was the manager of the Shalimar Print Works in Gobariah. John Bowen's grandfather was an Inspector of Police in Calcutta. At the age of five and a half he was placed on a boat in Bombay and sent back to Britain where he was brought up by his uncle Donald and aunt Dolly in Whitehaven. Bowen was sent to board at Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School, [[Crediton]] in Devon, where he developed an interest in literature and drama.

In 1939, his mother returned to England with her three younger children, Patricia (b. 1926) and twins Daphne and David (b. 1930), and rented a house near Crediton. In 1940, having read about the bombing of Britain in ''[[The Times of India]]'', Bowen's father sent a cable to his wife saying "Bring the children out", though no bombs had fallen in or near Crediton. The whole family returned to India, where Bowen spent an unhappy year living in the YMCA in Calcutta and working in a semi-clerical job. Eventually he told his father that when the war was over, he wanted to go to university at either [[University of Oxford|Oxford]] or [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]], and that he had better acquire some sort of qualification. So, in 1941 he left his job and went to study at the Jesuit-run North Point College in Darjeeling, where he was awarded the Intermediate Arts degree of the [[University of Calcutta]].

At the age of 18, much to his chagrin, he was drafted into the army, and during the latter part of [[World War II]], served as a captain in the [[Mahratta Light Infantry]] until 1947, serving as a Railway Transport Officer in transhipment stations in Bengal.

In 1948, he returned to Britain to study at the University of Oxford (at [[Pembroke College, Oxford|Pembroke College]] and [[St Antony's College, Oxford|St Antony's College]]),<ref>{{cite web|title=Bowen, John Griffith|work=[[Who's Who (UK)|Who's Who 2009]]|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|date=December 2008|url=http://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whoswho/U8267|accessdate=2009-02-05}}</ref> where he gained an MA in modern history, and edited the university magazine, ''[[The Isis Magazine|Isis]]''. After graduating, Bowen won a [[Fulbright Scholarship]] and spent a year teaching and hitch-hiking through the USA.

==Writing career==
===Advertising and early theatre work===
Bowen returned to Britain in 1953, moved to London and spent three years as an assistant editor on ''[[The Sketch]]'' magazine. He then turned to advertising, and while working at [[J. Walter Thompson]] (1956–58), he was part of the team that launched the successful marketing campaign for [[Rowntree's]] "Have a break, have a Kit-Kat", which is still used to advertise the product. It was during this period that he wrote his first three novels, two of which were published by [[Faber & Faber]]: ''The Truth Will Not Help Us'' (1956) is about a political witch-hunt; ''After the Rain'' (1958, later [[After the Rain (play)|adapted for the stage]]) is set in the future and following a group of people attempting to survive a flood; and ''The Centre of the Green'' (1959) focuses on a family torn apart by their son's marital infidelity. ''After the Rain'' was performed at the [[Duchess Theatre]] in London and the [[John Golden Theatre]] on Broadway in 1967, starring [[Alec McCowen]] in the lead role.

===1960s and 70s television heyday===
In 1960, after leaving the comfort of the full-time job, Bowen and fellow advertising copywriter Jeremy Bullmore began writing together using the joint pseudonym of Justin Blake. Their character, [[Garry Halliday]] was picked up by the [[BBC]], who commissioned them to write a children's adventure serial for television which starred [[Terence Longdon]] in the title role. Halliday was a pilot (not unlike [[Biggles]]) who found himself solving crimes and overcoming villains. The eight TV series became immensely popular and spawned five spin-off novels.

From the early 1960s, Bowen focused on writing for television, including contributions to series such as ''Front Page Story'' (1965), ''[[The Power Game]]'' (1966) and seven episodes of the 13-part thriller ''[[The Guardians (British TV series)|The Guardians]]'' (1971). Bowen continued writing and producing for many long-running drama strands on both the BBC and ITV throughout the 1970s, including ''[[ITV Play of the Week]]'', ''[[Armchair Thriller]]'', the same network's ''[[Playhouse (British TV series)|Playhouse]]'' and ''[[Weekend Playhouse]]''. He also adapted Shakespeare's ''[[Julius Caesar (play)|Julius Caesar]]'' as ''[[Heil Caesar]]'' in 1973 and wrote a television remake for [[ITC Entertainment|ITC]] of the film ''[[Brief Encounter (1974 film)|Brief Encounter]]'' (1974), which starred [[Richard Burton]] and [[Sophia Loren]].

''[[Play for Today]]'' teleplays include "[[Robin Redbreast (TV play)|Robin Redbreast]]" (1970), "[[Play For Today#The Emergency Channel|The Emergency Channel]]" (1973) and "[[Play For Today#A Photograph|A Photograph]]" (1977). The element of folk horror in ''Robin Redbreast'' and ''The Photograph'' was also seen in his teleplays "A Woman Sobbing" for ''[[Dead of Night (TV series)|Dead of Night]]'' (1972) and two entries in the ''[[A Ghost Story for Christmas]]'' strand; "[[The Treasure of Abbot Thomas (1974 film)|The Treasure of Abbot Thomas]]" (1974) and "[[The Ice House (short film)|The Ice House]]" (1978).<ref name=guardianobit>{{cite news|last=Hayward|first=Anthony|url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2019/apr/29/john-bowen-obituary|title=John Bowen obituary|work=The Guardian|date=29 April 2019|access-date=29 April 2019}}</ref>

Bowen continued to be a prolific writer for the stage. ''I Love You, Mrs. Patterson'' (1964) concerned the romantic entanglement of a student and his teacher's wife, and ''Little Boxes'' (1968) consisted of two one-acts, the first about aging vaudevillians and the second about the attempts of a young lesbian couple to conceal their affair. ''The Disorderly Women'' (1969) was a modernization of [[Euripides]]' ''[[The Bacchae]]''. ''The Corsican Brothers'' (1970) was based on the story by [[Alexandre Dumas père|Alexandre Dumas ''père'']], and the production at the [[Greenwich Theatre]] starred Bowen's partner David Cook alongside [[Gerald Harper]].

===1980s and 90s===
Bowen returned to writing novels in the 80s: ''Squeak'' (1983) written from the point of view of a pigeon Bowen and David Cook had tended from a chick; ''The McGuffin'' (1984) – a [[Hitchcockian]] thriller – was dramatised for television in 1986 by Michael Thomas; ''The Girls'' (1986) is a dark story of village life set near his rural Warwickshire home.

In the mid-1990s, the BBC commissioned Bowen and David Cook to create the TV detective drama ''[[Hetty Wainthropp Investigates]]'', based on Cook's 1988 novel ''Missing Persons''. The character of Hetty Wainthropp was loosely based on Cook's mother, Beatrice, and was portrayed by [[Patricia Routledge]] alongside [[Derek Benfield]] as her long-suffering husband Robert, and [[Dominic Monaghan]] as her sleuthing side-kick, Geoffrey.

==Personal life==
In 1963, he met the actor [[David Cook (writer)|David Cook]], who had been cast in a minor speaking role in one of Bowen's television plays. Bowen and Cook began a romantic relationship which lasted for 52 years; the couple split their time between the flat they shared in South Kensington and their cottage in rural Warwickshire. Largely thanks to Bowen's encouragement, Cook also turned to writing and became a successful novelist and screenwriter in his own right. Following David Cook's death from [[pancreatic cancer]] in September 2015, Bowen remained in their Warwickshire home, cared for by Cook's nephew and his husband. Bowen died on 18 April 2019, aged 94.<ref name=guardianobit/>

== Selected works ==
===Novels===
*''The Truth Will Not Help Us: Embroidery on an Historical Theme''. London, Chatto and Windus, 1956.
*''After the Rain. London'', Faber, 1958; New York, Ballantine, 1959. A review can be found [https://apenguinaweek.blogspot.co.uk/2014/12/penguin-no-1634-after-rain-by-john-bowen.html here]
*''The Centre of the Green''. London, Faber, 1959; New York, McDowellObolensky, 1960.
*''Storyboard''. London, Faber, 1960. A review & cover text can be found [http://www.trashfiction.co.uk/storyboard.html here]
*''The Birdcage''. London, Faber, and New York, Harper, 1962. A review can be found [https://apenguinaweek.blogspot.co.uk/2012/05/penguin-no-2155-birdcage-by-john-bowen.html here]
*''A World Elsewhere''. London, Faber, 1965; New York, CowardMcCann, 1967.
*''Squeak'' (1983)
*''The McGuffin'' (1984)
*''The Girls: A Story of Village Life''. London, Hamish Hamilton, 1986;New York, Atlantic Monthly Press, 1987.
*''Fighting Back''. London, Hamish Hamilton, 1989.
*''The Precious Gift''. London, [[Sinclair Stevenson]], 1992.
*''No Retreat''. London, Sinclair Stevenson, 1994.

===Television plays===
In the mid-1960s Bowen switched to writing plays for theatre and television.
*''[[ITV Play of the Week]]'' "The Candidate" (1961)
*''[[ITV Play of the Week]]'' "The Truth About Alan" (1963)
*''[[ITV Play of the Week]]'' "A Case of Character" (1964)
*''[[ITV Play of the Week]]'' "The Corsican Brothers" (1965)
*''[[ITV Play of the Week]]'' "Mr. Fowlds" (1965)
*''[[ITV Play of the Week]]'' "Finders Keepers" (1965)
*''[[ITV Play of the Week]]'' "[[Ivanov (play)|Ivanov]]" (adaptation, 1966)
*''[[ITV Play of the Week]]'' "The First Thing You Think Of" (1966)
*''[[After the Rain (play)|After the Rain]]'' (1966), based on his novel
*''[[ITV Play of the Week]]'' ITV Summer Playhouse #9: "[[The Voysey Inheritance]]" (adaptation of the play by [[Harley Granville-Barker]], 1967)
*''[[Thirty-Minute Theatre]]'' "Silver Wedding" (1967)
*''[[ITV Playhouse]]'' "I Love You Miss Patterson" (1967)
*''[[Play For Today]]'' "[[Robin Redbreast (TV play)|Robin Redbreast]]", (1970)
*''[[Thirty-Minute Theatre]]'' "The Waiting Room" (1971)
*''[[The Guardians (British TV series)|The Guardians]]'' 7 episodes (1971)
*''[[Villains (British TV series)|Villains]]'' "Belinda" (1972)
*''[[Dead of Night (TV series)|Dead of Night]]'' "A Woman Sobbing" (1972)
*''[[ITV Sunday Night Theatre]]'' "Young Guy Seeks Part-Time Work" (1973)
*''[[ITV Sunday Night Theatre]]'' "The Coffee Lace" (1973)
*''[[Heil Caesar]]'' BBC – a three-part television play (1973; shown on BBC2 21 Oct 1974 as one 90 minute broadcast)
*''[[Play For Today]]'' "[[Play For Today#The Emergency Channel|The Emergency Channel]]" (1973)
*''[[A Ghost Story for Christmas]]'' "[[The Treasure of Abbot Thomas]]" (1974)
*''[[Play For Today]]'' "[[Play For Today#A Photograph|A Photograph]]" (1977)
*''[[A Ghost Story for Christmas]]'' "[[The Ice House (short film)|The Ice House]]" (1978)
*''[[Wilde Alliance]]'' "A Game for Two Players" (1978)
*''[[ITV Playhouse]]'' "The Specialist" (1980)
*''ITV Sunday Night Thriller'' "Dark Secret" (Pts 1 & 2, 1981)
*''[[Screen Two]]'' "[[Screen Two#The McGuffin|The McGuffin]]" (1986) based on his novel
*''[[Hetty Wainthrop Investigates]]'' 11 episodes co-written with [[David Cook (writer)|David Cook]] (1996 – 1997)

=== Stories for children ===

* ''Pegasus'', illustrated by Kenneth Rowell (Faber and Faber, 1957), {{OCLC|558230703}}, {{LCCN|59012810}}
* ''The Mermaid and the Boy'', illus. Rowell (Faber, 1958), {{OCLC|752665269}}, {{LCCN|60010199}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.nytimes.com/books/98/12/27/specials/carter-honey.html Bowen's review of ''Honeybuzzard''], Angela Carter's debut novel [[Shadow Dance (novel)|''Shadow Dance'']] in its first US edition (''NY Times'', 19 Feb 1967)
* {{LCAuth|n50042807|John Bowen|30|ue}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bowen, John Griffith}}
[[Category:1924 births]]
[[Category:2019 deaths]]
[[Category:Alumni of Pembroke College, Oxford]]
[[Category:Alumni of St Antony's College, Oxford]]
[[Category:Writers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian Army personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:British Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:Maratha Light Infantry officers (British Indian Army)]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]

Jane Helen Rowlands

2025-12-10T02:55:56Z

Dangerpanditankit: Put up entry

{{Short description|Welsh academic and missionary}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2016}}
'''Jane Helen Rowlands''' ('''Helen o Fôn''';<ref name="Jones">{{cite web|last1=Jones|first1=Gwilym Arthur|title=ROWLANDS , JANE HELEN|url=https://biography.wales/article/s2-ROWL-HEL-1891|publisher=Dictionary of Welsh Biography|access-date=16 April 2016}}</ref> 3 April 1891 – February 1955) was a Welsh linguist, scholar and missionary.{{sfn|Rees|2002|p=205}} Educated at [[Bangor University]], [[Newnham College, Cambridge]], [[St Colm College]], [[Calcutta University]], and the [[University of Paris|Sorbonne]], she served in India for the Foreign Mission of the Welsh [[Calvinistic Methodist]] Church. Rowlands is also known for establishing a residence for widows and orphaned children. Her two known written works include ''La femme bengalie dans la littérature du moyen-âge'' (1930), and the undated ''The quest : scenes from the life of Chandra Lela''.

==Biography==
Rowlands was born in [[Menai Bridge]], [[Anglesey]] in 1891. Her parents were Jabaz, a sea captain ([[Marianglas]], [[Llanallgo]]) and Martha ([[Llanfair Mathafarn Eithaf]]). She had two siblings, brothers William and Thomas. In her early years, she was influenced by the Reverend Thomas Charles Williams, who ministered at her church. She was educated at [[Beaumaris]] Grammar School, [[Bangor University]], and [[Newnham College, Cambridge]].{{sfn|Rees|2002|p=205}}

Rowlands taught French at Beaumaris and at Newtown County School. She became a missionary in June 1915 in the General Assembly held in London. She then gained special instruction at [[St Colm College]], Edinburgh before sailing to India in 1916 on behalf of the Welsh [[Calvinistic Methodist]] Church's Foreign Mission. Rowlands lived in [[Sylhet]] for the next ten years. Here she taught at a school for girls and learned [[Bengali language|Bengali]]. She moved to [[Moulvibazar]] in 1927, serving as headmistress and first principal,{{sfn|Codell|2003|p=256}} at [[Darjeeling]]'s Language School. She was able to attend [[Calcutta University]] from this location and earned a master's degree. She then earned the DLitt degree from the [[University of Paris|Sorbonne]] (1930).{{sfn|Codell|2003|p=256}} Returning to India, she worked at [[Karimganj]] and established a residence for widows and orphaned children. Rowlands died in 1955.{{sfn|Rees|2002|p=205}}

==Selected works==
*(1930) ''La femme bengalie dans la littérature du moyen-âge''
*(n.d.) ''The quest : scenes from the life of Chandra Lela''

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
*{{cite book|last=Codell|first=Julie F.|title=Imperial Co-histories: National Identities and the British and Colonial Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QdZ0L8W3Ep4C&pg=PA256|year=2003|publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press|isbn=978-0-8386-3973-3}}
*{{cite book|last=Rees|first=D. Ben|title=Vehicles of Grace and Hope: Welsh Missionaries in India, 1800-1970|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8rMKm-Ee1dYC&pg=PA205|year=2002|publisher=William Carey Library|isbn=978-0-87808-505-7}}

==External links==
* [http://www.archiveswales.org.uk/anw/get_collection.php?inst_id=27&coll_id=1383&expand= Anglesey Archives - Jane Helen Rowlands (missionary) Papers]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rowlands, Jane Helen}}
[[Category:1891 births]]
[[Category:1955 deaths]]

[[Category:20th-century Methodists]]
[[Category:20th-century Welsh educators]]
[[Category:20th-century Welsh writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Welsh women writers]]
[[Category:20th-century British women educators]]
[[Category:Welsh scholars and academics]]
[[Category:Welsh schoolteachers]]
[[Category:People from Anglesey]]
[[Category:Alumni of Newnham College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Alumni of Bangor University]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:University of Paris alumni]]
[[Category:Female Christian missionaries]]
[[Category:Methodist missionaries in India]]
[[Category:Welsh non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:British missionary linguists]]
[[Category:Welsh Methodists]]
[[Category:Calvinistic Methodists]]
[[Category:Welsh women academics]]
[[Category:British missionaries in India]]

