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Sudeep Kumar

2026-05-06T19:43:09Z

Danger Pandit Ankit: stub

{{short description|Indian playback singer (born 1975)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{BLP sources|date=November 2012}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Sudeep Kumar
| image = Sudeep Kumar, 2011 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Sudeep Kumar, in 2011.
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1975|5|25}}
| birth_place = [[Alappuzha]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| origin = [[Kerala]], India
| death_date =
| genre = [[Indian classical music]], [[playback singer|playback singing]]
| occupation = [[Playback Singer]]
| instrument =
| years_active = 1992–present
| label =
}}
'''Sudeep Kumar''' is an Indian [[playback singer]].<ref name="Bio">{{cite web |title=Sudeep Kumar |url=http://sudeepsinger.com/ |access-date=20 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130209215232/http://sudeepsinger.com/ |archive-date=9 February 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
He sings Indian classical, devotional, and popular music. He has recorded more than 5,000 songs in languages including [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], Kannada and Sanskrit, during a career spanning two decades. He is the president of Malayalam playback singers' association SAMAM (Singers' Association- Malayalam Movies)

== Personal life ==

Sudeep is born to Kainakary Surendran and Rajamma. Sudeep had his education at St Joseph's High School, Punnapra, SD College, Alappuzha, from where he did his graduation in Malayalam, and LLB from Government Law college, Thiruvananthapuram. He is married to classical dancer [[Kalamandalam]] Sophia. They have two daughters, Minsara and Neehara.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sudeepsinger.com/ |title=Home |access-date=2012-01-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130209215232/http://sudeepsinger.com/ |archive-date=9 February 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==Playback singing career==

===Debut and early career===
The early stages of his career were marked by singing for dramas and albums. He worked with notable musicians including his mentor Kalavoor Balan, N.P. Prabhakaran, Alleppey Vivekanandan, Alleppey Rishikesh, Kumarakam Rajappan, Vypin Surendran, K.M.Udayan, T.S.Radhakrishnan, Sebi Nayarambalam, Samji Aarattupuzha, M.G.Anil, Raveendran Thiruvalla, Vidhyadharan master, R.Somasekharan, [[Jerry Amaldev]], [[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]], [[Raveendran]], M.G.Radhakrishnan, Perumbavoor G.Raveendranath, V.Dakshinamoorthy, M.K.Arjunan, and G.Devarajan.

His first film audio ''Thalolam'' released in 1998 (lyrics and music by Kaithapram) was produced by Johny Sagariga, who introduced him to the audio industry. It was in 1999 that Sudeep Kumar met Devarajan master which proved to be a turning point in his career. In the year 2000, when Devarajan master conducted a stage show titled ''Five promising singers of the new millennium'', Sudeep Kumar was one among the five.

== Music career ==

Sudeep Kumar was introduced as a playback singer by the director Vinayan in his movie ''Oomapenninu Uriyaadappayyan''. The soundtrack of the film was composed by Mohan Sitara and lyrics were penned by Yusuf Ali Kecheri. Subsequently, he got songs in Vinayan's movies such as ''Kattu Chembakam'', ''Vellinakshatram'' and ''Albhuthadweepu'' (Malayalam & Tamil). Over the years he associated with music directors such as Ousepachan, Mohan Sitara, M.M.Keeravani, Kaithapram, Rajamani,Sarath, Ramesh Narayanan, Berny Ignatious, M.G. Sreekumar, Kaithapram Viswanathan, Bijibal, Rony Raphael, Shan Rahman,Gopi Sundar& Jakes Bijoy

Composer M.Jayachandran gave major opportunities for Sudeep Kumar which placed him as a playback singer in the Malayalam film industry. They have worked together in more than 25 films in Malayalam and the result has been hit songs such as ''[[Odiyan]]'' (Kondoram), ''[[Madambi]]'' (Ente sharike), ''Shikar'' (Enthedi), ''Rathinirvedam''(Chempakapoo), ''[[Chattakkari (2012 film)|Chattakari]]'' (Nilave), and ''Swapna sanchari'' (Vellaramkunnileri).

===Television===

On television he has compered music-related programmes on [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]], namely ''Pa Dha Ni Sa'', ''Gaanasamasya'', ''Music Live'', and ''Limelight''. He has appeared in ''Sangeethasaagaram'' and as a guest performer in ''[[Idea Star Singer]]''.

He has worked as a mentor on the music reality show ''Gandharvasangeetham'' on [[Kairali TV]] . He has also worked as a groomer in ''Idea Star Singer'' Season 3 and 6 and ''Amritha Junior Superstar''.

He is one of the judges in popular reality show Top singer in Flowers TV

== Awards ==
* '''[[Kerala State Award]]'''
** 2012 - ''Won'' - Best Male Playback Singer - "Chempakapoo." - [[Rathinirvedam (2011 film)|Rathinirvedam]]
* '''Other awards'''
** 2009 - Vayalar Chalachithra Award for Best Male Playback Singer - "Madhuram Gayathi Meera" - [[Benaras]]
** 2011 - KAVIA Singer of the year Award for Best Male Playback Singer - "Enthedi" -(Shikkar )
** 2009 - P.Bhaskaran Foundation Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer - "Chempakapoo" - (Rathinirvedam )
** 2009 - Jesy Foundation Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer - "Chempakapoo" - [[Rathinirvedam (1978 film)|Rathinirvedam]]
** 2009 - Radio Mirchi South Indian Film Music Award for Best Male Playback Singer - "Chempakapoo" - (Rathinirvedam )
** 2008 - Jeevan TV Award for the Bbest Album Singer - "Ekakikalude Geetham" - [[Ekakikalude Geetham]]
** 2014 - Kerala Film Critics Association Award - Best Male Singer - "Vaarmathiye" - ( Once Upon a time, There Was a Kallan )
** 2018 Vanitha Film Award - Male singer - Best duet song - " Kondoram"-Odiyan
** 2022 Gurupriya TV Film award - Best male playback singer (Changayi,Swapnangangalkkappuram)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|nm7785808}}
* https://www.instagram.com/sudeepkumarsinger?igsh=bG05a253M2U4bGt3 at Instagram
* https://www.facebook.com/share/1B3ADzizJL/ facebook page
* https://www.facebook.com/share/1EmMC1kMmS/ facebook profile

{{Authority control}}

President of Malayalam Playback Singers' Association SAMAM

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Sundeep}}
[[Category:Malayalam-language playback singers]]
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Musicians from Alappuzha]]
[[Category:Film musicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male singers]]

Battle of Kiratpur

2026-05-02T05:29:32Z

Danger Pandit Ankit: Stub - done

{{Short description|Battle involving Guru Hargobind}}

{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Kiratpur
| partof = [[Early Mughal-Sikh Wars]]
| place = Kharkar to [[Kiratpur Sahib]] route
| date = 1638
| result = Sikh victory<ref name=":1"/>
| combatant1 = [[File:Akal Sena Flag.svg|30px]] [[Akal Sena]] ([[Sikhs]])
| combatant2 = [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|30px]] [[Mughal Empire]]
*[[Pathans]] of Ropar
*[[Gujjars]] of Nangal Gujjaran
*[[Ranghar]]s of [[Malakpur]]
| commander1 = [[File:Akal Sena Flag.svg|20px]][[Guru Hargobind]] [[File:Akal Sena Flag.svg|20px]][[Baba Gurdita]]
| commander2 = [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|20px]] Ruler of [[Ropar]]{{Surrender}}<ref name="Dilagīra 1997 140">{{Cite book |last=Dilagīra |first=Harajindara Siṅgha |url=http://archive.org/details/sikhreferenceboo0000dila |title=The Sikh reference book |date=1997 |publisher=Edmonton, Alb., Canada : Sikh Educational Trust for Sikh University Centre, Denmark ; Amritsar : Available from Singh Bros. |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-9695964-2-4 |pages=140}}</ref>
| strength1 = 23 (during the siege - later reinforced with larger army) <ref name=":1"/>
| strength2 = Unknown (Larger than Sikh army during the siege)
| casualties1 = Unknown
| casualties2 = Unknown, but high
}}
{{Campaignbox Early Mughal-Sikh Wars}}
The '''Battle of Kiratpur''', also known as the '''Battle of Kiratpur Sahib''', took place between the [[Sikhs]], commanded by [[Guru Hargobind]], and the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]], commanded by the Ruler and [[Pathan|Pathans]] of [[Ropar]]. This skirmish is historically notable as the final military conflict involving Guru Hargobind before he focused on the spiritual consolidation of the Sikh community.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last= |url=http://archive.org/details/HistoryOfTheSikhGurus-AComprehensiveStudy |title=History Of The Sikh Gurus - A Comprehensive Study |pages=319 |language=English}}</ref>

== Battle ==
The Mughals, Pathans, Gujjars and other locals at Ropar were jealous of Guru Hargobind's popularity and wanted to avenge an earlier defeat of theirs. The Pathans launched a surprise attack on Guru Hargobind who was accompanied by only 22 Sikhs.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=www.DiscoverSikhism.com |url=http://archive.org/details/TheEncyclopediaOfSikhism-VolumeIA-d |title=The Encyclopedia Of Sikhism - Volume I A-D |pages=388–389 |language=English}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

Guru Hargobind was forced to take shelter in [[Brahman Majra]] where he and the Sikhs held off the Mughal and coalition forces until reinforcements from [[Kiratpur Sahib|Kiratpur]] could arrive. The arrival of these reinforcements turned the tide, leading to a rout of the Mughal and Pathan forces.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name="Dilagīra 1997 140">{{Cite book |last=Dilagīra |first=Harajindara Siṅgha |url=http://archive.org/details/sikhreferenceboo0000dila |title=The Sikh reference book |date=1997 |publisher=Edmonton, Alb., Canada : Sikh Educational Trust for Sikh University Centre, Denmark ; Amritsar : Available from Singh Bros. |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-9695964-2-4 |pages=140}}</ref>

== Outcome and Legacy ==
The battle resulted in a decisive Sikh victory. The Pathans were forced to retreat back to Ropar, ensuring a safe passage for the Guru to Kiratpur Sahib.<ref name=":0" />

[[Kiratpur Sahib]], a gurdwara was constructed at the location of the battle by [[Sant (religion)|Sant]] Kartar Singh Bhindranwale in 1975.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== See also ==

* [[Nihang]]
* [[Martyrdom in Sikhism|Martyrdom and Sikhism]]

[[Category:Battles involving the Sikhs]]
[[Category:1638 in India]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1638]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:1630s in the Mughal Empire]]

{{India-battle-stub}}
{{Mughal-stub}}

Ramveer Tanwar

2026-05-01T21:11:48Z

Danger Pandit Ankit: starting article.

{{Short description|Indian activist}}
{{Orphan|date=April 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ramveer Tanwar
| image = Ramveer Tanwar.jpg
| caption = Ramveer Tanwar
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Gautam Buddha Nagar district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| other_names = Pond Man of India<ref>{{cite news |last1=Yadav |first1=Shalu |title=Meet India's 'pondman' who gave up a plush job to restore polluted ponds |url=https://www.abc.net.au/asia/india-pondman-restoring-polluted-ponds/103014486 |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |date=23 November 2023}}</ref><ref name="Indianexpress.com"/>
| occupation = Social activist, environmentalist, social worker
| organization = Say Earth
| education = [[BTech]]
| alma_mater = KCC Institute of Technology and Management
| known_for = Water conservation, pond beautification, revival of water bodies, and developing urban forest
| awards = [[Karmaveer Chakra Award]] (2019)
| website =
}}
'''Ramveer Tanwar''' is an [[India|Indian]] [[social activist]] and [[water conservationist]]<ref name="FT">{{cite news |last1=Attygalle |first1=Randima |title=Passion for ponds |url=https://www.ft.lk/business/Passion-for-ponds/34-748924 |publisher=[[Daily FT]]|date=31 May 2023}}</ref> known for his work in water conservation, pond beautification, the revival of water bodies,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharmila|first1=Bhaumik|title=26-year-old engineer helps bring 10 ponds back to life in Greater Noida |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/26-year-old-engineer-helps-bring-10-ponds-back-to-life-in-greater-noida/articleshow/68758989.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=7 April 2019}}</ref> and the developing of [[urban forest]]s across India.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Abraham|first1=Bobins|title=This Noida Engineer Left His Job To Revive India's Dying Ponds And Urban Forests |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/pond-man-of-india-ramveer-tanwar-reviving-ponds-and-urban-forests-575068.html |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=22 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Thakur Nanda|first1=Shweta|title=Meet the young engineer who gave up his plush job to revive wetlands in Greater Noida |url=https://scroll.in/article/975891/meet-the-young-engineer-who-gave-up-his-plush-job-to-revive-the-wetlands-in-greater-noida |publisher=[[Scroll.in]] |date=29 October 2020}}</ref> He has contributed to cleaning and restoring approximately 80 ponds across states such as [[Uttar Pradesh]], Uttarakhand, [[Haryana]], Madhya Pradesh, Delhi, Gujarat, and [[Karnataka]].<ref name=open>{{cite news |last1=Shah|first1=Amita|title=Ramveer Tanwar: Eco Cleanser |url=https://openthemagazine.com/feature/ramveer-tanwar-eco-cleanser/ |publisher=[[Open (Indian magazine)|Open]] |date=26 January 2023}}</ref> He is often referred to as the 'Pond Man of India'.<ref name="Indianexpress.com">{{cite news |last1=Bhagat|first1=Mallika|title=Meet India's 'Pond Man' Who Is Restoring Water Bodies For A Sustainable Future |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/et-al-express-insight/meet-indias-pond-man-who-is-restoring-water-bodies-for-a-sustainable-future-8927396/ |publisher=[[Indian Express]] |date=6 September 2023}}</ref><ref name="FT"/>

Tanwar is the founder of the social organization, Say Earth<ref name="FT"/> and the 'Jal Chaupal' campaign, focused on the revival of water bodies and promoting environmental awareness.<ref name="Indianexpress.com"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=M.|first1=Poona|title=Meet India's Aquaman: 26-year-old Ramveer Tanwar who has been fighting the water crisis |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/msociety/2019/apr/08/meet-indias-aquaman-26-year-old-ramveer-tanwar-who-has-been-fighting-the-water-crisis-13956.html |agency=[[IndulgeXpress]]|publisher=[[Indian Express]] |date=8 April 2019}}</ref> He serves as the brand ambassador for the [[Swachh Bharat Mission]], appointed by [[Ghaziabad Municipal Corporation]]<ref name="Patrika.com">{{cite news |last1=Varma|first1=Lokesh|title=देश के पॉन्ड मैन रामवीर तंवर ने गार्बेज फ्री सिटी बनाने के लिए युवाओं से की ये अपील |url=https://www.patrika.com/ghaziabad-news/pond-man-ramveer-tanwar-appeals-to-the-youth-to-make-garbage-free-city-ghaziabad-7770375/ |publisher=[[Patrika.com]]|date=15 September 2022}}</ref> and holds the position of Ghaziabad district coordinator for the Ground Water Force under the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite news |title=जिलाधिकारी ने किया भूजल सेना का गठन |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/noida-16312494.html |publisher=[[Dainik Jagran]] |date=5 July 2017}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Ramveer Tanwar was born in Dadha village in the [[Gautam Buddha Nagar district]] of Uttar Pradesh.<ref name="Indiatimes.com"/> He is the youngest of five siblings.<ref name="FT"/> He received his primary education in his village.<ref name="Indiatimes.com">{{cite news |last1=Singh|first1=Sudhir|title=Ramveer Tanwar: UP के नोएडा का इंजीनियर जो अपनी नौकरी छोड़ गंदे तालाबों को साफ करने में जुटा है |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/hindi/india-news/ramveer-tanwar-engineer-who-gave-up-his-plush-job-to-revive-wetlands-550380.html |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=18 January 2023}}</ref> In 2014, Tanwar graduated from KCC Institute of Technology and Management with a bachelor's degree in Mechanical engineering.<ref name="Indiatimes.com"/>

After graduating, Tanwar worked as an engineer briefly before committing to full-time environmental and water conservation work.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Narang|first1=Gauravi|title=India's pond man didn't stop with just Ghaziabad village. He has revived 48 ponds |url=https://theprint.in/feature/indias-pond-man-didnt-stop-with-just-ghaziabad-village-he-has-revived-48-ponds/1321917/ |publisher=[[ThePrint]]|date=20 January 2023}}</ref> He received groundwater conservation training from the [[Central Pollution Control Board]] of the [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]].<ref name=IE>{{cite news |last1=Narayanan|first1=Jayshree|title=World Earth Day 2019: Meet the environmentalist behind the #SelfieWithPond campaign |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/world-earth-day-2019-ramveer-tanwar-environmentalist-selfiewithpond-campaign-5687648/ |publisher=[[Indian Express]] |date=22 April 2019}}</ref>

== Work ==
In 2015, Tanwar launched the 'Jal Chaupal' campaign to conserve water and revive water bodies, starting in Dadha village. He expanded the initiative to raise awareness on water conservation in rural areas of Uttar Pradesh, including Dabra, Kulipura, Chauganpur, [[Sirsa]], [[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh|Rampur]], and [[Salempur, Uttar Pradesh|Salempur]]. Initially focused on awareness, Tanwar later engaged in removing illegal encroachments, beautifying, and reviving ponds.<ref name=swachhindia/>

By 2021, Ramveer had revived about 40 ponds, including [[Gautam Buddha Nagar district|Gautam Buddha Nagar]], [[Ghaziabad]], [[Saharanpur]], [[Palwal]], [[Manesar]], and Delhi.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Yadav|first1=Mangal|title=जानिए कौन हैं यूपी के रामवीर तंवर, 'मन की बात' में जिनकी पीएम मोदी ने की जमकर तारीफ |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/noida-ncr-know-who-is-ramveer-tanwar-whom-pm-modi-mentioned-in-mann-ki-baat-22144827.html |publisher=[[Dainik Jagran]] |date=24 October 2021}}</ref> By 2023, Ramveer Tanwar has completed the cleaning and renovation of about 80 ponds in [[Uttar Pradesh]], Uttarakhand, [[Haryana]], Madhya Pradesh, Delhi, and [[Gujarat]].<ref name="FT"/><ref name=open/>

In 2018, he launched the 'Selfie with Pond' initiative to actively involve the youth. Under this campaign, young individuals began capturing selfies with ponds and sharing them on social media. To specify the locations, participants were encouraged to include the pond's name. The initiative garnered widespread attention, as the images of cleaned water bodies served as inspiration, and motivated local officials to clean them. The campaign also received support from individuals of Indian origin residing abroad, as well as citizens from the United States, Canada, and [[Indonesia]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sriram|first1=Rakesh|title=इंजीनियर ने तालाबों की सफाई के लिए छोड़ी नौकरी, 6 राज्यों में 42 तालाबों का कर दिया कायाकल्प |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/nation/engineer-left-job-to-clean-ponds-rejuvenated-42-ponds-in-6-states-4301739.html |publisher=[[News18 India]]|date=7 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mishra|first1=Raghavendra|title=MNC की नौकरी छोड़ पानी के लिए काम करने लगा ये इंजीनियर, UN करने जा रहा सम्मानित |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/hindi/trending/human-interest/ramveer-singh-pondman-who-is-working-for-groundwater-in-hindi-371822.html |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=22 July 2019}}</ref><ref name=IE/>

In 2020, Ramveer Tanwar founded the non-profit, Say Earth, which is engaged in its ongoing pond cleaning efforts. Major contributors include NGOs like [[HCL foundation]], Green Yatra, and Sleep Well Foundation.<ref>{{cite news |last1=ज्योति |first1=करकी |title=ग्रेटर नोएडा के पोंड मैन रामवीर तंवर को पीएम मोदी ने बुलाया, योगी आदित्यनाथ बोले- आप पर यूपी को गर्व |url=https://tricitytoday.com/amp/greater-noida/pm-modi-called-pond-man-ramveer-tanwar-of-greater-noida-yogi-adityanath-said-up-is-proud-of-you-40123.html |publisher=Tricity Today |date=30 April 2023 |archive-date=4 February 2024 |access-date=12 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204145759/https://tricitytoday.com/amp/greater-noida/pm-modi-called-pond-man-ramveer-tanwar-of-greater-noida-yogi-adityanath-said-up-is-proud-of-you-40123.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Tanwar is currently creating several urban forests using Japan's [[Akira Miyawaki|Miyawaki]] method.<ref>{{cite news |title=Meet Ramveer Tanwar, Environmental Activist Who's Growing an Urban Jungle on the Landfill Sites |url=https://zeenews.india.com/video/news/meet-ramveer-tanwar-environment-activist-whos-killing-the-landfill-sites-with-urban-jungles-2606433.html |publisher=[[Zee News]] |date=12 May 2023}}</ref> In this process, he converts barren land allotted by the government into fertile land and then plants trees to conserve urban land, protect soil quality, and reduce air and land pollution.<ref name=open/><ref name=swachhindia>{{cite news |last1=Madaik|first1=Devyani|title=Meet Ramveer Tanwar, Who Gave Up His Lucrative Job To Revive Water Bodies And Build Urban Forests |url=https://swachhindia.ndtv.com/meet-ramveer-tanwar-who-gave-up-his-lucrative-job-to-revive-water-bodies-and-build-urban-forests-74495/ |publisher=[[NDTV]]|date=22 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Tiwari|first1=Vinay Kumar|title=ऑक्सीजन का संकट कम करने के लिए गाजियाबाद में विकसित किया जाएगा वन, जापानी पद्धति का होगा इस्तेमाल |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/ghaziabad-ncr-forest-will-be-developed-to-reduce-oxygen-crisis-miyawakis-method-will-be-used-know-other-special-things-21706901.html |publisher=[[Dainik Jagran]] |date=4 June 2021}}</ref>

=== Mann Ki Baat ===
In the 24 October 2021 broadcast of the radio program ''[[Mann Ki Baat]]'' on [[All India Radio]], Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] commended Ramveer Tanwar for his outstanding work in cleaning and conserving ponds.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Saxena|first1=Anurag|title=मन की बात: इंजीनियर की नौकरी छोड़ ठानी तालाबों को संवारने की जिद, पीएम ने की तारीफ |url=https://www.amarujala.com/delhi-ncr/noida/mann-ki-baat-pm-modi-mentioned-about-the-pondman-of-noida-mechanical-engineer-ramveer-tanwar-has-given-new-life-to-25-ponds |publisher=[[Amar Ujala]] |date=24 October 2021}}</ref>

In the 100th episode of the ''Mann Ki Baat'' program in April 2023, Ramveer Tanwar was selected as one of the 100 guests nationwide. During the five-day program, he participated in the National Conclave at [[Vigyan Bhawan]], New Delhi, on 26 April 2023. Activities included a visit to the [[Rajpath]] at [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]] and the [[Pradhanmantri Sangrahalaya]] on 27 April, followed by a yoga session, a tour of the [[Red Fort]], and [[Raj Ghat and associated memorials|Rajghat]] on 28 April 2023. On 30 April 2023, Ramveer attended a ''Mann Ki Baat'' session with Governor [[Anandiben Patel]] at [[Raj Bhavan, Lucknow|Raj Bhavan]] in [[Lucknow]].<ref>{{cite news |title=PM Narendra Modi के मन की बात में स्पेशल गेस्ट रामवीर तंवर कौन हैं? सीएम योगी ने भी दी बधाई |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/uttar-pradesh/noida/pm-narendra-modi-mann-ki-baat-special-guest-ramveer-tanwar-greater-noida-yogi-also-appriciate-work-up-news/articleshow/99881676.cms |newspaper=[[Navbharat Times]] |date=30 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=''मन की बात'' ने बदल दी पोंडमैन रामवीर तंवर की जिंदगी |url=https://www.amarujala.com/delhi-ncr/noida/mann-ki-baat-changed-pondman-ramveer-tanwars-life-grnoida-news-c-23-1-noi1091-7477-2023-05-01 |publisher=[[Amar Ujala]] |date=1 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mann ki Baat 100 Episode: देश ही नहीं विदेशों में भी सुनी गई पीएम मोदी के मन की बात, UN हेडक्वॉर्टर में हुआ लाइव टेलीकास्ट |url=https://www.gnttv.com/india/story/prime-minister-narendra-modi-mann-ki-baat-100-episode-sunday-united-nation-live-telecast-550794-2023-04-30 |agency=[[Aaj Tak]] |publisher=GNT TV|date=30 April 2023}}</ref>

=== Jal Choupal ===
Jal Chaupal is an initiative launched by Ramveer in 2015 to raise awareness about water scarcity and related factors. It serves as a platform for discussions on topics like groundwater, drainage, water pollution, rainwater harvesting, and water budgeting.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mohita|first1=B.|title=Know the Pondman of India Ramveer Tanwar, who revived Dasna Pond |url=https://groundreport.in/know-the-pondman-of-india-ramveer-tanwar-who-revived-dasna-pond/ |publisher=Ground Report |date=24 July 2023}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
His life story was featured in Volume 4 of the [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]]'s comic book ''[[Mann Ki Baat]]'', published by [[Amar Chitra Katha]] in July 2023.<ref>{{cite book |title=Mann Ki Baat, Vol 4 |date=July 2023 |publisher=[[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]], [[Government of India]] and [[Amar Chitra Katha]] |isbn=978-81-19596-06-5 |page=6 से 8 |url=https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/writereaddata/Portal/Images/pdf/01-MKB4-01-09-2023-Hindi-Optimised.pdf}}</ref> In 2022, on [[World Environment Day]], [[National Geographic (American TV channel)|National Geographic]], as part of its 'One for Change' initiative, showcased a series of short films featuring social activists, including Ramveer Tanwar, who has worked to make the world a better place.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Khandekar|first1=Nivedita|title=World Environment Day: NatGeo's part II of change makers series from Sunday |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=965532 |publisher=Daji World |date=5 June 2022}}</ref> The series was also broadcast on [[Disney+ Hotstar]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ramveer left his corporate life to dedicate his time to reviving dried-up ponds and lakes across India |url=https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/one-for-change/1260098496/ramveer-tanwar/1260105708 |website=Hotstar |accessdate=13 October 2023 |archive-date=1 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101160932/https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/one-for-change/1260098496/ramveer-tanwar/1260105708 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==
* Ramveer was awarded the Shining World Protection Award from [[Taiwan]], which also provided a grant of US$10,000.<ref>{{cite news |title=Meet the water Hero |url=https://twitter.com/amrut_MoHUA/status/1527542062480257024 |publisher=|date=20 May 2022}}</ref>
* In 2019, he was awarded the Rex [[Karmaveer Chakra Award]], a global civilian honor by the United Nations and iCONGO.<ref name=Indianwater>{{cite news |last1=Swati|first1=Bansal|title=Not all heroes wear capes, some fight amongst us |url=https://www.indiawaterportal.org/articles/not-all-heroes-wear-capes-some-fight-amongst-us |publisher=Indiawaterportal.org |date=4 June 2021}}</ref>
* In September 2022, [[Ghaziabad Municipal Corporation]] appointed Ramveer Tanwar as the brand ambassador for the [[Government of India]]'s campaign, [[Swachh Bharat Mission]].<ref name="Patrika.com"/>
* In May 2022, Tanwar received the Wetland Champions 2022 award from the [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]] (MoEFCC), presented by Union Minister [[Bhupender Yadav]] and Minister of State [[Ashwini Kumar Choubey]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Sahbhagita: National Workshop for Conservation and Wise-Use of Wetlands Convened |url=https://south-asia.wetlands.org/news/sahbhagita-national-workshop-for-conservation-and-wise-use-of-wetlands-convened/ |publisher=Wetlands.org |date=27 May 2022}}</ref>
* In July 2022, he was honored with the State Ground Water Award by the [[Uttar Pradesh Government]] for his contribution to water conservation.<ref>{{cite news |title=पॉण्डमैन रामवीर को सीएम से मिला राज्य भूजल पुरस्कार |newspaper=[[Navbharat Times]] |date=July 2022 |location=[[Noida]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=मुख्यमंत्री ने 'भूजल सप्ताह-2022 के राज्य स्तरीय समापन समारोह' को सम्बोधित किया |url=https://upcmnews.com/chief-minister-addressed-the-state-level-concluding-ceremony-of-ground-water-week-2022/ |publisher=UP CM News |date=23 July 2022}}</ref>
* He was awarded the Water Hero Award by the [[Ministry of Jal Shakti]].<ref name=Indianwater/>

== See also ==
* [[Rajendra Singh]]
* [[Sunil Jaglan]]
* [[Uma Shankar Pandey]]
* [[Laxman Singh (conservationist)]]
* [[Anand Malligavad]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.ramveertanwar.in/ Official website]
* [https://www.euronews.com/video/2023/11/13/meet-indias-superhero-saving-ponds-from-stagnation Meet India’s superhero saving ponds from stagnation] at [[Euronews]]
;Interviews
* [https://www.abplive.com/tv-show/abp-ganga-kya-baat-hai/meet-pond-man-ramveer-tanwar-kya-baat-hai-30-july-2180634 एबीपी के टीवी शो 'क्या बात है' पर रामवीर तंवर] at [[ABP News]]
* [https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2023/mar/31/reviving-pondsneeds-planning-team-effort-indias-pond-man-2561253.html Reviving ponds needs planning, team effort: India's Pond man] at [[New Indian Express]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tanwar, Ramveer}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian conservationists]]
[[Category:Water conservation in India]]
[[Category:People from Gautam Buddha Nagar district]]
[[Category:Social workers from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Activists from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Moti Prakash

2026-05-01T04:26:44Z

Danger Pandit Ankit: Started The Stub W/ Refs

{{Short description|Indian writer of Sindhi language}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Moti Prakash
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_name = Moti Lal
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1931|05|15}}
| birth_place = [[Darro, Sindh]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2015|08|04|1931|05|15}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], India
| occupation = Poet, writer, [[Educationalist]]
| nationality =
| citizenship = Indian
| education = Doctor of Philosophy, in Sindhi
| alma_mater =
| period =
| genre =
| subject =
| movement =
| notableworks =
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| relatives =
| awards =
| website =
| portaldisp =
}}
'''Moti Prakash''' (15 May 1931 – 4 August 2015) was an Indian writer in the [[Sindhi language]]. He was one of the best known poets of the post- partition [[Sindhi literature]]. He died on 4 August 2015 in [[Mumbai]], India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sindhipeoples.blogspot.ca/2015/08/blog-post_9.html#more|title=سنڌي شخصيتون: شري موتي پرڪاش- نور سنڌي|work=sindhipeoples.blogspot.ca}}</ref>

==Early life==
Prakash's father Sukhramdas was a [[postmaster]]. Moti Prakash had his primary education from his native village Daro and neighboring town Jati. He received his [[bachelor's degree]] each in arts and education and doctorate in Sindhi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sindhitoday.com/moti-prakash/|title=Dr. Moti Prakash (ڊاڪٽر موتي پرڪاش) - SindhiToday.com|date=16 August 2015|work=sindhitoday.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://affairnews.com/2015/09/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%8A-%D9%BE%D8%B1%DA%AA%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%8C-%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%8C-%D8%AC%D9%88-%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88/|title=موتي پرڪاش، سنڌ جو جلاوطن شهزادو|work=affairnews.com}}</ref> From his early age he was fond of reading poetry and children literature.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thesindhuworld.com/dr-moti-prakash/|title=Dr. Moti Prakash : Sindhi Writer Poet: Biography: Indian Institute of Sindhology: Sindhi Song – The Sindhu World|work=thesindhuworld.com}}</ref>

==Literary career==
He had contributed to other genres, such as short story, drama, and novel, critical essay, literary sketches and journalistic columns in a few newspapers. He possessed a keen interest in the education of Sindhi children. He joined K.J. Khilnani High School at Mumbai, where he rose to the position of [[Principal (education)|principal]]. Then he moved to [[Dubai]] to manage [[The Indian High School, Dubai]], from where he retired as a [[Rector (academia)|rector]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sindhsalamat.com/threads/17162/|title=ڊاڪٽر موتي پرڪاش : هند ۾ سنڌي ادب جو ستارو|work=sindhsalamat.com|access-date=8 June 2016|archive-date=22 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922020218/https://sindhsalamat.com/threads/17162/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sindhwelfare.wordpress.com/2015/08/04/life-sketch-dr-moti-prakash-famous-sindhi-writer-poet-educationist-15th-may1931-4th-aug-2015/|title=Life Sketch ~ Dr. Moti Prakash – Famous Sindhi Writer-Poet- Educationist (15th May'1931–4th Aug' 2015)|date=4 August 2015|work=wordpress.com}}</ref>

==Publications==
* 1. 'Aau Ta Choryoon Chung' (Let us play the fiddle), Poems, 1959.
* 2. 'Andhero Ujalo' (Light & darkness), Novel, 1963.
* 3. 'Gulran Ja Geet' (Songs for budding kids), Children's literature, 1963.
* 4. 'Chininga Vich Choley' (Sparks in my lap), Poems 1983.
* 5. 'Dithe Deenh Thyam' (Have not seen you for a long), Character Sketches, 1986.
* 6. 'Se Sabh Sandhyum Saah Seen' (All are hidden in my heart), Travelogue, 1987.

==As dramatist==
Prakash was a founder Secretary of 'Sindhu Kala Mandir', which was established with the object of staging Sindhi full length / one act plays. In addition, he also produced about 250 plays & features for AIR during his tenure with AIR from 1956 to 1977. Prakash also wrote the following Three-Act-plays:
* 1. ‘Raat Hik Toofan Ji’ (Stormy night), 1971.
* 2. 'Anja Ta Maan Nandhri Ahyam (I am still a small kid), 1962.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sindhisangat.com/promoters-and-preservers-of-sindhyat_1.php?page=50|title=Promoters & Preservers of Sindhyat|work=sindhisangat.com}}</ref>

==Death==
Prakash died on 4 August 2015 in Mumbai, India.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prakash, Moti}}
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:2015 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Indian travel writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Sindhi]]
[[Category:Indian Sindhi people]]
[[Category:People from Thatta District]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]
[[Category:Sindhi Hindus]]
[[Category:Sindhi-language poets]]

Augustine George Masih

2026-04-23T07:47:19Z

Danger Pandit Ankit: Details

{{Short description|Judge of the Supreme Court of India}}
{{BLP sources|date=July 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Augustine George Masih
| image = Justice Augustine George Masih.jpg
| office = Judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]]
| term_start = 9 November 2023
| term_end =
| appointer = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| nominator = [[Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud]]
| office1 = 41st Chief Justice of the [[Rajasthan High Court]]
| term_start1 = 30 May 2023
| term_end1 = 8 November 2023
| appointer1 = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| nominator1 = [[Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud]]
| office2 = Judge of the [[Punjab and Haryana High Court]]
| term_start2 = 10 July 2008
| term_end2 = 29 May 2023
| appointer2 = [[Pratibha Patil]]
| nominator2 = [[K. G. Balakrishnan]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1963|3|12|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Ropar]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| alma_mater = [[Aligarh Muslim University]]
| education = [[Bachelor of Science|BSc]] (Hons.) [[Bachelor of Laws|LLB]] (Hons.)
| predecessor1 = [[Pankaj Mithal]]
| successor1 = [[Manindra Mohan Shrivastava]]
}}
'''Augustine George Masih''' (born 12 March 1963) is a judge of [[Supreme Court of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Supreme CourtofIndia-Chief Justice and Judges |url=https://api.sci.gov.in/chief-justice-judges |access-date=1 December 2023 |website=main.sci.gov.in}}</ref> He is a former chief justice of the [[Rajasthan High Court]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajasthan High Court |url=https://hcraj.nic.in/hcraj/agmasih.php |access-date=1 December 2023 |website=hcraj.nic.in}}</ref> and a former judge of the [[Punjab and Haryana High Court]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 April 2023 |title=Supreme Court Collegium recommends appointment of Justice Augustine George Masih as Rajasthan High Court Chief Justice |work=Bar & Bench |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/litigation/supreme-court-collegium-recommends-justice-augustine-george-masih-rajasthan-high-court-chief-justice |access-date=19 April 2023}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
He was born on 12 March 1963 at Ropar in Punjab. He did his primary education at St. Mary’s Convent School, Kasauli, Himachal Pradesh and then completed school education from high school at Saifuddin Tahir High School, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh.

He graduated with a degree in Science (Hons.) and then did his LLB (Hons.) from the [[Aligarh Muslim University]] at Aligarh.

== Career ==

=== As Advocate ===
He enrolled as an Advocate on the rolls of Bar Council of Punjab & Haryana on 6 June 1987. He practised constitutional law, service law, labour law, and civil law matters on both original and appellate sides. He practised and appeared at several Tribunals, the Punjab and Haryana, Delhi, and Himachal Pradesh High Courts and the Supreme Court.

During his practice at the Punjab and Haryana High Court, he held the posts of Assistant Advocate General, Deputy Advocate General and Additional Advocate General in office of Advocate General, Punjab.

=== As Judge ===
On 10 July 2008, Justice Masih was sworn in as an Additional Judge of the Punjab & Haryana High Court and on 14 January 2014 made a Permanent Judge of the High Court. He held the office until he was elevated as the 41st Chief Justice of the Rajasthan High Court on 30 May 2023.

On 6 November 2023, the Supreme Court collegium recommended Justice Masih as a Judge of the Supreme Court of India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SC recommends justice Augustine Masih to Supreme Court |url=https://www.thelawadvice.com/news/sc-recommends-justice-augustine-masih-to-supreme-court |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=www.thelawadvice.com |language=en}}</ref> The resolution observed that during his long tenure as a judge of the High Court, Justice Masih had significant experience in diverse fields of law. The resolution also noted that Justice Masih’s appointment will bring diversity and inclusion to the Supreme Court as he belongs to a minority community. He took oath of office as Judge of Supreme Court on 9 November 2023.

He is due to retire from Supreme Court on 11 March 2028.

== See also ==
[[List of sitting judges of the Supreme Court of India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Masih, Augustine George}}
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Rajasthan High Court]]
[[Category:Judges of the Punjab and Haryana High Court]]
[[Category:Justices of the Supreme Court of India]]
[[Category:People from Rupnagar]]

{{India-law-bio-stub}}

Unaroo

2026-04-19T17:53:37Z

Danger Pandit Ankit: new

{{short description|1984 film by Mani Ratnam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Unaroo poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Mani Ratnam]]
| writer = [[T. Damodaran]]
| producer = N. G. John
| starring = [[Mohanlal]] [[Sukumaran]] [[Ratheesh]] [[Sabitha Anand]] [[Balan K. Nair]]
| cinematography = [[Ramachandra Babu]]
| editing = [[B. Lenin]]
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = Geo Movie Production
| released = {{Film date|1984|04|14|df=yes}}
| runtime = 150 minutes{{sfn|Rangan|2012|p=289}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Unaroo''''' ({{translation|Wake Up}}) is a 1984 Indian [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]-language [[political drama]] film directed by [[Mani Ratnam]] and written by [[T. Damodaran]], starring [[Mohanlal]], [[Sukumaran]], [[Ratheesh]], [[Sabitha Anand]], [[Ashokan (actor)|Ashokan]] and [[Balan K. Nair]], with music composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]] and cinematography by [[Ramachandra Babu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=ഉണരൂ (1984) |url=https://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?4389 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127100230/https://www.malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?4389 |archive-date=27 January 2021 |access-date=9 September 2021 |website=Malayalasangeetham.info |language=Ml}}</ref> The film gives the inside view of the problems that arose in the [[Trade union|labour trade union parties]] in [[Kerala]]. It was released on 14 April 1984.{{sfn|Rangan|2012|p=23}}

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=September 2023}}
This is the story of a group of workers who defy their union leaders to help a new factory materialise.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Mohanlal]] as Ramu{{sfn|Rangan|2012|p=1}}
*[[Sukumaran]] as Janardanan{{sfn|Rangan|2012|p=1}}
*[[Ratheesh]] as Peter{{sfn|Rangan|2012|p=1}}
*[[Sabitha Anand]] as Marry
*[[Balan K. Nair]] as Hakkim
*[[Unni Mary]] as Sara
*[[Krishnachandran]]
*[[Ashokan (actor)|Ashokan]] as Sajan
*[[Jagannatha Varma]] as Bharathan
*[[Lalu Alex]]
*[[Kundara Johny]] as Koshy
*[[Prathapachandran]]
*[[Philomina]]
*[[Paravoor Bharathan]]
*[[Janardhanan (actor)|Janardhanan]]
*[[Sathyakala]]
*[[Krishnachandran]]
*[[Tony]]
}}

== Production ==
Producer N. G. John, who had experienced success with ''[[Ee Nadu]]'' (1982) and ''[[Iniyengilum]]'' (1983), had been impressed with [[Mani Ratnam]]'s debut film ''[[Pallavi Anu Pallavi]]'' (1983), a Kannada film that tackled a complex subject. John offered Ratnam the chance to direct a Malayalam film for his production house. Ratnam initially narrated the script of ''[[Mouna Ragam]]'' (1986), then titled ''Divya'', to John but the producer wanted to make a political film. Subsequently, he began work on ''Unaroo'', which revolved around corruption in the labour union movement and scripted the film alongside John and Damodaran. Ratnam revealed that he struggled with the film, owing to its alien concept from his previous film on human relationships, as well as due to the sheer number of artistes involved. The film began production in February 1984 and was shot in a single stretch.{{sfn|Rangan|2012|pp=22–23}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]] and the lyrics were written by [[Yusufali Kechery]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unaru |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/unaru/mj61a1QzAVA_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909080942/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/unaru/mj61a1QzAVA_ |archive-date=9 September 2021 |access-date=9 September 2021 |website=[[JioSaavn]]|date=January 1984 }}</ref> The song "Theeram Thedi Olam Padi" is composed in [[Bageshri]] ragam, which was reused by Ilaiyaraaja himself as "Roja Ondru Mutham Ketkum" in the film ''[[Komberi Mookan]]'', that was released in the same year.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Radhakrishnan |first=Sruthi |date=2 June 2016 |title=The eclipsed gems from Raja and Ratnam |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/The-eclipsed-gems-from-Raja-and-Ratnam/article14380430.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020195624/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/The-eclipsed-gems-from-Raja-and-Ratnam/article14380430.ece |archive-date=20 October 2020 |access-date=20 May 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Deepame
| lyrics1 = [[Yusufali Kechery]]
| extra1 = [[S. Janaki]], Chorus, [[C. O. Anto]], [[Krishnachandran]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Theeram Thedi Olam Padi
| lyrics2 = Yusufali Kechery
| extra2 = S. Janaki
| length2 =
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |title=Conversations with Mani Ratnam |title-link=Conversations with Mani Ratnam |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-670-08520-0 |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

{{Mani Ratnam}}

[[Category:1984 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1980s political drama films]]
[[Category:1984 films]]
[[Category:1984 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Mani Ratnam]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by T. Damodaran]]
[[Category:Indian political drama films]]

{{Improve categories|date=December 2024}}

Killing of Vandana Das

2026-04-19T16:27:01Z

Danger Pandit Ankit: Put Up Data

{{Short description|2023 murder of a medical doctor from Kerala}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox event
| title = Murder of Vandana Das
| image =
| image_upright =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| english_name =
| time =
| timezone =
| duration = 
| date = 10 May 2023
| venue =
| location = Kottarakkara, [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| coordinates = 
| also_known_as =
| type =
| theme =
| cause =
| motive =
| target =
| perpetrator =
| first_reporter =
| budget =
| patron = 
| organisers = 
| filmed_by =
| deaths = Vandana Das
| participants =
| outcome =
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
| casualties3 =
| reported deaths =
| reported injuries =
| reported missing =
| reported property damage =
| burial =
| displaced =
| inquiries =
| inquest =
| coroner =
| arrests =
| suspects =
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| convicted =
| charges =
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| sentence =
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| awards =
| url =
| blank_label = 
| blank1_label = 
| blank2_label = 
| website = 
| notes =
}}

On 10 May 2023, 22-year-old doctor '''Vandana Das''' was fatally stabbed while on hospital duty at the [[Kottarakkara]] Taluk Hospital in [[Kerala]], India. The assailant was identified as a 42-year old school teacher from [[Pooyappally]] in [[Kollam]]. Das's killing sparked outrage among healthcare professionals in Kerala and they demanded stringent legal action against those committing violent acts against healthcare professionals.<ref>{{cite news |title='Doctors are easy targets': IMA Kerala president reacts to Dr Vandana's murder |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/doctors-are-easy-targets-ima-kerala-president-reacts-dr-vandana-s-murder-176999 |access-date=10 May 2023 |work=The News Minute |date=10 May 2023 |language=en}}</ref> On March 21, 2026, the court sentenced G.Sandeep to life imprisonment along with a fine of ₹1 lakh, rejecting the prosecution's plea for death penalty.

==Killing==
Vandana Das was a 22-year-old doctor who had studied at the [[Azeezia Medical College|Azeezia Institute of Medical Science]] in [[Kollam]]. She was working at the [[Kottarakkara]] Taluk Hospital as a part of her internship training. On 10 May 2023, a suspect was brought for medical examination by the police at around 4:30 am at the Kottarakkara Taluk hospital.<ref name="indexp">{{cite news |title=Kerala doctor stabbed to death while on duty: 'we were all proud of Vandana' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/thiruvananthapuram/kerala-kottarakkara-woman-doctor-stabbed-to-death-by-accused-in-hospital-8601345/ |access-date=10 May 2023 |work=The Indian Express |date=10 May 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

The suspect named was a 42-year-old upper primary school teacher, who was found in [[Pooyappally]] with injuries on one of his legs. He was intoxicated and called [[112 (emergency telephone number)|112]], claiming he felt threatened by someone and was causing a disturbance in his neighborhood. The police apprehended him and took him to the hospital for a medical examination. Two people, including a close relative, accompanied him to the hospital. At the hospital, the suspect attacked a police officer and another person in the dressing room of the hospital. The remaining witnesses fled, except for Das, who was unable to run. The suspect stabbed Das with a pair of scissors multiple times. She sustained multiple injuries on her chest and neck, and was immediately taken to a hospital in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], where she died.<ref name=indexp/> Her autopsy confirmed that she was fatally stabbed by a "[[Surgical scissors|surgical scissor]]" more than three times on her neck and back. Bystanders said that the suspect continued stabbing Vandana even after she fell to the ground.{{Citation needed|date=July 2025}}

== Investigation and trial ==
In February 2025, witness examination began.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-02-13 |title=Vandana Das murder case: Examination of first 50 witnesses begins |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2025/Feb/13/vandana-das-murder-case-examination-of-first-50-witnesses-begins |access-date=2025-07-30 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

As of July 2025, the trial of the suspect is ongoing. The trial has faced multiple delays due to changes in legal representation.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-07-10 |title=Dr. Vandana Das murder trial delayed again as defence lawyer withdraws |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/kerala/dr-vandana-das-murder-trial-delayed-again-as-defence-lawyer-withdraws/ |access-date=2025-07-30 |website=The South First |language=en}}</ref>

==Responses==
The House Surgeon's Association of Kerala, the organisation of intern doctors, staged a protest and raised slogans demanding justice for Das.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kerala: Medicos stage protest over murder of Dr Vandana Das {{!}} News - Times of India Videos |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/news/kerala-medicos-stage-protest-over-murder-of-dr-vandana-das/videoshow/100139464.cms?from=mdr |access-date=10 May 2023 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> The Kerala Government Medical Officers' Association and the [[Indian Medical Association]] called for a one-day Kerala-wide protest over the death of Das. The incident sparked outrage among doctors, accusing the [[Government of Kerala|government]] and hospitals of having poor work conditions for interns and lack of safety for doctors against violence.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dr Vandana's murder: Strikes mount in Kerala, doctors call off duties in protest |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/dr-vandana-s-murder-strikes-mount-kerala-doctors-call-duties-protest-176996 |access-date=10 May 2023 |work=The News Minute |date=10 May 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
Das's funeral was held in Pattalamukku, near [[Kaduthuruthy]], on 11 May, 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2023-05-11 |title=Thousands bid tearful adieu to Vandana Das |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/thousands-bid-tearful-adieu-to-vandana-das/article66839332.ece |access-date=2025-07-30 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In October 2024, the Dr Vandana Das Memorial Clinic opened in [[Thrikkunnapuzha]], Alappuzha district.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Governor Khan to inaugurate Dr Vandana Das Memorial Clinic on October 10 |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/10/04/dr-vandana-das-memorial-clinic-inauguration-october-10.html |access-date=2025-07-30 |website=[[Onmanorama]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=A |first=Sam Paul |date=2024-09-28 |title=A mission of compassion born out of loss |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/a-mission-of-compassion-born-out-of-loss/article68684751.ece |access-date=2025-07-30 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

A hospital named in honour of Das is expected to open in Kottayam in August 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-25 |title=Dr Vandana Das Memorial Hospital to open in Kottayam next month |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2025/07/25/hospital-dr-vandana-das.html |access-date=2025-07-30 |website=[[Onmanorama]] |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Das, Vandana}}
[[Category:2023 in Kerala]]
[[Category:2023 murders in India]]
[[Category:2023 scandals]]
[[Category:May 2023 crimes in Asia]]
[[Category:May 2023 in India]]
[[Category:Crime in Kerala]]
[[Category:Deaths by person in India]]
[[Category:Incidents of violence against women]]
[[Category:Medical scandals in India]]
[[Category:Stabbing attacks in 2023]]
[[Category:Stabbing attacks in India]]
[[Category:Violence against women in India]]

Nagvasuki Temple

2026-04-19T09:26:27Z

Danger Pandit Ankit:

{{Short description|Hindu temple located in Uttarpradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Nagvasuki Mandir
| native_name = नागवासुकी मंदिर
| image = NaagvasukiTemple.jpg
| caption = Nagvasuki Temple, Prayagraj

| deity = [[Vasuki]] (Serpent King)
| tradition = [[Hinduism]]
| Peetham =
| functional_status = Active
| temple_board =
| festivals = [[Naga Panchami|Nag Panchami]]
| tower =
| temple_tank =
| temple_tree =

| location = [[Daraganj]], [[Prayagraj]]
| district = [[Prayagraj district|Prayagraj]]
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| province =
| country = India
| map_type = India Uttar Pradesh#India
| map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh
| coordinates = {{coord|25.45713|81.88435|format=dms|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =

| architecture_type = Hindu temple architecture
| architecture_style =
| creator = Shridhar Bhonsle (present structure)
| established = [[10th century|10th century CE]] (origins)
| groundbreaking =
| year_completed = [[18th century]]
}}

'''Nagvasuki Mandir''' is a [[Hindu temple]] located in [[Daraganj]], [[Prayagraj]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. It is situated on the banks of the [[Ganges|Ganga River]] and the temple is dedicated to [[Vasuki]], the king of serpents in [[Hinduism]].<ref name=zeenews/><ref>{{cite news |title=Nagvasuki Temple: A sacred blend of faith and history and renovation |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2024/state-editions/nagvasuki-temple--a-sacred-blend-of-faith-and-history-and-renovation.html |newspaper=[[Daily Pioneer]] | first=Mahakumbh | last=Nagar | date=12 December 2024 | accessdate=20 April 2025}}</ref>

== History ==
The origins of Nagvasuki Mandir trace back to the 10th century CE. The temple's present structure was established in the 18th century by [[Marathi people|Maratha]] king Shridhar Bhonsle.<ref name=zeenews>{{cite news |last1=Srivastava |first1=Ritesh |title=Nagvasuki Temple – where devotees come to get rid of 'Kal Sarp Dosha' |url=https://zeenews.india.com/uttar-pradesh/nagvasuki-temple-where-devotees-come-to-get-rid-of-kal-sarp-dosha_1984483.html |publisher=[[Zee News]] |date=8 March 2017}}</ref>

=== Mythology ===
[[File:Kurma,_the_tortoise_incarnation_of_Vishnu.jpg|200px|left|thumb|[[Kurma]] avatara of Vishnu, below Mount Mandara, with [[Vasuki (snake)|Vasuki]] wrapped around it, during [[Samudra Manthana]], the churning of the [[Ocean of milk]].]]

Ancient Hindu texts like the [[Skanda Purana]], [[Padma Purana]], [[Bhagavata Purana]], and [[Mahabharata]] describe Naga [[Vasuki]], the Serpent King, who played a crucial role in the [[Samudra Manthana]]. Acting as the churning rope while [[Mount Mandara]] served as the churning rod, he endured immense friction, leaving him with severe wounds. Following the Samudra Manthana, Vasuki rested at [[Prayagraj|Prayag]] (modern-day Prayagraj) at [[Vishnu]]'s request, where the holy [[Triveni Sangam]] healed his injuries.<ref name=hansindia>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Karun |title=Yogi's efforts revive Nagvasuki Temple ahead of Maha Kumbh |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/national/yogis-efforts-revive-nagvasuki-temple-ahead-of-maha-kumbh-929063 |publisher=[[The Hans India]] |date=12 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Goyal |first1=Rahul |title=सावन विशेष: इस मंदिर को तोड़ने गया था औरंगजेब, तलवार चलाते ही डरकर हो गया था बेहोश |url=https://hindi.oneindia.com/news/uttar-pradesh/sawan-month-start-know-the-story-nagvasuki-temple/articlecontent-pf148454-467870.html |work=[[Oneindia]] |date=9 August 2018 |language=hi}}</ref>

Later, King [[Divodasa]] of Kashi (modern-day [[Varanasi]]) performed [[Tapasya]] (spiritual meditation) to bring Vasuki to Kashi. Vasuki was prepared to leave Prayag but decided to stay after the gods pleaded with him. He agreed on two conditions: devotees must visit him after bathing in the Sangam, and he must be worshipped on [[Naga Panchami|Nag Panchami]]. His temple was then established on the sacred northwestern bank of the Sangam.<ref name=hansindia/>

== Deities ==
The temple complex has a [[sanctum sanctorum]] housing the idol of Nag [[Vasuki]]. Other deities in the temple include [[Shiva]], [[Goddess Parvati]], and [[Ganesha]]. A reclining statue of [[Bhishma]] is also placed on the premises. The temple is visited by thousands of devotees on [[Naga Panchami]], and an annual grand fair is organized.<ref name=zeenews/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Hindu temples in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Prayagraj]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Prayagraj]]
[[Category:Prayagraj]]

{{Hindu-temple-stub}}

Arjun Ray (MP)

2026-04-18T22:16:42Z

Danger Pandit Ankit: Post - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Arjun Ray
| birth_name =
| caption =
| image =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1972|05|02}}
| birth_place = [[Sitamarhi]], [[Bihar]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Parliament of India|Member of Parliament]]
| constituency = [[Sitamarhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sitamarhi]]
| term_start = 2009
| term_end = 2014
| predecessor = [[Sitaram Yadav (politician, born 1946)|Sitaram Yadav]]
| successor = [[Ram Kumar Sharma]]
| office1 = [[Bihar Legislative Assembly|Member of Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Aurai, Bihar Assembly constituency|Aurai]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/aurai.html|title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Aurai Assembly Constituency|website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
| term_start1 = 2005
| term_end1 = 2009
| predecessor1 = Ganesh Prasad Yadav
| successor1 = Surendra Kumar Yadav
| party = [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| other_party = [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| spouse =
| website =
| alma_mater =
| profession = [[Politician]] [[Social Worker]]
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}

'''Arjun Ray''' (born 2 May 1972) alias '''Arjun Rai''' is an Indian politician from the [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]], and a former [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] representing [[Sitamarhi Lok Sabha constituency|Sitamarhi(Lok Sabha constituency)]] in Bihar, India and former Member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] from [[Aurai, Bihar Assembly constituency|Aurai Assembly Constituency]]. He served as a member of 14th Lok Sabha of India <ref>{{cite web| title = Profile of Members| work = Government of India| url = https://archive.india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=4456| accessdate = 6 March 2012| archive-date = 13 April 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180413043224/https://archive.india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=4456| url-status = dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Roy, Arjun}}
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:India MPs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Bihar]]
[[Category:Janata Dal (United) politicians]]
[[Category:Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bihar University alumni]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2005–2010]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Janata Dal politicians]]

{{Bihar-JDU-politician-stub}}

Thowra Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:02:35Z

Danger Pandit Ankit: added...

{{short description|Assembly constituency of Assam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency

| name = Thowra
| mla = [[Sushanta Borgohain]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2021
| state = [[Assam]]
| division = [[Upper Assam division|Upper Assam]]
| district = [[Sivasagar district|Sivasagar]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Jorhat Lok Sabha constituency|Jorhat]]
| established = 1957
| reservation = None
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 107
| map_image = Thowra Assembly constituency map.svg
| abolished= 2023
}}
'''Thowra''' was one of the 126 assembly constituencies of [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]. Thowra formed part of the [[Jorhat Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceo>{{cite web |url=http://www.ceoassam.nic.in/information/pdf/2_PC%20wise%20LAC%20breakup.pdf |title=List of Assembly constituencies showing their Parliamentary constituences wise break-up |website=www.ceoassam.nic.in| access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=http://www.ceoassam.nic.in/information/pdf/3_Assembly_HPC_wise_MapA1.pdf |title=Map of Assam showing District-wise assembly and Parliamentary constituencies |website=www.ceoassam.nic.in| access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref> This constituency was abolished in 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies of State of Assam|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date = 2025-11-28}}</ref>

The main area was located around a tea garden known as Thowra Tea Estate. As such, though it is one of the many tea gardens in Assam, it boasts of having a golf field. However recently, the field lacks maintenance and is a common grazing ground.

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" |Election
!Member
!Party affiliation
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1957 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
! rowspan="3" |Durgeswar Saikia
! rowspan="4" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1962 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1967 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1972 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
!Narau Kumar
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
|[[1978 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
![[Jogen Gogoi]]
![[Communist Party of India]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1983 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
!Tankeswar Dehingia
![[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}" |
|[[1985 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
!Barki Prasad Telenga
![[Asom Gana Parishad]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1991 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
! rowspan="3" |[[Devanand Konwar]]
! rowspan="3" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1996 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[2001 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[2006 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
![[Kushal Dowari]]
![[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
![[Sushanta Borgohain]]
![[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
![[Kushal Dowari]]
![[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Sushanta Borgohain]]
![[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021]]^
![[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|}
^ Indicates Bye-Elections

== Election results ==
===2021 by-election===
{{Election box begin |title=2021 Assam Legislative Assembly By-Election: [[Sibsagar District|Thowra]]<ref name="2021 Thowra Assembly constituency By Poll Result">{{cite news |title=2021 Thowra Assembly constituency By Poll Result |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcByeNov2021/ConstituencywiseS03107.htm?ac=107 |accessdate=8 August 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=2021 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250808175035/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcByeNov2021/ConstituencywiseS03107.htm?ac=107 |archivedate=8 August 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Sushanta Borgohain]]
|votes = 54,956
|percentage = 61.99
|change = +
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Raijor Dal
|candidate = Dhaijya Konwar
|votes = 24,395
|percentage = 27.52
|change = +
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Monuranjan Konwar
|votes = 5,892
|percentage = 6.65
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Krishna Gogoi
|votes = 1,985
|percentage = 2.24
|change = +
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =None of the Above
|candidate = None of the Above
|votes = 726
|percentage = 0.82
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Lohit Gowala
|votes = 703
|percentage = 0.79
|change = +
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 30,561
|percentage = 33.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 88,657
|percentage =
|change =
}}

{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Sibsagar district|Thowra]]<ref name=election2021>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13620-assam-general-legislative-election-2021/ |title=Assam General Legislative Election 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=13 November 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sushanta Borgohain
|votes = 48,026
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Kushal Dowari
|votes = 46,020
|percentage =
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =
|candidate =
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =2,006
|percentage =2.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =97,216
|percentage =83.81
|change =
}}

{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Thowra<ref name=election2016>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4017-assam-general-legislative-election-2016/ |title=Assam General Legislative Election 2016 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=13 November 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Kushal Dowari]]
|votes = 41,560
|percentage = 48.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sushanta Borgohain
|votes = 40,334
|percentage = 46.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Kushal Borgohain
|votes = 2,066
|percentage = 2.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,876
|percentage = 2.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,226
|percentage = 1.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 85,836
|percentage = 86.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors = 99,755
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Assam Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/67-assam/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Assam}}
{{coord|27.14|94.80|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Assam]]
[[Category:Politics of Assam]]
[[Category:Sivasagar district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Assam]]

Uttar Pradesh Forestry & Horticulture University

2026-04-15T01:33:57Z

Danger Pandit Ankit: added

{{short description|University in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Uttar Pradesh Forestry & Horticulture University
| former_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image =
| motto =
| motto_lang =
| mottoeng =
| type = [[State university (India)|State]]
| established = Upcoming
| founder =
| affiliation =
| chancellor =
| head_label =
| head =
| vice_chancellor =
| academic_staff =
| administrative_staff =
| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| other =
| address =
| city = [[Gorakhpur]]
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| country = [[India]]
| postcode =
| coordinates =
| campus =
| website =
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| footnotes =
}}
Uttar Pradesh Forestry & Horticulture University is an upcoming university in [[Gorakhpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. It will be North India's first forestry university and India's second.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/govt-allocates-50cr-for-north-indias-first-forestry-varsity/articleshow/118429514.cms|title=North India's first forestry university in Gorakhpur|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/gorakhpur/news/ups-first-forest-university-will-be-built-in-gorakhpur-134969322.html|title=गोरखपुर में बनेगी UP की पहली फारेस्ट यूनिवर्सिटी:50 हेक्टेयर जमीन चिन्हित, 621 करोड़ की योजना तैयार|website=Danik Bhaskar|date=May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/gorakhpur/story-gorakhpur-to-establish-india-s-second-forestry-university-with-50-crore-budget-201740093238141.html|title=50 cr for forestry university|website=Live Hindustan}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2024/state-editions/efforts-expedited--to-set-up-forestry--university-in-gkp.html|title=Efforts expedited to set up forestry university in Gkp|website=Daily Pioneer}}</ref>

The university will be built in a 50-hectare area in [[Campierganj]], [[Gorakhpur]], out of which 44 hectare will be green cover. INR 621 Cr has been allocated for construction. The university will offer degree and diploma courses tailored to forest department needs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/career/education-north-india-first-forest-and-horticulture-university-will-open-in-gorakhpur-fifth-new-university-city-local18-ws-kl-9233033.html|title=5th University in Gorakhpur Forestry University|website=news18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2024/state-editions/gorakhpur-to-have-forestry-college--yogi.html|title=Gorakhpur to have forestry college: Yogi|website=Daily Pioneer}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Forest College and Research Institute, Hyderabad]]
* [[Forest Research Institute (India)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Universities in Uttar Pradesh}}

{{coord missing|Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Education in Gorakhpur]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Environmental studies institutions in India]]
[[Category:Indian forest research institutes]]
[[Category:Forestry education in India]]

Chikoo Aur Bunty

2026-04-11T06:25:41Z

Danger Pandit Ankit:

{{Short description|Indian animated television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Chikoo Aur Bunty poster.jpeg
| image_upright =
| image_size = 150
| image_alt =
| caption =
| alt_name =
| native_name = 
| genre = [[Television comedy|Comedy]] [[Action fiction|Action]] [[Slapstick comedy]]
| creator = Chikoo Aur Bunty
| based_on = 
| inspired_by = 
| developer =
| writer = Gaurav Malani Seema Malani [[Gulzar]] (lyrics)
| screenplay =
| story =
| director = Vishwajeet Shinde
| creative_director =
| voices = [[#Characters|See below]]
| narrator =
| theme_music_composer =
| open_theme =
| end_theme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi Tamil Bengali Telugu Marathi Malayalam Kannada English Urdu
| num_seasons = 3
| num_episodes = 250+
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer =
| news_editor = 
| location = 
| cinematography =
| animator =
| editor = 
| camera = 
| runtime = 11–15 minutes
| company = Hitech Studio
| network = [[Nickelodeon (Indian TV channel)|Nickelodeon]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2021|10|18}}
| last_aired = present
| related = 
}}
'''''Chikoo Aur Bunty''''' is an Indian [[animated]] television series, produced by Hitech Studio, which airs on [[Nickelodeon (Indian TV channel)|Nickelodeon]].<ref name=aexpress>{{cite news |last1=Halima |first1=Sadia |title=Nick announces 11th homegrown IP 'Chikoo aur Bunty' |url=https://www.animationxpress.com/animation/nick-announces-11th-homegrown-ip-chikoo-aur-bunty/ |publisher=AnimationXpress |date=12 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Chikoo Aur Bunty |url=https://hitechanimationstudio.com/chikoo-aur-bunty |publisher=HiTech Studio |date=9 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Saini |first1=Sonam |title=There is a minimum 15% increase in ad rates on our kids' channels: Nina Elavia Jaipuria |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/there-is-a-minimum-15-increase-in-ad-rates-on-our-kids-channels-nina-elavia-jaipuria-116258.html |publisher=Exchange4media |date=13 October 2021}}</ref> The series premiered on 18 October 2021.<ref>{{cite news |title=मुलांनो, चिकू अन् बंटी येताहेत भेटायला |url=http://epaper.saamana.com/ArticlePage/APpage.php?edn=Mumbai&articleid=SAMANA_MUM_20211018_10_5&artwidth=371px |publisher=[[Saamana]], Mumbai edition |language=mr |date=18 October 2021 |page=10 |archive-date=30 November 2021 |access-date=30 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130035120/http://epaper.saamana.com/ArticlePage/APpage.php?edn=Mumbai&articleid=SAMANA_MUM_20211018_10_5&artwidth=371px |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=APN>{{cite news |title=Chikoo Aur Bunty will go live on October 18th at 10 AM only on Nickelodeon |url=https://www.apnnews.com/chikoo-aur-bunty-will-go-live-on-october-18th-at-10-am-only-on-nickelodeon/ |publisher=APN News |date=18 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Chacko |first1=Benita |title="OTT streaming not cannibalising but supplementing TV viewership in kids' content": Nickelodeon's Nina Elavia Jaipuria |url=https://www.afaqs.com/interviews/ott-streaming-not-cannibalising-but-supplementing-tv-viewership-in-kids-content-nickelodeons-nina-elavia-jaipuria |publisher=Afaqs |date=13 October 2021}}</ref>

The show typically follows a format of two 11–13 minute-long independent segments per episode. The series showcases the story of two siblings named Chikoo and Bunty, who compete for affection and goodies while avoiding being reprimanded by their parents.<ref>{{cite news |title=குழந்தைகளிடம் பிரபலமாகும் சிக்கு மற்றும் பண்டி! |url=https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/television-nickelodeon-chikoo-and-bunty-cartoon-characters-gets-more-welcoming-from-children-scs-594001.html |publisher=[[News 18]] |date=24 October 2021 |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=சிக்கு, பண்டி - குழந்தைகளை கவர்ந்த புதிய கார்ட்டூன் கதாபாத்திரங்கள்! |url=https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/chikoo-aur-bunty-new-cartoon-characters-that-appeal-to-children-ekr-594795.html |publisher=[[News18 Tamil Nadu]] |date=24 October 2021 |language=ta |archive-date=30 November 2021 |access-date=30 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130035118/https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/chikoo-aur-bunty-new-cartoon-characters-that-appeal-to-children-ekr-594795.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The lyrics of the show's title song was written by poet and lyricist [[Gulzar]].