2023–24 Punjab FC season

2025-12-08T01:43:09Z

Dangerpanditankit: New

{{Short description|Indian football club season}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox football club season
| club = [[Punjab FC]]
| chrtitle = Director of Football
| chairman = Nikolaos Topoliatis
| manager = {{flagicon|GRE}} [[Staikos Vergetis]]
| mgrtitle = Head coach
| stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium Delhi]]
| league = [[Indian Super League]]
| league result = [[2023–24 Indian Super League|''8th'']]
| cup1 = [[Super Cup (India)|Indian Super Cup]]
| cup1 result = [[2024 Indian Super Cup#Group C|Group stage]]
| cup2 = [[Durand Cup]]
| cup2 result = [[2023 Durand Cup group stage#Group C|Group stage]]
| season = [[2023–24 in Indian football|2023–24]]
| league topscorer = [[Wilmar Jordan]], [[Luka Majcen]] (8 goals)
| season topscorer = [[Luka Majcen]] (10 goals)
| highest attendance = 5,992 vs Kerala Blasters
| lowest attendance = 2,016 vs FC Goa
| average attendance = '''3,755'''
| largest win = 4-1 vs [[East Bengal FC]]
| largest loss = 0-4 vs [[Jamshedpur FC]]
| prevseason = [[2022–23 RoundGlass Punjab FC season|2022–23]]
| nextseason = [[2024–25 Punjab FC season|2024–25]]
| updated = 2 July 2024
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The '''2023–24 season''' is the nineteenth season in [[Punjab FC]]'s existence, and club's first ever season in the [[Indian Super League]] after it was promoted to the league by winning the [[2022–23 I-League]].{{citation needed|date=December 2025}}

== Personnel ==

=== Current technical staff ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background:#FD6019; color:#FFFFFF;{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|3px}}"|Position
! style="background:#FD6019; color:#FFFFFF;{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|3px}}"|Name
|-
| Head coach
| {{flagicon|GRE}} [[Staikos Vergetis]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Staikos Vergetis appointed new Head Coach for RoundGlass Punjab FC|url=https://halfwayfootball.com/i-league-staikos-vergetis-appointed-head-coach-for-roundglass-punjab-fc/|website=halfwayfootball.com|date=8 August 2022|access-date=8 August 2022}}</ref>
|-
| Assistant coach
| {{flagicon|GRE}} Dimitrios Kakkos
|-
| Goalkeeping coach
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vinay Singh]]
|-
| Strength & Conditioning coach
| {{flagicon|GRE}} Nikolaos Tsagkatakis
|-
| Team Manager
| {{flagicon|IND}} Kamaldeep Singh
|-
| Technical Director
| {{flagicon|GRE}} Nikolaos Topoliatis
|-
| Team Doctor
| {{flagicon|IND}} Sidak Dhillon
|}

==Players==
===First-team squad===
{{Fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=1|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=[[Ravi Kumar (footballer)|Ravi Kumar]]}}
{{Fs player|no=2|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Tekcham Abhishek Singh}}
{{Fs player|no=4|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Nikhil Prabhu]]}}
{{Fs player|no=5|nat=GRE|pos=DF|name=[[Dimitrios Chatziisaias]]}}
{{Fs player|no=6|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Ricky Shabong]]}}
{{Fs player|no=7|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Krishananda Singh]]}}
{{Fs player|no=8|nat=FRA|pos=MF|name=[[Madih Talal]]}}
{{Fs player|no=9|nat=COL|pos=FW|name=[[Wilmar Jordán]]}}
{{Fs player|no=10|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Maheson Singh Tongbram|Maheson Singh]]}}
{{Fs player|no=11|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Samuel Kynshi]]}}
{{Fs player|no=12|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Khaiminthang Lhungdim}}
{{Fs player|no=14|nat=ESP|pos=FW|name=[[Juan Mera (footballer)|Juan Mera]]}}
{{Fs player|no=16|nat=NEP|pos=GK|name=[[Kiran Chemjong]]}}
{{Fs player|no=17|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Manglenthang Kipgen}}
{{Fs player|no=18|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Sweden Fernandes|other=on loan from [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]}}
{{Fs player|no=19|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Daniel Lalhlimpuia]]}}
{{Fs player|no=20|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Ranjeet Pandre]]}}
{{Fs mid}}
{{Fs player|no=21|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Jaskaranbir Singh}}
{{Fs player|no=22|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Sahil Tavora]]|other=on loan from [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]}}
{{Fs player|no=23|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Ashish Pradhan]]}}
{{Fs player|no=24|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Prasanth Karuthadathkuni|Prasanth Mohan]]}}
{{Fs player|no=30|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Kingsley Fernandes]]}}
{{Fs player|no=31|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Leon Augustine]]}}
{{Fs player|no=32|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Pramveer Singh]]}}
{{Fs player|no=34|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Melroy Assisi}}
{{Fs player|no=39|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Mohamed Salah (Indian footballer)|Mohammed Salah]]}}
{{Fs player|no=41|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Abujam Penand Singh}}
{{Fs player|no=45|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Nitesh Darjee}}
{{Fs player|no=48|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Isaac Vanmalsawma]]}}
{{Fs player|no=74|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Suresh Meitei]]}}
{{Fs player|no=77|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Bidyashagar Singh]]|other=}}
{{Fs player|no=80|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Amarjit Singh Kiyam]]}}
{{Fs player|no=81|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Bryce Miranda]]|other=on loan from [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]}}
{{Fs player|no=99|nat=SVN|pos=FW|name=[[Luka Majcen]]|other=[[Captain (association football)|captain]]}}
{{Fs end}}

== Transfers ==

=== In ===
{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; text-align:left"
!scope="col"|Position
!scope="col"|Player
!scope="col"|Previous club
!scope="col"|Transfer fee
!scope="col"|Date
!scope="col"|Ref
|-
|{{sort||MF}}
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Samuel Kynshi]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Real Kashmir FC|Real Kashmir]]
| Free
|8 May 2023
|<ref>{{cite news|title=ISL: Newly promoted RoundGlass Punjab signs Real Kashmir duo on multi-year deals|url=https://thebridge.in/isl/isl-newly-promoted-roundglass-punjab-signs-real-kashmir-duo-on-multi-year-deals-41689|date=8 May 2023|access-date=8 May 2023|website=thebridge.in}}</ref>
|-
|{{sort||DF}}
|{{flagicon|IND}} Melroy Assisi
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
| Undisclosed
|20 July 2023
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/RajasthanUnited/status/1682050893628440576 |title=Melroy Assisi Bids Farewell to Rajasthan United |date=20 July 2023 |publisher=@RajasthanUnited |access-date=24 July 2023}}</ref>
|-
|{{sort||MF}}
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kingsley Fernandes]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]
| Free
|20 July 2023
|
|-
|{{sort||DF}}
|{{flagicon|IND}} Nitesh Darjee
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sudeva Delhi FC|Sudeva Delhi]]
| Free
|20 July 2023
|
|-
|{{sort||MF}}
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ricky Shabong]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]
| Free
|24 July 2023
|
|-
|{{sort||FW}}
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ranjeet Pandre]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mumbai Kenkre FC|Mumbai Kenkre]]
| Free
|24 July 2023
|
|-
|{{sort||DF}}
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Nikhil Prabhu]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[FC Goa|Goa]]
| Free
|25 July 2023
|
|-
|{{sort||MF}}
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Prasanth Karuthadathkuni|Prasanth Mohan]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
| Free
|29 July 2023
|
|-
|{{sort||MF}}
|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Madih Talal]]
|{{flagicon|GRE}} [[A.E. Kifisia F.C.|A.E. Kifisia]]
| Free
|12 August 2023
|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.news18.com/football/isl-transfer-news-punjab-fc-rope-in-25-year-old-frenchman-madih-talal-8533797.html |title=ISL Transfer News: Punjab FC Rope in 25-year-old Frenchman Madih Talal |date=12 August 2023 |website=news18.com |access-date=18 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|{{sort||DF}}
|{{flagicon|IND}} Tejas Krishna
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kerala Blasters FC Reserves and Academy|Kerala Blasters B]]
| Free
|30 August 2023
|
|-
|{{sort||FW}}
|{{flagicon|COL}} [[Wilmar Jordán]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
| Free
|31 August 2023
|
|-
|{{sort||GK}}
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Shibinraj Kunniyil]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
| Free
|10 September 2023
|
|-
|{{sort||DF}}
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Suresh Meitei]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Army Red (football team)|Army Red]]
| Free
|10 September 2023
|
|-
|{{sort||DF}}
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mashoor Shereef]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
| Free
|10 September 2023
|
|-
|{{sort||DF}}
|{{flagicon|GRE}} [[Dimitrios Chatziisaias]]
|{{flagicon|GRE}} [[Atromitos F.C.|Atromitos]]
| Free
|20 September 2023
|
|-
|{{sort||MF}}
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Isaac Vanmalsawma]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
| Free
|31 January 2024
|
|-
|{{sort||FW}}
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bidyashagar Singh]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kerala Blasters FC]]
| Free
|31 January 2024
|
|-
|}

=== Loans In ===
{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; text-align:left"
!scope="col"|Start Date
!scope="col"|End Date
!scope="col"|Position
!scope="col"|Player
!scope="col"|From club
!scope="col"|Transfer fee
!scope="col"|Ref
|-
|25 September 2023
|31 May 2024
|{{sort||MF}}
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Amarjit Singh Kiyam]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
| Free
|
|-
|10 September 2023
|31 May 2024
|{{sort||MF}}
|{{flagicon|IND}} Sweden Fernandes
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
| Free
|
|-
|31 January 2024
|31 May 2024
|{{sort||MF}}
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bryce Miranda]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
| Free
|
|-
|31 January 2024
|31 May 2024
|{{sort||MF}}
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sahil Tavora]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
| Free
|
|-
|}

=== Loans out ===
{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; text-align:left"
!scope="col"|Start Date
!scope="col"|End Date
!scope="col"|Position
!scope="col"|Player
!scope="col"|To club
!scope="col"|Transfer fee
!scope="col"|Ref
|-
|30 August 2023
|31 May 2024
|{{sort||DF}}
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Deepak Devrani]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Inter Kashi]]
| Free
|
|-
|30 August 2023
|31 May 2024
|{{sort||DF}}
|{{flagicon|IND}} Tejas Krishna
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Inter Kashi]]
| Free
|
|-
|}

=== Out ===
{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; text-align:left"
!Date.
!No.
!scope="col"|Position
!scope="col"|Player
!scope="col"|Outgoing club
!scope="col"|Transfer Fee
!scope="col"|Ref
|-
|1 June 2023
|20
|{{sort||MF}}
| {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Juan Nellar]]
|Free Agent
|Free
|
|-
|23 June 2023
|29
|{{sort||FW}}
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ashangbam Aphaoba Singh]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
|Free
|
|-
|25 July 2023
|14
|{{sort||DF}}
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shankar Sampingiraj]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|Free
|
|-
|31 August 2023
|8
|{{sort|8|MF}}
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Freddy Lallawmawma]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
| Undisclosed
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-31 |title=Kerala Blasters FC sign midfielder Freddy Lallawmawma |url=https://keralablastersfc.in/kerala-blasters-fc-sign-midfielder-freddy-lallawmawma/ |access-date=2023-09-02 |website=Kerala Blasters FC |language=en-US |archive-date=2 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902171535/https://keralablastersfc.in/kerala-blasters-fc-sign-midfielder-freddy-lallawmawma/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2 September 2023
|27
|{{sort||MF}}
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Samuel Lalmuanpuia]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|Free
|
|-
|16 January 2024
|55
|{{sort|55|MF}}
| {{flagicon|SRB}} [[Aleksandar Ignjatović]]
|{{flagicon|BIH}} [[FK Rudar Prijedor|Rudar Prijedor]]
|Free
|
|-
|20 January 2024
|66
|{{sort||DF}}
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mashoor Shereef]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
|Free
|
|-
|24 January 2024
|13
|{{sort||GK}}
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Shibinraj Kunniyil]]
|Free Agent
|Free
|
|-
|27 January 2024
|4
|{{sort||DF}}
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Tarif Akhand]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kenkre FC|Kenkre]]
|Free
|
|-
|31 January 2024
|30
|{{sort|30|MF}}
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Brandon Vanlalremdika]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]
|Free
|
|-
|}

== Competition ==

=== Overview ===

{{legend2|#BBF3BB|Win|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFFFBB|Draw|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{legend2|#FFBBBB|Loss|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}

{{Fb overview2
| c= 0
| c1= [[Durand Cup]]
| fm1= {{Start date|2023|8|7|df=y}}
| lm1= {{End date|2023|8|16|df=y}}
| sr1= [[2023 Durand Cup group stage#Group C|Group stage]]
| w1= 0
| l1= 2
| d1= 1
| f1= 0
| a1= 3
| fp1= [[2023 Durand Cup group stage#Group C|Group stage]]
| c2= [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]
| fm2= {{Start date|2024|1|11|df=y}}
| lm2= {{End date|2024|1|21|df=y}}
| sr2= [[2024 Indian Super Cup group stage#Group B|Group stage]]
| w2= 0
| l2= 1
| d2= 2
| f2= 3
| a2= 4
| fp2= [[2024 Indian Super Cup group stage#Group B|Group stage]]
| c3= [[Indian Super League|Super League]]
| fm3= {{Start date|2023|9|21|df=y}}
| lm3= {{Start date|2024|4|10|df=y}}
| sr3= [[2023–24 Indian Super League#Results|Matchday 1]]
| w3= 6
| l3= 10
| d3= 6
| f3= 28
| a3= 35
| fp3= [[2023–24 Indian Super League#Regular season|8th]]
| u= {{Start date|2024|2|26|df=y}}.
| s= [https://int.soccerway.com/teams/india/punjabfc/31407/ Soccerway]
}}

=== Indian Super League ===
{{Main|2023–24 Indian Super League}}

==== League table ====
{{:2023–24 Indian Super League|showteam=PFC}}

==== League results by round ====
{{#invoke:sports rbr table|table|legendpos=b

|header = Match
|label1 = Ground
| res1 = [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan|A]]/[[Fatorda Stadium|A]]/[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|H]]/[[JRD Tata Sports Complex|A]]/[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Chennai)|A]]/[[Mumbai Football Arena|A]]/[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|H]]/[[Sree Kanteerava Stadium|A]]/[[Salt Lake Stadium|A]]/[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|H]]/[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|H]]/[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|H]]/[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|H]]/[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)|A]]/[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|H]]/[[G. M. C. Balayogi Athletic Stadium|A]]/[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|H]]/[[Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium|A]]/[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|H]]/[[Kalinga Stadium|A]]/[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|H]]/[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|H]]
|label2= Result
| res2= L/L/D/D/L/L/D/D/D/L/W/L/W/W/L/W/L/W/D/L/L/W
|label3= League Position
| res3= 12/12/12/12/12/12/12/12/12/12/11/11/9/9/8/8/7/6/7/8/11/8


|text_H=Home|text_A=Away
|color_W=green2|text_W=Win
|color_D=yellow2|text_D=Draw
|color_L=red2|text_L=Loss

|color_1=1st|color_2=2nd|color_3=3rd

| updated = 13 April 2024
| source = [https://www.indiansuperleague.com/standings Indian Super League]
| date = March 2024
}}

==== Matches ====

'''Note''': FSDL and the Indian Super League announced the fixtures for the first half of the season on 7 September.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2023-09-07 |title=ISL 2023-24 schedule: Full list of Indian Super League matches, East Bengal vs Mohun Bagan on October 28 |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/isl-2023-24-schedule-indian-super-league-full-list-matches-teams-dates-venue-kerala-blasters-mohun-bagan-east-bengal/article67277382.ece |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=Sportstar |language=en |archive-date=7 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907142115/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/isl-2023-24-schedule-indian-super-league-full-list-matches-teams-dates-venue-kerala-blasters-mohun-bagan-east-bengal/article67277382.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-07 |title=ISL 2023-24 Fixtures Out: Kerala Blasters to Face Bengaluru FC on Season Opener |url=https://www.news18.com/football/isl-2023-24-fixtures-out-kerala-blasters-to-face-bengaluru-fc-on-season-opener-8567674.html |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=7 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907142625/https://www.news18.com/football/isl-2023-24-fixtures-out-kerala-blasters-to-face-bengaluru-fc-on-season-opener-8567674.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Meanwhile, the final half of the fixtures were announced on 25 January 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-25 |title=Indian Super League Fixtures Announced! ISL 2023-24 to Resume from January 31 |url=https://www.news18.com/football/indian-super-league-fixtures-announced-isl-2023-24-to-resume-from-january-31-8754424.html |access-date=2024-01-25 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-25 |title=ISL 2023-24: League to resume on January 31; full list of fixtures |url=https://www.espn.com.au/football/story/_/id/39384569/isl-2023-24-full-list-fixtures-january-31-second-half-kolkata-derby-feb-03 |access-date=2024-01-25 |website=ESPN.com |language=en}}</ref>

{{football box collapsible
|round = 1
|date = {{Start date|2023|9|23|df=y}}
|time = 20:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]
|score = 3-1
|report = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/59417
|team2 = Punjab
|goals1 = * [[Jason Cummings|Cummings]] {{goal|9}}
* [[Dimitri Petratos|Petratos]] {{goal|34}}
* [[Manvir Singh (footballer, born 1995)|Manvir]] {{goal|63}}
|goals2 = * [[Luka Majcen]] {{goal|52}}
|location = [[Kolkata]]
|stadium = [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]
|attendance = 27,325
|referee =
|result = L
|motm = [[Dimitri Petratos|Petratos]]
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = 2
|date = {{Start date|2023|10|02|df=y}}
|time = 20:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[FC Goa|Goa]]
|score = 1-0
|report =
|team2 = Punjab
|goals1 = * [[Carlos Martínez (footballer, born June 1986)|Carlos Martínez]] {{goal|17}}
|goals2 =
|location = [[Margao]]
|stadium = [[Fatorda Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result = L
|motm =
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = 3
|date = 6 October 2023
|time = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = Punjab
|score = 1–1
|report =
|team2 = [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|goals2 = *[[Parthib Gogoi]] {{Goal|45+1}}
|goals1 = *[[Melroy Assisi]]{{goal|63}}
|location = [[New Delhi]]
|stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result = D
|motm =
}}
{{football box collapsible
| round = 4
| date = {{start date|2023|10|22|df=y}}
| time = 20:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
| score = 0–0
| report = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/59434
| team2 = Punjab
| goals1 =
* [[Pratik Chaudhari|Chaudhari]] {{yel|62}}
* [[Jitendra Singh (footballer)|J. Singh]] {{yel|83}}
| goals2 =
* [[Melroy Assisi|Assisi]] {{yel|43}}
* [[Dimitrios Chatziisaias|Chatziisaias]] {{yel|45+1}}
* [[Luka Majcen|Majcen]] {{yel|54}}
* [[Nikhil Prabhu|Prabhu]] {{yel|90}}
| stadium = [[JRD Tata Sports Complex]]
| location = [[Jamshedpur]]
| attendance = 21,962
| referee = Senthil Nathan
| result = D
}}

{{football box collapsible
|round = 5
|date = 29 October 2023
|time = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
|score = 5–1
|report =
|team2 = Punjab
|goals1 = *[[Ryan Edwards (English footballer)|Ryan Edwards]]{{goal|24}}
*[[Connor Shields]] {{goal|27||56}}
*[[Rafael Crivellaro]]{{goal|45+1|P}}
*[[Vincy Barretto]]{{goal|84}}
|goals2 = *[[Krishananda Singh]]{{goal|86}}
|location = [[Chennai]]
|stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Chennai)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result = L
|motm =
}}
{{football box collapsible
| round = 6
| date = {{start date|2023|11|02|df=y}}
| time = 20:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
| score = 2-1
| report =
| team2 = Punjab
| goals1 = * [[Greg Stewart (footballer)|Stewart]] {{goal|82}}
*[[Jorge Pereyra Díaz|Díaz]] {{goal|82}}
| goals2 = * [[Luka Majcen]] {{goal|38}}
| stadium = [[Mumbai Football Arena]]
| location = [[Mumbai]]
| attendance =
| referee =
| result = L
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = 7
|date = {{Start date|2023|11|23|df=y}}
|time = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = Punjab
|score = 1–1
|report =
|team2 = [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
|goals1 = *[[Juan Mera (footballer)|Juan Mera]]{{goal|82}}
|goals2 = *[[Jonathan Moya]]{{goal|90+8}}
|location = [[New Delhi]]
|stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result = D
|motm =
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = 8
|date = {{Start date|2023|11|30|df=y}}
|time = 20:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|score=3–3
|report=
|team2=Punjab
|goals1=* Harsh Patre {{goal|25}}
* [[Curtis Main|Main]] {{goal|45+1}}
* [[Javi Hernández (footballer, born 1989)|Hernández]] {{goal|67}}
|goals2=* [[Nikhil Prabhu]] {{goal|19}}
* [[Dimitrios Chatziisaias]] {{goal|26}}
* [[Luka Majcen]] {{goal|30}}
|location=[[Bengaluru]]
|stadium=[[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]]
|referee=
|motm=
|attendance=
|result=D
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date=9 December 2023
|round= 9
|time=20:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|score=0–0
|report=https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=20888
|team2=Punjab
|goals1=* [[Borja Herrera|Herrera]] {{yel|38}}
* [[Souvik Chakrabarti|Chakrabarti]] {{yel|67}}
* [[José Antonio Pardo|Pardo]] {{yel|90+4}}
|goals2=* Nitesh Darjee {{yel|37}}
* Nikhil Prabhu N. {{yel|41}}
* [[Suresh Meitei|Meitei]] {{yel|HT}}
|location=[[Kolkata]]
|stadium=[[Salt Lake Stadium]]
|referee=Venkatesh R.
|motm=[[Suresh Meitei]] (Punjab)
|attendance=14,977
|result=D
}}
{{football box collapsible
| round = 10
| date = {{start date|2023|12|14|df=y}}
| time = 20:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Punjab
| score = 0–1
| report = [https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/59467 Report]
| team2 = [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
| goals1 = * Prabhu {{yel|44}}
* Lhungdim {{yel|54}}
* [[Kingsley Fernandes|Fernandes]] {{yel|87}}
| goals2 = * [[Mohammed Azhar|Azhar]] {{yel|28}}
* [[Pritam Kotal|Kotal]] {{yel|43}}
* [[Dimitrios Diamantakos|Diamantakos]] {{goal|51|pen.}}
* [[Saurav Mandal|Mandal]] {{yel|90+2}}
| stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
| location = [[New Delhi]]
| attendance = 5,992
| motm = [[Mohammed Aimen]] (Kerala Blasters)
| result = L
| referee = Rahul Gupta
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = 11
|date = {{start date|2023|12|18|df=y}}
|time = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = Punjab
|score = 1–0
|report =
|team2 = [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
|goals1 = *[[Madih Talal]] {{goal|56}}
|goals2 =
|location = [[New Delhi]]
|stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result = W
|motm =
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = 12
|date = {{start date|2023|12|26|df=y}}
|time = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = Punjab
|score = 0–1
|report =
|team2 = [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 = *[[Roy Krishna]] {{goal|21}}
|location = [[New Delhi]]
|stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result = L
|motm =
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = 13
|date = {{start date|2024|02|03|df=y}}
|time = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = Punjab
|score = 3–1
|report =
|team2 = [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|goals1 = *[[Wilmar Jordán]] {{goal|23}}
*[[Luka Majcen]] {{goal|71}}
*[[Madih Talal]] {{goal|77}}
|goals2 = *[[Sunil Chhetri]] {{goal|15}}
|location = [[New Delhi]]
|stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result = W
|motm =
}}
{{football box collapsible
| round = 14
| date = {{start date|2024|2|12|df=y}}
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
| score =1–3
| report =[https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/62553 Report]
| team2 = Punjab
| goals1 =* [[Miloš Drinčić|Drinčić]] {{yel|26}}, {{goal|39}}
* [[Freddy Lallawmawma|Lallawmawma]] {{yel|90+2}}
* [[Dimitrios Diamantakos|Diamantakos]] {{yel|90+4}}
| goals2 =* [[Wilmar Jordán|Jordán]] {{goal|42||61}}
* [[Ravi Kumar (footballer)|Kumar]] {{yel|88}}
* [[Luka Majcen|Majcen]] {{goal|88|pen.}}
| stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
| location = [[Kochi]]
| attendance =17,650
| motm =[[Wilmar Jordán]] (Punjab)
| result =W
| referee =I Jamal Mohamed
}}
{{football box collapsible
| round = 15
| date = {{start date|2024|02|15|df=y}}
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Punjab
| score = 0–4
| report =
| team2 = [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
| goals1 =
* [[Luka Majcen|Majcen]] {{penmiss}} {{small|13'}}
| goals2 =
* [[Daniel Chima Chukwu|Chima]] {{goal|11}}
* [[Muhammad Uvais|Uvais]] {{yel|36}}
* [[Mohammed Sanan K|Sanan]] {{goal|63}}
* [[Jérémy Manzorro|Manzorro]] {{goal|83}}
* [[Jérémy Manzorro|Manzorro]] {{goal|86}}
| stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
| location = [[New Delhi]]
| attendance =
| referee =
| motm = [[Jérémy Manzorro]]
| result = L
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = 16
|date = {{Start date|2024|02|27|df=y}}
|time = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
|score = 0–2
|report =
|team2 = Punjab
|goals1 =
|goals2 = *[[Luka Majcen]] {{goal|45}}
*[[Madih Talal]] {{goal|56}}
|location = [[Hyderabad]]
|stadium = [[G. M. C. Balayogi Athletic Stadium|GMC Balayogi Athletic Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result = W
|motm =
}}
{{football box collapsible
| round = 17
| date = {{start date|2024|03|02|df=y}}
| time = 20:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Punjab
| score = 2-3
| report =
| team2 = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
| goals1 = *[[Madih Talal]] {{goal|37}}
* [[Wilmar Jordán|Jordán]] {{goal|39}}
| goals2 = * [[Lallianzuala Chhangte]] {{goal|16}}
* [[Iker Guarrotxena]] {{goal|53||64}}
| stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
| location = [[New Delhi]]
| attendance =
| referee =
| result = L
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = 18
|date = {{start date|2024|03|07|df=y}}
|time = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|score = 0–1
|report =
|team2 = Punjab
|goals2 = * [[Wilmar Jordán|Jordán]] {{goal|63|P}}
|goals1 =
|location = [[Guwahati]]
|stadium = [[Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result = W
|motm =
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = 19
|date = {{Start date|2024|03|11|df=y}}
|time = 20:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = Punjab
|score = 3-3
|report =
|team2 = [[FC Goa|Goa]]
|goals1 = * [[Wilmar Jordán|Jordán]] {{goal|54}}
* [[Luka Majcen]] {{goal|61}}
* [[Juan Mera (footballer)|Juan Mera]] {{goal|78}}
|goals2 = * [[Carl McHugh]] {{goal|5}}
* [[Carlos Martínez (footballer, born June 1986)|Carlos Martínez]] {{goal|72|P}}
* [[Noah Sadaoui]] {{goal|84}}
| stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
| location = [[New Delhi]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result = D
|motm =
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = 20
|date = {{start date|2024|04|2|df=y}}
|time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
|score = 3-1
|report =
|team2 = Punjab
|goals1 = *[[Diego Maurício]] {{goal|34||68|P}}
*[[Isak Vanlalruatfela]] {{goal|61}}
|goals2 = *[[Madih Talal]] {{goal|38}}
|location = [[Bhubaneswar]]
|stadium = [[Kalinga Stadium]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result = L
|motm =
}}
{{football box collapsible
|round = 21
|date = {{Start date|2024|04|06|df=y}}
|time = 17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = Punjab
|score =0-1
|report =
|team2 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =* [[Dimitri Petratos|Petratos]] {{goal|42}}
|location = [[New Delhi]]
|stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)]]
|attendance =
|referee =
|result =L
|motm =
}}
{{football box collapsible
|date=10 April 2024
|round= 22
|time=19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=Punjab
|score=4-1
|report=
|note=
|team2=[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|goals1=*[[Wilmar Jordán]] {{goal|19||62}}
*[[Madih Talal]] {{goal|43}}
*[[Luka Majcen]] {{goal|70}}
|goals2=
|location=[[New Delhi]]
|stadium=[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|referee=
|motm=
|attendance=
|result=W
}}

=== Durand Cup ===

{{Main|2023 Durand Cup}}

Punjab were drawn in the [[2023 Durand Cup#Group A|Group A]] for the 132nd edition of the [[Durand Cup]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-10 |title=Groups revealed for 132nd Durand Cup |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/durand-cup-groups-venues-teams-fixtures-east-bengal-mohun-bagan-bengaluru-kerala-blasters/article67064155.ece |access-date=2023-07-12 |website=sportstar.thehindu.com |language=en |archive-date=10 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710214930/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/durand-cup-groups-venues-teams-fixtures-east-bengal-mohun-bagan-bengaluru-kerala-blasters/article67064155.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Group stage ====

{{:2023 Durand Cup group stage|transcludesection=Group A|showteam=PUN}}

==== Matches ====
{{football box collapsible
| id = 1
| date = {{start date|2023|08|07|df=y}}
| time = 18:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]
| score = 2–0
| report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=19698
| team2 = [[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
| goals1 =
*M. Assisi {{goal|23|o.g.}}
*[[Hugo Boumous|Boumous]] {{goal|48}}
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Kishore Bharati Krirangan]]
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| attendance =
| motm = [[Hugo Boumous]] (Mohun Bagan SG)
| result = L
| referee = Venkatesh R
}}
{{football box collapsible
| id = 2
| date = {{start date|2023|08|10|df=y}}
| time = 18:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
| score = 0–0
| report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=19704
| team2 = {{flagicon|BAN}} [[Bangladesh Army football team|Bangladesh Army]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| attendance =
| motm = [[Ashraful Islam Rana]] (Bangladesh Army)
| result = D
| referee =
}}
{{football box collapsible
| id = 3
| date = {{start date|2023|08|16|df=y}}
| time = 18:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
| score = 1–0
| report = https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=19714
| team2 = [[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
| goals1 =
*[[Javier Siverio|Siverio]] {{goal|22}}
| goals2 =
| stadium = [[Kishore Bharati Krirangan]]
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| attendance =
| motm = [[Nandhakumar Sekar]] (East Bengal)
| result = L
| referee =
}}

=== Indian Super Cup ===

{{Main|2024 Indian Super Cup}}

==== Group stage ====

{{Main|2024 Indian Super Cup group stage}}
The group stage draw for the 2024 Indian Super Cup was conducted on 18 December 2023 with Punjab being drawn in Group C.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-18 |title=Kalinga Super Cup 2024: Group stage draw announced in New Delhi |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/kalinga-super-cup-2024-group-stage-draw-announced-in-new-delhi |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=www.indiansuperleague.com |language=en}}</ref>

{{:2024 Indian Super Cup group stage|transcludesection=Group C|showteam=PUN}}

==== Matches ====
{{football box collapsible
| round = 1
| date = {{Start date|2024|01|11|df=y}}
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
| score = 1–1
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/26073
| team2 = [[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
| goals1 = [[Jordan Murray (soccer)|Murray]] {{goal|82}}
| goals2 = [[Wilmar Jordan|Jordan]] {{goal|4}}
| location=[[Bhubaneswar]]
| stadium=[[Kalinga Stadium]]
| attendance =
| motm = [[Connor Shields]] (Chennaiyin)
| result =D
| referee =
}}
{{football box collapsible
| round = 2
| date = {{Start date|2024|01|16|df=y}}
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
| score = 3–2
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/26080
| team2 = [[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
| goals1 =
* Ayush Chhikara {{goal|37||56}}
* Seilenthang Lotjem {{goal|90+3}}
| goals2 =
* [[Luka Majcen|Majcen]] {{goal|28||87}}
| location=[[Bhubaneswar]]
| stadium=[[Kalinga Stadium]]
| attendance =
| motm = Ayush Chhikara (Mumbai City)
| result =L
| referee =
}}

{{football box collapsible
| round = 3
| date = {{Start date|2024|01|21|df=y}}
| time = 14:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
| score = 0–0
| report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/26086
| team2 = [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
|location=[[Bhubaneswar]]
|stadium=[[Kalinga Stadium|Kalinga Stadium Pitch 1]]
| attendance =
| motm = Melroy Melwin Assisi (Punjab)
| result =D
| referee =
}}

== Statistics ==

=== Squad appearances and goals ===
''All stats are correct as of 4 May 2024''