==Synopsis==
It is a comedy series focused on the relationship between siblings. It revolves around the rivalry between two teenage brothers Chikoo and Bunty, competing for affection, goodies, and often escaping the parents' attention, mainly when they create mayhem at home, neighbourhood, school, or playground.<ref name=aexpress/>
== Episode List ==
=== Season 1 ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Episode No. !! Title
|-
| Ep.1 || Chutti Ho Gayi
|-
| Ep.2 || Barfi Ka Bath
|-
| Ep.3 || Butler Bhai
|-
| Ep.4 || Guest Room
|-
| Ep.5 || Sunday Special
|-
| Ep.6 || Lambu Lambuer
|-
| Ep.7 || Hume Darr Nahi Lagta
|-
| Ep.8 || Rang Bares
|-
| Ep.9 || Pigeon Party
|-
| Ep.10 || Marksheet Ki Hera Pheri
|-
| Ep.11 || Car Ya Bike
|-
| Ep.12 || Mummy Naraaz Hai
|-
| Ep.13 || Party Ho Rahi Hai
|-
| Ep.14 || Happy Anniversary
|-
| Ep.15 || Mouse Trap
|-
| Ep.16 || Lock Kiya Jaye
|-
| Ep.17 || Bunty Ka Dance Video
|-
| Ep.18 || Papa Se Peecha Chudao
|-
| Ep.19 || Bunty Ki Baji Ghanti
|-
| Ep.20 || Dog Not Allowed
|-
| Ep.21 || War On Pizza
|-
| Ep.22 || Jhumka Gira Re
|-
| Ep.23 || Not A Cakewalk
|-
| Ep.24 || Dadaji Se Bachke
|-
| Ep.25 || Kissa Kursi Ka
|-
| Ep.26 || Family Photograph
|-
| Ep.27 || Yoga Se Hi Hoga
|-
| Ep.28 || Daadi Cool!
|-
| Ep.29 || Surprise Party Ka Chakkar
|-
| Ep.30 || Chikoo Ka Wicket Down
|-
| Ep.31 || Nani Yaad Agayi
|-
| Ep.32 || Gulab Jamun Gayaab
|-
| Ep.33 || Kaun Banega Champu
|-
| Ep.34 || Dashing Dadaji
|-
| Ep.35 || Nani Ka Shopping Coupon
|-
| Ep.36 || Andaz Apna Apna
|-
| Ep.37 || Bhaago Boss Aaya
|-
| Ep.38 || Dil Garden Garden
|-
| Ep.39 || Rang Barse
|-
| Ep.40 || Inspector Barfi
|-
| Ep.41 || Muh Khulwake Rahunga
|-
| Ep.42 || Earbuds Wali Biryani
|-
| Ep.43 || Khel Khatam
|-
| Ep.44 || Dadaji Ke Kharrate
|-
| Ep.45 || Nanaji Sweet Nanaji
|-
| Ep.46 || Bhai Bhai
|-
| Ep.47 || Bat Bigad Gayi
|-
| Ep.48 || Bhool Gaya Sab Kuch
|-
| Ep.49 || Barfi Kahan Hain
|-
| Ep.50 || Tere Mere Beach Mein
|-
| Ep.51 || Saree Ke Chakkar
|-
| Ep.52 || Mummy Ka Holiday
|-
| Ep.53 || Maska Maar Ke
|-
| Ep.54 || Chor Machaye Shor
|-
| Ep.55 || Sign It
|-
| Ep.56 || Bandarchaap
|-
| Ep.57 || Raddi Mein Gaya
|-
| Ep.58 || Nahi Nahane Ka Bahana
|-
| Ep.59 || Pet Problem
|-
| Ep.60 || Mummy Cool
|-
| Ep.61 || Barfi Ka Mood Off
|-
| Ep.62 || Favourite Beta Kaun
|-
| Ep.63 || Baby O Baby
|-
| Ep.64 || No Return
|-
| Ep.65 || Role Reversal
|-
| Ep.66 || Society Ka Function
|-
| Ep.67 || Party Problem
|-
| Ep.68 || Bhagam Bhaag
|-
| Ep.69 || Papa Sleep Walking
|-
| Ep.70 || Jaagte Raho
|-
| Ep.71 || Toot Gaya
|-
| Ep.72 || Pocket Money
|-
| Ep.73 || Under Surveillance
|-
| Ep.74 || Teacher Ji Ghar Aaya
|-
| Ep.75 || Mission Mobile
|-
| Ep.76 || Jaasoos Bunty
|-
| Ep.77 || Practical Papa
|-
| Ep.78 || Kissa Cupboard Ka
|-
| Ep.79 || Bura Na Mano Holi Hain
|-
| Ep.80 || Batti Gul
|-
| Ep.81 || Kuch Khatti Kuch Teekhi
|-
| Ep.82 || Dushman Ka Dushman
|-
| Ep.83 || Treasure Hunt
|-
| Ep.84 || Chikoo Bunty Ka Viral Video
|-
| Ep.85 || Saari Problems Saari Ki
|-
| Ep.86 || Mummy Hartal
|-
| Ep.87 || Meri Loot
|-
| Ep.88 || Pehle Tum Pehle Tum
|-
| Ep.89 || Scream For Ice-Cream
|-
| Ep.90 || Bua Ka Bhuchal
|-
| Ep.91 || Kiska Patta Khulega
|-
| Ep.92 || Jo Bolega Woh Loser
|-
| Ep.93 || Dance Dekhe Yaa Cricket
|-
| Ep.94 || Hostel Ka Chakkar
|-
| Ep.95 || Front Seat
|-
| Ep.96 || Cycle Recycle
|-
| Ep.97 || Gullak Phod Dunga
|-
| Ep.98 || Tutu Main Main
|-
| Ep.99 || The Case Of Suitcase
|-
| Ep.100 || Baarish Barsa Bunty Tarsa
|-
| Ep.101 || Ab Goli Kha
|-
| Ep.102 || Hypnosis Ka Hungama
|-
| Ep.103 || Chaat Ka Chaanta
|-
| Ep.104 || Bedtime Stories
|}
=== Season 2 ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Episode No. !! Title
|-
| Ep.105 || Phirkee Le Li
|-
| Ep.106 || Boarding school
|-
| Ep.107 || Bunty Ki Bhook Hadtaal
|-
| Ep.108 || Menhadi Wale Hath
|-
| Ep.109 || Night out
|-
| Ep.110 || School Bunk
|-
| Ep.111 || Mummy Ka Business
|-
| Ep.112 || Doodh Se Duri
|-
| Ep.113 || Madan Mohan Ka Bhaichaara
|-
| Ep.114 || Mobile Lessons
|-
| Ep.115 || Topi Pehna Diya
|-
| Ep.116 || Mela Ka Jhamela
|-
| Ep.117 || Emergency Ptm
|-
| Ep.118 || Gift Nahi Dunga
|-
| Ep.119 || Bijli Bachao
|-
| Ep.120 || Falana Dhimkana
|-
| Ep.121 || Aam ki khaas jung
|-
| Ep.122 || Party Tho Abhi Baki Hai
|-
| Ep.123 || Barfi Kiska Pet Banega
|-
| Ep.124 || Muh Mat Dikhana
|-
| Ep.125 || Do Bucket Ki Ek Kahani
|-
| Ep.126 || New Year Party Ka Dhindhora
|-
| Ep.127 || Dhulaai Ho Gayi
|-
| Ep.128 || TV band
|-
| Ep.129 || Nahane ka bahana
|-
| Ep.130 || Hathkadi ki kadi
|-
| Ep.131 || Khel khel main
|-
| Ep.132 || Jo tera hai wo mera hai
|-
| Ep.133 || Roll baby roll
|-
| Ep.134 || Jungle safari
|-
| Ep.135 || Adventurous anniversary
|-
| Ep.136 || Return gift ka halla
|-
| Ep.137 || Machchli phas gaye
|-
| Ep.138 || Museebat Rang Laayi
|-
| Ep.139 || Resort mein rukho
|-
| Ep.140 || Liberal papa
|-
| Ep.141 || Tu kya banega
|-
| Ep.142 || No agreement for tent
|-
| Ep.143 || Mummy ka missing mobile
|-
| Ep.144 || Idli hi mili
|-
| Ep.145 || Geeta Masi Ka Gift
|-
| Ep.146 || Mummy ka driving test
|-
| Ep.147 || Bunty Bana Batsman
|-
| Ep.148 || Bunty Ka Birthday Surprise
|-
| Ep.149 || Dada Ji Ki Birthday Party
|-
| Ep.150 || Divide And Rule
|-
| Ep.151 || Favourite Bhaiyya Kaun
|-
| Ep.152 || Gas Problem
|-
| Ep.153 || Kiska Number Lagega
|-
| Ep.154 || Nanaji Ka Game
|-
| Ep.155 || On schedule
|-
| Ep.156 || Society Election
|-
| Ep.157 || Tareef karegi teacher
|-
| Ep.158 || Trekking To Resort
|-
| Ep.159 || Virat Vs Ice Cream
|-
| Ep.160 || Dadaji Ki Shabashi
|-
| Ep.161 || Bekar Ka Tension
|-
| Ep.162 || Chakkar Karate Ka
|-
| Ep.163 || Cycle Chor
|-
| Ep.164 || Lights Ki Fight
|-
| Ep.165 || Family fun time
|-
| Ep.166 || Mood Kharab Hai
|-
| Ep.167 || Museum Mein Masti
|-
| Ep.168 || Raat bhar padhai
|-
| Ep.169 || Sewa Ka Mewa
|-
| Ep.170 || Bus Ho Gaya
|-
| Ep.171 || Raat Akeli Hai
|-
| Ep.172 || Skateboards ke stunts
|-
| Ep.173 || Papa Ka Transfer
|-
| Ep.174 || Kaun Banega Superstar
|-
| Ep.175 || Chikoo Ka Birthday Bouncer
|-
| Ep.176 || Chikoo Badal Gaya
|-
| Ep.177 || Laptop Ki Ladaai
|-
| Ep.178 || Cricket Turf Ya Dance Studio
|-
| Ep.179 || Do Not Disturb
|-
| Ep.180 || Judwe Jacket Ka Jhol
|-
| Ep.181 || Bunty Ki Dance Class
|-
| Ep.182 || Family Dieting
|-
| Ep.183 || Bal Bal Bache
|-
| Ep.184 || Tiffin Ka Tanta
|-
| Ep.185 || Nachna Mana Hain
|-
| Ep.186 || Bunty Ki Identity
|-
| Ep.187 || Story Shirt Ki
|-
| Ep.188 || Kaun Jayega Dadi Ke Ghar
|-
| Ep.189 || Kitty Party Ki Kit-Pit
|-
| Ep.190 || Pizza Vs Bhajiya
|-
| Ep.191 || Meow Meow
|-
| Ep.192 || Band Bajegi Friendship Ki
|-
| Ep.193 || Papa Ki Chutti
|-
| Ep.194 || Jaago Sone Walo
|-
| Ep.195 || Thanda Thanda Paani
|-
| Ep.196 || Kaun Jeetega Bumper Prize
|-
| Ep.197 || Pasta V/S Noodles
|-
| Ep.198 || Ball Se Behaal
|-
| Ep.199 || Darpok Kaun Hai
|-
| Ep.200 || Book Set Ki Setting
|-
| Ep.201 || Project Do Pizza Lo
|-
| Ep.202 || Badminton Champion
|-
| Ep.203 || Kheech Meri Photo
|-
| Ep.204 || Girgit Ki Khitpit
|-
| Ep.205 || Ghoomte Phirte
|-
| Ep.206 || Papa Ka Top Secret
|-
| Ep.207 || Thanda Thanda Pool Pool
|-
| Ep.208 || Office Office
|-
| Ep.209 || Board Crack Kiya
|-
| Ep.210 || Sketch Ki Kich Kich
|-
| Ep.211 || Cricket Nahi Khelunga
|-
| Ep.212 || Machan Ghar
|}
=== season 3 ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Episode No. !! Title
|-
| Ep.213 || Bunty Bana Superstar
|-
| Ep.214 || Dahi Handi
|-
| Ep.215 || Fitness Ka Keeda
|-
| Ep.216 || Cupcake Chor Kaun
|-
| Ep.217 || School Jane Nahi Dunga
|-
| Ep.218 || Family Melodrama
|-
| Ep.219 || Game Over
|-
| Ep.220 || Happy Diwali
|-
| Ep.221 || Mere Liye Naach
|-
| Ep.222 || Kabadd Khali Karo
|-
| Ep.223 || Dad Vs Dadaji Ka Car
|-
| Ep.224 || Raat Ki Baat
|-
| Ep.225 || Mother's Day Bakeout
|-
| Ep.226 || Timmy Bhaiyya Sabse Cool
|-
| Ep.227 || Chikoo Bunty In Tribal Land
|-
| Ep.228 || Dance Bunty Dance
|-
| Ep.229 || Bunty Ki Nautanki
|-
| Ep.230 || Yummy In My Tummy
|-
| Ep.231 || Bunty Bana Rapper
|-
| Ep.232 || Nani Ki party
|-
| Ep.233 || Chikoo Ka Naya Style
|-
| Ep.234 || Dil Toot Gaya
|-
| Ep.235 || Dadaji Cool
|-
| Ep.236 || Scooter Ka Chakker
|-
| Ep.237 || Picture Abhi Baaki Hain
|-
| Ep.238 || Darwaja Band Karo
|-
| Ep.239 || Christmas Cake Ka Chakkar
|-
| Ep.240 || Kathal Ka Hal
|-
| Ep.241 || Naiyaa Doob Gayi
|-
| Ep.242 || AC Ki Taise
|-
| Ep.243 || Videogame Ka Next Level
|-
| Ep.244 || Gadbad Golf Ki
|-
| Ep.245 || Mummy, Masi Aur Musical Chairs
|-
| Ep.246 || Chor Nikal Ke Bhaaga
|-
| Ep.247 || Pol Khol Dunga
|-
| Ep.248 || Phool Or Kantae
|-
| Ep.249 || Photo Fiasco!
|-
| Ep.250 || Baal Ka Bawal
|-
| Ep.251 || Grandpa's Gift
|-
| Ep.252 || Cookie Sale Ka Khel
|-
| Ep.253 || Shell Ka Khel
|-
| Ep.254 || Society Ka Shaitan
|-
| Ep.255 || Party Ka Punchnama
|}

==Characters==
* '''Chikoo Batra (Voiced by Shaily Dubey):''' He is a 10 year old boy who is the older brother of Bunty. He is calm and relaxed, optimistic, friendly, reliable, witty, fun-loving and a quick thinker. His best friend is Vicky and normal friend is Sonu.
* '''Bunty Batra''' '''(Voices by Khushboo Atre):''' He is the 8 year old younger brother of Chikoo. He is a cheerful ball of energy, crafty, attention-seeking, provocative, sarcastic, outgoing, quick learner, fast on his feet, has an entrepreneurial spirit and is a jack of all trades. His best friend is Twinkle and normal friend is Fifi.
*'''Rajeev Batra (Voiced by Shanoor Mirza)''': The Boys' dad. He is a rational, perpetually tired, non-interfering, practical, naïve and humble father.
* '''Megha Batra (Voiced by Meghana Erande Joshi)''': The Boys' mom. She is cute, loving, anxious, borderline obsessive, sensible and straightforward. She is constantly finding ways to motivate her boys to do well in life. She is not as easy to fool as the father.
* '''Barfi''': He is the family's pet dog, who is playful, intelligent and quick-learner. Barfi is not even remotely as ferocious as he looks. He loves to eat bread and butter and he hates to cats.
* '''Dadaji (Mr. Batra) (Voiced by Anita Dokania)''': He is a disciplinarian who believes in living by a schedule.
* '''Dadi (Mrs. Batra) (Voiced by Manoj Pandey):''' She is quite the opposite of Dada. She supports the boys' extracurricular activities and believes there are alternate career paths that can be successful.
* '''Nani (Voiced by Mahendra Bhatnagar):''' She is maternal grandmother of the Boys. She is thrifty.
* '''Nanaji (Voiced by Rupa Bhimani):''' He is maternal Grandfather of the boys. He is so playful and happy with Chikoo and Bunty.
* '''Vicky Sharma (Voiced by [[Rasika Dugal]])''': He was a 10 years old youngest boy in friends, school head boy class topper and Chikoo's best friend.He is a calm, strong, friendly, soft-spoken, deep thinker, aggressive and playful kid.
* '''Sonu Ghoshla (Voiced by [[Shreya Ghoshal]])''': He was a 10 years old second youngest boy in friends and he is also Dhindora uncle's nephew.
* '''Mr. Ghoshla:''' He is the father of Sonu Ghoshla
* '''Mrs. Ghoshla:''' She is the mother of Sonu Ghoshla
* '''Twinkle Singhania (Voiced by [[Katrina Kaif]])''': Bunty's best friend.
* '''Dhindora''': He is chairman of society.
* '''Mr Singhania:''' He is announcer of model town and He is the dad of Twinkle and Tara.
* '''Mrs.Meenakshi Singhania:''' She is an English teacher in Model City Public school, class teacher of Tara's class and mother of twinkle and tara She is also a wife of mr singhania. She wears a pink suit with blue border and blue pants.
* '''Kitty''': Dhindora's pet cat.
* '''Geeta Aunt ( Voiced by Roop Thakkar)''': Megha's younger sister and The Boys' aunt.
* '''Munna''': Geeta's son and The Boys' younger cousin.
* '''Bachha Bhopali''': He is the autorickshaw driver.
* '''Tutu Tiger (Voiced by Aditya Jadhav)''' : He is the rival of Chikoo.
* '''Pablu''': He is the sidekick of Tutu Tiger and rival of Vicky and Sonu.
* '''Bablu:''' He is the sidekick of Tutu Tiger and rival of Vicky and Sonu.
*'''Malvinder''': He is the shopkeeper of the model town shop.
* '''Mr. Modkar''': He is the boss of Rajeev.
* '''Madan (Voiced by [[Aastha Gill]])''' He was a 10 years old second oldest boy. He is older brother of Mohan.
* '''Mohan (Voiced by [[Kareena Kapoor]])''': He was an 8 years old second youngest boy. He is younger brother of Madan.
* '''Kusum (Voiced by [[Deepika Padukone]])''': She is mother of madan and mohan.
* '''Bhalla Verma:''' He is friend of dadaji(Mr. Batra).
*'''Tara Singhania (Voiced by [[Alia Bhatt]])''': A 10 years old Twinkle's older sister, Head girl of the school.
*''' Fifi Sharma ( Voiced by [[Kangana Ranaut]]):''' He is an 8 years old Vicky's younger brother and Bunty's normal friend. He is also a topper of Class 6th
*''' Kunwar Samar Pratap Singh:''' He is 6 years old boy. He is a friend of Bunty.
*'''Caretaker:''' He is unnamed caretaker of Samar.
*''' Akshita Sharma:''' Tara's best friend and Vicky's cousin sister.
*''' Monika Bhatt:''' Tara's normal friend.
*''' Mrs Sharma:''' She is the mother of Vicky and Fifi and aunt of Akshita.
*'''Mr Sharma:''' He is the father of Vicky and Fifi .He is also the husband of Mrs Sharma.
*'''Pooja Handa Mam:''' She is the school co-ordinator of Chikoo and Bunty's school and college friend of Megha Batra.
*'''Chitrolekha Aunt (Chipku Aunt):''' She is the aunt of Megha Batra.
*'''Cheenu:''' She is the granddaughter of Chitrolekha Aunt.
*'''Nathu Khera:''' He appeared in the 4th movie and he abducted Chikoo then Bunty.
*'''Momo Khera:''' She is the Daughter of Nathu Khera.
*'''Chintu (Chameleon):'''It is a chameleon and Vicky's pet chameleon
*'''ID Kumar:''' He is the ID checker officer.
*'''Minku Mishra:''' He appeared in the fifth movie.
*'''Pinku Mishra''': He appeared in the fifth movie. He is the elder brother of Minku Mishra.
*'''Banku Batra:''' She is the younger cousin of Chikoo Bunty and Megha Batra 's niece.
*'''Mintu:''' Geeta Aunt' s Pet chameleon.
*'''Milan Babu:''' He is the TC of chuk chuk express.
*'''Chintamoni Sir:''' He is the orderer of the Summer Camp. He appeared in the 5th movie.
*'''Barasingha:''' He is the manager of Barasingha Resort.
*'''Timmy:''' He is older friend of Chikoo and Bunty.

==References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2021 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Animated television series about brothers]]
[[Category:Animated television series about children]]
[[Category:Indian children's animated comedy television series]]
[[Category:Indian computer-animation]]
[[Category:Nickelodeon (Indian TV channel) original programming]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Nickelodeon original programming]]

Gadyachi Jatra

2026-04-08T07:47:18Z

Danger Pandit Ankit: Adding entry

{{Short description|Hindu folk festival celebrated in Goa}}
{{Infobox holiday
| holiday_name = Gadyachi Jatra
| type = Hindu
| nickname = Gade Utsav
| image =
| caption = Gades performing rituals during Gadyachi Jatra
| observedby = [[Hinduism in Goa|Goan Hindus]]
| litcolor =
| longtype = Religious, cultural, folk
| date = Full moon day of Phālguna (Holi Pournima)
}}

The '''Gadyachi Jatra''' (literally “Rally of the Gades”) is a traditional Indian spirit-invocation festival held during [[Shigmo]] in several Goan villages, notably Sal ([[Bicholim taluka]]) and [[Poinguinim]] ([[Canacona taluka]]). Men donning white dhotis—known as ''Gade''—enter trance states as they invoke Devanchaar, the village protective spirit, through torchlit processions, ritual hide-and-seek in sacred groves, and offerings at cremation grounds.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Kerkar |first=Rajendra P |date=2009-03-12 |title=The Gadyachi Jatra: a tribute to the ghosts and holy spirits |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/the-gadyachi-jatra-a-tribute-to-the-ghosts-and-holy-spirits/articleshow/4253339.cms |access-date=2025-07-06|author-link=Rajendra P. Kerkar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Arti |date=2022-05-19 |title=This unusual ‘jatra’ is held once in three years in South Goa |url=https://www.gomantaktimes.com/my-goa/art-culture/this-unusual-zatra-is-held-once-in-three-years-in-south-goa |access-date=2025-07-18 |website=Goa Travel News on Gomantak Times |language=en}}</ref>

==Rituals in Sal, Bicholim==
On Holi Pūrṇimā night, a decorated mango trunk called the ''Holi'' is erected before the Mahadev Temple in the village Mand. Guided by rhythmic chanting and drumming, the Gades perform “Uzzvde” (torch-led hide-and-seek), venturing into nearby woods to recover sacred relics. Lost Gades are ritually revived with consecrated water before the three-night festival concludes with offerings at the cremation ground.<ref name=":0" />

==Triennial Betal Temple Jatra in Poinguinim==
Every three years at Shri Betal Temple, a cloth manuscript dated 1823 AD is read aloud. A platform of areca-nut trunks supports four Gades who are suspended by hooks on a rotating wheel, symbolizing Devanchaar’s power and the community’s ancestral bond.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-17 |title=Ancient traditions unfold at Poinguinim’s Gadyaanchi jatra |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/ancient-traditions-unfold-at-poinguinims-gadyaanchi-jatra/articleshow/121240635.cms |access-date=2025-07-06}}</ref>

==Community significance==
The festival draws thousands of villagers, devotees, and cultural tourists from Goa, Maharashtra, and Karnataka. Participants believe the rites protect fields, livestock, and households from malevolent forces. Panchayats and the Department of Tourism, Government of Goa, promote Gadyachi Jatra through guided cultural programmes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of Tourism, Government of Goa |url=https://goatourism.gov.in/ |access-date=2025-07-06 |publisher=Department of Tourism, Government of Goa}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Shigmo]]
* [[Dola Purnima]]
* [[Hinduism in Goa]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jatra, Gadyachi}}
{{HinduFestivals}}

[[Category:Religious festivals in India]]
[[Category:Hindu festivals]]
[[Category:Folk festivals in India]]
[[Category:Festivals in Goa]]
[[Category:Hinduism in Goa]]

Malbarao Sardesai

2026-04-07T19:51:03Z

Danger Pandit Ankit: Started Some Biography W/ Refs

{{Short description|Indian musician (1911 – 2005)}}
{{One source|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Malbarao Sardesai
| image= Malbarao Sardesai.jpg
| caption=
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1911|12|31|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Savoi-Verem]], [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2005|12|23|1911|12|31|df=y}}
| occupation = Musician
| relatives = [[Laxmanrao Sardesai]]
| awards =
}}

'''Malbarao Madhav Suryarao Sardesai''' (31 December 1911 – 23 December 2005) was an Indian composer and musician from [[Goa]]. He was a researcher of the ''[[Ghumot|Ghumta]]'' (drum) and served as the President of the Swaramanch Music School in [[Madgaon]].

==Early life and education==
Sardesai was born on 31 December 1911 in [[Savoi-Verem]], Goa. He completed his primary education at the Government School in Savoi-Verem and pursued his [[Liceu de Goa|Lyceum]] education in [[Panaji]].<ref name="Vishwakosh1999">{{cite wikisource |editor-first1=Tanaji |editor-last1=Halarnkar |editor-link1=Tanaji Halarnkar |others= |title=Konkani Vishwakosh |trans-title=Konkani Encyclopaedia |wslink=Page:Konkani Vishwakosh - Volume 4 Released.pdf/839 |type= |edition= |series= |pages=839 |volume=4 |year=1999 |publisher=[[Goa University]] |location=Goa |language=gom |wslanguage=gom }}</ref>

Coming from an affluent family, Sardesai was able to pursue formal training in music from a young age. He studied the [[Tabla]] under Khapruji Parvatkar, also known as "Laybhaskar", until the age of 14. He subsequently studied the [[harmonium]] for six years under a teacher named Madhukar.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

==Career==
Sardesai was a multi-instrumentalist who played the [[Pakhawaj]] and the fiddle. Throughout his career, he worked as an accompanist for various prominent musicians, including the Gandharvas and Kasikarbuva. He was also employed at the [[All India Radio|Aakashvani]] station in Panaji, where he was responsible for selecting music artists.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

His musical style was influenced by the traditional soundscapes of temples, including the playing of the ''panchvadya'', the [[mridangam]], and the performance of [[bhajan]]s and [[kirtan]]s. He focused on various traditional folk forms and rhythms, including ''Dholken'', ''Shimgya meel-kheel'', ''Romat tali'', ''Talgadi'', ''[[Ghodemodni|Ghodemodani]]'', ''[[Dhalo]]'', ''[[Jagar (Goa)|Jagar]]'', ''Kalo'', ''Chandraval'', ''Dastak'', and ''Jakhani''.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

==Works and publications==
Sardesai conducted research on the drum, specifically the ''[[Ghumot|Ghumta]]''. He authored a book on the subject titled ''The Pillar in the Shadow of the Drum'', which was published by the Goa Hindu Association.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

He also published two other books regarding music:<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />
* ''Sulbh Swara Parichay''
* ''Chakraparadhi''

==Death==
Sardesai died on 23 December 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cabral e Sa |first=Mario |author-link=Mario Cabral e Sa |title=Eminent Goans |url=https://nri.goa.gov.in/eminent-goans/ |access-date=1 December 2025 |website=Commissionerate of NRI Affairs}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=My tributes to my great-grandfather Malbarao Sardessai on his 113th birth anniversary today. He was accomplished pakhawaz player & music lover. He was awarded State Cultural Award in recognition of his contribution to art and culture. #madganvchoawaaz |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DEPDGECSIIU/ |access-date=2025-11-30 |website=Instagram}}</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
Sardesai received an award from the [[Government of Goa]] for his contributions to music. In 1980, he was awarded a [[Doctorate]] in music by [[Indira Kala Sangeet University|Khairagarh University]].<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

[[Pundalik Naik]], also from Savoi-Verem, describes Malbarao Sardesai:<ref>{{Cite book |last=Couto |first=Maria |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Goa/2QYYjT8-0BIC |title=Goa: A Daughter's Story |date=2005 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-303343-1 |page=190}}</ref>

{{Quote|I was once a shepherd, a rancon in this my very beautiful village. We live surrounded by flowing water. Cool and crystalline it brings serenity to our days and soothes our nights. The sound of its breath, zul ... zul ... zul ... zul, rocks us in childhood, lulls us to sleep, cheers us as we go about our tasks, its heartbeat steady, with never a flicker. And do you know why its rhythmic flow is so perfect, its music divine? That is because Bab Malbarao lives here.}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sardesai, Malbarao}}
[[Category:1911 births]]
[[Category:2005 deaths]]
[[Category:Musicians from Goa]]
[[Category:People from Portuguese India]]

Abdur Rezzak Khan

2026-04-01T02:54:28Z

Danger Pandit Ankit: Stub - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{infobox officeholder
| name = Abdur Rezzak Khan
| image = Abdur Rezzak Khan.jpg
| native_name = আবদুর রেজ্জাক খান
| native_name_lang = bn
| other_names =
| party = [[Communist Party of India]]; [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| office1 = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Hasnabad Assembly constituency|Hasnabad]]
| term_start1 = 1969
| predecessor1 = H. N. Mazumdar
| term_end1 = 1971
| successor1 = Molla Tasmatulla
| birth_date = June 1900
| birth_place = Hakimpur, [[24 Parganas|24 parganas]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1984|01|28|1900|06|01|df=y}}
}}

'''Abdur Rezzak Khan '''(June 1900 – 28 January 1984) [[Bengalis|Bengali]] anti-British freedom fighter, communist revolutionary and politician. He was a member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] in 1969.

==Background==
He was born in June 1900 at Hakimpur, [[24 Parganas|24 parganas]] of [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]].

==Political movement==
During the [[Chittagong armoury raid]] led by [[Surya Sen|Masterda Surya Sen]], he secretly supplied arms. [[Santosh Kumar Mitra]], a revolutionary martyr, was one of his companions.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=Sangsad Bangali Sangsad Charitabhidhan |editor1=Subodh Chandra Sengupta |editor2=Anjali Basu |volume=1|publisher=সাহিত্য সংসদ |year=2002 |isbn= |page=46}}</ref> In 1922, he came in contact with [[Muzaffar Ahmad|Muzaffar Ahmed]] and [[Abdul Halim (communist)|Abdul Halim]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-03 |title=Leftism in India, 1917–1947 |url=https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/leftism-in-india-1917%E2%80%931947/book258676 |access-date=2022-06-09 |website=SAGE Publications Inc |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bairathi |first=Shashi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m5Zb04Eh1gkC&dq=abdul+halim+communist&pg=PA216 |title=Communism and Nationalism in India: A Study in Inter-relationship, 1919–1947 |date=1987 |publisher=Anamika Prakashan |isbn=978-81-85150-00-0 |language=en}}</ref> He was one of the founding member of the [[Workers and Peasants Party (India)|Workers and Peasants Party]]. He led a first time large-scale general strike of jute workers with Abdul Momin and others in 1929.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-25 |title=1929 – First general strike of jute workers |url=https://www.cpim.org/history/1929-first-general-strike-jute-workers |access-date=2022-06-09 |website=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Bengali communists]]
[[Category:1900 births]]
[[Category:Date of birth missing]]
[[Category:1984 deaths]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1969–1971]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India politicians from West Bengal]]

Ek Tha Tiger

2026-03-29T16:39:20Z

Danger Pandit Ankit: refine citations based on references and corrected details

{{short description|2012 action thriller film by Kabir Khan}}
{{AI-generated|date=September 2025}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ek Tha Tiger
| image = Ek Tha Tiger theatrical poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Kabir Khan (director)|Kabir Khan]]
| writer = {{plainlist|
* Kabir Khan
* [[Neelesh Misra]]
}}
| story = [[Aditya Chopra]]
| producer = Aditya Chopra
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Salman Khan]]
* [[Katrina Kaif]]
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = [[Aseem Mishra]]
| editing = Rameshwar S. Bhagat
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Sohail Sen]] '''Guest Composers:''' [[Sajid–Wajid]] '''Background Score:''' [[Julius Packiam]]
| studio = [[Yash Raj Films]]
| distributor = Yash Raj Films
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2012|8|15|[[India]]}}
| runtime = 132 minutes<ref name="Runtime">{{cite web|title=EK THA TIGER (12A) – BBFC |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/ek-tha-tiger-2012-1|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130419202653/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/ek-tha-tiger-2012-1|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 April 2013|publisher=BBFC|access-date=26 August 2012}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR}}75 [[crore]]<ref name=Budget>{{cite web|title=Ek Tha Tiger: It's Salman's show all the way|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/ek-tha-tiger-its-salmans-show-all-the-way/282723-8-66.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120818125111/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/ek-tha-tiger-its-salmans-show-all-the-way/282723-8-66.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 August 2012|publisher=IBNLive.com|access-date=16 August 2012}}</ref>
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR}}335 crore<ref name=Gross>{{cite web|url=http://www.koimoi.com/box-office-verdict-bollywoods-top-worldwide-grossers/|title=Bollywood's Top Worldwide Earners|publisher=Koimoi|access-date=15 October 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327103312/http://www.koimoi.com/box-office-verdict-bollywoods-top-worldwide-grossers/|archive-date=27 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
}}

'''''Ek Tha Tiger''''' ({{translation|''There Was a Tiger''}}) is a 2012 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[action thriller film]] directed and co-written by [[Kabir Khan (director)|Kabir Khan]] and produced by [[Aditya Chopra]] under [[Yash Raj Films]]. The film stars [[Salman Khan]] and [[Katrina Kaif]], with [[Ranvir Shorey]], [[Roshan Seth]], [[Girish Karnad]], and [[Gavie Chahal]] in supporting roles.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ek Tha Tiger |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/parties-and-events/cast-and-crew-at-dvd-launch-of-tamas/ |access-date=6 March 2012 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> It follows an Indian intelligence agent, codenamed [[Tiger (YRF Spy Universe)|Tiger]], who is sent to Dublin to observe a professor suspected of sharing nuclear secrets with Pakistan. While on the mission, Tiger falls in love with the professor’s caretaker Zoya, who harbours a secret of her own.

The film marks Khan's first collaboration with Yash Raj Films and is the third directorial venture by Kabir Khan with the studio following ''[[Kabul Express]]'' (2006) and ''[[New York (2009 film)|New York]]'' (2009). It was also the final film presented by [[Yash Chopra|Yash Raj Chopra]] before his death.<ref>{{cite web |author=Harshikaa Udasi |date=4 August 2012 |title=Arts / Cinema : Spy Story |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article3727454.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806183724/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article3727454.ece |archive-date=6 August 2012 |access-date=9 August 2012 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> [[Principal photography]] took place between August 2011 and July 2012 in international locations including [[Dublin]], [[Havana]], [[Bangkok]], [[Istanbul]], and several Indian cities. The soundtrack was composed primarily by [[Sohail Sen]], with the track "Mashallah" composed by [[Sajid–Wajid]].

''Ek Tha Tiger'' was released theatrically on 15 August 2012 and received generally positive reviews from critics, who praised the action sequences and performances of the leads.<ref name="Release Date">{{cite web |title=Ek Tha Tiger |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=ekthatiger.htm |access-date=9 September 2012 |publisher=Box Office Mojo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-09-16 |title=Ek Tha Tiger Movie (2012) - Release Date, Cast, Trailer and Other Details |url=https://mkvcinemas.solutions/movie/ek-tha-tiger |access-date=2025-02-05 |website=MKVCINEMAS |language=en}}</ref> The film broke several box-office records, including the then-highest opening weekend for a Hindi film in India. It grossed ₹334.39 crore (US$62.58 million) worldwide, becoming the [[List of Hindi films of 2012#Box office collection|highest-grossing Hindi film of 2012]].<ref name="Reviews">{{cite web |title=Ek Tha Tiger Movie Reviews |url=http://www.reviewgang.com/movies/186-Ek-Tha-Tiger-movie-review |publisher=ReviewGang}}</ref><ref name="domestic">{{cite web |title=Ek Tha Tiger Collects 10 Crore in Week Three |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4869&nCat= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120910004543/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4869&nCat= |archive-date=10 September 2012 |access-date=7 September 2013 |publisher=Boxofficeindia.com |df=dmy-all}}</ref> At the [[14th IIFA Awards]], it won [[IIFA Award for Best Special Effects|Best Special Effects]], and won five awards at the [[People's Choice Awards India]], including Best Film, Best Actor (Khan), and Best Actress (Kaif). It was followed by its sequels ''[[Tiger Zinda Hai]]'' (2017) and ''[[Tiger 3]]'' (2023), both part of the [[YRF Spy Universe]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Exclusive: It's official! Katrina Kaif opposite Salman Khan in 'Tiger Zinda Hai' |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-exclusive-it-s-official-katrina-kaif-opposite-salman-khan-in-tiger-zinda-hai-2254772 |access-date=13 September 2016 |newspaper=DNA India}}</ref>

==Plot==
Avinash "[[Tiger (YRF Spy Universe)|Tiger]]" Singh Rathore, an Indian intelligence officer working for the [[Research and Analysis Wing]] (RAW), is tasked with eliminating Rabinder, a fellow agent who has defected to [[Pakistan]]'s [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] (ISI), during a mission in [[Iraq]]. Disillusioned by the constant violence of his work, Tiger expresses a desire for a less combative assignment. His superior, Shenoy, subsequently sends him to [[Dublin]] to observe Anwar Jamal Kidwai, an Indian scientist suspected of sharing sensitive missile technology.

Posing as Manish Chandra, a writer researching Indian academics abroad, Tiger travels to [[Ireland]] with his handler Gopi. He attempts to gain access to Kidwai by befriending Zoya Nazar Jung, the scientist's part-time caretaker and a dance student at [[Trinity College Dublin|Trinity College]]. Tiger and Zoya develop a rapport that evolves into a romantic relationship. She invites him to a college production of ''[[Disney's My Son Pinocchio: Geppetto's Musical Tale|My Son, Pinocchio]]'', which she has choreographed. Around the same time, Tiger is attacked by an unknown assailant, raising suspicions that his cover has been compromised.

On the day of the play, Tiger spots the attacker and chases him through the city, ultimately stopping a [[tram]] accident in the process. Gopi simultaneously reports suspicious activity at Kidwai's house. There, Tiger discovers that Zoya is in fact an ISI agent assigned to extract Kidwai’s research. Despite her refusal to defect, Tiger allows her to escape after fending off Feroz, an ISI agent revealed to be the mystery assailant.

Back in India, Tiger requests to be removed from field duty and returns to internal analysis work. He later deciphers a coded ISI message with help from his colleague Bagga, realizing it is a signal from Zoya, who is expected to attend an upcoming [[United Nations]] conference in [[Istanbul]]. The two reunite and decide to abandon their respective agencies. They travel to [[Astana]] to mislead RAW and ISI and then flee to [[Havana]], [[Cuba]], to begin a new life.

Their presence in Havana is discovered after they are caught on [[Closed-circuit television|surveillance cameras]] during a [[mugging]] incident. Spotted again at a boxing match, Zoya is eventually arrested by local authorities and handed over to ISI agents. Tiger, in collaboration with Gopi, orchestrates a plan to rescue her. During a staged [[prisoner transport]], Tiger and Zoya escape aboard a [[light aircraft]], with Tiger sustaining a [[gunshot wound]] from Gopi, who allows them to flee.

In the aftermath, Tiger calls Shenoy and states that he and Zoya will only return when India and Pakistan no longer require intelligence agencies to act against one another. An [[epilogue]] reveals that the couple is rumored to have been sighted in cities around the world, including [[Venice]], [[Cape Town]], [[Zurich]], and [[London]].

==Cast==
[[File:Salman_Khan_and_Katrina_Kaif_at_fashion_show.jpg|thumb|250px|''Ek Tha Tiger'' marks the fourth feature film to star [[Salman Khan]] and [[Katrina Kaif]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://film.list.co.uk/listings/katrina-kaif/|title=Films: Katrina Kaif | the List}}</ref>]]

* [[Salman Khan]] as [[Tiger (YRF Spy Universe)|Avinash "Tiger" Singh Rathore]], a [[Research and Analysis Wing|RAW]] agent who goes undercover under the alias "Manish Chandra" to spy on Anwar Kidwai
* [[Katrina Kaif]] as [[Zoya (YRF Spy Universe)|Zoya Nazar Jung]], an [[Inter-Services Intelligence|ISI]] agent who goes undercover to counteract the efforts of Tiger
* [[Ranvir Shorey]] as Gopi Arya, a RAW agent and Tiger's handler
* [[Roshan Seth]] as Anwar Kidwai, an Indian scientist and [[Trinity College Dublin]] professor whose missile research is sought by RAW and the ISI
* [[Girish Karnad]] as Ajit Shenoy, the chief of RAW
* [[Gavie Chahal]] as Abrar Sheikh, a [[Captain (armed forces)|section captain]] of the ISI
* [[Samar Jai Singh]] as Rabinder, a RAW agent who defects to the ISI
* Troi Ge Borde as Feroz, an ISI agent
* Bhupesh Singh as a RAW agent
* Sanjay Gurbaxani as a RAW agent
* Aaran Chaudhary as Tokas, an ISI agent
* Ashok Awasthi as [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Indian foreign minister]]
* Zarksis Khandhadia as [[Minister for Foreign Affairs (Pakistan)|Pakistani foreign minister]]
* Lisa Byrne as Amelie
* Justin Fuentes as Brad
* Alison Flood as Fairy
* Rikki McTiernan as Pinocchio
* [[Juhi Parmar]] as a news reporter in Istanbul
* Ranjeev Varma as Indian driver in Nur-Sultan
* Yogi Raj as Pakistani driver in Nur-Sultan
* Tevfik Cemal Inceoglu as a forger
* Rocket as itself, a pet [[pug]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-07-21 |title="Rocket is richer than all of us...": Katrina Kaif |url=https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x21trag |access-date=2023-11-20 |website= |publisher=[[Hungama Digital Media Entertainment]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Production==
===Development===
After [[Kabir Khan (director)|Kabir Khan]] was announced as director to a then-untitled action film,<ref name="Salman YRF">{{cite news |author=IE Agencies |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/salmankatrina-team-up-for-yrfs-ek-tha-tiger/785913/0 |title=Salman-Katrina team up for YRF's 'Ek Tha Tiger'|work=Indian Express |date=11 August 2011 |access-date=8 August 2012}}</ref> he approached [[Shah Rukh Khan]] with a draft of the screenplay. Although interested, Khan could not star in the film due to scheduling conflicts with ''[[Don 2]]'' (2011) and ''[[Jab Tak Hai Jaan]]'' (2012).<ref>{{cite web|title=YRF offers profit to Salman|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/YRF-offers-profit-to-Salman/articleshow/7591907.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020175634/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-28/news-interviews/28641659_1_salman-khan-kabir-khan-mega-project|url-status=live|archive-date=20 October 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=28 February 2011 |access-date=28 February 2011}}</ref> This allowed the film's screenplay, which had been completed in November 2010,<ref name=Photo/> to undergo changes well into shooting, including as late as February 2012.<ref>{{cite web |author=Smitha |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/gupshup/2012/salman-khan-kabir-khan-ek-tha-tiger-script-130212.html |title=Salman Khan changes the script of Kabir Khan's Ek Tha Tiger |publisher=[[Oneindia.in]] |date=13 February 2012 |access-date=8 August 2012 |archive-date=21 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021004506/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/bollywood/gupshup/2012/salman-khan-kabir-khan-ek-tha-tiger-script-130212.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In May 2011, several reports confirmed [[Salman Khan]] and [[Katrina Kaif]] would star in a film titled ''Ek Tha Tiger''.<ref name="Salman YRF"/> It would be Khan's first venture with [[Yash Raj Films]], and the pair's fourth film together, after ''[[Maine Pyaar Kyun Kiya?]]'' (2005), ''[[Partner (2007 film)|Partner]]'' (2007), and ''[[Yuvvraaj]]'' (2008).<ref name="Salman YRF"/> In order to begin filming, Khan had to postpone the development of ''Sher Khan'', a yet unrealized project he began developing with his brother, [[Sohail Khan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sawfnews.com/Bollywood/67302.aspx |title=Salman Khan Gets Caged For 'Ek Tha Tiger' |publisher=Sawf news |date=16 July 2011 |access-date=8 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718081627/http://www.sawfnews.com/Bollywood/67302.aspx |archive-date=18 July 2011 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> Khan was paid a reported {{INRConvert|32|c|year=2012|mode=historical}} to star in the film.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20110919-india-today-editor-kaveree-bamzai-on-salman-khan-success-formula-film-bodyguard-and-his-health-after-surgery-747550-2011-09-09 |title=Salman Khan on Bodyguard's success: 'It's no big deal. You can't go mad about these things.' |work=India Today |date=9 September 2011 |access-date=8 August 2012}}</ref> Kaif, who only appeared in one action film prior to ''Ek Tha Tiger'' (2008's ''[[Race (2008 film)|Race]]''), performed her own stunts.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/bollywood/news/a369347/katrina-kaif-ek-tha-tiger-stunts-were-electrifying.html |title=Katrina Kaif: 'Ek Tha Tiger stunts were electrifying' |website=[[Digital Spy]] |date=5 March 2012 |access-date=8 August 2012}}</ref>

Kabir Khan wrote scenes specifically to include [[Trinity College Dublin|Trinity College]], considering it "a character of repute"; he had previously visited the university in mid-1995 to interview then Irish President [[Mary Robinson]]. According to Avtar
Panesar, Vice President of International Operations at Yash Raj, all locations were ultimately motivated by the screenplay, stating "if it fits the script, if it works, we then make use of the country as a location".<ref name="Rampazzo">{{cite web|url=https://arrow.tudublin.ie/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1107&context=aaschmedart|title=The production of ''Ek Tha Tiger'': A marriage of convenience between Bollywood and the Irish film and tourist industries|first=Giovanna|last=Rampazzo|date=14 March 2017|access-date=25 July 2022|publisher=Technological University Dublin}}</ref>

The rest of the cast was finalized over the following year; [[Ranvir Shorey]] signed on in April 2012,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/a-long-wait/933118/0|title=A Long Wait |work=Indian Express |date=6 April 2012 |access-date=8 August 2012 |author=Dipti Nagpaul-D'Souza}}</ref> while the film marks the Bollywood debut of [[Gavie Chahal]], who previously appeared in Punjabi films.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/punjabi/news-interviews/Gavie-to-debut-in-Bollywood-with-Ek-Tha-Tiger/articleshow/15488968.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020180306/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-14/news-interviews/33202245_1_ek-tha-tiger-punjabi-films-kabir-khan |url-status=live |archive-date=20 October 2013 |title=Gavie to debut in Bollywood with 'Ek Tha Tiger'|author=Upasana Mantri |date=14 August 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=15 August 2012}}</ref> On 3 May 2012, a photography shoot was held with the cast.<ref name=Photo>{{cite web |url=http://www.sawfnews.com/Bollywood/66825.aspx |title=Salman Khan, Katrina Kaif's Ek Tha Tiger: A Hero's Film |publisher=Sawf News |date=4 May 2011 |access-date=8 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111212023820/http://www.sawfnews.com/Bollywood/66825.aspx |archive-date=12 December 2011 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> After release, the film was subject to a copyright dispute after writer Anand Panda lodged a police complaint, backed by the [[Screenwriters Association]], claiming the filmmakers stole his screenplay. Kabir Khan and [[Aditya Chopra]] were sent [[first information report]]s under charges of cheating, criminal breach of trust, and violation of the [[Copyright law of India|Copyright Act]]. Khan and Chopra subsequently filed an appeal to the [[Bombay High Court]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/salman-khan-s-ek-tha-tiger-lands-in-copyright-row/story-cHa2C7NtVRgBJN62ZM2P2I.html|title=Salman Khan's ''Ek Tha Tiger'' lands in copyright row|publisher=HindustanTimes|date=12 September 2012}}</ref> In July 2012, a legal notice was served by the nephew of [[Ravindra Kaushik]], a RAW agent known as Black Tiger, stating the film bears a striking [[All persons fictitious disclaimer|resemblance]] to his uncle and his uncle's life.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dead RAW agent's nephew takes Salman's Ek Tha Tiger producers to court|date=27 July 2012 |url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/raw-agent-nephew-takes-salman-ek-tha-tiger-producers-court--4729.html|access-date=17 August 2012 |last1=News |first1=India TV }}</ref>

===Filming===
The film's production contained a number of delays. Initial reports said [[principal photography]] would begin in July 2011, but a spokesperson for Yash Raj Films announced production had been delayed due to budgeting concerns. Filming began in August 2011 in [[Dublin]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Salman Khan delays Ek Tha Tiger? |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Salman-Khan-delays-Ek-Tha-Tiger/Article1-726520.aspx |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=30 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140513055604/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Salman-Khan-delays-Ek-Tha-Tiger/Article1-726520.aspx |archive-date=13 May 2014 |df=dmy }}</ref> but was postponed after Salman Khan underwent surgery for [[trigeminal neuralgia]] in the [[United States]], and when some crew members in [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] held a demonstration over filming conditions and a lack of payment.<ref>{{cite news |author=Times News Network |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/salman-katrina-having-tough-time-in-ireland/articleshow/10077780.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103184046/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-23/news-interviews/30189939_1_irish-police-irish-film-ireland |url-status=live |archive-date=3 January 2013 |title=Salman, Katrina having tough time in Ireland? |date=23 September 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=8 August 2012}}</ref>

Filming resumed in September 2011 in [[Turkey]], in [[Istanbul]] and near the border with [[Syria]] and [[Iraq]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Smitha |url=http://entertainment.oneindia.in/bollywood/gupshup/2011/salman-khan-katrina-kaif-turkey-ek-tha-tiger-241011.html |title=Salman Khan, Katrina Kaif free from danger in Turkey |publisher=Oneindia |date=24 October 2011 |access-date=8 August 2012 |archive-date=13 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140513012028/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/bollywood/gupshup/2011/salman-khan-katrina-kaif-turkey-ek-tha-tiger-241011.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Salman to resume shooting of Ek Tha Tiger from September 10 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/news/type/view/id/1361559 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140513010831/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/news/type/view/id/1361559 |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 May 2014 |work=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=6 March 2012}}</ref> There, the crew faced security concerns when they were mistaken for a hostile threat by [[Turkish Land Forces]], and were required to lie down for ten minutes at gunpoint while the issue was being resolved.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/five-years-of-ek-tha-tiger-kabir-khan-reveals-lesser-known-facts-about-the-film/story-xry4NognTiYtP1QxiryoXJ.html|title=Five years of Ek Tha Tiger: Kabir Khan reveals lesser-known facts about the film|first=Yashika|last=Mathur|publisher=Hindustan Times|date=14 August 2017}}</ref> Production took place in Dublin between 10 September and 14 October 2011, with scenes between Khan and Shorey filmed on [[Temple Bar, Dublin|Temple Bar]]. According to Naoise Barry, the Irish Film Commissioner, [[Screen Ireland]] and [[Tourism Ireland]] collectively sought to attract Bollywood productions to the country since 2004, citing India as an emerging market for tourism in Ireland. According to Aman Agrawal, a production executive for Yash Raj, Dublin was chosen to "allow the film to be international and encourage people outside India to connect to Bollywood" while maintaining "appeal to Indian audiences who love to see new places".<ref name="Rampazzo"/> [[Dublin City Council]], Trinity College (which saw filming on campus for the first time in 20 years), and other agencies helped enable filming in the city by granting complimentary visas and allowing reduced costs with tax breaks.<ref name="Rampazzo"/>

Production was halted altogether in early 2012 to account for script re-writes,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/salman-khan-ek-tha-tiger-salmans-forthcoming-film-95409-2012-03-08 |title=Finicky Salman knows best |work=India Today|date=9 March 2012 |access-date=8 August 2012}}</ref> abandoning production in [[Hong Kong]] in favor of an eventual crunch-schedule three-day period in [[Delhi]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/3-Khans-in-Delhi/articleshow/10904726.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103075027/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-29/news-interviews/30450759_1_khans-ek-tha-tiger-salman |url-status=live |archive-date=3 January 2013 |title=3 Khans in Delhi |date=29 November 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=8 August 2012}}</ref> Filming ended in June 2012 in [[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Salman-Katrina-bond-on-Ek-Tha-Tiger-sets/Article1-867213.aspx |title=Salman, Katrina bond on Ek Tha Tiger sets |work=Hindustan Times |date=7 June 2012 |access-date=8 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614202741/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Salman-Katrina-bond-on-Ek-Tha-Tiger-sets/Article1-867213.aspx |archive-date=14 June 2012 |df=dmy }}</ref> Stunt directors for ''[[The Bourne Identity (2002 film)|The Bourne Identity]]'' (2002) coordinated the film's action sequences,<ref name="1st phase">{{cite web|title=Salman Khan and Katrina Kaif to go back to college|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/news/type/view/id/1353285|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029205052/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/news/type/view/id/1353285|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 October 2013|website=Bollywood Hungama News Network|access-date=27 July 2011}}</ref> some of which were shot on location.<ref>{{cite news |author=Tushar Joshi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Salman-Khan-begins-shooting-for-Ek-Tha-Tiger/articleshow/9956155.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103115330/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-12/news-interviews/30144834_1_salman-khan-ek-tha-tiger-shooting |url-status=live |archive-date=3 January 2013 |title=Salman Khan begins shooting for Ek Tha Tiger|date=12 September 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=8 August 2012}}</ref> Khan used a self-created fitness program titled 'Dirty Running' for 30 days to prepare for the role.<ref>{{cite news |author=Richa Bhatia |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/For-Ek-Tha-Tiger-Salman-learns-dirty-running/articleshow/15071905.cms |title=For 'Ek Tha Tiger' Salman learns dirty running |work=The Times of India |date=21 July 2012 |access-date=9 August 2012}}</ref> Kaif completed her scenes without makeup.<ref>{{cite news |author=Subhash K Jha |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Katrina-goes-de-glam-for-Ek-Tha-Tiger/articleshow/8565754.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419104941/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-25/news-interviews/29580959_1_katrina-kaif-kabir-khan-film-glam |url-status=live |archive-date=19 April 2012 |title=Katrina goes de-glam for Ek Tha Tiger |date=25 May 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=8 August 2012}}</ref> Filming also took place in [[Havana]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/salman-khan-katrina-kaif-cuba-ek-tha-tiger-havana-93308-2012-02-16 |title=Salman Khan and Katrina Kaif in Cuba for Ek Tha Tiger shooting |work=India Today |date=17 February 2012 |access-date=8 August 2012}}</ref> with the song "Lapaata" shot along the [[Malecón, Havana|Malecón]], the [[Torreón de la Chorrera]], [[Plaza Vieja, Havana|Plaza Vieja]], and [[Havana Cathedral]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wherewasitshot.com/ek-tha-tiger/|title=Ek Tha Tiger - Where Was It Shot?|access-date=26 July 2022}}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The film was the first Bollywood film to shoot in [[Cuba]]. Khan also appeared in a commercial for both Cuban and Irish tourism companies.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/news/type/view/id/1413950 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825175247/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/news/type/view/id/1413950 |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 August 2012 |title=Salman Khan shoots ad for Cuban tourism |work=Bollywood Hungama|author=Bollywood Hungama News Network |date=22 February 2011 |access-date=8 August 2012}}</ref>

''Ek Tha Tiger'' was shot on film by cinematographer Aseem Mishra using a collection of [[Arri]] cameras, including the [[Arriflex 235]], [[Arriflex 435]], and the [[Arriflex 535]], with Angenieux 24-290mm T2.8 and Zeiss Ultra Prime Lenses.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://shotonwhat.com/ek-tha-tiger-2012|title=Ek Tha Tiger Technical Specifications|date=16 June 2019 |access-date=July 25, 2022|publisher=ShotOnWhat}}</ref>

==Music==
{{Main|Ek Tha Tiger (soundtrack)}}
[[Sohail Sen]] composed six out of the film's eight-song soundtrack, although the film's end credits song "Mashallah" (and its [[remix]]) was composed by [[Sajid–Wajid]]. [[Julius Packiam]] composed the film score after his previous associations with Khan on ''[[Kabul Express]]'' (2006) and ''[[New York (2009 film)|New York]]'' (2009). [[Neelesh Misra]], [[Anvita Dutt Guptan|Anvita Dutt]] and [[Kausar Munir]] wrote the lyrics, and its remixes were produced by Joshilay.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hot tracks|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/hot-tracks/849659/0 |newspaper=Indian Express|first=Rajiv|last=Vijayakar|date=23 September 2011 |access-date=23 September 2011}}</ref> The soundtrack was released by [[YRF Music]] on 27 June 2012.<ref name="MSN India">{{cite web |date=13 June 2012 |title=On-Spot: 'Ek Tha Tiger' song launch |url=http://entertainment.in.msn.com/gallery/on-spot-ek-tha-tiger-song-launch |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212104033/http://entertainment.in.msn.com/gallery/on-spot-ek-tha-tiger-song-launch |archive-date=12 December 2013 |access-date=29 June 2012 |publisher=[[MSN]] India}}</ref>

==Marketing==
The film's poster was released in August 2011,<ref name="Mid Day01">{{cite news |title=Spotted: Salman Khan and Katrina Kaif at the airport|url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2012/may/230512-Spotted-Salman-Khan-and-Katrina-Kaif-at-the-airport.htm |newspaper=[[Mid-Day]] |date=23 May 2012 |access-date=16 July 2012}}</ref> and the first theatrical trailer was released in May 2012, debuting alongside the release of ''[[Ishaqzaade]]'', another film produced by Yash Raj Films and Aditya Chopra.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ek Tha Tiger–teaser trailer |date=11 May 2012 |url=http://www.koimoi.com/videos/ek-tha-tiger-teaser-trailer/ |publisher=Koimoi |access-date=11 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Salman scoring very high with his looks in Ek Tha Tiger trailer |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/salman-kills-with-his-looks-in-ek-tha-tiger-trailer-101821-2012-05-10 |newspaper=India Today |date=11 May 2012 |access-date=21 July 2012}}</ref> The trailer received over a million views on video sharing platform [[YouTube]] within two days of its release, making it the platform's most-viewed trailer for a Bollywood film at the time.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ek Tha Tiger trailer receives terrific response on webfilm |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/ek-tha-tiger-trailer-107432-2012-06-28 |newspaper=India Today|date=29 June 2012 |access-date=30 June 2012}}</ref> As part of a publicity campaign for Trinity College, parts of the film and behind the scenes footage was shown in India, while interviews of South Asian students, university lecturers, and ''Ek Tha Tiger'' crew members were done.<ref name="Rampazzo"/>

[[File:Salman Khan, Katrina Kaif at the launch of 'Ek Tha Tiger's first song 'Mashallah' 02.jpg|thumb|Khan and Kaif promoting the film's lead single, "Mashallah".]]
The cast embarked on a limited domestic promotional tour, conducting press conferences in [[New Delhi]], [[Ahmedabad]],<ref>{{cite news |author=Deepika Sahu |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-06/news-interviews/33064721_1_ek-tha-tiger-salman-khan-kabir-khan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527145112/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-06/news-interviews/33064721_1_ek-tha-tiger-salman-khan-kabir-khan |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 May 2013 |title=Ek Tha Tiger's a swift, nice & clean film: Salman Khan |date=6 August 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=15 August 2012}}</ref> and [[Lucknow]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-12/lucknow/33167219_1_ek-tha-tiger-salman-khan-lucknow-airport |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103142521/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-12/lucknow/33167219_1_ek-tha-tiger-salman-khan-lucknow-airport |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 January 2013 |title=Salman Khan in Lucknow to promote 'Ek Tha Tiger'|date=12 August 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=15 August 2012}}</ref> They also signed a promotional deal with soft drink company [[Thums Up]], where Khan and Kaif appeared in [[Sales promotion#Consumer sales promotion types|commercials]]. The company also sponsored an expanded tour in mid-2012, with the cast also visiting [[Mumbai]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], [[Kanpur]], [[Allahabad]], [[Agra, India|Agra]], [[Meerut]], and [[Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh|Ghaziabad]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bestmediainfo.com/2012/08/thums-ups-toofani-association-with-ek-tha-tiger/ |title=Thums Up's toofani association with 'Ek Tha Tiger' |publisher=Best Media Info |date=10 August 2012 |access-date=15 August 2012}}</ref>

Six days after the film's release, Tourism Ireland's Indian [[Facebook]] page gained over 23,000 followers, up from 10,000 the previous week; over one year later, it accumulated around 90,000 followers. The Irish Central Statistics Office noted an increase in tourism from overseas after the film's release. In an interview, then-Minister for Transport, Tourism and Sport, [[Leo Varadkar]], said ''Ek Tha Tiger'' "established a foundation" for future projects to be held in Ireland.<ref name="Rampazzo"/>

A two-part [[comic book]] series based on the film was also released. Published by [[Yomics]], the series also features characters from ''[[Hum Tum (film)|Hum Tum]]'' (2004), which was also produced by Chopra and Yash Raj Films. Canonically, this sets the two films in one [[shared universe]]. The first comic book, ''Ek Tha Tiger: Mahasagar Ki Suraksha'' ({{translation|''Ek Tha Tiger: Saving the High Seas''}}), was published in July 2012.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/WATCH-Salman-Khan-s-animated-avatar-in-Ek-Tha-Tiger/Article1-900270.aspx |title=WATCH: Salman Khan's 'animated' avatar in Ek Tha Tiger |work=Hindustan Times |date=26 July 2012 |access-date=15 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120814233946/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/WATCH-Salman-Khan-s-animated-avatar-in-Ek-Tha-Tiger/Article1-900270.aspx |archive-date=14 August 2012 |df=dmy }}</ref> The second, ''Ek Tha Tiger: Web Mein Pakra Gaya!'' ({{translation|''Ek Tha Tiger: Caught in the Web!''}}), was released in November, to coincide with the film's release on home video.<ref name="Bollywood Hungama">{{cite news |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/3809 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813025731/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/3809 |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 August 2012 |title=Comic book Review: Ek Tha Tiger – Dhoom Redux 893 |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=10 August 2012 |access-date=15 August 2012}}</ref> The series received mixed reviews, with praise for its design and criticism for its plot and pacing.<ref name="Bollywood Hungama"/>

The film's lead single and main [[theme song]], "Mashallah", recorded by [[Sajid–Wajid|Wajid Ali]] and [[Shreya Ghoshal]], was released worldwide on 27 June 2012. The song's music was both composed and produced by Ali and his brother [[Sajid–Wajid|Sajid]], while its lyrics were written by [[Kausar Munir]]. The [[filmi]] [[Sentimental ballad|power ballad]] topped several music charts in [[India]] throughout August and remained in the top 10 for a majority of the film's theatrical run.<ref name="MSN India"/>

===Video games===
{{Excerpt|YRF Spy Universe|Games}}

==Release==
===Theatrical===
''Ek Tha Tiger'' was released worldwide on 15 August 2012; the date coincided with Indian [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]]. The film was screened in 3300 domestic theaters, a record broken by ''[[Dabangg 2]]'', which was screened in 3700 theaters later that year.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Salman-Khans-Ek-Tha-Tiger-gets-extraordinary-advance-booking/articleshow/15495421.cms |title=Salman Khan's Ek Tha Tiger gets 'extraordinary' advance booking |work=The Times of India |author=Bharti Dubey |date=14 August 2012 |access-date=15 August 2012}}</ref> ''Ek Tha Tiger'' was released in 550 screens internationally,<ref>{{cite web|title=Salman Khan's Ek Tha Tiger grosses Rs184.83 crore, second Bollywood film to do so|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-08-31/news/33521544_1_ek-tha-tiger-salman-khan-kabir-khan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120906022245/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-08-31/news/33521544_1_ek-tha-tiger-salman-khan-kabir-khan|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 September 2012|work=Economic Times|access-date=31 December 2012}}</ref> although, it was not released in Pakistan{{spaced ndash}}a major market for Bollywood{{spaced ndash}}due to concerns over the portrayal of Pakistan in the film.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/movies/no-release-for-ek-tha-tiger-in-pakistan_117296.htm |title=No release for 'Ek Tha Tiger' in Pakistan |publisher=[[Zee News]] |date=17 August 2012 |access-date=17 August 2012 |author=Zee News Bureau}}</ref> This decision was upheld despite opposition from [[Kabir Khan (director)|Kabir Khan]], who stated the film does not promote anti-Pakistani sentiment.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Ek-Tha-Tiger-is-not-anti-Pakistan-Kabir-Khan/Article1-887777.aspx |title=Ek Tha Tiger is not anti-Pakistan: Kabir Khan |work=Hindustan Times |date=12 July 2012 |access-date=17 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120815202747/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Ek-Tha-Tiger-is-not-anti-Pakistan-Kabir-Khan/Article1-887777.aspx |archive-date=15 August 2012 |df=dmy }}</ref> The film premiered in [[Tokyo]] in July 2013, and was screened in 70 theaters in Japan, constituting the widest Japanese release for a Hindi-language Bollywood film.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ek Tha Tiger Releases in Japan |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/npages.php?page=shownews&articleid=5463&nCat= |publisher=Boxofficeindia.com |access-date=8 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130311005601/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/npages.php?page=shownews&articleid=5463&nCat= |archive-date=11 March 2013 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Ek Tha Tiger premieres in Japan|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/ek-tha-tiger-premieres-japan-155614-2013-03-07|work=Indiatoday|date=8 March 2013 |access-date=8 March 2013}}</ref> Approximately 60 percent of the film's opening weekend's gross had been collected from ticket pre-orders;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/ek-tha-tiger-set-for-a-roaring-opening/20120814.htm |title=Ek Tha Tiger set for a roaring opening |publisher=Rediff |date=14 August 2012 |access-date=15 August 2012}}</ref> ''Ek Tha Tiger'' was screened at Cineworld Dublin between 15 August and 3 September 2012 and was often sold out, while other theaters subsequently increased ticket prices.<ref>{{cite news |author=Indo-Asian News Service |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/ek-tha-tiger-review-salman-khan-katrina-kaif-kabir-khan-113249-2012-08-13 |title=Ek Tha Tiger review |work=India Today |date=14 August 2012 |access-date=15 August 2012}}</ref>

The film was screened at Trinity College in September 2012, with Kabir Khan discussing its production with film and drama students.<ref name="Rampazzo"/>

===Home media===
''Ek Tha Tiger'' was released on DVD by YRF Home Entertainment on 25 September 2012, and on Blu-ray, Blu-ray 3D, and Ultra HD Blu-ray on 9 October 2012.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ek Tha Tiger (Blu-Ray) (2012)|url=https://www.amazon.com/Tha-Tiger-Blu-Ray-Salman-Khan/dp/B009NKYBSK/ref=sr_1_2?s=movies-tv&ie=UTF8&qid=1361945876&sr=1-2&keywords=Ek+Tha+Tiger|work=[[amazon.com|Amazon]]| date=9 October 2012 |publisher=Amazon|access-date=27 February 2013}}</ref> The digital and Blu-ray releases include behind-the-scenes featurettes, deleted scenes, and a blooper reel.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ek Tha Tiger (2012) (Hindi Movie / Bollywood Film / Indian Cinema DVD) (2012)|url=https://www.amazon.com/Tiger-Hindi-Bollywood-Indian-Cinema/dp/B009EOMNSA/ref=sr_1_1?s=movies-tv&ie=UTF8&qid=1361945876&sr=1-1&keywords=Ek+Tha+Tiger|work=[[amazon.com|Amazon]]| date=25 September 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yashrajfilms.com/onlinestore/Blu_ray_landing.aspx?CatalogID=50E4310B-3002-5C2B-BED5-1DDA66345121&ProductID=c9a2784b-6e7a-49ed-bd2b-59b9920d30d5&CategoryID=2c2fc055-48b7-41b3-b7ba-d04d3e51675a |title=Blu_ray_landing |publisher=Yashrajfilms.com |access-date=18 October 2012}}</ref> The Blu-ray releases saw the home media introduction of [[Dolby TrueHD]] 96k upsampling and [[Dolby Surround 7.1]] sound.<ref>{{cite web|title=Yash Raj Films Launches Ek Tha Tiger Blu-ray with the Latest Dolby Technology|url=http://www.hindifilmnews.com/bollywood_buzz/yash-raj-films-launches-ek-tha-tiger-blu-ray-with-the-latest-dolby-technology/#.UIevYYWBzeY|publisher=Hindifilmnews.com|access-date=13 October 2012|archive-date=22 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922231338/http://www.hindifilmnews.com/bollywood_buzz/yash-raj-films-launches-ek-tha-tiger-blu-ray-with-the-latest-dolby-technology/#.UIevYYWBzeY|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The physical releases in its first week of the sale were one of the top home media releases in India, according to The Numbers data. The Blu-ray version accounted for 79% of the sales, with 3% of total sales coming from the Ultra HD Blu-ray version.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ek Tha Tiger (2012): Financials|url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Ek-Tha-Tiger#tab=video-sales|publisher=The-Numbers.com|access-date=13 October 2012}}</ref>

==Reception==
===Box office===
Due to its unprecedented extensive release, combined with many theaters reporting the film's screenings carried over 80% occupancy during its run,<ref>{{cite web |title=Ek Tha Tiger Takes Box Office Collections to a New High |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4793&nCat= |publisher=Boxofficeindia.com |access-date=16 August 2012 |date=16 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120819212621/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4793&nCat= |archive-date=19 August 2012 |df=dmy }}</ref> ''Ek Tha Tiger'' grossed over {{INRConvert|263|c|year=2012|mode=historical}} in India, and {{INRConvert|57|c|year=2012|mode=historical}} in other territories, for a worldwide total of {{INRConvert|320|c|year=2012|mode=historical}}.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130813064716/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5943&nCat First Day Comparison: Chennai Express v Ek Tha Tiger]. Bowoffice India. 10 August 2013</ref> The film had the biggest domestic opening day and opening weekend ever, grossing {{INRConvert|33.5|c|year=2012|mode=historical}} and {{INRConvert|57.9|c|year=2012|mode=historical}}, respectively.<ref name=opening/><ref name="EK THA TIGER Second Day Territorial">{{cite web |title=EK THA TIGER Second Day Territorial Breakdown |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4799&nCat= |publisher=Boxofficeindia.com |access-date=17 August 2012}}</ref> By its fifth day of release, ''Ek Tha Tiger'' had earned over {{INRConvert|100|c|year=2012|mode=historical}} in India, the quickest film to reach this landmark, and broke the previous record of a week held by ''[[Bodyguard (2011 Hindi film)|Bodyguard]]'' (2011), which also starred [[Salman Khan]].<ref name=opening>{{cite web|title=EK THA TIGER First Day Territorial Breakdown |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4793&nCat= |publisher=Boxofficeindia.com |date=16 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130722045128/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4793&nCat= |archive-date=22 July 2013 }}</ref> It is also the highest-grossing Bollywood film of 2012,<ref>{{cite web|title=Ek Tha Tiger Heads For 40 Crore Second Week|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4842&nCat=|publisher=Boxofficeindia.com|access-date=28 August 2012}}</ref> and became the second highest grossing Bollywood film of all time, after ''[[3 Idiots]]'' (2009).<ref>{{cite web |title=Top Ten All Time Worldwide Grossers: EK THA TIGER 335 Crore Plus |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4889&nCat= |publisher=boxofficeindia.com |access-date=13 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915184004/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4889&nCat= |archive-date=15 September 2012 |df=dmy }}</ref>

Internationally, ''Ek Tha Tiger'' also performed strongly, despite being banned in [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Three Idiots V Ek Tha Tiger Five Weeks Business |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4928&nCat= |publisher=Boxofficeindia.com |access-date=27 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120929234026/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4928&nCat= |archive-date=29 September 2012 |df=dmy }}</ref> It grossed {{INRConvert|36.3|c|year=2012|mode=historical}} in overseas markets in its five days of release.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ek Tha Tiger is Excellent Overseas |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/overdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4823&nCat= |publisher=Boxofficeindia.com |access-date=22 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120824234934/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/overdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4823&nCat= |archive-date=24 August 2012 |df=dmy }}</ref> Regionally, the film collected {{INRConvert|6|c|year=2012|mode=historical}} in [[Australasia]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Top Ten 2012 Lifetime Grossers |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5038&nCat= |publisher=boxofficeindia.com |access-date=31 October 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102181249/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5038&nCat= |archive-date=2 November 2012 |df=dmy }}</ref> with an estimated {{INRConvert|4.3|c|year=2012|mode=historical}} grossed in [[Australia]],<ref name="EK THA TIGER Second Day Territorial"/> and {{INRConvert|1.7|c|year=2012|mode=historical}} in [[New Zealand]].<ref>{{cite web |title=EK THA TIGER Third Day Territorial Breakdown |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4807&nCat= |publisher=Boxofficeindia.com |access-date=18 August 2012}}</ref> Additionally, in the [[United Arab Emirates]], a region with a large Pakistani and Indian emigrant population, the film grossed {{INRConvert|16.5|c|year=2012|mode=historical}},<ref>{{cite web |title=EK THA TIGER Extended Weekend Territorial Breakdown |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4816&nCat= |publisher=Boxofficeindia.com |access-date=20 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120822164326/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4816&nCat= |archive-date=22 August 2012 |df=dmy }}</ref> a gross only exceeded by the [[North America]], where ''Ek Tha Tiger'' grossed over {{INRConvert|16.8|c|year=2012|mode=historical}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4838&nCat= |title=Ek Tha Tiger Week One Territorial Breakdown |publisher=Boxofficeindia.com |date=27 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829082901/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4838&nCat= |archive-date=29 August 2012 |df=dmy }}</ref> Another strong performing territory was the [[United Kingdom]], where the film collected over {{INRConvert|13|c|year=2012|mode=historical}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ek Tha Tiger Collects 300 Crore in Two Weeks|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4849&nCat=|publisher=Boxofficeindia.com|access-date=31 August 2012}}</ref><ref name=DS>{{cite web|title=All INDIA Distributor Shares 2012: Diwali Releases Combined Equal Ek Tha Tiger|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5150&nCat=|publisher=[[Boxofficeindia.com]]|access-date=29 November 2012}}</ref> Its combined overseas gross amounted to {{INRConvert|57|c|year=2012|mode=historical}},<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131101130243/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/youdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=6188&nCat= What Will Be The Opening Business Of Krrish 3?] Boxoffice India. 29 October 2013</ref> making it one of the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films in the overseas markets|highest-grossing Bollywood films by international gross]].<ref name="Boxofficeindia.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4847&nCat= |title=Top Ten Overseas: EK THA TIGER Sixth |publisher=Boxofficeindia.com |date=30 August 2012 |access-date=30 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ek Tha Tiger To Close at Around $120 Million in Overseas |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/overdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4843&nCat= |publisher=Boxofficeindia.Com |access-date=29 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120831201944/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/overdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4843&nCat= |archive-date=31 August 2012 |df=dmy }}</ref>

===Critical response===
{{Rotten Tomatoes prose|75|5.9|16|consensus=}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/ek_tha_tiger|title=Ek Tha Tiger on Rotten Tomatoes|publisher=Rotten Tomatoes|access-date=24 November 2020}}</ref>

In India, there was praise for the film's [[Feminist film theory|feminist themes]], with Marjolaine Gout noting the film is "a roaring, visual, comic feast where the [[Damsel in distress|damsel-in-distress]] fights back", giving ''Ek Tha Tiger'' 3.5 out of 5 stars.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gout |first=Marjolaine |title=Ek Tha Tiger review |url=http://www.ecranlarge.com/movie_review-read-31772-164361.php|language = fr| publisher=Ecranlarge.com/Digiside |date=20 August 2012 |access-date= 21 April 2013}}</ref> [[Anupama Chopra]] of the ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' also commended the feminist themes, saying "it's such a pleasure to see a Hindi film heroine not [be] a damsel-in-distress", while also praising the film's action sequences, giving ''Ek Tha Tiger'' 3 out of 5 stars.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anupama Chopra's review: Ek Tha Tiger|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/anupama-chopra-s-review-ek-tha-tiger/story-01h3jMcHHxROFeVsJ9EIaK.html|first=Anupama |last=Chopra |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=16 August 2012}}{{Rating|3|5}}</ref> Jahanavi Samant of ''[[Mid-Day]]'' gave the film the same rating and criticized its tone as being inconsistent, with "''Ek Tha Tiger'' [being] unable to decide whether it is spy action or a love saga".<ref>{{cite web|title=Meow goes the Tiger|url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2012/aug/150812-Bollywood-Movie-Review-Ek-Tha-Tiger.htm|author=Janhavi Samant|work=[[Mid-Day]]}}</ref> Ronnie Scheib of ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' gave a positive review, praising the performances of the leads and film's production aesthetic, noting "Kaif impresses in her action-heroine debut, while Salman Khan's thinking-on-his-feet immediacy adds depth to his usual macho muscle. Local audiences will no doubt derive a special thrill from the onscreen reunion of stars Khan and Kaif, [with] Aseem Mishra's gorgeous location lensing".<ref>{{cite web |last=SCHEIB |first=RONNIE |title=Ek Tha Tiger review |date=18 August 2012 |url=https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117948076/ |publisher=variety |access-date=18 August 2012}}</ref>

''Ek Tha Tiger'' faced harsher reception from Raja Sen of ''[[Rediff]]'', who criticized the film's relative low stakes and pacing, noting "[Kabir] Khan scales down the ambition as he aims for a safe mainstream middle-ground in his ''Ek Tha Tiger'', a spy-thriller which takes a while to get boiling but eventually crackles along quite effectively".<ref>{{cite web |title=Review: Ek Tha Tiger is Salman at his coolest|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-ek-tha-tiger-is-salman-at-his-coolest/20120816.htm#:~:text=Ek%20Tha%20Tiger%20is%20Salman%20Khan's%20most%20accomplished%20works%20in,The%20shirt%20stays%20on.&text=Director%20Kabir%20Khan%20scales%20down,eventually%20crackles%20along%20quite%20effectively.|first=Raja |last=Sen |publisher=Rediff |date=16 August 2012}}{{Rating|2.5|5}}</ref> He scored the film 2.5 stars out of 5, with his score and reception echoed by [[Rajeev Masand]] of [[CNN-IBN]], who wrote "despite flaws, ''Ek Tha Tiger'' is extremely far from unwatchable. Just don't go in with very high expectations".<ref>{{cite web|title=Masand: 'Ek Tha Tiger' is far from unwatchable|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/masand-ek-tha-tiger-is-fBN|access-date=16 August 2012}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Rachel Saltz of ''[[The New York Times]]'' praised the action scenes but also criticized the low stakes of the characters' romance, saying, "Tiger and Zoya [are] good kung fu street fighters, but unconvincing spies and cookie-cutter bland lovers. Their loyalty to each other is never in question and only tepidly tested".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://movies.nytimes.com/2012/08/17/movies/ek-tha-tiger-by-kabir-khan.html |title=MOVIE REVIEW; Ek Tha Tiger |last=Saltz |first=Rachel |date=17 August 2012 |work=The New York Times |page=13 |access-date=29 August 2012}}</ref> A similar critical reaction was noted by Josh Tuhin of ''[[Gulf News]]'' who blasted the cinematography, saying "[it] is outright bad, with the body doubles' faces visible during the action scenes", but praised Kaif and Khan's on-screen chemistry.<ref>{{cite web |title=Review: Ek Tha Tiger |date=16 August 2012 |url=http://gulfnews.com/arts-entertainment/film/cinema-reviews/review-ek-tha-tiger-1.1062589 |publisher=gulfnews |access-date=16 August 2012}}</ref>

Regarding the film's depiction of Ireland, Giovanna Rampazzo wrote that despite ''Ek Tha Tiger'' presenting political themes, it "carefully avoided representing any complexity or social issues [in favour] of a charming and cosmopolitan Irish capital, constructing a simplistic image of Ireland that requires a minimum of cross-cultural understanding or critical engagement [by] the viewer". She concluded this was "in line with long-standing strategies supported by government agencies to create a marketable version of 'Irishness' [but] may promote unrealistic cognitive associations and expectations about Irish society".<ref name="Rampazzo"/> Overall, the country's presentation in the film was positively received by Irish audiences.<ref name="Rampazzo"/>

==Accolades==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="width:25%;" scope="col"| Ceremony
! style="width:25%;" scope="col"| Category
! style="width:25%;" scope="col"| Recipient
! style="width:8%;" scope="col"| Result
|-
| rowspan="6" | [[People's Choice Awards India|2012 People's Choice Awards India]]<ref>{{cite web|title=People's Choice Awards 2012|url=http://peopleschoiceindia.com/winners2012.php|access-date=10 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225214759/https://peopleschoiceindia.com/winners2012.php|archive-date=25 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| Favourite Movie
| ''Ek Tha Tiger''
| rowspan="5" {{won}}
|-
| Favourite Movie Actor
| [[Salman Khan]]
|-
| Favourite Movie Actress
| [[Katrina Kaif]]
|-
| Favourite Action Movie Actor
| Salman Khan
|-
| Favourite Song of the Year
| "Mashallah"
|-
| Favourite Action Movie
| rowspan="2"| ''Ek Tha Tiger''
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[14th IIFA Awards]]
| [[IIFA Award for Best Special Effects|Best Special Effects]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Big Star Entertainment Awards]]
| Best Actress in an Action Role
| Katrina Kaif
| {{won}}
|}

=={{Anchor|Sequel|Sequels}}Sequels==
{{further|YRF Spy Universe}}

===''Tiger Zinda Hai''===
{{Main|Tiger Zinda Hai}}

[[Ali Abbas Zafar]] replaced Kabir Khan to direct the sequel, with the screenplay co-written by Zafar and [[Neelesh Misra]]. It released in India on 22 December 2017,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/bollywood/tiger-zinda-hai-cleared-by-cbfc-gets-u/a-certificate-2066867.html|title='Tiger Zinda Hai' cleared by CBFC, gets U/A certificate|work=[[Zee News]]|date=16 December 2017|access-date=17 December 2017}}</ref> and saw [[Salman Khan]], [[Katrina Kaif]], [[Gavie Chahal]], and [[Girish Karnad]] reprise their roles. ''Tiger Zinda Hai'' was Karnad's final Hindi film before his death.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-paresh-rawal-to-join-team-tiger-zinda-hai-2346741|title=Paresh Rawal to join Team 'Tiger Zinda Hai'|newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|access-date=9 March 2017}}</ref>

===''Tiger 3''===
{{Main|Tiger 3}}

''Tiger 3'' was directed by [[Maneesh Sharma]] and released in India on 12 November 2023. Khan, Kaif, and Chahal reprise their roles,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/salman-khan-confirms-tiger-zinda-hai-sequel-katrina-kaifs-zoya-will-play-lead-771467|title=Salman Khan confirms Tiger Zinda Hai sequel but Katrina Kaif's Zoya will play the lead|date=9 June 2018|publisher=IBTimes|access-date=24 November 2020}}</ref> while [[Emraan Hashmi]] joined the cast as the primary antagonist. [[Shah Rukh Khan]] made a cameo appearance as Pathaan.