==== All competitions ====
{{Efs start|[[2023–24 Indian Super League|Super League]]|[[Durand Cup]]|[[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]}}
|-
!colspan=16 style="background:#FD6019; color:#FFFFFF;{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|3px}}"| Goalkeepers
{{Efs player|no=1|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=[[Ravi Kumar (footballer)|Ravi Kumar]]|16|0|1|0|0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=16|nat=NEP|pos=GK|name=[[Kiran Chemjong]]|6|0|2|0|3|0}}
{{Efs player|no=31|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Jaskaranvir Singh|0|0|0|0|0|0}}
|-
!colspan=16 style="background:#FD6019; color:#FFFFFF;{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|3px}}"| Defenders
{{Efs player|no=2|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Tekcham Abhishek Singh|12|0|1|0|3|0}}
{{Efs player|no=4|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Nikhil Prabhu]]|20|1|3|0|3|0}}
{{Efs player|no=5|nat=GRE|pos=DF|name=[[Dimitrios Chatziisaias]]|20|1|0|0|3|0}}
{{Efs player|no=12|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Khaiminthang Lhungdim|17|0|2|0|2|0}}
{{Efs player|no=32|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Pramveer Singh|0|0|0|0|0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=34|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Melroy Assisi]]|10|1|3|0|1|0}}
{{Efs player|no=39|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Mohamed Salah (Indian footballer)|Mohammed Salah]]|13|0|2|0|2|0}}
{{Efs player|no=45|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Nitesh Darjee|9|0|1|0|2|0}}
{{Efs player|no=74|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Suresh Meitei]]|14|0|0|0|1|0}}
|-
!colspan=16 style="background:#FD6019; color:#FFFFFF;{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|3px}}"| Midfielders
{{Efs player|no=6|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Ricky Shabong]]|10|0|3|0|3|0}}
{{Efs player|no=8|nat=FRA|pos=MF|name=[[Madih Talal]]|22|6|0|0|3|0}}
{{Efs player|no=10|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Maheson Singh Tongbram|Maheson Singh]]|1|0|3|0|1|0}}
{{Efs player|no=11|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Samuel Kynshi]]|5|0|2|0|0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=14|nat=ESP|pos=MF|name=[[Juan Mera (footballer)|Juan Mera]]|17|2|3|0|3|0}}
{{Efs player|no=17|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Manglenthang Kipgen|4|0|0|0|1|0}}
{{Efs player|no=18|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Sweden Fernandes|0|0|0|0|0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=22|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Sahil Tavora]]|20|0|0|0|0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=23|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Ashish Pradhan|Ashis Pradhan]]|17|0|3|0|1|0}}
{{Efs player|no=24|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Prasanth Karuthadathkuni|Prasanth Mohan]]|11|0|1|0|0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=30|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Kingsley Fernandes]]|7|0|1|0|0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=31|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Leon Augustine]]|2|0|2|0|0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=48|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Isaac Vanmalsawma]]|0|0|0|0|0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=80|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Amarjit Singh Kiyam]]|10|0|3|0|1|0}}
{{Efs player|no=81|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Bryce Miranda]]|2|0|0|0|0|0}}
|-
!colspan=16 style="background:#FD6019; color:#FFFFFF;{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|3px}}"| Forwards
{{Efs player|no=7|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Krishananda Singh]]|11|1|2|0|1|0}}
{{Efs player|no=9|nat=COL|pos=FW|name=[[Wilmar Jordán]]|15|8|0|0|3|1}}
{{Efs player|no=19|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Daniel Lalhlimpuia]]|6|0|1|0|2|0}}
{{Efs player|no=20|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Ranjeet Pandre]]|3|0|3|0|0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=77|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Bidyashagar Singh]]|3|0|0|0|0|0}}
{{Efs player|no=99|nat=SVN|pos=FW|name=[[Luka Majcen]]|22|8|3|0|3|2}}
|-
|}

=== Goal scorers ===
As of match played 10 April 2024

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size; text-align: center;"
|-
! style="background:#FD6019; color:#FFFFFF; text-align:center;{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|3px}}" |Rank
! style="background:#FD6019; color:#FFFFFF; text-align:center;{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|3px}}" |No.
! style="background:#FD6019; color:#FFFFFF; text-align:center;{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|3px}}" |Pos.
! style="background:#FD6019; color:#FFFFFF; text-align:center;{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|3px}}" |Nat.
! style="background:#FD6019; color:#FFFFFF; text-align:center;{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|3px}}" |Name
! style="background:#FD6019; color:#FFFFFF; text-align:center;{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|3px}}" |League
! style="background:#FD6019; color:#FFFFFF; text-align:center;{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|3px}}" |Durand Cup
! style="background:#FD6019; color:#FFFFFF; text-align:center;{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|3px}}" |Super Cup
! style="background:#FD6019; color:#FFFFFF; text-align:center;{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|3px}}" |Total
|-
|1
|99
|FW
|{{flagicon|SLO}}
| align="left" | [[Luka Majcen]]
|8
|0
|2
|10
|-
| rowspan="1" |2
|10
|FW
|{{flagicon|COL}}
| align="left" |[[Wilmar Jordán]]
|8
|0
|1
|9
|-
| rowspan="1" |3
|8
|MF
|{{flagicon|FRA}}
| align="left" |[[Madih Talal]]
|6
|0
|0
|6
|-
| rowspan="1" |4
|14
|MF
|{{flagicon|ESP}}
| align="left" |[[Juan Mera (footballer)|Juan Mera]]
|2
|0
|0
|2
|-
| rowspan="4" |5
|4
|DF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
| align="left" |[[Nikhil Prabhu]]
|1
|0
|0
|1
|-
|5
|DF
|{{flagicon|GRE}}
| align="left" |[[Dimitrios Chatziisaias]]
|1
|0
|0
|1
|-
|7
|MF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
| align="left" |[[Krishananda Singh]]
|1
|0
|0
|1
|-
|34
|DF
|{{flagicon|IND}}
| align="left" |[[Melroy Assisi]]
|1
|0
|0
|1
|-
|}

=== Clean-sheets ===
As of match played 7 March 2024
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size; text-align: center;"
|-
! style="background:#FD6019; color:#FFFFFF; text-align:center;{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|3px}}" |Rank
! style="background:#FD6019; color:#FFFFFF; text-align:center;{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|3px}}" |Name
! style="background:#FD6019; color:#FFFFFF; text-align:center;{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|3px}}" |No.
! style="background:#FD6019; color:#FFFFFF; text-align:center;{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|3px}}" |League
! style="background:#FD6019; color:#FFFFFF; text-align:center;{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|3px}}" |Durand Cup
! style="background:#FD6019; color:#FFFFFF; text-align:center;{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|3px}}" |Super Cup
! style="background:#FD6019; color:#FFFFFF; text-align:center;{{box-shadow border|a|#000000|3px}}" |Total
|-
| rowspan="1" |1
| align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ravi Kumar (footballer)|Ravi Kumar]]
|1
|3
|1
|0
|4
|-
| rowspan="1" |2
| align="left" |{{flagicon|NEP}} [[Kiran Chemjong]]
|16
|2
|0
|1
|3
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Punjab FC}}
{{2023–24 in Indian football}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2023-24 Minerva Punjab F.C. season}}
[[Category:2023–24 I-League by team|Minerva Punjab F.C.]]
[[Category:Punjab FC seasons]]

2024 Bihar political crisis

2025-11-16T13:05:45Z

Dangerpanditankit: Made

{{Short description|2024 political conflict in India}}
{{Infobox event
| title = 2024 Bihar political crisis
| image = {{Photomontage
| photo2a = Shri Nitish Kumar in Begusarai.jpg
| photo2b =Tejaswi Yadav 2023.jpg
| position =
| size = 200
| color = ivory
| border = 1
| color_border = green
| spacing = 3
| foot_montage =
| text = {{centre|[[Nitish Kumar]], [[Tejashwi Yadav]]}}}}
| partof = [[Politics of Bihar]]
| date = {{start date|df=y|2024|1|28|}}
| location = [[Patna]], [[Bihar]]
| outcome = * [[Samrat Choudhary]] & [[Vijay Kumar Sinha]] take oath as Deputy Chief Minister of Bihar
}}
In January 2024, the Indian politician and eight-time [[Chief Minister of Bihar]], [[Nitish Kumar]], of the [[Mahagathbandhan (Bihar)|Mahagathbandhan]] block resigned amid rumors of him joining the opposition, the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]-led [[National Democratic Alliance]] (NDA).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nitish-kumars-first-reaction-after-resigning-india-bloc-not-working-101706421535326.html|title=Nitish Kumar's first reaction after resigning as Bihar CM: 'INDIA bloc not working'|date=January 28, 2024|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> He joined the NDA and took the oath for his ninth term as Chief Minister of Bihar. [[Samrat Choudhary|Samrat Chaudhary]] and [[Vijay Kumar Sinha]] became Deputy Chief Ministers .<ref>{{Cite web |last=Livemint |date=2024-01-28 |title=PM Modi congratulates Nitish Kumar after he takes oath as Bihar CM |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/pm-modi-congratulates-bihar-cm-nitish-kumar-after-he-takes-oath-says-nda-govt-bjp-jdu-rjd-mahagathbandhan-11706444706472.html |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-28 |title=Nitish Kumar takes oath as Bihar CM for 9th time; Samrat Chaudhury, Vijay Kumar Sinha to be deputy CMs |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nitish-kumar-takes-oath-as-cm-for-9th-time-twice-in-two-years-101706441309154.html |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=बिहार में फिर नीतीश कुमार, 9वीं बार मुख्यमंत्री पद की शपथ ली, सम्राट और विजय सिन्हा डिप्टी सीएम बने |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/story-nitish-kumar-takes-oath-bihar-cm-9th-time-along-with-samrat-choudhary-vijay-sinha-bjp-two-deputy-cm-and-other-ministers-9255229.html |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=Hindustan |language=hi}}</ref>

==Reason==
[[Nitish Kumar]] left the [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA bloc]] and rejoined the [[BJP]]-led [[National Democratic Alliance]] (NDA) in Bihar, citing internal issues within the opposition alliance. Allegations against the [[Congress party]] for attempting to capture [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA bloc]] [[leadership]], disagreements over leadership positions, and delays in seat-sharing talks were factors influencing Kumar's decision.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Why Nitish Kumar left INDIA bloc to rejoin BJP-led NDA|url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/why-nitish-kumar-left-india-bloc-to-join-bjp-led-nda-bihar-politics-jdu-rjd-alliance-11706435699140.html|work=Livemint|access-date=29 January 2024}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[2015 Bihar political crisis]] [[2017 Bihar political crisis]][[2022 Bihar political crisis]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bihar political crisis, 2024}}
[[Category:2024 in Indian politics]]
[[Category:2020s in Bihar|Political crisis]]
[[Category:January 2024 in India]]
[[Category:Politics of Bihar|2024 crisis]]
[[Category:Political crises in India]]
[[Category:Nitish Kumar]]

{{India-poli-stub}}

Sorath

2025-11-07T19:49:38Z

Dangerpanditankit:

{{wikt|सोरठ}}
'''Sorath''' may refer to:

* [[Saurashtra (region)]], also known as Sorath, a region of Gujarat, India
* [[Sorath (raga)]], a raga in Indian music
* ''[[Sorath Rai Diyach]]'', a romantic folktale in Sindhi and Gujarati literature
* [[Sorath (Shakugan no Shana)|Sorath (''Shakugan no Shana'')]], a character in the Japanese light novel series ''Shakugan no Shana''
* Sorath, a small Australian game development team that produced ''[[Devil Daggers]]'' and ''[[Hyper Demon]]''

==See also==
* [[Saurashtra (disambiguation)]]
* [[Surat (disambiguation)]]

{{Disambiguation}}

1987 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election

2025-10-20T05:10:19Z

Dangerpanditankit: small edit

{{Short description|Legislative Assembly election in Mizoram, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1987 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election
| country = India
| type = legislative
| vote_type = Popular 
| ongoing = no
| party_colour =
| party_name =
| alliance_name =
| previous_election = 1984 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election
| previous_year = 1984
| outgoing_members =
| election_date = ''16 February 1987''
| next_election = 1989 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election
| next_year = 1989
| seats_for_election = '''All 40 seats in the [[Mizoram Legislative Assembly]]'''
| majority_seats = 21
| registered = {{formatnum:322066}}
| turnout = 74.80%

| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Election Symbol Star.svg|bSize=80|cWidth=80|cHeight=90|oLeft=0|oTop=0}}
| leader1 = [[Laldenga]]
| leaders_seat1 = [[Aizawl North 2 (Legislative Assembly constituency)|Aizawl North 2]]
| party1 = Mizo National Front
| leader_since1 =
| seats_before1 =
| popular_vote1= '''43.31%'''
| seat_change1 =
| seats1 = '''24'''
| swing1 =

| image3 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Bulb Election Symbol.svg|bSize=80|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=0|oTop=0}}
| leader3 =
| leaders_seat3 = Buarpi
| party3 = Mizoram People's Conference
| leader_since3 =
| seats_before3 = 8
| seats3 = 3
| seat_change3 = {{decrease}} 5
| popular_vote3 = 23.70%
| swing3 =

| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Lal Thanhawla.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=10|oTop=05}}
| leader2 = [[Lal Thanhawla]]
| leaders_seat2 = [[Serchhip (Legislative Assembly constituency)|Serchhip]]
| party2 = Indian National Congress
| leader_since2 =
| seats_before2 = 20
| popular_vote2= 32.99%
| seat_change2 = {{decrease}} 7
| seats2 = 13
| swing2 =


| title = [[Chief Minister of Mizoram|CM]]
| before_party = Mizo National Front
| before_election = [[Laldenga]]
| after_party = Mizo National Front
| after_election = [[Laldenga]]
}}

Elections to the '''[[Mizoram Legislative Assembly]]''' were held in February 1987 to elect members of the 40 constituencies in [[Mizoram]], India. Although designated as [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]s, the [[Mizo National Front]] won the majority of seats. Its leader, [[Laldenga]] was appointed as the [[Chief Minister of Mizoram]].

One of the conditions of the [[Mizoram Peace Accord]] was the conversion of Mizoram from a Union Territory to a state. This was achieved through the State of Mizoram Act, 1986 by which, the seats in the Legislative Assembly were increased from thirty to forty.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/1869/1/198634.pdf |title=The State of Mizoram Act, 1986 |date=14 August 1986 |access-date=15 July 2021}}</ref>

==Result==
{{Election results
|image=[[File:India Mizoram Legislative Assembly 1987.svg]]
|party2=[[Indian National Congress]]|votes2=76152|seats2=13|sc2={{decrease}}7
|party3=[[Mizoram People's Conference]]|votes3=54717|seats3=3|sc3={{decrease}}5
|party1=[[Independent (politics)|Independents]]{{efn|Independents included the winning [[Mizo National Front]] candidates}}|votes1=99996|seats1=24|sc1={{increase}}22
|total_sc={{increase}}10
|valid=230865
|invalid=2691
|electorate=322066
|source=ECI<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3659-mizoram-1987/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1987 to the Legislative Assembly of Mizoram |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 15 July 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{noteslist}}

==Elected members==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!# !! Constituency !! Candidate !! colspan=2|Party
|-
| 1 || Tuipang || [[Hiphei]] || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}| || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 2 || [[Saiha (Legislative Assembly constituency)|Saiha]] || S. Hiato || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}| || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 3 || Sangau || H. Rammawi || bgcolor={{party color|Mizoram People's Conference}}| || [[Mizoram People’s Conference]]
|-
| 4 || Lawngtlai || F. Lalramliana || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}| || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 5 || Chawngte || Nirupam Chakma || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}| || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 6 || Tlabung || Harikristo || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}| || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 7 || Buarpui || P. Lalbiaka || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}| || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 8 || [[Lunglei South (Legislative Assembly constituency)|Lunglei South]] || H. Lalruata || bgcolor={{party color|Independent (politician)}}| || [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|-
| 9 || [[Lunglei North (Legislative Assembly constituency)|Lunglei North]] || L. Ngurchhina || bgcolor={{party color|Independent (politician)}}| || [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|-
| 10 || Tawipui || Siamliana || bgcolor={{party color|Independent (politician)}}| || [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|-
| 11 || Vanva || K. Thanfianga || bgcolor={{party color|Independent (politician)}}| || [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|-
| 12 || Hnahthial || Vanlalnghaka || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}| || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 13 || North Vanlaiphai || Lalrinmawia || bgcolor={{party color|Independent (politician)}}| || [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|-
| 14 || Khawbung || K. Vanlalauva || bgcolor={{party color|Independent (politician)}}| || [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|-
| 15 || Champhai || Zoramthanga || bgcolor={{party color|Independent (politician)}}| || [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|-
| 16 || Khawhai || R. Lalawia || bgcolor={{party color|Independent (politician)}}| || [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|-
| 17 || Saitual || Andrew L. Herliana || bgcolor={{party color|Independent (politician)}}| || [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|-
| 18 || Khawzawl || Tawnluia || bgcolor={{party color|Independent (politician)}}| || [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|-
| 19 || Ngopa || Zosiama Pachuau || bgcolor={{party color|Mizoram People's Conference}}| || [[Mizoram People’s Conference]]
|-
| 20 || Suangpuilawn || Vanlalngena || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}| || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 21 || Ratu || Lalrinchhana || bgcolor={{party color|Independent (politician)}}| || [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|-
| 22 || Kawnpui || Lalkhawnghma || bgcolor={{party color|Independent (politician)}}| || [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|-
| 23 || [[Kolasib (Legislative Assembly constituency)|Kolasib]] || Aichhinga || bgcolor={{party color|Independent (politician)}}| || [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|-
| 24 || Bilkhawthlir || Vanlalhruaia || bgcolor={{party color|Independent (politician)}}| || [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|-
| 25 || Lokicherra || J. Thanghuama || bgcolor={{party color|Independent (politician)}}| || [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|-
| 26 || Kawrthah || Saikapthianga || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}| || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 27 || [[Mamit (Legislative Assembly constituency)|Mamit]] || K. Zahungliana || bgcolor={{party color|Independent (politician)}}| || [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|-
| 28 || Phuldungsei || Liansuama || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}| || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 29 || Sateek || [[Laldenga]] || bgcolor={{party color|Independent (politician)}}| || [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|-
| 30 || [[Serchhip (Legislative Assembly constituency)|Serchhip]] || [[Lalthanhawla]] || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}| || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 31 || Lungpho || K. L. Lianchia || bgcolor={{party color|Mizoram People's Conference}}| || [[Mizoram People’s Conference]]
|-
| 32 || Tlungvel || P. C. Zoramsangliana || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}| || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 33 || [[Aizawl North 1 (Legislative Assembly constituency)|Aizawl North 1]] || Lalhlimpuii || bgcolor={{party color|Independent (politician)}}| || [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|-
| 34 || [[Aizawl North 2 (Legislative Assembly constituency)|Aizawl North 2]] || [[Laldenga]] || bgcolor={{party color|Independent (politician)}}| || [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|-
| 35 || [[Aizawl East 1 (Legislative Assembly constituency)|Aizawl East 1]] || Saingura Sailo || bgcolor={{party color|Independent (politician)}}| || [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|-
| 36 || [[Aizawl East 2 (Legislative Assembly constituency)|Aizawl East 2]] || [[Rokamlova]] || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}| || [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| 37 || [[Aizawl West 1 (Legislative Assembly constituency)|Aizawl West 1]] || H. Hrangdawla || bgcolor={{party color|Independent (politician)}}| || [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|-
| 38 || [[Aizawl West 2 (Legislative Assembly constituency)|Aizawl West 2]] || Rualchhina || bgcolor={{party color|Independent (politician)}}| || [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|-
| 39 || [[Aizawl South 1 (Legislative Assembly constituency)|Aizawl South 1]] || R. Tlanghmingthanga || bgcolor={{party color|Independent (politician)}}| || [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|-
| 40 || [[Aizawl South 2 (Legislative Assembly constituency)|Aizawl South 2]] || Chawngzuala || bgcolor={{party color|Independent (politician)}}| || [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of the Mizoram Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mizoram elections}}

[[Category:1987 State Assembly elections in India|Mizoram]]
[[Category:State Assembly elections in Mizoram|1987]]
[[Category:1980s in Mizoram|1987]]

Sephardic Jews in India

2025-10-03T19:05:58Z

Dangerpanditankit: refined article further and improved wording per sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
|group = Sephardic Jews in India
|popplace =India
{{IND}}: Chennai, and the Eastern, South-Eastern Coast
{{ISR}}
|langs =Initially [[Judaeo-Spanish|Ladino]], later [[Judeo-Malayalam]], now mostly [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] & [[English language|English]]
|rels = [[Orthodox Judaism]]
|related = [[Chennai Jews]] [[Cochin Jews]] [[Sephardic Jews]] [[Paradesi Jews]]
}}
[[File:Plan of Fort St George and the City of Madras 1726.jpg|thumb|right|Plan of Fort St George and the city of Madras in 1726,Shows b.Jews Burying Place [[Jewish Cemetery Chennai]], Four Brothers Garden and Bartolomeo Rodrigues Tomb]]
[[File:Rabbi Salomon Halevi and Rebecca Cohen, Paradesi Jews of Madras.jpg|thumb|Rabbi Salomon Halevi, the last [[Rabbi]] of [[Madras Synagogue]] and his wife Rebecca Cohen, among the [[Paradesi Jews]] who settled in [[Madras]].]]
'''Sephardic Jews in India''' are [[Spanish and Portuguese Jews|Iberian Jews]] who settled in many coastal towns of India, in [[Goa and Damaon]], [[Madras]] (now Chennai) and, primarily and for the longest period, on the Malabar coast in [[Cochin]]. After the [[Portuguese discovery of the sea route to India]] in the 1498, a number of [[Sephardi|Sephardic Jew]]s fled [[Antisemitism in Iberia]] which had culminated in the [[Expulsion of Jews from Spain|Edict of Expulsion in 1492]] and [[Persecution of Jews and Muslims by Manuel I of Portugal]]. They settled in [[Portuguese India]]n trading places so that they could continue practicing Judaism secretly while still remaining within the Portuguese Empire. After the [[Portuguese Inquisition]] was established, an additional number of falsely-converted Sephardic Jews (known as [[New Christians]] and [[Conversos]]) made sea voyages to settle in India, because it would then be difficult for the Inquisition to investigate and punish them. They spoke the vernacular language of their kingdom (basically Castillian i.e. Spanish-Portuguese or Catalan) and some of them also [[Arabic language|Arabic]].

In his lecture at the [[Library of Congress]], Professor [[Sanjay Subrahmanyam]], Chair in Social Sciences at [[University of California, Los Angeles]], explains that crypto-Jews were especially attracted to India because not only was it a center of trade, but India had established and ancient Jewish settlements along its Western coast. The presence of these communities meant that crypto-Jews, who had been forced to accept [[Catholic Church|Catholicism]] but did not want to emigrate to tolerant countries, could operate within the [[Portuguese Empire]] with the full freedom of Catholic subjects but away from the [[Portuguese Inquisition|Inquisition]] while collaborating with existing Jewish communities to hide their true beliefs. <ref>{{Citation|title = Jews & New Christians in Portuguese Asia 1500-1700|url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=80cdauHCKHk|date = 2013-12-06|accessdate = 2016-02-22|last = LibraryOfCongress}}</ref>

In "The Marrano Factory: The Portuguese Inquisition, and its New Christians 1536-1765" Professor Antonio Saraiva of the [[University of Lisbon]] in Portugal dedicates a section to the situation of crypto-Jews (New Christians) in Goa. He concludes that once the Portuguese Inquisition began, Goa, along with Italy, the Ottoman Empire, the Netherlands, and North Africa initially received most of the fleeing Jewish population (regardless of whether they had converted or not), and this situation continued till the middle of the 1500s. Goa was a popular destination till 1560 (when the Goan Inquisiton was initiated).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Saraiva|first=Antonio|title=The Marrano Factory: The Portuguese Inquisition and its New Christians 1536-1765|publisher=Brill|year=2001|isbn=90-04-12080-7|location=Boston|pages=347–348|doi=10.2307/20061561|jstor=20061561|s2cid=160138275}}</ref>

A notable Jewish population once existed in the [[Portuguese India]] colony of [[Vasai|Bassein]]. These Jews were of the [[Bene Israel]] community who had arrived in India centuries earlier. They had their own [[synagogue]]s and enjoyed freedom. When the Portuguese took control over Goa, crypto-Jews from Portugal flooded in large numbers. The strong presence of crypto-Jews<ref>{{Cite book|title = Contra Iudaeos: Ancient and Medieval Polemics Between Christians and Jews|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=X-yF4wPWF5EC&q=Dom%2520Gaspar%2520de%2520Leao%2520Pereira%2520jews%2520india&pg=PA248|publisher = Mohr Siebeck|date = 1996-01-01|isbn = 9783161464829|language = en|first1 = Ora|last1 = Limor|first2 = Guy G.|last2 = Stroumsa}}</ref> in this region was the primary justification for the Portuguese to institute the [[Goa Inquisition]] in 1560 – this was 24 years after the [[Portuguese Inquisition]] was instituted in [[Portugal]]. Indeed, as the Professor Saraiva also explains, in "The Marrano Factory", the Conversos of Goa were able to achieve such quick, and remarkable prominence that the Portuguese King, on the advice of the Christian clergy, enacted a law disallowing New Christians from holding positions of high authority. Had New Christians not been able to achieve prominence, such a law would not have been necessary.<ref name=":0" /> The famed [[Sephardic]] physician [[Garcia de Orta]] belonged to this community.<ref name=jew>{{cite book|last=[[Donald F. Lach]], Edwin J. Van Kley|title=Asia in the Making of Europe, Volume III: A Century of Advance. Book 2, South Asia, Volume 3|year=1993|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|isbn= 978-0-226-46754-2|page=847}}</ref>

In [[Kerala]] they learned [[Judeo-Malayalam]], the dialect developed by the Malabar Jews, descendants of immigrants who had been there for more than 1,000 years from Israel and Yemen. The combined groups in Kerala became known as the [[Cochin Jews]]. The European Jews were also referred to as the [[Paradesi Jews]] (associated with foreigners) or White Jews, given their European ethnicity. The Malabar Jews, having intermarried in south India, had darker skin.

In addition, some settled in [[Madras]], now known as [[Chennai Jews]], they worked with the English [[East India Company]] in [[Fort St. George]]. According to the famed Sephardic poet Daniel Levy de Barrios, during his lifetime Madras was one of the six main areas of Sephardic Jewish settlement in the English empire. By the late 18th century, they had mostly shifted their trading companies to London, and the Jewish community in Madras declined.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://184.173.197.201/~sefarad/lm/041/index.html |title=Los Muestros n°41 |accessdate=2013-05-13 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130627104012/http://184.173.197.201/~sefarad/lm/041/index.html |archivedate=2013-06-27 }} Mordecai Arbell, "The Portuguese Jewish Community of Madras, India, in the Seventeenth Century", ''Los Muestros'', No. 41, December 2000, accessed 12 May 2013</ref>

The Portuguese extended the Inquisition to their Indian possessions in 1560. The presence of crypto-Jews of India, along with their support of the crypto-Muslim arrivals from Iberia alarmed the Portuguese Catholic leadership in India. The Goa Inquisition was instituted by [[João III of Portugal| John III of Portugal]]. More than 16,000 people were put on trial between 1560-1774. In the first 30 years of the Inquisition 321 people were brought to trial on the charge of crypto-Judaism.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Group Identity in the Renaissance World|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=XRY6rgYan00C|publisher = Cambridge University Press|date = 2011-08-22|isbn = 9781107003606|language = en|first = Hannah Chapelle|last = Wojciehowski|page = 216}}</ref> The main targets of the Inquisition were [[Crypto-Jews]], who remained in Portuguese territory while being forced to profess Catholicism and practicing Judaism secretly, instead of emigrating to countries where Judaism was accepted (e.g. Ottoman Empire, Poland, etc.). Many Jews from Portuguese Goa fled to [[Mumbai|Bombay]], and Portuguese Cochin in Kerala where they joined the [[Malabar Jews|Malabar Yehudan]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Parasuram|first=T.V.|title=India's Jewish heritage|year=1982|publisher=Sagar Publications|location=the University of Michigan|page=67}}</ref> The start of Dutch rule in 1663 eased the pressure on the Jewish community in the Malabar region.<ref>Claudius Buchanan (1811). ''Christian Researches in Asia: With Notices of the Translation of the Scriptures into the Oriental Languages.'' 2nd ed. Boston: Armstron, Cornhill</ref><ref>Menachery G (1973) ''The St. Thomas Christian Encyclopedia of India,'' Ed. George Menachery, B.N.K. Press, vol. 2, {{ISBN|81-87132-06-X}}, Lib. Cong. Cat. Card. No. 73-905568; B.N.K. Press</ref><ref>Menachery G (ed) (1982) ''The St. Thomas Christian Encyclopedia of India, B.N.K. Press,'' vol. 1;</ref><ref>Menachery G (ed); (1998) "The Indian Church History Classics", Vol. I, ''The Nazranies,'' Ollur, 1998. {{ISBN|81-87133-05-8}}.</ref>{{clear left}}{{Jews and Judaism sidebar|ethnicities}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Sephardi Jews topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sephardic Jews and Anusim in India}}
[[Category:Judaism in Kerala]]
[[Category:South Asian Jews]]
[[Category:Jewish ethnic groups]]
[[Category:Jewish Portuguese history]]
[[Category:Sephardi Jewish culture in India| ]]

Godchinamalaki Falls

2025-09-30T17:23:47Z

Dangerpanditankit: basic expand citations based on references and corrected details for accuracy

{{refimprove|date=October 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox waterfall
| name = Godachinmalki Falls
| image = Godachinmalki falls.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| map = India Karnataka
| photo_caption =
| location = [[Godachinamalaki]]
| coordinates = {{coord|16|7|54.73|N|74|43|49.98|E|display=inline,title}}
| elevation =
| type = Ledge Waterfall
| height = 45 metres (147 feet)
| height_longest = 25 metres (2 feet)
| average_width =
| number_drops = 2
| average_flow =
| watercourse = [[Markandeya River, Western Ghats|Markandeya river]]
}}
'''Godachinamalaki Falls''' in [[Godachinamalaki]] village is a [[waterfall]] located on [[Markandeya River, Western Ghats|Markandeya river]] in [[Belagavi district]], Gokak Taluk, [[Karnataka]], [[India]]. It is 15 kilometers away from [[Gokak]] and 40 kilometers from Belgaum. It is located in a deep valley.

Godachinamalaki Falls, also known as Markandeya falls, is located in a rugged [[valley]], which is approachable from [[Godachinamalaki]] village on foot or by vehicle through an irregular [[forest]] route for about 2 kilometers. There are two routes to reach the falls from Godachinamalki, one is via Malebail road by crossing a bridge at Godachinamalaki and the other is via Gurusiddeshwar Temple (Hatti Siddeshwar). It can also be reached on foot from Nirvaneshwara Matha near Yogikolla.

To reach Godachinamalki Falls from Belgaum via Ankalagi, Pachhapur & Mavanur, frequent bus service is available from Belgaum & Gokak. The nearest railway station, Pachhapur, is about 8 kilometers away. Good train connections{{According to whom|date=September 2025}} are available from Belgaum to Miraj and almost all these trains stop at Pachhapur railway station.

There are actually two falls formed here. The [[Markandeya River, Western Ghats|Markandeya river]] takes a first fall from a height of about 25 metres and flows into a rocky valley. After a short distance{{Vague|reason=Distance should be mentioned specifically, in meters. The readers can themselves determine if that distance is short or not.|date=September 2025}} from the rocky valley, it takes the second fall from a height of about 20 metres.

Gokak Falls is 10 km from Godachinamalki, via Melmanahatti & Maradimath.

Later,{{When|date=September 2025|reason=How many km "later"?}} [[Markandeya River, Western Ghats|Markandeya river]] joins the [[Ghataprabha River]] near [[Gokak]].

Within a 6 km radius there are two dams; one built across the [[Ghataprabha River]] (Hidkal dam) and another (Shirur Dam) across the [[Markandeya River, Western Ghats|Markandeya river]].
The best time to visit these places is from June to September<ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262812256_Morphometric_Analysis_of_Markandeya_River_Sub_Basin_MRSB_Belgaum_District_Karnataka_using_Remote_Sensing_and_Geographical_Information_System Morphometric Analysis of Markandeya River Sub Basin (MRSB), Belgaum District, Karnataka using Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System]</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of waterfalls]]
*[[List of waterfalls in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Hydrology of Karnataka|state=expanded}}

[[Category:Waterfalls of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Geography of Belagavi district]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Belagavi district]]
[[Category:Waterfalls of India]]

{{Gokak-geo-stub}}

Arrol Corelli

2025-08-17T15:01:47Z

Dangerpanditankit:

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Arrol Corelli
| image =
| caption = Arrol Corelli at Big FM event
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| origin = Tamil Nadu, India
| genre = Film Score
| occupation = [[Composer|Film music composer]], [[music director]]
| years_active = 2014–present
| label =
| associated_acts =
}}

'''Arrol Corelli''' is an Indian [[music composer]] who predominantly works in Tamil cinema. He is known for his scores in the films ''[[Pisaasu]]'' (2014) and ''[[Pasanga 2]]'' (2015).

==Early life==
Arrol Corelli was born and brought up in Maraimalainagar near Chennai in a middle-class family. He started learning Indian classical violin at the age of five under Shri. Ravi Kumar and later on under Kumari [[A. Kanyakumari]].

At a very young age, he started performing in various concerts across south India, winning prizes in competitions held at The Music Academy, Narada Gana Sabha and Mylapore Fine Arts etc. He started learning Western classical piano at the age of ten from the [[Trinity Laban Conservatoire of Music and Dance|Trinity College of Music, London]]. He did his schooling at Shri Anand Jain Vidhyala, Tambaram and became a qualified [[chartered accountant]] in 2008.