==See also==
{{Portal|Bollywood}}
* [[Ravindra Kaushik]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Mojo movie|https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt2016894/}}
* {{IMDb title|2016894}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/ek_tha_tiger}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|ek-tha-tiger}}

{{YRF Spy Universe}}
{{Kabir Khan}}

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Arihant-class submarine

2026-03-27T19:17:47Z

Danger Pandit Ankit:

{{Short description|Class of Indian nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
| image = Arihant class.png
| image_caption = Profile of Arihant-class submarine
}}
|section2={{Infobox ship/class overview
| name = ''Arihant''
| builders = Ship Building Centre (SBC), [[Visakhapatnam]]
| operators = {{navy|India}}
| class_after = {{sclass|S5|submarine|4}}
| in_commission_range = 2016{{ndash}}present
| total_ships_planned = 5
| total_ships_completed = 4
| total_ships_active = 2
| total_ships_laid_up =
| total_ships_lost =
| total_ships_retired =
| total_ships_preserved =
| cost = {{INRConvert|40|b|lk=r}} per submarine<ref name="India Today3" />
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
| hide_header =
| header_caption =
| type = [[Nuclear submarine|Nuclear-powered]] [[ballistic missile submarine]]
| displacement = *{{INS|Arihant||2}} & {{INS|Arighaat||2}}: {{convert|6000|t|abbr=on}} surfaced<ref name=dna-launch>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_india-reaches-milestone-with-launch-of-n-powered-submarine_1277227|title=India reaches milestone with launch of n-powered submarine|newspaper=DNA|date=26 July 2007|access-date=24 January 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090728073620/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_india-reaches-milestone-with-launch-of-n-powered-submarine_1277227|archive-date=28 July 2009}}</ref>
* {{INS|Aridhaman||2}} & {{INS|Arisudan||2}}: {{convert|7000|t|abbr=on}}<ref name="India Today3" />
| length = Arihant & Arighaat: {{convert|111|m|abbr=on}};<ref name="NuclearArm" />
S-4: {{convert|130|m|abbr=on}}<ref name="NuclearArm" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hisutton.com/Indian-Navy-S4-SSBN.html|title=H I Sutton - Covert Shores}}</ref>
| beam = {{convert|11|m|abbr=on}}<ref name="NuclearArm" />
| height =
| draft = {{convert|15|m|abbr=on}}<ref name="NuclearArm" />
| depth =
| decks =
| deck_clearance =
| power =
| propulsion = *1 x CLWR-B1 [[pressurized water reactor]]<ref name="CLWR-B1">{{cite news |title=Founder's Day Speech, Director, BARC |url=http://www.barc.gov.in/presentations/fddir18.pdf |access-date=21 March 2021 |publisher=Bhabha Atmoic Research Centre |date=30 October 2018}}</ref><ref name="clwr_barc">{{cite journal |title=DAE (Excellence in Science, Engineering & Technology) Awards 2010 |journal=BARC Newsletter |date=Sep–Oct 2011 |issue=322 |page=33 |url=http://www.barc.gov.in/publications/nl/2011/2011091009.pdf |access-date=21 March 2021 |archive-date=15 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515202113/http://barc.gov.in/publications/nl/2011/2011091009.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="toi-ntriad">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-to-achieve-N-arm-triad-in-February/articleshow/11332636.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130326102050/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-02/india/30580966_1_ins-arihant-first-indigenous-nuclear-submarine-akula-ii|url-status=live|archive-date=26 March 2013|title = India to achieve N-arm triad in February|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=2 January 2012|access-date=17 March 2016}}</ref> (83 MW-100MW)
* 1 × [[propeller shaft|shaft]]
| speed = *''Surfaced:'' {{convert|12|-|15|kn|km/h|abbr=on}}
* ''Submerged:'' {{convert|24|kn|km/h|abbr=on}}
| range = Unlimited except by food supplies
| endurance =
| test_depth = {{convert|450|m|abbr=on}}
| complement = 95
| time_to_activate =
| sensors = *[[USHUS (sonar)|USHUS]] sonar
*[[Panchendriya (sonar)|Panchendriya]] sonar
| EW =
| armament = *[[INS Arihant|''Arihant'']] & [[INS Arighaat|''Arighaat'']]: 12 × [[Sagarika (missile)|K15]] [[SLBM]] ({{cvt|1500|km|disp=or}} range) or 4 × [[K-4 (SLBM)|K-4]] SLBM ({{cvt|3500|km|disp=or}} range)<ref name="India Today3"/>
* [[INS Aridhaman|''Aridhaman'']] & ''Arisudhan'': 24 × [[Sagarika (missile)|K15]] [[SLBM]] ({{cvt|750|km|disp=or}} range) or 8 × [[K-4 (SLBM)|K-4]] SLBM ({{cvt|3500|km|disp=or}} range)<ref name="India Today3"/> or 8 × [[K-5 (SLBM)|K-5]] SLBM ({{cvt|5000-6000|km|disp=or}} range)<ref name="globalsecurity">{{cite web|first=John|last=Pike|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/atv-specs.htm|title=Advanced Technology Vessel (ATV)|publisher=globalsecurity.org|date=27 July 2009|access-date=24 January 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110829062226/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/atv-specs.htm|archive-date=29 August 2011}}</ref>
* 6 × 21" (533 mm) torpedo tubes – est 30 charges (torpedoes, cruise missiles or mines)<ref name="globalsecurity"/>
| notes =
}}
}}

The '''''Arihant''-class''' ({{Lit|Vanquisher of the Enemy}}) is a class of [[Nuclear submarine|nuclear-powered]] [[ballistic missile submarine]]s in service with the [[Indian Navy]]. They were developed under the ''Advanced Technology Vessel'' (ATV) project to design and build nuclear-powered submarines.<ref name="India Today3" /> The project is being seen as a [[black project]].<ref name="toi-20090717" /> These vessels are classified as ''''strategic strike nuclear submarines'''' by India.<ref name=":5">{{Cite press release |title=Prime Minister felicitates crew of INS Arihant on completion of Nuclear Triad |date=2018-11-05 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1551894&reg=3&lang=1 |access-date=2025-12-09}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite news |date=2018-11-06 |title=INS Arihant completes India's nuclear triad, PM Modi felicitates crew |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/ins-arihant-completes-indias-nuclear-triad-pm-modi-felicitates-crew/articleshow/66509959.cms |access-date=2025-12-09 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

The lead vessel of the class, {{ship|INS|Arihant}}, was laid down in 2004, launched in 2009 and, after extensive sea trials, confirmed to be commissioned in August 2016.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |title=India set to complete N-triad with Arihant commissioning |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-set-to-complete-N-triad-with-Arihant-commissioning/articleshow/54907081.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020071532/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-set-to-complete-N-triad-with-Arihant-commissioning/articleshow/54907081.cms |archive-date=20 October 2016 |access-date=2016-10-18 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite news |url=http://www.newsx.com/national/43966-what-is-ins-arihant |title=What is INS Arihant? |work=NewsX |date=17 October 2016 |author=Ashish Singh |access-date=30 October 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027175800/http://www.newsx.com/national/43966-what-is-ins-arihant |archive-date=27 October 2016}}</ref><ref name="Arihant_ready">{{Cite news|title=India's first nuclear submarine INS Arihant ready or operations, passes deep sea tests|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indias-first-nuclear-submarine-ins-arihant-ready-for-operations-passes-deep-sea-tests/articleshow/51098650.cms|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=23 February 2016|access-date=23 February 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160224044357/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indias-first-nuclear-submarine-ins-arihant-ready-for-operations-passes-deep-sea-tests/articleshow/51098650.cms|archive-date=24 February 2016}}</ref> ''Arihant'' holds the distinction of being the first ballistic missile submarine to have been built by a country other than one of the five [[permanent members of the United Nations Security Council]].<ref name=bbc2>{{cite news|last=Marcus|first=Jonathan|title=Indian-built Arihant nuclear submarine activated|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-23648310|access-date=12 October 2013|work=[[BBC]]|date=10 August 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012083819/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-23648310|archive-date=12 October 2013}}</ref> {{As of|2024|10|25|post=,}} INS ''Arihant'' and [[INS Arighaat|INS ''Arighaat'']] are already on deep sea patrols.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-24 |title=India launches its latest nuclear submarine with 75% indigenous tech: Here's what the new S4 means for regional security |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indias-launches-its-latest-nuclear-submarine-with-75-indigenous-tech-heres-what-the-new-s4-means-for-regional-security/articleshow/114547188.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-10-26 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

==History==
In December 1971, during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]], [[U.S. President|US President]] [[Richard Nixon]] sent a [[carrier battle group]] named [[Task Force 74]], led by the nuclear-powered {{USS|Enterprise|CVN-65|6}} into the international waters of the [[Bay of Bengal]] in a show of force.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.rbth.com/articles/2011/12/20/1971_war_how_russia_sank_nixons_gunboat_diplomacy_14041|title=1971 War: How Russia sank Nixon's gunboat diplomacy|work=[[Russia Beyond]]|access-date=2016-04-29|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251106001855/https://www.rbth.com/articles/2011/12/20/1971_war_how_russia_sank_nixons_gunboat_diplomacy_14041|archive-date=6 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/us-fleet-in-bay-of-bengal-a-game-of-deception|title=US Fleet in Bay of Bengal: A game of deception|date=2013-12-15|work=The Daily Star|access-date=2016-04-29}}</ref> Task Force 74 remained in international waters, where it was legally entitled to be. The records of Nixon-Kissinger communications show no contingency nor any plan under which ''Enterprise'' would enter Indian or Pakistani waters, or otherwise intervene in the conflict but it is well known that the duo viewed Pakistan as a strong ally in that region and were silent on [[Bangladesh genocide]] committed by Pakistani military. In response, the [[Soviet Union]] sent a submarine armed with nuclear missiles from [[Vladivostok]] to trail the US task force in support of India.<ref>{{cite news|first=Rakesh|last=Krishnan Simha|url=http://indrus.in/articles/2011/12/20/1971_war_how_russia_sank_nixons_gunboat_diplomacy_14041.html|title=US-Soviet Actions in 1971 Indo-Pakistani War|publisher=Indrus.in|date=20 December 2011|access-date=22 April 2013|work=indrus.in|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408214434/http://indrus.in/articles/2011/12/20/1971_war_how_russia_sank_nixons_gunboat_diplomacy_14041.html|archive-date=8 April 2013}}</ref> The event demonstrated the significance of nuclear weapons and ballistic missile submarines to then [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Indira Gandhi]].<ref name="idr-arihant">{{cite news |date=25 October 2010 |title=Arihant: the annihilator |url=http://www.indiandefencereview.com/2010/02/arihant-the-annihilator.html |url-status= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100712065231/http://www.indiandefencereview.com/2010/02/arihant-the-annihilator.html |archive-date=12 July 2010 |access-date=8 January 2012 |work=Indian Defence Review}}</ref> Following the 1974 [[Smiling Buddha]] nuclear test, the Director of Marine Engineering (DME) at Naval Headquarters initiated a technical feasibility study for an indigenous nuclear propulsion system (Project 932).<ref>{{cite news|first=Premvir|last=Das|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/premvir-das-ins-arihant-a-watershed-moment-109073000008_1.html|title=Project 932|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]|date=30 July 2009|access-date=24 April 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510021601/http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/premvir-das-ins-arihant-a-watershed-moment-109073000008_1.html|archive-date=10 May 2013}}</ref>

The [[Indian Navy]]'s ''Advanced Technology Vessel'' project to design and construct a nuclear submarine took shape in the 1990s.<ref>{{cite web |title=India's SNS Project Report |url=https://fas.org/nuke/guide/india/sub/ssn/index.html |url-status= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023210937/http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/india/sub/ssn/index.html |archive-date=23 October 2012 |access-date=24 April 2013 |publisher=Fas.org}}</ref> Then [[Defence Minister of India|Defence Minister]] [[George Fernandes]] confirmed the project in 1998.<ref>{{cite news |date=19 May 1998 |title=George defends position on China |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19980519/13950884.html |url-status= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160613034034/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/EXPRESS-EXCLUSIVE-Maiden-Test-of-Undersea-K-4-Missile-From-Arihant-Submarine/2016/04/09/article3370608.ece |archive-date=13 June 2016 |access-date=24 February 2011 |work=[[Indian Express]]}}</ref> The initial intent of the project was to design nuclear-powered fast attack submarines, though following [[Pokhran-II|nuclear tests conducted by India in 1998]] at [[Pokhran Test Range]] and the Indian pledge of [[no first use]], the project was re-aligned towards the design of a ballistic missile submarine in order to complete India's [[nuclear triad]].<ref name=gs-atv>{{cite web|first=John|last=Pike|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/atv.htm|title=Advanced Technology Vessel (ATV)|publisher=Globalsecurity.org|access-date=24 January 2011|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101226032637/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/atv.htm| archive-date= 26 December 2010}}</ref><ref name=dna-induction>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_first-indigenous-nuclear-sub-is-inducted-into-the-navy_1277218|title=First indigenous nuclear sub is inducted into the navy|newspaper=DNA|date=26 July 2009|access-date=24 January 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090729054243/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_first-indigenous-nuclear-sub-is-inducted-into-the-navy_1277218|archive-date=29 July 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/feb/16josy4.htm|title=India's nuclear sub still a distant dream|work=[[Rediff]]|date=16 February 2001|access-date=24 January 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022063031/http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/feb/16josy4.htm|archive-date=22 October 2012}}</ref>

==Description==
[[File:Prime Minister Narendra Modi receiving the crew of INS Arihant.jpg|left|thumb|PM [[Narendra Modi]] addressing the crew of INS ''Arihant''. Note the picture of the submarine in the background.]]
The ''Arihant''-class submarines are nuclear-powered [[ballistic missile submarine]]s built under the Advanced Technology Vessel (ATV) project.<ref name=":12">{{cite news |date=27 July 2009 |title=Nuclear submarine Arihant to be fitted with K-15 ballistic missiles |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/07/27/stories/2009072755801000.htm |url-status= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090729200214/http://www.hindu.com/2009/07/27/stories/2009072755801000.htm |archive-date=29 July 2009 |access-date=17 March 2016 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> Originally, three submarines were to be built under the ATV project, which itself is part of a larger programme to construct five [[nuclear submarines]]<ref name=":11" /> for the Indian Navy. Later, a fourth submarine was added<ref name="India Today3" /> to the {{INRConvert|30000|c|lk=on|year=2009|mode=historical}}-worth project.<ref name="toi-ntriad2" /> These are the first nuclear submarines designed and built by India.<ref name=it-finaltest>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/final-test-of-k-15-ballistic-missile-on-tuesday-23129-2008-02-25|title=Final test of K-15 ballistic missile on Tuesday|date=25 February 2008|access-date=24 January 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921085654/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Final%20test%20of%20K-15%20ballistic%20missile%20on%20Tuesday/1/5002.html|archive-date=21 September 2012}}</ref> The total cost of the project had hiked to {{INRConvert|90000|c|lk=|year=2017|mode=historical}} by 2017.<ref name="India Today3" />

The first two submarines are {{convert|111.6|m|abbr=on}} [[Length overall|long]]<ref name=":16" /> with a [[Beam (nautical)|beam]] of {{convert|11|m|abbr=on}}, a [[Draught (ship)|draught]] of {{convert|15|m|abbr=on}}, displacement of {{convert|6000|t}}.<ref name="NuclearArm">{{cite magazine|last=Subramanian|first=T.S.|date=15 August 2009|title=Nuclear Arm|url=http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl2617/stories/20090828261702500.htm|magazine=The Frontline|volume=26|issue=17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526061306/http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl2617/stories/20090828261702500.htm|archive-date=26 May 2013|access-date=2 June 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> The latter submarines included an additional {{convert|10|m|abbr=on}}-long section of four launch tubes increasing the displacement by {{convert|1000|t}}.<ref name="India Today3" /> The complement is about 95, including officers and sailors.<ref name="navaltech">{{cite web|url=http://www.naval-technology.com/projects/arihant-class/|title=SSBN Arihant Class Submarine, India|publisher=naval-technology.com|access-date=22 April 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502115614/http://www.naval-technology.com/projects/arihant-class|archive-date=2 May 2013}}</ref> The boats are powered by a single seven blade propeller powered by an 82.5<ref name=":16">{{Cite web |last=Bedi |first=Rahul |date=2020-12-22 |title=India to commission second Arihant-class submarine in 2021 |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/india-to-commission-second-arihant-class-submarine-in-2021 |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=Janes |language=en}}</ref> [[MWe]]-rated [[pressurised water reactor|pressurised light-water reactor]] (PWR)<ref name="pwr_1" /> and can achieve a maximum speed of {{convert|12|-|15|kn|km/h}} when surfaced and {{convert|24|kn|km/h}} when submerged.<ref name="navaltech" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.naval-technology.com/projects/arihant-class/#:~:text=Arihant%20design,up%20to%2024kt%20when%20submerged.|title = Arihant Class Submarine - Naval Technology}}</ref>

The submarines, being constructed at the Ship Building Centre (SBC), [[Visakhapatnam]] using a US [[HY-80]] grade equivalent Russian steel, has two compartments including propulsion and combat management systems, platform management centre, and the torpedo room. The vessels feature a double hull encompassing [[ballast tanks]], two standby auxiliary engines, and a retractable thruster for emergency power and mobility.<ref name=":16" />
[[File:B05 SLBM.jpg|thumb|[[Sagarika (missile)|Sagarika SLBM]]]]
The initial batch of two submarines have four launch tubes in their hump and can carry up to twelve [[Sagarika (missile)|K-15 Sagarika]] missiles with one warhead each (with a range of {{convert|750|km|abbr=on|disp=or}}) or four [[K-4 (SLBM)|K-4]] missiles (with a range of {{convert|3500|km|abbr=on|disp=or}}).<ref name=it-undersea>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/defence/story/20080128-the-secret-undersea-weapon-735178-2008-01-17|title=The secret undersea weapon|work=[[India Today]]|date=17 January 2008|access-date=8 January 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111231120048/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/The%20secret%20undersea%20weapon/1/3659.html|archive-date=31 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://wap.business-standard.com/article-amp/specials/how-india-s-pride-ins-arihant-was-built-113081100745_1.html|title=How Indias pride INS Arihant was built|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=12 August 2013|last1=Malhotra|first1=Jyoti}}</ref><ref name=it-secretk>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/the-big-story/story/20101129-the-secret-k-missile-family-744797-2010-11-19|work=[[India Today]]|title=The secret 'K' missile family|date=20 November 2010|access-date=8 January 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807075726/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/site/story/the-secret-k-missile-family/1/120488.html|archive-date=7 August 2011}}</ref> The third and fourth submarines, featuring ''Arihant'' Stretch design,<ref name=":21" /> will have a larger configuration, carrying twenty-four K-15 Sagarika or eight K-4 missiles, due to the addition of four launch tubes.<ref name="India Today3">{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/the-big-story/story/20171218-india-ballistic-missile-submarine-k-6-submarine-launched-drdo-1102085-2017-12-10|title=A peek into India's top secret and costliest defence project, nuclear submarines|last=Unnithan|first=Sandeep|date=7 December 2017|work=[[India Today]]|access-date=11 December 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171211024434/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/india-ballistic-missile-submarine-k-6-submarine-launched-drdo/1/1104982.html|archive-date=11 December 2017}}</ref> The Indian Navy personnel received training on {{INS|Chakra|2011|6}}, an {{Sclass|Akula|submarine}} leased from Russia in 2012.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/atv.htm|title=Arihant – Advanced Technology Vessel (ATV)|publisher=Global Security|access-date=8 January 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110182851/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/atv.htm|archive-date=10 January 2012}}</ref><ref name=it-setsail>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/invisible-india/story/leased-russian-n-submarine-to-set-sail-for-india-this-month-end-148919-2011-12-14|title=Leased Russian n-submarine to set sail for India this month end|date=15 December 2011|access-date=8 January 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105102758/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/leased-russian-n-submarine-to-set-sail-for-india-this-month-end/1/164449.html|archive-date=5 January 2012}}</ref>

The submarine's K-15 missiles can reach most of Pakistan and its K-4 can target all of Pakistan.<ref name=nathan/> The K-4 may also be capable of targeting [[Beijing]], but would need to be in the northern most waters of [[Bay of Bengal]].<ref name=nathan/> Deployment of the Arihant to the Pacific Ocean is unlikely given the submarine's noise issues.<ref name=nathan>{{cite journal|title=The Arihant-Class SSBN and the Advent of Sea-Based Nuclear Forces in India, China, and Pakistan|author=Nathan Powell|journal=Project on Nuclear Issues: A Collection of Papers from the 2017 Conference Series and Nuclear Scholars Initiative|pages=141–142}}</ref>

==Development==
[[File:Arihant 1.svg|thumb|right|Conceptual drawing of INS ''Arihant'']]
The [[Classified information|classified]] project is headquartered in [[New Delhi]] and remains under direct supervision of the [[Prime Minister's Office (India)|Prime Minister's Office]] and the [[National Security Advisor (India)|National Security Advisor]].<ref name="India Today3" /> The submarines are powered by a [[pressurised water reactor]] with [[highly enriched uranium]] fuel.<ref name=toi-20090717>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-set-to-launch-nuclear-powered-submarine/articleshow/4787167.cms|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|first=Rajat|last=Pandit|title=India set to launch nuclear-powered submarine|date=17 July 2009|access-date=17 March 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250412082730/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-set-to-launch-nuclear-powered-submarine/articleshow/4787167.cms|archive-date=12 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/seta/2009/11/05/stories/2009110551721200.htm|title=High fissile fuel in nuclear submarine lasts long|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=5 November 2009|access-date=17 March 2016|location=Chennai, India|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105132403/http://www.hindu.com/seta/2009/11/05/stories/2009110551721200.htm|archive-date=5 November 2012}}</ref> The miniaturised version of the reactor was designed and built by the [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]] (BARC) at the [[Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research]] (IGCAR) in [[Kalpakkam]].<ref name="hindu-indiandesign">{{cite news |date=16 August 2009 |title=INS Arihant is an Indian design: Anil Kakodkar |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/08/16/stories/2009081655260900.htm |url-status= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090819135707/http://www.hindu.com/2009/08/16/stories/2009081655260900.htm |archive-date=19 August 2009 |access-date=17 March 2016 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> It included a {{convert|42|m|ft|adj=on}} section of the submarine's pressure hull containing the shielding tank with water and the reactor, a control room, as well as an auxiliary control room for monitoring safety parameters.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090803/jsp/nation/story_11313999.jsp|title=Unveiled: Arihant's elder brother|work=Telegraph India|date=3 August 2009|access-date=17 March 2016|location=Calcutta, India|first=G.C.|last=Shekhar|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117011504/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090803/jsp/nation/story_11313999.jsp|archive-date=17 January 2016}}</ref> The prototype reactor became critical on 11 November 2003 and was declared operational on 22 September 2006.<ref name=idr-arihant/> Successful operation of the prototype for three years enabled the production version of the reactor for ''Arihant''.<ref name="pwr_1">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/08/03/stories/2009080353810100.htm |title=PWR building shows indigenous capability |first=T.S. |last=Subramanian |date=2 August 2009 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=17 March 2016 |location=Chennai, India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090808043941/http://www.hindu.com/2009/08/03/stories/2009080353810100.htm |archive-date=8 August 2009}}</ref><ref name="pwr_2">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?sectionName=HomePage&id=5721403d-8f66-43e2-92c4-4f3148032565&Headline=Arihant+propulsion+reactor+unveiled|title=Arihant propulsion reactor unveiled|first=M.R.|last=Venkatesh|date=2 August 2009|access-date=17 March 2016|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]}}{{dead link|date=August 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The reactor subsystems were tested at the Machinery Test Center in [[Visakhapatnam]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nrbdrdo.res.in/nstl.html|title=Naval Research Board|publisher=DRDO|access-date=17 March 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316234337/http://www.nrbdrdo.res.in/nstl.html|archive-date=16 March 2016}}</ref> Facilities for loading and replacing the fuel cores of the naval reactors in berthed submarines were also established.<ref name=idr-arihant/> The prototype 83 MW light water reactor that was installed at [[Kalpakkam]] by BARC is codenamed S1 and is used to train nuclear submariners.<ref name="India Today3" />

[[Larsen & Toubro]] undertook critical [[detailed engineering]] based on design provided by the Navy and [[DRDO]] at its submarine design centre. The firm was also the single largest contributor to the programme ranging from the steel cutting of the submarines to their launch.<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.larsentoubro.com/lntcorporate/LnT_PRS/PDF/L&TPressRelease-Jul26-2009.pdf|title=Larsen and Toubro's Contribution to Arihant-class submarine|date=26 July 2009|access-date=17 March 2016}}{{Dead link|date=November 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2009-07-27 |title=We played a vital role in Arihant: L&T |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/we-played-a-vital-role-in-arihant-l-t-109072700002_1.html |access-date=2026-01-17 |work=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref> The facility served as the site for hull construction. [[Tata Power SED]] built the control systems for the submarine.<ref>{{cite web|title=India's first Indigenous nuclear submarine |url=http://www.jeywin.com/blog/arihant-–-india’s-first-indigenous-nuclear-submarine/|publisher=Jeywin|access-date=24 April 2013 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130217054406/http://www.jeywin.com/blog/arihant-%E2%80%93-india%E2%80%99s-first-indigenous-nuclear-submarine/|archive-date=17 February 2013 }}</ref> The steam turbines and associated systems integrated with the reactor were supplied by [[Walchandnagar Industries]]. Former [[Prime Minister of India]], [[Manmohan Singh]], had lauded ATV project as a "productive [[public–private partnership]]".<ref name="dna-ppp">{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_private-sector-played-a-major-role-in-arihant_1277435 |title=Private sector played a major role in Arihant |newspaper=DNA |date=27 April 2009 |access-date=17 March 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916225008/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_private-sector-played-a-major-role-in-arihant_1277435 |archive-date=16 September 2012}}</ref>

In 2006, a high-level committee led by [[R. Chidambaram]], the then [[Principal Scientific Adviser to the Government of India|principal scientific advisor to the Government of India]], had assessed India's ability to construct three [[S5-class submarine|S5 series of SSBNs]]. The project with a budget of {{INRConvert|10000|c|lk=on|year=2006}} divided among [[DRDO]], [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre|BARC]] and the ATV headquarters. The construction would tentatively begin in 2015 followed with the first submarine to be deployed in 2021. Its projected specifications of the submarine included [[Displacement (ship)|displacement]] of {{Convert|13500|t|abbr=on}}, 12 [[Vertical launching system|VLS]] with an [[MIRV]]-equipped [[SLBM]] with a range of {{Convert|6000|km|abbr=on}}. The missile later evolved as [[K-6 (missile)|K-6]] ballistic missile.<ref name="India Today3" />

Around 2007, the then [[Minister of Finance (India)|finance minister]], [[P. Chidambaram]], who was a member of the political committee which monitors the ATV programme, questioned the huge amount of money being spent on submarines with just 4 missile launch tubes. Thereafter, the ATV project team evolved the design into ''Arihant''-stretch.<ref name=":21">{{Cite web |date=2025-12-03 |title=Indian Navy Ups the Stakes With Newest Nuclear Submarine INS Aridaman |url=https://thewire.in/security/indian-navy-ups-the-stakes-with-newest-nuclear-submarine-ins-aridaman |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=The Wire |language=en |quote=This length increase – earning it the nickname “Arihant Stretch” in overseas naval circles – was to accommodate an expanded vertical missile launch system, now doubled to eight tubes, enabling the SSBN to carry either eight K-4 submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs), with a range of 3,500 km, or 24 K-15 SLBMs striking 750 km away.}}</ref> The improved design incorporated a 10-metre-long section for four more missile tubes to be equipped with [[K-4 (missile)|K-4]] SLBMs. This design would be applied to S4 boat.<ref name="India Today3" /> The boat can, hence, accommodate 24 B-05 short-range missiles or 8 K-4 long-range missiles.<ref name=":21" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mundhra |first=Shreya |date=2022-01-02 |title=Boosting Indian Navy's Firepower, DRDO Launches Nuclear Submarine With 'Vertical Launch System' |url=https://www.eurasiantimes.com/indian-navy-launches-3rd-arihant-class-nuclear-submarine/ |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=Latest Asian, Middle-East, EurAsian, Indian News |language=en-US}}</ref>

On 24 December 2009, the [[Hindustan Shipyard]], located at Visakhapatnam, was transferred from the [[Ministry of Shipping (India)|Ministry of Shipping]] to the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] to support the construction of ''Arihant''-class submarine programme. This would help in utilising the shipyard's infrastructure in the project.<ref name="Sharma">{{cite web |author=Sharma |first=Suman |date=12 June 2010 |title=Navy creating a new base for nuke submarines |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_navy-creating-a-new-base-for-nuke-submarines_1395220 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260112120004/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-navy-creating-a-new-base-for-nuke-submarines-1395220 |archive-date=2026-01-12 |access-date=11 June 2010 |work= |publisher=Daily News & Analysis}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=24 December 2009 |title=On national security interests, Govt moves Hindustan Shipyard to Defence ministry |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/On-national-security-interests-Govt-moves-Hindustan-Shipyard-to-Defence-ministry/articleshow/5373703.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926143826/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-12-24/india/28091316_1_hindustan-shipyard-defence-ministry-hsl |archive-date=26 September 2012 |access-date=11 June 2010 |work=[[The Times of India]] |agency=PTI}}</ref>

Around 2012, with the S5 project remaining in developmental stage, another ''Arihant''-class submarine was cleared for production to avoid idling of the [[production line]]. The new unit was designated as S4* (between S4 and S5). The boat would also feature the ''Arihant'' Stretch design.<ref name="India Today3" />

In December 2014, the work on a second nuclear reactor began and {{INS|Arighaat}} started [[sea trial]]s in 2017. As per reports released in August 2024, INS Arighaat was commissioned before October 2024.<ref name=":82">{{Cite news |date=2024-08-11 |title=India 'fully ready' to add to fleet 2nd submarine with nuclear-tipped missiles |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-fully-ready-to-add-to-fleet-2nd-sub-with-n-tipped-missiles/articleshow/112433199.cms |access-date=2024-08-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":72">{{Cite news |date=2024-08-11 |title=India set to commission its second nuclear-missile submarine |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-set-to-commission-its-second-nuclear-missile-submarine/articleshow/112438432.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-08-12 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> On 29 August 2024, after extensive trials and upgrades INS Arighaat was formally commissioned.<ref name=":9" />

INS Aridhaman was launched in November 2021.<ref name="India Today3" /><ref name="THE NEW INDIAN EXPRESS2">{{cite news |title=DRDO on long range Pralay, K5 to stalemate China soon |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2018/dec/15/maiden-trial-of-pralay-k5-likely-soon-1911623.html |access-date=15 December 2018 |publisher=THE NEW INDIAN EXPRESS}}</ref> The submarine begun sea trials in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Third Indian N-powered ballistic missile submarine to be inducted this year |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/third-indian-n-powered-ballistic-missile-submarine-to-be-inducted-this-year-3387338?utm_source=whatsapp&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=socialshare |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> On 30 August 2024, a report suggested that this submarine will be commissioned in the next 6 months.<ref name=":7">{{Cite news |date=2024-08-30 |title=Amid China standoff, India set to boost naval power with 3rd N-sub in 6 months |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/amid-china-standoff-india-set-to-boost-naval-power-with-3rd-n-sub-in-6-months/articleshow/112905487.cms |access-date=2024-08-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In August 2024, it was reported that a fifth Arihant class submarine is planned to be constructed.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Bhaswar |date=30 August 2024 |title='More advanced': 10 key points on India's second nuclear sub INS Arighat |url=https://www.business-standard.com/external-affairs-defence-security/news/more-advanced-10-key-points-on-india-s-second-nuclear-sub-ins-arighat-124083000620_1.html |access-date=28 September 2024 |work=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref>

== Project timeline ==

* '''1974:''' The nuclear submarine project was sanctioned following the [[Smiling Buddha]] tests under the then [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]], [[Indira Gandhi]].<ref name=":14" />
* '''1983:''' Additional funds were allotted for the project during the [[Fourth Indira Gandhi ministry]].<ref name=":14" />
* '''1998:''' [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] cut the first steel for the submarine hull at the [[Larsen & Toubro]] facility at [[Hazira]]. L&T had received the submarine hull construction contract.<ref name="dna-ppp" /><ref name=":14" /> Simultaneously, the submarine's design was upgraded from [[Nuclear attack submarine|nuclear attack]] profile to [[Ballistic missile submarine|nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine]] following [[Pokhran-II]].<ref name="India Today3" />
* '''12 February 2009:''' The Advanced Technology Vessel project, meant to deliver three submarines, is part of a $2.9 billion programme to build five nuclear submarines. As per the then [[Minister of Defence (India)|Defence Minister]], [[A. K. Antony]], the first submarine was in the final stages of construction after [[supply chain]] bottlenecks were cleared and DRDO was already developing [[submarine-launched ballistic missile]].<ref name=":11">{{cite news |date=12 February 2009 |title=India nuclear sub project near completion |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/companyNews/idINISL35153320090212 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305101646/http://in.reuters.com/article/india-defence-submarine-idINISL35153320090212 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |access-date=24 January 2011 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref name="launch1">{{cite news |date=16 July 2009 |title=PM to launch indigenous nuke submarine by month-end |url=http://news.in.msn.com/national/article.aspx?cp-documentid=3097464 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130104175719/http://news.in.msn.com/national/article.aspx?cp-documentid=3097464 |archive-date=4 January 2013 |access-date=19 July 2009 |work=[[MSN]]}}</ref> The project was conceived in 1970s and operationalised in 1980s, though public acknowledgement never came from official sources until this announcement by the defence minister.<ref name="launch2">{{cite news |date=19 July 2009 |title=Indigenous nuclear submarine goes on trial |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/07/19/stories/2009071958490500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090722084642/http://www.hindu.com/2009/07/19/stories/2009071958490500.htm |archive-date=22 July 2009 |access-date=19 July 2009 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> There were delays to miniaturise the [[nuclear reactor core]] for the submarine and Russian technology help was sought to solve the issues without delays. Another factor that resulted in delays was lack of [[metallurgical]] expertise and lack of experience of Indian hull makers on the chosen material for the submarine. The successful development of a nuclear submarine came after two failed attempts in the 1970s and 1980s.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sud |first=Hari |date=14 August 2009 |title=India's nuclear submarine and the Indian Ocean |url=http://www.upiasia.com/Security/2009/08/14/indias_nuclear_submarine_and_the_indian_ocean/7676/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728133202/http://www.upiasia.com/Security/2009/08/14/indias_nuclear_submarine_and_the_indian_ocean/7676/ |archive-date=28 July 2011 |access-date=24 January 2011 |publisher=upiasia.com}}</ref>
* '''16 July 2009:''' Multiple reports suggested that the first vessel under the Advanced Technology Vessel would be launched by [[Gursharan Kaur]], the wife of the then Prime Minister, [[Manmohan Singh]], on 26 July 2009. The ceremony would be held in [[Naval Dockyard (Visakhapatnam)]]. The vessel was named ''{{INS|Arihant}}'', meaning "destroyer of enemies". The design is based on [[Charlie-I]] submarines, while both the displacement and submerged speed are higher than the Charlie-I designs. While being launched, the [[dry dock]] in the Shipbuilding Centre in Visakhapatnam will be flooded and the submarine would be moved out of the SBC. The vessel would be then towed to a nearby [[pier]] for harbour trials during which, the nuclear power plant and auxiliary systems would be validated before its sea trials in the [[Bay of Bengal]]. The submarine was expected to be commissioned within two to three years. Meanwhile, [[Hull (watercraft)|hull]] sections of two additional ATVs have been completed in the [[Hazira]] facility of [[Larsen & Toubro]] and are to be transported to the SBC soon after ''Arihant'' exits the dock space.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-07-16 |title=Exclusive: PM's wife to launch INS Arihant, India's first nuclear submarine |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/headlines-today-top-stories/story/exclusive-pms-wife-to-launch-ins-arihant-indias-first-nuclear-submarine-52205-2009-07-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251208052717/https://www.indiatoday.in/headlines-today-top-stories/story/exclusive-pms-wife-to-launch-ins-arihant-indias-first-nuclear-submarine-52205-2009-07-15 |archive-date=2025-12-08 |access-date=2025-12-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name="domain-b.com">{{cite web |date=16 July 2009 |title=Indian indigenous nuclear sub to be unveiled on 26 July: report |url=http://www.domain-b.com/defence/general/20090716_indian_indigenous.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921135024/http://www.domain-b.com/defence/general/20090716_indian_indigenous.html |archive-date=21 September 2011 |access-date=24 January 2011 |publisher=domain-b.com}}</ref><ref name="launch1" />
* '''26 July 2009:''' The first submarine of the class, ''Arihant'', was launched into the water. The launch took place after three decades of initiating the design stage of the project. The Defence Minister would also attended the event. The harbour acceptance and system trials was scheduled for one year. The submarine was built at a cost of $2.9 billion.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2009-07-26 |title=Arihant central to India's strategic capability: Antony |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/arihant-central-to-indias-strategic-capability-antony-52885-2009-07-25 |access-date=2025-12-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Meanwhile, many expected that the operationalisation of the submarine would take much longer than two years.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2009-07-26 |title=Arihant to take long time to become operational: Experts |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/arihant-to-take-long-time-to-become-operational-experts-52896-2009-07-25 |access-date=2025-12-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Harbour acceptance trials and followed by sea acceptance trials, including the surface and sub-surface domains, respectively, were to be conducted before commissioning the submarine.<ref name=":12" /> Even the nuclear reactor was yet to be fitted onboard and would be followed by the reactor reaching [[Criticality (status)|criticality]], which would be a milestone.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-07-28 |title=defence.professionals {{!}} defpro.com |url=http://www.defpro.com/daily/details/364/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717062659/http://www.defpro.com/daily/details/364/ |archive-date=2011-07-17 |access-date=2025-12-08 |website=www.defpro.com |language=de}}</ref> The submarine, equipped with [[Sagarika (missile)|Sagarika]] missiles,<ref name=":12" /> would serve as a [[technology demonstrator]] for the following nuclear submarines.<ref name="toi-homemade">{{cite news |date=3 December 2009 |title=Home-made nuke sub INS Arihant to be inducted in 2 years |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Home-made-nuke-sub-INS-Arihant-to-be-inducted-in-2-years/articleshow/5293123.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091207011612/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Home-made-nuke-sub-INS-Arihant-to-be-inducted-in-2-years/articleshow/5293123.cms |archive-date=7 December 2009 |access-date=17 March 2016 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name=toi-20090717 />
* '''9 August 2014:''' The submarine's [[nuclear reactor]] became critical for the maiden time after four years of harbour acceptance patrol. The Navy wanted the submarine ready for deterrent patrol in 2014. Meanwhile, the second submarine was already at an advanced stage of construction at the SBC and could be launched in a year later.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-08-10 |title=INS Arihant reactor goes critical, submarine to start sea trials {{!}} Watch activation video |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/arihant-reactor-goes-critical-submarine-to-start-sea-trials-173376-2013-08-09 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251208162511/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/arihant-reactor-goes-critical-submarine-to-start-sea-trials-173376-2013-08-09 |archive-date=2025-12-08 |access-date=2025-12-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
* '''13 December 2014:''' ''Arihant'' was entered sea for the first time<ref>{{cite news |date=13 December 2014 |title=INS Arihant sails out of harbour |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/ins-arihant-sails-out-of-harbour/article6693951.ece?homepage=true |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117011504/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/ins-arihant-sails-out-of-harbour/article6693951.ece?homepage=true |archive-date=17 January 2016 |access-date=15 December 2014 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> after being flagged off for extensive sea trials following harbour trials.<ref>{{cite news |date=13 December 2014 |title=India's nuclear submarine Arihant flagged off for sea trials |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/indias-nuclear-submarine-arihant-flagged-off-for-sea-trials/articleshow/45526418.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418231835/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/indias-nuclear-submarine-arihant-flagged-off-for-sea-trials/articleshow/45526418.cms |archive-date=18 April 2023 |access-date=15 December 2014 |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> The sea acceptance trials for the submarine was initially slated for February 2012.<ref name="toi-ntriad2">{{cite news |date=2 January 2012 |title=India to achieve N-arm triad in February |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-to-achieve-N-arm-triad-in-February/articleshow/11332636.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130326102050/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-02/india/30580966_1_ins-arihant-first-indigenous-nuclear-submarine-akula-ii |archive-date=26 March 2013 |access-date=17 March 2016 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* '''25 November 2015:''' A dummy or unarmed B-05 ''Sagarika'' missile was successfully test fired from INS ''Arihant'' from a depth of 20 metres.<ref name=":14">{{Cite news |date=2015-11-26 |title=N-capable Arihant submarine successfully test-fires unarmed missile |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/n-capable-arihant-submarine-successfully-test-fires-unarmed-missile-special-to-ians-115112600705_1.html |access-date=2025-12-08 |work=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rout |first=Hemant Kumar |date=2015-11-27 |title=First Ejection Test of Underwater Missile From Arihant Submarine Successful |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2015/Nov/27/first-ejection-test-of-underwater-missile-from-arihant-submarine-successful-848950.html |access-date=2025-12-08 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* '''31 March 2016:''' The [[K-4 (missile)|K-4 missile]] was successfully tested from INS ''Arihant'', 45 nautical miles away from the [[Vishakhapatnam]] coast. The missile with a dummy payload was launched from the submarine in full operational configuration. The trial was carried out with the support of the personnel of [[Strategic Forces Command]] (SFC) while the [[DRDO]] provided all the logistics.<ref name=":15">{{Cite news |title=EXPRESS EXCLUSIVE: Maiden Test of Undersea K-4 Missile From Arihant Submarine |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/EXPRESS-EXCLUSIVE-Maiden-Test-of-Undersea-K-4-Missile-From-Arihant-Submarine/2016/04/09/article3370608.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160613034034/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/EXPRESS-EXCLUSIVE-Maiden-Test-of-Undersea-K-4-Missile-From-Arihant-Submarine/2016/04/09/article3370608.ece |archive-date=2016-06-13 |access-date=2025-12-08 |work=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Panda |first=Ankit |title=India Successfully Tests Intermediate-Range Nuclear-Capable Submarine-Launched Ballistic Missile |url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/04/india-successfully-tests-intermediate-range-nuclear-capable-submarine-launched-ballistic-missile/ |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhat |first=Aditya |date=2016-04-09 |title=DRDO's nuclear capable K-4 underwater missile test-fired again, this time from INS Arihant: Report |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/drdos-nuclear-capable-k-4-underwater-missile-test-fired-again-this-time-ins-arihant-report-673978 |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=www.ibtimes.co.in |language=en}}</ref>
* '''August 2016:''' The first boat of the class, INS ''Arihant'', was commissioned.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite news |title=Satisfied with nuclear sub Arihant trials: Navy Chief |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/satisfied-with-nuclear-sub-arihant-trials-navy-chief/74351.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304110613/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/satisfied-with-nuclear-sub-arihant-trials-navy-chief/74351.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=17 March 2016 |newspaper=Tribune India}}</ref>
* '''19 November 2017:''' The second submarine, christened {{INS|Arighaat|3=2}}, was launched by the then defence minister, [[Nirmala Sitharaman]], with a low-profile, traditional ceremony. The vessel was floated out after flooding the drydock. Reportedly, commissioning of the vessel would take three years. It has an indigenous content of 60%. The third (S4) and fourth (S4*) submarine, with eight launcher units, was expected to be launched in 2020 and 2022, respectively.<ref name="India Today3" />
* '''July 2018:''' The submarine was reportedly ready to be fully operationalised with several weapons firing trials and deep diving trials off the coast of Visakhapatnam having been completed since five months earlier. The submarine was being accompanied by RFS ''Epron'', a Russian-origin ''Prut''-class [[submarine rescue ship]] which arrived in India on 1 October 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pubby |first=Manu |date=2018-07-14 |title=India's first nuclear submarine INS Arihant ready for operations, passes deep sea tests |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indias-first-nuclear-submarine-ins-arihant-ready-for-operations-passes-deep-sea-tests/articleshow/51098650.cms |access-date=2025-12-09 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
* '''11–12 August 2018:''' The B-05 missile system was fired twice on 11th and once on 12th of August from INS ''Arihant'' and was operationalised two decades since the missile systems development commenced. All the missiles followed the designated trajectories and were fired 10 km away from Visakhapatnam from a depth of 20 m.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rout |first=Hemant Kumar |date=2018-08-19 |title=Nuke-capable submarine-launched missile operationalised, India in select triad club |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/specials/2018/Aug/19/nuke-capable-submarine-launched-missile-operationalised-india-in-select-triad-club-1859992.html |access-date=2025-12-08 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* '''4 November 2018:''' ''Arihant'' completed its first deterrence patrol for 20 days.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Unnithan |first=Sandeep |date=2018-11-05 |title=INS Arihant returned yesterday from 20-day deterrent patrol |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ins-arihant-returned-yesterday-from-20-day-deterrent-patrol-1383188-2018-11-05 |access-date=2025-12-09 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":6" />
* '''29 August 2024''': ''Arighaat'' commissioned.<ref name=":10" />
* '''16 October 2024:''' The fourth and final submarine of the class, with an indigenous content of 75% and equipped with K4 missiles, was launched.<ref name=":8">{{Cite news |last=Gupta |first=Shishir |date=22 October 2024 |title=India Launches 4th nuclear-missile submarine |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-launches-4th-nuclear-missile-submarine-101729560730642.html |access-date=22 October 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>
* '''2 December 2025:''' ''Aridhaman'' had entered the final stages of trials and was expected to be commissioned soon.<ref name="indiatoday.in">{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Shivani |last2=Negi |first2=Manjeet |date=2025-12-02 |title=Navy to get INS Aridhaman, third Indian-made nuclear submarine |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ins-aridaman-third-indian-made-nuclear-submarine-to-be-commissioned-soon-navy-chief-2829303-2025-12-02 |access-date=2025-12-02 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
* '''30 December 2025:''' The fourth submarine, S4*, had reportedly departed the harbour for sea trials a week earlier and is expected to be commissioned in early 2027. Meanwhile, ''Aridhaman'', the third unit had completed its sea trials a few weeks ago and is now to be commissioned in early 2026 after being delivered.<ref name=":18" /><ref name=":19">{{Cite web |last=Militar |first=Redaccion Zona |date=2025-12-30 |title=India is reported to have begun sea trials of the fourth of its new Arihant-class nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines |url=https://www.zona-militar.com/en/2025/12/30/india-is-reported-to-have-begun-sea-trials-of-the-fourth-of-its-new-arihant-class-nuclear-powered-ballistic-missile-submarines/ |access-date=2025-12-31 |website=Zona Militar |language=en-US}}</ref>
* '''5 January 2026:''' A report suggested that the final submarine, so far referred to as S4*, will be named INS ''Arisudan''. The name has been proposed by the ship-naming committee of the Indian Navy. The name is yet to be receive clearance by the defence ministry and eventually, the [[President of India]], who is also the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces.<ref name=":20">{{Cite web |date=2026-01-05 |title=Arihant class nuclear-powered submarine S4* likely to be named INS Arisudan |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/arihant-class-nuclear-powered-submarine-s4-likely-to-be-named-ins-arisudan-101767555406284.html |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

==Ships in class==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name
! Pennant
!Subclass
! Displacement (surfaced)
! Laid down
! Launch
! Sea trials begin
! Sea trials completed
! Commissioned
! Status
|-
| {{INS|Arihant|3=2}} (S2)<ref name="India Today3" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ins-arihant-may-be-of-limited-utility/article6709623.ece|title=INS Arihant may be of limited utility|last=Anandan|first=S.|date=2014-12-20|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-06-30|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
| SSBN 80<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-11-06 |title=20 years after Pokhran II, India makes giant nuclear leap |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/20-years-after-pokhran-ii-india-makes-giant-nuclear-leap/story-GlCezZbc4J7VpRshfF4RYJ.html |access-date=2018-11-25 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |''Arihant'' subclass
| rowspan="2" | 6,000 tonnes
| 2004<ref name="jfs-1617">{{cite book|editor1-last=Saunders|editor1-first=Stephen|editor1-mask=Commodore Stephen Saunders|title=Jane's Fighting Ships 2016–2017|date=2016|publisher=Jane's Information Group|location=Coulsdon|isbn=978-0710631855|page=336|edition=119th|chapter=India}}</ref>
| 26 July 2009<ref name=":13" />
| 13 December 2014<ref name="INS Arihant sails out of harbour">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/ins-arihant-sails-out-of-harbour/article6693951.ece?homepage=true|title=INS Arihant sails out of harbor|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=13 December 2014|access-date=22 December 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117011504/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/ins-arihant-sails-out-of-harbour/article6693951.ece?homepage=true|archive-date=17 January 2016}}</ref>
|23 February 2016<ref>{{Cite news|last=Pubby|first=Manu|title=India's first nuclear submarine INS Arihant ready for operations, passes deep sea tests|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indias-first-nuclear-submarine-ins-arihant-ready-for-operations-passes-deep-sea-tests/articleshow/51098650.cms|access-date=2021-09-09}}</ref>
| August 2016
| rowspan="2" | Active
|-
| {{INS|Arighaat|3=2}} (S3)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vifindia.org/2018/december/11/india-s-nuclear-triad-is-now-fully-operational|title=India's Nuclear Triad is now Fully Operational|date=2018-12-11|website=Vivekananda International Foundation|language=en|access-date=2019-07-02}}</ref>
|SSBN 81
| 2009<ref name="jfs-1617"/>
| 19 November 2017<ref name="bigger_nuclear_sub">{{Cite news|last1=Peri|first1=Dinakar|last2=Joseph|first2=Josy|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/a-bigger-nuclear-submarine-is-coming/article19862549.ece|title=A bigger nuclear submarine is coming|date=2017-10-15|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=2017-10-15|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303201420/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/a-bigger-nuclear-submarine-is-coming/article19862549.ece|archive-date=3 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bedi|first=Rahul|url=http://www.janes.com/article/76315/india-quietly-launches-second-ssbn|title=India quietly launches second SSBN|work=IHS Jane's Defence Weekly|date=2017-12-11|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212031838/http://www.janes.com/article/76315/india-quietly-launches-second-ssbn|archive-date=12 December 2017|access-date=11 December 2017}}</ref>
|8 January 2018<ref>{{Cite news|last=Joseph|first=Dinakar Peri & Josy|date=2018-01-08|title=INS Arihant left crippled after 'accident' 10 months ago|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ins-arihant-left-crippled-after-accident-10-months-ago/article22392049.ece|access-date=2021-09-09|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|March 2021<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vikrant, nuclear submarine commissioning to ring in 75th Independence anniversary celebrations|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/vikrant-nuclear-submarine-commissioning-to-ring-in-75th-independence-anniversary-celebrations-1838057-2021-08-08|access-date=2021-09-09|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>
| 29 August 2024<ref name=":9">{{cite web |date=2024-08-29 |title=Second Arihant-Class submarine 'INS Arighaat' commissioned into Indian Navy in the presence of Raksha Mantri in Visakhapatnam |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2049870 |access-date=29 August 2024 |website=Press Information Bureau}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite news |date=2024-08-29 |title=India commissions INS Arighat: Know all about Navy's 2nd nuclear-powered submarine |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-commissions-ins-arighat-know-all-about-navys-2nd-nuclear-powered-submarine/articleshow/112900556.cms |access-date=2024-08-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| {{INS|Aridhaman|3=2}} (S4)<ref name=":1">{{Cite magazine |last=Saurav |first=Jha |title=India's Undersea Deterrent |url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/03/indias-undersea-deterrent/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408081504/https://thediplomat.com/2016/03/indias-undersea-deterrent/ |archive-date=8 April 2016 |access-date=2016-04-09 |magazine=The Diplomat}}</ref>
|SSBN 82
| rowspan="2" |''Aridhaman'' subclass
| rowspan="2" |7,000 tonnes
| 2018<ref name = "hindu1">{{cite news |title=A bigger nuclear submarine is coming |url= https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/a-bigger-nuclear-submarine-is-coming/article19862549.ece |date=2017|website=www.thehindu.com |publisher=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=25 June 2025}}</ref>
| 23 November 2021<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=2021-12-31|title=India Quietly Launches 3rd Arihant-class Nuclear-powered Submarine, Can Carry 8 Ballistic Missiles: Report|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/india-quietly-launches-3rd-arihant-class-nuclear-powered-submarine-can-carry-8-ballistic-missiles-report-4610366.html|access-date=2021-12-31|work=News18|language=en}}</ref>
|
|December 2025<ref name=":18">{{Cite web |title=CHAKRA EXCLUSIVE: India's fourth SSBN sails out for sea trials |url=https://chakranewz.com/critical-technologies/trending/chakra-exclusive-india-rsquo-s-fourth-ssbn-sails-out-for-sea-trials |access-date=2025-12-30 |website=chakranewz |language=en|date=2025-12-29}}</ref><ref name=":19" />
|April–May 2026 ''(expected)''<ref name=":17">{{Cite web |date=2025-12-29 |title=CHAKRA EXCLUSIVE: India's fourth SSBN sails out for sea trials |url=https://chakranewz.com/critical-technologies/trending/chakra-exclusive-india-rsquo-s-fourth-ssbn-sails-out-for-sea-trials |access-date=2025-12-30 |website=Chakranewz |language=en}}</ref><ref name="dh">{{cite news |title=Third Indian N-powered ballistic missile submarine to be inducted this year |url= https://www.deccanherald.com/india/third-indian-n-powered-ballistic-missile-submarine-to-be-inducted-this-year-3387338 |date=2025 |website=www.deccanherald.com |publisher=[[Deccan Herald]] |access-date=25 June 2025}}</ref>
|Sea trials completed
|-
| ''[[INS Arisudan|Arisudan]]''
(S4*)<ref name=":20" />
|SSBN 83
|2020
|16 October 2024<ref>{{Cite news |last=Peri |first=Dinakar |date=2024-10-22 |title=India's fourth nuclear submarine launched into water |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indias-fourth-nuclear-submarine-launched-into-water/article68783731.ece |access-date=2024-11-29 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|December 2025<ref name=":18" /><ref name=":19" />
|
|2027
(''expected)''<ref name=":17" />
| Sea trials<ref name=":17" />
|}

== Timeline ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style=width:110px; | '''Date'''
! '''Event'''
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
| 19 May 1998 || Confirmation of ATV project by the then Defence Minister [[George Fernandes]]
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
| 11 November 2003 || Prototype nuclear reactor becomes critical
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
| 22 September 2006 || Nuclear reactor is declared operational
|-
|2007
|Design of S4 is modified to allow four more launch tubes.<ref name="India Today3" />
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
| 26 July 2009|| Lead vessel of the class, {{INS|Arihant}}, is formally launched
|-
|2012
|Additional unit S4* is cleared to avoid idling of production line.<ref name="India Today3" />
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
| 10 August 2013|| ''Arihant''{{'}}s on-board nuclear reactor attains [[Nuclear reactor physics#Criticality|criticality]]
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
| 13 December 2014|| INS ''Arihant'' begins extensive sea & weapons trials
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
| 25 November 2015|| INS ''Arihant'' successfully test-fired dummy B5 missile
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
| 31 March 2016|| INS ''Arihant'' successfully test-fired K4 missile
|- style="background:#f4f9ff;"
| August 2016|| INS ''Arihant'' commissioned.<ref name=":2" />
|-
|19 November 2017
|[[INS Arighaat|INS ''Arighaat'']] launched<ref name="India Today3" />
|-
|8 January 2018
|INS ''Arighaat'' to begin sea trials<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |url=http://theprint.in/2017/08/24/exclusive-aridaman-indias-second-nuclear-armed-submarine-ready-launch/|title=Exclusive: 'Aridaman', India's second nuclear-armed submarine, is ready for launch|last=Pubby|first=Manu|date=2017-08-24|work=ThePrint|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825060616/http://theprint.in/2017/08/24/exclusive-aridaman-indias-second-nuclear-armed-submarine-ready-launch/|archive-date=25 August 2017|url-status=live|access-date=2017-08-24}}</ref>
|-
|5 November 2018
|INS ''Arihant'' completed its first deterrence patrol<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-11-05 |title=India's nuclear triad is complete with INS Arihant ending its first deterrence patrol |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ins-arihant-completes-deterrence-patrol-india-declares-nuclear-traid-operational/article25425436.ece |access-date=2023-03-14 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|March 2021
|''INS Arighaat's'' sea trials are completed.
|-
|November 2021
|INS ''Aridhaman'' is speculated to be launched.<ref name=":4" />
|-
|29 August 2024
|INS ''Arighaat'' officially commissioned.<ref name=":9" />
|-
|16 October 2024
|S4* launched<ref name=":8" />
|-
|2026
|S4 commissioning expected<ref name="indiatoday.in"/>
|}

==See also==
* [[Future of the Indian Navy]]
* [[List of active Indian Navy ships]]
* [[List of submarines of the Indian Navy]]
* [[List of submarine classes in service]]
* [[Submarine-launched ballistic missile]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Arihant class submarines}}
* [https://fas.org/nuke/guide/india/sub/ssn/index.html The Indian Strategic Nuclear Submarine Project by Mark Gorwitz]

{{Ship classes of the Indian Navy}}
{{SSBN classes in service}}
{{Submarines of the Indian Navy}}
{{Nuclear power in India|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arihant-class submarine}}
[[Category:Arihant-class submarines]]
[[Category:Submarines of India]]
[[Category:Nuclear-powered submarines]]
[[Category:Submarine classes]]

Kartikeya Temple, Pehowa

2026-03-23T02:12:00Z

Danger Pandit Ankit: minor cleaned up intro per standard format and fixed typos

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
|name = Kartikeya Temple
|image = Pehowa, Arunai - 18.jpeg
|alt =
|caption = Kartikeya Temple, Pehowa
|coordinates = {{coord|29.98|N|76.58|E|display=inline,title}}
|coordinates_footnotes=
|map_type = India Haryana#India
|map_caption =
|map_alt =
|country = India
|state = [[Haryana]]
|district = [[Kurukshetra district|Kurukshetra]]
|locale = [[Pehowa]]
| deity = [[Murugan|Kartikeya]]
| tradition = [[Shaivism]]
| festivals = [[Saraswati#Festivals and pujas|Sarasvati Mahotsav]], [[Maha Shivaratri]]
| architecture = [[Hindu temple#Nagara Architecture of North Indian temples|Nagara style]]
| temple_quantity = 1
| website =
}}
'''Kartikeya Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]] in [[Pehowa]] township of the [[North Indian]] state of [[Haryana]] is one of the oldest Karthikeya temple in North India. '''[[Murugan|Kartikeya]]''' is a popular Hindu [[deity]] in India and is worshiped across the length and breadth of the country. Like most Hindu deities, He is known by many other names, including '''{{IAST|Murugan}}''', '''{{IAST|Senthil}}''', '''{{IAST|Saravaṇa}}''', '''Arumugam''' or '''Shanmukha''' (meaning 'one with six faces'), '''{{IAST|Kumāra}}''' (meaning 'child or son'), '''{{IAST|Guha}}''', '''{{IAST|Skanda}}''' (meaning 'that which is spilled or oozed, namely seed' in Sanskrit).<ref>Clothey p.49 Skanda is derived from the verb skanḍr meaning "to attack, leap, rise, fall, be spilled, ooze"</ref>

The [[Kushana]]s, who governed from what is today Peshawar, and the [[Yaudheya]]s, a republican clan in the Punjab, stuck coins bearing the image of Skanda. The deity was venerated also by the [[Ikshvaku]]s, an [[Andhra Pradesh|Andhra]] dynasty, and the [[Gupta Empire|Guptas]].<ref>Ratna Navaratnam; ''Karttikeya, the divine child:the Hindu testament of wisdom'' published in 1973 by the Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan</ref>

==Legend==
The [[Skanda Purana]] narrates that [[Shiva]] first wed [[Dakshayani|Sati]], the granddaughter of [[Brahma]], and the daughter of [[Daksha]]. [[Daksha]] never liked [[Shiva]], who symbolizing destruction and detachment, begs for food, dances in a graveyard smeared with ashes, and has no possessions, not even good clothes for himself. [[Daksha]] publicly insulted [[Shiva]] in a Yagna ceremony, and [[Dakshayani|Sati]] immolated Herself in anger over this treatment of Her husband. The Yagna was destroyed by the [[gana]]s of [[Shiva]] led by [[Virabhadra]]. Shiva was an ascetic and his earlier marriage was conducted with great difficulty; his remarriage was out of the question. Hence [[Tarakasur|Taraka]] believed that his boon of being killed by Shiva's son alone would give him invincibility.

The [[Deva (Hinduism)|Deva]]s manage to get [[Shiva]] remarried to [[Parvati]] by having Kama, the God of love awaken him from his penance, incurring his wrath in the process. Shiva hands over his effulgence of the third eye used to destroy Kama to Agni, as he alone is capable of handling it until it becomes the desired offspring. But even Agni, tortured by its heat, hands it over to Ganga who in turn deposits it in a lake in a forest of reeds (shara). The child is finally born in this forest (vana) with six faces – eesanam, sathpurusham, vamadevam, agoram, sathyojatham and adhomugam. He is first spotted and cared for by six women representing the Pleiades – Kritika in Sanskrit. He thus gets named Karttikeya. As a young lad, he destroyed Taraka. He is also known as Kumara ([[Sanskrit]] for youth).

==Location of the temple==
This famous temple is situated in the center of [[Pehowa]] in [[Kurukshetra]] district of [[Haryana]]. Pehowa is at a distance of 200 kilometers from Delhi and 60 kilometers from [[Karnal]]. It is also very close to the state of Punjab as it lies on the border of the two states, [[Haryana]] and Punjab.

==Rules==
Women are strictly forbidden in this temple which celebrates the [[Brahmacharya|brahmachari]] form of Lord [[Murugan|Kartikeya]]. The devotees observe very strict rules during the months of [[Chaturmas]] (the months from [[Ashadha]] through [[Kartika (month)|Kartik]]). It is said that a true devotee of this shrine never loses any battles in his life.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Haryana}}
{{Hindu temples in Haryana}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Haryana]]
[[Category:Hindu pilgrimage sites in India]]
[[Category:Kurukshetra]]
[[Category:Kartikeya temples]]

Joyce M. Woollard

2026-03-22T02:36:50Z

Danger Pandit Ankit:

{{More citations needed|date=June 2013}}

'''Sister Joyce Mansfield Woollard''' (1923-1997) was a missionary who served with the [[London Missionary Society]] / C.W.M. in [[Anglican Diocese of Coimbatore|Coimbatore Diocese]] of the [[Church of South India]] from 1948 and at Vishranthi Nilayam, [[Bangalore]] from 1988.

Sister Woollard came to [[India]] on November 12, 1948. She was in the language school in 1949. She joined the order of sisters when it was started in 1952 as a Probationer, in [[St. Mark's Cathedral, Bangalore]].

She worked in the villages around Kodumudi and Erode going on a bicycle. She maintained the contacts made during the evangelistic work in the villages, later when she worked in various capacities in Erode and Salem.

She was the convener of Women’s Work Committee, Hostel and Boarding Homes Committee and Creche Committee. She was the correspondent of Elementary Schools in Erode, Hobart School in Salem and Senior Citizen's Homes in Athur. She was a member of the Diocesan Executive Committee, Secretary and Treasurer of the Women's Fellowship of Coimbatore Diocese and of the order for women.

After retirement she came to Vishranthi Nilayam as the warden in service of the order and the Mother House of the order for women.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
* Vishranthi Nilayam, [[Bangalore]]
* Thiru P. S. Thangadurai, M.A., M.Ed., Headmaster (Rtd), [[Erode]]
* Mrs. Shanthi Thangaraj Headmistress M.A., B.Ed.,(Rtd), Erode
* Mr. S.Moses Jeba Seelan M.B.A, Erode

{{DEFAULTSORT:Woollard, Joyce M.}}
[[Category:British Protestant missionaries]]
[[Category:Protestant missionaries in India]]
[[Category:1923 births]]
[[Category:1997 deaths]]
[[Category:Female Christian missionaries]]
[[Category:Missionary educators]]
[[Category:British missionaries in India]]

Chamar

2026-03-20T07:30:03Z

Danger Pandit Ankit:

{{Short description|Dalit caste of the Indian subcontinent}}
{{About|the Indian caste|the mountain in Nepal|Chamar (mountain)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Infobox Ethnic group
| image = File:Leather-bottle makers. - Tashrih al-aqvam (1825), f.360v - BL Add. 27255.jpg
| caption = Leather-bottle makers (Presumably members of the 'Chamaar' caste), ''Tashrih al-aqvam'' (1825)
| group = Chamar
| population =
| popplace = India • Pakistan
| langs = [[Hindi]] • [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| rels = [[Hinduism]] • [[Islam]] • [[Sikhism]] • [[Ravidassia]] • [[Christianity]]
| related = [[Jatav]] • [[Ramdasia]] • [[Ravidassia]] • [[Regar|Raigar]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://socialjustice.gov.in/writereaddata/UploadFile/Compendium-2016.pdf |title=List of Scheduled Castes |publisher=Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment |access-date=2023-02-27 |page=18 }}</ref> • [[Chambhar]] • [[Dhusia]] • [[Madiga]] • [[Ad-Dharmi]] • [[Ahirwar]]
}}
'''Chamar''' ({{ipa|hi|tʃəmaːɾ|ipa}}, or '''Jatav''', {{ipa|hi|dʒaːt̪əʋ|ipa}})<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eF8sEAAAQBAJ&dq=Chamar+and+jatav+are+synonymous&pg=PA253|title=A Crusade for Social Justice|page=253|publisher=South Vision Books|author=Dr V.Vasanthi Devi|year=2021}}</ref> is a community classified as a [[Scheduled Caste]] under modern India's [[Reservation in India|system of affirmative action]] that originated from the group of trade persons who were involved in leather tanning and shoemaking.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rawat |first1=Ramnarayan S. |title=Reconsidering Untouchability: Chamars and Dalit History in North India |date=23 March 2011 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-22262-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bz5dKC81O3IC&dq=chamar+leather+tanning+shoe+making&pg=PA111 |access-date=21 September 2024 |language=en}}</ref> They are found throughout the [[Indian subcontinent]], mainly in the northern states of India and in [[Bangladesh]], [[Pakistan]] and [[Nepal]].

==History==

The Chamars are traditionally associated with leather work.{{sfn|Sarah Beth Hunt|2014|p=23}} [[Ramnarayan Rawat]] posits that the association of the Chamar community with a traditional occupation of [[tanning (leather)|tanning]] was constructed, and that the Chamars were instead historically agriculturists.<ref>{{cite news |last=Yadav |first=Bhupendra |date=21 February 2012 |title=Aspirations of Chamars in North India |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-bookreview/article2914334.ece |access-date=14 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223194005/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-bookreview/article2914334.ece |archive-date=23 February 2012}}</ref>

The term ''chamar'' is used as a pejorative word for [[Dalit]]s in general.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sabrangindia.in/article/caste-igated-how-indians-use-casteist-slurs-dehumanise-each-other|title=Caste-igated: How Indians use casteist slurs to dehumanise each other|last=Malu|first=Preksha|date=2018-07-21|website=[[Sabrang Communications]]|language=en|access-date=2020-02-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/hot-on-web/twitter-calls-out-netflix-original-jamtara-sabka-number-ayega-for-casteist-slur|title=Twitter Calls out Netflix's 'Jamtara' for Using Casteist Slur|date=2020-01-18|website=[[The Quint]]|language=en|access-date=2020-02-29}}</ref> It has been described as a [[Casteism|casteist]] slur by the [[Supreme Court of India]] and the use of the term to address a person as a violation of the [[Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Singh|first=Sanjay L.|title=Calling an SC 'chamar' offensive, punishable, says apex court|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-08-20/news/28488600_1_upper-castes-insult-chamar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429200705/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-08-20/news/28488600_1_upper-castes-insult-chamar|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 April 2014|work=The Economic Times|date=20 August 2008|access-date=12 August 2015}}</ref>

=== Movement for upward social mobility ===

Between the 1830s and the 1950s, the Chamars in the [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]], especially in the [[Kanpur]] area, became prosperous as a result of their involvement in the British leather trade.{{sfn|Maren Bellwinkel-Schempp|2011|p=106}}

By the late 19th century, the Chamars began rewriting their caste histories, claiming [[Kshatriya]] descent.{{sfn|Sarah Beth Hunt|2014|p=5}} For example, around 1910, U.B.S. Raghuvanshi published ''Shri Chanvar Purana'' from Kanpur, claiming that the Chamars were originally a community of Kshatriya rulers. He claimed to have obtained this information from ''Chanvar Purana'', an ancient Sanskrit-language text purportedly discovered by a sage in a Himalayan cave. According to Raghuvanshi's narrative, [[Vishnu]], one of the principal deities in Hinduism, once appeared in form of a [[Shudra]] before the community's ancient king Chamunda Rai. The king chastised Vishnu for reciting the [[Vedas]], an act forbidden for a Shudra. The god then revealed his true self, and cursed his lineage to become Chamars, who would be lower in status than the Shudras. When the king apologized, the god declared that the Chamars will get an opportunity to rise again in the [[Kaliyuga]] after the appearance of a new sage (whom Raghuvanshi identifies as [[Ravidas]]).{{sfn|Sarah Beth Hunt|2014|pp=28-29}}

A section of Chamars claimed Kshatriya status as [[Jatav]]s, tracing their lineage to [[Krishna]], another major deity in Hinduism, and thus, associating them with the [[Yadav]]s. [[Jatav Mahasabha|Jatav Veer Mahasabha]], an association of Jatav men founded in 1917, published multiple pamphlets making such claims in the first half of the 20th century.{{sfn|Sarah Beth Hunt|2014|p=30}} The association discriminated against lower-status Chamars, such as the "Guliyas", who did not claim Kshatriya status.{{sfn|Sarah Beth Hunt|2014|p=73}}

In the first half of the early 20th century, the most influential Chamar leader was [[Swami Achutanand]], who founded the anti-[[Brahmins|Brahmanical]] Adi Hindu movement, and portrayed the lower castes as the original inhabitants of India, who had been enslaved by [[Aryan invasion theory|Aryan invaders]].{{sfn|Sarah Beth Hunt|2014|p=5,33}}{{sfn|Maren Bellwinkel-Schempp|2011|p=104}}

=== Political rise ===
{{See also|De-Sanskritisation}}
In the 1940s, the [[Indian National Congress]] promoted the Chamar politician [[Jagjivan Ram]] to counteract the influence of [[B.R. Ambedkar]]; however, he remained an aberration in a party dominated by the upper castes.{{sfn|Sarah Beth Hunt|2014|pp=43,76}} In the second half of the 20th century, the Ambedkarite [[Republican Party of India]] (RPI) in Uttar Pradesh remained dominated by Chamars/Jatavs, despite attempts by leaders such as [[Buddha Priya Maurya|B.P. Maurya]] to expand its base.{{sfn|Sarah Beth Hunt|2014|p=45}}

After the decline of the RPI in the 1970s, the [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] (BSP) attracted Chamar voter base. It experienced electoral success under the leadership of the Chamar leaders [[Kanshi Ram]] and [[Mayawati]]; Mayawati who eventually became the [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]].{{sfn|Sarah Beth Hunt|2014|pp=7,23}} Other Dalit communities, such as [[Bhangi]]s, complained of Chamar monopolisation of state benefits such as [[reservation in India|reservation]].{{sfn|Sarah Beth Hunt|2014|pp=8,24}} Several other Dalit castes, resenting the domination of Dalit politics by Chamars/Jatavs, came under the influence of the [[Sangh Parivar]].{{sfn|Sarah Beth Hunt|2014|p=55,72}}

Nevertheless, with the rise of BSP in Uttar Pradesh, a collective solidarity and uniform [[Dalit]] identity was framed, which led to coming together of various antagonistic Dalit communities. In the past, Chamar had shared bitter relationship with the [[Pasi (caste)|Pasi]]s, another Dalit caste. The root cause of this bitter relationship was their roles in feudal society. The Pasis worked as ''lathail'' or stick wielders for the "Upper Caste" landlords and the later had compelled them in past to beat Chamars many a times. Under the unification drive of BSP, these rival castes came together for the cause of unity of Dalits under same political umbrella.<ref name="Dalit Assertion">{{cite book|author=Badri Narayan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iAQrpDW4-_YC&pg=PA89|title=Women Heroes and Dalit Assertion in North India: Culture, Identity and Politics|publisher=SAGE|year= 2012|isbn=9780761935377|pages=89–90}}</ref>

===Social exploitation===
In reference to villages of [[Rohtas District|Rohtas]] and [[Bhojpur district, India|Bhojpur]] district of Bihar, prevalence of a practice was revealed, in which it was obligatory for the women of Chamar, [[Musahar]] and [[Paswan|Dusadh]] community to have sexual contacts with their [[Rajput]] landlords. In order to keep their men in submissive position, these upper-caste landlords raped these Dalit women, and often implicate the male members of latter's family in false cases, when they refused sexual contacts with them. The other form of oppression which was inflicted on them was disallowing them to walk on the pathways and draw water from the wells, which belonged to [[Rajput]]s. The "pinching of breast" by the upper caste landlords and the undignified teasings were also common form of oppression. In the 1970s, the activism of peasant organizations like "Kisan Samiti" is said to have brought an end to these practices and subsequently the dignity was restored to the women of lower castes. The oppression however was not fully stopped as the friction between upper-caste landlords and the tillers continued. There are reports which indicates that the upper-caste landlords often took the help of Police in order to beat the women of Chamar caste and draw them out of their villages on the question of parity in wages.<ref name="UN">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T-s9SIp1-OsC&pg=PA73|title=Case Studies on Strengthening Co-ordination Between Non-governmental Organizations and Government Agencies in Promoting Social Development|publisher=United Nations (Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific)|year=1989|page=72,73,74,75 |access-date=22 January 2021}}</ref><ref name="SharmaSinghKumar1994">{{cite book | author1 = Kaushal Kishore Sharma | author2 = Prabhakar Prasad Singh | author3 = Ranjan Kumar | date = 1994 | title = Peasant Struggles in Bihar, 1831-1992: Spontaneity to Organisation | publisher = Centre for Peasant Studies | pages = 247| isbn = 9788185078885 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=8tBHAAAAMAAJ|quote=According to them, before the emergence of Naxalism on the scene and consequent resistance on the part of these hapless fellows, "rape of lower caste women by Rajput and Bhumihar landlords used to cause so much anguish among the lower cates, who, owing to their hapless situation, could not dare oppose them. In their own words, "within the social constraints , the suppressed sexual hunger of the predominant castes often found unrestricted outlet among the poor, lower caste of Bhojpur-notably Chamars and Mushars.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mPKpCQAAQBAJ |title=Maoist Insurgency and India's Internal Security Architecture |author1=E M Rammohun|author2=Amritpal Singh|author3=A K Agarwal |publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd|year= 2012|isbn=978-9381411636|pages=18}} Consider the oppression of the lower castes in Bihar. In Bhojpur district of Bihar, the lower castes lived in utter poverty and were also subjected to social exploitation. Kalyan Mukherjee and Rajender Singh Yadav described that the oppression of the lower castes at the hands of the upper castes did not flow from numerical superiority, but rather from niches in the economic hierarchy apropos land ownership and the monopoly over labour. Further the culture of violence ensured that the Chamar or the Musahar never raise their heads in protest. Though begar was a thing of the past, the banihar worked often for nothing. Wearing a clean dhoti, remaining seated in the presence of the master, even on a cot outside his own hut, walking erect were taboo. When the evenings fell or in lonely stretches of field, the rape of his womenfolk by the landlord's lathieths and scions complete a picture of unbridled Bumihar, Rajput over lordship.</ref>

==Chamar Caste in different States of India==

===Ad-Dharmi===
The '''[[Ad-Dharmi]]''' is a Chamar caste sect in the state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], in [[India]] and is an alternative term for the [[Ravidasia]] religion, meaning Primal Spiritual Path.<ref name="Ad Dharm">{{cite web | url=https://www.sikhiwiki.org/index.php/Ad_Dharm | title=Ad Dharm - SikhiWiki, free Sikh encyclopedia }}</ref><ref name="Mainstream Weekly 2009">{{cite web | title=Deras and Dalit Consciousness | website=Mainstream Weekly | date=13 June 2009 | url=http://www.mainstreamweekly.net/article1425.html | accessdate=6 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='Ad-Dharm Movement was the Revolt Against the Hinduism' – Saheb Kanshi Ram's Speech at Sikri, Punjab, 12th February 2001 {{!}} Velivada|url=https://velivada.com/2017/11/03/ad-dharm-movement-revolt-hinduism-saheb-kanshi-rams-speech-sikri-punjab-12th-february-2001/|access-date=2021-06-27|website=velivada.com|date=3 November 2017 }}</ref> The term Ad-Dharm came into popular usage in the early part of the 20th century, when many followers of Guru Ravidas converted to Sikhism and were severely discriminated against due to their low caste status (even though the Sikh religion is strictly against the caste system). Many of these converts stopped attending Sikh Gurdwaras controlled by Jat Sikhs and built their own shrines upon arrival in the UK, Canada, and Fiji Island.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4412439 | jstor=4412439 | title=Punjabis in England: The Ad-Dharmi Experience | last1=Judge | first1=Paramjit S. | journal=Economic and Political Weekly | date=2002 | volume=37 | issue=31 | pages=3244–3250 }}</ref><ref name="Ad Dharm"/> Ad-Dharmis comprise 11.48% of the total of [[Scheduled Caste]] communities in Punjab.<ref>{{cite web|title=Punjab Data Highlights: The Scheduled Castes|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/dh_sc_punjab.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=July 13, 2020 |first=IP |last=Singh |title=Give 'Adi-dharmi' as religion in 2021 census: Ravidassia leaders |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ludhiana/give-adi-dharmi-as-religion-in-2021-census-ravidassia-leaders/articleshow/76930915.cms |access-date=2022-09-12 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-22 |title=Why Everyone in Punjab loves a Dalit CM |url=https://www.newsclick.in/why-everyone-punjab-loves-dalit-cm |access-date=2022-09-12 |website=NewsClick |language=en}}</ref>

===Ahirwar===
The '''[[Ahirwar]]''', or '''Aharwar''' are [[Dalit]] members of a north Indian [[Caste system in India|caste]] categorised among the [[Scheduled Castes]] of Chamar. Predominantly are members of the Scheduled Castes with a higher population in [[Uttar Pradesh]], Madhya Pradesh.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jUwFL3IipK0C&pg=PA255 |title=Dimensions of Human Cultures in Central India: Professor S.K. Tiwari Felicitation Volume | publisher=Sarup & Sons |editor-first=A. A. |editor-last=Abbasi |year=2001 |page=255 |isbn=978-8-17625-186-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Shyam Nandan |last=Chaudhary|title=Dalit Agenda and Grazing Land to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5mme2OO0CKwC&pg=PA119 |year=2007|publisher=Concept Publishing Co. |page=119|isbn=9788180693816}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BV0FuSXACbUC&pg=PA164 | title=Beyond Ambedkar: Essays on Dalits in India | publisher=Har Anand Publications | author=Nandu Ram | year=2009 | pages=164 | isbn=9788124114193}}</ref>

They are present, for example, in the state of [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref name="ahmad">{{cite book|last1=Ahmad|first1=Aijazuddin|title=Geography of the South Asian subcontinent : a critical approach|date=2009|publisher=Concept Pub. Co.|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-8-18069-568-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I2QmPHeIowoC&pg=PA231}}</ref> The [[2001 Census of India]] recorded them in the [[Bundelkhand]] area and as the largest caste group in [[Lalitpur district, India|Lalitpur district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], with a total population of 138,167.

===Dhusia===
'''[[Dhusia]]''' is a caste in India, associated with Chamars, Ghusiya, Jhusia or [[Jatav]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Lokniti |url=http://www.lokniti.org/pdfs_dataunit/publications2010/subalterns-U-P.pdf |access-date=13 December 2020 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041117/http://www.lokniti.org/pdfs_dataunit/publications2010/subalterns-U-P.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://sultanpur.nic.in/peo.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090330034944/https://sultanpur.nic.in/peo.htm |archive-date=2009-03-30 |title=The Inhabitants |publisher=sultanpur.nic.in}}</ref> They are found in [[Uttar Pradesh]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Social Justice|url=http://socialjustice.nic.in/pdf/scorderuttarpradesh.pdf}}</ref> and elsewhere.

Most of the Dhusia in Punjab and Haryana migrated from Pakistan after the [[partition of India]]. In Punjab, they are mainly found in Ludhiana, Patiala, Amritsar and Jalandhar cities. They are inspired by [[B. R. Ambedkar]] to adopt the [[surname]]s Rao<ref>{{cite journal |title= UP: BJP's Caste Card |first=A. K. |last=Verma |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=36 |issue=48 |date=December 2001 |pages=4452–4455 |jstor=4411406 }}</ref> and Jatav.

===Jatav===
'''[[Jatav]]''' (also known as '''Jatava''', '''Jatan''', '''Jatua''', '''Jhusia''', '''Jatia''', '''Jatiya''') is an Indian [[Dalit]] community that is a sub-caste of the Chamar caste,<ref>{{cite news |title=Chasing the Dalit vote in U.P. |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/chasing-the-dalit-vote-in-up/article5989868.ece |access-date=6 September 2024 |work=The Hindu |date=8 May 2014 |language=en-IN}}</ref> who are classified as a [[Scheduled Caste]] under modern India's [[Reservation in India|system of positive discrimination]].

According to the [[2011 Census of India]], the Jatav community of [[Uttar Pradesh]] comprised 54% of that state's total 22,496,047 Scheduled Caste population.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Jatavs-on-top-of-SC-population-in-UP/articleshow/47931787.cms |title=Jatavs on top of SC population in UP |date=4 July 2015 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

===Ravidassia/Ramdasia===
'''[[Ravidassia]]''' is sect of Chamar Sikhs from Punjab who worship Guru Ravidass<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chander |first1=Rajesh K. |title=Combating Social Exclusion: Inter-sectionalities of Caste, Gender, Class and Regions |date=1 July 2019 |publisher=Studera Press |isbn=978-93-85883-58-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8TvnDwAAQBAJ&dq=ravidasia+chamar&pg=PR21 |access-date=6 September 2024 |language=en}}</ref> and '''[[Ramdasia]]''' were historically a [[Sikh]], [[Hindu]] sub-group that originated from the [[Caste system in India|caste]] of leather tanners and shoemakers known as Chamar.<ref name="Rajesh K. Chander">{{cite book |title=Combating Social Exclusion: Intersectionalities of Caste, Class, Gender and Regions |first=Rajesh K I. |last=Chander |publisher=Studera Press |year=2019 |isbn=978-93-85883-58-3|page=64 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8TvnDwAAQBAJ&dq=ramdasia+caste+in+jammu&pg=PA64}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Ghuman|first=Paul|title=British Untouchables A Study of Dalit Identity and Education|date=May 2011|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Limited|isbn=978-0754648772|page=iX|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eQZcI3FCxlEC&pg=PR9}}</ref>

Both the words Ramdasia and Ravidasia are also used inter changeably while these also have regional context. In [[Puadh]] and [[Malwa (Punjab)|Malwa]], largely Ramdasia is used while Ravidasia is predominantly used in [[Doaba]].<ref name="toi">{{cite web|date=30 September 2021|title=Punjab's dalit conundrum: A look into Sikhs' caste identity|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/punjabs-dalit-conundrum-a-look-into-sikhs-caste-identity/articleshow/86607310.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=7 September 2024}}</ref>[[File:List of Scheduled Castes in Punjab.jpg|thumb|List of Scheduled Castes in Punjab]]

==Chamar Diaspora==
[[File:Mahia Mehmi.jpg|left|200px|thumb|Mahia Mehmi- One of the first Chamar settler in Canada in 1906.]]
[[File:Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau at Guru Ravidass Temple, Vancouver.jpg|thumb|Former Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau at Guru Ravidass Temple, Vancouver]]
The Chamar diaspora consists of different subcastes who have emigrated from the different states of British India, as well as modern India, to other countries and regions of the world, as well as their descendants.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=I. J. Bahadur |title=Indians in the Caribbean |date=1987 |publisher=Sterling |isbn=978-0-7465-0074-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4d0XAAAAYAAJ&q=chamar+caribbean |access-date=6 September 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
Apart from the Indian subcontinent, there is a large and well-established community of Chamars throughout different continents of the world, including Malaysia, Canada, Singapore, Caribbean, USA and UK, where they have established themselves as a trade diaspora.<ref>{{cite news |title=Seattle: Why US city's ban on caste discrimination is historic for South Asian Americans |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-64728356 |access-date=6 September 2024 |date=22 February 2023}}</ref>
[[File:Gurdwara Guru Ravidass, Nasinu, Fiji.jpg|thumb|Gurdwara [[Guru Ravidass]], Nasinu, Fiji Established in 1939]]
[[File:Gurdwara Guru Ravidass Bhavan, Birmingham.jpg|thumb|Gurdwara Guru Ravidass Bhavan, Birmingham]]
[[File:Gurdwara Guru Ravidass Sabha,Southall .jpg|thumb|[[Gurdwara Guru Ravidass Sabha]], Southall]]
[[File:Gurdwara Guru Ravidass Temple, Auckland.jpg|thumb|Gurdwara Guru Ravidass Temple, Auckland]]
[[File:Shri Guru Ravidass Temple in the UK.jpg|thumb|Shri Guru Ravidass Temple in the UK]]
[[File:Gurdwara_Guru_Ravidass_Temple,_Pittsburgh.jpg|thumb|Gurdwara Guru Ravidass Temple, Pittsburg, California]]
[[File:Gurdwara Guru Ravidass Sabha, Oostende.jpg|thumb|Gurdwara Guru Ravidass Sabha, Oostende]]

===Italy===
According to the research paper of the [[European University Institute]], [[Fiesole]], [[Italy]], the Ravidassia Chamar community is the second largest group of Indian diaspora in Italy. The Ravidassia community's migration starts in the early 80s, and currently the community is operating 18 Guru Ravidass temples throughout Italy. But due to the lack of recognized independent religious identity by the Italian government, the local Italian community leaders assume Ravidasias are Hindu or Sikh.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Laudini |first1=Annamaria |title=The Ravidassia in Italy: History, Geography, and Identity Politics of the Largest Punjabi Dalit Diaspora in the EU |journal=Religions |date=17 July 2025 |volume=16 |issue=7 |pages=922 |doi=10.3390/rel16070922 |doi-access=free |hdl=1814/94720 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

===North America===
Chamar diaspora emigrated from India and Pakistan is significant. There are Chamar Sikh settlers in Europe, as well as a sizable Chamar Sikh population in North America, primarily in the United States and Canada. Mahiya Ram Mehmi and Mahey were the very first people who landed in [[British Columbia]] in 1906 and in [[Lower Mainland]] area of British Colombia, there are around 25,000 people of Chamar origin residing. This makes the largest and oldest Chamar diaspora population in North America region. Both Mahiya ram Mehmi and Mahey were also involved in the foundation of the first Canadian Gurdwara, the Khalsa Diwan Society, Vancouver.<ref name="Iyengar 2022">{{cite web | last=Iyengar | first=Malathi | title=Punjabi, Sikh, and Dalit | website=South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA) | date=2022-01-20 | url=https://www.saada.org/tides/article/punjabi-sikh-and-dalit | access-date=2022-09-14}}</ref>
In the United States, an estimated 20,000 Ravidassia Chamars live in [[California]].<ref>{{cite news |date=29 May 2023 |title=What California's Ravidassia community believes and why they want caste bias outlawed |url=https://apnews.com/article/california-caste-discrimination-bill-ravidassia-sikh-explainer-b0383d1583670fc6cedfeebf6c943d25 |access-date=27 July 2025 |work=AP News |language=en}}</ref>
===Mauritius===
[[Ravived]] is a caste that is mainly found among Hindus in Mauritius.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://medium.com/@shakunharris/understanding-the-caste-system-in-mauritius-c8fe9468c097 | title=Understanding the caste system in Mauritius | work=Medium | date=6 April 2021 | last1=Harris | first1=Dr Shakun }}</ref> The origin of this caste lay in an Indian caste named Chamar<ref>{{Cite journal |date=October–December 2015 |title=A Quarterly Journal of Multidisciplinary Research |url=http://mujournal.mewaruniversity.org/JIR%203-4/JIR3-4.pdf |journal=Journal of Indian Research |volume=3 |issue=4 |issn=2321-4155}}</ref> This same caste is referred to as [[Ravidassia]] outside Mauritius, and this terminology is very seldom used in Mauritius.<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.4000/samaj.3886 | title=The 'Land of the Vaish'? Caste Structure and Ideology in Mauritius | year=2015 | last1=Claveyrolas | first1=Mathieu | journal=South Asia Multidisciplinary Academic Journal | doi-access=free | s2cid=143034648 | url=https://journals.openedition.org/samaj/3886 }}</ref>

In the ship records on which Indian laborers migrated to [[Mauritius]], around ten percent of the boarded people mentioned their caste as Chamar. After the establishment of caste hierarchies in Mauritius, the Chamar community families turned to the religious songs of [[Kabir]] and [[Ravidass]] for their own religious outlet. Slowly, they started adopting religious-sounding names from these devotional songs.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Younger |first1=Paul |title=New Homelands: Hindu Communities in Mauritius, Guyana, Trinidad, South Africa, Fiji, and East Africa |date=30 November 2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-974192-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F0X9eLq57ocC&dq=ravidass+mauritius&pg=PA32 |access-date=30 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

===Oceania===
There is a sizeable population of [[Ravidassia|Chamar Sikhs]] in [[Oceania]] too. Ravidassia Chamars from Doaba established the second gurdwara in the Oceania region in Nasinu on Fiji Island in 1939.<ref name="Kahlon 2016 p. 337">{{cite book | last=Kahlon | first=S.S. | title=Sikhs in Asia Pacific: Travels Among the Sikh Diaspora from Yangon to Kobe | publisher=Taylor & Francis | year=2016 | isbn=978-1-351-98741-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5TslDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA337 | access-date=2024-09-06 | page=337}}</ref> A Classical Study by W.H. Briggs in his book Punjabis in New Zealand, Briggs penned down the precise number of Ravidassias in New Zealand during the very first wave of immigration.<ref name="Google 2006">{{cite web | title=Punjabis in New Zealand: A History of Punjabi Migration, 1890-1940 | website=Google | date=2006-12-05 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NoMhAAAAMAAJ&q=punjabis%20in%20new%20zealand | access-date=2024-09-06 | last1=McLeod | first1=W. H. }}</ref>

===United Kingdom===

Chamar community from [[Punjab]] started immigrating from Punjab to Britain in 1950, and according to a book named 'Sikhs in Britain: An Annotated Bibliography' published in 1987, the population of the Ravidassia community in the West Midlands was around 30,000 during that period.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tatla |first1=Darshan Singh |last2=Nesbitt |first2=Eleanor M |title=Sikhs in Britain An Annotated Bibliography |date=1987 |publisher=Centre for Research in Ethnic Relations, University of Warwick |isbn=9780948303067 |page=66 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rKPfAAAAMAAJ&q=Sikhs+in+Britain:+An+Annotated+Bibliography+ravidass |access-date=14 January 2024}}</ref> As of 2021, it is estimated that the Ravidasia population in Britain is around 70,000.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kumar |first1=Pramod |title=The Idea of New India Essays in Defence of Critical Thought |date=2021 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9781000485714 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y9s9EAAAQBAJ&dq=ravidasia+in+england&pg=PT164 |access-date=6 September 2024}}</ref>

==Occupations==
[[File:Photograph of Chamars with caption 'Chamars cutting leather and making shoes'.jpg|thumb|Photograph of Chamars with caption "Chamars cutting leather and making shoes"]]
Chamars transitioning from tanning and leathercraft to the weaving profession adopt the identity of [[Julaha Chamar]], aspiring to be acknowledged as Julahas by other communities. According to R. K. Pruthi, this change reflects a desire to distance themselves from the perceived degradation associated with leatherwork.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rC1bJcd-MDUC&pg=PA189 |title=Indian caste system |first=R. K. |last=Pruthi |year=2004 |publisher=Discovery |page=189 |isbn=9788171418473 |access-date=14 April 2012}}</ref>

==Chamar Regiment==
The 1st [[Chamar Regiment]] was an infantry regiment formed by the British during [[World War II]]. Officially, it was created on 1 March 1943, as the 27th Battalion 2nd Punjab Regiment. It was converted to the 1st Battalion and later disbanded shortly after World War II ended.{{sfn|Sharma|1990|p=28}} The Regiment, with one year of service, received three [[Military Cross]]es and three [[Military Medal]]s<ref name="Sharma1990">{{cite book |first=Gautam |last=Sharma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xLrTzZd0j1kC&pg=PA26 |title=Valour and Sacrifice: Famous Regiments of the Indian Army |publisher=Allied Publishers |year=1990 |isbn=978-81-7023-140-0 |pages=26–}}</ref> It fought in the [[Battle of Kohima]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gautambookcenter.com/images/ww2_kohima.pdf|title=The Battle of Kohima}}</ref> In 2011, several politicians demanded that it be revived.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.indianexpress.com/news/rjd-man-raghuvansh-calls-for-reviving-chamar-regiment/759232/ |title=RJD man Raghuvansh calls for reviving Chamar Regiment |work=indianexpress.com |date=8 March 2011 |access-date=31 March 2011}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{Update|date=July 2025|reason=Update it with the different state census ex- Bihar 2022}}
Chamar caste population in different states of India as per the 2011 [[census of India]]


{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! State, U.T
! Population
! Population %
! Notes
|-
| Bihar<ref>SC-14: Scheduled caste population by religious community, Bihar - 2011 (2021) India. Available at: https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/2115 (Accessed: 2 September 2024). </ref>
| 4,900,048
| 4.7%
| Counted along Rabidas, Rohidas, Chamar, Charamakar
|-
| Chandigarh<ref>SC-14: Scheduled caste population by religious community, Chandigarh - 2011 (2021) India. Available at: https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/2109 (Accessed: 2 September 2024). </ref>
| 59,957
| 5.68%
| Counted along with other caste synonyms such as Chamars, Ramdasi, Ravidasi, Raigar and Jatia
|-
| Chhattisgarh<ref>SC-14: Scheduled caste population by religious community, Chhattisgarh - 2011 (2021) India. Available at: https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/2125 (Accessed: 2 September 2024). </ref>
| 2,318,964
| 9.07%
| Counted as Chamar, Satnami, Ahirwar, Raidas, Rohidas, Jatav, Bhambi and Surjyabanshi
|-
| NCT of Delhi<ref>SC-14: Scheduled caste population by religious community, NCT of Delhi - 2011 (2021) India. Available at: https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/2112 (Accessed: 2 September 2024). </ref>
| 1,075,569
| 6.4 %
| Counted along with other caste synonyms such as Jatav, Chamars, Ramdasia, Ravidasi, Raigar and Jatia
|-
| Gujarat<ref>SC-14: Scheduled caste population by religious community, Gujarat - 2011 (2021) India. Available at: https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/2127 (Accessed: 2 September 2024). </ref>
| 1,032,128
| 1.7%
| Counted along with other caste synonyms such as Chamar, Bhambi, Asadaru, Chambhar, Haralaya, Rohidas, Rohit, Samgar
|-
| Haryana<ref>SC-14: Scheduled caste population by religious community, Haryana - 2011 (2021) India. Available at: https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/2111 (Accessed: 2 September 2024). </ref>
| 2,429,137
| 9.58%
| Counted along with other caste synonyms such as Jatav, Chamars, Ramdasia, Ravidasi, Raigar and Jatia
|-
| Himachal Pradesh<ref>SC-14: Scheduled caste population by religious community, Himachal Pradesh - 2011 (2021) India. Available at: https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/2107 (Accessed: 2 September 2024). </ref>
| 458,838
| 6.68%
| Counted along with other caste synonyms such as Chamars, Ramdasia, Raigar and Jatia
|-
| Jammu and Kashmir<ref>SC-14: Scheduled caste population by religious community, Jammu & Kashmir - 2011 (2021) India. Available at: https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/2106 (Accessed: 2 September 2024). </ref>
| 212,032
| 1.72%
| Counted along with other caste synonyms such as Chamars, Ramdasia, Rohidas
|-
| Jharkhand<ref>SC-14: Scheduled caste population by religious community, Jharkhand - 2011 (2021) India. Available at: https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/2123 (Accessed: 2 September 2024). </ref>
| 1,008,507
| 3.05%
| Counted as Chamar, Mochi
|-
| Karnataka<ref>SC-14: Scheduled caste population by religious community, Karnataka - 2011 (2021) India. Available at: https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/2132 (Accessed: 2 September 2024). </ref>
| 605,486
| 1%
| Counted as Rohidas, Rohit, Samgar, Haralaya, Chambhar, Chamar, Bhambi
|-
| Madhya Pradesh<ref>SC-14: Scheduled caste population by religious community, Madhya Pradesh - 2011 (2021) India. Available at: https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/2126 (Accessed: 2 September 2024). </ref>
| 5,368,217
| 7.39%
| Counted as Chamar, Jatav, Bairwa, Bhambi, Rohidas, Raidas, Ahirwar,Satnami, Ramnami, Surjyabanshi
|-
| Maharashtra<ref>SC-14: Scheduled caste population by religious community, Maharashtra - 2011 (2021) India. Available at: https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/2130 (Accessed: 2 September 2024). </ref>
| 1,411,072
| 1.25%
| Counted as Rohidas, Chamar, Chambhar, Bhambi, Satnami, Ramnami, Haralaya, Rohit, Samagar, Bhambi
|-
| Punjab<ref>SC-14: Scheduled caste population by religious community, Punjab - 2011 (2021) India. Available at: https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/2108 (Accessed: 2 September 2024). </ref>
| 3,095,324
| 11.15%
| During the 2011 census in Punjab, 1017192 people were counted as addharmi in a separate caste cluster, which is another term for Ravidassias.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ashraf |first1=Ajaz |title=Why everyone in Punjab loves a Dalit C.M |url=https://www.newsclick.in/why-everyone-punjab-loves-dalit-cm |access-date=2 September 2024 |publisher=News Click |date=September 22, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=IP |title=Punjab ex-CM Charanjit Singh Channi's scheduled caste factor overlooked? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ludhiana/punjab-ex-cm-charanjit-singh-channis-scheduled-caste-factor-overlooked/articleshow/90140806.cms |access-date=2 September 2024 |publisher=TOI |date=March 11, 2022}}</ref>
In the same census, the Ravidassias cluster population was 2078132, and both clusters together made a population of 3095324 in Punjab, which is an 11.15% population of Punjab.
|-
| Rajasthan<ref>SC-14: Scheduled caste population by religious community, Rajasthan - 2011 (2021) India. Available at: https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/2113 (Accessed: 2 September 2024). </ref>
| 2,491,551
| 3.63%
| Counted along with other caste synonyms such as Chamars, Bhambi, Ramdasia, Ravidasi, Raigar, Haralaya, Chambhar and Jatia
|-
| Uttarakhand<ref>SC-14: Scheduled caste population by religious community, Uttarakhand - 2011 (2021) India. Available at: https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/2110 (Accessed: 2 September 2024). </ref>
| 548,813
| 5.44%
| Counted as Chamar, Jatava, Dhusia, Jhusia
|-
| Uttar Pradesh<ref>SC-14: Scheduled caste population by religious community, Uttar Pradesh - 2011 (2021) India. Available at: https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/2114 (Accessed: 2 September 2024). </ref>
| 22,496,047
| 11.25%
| Counted as Chamar, Jatava, Dhusia, Jhusia
|-
| West Bengal<ref>SC-14: Scheduled caste population by religious community, West Bengal - 2011 (2021) India. Available at: https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/2122 (Accessed: 2 September 2024). </ref>
| 1,039,591
| 1.13%
| Counted as Chamar, Rabidas, Charamakar, Rishi
|-
|}

==Caste reservation==
{{Main|Reservation in India}}
Chamar is classified as a scheduled caste in India. It is claimed that among the scheduled castes, Chamar benefitted more from the caste reservation system as compared to other Dalit castes due to larger political representation of the group.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/who-gains-from-reservation/237542|title=Who Gains From Reservation?|date=3 Feb 2022|work=[[Outlook India]]|author=Rajinder Puri}}</ref> However, due to significant regional variation and intra-community diversity,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=JILP |date=2025-03-27 |title=Fragmentation or Fairness? The Indian Supreme Court's Judgment on Sub-Classification of SCs and STs – NYU JILP |url=https://nyujilp.org/fragmentation-or-fairness-the-indian-supreme-courts-judgment-on-sub-classification-of-scs-and-sts/ |access-date=2025-07-07 |language=en-US}}</ref> different communities end up disproportionately benefiting from the reservation across the country.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-05 |title=Caste census: The long and the short of new caste data and its politics |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/caste-census-the-long-and-the-short-of-new-caste-data-and-its-politics/articleshow/104180858.cms |access-date=2025-07-07 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=SC Sub-Quota Verdict: Revisiting the Long-Drawn Struggle for Reservation Justice |url=https://thewire.in/rights/sc-sub-quota-verdict-revisiting-the-long-drawn-struggle-for-reservation-justice |access-date=2025-07-07 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref> In 2024, the Supreme Court of India allowed further sub-categorisation within the Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe categories, allowing states such as Punjab, Bihar, Tamil Nadu, and Andhra Pradesh to do targeted refinements to their reservation policies.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-02 |title=A historical journey of commission & omission |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/a-historical-journey-of-commission-omission/articleshow/112205764.cms |access-date=2025-07-07 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

==Chamars in Nepal==
The [[Central Bureau of Statistics (Nepal)|Central Bureau of Statistics]] of Nepal classifies the Chamar as a subgroup within the broader social group of [[Madheshi people|Madheshi]] [[Dalit]]s.<ref>[https://nepal.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Population%20Monograph%20V02.pdf Population Monograph of Nepal, Volume II]</ref> At the time of the [[2011 Nepal census]], 335,893 people (1.3% of the population of Nepal) were Chamar. The frequency of Chamars by province was as follows:
* [[Madhesh Province]] (4.2%)
* [[Lumbini Province]] (2.1%)
* [[Koshi Province]] (0.3%)
* [[Bagmati Province]] (0.0%)
* [[Gandaki Province]] (0.0%)
* [[Karnali Province]] (0.0%)
* [[Sudurpashchim Province]] (0.0%)

The frequency of Chamars was higher than national average (1.3%) in the following districts:<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/upLoads/2018/12/Volume05Part02.pdf |title=2011 Nepal Census, District Level Detail Report |access-date=11 April 2023 |archive-date=14 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314170005/https://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/upLoads/2018/12/Volume05Part02.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Parasi District|Parasi]] (7.4%)
* [[Siraha District|Siraha]] (5.7%)
* [[Parsa District|Parsa]] (4.7%)
* [[Bara District|Bara]] (4.4%)
* [[Saptari District|Saptari]] (4.3%)
* [[Dhanusha District|Dhanusha]] (3.8%)
* [[Rautahat District|Rautahat]] (3.8%)
* [[Kapilvastu District|Kapilvastu]] (3.7%)
* [[Rupandehi District|Rupandehi]] (3.7%)
* [[Mahottari District|Mahottari]] (3.6%)
* [[Sarlahi District|Sarlahi]] (3.6%)
* [[Banke District|Banke]] (1.9%)

==Notable people==
*[[Guru Ravidass]], was an Indian mystic poet-saint of the [[Bhakti movement]] during the 15th to 16th century CE.
* [[Mayawati]], leader of [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] and [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="Mayawati">{{cite news |title=Mayawati talks of a secret successor |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/mayawati-talks-of-a-secret-successor-28178-2008-08-09 |access-date=4 April 2019 |work=[[India Today]] |publisher=[[Indo-Asian News Service]] |date=9 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404213026/https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/mayawati-talks-of-a-secret-successor-28178-2008-08-09 |archive-date=4 April 2019 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* [[Meira Kumar]] - Former Diplomat, Former [[Speaker of the Lok Sabha]].<ref>{{cite news |title="'Chamar' Used As Slur For My Father, A Deputy PM": Ex-Speaker Meira Kumar |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/chamar-used-as-slur-for-my-father-a-deputy-pm-ex-speaker-meira-kumar-3259910 |access-date=2 August 2025 |work=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Selja Kumari]] - Current [[Member of Parliament]], Former [[Union Cabinet Minister]]-[[Government of India]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Row Erupts Over Kumari Selja's Absence in Haryana Election Campaign |url=https://thewire.in/politics/row-over-kumari-selja-absence-campaign-haryana |access-date=2 August 2025 |work=The Wire |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Atma Doolooa]] - Mauritian Politician, Former Director of State Trading Corporation Director of Development Works Corporation, Mauritius and Former Advisor at Ministry of Commerce and Cooperatives, Mauritius.<ref>{{cite news |title=PORTRAIT: Atma Doolooa, un chamar fier de l'être |url=https://www.lemauricien.com/actualites/societe/portrait-atma-doolooa-chamar-fier-letre/119171/ |access-date=2 August 2025 |work=Le Mauricien |date=8 July 2012 |language=fr-FR}}</ref>
* [[Mata Prasad]] - Former Chief Secretary in Uttar Pradesh Government and former Chairman of the Union Public Service Commission.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mata Prasad takes over as UPSC chairman |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/mata-prasad-takes-over-as-upsc-chairman/articleshow/173304.cms |access-date=2 August 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=9 September 2003}}</ref>
* [[Mohan Lal Kureel]], a [[British Indian Army]] officer who served in [[The Chamar Regiment]] and later an [[Indian National Congress]] politician in the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/sc-commission-asks-defence-secretary-why-chamar-regiment-shouldnt-be-reinstated-1355131.html|title=SC Commission Asks Defence Secretary Why 'Chamar Regiment' Shouldn't be reinstated|website=News18|date=March 2017 |access-date=2019-08-31}}</ref>
*[[Jagjivan Ram]], former Deputy Prime Minister of India<ref name="Roy">{{cite book |author=Roy, Kaushik |editor-last=Pant |editor-first=Harsh V. |title=Handbook of Indian Defence Policy: Themes, structures and doctrines |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1138939608 |page=67 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9xG4CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA67 |access-date=12 July 2020 |chapter=Indian society and the soldier: will the twain ever meet? |quote=In 1970, when Babu Jagjivan Ram (himself, a chamar) became the defence minister, he attempted to raise the chamar regiment.}}</ref>
* [[Kanshi Ram]] (1934–2006), founder of [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] and mentor of Mayawati Kumari<ref>{{cite web|title=I will be the best PM and Mayawati is my chosen heir|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/storyOld.php?storyId=23080|quote=...I am a chamar from Punjab...|work=[[Indian Express]]|date=2 May 2003}}</ref>
* [[Navneet Kaur Rana]], former actress and former Member of Parliament<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bawa |first1=Anmol Kaur |title=Can 'Sikh Chamar' Be Regarded As 'Mochi' Caste In Maharashtra? Supreme Court Considers In Navneet Kaur Rana's Case |url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/can-sikh-chamar-be-regarded-as-mochi-caste-in-maharashtra-supreme-court-considers-in-navneet-kaur-ranas-case-250260 |website=www.livelaw.in |access-date=18 October 2024 |language=en |date=23 February 2024}}</ref>
* [[Ashok Tanwar]], former Member of Parliament<ref>{{cite news |last1=English |first1=The Mooknayak |title=How INLD is Leading the Charge for Deprived Scheduled Castes Empowerment in Haryana |url=https://en.themooknayak.com/politics/how-inld-is-leading-the-charge-for-deprived-scheduled-castes-empowerment-in-haryana |access-date=25 October 2024 |work=The Mooknayak English - Voice Of The Voiceless |date=18 September 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Ram Dhan]] - Freedom fighter and former Member of Parliament.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Dalits lose their mirror & Ramdhan – Round Table India |url=https://www.roundtableindia.co.in/the-dalits-lose-their-mirror-a-ramdhan/ |access-date=2 August 2025 |date=16 October 2010}}</ref>
* [[Charanjit Singh Channi]] - Current Member of Parliament and former Chief Minister of Punjab.<ref>{{cite web |title=Life and teachings of SANT RAVIDAS |url=https://www.esamskriti.com/e/History/Great-Indian-Leaders/Life-and-teachings-of-SANT-RAVIDAS--1.aspx |website=www.esamskriti.com |access-date=2 August 2025 |language=en-us}}</ref>
* [[Ram Sundar Das]] - Former Chief Minister of Bihar.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Verma |first1=Nalin |title=Roping in ex-CM for Dalit votes |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/roping-in-ex-cm-for-dalit-votes/cid/516247#goog_rewarded |access-date=2 August 2025}}</ref>
* [[Ashok Khade]] - Indian Industrialist.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Khandekar |first1=Milind |title=Dalit Millionaires: 15 Inspiring Stories |date=15 December 2013 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-93-5118-583-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t2ZBAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT20 |access-date=2 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Anju Bala]] - Former Member of Parliament.<ref>{{cite news |title=भाजपा प्रत्याशी पर फर्जी जाति प्रमाणपत्र का आरोप |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/hardoi/Hardoi-177600-37 |access-date=3 August 2025 |work=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Ahirwar]]
* [[Ramdasia]]
* [[Ravidassia]]
* [[Jatav]]
* [[Chambhar]]
* [[Dhor (Caste)|Dhor]]
* [[Mochi (Hindu)|Hindu Mochi]]
* [[Mochi (Muslim)|Muslim Mochi]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |author=Maren Bellwinkel-Schempp |editor=Peter Schalf |title=Neuer Buddhismus als gesellschaftlicher Entwurf |year=2011 |publisher=Uppsala University |isbn=978-91-554-8076-9 |doi=10.1515/olzg-2015-0120 |s2cid=164806488 |url=https://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:472905/FULLTEXT01.pdf }}
* {{cite book |author=Sarah Beth Hunt |title=Hindi Dalit Literature and the Politics of Representation |year=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-73629-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHc9BAAAQBAJ }}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |last=Briggs |first=George W. |year=1920 |title=The Religious Life of India — The Chamars|isbn=1-4067-5762-4 |location=Calcutta |publisher=Association Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PTgsR0xjG4MC}}
*{{cite book |title=Reconsidering Untouchability: Chamars and Dalit History in North India |first=Ramnarayan S. |last=Rawat |author-link=Ramnarayan Rawat |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2011 |isbn=9780253222626 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bz5dKC81O3IC}} 
*{{cite journal |title=A Bibliographic Essay on Hindu and Christian Dalit Religiosity |journal=[[Journal of Hindu-Christian Studies]] |volume=17 |pages=55–65 |year=2004 |first=Mathew N. |last=Schmalz |doi=10.7825/2164-6279.1318 |url=http://digitalcommons.butler.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1318&context=jhcs|doi-access=free | issn=2164-6260}}

{{Ethnic and social groups of the Punjab|state=expanded}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Dalit communities]]
[[Category:Leatherworking castes]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Nepal]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Assam]]
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Haryana]]
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Delhi]]
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Social groups of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Odisha]]
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Bihar]]
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Kerala]]
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Mizoram]]
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Meghalaya]]

Olappamanna Mana

2026-03-17T02:27:09Z

Danger Pandit Ankit: starting new pg

{{Short description|Heritage building in Vellinezhi, India}}
{{use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Olappamanna Mana
| image =
| image_size = 
| alt =
| caption =
| alternate_names =
| pushpin_map = Kerala
| pushpin_map_alt =
| map_caption =
| building_type =
| architectural_style = [[Architecture of Kerala|Kerala Architecture]]
| structural_system =
| cost =
| location = [[Vellinezhi]], [[Cherpulassery]], [[Palakkad]], [[Kerala]]
| owner = Deviprasadam Trust
| current_tenants =
| location_country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|10|54|12|N|76|20|38|E}}
| altitude =
| construction_start_date =
| completion_date =
| inauguration_date =
| demolished_date =
| height =
| diameter =
| other_dimensions =
| floor_count =
| floor_area =
| awards =
| parking =
| website =
| references =
}}

'''Olappamanna Mana''' is a heritage building, the ancestral home of a [[Nambuthiri]] family by name, ''Olappammanna''. The building, an ''Ettukettu'', constructed in [[Architecture of Kerala|Kerala architectural style]], is situated in [[Vellinezhi]], a village on the banks of [[Kunthipuzha River]], in [[Cherpulassery]] of [[Palakkad district]] in the south Indian state of [[Kerala]]. The building is around 24 km from [[Ottapalam railway station]] and the nearest airport is [[Calicut International Airport]] which is 57 km away.

== Profile ==
[[File:Olamanna (Poet).jpg|thumb|Olappamanna (Poet)]]
Olappamanna Mana is the ancestral home to Olappamanna Nambuthiri family, in the village of [[Vellinezhi]], situated on the banks of [[Kunthipuzha River|Kunthipuzha]], in [[Cherpulassery]], [[Palakkad district]], in the south Indian state of [[Kerala]].<ref name="The Treasure Chest of Cultural Patronage">{{Cite web |url=https://www.webindia123.com/user_interaction/asp/article/article.asp?a_no=2267&article=Olappamanna+Mana+%7C+The+Treasure+Chest+of+Cultural+Patronage%21+ |title=The Treasure Chest of Cultural Patronage |date=2019-04-18 |website=webindia123.com |language=en |access-date=2019-04-18}}</ref> The building, an ''ettukettu'' (a building with eight sections linked together by two courtyards)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.olappamannamana.com/archeology.html |title=Archeology - Olappamannamana Heritage Home Palakkad |date=2019-04-18 |website=www.olappamannamana.com |access-date=2019-04-18}}</ref> housed in a 20-acre plot, is known have been built in 18th century and is surrounded by verdant land.<ref name="Olappamanna Mana - ORT">{{Cite web |url=http://www.responsibletourismindia.com/stay/olappamanna-mana/141 |title=Olappamanna Mana - ORT |website=www.responsibletourismindia.com |access-date=2019-04-18}}</ref> Some portions were added later which are also around 200 years old (as of April 2019).<ref name="Dance, Drama and Magic At Olappamanna Mana">{{Cite web |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/stay/story/66011/dance-drama-and-magic-at-olappamanna-mana |title=Dance, Drama and Magic At Olappamanna Mana |website=outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/ |language=en |access-date=2019-04-18}}</ref> Once a vibrant hub, Olappamanna Mana now functions as a trust, ensuring its continued vitality through hosting public events, film shoots, and performing arts classes. Established in 1990 by Sri Olappamanna Damodaran Nambudiripad to preserve the mana's rich cultural heritage, the [[Deviprasadam Trust Award|Deviprasadam Trust]] oversees its operations. The place has now been converted into a home stay since 2006, managed by Olappamanna Damodaran Nambudiripad, and the facility offers cultural tourism.<ref name="Dance, Drama and Magic At Olappamanna Mana" /> The [[principal photography]] of four Malayalam films, ''[[Aaram Thamburan]]'', ''[[Parinayam (1994 film)|Parinayam]]'', ''[[Aakasha Ganga]]'' and ''[[Thanmathra]]'', were done on the premises of the Mana.<ref name="Mana musings">{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/mana-musings/article2207567.ece |title=Mana musings |last=Manmadhan |first=Prema |date=2011-07-07 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |access-date=2019-04-18}}</ref>

The Mana, which was frequented by the noted [[Kathakali]] performer, [[Pattikkamthodi Ravunni Menon]], assisted him in promoting ''Kalluvazhi chitta'', one of the traditions of Kathakali<ref name="Olappamanna Mana, Vellinezhi, Cherplassery, Palakkad">{{Cite web |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/destination/olappamanna-mna-palakkad/559 |title=Olappamanna Mana, Vellinezhi, Cherplassery, Palakkad |website=Kerala Tourism |language=en |access-date=2019-04-18}}</ref> and ''Olappamanna Kaliyogam'', a Kathakali school which propagated the tradition, functioned from the Mana premises until it was relocated to [[Kerala Kalamandalam]] by [[Vallathol Narayana Menon]], the founder of the institution.<ref name="The Treasure Chest of Cultural Patronage" /> Known to have promoted the cultural, literary and linguistic traditions of Kerala,<ref name="Olappamannamana Heritage Home Palakkad - History">{{Cite web |url=http://www.olappamannamana.com/about_us.html#history |title=Olappamannamana Heritage Home Palakkad - History |date=2019-04-18 |website=www.olappamannamana.com |access-date=2019-04-18}}</ref> the Mana gave birth to a number of scholars, art connoisseurs and writers; O. M. Narayanan Nambuthiripad (1838–1902), O. M. Neelakandan Nambuthiripad (1863–1935), both [[Sanskrit]] scholars and [[vedic]] teachers, O. M. Vasudevan Nambuthirpad (1881–1926), the author of ''Dhruva Charitham'' Kathakali drama, O. M. Narayanan Nambuthiripad (1890–1944), holder of [[Raobahadur]] title and a member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Council#Expansion|Madras State Legislative Council]], O. M. Parameshwaran Nambuthiripad (1899–1942), the publisher of ''Sahithi'', a magazine exclusively for Malayalam poems, O. M. C. Narayanan Nambuthiripad (1910–1989), the Sanskrit scholar who translated [[Rig Veda]] into Malayalam and the author of ''Snapaka Yohannan'', a play for Kathakali, O. M. Subramanian Nambuthiripad (1923–2000), better known as [[Olappamanna]], the noted Malayalam poet and a recipient of several honours including [[Kendra Sahitya Akademi Award|Kendra Sahitya Akademi]] and [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award|Kerala Sahitya Akademi]] awards,<ref name="Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/PROFILES/Olappamanna/Html/Olappamannagraphy.htm |title=Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal |date=2019-04-17 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal |access-date=2019-04-17}}</ref> [[O. M. Anujan]] (1928–), poet, Kathakali scholar and academic,<ref name="A life dedicated to classical art">{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/a-life-dedicated-to-classical-art/article3757119.ece |title=A life dedicated to classical art |last=Haridas |first=Anand |date=2012-08-12 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |access-date=2019-04-18}}</ref> Leela Nambuthiripad (1934–), better identified as [[Sumangala]], the noted writer of children's literature,<ref name="The storyteller">{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/the-storyteller/article5192947.ece |title=The storyteller |last=M |first=Athira |date=2013-10-02 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |access-date=2019-04-18}}</ref> Eminent Psychiatrist Dr.O.N.Vasudevan (1940–2002), and Sri Olappamanna Damodaran Nambudiripad (Heritage Visionary, Patron, and Chief custodian of Olappamanna Mana) feature among the descendants of Olappamanna family.<ref name="Personalities">{{Cite web |url=http://www.olappamannamana.com/personalities.html |title=Personalities |date=2019-04-17 |website=www.olappamannamana.com |access-date=2019-04-17 |archive-date=30 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430145221/http://www.olappamannamana.com/personalities.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> It was also reported that [[Chembai Vaidyanatha Bhagavatar]], the noted [[Carnatic musician]], used to teach at the Mana.<ref name="The Treasure Chest of Cultural Patronage" />

A book has been written on the Mana, by N. P. Vijayakrishnan, which details the history, architecture and socio-cultural contributions of the members of the family; the book has foreword written by [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]], the [[Jnanpith]] laureate.<ref name="Glimpses of a glorious heritage">{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/Glimpses-of-a-glorious-heritage/article14576092.ece |title=Glimpses of a glorious heritage |last=Kaladharan |first=V. |date=2016-08-18 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |access-date=2019-04-18}}</ref>

== Location ==
Mana is situated along Ambadi-Para Road, off [[Ottapalam]]-[[Mannarkkad]] Road, in Vellinezhi, near Mavulliparambu Ayyappan Temple. The rail access is via [[Ottapalam railway station]], around 14 km away and [[Kozhikode International Airport]], the nearest airport, is 57 km away from the building.<ref name="Olappamanna Mana, Vellinezhi, Cherplassery, Palakkad" />

== See also ==
* [[Varikkasseri Mana]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite web |url=https://travel.manoramaonline.com/travel/readers-discovery/2017/04/22/palakkad-vellinezhi-olappamanna-mana-kunthi-puzha.html |title=This artistes’ village in Palakkad oozes an old-world charm and opulence |website=OnManorama |language=en |access-date=2019-04-18}}

==External links==
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.keralaculture.org/video/art-and-culture/olappamanna-mana/2/43 |title=Olappamanna Mana-Rituals and Crafts |date=2019-04-18 |website=www.keralaculture.org |language=en |access-date=2019-04-18}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TUuzvorbPjE |title=Olappamanna Mana Cholliyattam |last=Olappamanna Damodaran |date=2010-09-11 |website=YouTube |access-date=2019-04-18}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y8MQjuUNUT8 |title=Vellinezhi - Yathra 24 July 2016 |last=asianetnews |date=2016-07-24 |website=YouTube |access-date=2019-04-18}}

{{Tourism in Kerala|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Palakkad district]]
[[Category:Indian noble families]]
[[Category:Kathakali]]
[[Category:Performing arts education in India]]
[[Category:Cultural heritage of India]]

Byadgi Assembly constituency

2026-03-16T11:48:57Z

Danger Pandit Ankit: minor cleanup

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Karnataka State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Byadgi
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 85
| map_image = 85-Byadgi constituency.svg
| mla = Basavaraj Neelappa Shivannanavar
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = Ballary Virupakshappa Rudrappa
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Haveri district|Haveri]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Haveri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Haveri]]
| established = 1961
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:208910}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}
}}

'''Byadgi Assembly constituency''' is one of the 224 [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Karnataka]] state in [[India]].<ref name=electors2019>{{cite web |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PCELE2019/GE2019_VOTERS_COUNT.pdf |title=Karnataka Loksabha Elections - 2019 - Voters Count |website=ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in |accessdate= 10 February 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Haveri district]]. As of 2023, it is represented by [[Basavaraj Shivannanavar|Basavaraj Neelappa Shivannanavar]] of the [[Indian National Congress]] party.<ref name=election2023/>{{update after|2028|7}}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Shiddamma Mahadevappa Mailar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || B. M. Gadigeppa || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || K. F. Patil || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Malagi Mariyappa Mudakappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || Heggappa Deshappa Lamani || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || Beelagi Kallokappa Sabanna || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || Heggappa Deshappa Lamani || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || Beelagi Kallokappa Sabanna || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || [[Rudrappa Lamani]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || Chanabasappa Nehru Olekar || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || Sureshagoudra Basalingagoudra Patil
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || [[Basavaraj Shivannanavar]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || Ballari Virupakshappa Rudrappa || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[Basavaraj Shivannanavar]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Byadgi <ref name=election2023/><ref name="Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Byadgi">{{cite news |title=Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Byadgi |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS1085.htm?ac=85 |access-date=27 April 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250427092946/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS1085.htm?ac=85 |archive-date=27 April 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Basavaraj Shivannanavar]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 97,740 |percentage = 55.58% |change = {{increase}}13.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ballari Virupakshappa Rudrappa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 73,899 |percentage = 42.02% |change = {{decrease}}12.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,491 |percentage = 0.85% |change = {{decrease}}0.03 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 23,841 |percentage = 13.56% |change = {{increase}}0.81 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 175,934 |percentage = 84.22% |change = {{increase}}1.14 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 175,863}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 208,910 |ref = |change = {{increase}}4.00 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}0.60 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Byadgi <ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/6933-karnataka-2018/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |accessdate= 4 February 2021}}</ref><ref name="Byadagi Constituency Election Results 2018">{{cite news |title=Byadagi Constituency Election Results 2018 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/karnataka/constituency/byadagi-assembly-constituency-election-results-assembly-seat-details-mlas-candidates/articleshow/99018320.cms |access-date=27 April 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=13 May 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Ballari Virupakshappa Rudrappa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 91,721 |percentage = 54.98% |change = {{increase}}26.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. R. Patil |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 70,450 |percentage = 42.23% |change = {{decrease}}1.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,469 |percentage = 0.88% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 21,271 |percentage = 12.75% |change = {{increase}}2.71 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 166,894 |percentage = 83.08% |change = {{increase}}0.06 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 166,833}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 200,878 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.26 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}11.59 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Byadgi <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Basavaraj Shivannanavar]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 57,707 |percentage = 43.39% |change = {{increase}}3.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivaraj Sajjanar |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 44,348 |percentage = 33.35% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ballari Virupakshappa Rudrappa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 37,877 |percentage = 28.48% |change = {{decrease}}21.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivanna Hugar |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,675 |percentage = 1.26% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dadapeer Mardansab Bhoosi |party = Badavara Shramikara Raitara Congress |votes = 1,563 |percentage = 1.18% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Halappa Timmenahalli |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,438 |percentage = 1.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chandrappa Bharamappa Karagi |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 1,163 |percentage = 0.87% |change = {{decrease}}3.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Basavantappa Guddappa Gonemmanavar |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,023 |percentage = 0.77% |change = {{decrease}}0.71 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,359 |percentage = 10.04% |change = {{increase}}0.57 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 149,896 |percentage = 83.02% |change = {{increase}}9.10 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 132,997}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 180,548 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.79 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}6.13 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Byadgi <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Sureshagoudra Basalingagoudra Patil |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 59,642 |percentage = 49.52% |change = {{decrease}}3.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Basavaraj Shivannanavar]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 48,238 |percentage = 40.05% |change = {{decrease}}1.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ballari Veeranna Holabasappa |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 5,031 |percentage = 4.18% |change = {{increase}}1.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kombali Lingappa Shivappa |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,781 |percentage = 1.48% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hulakellappanavar Devappa Ramappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,529 |percentage = 1.27% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Basavantappa Honnappa Hullatti |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,077 |percentage = 0.89% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Talawar Subhasachandra Yellappa |party = Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes = 897 |percentage = 0.74% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. V. Jayalaxmi J. Venkatesh |party = Independent politician |votes = 735 |percentage = 0.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,404 |percentage = 9.47% |change = {{decrease}}1.78 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 120,464 |percentage = 73.92% |change = {{increase}}0.64 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 120,443}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 162,964 |ref = |change = {{increase}}18.99 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}3.02 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Byadgi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Chanabasappa Nehru Olekar |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 52,686 |percentage = 52.54% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Rudrappa Lamani]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 41,408 |percentage = 41.29% |change = {{decrease}}3.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Laxman Beelagi. K |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 2,815 |percentage = 2.81% |change = {{decrease}}8.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Terdal Sadanand Bheemappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,346 |percentage = 1.34% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hareeshkumar. V |party = Kannada Nadu Party |votes = 1,066 |percentage = 1.06% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dyamappa Mudakappa Vinayak |party = Janata Party |votes = 965 |percentage = 0.96% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,278 |percentage = 11.25% |change = {{decrease}}9.89 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 100,352 |percentage = 73.28% |change = {{increase}}1.21 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 100,286}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 136,952 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.27 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}7.59 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Byadgi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Rudrappa Lamani]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 37,712 |percentage = 44.95% |change = {{increase}}10.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Neharu Channabasappa Olekar |party = Independent politician |votes = 19,976 |percentage = 23.81% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kalloleppa Sabanna Beelagi |party = Janata Dal (United) |votes = 13,990 |percentage = 16.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Durgesh Mariyappa Malagi |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 9,759 |percentage = 11.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Heddannavar Neelappa Kannappa |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 1,155 |percentage = 1.38% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chennumalligavad |party = Independent politician |votes = 601 |percentage = 0.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 17,736 |percentage = 21.14% |change = {{increase}}17.49 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 89,515 |percentage = 72.07% |change = {{increase}}2.22 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 83,900}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 5,598 |percentage = 6.25% |change = {{increase}}3.19 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 124,202 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.44 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Dal |swing = {{increase}}6.75 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Byadgi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Beelagi Kallokappa Sabanna |party = Janata Dal |votes = 29,905 |percentage = 38.20% |change = {{decrease}}5.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Rudrappa Lamani]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 27,045 |percentage = 34.55% |change = {{decrease}}12.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Lamani Venkappa Gemanaik |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 11,669 |percentage = 14.91% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Choudappa. B. Malagi |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 5,300 |percentage = 6.77% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kattennavar Devappa Rangappa |party = Karnataka Rajya Raitha Sangha |votes = 2,140 |percentage = 2.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. G. Rajendra |party = Janata Party |votes = 726 |percentage = 0.93% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,860 |percentage = 3.65% |change = {{decrease}}0.26 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 80,750 |percentage = 69.85% |change = {{decrease}}1.85 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 78,278}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,472 |percentage = 3.06% |change = {{decrease}}2.45 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 115,604 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.74 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}9.13 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Byadgi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Heggappa Deshappa Lamani |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 34,405 |percentage = 47.33% |change = {{increase}}6.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Beelagi Kallokappa Sabanna |party = Janata Dal |votes = 31,565 |percentage = 43.42% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. M. Chandrashekharayya |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,793 |percentage = 3.84% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Malagi Tirkappa Basappa |party = Janata Party |votes = 1,293 |percentage = 1.78% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Heddannavar Neelappa Kannappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,086 |percentage = 1.49% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vadeyar Venkappa Kallappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 972 |percentage = 1.34% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,840 |percentage = 3.91% |change = {{decrease}}12.63 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 76,932 |percentage = 71.70% |change = {{decrease}}1.44 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 72,692}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 4,240 |percentage = 5.51% |change = {{increase}}3.63 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 107,302 |ref = |change = {{increase}}21.22 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}10.44 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Byadgi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Beelagi Kallokappa Sabanna |party = Janata Party |votes = 36,694 |percentage = 57.77% |change = {{increase}}29.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Heggappa Deshappa Lamani |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 26,187 |percentage = 41.23% |change = {{decrease}}1.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mallappa Rajappa Hangaji |party = Independent politician |votes = 641 |percentage = 1.01% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,507 |percentage = 16.54% |change = {{increase}}2.20 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 64,741 |percentage = 73.14% |change = {{increase}}10.30 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 63,522}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,219 |percentage = 1.88% |change = {{decrease}}1.44 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 88,519 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.95 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}15.35 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Byadgi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Heggappa Deshappa Lamani |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 20,377 |percentage = 42.42% |change = {{increase}}37.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Beelagi Kallokappa Sabanna |party = Janata Party |votes = 13,488 |percentage = 28.08% |change = {{decrease}}6.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Malagi Mariyappa Mudakappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 10,204 |percentage = 21.24% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chalavadi Olekar Nehru Chanabasappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,914 |percentage = 6.07% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shanta Pawadeppa |party = Independent politician |votes = 487 |percentage = 1.01% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivannanavar Hanamappa Honnappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 427 |percentage = 0.89% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,889 |percentage = 14.34% |change = {{decrease}}9.60 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 49,688 |percentage = 62.84% |change = {{decrease}}5.74 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 48,039}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,649 |percentage = 3.32% |change = {{increase}}0.25 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 79,068 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.85 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{decrease}}15.88 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Byadgi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Malagi Mariyappa Mudakappa |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 27,640 |percentage = 58.30% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Annigeri Kariyappa Laxmanappa |party = Janata Party |votes = 16,289 |percentage = 34.35% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hosangadi Keshav Ningappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 2,144 |percentage = 4.52% |change = {{decrease}}43.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Wadder Alias Wadivar Venkappa Kallappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,037 |percentage = 2.19% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. S. Kankanawadi |party = Independent politician |votes = 304 |percentage = 0.64% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,351 |percentage = 23.94% |change = {{increase}}6.18 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 48,916 |percentage = 68.58% |change = {{decrease}}5.01 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 47,414}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,502 |percentage = 3.07% |change = {{increase}}3.07 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 71,332 |ref = |change = {{increase}}22.05 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}10.64 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Byadgi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. F. Patil |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 19,792 |percentage = 47.66% |change = {{increase}}10.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. R. Kalineerappa |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 12,419 |percentage = 29.91% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. M. Gadigeppa |party = Independent politician |votes = 8,766 |percentage = 21.11% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. Mahadevaswamigalu |party = Independent politician |votes = 319 |percentage = 0.77% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,373 |percentage = 17.76% |change = {{decrease}}6.55 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 43,011 |percentage = 73.59% |change = {{decrease}}0.01 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 41,526}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 58,445 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.54 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Praja Socialist Party |swing = {{decrease}}13.75 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Byadgi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = B. M. Gadigeppa |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 23,055 |percentage = 61.41% |change = {{increase}}21.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. S. Mahadevappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 13,928 |percentage = 37.10% |change = {{decrease}}23.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. B. Doddirayya |party = Independent politician |votes = 562 |percentage = 1.50% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,127 |percentage = 24.31% |change = {{increase}}3.96 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 39,268 |percentage = 73.60% |change = {{increase}}4.46 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 37,545}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 53,354 |ref = |change = {{increase}}0.89 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Praja Socialist Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}1.23 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Byadgi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Shiddamma Mahadevappa Mailar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 21,092 |percentage = 60.18% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mahadeva Gadigeppa Banakar |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 13,958 |percentage = 39.82% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,134 |percentage = 20.35% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 36,563 |percentage = 69.14% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 35,050}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 52,885 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Haveri district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Karnataka}}

{{coord|14.68|75.49|display=title}}

[[Category:Haveri district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1961]]
[[Category:1961 establishments in Mysore State]]

Bharatpedia:WikiProject Film/Indian cinema task force/Participants

2026-03-15T04:14:16Z

Danger Pandit Ankit: post...

<noinclude>
{{Wikipedia:WikiProject Film/Indian cinema task force/Tab header}}

===Active members===
To join the Indian cinema task force, edit this section and add <tt> {{nobreak|# <nowiki>{{User|</nowiki>''yourusername''<nowiki>}}</nowiki>}} </tt> and any comments to the following list of members in alphabetical order by username. Please add your username to {{nobreak|[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Film/Participants]]}} also. 

#{{User|Aryans Will Rule}} Contributes exclusively to [[Bollywood]] and the like.
#{{User|Flambyu}}: Contributes mainly to the upkeep of pages related to [[Tamil cinema]]
#{{User|Wikimama1209}} for [[Tamil cinema]]
#{{User|Mohammad Liyaqat}} - Contributes mostly on films of [[Tollywood]], [[Kollywood]], [[Mollywood]], [[Kannada cinema|Sandalwood]] & [[Bollywood]]
#{{User|DarknetQueen}} for [[Bollywood cinema]], [[Tollywood]], [[Telugu Cinema]], [[Malayalam cinema]]
#{{User|Ramkishan92}} contributes for updated and reliable upkeep of pages related to[[Tamil Cinema]]
#{{User|Wiki tamil 100}} for [[Kollywood]]
#{{User|RoboShutter}} for [[Malayalam cinema]]
#{{User|Ab207}}, working mainly on articles related to [[Telugu Cinema]]
#{{user|Amanbisauri}}
#{{User|19Arham}}
#{{user|AnkurWiki}}, works on Hindi and Bengali films only
#{{User|Binamra Deb}}
#{{User|Prathamesh Majalkar}} Mainly Hindi ,Marathi and English films.
#{{User|ikkakm}}
#{{User|Thisismsh}}
# {{User|Ab abhi}}
# {{User|Abhijitsathe}}
# {{User|Aditya Kabir}}
# {{User|Air force 99}} - I will update the box office collections of movies from reliable sources.
# {{User|Akashkumar39}} - I AM ADDICTED To FILMS.
# {{User|Amanrajveer}} Mainly Hindi, English and Bhojpuri films
# {{User|Amuk}} Hindi, English and Bengali films
# {{User|Ammukudumuku}}
# {{User|Ashvin29}} Bollywood Cinema,Dhollywood Cinema
# {{User|anaamikamathu}}I wish to add Kannada,Konkani,Tulu language film details
# {{User|Kashmorwiki}} Part time editing on Malayalam movie related articles



# {{User|Anishviswa}}
# {{User|Ankitbhatt}}
# {{User|Aniprk007}}
# {{User|mohdnaved}}


# {{User|Anoopkn}} Trying to improve film articles esp about malayalam cinema
# {{User|Anupam}} I add Hindi and Urdu (Devanagari and Perso-Arabic) scripts to Bollywood film and song articles
# {{User|anushka.parihar}}
# {{User|Arunrajn}} Add, extend and validate Tamil cinema content.
# {{User|Abpillai}} Improve stub class film articles on Malayalam Cinema



# {{User|Aung Phyoe}}
# {{User|ayanosh}} Mainly Hindi cinema.
# {{User|Basawala}}
# {{User|Benedictdilton}}
# {{User|Deepak Alone}}
# {{User|Bill william compton}} – Maintaining [[Portal:Bollywood]]
# {{User|Bineetojha}} maintain the neutrality of the [[Bollywood]] related articles , and nominate articles which are subject of concern for international audiences.
# {{User|Bollyjeff}}
# {{User|BollyRetails}}
# {{User|borfee}} I will work on expanding Bengali movies. Will also try to cleanup Bengali movie related articles
# {{User|Boseritwik}} Pics are the thing I am starting with. Hope to broaden my base soon.
# {{User|BPositive}} Will be working on Hindi cinema as and when I get time off other duties.
# {{User|Candicell}} Will be working on Indian cinema, i like film and like to review then and like to write about actors.
# {{User|Carlji}} Megha Re ! Bol Mere Taqdeer Mein Kya Hain (O, Rain clouds! Tell me, what lies in my destiny)
# {{User|Chennai Passangai}} for Malayalam films and tamil films
# {{User|Chhattisgarh}} Working towards creating complete Indian Cinema history and Future.
# {{User|Chirags}}
# {{User|Cinemawala}} Interested in improving Hindi and Marathi cinema articles.
# {{User|Classicfilms}}
# {{User|Coderzombie}}
# {{User|Curdigirl}}
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Karur

2026-03-15T04:13:03Z

Danger Pandit Ankit: improved article

{{About|a city in Tamil Nadu, India|its namesake district|Karur district}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Karur
| official_name =
| settlement_type = [[Municipal corporation]]
| image_skyline = City of karur.jpg
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu#India3
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Karur, Tamil Nadu
| coordinates = {{coord|10|57|36|N|78|4|30|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Karur District|Karur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[List of municipal corporations in Tamil Nadu|Municipal Corporation]]
| governing_body = [[Karur Municipal Corporation]]
| leader_title1 = [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]]
| leader_name1 = [[Jothimani]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/Biography.aspx?mpsno=3205 |title=Lok Sabha members |work=[[Parliament of India]] |access-date=22 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141124060226/http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/members/Biography.aspx?mpsno=3205 |archive-date=24 November 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| leader_title2 = [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly]]
| leader_name2 = [[V. Senthil Balaji]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/members_address_e.pdf |title=Members of Legislative Assembly |work=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]] |access-date=22 November 2012 |archive-date=12 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141212071347/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/members_address_e.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| leader_title3 = Mayor
| leader_name3 = Kavitha Ganesan
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Report">{{cite report |url=https://www.tnurbantree.tn.gov.in/karur/wp-content/uploads/sites/95/2023/02/adminreport-2021-22.pdf |title=Administrative report 2021-22 |publisher=[[Karur Municipal Corporation]] |access-date=1 June 2024 }}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 53.26
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 147
| population_total = 394,719
| population_metro =
| population_as_of =
| population_footnotes = The population as per 2011 census was calculated basis pre-expansion area of 5.96 sq.km. was 70,980.<ref name="UA2011">{{cite report |title=Census 2011: Population of cities in India |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42876/download/46544/CLASS_I.xlsx |publisher=[[Government of India]] |access-date=7 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019053153if_/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42876/download/46544/CLASS_I.xlsx |archive-date=19 October 2023 }}</ref> Post expansion of city limits to 52.26 sq.km., the population including the new city limits was estimated to be 394,719 in 2024 by unofficial sources.<ref name="Smart">{{cite web |url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/karur-population |title=Karur population |publisher=World Population Review |access-date=1 June 2024 |archive-date=20 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120130920/https://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/karur-population |url-status=live }}</ref>
| population_density_km2 =
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 639(xxx)
| area_code = 91-(0)4324
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = TN-47
| website =
}}

'''Karur''' ({{IPA|ta|kaɾuːɾ|lang}}) is a city and [[municipal corporation (India)|municipal corporation]] in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is the administrative headquarters of [[Karur district]] and is administered by the [[Karur Municipal Corporation]]. It is located on the banks of the rivers [[Amaravathi River|Amaravathi]], [[Kaveri River|Kaveri]] and [[Noyyal River|Noyyal]]. It is situated at about {{cvt|395|km}} southwest of the state capital [[Chennai]].

The region was ruled by the [[Cheras]] during the [[Sangam period]] and the town might have been part of the Chera capital at [[Vanchi (early historic)|Vanchi-Karuvoor]]. It formed a part of the principal trade route between the west coast and Tamil Nadu. Archeological evidence points to Karur being a centre of trade during the Chera period. The region was ruled later by the [[Cholas]], as evident from temple epigraphs. It was under the control of [[Pandyas]], [[Vijayanagara Empire]] and the [[Madurai Nayaks]] across various periods in history. In the later part of the 18th century, the region came under the [[Kingdom of Mysore]] and the [[British East India Company]] annexed it to the [[Madras Presidency]] in 1799. After [[Indian Independence Act 1947|Indian Independence]] in 1947, it became pert of [[Madras State]], the predecessor of [[Tamil Nadu]].

The economy of the town is dependent on agriculture and textiles. [[Hindus]] form the majority of the urban population, with a minor population of [[Muslims]] and Christians. [[Tamil language|Tamil]] is the major spoken and official language. Karur is a part of the [[Karur Assembly constituency]] that elects a member to the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] once every five years.