==Career==
Corelli approached director [[Mysskin]], who hired him to score the music for ''[[Pisaasu]]'' (2014), produced by [[Bala (director)|Bala]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P-Mxk-sboN0|title=Arrol Corelli - "Working with Mysskin is a life changing experience" - BW|last=Bwoods Trailers&Events|date=18 December 2014|publisher=|via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/pissasu-is-getting-ready-to-scare-news-tamil-ok2jENgbbiijf.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028142450/http://www.sify.com/movies/pissasu-is-getting-ready-to-scare-news-tamil-ok2jENgbbiijf.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 October 2014|title='Pissasu' is getting ready to scare|website=[[Sify]] |publisher=}}</ref> As Arul is not an uncommon name, Mysskin also suggested the stage name Arrol Corelli, after the Italian composer [[Arcangelo Corelli]], who was also a violinist. Corelli wrote the background music for ''Pisaasu''; in the film he also played the violin in the song "Nathi pogum koozhangal payanam".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/pisasu-tamil-movie-review-19159.html|title=Pisasu review. Pisasu Tamil movie review, story, rating - IndiaGlitz.com|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/pisaasu/pisaasu-review.html|title=Pisaasu (aka) Pisasu review|website=behindwoods.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/pisasu-pisaasu-movie-review-round-different-horror-film-617758|title='Pisasu' ('Pisaasu') Movie Review Round-up: A Different Horror Film|first=Sangeetha|last=Seshagiri|website=[[International Business Times]]|date=19 December 2014 |publisher=}}</ref> Corelli was nominated in the Best Background Score category at the 2015 [[Vijay Awards]] for ''Pisaasu''.
<ref>{{cite news |last1=Peter |first1=Willion |title=Background Music |url=https://soundraw.io/ |access-date=8 April 2023}}</ref>
Corelli subsequently received an offer to work with director [[Pandiraj]] in ''[[Pasanga 2]]'' (2015), produced by actor [[Suriya]]'s [[2D Entertainment]]. The soundtrack features four songs and a theme music, the lyrics for which were written by [[Na. Muthukumar]], [[Madhan Karky]] and [[Yugabharathi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/pasanga-2/pasanga-2-songs-review.html|title=Pasanga-2 (aka) Haiku songs review|website=Behindwoods|date=17 October 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/pasanga-audio-review-news-tamil-pkslkzaaheccd.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022222459/http://www.sify.com/movies/pasanga-audio-review-news-tamil-pkslkzaaheccd.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 October 2016|title=Pasanga- Audio review!|website=[[Sify]] |publisher=}}</ref>

Corelli collaborated with Mysskin a second time for ''[[Thupparivaalan]]'' (2017). He also composed the music for ''[[Annanukku Jai (2018 film)|Annanukku Jai]]'' (2018), ''[[Champion (2019 film)|Champion]]'' (2019), and ''[[Anbulla Ghilli]]'' (2022).

==Filmography==
===Released soundtracks===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Language
! Notes
|-
|2014 || ''[[Pisaasu]]'' || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|2015 || ''Rakshasi'' || [[Kannada]] || Remake of ''Pisaasu'' 1 song
|-
| ''[[Pasanga 2]]'' || rowspan="1"|Tamil ||
|-
|rowspan="1"| 2016 || ''[[Girls (2016 film)|Girls]]'' ''Thiraikku Varaatha Kathai'' || [[Malayalam]] Tamil ||Background score
|-
| rowspan="2"|2017 || ''[[Inayathalam]]'' || rowspan="7"|Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Thupparivaalan]]'' ||
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2018 || ''[[Savarakathi]]'' ||
|-
||''[[Annanukku Jai (2018 film)|Annanukku Jai]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2019 || ''[[Igloo (2019 film)|Igloo]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Champion (2019 film)|Champion]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2020||''[[Lock Up (2020 film)|Lock Up]]'' ||Released on [[ZEE5]]
|-
|''[[Anaganaga O Athidhi]]''
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|Released on [[aha (streaming service)|Aha]]
|-
|rowspan=2|2022
|''[[Anbulla Ghilli]]''
|rowspan="4"|Tamil
|Released on Colors Tamil
|-
|''[[Kalaga Thalaivan]]''||
|-
|rowspan=2|2024
|''[[Ippadiku Kadhal]]'' || Released on [[aha (streaming service)|Aha Tamil]]
|-
|''[[Ranam Aram Thavarel]]'' ||
|}

===Upcoming projects===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Notes
|-
| TBA || ''Ranger'' || Filming
|-
| TBA ||''Siragu'' ||Filming
|-
|}

===Web series===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Series
! Language
! Platform
! Notes
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Auto Shankar (web series)|Auto Shankar]]'' || Tamil || [[List of ZEE5 original web series|ZEE5]] || Blacksheep, Digital Awards 2020, Best music director
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Anya's Tutorial]]'' || Telugu Tamil || [[Aha (streaming service)|aha]] ||
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Corelli, Arrol}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil musicians]]
[[Category:Tamil film score composers]]
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:Musicians from Chennai]]

Oriental hypnosis

2025-06-05T09:38:55Z

Dangerpanditankit:

{{short description|Indian healing method}}
{{citation style|date=November 2009}}
'''Oriental Hypnosis''' is an old [[India]]n method of healing practiced by [[Sadhus]], [[Fakirs]], [[Yogis]] and sannyasis ([[Sannyasa]]). These people indulge in self-induced hypnosis or trance-states by practicing rhythmic breathing exercise method like ''[[pranayama]]'' and meditation etc.

For hetero hypnosis they used threatening stare and suggestive techniques like loud command “sleep” etc. to bring out the subjects imagination generated from within the mind.

==In the west==
In the early 19th century [[Abbe Faria]], Indo-[[Portugal|Portuguese]] priest, and a contemporary of [[Mesmer]] introduced oriental hypnosis to Paris.<ref>[http://hypno.co.nz/history.html History of hypnotherapy]</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=kinny |first1=Luna |title=Hypnosis |url=https://janmion.ch/en/hypnosis/ |access-date=12 June 2024}}</ref> Later Dr. [[James Esdaile]] learned some trance techniques from Bengali Hindu fakirs and developed it as mesmeric anesthesia. Famous historian Will Durant writes in his book “The Story of civilizations”:
::“Hypnotism as therapy seems to have originated among [[India]]ns, who often took their sick to the temples to be cured by hypnotic suggestion. The Englishmen who introduced [[hypnotherapy]] into England — [[James Braid (surgeon)|Braid]], [[James Esdaile|Esdaile]], and [[John Elliotson|Elliotson]] — "undoubtedly got their ideas, and some of their experience, from contact with India." (p.531 of 1937-edition.)

==See also==
* [[History of hypnosis]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* ''Mesmerism in India''- James Esdaile [http://www.flipkart.com/mesmerism-india-james-esdaile-its/1410209334-4nx3f97sre]
* ''Hypnotism and Mysticism of India'' - Ormond McGill [http://www.alibris.com/booksearch?qwork=3065775&matches=8&author=McGill,+Ormond&browse=1&cm_sp=works*listing*title]
* ''Abbe Faria'' – Luis S.R. vas [http://broadwaybooksgoa.com/book_info.php?cid=21&scatid=41&bid=693]
* ''Story of Civilization'' - Will Durant [https://archive.org/stream/storyofcivilizat006839mbp/storyofcivilizat006839mbp_djvu.txt]

[[Category:Hypnosis]]
[[Category:South Asian traditional medicine]]

Baisguri

2025-05-19T15:53:17Z

Dangerpanditankit: general corrected layout based on references and added references as per guidelines

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Baisguri
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type =Census Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.3437|N|89.4739|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Cooch Behar district|Cooch Behar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1.5618
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 5021
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 736156
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code
| area_code = 03582
| registration_plate = WB
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Cooch Behar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Cooch Behar]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Cooch Behar Uttar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Cooch Behar Dakshin]]
| website = {{URL|coochbehar.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Baisguri''' is a [[census town]] in the [[Cooch Behar II]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Cooch Behar Sadar subdivision]] of the [[Cooch Behar district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=320| height=370| zoom=11
| coord={{coord|26|20|30|N|89|27|30|E}}| float=left|caption='''Places in the Cooch Behar Sadar subdivision in Cooch Behar district''' CT: census town, M: municipal town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: historical/ religious centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|26|23|30|N|89|29|45|E}}| label-pos1=left|label1= Baneswar | numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[Baneswar]] (CT)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000 |shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|26|20|37|N|89|28|26|E}}|label-pos2=left|label2=Baisguri| numbered2=CT| mark-title2= Baisguri (CT)|shape-color2=black| label-size2=13|label-color2=black 
|mark-coord3={{coord|26|20|10|N|89|28|44|E}}| label-pos3=right|label3=Chakchaka| numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Chakchaka]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|26|16|50|N|89|28|18|E}}| label-pos4=left|label4=Dhaliabari| numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Dhaliabari]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|26|18|49|N|89|27|50|E}}| label-pos5=left|label5=Guriahati| numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[Guriahati]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|26|21|36|N|89|27|36|E}}| label-pos6=right|label6=Khagrabari| numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Khagrabari]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|26|18|55|N|89|28|15|E}}| label-pos7=right|label7=Kharimala Khagrabari| numbered7=CT| mark-title7= [[Kharimala Khagrabari]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|26|20|0|N|89|25|55|E}}| label-pos8=left|label8=Takagachh| numbered8=CT| mark-title8= [[Takagachh]] (CT)
|mark-coord9={{coord|26|19|40|N|89|27|3|E}}| label-pos9=right|label9=Cooch Behar| numbered9=M| mark-title9= [[Cooch Behar]] (M) | shape-color9=#800000
|mark-coord10={{coord|26|14|37|N|89|29|10|E}}| label-pos10=right|label10=Dewanhat| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Dewanhat]] (R) | shape-color10= #C42222
|mark-coord11={{coord|26|17|8|N|89|28|12|E}}| label-pos11=right|label11=Ghughumari| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Ghughumari]] (R)| shape-color11= #C42222
|mark-coord12={{coord|26|26|15|N|89|22|30|E}}| label-pos12=right|label12=Kalarayerkuthi| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[Kalarayerkuthi]] (R)| shape-color12= #C42222
|mark-coord13={{coord|26|24|32|N|89|22|56|E}}| label-pos13=right|label13=Pundibari| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Pundibari]] (R) | shape-color13= #C42222
|mark-coord14={{coord|26|17|40|N|89|27|20|E}}| label-pos14=left|label14=Gudam Maharaniganj| numbered14=H| mark-title14= [[Gudam Maharaniganj]] (H) |shape-color14=#AA6666
|mark-coord15={{coord|26|19|37|N|89|26|18|E}}| label-pos15=left|label15=Cooch Behar Palace| numbered15=H| mark-title15= [[Cooch Behar Palace]] (H) |shape-color15=#AA6666
|mark-coord16={{coord|26|21|48|N|89|22|41|E}}| label-pos16=right|label16= Madhupur Satra| numbered16=H| mark-title16= [[Madhupur Satra]] (H) |shape-color16=#AA6666
|mark-coord17={{coord|26|22|7|N|89|22|4|E}}| label-pos17=top|label17= Haripur| numbered17=H| mark-title17= [[Haripur, Cooch Behar]] (H) |shape-color17=#AA6666
|mark-coord18={{coord|26|22|11|N|89|29|59|E}}| label-pos18=right|label18= Baikunthapur| numbered18=H| mark-title18= [[Baikunthapur]] (H) |shape-color18=#AA6666
|mark-coord19={{coord|26|23|12|N|89|30|45|E}}| label-pos19=right|label19= Sidheswari| numbered19=H| mark-title19= [[Sidheswari]] (H) |shape-color19=#AA6666
|mark-coord23={{coord|26|18|0|N|89|29|0|E}}|label23= Mara| label-color23 = #77A1CB| label-angle23=-24| label-pos23=top| label-size23=10| mark-size23=0| mark-title23=none
|mark-coord24={{coord|26|17|40|N|89|30|30|E}}|label24= Torsha River| label-color24 = #77A1CB| label-angle24=34| label-pos24=top| label-size24=10| mark-size24=0| mark-title24=none}}

===Location===
Baisguri is located at {{coord|26.3437|N|89.4739|E|display=inline}}.

===Area overview===
The map alongside shows the north-central part of the district. In an overwhelming rural district, 22.08% of the population of the Cooch Behar Sadar subdivision lives in the urban areas and 77.92% lives in the rural areas.<ref name="handbook">{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2013 Cooch Behar |work = Tables 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |accessdate = 5 August 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |url-status = dead }}</ref> The entire district forms the flat [[alluvium|alluvial]] flood plains of mighty rivers.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1903_PART_A_DCHB_KOCH%20BIHAR.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Koch Bihar, Series 20, Part XIIA| work= Census of India 2011, pages 17-21 Physical feafures| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |accessdate = 5 August 2020}}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Demographics==
As per the [[2011 Census of India]], Baisguri had a total population of 5,021. There were 2,577 (51%) males and 2,444 (49%) females. There were 518 persons in the age range of 0 to 6 years. The total number of literate people in Baisguri was 3,844 (85.37% of the population over 6 years).<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 30 July 2020}}</ref>

==Infrastructure==
According to the ''District Census Handbook 2011, Koch Bihar'', Baisguri covered an area of 1.5618 km2. Among the civic amenities, the protected water supply involved overhead tank, tap water from treated sources, hand pumps. It had 483 electric connections. Among the medical facilities it had 1 hospital. Among the educational facilities it had 2 primary schools, 2 middle schools, 1 secondary school, 1 senior secondary school. It had the branch offices of 1 nationalised bank, 1 non- agricultural credit society.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1903_PART_A_DCHB_KOCH%20BIHAR.pdf | title = District Census Handbook Koch Bihar, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Section II Town Directory, Pages 593-594 : Statement I: Status and Growth History, Pages 595: Statement II: Physical Aspects and Location of Towns, Pages 595-596: Statement III: Civic and other Amenities, Page 597: Statement IV: Medical Facilities 2009, Pages 598-599: Statement V: Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities, Page 600: Statement VI: Industry and Banking | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations V, West Bengal |accessdate = 29 July 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Cooch Behar District}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Cooch Behar district]]

Shankar Garhi

2025-05-11T14:47:58Z

Dangerpanditankit: Made new entry needs work

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
'''Shankargarhi''' is a village located near [[Bajna, India|Bajna]] in the district of [[Mathura district|Mathura]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Primary Census Abstract Data Tables – India: Final Population Totals |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=11 July 2022 |access-date=27 April 2025 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}{{Coord|22|55|03|N|77|42|19|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Villages in Mathura district]]

{{Mathura-geo-stub}}

Toda Embroidery

2025-01-04T17:37:20Z

Dangerpanditankit: Made the details basic info

{{Short description|Embroidery of the Toda pastoral people of Nilgiris, in Tamil Nadu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox geographical indication
| name = Toda Embroidery
| image = Toda man wearing a hawl made of Toda embroidery.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Toda man wearing a Toda embroidered shawl
| alternative names = Pukhoor meaning "flower"<ref name= Muthukumaraswamy/>
| description =
| type = Embroidery
| area = Niligiris, Tamilnadu
| country = India
| registered = March 2013
| material = Cotton
| official website =
}}

'''Toda embroidery''', also locally known as "pukhoor",<ref name= Muthukumaraswamy/> is an art work among the [[Toda people|Toda pastoral people]] of [[Nilgiris]], in [[Tamil Nadu]], made exclusively by their women.<ref name= Muthukumaraswamy/> The embroidery, which has a fine finish, appears like a woven cloth<ref name =Tribe/> but is made with use of red and black threads with a white cotton cloth background. Both sides of the embroidered fabric are usable and the Toda people are proud of this heritage. Both men and women adorn themselves with the embroidered cloaks and shawls.<ref name=Tribe>{{Cite web|url=http://ipindia.nic.in/girindia/journal/29.pdf|title=Journal 29 – Controller General of Patents, Designs, and Trade Marks|date=19 March 2009|accessdate=31 January 2016|publisher=Controller General of Patents Designs and Trademarks|pages=107–117|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003703/http://ipindia.nic.in/girindia/journal/29.pdf|archivedate=4 March 2016}}</ref><ref name=Toda>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/t/019pho0000974s1u00005000.html|title=Toda man|year=1871|accessdate=31 January 2016|publisher=On Line Gallery of British Library}}</ref>

This handicraft product is listed as a [[List of Geographical Indications in India|geographically tagged]] product<ref name= Radhakrishnan>{{Cite news|last= Radhakrishnan|first=D.|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/toda-embroidery-gets-gi-status/article4556982.ece|title=Toda embroidery gets GI status |date= 28 March 2013|accessdate= 31 January 2016|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> and is protected under the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration & Protection) Act (GI Act) 1999 of the [[Government of India]]. It was registered by the Controller General of Patents Designs and Trademarks under the title "Toda Embroidery" and recorded at GI Application number 135 under Class 24, Class 25, and Class 26 as Textiles and Textile Goods, clothing, and Embroidery, respectively, in March 2013. A certificate of the GI registration was formally presented to the community leaders in June 2013. This was first initiated in 2008 and the agencies who supported this registration are the Toda Nalavaazhvu Sangam, [[Pratim Roy|Keystone Foundation]], and [[Poompuhar]].<ref name =Tribe/><ref name= Radhakrishnan/><ref name=Staff>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/gi-certificate-for-toda-embroidery-formally-handed-over-to-tribals/article4816085.ece|title=GI certificate for Toda embroidery formally handed over to tribals|date=15 June 2013|accessdate=31 January 2016|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>