== Etymology ==
The name "Karur" came from ''Karuvur'', the [[Chera]] capital of the same name.<ref name="Karur">{{cite book |title=A Handbook of Kerala Volume 1 |author=T. Madhava Menon |year=2000 |publisher=International School of Dravidian Linguistics |pages=113–117 }}</ref> In [[Tamil language|Tamil]], the name literally means '"embryo town"' (''Karu'' meaning "embryo" and "Oor" meaning "town" or "place"). It is probably derived from the [[Hindu mythology]] linked with the creator God [[Brahma]] and was earlier referred to as Brahmapuri. In vernacular parlance, the town was referred by names such as Tiruvanilai and Pasupati.<ref name="Gazetteer">{{cite book |last1=Hunter |first1=William Wilson |title=The Imperial Gazetteer Of India Vol 15 |date=1908 |publisher=[[Clarendon Press]] |location=[[Oxford, England|Oxford]] |page=62-63 |edition=2 |url=https://archive.org/details/the-imperial-gazetteer-of-india-vol-15/page/62/mode/2up }}</ref>

== History ==
{{See also|History of Karur}}

Cheras, one of the [[Three Crowned Kings|three kingdoms]] of the [[Sangam period]] (3rd century BC to 3rd century CE), ruled over the region with their capital at [[Vanchi (early historic)|Vanchi-Karuvoor]]. Historians are divided on the exact location of the Chera capital and have opined that it might correspond to either the present day Karur in [[Tamil Nadu]] or [[Kodungalur]] in Kerala. Karur, which was known as Karuvur, was part of the [[Kongu Nadu]] region in the ancient [[Tamilakam]] and was one of the oldest inhabited towns in the state.<ref name="Karur"/><ref>{{cite book |title=Kerala History and its Makers |last=Menon |first=A. Sreedhara |publisher=D C Books |year=2011 |isbn=978-8-126-43782-5 |pages=23 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=History of Karur District |work=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]] |url=https://karur.nic.in/about-district/history/ |access-date=9 June 2020 |archive-date=10 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200510082154/https://karur.nic.in/about-district/history/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Archaeological excavations from [[Kodumanal]], further along the [[Noyyal River]] from Karur, show traces of civilization from 4th century BCE.<ref>{{cite book |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |first=Upinder |last=Singh |publisher=[[Addison Wesley]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-81-317-1120-0 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=https://cahc.jainuniversity.ac.in/assets/ijhs/Vol39_4_1_RRajan.pdf |title=Traditional Gemstone Cutting Technology of Kongu Region in Tamil Nadu |journal=Indian Journal of History of Science |volume=39 |issue=4 |year=2004 |pages=385–414 |first1=K. |last1=Rajan |first2=N. |last2=Athiyaman |access-date=1 December 2023 |archive-date=27 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127141119/https://cahc.jainuniversity.ac.in/assets/ijhs/Vol39_4_1_RRajan.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Chera_Inscription_from_Pugalur,_near_Karur.jpg|left|thumb|Tamil Brahmi inscription from Pugalur, near Karur]]

Archeological evidence points to Karur being a centre of trade during the Chera period.<ref>{{cite news |last=Subramanian |first=T. S |title=Roman connection in Tamil Nadu |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2007012800201800.htm&date=2007/01/28/&prd=th |access-date=28 October 2011 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=28 January 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130919235748/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2007012800201800.htm&date=2007%2F01%2F28%2F&prd=th |archive-date=19 September 2013 }}</ref> The Tamil epic ''[[Silapathikaram]]'' mentions that the Chera king [[Senguttuvan]] ruling from Karuvur. The archaeological excavations undertaken in Karur have yielded pottery, bricks, mud-toys, Roman [[Amphorae]], Rasset coated ware, rings and coins belonging to various eras. Karur might have been the center for old jewellery-making and gem setting, as seen from various excavations.<ref>{{cite book |last=R. |first=Nagaswami |author-link=R. Nagaswamy |year=1995 |title=Roman Karur: A peep into Tamil's past |publisher=Brahad Prakashan |location=Madras }}</ref> In 150 CE, Greek scholar [[Ptolemy]] mentioned "Korevora" as an inland trading center in [[South India]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/02/04/stories/2008020450090500.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080212095100/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/02/04/stories/2008020450090500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 February 2008 |title=Chera Roman coins |date=4 February 2008 |access-date=7 July 2013 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref> The region was part of an [[Ancient Rome|ancient Roman]] trade route that extended from [[Muziris]] in the west coast to [[Arikamedu]] along the east coast of India.<ref>{{cite news |title=On the Roman Trail |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/01/21/stories/2008012150370500.htm |access-date=9 June 2010 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=21 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110160411/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/01/21/stories/2008012150370500.htm |archive-date=10 November 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea: Travel And Trade In The Indian Ocean By A Merchant Of The First Century |first=Wilfred |last=Schoff |year=1912 |publisher=South Asia Books |isbn=978-8-1215-0699-1 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Miller |last=J. Innes |orig-date=1969 |title=The Spice Trade of The Roman Empire: 29 B.C. to A.D. 641 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-1981-4264-5 }}</ref> Early [[Tamil Brahmi]] writings have been found on coins, seals and rings obtained from [[Amaravati River]] bed near Karur.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tamilartsacademy.com/books/roman%20karur/cover.html |title=Roman Karur |publisher=Tamil Arts Academy |access-date=3 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507185123/http://tamilartsacademy.com/books/roman%20karur/cover.html |archive-date=7 May 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.krepublishers.com/02-Journals/T-Anth/Anth-06-0-000-000-2004-Web/Anth-06-2-091-157-2004-Abst-PDF/Anth-06-2-105-112-2004-Reddy-V-R/Anth-06-2-105-112-2004-Reddy-V-R.pdf |title=Morphometric Status of Human Skeletal Remains From Kodumanal, Periyar District, Tamil Nadu |first1=V. |last1=Rami Reddy |first2=B.K. |last2=Chandrasekhar Reddy |journal=Anthropologist |volume=6 |issue=4 |year=2004 |pages=104–112 |access-date=11 December 2010 |archive-date=13 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713170807/http://www.krepublishers.com/02-Journals/T-Anth/Anth-06-0-000-000-2004-Web/Anth-06-2-091-157-2004-Abst-PDF/Anth-06-2-105-112-2004-Reddy-V-R/Anth-06-2-105-112-2004-Reddy-V-R.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

The region came under the influence of the [[Pandya dynasty|Pandyas]] during the reign of [[Arikesari Maravarman]] in the seventh century CE.<ref>{{cite book |title=Ancient India |first=Vidya Dhar |last=Mahajan |year=1968 |isbn=978-9-352-53132-5 |publisher=S. Chand |page=570 }}</ref> Later, the region was ruled by various dynasties such as [[Rashtrakuta dynasty|Rashtrakutas]] and [[Western Ganga dynasty|Western Gangas]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Historical Dictionary of the Tamils |first=Vijaya |last=Ramaswamy |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-538-10686-0 |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield Publishers]] |page=217 }}</ref> The [[Cholas]] led by [[Aditya I]], conquered the region in ninth century CE. While the region was directly under the control of the Imperial Cholas till 1064 CE, the [[Kongu Cholas]] who were probably vassals or viceroys of the Cholas, ruled the region autonomously later.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ali |first=Daud |date=2007 |title=The Service Retinues of the Chola Court |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40378936 |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London |volume=70 |issue=3 |pages=487–509 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X0700081X |jstor=40378936 |s2cid=162530217 |issn=0041-977X |access-date=27 January 2024 |archive-date=9 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509181151/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40378936 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=New Light on the History of the Kongu Cholas |last=Thangamani |first=M.R. |year=1982 |location=Erode |pages=77 }}</ref> Temple inscriptions found near Karur dated to the period of [[Kulothunga Chola I]] mention the location as ''Vanchimanagarama Karuvur'' (Vanchi city of Karuvur).<ref name="Karur"/><ref>{{cite book |title=Temples of Tamilnad |author=R. K. Das |publisher=[[Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan]] |year=1964 |page=161 }}</ref>

It was later ruled by the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] and the [[Madurai Nayak]]s, who were vassals of Vijayanagara earlier.<ref>{{cite book |language=en |title=A History of South India from Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar |isbn=978-0-1956-0686-7 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |author-link=Nilakanta Sastri |first=Nilakanta |last=Sastri |year=1976 |pages=7,69,179,199,214,239 }}</ref> In the latter part of the 17th century, the region came under the influence of the [[Kingdom of Mysore]]. In the later part of the 18th century, the place changed hands multiple times between the Mysore Kingdom and the [[British East India Company]]. In 1790, the British captured it for the third time and the Karur fort remained as a British garrison until 1801.<ref name="Gazetteer"/><ref>{{cite book |title=Rise and Fall of the Poligars of Tamilnadu |first=K. |last=Rajayyan |year=1974 |publisher=[[University of Madras]] |page=2 }}</ref>

Under the [[British Raj]], the region was annexed to the [[Madras Presidency]] and served as the headquarters of the sub-collector.<ref name="Gazetteer"/> The Karur municipality was constituted in 1874.<ref name"Muncip">{{cite web |url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/karur/abs_Municipality.htm |title=About Karur municipality |work=Karur Municipality |access-date=7 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130175951/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/karur/abs_Municipality.htm |archive-date=30 November 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> After [[Indian Independence Act 1947|Indian Independence]] in 1947, the region was part of the [[Madras State]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Constitution of India: Chapter 1 |url=http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/coi-indexenglish.htm |work=[[Government of India]] |access-date=31 December 2015 |archive-date=2 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402064301/http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/coi-indexenglish.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> After the [[States Reorganisation Act]] of 1956, which re-organized state boundaries, majority of the region became part of the new Madras state, which would become Tamil Nadu in 1969.<ref>{{cite book |last=Thapar |first=Romesh |author-link=Romesh Thapar |title=Change and Conflict in India |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers]] |year=1978 |isbn=978-0-8364-0222-3 |page=75 }}</ref><ref>{{cite report |url=https://thc.nic.in/Central%20Governmental%20Acts/States%20Re-Organisation%20Act,%201956.pdf |title=States Reorganisation Act, 1956 |publisher=High Court of Tripura |access-date=16 September 2023 |archive-date=29 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929014519/https://thc.nic.in/Central%20Governmental%20Acts/States%20Re-Organisation%20Act,%201956.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Geography ==
[[File:Amaravathi river Karur.jpg|thumb|[[Amaravathi River]] near Karur]]

Karur is located at {{coord|10.960|N|78.075|E|}} and has an average elevation of {{convert|101|m|feet|0|disp=or}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/25/Karur.html |publisher=Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Karur |title=Location of Karur |access-date=7 July 2013 |archive-date=28 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728035311/http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/25/Karur.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The town is located in [[Karur district]], at a distance of {{cvt|370|km}} from [[Chennai]]. The town is located on the banks of the rivers [[Amaravathi River|Amaravathi]], [[Kaveri River|Kaveri]] and [[Noyyal River|Noyyal]] with a plain topography. There are no notable mineral resources available in and around the town. The soil types are black and red that are conducive for common crops in the [[Cauvery delta]].

=== Climate ===
The climate is [[semi-arid climate#Hot semi-arid climates|hot semi-arid]], labelled ''BSh'' under the [[Köppen climate classification|Köppen and Geiger classification system]]. The temperature ranges from a maximum of {{cvt|39|°C|°F|1}} to a minimum of {{cvt|17|°C|°F|1}} with an average of {{cvt|28.7|°C|°F|1|disp=or}}. April to June are the hottest months and December to January are the coolest. With an average of {{cvt|31.5|°C|°F|1|disp=or}}, May is the hottest month, whilst the average temperature is {{cvt|25.6|°C|°F|1|disp=or}} in the month of December.

Karur receives an average rainfall of {{cvt|590|to|600|mm|in}} annually, which is substantially below the state average of {{cvt|1008|mm|in}}. The [[Southwest monsoon]], with an onset in June and lasting up to August, brings scant rainfall to the region as it is situated in the [[rain shadow]] region of the [[Western Ghats]]. The majority of the rainfall comes from the [[Northeast monsoon]] in October-November. Most of the rainfall occurs in October, with an average precipitation of {{cvt|166|mm|in}} and the driest month is March, with only {{cvt|8|mm|in|2}} of rain.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/karur/abt_City.htm |title=About Karur municipality |work=Karur Municipality |access-date=7 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505003519/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/karur/abt_City.htm |archive-date=5 May 2014 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

{{Weather box
| location = Karur Paramathi (1991–2020)
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| width = auto
| Jan record high C = 35.6
| Feb record high C = 40.0
| Mar record high C = 42.0
| Apr record high C = 45.4
| May record high C = 42.0
| Jun record high C = 42.5
| Jul record high C = 39.6
| Aug record high C = 38.8
| Sep record high C = 39.0
| Oct record high C = 38.4
| Nov record high C = 37.2
| Dec record high C = 36.5
|year record high C =
| Jan high C = 30.5
| Feb high C = 33.1
| Mar high C = 36.0
| Apr high C = 37.0
| May high C = 36.1
| Jun high C = 33.8
| Jul high C = 32.7
| Aug high C = 32.7
| Sep high C = 33.3
| Oct high C = 31.4
| Nov high C = 29.7
| Dec high C = 29.2
|year high C = 33.0
| Jan low C = 18.7
| Feb low C = 20.0
| Mar low C = 22.5
| Apr low C = 25.1
| May low C = 25.1
| Jun low C = 24.8
| Jul low C = 24.2
| Aug low C = 24.1
| Sep low C = 23.9
| Oct low C = 23.0
| Nov low C = 21.5
| Dec low C = 19.4
|year low C = 22.7
| Jan record low C = 13.4
| Feb record low C = 13.5
| Mar record low C = 15.0
| Apr record low C = 17.6
| May record low C = 18.0
| Jun record low C = 20.0
| Jul record low C = 18.6
| Aug record low C = 20.5
| Sep record low C = 19.8
| Oct record low C = 16.4
| Nov record low C = 15.5
| Dec record low C = 13.6
|year record low C =
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 1.9
| Feb rain mm = 3.8
| Mar rain mm = 6.4
| Apr rain mm = 35.3
| May rain mm = 80.5
| Jun rain mm = 22.6
| Jul rain mm = 23.2
| Aug rain mm = 44.2
| Sep rain mm = 90.7
| Oct rain mm = 124.4
| Nov rain mm = 147.7
| Dec rain mm = 44.8
|year rain mm = 625.4
| Jan rain days = 0.3
| Feb rain days = 0.1
| Mar rain days = 0.6
| Apr rain days = 2.1
| May rain days = 4.3
| Jun rain days = 1.4
| Jul rain days = 1.6
| Aug rain days = 3.4
| Sep rain days = 4.7
| Oct rain days = 7.7
| Nov rain days = 7.0
| Dec rain days = 3.2
|year rain days = 36.6
|time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 51
| Feb humidity = 43
| Mar humidity = 37
| Apr humidity = 40
| May humidity = 47
| Jun humidity = 53
| Jul humidity = 58
| Aug humidity = 59
| Sep humidity = 56
| Oct humidity = 65
| Nov humidity = 71
| Dec humidity = 66
|year humidity = 54
|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf |title=Climatological Tables of Observatories in India 1991-2020 |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]] |access-date=8 April 2024 }}</ref>}}

== Demographics ==
{{bar box|title=Religious census<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=Population By Religious Community – Tamil Nadu |year=2011 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html |format=XLS |publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |access-date=13 September 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913045700/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html |archive-date=13 September 2015 }}</ref>|titlebar=#ddd|left1=Religion|right1=Percent(%)|float=right|bars={{bar percent|[[Hinduism|Hindu]]|Orange|91.41}}{{bar percent|[[Muslim]]|Green|5.62}}{{bar percent|Christian|blue|2.88}}{{bar percent|[[Sikhism|Sikh]]|darkkhaki|0.01}}{{bar percent|[[Buddhism|Buddhist]]|yellow|0.01}}{{bar percent|Other|grey|0.07}}{{bar percent|[[Irreligion|No religion]]|violet|0.01}}}}

As per [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]], the population within the pre-expansion area of {{cvt|5.96|km2}} was 70,980.<ref name="UA2011"/> Post expansion of city limits to {{cvt|52.26|km2}}, the population including the new city limits was estimated to be 394,719 in 2023.<ref name="Smart"/> As per 2011 census, the [[sex ratio]] was 1,032 females for every 1,000 males, above the national average of 929. About 6,147 were under the age of six including 3,162 males and 2,985 females. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] accounted for 12.1% and 0.1% of the population respectively. The average literacy rate was 81.7%, higher than the national average of about 73%.<ref name="dashboard">{{cite web |title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/index.html |work=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |year=2013 |access-date=26 January 2014 |archive-date=13 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113144743/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The city had a total of 57,687 households. There were a total of 30,216 workers, comprising 125 cultivators, 181 main agricultural labourers, 469 in household industries, 26,660 other workers, 2,781 marginal workers, 24 marginal cultivators, 82 marginal agricultural labourers, 140 marginal workers in household industries and 2,535 other marginal workers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals - Karur |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=689356 |work=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, [[Government of India]] |year=2013 |access-date=26 January 2014 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303104825/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=689356 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The population density of the city in the 2001 census was 128 persons per hectare and the average household size was 3.95 as of 2001. [[Hindus]] form the majority of the urban population, followed by [[Muslims]] and Christians.<ref name="Religion"/> Tamil is the main language spoken in the city, and the usage of English is common in educational institutions and offices in the service sector.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16_Town.html |title=2011 Census of India, Population By Mother Tongue |work=[[Government of India]] |access-date=1 May 2024 |archive-date=4 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404220809/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16_Town.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Administration and politics ==
{| class="toccolours" style="clear:right; float:right; background:#ffffff; margin: 0 0 0.5em 1em; width:220"
|-
!style="background:#A8BDEC" align="center" colspan="2"|'''Municipal Corporation officials'''
|-
|align="center"| Mayor||Kavitha Ganesan
|-
|align="center"|Corporation Commissioner||Sudha<ref>{{cite web |title=Commissioner of municipality |url=https://www.tnurbantree.tn.gov.in/karur/ |work=Karur municipality |access-date=1 June 2024 |archive-date=4 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204201627/https://www.tnurbantree.tn.gov.in/karur/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
!style="background:#A8BDEC" align="center" colspan="2"|'''Elected members'''
|-
|align="center"|Member of Legislative Assembly||[[V. Senthil Balaji]]<ref name="MLA of Karur">{{cite web |title=MLA of Karur |url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/members/profile/135.htm |work=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]] |year=2011 |access-date=29 July 2012 }}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|Member of Parliament||[[Jothimani]]<ref name="Rit">{{cite web |title=Members of Lok Sabha from Tamil Nadu |url=http://www.tn.gov.in/government/loksaba?page=1 |work=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]] |year=2014 |access-date=26 May 2014 |archive-date=28 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528022004/http://www.tn.gov.in/government/loksaba?page=1 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

Karur is the headquarters of the Karur district. The town was constituted as a municipality in 1874, promoted to first-grade during 1969, selected-grade during 1983 and special-grade in 1988.<ref>{{cite web |title=About the municipality |url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/karur/abs_Municipality.htm |publisher=Karur municipality |access-date=29 December 2012 |year=2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130175951/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/karur/abs_Municipality.htm |archive-date=30 November 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Karur Municipal corporation]] was established in October 2021.<ref>{{cite news |last=Shanmughasundaram |first=J. |title=Tambaram, Kancheepuram and four other municipalities to be corporations |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=24 August 2021 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tambaram-kancheepuram-to-be-among-six-new-corporations-in-tamil-nadu/articleshow/85594405.cms |access-date=29 September 2021 |archive-date=25 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825115555/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tambaram-kancheepuram-to-be-among-six-new-corporations-in-tamil-nadu/articleshow/85594405.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite act |title=Karur City Municipal Corporation Act, 2022 |url=https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/tamil-nadu/2022/Act%20No.%204%20of%202022%20Tamil%20Nadu.pdf |legislature=[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] |date=21 January 2022 |access-date=1 June 2024 }}</ref> It is headed by a mayor, who is elected by the councillors of the 48 wards.<ref name="Report"/><ref>{{cite book |title=Economic and political weekly, Volume 30 |pages=2396 |publisher=Sameeksha Trust |year=1995 }}</ref> The functions of the municipality are devolved into six departments: general administration, engineering, revenue, health, city planning, and IT. All these departments are under the control of a municipal commissioner who is the executive head.<ref>{{cite web |title=Commissionerate of Municipal Administration |url=http://www.tn.gov.in/cma/chart5.htm |access-date=29 July 2012 |year=2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106103849/http://www.tn.gov.in/cma/chart5.htm |archive-date=6 November 2012 }}</ref> The legislative powers are vested with the municipal council.<ref>{{cite web |title=Councillors of municipality |url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/karur/who_Councilors.htm |publisher=Karur municipality |access-date=29 December 2012 |year=2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222133624/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/karur/who_Councilors.htm |archive-date=22 February 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Karur is a part of the [[Karur (State Assembly Constituency)|Karur assembly constituency]] and it elects a member to the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] once every five years.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |title=List of Assembly Constituencies |year=2010 |access-date=12 December 2012 |publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614070155/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/const_map/map.htm |archive-date=14 June 2012 }}</ref> The seat has been won by the [[ADMK|All India Anna Dravid Munnetra Kazhagam]] five times, twice by the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK), and once by the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S22/partycomp207.htm |title=Partywise Comparison Since 1977 |work=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=29 December 2012 |year=2011 |archive-date=6 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206090535/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S22/partycomp207.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Karur is a part of the [[Karur (Lok Sabha constituency)]]. From 1957, the seat has been held eight times by the Congress, six times by the AIADMK, and once each by the [[Tamil Maanila Congress]] and the DMK.<ref>Election results:
* {{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1957/Vol_I_57_LS.pdf |title=Key highlights of the general elections 1957 to the Second Lok Sabha |work=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=29 December 2012 |page=17 |archive-date=10 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101010220539/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1957/Vol_I_57_LS.pdf |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1962/Vol_I_LS_62.pdf |title=Key highlights of the general elections 1962 to the Third Lok Sabha |work=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=29 December 2012 |page=49 |archive-date=9 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009143136/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1962/Vol_I_LS_62.pdf |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf |title=Key highlights of the general elections 1967 to the Fourth Lok Sabha |work=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=29 December 2012 |page=67 |archive-date=11 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011003936/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS_71.pdf |title=Key highlights of the general elections 1971 to the Fifth Lok Sabha |work=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=29 December 2012 |page=71 |archive-date=9 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009211004/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS_71.pdf |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf |title=Key highlights of the general elections 1977 to the Sixth Lok Sabha |work=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=29 December 2012 |page=80 |archive-date=9 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009193317/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf |title=Key highlights of the general elections 1980 to the Seventh Lok Sabha |work=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=29 December 2012 |page=79 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718175926/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}
* {{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf |title=Key highlights of the general elections 1984 to the Eighth Lok Sabha |work=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=29 December 2012 |page=73 |archive-date=10 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101010172057/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf |title=Key highlights of the general elections 1989 to the Ninth Lok Sabha |work=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=29 December 2012 |page=81 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305012938/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1991/VOL_I_LS_91.pdf |title=Key highlights of the general elections 1991 to the Tenth Lok Sabha |work=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=29 December 2012 |page=51 |archive-date=11 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011125200/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1991/VOL_I_LS_91.pdf |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1996/Vol_I_LS_96.pdf |title=Key highlights of the general elections 1996 to the Eleventh Lok Sabha |work=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=29 December 2012 |page=86 |archive-date=18 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183504/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1996/Vol_I_LS_96.pdf |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf |title=Key highlights of the general elections 1998 to the Twelfth Lok Sabha |work=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=29 December 2012 |page=85 |archive-date=11 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011114340/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf |title=Key highlights of the general elections 1999 to the Thirteenth Lok Sabha |work=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=29 December 2012 |page=85 |archive-date=9 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009232255/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf |url-status=live }}
* {{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf |title=Key highlights of the general elections 2004 to the Fourteenth Lok Sabha |work=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=29 December 2012 |page=94 |archive-date=10 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101010203826/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Law and order ===
Law and order is maintained Karur sub division of the [[Tamil Nadu Police]] headed by a Superintendent of Police. There are four police stations for law and order, two for traffic and an all women police station. There are special units like prohibition enforcement, district crime, social justice and human rights, district crime records and special branch that operate at the district level, headed by a [[Superintendent of Police]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Karur Police |url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/karur/ser_Police%20stations.htm |work=Karur municipality |access-date=29 December 2012 |year=2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222133621/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/karur/ser_Police%20stations.htm |archive-date=22 February 2014 |url-status=dead }}
</ref>

=== Utilities ===
Electricity supply to Karur is regulated and distributed by the Karur Electricity Distribution Circle of the [[Tamil Nadu Electricity Board]] (TNEB). A Chief Distribution engineer, stationed at the regional headquarters in Karur, is responsible for administration and management.<ref>{{cite web |title=Important Address |url=http://www.windpro.org/pdf/MISC/TNEB%20Address.pdf |work=Indian Wind Power Association |access-date=29 December 2012 |year=2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016045943/http://www.windpro.org/pdf/MISC/TNEB%20Address.pdf |archive-date=16 October 2012 }}</ref> Water supply is provided by the municipal corporation, which operates 58 overhead water tanks that store water pumped from the pumping stations on the Kaveri river. As of 2021-22, 31.97 million litres of water was supplied to households everyday.<ref name="Report"/>

As per the municipal data for 2011, about 45 metric tonnes of solid waste were collected every day by door-to-door collection and subsequently the source segregation and dumping was carried out by the sanitary department of the corporation. The coverage of solid waste management in the town by the municipality had an efficiency of 100% as of 2001.<ref>{{cite web |title=Waste management programme |url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/karur/sal_Solid%20Waste%20Management.htm |work=Karur Municipality |access-date=29 December 2012 |year=2011 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130706183028/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/karur/sal_Solid%20Waste%20Management.htm |archive-date=6 July 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> As of 2022, the corporation maintained 23 public toilets.<ref name="Report"/>

As of 2022, the corporation maintained a total of {{cvt|88.9|km}} of underground storm water drains, which carry an average of 5.5 million litres of waste water per day. As of 2022, there is one government medical college hospital, one maternity clinic, one municipal [[Siddha]] centre, and two primary health centres. As of 2022, the corporation maintained a total of 11,875 street lamps including 3026 [[LED]] lamps. The corporation also operates a daily market, two weekly markets and two farmer markets.<ref name="Report"/>

== Culture ==
{{See also|Arts in Karur}}
[[File:Karur Pasupateeswarar temple.jpg|thumb|[[Pasupateeswarar temple, Karur|Karur Pasupateeswarar temple]]]]

The town formed a part of the traditional Chera and Chola empires and has a number of [[Hindu temple|temples]]. [[Karuvurar]], born in medieval Karur, was one among the nine who sung the divine composition ''Thiruvichaippa'', the ninth [[Thirumurai]]. In addition to the [[Pasupateeswarar temple, Karur|Pasupatheeswarar Siva temple]], there is a [[Vishnu]] temple at Thiruvithuvakkodu, sung by [[Kulasekaraazhvaar]] (7th-8th century CE) and presumably mentioned in epic Silappadikaram as the temple where Cheran [[Senguttuvan]] sought blessings before his north Indian expedition.<ref>{{cite book |title=Vanjimanagar |first=Mahavidwan R. Raghava |last=Iyengar |orig-year=1918 |year=1932 |publisher=[[University of Madras]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Azhwargal Kaala Nilai on Vithuvakkodu Ranganathar temple |first=Mahavidwan R. Raghava |last=Iyengar |orig-year=1918 |year=1932 |publisher=[[University of Madras]] }}</ref>

== Economy ==
[[File:Mill view 2 large.jpg|thumb|[[Tamil Nadu Newsprint and Papers Limited|TNPL]] paper mill in Karur]]

The city has about 19% of its total area under agricultural land use. The major crops are [[Paddy field|rice]], cotton, [[sugarcane]] and [[oil seeds]], while the major horticultural crops are [[coconut]], banana, [[betel]] and [[mango]]. The town is the commercial centre for trading of agricultural commodities from the nearby towns and villages. Approximately 80% of the workforce is employed in tertiary sector, 17% in primary sector and 4% in secondary sector activities. Several banks have branches in the town with private banks [[Karur Vysya Bank]] and [[Lakshmi Vilas Bank]] have their headquarters in Karur.

Textiles is a major industry with various allied industries like ginning and spinning mills, dyeing factories and weaving. {{As of|2005}}, the industry had revenues of {{INRconvert|20|b}} annually.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/15/stories/2005111513500100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060302060004/http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/15/stories/2005111513500100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 March 2006 |title=Textile Exports |date=15 November 2005 |access-date=15 November 2005 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref> Karur is also home to an integrated textile park.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/tamil-nadu/karur-textile-park-inaugurated/article1492784.ece |title=Textile park inaugurated |date=26 February 2011 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=1 July 2013 |archive-date=14 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714134405/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Karur-Textile-Park-inaugurated/article15459716.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

The town is a major hub for [[Coach (bus)|coach]] building, with a major share of bus coaches being built here locally.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.motorindiaonline.in/applications/karur-bus-body-sector-gearing-up-for-the-future |title=Karur bus body sector gearing up for the future – Motorindia |access-date=15 September 2017 |archive-date=15 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915114419/http://www.motorindiaonline.in/applications/karur-bus-body-sector-gearing-up-for-the-future/ |url-status=live }}</ref> About 2000 units were engaged in making High-density polyethylene (HDPE) mono filament yarn and associated products.<ref>{{cite news |title=Power cut situation |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-17/madurai/34524702_1_power-cuts-power-situation-granules |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227041130/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-17/madurai/34524702_1_power-cuts-power-situation-granules |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 December 2013 |date=17 October 2012 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=7 July 2013 }}</ref> [[Tamil Nadu Newsprint and Papers Limited|TNPL]] promoted by the Government of Tamil Nadu is located near Karur and is one of the largest producers of paper in India.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/paper-/-wood-/-glass/-plastic/-marbles/charting-a-sustainable-future-through-bagasse-based-paper-manufacturing/articleshow/107255562.cms?from=mdr |title=Charting a sustainable future through bagasse-based paper manufacturing |date=30 January 2024 |access-date=1 June 2024 |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |archive-date=4 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240704132401/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/paper-/-wood-/-glass/-plastic/-marbles/charting-a-sustainable-future-through-bagasse-based-paper-manufacturing/articleshow/107255562.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Bharat Petroleum]] operates a pipeline from [[Kochi]] to Karur for transporting petroleum products. The petroleum products received at the terminal in Athur is transported to other districts of Tamil Nadu through tanker trucks.<ref>{{cite web |title=Petronet |url=http://petronetcck.com/ |work=[[Bharat Petroleum]] |access-date=1 July 2013 |archive-date=19 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619091850/http://petronetcck.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Chettinad Group]] operates a wet process cement plant at Puliyur near Karur.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chettinad Cement Plant |url=https://www.chettinadcement.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216024219/http://www.chettinad.com/new/cement.php |archive-date=16 February 2015 |access-date=1 June 2014}}</ref>

== Transport ==
[[File:Karur railway station.JPG|thumb|Karur railway station]]

The corporation maintains {{cvt|412.24|km}} of roads including {{cvt|55.2|km}} concrete roads, {{cvt|79.33|km}} gravel roads and {{cvt|275.3|km}} bituminous road. A total of {{cvt|8.375|km}} of state highways is maintained by the State Highways Department and {{cvt|26.69|km}} of national highways by the national highways department. There are two national highways namely the [[NH 44]] and [[NH 67]] that pass via Karur. Karur bus stand is located near the center of the town.<ref name="Report"/> The [[State Express Transport Corporation (Tamil Nadu)|State Express Transport Corporation]] operates long-distance buses to other cities. [[Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation]] operates city and moffusil busses from Karur to other parts of Tamil Nadu and neighbouring states. [[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation]] and [[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation]] also operates few buses to Karnataka and Kerala respectively.

[[Karur Junction railway station]] (station code - KRR) is one of the railway junctions under the [[Salem division]] of the [[Southern Railway zone]] of the [[Indian Railways]] network. It has five active Platforms and forms the intersection between [[Erode–Tiruchirappalli line]] and [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]]-Karur line.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/new-train-flagged-off/article5191693.ece |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |title=New train flagged off |date=2 October 2013 |access-date=1 June 2014 |archive-date=13 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013162556/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/new-train-flagged-off/article5191693.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mangalore-Puducherry Express train from this weekend |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/mangalorepuducherry-express-train-from-this-weekend/article5172214.ece |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=27 September 2013 |access-date=1 June 2014 |archive-date=10 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140210133947/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/mangalorepuducherry-express-train-from-this-weekend/article5172214.ece? |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=New passenger train chugs into grand reception at Karur junction |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/new-passenger-train-chugs-into-grand-reception-at-karur-junction/article4752719.ece |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=26 May 2013 |access-date=1 July 2013 |first=L. |last=Renganathan |archive-date=10 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130710001634/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/new-passenger-train-chugs-into-grand-reception-at-karur-junction/article4752719.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Commuters demand more trains on Salem-Namakkal-Karur |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/commuters-demand-more-trains-on-salemnamakkalkarur-sector/article4783095.ece |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=5 June 2013 |access-date=1 July 2013 |first=L. |last=Renganathan |archive-date=12 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130712103014/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/commuters-demand-more-trains-on-salemnamakkalkarur-sector/article4783095.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The nearest airport is the [[Tiruchirapalli International Airport]], located {{cvt|78|km}} away.

== Education ==
There are 10 government schools including four primary schools, four middle schools and two higher secondary schools.<ref name="Report"/> There are several institutes of higher education in the town. Karur medical college was established in 2019.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/cm-inaugurates-karur-government-medical-college/article28776808.ece |title=CM inaugurates Karur Government Medical College |date=1 August 2019 |access-date=1 June 2024 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=29 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240629084024/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/cm-inaugurates-karur-government-medical-college/article28776808.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[2025 Karur crowd crush]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Wikivoyage|Karur}}
{{Municipalities of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Karur| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Karur district]]

Charan's Public School, Ulsoor, Bengaluru

2026-03-13T04:38:46Z

Danger Pandit Ankit: Adding new pg

{{primary sources|date=April 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Charan's Public School
| type = [[Private School]]
| principal = Mrs. Charubala Ranganathan
| affiliation = [[Secondary School Leaving Certificate]] Examination ([[SSLC]])
| address = 326, 1st Main Rd, Someshvarapura Layout, Jogupalya, Bangalore, Karnataka 560007, India
| city = [[Bangalore]]
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| country = [[India]]
| information = +91 80 2557 6440
| website = http://charanspublicschool.org/
| footnotes =
}}

'''Charan's Public School''' is a co-educational school in Ulsoor, Bangalore, Karnataka, India. It was founded in 1990.<ref>[http://www.bytematters.com/School// Charan's Public School]</ref> It offers Karnataka State Board Syllabus with languages, Kannada, Sanskrit, English as an optional language.

Charan's Public School received an award from the government of Karnataka for scoring 100% in [[SSLC]] 2013. The school has successfully secured many prizes and awards in sports, Olympiad, singing, and dance competitions.<ref>[http://www.sofworld.org/state-winners-karnataka.html// State-Winners Olympiad] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140430064041/http://www.sofworld.org/state-winners-karnataka.html/ |date=30 April 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date= 31 October 2011|title=Students showcase talent |url= http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/students-showcase-talent/article2583731.ece|newspaper= The Hindu |location= Karnataka}} The Hindu-Student Showcase Talent</ref>

Charan's Public School is a part of '''Charans Institutions''' which is a group of schools under the same school name. Another prominent school part of Charans Institutions is Charan's PU College, Ulsoor, Bangalore.

This school also has lovingly environment, with wooden benches and strong concrete walls, with a big [[Blackboard]]. The school includes dedicated room for Science, and Computers, With an Audio & Video room and a Library as well.

== Houses ==
The [[house system]] is a feature common to public schools in India. The four houses of the Charan's Public School are:
* Champions
* Challengers
* Conquerors
* Contenders

The houses compete against each other in academics, games, track and field sports, aquatics, arts, literary, and drama and music competitions and the best team gets an award. This event happens every year, mostly during the Summer Months.

== Special Days ==
Charan's Public School celebrates many national days such as [[Independence Day (India)]], [[Republic Day (India)]], [[Children's Day (India)|Children]]'s Day, and many others. The school sets up a fun program for children to participate in and watch many cultural performances. There is also a day called Talent Day, where all children can participate in dance, drawing, writing, singing, fashion shows, makeup shows, and other fun activities. This fest is usually celebrated during February or March.

== Exams and Tests ==
There are tests and exams that happen year-round. The year begins with Unit tests and ends with Term exams. Unit test include whatever has been taught during the months before it and Term exams include everything that has been taught in the year. The year ends with The "Final Term Exam".

=== Subjects taught here ===

# English (1st language)
# Kanada (2nd Language)
# Hindi (3rd Language)
# Maths
# Science
# Social
# Life Lessons
# General Knowledge
# Olympiad Practice
# And Physical Education

== Electing Office Bearers ==
After a summer vacation, Students get to choose their new leaders, these leaders are selected by the students by voting. The students can vote for someone to be a Chief Student Guide or a Deputy Student Guide.

Students can also be selected by the principal to be one of the following:

* Academic Head
* Environment Secretary
* Science Secretary
* Discipline Secretary
* Tech Secretary
* Sports Secretary

These students are selected on an [[Investiture]] ceremony day.

They continue to be elected until next year where new leaders are selected.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Karnataka}}

[[Category:Private schools in Bengaluru]]

Nathpa Jhakri Dam

2026-03-12T11:40:49Z

Danger Pandit Ankit: Started The Details Added Tags

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox dam
| name = Nathpa Jhakri Dam
| image =
| image_caption = Nathpa Jhakri Dam front side
| name_official =
| dam_crosses = [[Satluj River]]
| location = [[Rampur Bushahr]], [[Shimla district]], [[Himachal Pradesh]] [[India]]
| dam_type = Concrete gravity
| dam_length = {{Convert|185|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| dam_height = {{Convert|67.5|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| dam_width_base =
| dam_volume = {{Convert|200000|m3|cuyd|0|abbr=on}}
| spillway_type =
| spillway_capacity = {{Convert|5660|m3/s|ft3/s|0|abbr=on}}
| construction_began = 1993
| opening = May 2004
| cost = [[₹]]8187 [[crores]]<ref name="ref1">{{cite web | url=https://sjvn.nic.in/businessprojectdetails/28/5/7 |title=नाथपा झाकरी एचपीएस | SJVN Limited |trans-title=Nathpa Jhakri HPS |website=sjvn.nic.in |date= |access-date=2025-09-11}}</ref>
| owner = [[SJVN]]
| res_name =
| res_capacity_total = {{Convert|3430000|m3|acre.ft|0|abbr=on}}
| res_capacity_active = {{Convert|3030000|m3|acre.ft|0|abbr=on}}
| res_catchment =
| res_surface = {{Convert|234.5|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web |title=India: National Register of Large Dams 2009 |url=http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf |publisher=Central Water Commission |access-date=10 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219204531/http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf |archive-date=19 February 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| res_max_depth =
| plant_hydraulic_head = {{Convert|428|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| plant_operator = [[SJVN]]
| plant_commission = May 2004
| plant_turbines = 6 × 250 MW [[Francis-type]]
| plant_capacity = 1,500 [[Megawatt|MW]]
| plant_annual_gen =
| plant_decommission =
| location_map = India#India Himachal Pradesh
| location_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|31|33|50|N|77|58|49|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| plant_name = Nathpa Jhakri Hydro Power Station
| plant_coordinates = {{coord|31|29|52.5|N|77|42|33|E|type:landmark}}
| website = {{URL|https://sjvn.nic.in/businessprojectdetails/28/5/7}}
| extra =
}}
The '''Nathpa Jhakri Dam''' is a concrete [[gravity dam]] on the [[Sutlej]] river in [[Rampur Bushahr]], [[Shimla district]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[India]]. The primary purpose of the dam is hydroelectric power production and it supplies a {{convert|1500|MW}} [[underground power station]] with water. Before reaching the power station, water is diverted through a {{Convert|27.4|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} headrace tunnel. Construction on the project began in 1993 and it was complete in 2004. The last two of the {{convert|250|MW}} [[Francis turbine]]-generators went online in March 2004. It is owned by [[SJVN]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Nathpa - Jhakri Hydroelectric Project, Himachal Pradesh, India |url=http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/gsiDoc/pub/cs_nathpajhakri_hep.pdf |publisher=Geological Survey of India |access-date=7 August 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002202512/http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/gsiDoc/pub/cs_nathpajhakri_hep.pdf |archivedate=2 October 2011 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Scheduling and generation despatch==
The scheduling and despatch{{clarify|date=August 2014}} of the Nathpa Jhakri Hydro Power plant is done by Northern Regional Load Despatch Centre which is the apex body to ensure the integrated operation of the power system grid in the Northern region and comes under [[Power System Operation Corporation Limited]] (POSOCO).

Nathpa Jhakri Hydroelectric Plant supplies power to several northern Indian states and union territories apart from [[Himachal Pradesh]] in [[Haryana]], [[Delhi]], [[Chandigarh]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]], [[Ladakh]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Uttarakhand]].<ref name="ref1"/>

On 6 September 2025, after extreme levels of rainfall a massive landslide near the dam blocked the [[National Highway 5 (India)|National Highway-5]] nearby and caused concern for the dam.<ref>{{cite news |title=Massive landslide hits NH-5 near Nathpa Dam, traffic disrupted in Himachal |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1291428 |access-date=11 September 2025 |work=www.daijiworld.com |date=6 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

== Sponsors and investors ==
* Sponsor [[Nathpa Jhakri Power Corporation]]
* [[Kvaerner]] / [[ABB]] / [[Siemens]] / [[Sulzer Escher Wyss]]
* [[Foundation Continental Construction Corporation]]
* [[Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited|BHEL]]
* [[Jaiprakash Associates Limited]]

== See also ==
{{stack|{{Portal|Water|Renewable energy}}}}
* [[Karcham Wangtoo Hydroelectric Plant]] – situated upstream
*[[List of dams and reservoirs in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{GeoGroup}}
{{Hydrography of Himachal Pradesh}}
{{Sutlej dams}}
{{Dams and reservoirs in India}}
{{Dams and Reservoirs}}
{{Public Sector Undertakings in India}}
{{Power Projects in Himachal Pradesh}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Dams completed in 2004]]
[[Category:Energy infrastructure completed in 2004]]
[[Category:Hydroelectric power stations in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Dams in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Gravity dams]]
[[Category:Underground power stations]]
[[Category:2004 establishments in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Dams on the Sutlej River]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Kinnaur district]]

Pulli Lyon

2026-03-07T23:47:46Z

Danger Pandit Ankit: added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Unreferenced|date=June 2014}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pulli Lyon
| native_name = புள்ளி லயன்
| native_name_lang = ta
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Neighbourhood
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Chennai#Tamil Nadu#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|13.194924|N|80.193923|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[File:TamilNadu Logo.svg|23x16px|border|link=|alt=|Tamil Nadu]]

[[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Thiruvallur district|Thiruvallur]]
| subdivision_type3 = Metro
| subdivision_name3 = Chennai
| subdivision_type4 =
| subdivision_name4 =
| subdivision_type5 =
| subdivision_name5 =
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 10
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 600052
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 044
| registration_plate = TN-20-xxxx & TN-18-xxxx(new)
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Urban planning|Planning]] agency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority|CMDA]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = City
| blank2_info_sec1 = Chennai
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Thiruvallur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Thiruvallur]]
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank4_info_sec1 = [[Madhavaram (State Assembly Constituency)|Madhavaram]]
| blank5_name_sec1 =
| blank5_info_sec1 =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Pulli Lyon or Lyon Grant''' ({{langx|ta|புள்ளி லயன்}}), is a developing residential area and suburban area in North [[Chennai]], a metropolitan city in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. Pulli Lyon is well connected with Red Hills.

==Location==

Pulli Lyon is located in North Chennai with [[Red Hills, Chennai|Red Hills]] in the west and [[Puzhal]] to the South. Other neighbouring areas include [[Vadagarai]], [[Grant Lyon]], [[Athivakkam]]. Pulli Lyon is located next to [[Red Hills, Chennai|Red Hills]] and very close to [[Puzhal aeri]].

==Surroundings==

{{Geographic Location
|title = '''''Directions From Pulli Lyon'''''
|Northwest = [[Padianallur]]
|North = [[Angadu]]
|Northeast = [[Perungavur]]
|West = [[Red Hills, Chennai|Red Hills]]
|Centre = Pulli Lyon
|East = [[Athivakkam]]
|Southwest = [[Kavangarai]]
|South = [[Puzhal]]
|Southeast = [[Grant Lyon]]
}}

{{Chennai Topics}}
{{Neighbourhoods of Chennai}}
{{Areas of Chennai}}

{{Tiruvallur district}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Chennai]]

{{Chennai-geo-stub}}

Thulasi Maadam

2026-03-04T05:16:45Z

Danger Pandit Ankit: post...

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Thulasi Maadam
| image = Thulasi Maadam.jpg

| caption = Poster
| director = K. B. Srinivasan
| producer =
| writer = Thamizhmaaran
| starring = [[A. V. M. Rajan]] Gemini Chandrakantha [[V. Gopalakrishnan (actor)|V. Gopalakrishnan]] [[Sharada (actress)|Sharadha]]
| music = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio = M. A. V. Pictures
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1963|11|15|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Thulasi Maadam''''' ({{Translation|Basil plant}}) is a 1963 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film directed by K. B. Srinivasan and written by Thamizhmaaran. The film stars [[A. V. M. Rajan]], Gemini Chandraknatha (in dual roles), [[V. Gopalakrishnan (actor)|V. Gopalakrishnan]] and [[Sharada (actress)|Sharadha]].<ref name="thehindu">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=13 July 2013 |title=Thulasimaadam (1963) |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/thulasimaadam-1963/article4911895.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130910173819/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/thulasimaadam-1963/article4911895.ece |archive-date=10 September 2013 |access-date=3 September 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=March 2023}}
Mary and Janaki are two look-alike women but they are not related to each other. Mary is the daughter of a retired collector and Janaki is from a middle-class family. Mary is affianced to Thomas, an army officer while Janaki is married to a company executive. Janaki gives birth to a child and is found to have [[tuberculosis]], so, her mother-in-law separates her from the child. In the meantime, Janaki's mother dies. The mother-in-law's adopted son Peter feels pity for the separated Janaki and her child. Accidentally he meets Mary, the look-alike of Janaki. Peter comes out with a clever plan and swaps Mary with Janaki. Several complications arise and finally the families are united.

== Cast ==
The list is adapted from [[The Hindu]] article.<ref name="thehindu" />
{{div col}}
* [[A. V. M. Rajan]] as Company Executive
* Gemini Chandrakantha as Mary and Janaki
* [[V. Gopalakrishnan (actor)|V. Gopalakrishnan]] as Thomas
* [[Sharada (actress)|Sharadha]]
* [[S. N. Lakshmi]]
* [[M. S. Sundari Bai]]
* Master Gopal as Peter
* Seethalakshmi
* [[A. Karunanidhi]]
* S. Kathiresan
{{div col end}}

== Production ==
The film was produced by M. A. Venu who earlier produced award-winning films like [[Sampoorna Ramayanam (1958 film)|''Sampoorna Ramayanam'']] and ''[[Mudhalali]]''. Screenplay and dialogues were written by Thamizhmaran.<ref name="thehindu" />

== Soundtrack ==
Music was composed by [[K. V. Mahadevan]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Neelamegam |first=G. |title=Thiraikalanjiyam — Part 2 |publisher=Manivasagar Publishers |year=2016 |location=Chennai |pages=125 |language=Tamil}}</ref> The song "Aadum Mayile Aattam Engey" became a super hit.<ref name="thehindu" />

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Song !! Singer !! Lyrics !! Length
|-
| "Aadum MAyile Aattam Enge" || rowspan=2|[[T. M. Soundararajan]]|| rowspan="3" |[[Ka. Mu. Sheriff]]|| 03:52
|-
| "Chithirai Maadha Nilavinile" || 03:29
|-
| "Ammaadiyo Athaanukku Kovatha Paaru" || rowspan=2|[[S. Janaki]]||
|-
| "Kalyaana Saappadu Podum Munne" || rowspan=2|Thiruchi Thiyagarajan || 03:37
|-
| "Maiyai Thottu Ezhudhiyavar" || S. Janaki & [[Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi]]|| 03:31
|}

== Reception ==
Writing for ''[[Sport and Pastime]]'', T. M. Ramachandran said the director "has shown much courage in tackling a ticklish subject".<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Ramachandran |first=T. M. |date=14 December 1963 |title=Wither Tamil Films? |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12215/page/n739/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230203093011/https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12215/page/n739/mode/2up |archive-date=3 February 2023 |access-date=3 February 2023 |magazine=[[Sport and Pastime]] |page=51 |via=[[Internet Archive]] |volume=17}}</ref> Despite this, the film did not fare well at the box office.<ref name="thehindu" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1963 Indian films]]
[[Category:1963 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1963 films]]
[[Category:Films about lookalikes]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. V. Mahadevan]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Jeevitha Nouka

2026-03-04T05:03:20Z

Danger Pandit Ankit: general reworked section as per guidelines and updated info

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Jeevitha Nouka.jpg
| caption = Advertisement of the Malayalam version
| director = K. Vembu
| producer = K. V. Koshi [[Kunchako]]
| writer = [[Muthukulam Raghavan Pillai]]
| story = K&K Productions
| starring = [[Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair]] B. S. Saroja Adhimoolam Pankajavalli S.P.Pillai Nanukuttan
| music = [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]]
| cinematography = P. B. Mani
| editing = [[S. Williams]]
| studio = [[Udaya Studios|K&K Productions]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1951|3|15|df=y}}
| runtime = 170 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = {{INR}} 20,000 (approx:₹704447.82)<ref name="economy">{{Cite book |last=M. A. Oommen, Kumbattu Varkey Joseph |title=Economics of Indian cinema |publisher=Oxford & IBH Publications |year=1991 |isbn=81-204-0575-7 |location=India |page=50}}</ref>
| gross =
}}

'''''Jeevitha Nouka''''' ({{translation|''The Lifeboat''}}) is a 1951 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language film directed by K. Vembu and jointly produced by K. V. Koshi and [[Kunchako]]. It was the first "blockbuster cinema" in [[Malayalam cinema]], with a theatrical run of 284 days.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thoraval |first=Yves |title=The cinemas of India (Les Cinemas de L lnde) |publisher=Macmillan India |year=1998 |isbn=0-333-93410-5 |location=France |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kerala Sahitya Academy |title=Malayalam litreary survey Volume 20, Issue 1 |publisher=Macmillan India |year=1998 |location=India |page=23}}</ref> Made at a budget of {{INR}}20,000, it was a commercial success at the box office, such that very few cinemas could surpass it later.<ref name="economy" /> It was simultaneously shot in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]], and was dubbed and released in [[Hindi]].<ref name="The Hindu">{{Cite web |last=Vijayakumar |first=B. |date=16 August 2008 |title=Jeevitha Nouka 1951 |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/08/16/stories/2008081653751300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161016064106/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/article1422985.ece |archive-date=16 October 2016 |website=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=29 December 2010 }}</ref> This cinema portrayed the life of simple folk in a small village in [[Kerala]]. It stars [[Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair]] and [[B. S. Saroja]], with the latter making her debut and the former in his first major role.<ref>{{Cite book |last=National Film Development Corporation of India |title=Cinema in India: Volume 2 |year=1991 |isbn=0-333-93410-5 |location=India}}</ref> Its music is composed by [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]] and popular playback singer [[Mehboob (singer)|Mehboob]] debuted through this cinema.<ref name="The Hindu" /> It is a remake of the Hindi cinema ''[[Jeevan Naiya]]'' with revised screenplay.

The Tamil version, titled '''''Pichaikkaari''''' ({{Translation|''The Lady Beggar''}}), was released on 18 May 1951. Vidwan P. Adhimoolan wrote the dialogues and lyrics.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1951 – பிச்சைக்காரி – கே.கே.புரொடக்ஷன்ஸ் ஜீவிதநௌகா(ம) |trans-title=1951 – Pichaikkaari – K.K. Productions Jeevitha Nouka(ma) |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1951-cinedetails15.asp |url-status=usurped |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=ta |access-date=21 September 2017 |archive-date=21 September 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170921023658/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1951-cinedetails15.asp }}</ref> The song "Vanaraniye enthan manaraniye", sung by [[Thiruchi Loganathan]] and [[P. Leela]], was popular.

== Synopsis ==

The story revolves around the life of a family struggling with poverty and societal challenges. The protagonist, Raju, is a kind-hearted man who works hard to support his family. Despite his dedication, financial difficulties put immense pressure on him and his loved ones.

Raju's wife, Lakshmi, tries to maintain harmony in the household, but the arrival of wealth and materialistic ambitions disrupt their peaceful life. The plot delves into themes of greed, family values, and the conflicts that arise from differing priorities among family members.

The turning point comes when misunderstandings and disputes tear the family apart, highlighting the consequences of materialism and selfishness. The movie emphasizes the importance of unity, compassion, and selflessness as it moves toward its emotional climax and resolution.

== Cast ==

=== Malayalam ===
'''Main cast'''
* [[Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair]] as Soman
* [[B. S. Saroja]] as Lakshmi
* Adhimoolam as Kaniyan
* [[Pankajavalli]] as Janu, Raju's wife
* [[S. P. Pillai]] as Shanku, Janu's brother
* Nanukuttan as [[Zamindar]]
* [[Sebastian Kunjukunju Bhagavathar]] as Raju, Soman's elder brother
;Supporting cast
* Ponnappan Arckatty as SI of Police
* [[Muthukulam Raghavan Pillai]], Ambalappuzha Ravunni, Baby Girija, Jagadamma, Janamma, Mathappan, Mulavana, Soman Pillai.

=== Tamil ===
;Main cast
* [[Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair]] as Soman
* [[Sebastian Kunjukunju Bhagavathar|Kunju Kunju Bhagavathar]] as Raju
* [[B. S. Saroja]] as Lakshmi
* [[Pankajavalli]] as Janu
* Adhimoolam as Kaniyar
* [[Muthukulam Raghavan Pillai]] as Lawyer
* [[S. P. Pillai]] as Shanku
* Mathappan as Kunju

;Dance
* C. R. Rajakumari
* Indira Acharya
* [[B. S. Saroja]]
* Gopalakrishnan
* Balachandran

== Soundtrack ==
V. Dakshinamoorthy composed the music for both Malayalam and Tamil versions. All the tunes for all the songs for both languages are the same with slight changes in playback singers.

;Malayalam songs (Jeevitha Nouka)
Lyrics were penned by [[Abhayadev]] and [[Vallathol Narayana Menon]]. [[Playback singer]]s are [[Thiruchi Loganathan]], [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]], [[Sebastian Kunjukunju Bhagavathar]], [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]], [[Mehboob (singer)|Mehboob]], [[P. Leela]], Alappuzha Pushpam and [[Kaviyoor Revamma]].

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer/s !! Duration (m:ss)
|-
| "Paahi Thaaye" || Mehboob & Kaviyoor Revamma ||
|-
| "Aanandamiyalum Baale" || P. Leela ||
|-
| "Paathakalil Vaaneedumee" || Kaviyoor Revamma ||
|-
| "Ghoraandhakaaramaaya" || Thiruchi Loganathan & P. Leela ||
|-
| "Pasiyaaluyirvaadi" || Kaviyoor Revamma ||
|-
| "Gathiyethumilla" || Kaviyoor Revamma ||
|-
| "Vaarthinkal Thaalameduthavar" (Magdalana Mariyam) || Mehboob, V. Dakshinamoorthy & Kaviyoor Revamma
|-
| "Premarajyamarnu" || V. Dakshinamoorthy & P. Leela
|-
| "Aanathalayolam Venna" || Sebastian Kunjukunju Bhagavathar & Alappuzha Pushpam ||
|-
| "Thornidumo Kanneer" || Mehboob & Kaviyoor Revamma ||
|-
| "Paapamaanithu Baale" || Ghantasala ||
|-
| "Karuthidaathey || Alappuzha Pushpam ||
|-
| "Akaale Aarum Kaividam" || Mehboob ||
|-
| "Vana Gaayike Vanil Varoo Naayike" || Mehboob & P. Leela ||
|-
| "Thoraathasrudhaara" || Kaviyoor Revamma ||
|}

;Tamil songs (Pichaikkaari)
Lyrics were penned by P. Aadhimoolan.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer/s !! Duration (m:ss)
|-
| "Baahi Thaaye Paarvathi" || [[P. Leela]]||
|-
| "Joraaga Uduthe Naane" || P. Leela ||
|-
| "Neeyethaane Eesan Thunai" || P. Leela ||
|-
| "Thedinaaro Yaavarum Dhanam" || [[Mehboob (singer)|Mehboob]] & [[Kaviyoor Revamma]]||
|-
| "Veedhigalil Vaazhdhiduvaar" || Kaviyoor Revamma ||
|-
| "Gadhi Yaarum Illai" || Kaviyoor Revamma ||
|-
| "Kaarmugil Keeri Velippadum" || [[Thiruchi Loganathan]], P. Leela & Kaviyoor Revamma ||
|-
| "Paavamaaam Idhu Paavaai" || Thiruchi Loganathan ||
|-
| "Vaai Niraiya Vennai" || P. Leela ||
|-
| "Yaaradi Kalli Neethaan" || Thiruchi Loganathan & P. Leela ||
|-
| "Inidhaai Ennidatthe" || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]||
|-
| "Nanmaigal Seidhaal" || Thiruchi Loganathan ||
|-
| "Sagaayam Yaarum Alladaa" || Thiruchi Loganathan ||
|-
| "Vanaraniye Endhan Manaraniye" || Thiruchi Loganathan & P. Leela ||
|}

== Box office ==
This film was a critical and commercial success and ran over 284 days in theatres.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 April 2012 |title=J for Jeevitha Nauka (1951) |url=http://m.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-a-z-of-malayalam-cinema/20120420.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227034323/http://m.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-a-z-of-malayalam-cinema/20120420.htm |archive-date=27 February 2018 |access-date=26 February 2018 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> The film was screened in Kozhikode for 175 days and ran for 107 days in Ernakulam. 100 days have been completed in Kollam, Alappuzha, Kottayam, Kannur and Thrissur districts.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 March 2021 |title=വിജയത്തിലേക്ക് ഒഴുകിയ ജീവിതനൗക |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/features/2021/03/15/70-years-of-jeevitha-nouka-movie.html |access-date=2022-07-31 |website=ManoramaOnline |language=ml}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* [http://www.malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?219 ''Jeevitha Nouka''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207071850/http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?219 |date=7 February 2013 }} at the Malayalam Movie Database

[[Category:1951 Indian films]]
[[Category:1950s Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1951 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1951 drama films]]
[[Category:1951 multilingual films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Nanda Deepa

2026-03-03T22:29:34Z

Danger Pandit Ankit: quick update

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Nanda Deepa
| image = Nanda-Deepa-kannada-film.jpg

| caption =
| director = [[M. R. Vittal]]
| writer = P. Vadiraj
| based_on =
| starring = [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] [[Harini (Kannada actress)|Harini]] [[Leelavathi (actress)|Leelavathi]] [[Udaykumar]]
| producer = Vadiraj Jawahar
| music = [[M. Venkataraju]]
| cinematography = R. Madhu
| editing = P. S. Murthy
| studio = Sri Bharathi Chitra
| released = {{Film date|1963|12|31|df=y}}
| runtime = 157 minutes
| language = Kannada
| country = India
| budget =
}}
'''''Nanda Deepa''''' ({{audio|Kn-ನಂದಾದೀಪ.ogg|pronunciation}} {{translation|Eternal flame}}) is a 1963 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[romantic drama]] film, directed by [[M. R. Vittal]] in his directorial debut.<ref>[http://www.bharatmovies.com/director/mr-vittal-movies.htm M.R. Vittal movies list]</ref> The film was produced and written by actor Vadiraj with Jawahar co-producing for the ''Sri Bharathi Chitra'' studio, marking its first production. The film stars [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] and [[Harini (Kannada actress)|Harini]], with [[Leelavathi (actress)|Leelavathi]] and [[Udaykumar]] in pivotal supporting roles.

Upon its release, the film received significant appreciation and won the prestigious [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Kannada]] at the [[10th National Film Awards]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150929062243/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm10thNFAAward.aspx 10th National Film Awards]</ref>

The film was remade in [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] in 1964 as ''Ramat Ramade Ram'',<ref name=":Gujaratiremake"/> making this the first Kannada film to be remade in that language. The Gujarati version starred Tarla Mehta and Mahesh Kumar in the lead role with [[Sanjeev Kumar]] reprising Udaykumar's role. While the Kannada version won the National Award, the Gujarati version garnered eight State awards.<ref name=":Gujaratiremake">{{cite web | url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=g_Nxn4vNgAE&feature | title=ಕಲ್ಯಾಣ್ ಕುಮಾರ್ ಭೇಟಿಯಾದಾಗೆಲ್ಲಾ ಅಣ್ಣಾವ್ರು "ಗುರುಗಳೇ" ಎನ್ನುತ್ತಿದ್ದರೇಕೆ..? | Naadu Kanda Rajkumar Ep 105 - YouTube | website=[[YouTube]] | date=25 January 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=x8_VEgXEoQs&feature | title=Nanda Deepa | Full Kannada Movie | Dr Rajkumar | Udayakumar | Sandalwood Movies Online - YouTube | website=[[YouTube]] | date=24 March 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=eIyRRHUQ7m0&feature | title=Ramat Ramade Ram Full Movie - રમત રમાડે રામ - Super Hit Full Gujarati Movies - Romantic Comedy Film - YouTube | website=[[YouTube]] | date=10 September 2015 }}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] as Shankar
* [[Udaykumar]] as Ravi
* [[Harini (Kannada actress)|Harini]]
* [[Leelavathi (actress)|Leelavathi]]
* [[K. S. Ashwath]]
* Sorat Ashwath
* [[Narasimharaju (Kannada actor)|Narasimharaju]]
* Vadiraj
* Ganapathi Bhat
* Hanumanthachar
* [[Balakrishna (Kannada actor)|Balakrishna]] in a guest appearance

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[M. Venkataraju]], with lyrics by Sorat Ashwath.<ref>[http://www.raaga.com/channels/kannada/moviedetail.asp?mid=k0000784 Nandaa Deepa songs]</ref> All the songs composed for the film were received extremely well and considered as evergreen songs.

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Yaarige Yaaro
| extra1 = [[P. B. Sreenivas]]
| lyrics1 = Sorat Ashwath
| length1 = 03:25
| title2 = Naadinanda Ee Deepavali
| extra2 = [[S. Janaki]], [[P. Leela]]
| lyrics2 = Sorat Ashwath
| length2 = 03:10
| title3 = Ondu Goodide
| extra3 = [[Pendyala Nageswara Rao|P. Nageshwara Rao]], [[Jikki]]
| lyrics3 = Sorat Ashwath
| length3 = 02:49
| title4 = Gaaligopura Ninnashatheera
| extra4 = S. Janaki
| lyrics4 = Sorat Ashwath
| length4 = 03:15
| title5 = Naliva Mana
| extra5 = P. B. Sreenivas, S. Janaki
| lyrics5 = Sorat Ashwath
| length5 = 03:13
| title6 = Kanasonda Kande
| extra6 = S. Janaki
| lyrics6 = Sorat Ashwath
| length6 = 03:05
| title7 = Nyayakke Kannilla
| extra7 = P. Leela
| lyrics7 = Sorat Ashwath
| length7 = 03:14
}}

==Awards==
* '''[[10th National Film Awards]]'''

# [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Kannada|Certificate of Merit for Best Feature Film]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|1411904}}

{{National Film Award Best Feature Film Kannada}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nanda Deepa}}
[[Category:1963 films]]
[[Category:1963 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1963 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. Venkataraju]]
[[Category:Best Kannada Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:1963 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Films directed by M. R. Vittal]]
[[Category:Kannada films remade in other languages]]

{{1960s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Pathimoonam Number Veedu

2026-03-03T05:00:08Z

Danger Pandit Ankit: starting a pg

{{For|the 2020 film of the same name|Mane Number 13}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pathimoonam Number Veedu
| image = Pathimoonam Number Veedu.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Baby (director)|Baby]]
| producer = Aasha Creations
| writer = Baby Erukoor Elavarasan (dialogues)
| starring = {{ubl|[[Nizhalgal Ravi]]|[[Shari (actress)|Sadhana]]|[[Lalitha Kumari]]}}
| music = Sangeetha Rajan
| cinematography = K. B. Dhayalan C. E. Babu
| editing = G. Murali
| distributor =
| studio = Aasha Creations
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1990|06|15}}
| runtime = 110 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Pathimoonam Number Veedu''''' ({{translation}} House number 13) is a 1990 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[horror film]] directed by [[Baby (director)|Baby]]. The film stars [[Nizhalgal Ravi]], [[Shari (actress)|Sadhana]] and [[Lalitha Kumari]]. It was released on 15 June 1990 and became a success. The film was remade in Hindi as ''[[House No. 13]]'' (1991) again directed by Baby.<ref>{{cite web |date=2013-07-17 |title=Ringing in eerie silence |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Ringing-in-eerie-silence/2013/07/17/article1686760.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224124500/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Ringing-in-eerie-silence/2013/07/17/article1686760.ece |archive-date=24 December 2013 |access-date=2013-12-23 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Lakshmi |first=V |date=31 October 2010 |title=Horror {{sic|fims loo|sing|hide=y}} sheen in Kollywood? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Horror-fims-loosing-sheen-in-Kollywood/articleshow/6841950.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224113652/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-31/news-interviews/28258852_1_horror-films-avana-ivan-exorcist |archive-date=2013-12-24 |access-date=2013-12-23 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Plot==

Selvam ([[Nizhalgal Ravi]]), an estate manager, and his family move into a new house based in a remote village. There, Selvam falls in love with Annam ([[Shari (actress)|Sadhana]]), a jolly village girl. Disturbed by a ghost (Lalitha Kumari), Selvam's grandfather dies from a heart attack. One day, Murali ([[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]]), Selvam's brother, goes to an isolated home and treats an old lady. The next day, he realizes that the old lady was a ghost and he also dies from a heart attack. The family, in mourning, decides to arrange Selvam's wedding with Annam to forget this tragedy. Thereafter, Annam becomes pregnant but even after 10 months, she doesn't deliver. A Gurukkal ([[Ra. Sankaran]]) comes to the aid of the family and he feels that something has stopped her delivery. He prepares a ritual and the ghost finally appears and tells him about her past.

The ghost was the young woman named Rekha. She lived happily with her husband ([[Ravikanth (actor)|Ravikanth]]) but her husband had a lot of bad habits and also had a lot of debts. Under pressures, he forced his wife Rekha to have a sexual relationship with the house owner. She refused and killed the house owner. Afterwards, her angry husband killed her in turn. She then became a ghost and killed her husband. Since that day, she killed every male who stayed in the house.

==Cast==

*[[Nizhalgal Ravi]] as Selvam
*[[Shari (actress)|Sadhana]] as Annam
*[[Lalitha Kumari]] as Rekha / Ghost
*[[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]] as Murali
*[[Sripriya]] as Shanthi (Murali's wife)
*[[Chandrakanth]] as Rekha's husband
*[[Nalinikanth]]
*[[Achamillai Gopi]] as Muthu
*[[Ra. Sankaran]] as Swamy
*[[S. N. Parvathy|S. N. Parvathiy]] as Parvathi, Selvam and Murali's mother
*Baby Manju as Manju

==Soundtrack==

The soundtrack was composed by [[S. P. Venkatesh|Sangeetha Rajan]], with lyrics written by [[Pulamaipithan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1980-01-01 |title=13 Number Veedu (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - EP |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/13-number-veedu-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1625726554 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831091742/https://music.apple.com/us/album/13-number-veedu-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1625726554 |archive-date=31 August 2023 |access-date=2023-08-31 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Duration
|-
| "Koko Koko Koko" || Suchithra || 4:28
|-
| "Kandathu Ellam Mayyama" || [[K. S. Chithra]] || 1:26
|-
| "Kalyana Penne" || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] || 4:15
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1990 films]]
[[Category:1990 horror films]]
[[Category:1990 Indian films]]
[[Category:1990 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Baby (director)]]
[[Category:Indian horror films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Aavani Thingal

2026-03-03T04:28:38Z

Danger Pandit Ankit: New - done

{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aavani Thingal
| image =
| caption =
| director = Harikrishna
| producer = P. Rajaram Reddy
| writer = Harikrishna
| starring = {{ubl|[[Subramanian Gopalakrishnan]]|Tejini|Mathisha}}
| music = R. Shankar
| cinematography = Vetha Selvam
| editing = M. Sankar K. Idris
| distributor =
| studio = Rayar Films International
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2006|11|17}}
| runtime = 145 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Aavani Thingal''''' ({{translation|[[Shraavana|Aavani]] Monday}}) is a 2006 Indian [[Tamil language]] [[romantic drama]] film directed by Harikrishna. The film stars newcomers [[Subramanian Gopalakrishnan]], Tejini and Mathisha, with [[J. Livingston|Livingston]], [[Kadhal Sukumar]], [[Delhi Kumar]], [[Ajay Rathnam]], Ramkumar, [[Lavanya (actress)|Lavanya]] and Sundari playing supporting roles. It was released on 17 November 2006.

==Plot==
In a remote village, Rasappa is an orphan who works as a servant in the house of the local bigwig Periyavar. Rasappa wants to get married and his friend Singamuthu recommends him to meet Ponnusamy. Ponnusamy is a marriage broker who had failed to arrange the marriage of his three elder daughters and they all eloped with their boyfriends. Gayathri is Ponnusamy's daughter and her mother Saroja wants her to have an arranged marriage. In the meantime, Periyavar's granddaughter Deepika, a modern city woman, comes to the village after her engagement to live in her grandfather's house. Soon, Rasappa and Deepika have a misunderstanding and they start to quarrel for every small thing. Rasappa who falls in love with Gayathri asks her parents to give their daughter in marriage but her mother Saroja refuses and humiliates him. The heartbroken Rasappa finally understands that without money no one will be interested in giving their daughter in marriage. To earn more money, Rasappa takes up a high-risk job as a bomb-setter for drilling wells. Rasappa soon becomes wealthy thanks to his hard work.

Gayathri's parents eventually accept to give their daughter in marriage. One week before the marriage, Rasappa has a severe accident while setting a bomb in a well because of the naughty behaviour of Deepika. Rasappa survived the explosion but has lost his right arm, therefore, the marriage is cancelled. Feeling guilty for what happened to Rasappa, Deepika decides to help him to find a bride. After many failed attempts, they find the beautiful Rasathi who accepts to marry Rasappa despite being an amputee man. The day before the marriage, Rasappa finds out that Rasathi is a fraud who had married many men before and eloped on the very next day with their valuable belongings. He decides to not call off the marriage. Deepika who is aware of the situation asks Rasappa to marry her the next morning at the village temple in secret. The next morning, Rasappa comes to the temple and refuses to marry Deepika. To Deepika's surprise, Gayathri and her family come to the temple. Gayathri tells Deepika that she fell in love with Rasappa after the betrothal. Her parents say that Rasappa is a gem of a person and are willing to give him their daughter in marriage. The film ends with Rasappa and Gayathri getting married.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*[[Subramanian Gopalakrishnan]] as Rasappa
*Tejini as Deepika
*Mathisha as Gayathri
*[[J. Livingston|Livingston]] as Ponnusamy
*[[Kadhal Sukumar]] as Singamuthu
*[[Delhi Kumar]] as Periyavar
*[[Ajay Rathnam]] as Deepika's father
*Ramkumar as Janakiraman
*[[Lavanya (actress)|Lavanya]] as Rasathi
*Sundari as Saroja, Ponnusamy's wife
*Sempuli Jagan as Periyavar's aid
*[[Suryakanth]] as Vedi Veerasamy
*Sangeetha Balan as Rasathi's mother
*Viji Ketti as Deepika's mother
*[[Chelladurai]] as Madasamy
*[[Vellai Subbaiah]] as Astrologer
*Amirtha Ganesh
*Selvakumar as Rasathi's father
*Krishnakanth
*Pallu Babu
*Selvam
}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album|
| name = Aavani Thingal
| type = [[soundtrack]]
| artist = R. Shankar
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2006
| recorded = 2006
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 27:50
| label = Mass Audios
| producer = R. Shankar
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The film score and the soundtrack were composed by R. Shankar. The soundtrack features 6 tracks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mio.to/album/Aavani+Thingal+(2006)|title=Aavani Thingal (2006) - Bharani M|access-date=29 October 2019|publisher=MusicIndiaOnline|archive-date=7 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207101924/https://mio.to/album/Aavani+Thingal+(2006)|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/aavani-thingal-songs-T0001090|title=Aavani Thingal Songs|access-date=29 October 2019|website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref>

{{track listing|
|extra_column=Singer(s)
|headline=Tracklist
|total_length=27:50
|title1=Edho Iru Vizhi|extra1=[[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]], Kalaiselvi|lyrics1=Thamizh Nadan|length1=6:17
|title2=Pattanathu|extra2=[[Pushpavanam Kuppusamy]]|lyrics2=[[Snehan]]|length2=3:14
|title3=Koottukkulle|extra3=[[P. Unnikrishnan]], [[K. S. Chithra]]|lyrics3=Kanna Balan|length3=4:23
|title4=En Usira Thottu|extra4=[[Harish Raghavendra]]|lyrics4=Parithi|length4=5:08
|title5=Ezhuthatha|extra5=Aasai Thambi|lyrics5=[[P. Vijay]]|length5=4:28
|title6=Thindukkallu Poottu|extra6=[[Grace Karunas]]|lyrics6=Vimalan|length6=4:20
}}

==Reception==
Malini Mannath of Chennai Online wrote that "The debutant director has attempted to give a clean, wholesome entertainer sans violence or overt glamour. The scenes have a natural build-up, and the narration is steady paced, though a bit leisurely at times".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/2006/11aavani-thingal.asp|title=Aavani Thingal|publisher=Chennai Online|date=5 October 2003|last=Mannath|first=Malini|archive-date=12 May 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070512220200/http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/2006/11aavani-thingal.asp}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2006 films]]
[[Category:2006 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2006 Indian films]]
[[Category:2006 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2006 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Thirumathi Thamizh

2026-03-03T03:29:04Z

Danger Pandit Ankit: new...

{{Short description|2013 Tamil film by Rajakumaran}}
{{Distinguish|Thirumathi Hitler}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Thirumathi Thamizh.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Rajakumaran (director)|Rajakumaran]]
| writer = Rajakumaran
| producer = [[Devayani (actress)|Devayani]]
| starring = Devayani Rajakumaran [[Keerthi Chawla]]
| cinematography = Ram Singh
| music = [[S. A. Rajkumar]]
| studio = Raa Dea Films
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|04|13}}
| runtime = 151 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Thirumathi Thamizh''''' ({{translation|Mrs. Thamizh}}) is a 2013 Indian Tamil-language [[romantic comedy]] film directed by [[Rajakumaran (director)|Rajakumaran]]. The film stars himself alongside [[Devayani (actress)|Devayani]] and [[Keerthi Chawla]] with [[Ramesh Khanna]] in a supporting role. It was released on 13 April 2013.