==Location==
This art heritage is practiced by the Toda tribals based in the Nilgiris (literally meaning 'neelam', the "Blue Hills") located in an elevation range of {{Convert|900| to| 2636| m}}.<ref name =Tribe/>

==History==
The Todas (also known by names such as Tudas, Tudavans, and Todar) who make this embroidery live as one small community, population of 1,600 spread over 69 [[Hamlet (place)|settlements]], and about 400 of them are stated to be engaged in the embroidery work<ref name=Staff/>) in the [[Nilgiri Hills]] in the higher elevations of the Niligiri plateau, in Tamil Nadu. Apart from their vocation as herdsmen of buffaloes and cultivation in the grass lands, they are also involved in the tradition of making many handicrafts items which includes traditional black and red embroidery practiced by the women of the community; the embroidery is usually made on their cloaks called "pootkhul(zh)y" which is draped by both their men and women.<ref name =Tribe/><ref name=Toda/>

Murray Emeneau, a well known linguist of the [[Toda language]], had referred to nine Toda embroidery designs in his paper published in 1937. There are earlier mention in the ancient ethnographic documents of the Toda women working on this art form in the western region of the Nilgiri plateau.<ref name= Muthukumaraswamy>{{Cite news|last= Muthukumaraswamy|first= M. D |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/the-todas-and-their-embroidery-tradition/article7429489.ece|title=Every stitch has a story|date=16 July 2015|accessdate=31 January 2016|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>

==Production process==
The local terms used to describe the embroidery work are 'kuty' or '{{proper name|awtty}}' meaning "stitching" and 'kutyvoy' meaning the embroidered piece. The materials used in this work are roughly woven white cloth, woolen black and red threads with use occasionally of blue threads and manufactured needles. The designs developed relate to nature and the daily cycle of life.<ref name =Tribe/>

The fabric used is coarse bleached half white cotton cloth with bands; the woven bands on the fabric consist of two bands, one in red and one band in black, spaced at six inches. Embroidery is limited to the space within the bands and is done by using a single stitch darning needle. It is not done within an embroidery frame but is done by counting the warp and weft on the fabric which has uniform structure by the reverse stitch method. To bring out a rich texture in the embroidered fabric, during the process of needle stitching, a small amount of tuft is deliberately allowed to bulge. Geometric pattern is achieved by counting the warp and weft in the cloth used for embroidery.<ref name= Muthukumaraswamy/><ref name =Tribe/>

Though their favorite study is related floral landscape, the patterns used in Toda embroidery do not cover many floral motifs but generally cover [[celestial bodies]] (like Sun and Moon), reptiles, animals, and horns of buffaloes, made in crimson and black colours. Rabbit ears are a constant depiction on the boundary of the embroidered cloth. Another common design in the form of black triangles in a box design is done in honour of their first priest. Women who do embroidery consider their work as a "tribute to Nature".<ref name= Muthukumaraswamy/> A dead body is always wrapped in an embroidered fabric with traditional designs and then buried. However, coloured stripes are used in fabrics of daily use. As a traditional garment, it is worn by both men and women at all ceremonial occasions and also at funerals. Elderly people of the community wear this cloth daily.<ref name= Muthukumaraswamy/><ref name =Tribe/>

The inspecting agency to oversee the quality of embroidery is the Textile Committee of the Ministry of Textiles of the [[Government of India]].<ref name =Tribe/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Geographical indications in Tamil Nadu}}
{{Kongu Nadu}}

[[Category:Tribal art]]
[[Category:Tamil culture]]
[[Category:Economy of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Embroidery in India]]
[[Category:Indian handicrafts]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in Tamil Nadu]]

List of Hindi films of 1932

2024-12-28T20:53:07Z

Dangerpanditankit: General cleanup and content improvements

{{Short description|None}}
{{moresources|date=October 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Bollywood films}}
A list of films produced by the [[Hindi_cinema|Hindi]] film industry based in [[Mumbai]] in 1932:

==A-B==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Genre !! Notes
|-
|''[[Alibaba And Forty Thieves (1932 film)|Alibaba And Forty Thieves]]''||[[J. J. Madan]] ||[[Jehanara Kajjan]], [[Patience Cooper]], Mohammed Nawab, Mukhtar Begum, Sorabji Kerawala ||Fantasy || [[Madan Theatres Ltd]].
|-
|''[[Ankh Ka Tara (1932 film)|Ankh Ka Tara]]''||[[Jyotish Bannerjee]] ||[[Jehanara Kajjan]], Indubala, Narmada Shankar, Champalal, Chanda, Laxmi ||Social ||[[Madan Theatres Ltd]]. Music: Motilal Nayak
|-
|''[[Ayodhya Ka Raja]]''|| ||[[Durga Khote]], Govindra Tembe, [[Master Vinayak]], [[Baburao Pendharkar]], Kumar Digambar, Buwa Saheb, Ebrahim, Shankar Rao Bhosle, Nimbalkar ||Religious ||[[Prabhat Film Company]]. Music: [[Govindrao Tembe]]
|-
|''[[Bhakta Prahlada (1932 film)|Bhakta Prahlad]]''||[[Kanjibhai Rathod]] ||Haidar Shah, Neelam, Chandrarao ||Devotional ||Vishnu Pictures.
|-
|''[[Bharati Mata]]''||Pesi Karani ||Zohrajan, [[Khalil (actor)|Khalil]], Mushtari, [[Jilloobai]], Dinkar, Hadi, Jamshedji || ||Imperial Film Company Music: Pransukh Nayak Lyrics:
|-
|''[[Bhartruhari (1932 film)|Bhartruhari]]''|| A. P. Kapoor ||[[Zebunissa (actress)|Zebunissa]], Tarabai, Ashraf Khan, Miss Iqbal, Chandera Rao, Zahiruddin, Kasim Ali ||Legend || Saroj Movietone. Music: Sunderdas Bhatia, Damodardas Lyrics:
|-
|''[[Bhasmasur Mohini (1932 film)|Bhasmasur Mohini]]''||[[Kanjibhai Rathod]] ||Lakshmi ||Mythology ||Bharat Movietone.
|-
|''[[Bhutia Mahal]]''||[[Jayant Desai]] ||[[E. Billimoria]], Kamla Devi, [[Ishwarlal (actor)|Ishwarlal]], [[Dixit (actor)|Dixit]], Shanta Devi, Ghory, Keki Adjania ||Suspense ||Ranjit Film Company. Music: Lyrics:
|-
|''[[Bilwamangal (1932 film)|Bilwamangal]]''|| Fram Madan || [[Master Nissar]], [[Jehanara Kajjan]], [[Patience Cooper]], Nawab, Sharifa, Mohamed Ishaq, A. R. Kabuli ||Devotional Biopic ||[[Madan Theatres Ltd]]. Music: Brijlal Varma
|-
|''[[Bishnu Maya]]''|| Jyotish Banerjee || Ahindra Choudhury, Kanan Devi, Uma Sashi Dhiren Das, Bela Rani, Jaynarayan Mukhopadhyay, Renubala, Naresh Mitra, Shishubala ||Religious || [[Madan Theatres Ltd]].
|-
|''[[Bulbul-E-Baghdad (1932 film)|Bulbul-E-Baghdad]]''||[[Nanubhai Vakil]] || [[Yakub (actor)|Yakub]], Khatoon, Sudhir, Baburao, Dinkar, Master Bachchu, Sushila, [[Mehboob Khan]] ||Fantasy ||[[Sagar Movietone]].
|-
|}

==C-I==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Genre !! Notes
|-
|''[[Char Chakram (1932 film)|Char Chakram]]''||[[Jayant Desai]] || [[E. Billimoria]], Shanta Kumari, [[Ishwarlal (actor)|Ishwarlal]], Kamla Devi, [[Dixit (actor)|Dixit]], Ghory, Keki Adjania ||Comedy || [[Ranjit Studios|Ranjit Film Company]]. Music: Jhande Khan Lyrics:
|-
|''[[Chatra Bakavali]]''|| [[J.J. Madan]] || [[Master Nissar]], [[Jehanara Kajjan]], [[Patience Cooper]], Valatoo, Mukhtar Begum, A. R. Kabuli, Shaihla ||Fantasy ||[[Madan Theatres Ltd]]., Bharat Laxmi. Music: Nagardas Nayak
|-
|''[[Chira Kumari]]''|| Amar Choudhary || Amar Choudhary, Rani, Dundari, Radharani, Kshirgopal Mukhopadhyay || || Madan Theatres.
|-
|''[[Dagabaz Ashiq]]''|| Pesi Karani || [[Prithviraj Kapoor]], Zohrajan, Mushtari, Baldev Singh, Rustam Poonawala, Jamshedji Khansaheb ||Costume || Imperial Film Company. Music: Firojshah Mistry Lyrics:
|-
|''[[Do Badmash]]''||[[Jayant Desai]] ||Shanta Kumari, Dixit, Ghory ||Social || [[Ranjit Studios|Ranjit Film Company]]. Music: Lyrics: Dhaniram Prem
|-
|''Educated Wife''|| || [[Patience Cooper]] ||Social ||[[Madan Theatres Ltd]]. Music: Lyrics:
|-
|''[[Gul-E-Bakavali (1932 film)|Gul Bakavali]]''|| A. P. Kapoor ||Ashraf Khan, Zebunissa, Ranibala, Ghulam Moammed, Prabha Shankar, Najju Begum, Zahiruddin, Kasim Ali ||Legend || Saroj Movietone
|-
|''[[Gulru Zarina (1932 film)|Gulru Zarina]]''||[[J. J. Madan]] || [[Master Nissar]], [[Jehanara Kajjan]], A. R. Kabuli, Sorabji Kerawala ||Fantasy ||[[Madan Theatres Ltd]]. Music: Brijlal Varma Lyrics:
|-
|''[[Hathili Dulhan]]''|| [[J. J. Madan]] || [[Patience Cooper]], Leela, Laxmi, Abbas, Shaila, Mukhtar Begum ||Social || [[Madan Theatres Ltd]].
|-
|''[[Heer Ranjha (1932 film)|Heer Ranjha]]''||[[Abdul Rashid Kardar]] || [[Rafiq Ghaznavi]], Shanta Kumari, Anwari, M. Esmail, Master Fakir ||Legend Romance || Music: Rafiq Ghaznavi, B. R. Devdhar Lyrics:
|-
|''[[Hind Kesari (1932 film)|Hind Kesari]]''|| [[Homi Master]] || Padma, Sultan Alam, Inamdar || || Jayant Pictures. Silent Film
|-
|''[[Hindustan (1932 film)|Hindustan]]''||Sorabji Kerawala ||Rose, Mukhtar Begum, Narbada Shankar || ||[[Madan Theatres Ltd]]. Music: Nagar Das Nayak Lyrics: [[Agha Hashar Kashmiri]]
|-
|''[[Indrasabha (1932 film)|Indrasabha]]''||[[J. J. Madan]] ||[[Master Nissar]], [[Jehanara Kajjan]], Mukhtar Begum, A. R. Kabuli, Violet Cooper, Sylvia Bell, Wilayat Hussain, Pearl, Bira Pahelwan ||Fantasy ||[[Madan Theatres Ltd]]. Music: Nagardas Nayak
|-
|}

==J-M==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Genre !! Notes
|-
|''[[Jalim Jawani]]''|| B. P. Misra ||[[Master Vithal]], Ermeline, Jamshedji, Rustom Poonawala, Sakhu, Khansaheb, Hadi, ||Costume || Imperial Film Company.
|-
|''[[Jalti Nishani]]''|| [[V. Shantaram]] || [[Master Vinayak]], Leela, [[Baburao Pendharkar]], Kamla Devi, Shankarrao Bhosle, [[Gajanan Jagirdar]], Nimbalkar, Budasaheb ||Costume || [[Prabhat Film Company]]. Music: [[Govindrao Tembe]]
|-
|''[[Khuda Dost]]''|| G. R. Sethi || Master Mohammed, Bibijan, Bala, Haridas ||Costume || Bharat Movietone. Music: Master Mohammed Lyrics:
|-
|''[[Krishnavtar (132 film)|Krishnavtar]]''|| K. Pritamlal, Maneklal Patel || Shanta Kumari, Haidar Shah, Das, Kashinath, Jyotsna, Bhole ||Religious || Krishna Movies. Music: Keshavrao Bhole Lyrics:
|-
|''[[Laheri Lutaru]]'' a.k.a. Gay Bandit ||R. N. Vaidya || Harishchandra Rao, Manjula, Sunita, Sardar Begum, Nirmala, Ghatwai, Ali Bahadur, H. More, Padma, K. Budhkar, Pawar, Manohar ||Costume ||Paramount Film Company. Silent Film.
|-
|''[[Madhuri (1932 film)|Madhuri]]''|| R. S. Choudhary || Ghulam Mohammed, Sulochana ([[Ruby Myers]]), Hadi, Chandabai, Jamshedji, Khansaheb, [[Vinayakrao Patwardhan]] ||Drama || Imperial Film Company. Music: Prasansukh Nayak
|-
|''[[Maya Bazar (1932 film)|Maya Bazar]]''|| [[Nanubhai Vakil]] || [[Yakub (actor)|Yakub]], Khatoon, Sudhir Baburao, Dinkar, Master Bachchu ||Mythological ||[[Sagar Movietone]]. Music: S. P. Rane Lyrics:
|-
|''[[Maya Machhindra]]'' || [[V. Shantaram]] || [[Durga Khote]], [[Master Vinayak]], [[Baburao Pendharkar]], Leela Chandragiri, Govindrao Tembe, Hirabai, Nimbalkar, Babu Purohit ||Mythological || [[Prabhat Film Company]]. From the play Siddhasansar by Shankar Trivedi. Music: [[Govindrao Tembe]]
|-
|''[[Meerabai (1932 film)|Meerabai]]''||Ramnik Desai ||[[Zubeida Begum|Zubeida]], Khatoon, Kamla, Sankatha Prasad, Jal ||Devotional ||[[Sagar Movietone]]. Music: S. P. Rane Lyrics:
|-
|''[[Mohabbat Ke Ansu]]''||[[Premankur Atorthy]] || [[K. L. Saigal]], Mahajabeen, Akthari Muradabadi, Ansari, Sadiq ||Social || [[New Theatres]]. Music: [[R. C. Boral]] Lyrics:
|-
|''[[Muflis Ashiq]]''|| [[J. J. Madan]] || [[Master Vithal|Vithaldas Panchotia]], Mukhtar Begum, Shaila, Dhannubhai, Vilayat Hussain, Abbas ||Social ||[[Madan Theatres Ltd]]. Music: Nagar Das Nayak Lyrics:
|-
|}

==N-R==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Genre !! Notes
|-
|''[[Navachetan]]''|| G. R. Sethi || Kamla, Badri Prasad, Sushila, Haridas, Haidar Shah ||Social || Krishna Music: Madhavlal Master Lyrics: G. R. Sethi
|-
|''[[Nek Abla]]''|| Rustom Poonawala ||Mushtari, Ghulam Mohammed, Phirojshah Mistry, Jamshedji Khansaheb, Hadi ||Social ||Imperial Film Company. Music: Lyrics:
|-
|''[[Niti Vijay]]''||Moti Gidwani ||Ghulam Mohammed, Zohrajan, [[Khalil (actor)|Khalil]], Mushtari, Jillobai, Hadi, Kamla ||Costume ||Imperial Film Company.
|-
|''[[Pak Daman Raqasa]]''|| B. R. Oberoi ||Mukhtar Ahmed, Najju Begum, Sajjad Sarwar ||Social || Elephanta M Music: Lyrics:
|-
|''[[Parwana (1932 film)|Parwana]]''||H. E. Khateeb ||Padma, Nure Watan, Kamla Kumari, Ram Kunwar, Rahim, Allavally, Shubi, A. Isaq, Agha, Kesari Singh || ||New Western India Film Company. Silent Film.
|-
|''[[Pati Bhakti]]''|| ||[[Patience Cooper]], Master Mohan, [[Jahanara Kajjan]], Rosy, Surajram, Narbada Shankar ||Social ||[[Madan Theatres Ltd]]. Music: Master Mohan
|-
|''[[Pavitra Ganga (1932 film)|Pavitra Ganga]]''|| J. K. Nanda ||Nalini Tarkhud, Nambiar, Hiralal, Inder ||Social || Oriental Pictures. Music: [[Rafiq Ghaznavi]]
|-
|''[[Prahlad (1932 film)|Prahlad]]''|| Priyanath Ganguly ||[[Kanan Devi]], Ahindra Choudhury, Niharbala, Jaynarayan Mukhopadhyay, Mrinalkanti Ghosh, Dhiren Das, Shanti Gupta, Kunjalal Chakraborty ||Devotional || [[Madan Theatres Ltd]].
|-
|''[[Radha Rani]]''|| [[Chandulal Shah]] ||[[E. Billimoria]], [[Gohar Mamajiwala]], Baburao Sansare, Keki Adjania, Bhagwandas ||Costume ||[[Ranjit Studios]]. Music: Jhande Khan Lyrics: Narayan Prasad Betab
|-
|''[[Radhe Shyam (1932 film)|Radhe Shyam]]''||A. P. Kapoor, R. L. Shorey ||Master Mohan, Radha, Sunita Devi, D. N. Madhok, Gangaprasad Pathak, Phool Kumari, Jamuna, J. N. Dar ||Religious ||Kamla Movies. Music: Bannekhan, Nawabkhan Lyrics:[[D. N. Madhok]]
|-
|''[[Ras Vilas]]''||Nagendra Majumdar ||Gohar Karnataki, Mohini, Anant Damle, Panna, Athavale, Lallubhai, Hanumant Rao ||Mythology ||Sharda Movietone. Music: Lallubhai Nayak Lyrics:
|-
|''[[Roshanara (1932 film)|Roshanara]]''||G. R. Sethi ||Haidar Shah, Tarabai, Khan, [[Rafiq Ghaznavi]] ||Costume ||Bharat Movietone. Music: Master Mohammed
|-
|}

==S-Z==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
![[Title]]!! Director !! Cast !! Genre !! Notes
|-
|''[[Sati Madalsa]]''||B. P. Misra ||[[D. Billimoria]], Ermiline, Hadi ||Mythology ||Imperial Film Company.
|-
|''[[Sati Savitri (1932 film)|Sati Savitri]]''|| [[Chandulal Shah]]||[[Gohar Mamajiwala]], Tarabai, Kamla, Baburao Sansare, Zafar Khan, Keki Adjania, Ghory, Bhagwandas, Shanta ||Mythology ||[[Ranjit Studios]]. Music: Jhande Khan Lyrics: Nrayan Prasad Betab
|-
|''[[Sati Sone]]''||Madanrai Vakil ||Jamshedji, Mushtari, Boman Shah, Khansaheb, [[Jilloobai]], Hadi, Mukunda ||Mythology ||Imperial Film Company. Music: Pransukh Nayak Lyrics:
|-
|''[[Sassi Punnu (1932 film)|Sassi Punnu]]''||S. R. Apte, Chimanlal Luhar ||Baburao Apte, Shivrani Ghosh, Majid, Lobo, Nandram, Athavale, Majumdar, Bhagwandas, Himmatwala, Sushila ||Legend Romance ||Sharda Movietone. Music: B. R. Devdhar Lyrics: Pandit Ugra
|-
|''[[Sheil Bala]]''||[[Chandulal Shah]] ||[[Gohar Mamajiwala]], Bhagwandas, Tarabai, Kamla, Baburao Sansare, Zafar Khan, Keki Adjania, Ghory, Shanta, Gangaprasad Pathak ||Costume || Ranjit Studios. Music: Jhande Khan Lyrics:
|-
|''[[ (1932 film)|Shikari]]''||Naval Gandhi ||[[P. Jairaj]], Sita Devi, Jagdish Sethi, Shahzadi, Jal Khambata, Lovji Lavangia, B. Khan, Udwadia ||Social ||Eastern Film Ltd. Music: B. R. Devdhar Lyrics: Munshi Dil
|-
|''[[Shravan Kumar (1932 film)|Shravan Kumar]]''||A. R. Kabuli ||Yusuf Effendi, Panna, A. R. Kabuli, Mukhtar Begum ||Mythology ||[[Madan Theatres Ltd]]. Music: Nagar Das Nayak
|-
|''[[Shyam Sunder (film)|Shyam Sunder]]''||[[Bhalji Pendharkar|Bhal G. Pendharkar]] ||[[Shahu Modak]], [[Shanta Apte]], [[Raja Sandow]], [], Baburao Apte ||Mythology || Music: Baburao Ketkar Lyrics: Munshi Aziz
|-
|''[[Subah Ka Sitara]]''||[[Premankur Atorthy]] ||[[K. L. Saigal]], Rattanbai, [[Mazhar Khan (actor, born 1905)|Mazhar Khan]], A. M. Shiraji, Sheela, Ansari, Siddiqui, Ali Mir ||Costume ||[[New Theatres]]. Music: [[R. C. Boral]] Lyrics: Arzu Lucknavi
|-
|''Subhadara Haran''|| Prafulla Ghosh || [[Zubeida Begum|Zubeida]], Master Bachchu, Yakub, Sankatha Prasad, Jal Merchant, Khatoon, Shivram ||Mythological || [[Sagar Movietone]]. Music: Lyrics:
|-
|''[[Toofan Mail (1932 film)|Toofan Mail]]''||[[JBH Wadia]] ||Yashwant Dave, Padma, Narayan Pai, Adi Patel, Manchi Thuthi, JBH Wadia ||Action ||Wadia Brothers. Silent film.
|-
|''[[Vanarsena (1932 film)|Vanarsena]]''|| [[Homi Master]] || Padma, Vasantrao Pahelwan, Inamdar || ||Jayant Pictures. Silent film.
|-
|''[[Vanraj Kesari]]''|| Harshadrai Mehta || Navinchandra, Padma, Vasant Bhandari, Baburao Apte, Bhim, Bhagwandas, Lobo ||Action || Mehta Luhar Productions. Silent film.
|-
|''[[Veer Kunal (1932 film)|Veer Kunal]]'' a.k.a. Son Of Ashoka ||M. Bhavnani, G. Deware || Mubarak, Sunalini Devi, [[Mehtab (actress)|Mehtab]], Ashraf Khan, Zahiruddin, Miss Iqbal, Zafar Khan ||Historical Drama ||Indian Art Production. Music: Lyrics: Munshi Abbas Ali
|-
|''[[Zarina (1932 film)|Zarina]]''||[[Ezra Mir]] ||[[Zubeida]], Jal Merchant, [[Yakub (actor)|Yakub]], Baburao, Nayampally, Sanhatha Prasad, [[Noor Mohammed Charlie|Charlie]] ||Costume || Music: S. P. Rane Lyrics:
|-
|''[[Zinda Lash]]''||[[Premankur Atorthy]] ||[[K. L. Saigal]], Mahajabeen, Rani, Bikram Kapoor, Ansari, Hafisji,Hamid, Siddiqui ||Costume || New Theatres. Music: R. C. Boral Lyrics:
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.imdb.com/search/title?at=0&countries=in&sort=moviemeter,asc&title_type=feature&year=1932 Bollywood films of 1932] at [[IMDb]]

{{Bollywood|horiz=yes}}
{{1932 films}}
{{Indian film list}}

[[Category:Lists of Hindi films by year|1932]]
[[Category:Lists of 1932 films by language|Hindi]]
[[Category:1932 in Indian cinema|Films, Bollywood]]

Dilip Thakur

2024-08-15T00:55:47Z

Dangerpanditankit: created a details

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Dilip Thakur
| birth_date =
| office = Member of the [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Himachal Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Sarkaghat Assembly constituency]]
| term_start = 2022
| predecessor =
| term_end =
| successor =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| occupation = Politician
| profession =
}}
'''Dilip Thakur''' is the current [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] for the [[Sarkaghat Assembly constituency|Sarkaghat]] constituency in the [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]. He won the election in [[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] in 2022.<ref>{{cite news |agency=PTI |title=Himachal Pradesh Election Results 2022 Live: Cong wins 17, leads 22, set to win |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/himachal-pradesh-assembly-election/himachal-pradesh-election-results-2022-live-updates-constituency-wise-counting-updates-on-assembly-seats-election-news-today-101670463568390.html |access-date=8 December 2022 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=8 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

Thakur won the election defeating [[Indian National Congress|INC]] candidate Pawan Kumar.<ref>{{cite news |title=Himachal Pradesh Assembly Election Result 2022 Live Updates: CM Jairam Thakur concedes defeat as Congress set to oust BJP in HP |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/himachal-pradesh-assembly-election-results-today-live-updates-bjp-congress-aap-8311189/ |access-date=8 December 2022 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=8 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Ravishankar |title=Sarkaghat, Himachal Election Result LIVE: सरकाघाट सीट पर बीजेपी को बढ़त, कांग्रेस दे रही कड़ी टक्कर |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/nation/sarkaghat-vidhansabha-seat-result-live-update-himachal-pradesh-election-result-pawan-kumar-dilip-thakur-dhameshwar-ram-congress-bjp-aap-looser-winner-nodrss-5005453.html |access-date=8 December 2022 |work=News18 हिंदी |date=8 December 2022 |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thakur, Dilip}}
[[Category:Himachal Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Thoise

2024-03-23T06:36:38Z

Dangerpanditankit: updated layout for clarity and corrected details

#REDIRECT [[Thoise Air Force Station]]

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Deharkalakuchi

2024-01-24T11:06:50Z

Dangerpanditankit: created info

{{Short description|Village in Assam, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Deharkalakuchi
| other_name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = Village
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Assam#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Map of Assam
| coordinates = {{coord|26.3564|91.4072|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Assam]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nalbari district|Nalbari]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Gram Panchayat]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Bahjani]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type =
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 2802
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = Postal code
| postal_code = 781310<ref>{{cite web |title=DEHARKALAKUCHI Pin Code |url=https://news.abplive.com/pincode/assam/nalbari/deharkalakuchi-pincode-781310.html |website=news.abplive.com |access-date=26 July 2022}}</ref>
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in India|STD Code]]
| area_code = 03624
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Census of India|Census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 303976
| footnotes =
| pushpin_map_alt = Nalbari district
| area_total_ha = 279.49
| registration_plate = AS-14
}}
'''Deharkalakuchi''' is a census village in [[Nalbari district]], [[Assam]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Block-wise Village List {{!}} Nalbari District {{!}} Government Of Assam, India |url=https://nalbari.gov.in/information-services/block-wise-village-list |website=nalbari.gov.in |access-date=26 July 2022 |archive-date=1 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701063225/https://nalbari.gov.in/information-services/block-wise-village-list |url-status=dead }}</ref> As per the [[2011 Census of India]], Deharkalakuchi has a total population of 2,802 people including 1,435 males and 1,367 females with a literacy rate of 64.85%.<ref>{{cite web |title=POPULATION BREAKUP AS PER CENSUS-2011 |url=https://nalbari.gov.in/sites/default/files/swf_utility_folder/departments/nalbari_epr_amtron_in_oid_2/this_comm/pub_nalbari.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703045835/https://nalbari.gov.in/sites/default/files/swf_utility_folder/departments/nalbari_epr_amtron_in_oid_2/this_comm/pub_nalbari.pdf |archive-date=3 July 2022 |access-date=18 July 2022 |website=Government of Assam {{!}} Nalbari District}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Nalbari district]]

Raj Kapoor (Tamil film director)

2023-07-13T21:22:26Z

Dangerpanditankit: corrected content further and fixed typos per sources

#REDIRECT [[Raj Kapoor (Tamil director)]]

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Yalagur

2023-02-21T22:49:24Z

Dangerpanditankit: improved article

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement

| name = Yalagur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = Kannada
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|16.329095|N|75.925948|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = Nidagundi
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 586213
| registration_plate =
| website = www.shriyalguresh.com
| footnotes =
}}

'''Yalagur''' is a small village in [[Nidagundi]] taluk, [[Vijayapur district, Karnataka|Vijayapur District]] of southern state of [[Karnataka]]. its 4 kilometers from [[Nidagundi]] and 5 kilometers from [[Almatti Dam]]. You can reach this place from [[Nidagundi]] by either bus or auto rikshaw.

This is one of the holy place in [[Vijayapur district, Karnataka|Vijayapur District]] because of famous Hanuman temple called [[Yalagureshwar]] temple. It's the only Hanuman temple for the surrounding 7 villages and all the village people worship of lord Hanuman.

==History==
History of the Yalagur goes back to the time of Vasistha [[Ramayana]] and Shri Yalguresh stands in the village of [[Yalgur]] on the order of Shri Rama for seven villages(Elu Uresh == Yalguresh).

The idol of Shri Hanuman was found in the Govindraj Kere([[Lake]]); (Now called as Gondi Kere). In the vicinity there is Adkal Gudi in the North-west of the Gondi Kere where Shri Lord Venkatesh's 'Sannidhana' is located and now the idols of Shri Venkateshwar and Padmavati is placed and small temple has built in the middle of the big stone because of the fear by Muslim kings of [[Bijapur]]. After the fall of Bijapur Kingdom one night one pujari ([[a Hindu priest]]) had a dream; who was performing puja on the stone where idol of shri Hanuman was hidden; to break the stone and get the idol; as the pujari was breaking the stone irregularly, the idol was also broken into pieces. . The pujari was worried about the pieces and the puja to be performed and again he had a dream in the night and he was ordered to bring the pieces to the place (where now we have the Temple) and place them in a proper manner and close the door for seven complete days, but pujari being very anxious to see the idol and could not suppress the anxiety, he opened the door on the seventh day morning; he saw the idol was completely joined in the upper part of the idol and few pieces are not joined completely in lower part of the idol (even now we can see the unjoined parts). After that again the pujari had a dream and he was ordered by God to perform all form of poojas from learned Brahmins bringing [[sacred waters]] from river Krishna and perform Abhisheka and perform Pratishthapana. So he did all the things as ordered by the God. And now the god is in full strength to bless the devotees. Even today everyday the pujari brings the holy waters from Krishan river and performs Abhishek.

After that in the rule of maratha king Shri Baaji Rao 480 acres of land was given to the temple as jahagir and was distributed to the pujari and other servants to perform poojas and all other sevas everyday without fail.

==Hymns==
* "Manojavam Maruttulyavegam"
* "Jeetendriayam Buddhimattam Varistham"
* "Vatatmajam Vaanaryuth Mukham"
* "Shree Rama Dootam Sharnam Prapadye."

==Geography==
Yalgur is on the bank of [[Krishna River]] and it is just a kilometre away from the river. It has a fertile land and mainly its black soil which is well suited to leguminous crops like cotton and Other crops include wheat, jowar, millets, linseed, sugarcane, sunflower, vegetables and many oil seeds.

==Mythologies==
In 1900 Shri Yalguresh gave darshana to Shri Pandurangi Huchachari.
In 1901 he went to Tirupathi and wrote bhaktigeet.

1 In Chimmalgi village, Krishna Bhattara of Siddhanti family came to yalgur every Saturday walking. Krishnacharya of Purohit family of the same village was his friend. Both came to yalgur every Saturday bathed in river, did puja, took angara and then went to home. Later on after some years is the same way when they were coming home weary, tired and aged they slept below a tree to have rest when they had a dream in which Shri Yalguresh said "You have become aged and old so where you are sleeping below Your head there is my murti take it and do its stapana and perform its puja" to Purohit. In the same way Sidhhanti also has the dream" You draw my photo on the wall and perform puja." They both wake up find the murti below the ground. Purohit took it home,did the stapana and performed its puja. Siddhanti Krishna draws a statue in home and performed its puja. Even today we can find the murti in Purohit's house and the drawing on Siddhanti's wall.

2 . In Ballall village there was a devotee named Deasi.. He had no children. So he performed Naivedya, Anna dana etc.. He was very rich. and had three wives. They all performed seva in Yalgur. One day Achari has a dream in which Shri Yalgurdappa says that if the first wife of Desai baths in river and performs Abhiskekha she will have a children. Thinking that the lady is too old she will not be able to that Achari does not tell this to Desai. After three years seeing the devotion and seva performed by Desai and his wives he tells Desai about the dream. Desai's first wife agrees to do accordingly. She bathes in the river bring water from the river and performs Abhishka. After Abhisheka and Annugrah are performed in her dreams Shri Yalguresh gives her MantrAkshati. I the dreams of second wife ShriYalguresh gives her two Uttathi(dry dates) saying that she will have two male children third wife gets 1 Uttathi(dry dates) for 1 boy child. They have children and their wishes are fulfilled

3 During British rule taxes were taken from people who performed seva in temples. So people who performed seva in Yalgur were also asked to pay taxes. People were poor, they had no crop. So the officers punished them and even beat them. There was a devotee named Daseya. People said if he gave they all would pay the officers. Daseya said "I do not have any money, I wont give." The officers beat him so much that he dies. And his sevak has a dream in which God says that" keep him for three days like that only ". After 3 days daseya livens up and he starts performing seva and pujas as daily. Seeing this miracle officers are afraid and say that they wont take any taxes.

==See also==
*[[Almatti Dam]]
*[[Nidagundi]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.shriyalguresh.com/Location.htm|title = Geographical Location}}</ref>

[[Category:Villages in Bijapur district, Karnataka]]