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=April 2025}}

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Devayani (actress)|Devayani]] as Jothi
**[[Yuvina Parthavi]] as young Jothi
* [[Rajakumaran (director)|Rajakumaran]] as Thamizhselvan
**Ray Paul as young Thamizhselvan
* [[Keerthi Chawla]] as Charumathi
* [[Babloo Prithiveeraj]] as the groom
* [[Ramesh Khanna]] as Manoharan, Thamizh's friend
* [[Radha Ravi]]
* [[Charuhasan]]
* [[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]]
* [[Madhan Bob]]
* [[Vaiyapuri]]
* [[Scissor Manohar]]
* [[Crane Manohar]]
* [[Delhi Ganesh]]
* [[Chitti Babu (Tamil actor)|Chitti Babu]]
* [[Thalaivasal Vijay]] as R. Vijay
* [[Sathyapriya]]
* [[Fathima Babu]]
*[[Pasi Sathya]]
* [[Malaysia Vasudevan]]
* [[LIC Narasimhan]] as judge
* [[J. Livingston|Livingston]] as a lawyer
* [[Ganja Karuppu]] as jail inmate
* [[Pandu (actor)|Pandu]] as police officer
* [[Nellai Siva]] as police officer
*[[Bayilvan Ranganathan]] as the police inspector
*[[Singamuthu]] as Ramakrishna Gurukkal
*[[Robo Shankar]] as himself
*[[Chutti Aravind]] as himself
}}

== Production ==
The film began production in 2008,<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 November 2008 |title=On a high |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2008/Nov/25/on-a-high-2374.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612073610/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2008/Nov/25/on-a-high-2374.html |archive-date=12 June 2024 |access-date=12 June 2024 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> and is Devayani's 75th film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 April 2013 |title=Devayani's comeback in Thirumathi Thamizh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Devayanis-comeback-in-Thirumathi-Thamizh/articleshow/19489298.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020010829/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Devayanis-comeback-in-Thirumathi-Thamizh/articleshow/19489298.cms |archive-date=20 October 2021 |access-date=10 March 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name="Hindu">{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=12 January 2013 |title=For the love of Thamizh |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/for-the-love-of-thamizh/article4301750.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125223811/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/for-the-love-of-thamizh/article4301750.ece |archive-date=25 January 2020 |access-date=25 January 2020 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> It was the last film of veteran actor [[Malaysia Vasudevan]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=23 October 2010 |title=Grill Mill – Malaysia Vasudevan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Grill-Mill-ndash-Malaysia-Vasudevan/article15789563.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126023551/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Grill-Mill-ndash-Malaysia-Vasudevan/article15789563.ece |archive-date=26 January 2020 |access-date=26 January 2020 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[S. A. Rajkumar]].{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Thamizh Thamizh
| length1 =
| lyrics1 =
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| title2 = Thamizh Thamizh
| note2 = Remix 1
| length2 =
| lyrics2 =
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubramaniam, [[K. S. Chithra]], S. A. Rajkumar
| title3 = Thamizh Thamizh
| note3 = Remix 2
| length3 =
| extra3 = K. S. Chithra, S. A. Rajkumar
| title4 = Thirukkural
| length4 =
| lyrics4 =
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. A. Rajkumar
| title5 = Nayagan
| length5 =
| lyrics5 =
| extra5 = Kalyani, [[Vijay Yesudas]], S. A. Rajkumar
| title6 = Nayagan
| note6 = Remix 1
| length6 =
| lyrics6 =
| extra6 = Kalyani
| title7 = Nayagan
| note7 = Remix 2
| length7 =
| lyrics7 =
| extra7 = S. A. Rajkumar
| title8 = Va Va Vennilave
| length8 =
| lyrics8 =
| extra8 = [[Shweta Mohan]], [[Mukesh Mohamed]]
| title9 = Va Va Vennilave
| note9 = Remix
| length9 =
| lyrics9 =
| extra9 = Shweta Mohan
| title10 =
| length10 =
| lyrics10 =
| extra10 =
}}

== Critical reception ==
''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film one out of five stars and wrote that "The movie could have made for a much better watch had the director focused on the social issues it started out to discuss".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Varma |first=Sidharth |date=Apr 22, 2013 |title=Thirumathi Tamil |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Thirumathi-Tamil/movie-review/19672818.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140822205409/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Thirumathi-Tamil/movie-review/19672818.cms |archive-date=22 August 2014 |access-date=2 April 2025 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Kungumam (magazine)|Kungumam]]'' panned the screenplay.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 May 2013 |title=ஒருவர் மீது இருவர் சாய்ந்து : விமர்சனம் |url=http://kungumam.co.in/VArticalinnerdetail.aspx?id=2628&id1=45&issue=20130506 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013060506/http://kungumam.co.in/VArticalinnerdetail.aspx?id=2628&id1=45&issue=20130506 |archive-date=13 October 2020 |access-date=12 October 2020 |website=[[Kungumam (magazine)|Kungumam]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
{{Rajakumaran}}

[[Category:2013 Indian films]]
[[Category:2013 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:2013 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rajakumaran (director)]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. A. Rajkumar]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic comedy films]]

Tata Consultancy Services

2026-03-01T11:09:12Z

Danger Pandit Ankit: small changes

{{Short description|Indian multinational technology company}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Tata Consultancy Services Limited
| logo = Tata Consultancy Services.svg
| logo_size =
| logo_alt = TCS Logo
| image = File:TCS SIPCOT Building.jpg
| image_size =
| image_alt = TCS SIPCOT Office
| image_caption = A TCS campus at [[SIPCOT IT Park|SIPCOT]], [[Chennai]]
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{Unbulleted list|{{BSE|532540}}|{{NSE|TCS}}|[[BSE SENSEX]] constituent|[[NIFTY 50|NSE NIFTY 50]] constituent}}
| ISIN = {{ISIN|sl=n|pl=y|INE467B01029}}
| industry = [[Information technology]] [[Consulting]] [[Outsourcing]]
| founder = [[J. R. D. Tata]]
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = [[Natarajan Chandrasekaran]] {{small|(Chairman)}} K. Krithivasan {{small|([[Managing director|MD]] & [[CEO]])}}
| services =
| revenue = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|259286|c}}
| revenue_year = 2025
| operating_income = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|65331|c}}
| income_year = 2025
| net_income = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|48797|c}}
| net_income_year = 2025
| assets = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|159629|c}}
| assets_year = 2025
| equity = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|95771|c}}
| equity_year = 2025
| num_employees = 593,314 (September 2025)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Anubhav |title=TCS layoffs: Headcount falls by nearly 20,000 amid restructuring, NITES accuses IT major of downplaying number |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/tcs-q2-results-it-majors-headcount-falls-by-nearly-20-000-nites-accuses-company-of-downplaying-layoffs-11760028238100.html |access-date=12 October 2025 |work=Mint |date=9 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
| parent = [[Tata Group]]
| owner = [[Tata Sons]] (71.74%)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Agarwal |first1=Nikhil |title=Tata Sons confirms selling 2.34 crore shares of TCS in block deal |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/tata-sons-confirms-selling-2-34-crore-shares-of-tcs-in-block-deal/articleshow/108670045.cms |access-date=13 September 2024 |work=The Economic Times |date=21 March 2024 |archive-date=13 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913141012/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/tata-sons-confirms-selling-2-34-crore-shares-of-tcs-in-block-deal/articleshow/108670045.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
| subsid = {{Unbulleted list|[[TRDDC]]}}
| foundation = {{start date and age|df=yes|1968}}
| location = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| homepage = {{URL|https://tcs.com}}
| footnotes = Financials {{as of|2025|03|31|lc=y|df=yes}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Financial Results for the year ended March 31, 2025 |url=https://www.bseindia.com/xml-data/corpfiling/AttachLive/b4f79e26-cd44-44a9-917f-0a161da49bd5.pdf |website=BSE |publisher=Tata Consultancy Services |access-date=11 April 2025}}</ref>
}}
'''Tata Consultancy Services Limited'''<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 January 1995 |title=Tata Consultancy Services Limited |url=https://opencorporates.com/companies/in/L22210MH1995PLC084781 |access-date=5 January 2025 |website=[[OpenCorporates]]}}</ref> ('''TCS''') is an Indian [[Multinational corporation|multinational]] [[technology company]] specializing in [[information technology]] services and [[consulting]]. Headquartered in [[Mumbai]], it is a part of the [[Tata Group]] and operates in 150 locations across 46 countries.<ref name="TCS2024">{{cite web|url=https://www.tcs.com/about-tcs/company-profile|title=Company Profile|publisher=Tata Consultancy Services|access-date=16 August 2024}}</ref> As of 2024, [[Tata Sons]] owned 71.74% of TCS, and close to 80% of Tata Sons' [[dividend]] income came from TCS.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tata Sons repays Rs 20,000-crore debt to 'avoid' going public: Reduces stake in TCS and more |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/technology/tech-news/tata-sons-repays-rs-20000-crore-debt-to-avoid-going-public-reduces-stake-in-tcs-and-more/articleshow/113071511.cms |access-date=13 September 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=7 September 2024 |archive-date=13 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913030936/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/technology/tech-news/tata-sons-repays-rs-20000-crore-debt-to-avoid-going-public-reduces-stake-in-tcs-and-more/articleshow/113071511.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

TCS ranked seventh on the [[Fortune India 500|''Fortune'' India 500]] list for 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/fortune-500/company-list/tata-consultancy-services?year=2024|title=Tata Consultancy Services - Fortune 500 List 2024 - Fortune India|website=www.fortuneindia.com|access-date=16 August 2024}}</ref> In September 2021, TCS recorded a [[market capitalization]] of US$200 billion, becoming the first Indian IT company to achieve this valuation.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/tcs-2nd-indian-co-to-hit-200bn-mcap-after-ril/articleshow/86245377.cms|title=TCS 2nd Indian company to hit $200 billion mcap after RIL|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=16 September 2021|archive-date=20 November 2022|access-date=20 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120134652/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/tcs-2nd-indian-co-to-hit-200bn-mcap-after-ril/articleshow/86245377.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/business/tcs-market-capitalisation-hits-200-billion-as-shares-jump-to-fresh-highs-2542286|title=TCS Market Capitalization Hits $200 Billion As Shares Jump To Fresh Highs|date=15 September 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/information-tech/tcs-first-indian-tech-company-to-cross-200-billion-market-cap/articleshow/86232295.cms |title=TCS first Indian tech company to cross $200 billion market cap |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=15 September 2021 |last1=Krishnan |first1=Raghu |archive-date=15 October 2022 |access-date=29 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015020910/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/information-tech/tcs-first-indian-tech-company-to-cross-200-billion-market-cap/articleshow/86232295.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2012, it was the world's second-largest user of U.S. [[H-1B visas]].<ref name=CW2013>{{cite web |url=https://www.computerworld.com/article/1528496/technology-law-regulation-the-data-shows-top-h-1b-users-are-offshore-outsourcers.html |title=The data shows: Top H-1B users are offshore outsourcers |publisher=ComputerWorld |date=14 February 2013 |access-date=8 September 2013 |archive-date=8 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408162744/https://www.computerworld.com/article/1528496/technology-law-regulation-the-data-shows-top-h-1b-users-are-offshore-outsourcers.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== History ==
=== 1968–2000 ===
[[File:Tata Consultancy Services - Ring Road Sector V - Salt Lake City - Kolkata 2017-06-21 2869.JPG|thumb|TCS Delta Park in [[Salt Lake Sector-V]], [[Kolkata metropolitan area|Greater Kolkata]]]]
Tata Consultancy Services Limited, originally known as Tata Computer Systems, was established in 1968 by [[Tata Sons|Tata Sons Limited]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tcs.com/about/corp_facts/Pages/default.aspx |title=Corporate Facts |publisher=TCS |access-date=3 September 2013 |archive-date=5 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905192819/http://www.tcs.com/about/corp_facts/Pages/default.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> The company's initial contracts involved providing [[punched card]] services to its sister company TISCO (now [[Tata Steel]]), developing an Inter-Branch Reconciliation System for the [[Central Bank of India]],<ref name="ICMR">{{cite web |url=http://www.icmrindia.org/casestudies/catalogue/Business%20Strategy2/Tata%20Consultancy%20Services%20Limited%20The%20Pioneer%20in%20the%20Indian%20IT%20Industry.htm |title=Tata Consultancy Services Limited: The Pioneer in the Indian IT Industry |work=Case Study |publisher=ICMR |date=1 January 1990 |access-date=8 September 2013 |archive-date=27 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927060443/http://www.icmrindia.org/casestudies/catalogue/Business%20Strategy2/Tata%20Consultancy%20Services%20Limited%20The%20Pioneer%20in%20the%20Indian%20IT%20Industry.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> and offering bureau services to the [[Unit Trust of India]].

In 1975, TCS implemented an electronic depository and trading system named SECOM for [[Switzerland|Swiss]] company SIS SegaInterSettle. It also developed System X for the Canadian Depository System and automated the [[Johannesburg Stock Exchange]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/archive.html?siteSect=883&sid=957178&ty=st |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120912080537/http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/archive.html?siteSect=883&sid=957178&ty=st |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 September 2012 |title=Indian software keeps Swiss securities safe |publisher=Swissinfo.com |date=14 January 2002}}</ref> TCS also partnered with the Swiss firm TKS Teknosoft, which it later acquired.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/tcs-acquires-swiss-firm-tksteknosoft/182435/ |title=TCS acquires TKS Teknosoft |work=The Financial Express |date=11 January 2006 |access-date=16 February 2009 |archive-date=28 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228050802/http://www.financialexpress.com/news/tcs-acquires-swiss-firm-tksteknosoft/182435 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1980, TCS established India's first dedicated software research and development center, the [[Tata Research Development and Design Centre]] (TRDDC), located in [[Pune]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kanavi |first=Shivanand |title=Megasoft |journal=Business India |pages=46–54 |date=20 June 2004}}</ref> The following year, it created India's first client-dedicated [[offshore development centre]], established for [[Tandem Computers|Tandem]].

Anticipating the [[Year 2000 problem|Y2K bug]] and the introduction of the unified European currency ([[Euro]]), Tata Consultancy Services developed a factory model for Y2K conversion. The company also created [[software tools]] to automate the conversion process and facilitate implementation by third-party developers and clients.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dqindia.ciol.com/content/top_stories/2004/104122201.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080128103009/http://dqindia.ciol.com/content/top_stories/2004/104122201.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 January 2008 |title=IT Man of the Year: Standing Tall |work=Cover Story |publisher=Dataquest India |date=22 December 2004}}</ref> In late 1999, TCS introduced [[Decision support system|Decision Support System]] (DSS) solutions to the domestic market.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/fe/daily/19981209/34355174p.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114184639/http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/fe/daily/19981209/34355174p.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 January 2018 |title=Financial Express: Tata Consultancy likely to offer decision-support solutions |website=expressindia.indianexpress.com |access-date=14 January 2018}}</ref> In 1999, the company also registered its first tagline, "Beyond the Obvious."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.startupwala.com/trademarks-registration/search-MUMBAI-TCS.-BEYOND-THE-OBVIOUS-890410 |title=Statupwala – TCS. Beyond the Obvious |website=www.startupwala.com |access-date=2022-06-16 |archive-date=16 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716043004/https://www.startupwala.com/trademarks-registration/search-MUMBAI-TCS.-BEYOND-THE-OBVIOUS-890410 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/-no-one-ever-wrote-a-book-about-tcs-111091700058_1.html |title=Business Standard – 'No one ever wrote a book about TCS' |newspaper=Business Standard India |date=17 September 2011 |access-date=2022-06-16 |archive-date=16 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616110549/https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/-no-one-ever-wrote-a-book-about-tcs-111091700058_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== 2001–2019 ===
In 2001, TCS entered the [[bioinformatics]] segment,<ref>{{cite news |title=Tcs Enters Into Bio-Informatics |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/tcs-enters-into-bio-informatics-101082801060_1.html |access-date=10 October 2024 |work=Business Standard |date=28 August 2001}}</ref> and three years later, launched India's first [[bioinformatics]] product.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.expresscomputeronline.com/20040802/indianews03.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040816185800/http://www.expresscomputeronline.com/20040802/indianews03.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 August 2004 |title=TCS launches the country's first bioinformatics product |work=The Indian Express |date=8 February 2004 }}</ref>

In 2003, TCS became the first Indian IT company to record $1 billion in revenue.<ref>{{cite news |title=TCS is India's first billion-dollar IT major |url=https://www.rediff.com/money/2003/jun/20tcs.htm |access-date=10 October 2024 |work=Rediff.com |date=20 June 2003 |archive-date=26 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126004304/https://www.rediff.com/money/2003/jun/20tcs.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> On 25 August 2004, TCS became a [[Public company|publicly listed company]] after its [[initial public offering]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/with-100-billion-m-cap-tcs-is-an-outlier/articleshow/63891810.cms|title=With $100 billion m-cap, TCS is an outlier|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=24 April 2018|archive-date=22 November 2022|access-date=24 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122123641/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/with-100-billion-m-cap-tcs-is-an-outlier/articleshow/63891810.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/06/15/stories/2004061502001000.htm |title=Star Performer Goes Public |work=Editorial |publisher=The Hindu |date=14 June 2004 |location=Chennai, India |access-date=13 February 2009 |archive-date=18 June 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040618043309/http://www.hindu.com/2004/06/15/stories/2004061502001000.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In July 2005, Tata Infotech, which was until then a different IT subsidiary of [[Tata Sons]], merged with TCS in a [[stock swap]] deal.<ref name="til">{{cite news |title=Tata Infotech merges with TCS at 2:1 swap |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/tata-infotech-merges-with-tcs-at-2-1-swap-105071601001_1.html |access-date=10 October 2024 |work=Business Standard |date=16 July 2005 |archive-date=16 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140816044039/http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/tata-infotech-merges-with-tcs-at-2-1-swap-105071601001_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Later that year, TCS changed its tagline from "Beyond the Obvious" to "Experience Certainty".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/advertising/brands/article/tcs-cmo-shares-all-the-work-behind-the-software-giants-new-look/articleshow/81763624.cms |title=Business Insider India – 10 months, 100 clients, and last minute course corrections — TCS CMO shares all the work behind the software giant's new look |website=www.businessinsider.in |access-date=2022-06-16}}</ref>

In 2006, TCS developed an [[Enterprise Resource Planning|ERP]] system for the [[Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://egovonline.net/interview/interview-details.asp?interviewid=808 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927011559/http://egovonline.net/interview/interview-details.asp?interviewid=808 |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 September 2011 |title=ICT helps IRCTC book 3.5 lakh e-Tickets in a day |work=E-GovOnline.net |date=11 July 2011}}</ref> By 2008, its e-business operations were generating over US$500 million in annual revenue.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kanavi |first=Shivanand |title=Megasoft |journal=Business India |page=52 |date=20 June 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com |title=Eye on future, TCS in revamp mode |work=Hindustan Times |date=12 February 2008}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

In 2011, TCS entered the [[small and medium enterprises]] market with [[cloud computing|cloud]]-based solutions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.computerweekly.com/Articles/2011/02/15/245449/TCS-targets-SME-market-with-cloud-computing.htm |title=TCS targets SME market with cloud computing |work=Computer Weekly |date=15 February 2011 |access-date=31 March 2011 |archive-date=17 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110917005503/http://www.computerweekly.com/Articles/2011/02/15/245449/TCS-targets-SME-market-with-cloud-computing.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> On the final trading day of 2011, it surpassed [[Reliance Industries Limited|RIL]] to achieve the highest market capitalization of any India-based company.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/tcs-overtakes-ril-as-countrys-most-valued-firm_641999.html |title=TCS overtakes RIL as country's most valued firm – PTI |publisher=Moneycontrol.com |date=30 December 2011 |access-date=3 September 2013 |archive-date=5 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605104607/http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/tcs-overtakes-ril-as-countrys-most-valued-firm_641999.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In the 2011–12 fiscal year, TCS achieved annual revenues exceeding US$10 billion for the first time.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/technology/tcs-beats-10-bn-revenue-mark-in-fy12-112042400081_1.html |title=TCS beats $10-bn revenue mark in FY12 |newspaper=Business Standard |date=24 April 2012 |access-date=3 September 2013 |archive-date=16 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716043005/https://www.business-standard.com/article/technology/tcs-beats-10-bn-revenue-mark-in-fy12-112042400081_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In May 2013, TCS was awarded a six-year contract valued at over {{INRConvert|11|b}} to provide services to the Indian [[Indian Postal Service|Department of Posts]].<ref>[http://www.tcs.com/news_events/press_releases/Pages/Department-Posts-Core-System-Integrator-project-TCS.aspx TCS News & Events: Press Release: Department of Posts Awards Core System Integrator project to TCS] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170209193000/http://www.tcs.com/news_events/press_releases/Pages/Department-Posts-Core-System-Integrator-project-TCS.aspx |date=9 February 2017 }}. TCS.com. Retrieved 6 December 2013.</ref> In 2013, the company moved from 13th to 10th place on the list of global IT services companies by revenue.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tech/tech-news/TCS-joins-top-10-global-IT-services-companies-club/articleshow/34067479.cms|title=TCS joins top 10 global IT services companies club|work=The Times of India|access-date=2 July 2015|archive-date=11 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411214606/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tech/tech-news/TCS-joins-top-10-global-IT-services-companies-club/articleshow/34067479.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2014, it became the first [[List of companies of India|Indian company]] to exceed {{INRConvert|5|t|year=2014|mode=historical}} in market capitalization.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tech/tech-news/TCS-first-Indian-company-to-top-Rs-5-lakh-crore-market-cap/articleshow/38940093.cms|title=TCS first Indian company to top Rs 5 lakh crore market cap|date=24 July 2014|publisher=Times of India|archive-date=5 October 2015|access-date=18 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005235204/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tech/tech-news/TCS-first-Indian-company-to-top-Rs-5-lakh-crore-market-cap/articleshow/38940093.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.btvin.com/videos/watch/8117/tcs-crosses-rs.5-lk-cr-market-cap|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923195221/http://www.btvin.com/videos/watch/8117/tcs-crosses-rs.5-lk-cr-market-cap|url-status=usurped|archive-date=23 September 2015|title=TCS Crosses Rs.5 Lk Cr Market Cap|date=24 July 2014 |publisher=Bloomberg TV India}}</ref>

In January 2015, TCS became India's most profitable company, ending [[Reliance Industries Limited]]'s 23-year streak.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tech/tech-news/TCS-ends-RILs-23-year-run-as-most-profitable-firm/articleshow/45947297.cms|title=TCS ends RIL's 23-year run as most profitable firm|date=20 January 2014|publisher=Times of India|archive-date=21 April 2016|access-date=20 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421033641/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tech/tech-news/TCS-ends-RILs-23-year-run-as-most-profitable-firm/articleshow/45947297.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

In January 2017, TCS announced a partnership with Aurus, a payments technology company, to deliver payment solutions for retailers through TCS OmniStore, a unified store commerce platform.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.indiainfoline.com/article/news-top-story/tcs-tcs-partners-with-aurus-to-enhance-omnichannel-payment-solutions-with-omnistore-117011600323_1.html|title=TCS partners with Aurus to enhance Omnichannel payment solutions with OmniStore|access-date=17 January 2017|archive-date=20 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420064845/http://www.indiainfoline.com/article/news-top-story/tcs-tcs-partners-with-aurus-to-enhance-omnichannel-payment-solutions-with-omnistore-117011600323_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The same year, TCS China entered into a joint venture with the Chinese government.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/company/tata-consultancy-services-ltd-5400/information/company-history|title=Tata Consultancy Services Ltd.|work=Business Standard India|access-date=27 June 2018}}</ref>

In March 2018, Tata Sons sold TCS shares worth $1.25 billion in a bulk transaction.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/tata-to-sell-1-25-billion-stake-in-tcs-to-pay-debt/articleshow/63282529.cms |title=Tata to sell its stakes worth $1.25 billion in TCS to pay debt|website=The Times of India |date=13 March 2018|access-date=7 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007223133/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/tata-to-sell-1-25-billion-stake-in-tcs-to-pay-debt/articleshow/63282529.cms|archive-date=7 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2019, TCS received four Stevies at the American Business Awards.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/tcs-honored-with-four-stevies-at-the-2019-american-business-awards-119052301531_1.html|title=Tata Consultancy Services Ltd.|work=Business Standard India|access-date=23 May 2019}}</ref>

=== 2020–present ===
On 8 October 2020, TCS surpassed [[Accenture]] in market capitalization, becoming the world's most valuable IT company with a market capitalization of over $144 billion.<ref>{{Cite news|title=TCS surpasses Accenture in m-cap to become world's most-valuable IT company|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/tcs-surpasses-accenture-in-market-cap/articleshow/78558794.cms|access-date=13 October 2020|archive-date=9 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209181159/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/tcs-surpasses-accenture-in-market-cap/articleshow/78558794.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> On 25 January 2021, TCS briefly reclaimed the title of the world's most valuable IT company from Accenture with a market cap of $170 billion.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/stock-market/news/tcs-surpasses-accenture-to-become-the-worlds-largest-it-company-by-market-value-for-a-short-time/articleshow/80446014.cms|title=TCS briefly beats Accenture to become the world's largest IT company}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> On the same day, TCS also became India's most valuable company, surpassing [[Reliance Industries]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/business/tcs-share-price-news-tcs-surpasses-reliance-industries-to-become-countrys-most-valued-company-2357721|title=TCS Surpasses Reliance Industries To Become Country's Most Valued Company|date=25 January 2021}}</ref>

In May 2021, TCS, in collaboration with its consortium partner [[Neurotechnology (company)|Neurotechnology]], was selected by the [[Aadhaar#Unique Identification Authority|Unique Identification Authority of India]] (UIDAI) to provide biometric technology for the [[Aadhaar]] digital ID program.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|last=Macdonald|first=Ayang|date=2021-03-23|title=Neurotechnology to provide biometric de-duplication software for India's Aadhaar program|url=https://www.biometricupdate.com/202103/neurotechnology-to-provide-biometric-de-duplication-software-for-indias-aadhaar-program|access-date=2022-10-17|website=www.biometricupdate.com|language=en-US|archive-date=17 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017134824/https://www.biometricupdate.com/202103/neurotechnology-to-provide-biometric-de-duplication-software-for-indias-aadhaar-program|url-status=live}}</ref> The Aadhaar program, which has a database of over 1.3 billion citizens, has been described by [[World Bank Chief Economist]] [[Paul Romer]] as the "most sophisticated ID program in the world."<ref>{{cite web|date=2017-03-16|title=World Bank chief economist gives thumbs up to Aadhaar, says it's most sophisticated in the world|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy-politics/story/paul-romer-aadhaar-world-bank-biometric-system-india-id-world-bank-world-bank-chief-economist-70204-2017-03-16|access-date=2022-10-17|website=Business Today|language=en}}</ref>

In 2021, TCS underwent a millennial rebranding, and the company updated its tagline from "Experience Certainty" to "Building on Belief".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/tcs-unveils-new-brand-statement-building-on-belief/articleshow/81759477.cms|title=The Times of India – TCS unveils new brand statement 'Building on Belief'|newspaper=The Times of India|date=30 March 2021|access-date=2022-06-16}}</ref> In 2021, Tata Consultancy Services was also one of the largest job providers in India, hiring 43,000 new employees in the first half of the fiscal year 2021–22.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sangani|first=Priyanka|title=TCS hires 43,000 freshers in H1 FY22, plans to add 35,000 in H2|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/information-tech/tcs-hires-43000-freshers-in-h1-fy22-plans-to-add-35000-in-h2/articleshow/86869938.cms|website=The Economic Times|archive-date=16 January 2022|access-date=16 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116113937/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/information-tech/tcs-hires-43000-freshers-in-h1-fy22-plans-to-add-35000-in-h2/articleshow/86869938.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

In July 2025, TCS announced that it would downsize its global workforce by 2%, or about 12,000 employees, primarily from middle- and senior-level positions, citing a "[[Structural unemployment|skill mismatch]]".<ref>{{cite news |title=TCS to cut 2% of global workforce in mid and senior level roles over next 12 months |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/market/tcs-to-cut-2-of-global-workforce-in-middle-and-senior-grade-over-next-12-months-19644157.htm |access-date=29 July 2025 |work=CNBC TV18 |date=27 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=TCS layoffs: Job cuts due to skill mismatch, not AI automation, says CEO K Krithivasan |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/tcs-jobs-cut-due-to-skill-mismatch-not-ai-automation-ceo-k-krithivasan/articleshow/122944611.cms |access-date=29 July 2025 |work=The Economic Times |date=28 July 2025}}</ref>

==Acquisitions==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! data-sort-type="text"|Name
! data-sort-type="date"|Date
! data-sort-type="text"|Industry
! data-sort-type="text"|Country
! data-sort-type="currency"|Cost
! data-sort-type="number"|Employees
! class="unsortable"| {{Refh}}
|-
| [[CMC Limited]]
| October 2001
| [[Embedded software]]
| India
| $33.9m
| 3,102
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2001/10/18/stories/06180008.htm |title=TCS outlines vision for CMC |work=The Hindu |date=17 October 2001 |access-date=7 September 2013 |location=Chennai, India |archive-date=5 January 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040105122551/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2001/10/18/stories/06180008.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| Airline Financial Support Services India (AFSI)
| January 2004
| Airline and hospitality [[Business process outsourcing|BPO]]
| India
| $5.1m
| 400
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2003/may/06tcs.htm|title=TCS buys 75.1% stake in AFS from Swissair|work=Rediff.com|date=5 June 2003|access-date=17 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050313090727/http://www.rediff.com/money/2003/may/06tcs.htm|archive-date=13 March 2005|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2003/05/07/stories/2003050702560100.htm |title=TCS acquires Swissair stake in BPO jt venture |newspaper=The Hindu |date=7 May 2003 |access-date=7 September 2013}}</ref>
|-
| Aviation Software Development Consultancy India (ASDC)
| March 2004
| IT services
| India
| $3.1m
| 180
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news |title=TCS buys out Singapore Airlines in JV for Rs 14 cr |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tcs-buys-out-singapore-airlines-in-jv-for-rs-14-cr/articleshow/552861.cms |access-date=2 September 2025 |work=The Economic Times |date=10 March 2004}}</ref>
|-
| Phoenix Global Solutions
| May 2004
| Insurance consulting and BPO
| India
| $130m
| 400
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.computerweekly.com/Articles/2004/05/11/202355/tata-acquires-phoenix-india-arm.htm|title=Tata acquires Phoenix India arm|publisher=ComputerWeekly.com |date=11 May 2004}}</ref>
|-
| Swedish Indian IT Resources AB (SITAR)
| May 2005
| IT services
| Sweden
| $4.8m
| n/a
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ibef.org/download/TCS_23oct.pdf |title=Tata Consultancy Services Limited |publisher=Indian Brand Equity Foundation |date=23 October 2006 |access-date=7 September 2013 |archive-date=18 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418033850/http://www.ibef.org/download/TCS_23oct.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Pearl Group]]
| October 2005
| Insurance
| United Kingdom
| $94.7m
| 950
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2005-10-19/news/27481313_1_pearl-group-life-insurance-tcs-md |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130907122822/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2005-10-19/news/27481313_1_pearl-group-life-insurance-tcs-md |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 September 2013 |title=TCS to buy Pearl Group's life insurance, pension units |newspaper=Economic Times |date=19 October 2005 |access-date=7 September 2013}}</ref>
|-
| Financial Network Services (FNS)
| October 2005
| Core banking software
| Australia
| $26m
| 190
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2005-10-21/news/27505777_1_banking-solution-fns-tcs |title=TCS acquires Australian core banking solutions co |newspaper=Economic Times |date=21 October 2005 |access-date=7 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806012304/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2005-10-21/news/27505777_1_banking-solution-fns-tcs |archive-date=6 August 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| Comicrom
| November 2005
| Banking BPO
| Chile
| $23m
| 1,257
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/09/stories/2005110904261800.htm |title=TCS buys Chilean BPO firm |newspaper=The Hindu |date=9 November 2005 |access-date=7 September 2013 |location=Chennai, India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205184825/http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/09/stories/2005110904261800.htm |archive-date=5 December 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| Tata Infotech
| February 2006
| IT services
| India
| $259.2m
| 3,600
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/oldStory/74512/ |title=Tata Infotech, TCS to merge |newspaper=Indian Express |date=16 July 2005 |access-date=7 September 2013}}</ref><ref name="til"/>
|-
| TCS Management
| November 2006
| IT services
| Australia
| $13m
| 35
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2006-11-08/news/27424804_1_australian-business-consulting-australian-dollars |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130504055109/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2006-11-08/news/27424804_1_australian-business-consulting-australian-dollars |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 May 2013 |title=TCS acquires Australian consultancy firm |newspaper=Economic Times |date=8 November 2006 |access-date=7 September 2013}}</ref>
|-
| TKS-Teknosoft
| November 2006
| Banking software
| Chile
| $80.4m
| 115
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/tcs-acquires-swiss-firm-tksteknosoft/182435/|title=TCS acquires Swiss firm TKS-Teknosoft|publisher=Financial Express|date=1 November 2006|access-date=7 September 2013|archive-date=28 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228050802/http://www.financialexpress.com/news/tcs-acquires-swiss-firm-tksteknosoft/182435|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Citigroup]] Global Services
| December 2008
| Banking and financial services BPO
| India
| $512m
| 12,472
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aZ8HTV7QJlsA|title=Tata Consultancy Services to Acquire Citigroup Global Services|publisher=Bloomberg.com|date=8 October 2008|access-date=8 September 2013|archive-date=14 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114111806/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aZ8HTV7QJlsA|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-10-09/news/28436872_1_cgsl-citigroup-global-services-tcs |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228020300/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-10-09/news/28436872_1_cgsl-citigroup-global-services-tcs |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 December 2013 |title=TCS takes a lead, but deal raises a few concerns |newspaper=Economic Times |date=9 October 2008 |access-date=8 September 2013}}</ref>
|-
| [[SuperValu (United States)|SuperValu]] Services India
| September 2010
| IT services and BPO
| India
| $100m
| 600
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-09-16/software-services/28259747_1_supervalu-captive-unit-capabilities-and-domain-knowledge |title=TCS buys captive unit of SuperValu |newspaper=Times of India |date=16 September 2010 |access-date=8 September 2013 |archive-date=22 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622232557/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-09-16/software-services/28259747_1_supervalu-captive-unit-capabilities-and-domain-knowledge |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| [[Computational Research Laboratories]]
| August 2012
| High performance computing
| India
| $34m
| 80
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news| url = http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-08-16/news/33233170_1_n-chandrasekaran-tcs-ceo-and-md-hpc | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131228020254/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-08-16/news/33233170_1_n-chandrasekaran-tcs-ceo-and-md-hpc | url-status = dead | archive-date = 28 December 2013 | title = TCS to buy tech startup 'Computational Research Labs' for $34 million |newspaper=Economic Times |date=16 August 2012 |access-date=8 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/info-tech/tcs-buys-high-performance-computing-startup-for-rs-188-cr/article3779743.ece |title=TCS buys high performance computing start-up for Rs 188 cr |newspaper=The Hindu |date=16 August 2012 |access-date=8 September 2013 |archive-date=28 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228070846/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/info-tech/tcs-buys-high-performance-computing-startup-for-rs-188-cr/article3779743.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| Alti SA
| April 2013
| IT services
| France
| $97.5m
| 1,200
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Thoppil |first1=Dhanya Ann |title=TCS to Buy French Firm Alti |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323550604578411780491516630 |access-date=2 September 2025 |work=Wall Street Journal |date=9 April 2013}}</ref>
|-
| BridgePoint Group
| November 2018
| [[Management consulting]]
| United States
|
|
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/tcs-acquires-us-based-management-consulting-firm-bridgepoint-group-118112800895_1.html|title=TCS' second acquisition this month, acquires US-based BridgePoint Group|last=Majumdar|first=Romita|date=28 November 2018|work=Business Standard India|access-date=5 September 2019|archive-date=5 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905155232/https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/tcs-acquires-us-based-management-consulting-firm-bridgepoint-group-118112800895_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/tcs-acquires-us-management-consulting-firm-bridgepoint-group/article25614225.ece|title=TCS acquires US management consulting firm BridgePoint Group|last=Agarwal|first=Varun|website=@businessline|date=28 November 2018 |access-date=5 September 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Postbank Systems
| November 2020
| IT services
| Germany
|
|
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.manager-magazin.de/unternehmen/banken/postbank-tata-consulting-kauft-it-postbank-systems-a-448fb689-ef57-4887-aa1a-f443cce6f8ea|title=Tata übernimmt Postbank Systems|language=de|access-date=9 November 2020}}</ref>
|-
| Pramerica Systems Ireland
| December 2020
| IT services
| Ireland
|
| 1,500
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/business/financial-services/tata-consultancy-services-agrees-to-buy-donegal-based-pramerica-1.4407592|title=Tata Consultancy Services agrees to buy Donegal-based Pramerica|first=Laura|last=Slattery|date=2020-11-12|archive-date=1 February 2021|access-date=28 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201102139/https://www.irishtimes.com/business/financial-services/tata-consultancy-services-agrees-to-buy-donegal-based-pramerica-1.4407592|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Darshita Southern India Happy Homes
|March 2025
|Real estate
|India
|$260m
|
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-11 |title=TCS buys 100% stake in commercial realty firm Darshita Southern India Happy Homes |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/information-tech/tcs-buys-100-stake-in-commercial-realty-firm-darshita-southern-india-happy-homes/articleshow/118897491.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-03-20 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-11 |title=TCS to acquire Darshita Southern India Happy Homes for ₹2,250 crore to expand delivery center - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/market/stocks/tcs-share-price-to-acquire-darshita-southern-india-happy-homes-for-rs-2250-crore-to-expand-delivery-center-19572260.htm |access-date=2025-03-20 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==Corporate affairs==
===Geographical presence===
[[File:TCS-Siruseri-Building.jpg|thumb|Tata Consultancy Services building in [[SIPCOT IT Park|SIPCOT]], [[Siruseri]], [[Chennai]]]]
[[File:Tata Consultancy Services Madhapur Hyderabad.jpg|thumb|Tata Consultancy Services, Deccan Park campus in [[Hyderabad]]]]
As of September 2023, TCS had a total of 51 subsidiary companies in 55 countries,<ref>{{cite web|title=Integrated Annual Report 2020-21|url=https://www.tcs.com/content/dam/tcs/investor-relations/financial-statements/2020-21/ar/annual-report-2020-2021.pdf|website=TCS|page=51|access-date=17 October 2021|archive-date=20 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920120615/https://www.tcs.com/content/dam/tcs/investor-relations/financial-statements/2020-21/ar/annual-report-2020-2021.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Tata Consultancy Services' Subsidiaries Worldwide |url=https://www.tcs.com/investor-relations/subsidiaries |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=www.tcs.com |language=en |archive-date=20 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120021910/https://www.tcs.com/investor-relations/subsidiaries |url-status=live }}</ref> and more than 500 offices globally.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tcs.com/locations|title=TCS Locations|publisher=Tata Consultancy Services|access-date=2024-08-16}}</ref> In India, TCS has multiple delivery centers in major cities, including Mumbai, Bangalore, Chennai, and Hyderabad.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tcs.com/india|title=TCS in India|publisher=Tata Consultancy Services|access-date=2024-08-16|archive-date=16 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516173730/https://www.tcs.com/india|url-status=live}}</ref> It has significant operations in key markets such as the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and Singapore.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tcs.com/global-presence|title=TCS Global Presence|publisher=Tata Consultancy Services|access-date=2024-08-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/TCS-bets-on-growing-economy-of-Peru/articleshow/6213917.cms|title=TCS bets on growing economy of Peru|publisher=Times of India|date=25 July 2010|access-date=11 May 2017|archive-date=16 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516123915/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-25/business/28285556_1_tcs-bets-tata-consultancy-services-bpo|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Employees===

Tata Consultancy Services (TCS) is one of the largest [[private-sector]] employers in India,<ref name="TCS">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tech/tech-news/software-services/TCS-Q4-net-profit-jumps-22-to-Rs-3597-crore/articleshow/19597150.cms|title=TCS Q4 net profit jumps 22% to Rs 3,597 crore|publisher=Times of India|date=17 April 2013|access-date=3 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105115606/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-17/software-services/38614630_1_march-31-net-profit-new-growth-engines|archive-date=5 November 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> and ranked as the fourth-largest employer overall in 2015, following [[Indian Railways]], [[Indian Army]], and [[India Post]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/slideshows/nation-world/indias-eight-biggest-employers/slideshow/47861071.cms|title=India's eight biggest employers|website=The Economic Times|access-date=27 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180910014858/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/slideshows/nation-world/indias-eight-biggest-employers/slideshow/47861071.cms|archive-date=10 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2022, the employee count of TCS crossed 600,000, with a net addition of about 100,000 in one year.<ref>{{cite news |title=TCS Adds 14,136 Employees in Q1FY23, Crosses 600,000 Headcount; Attrition Rate Rises |url=https://www.news18.com/news/business/tcs-crosses-600000-headcount-adds-nearly-1-lakh-employees-in-one-year-5517253.html |access-date=2 September 2025 |work=News18 |date=8 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=TCS employee headcount crosses 5 lakh after record hirings in Q1 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/business/story/tcs-employee-headcount-crosses-5-lakh-after-record-hirings-in-q1-1826035-2021-07-09 |access-date=30 September 2025 |work=India Today |date=9 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

In 2008, TCS was the fifth-largest recipient of H-1B visas in the United States, following [[Infosys]], [[Cognizant Technology Solutions|Cognizant]], [[Wipro]], and [[Mahindra Satyam|Satyam]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2009-02-24/indian-firms-microsoft-top-h-1b-listbusinessweek-business-news-stock-market-and-financial-advice|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916121302/http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2009-02-24/indian-firms-microsoft-top-h-1b-listbusinessweek-business-news-stock-market-and-financial-advice|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 September 2012|title=Indian Firms, Microsoft Top H-1B List|work=News|publisher=Businessweek|date=24 February 2009|access-date=8 September 2013}}</ref> In 2012, TCS and other Tata Group companies were the second-largest recipients of H-1B visas.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/international/top-10-h1b-visa-recipients-outsource-american-jobs-overseas-report/article4434544.ece|title=Top 10 H1B visa recipients outsource American jobs overseas: Report|newspaper=The Hindu|date=20 February 2013|access-date=8 September 2013|archive-date=5 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905001324/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/international/top-10-h1b-visa-recipients-outsource-american-jobs-overseas-report/article4434544.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=CW2013 /> As of 31 March 2013, the number of non-[[Indian people|Indian nationals]] employed by TCS was 21,282, representing 7.7% of the workforce.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/tcs-non-indian-employee-number-crosses-21-000-113060700770_1.html|title=TCS non-Indian employee number crosses 21,000|newspaper=Business Standard|date=7 June 2013|access-date=3 September 2013|archive-date=28 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928074824/http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/tcs-non-indian-employee-number-crosses-21-000-113060700770_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Leadership ===
TCS has had five CEOs since its inception in 1968.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!CEO
!Tenure
|-
|[[F. C. Kohli]]
|1968–1996
|-
|[[Subramaniam Ramadorai]]
|1996–2009
|-
|[[Natarajan Chandrasekaran]]
|2009–2017
|-
|[[Rajesh Gopinathan]]
|2017–2023
|-
|K. Krithivasan<ref>{{cite web |date=5 June 2023 |title=Read TCS New CEO K Krithivasan's First Email To Employees |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/worth/news/tcs-new-ceo-k-krithivasan-first-email-to-employees-604918.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605162749/https://www.indiatimes.com/worth/news/tcs-new-ceo-k-krithivasan-first-email-to-employees-604918.html |archive-date=5 June 2023 |access-date=2023-06-05 |publisher=Indiatimes.com}}</ref>
|2023–present
|}

==Business divisions==
===Products and platforms===
In 2021, the software products and [[Software as a service|SaaS]]-based platforms business of TCS generated about $3 billion in revenue, accounting for 12–15% of the company's total revenue, according to [[Chief operating officer|COO]] N. Ganapathy Subramaniam.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Sangani|first=Priyanka|title=TCS says its platforms and products business is worth about $3 billion|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/information-tech/tcs-says-its-platforms-and-products-business-is-worth-about-3-billion/articleshow/87105492.cms|access-date=2022-05-02|date=18 October 2021}}</ref> Its notable products included [[TCS BaNCS]], TCS Cognix, TCS Quartz, TCS HOBS, TCS MasterCraft, and TCS OmniStore.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tata Consultancy Services (TCS IN) |url=https://images.assettype.com/bloombergquint/2022-01/a1b0a068-64cd-4ea3-bd3c-c82677890f42/Prabhudas_Lilladher_TCS_Q3FY22_Result_Update.pdf |publisher=Prabhudas Lilladher |access-date=2 September 2025 |date=13 January 2022}}</ref>

In 2015, TCS started an [[enterprise software]] venture called Digitate, based in [[Pune]] and [[Santa Clara, California|Santa Clara]], which released its [[artificial intelligence]] platform Ignio the same year.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chandrashekhar |first1=Anandi |title=TCS Ignio to touch $100 million revenue milestone this year |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/ites/tcs-ignio-to-touch-100-million-revenue-milestone-this-year/articleshow/76263767.cms |access-date=6 September 2025 |work=The Economic Times |date=8 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=J |first1=Anand |title=TCS' AI solution Ignio powers Canadian retail giant’s digital transformation |url=https://www.techcircle.in/2019/04/09/tcs-ai-solution-ignio-powers-canadian-retail-giant-s-digital-transformation |access-date=6 September 2025 |work=Techcircle |date=9 April 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

===TCS BPS===
The TCS BPS division provides [[business process management]] services. It had an estimated revenue of $3.5 billion in financial year 2023–24, as per an Everest Group report.<ref>{{cite web |title=Everest Group - BPS Top 50 |url=https://www.everestgrp.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Everest_Group_BPS_Top_50_2024.pdf |publisher=Everest Global, Inc. |access-date=2 September 2025}}</ref>

TCS BPS also provides services for biopharmaceutical majors, including [[clinical research]], [[data management]], [[biostatistics]], [[medical writing]], clinical programming, [[pharmacovigilance]], and [[Real world evidence|RWE]] support towards global drug development efforts.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2006-11-13/news/27444972_1_clinical-trial-tcs-tata-consultancy-services|title=TCS wins $35 mn Eli Lilly contract|work=timesofindia-economictimes|access-date=2 July 2015|date=13 November 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703111225/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2006-11-13/news/27444972_1_clinical-trial-tcs-tata-consultancy-services|archive-date=3 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2007-09-05/news/28468976_1_j-rajagopal-tcs-roche|title=TCS in multi-million dollar deal with Swiss firm|work=timesofindia-economictimes|access-date=2 July 2015|date=5 September 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703110133/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2007-09-05/news/28468976_1_j-rajagopal-tcs-roche|archive-date=3 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Tata Research Development and Design Centre===
{{main|Tata Research Development and Design Centre}}

TCS established India's first software research centre, the [[Tata Research Development and Design Centre]], in [[Pune]], in 1981. TRDDC undertakes research in [[software engineering]], [[process engineering]], [[bioinformatics]], and [[systems science]]. In 2005, researchers at TRDDC developed MasterCraft, a [[Model-driven engineering|model-driven development]] software that can [[Automatic programming|automatically create code]] from a computer language, and rewrite the code based on the users' needs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/27/technology/when-outsourcing-loses-human-element.html|title=When Outsourcing Loses Human Element|publisher=The New York Times|date=27 May 2005|access-date=17 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060211010821/http://www.iht.com/articles/2005/05/26/business/tata.php|archive-date=11 February 2006|url-status=live}}</ref>

TRDDC and [[Tata Chemicals]] jointly developed Sujal (later marketed as [[Tata Swach]]), a low-cost [[water purifier]] manufactured using [[rice husk]] ash and [[silver nanoparticle]]s. TCS deployed thousands of these filters in the relief activities of the [[Indian Ocean tsunami]] disaster of 2004.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ieee.org/portal/cms_docs_iportals/iportals/aboutus/annualreport/2005/IEEE-AR05-Section1.pdf|title=Improving Our World – IEEE Annual Report(page 4)|publisher=IEEE|year=2005|access-date=17 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304083137/http://www.ieee.org/portal/cms_docs_iportals/iportals/aboutus/annualreport/2005/IEEE-AR05-Section1.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/40000/tata-launches-swach-water-filters.html |title=Tata launches 'Swach' water filters |publisher=Deccanherald. |date=7 December 2009 |access-date=12 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100302164751/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/40000/tata-launches-swach-water-filters.html |archive-date=2 March 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Chang |first1=Arlene |title=Tata Markets Inexpensive Water Filter |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704293604575343340396637802 |access-date=2 September 2025 |work=Wall Street Journal |date=6 July 2010}}</ref>

===Innovation labs===
[[File:Cornell Tech td (2019-11-03) 005 - Tata Innovation Center.jpg|thumb|Tata Innovation Center at [[Cornell Tech]] campus in New York City]]
In 2007, TCS launched its co-innovation network, a network of innovation labs, start-up alliances, university research departments, and venture capitalists.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/tcs-launches-its-coinnovation-network/191184/ |title=TCS launches its Co-Innovation Network |publisher=Financialexpress.com |date=18 January 2007 |access-date=16 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615085037/http://www.financialexpress.com/news/tcs-launches-its-coinnovation-network/191184 |archive-date=15 June 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tcs.com/about/tcs_difference/innovation/network/Pages/default.aspx |title=The TCS Co-Innovation Network |publisher=TCS |access-date=6 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130920024942/http://www.tcs.com/about/tcs_difference/innovation/network/Pages/default.aspx |archive-date=20 September 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> In addition, TCS has 19 innovation labs based in three countries.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tcs.com/about/tcs_difference/innovation/tcs_labs/Pages/default.aspx |title=Innovation Labs |publisher=TCS |access-date=16 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100711081924/http://www.tcs.com/about/tcs_difference/innovation/tcs_labs/Pages/default.aspx |archive-date=11 July 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> TCS' partners include [[CollabNet]] and [[William T. Coleman III|Cassatt]], and academic institutions such as [[Indian Institutes of Technology|IITs]], [[Stanford]], [[MIT]], and [[Carnegie Mellon]], and venture capitalists like [[Sequoia Capital|Sequoia]] and [[Kleiner Perkins]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tcs.com/about/tcs_difference/innovation/network/Pages/default.aspx |title=Co-Innovation Network |publisher=TCS |access-date=26 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100719075811/http://www.tcs.com/about/tcs_difference/innovation/network/Pages/default.aspx |archive-date=19 July 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Sponsorships==
TCS is the title sponsor for [[Toronto Waterfront Marathon]], [[London Marathon]], [[Amsterdam Marathon]], [[Mumbai Marathon]], [[Lidingöloppet]], and [[New York City Marathon]]<ref>[https://www.lidingoloppet.se/en-GB/site/tcs-lidingoloppet/partners/ Partners Lidingöloppet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129020341/https://www.lidingoloppet.se/en-GB/site/tcs-lidingoloppet/partners/ |date=29 November 2022 }}. Retrieved on 29 November 2022.</ref><ref>[http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/tcs-title-sponsor-for-new-york-road-runners-113100300366_1.html TCS title sponsor for New York Road Runners] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007090847/http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/tcs-title-sponsor-for-new-york-road-runners-113100300366_1.html |date=7 October 2013 }}. Business Standard (3 October 2013) Retrieved on 6 December 2013.</ref> and one of the sponsors of [[City2Surf (Sydney)|City2Surf]], Australian Running Festival, [[Berlin Marathon]], [[Chicago Marathon]], and [[Boston Marathon]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tcs.com/about/corp_facts/sponsorships/Pages/default.aspx |title=About TCS – Corporate Facts – Sponsorships |publisher=TCS |access-date=6 September 2013 |archive-date=5 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905114526/http://www.tcs.com/about/corp_facts/sponsorships/Pages/default.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> In India, it is the title sponsor of [[World 10K Bangalore|World 10K]] held in Bangalore every year.<ref>{{cite news|title=10 Things you must know about TCS World 10K Marathon 2015|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2015/05/10-things-you-must-know-about-tcs-world-10k-marathon-2015/|access-date=16 May 2015|publisher=news.biharprabha.com|date=16 May 2015}}</ref>

TCS has been a sponsor of the [[Indian Premier League]] team [[Rajasthan Royals]] since 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/archive/|title=Archive News|website=The Hindu|access-date=27 October 2018|archive-date=23 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323125406/http://www.thehindu.com/archive/|url-status=live}}</ref> It also provides the team with technology to help in the analysis of player performance, simulation, and use of [[RFID]] tags for tracking the players’ fitness levels and for security purposes in the stadiums.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-info-tech/article1048817.ece/|title=TCS is Rajasthan Royals' tech partner}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rajasthanroyals.com/news20090407.aspx/|title=Tata Consultancy Services enters the Indian Premier League|access-date=6 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501172353/http://www.rajasthanroyals.com/news20090407.aspx/|archive-date=1 May 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

TCS conducts an annual IT quiz for high school students called [[TCS IT Wiz]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tcsitwiz.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011024338/http://www.tcsitwiz.com/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=11 October 2007|title=TCS IT Wiz - India's biggest inter-school IT Quiz|website=www.tcsitwiz.com}}</ref> TCS also currently sponsors [[Jaguar Racing]] in [[Formula E]] and [[Nakajima Racing]] in [[Super Formula]].<ref>{{cite news |title=How TCS boosts motorsport with IT into Super Formula's next era |url=https://www.motorsport.com/super-formula/news/tcs-tata-motorsport-super-formula/10338902/ |access-date=10 October 2024 |work=Motorsport.com |date=15 July 2022 |language=en |archive-date=10 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010065628/https://www.motorsport.com/super-formula/news/tcs-tata-motorsport-super-formula/10338902/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Controversies==

=== Class action lawsuit in the US ===
On 14 February 2006, the US law firm [[Lieff Cabraser]] filed a nationwide [[class action]] lawsuit against TCS concerning payments to employees on deputation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lieffcabraser.com/Case-Center/Tata-Workers-in-America-Wages-Class-Action-Lawsuit.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030054357/http://www.lieffcabraser.com/Case-Center/Tata-Workers-in-America-Wages-Class-Action-Lawsuit.shtml|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 October 2013|title=Tata Workers in America Wages Class Action Lawsuit|work=Lieff Cabraser Heimann & Bernstein, LLP|access-date=2 July 2015}}</ref> This lawsuit was filed on behalf of all non-US citizens employed by TCS in California from 14 February 2002 to 30 June 2005. The workers alleged that they were compelled to forfeit their federal and state tax refunds to their employer and that their Indian salaries were wrongfully deducted from their US pay.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.in.msn.com/tcs-faces-class-action-lawsuit-in-us|title=TCS faces class-action lawsuit in US|date=4 April 2012|access-date=20 February 2013|work=MSN News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507092439/http://news.in.msn.com/tcs-faces-class-action-lawsuit-in-us|archive-date=7 May 2013}}</ref> On 22 February 2013, TCS agreed to settle the class-action suit for $30 million.<ref>{{cite news |title=TCS to pay $30 million to settle employee class action suit in US |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/ites/tcs-to-pay-30-million-to-settle-employee-class-action-suit-in-us/articleshow/18701530.cms |access-date=10 October 2024 |work=The Economic Times |date=28 February 2013}}</ref> In July 2013, Judge [[Claudia Wilken]] of the [[US District Court, Northern District of California]] in [[Oakland, California|Oakland]], California, granted final approval for the settlement of the lawsuit.

=== Trade secret lawsuit ===
In a lawsuit filed in October 2014 in the [[US District Court]] in Madison, [[Epic Systems]] accused TCS and Tata America International Corp of "brazenly stealing the trade secrets, [[Confidentiality|confidential information]], documents, and data" belonging to Epic. This lawsuit was amended in January and December 2015. In April 2016, a US jury imposed a US$940 million fine on TCS and [[Tata America International Corp]] in the trade secret case,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/ites/us-jury-slaps-940-million-fine-on-tcs-tata-america-international-corp-in-trade-secret-case/articleshow/51853894.cms|title=US jury slaps $940 million fine on TCS, Tata America International Corp in trade secret case|date=16 April 2016|newspaper=The Economic Times|archive-date=14 September 2018|access-date=27 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914024134/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/ites/us-jury-slaps-940-million-fine-on-tcs-tata-america-international-corp-in-trade-secret-case/articleshow/51853894.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> which was reduced to US$420 million in 2017.<ref>{{cite news |title=US court trims fine on TCS to $420 mn in Epic Systems suit |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/us-court-trims-fine-on-tcs-to-420-mn-in-epic-systems-suit/articleshow/60900867.cms |access-date=10 October 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=1 October 2017}}</ref> In 2020, an appeals court ruled that the US$280 million in punitive damages was "constitutionally excessive", but upheld the remaining portion of US$140 million in compensatory damages.<ref>{{cite news |title=US court held punitive damages award of $280 mn in Epic Systems case as "excessive": TCS |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/us-court-held-punitive-damages-award-of-280-mn-in-epic-systems-case-as-excessive-tcs/story-2eKavmgiB0CINrgtzBE3rN.html |access-date=10 October 2024 |work=Hindustan Times |archive-date=21 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821082116/https://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/us-court-held-punitive-damages-award-of-280-mn-in-epic-systems-case-as-excessive-tcs/story-2eKavmgiB0CINrgtzBE3rN.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The case concluded in November 2023, with TCS agreeing to pay US$125 million.<ref>{{Cite web|last=TURNER|first=BROCK|date=21 November 2023|title=Epic to get $125M from 2014 lawsuit|url=https://www.modernhealthcare.com/digital-health/epic-payout-2014-tata-consulting-trade-secrets-lawsuit|access-date=27 November 2023|website=Modern Healthcare|archive-date=22 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222203342/https://www.modernhealthcare.com/digital-health/epic-payout-2014-tata-consulting-trade-secrets-lawsuit|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Sexual harassment allegations ===
In 2019, an employee filed a complaint with the [[Kancheepuram]] labour court,<ref>{{Cite web|date=24 July 2019|title=Sexual Harassment Case: TCS Employee Alleges Denial of Justice by ICC|url=https://www.newsclick.in/sexual-harassment-case-tcs-employee-alleges-denial-justice-icc|access-date=11 September 2023|website=NewsClick|language=en}}</ref> alleging that Tata Consultancy Services' internal complaints committee mishandled<ref>{{Cite web|last=TNM|date=21 November 2020|title=Activists call on TN CM to fast track MeToo case against TCS techie|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/activists-call-tn-cm-fast-track-metoo-case-against-tcs-techie-138128|access-date=11 September 2023|website=The News Minute|language=en|archive-date=23 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123040954/https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/activists-call-tn-cm-fast-track-metoo-case-against-tcs-techie-138128|url-status=live}}</ref> a [[sexual harassment]] case. Despite the case being approved, there has been no significant progress over the years, with the worker accusing the company of delaying investigations.<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 March 2023|title=Nearing 4 Years and After 40 Hearings, No Relief for TCS Sexual Harassment Survivor|url=https://www.newsclick.in/nearing-4-years-and-after-40-hearings-no-relief-tcs-sexual-harassment-survivor|access-date=11 September 2023|website=NewsClick|language=en}}</ref> The worker has also reported unexplained transfers<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rao|first=Manasa|date=14 January 2020|title=TCS techie alleges she's been transferred for making sexual harassment complaint|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/tcs-techie-alleges-she-s-been-transferred-making-sexual-harassment-complaint-116063|access-date=11 September 2023|website=The News Minute|language=en|archive-date=23 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123040955/https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/tcs-techie-alleges-she-s-been-transferred-making-sexual-harassment-complaint-116063|url-status=live}}</ref> and other forms of alleged workplace retribution, including in performance reviews.<ref>{{Cite web|title=3 Years On, No Justice For TCS Employee Who Accused Boss Of Sex Assault|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/3-years-on-no-justice-for-tata-consultancy-services-employee-who-accused-boss-of-sex-assault-2584374|access-date=11 September 2023|website=NDTV.com|archive-date=23 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123040956/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/3-years-on-no-justice-for-tata-consultancy-services-employee-who-accused-boss-of-sex-assault-2584374|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Companies|India}}
* [[List of IT consulting firms]]
* [[List of largest employers in India]]
* [[Information technology in India]]
* [[List of Indian IT companies]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Tata Consultancy Services}}
* {{Official website}}

{{Tata Group}}
{{Nifty 200 companies}}
{{BSE Sensex}}
{{CNX Nifty companies}}
{{Major information technology consulting and outsourcing companies}}
{{Contract research organization}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Tata Consultancy Services| ]]
[[Category:Companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Technology companies established in 1968]]
[[Category:Information technology consulting firms of India]]
[[Category:International information technology consulting firms]]
[[Category:Outsourcing companies]]
[[Category:Software companies of India]]
[[Category:Information technology companies of India]]
[[Category:1968 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Consulting firms established in 1968]]
[[Category:Software companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Manufacturing execution system software]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:BSE SENSEX]]
[[Category:NIFTY 50]]
[[Category:Multinational companies headquartered in India]]

Made in Heaven (TV series)

2026-02-23T10:50:51Z

Danger Pandit Ankit: basic cleaned up page after review and updated info

{{Short description|2019 Indian romantic drama series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Made in Heaven Title Card.jpg
| image_upright =
| caption =
| creator = {{ubl|[[Zoya Akhtar]]|[[Reema Kagti]]}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Sobhita Dhulipala]]
*[[Arjun Mathur]]
*[[Kalki Koechlin]]
*[[Jim Sarbh]]
*[[Shashank Arora]]
*[[Shivani Raghuvanshi]]
*[[Mona Singh]]
*[[Trinetra Haldar Gummaraju]]
*[[Ishwak Singh]]
}}
| country = India
| language = English Hindi
| genre = [[Drama]] [[Romance fiction|Romance]]
| writer = Reema Kagti Zoya Akhtar [[Alankrita Shrivastava]]
| director = [[Nitya Mehra]] Zoya Akhtar Reema Kagti [[Prashant Nair]] [[Alankrita Shrivastava]] [[Neeraj Ghaywan]]
| cinematography = [[Jay Pinak Oza]] John Jacob Payyapalli Stefan Ciupek Tanay Satam [[Nikos Andritsakis]]
| editor = [[Apurva Asrani]] Meghna Sen Manchanda Anand Subaya Nitin Baid [[Namrata Rao]]
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 16<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2019 |title=Made In Heaven trailer: The web series delves into the madness behind Indian weddings |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/made-in-heaven-trailer-zoya-akhtar-5583402/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306045307/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/made-in-heaven-trailer-zoya-akhtar-5583402/ |archive-date=6 March 2019 |access-date=3 March 2019 |website=Indian Express}}</ref>
| list_episodes =
| music =
| runtime = 45–74 minutes
| company = [[Excel Entertainment]] [[Tiger Baby Films]]
| network = [[Amazon Prime Video]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2019|03|08|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2023|08|10|df=y}}
}}

'''''Made In Heaven''''' is an Indian [[romantic drama]] television series that premiered on [[Amazon Prime Video]] on 8 March 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 January 2019 |title=Zoya Akhtar's web series Made in Heaven to air on March 8, first look revealed |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/zoya-akhtar-s-web-series-made-in-heaven-to-air-on-march-8-first-look-revealed/story-v9j001YEBj7IUHqEBH1rAP.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927165720/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/zoya-akhtar-s-web-series-made-in-heaven-to-air-on-march-8-first-look-revealed/story-v9j001YEBj7IUHqEBH1rAP.html |archive-date=27 September 2019 |access-date=8 February 2019 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Produced by [[Excel Entertainment]], the series chronicles the lives of Tara and Karan, two wedding planners in [[Delhi]] running an agency named Made in Heaven. The series is Amazon Video’s fourth original fictional Indian series and stars [[Sobhita Dhulipala]], [[Arjun Mathur]], [[Jim Sarbh]], [[Shashank Arora]], [[Kalki Koechlin]], [[Shivani Raghuvanshi]] and [[Mona Singh]].

[[Zoya Akhtar]] and [[Reema Kagti]] created the show, and they wrote it with [[Alankrita Shrivastava]]. Akhtar, Shrivastava, [[Nitya Mehra]], and [[Prashant Nair]] served as directors for the nine episodes of the first season.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 March 2019 |title=Reema Kagti: Made in Heaven has all the ingredients for a delicious drama |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/made-in-heaven-reema-kagti-5615130/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307122057/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/made-in-heaven-reema-kagti-5615130/ |archive-date=7 March 2019 |access-date=8 March 2019 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref> Work on the second season was to begin in April 2020 but was postponed due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 April 2019 |title=Zoya Akhtar announces Made in Heaven Season 2: Back to work |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/web-series/story/zoya-akhtar-announces-made-in-heaven-2-back-to-work-1493213-2019-04-03 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404170620/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/web-series/story/zoya-akhtar-announces-made-in-heaven-2-back-to-work-1493213-2019-04-03 |archive-date=4 April 2019 |access-date=14 April 2019 |work=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 January 2020 |title='Made in Heaven 2' to Go on Floors Soon, Gets a Release Date? |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/hot-on-web/made-in-heaven-2-release-date |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320102723/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/hot-on-web/made-in-heaven-2-release-date |archive-date=20 March 2020 |access-date=20 March 2020 |website=The Quint |language=en}}</ref> Filming for the second season of the show was wrapped in April 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 April 2022 |title=Sobhita Dhulipala wraps shooting of 'Made in Heaven' season 2 |url=https://theprint.in/features/sobhita-dhulipala-wraps-shooting-of-made-in-heaven-season-2/902150 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204102507/https://theprint.in/feature/sobhita-dhulipala-wraps-shooting-of-made-in-heaven-season-2/902150/ |archive-date=4 February 2024 |access-date=5 April 2022 |work=The Print}}</ref> The second season was released on 10 August 2023.

==Plot==
''Made in Heaven'' portrays the present-day India as a blend of conservative and modern mindsets, where tradition and modern aspirations are at loggerheads. The show and protagonists' narratives play out against the backdrop of lavish and expensive weddings in each episode.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 January 2019 |title=Farhan Akhtar unveils first look poster of web series Made In Heaven |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/made-in-heaven-poster-farhan-akhtar-5542683/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190117100219/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/made-in-heaven-poster-farhan-akhtar-5542683/ |archive-date=17 January 2019 |access-date=17 January 2019 |website=IndianExpress}}</ref>

== Cast ==
===Main===
*[[Sobhita Dhulipala]] as Tara Singh Khanna
*[[Arjun Mathur]] as Karan Mehra
*[[Kalki Koechlin]] as Faiza Naqvi
*[[Jim Sarbh]] as Adil Khanna
*[[Shashank Arora]] as Kabir Basrai
*[[Shivani Raghuvanshi]] as Jaspreet "Jazz" Kaur
*[[Mona Singh]] as Bulbul Jauhari (Season 2)
*[[Trinetra Haldar Gummaraju]] as Meher Chaudhry (Season 2)
*[[Ishwak Singh]] as Raghav Sinha (Season 2)

===Recurring===
*[[Neel Madhav]] as Arjun Mehra, Karan's younger brother<ref name="doon">{{Cite magazine |last=Raggett |first=Matthew |editor-last=Sampath |editor-first=Karan |title=The Doon School Informational Review |url=https://issuu.com/dsirdoon/docs/dsir_spring_2019_issue |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200530192659/https://issuu.com/dsirdoon/docs/dsir_spring_2019_issue |archive-date=30 May 2020 |access-date=30 May 2020 |magazine=[[The Doon School Weekly]] |page=19 |via=issuu.com |issue=May 2019 |quote="It was good to see two Doscos amongst the cast as they make their way in the world; Aditi Joshi played the bride in the first episode and Neel Madhav played Karan's younger brother in two episodes." |institution=[[The Doon School]]}}</ref><ref name="epi">{{Cite episode |title=All That Glitters Is Gold |url=https://www.amazon.com/Made-In-Heaven-Season-1/dp/B07P67NJCC |series=Made in Heaven |network=Amazon |date=March 2019 |season=1 |number=1 |time=21m44s |language=en |access-date=30 May 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117193501/https://www.amazon.com/Made-In-Heaven-Season-1/dp/B07P67NJCC |archive-date=17 November 2020}}</ref>
*[[Vijay Raaz]] as Ramesh Jauhari, Tara and Karan's confidant-turned-business partner, formerly Karan's loan-shark
*Zachary Coffin as Adam
*Natasha Singh as Shibani Bagchi (Season 1)
*[[Vinay Pathak]] as Ramesh Gupta, Karan's landlord (Season 1)
*[[Dalip Tahil]] as Kishore Khanna, Adil's father and Tara's father-in-law (Season 1)
*Yashaswini Dayama as Mitali Gupta
*[[Manini Mishra]] as Vimala Singh
*[[Ayesha Raza Mishra]] as Renu Gupta, Ramesh' wife (Season 1)
*[[Suchitra Pillai]] as Mani Pandey (Season 1)
*[[Denzil Smith]] as Mr. Swarup
*[[Lushin Dubey]] as Sheila Naqvi, Faiza's mother
*Saket Sharma as young Karan<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pandya |first=Sonal |date=17 January 2019 |title=First Look: Made in Heaven |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2019/jan/17/18196/first-look-kalki-koechlin-jim-sarbh-arjun-mathur-sobhita-dhulipala-headline-web-series-made-in-heaven |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128095712/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2019/jan/17/18196/first-look-kalki-koechlin-jim-sarbh-arjun-mathur-sobhita-dhulipala-headline-web-series-made-in-heaven |archive-date=28 January 2021 |access-date=9 March 2019 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref>
*[[Vikrant Massey]] as Nawab Khan, Karan's teenage crush, now friend
**Shalva Kinjawadekar as young Nawab
*Siddharth Bhardwaj as Inspector Chauhan
*[[Ankur Rathee]] as Sam
*Sahidur Rahaman as Nadeem Mechanic
*Mihir Ahuja as Dhruv Jauhari, Bulbul's son (Season 2)
*[[Naina Bhan]] as Dilshad, Kabir's ex-girlfriend

===Guest===
*[[Deepti Naval]] as Gayatri Mathur<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2019 |title='Made in Heaven' trailer: Big fat weddings and secrets in Amazon Prime Original series |url=https://scroll.in/reel/913222/made-in-heaven-trailer-zoya-akhtar-amazon-prime-video-web-series |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731214755/https://scroll.in/reel/913222/made-in-heaven-trailer-zoya-akhtar-amazon-prime-video-web-series |archive-date=31 July 2019 |access-date=8 March 2019 |website=Scroll}}</ref>
*Aman Bhagat as Rahul Mathur
*Rahul Vohra as Bijoy Chatterjee
*Purnendu Bhattacharya as Raghvendra Roshan<ref>{{Citation |title=Made in Heaven (TV Series 2019– ) - IMDb |url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt6494622/fullcredits |access-date=3 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605010014/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6494622/fullcredits |archive-date=5 June 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Neena Gupta]] as Veenu Roshan
*[[Pavail Gulati]] as Angad Roshan
*Aditi Joshi as Aliya Saxena
*[[Pulkit Samrat]] (seasons 1 and 2) as Sarfaraz Khan
*[[Manjot Singh]] as Joginder Sethi
*Dalai as Harsimran Mann<ref>{{Citation |title=Made in Heaven (TV Series 2019- ) |date=8 March 2019 |work=IMDb |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2855601/?ref_=nv_sr_1%3Fref_%3Dnv_sr_1 |access-date=27 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223121119/https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2855601/?ref_=nv_sr_1%3Fref_%3Dnv_sr_1 |archive-date=23 February 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Ravish Desai]] as Vishal Shrivastava
*[[Shweta Tripathi]] as Priyanka Mishra
*[[Preetika Chawla]] as Geetanjali Sinha
*[[Shishir Sharma]] as Mr. Sinha
*[[Dhairya Karwa]] as Samar Ranawat
*Rajnish Jaiswal as Jeet Gill
*Yaaneea Bharadwaj as Sukhmani Sadana
*Tanmay Dhamania as Nikhil Swarup
*[[Amrita Puri]] as Devyani Singh
*[[Maanvi Gagroo]] as Tarana Ali
*Vijay Gupta as Khalil Ansari
*Trisha Kale as Asma Ansari
*Anhad Singh as Utsav
*[[Rasika Dugal]] as Nutan Yadav
*[[Siddharth Menon (actor)|Siddharth Menon]] as John Matthew
*Anjum Sharma as Vishal Singh
*Aakriti Sharma as Mira
*[[Zayn Marie Khan]] as Sarina Kapoor (season 2)
*[[Mrunal Thakur]] as Adhira Arya (season 2)
*[[Neelam Kothari]] as Kriti Malhotra (season 2)
*[[Sanjay Kapoor]] as Ashok Malhotra (season 2)
*[[Samir Soni]] as Gulshan Raina (season 2)
*Naina Sareen as Gargi Raina (season 2)
*[[Elnaaz Norouzi]] as Leila Shirazi (season 2)
*[[Parul Gulati]] as Amber (season 2)
*[[Radhika Apte]] as Pallavi Menke (season 2)
*Samar Sarila as Vikram Sharma (season 2)
*[[Shibani Dandekar]] as Aditi (season 2)
*Sheena Khalid as Radhika Sharma (season 2)
*[[Parvin Dabas]] as Wasim (season 2)
*[[Dia Mirza]] as Shehnaz (season 2)
*[[Mukul Chadda]] as Rohit Ahuja (season 2)
*[[Kallirroi Tziafeta]] as Elmira (season 2)
*[[Lillete Dubey]] as Lina Mendez (season 2)
*[[Sarah-Jane Dias]] as Julie Mendez (season 2)
*[[Neil Bhoopalam]] as Danish (season 2)

==Episodes==
{{Series overview
| color1 = #F0D107
| link1 = #Season 1 (2019)
| episodes1 = 9
| released1 = {{Start date|2019|03|8|df=y}}

| color2 = #714A76
| link2 = #Season 2 (2023)
| episodes2 = 7
| released2 = {{Start date|2023|08|10|df=y}}}}

===Season 1===
{{Episode table |background=#F0D107 |overall= |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |airdateR= |country= |episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = All That Glitters Is Gold
|DirectedBy = [[Zoya Akhtar]]
|WrittenBy = [[Alankrita Shrivastava]], Zoya Akhtar & [[Reema Kagti]]
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|03|08|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Tara Khanna and Karan Mehra are the co-owners of Made In Heaven, a wedding planning agency in south Delhi. Tara is married to Adil Khanna, the heir to a wealthy family of industrialists, but is ambitious about running her own business despite already living in wealth. Karan, on the other hand, struggles financially and is a closeted homosexual. Karan and Tara outcompete a rival wedding planning agency, Harmony, in arranging the wedding of Angad Roshan, heir to the powerful Roshan dynasty. However, Angad's parents do not trust his fiancée Aliya, and have Tara and Karan perform a background check on her; they discourage Angad from marrying Aliya after learning she is not a virgin and once had an [[abortion]]. Karan convinces Angad to lie to his parents that the child was his own, but Aliya is incensed that Angad must lie about her past to his family and walks out on him during a prenuptial ceremony. Tara later convinces Aliya to reconcile with Angad, suggesting that she will become financially destitute if she derails her marriage. The two of them ultimately marry.
|LineColor = F0D107
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Star Struck Lovers
|DirectedBy = Zoya Akhtar
|WrittenBy = Alankrita Shrivastava, Zoya Akhtar & Reema Kagti
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|03|08|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Things get ugly when the film star Sarfaraz Khan kisses the bride Harsimran at one of the wedding events. The groom Joginder is livid and attempts to break into Khan's hotel room to attack him. Joginder’s parents eventually step in to defuse the situation. Tara and Karan then find out that Harsimran also slept with Khan that night. However, they are able to delete evidence of the affair from the hotel cameras before anyone else can find out. Jazz, a young Made In Heaven employee who Karan has taken under his wing, gets into trouble for sharing pictures from the wedding on her Facebook page, but she makes up for it by helping Joginder and Harsimran make up. Tara convinces Harsimran to pray at Joginder’s gurudwara and cook prasad for him. They eventually reconcile and the wedding successfully goes through. Meanwhile, Tara suspects Adil of having an affair. She confides in her best friend Faiza, who dismisses her concerns as paranoia. However, Adil is later revealed to be having an affair with Faiza.
|LineColor = F0D107
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = It's Never Too Late
|DirectedBy = [[Nitya Mehra]]
|WrittenBy = Alankrita Shrivastava, Zoya Akhtar & Reema Kagti
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|03|08|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Tara and Karan organize the wedding of an elderly couple, Gayatri Mathur and Bijoy Chatterjee. Gayatri's children disapprove of the marriage and initially refuse to attend the wedding, but Karan eventually convinces them otherwise. Much to his horror Karan finds out that Utsav, a man whom he ditched after a one-night stand, is now engaged to his former classmate, Bubbles. Utsav tries to convince Karan to sleep with him but Karan refuses. Karan decides to tell Bubbles the truth about Utsav, and she requests that he keep it between them. Flashbacks reveal Tara’s lower-middle-class background before she married into the Khanna family. Karan tells a friend, Sam, about his previous business venture which failed, prompting his mother to force his father into financially rescuing him; he then borrowed money from the street to start Made in Heaven and is currently paying off heavy debt. Adil and Faiza take a weekend getaway, but get into a car crash on the way home.
|LineColor = F0D107
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = The Price of Love
|DirectedBy = Nitya Mehra
|WrittenBy = Alankrita Shrivastava, Zoya Akhtar & Reema Kagti
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|03|08|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Tara finds out about Adil's affair when he and Faiza are hospitalized after their car accident. Nevertheless, she agrees to donate blood to Faiza, whose condition is critical at the time. Tara and Karan lose the contract for Bubbles’ wedding when she decides to go with another company. The financial strain forces Karan to agree to organise a wedding in Ludhiana for a friend. Meanwhile, Made in Heaven plans the wedding of IAS officer Vishal and his fiancée Priyanka. On the day of the wedding, Vishal's seemingly progressive parents demand a huge dowry and threaten to cancel the wedding if refused; Priyanka comes to find out that Vishal had covertly agreed to the plan, and walks out of the wedding. Tara confronts Adil about his affair. He apologizes and promises to make things right, but she rebuffs him. Jazz uses her company credit card to buy fancy clothes for herself. She plans to return them, but Karan fires her after Shibani, an employee who resents being underpaid for her skills and effort, reports the theft to him. Shibani is later offered an interview with Harmony. Karan hooks up with someone he meets at a bar. Unbeknownst to him, his landlord has installed a camera in his room and secretly watches them make love.
|LineColor = F0D107
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = A Marriage of Convenience
|DirectedBy = [[Prashant Nair]]
|WrittenBy = Alankrita Shrivastava, Zoya Akhtar & Reema Kagti
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|03|08|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Made in Heaven organizes a wedding in Ludhinana for an NRI groom who holds a contest to choose a local bride. The bride finds out that the groom is impotent on their wedding night. Afraid of the stigma associated with the dissolution of marriage, she decides to move to America anyway. Jazz’s drug addict brother steals money and jewellery from their mother and disappears. Jazz eventually finds him and brings him home. Karan’s landlord’s wife finds videos of Karan on her husband’s laptop. He tells her he was gathering evidence to file a police report when she confronts him. Karan is arrested at the end of the episode.
|LineColor = F0D107
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = Something Old, Something New
|DirectedBy = Prashant Nair
|WrittenBy = Alankrita Shrivastava, Zoya Akhtar & Reema Kagti
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|03|08|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Karan spends a couple of nights in prison where he is sexually assaulted by a police officer. Tara eventually manages to bail him out. He decides to move back to his rented place and sue the landlord. Made In Heaven arranges the wedding of Gitanjali, a banker and Wharton graduate with Nikhil, an NRI doctor. An astrologer claims that Gitanjali is [[Mangala Dosha|mangalik]] and must marry a tree first to defuse any ill luck. Gitanjali agrees but Nikhil freaks out when she tells him. He reasons with Gitanjali and she pretends to agree with him. Later she goes through with the [[tree marriage]] ceremony behind his back. Shibani leaves the company and joins Harmony Weddings. Adil undergoes some medical tests and learns that he has a low sperm count. Tara convinces him to take the supplements prescribed by the doctor. He visits Faiza but she tells him that she cannot be with him. Tara has been ignoring Faiza’s calls. She eventually goes to her house and trashes the place in anger. Karan’s landlord apologizes to him and reveals that he too is gay and has been hiding it all his life.
|LineColor = F0D107
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|Title = A Royal Affair
|DirectedBy = Nitya Mehra
|WrittenBy = Alankrita Shrivastava, Zoya Akhtar & Reema Kagti
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|03|08|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Adil confronts Tara about the showdown at Faiza's house before storming off in anger. Made In Heaven next organizes the marriage of Devyani Singh, an Indian Air Force pilot, with Samar, the son of the rich and royal Mr. Ranawat. Tara briefly reflects on her jealousy towards Adil's ex-fiancée Natasha, while Karan decides to withdraw the case against his landlord for the sake of the latter's daughter, who Karan is friends with. During the wedding, Jazz, who rejoins Made In Heaven after apologizing to Karan, unwittingly gets him and Tara to discover that Mr. Ranawat sexually assaulted a henna designer, Pooja, who is petrified about her trauma. Devyani meets Pooja at the Made In Heaven office and offers her two lakhs to silence the matter, when Pooja demands five lakhs, causing Devyani to close the deal and leave; unable to bear this and the realization that she carried the threat to file a case for money, Karan loses his temper on Pooja, causing a heated argument between him and Tara when Pooja walks out.
A flashback reveals that Adil and Tara had sex in his office, but as the CCTV footage of the embarrassing moment went viral, Adil's father offered Tara the same amount that Pooja had demanded, in exchange for clearing his son's name. While the wedding happens in peace, a journalist, Pavleen, who is Karan's friend, exposes the secret of the molestation during a press conference called for the announcement of a merger with a foreign luxury hotel brand, galvanizing the rest of the press. Kabir and Jazz share an intimate moment on the night of the wedding, while Karan decides to file a PIL against Section 377 of IPC immediately after his return.
|LineColor = F0D107
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 8
|Title = Pride and Bridezilla
|DirectedBy = Alankrita Shrivastava
|WrittenBy = Alankrita Shrivastava, Zoya Akhtar & Reema Kagti
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|03|08|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Made In Heaven organizes the wedding of Tarana Ali, the daughter of an army officer, while Tara decides to take up the cause for her assistant Khalil's daughter Asma's wedding with Subodh, a fellow chartered accountant at Asma's workplace. Karan finds Sam surprisingly at his doorstep, and they together reflect on the nightmare he suffered. A flashback reveals that Adil's engagement with Natasha was called off. While shooting for a music video, which she proposed, Kabir has an altercation with Tarana after she chastises Jazz; he tries to console Jazz, but she responds by telling her that he isn't fit for her. Asma's wedding soon takes place, with Tara and Karan in attendance. Meanwhile, the duo arrange for a meeting between Adil and Ramesh Jauhari, a silent partner and Karan's former loan shark. Karan soon confronts Kabir about the music video fiasco, revealing that Tarana's family is livid about the altercation. Tara, meanwhile, visits her family and grooming academy in Old Delhi, as she regains her lost sense of identity.
|LineColor = F0D107
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 9
|Title = The Great Escape
|DirectedBy = Alankrita Shrivastava
|WrittenBy = Alankrita Shrivastava, Zoya Akhtar & Reema Kagti
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|03|08|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Karan and Tara work on the wedding of two major warring political parties, the Singhs and the Yadavs, looking to consolidate their power through a marriage between the son, Vishal Singh and daughter, Nutan Yadav. Unfortunately for them, Nutan is already in love with John Matthew, an engineer of Christian background, whom she has been in a relationship with for several years since her college days. Out of fear of her dominating parents, she relents to this political marriage. However, once Karan and Tara learn about her situation through Kabir, they decide to help her escape from this forced relationship. Additionally, they learn that Nutan's elder sister was killed by her own parents with a pretense of suicide as her sister defied her parents by loving a man they didn't approve of, who was killed by them. With elaborate planning, they remove Nutan from her fortified house the day before marriage. She ends up marrying John in a church and tells the media that if she or her husband die, blame lies on her parents for conspiring against them.

Meanwhile, both Karan and Tara face their own personal struggles and attempt to resolve them: as for Karan, he confronts his own ghosts of hiding his homosexuality when he gets a Facebook message from his schoolmate Nawab supporting his fight for LGBTQ equality. Viewers are shown in a flashback about how Karan denies his homosexuality when Nawab's written love note for Karan is mocked by his classmates during a locker room meet. When Karan is confronted by his friends, he states that Nawab is trying to impose his homosexuality on him and then leads a homophobic attack on Nawab, terrorizing him. This causes Nawab to leave school with Karan guilt ridden for being the aggressor against him. Bringing this memory to light, Karan meets up with Nawab, who is now married. Karan apologizes to Nawab and then the two engage in a passionate night of sexual intercourse that never materialized when they were teenagers with mutual affection. Karan shares his emotional vulnerability with him and tells Nawab that he is his first true love. Nawab forgives him and the two continue to bond. Tara, in the meantime, participates in an intimate small dinner party with her husband and in-laws. During the dinner, Adil continues to get repeated phone calls from Faiza, that he eventually picks up. Upon his return, Tara publicly confronts him about this and then privately both fight about their broken relationship. Tara laments her relationship with him and regrets having a deceitful start to their relationship. A flashback reveals that Tara intentionally engaged in sex with Adil in his office to have it recorded, stealthily stole the recording and leaked it, using it as a means to get closer to Adil, break his engagement and allow herself to enter his rich lifestyle by being his wife. With this broken relationship, she realizes that she is paying the sins of breaking his previous relationship.

With deep remorse and shame, Tara leaves the mansion and meets up with Karan in their office. They discover that it has been vandalized by extremist right-wing groups wanting to wage war against Karan for his stand on homosexuality. Both Karan and Tara laugh at their tragedy and feel satisfied that they can re-start their new lives with the expensive jewelry that Tara brought along with her, as the show ends on a note describing how Section 377 was later repealed on grounds on being unconstitutional, an action which was considered a landmark judgment in the history of the Indian LGBTQ community.
|LineColor = F0D107
}}
}}

===Season 2===
{{Episode table |background=#714A76 |overall= |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |airdateR= |country= |episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Mirror Mirror On the Wall
|DirectedBy = [[Nitya Mehra]]
|WrittenBy = [[Alankrita Shrivastava]], [[Zoya Akhtar]] & [[Reema Kagti]]
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|08|10|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = The story continues six months after the finale of season 1. Made in Heaven (MIH) is no longer able to plan big weddings in Delhi, and is not as profitable as before. Ramesh Jauhari, who now owns one-third of MIH, has offered his old house to set up the new office after the original office was vandalised and destroyed. Bulbul Jauhari, Ramesh' wife, has joined MIH as the Auditor. She is overseeing the finances and her approach causes friction with the staff. The episode focuses on the wedding of Sarina and Aman, an NRI. She is looked down upon by her own mother, as well as her future in-laws, because of her skin tone. She secretly takes treatment to lighten skin and ends up with a rash on her face, a day before her bachelorette party. Upon learning the truth, Aman speaks his heart out to both Sarina's mother and Karan, asserting that he loves Sarina for who she is. Meanwhile, Tara and Adil have filed for a divorce and are given a 6 month waiting period. Tara's friends stop inviting her to parties and events where Adil and Faiza are in attendance, which hurts her deeply. Elsewhere, Kabir submits a short film based on the footage he shot at the previous weddings planned by Made in Heaven to [[Amazon Prime Video]]. He also plans to quit MIH in order to pursue a Master's degree in filmmaking, at [[NYU]], where he is planning to move with his girlfriend, Dilshad. Kabir is informed that Amazon is ready to pick his content if he is willing to make it into a docu-series format utilising the footage from all the weddings. Jazz is looking for a suitable groom for herself, which her mother resists as she would not be able to take care of her and her father. Tara has started seeing Raghav Sinha, a chef and restaurant owner, whom she meets at Kabir's house during a party. Tara's mother has now moved into the apartment Adil bought her. Karan's mother is diagnosed with fourth stage [[small-cell carcinoma]], but is reluctant to undergo chemotherapy. The episode ends with Adil's father passing away and Adil and his mother finding solace in Tara's presence.
|LineColor = 714A76
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Beauty and the Beast
|DirectedBy = Alankrita Shrivastava
|WrittenBy = Alankrita Shrivastava, Zoya Akhtar & Reema Kagti
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|08|10|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Tara and Karan begin organizing a wedding for Anik, a life coach, and his actress fiancée Adhira. Bulbul realizes that Anik is abusing Adhira and tells Tara and Karan. The two, knowing that they cannot afford to cancel a wedding, decide not to do anything about it. At the wedding, Anik grows jealous and throws Adhira to the ground and kicks her face; the wedding is cancelled. That night, he returns and tearfully begs for her forgiveness, and ultimately they marry, to Bulbul's dismay. It is revealed Bulbul is also a victim of physical abuse. Meanwhile, Adil's legal troubles begin: he discovers that his late father had a secret daughter, Gauri, and that their father left a stake in the company to her; he confronts her, but she refuses to give up her inheritance. Tara, knowing that Faiza is pregnant with Adil's child, also threatens to sue him. Meher, the new production head of Made in Heaven, arrives in Delhi and is greeted by Karan, who begins abusing drugs.
|LineColor = 714A76
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = And They Lived Happily Ever After
|DirectedBy = [[Neeraj Ghaywan]]
|WrittenBy = Alankrita Shrivastava, Zoya Akhtar & Reema Kagti
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|08|10|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Made in Heaven begins to organize the wedding of a young couple, Raj and Gargi, who do not know that Raj's mother, Kriti, and Gargi's father, Gulshan, are having an affair. Jazz witnesses their affair, and also witnesses Raj cheating on Gargi. She wishes to tell Gargi, but Tara won't allow her to do so. Ultimately, Gulshan and Kriti elope, and the young couple's wedding falls apart. Gulshan and Kriti have a wedding of their own, which then replaces Raj and Gargi's. Meanwhile, Tara fights with Adil for a 50% share in his father's company. Faiza encourages Adil to let Tara have the share; learning that Tara was the one who leaked the tape, she changes her mind about Tara. Adil tells his mother about Faiza's pregnancy. His mother is upset that Adil is having a child with a woman he's not married to; Adil grows upset that she tolerated his father's affair but not his own. Kabir's girlfriend, finding out he still has feelings for Jazz, breaks up with him. Karan visits his dying mother, who asks him to marry a woman. He refuses, and she asks him not to return. Karan falls into a debt of 23 lakh rupees while gambling, intoxicated on a fateful night, and later manages to pay off 5 lakhs. Tara notices Karan's strange behavior, but he refuses to tell her what he's been doing.
|LineColor = 714A76
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Love Story
|DirectedBy = Zoya Akhtar and Reema Kagti
|WrittenBy = Alankrita Shrivastava, Zoya Akhtar & Reema Kagti
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|08|10|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Made in Heaven organizes a wedding for film stars Sarfaraz and Leila, in Nice, France. The actors are getting married only to star in a film later together; however, Sarfaraz convinces the director to replace Leila with another actress. The upset Leila almost cancels the wedding, but Tara convinces her to not cancel. Karan gets high at a party and wakes up naked on the beach; Meher asks him to tell her what's been happening to him and he refuses. Karan, to pay off the remaining debt, siphons 18 lakh rupees from the MIH business. Made In Heaven cannot pay their fees because of this; the hotel threatens to cancel the wedding if the fees are not paid, and Tara has to ask a favor from her mother-in-law to pay all the fees. Nawab visits Karan in Nice, and tells him to abandon drugs. Karan throws away his drugs, but he and Tara have a heated argument. Bulbul's son Dhruv is suspended from school and charged with molestation.
|LineColor = 714A76
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = The Heart Skipped a Beat
|DirectedBy = Neeraj Ghaywan
|WrittenBy = Alankrita Shrivastava, Zoya Akhtar & Reema Kagti
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|08|10|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Following their argument in France, Tara and Karan are now working separately back at the MIH agency. Karan has moved out and now lives with his boyfriend Akshay, leaving Tara alone. Tara plans the wedding of Pallavi Menke; a Columbia University professor and activist, and her NRI lawyer fiancée Vikram. Pallavi is a Dalit, and while Vikram is supportive, his parents and wider family express discomfort during the wedding preparation. Pallavi however, fights back against this treatment and eventually the couple settle on a Buddhist wedding, in acceptance of her caste. Karan meanwhile, is planning the wedding of Rohit Ahuja and Vidya Iyer, the latter a recent divorcee with a young son, Ved. Karan notices the boy is withdrawn and quiet, and after comforting him learns that he misses his father and is struggling to adjust to his parents' separation. Reflecting on his broken relationship with his own mother, Karan encourages Vidya to pay more attention to Ved so that he can better adapt to his mother moving on. Vidya allows the boy’s father to visit him, and the wedding goes ahead smoothly, in a traditional South Indian style.
In the meantime, Adil hires a detective to spy on Tara, who takes pictures of her and Raghav together. Adil intends to use these pictures to tip the divorce settlement in his favour. Karan learns that his mother's health has deteriorated even further, but remains conflicted on whether to meet her or not. Bulbul and Mr Jauhari attend a meeting with the parents of other boys accused in the molestation case. The other parents remain obstinate about their sons' blamelessness, but the Jauharis are appalled by this and instead reprimand Dhruv privately. Later that night, their younger son Gaurav comes clean to his mother about an incriminating video involving Dhruv.

|LineColor = 714A76
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = Warrior Princesses
|DirectedBy = Alankrita Shrivastava
|WrittenBy = Alankrita Shrivastava, Zoya Akhtar & Reema Kagti
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|08|10|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Tara and Meher organize a [[commitment ceremony]] for a lesbian couple, Aditi and Radhika. Radhika is reluctant to invite her homophobic parents, but Tara and Aditi invite them anyway; Radhika's mother ultimately appears at the ceremony to support her daughter. Meher dates Danish, a theater professional. Tara seduces Adil, then threatens to take his house. When Karan's brother, Arjun, appears to confront him about avoiding his mother, Akshay finds out that Karan lied to him about his relationship with his mother. They break up, and Karan moves out, becoming Tara's roommate once more. Dhruv asks Bulbul the truth about his birth father; Bulbul eventually admits that her ex-husband was abusive to her and to Dhruv, and that she killed him with a knife when he tried to strangle Dhruv. Karan organizes the wedding of a [[polygamist]], Wasim, and his second wife, Elmira. Shehnaz, the first wife of Wasim, is unhappy about his second wife, but cannot divorce him. She tries to kill herself at the wedding, but is brought to the hospital and lives. With Karan's encouragement, Shehnaz decides to fight to make polygamy illegal. Karan's mother dies.
|LineColor = 714A76
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|Title = A Taste of Heaven
|DirectedBy = Zoya Akhtar and Reema Kagti
|WrittenBy = Alankrita Shrivastava, Zoya Akhtar & Reema Kagti
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|08|10|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Tara manipulates the Khanna family into giving her the Khanna house in the divorce settlement, and her divorce is finalized. Tara plans to live in the house with Karan and Raghav, but Raghav is upset that Tara forced her ex-mother-in-law to give up her house, and refuses to live there. Dhruv shows the police the incriminating video as proof of what his friend did. The funeral for Karan's mother is held. Danish invites Meher to his birthday party; Meher, feeling awkward around Danish's friends and family as a trans woman, leaves early. Meher expects Danish to break up with her, but he promises her that he loves her, and they stay together.
Meanwhile, a wedding for Roman and Julie is organized. Roman is a talented musician who has given up going to [[Berklee]] to stay with the pregnant Julie. On the wedding day, Roman has a panic attack. Julie tells him to back out of the wedding and pursue music at Berklee. He leaves, and the wedding proceeds as a celebration of Julie. Adil and Faiza finally marry.
|LineColor = 714A76
}}

}}

==Promotion and release==
The official trailer of the series was released on 15 February 2019. The series released on 8 March 2019 on [[Amazon Video|Prime Video]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 February 2019 |title=Made in Heaven -Trailer - Prime Original 2019 - 8th March 2019{{!}} Amazon Prime Video |url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=Qyg9_a7avTI |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204102441/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=Qyg9_a7avTI |archive-date=4 February 2024 |access-date=3 March 2019 |publisher=Amazon Video Prime India on [[YouTube]]}}</ref> The second season was announced on 6 July 2023, with its trailer releasing on 1 August 2023. The second season was released on 10 August 2023.

==Reception==
The show has received largely positive reviews with several critics and online reviews praising the series' dark take on the Big Fat Indian Wedding. Soumya Srivastava of [[Hindustan Times]] gave ''Made In Heaven'' four stars out of five, terming it the best desi original by [[Amazon Prime]]. Srivastava opines that [[Zoya Akhtar]] and [[Reema Kagti]]’s new show will keep you hooked.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 March 2019 |title=Made In Heaven review: The best desi original by Amazon Prime, it unmasks the shiny lies of big fat Indian weddings |url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/tv/made-in-heaven-review-zoya-akhtar-does-it-again-gives-amazon-prime-its-best-desi-original-yet/story-YONq0QxcOSwHiLx7ftJb2J_amp.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108103248/https://m.hindustantimes.com/tv/made-in-heaven-review-zoya-akhtar-does-it-again-gives-amazon-prime-its-best-desi-original-yet/story-YONq0QxcOSwHiLx7ftJb2J_amp.html |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=8 March 2019 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

Sanjukta Sharma of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' praised the performances, writing, "...performances, especially by Mathur and Dhulipala, engagingly and steadfastly chart a convincing trajectory of early struggles, promise, dysfunction, despair and uplifting resignation." The show's costumes received major acclaim as well, with fashion writer Shivani Yadav writing an in-depth analysis of season 2 in her newsletter, Popculture Sponge.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Sanjukta |date=9 March 2019 |title='Made in Heaven' review: Strong performances and sharp writing, but the weddings get in the way |url=https://scroll.in/reel/915796/made-in-heaven-review-strong-performances-and-sharp-writing-but-the-weddings-get-in-the-way |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512182210/https://scroll.in/reel/915796/made-in-heaven-review-strong-performances-and-sharp-writing-but-the-weddings-get-in-the-way |archive-date=12 May 2019 |access-date=14 March 2019 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Yadav |first=Shivani |date=13 August 2023 |title=Costume Analysis: Made In Heaven S2 - Part 1 |url=https://popculturesponge.substack.com/p/costume-analysis-made-in-heaven-s2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827092816/https://popculturesponge.substack.com/p/costume-analysis-made-in-heaven-s2 |archive-date=27 August 2023 |access-date=13 August 2023 |website=popculturesponge.substack.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

Ektaa Malik from ''[[The Indian Express]]'' stated the series works because all the characters, big and small, have their development curve etched well. The strong performances make each episode stand out.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 March 2019 |title=Made in Heaven review: What the Wedding Albums Don't Show |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/made-in-heaven-review-5618092/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503100814/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/made-in-heaven-review-5618092/ |archive-date=3 May 2021 |access-date=3 May 2021 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Critics have described it as a telling story about human nature and greater social dynamics in Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019 |title=Made in Heaven is about society! |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KDYFejlfcTE&list=PLBwihZbXetF_83w70V41bdGnu2cOAoouN |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206211402/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KDYFejlfcTE&list=PLBwihZbXetF_83w70V41bdGnu2cOAoouN |archive-date=6 December 2021 |access-date=25 June 2019 |publisher=Kovid Gupta Films}}</ref>

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Award
! scope="col" |Category
! scope="col" |Nominee(s)
! scope="col" |Result
! scope="col" |Ref.
|-
| rowspan="7" |2019
| rowspan="7" |[[iReel Awards]]
|Best Drama Series
|''Made In Heaven''
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|Best Actor -Drama
|[[Arjun Mathur]]
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|Best Actress -Drama
|[[Sobhita Dhulipala]]
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|Best Supporting Actor
|[[Jim Sarbh]]
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|Best Supporting Actress
|[[Shivani Raghuvanshi]]
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|Best Writing -Drama
|[[Reema Kagti]], [[Zoya Akhtar]] & [[Alankrita Shrivastava]]
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|Best Music
|''Made In Heaven (Season 1)''
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 September 2019 |title=iReel Awards 2019: Check Out The Complete List Of Winners |url=https://www.news18.com/photogallery/movies/ireel-awards-2019-check-out-the-complete-list-of-winners-2320007.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101134453/https://www.news18.com/photogallery/movies/ireel-awards-2019-check-out-the-complete-list-of-winners-2320007.html |archive-date=1 November 2022 |access-date=23 September 2019 |website=News18}}</ref>
|-
|[[48th International Emmy Awards|2020]]
|[[International Emmy Awards]]
|[[International Emmy Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|Arjun Mathur
|{{nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |2024
| rowspan="7" |[[2024 Filmfare OTT Awards|Filmfare OTT Awards]]
|Best Drama Series
|''Made In Heaven (Season 2)''
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="7" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Filmfare OTT Awards 2024: Kareena Kapoor, Diljit Dosanjh Bag Top Honours. Here's The Full List Of Winners |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/filmfare-ott-awards-2024-kareena-kapoor-diljit-dosanjh-bag-top-honours-heres-the-full-list-of-winners-7152011 |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=NDTV |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Best Actor in a Drama Series
|Arjun Mathur
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Actress in a Drama Series
|Sobhita Dhulipala
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series
|[[Shashank Arora]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series
|[[Mona Singh]]
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Production Design (Series)
|Sally White
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Costume Design (Series)
|Bhawna Sharma
|{{nom}}
|}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Made in Heaven
| type = soundtrack
| artist = Sagar Desai, Dub Sharma, Balkrishan Sharma and Sherry Mathews
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|2019|03|01|df=yes}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 March 2019 |title=Check out Made in Heaven (Music from the Prime Original Series) by Sagar Desai, Dub Sharma, Balkrishan Sharma & Sherry Mathews on Amazon Music |url=https://music.amazon.in/albums/B07P7TB1MZ?ref=dm_sh_MamHOkN8E23nYhNCIHRVhF2Zs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044101/https://music.amazon.in/albums/B07P7TB1MZ?ref=dm_sh_MamHOkN8E23nYhNCIHRVhF2Zs |archive-date=6 March 2019 |access-date=3 March 2019 |publisher=Amazon Music}}</ref>
| recorded = 2018
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Prime Original Tv Series [[Soundtrack]]
| length = 16:31
| language = [[Hindi]]
| label = [[Sony Music]] for [[Amazon Music]]
| misc = {{External media
| topic = '''Made in Heaven'''
| audio1 = [https://music.amazon.in/albums/B07P7TB1MZ?ref=dm_sh_MamHOkN8E23nYhNCIHRVhF2Zs Album on Amazon Music]}}
}}
The music is composed by Sagar Desai, Dub Sharma, Balkrishan Sharma and Sherry Mathews. Songs are rendered by [[Rituraj Mohanty|Rituraj]], Farad Bhiwandiwala and [[Vibha Saraf|Viba Saraf]]. [[Qawwali]] ''"Aye re sakhi more piya ghar aaye"'' is rendered by Nizami Brothers and chorus ''"Perfect Love"'' by Aadya Jaswal, Avika Diwan and Mehak Sanghera. Lyrics for "Jiya Jaye" and "Musafir" have been written by Amanda Sodhi.

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 16:31
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Aa Re Sakhi More Piya Ghar Aaye{{efn|Originally written by the Sufi poet [[Amir Khusrau]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 November 2020 |title=Ae Ri Sakhi {{!}} Maithili Thakur {{!}} Amir Khusro Qawwali |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QCExY6GbPJ4 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510143023/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QCExY6GbPJ4 |archive-date=10 May 2021 |access-date=9 May 2021 |publisher=[[Jashn-e-Rekhta]] |language=en}}</ref>}}
| extra1 = M S Nizami Brothers
| length1 = 6:19
| title2 = Jiya jaye
| extra2 = [[Rituraj Mohanty]]
| length2 = 2:17
| title3 = Musafir
| extra3 = Farad Bhiwandiwala
| length3 = 1:11
| title4 = Baarat Company
| extra4 = Rituraj
| length4 = 1:57
| title5 = Roshay{{efn|Originally written by the Kashmiri poet [[Habba Khatoon]].<ref>[https://open.spotify.com/track/0qvGAmRSEa8yl8aUvHoNQ0 Roshay] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510143554/https://open.spotify.com/track/0qvGAmRSEa8yl8aUvHoNQ0 |date=10 May 2021 }}. [[Spotify]].</ref>}}
| extra5 = Viba Saraf
| length5 = 2:22
| title6 = Perfect Love
| extra6 = Aadya Jaswal, Avika Diwan and Mehak Sanghera
| length6 = 2:25
}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|tt6494622}}

{{Zoya Akhtar}}
{{LGBT in India |state=collapsed}}
{{Amazon Video original series}}

[[Category:2019 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Amazon Prime Video original programming]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ-related television shows]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Wedding television shows]]
[[Category:Excel Entertainment films]]
[[Category:Tiger Baby Films films]]

2012–13 Ranji Trophy

2026-02-21T15:51:23Z

Danger Pandit Ankit:

{{Use British English|date=February 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = 2012–13 Ranji Trophy
| image = Ranji_trophy.jpg
| imagesize = 285px
| fromdate =
| todate =
| caption = The Ranji Trophy, which the winners get.
| administrator = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]
| cricket format = [[First-class cricket]]
| tournament format = [[Round-robin tournament|Round-robin]] then [[Single-elimination tournament|knockout]]
| host =
| champions = [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]
| count = 40
| participants = 27
| matches =
| attendance =
| player of the series =
| most runs = [[Jiwanjot Singh]] (Punjab) (995)
| most wickets = [[Ishwar Pandey]] (Madhya Pradesh) (48)
| website =
| previous_year = 2011–12
| previous_tournament = 2011–12 Ranji Trophy
| next_year = 2013–14
| next_tournament = 2013–14 Ranji Trophy
}}

The '''2012–13 [[Ranji Trophy]]''' was the 79th season of the [[Ranji Trophy]]. It was contested by 27 teams divided into three groups of nine teams each. The top three teams from Groups A and B proceeded to the quarterfinals along with the top two teams from Group C. [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]] won this year's trophy for the 40th time by beating [[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]] in the final at the Wankhede.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.wisdenindia.com/match-report/mumbai-blow-saurasthra-40th-ranji-title/47319|title=Mumbai blow Saurashtra away for 40th Ranji title|publisher=Wisden India|date=28 January 2013|access-date=29 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131025143608/http://www.wisdenindia.com/match-report/mumbai-blow-saurasthra-40th-ranji-title/47319|archive-date=25 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The season had a different grouping system compared to that of the previous seasons, which had Elite and Plate divisions. The new system also increased the number of matches of the tournament. The points awarded to outright wins were increased from five to six in order to encourage [[result (cricket)|results]]. The knock-out matches will be played across five days instead of four. All these changes were recommended by the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]'s Technical Committee in June 2012.

==Points system==
27 teams were divided into three groups of nine teams each. The top three teams from Groups A and B proceed to the quarterfinals along with the top two teams from Group C. The winner of this knock-out tournament wins the Ranji Trophy. These knock-out matches are decided on the first innings result if the final result is a [[draw (cricket)|draw]].

Points in the group stage of the tournament are awarded as follows:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Scenario !! Points
|-
| Outright win || 6
|-
| Bonus point (for innings and 10 wicket wins) || 1
|-
| 1st innings lead (in case of draw) || 3
|-
| 1st innings deficit (in case of draw) || 1
|-
| No result || 1
|-
| Outright defeat || 0
|}

==Groups==

{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}
'''Group A'''
* [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]
* [[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]]
* [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
* [[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]
* [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]
* [[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]]
* [[Railways cricket team|Railways]]
* [[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]]
* [[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]]

{{col-3}}
'''Group B'''
* [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]
* [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]
* [[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]]
* [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]
* [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]
* [[Odisha cricket team|Odisha]]
* [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]
* [[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]
* [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]
{{col-3}}
'''Group C'''
* [[Andhra cricket team|Andhra]]
* [[Assam cricket team|Assam]]
* [[Goa cricket team|Goa]]
* [[Himachal Pradesh cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]]
* [[Jammu and Kashmir cricket team|Jammu and Kashmir]]
* [[Jharkhand cricket team|Jharkhand]]
* [[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]]
* [[Services cricket team|Services]]
* [[Tripura cricket team|Tripura]]
{{col-end}}

==League table==

'''Group A'''
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; width:65%"
|-
! Teams !! Matches !! Won !! Lost !! Draw/NR !! Points !! Quotient
|--bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| [[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]] || 8 || 4 || 2 || 2 || '''32''' || 1.276
|--bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| [[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]] || 8 || 2 || 1 || 5 || '''23''' || 1.198
|--bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]] || 8 || 1 || 0 || 7 || '''23''' || 1.423
|-
| [[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]] || 8 || 2 || 0 || 6 || '''22''' || 0.922
|-
| [[Railways cricket team|Railways]] || 8 || 2 || 0 || 6 || '''21''' || 0.962
|-
| [[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]] || 8 || 2 || 2 || 4 || '''20''' || 1.035
|-
| [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]] || 8 || 1 || 4 || 3 || '''13''' || 0.805
|-
| [[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]] || 8 || 0 || 3 || 5 || '''11''' || 0.741
|--bgcolor="#FFCCCC"
| [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]] || 8 || 0 || 2 || 6 || '''10''' || 0.800
|}

'''Group B'''
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; width:65%"
|-
! Teams !! Matches !! Won !! Lost!! Draw/NR !! Points !! Quotient
|--bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| [[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]] || 8 || 4 || 0 || 4 || '''33''' || 1.365
|--bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]] || 8 || 2 || 1 || 5 || '''22''' || 1.019
|--bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]] || 8 || 2 || 1 || 5 || '''21''' || 1.081
|-
| [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]] || 8 || 2 || 4 || 2 || '''20''' || 1.251
|-
| [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]] || 8 || 2 || 0 || 6 || '''20''' || 0.840
|-
| [[Orissa cricket team|Orissa]] || 8 || 2 || 4 || 2 || '''16''' || 0.825
|-
| [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]] || 8 || 1 || 1 || 6 || '''14''' || 0.947
|-
| [[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]] || 8 || 1 || 3 || 4 || '''14''' || 0.790
|--bgcolor="#FFCCCC"
| [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]] || 8 || 0 || 3 || 5 || '''11''' || 0.930
|}

'''Group C'''
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; width:65%"
|-
! Teams !! Matches !! Won !! Lost!! Draw/NR !! Points !! Quotient
|--bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| [[Services cricket team|Services]] || 8 || 2 || 1 || 5 || '''26''' || 1.198
|--bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| [[Jharkhand cricket team|Jharkhand]] || 8 || 3 || 2 || 3 || '''24''' || 1.068
|-
| [[Andhra cricket team|Andhra]] || 8 || 1 || 0 || 7 || '''24''' || 1.089
|-
| [[Assam cricket team|Assam]] || 8 || 2 || 2 || 4 || '''21''' || 0.893
|-
| [[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]] || 8 || 2 || 1 || 5 || '''19''' || 1.082
|-
| [[Goa cricket team|Goa]] || 8 || 0 || 0 || 8 || '''16''' || 1.119
|-
| [[Jammu and Kashmir cricket team|Jammu and Kashmir]] || 8 || 2 || 3 || 3 || '''15''' || 0.772
|-
| [[Himachal Pradesh cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]] || 8 || 0 || 1 || 7 || '''15''' || 1.284
|-
| [[Tripura cricket team|Tripura]] || 8 || 1 || 3 || 4 || '''10''' || 0.691
|}

==Knockouts==

===Knockout tree===
{{Round8|style=white-space:nowrap


|6–10 Jan 2013 – Jamshedpur|'''[[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]]'''|FIL|[[Jharkhand cricket team|Jharkhand]]|
|6–10 Jan 2013 – Rajkot|'''[[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]]'''|FIL|[[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]|
|6–10 Jan 2013 – Mumbai|[[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]||'''[[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]'''|FIL
|6–8 Jan 2013 – Indore|[[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]||'''[[Services cricket team|Services]]'''|WIN

|16–20 Jan 2013 – Rajkot|[[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]]||'''[[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]]'''|WIN
|16–20 Jan 2013 – Delhi|'''[[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]'''|FIL|[[Services cricket team|Services]]|

|26–30 Jan 2013 – Mumbai|'''[[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]'''|WIN|[[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]]|

|3rdplace=no|||
}}

===Quarterfinals===
{{Test match
| date = 6–10 Jan 2013
| team1 = [[Jharkhand cricket team|Jharkhand]] (H)
| team2 = [[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]]
| score-team1-inns1 = '''401 (149 overs)'''
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Ishank Jaggi]] 132 (251)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Siddarth Kaul]] 4/78 (37 overs)
| score-team2-inns1 = '''699/3[[Declaration and forfeiture|d]] (229 overs)'''
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Taruwar Kohli]] 300[[not out|*]] (609)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Shahbaz Nadeem]] 2/193 (83 overs)
| score-team1-inns2 = '''33/0 (13 overs)'''
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Manish Vardhan]] 19[[Not out|*]] (39)
| wickets-team1-inns2 =
| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =
| result = Match drawn Punjab advance on first innings lead
| venue = [[Keenan Stadium]], [[Jamshedpur]]
| umpires = [[Sanjay Hazare]] and [[C. K. Nandan]]
| motm =
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-domestic-2012/engine/current/match/574130.html Scorecard]
| toss = Jharkhand won the toss and elected to bat
| rain =
| notes = Punjab advance to the semi-finals
}}
----
{{Test match
| date = 6–10 Jan 2013
| team1 = [[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]] (H)
| team2 = [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]
| score-team1-inns1 = '''469 (165.3 overs)'''
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Arpit Vasavada]] 152[[Not out|*]] (357)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Abhimanyu Mithun]] 3/79 (25 overs)
| score-team2-inns1 = '''396 (102.2 overs)'''
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Manish Pandey]] 177 (228)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Kamlesh Makvana]] 3/91 (23 overs)
| score-team1-inns2 = '''718/9 (167 overs)'''
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Cheteshwar Pujara]] 352 (427)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Krishnappa Gowtham]] 4/206 (48 overs)
| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =
| result = Match drawn Saurashtra advance on first innings lead
| venue = Saurashtra University Ground, [[Rajkot]]
| umpires = [[Krishna Hariharan|K. Hariharan]] and [[Subroto Das]]
| motm =
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-domestic-2012/engine/current/match/574131.html Scorecard]
| toss = Saurashtra won the toss and elected to bat
| rain =
| notes = Saurashtra advance to the semi-finals
}}
----
{{Test match
| date = 6–10 Jan 2013
| team1 = [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]] (H)
| team2 = [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]
| score-team1-inns1 = '''645/9[[Declaration and forfeiture|d]] (180 overs)'''
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Wasim Jaffer]] 150 (279)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Murtuja Vahora]] 4/119 (48 overs)
| score-team2-inns1 = '''271 (102.4 overs)'''
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Ambati Rayudu]] 89[[Not out|*]] (152)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Vishal Dabholkar]] 3/88 (34.5 overs)
| score-team1-inns2 = '''295/6[[Declaration and forfeiture|d]] (87 overs)'''
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Kaustubh Pawar]] 115 (234)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Bhargav Bhatt (cricketer)|Bhargav Bhatt]] 3/106 (37 overs)
| score-team2-inns2 = '''137/3 (42 overs)'''
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Aditya Waghmode]] 60 (81)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Ankeet Chavan]] 2/42 (15 overs)
| result = Match drawn Mumbai advance on first innings lead
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Adrian Holdstock]] (RSA) and [[Krishnaraj Srinath]]
| motm =
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-domestic-2012/engine/current/match/574132.html Scorecard]
| toss = Mumbai won the toss and elected to bat
| rain =
| notes = First class debut: [[Vishal Dabholkar]] Mumbai advance to the semi-finals
}}
----
{{Test match
| date = 6–10 Jan 2013
| team2 = [[Services cricket team|Services]] (H)
| team1 = [[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]
| score-team1-inns1 = '''134 (38.4 overs)'''
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Imtiyaz Ahmed]] 53[[not out|*]] (35)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Shadab Nazar]] 5/51 (13 overs)
| score-team2-inns1 = '''263 (68 overs)'''
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Rajat Paliwal]] 112 (133)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Ankit Rajpoot]] 5/61 (15 overs)
| score-team1-inns2 = '''241 (78 overs)'''
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Tanmay Srivastava]] 54 (157)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Suraj Yadav]] 7/71 (32 overs)
| score-team2-inns2 = '''116/5 (27.3 overs)'''
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Soumik Chatterjee]] 34[[not out|*]] (46)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Ankit Rajpoot]] 5/36 (11 overs)
| result = Services won by 5 wickets
| venue = [[Holkar Cricket Stadium]], [[Indore]]
| umpires = [[Rob Bailey (cricketer)|Rob Bailey]] (Eng) and [[Amiesh Saheba]]
| motm =
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-domestic-2012/engine/current/match/574133.html Scorecard]
| toss = Services won the toss and elected to field
| rain =
| notes = Services advance to the semi-finals
}}

===Semifinals===
{{Test match
| date = 16–20 Jan 2013
| team1 = [[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]] (H)
| team2 = [[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]]
| score-team1-inns1 = '''477 (155 overs)'''
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Sheldon Jackson (cricketer)|Sheldon Jackson]] 107 (172)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Sarabjit Ladda]] 3/109 (41 overs)
| score-team2-inns1 = '''299 (110.1 overs)'''
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Ravi Inder Singh (cricketer)|Ravi Inder Singh]] 74 (131)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Vishal Joshi]] 4/59 (18 overs)
| score-team1-inns2 = '''170 (63 overs)'''
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Shitanshu Kotak]] 53 (123)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Harbhajan Singh]] 4/60 (26 overs)
| score-team2-inns2 = '''119 (40 overs)'''
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Mandeep Singh]] 33 (57)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Vishal Joshi]] 5/43 (11 overs)
| result = Saurashtra won by 229 runs
| venue = [[Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Rajkot]]
| umpires = [[Rob Bailey (cricketer)|Rob Bailey]] (Eng) and [[Chettithody Shamshuddin]]
| motm = [[Vishal Joshi]] (Sau)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ranji-trophy-2012/engine/current/match/574134.html Scorecard]
| toss = Saurashtra won the toss and elected to bat
| rain =
| notes = Saurashtra advance to the finals
}}
----
{{Test match
| date = 16–20 Jan 2013
| team1 = [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]
| team2 = [[Services cricket team|Services]] (H)
| score-team1-inns1 = '''454/8[[Declaration and forfeiture|d]] (152 overs)'''
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Ajit Agarkar]] 145 (259)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Shadab Nazar]] 3/142 (44 overs)
| score-team2-inns1 = '''240 (91.4 overs)'''
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Soumya Swain]] 74 (156)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Dhawal Kulkarni]] 5/33 (21.4 overs)
| score-team1-inns2 =
| runs-team1-inns2 =
| wickets-team1-inns2 =
| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =
| result = Match drawn Mumbai advance on first innings lead
| venue = Palam A Ground, [[Delhi]]
| umpires = [[Adrian Holdstock]] (RSA) and [[Subroto Das]]
| motm =
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ranji-trophy-2012/engine/current/match/574135.html Scorecard]
| toss = Mumbai won the toss and elected to bat
| rain = No play possible on Day 3 and Day 4 due to rain
| notes = Mumbai advance to the finals
}}

===Final===
{{Test match
| date = 26–30 Jan 2013
| team1 = [[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]]
| team2 = [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]] (H)
| score-team1-inns1 = '''148 (75.3 overs)'''
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Aarpit Vasavada]] 55 (146)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Dhawal Kulkarni]] 4/24 (21.3 overs)
| score-team2-inns1 = '''355 (119 overs)'''
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Wasim Jaffer]] 132 (246)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Kamlesh Makvana]] 3/49 (16 overs)
| score-team1-inns2 = '''82 (36.3 overs)'''
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Dharmendrasinh Jadeja]] 22 (35)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Dhawal Kulkarni]] 5/32 (14.3 overs)
| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =
| result = Mumbai win by an innings and 125 runs
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Krishna Hariharan]] and [[C. K. Nandan]]
| motm = [[Wasim Jaffer]] ([[Mumbai]])
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ranji-trophy-2012/engine/current/match/574136.html Scorecard]
| toss = Mumbai won the toss and elected to field
| rain =
| notes =
}}

==Statistics==

===Most runs===
{| class="wikitable sortable" width=80%
|- align="center"
! class="unsortable" | Player
! class="unsortable" | Team
! class="unsortable" | Matches
! class="unsortable" | Inns
! Runs
! Ave
! HS
! 100s
! 50s
|- align="center"
| [[Jiwanjot Singh]] || [[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]] || 10 || 17 || '''995''' || 66.33 || 213 || 5 || 2
|- align="center"
| [[Muralidharen Gautam]] || [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]] || 9 || 14 || '''943''' || 117.87 || 264* || 3 || 2
|- align="center"
| [[Abhishek Nayar]] || [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]] || 10 || 16 || '''940''' || 104.44 || 132 || 3 || 8
|- align="center"
| [[Parthiv Patel]] || [[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]] || 8 || 13 || '''895''' || 68.84 || 162 || 3 || 6
|- align="center"
| [[VA Jagadeesh]] || [[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]] || 8 || 14 || '''871''' || 72.58 || 199* || 4 || 1
|}

===Most wickets===
{| class="wikitable sortable" width=80%
|- align="center"
! class="unsortable" | Player
! class="unsortable" | Team
! class="unsortable" | Matches
! class="unsortable" | Innings
! Wickets
! Ave.
! class="unsortable" | BBI
! class="unsortable" | BBM
! 5/i
! 10/m
|- align="center"
| [[Ishwar Pandey]] || [[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]] || 8 || 15 || '''48''' || 21.06 || 6/54 || 10/145 || 5 || 1
|- align="center"
| [[Siddarth Kaul]] || [[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]] || 9 || 17 || '''44''' || 23.79 || 6/63 || 8/81 || 2 || 0
|- align="center"
| [[Suraj Yadav]] || [[Services cricket team|Services]] || 10 || 15 || '''43''' || 21.90 || 7/71 || 9/106 || 2 || 0
|- align="center"
| [[Shahbaz Nadeem]] || [[Jharkhand cricket team|Jharkhand]] || 9 || 15 || '''42''' || 24.26 || 6/54 || 9/104 || 2 || 0
|- align="center"
| [[Sandeep Sharma]] || [[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]] || 9 || 16 || '''41''' || 19.41 || 7/25 || 10/82 || 3 || 1
|}

==See also==
*[[2013 Irani Cup]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ranji-trophy-2012/content/series/574010.html Ranji Trophy]

{{Ranji Trophy Seasons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ranji Trophy, 2012-13}}
[[Category:2012 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:2013 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 2012–13]]
[[Category:Ranji Trophy seasons]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{Indian-domestic-cricket-competition-stub}}

Vaman Shivram Apte

2026-02-12T03:21:48Z

Danger Pandit Ankit: done...

{{short description|Indian lexicographer and professor (1858–1892)}}
{{Expand Sanskrit|वामन शिवराम आप्टे|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox person

| name = Vaman Shivram Apte
| image = File:Vaman-Shivaram-Apte.jpg
| birth_date = 1858
| death_date = 9 August 1892 (aged 34)
| occupation = Lexicographer, Professor
| movement = [[Indian Independence Movement]]
| works = ''The Student's English-Sanskrit Dictionary''
}}

'''Vaman Shivram Apte''' (1858 – 9 August 1892<ref name=dsal>{{cite web|title=Frontmatter: Revised and enlarged edition of Prin. V. S. Apte's The practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/apte/frontmatter/frontmatter.html|website=Digital Dictionaries of South Asia|publisher=University of Chicago|access-date=9 September 2015}}</ref>) was an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[lexicographer]] and a professor of [[Sanskrit]] at [[Pune]]'s [[Fergusson College]].

He is best known for his compilation of a dictionary, ''The Student's English-Sanskrit Dictionary''.<ref name=apte>{{cite book|title=The student's English-Sanskrit dictionary|date=1893|url=https://archive.org/details/studentsenglishs00apterich|access-date=9 September 2015}}</ref>

==Works==
* [https://archive.org/details/practicalsanskri00apteuoft The Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary] (1890), {{ISBN|9788120815681}}
:* {{Cite journal| doi = 10.2307/595270| issn = 0003-0279| volume = 80| issue = 1| pages = 59–63| last = Sternbach| first = Ludwik| journal = Journal of the American Oriental Society| date = 1960-01-01| jstor = 595270| title = V. S. Apte's the Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary}}
* [https://archive.org/details/studentsenglishs00apterich The Students' English-Sanskrit Dictionary] (1884)
* The Students' Sanskrit-English Dictionary, {{ISBN|9788120800458}}
* The Students' Guide to Sanskrit Composition (1881)
* The Students' Hand-Book of Progressive Exercises, Part I and II
* Kusuma-mala (1891)

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Apte, Vaman}}
[[Category:Indian Sanskrit scholars]]
[[Category:Indian lexicographers]]
[[Category:1858 births]]
[[Category:1892 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian linguists]]
[[Category:19th-century lexicographers]]
[[Category:Scholars from British India]]

{{India-academic-bio-stub}}

Diwan Buta Singh

2026-02-10T15:00:42Z

Danger Pandit Ankit: Adding new bio...

{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = Diwan
| name = Buta Singh
| birth_date = {{birth year|1826}}
| birth_place = Lahore, Sikh Empire
| known_for = First person to print an edition of the Guru Granth Sahib
| father = Gurdial Singh
}}

'''Diwan Buta Singh''' (born 1826) was a Sikh official, journalist, writer, and printer.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Thapar |first=K. S. |title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism |publisher=Punjabi University, Patiala |year=2002 |isbn=8173801002 |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Harbans |edition=4th |volume=1: A–D |pages=420}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Unsung Heroes Detail: Diwan Buta Singh |url=https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/unsung-heroes-detail.htm?12467 |access-date=18 June 2024 |website=Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav, Government of India}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Oberoi |first=Harjot |title=The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition |date=15 December 1994 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=9780226615929 |edition=Illustrated |pages=274–5}}</ref> He served as [[Jind Kaur|Maharani Jind Kaur's]] household minister (''diwan'') and was the vice-president of the [[Lahore Singh Sabha]].<ref name=":0" /> According to Kuka literature, he was the first man to print a copy of the [[Guru Granth Sahib]], the primary Sikh scripture.<ref name=":2" />

== Biography ==

=== Early years ===
He was born in Lahore in 1826 into a [[Kalwar (caste)|Kalal]] family to a father named Gurdial Singh.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> In his early vocation, he served as the household minister and retainer of Jind Kaur of the [[Sikh Empire]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> Just prior to the [[Second Anglo-Sikh war]], he tried to provoke anti-British feelings amongst the local people in the name of Jind Kaur.<ref name=":0" /> He was one of the last employees of the ruling Sikh Empire.<ref name=":0" /> After the [[Siege of Multan (1848–1849)|Multan Rebellion]], he was imprisoned by the British, who had already suspecting him of anti-British proclivities, such as the Prema Plot.<ref name=":2" /> He was deported from Punjab and imprisoned in Allahabad prison for seven years.<ref name=":2" /> He was released from incarceration in the mid-1850s and returned to Lahore after his release, where he quickly regained his lost prestige.<ref name=":2" />

=== Printing press and publishing ===
[[File:Front-page of an issue of Aftab-i-Punjab, a weekly Sikh newspaper founded by Diwan Buta Singh, 4 February 1878 issue.png|thumb|Front-page of an issue of Aftab-i-Punjab, a weekly Sikh newspaper founded by Diwan Buta Singh, 4 February 1878 issue]]
By the 1860s, journalism was a budding industry in Lahore, with the amount of local editors, journalists, calligraphists, printers, compositors, and binders increasing.<ref name=":2" /> In 1866, Buta established the Aftab-i-Punjab Press in Lahore.<ref name=":0" /> Buta was proficient in Persian, Urdu, and Punjabi (Gurmukhi), and he founded an Urdu law journal, the first one in the province, called the ''Anwar-ul-Shams'', in 1866.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> Later in 1872, he founded an Urdu weekly newspaper titled ''Aftab-i-Punjab'', which was the first major newspaper to be devoted to Sikh causes.{{Efn|Alternatively transliterated as 'Aftab-i-Panjab'.|group=note}}<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":32">{{Cite book |last=Barrier |first=N. G. |title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism |publisher=Patiala Punjabi University |year=2004 |isbn=817380530X |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Harbans |edition=2nd |volume=4: S–Z |pages=161–166 |chapter=Sikh Journalism}}</ref> The Aftab-i-Punjab newspaper's readership and publication intervals varied over time, but it generally reached an audience of around 500 (the number of literate Sikhs back then was small, limiting the circulation of newspapers to between 100-500 readers generally).<ref name=":32" /> Throughout its history, the Aftab-i-Punjab newspaper had employed editors (including staff leaders) of many religious backgrounds, from Sikhs, Hindus, and Muslims.<ref name=":32" /> One of the early editors who worked on the Aftab-i-Punjab newspaper, during the period of 1872–1880, was a Muslim man named Sheikh Fakir Muhammad, who had worked years earlier as an apprentice editor of the ''Kohi-i-Nur'', which had been the first Urdu newspaper in Punjab.{{Efn|The ''Kohi-i-Nur'' was founded in the 1850s by Harsukh Rai, a Kayastha from the North-West Provinces.|group=note}}<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":32" /> The newspaper promoted cow protection, gently criticized British administration of the region, promoted Sikhs being loyal to the government, and believed that Sikhism was a separate religion from Hinduism (the newspaper advocated for the removal of Hindu beliefs and practices that they believed had crept into Sikhism).<ref name=":32" /> The Aftab-i-Punjab was overall critical of the British government's policies and actions against [[Duleep Singh]], the deposed Sikh monarch.<ref name=":0" /> The Aftab-i-Punjab sourced its content from cuttings of English-language and local Indian languages' periodicals or through its correspondents stationed at various districts.<ref name=":32" /> Buta Singh, though not a Namdhari himself, had close ties with the Namdhari sect and praised them for their support of Duleep Singh.<ref name=":0" /> Buta Singh also founded a Punjabi weekly newspaper titled ''Khalsa Prakash'' in 1891, with it being published by the Aftab-i-Punjab Press.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":32" /> The ''Khalsa Prakash'' journal ran until 1899 and generally reached an audience of 250.<ref name=":32" /> The Aftab-i-Punjab Press also published many Gurmukhi books on Sikh topics.<ref name=":32" />

As his publishing business grew, Buta established local branches in the cities of [[Peshawar]] and [[Ajmer]].<ref name=":2" /> The local Ajmer branch was responsible for publishing the [[The Gazette of India|Rajputana Government Gazette]] issues.<ref name=":2" /> Eventually the Ajmer branch shut its operations yet the Peshawar branch continued.<ref name=":1" />

According to Namdhari Sikh literature, Buta Singh was the first person to print an edition of the Guru Granth Sahib, which was likely printed in 1868 or even earlier.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Nahar |title=Namdhari Itihas |year=1955 |location=Delhi |pages=56 |language=pa}}</ref> After [[Satguru Ram Singh|Ram Singh]], guru of the Namdharis, was exiled to [[British rule in Burma|Burma]], Buta Singh kept in communication with his successor, Hari Singh, who was headquartered at [[Sri Bhaini Sahib|Bhaini Sahib]].<ref name=":1" /> He exchanged secret information to the Namdharis and reported about their anti-British rebellious activities in his newspapers.<ref name=":1" />

On 27 August 1883, the Aftab-i-Punjab newspaper of Diwan Buta Singh blamed European traders for the increase in grain prices, such as wheat, due to the traders exporting it.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Panjab University Research Bulletin: Arts, Volume 19 |publisher=Panjab University |year=1988 |pages=134}}</ref>

In a confidential letter by C. L. Tupper to H. M. Durrand dated to 28 December 1885, Tupper claims that prior to the exiling of Ram Singh to Burma, Buta Singh was a Namdhari but he no longer followed the Namdhari faith afterwards.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Jaswinder |title=Kuka Movement: Freedom Struggle in Punjab, Documents, 1880-1903 A.D. |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors |year=1985 |isbn=9788171560813 |pages=182–83}}</ref> Tupper alleges that 300 translated copies of Evan Bell's book titled ''The Annexation of the Punjaub, and the Maharajah Duleep Singh'' into Punjabi (translated by [[Pratap Singh Giani|Partap Singh of Amritsar]]) were planned to be printed by Thakur Singh Sandhanwalia at the Aftab-i-Punjab Press of Diwan Buta Singh for the purpose of distributing the literature to certain figures of the Punjab province.<ref name=":3" /> Tupper reports that Buta Singh had eight established printing machines near the Kotwali in the [[Lahore|city of Lahore]].<ref name=":3" /> Tupper describes the ''Aftab-i-Punjab'' newspaper as being "moderate in tone" as a rule, yet occasionally advocates against cow slaughter.<ref name=":3" /> Tupper references a January 1883 account published by the newspaper that "distorts" the killing of a police constable at Bhaini Sahib by a Namdhari fanatical named Arbangi Das, showing sympathies to the Namdhari cause in its published account of the murder.<ref name=":3" /> Tupper claims that Diwan Buta Singh keeps in-correspondence with Thakur Singh Sandhawalia.<ref name=":3" />

=== Later life ===
He served as the vice-president for the then newly established [[Lahore Singh Sabha]].<ref name=":0" />

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Sikh Empire}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Buta Singh, Diwan}}
[[Category:1826 births]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:People from the Sikh Empire]]

[[Category:Pakistani newspaper founders]]
[[Category:Journalists from Lahore]]
[[Category:Sikh writers]]
[[Category:Singh Sabha movement]]
[[Category:19th-century printers]]

Kalappa Muniyappa

2026-02-07T23:18:01Z

Danger Pandit Ankit: Put Up New Data

{{Short description|Indian molecular biologist and geneticist}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Kalappa Muniyappa
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1952|9|8}}
| birth_place = [[Karnataka]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Molecular genetics]] | [[Functional genomics]] | [[Molecular cell biology]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[Indian Institute of Science]] | [[American Cancer Society]] | [[University of Washington, Seattle]] | [[Osaka University]] | [[University of Sydney]] | [[Medical Research Council (United Kingdom)|Medical Research Council]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[University of Mysore]] | [[Indian Institute of Science]] | [[University of Georgia]] | [[Yale University School of Medicine]] }}
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Molecular basis of homologous [[genetic recombination]]
| awards = 1980 Hanumantha Rao Memorial Medal 1992 [[Rockefeller Foundation]] Career Development Award 1994 [[Indian Institute of Science|IISc]] M. Sreenivasaya Memorial Award 1995 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] 1995 [[American Cancer Society|ACS]] Eleanor Roosevelt Award 1999 Yamagiwa International Cancer Fellowship Award 2002 Anima Sen Memorial Award 2007 [[Indian Institute of Science|IISc]] Alumni Award 2007 [[Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike|BBMP]] Kempe Gowda Award
}}

'''Kalappa Muniyappa''' (born 8 September 1952) is an Indian molecular biologist and geneticist, known for his researches on the chromatization of DNA and [[gene targeting]].<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/Detail.aspx?AID=201 | title=Brief Profile of the Awardee | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | access-date=5 October 2016}}</ref> He is a professor and chairman of the department of biochemistry of the [[Indian Institute of Science]]<ref name="K. Muniyappa on IISC">{{cite web | url=http://biochem.iisc.ernet.in/kmuniyappa.php | title=K. Muniyappa on IISC | publisher=Indian Institute of Science | date=2016 | access-date=9 October 2016}}</ref> and an elected fellow of the [[Indian National Science Academy]], [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] and the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]].<ref name="Indian fellow - Muniyappa">{{cite web | url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail.php?id=P00-1282 | title=Indian fellow - Muniyappa | publisher=Indian National Science Academy | date=2016 | access-date=6 October 2016 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards, in 1995, for his contributions to biological sciences.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | access-date=5 October 2016}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Born on 2 February 1951 in the [[South India]]n state of [[Karnataka]], Kalappa Muniyappa, after graduating in science from [[Mysore University]] in 1974, secured his master's degree in 1976 from the same university with first rank.<ref name="Indian fellow - Muniyappa" /> His doctoral degree came from the [[Indian Institute of Science]] in 1980 after which he did his post-doctoral studies (1981–86) at the [[University of Georgia]] and at [[Yale University School of Medicine]]<ref name="Dr. Muniyappa Kalappa on Vidwan">{{cite web | url=https://vidwan.inflibnet.ac.in/profile/3648 | title=Dr. Muniyappa Kalappa on Vidwan | publisher=Vidwan | date=2016 | access-date=9 October 2016}}</ref> and returned to India in 1987 to join the Indian Institute of Science the next year as a member of faculty. He was made a professor in 1999 and is the incumbent chairman of the department of biochemistry of IISc. In between, he held visiting professorships at [[American Cancer Society]], [[University of Washington, Seattle]], [[Osaka University]], [[University of Sydney]] and the [[Medical Research Council (United Kingdom)|Medical Research Council, London]].<ref name="Indian fellow - Muniyappa" />

== Legacy ==
[[File:Chording mycobacterium tuberculesis culture.jpg|thumb|235px|Chording [[mycobacterium tuberculosis]] culture - luminescent microscope image]]
Focusing his early researches on the molecular basis of homologous [[genetic recombination]] and employing RecA paradigm, Muniyappa demonstrated the effects of chromatization of DNA on homologous pairing and strand exchange and his studies are known to have assisted in exploring ways for gene targeting, cell senescence and genome stability.<ref name="Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners">{{cite web | url=http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | title=Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners | publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research | date=1999 | access-date=5 October 2016 | pages=32 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043957/http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | archive-date=4 March 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref> His studies on chromosome [[synapsis]], genetic recombination and [[telomere]] dynamics attempted to widen the understanding of cellular recombination and [[Holliday junction]] and he is credited with the discovery of a negative regulatory mechanism of homologous recombination.<ref name="Indian fellow - Muniyappa" /> His contributions in deciphering genetic recombination in [[mycobacterium tuberculosis]] are also reported to have influenced further researches on the mechanism of [[genetic exchange]] and [[lateral gene transfer]]. His researches have been published in a number of articles, 136 of which have been listed by [[ResearchGate]], an online article repository.<ref name="Muniyappa on ResearchGate">{{cite web | url=https://www.researchgate.net/researcher/39912725_Kalappa_Muniyappa | title=Muniyappa on ResearchGate | work=Author profile | date=2016 | access-date=9 October 2016}}</ref>

At the Indian Institute of Science, he set up a laboratory, K. Muniyappa's Lab, to pursue researches in the fields of Cancer biology, Genetics, Biochemistry and Biophysics, where he mentors a number of doctoral and post-doctoral research scholars.<ref name="K. Muniyappa's Lab">{{cite web | url=http://biochem.iisc.ernet.in/kmlab/ | title=K. Muniyappa's Lab | publisher=Indian Institute of Science | date=2016 | access-date=9 October 2016}}</ref> Under his leadership, IISc introduced new academic programs such as the integrated PhD program, interdisciplinary program in chemical biology, and national post-doctoral training program in Biotechnology and Life Sciences. He served as their coordinator at inception.

A member of the editorial board of the ''Journal of Molecular Signaling'',<ref name="Editorial board">{{cite web | url=http://www.ccmb.res.in/index.php?view=ourteam&mid=0&id=62&grpid=39 | title=Editorial board | publisher=Journal of Molecular Signaling | date=2016 | access-date=10 October 2016}}</ref> he has also been associated with ''[[Journal of Biosciences]]'' and ''Indian Journal of Biophysics and Biochemistry'' as their editorial board member and has served as the vice president and secretary of the Society of Biological Chemists.<ref name="Indian fellow - Muniyappa" />

== Awards and honors ==
Muniyappa received the Hanumantha Rao Memorial Medal of the [[IISc]] in 1980 and the [[Rockefeller Foundation]] Career Development Award in 1992.<ref name="Indian fellow - Muniyappa" /> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], one of the highest Indian science awards, in 1995. The same year, he received the M. Sreenivasaya Memorial Award of the [[Indian Institute of Science]].<ref name="M. Sreenivasaya Memorial Award">{{cite web | url=http://www.iisc.ernet.in/sbci/smaward.html | title=M. Sreenivasaya Memorial Award | publisher=Indian Institute of Science | date=2016 | access-date=9 October 2016 | archive-date=10 October 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010214336/http://www.iisc.ernet.in/sbci/smaward.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[American Cancer Society]] extended the Eleanor Roosevelt Fellowship Award to him in 1995. He received the Yamagiwa International Cancer Fellowship Award in 1999. The [[Indian Science Congress Association]] selected him for the Anima Sen Memorial Award in 2002. In 2007 he received the [[Indian Institute of Science]] Alumnus Award and the Kempe Gowda Award of the [[Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike]] (BBMP). He was given the Sir M. Visvesvaraya Award for lifetime contributions to Science & Technology by GoK, and the Karnataka Rajyotsava Award by GoK.<ref name="Indian fellow - Muniyappa" /> A founder member of the Karnataka State Academy for Science and Technology, Muniyappa is an elected fellow of the [[Indian National Science Academy]] and the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]]. He was elected to The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS)<ref name="Fellow profile - Muniyappa">{{cite web | url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Muniyappa,_Prof._Kalappa | title=Fellow profile - Muniyappa | publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences | date=2016 | access-date=6 October 2016}}</ref> and the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]].<ref name="NASI fellows">{{cite web|url=http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=M |title=NASI fellows |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India |date=2016 |access-date=8 October 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227133632/http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=M |archive-date=27 December 2010 }}</ref>

== See also ==
{{portal|India|Biology}}

Prof. K. Muniyappa has been awarded G.N.R. Gold Medal for Excellence in Science & Technology (CSIR).
Prof K. Muniyappa has been conferred the prestigious CSIR Bhatnagar Fellowship.

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web | url=http://fbae.org/2009/FBAE/website/governing-body_prof-k-m-muniyappa.html | title=Prof. K. Muniyappa on FBAE | publisher=Foundation for Biotechnology Awareness and education | work=Scientist profile | date=2016 | access-date=9 October 2016}}
* {{cite web | url=https://scholar.google.co.in/citations?user=4OYD_BQAAAAJ | title=K Muniyappa on Google Scholar | publisher=Google Scholar | work=Article listing | date=2016 | access-date=9 October 2016 | archive-date=11 October 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011054827/https://scholar.google.co.in/citations?user=4OYD_BQAAAAJ | url-status=dead }}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite web | url=http://www.serb.gov.in/pdfs/research/Prof_K_Muniyappa.pdf | title=Prof. K. Muniyappa on SERB | publisher=Science and Engineering Research Board | work=Summary of Achievements | date=2016 | access-date=9 October 2016}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Biological Science}}
{{Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Laureates of Karnataka}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Muniyappa, Kalappa}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Biological Science]]
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:Scientists from Karnataka]]
[[Category:University of Mysore alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Science alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Indian Institute of Science]]
[[Category:University of Georgia alumni]]
[[Category:Yale University alumni]]
[[Category:American Cancer Society people]]
[[Category:University of Washington faculty]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Osaka University]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Sydney]]
[[Category:Medical Research Council (United Kingdom) people]]
[[Category:Indian molecular biologists]]
[[Category:Indian geneticists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biologists]]

Sabarmati metro station

2026-02-04T05:55:08Z

Danger Pandit Ankit:

{{notability|date=January 2024}}
{{short description|Ahmedabad Metro's Red Line metro station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Sabarmati
| style = Ahmedabad Metro
| type = {{Ahmedabad Metro Infobox station line|line=Red}}
| image =
| caption =
| address = Ramnagar, Acher, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380005
| coordinates = {{coord|23.08564|72.59228|display=inline,title}}
| owned =
| operator = [[Gujarat Metro Rail Corporation Limited]]
| lines = {{rcb|Ahmedabad Metro|Red|croute}}
| platforms = 2 (2 [[side platforms]])
| tracks =
| structure = [[Elevated]]
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| status = Operational
| opened = {{start date and age|df=yes|6 October 2022}}
| services = {{adjstn|system=Ahmedabad Metro|line=Red|right=Motera Stadium|left=AEC}}
| map_type =
| map_size =
| map_dot_label =
| route_map = {{Red Line (Ahmedabad Metro)}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Ahmedabad Metro|Red}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Sabarmati''' is an elevated metro station on the North-South Corridor of the [[Red Line (Ahmedabad Metro)|Red Line]] of [[Ahmedabad Metro]] in [[Ahmedabad]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-03 |title=Ahmedabad: Metro service on North-South corridor to begin on October 6 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/ahmedabad-metro-service-on-north-south-corridor-to-begin-on-october-6-8188276/ |access-date=2023-08-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Around this metro station holds the '''Sabarmati Police station''' along with Panchshil Hospital, '''Manav Mitra Convention Centre''' and Pukhraj Raichand General Hospital in Ahmedabad. This metro station was inaugurated on 30 September 2022 by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] and was opened to the public on 6 October 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-03 |title=Ahmedabad: Metro service on North-South corridor to begin on October 6 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/ahmedabad-metro-service-on-north-south-corridor-to-begin-on-october-6-8188276/ |access-date=2023-08-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-05 |title=Ahmedabad: North-South corridor metro service to be operational from October 6 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/ahmedabad/ahmedabad-north-south-corridor-metro-service-to-be-operational-from-october-6-article-94664917 |access-date=2023-08-12 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-02 |title=Huge demand on Day 1 of Ahmedabad Metro |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/huge-demand-on-day-1-of-ahmedabad-metro-8186528/ |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Prime Minister Modi inaugurates phase-1 of Ahmedabad Metro rail project |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/prime-minister-modi-inaugurates-phase-1-of-ahmedabad-metro-rail-project/articleshow/94554222.cms |access-date=2022-10-04}}</ref>

==Station layout==
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Sabarmati track layout
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Ahmedabad Metro|Red}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = vCONTgfa
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Ahmedabad Metro|Motera Stadium}}
*'''P1'''\cPLT\vSTR\cPLT\*'''P2'''
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stl|Ahmedabad Metro|AEC}}
vCONTgfe
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and two side platforms</div>
}}}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Mezzanine
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover 
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]]<nowiki> | Doors will open on the left </nowiki>{{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100|'''Platform 2''' '''Southbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|Towards → [[APMC metro station|APMC]] '''Next Station:''' [[AEC metro station|AEC]]
|-
|'''Platform 1''' '''Northbound'''
|Towards ← [[Sector-1 (Gandhinagar) metro station|Sector-1]] '''Next Station:''' [[Motera Stadium metro station|Motera Stadium]]
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" colspan=2 align=center|[[Side platform]]<nowiki> | Doors will open on the left </nowiki>{{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 rowspan=2 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100|
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[List of Ahmedabad Metro stations]]
* [[Urban rail transit in India#Rapid transit|Rapid transit in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://www.gujaratmetrorail.com/passenger-information/time-table/|name=Ahmedabad Metro Official Website}}
* {{Official website|https://yometro.com/ahmedabad-metro-23|name=Ahmedabad Metro stations' details}}

{{Ahmedabad Metro navbox}}

[[Category:Ahmedabad Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2022]]

Khujista Akhtar Banu

2026-02-03T19:57:39Z

Danger Pandit Ankit: Put Up Post

{{Short description|Indian writer, socialite, educationist and social reformer (1872–1912)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Khujista Akhtar Banu
| image = Khujista Akhtar Banu.jpg
| birth_date = 11 October 1872<ref name="burke">{{cite book|title=Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knighthood|publisher=Burke's Peerage & Gentry|editor=Burke, Sir Bernard|editor-link=Bernard Burke|edition=97th|year=1939|pages=2921–2922|ref=Burke|title-link=Burke's Peerage}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Midnapore]], [[Bengal]], British India
| death_date = {{death date and age|1912|1|12|1872|10|11|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal]], British India
| spouse = [[Zahid Suhrawardy]]
| father = [[Ubaidullah Al Ubaidi Suhrawardy]]
| family = [[Suhrawardy family]]
| children = [[Hasan Shaheed Suhrawardy]], [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy]]
}}
'''Khujista Akhtar Banu Suhrawardiyya''' (also spelled as Khujastha Akhtar Banu), popularly known as '''Suhrawardy Begum''', was a late 19th-century writer, [[Bengalis|Bengali]] socialite, [[educationist]], and [[social reformer]]. Khujista was the first Indian woman to pass the [[Senior Cambridge|Senior Cambridge examinations]], in the year 1887.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Khan|first=Waqar A.|date=2020-11-09|title=The Unforgettable Suhrawardys of Bengal|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/in-focus/news/the-unforgettable-suhrawardys-bengal-1991705|access-date=2021-10-23|work=The Daily Star|language=en}}</ref> She was also the first Indian woman to be appointed as an examiner by the prestigious [[Calcutta University]]. She was the mother of [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy]], the former [[Prime Minister of Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Individual : SUHRAWARDY - Search the Genealogy Library|url=https://en.geneanet.org/fonds/bibliotheque/?go=1&nom=SUHRAWARDY&prenom=&prenom_operateur=&size=50&with_variantes_nom=&with_variantes_prenom=|access-date=2021-10-23|website=Geneanet|language=en}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Khujista Akhtar was born into the illustrious [[Suhrawardy family]] of Bengal in 1872 as the eldest daughter of [[Ubaidullah Al Ubaidi Suhrawardy]] and his wife, Makbullan nissa Begum. She was thus a direct descendant of [[Shihab al-Din 'Umar al-Suhrawardi]] and [[Bahauddin Zakariya|Bahauddin Zakariya Suhrawardi]]. Khujista's grandfather, Shah Aminuddin Suhrawardy, is reckoned to be the last Sufi Pir of the [[Suhrawardiyya]] order in Bengal. Her brothers include [[Abdullah Al-Mamun Suhrawardy]] and [[Hassan Suhrawardy]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Amin|first=Sonia Nishat|url=https://brill.com/view/book/9789004491403/B9789004491403_s009.xml|title=Rise of Formal Education|date=1996-01-01|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-49140-3|language=en}}</ref>

Like many of her female forebears in the family, she too was homeschooled in her early years, mostly because there were no schools for girls at that time. She learned [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Arabic]], English, and [[Urdu]] from her father. She later graduated with honours in mathematics and Persian literature from the Indian Board of Examinations in the year 1887.<ref name=":1" /> After finishing her senior [[Cambridge]], she was appointed as an examiner for Urdu literature by [[Calcutta University]]; she was the only Indian woman to have received this honour at that time.<ref name=":0" />

==Career==

Khujista was determined to educate and uplift the Indian masses; hence, she entered into the domain of social work. As a writer, she wrote the famous book "Aaina e Ibrat", which was approved by [[Calcutta University]] and was incorporated in the syllabus for all its affiliated colleges.<ref>{{Cite web|title=tipu sultan grandson|url=http://www.thedronemission.co.za/hgerf/tipu-sultan-grandson-a86573|access-date=2021-10-23|website=thedronemission.co.za|archive-date=23 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023073559/http://www.thedronemission.co.za/hgerf/tipu-sultan-grandson-a86573|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Amin|first=S. N.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VcAfpv6x0m4C&pg=PA171|title=The World of Muslim Women in Colonial Bengal, 1876-1939|date=1996|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-10642-0|language=en}}</ref>

In 1909, she founded the Suhrawardia Girls School in [[Calcutta]]. The school was inaugurated by Lady Minto Anna Maria Amyand, the wife of the former [[Viceroy of India]], [[Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 1st Earl of Minto]], better known as [[Lord Minto]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Amin|first=S. N.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VcAfpv6x0m4C&pg=PA171|title=The World of Muslim Women in Colonial Bengal, 1876-1939|date=1996|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-10642-0|language=en}}</ref>

Khujista empathized with the poor and hence used to visit the slums very often to educate the underprivileged people about health and sanitation, given that epidemics like [[cholera]] and [[influenza]] were in the wake at that time.<ref name=":1" />

==Marriage and family==

Khujista was married to her first cousin, [[Zahid Suhrawardy]], a jurist who served as a judge in the [[Calcutta High Court]]. The couple gave birth to two sons
* [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy]], a lawyer and politician who later became the 3rd prime minister of Bengal and the 5th prime minister of Pakistan<ref name=":0" />
* [[Hasan Shaheed Suhrawardy]], a writer and a linguist.<ref name=":0" />

==Death==

Khujista died on 12 January 1919, after she caught influenza during one of her visits to the slums of [[Calcutta]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Amin|first=S. N.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VcAfpv6x0m4C&pg=PA171|title=The World of Muslim Women in Colonial Bengal, 1876-1939|date=1996|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-10642-0|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Suhrawardy, Khujista}}
[[Category:1919 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian educators]]
[[Category:Indian writers]]
[[Category:People from Midnapore]]
[[Category:Suhrawardy family]]
[[Category:19th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:20th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:1872 births]]
[[Category:Bengali Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian social workers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women educators]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:Women educators from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Social workers from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian social reformers]]
[[Category:Indian reformers]]
[[Category:Bengali educators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women educational theorists]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian women educational theorists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:Indian women activists]]
[[Category:Activists from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian feminists]]
[[Category:Indian feminist writers]]
[[Category:Indian women's rights activists]]
[[Category:Writers from British India]]

Khoja

2026-01-30T23:22:11Z

Danger Pandit Ankit: further added formatting for clarity and fixed typos

{{Short description|Nizari Isma'ili Shia Islamic community in India}}
{{other uses|Khoja (disambiguation)}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Khoja
| image = Kojahs (9727943566).jpg
| image_caption = Khojas of Western India ca. 1855-1862
| regions = [[Gujarat]], [[Sindh]], [[Maharashtra]]
| languages = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Kutchi language|Kutchi]], [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], [[Hindi]]/[[Urdu]]
| religions = [[Nizari Isma'ilism|Nizari-Ismaili Shia]] (majority), [[Twelver Shia]], [[Sunni]] (minority)
}}
{{ismailis|Ismaili History}}
The '''Khoja''' are a tribe or [[caste]] of Muslims mainly members of the [[Nizari Isma'ilism|Nizari Ismaʿiliyyah]] sect of [[Islam]] with a minority of followers of Shia Islam originating the western Indian subcontinent, and converted to Islam from [[Hinduism]] by the 14th century by the Persian ''pīr'' (religious leader or teacher) [[Pir Sadardin|Saḍr-al-Dīn]].<ref name="brit">{{britannica|316803|Khoja}}. "Khoja, Persian Khvājeh, caste of Indian Muslims converted from Hinduism to Islam in the 14th century by the Persian pīr (religious leader or teacher) [[Pir Sadardin|Saḍr-al-Dīn]] and adopted as members of the Nizārī Ismāʿīliyyah sect of the Shīʿites."</ref><ref name="Tyler19862">{{cite book |last1=Tyler |first1=Stephen A. |title=India: An Anthropological Perspective |date=1986 |publisher=Waveland Press |isbn=978-0-88133-245-2 |page=186 |language=English |quote=Some, like the Khojah caste, are Bania groups converted to Islam by Muslim pirs (saints).}}</ref>

In India, most Khojas live in the states of Gujarat, [[Maharashtra]], [[Rajasthan]] and the city of [[Hyderabad]]. In [[Pakistan]], most Khoja live in [[Karachi]], [[Hyderabad, Pakistan|Hyderabad]] and [[Thatta]] in [[Sindh]] province, and in [[Gwadar]] in [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]] province.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khoja-Moolji |first=Shenila |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=35LCEAAAQBAJ&dq=khoja+in+gwadar&pg=PA12 |title=Rebuilding Community: Displaced Women and the Making of a Shia Ismaili Muslim Sociality |date=2023 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-764202-3 |pages=12 |language=en}}</ref>

In [[Oman]] a large portion of them live in [[Muscat]] and in the [[Arab world]] they are known as the [[Al-Lawatia|Lawatia]]. Across Africa and especially in [[East Africa]], the Khoja have historically dominated business in various fields however many of these families migrated to Europe in the [[East African campaign (World War II)|colonial era]] or immediately afterwards. In [[Madagascar]] the Khoja are known by the honorific [[Indians in Madagascar|Karana]] title and are now concentrated in the capital.

The Khoja originally observed Hinduism and then became adherents of Nizari Isma'ilism.<ref name="brit"/><ref name="Tyler1986">{{cite book |last1=Tyler |first1=Stephen A. |title=India: An Anthropological Perspective |date=1986 |publisher=Waveland Press |isbn=978-0-88133-245-2 |page=186 |language=English |quote=Some, like the Khojah caste, are Bania groups converted to Islam by Muslim pirs (saints).}}</ref> In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, particularly in the aftermath of the [[Aga Khan Case]] a small minority separated and adopted [[Sunni Islam]] and [[Twelver Shi'ism|Twelver Shi'ia Islam]], while the majority remained Nizari Isma'ili.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Boivin |first=Michel |date=2014 |title=The Isma'ili — Isna 'Ashari Divide Among the Khojas: Exploring Forgotten Judicial Data from Karachi |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43307309 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=381–396 |doi=10.1017/S1356186314000224 |jstor=43307309 |s2cid=162188373 |issn=1356-1863|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Etymology==
The term ''Khoja'' derives from ''[[Khwāja]]'' (New Persian ''Khājé''), a [[Persian language|Persian]] honorific title (خواجه) of pious individuals used in [[Turco-Persian]] influenced regions of the Muslim world.

The specific term ''Khoja'' in the [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] and [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] languages, was first bestowed by the [[Persianate]] [[Nizari Isma'ili]] [[Pir Sadardin|Sadardin]] (died c. 15th century) upon his followers during the lifetime of the ''[[Nizari Ismaili]] Imam Islam Shah'' (1368-1423 CE). As such, Pir Shihab al-din Shah, brother of one of the [[List of Ismaili imams#Nizari|Nizari Ismaili imams]], wrote regarding the origins of the Khojas that the very formation of the community came about through Pir Sadardin's devotion to the Imam.<ref name="Virani, Shafique N 2007, p. 102">Virani, Shafique N. The Ismailis in the Middle Ages: A History of Survival, A Search for Salvation (New York: Oxford University Press), 2007, p. 102.</ref>

Many [[Lohana]]s of Gujarat converted to Nizari Ismailism due to the efforts of Pir Sadardin. They gradually used the title ''Khoja.'' Before the arrival of the [[Aga Khan]] from Persia to British ruled India in the 19th century, Khojas retained many Hindu traditions, including a variation on the belief in the [[Dashavatara]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=McGregor|first1=R.S.|last2=Mallison|first2=Francoise|title=Devotional literature in South Asia : current research, 1985-1988 : papers of the Fourth Conference on Devotional Literature in New Indo-Aryan, anglo saxon Languages, held at Wolfson College, Cambridge, 1-4 September 1988|date=1992|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=0521413117|pages=91|edition=1. publ.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-X5Nv3gkdGoC&q=khoja++ali+kalki&pg=PA101|access-date=25 August 2016}}</ref><ref>Morris, H.S., 1958. The divine kingship of the Aga Khan: A study of theocracy in East Africa. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology, 14(4), pp.454-472 [https://www-journals-uchicago-edu.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/doi/epdf/10.1086/soutjanth.14.4.3628938]</ref>

==History==
[[File:Khoja.png|thumb|A photograph of a Khoja man, 1911]]

=== Origins and syncretism ===
The Khojas are an ethnic and cultural group originating from Hindu [[Lohana|Lohanas]]. Their ethnonym ''Khoja'' is derived from the Persian term ''khwāja'', which roughly translates to 'Lord' or 'Master', a translation of the traditional Lohana title of ''[[Thakkar|ṭhakkar]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Potter |first=Lawrence G. |editor-first1=Lawrence G. |editor-last1=Potter |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1057/9781137485779 |title=The Persian Gulf in Modern Times |date=2014 |publisher=New York: Palgrave Macmillan US. |isbn=978-1-349-50380-3 |language=en |doi=10.1057/9781137485779}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> However, this term also included certain groups such as [[Charan]]as,<ref name="deccanherald.com">{{Cite web |date=17 November 2018 |title=Alyque Padamsee: The man who wore several hats |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/alyque-padamsee-man-who-wore-703433.html |access-date=8 September 2021 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kapur |first=Geeta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QHbWAAAAMAAJ |title=Contemporary Indian Artists |date=1978 |publisher=Vikas |isbn=978-0-7069-0527-4 |language=en |quote=The Padamsees, who came from the village of Mauva in Saurashtra, had originally belonged to the caste of Charanyas. Having been converted to the Khoja sect of Islam, their clan had become followers of the Agha Khan. Akbar's grandfather, who was a landlord and village chief, prided himself on the fact that he had, by his own express persuasion, brought the then Agha Khan to visit their village.}}</ref> predominantly from Gujarat and [[Kutch]].

The Hindu [[Lohana|Lohanas]] from Sindh were converted to [[Nizari Isma'ilism|Nizārī]] [[Isma'ilism|Ismāʿīlism]] by [[Pir Sadardin|Pīr Ṣadr al-Dīn]] in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. Ṣadr al-Dīn was a dāʿī ("missionary") acting on behalf of the Nizārī [[Nizari Imams|imām]] who lived in Persia. Ṣadr al-Dīn belonged to a hereditary lineage of pīrs who served as leaders for the Khoja community as a deputy of the imām in Persia.<ref name="Tyler1986" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=De Smet |first=Daniel |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE |publisher=Brill |year=2020 |editor-last=Fleet |editor-first=Kate |chapter=Khōja |editor-last2=Krämer |editor-first2=Gudrun |editor-last3=Matringe |editor-first3=Denis |editor-last4=Nawas |editor-first4=John |editor-last5=Stewart |editor-first5=Devin J.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Maclean |first1=Derryl N. |title=Religion and society in Arab Sind |date=1989 |publisher=E.J. Brill |isbn=9789004085510 |location=Leiden New York København Köln |page=142}}</ref>

The pīrs composed religious hymns called [[Ginans|''ginān''s]] that served as the religious scriptures for the Khojas rather than the [[Quran|Qurʾān]]. The majority of the gināns glorify the Nizārī imām as an absolute and infallible leader. Some gināns contain large amounts of Hindu-Muslim syncretism, with Hindu deities being identified with Muslim figures. The gināns took inspiration from diverse traditions, including Nizārī Ismāʿīlism, Hindu [[Sant (religion)|Sant]] and [[Bhakti movement|Bhakti]] traditions, and [[Sufism|Ṣūfism]]. Such syncretism with Hinduism has been viewed as a strategy by the Ismāʿīlī missionaries to convert Hindus, as well as ''[[taqiyya]]'' to hide them from other Muslims. The religion of the Khojas was known as [[Satpanth]].<ref name=":1" />

At the end of the fifteenth century, the imām in Persia, [[Al-Mustansir Billah II (Nizari imam)|al-Mustanṣir bi-llāh II]], abolished the pīrs as a source of religious authority, and replaced them with a book called ''Pandiyāt-i jawānmardī'', which was then translated into [[Gujarati language|Gujarātī]]. [[Imamshah Bawa Dargah|Imām Shāh]] (d. 1513) was supposed to become the next ''pīr'', but in response to the imam's decision, ''Imam Shāh's'' son ''Nūr Muḥammad'' claimed he was the imām and founded a splinter sect called the ''Imām-Shāhīs'', also known as the ''Sat-Panthīs''.<ref name=":1" />

In the nineteenth century, the Khojas gathered in [[Jama'at Khana|jamāʿatkhāna]] buildings, did not read the Qurʾān, and generally did not follow [[Islamic law]].<ref name=":1" />

The Khojas, mainly merchants from [[Kutch]] and [[Kathiawar]], began moving to Bombay in the late 1700s. There they were engaged in petty trade and shop-keeping, with larger magnates gaining fortunes from trade routes with [[Qing China|China]], [[Muscat]], and [[Sultanate of Zanzibar|Zanzibar]].<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Shodhan |first=Amrita |date= |title=Legal Representations of the Khojas and ''Pushtimārga'' Polities as Communities: The Aga Khan Case and the Maharaj Libel Case in Mid-Nineteenth Century Bombay |url= |degree=PhD |chapter= |publisher=University of Chicago |page= 11-12|docket= |oclc= |access-date=}}</ref>

=== Arrival of Āghā Khān and Ismāʿīlī Islamisation ===
In 1845, [[Aga Khan I|Ḥasan ʿAlī Shāh aka Āghā Khān I]] moved to India due to conflict with the [[Qajar dynasty]] in Persia. He settled in [[Bombay]], which had the largest concentration of Khojas in India. For centuries the Khojas had been a self governing community with nominal allegiance to a distant Nizārī imām in Persia, but the newly arrived Āghā Khān sought to interfere in their internal affairs. This led to conflict in the Khoja community, culminating in the [[Aga Khan case|Āghā Khān case]] of 1866. The Khoja plaintiffs argued that community in fact were Sunnī Muslims and thus were not under the authority of the Āghā Khān imām. The British judge decided in favour of the defendant, Āghā Khān I, ruling that the Khojas were the descendants of Hindus who became Shīʿa Ismāʿīlīs and thus were under the religious authority of the imām, Āghā Khān I. In response to the verdict, some Khojas converted to [[Sunni Islam|Sunnī Islam]].<ref name=":1" />

The imām succeeding the next imām, [[Aga Khan III|Sulṭān Muḥammad Shāh Āghā Khān III]] (r. 1885–1957) continued to attempt exert his authority over the Khojas and push them towards normative Ismāʿīlī–Shīʿa Islam; this led to the [[Haji Bibi case]]. The plaintiffs in the Haji Bibi case of 1908 claimed that the Khojas were followers of [[Twelver Shi'ism|Twelver Shīʿa]] Islam, however the British judge upheld that the Khojas were Ismāʿīlī and so those Khojas split off to follow [[Twelver Shi'ism]].<ref name=":1" />

In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the Khojas were under pressure from the Āghā Khāns as well as Muslim and Hindu fundamentalist movements to alter their religion. The religious fundamentalists considered the Khojas to be heretics who should convert to Sunnī or Twelver Shīʿī Islam or normative Hinduism. The Āghā Khāns who wielded religious power over the community as imām sought to Islamise the community to normative Ismāʿīlism. The gināns were codified under their authority, those with Hindu influences were purged, and new gināns were composed with Qurʾānic verses. The use of the Gujarātī language was also replaced by [[English language|English]]. By the time of the imām [[Aga Khan IV|Shāh Karīm al-Ḥusaynī Āghā Khān IV]] (r. 1957-2025), the Khojas had been integrated into a transnational Ismāʿīlī community with a focus on the Qurʾān and literacy of Islamic concepts.<ref name=":1" />

The Khojas live today in India and Pakistan, with a significant diaspora in [[East Africa]], [[Europe]], and [[North America]]. They show a strong commitment to the values of Indo-Muslim philanthropy in their business entrepreneurship and contribution to societies in which they live. From the 18th century, some of the Khojas have migrated to the [[Persian Gulf]] region, mainly in the Sultanate of [[Oman]] and [[United Arab Emirates|U.A.E]], where they are known as [[Al-Lawatia]].<ref name=":0">This is an edited version of an article that was originally published in the Encyclopaedia of Islam and Muslim World, Vol. II, p. 393, ed. Richard C. Martin, MacMillan Reference Books, New York, 2003</ref>

==Khoja communities==
{{main article|Pir Sadardin|Jama'at Khana}}
===Isma'ili Khojas===
[[File:Khoja.jpg|right|thumb|A watercolor painting of a Khoja woman by [[M. V. Dhurandhar]], 1928]]
Originally [[Nizari Isma'ili]], after the 1866 [[Aga Khan Case]] that consolidated the bulk of the Bombay Khoja community under the leadership of the [[Aga Khan I|Aga Khan]]. The Khojas credit their title to [[Pir Sadardin|Pir Sadr al-Din]] who allegedly laid the foundations for the Nizari Ismaili community in India, even before the [[Anjudan]] phase of the [[history of Nizari Ismailism]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Daftary |first1=Farhad |title=A Short History of the Ismailis: Traditions of a Muslim Community |date=1998 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=978-0-7486-0904-8 |page=179, 198}}</ref>

===Twelver Khojas===
Khojas who follow [[Twelver]] [[Shia Islam]] and have large communities in [[Pakistan]], [[India]], East Africa, [[North America]] and the [[United Kingdom]].
Moulvi Ali Baksh who had settled in Mumbai in the mid-late 1800s was a prominent Moulvi with great respect in Ithna'ashari Khoja community. It is said that then the Shias were organised into a distinct community by Moulvi Ali Baksh himself. (Excerpts as translated from the book Greatness Bygone authored by Ziauddin Ahmed Barni Published by Taleemi Markaz Karachi on 30 July 1961, Page: 342 written on one of 93 great personalities Ali Mohammed Moulvi. The author had not met only 2 of the 93 personalities noted in his book).

Twelver Khojas are said to have broken away from the Isma'ili Khojas due to their determination to defend their remembrance practices against Aga Khan's efforts to ban them, in order to elevate his personal status as the reincarnation of [[Isma'il ibn Ja'far]], the seventh Imām of the Isma'ilis.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315674711 |title=Devotional Islam in Contemporary South Asia |date=22 December 2015 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315674711 |isbn=978-1-317-38000-9 |editor-last=Boivin |editor-first=Michel |editor-last2=Delage |editor-first2=Remy }}</ref>

== Culture ==
{{Expand section|date=April 2025}}

=== Dress ===
Traditionally, Khoja men wore a ''pāghaḍī'' (loose white turban), ''chol'' (double breasted jacket), ''suthaḷī'' (trousers) or ''dhotiyuṁ'' ([[dhoti]]), and pointed shoes. By the second half of the 20th century, Khoja men had forsaken their traditional garb in favour of ''ṭopī'' (velvet cap), ''kabjo'' (European shirt/long jacket), ''paheraṇ'' (collarless inner shirt), and ''survāl'' (European buttoned trousers or waist-string trousers). Khoja women wear a tight blouse or short armed jacket, a ''ghāghro'' skirt as a lower garment, and an ''oḍhaṇī'' (veil) on the head.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jain |first=Jyotindra |title=Folk Art and Culture of Gujarat: Guide to the Collection of the Shreyas Folk Museum of Gujarat |publisher=Shreyas Prakashan |year=1980 |pages=148–149}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Khojki]], a script used exclusively by the Khoja community to write their language
* [[Momna]], Nizari Ismailis from northern Gujarat

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* Azim Malikov, Kinship systems of Xoja groups in Southern Kazakhstan in Anthropology of the Middle East, Volume 12, Issue 2, Winter 2017, pр.78-91
* Azim Malikov, Sacred Lineages in Central Asia: Translocality and Identity in Mobilities, Boundaries, and Travelling Ideas: Rethinking Translocality Beyond Central Asia and the Caucasus edited by Manja Stephan-¬Emmrich and Philipp Schröder (Cambridge: Open Book Publishers), 2018, pp. 121–150
* Azim Malikov, Khoja in Kazakhstan: identity transformations in Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology Department ‘Integration and Conflict’ Field Notes and research Projects VI CASCA – Centre for Anthropological Studies on Central Asia: Framing the Research, Initial Projects. Eds.: Günther Schlee. Halle/Saale, 2013, pp. 101–107

== External links ==
{{commons category|Khoja}}
* [https://www.kpsiaj.org/kpsiaj/content.aspx?t=4 Origin of Khoja Shia Ithna-Asheries] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415021812/http://kpsiaj.org/kpsiaj/content.aspx?t=4 |date=15 April 2017 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080512170509/http://www.world-federation.org/default.htm World Federation of Khoja Shia Ithna Asheri Muslim Communities]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100616070800/http://imamreza.net/eng/imamreza.php?id=3032 History of the Khoja Shia Ithna-Asheries]
* [http://www.iis.ac.uk/view_article.asp?ContentID=109502 The Institute of Ismaili Studies - Khojas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402130549/http://www.iis.ac.uk/view_article.asp?ContentID=109502 |date=2 April 2015 }}

{{Indian Muslim}}

[[Category:Khoja Ismailis|*]]
[[Category:Sunni Islam in India]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Sindh]]
[[Category:Lohana]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Pakistan]]

Puttaswamy v. Union of India

2026-01-20T16:04:24Z

Danger Pandit Ankit:

{{Short description|Indian Fundamental Rights Case Law}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox court case
| name = Puttaswamy v. Union of India
| court = [[Supreme Court of India]]
| image =
| imagesize =
| imagelink =
| imagealt =
| caption =
| full name = Justice K. S. Puttaswamy (Retd.) and Anr. vs Union Of India And Ors.
| date decided = {{start date|2017|08|24|df=}}
| citations = Writ Petition (Civil) No 494 of 2012; (2017) 10 SCC 1; AIR 2017 SC 4161
| ECLI =
| transcripts =
| judges = [[J.S. Khehar]], [[Jasti Chelameswar|J. Chelameswar]], [[Sharad Arvind Bobde|S.A. Bobde]], [[Rajesh Kumar Agrawal|R.K. Agarwal]], [[Rohinton Fali Nariman|Rohinton F. Nariman]], [[Abhay Manohar Sapre|A.M. Sapre]], [[Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud|Dr. D.Y. Chandrachud]], [[Sanjay Kishan Kaul]] and [[S. Abdul Nazeer|S.A. Nazeer]]
| number of judges = 9
| decision by =
| concurring = 6 separate concurring decisions
| dissenting = None
| concur/dissent =
| prior actions =
| appealed from =
| appealed to =
| subsequent actions =
| related actions = *[[Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India|decriminalization
of homosexuality]]
*decriminalization of adultery
| opinions = The right to privacy is protected under Articles 14, 19 and 21 of the [[Constitution of India|Constitution]].
| keywords = 
| italic title =
| Overturned previous case = ''MP Sharma v Satish Chandra'' (1954) 
''[[Kharak Singh vs The State Of U. P. & Others | Kharak Singh v State of Uttar Pradesh and Others]]'' (1962) 
''[[ADM Jabalpur v. Shivkant Shukla]]'' (1976)
}}

'''''Justice K.S. Puttaswamy ({{Abbr|Retd.|Retired}}) {{Abbr|&|and}} {{Abbr|Anr.|Another}} vs. Union of India {{Abbr|&|and}} {{Abbr|Ors.|Others}}''''' (2017), commonly known as the '''Right to Privacy verdict''', was a [[List of landmark court decisions in India|landmark decision]] of the [[Supreme Court of India]], which held that the right to privacy is protected as a [[Fundamental rights in India|fundamental right]] under [[Article 14 of the Constitution of India|Articles 14]], 19 and [[Article 21 of the Constitution of India|21]] of the [[Constitution of India]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bhandari|first1=Vrinda|last2=Kak|first2=Amba|last3=Parsheera|first3=Smriti|last4=Rahman|first4=Faiza|title=An Analysis of Puttaswamy: The Supreme Court's Privacy Verdict|url=http://www.indrastra.com/2017/11/An-Analysis-of-Puttaswamy-Supreme-Court-s-Privacy-Verdict-003-11-2017-0004.html|journal=IndraStra Global|volume=003|pages=004|issn=2381-3652}}</ref> The original petitioner [[K. S. Puttaswamy|Justice K.S. Puttaswamy]] was a former judge of the [[Karnataka High Court]].

A nine-judge bench of [[Jagdish Singh Khehar|J.{{nbsp}}S. Khehar]], [[Jasti Chelameswar|J. Chelameswar]], [[Sharad Arvind Bobde|S.{{nbsp}}A. Bobde]], [[Rajesh Kumar Agrawal|R.{{nbsp}}K. Agrawal]], [[Rohinton Fali Nariman|R.{{nbsp}}F. Nariman]], [[Abhay Manohar Sapre|A.{{nbsp}}M. Sapre]], [[Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud|D.{{nbsp}}Y. Chandrachud]], [[Sanjay Kishan Kaul|S.{{nbsp}}K. Kaul]], and [[S. Abdul Nazeer|S.{{nbsp}}A. Nazeer]] unanimously held that "the right to privacy is protected as an intrinsic part of the right to life and personal liberty under Article 21 and as a part of the freedoms guaranteed by Part III of the Constitution."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blog.scconline.com/post/tag/9-judge-bench/|title=9-judge bench Archives|website=SCC Blog|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-16}}</ref> It explicitly overrules previous judgements of the Supreme Court in ''[https://privacylibrary.ccgnlud.org/case/kharak-singh-vs-state-of-up Kharak Singh vs. State of UP]'' and ''M.P. Sharma vs. Union of India'', which held that there is no fundamental right to privacy under the Indian Constitution.

This judgement settled this position of law and clarified that the Right to Privacy could be infringed upon only when there was a compelling state interest for doing so. This position was the same as with the other fundamental rights.<ref name="Firstpost rightful place" />

==Background==
After Facebook acquired WhatsApp in 2014, WhatsApp's new [[data sharing]] policy was challenged in the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court had to decide if the right to privacy could be enforced against private entities.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://scobserver.clpr.org.in/cases/whatsapp-facebook-privacy-case/|title=Whatsapp-Facebook Privacy Case - Supreme Court Observer|work=Supreme Court Observer|access-date=2018-01-05|language=en-US|archive-date=6 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106063610/http://scobserver.clpr.org.in/cases/whatsapp-facebook-privacy-case/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

A three-judge bench first heard the legal challenge to the "Aadhaar card scheme". Before this bench, [[Attorney General of India]] took a stand that the legal position regarding the existence of the fundamental right to privacy is doubtful in view of Supreme Court's earlier judgments.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Mohit |date=2015-08-11 |title=SC refers Aadhaar challenge to larger bench, makes it non-mandatory in the interim [ORDER] |url=https://onelawstreet.com/sc-refers-aadhaar-challenge-to-larger-bench-makes-it-non-mandatory-in-the-interim-order/ |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=One Law Street |language=en-GB}}</ref> On August 11, the three-judge bench referred the question of right to privacy to a larger bench.<ref name="Firstpost rightful place">{{cite news |title=Supreme Court rights old judicial wrongs in landmark Right to Privacy verdict, shows State its rightful place |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/supreme-court-rights-old-judicial-wrongs-in-landmark-right-to-privacy-verdict-shows-state-its-rightful-place-3984011.html |access-date=31 December 2021 |work=Firstpost |date=29 August 2017 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Mohit |date=2017-01-02 |title=The Aadhaar Challenge |url=https://onelawstreet.com/the-aadhaar-challenge/ |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=One Law Street |language=en-GB}}</ref> In October 2015, a five-judge constitution bench modified the order and allowed the central government's request to bring further services within the scope of Aadhaar.<ref name=":0" />

The nine-judge bench was used because, when the case was on the list, Supreme Court Chief Justice Khehar was informed that in the past there was a verdict from an eight-judge bench as well as a six-judge bench, both holding the view that the Right to Privacy is not a fundamental right. CJI Khehar then decided to constitute a nine-judge bench to rule on the question of Right to Privacy.<ref name="CJI Khehar farewell">{{cite news |title=At CJI JS Khehar farewell, attorney-general says privacy verdict extraordinary |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/at-cji-js-khehar-farewell-attorney-general-says-privacy-verdict-extraordinary-4813915/ |access-date=31 December 2021 |work=The Indian Express |date=26 August 2017 |language=en}}</ref> This nine-judge bench gave a unanimous decision on the case, recognizing every individual's fundamental right to privacy under the Constitution.<ref name="Firstpost rightful place" />

In March 2016, Parliament of India passed the Aadhaar (Targeted Delivery of Financial and Other Subsidies, Benefits and Services) Bill, 2016 as a money bill. Rajya Sabha MP [[Jairam Ramesh]] filed a fresh petition challenging the Act Aadhaar Act, 2016, claiming it to be “unconstitutional” for being passed as a money bill.<ref name=":0" />

==Hearing the case==
[[File:Kottayan Katankot Venugopal, K K Venugopal.jpg|Attorney General K.K. Venugopal|thumb|right]]
The [[Attorney General of India]] [[K. K. Venugopal|K.K. Venugopal]] had opposed the elevation of privacy as a fundamental right, representing the stance of the Union government of India in the Supreme Court. The previous Attorney General, [[Mukul Rohatgi]], had opposed the right to privacy entirely, but Venugopal, while opposing the right, conceded that privacy could be a "wholly qualified fundamental right."{{cn|date=May 2025}}

==Judgment==
[[File:Dhananjaya Yeshwant Chandrachud.jpg|Justice DY Chandrachud, who authored the unanimous opinion|thumb|right]]
On 24 August 2017, the Supreme Court of India gave the Right to Privacy verdict. In the case of Justice K.S. Puttaswamy (Retd.) and Anr. vs Union of India and Ors. The Supreme Court held that the Right to Privacy is a [[Fundamental rights in India|fundamental right]] protected under Article 21 and Part III of the Indian Constitution. The judgment mentioned [[Section 377]] as a "discordant note which directly bears upon the evolution of the constitutional jurisprudence on the right to privacy." In the judgment delivered by the nine-judge bench, [[Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud|Justice Chandrachud]] (who authored for Justices [[Jagdish Singh Khehar|Khehar]], [[Rajesh Kumar Agrawal|Agarwal]], [[S. Abdul Nazeer|Abdul Nazeer]] and himself), held that the rationale behind the Suresh Koushal (2013) Judgement is incorrect, and the judges clearly expressed their disagreement with it. [[Sanjay Kishan Kaul|Justice Kaul]] agreed with Justice Chandrachud's view that the right to privacy cannot be denied, even if a minuscule fraction of the affected population exists. He went on to state that the majoritarian concept does not apply to Constitutional rights, and the courts are often called upon to take what may be categorized as a non-majoritarian view, in the check and balance of power envisaged under the Constitution of India.<ref name=":2a">{{Cite news|url=http://sci.gov.in/pdf/LU/ALL%20WP(C)%20No.494%20of%202012%20Right%20to%20Privacy.pdf|title=Right to Privacy Judgement|date=24 August 2017|work=Supreme Court of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828075957/http://sci.gov.in/pdf/LU/ALL%20WP(C)%20No.494%20of%202012%20Right%20to%20Privacy.pdf|archive-date=28 August 2017|url-status=dead|pages=121, 123–24}}</ref>

<blockquote><poem>Sexual orientation is an essential attribute of privacy. Discrimination against an individual based on sexual orientation is deeply offensive to an individual's dignity and self-worth. Equality demands that the sexual orientation of each individual in society must be protected on an even platform. The right to privacy and the protection of sexual orientation lie at the core of the fundamental rights guaranteed by Articles 14, 15, and 21 of the Constitution.<ref name=":2a" />

Their rights are not "so-called" but are real rights founded on sound constitutional doctrine. They inhere in the right to life. They dwell in privacy and dignity. They constitute the essence of liberty and freedom. Sexual orientation is an essential component of identity. Equal protection demands protecting the identity of every individual without discrimination.<ref name=":2a" /></poem></blockquote>

The [[ADM Jabalpur v. Shivkant Shukla|''ADM Jabalpur case'']] was overruled on the doctrinal grounds concerning the rights by the same verdict. At the paragraph 119 of the majority opinion, the court had ruled:<ref name="Firstpost rightful place" />

<blockquote><poem>"The judgments rendered by all the four judges constituting the majority in [[ADM Jabalpur v. Shivkant Shukla|'' Additional District Magistrate, Jabalpur'']] are seriously flawed. Life and personal liberty are inalienable to human existence. These rights are, as recognized in Kesavananda Bharati, primordial rights. They constitute rights under natural law.

The human element in the life of the individual is integrally founded on the sanctity of life. Dignity is associated with liberty and freedom. No civilised state can contemplate an encroachment upon life and personal liberty without the authority of law.

"Neither life nor liberty are bounties conferred by the State nor does the Constitution create these rights.

"The right to life has existed even before the advent of the Constitution. In recognizing the right, the Constitution does not become the sole repository of the right. It would be preposterous to suggest that a democratic Constitution without a Bill of Rights would leave individuals governed by the State without either the existence of the right to live or the means of enforcement of the right. The right to life is inalienable to each individual, it existed before the Constitution and continued in force under Article of the Constitution.

"Justice Khanna was right in holding that the recognition of the right to life and personal liberty under the Constitution does not denude the existence of that right, apart from it nor can there be a fatuous assumption that in adopting the Constitution the people of India surrendered the most precious aspects of the human persona, namely, life, liberty and freedom to the State on whose mercy these rights would depend. Such a construct is contrary to the basic foundation of the rule of law which imposes restraints upon the powers vested in the modern state when it deals with individual liberties.

"The power of the Court to issue a writ of habeas corpus is a precious and undeniable feature of the rule of law."<ref name="Firstpost rightful place" /></poem></blockquote>

==Analysis==
A nine-judge bench ruled that the Right to Privacy is a fundamental right for Indian citizens, so no legislation passed by the government can unduly violate it. Specifically, the court adopted the three-pronged test required for any encroachment of Article 21 right: legality, or the existence of a certain law; necessity, in terms of a legitimate state objective; and proportionality, which requires a rational connection between an object and the means required to get that object.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Constitutionality of Aadhaar Act: Judgment Summary |url=https://www.scobserver.in/reports/constitutionality-of-aadhaar-justice-k-s-puttaswamy-union-of-india-judgment-in-plain-english/ |access-date=2023-09-02 |website=Supreme Court Observer |language=en-US}}</ref>

This clarification was crucial to prevent dilution of the right in the future to the whims and fancies of the government in power.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thewire.in/170988/right-to-privacy-supreme-court-2/|title=For the Many and the Few: What a Fundamental Right to Privacy Means for India - The Wire|website=The Wire|access-date=31 March 2018}}</ref> The court adopted a liberal interpretation of the fundamental rights, holding that individual liberty must extend to digital spaces and individual autonomy, and privacy must be protected.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Supreme Court Observer -|url=https://www.scobserver.in/court-case/fundamental-right-to-privacy/judgement-of-the-supreme-court-in-plain-english-i|access-date=2020-07-08|website=www.scobserver.in}}</ref>

This judgment settled that position of law and clarified that the Right to Privacy could be infringed only when there was a compelling state interest for doing so. This position was the same as with the other fundamental rights.<ref name="Firstpost rightful place" />

This ruling by the Supreme Court paved the way for the decriminalization of homosexuality in India on 6 September 2018, thus legalizing same-sex sexual intercourse between two consenting adults in private.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thequint.com/india/2017/08/24/supreme-court-verdict-right-to-privacy|title=Too Lazy to Read Right to Privacy Ruling? Here's the TL;DR Version|work=The Quint|access-date=2017-08-25|language=en}}</ref> India is the world's largest democracy and with this ruling has joined the United States, Canada, South Africa, the European Union, and the UK in recognizing this fundamental right.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://andhrastar.com/india-privacy-fundamental-right/|title=Andhrastar – Breaking News, Andhra News, Telangana News, India News, Bollywood, Tollywood News, World News|website=andhrastar.com|language=en-us|access-date=2017-08-25}}</ref>

However, as the curative petition (challenging Section 377) is currently sub-judice, the judges authored that they would leave the constitutional validity to be decided in an appropriate proceeding. Legal experts have suggested that with this judgment, the judges have invalidated the reasoning behind the 2013 Judgement, thus laying the groundwork for Section 377 to be read down and the restoration of the 2009 High Court Judgement, thereby decriminalizing homosexual sex.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livelaw.in/privacy-bench-affirms-lgbt-rights-disagrees-with-suresh-koushal-judgment-on-377-ipc/|title=Legal experts on 377 and Right to Privacy|date=24 August 2017 |access-date=24 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/target-section-377/article19563070.ece|title=The Hindu on 377 and Right to Privacy|website=[[The Hindu]] |date=25 August 2017 }}</ref>

== Aftermath ==
The judgement was interpreted as paving the way for the eventual decriminalization of homosexuality in the case of ''[[Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India]] (2018)'' and adultery in the case of [[Adultery law in India|''Joseph Shine v. Union of India'']] ''(2018).''

== Reception ==
The [[Attorney General of India]] [[K. K. Venugopal]] had opposed the elevation of privacy as a fundamental right while explaining the stand of the Union government of India, in the Supreme Court.<ref name="CJI Khehar farewell" /> Later on while delivering the speech in the farewell ceremony of CJI JS Khehar, attorney Venugopal noted, "We have now an extraordinary judgement which has upheld the right to privacy as a major fundamental right which, if we look into the newspapers or TV, has been welcomed by every single person in this country. And that, I think, is one of the greatest things that the Supreme Court of India has done."<ref name="CJI Khehar farewell" />

== See also ==

* [[List of landmark court decisions in India]]
* [[Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India|Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India (2018)]]
* [[National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India|National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India (2014)]]
* [[ADM Jabalpur v. Shivkant Shukla|ADM Jabalpur v. Shivkant Shukla (1976)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://api.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2012/35071/35071_2012_Judgement_24-Aug-2017.pdf ''Justice K. S. Puttaswamy (Retd.) and Anr. vs Union Of India And Ors.'']
{{LGBT Rights Case Law in India|state=expanded}}

[[Category:LGBTQ rights in India]]
[[Category:2017 in Indian law]]
[[Category:Privacy case law]]
[[Category:2017 in LGBTQ history]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ rights case law]]
[[Category:Indian Fundamental Rights case law]]
[[Category:Supreme Court of India cases in 2017]]

Harunur Rashid Khan

2025-12-16T16:23:21Z

Danger Pandit Ankit: further enhanced section for clarity and corrected details

{{short description|Bangladeshi politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Harunur Rashid Khan
| office = Member of Bangladesh Parliament
| term_start = 1983
| term_end = 1991
| predecessor =
| successor =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date = 2003
| death_place =
| party = [[Jatiya Party (Ershad)]]
}}
'''Harunur Rashid Khan''' is a [[Jatiya Party (Ershad)]] politician and a former member of parliament from [[Chandpur-3]].

==Career==
Khan was elected to parliament from Chandpur-3 as a Jatiya Party candidate in 1986 and 1988.<ref>{{cite web |title=List of 3rd Parliament Members |url=http://www.parliament.gov.bd/images/pdf/formermp/3rd.pdf |website=Bangladesh Parliament |accessdate=9 April 2020 |archive-date=18 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918080059/http://www.parliament.gov.bd/images/pdf/formermp/3rd.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=List of 4th Parliament Members |url=http://www.parliament.gov.bd/images/pdf/formermp/4th.pdf |website=Bangladesh Parliament |language=bn |accessdate=9 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708101931/http://www.parliament.gov.bd/images/pdf/formermp/4th.pdf |archive-date=8 July 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Harunur Rashid}}
[[Category:Jatiya Party (Ershad) politicians]]
[[Category:2003 deaths]]
[[Category:3rd Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:4th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:People from Chandpur District]]
[[Category:Politicians from Chittagong Division]]

{{JatiyaParty-politician-stub}}

Trans-Harbour line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)

2025-12-11T17:45:34Z

Danger Pandit Ankit:

{{short description|Rail line in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail line
| name = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|50px|link=Trans-Harbour line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)]] Trans-Harbour line
| color = {{rcr|Mumbai Suburban Railway|Trans-Harbour}}
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Commuter rail|Suburban rail]]
| system = [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]]
| status = Operational
| open = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1993}} (for goods) {{Start date and age|df=yes|2004|11|9}} (for passengers)
| locale = [[Navi Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]] [[Thane]], [[Maharashtra]]
| start = {{rws|Thane}}
| end = {{rws|Vashi}}, {{rws|Panvel}}
| routes = {{Collapsible list|Thane–Vashi Thane–Nerul Thane–Belapur Thane–Panvel}}
| stations = 17
| owner = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Central Railway Zone|Central Railways]] (CR)
| depot = Sanpada, Kalwa
| character =
| stock = Jessop, Siemens
| linelength = {{Cvt|38|km|}}
| gauge = {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| speed =
| elevation =
| map = {{MSR Trans-Harbour line}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

The '''Trans-Harbour line''' is a branch of the [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]]'s [[Harbour line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)|Harbour line]] that connects [[Navi Mumbai]] and [[Thane]] and is operated by the [[Central Railway zone|Central Railway]]. Its termini include [[Thane railway station|Thane]], [[Vashi railway station|Vashi]] and [[Panvel railway station|Panvel]] on the Thane–Vashi and Thane–Panvel routes. Thane is the common terminus for both the routes.

This line is a double track and does not have any fast trains. It starts from separate platforms (numbers 9 and 10) located at the far east in Thane and runs parallel to the [[Main line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)|Main line]], crossing over [[Thane Creek]] until just before the [[Parsik Tunnel]]. Here, the line turns southwards and continues until [[Koparkhairane railway station|Koparkhairane]]. At [[Turbhe railway station|Turbhe]], the line branches into two, both running parallel to the Harbour line. The first line joins at [[Sanpada railway station|Sanpada]] and terminates at Vashi, while the second line joins at [[Juinagar railway station|Juinagar]] and terminates at Panvel.

The stations on the Navi Mumbai side of the Trans-Harbour line were designed by [[CIDCO]]. Some IT, corporate, and commercial offices, along with shopping malls, are located above some of these railway stations. As of December 2021, 252 services operate on the Trans-Harbour line in both directions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1640069704271-5.%20Trans-Harbour.pdf|title=PTT DEC 2021 Timings HB-THB}}</ref> A total of 12 EMU Rakes ply on this line.

==History==
The [[City and Industrial Development Corporation|City and Industrial Development Corporation of Maharashtra]] (CIDCO) was appointed as the new town development authority in 1970. The government acquired land from 95 villages and handed it over to CIDCO for the development of towns. To decongest [[Mumbai]], CIDCO developed 14 nodes in Navi Mumbai. The development of [[Navi Mumbai International Airport]] and six railway corridors in Navi Mumbai was meant to increase connectivity between towns, nodes, and mega establishments. The major features of the rail corridors include direct access from residential areas to railway stations by foot, convenient interchange facilities from one corridor to another, double discharge platforms at every station, easy-to-follow routes, and comfortable and pleasant journeys, forming key features of the commuter railway system in Navi Mumbai.

The line was exclusively for freight from 1993 until 2004 when passenger services commenced.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/Trans-harbour-line-eases-rush-at-Kurla-and-Vashi/Article1-708126.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022171529/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/Trans-harbour-line-eases-rush-at-Kurla-and-Vashi/Article1-708126.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 October 2014 |title=Trans Harbour line eases rush at Kurla and Vashi |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=2011-06-11 |access-date=2012-11-07}}</ref> It was formally inaugurated on 9 November 2004 by Railway Minister [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,6,1191,1192,1394,1396,1419 |title=Central railway official website |access-date=2017-11-17}}</ref> On 19 January 2013, the conversion of all ten rakes on the Trans-Harbour line into 12-car trains was completed.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-20/mumbai/36445866_1_rail-corridor-project-churchgate-virar-land-acquisition | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411040833/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-20/mumbai/36445866_1_rail-corridor-project-churchgate-virar-land-acquisition | url-status=dead | archive-date=2013-04-11 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=State boost for Churchgate-Virar elevated corridor}}</ref>

The fourth air-conditioned rake of the Mumbai Suburban Railway and the first of the Central Railway was commissioned on 30 January 2020 to serve the Trans-Harbour line.<ref>[https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbai-ac-local-to-ply-on-trans-harbour-line-from-january-16-services-daily-6159150/ Mumbai AC local ply on Central Railway Route], indianexpress.com, Retrieved 22 September 2020</ref> However, in January 2022, the Central Railway ceased operating the only air-conditioned train on the line, citing a poor response from commuters due to low frequency and exorbitant fares.<ref>{{cite news| title=Central Railway cancels AC train services on trans-harbour line| url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/central-railway-cancels-ac-train-services-on-trans-harbour-line-101641652016413.html| work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

== Stations ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" | #
! colspan="2" | Station Name
! rowspan="2" | Station Code
! rowspan="2" | Platforms
! rowspan="2" | Connections
|-
![[English language|English]]
![[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|-
| 1 || {{rws|Thane}}
|ठाणे || T/TNA || 9 & 10 || {{rcb|Mumbai Suburban Railway|Central|croute}} & [[Indian Railways]]
|-
| 2 || {{rws|Digha Gaon}}
|दिघा गाव || DIGH || {{small|''all''}} || {{small|''none''}}
|-
| 3 || {{rws|Airoli}}
|ऐरोली || AIRL || {{small|''all''}} || {{small|''none''}}
|-
| 4 || {{rws|Rabale}}
|रबाळे || RABE || {{small|''all''}} || {{small|''none''}}
|-
| 5 || {{rws|Ghansoli}}
|घणसोली || GNSL || {{small|''all''}} || {{small|''none''}}
|-
| 6 || {{rws|Koparkhairane}}
|कोपरखैरणे || KPHN || {{small|''all''}} || {{small|''none''}}
|-
| 7 || {{rws|Turbhe}}
|तुर्भे || TUH || {{small|''all''}} || {{small|''none''}}
|-
| 8 || {{rws|Sanpada}}
|सानपाडा || SNCR || 1 & 2 || {{rcb|Mumbai Suburban Railway|Harbour|croute}}
|-
| 9 || {{rws|Vashi}}
|वाशी || VA/VSH || 1 || {{rcb|Mumbai Suburban Railway|Harbour|croute}}
|-
| 10 || {{rws|Juinagar}}
|जुईनगर || JNJ || 1 & 2 || {{rcb|Mumbai Suburban Railway|Harbour|croute}}
|-
| 11 || {{rws|Nerul}}
|नेरूळ || NU/NEU || 1 & 2 || {{rcb|Mumbai Suburban Railway|Harbour|croute}} & {{rcb|Mumbai Suburban Railway|Port|croute}}
|-
| 12 || {{rws|Seawoods-Darave-Karave}}
|सीवूड्स-दारावे-करावे || SWDK || 1 & 2 || {{rcb|Mumbai Suburban Railway|Harbour|croute}} & {{rcb|Mumbai Suburban Railway|Port|croute}}
|-
| 13 || {{rws|CBD Belapur}}
|सी.बी.डी. बेलापूर || BR/BEPR || 1 & 3 || {{rcb|Mumbai Suburban Railway|Harbour|croute}}, [[Navi Mumbai Metro]] & {{rcb|Mumbai Suburban Railway|Port|croute}}
|-
| 14 || {{rws|Kharghar}}
|खारघर || KHAG || 1 & 2 || {{rcb|Mumbai Suburban Railway|Harbour|croute}}
|-
| 15 || {{rws|Mansarovar}}
|मानसरोवर || MANR || 3 & 4 || {{rcb|Mumbai Suburban Railway|Harbour|croute}}
|-
| 16 || {{rws|Khandeshwar}}
|खांदेश्वर || KNDS || 1 & 2 || {{rcb|Mumbai Suburban Railway|Harbour|croute}}
|-
| 17 || {{rws|Panvel}}
|पनवेल || PL/PNVL || 1 || {{rcb|Mumbai Suburban Railway|Harbour|croute}}, {{rcb|Mumbai Suburban Railway|Vasai Road-Roha|croute}}, [[Panvel-Karjat Railway Corridor]] & [[Indian Railways]]
|}

==See also==
* [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]]
* [[List of Mumbai Suburban Railway stations]]
* [[Port line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)]]
* [[Harbour line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Mumbai topics}}
{{Railways in Western India}}
{{Mumbai – Suburban Railway, Trans-Harbour}}

[[Category:Transport in Thane]]
[[Category:Transport in Navi Mumbai]]
[[Category:Transport in Thane district]]
[[Category:Mumbai Suburban Railway lines]]
[[Category:Railway lines opened in 1993]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Mumbai]]
[[Category:1993 establishments in Maharashtra]]

{{India-rail-transport-stub}}

Little India (Middlesex County, New Jersey)

2025-12-09T09:07:08Z

Danger Pandit Ankit: Started Initial Entry From Scratch

{{Short description|South Asian shopping district in Edison, New Jersey}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2025}}
{{use mdy dates|date=May 2020}}

'''Oak Tree Road''' is a predominantly [[South Asian]] shopping, business, and dining district centered on a road designated County Route 604 in [[Middlesex County, New Jersey|Middlesex County]], in [[Central New Jersey|Central]] [[New Jersey]].<ref name="auto6">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/video/destination-oak-tree-road-emomr4/|title=NJ PBS Specials | Destination Oak Tree Road|via=www.pbs.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.nj.us/transportation/refdata/sldiag/12000604__-.pdf|title=Middlesex County 604 straight line diagram|publisher=[[New Jersey Department of Transportation]]|accessdate=January 4, 2020}}</ref> The commercial district, which is commonly known as '''India Square''' and also as '''Little India''',<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/little-india-thrives-in-central-new-jersey-1506340801|title='Little India' Thrives in Central New Jersey|first=Kate|last=King|newspaper=WSJ |date=September 25, 2017|via=www.wsj.com}}</ref> is set amidst a suburban residential area that is home to many South Asian families.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/13/realestate/edison-nj-a-diverse-suburb-in-a-convenient-location.html|title=Edison, N.J.: A Diverse Suburb in a Convenient Location|first=Kathleen|last=Lynn|newspaper=The New York Times |date=July 13, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nj.com/middlesex/2022/08/pakistan-day-parade-nj-is-set-for-aug-21.html|title=Pakistan Day Parade NJ is set for Aug. 21|first=Community|last=Bulletin|date=August 18, 2022|website=nj}}</ref> It runs through parts of Edison and Woodbridge Township.<ref>{{cite web |title=New Jersey's 'Little India' is feeling the impacts of President Trump's trade war |url=https://abc7ny.com/post/edison-new-jersey-says-little-india-community-is-feeling-affects-tariffs/17843582/ |website=ABC 7 New York |date=September 18, 2025 |access-date=October 7, 2025}}</ref>

==Location==
Oak Tree Road runs for about one-and-a-half miles through [[Edison, New Jersey|Edison]] and neighboring [[Iselin, New Jersey|Iselin]], a section of [[Woodbridge Township, New Jersey|Woodbridge Township]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/04/17/nyregion/in-edison-a-crossroads-of-diversity.html|title=In Edison, a Crossroads of Diversity|first=Robert|last=Hanley|newspaper=The New York Times|date=April 17, 1991}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/09/travel/indo-chinese-restaurants-edison-new-jersey.html|title=Indo-Chinese Food Is Hard to Find, Except in New Jersey|first=David|last=Shaftel|newspaper=The New York Times|date=9 March 2017}}</ref> The epicenter of Little India retail is traditionally on the two-block stretch of Oak Tree Road between Correja Avenue and Middlesex Avenue in Iselin, an area officially known as India Square; there, as of 2017, rents were roughly double over the rest of the area.<ref name="auto4"/> The intersection of Wood Avenue and Oak Tree Road is where the two towns meet.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://brooklynbased.com/2012/01/26/day-trip-edison-and-iselin-new-jersey/|title=Day Trip: Edison and Iselin, New Jersey for South Asian flavors; Brooklyn Based|date=January 26, 2012|website=brooklynbased.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nj.com/food/2017/06/50_best_restaurants_new_jersey.html|title=The 49 N.J. restaurants you need to eat at before you die|first=Vicki |last= Hyman|website =NJ Advance Media for NJ.com|date=June 26, 2017}}</ref> Some have lamented the "[[stroad]]" status of parts of the western portion of the road as inhibiting ideal [[walkability]] from establishment to establishment, and have advocated for improved [[sidewalk]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.strongtowns.org/journal/2022/7/21/oak-tree-road-and-the-second-life-cycle-blues|title=Oak Tree Road and the Second Life Cycle Blues|website=Strong Towns|date=October 13, 2023 }}</ref>

[[Middlesex County, New Jersey|Middlesex]], in [[Central Jersey]], is the U.S. county with the highest concentration of [[Indian Americans]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nj.com/news/2012/11/big_business_in_little_india_c.html|title=Big business in Little India: Commerce flourishes in vibrant ethnic neighborhood|first=Peter|last=Genovese|date=16 November 2012|website=nj.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.saveur.com/article/Travels/Oak-Tree-Road-Iselin-NJ|title=Eat Street: Oak Tree Road, Iselin, N.J.|website=SAVEUR|date=March 31, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/04/21/realestate/if-you-re-thinking-of-living-in-iselin-nj-curry-and-saris-spice-a-typical-suburb.html|title=If You're Thinking of Living In/Iselin, N.J.; Curry and Saris Spice a 'Typical' Suburb|first=Julia|last=Lawlor|newspaper=The New York Times|date=April 21, 2002}}</ref>
This area is the largest and most diverse [[South Asian]] ethnic enclave and cultural hub in the United States.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/little-india-thrives-in-central-new-jersey-1506340801|title='Little India' Thrives in Central New Jersey|first=Kate|last=King|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|date=25 September 2017|publisher=|via=www.wsj.com}}</ref><ref name="auto3">{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/monteburke/2012/06/06/the-ultimate-neighborhood-bank/|title=How Indo-Americans Created The Ultimate Neighborhood Bank|first=Monte|last=Burke|website=Forbes}}</ref> According to the 2017 [[American Community Survey]], 42.6% of Iselin residents identified themselves as being Asian Indian, the highest for any [[census-designated place]] in the United States.<ref>[https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/17_5YR/DP05/1600000US3434470] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20200213094649/https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/ACS/17_5YR/DP05/1600000US3434470|date=2020-02-13}} Accessed April 28, 2019.</ref>

==Culture, cuisine, and commerce==
[[File:Saravana Bhavan Edison NJ.jpg|thumb|[[Saravana Bhavan]] restaurant off Oak Tree Road in [[Edison, New Jersey|Edison]]]]
Oak Tree Road in Edison and Iselin is home to over 400 South Asian business establishments, including dining, [[halal]] grocery, jewelry, [[apparel]] and [[consumer electronics|electronics]] retailing, and [[entertainment industry|entertainment]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oaktreeroad.us/|title=Oak Tree Road Edison, Iselin NJ Indian Shopping, Food, Restaurants|website=www.oaktreeroad.us}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.saveur.com/indian-restaurants-food-edison-new-jersey|title=A One-Day Snacker's Guide to Edison, NJ, One of America's Best Indian Food Destinations|website=SAVEUR|date=March 18, 2019|accessdate=16 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/27/nyregion/nyregionspecial2/27indianj.html|title=A Place Where Indians, Now New Jerseyans, Thrive|first=Joseph|last=Berger|newspaper=The New York Times|date=27 April 2008|publisher=|accessdate=16 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.njtvonline.org/news/video/edison-brimming-with-indian-culture/|title=Edison Brimming with Indian Culture - Video|publisher=|accessdate=16 April 2019}}</ref>

Many come to the area for its traditional gold and [[Maharashtra|Maharashtrian]] jewelry retailers.<ref name="auto4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.foxbusiness.com/features/little-india-thrives-in-central-new-jersey|title=Little India Thrives in Central New Jersey|date=September 25, 2017|website=Dow Jones Newswires}}</ref>
In 2023, [[Tanishq]], the luxury Indian jewelry brand, opened its U.S. flagship store on Oak Tree Road.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jckonline.com/editorial-article/tanishq-new-jersey-debut/|title=Tanishq's New Jersey Debut Drew Customers From Across the East Coast - JCK}}</ref> [[Kalyan Jewellers]] opened in 2024
<ref>https://www.msn.com/en-us/money/news/global-trade-war-comes-to-new-jersey-s-little-india/ar-AA1MvZi2?ocid=socialshare</ref>

Indian-American supermarket chain [[Patel Brothers]] has several locations on the strip.<ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/new-generation-of-gujaratis-take-political-guard-on-american-pitch {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref>

Over 145 [[Indian cuisine|Indian]] restaurants alone are found in the neighborhood.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://njmonthly.com/articles/eat-drink/oak-tree-road-street-of-dreams/|title=Oak Tree Road is a Street of Dreams for Lovers of South Asian Cuisine|date=1 May 2017|website=New Jersey Monthly}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://ny.eater.com/2017/3/13/14902030/the-best-indian-food-in-new-york-is-in-new-jersey|title=The Best Indian Food In New York Is Actually in New Jersey|first=Robert|last=Sietsema|date=13 March 2017|website=Eater NY}}</ref> Establishments have appeared on food critics' "best of South Asian cuisine" national and regional lists.<ref name="auto5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedailymeal.com/travel/best-south-asian-indian-restaurants-in-united-states|title=America's 25 Best Indian Restaurants|date=August 24, 2018|website=The Daily Meal}}
(listing Dimple’s BombayTalk in Iselin and Shalimar in Iselin among America's top 25 Indian Restaurants)</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ny.eater.com/maps/best-indian-nyc-nj-restaurants|title=Where to Find the Best Regional Indian Cooking in NY and NJ|first=Robert|last=Sietsema|date=September 29, 2021|website=Eater NY}}(listing Moghul Express in Edison; Dosa Express in Iselin; Chowpatty in Iselin)</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/31/dining/a-chef-revisits-his-indian-roots-in-new-jersey.html|title=Across the Hudson, Closer to India|first=Jeff|last=Gordinier|newspaper=The New York Times|date=July 30, 2013}}</ref> The district is also known as a destination for [[Indo-Chinese cuisine]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/09/travel/indo-chinese-restaurants-edison-new-jersey.html|title=Indo-Chinese Food Is Hard to Find, Except in New Jersey|first=David|last=Shaftel|newspaper=The New York Times|date=March 9, 2017}}</ref> Establishments range from vegetarian to non-vegetarian, South Indian to North Indian, and sweet to spicy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Monthly |first=New Jersey |date=2017-05-01 |title=Oak Tree Road is a Street of Dreams for Lovers of South Asian Cuisine |url=https://njmonthly.com/articles/eat-drink/oak-tree-road-street-of-dreams/ |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=New Jersey Monthly}}</ref> One food and entertainment critic has named the "atmospheric" Little India as one of the "50 Best Reasons to Live in New Jersey".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nj.com/entertainment/2021/11/the-50-best-reasons-to-live-in-new-jersey.html|title=The 50 best reasons to live in New Jersey|first=Peter |last=Genovese |website= NJ Advance Media for NJ.com|date=November 28, 2021}}</ref>

The actor-comedian [[Omi Vaidya]] celebrated the Oak Tree Road scene and South Asian culture in his 2020 song "Oak Tree Road," a parody of [[Old Town Road]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Doyle |first=Bill|date=2020-02-11 |title=Parody of 'Old Town Road' celebrates Edison's South Asian culture |url=https://nj1015.com/parody-of-old-town-road-celebrates-edisons-south-asian-culture/?trackback=twitter_mobile |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=New Jersey 101.5 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://newjersey.news12.com/story/41860575/gonna-head-on-down-to-oak-tree-road-lil-nas-x-parody-pays-homage-to-njs-south-asian-community|title='Gonna head on down to Oak Tree Road' – Lil Nas X parody pays homage to NJ's South Asian community|website=newjersey.news12.com}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:NorthernNewJersey1777.jpg|thumb|right|260px|1777 map of the area where the [[Battle of Short Hills|Oak Tree Engagement]] took place. The greater battle occurred overall at points between [[Metuchen, New Jersey|"Metuchin"]] and [[Westfield, New Jersey|Westfield]]. "Spanktown" is modern-day [[Rahway, New Jersey|Rahway.]]]]

Oak Tree Road has a long history in commerce. It is named for a large [[oak]] tree which stood at a crossroads where a market was located during the [[American Revolutionary War|Revolutionary War]] era.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=53346|title=The Oak Tree Neighborhood Historical Marker|website=www.hmdb.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://em.gmnews.com/news/2010-12-01/Front_Page/Historians_shed_light_on_site_of_1777_battle.html|title=Historians shed light on site of 1777 battle | em.gmnews.com | Edison/Metuchen Sentinel|date=September 10, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910201314/http://em.gmnews.com/news/2010-12-01/Front_Page/Historians_shed_light_on_site_of_1777_battle.html|archive-date=September 10, 2015}}</ref> This crossroads and surrounding area was the site of the Oak Tree Engagement during the [[Battle of Short Hills|Battle of the Short Hills]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.revolutionarywarnewjersey.com/new_jersey_revolutionary_war_sites/towns/edison_nj_revolutionary_war_sites.htm|title=Edison, New Jersey Revolutionary War Sites | Edison Historic Sites|website=www.revolutionarywarnewjersey.com}}</ref><ref name="auto2"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=53337|title=The Oak Tree Engagement and the Battle of the Short Hills Historical Marker|website=www.hmdb.org}}</ref> It was a relatively rural area in the early to mid 20th century.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abebooks.com/9781434309709/Now-Iselin-Miele-John-1434309703/plp|title=9781434309709: Then and Now of Iselin - AbeBooks - Miele, John: 1434309703|website=www.abebooks.com}}</ref><ref>Onder, J. P., Miele, J. T. (2007). Then and Now of Iselin. United States: AuthorHouse.</ref><ref>Onder, J. P., Miele, J. T. (2011). Then and Now of Iselin - Volume 2. United Kingdom: AuthorHouse.</ref>

In the early 1990s, prior to the arrival of significant Indian investment, Oak Tree Road was a down-on-its-luck strip of [[biker bar]]s and abandoned buildings.<ref name="auto3"/>
Some late-1980s-era economic pioneers to the then-rundown strip experienced racism from the locals, which largely subsided by the early 1990s.<ref name="auto4"/>

In the 2024 PBS documentary, ''Destination: Oak Tree Road'', Jaswant Singh, owner of Ashoka, shared his experiences of his restaurant business being targeted with eggs and baseball bats, and even having a week’s worth of onions destroyed in a break-in. Other business owners also endured similar attacks during that era, such as repeated vandalism of store signs.<ref name="auto6"/> Groups of motorcycle bikers would frequently gather at a bar across from the businesses. Former New Jersey Governor [[Jim McGreevey]], who served as mayor of Woodbridge during the 1990s, recalled complaints from Oak Tree Road business owners about harassment by these biker groups. In an interview in the aforementioned documentary, he stated that he intervened by talking to the bikers, emphasizing that vandalism and harassment would not be tolerated. The discussions helped subside the tension, although it took time to build a better relationship between the bikers, the local businesses, and the community.<ref name="auto6"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://centraldesi.beehiiv.com/p/new-doc-puts-edison-s-oak-tree-road-in-focus|title=New doc puts Edison's Oak Tree Road in focus|first=Central|last=Desi|website=Central Desi}}</ref>

The first [[Navratri]] festival in the state of New Jersey was held in the area in 1991.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nj.com/news/2012/11/big_business_in_little_india_c.html|title=Big business in Little India: Commerce flourishes in vibrant ethnic neighborhood|first=Peter Genovese | NJ Advance Media for|last=NJ.com|date=November 16, 2012|website=nj}}</ref>
As Indian businesses began arriving in the 1990s en masse, the area transformed over time into the "thriving market full of pedestrian traffic on weekends" seen today.<ref name="auto4"/>

By 2022, the Indian population was approaching one-third of the population of [[Monroe Township, Middlesex County, New Jersey|Monroe Township]] in southern [[Middlesex County, New Jersey|Middlesex County]], and the nickname ''Edison-South'' had developed, in reference to the [[Little India]] stature of both [[Township (New Jersey)|townships]] in Middlesex County.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=j2t2feSY-iw |title= Monroe swears in 1st officer of Asian-Indian descent during Asian Pacific American Heritage month|website=m.youtube.com |date= May 25, 2022|access-date=May 25, 2022}}{{title missing|date=July 2022}}</ref>

==Festivals and events==
A blend of South Asian religious festivals and cultural events are held in the Oak Tree Road district in Edison and Iselin, each featuring a [[melting pot]] of visitors and celebrants of all religions and backgrounds.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.insidernj.com/press-release/south-asian-community-outreach-organizing-10th-annual-interfaith-holiday-celebration/|title=South Asian Community Outreach Organizing 10th Annual Interfaith Holiday Celebration|date=December 13, 2021|website=Insider NJ}}</ref>

===India Day Parade===

The annual New Jersey India Day Parade, hosted by the Indian Business Association,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.insidernj.com/indian-business-association-members-go-d-c-ahead-annual-parade-edison/|title=Indian Business Association Members Go to D.C. Ahead of Annual Parade in Edison|date=17 July 2018|website=Insider NJ}}</ref> is held every August on Oak Tree Road to celebrate [[India Day Parade|Indian Independence Day]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsindiatimes.com/anupam-kher-parades-down-oak-tree-road/37272|title=Anupam Kher parades down Oak Tree Road - News India Times|author=Staff Writer|date=August 14, 2018 |publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/07/13/garden/a-taste-of-india-via-new-jersey.html|title=A Taste of India Via New Jersey|first=Elaine|last=Louie|newspaper=The New York Times|date=13 July 1994|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bonappetit.com/story/dosas-swagath-gourmet|title=The Indian Restaurant I'm Drawn to Like a Magnet|first=|last=|website=Bon Appétit|date=June 6, 2018}}</ref> Celebrants such as Governor [[Phil Murphy]] start in Edison at Cinder Road and march eastbound towards Iselin, finishing the parade at India Square in Iselin. In 2022 as in other years, local officials attended, including Speaker [[Craig Coughlin]], U.S. congressman [[Frank Pallone]], New Jersey state senator [[Patrick J. Diegnan]], Assemblyman [[Robert Karabinchak]], Mayor [[John McCormac]], and Edison mayor Sam Joshi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1oNsTdv-Hug|title=75th India Independence Day Parade 2022 | Rep. Frank Pallone | Edison NJ USA|date=August 15, 2022 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tapinto.net/towns/south-plainfield/sections/middlesex-county-news/articles/india-day-parade-attracts-over-38-000-in-edison-2|title=India Day Parade Attracts Over 38,000 in Edison|date=August 11, 2015|website=TAPinto}}</ref>

====Celebrity parade guests====

Celebrities from [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] and [[Telugu cinema]] are typically invited to the parade on Oak Tree Road. Attendees and parade marshals have included [[Tamannaah Bhatia]], [[Kajal Aggarwal]], [[Sonu Sood]], RJ Devaki, [[Monal Gajjar]], Richa Anirudh, [[Avani Modi]], Prachee Shah, Madalsa Sherma, [[Sameksha Singh]], [[Esha Deol]] and [[Sujata Mehta]].

====2022 parade float controversy====
In 2022, controversy and concerns about [[Islamophobia|anti-Muslim animus]] arose at the annual parade when members of the community objected to a yellow [[wheel loader]], resembling a bulldozer, seen in the August 14 parade displaying photographs of Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi|Modi]] and the [[Hindutva|conservative Hindu nationalist]] monk, [[Yogi Adityanath]], who is also the chief elected leader of the Northern Indian region of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/25/nyregion/bulldozer-indian-parade-new-jersey.html|title=An Anti-Muslim Symbol From India Is Paraded on Main Street, New Jersey|first=Tracey|last=Tully|work=The New York Times |date=September 25, 2022|via=NYTimes.com}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newjersey.news12.com/edison-community-divided-regarding-bulldozer-used-in-indian-day-parade-seen-by-some-as-islamophobic|title=Edison community divided regarding bulldozer used in Indian Day parade seen by some as Islamophobic|website=News 12 - New Jersey}}</ref> Modi and Adityanath are both members of the right-leaning [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], a major Indian political party.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-61837134|title=How bulldozers became a vehicle of injustice in India|date=June 19, 2022|via=www.bbc.com}}</ref> The 2022 Oak Tree Road parade's grand marshal, [[Sambit Patra]], is the national spokesperson for the same party.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tapinto.net/towns/woodbridge-slash-carteret/sections/arts-and-entertainment/articles/india-day-parade-comes-to-woodbridge-today|title=India Day Parade Comes to Woodbridge Today|website=TAPinto}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2022/aug/25/symbol-of-hate-usage-of-bulldozer-inindependence-day-parade-at-new-jersey-town-disappointsresidents-2491346.html|title='Symbol of hate': Usage of bulldozer in Independence day parade at New Jersey town disappoints residents|website=The New Indian Express|date=August 25, 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mycentraljersey.com/story/news/local/middlesex-county/2022/08/24/nj-india-day-parade-muslims-bulldozer/65415937007/|title=NJ India Day Parade organizers under fire for anti-Muslim symbol|website=Courier News}}</ref> The yellow construction vehicle displayed at the 2022 parade included a placard with the words [[Bulldozer politics|"Baba ka bulldozer"]] written in [[Hindi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.insidernj.com/this-is-not-my-edison-edison-officials-condemn-parade-bulldozer/|title='This is not my Edison': Officials Condemn Parade Bulldozer|date=August 25, 2022|website=Insider NJ}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.insidernj.com/press-release/aapi-legislators-statement-on-india-day-parade-bulldozer/|title=AAPI Legislators' Statement on India Day Parade Bulldozer|date=August 25, 2022|website=Insider NJ}}</ref> This display was a reference to the [[Yogi Adityanath|monk's]] nickname, both affectionately and pejoratively, of [[Bulldozer politics|"Bulldozer Baba"]] (roughly equivalent to "Father Bulldozer," "Saint Bulldozer" or "Bulldozer Monk")<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/story/muslims-in-india-say-they-face-a-threat-bulldozers-73e5a332|title=Muslims in India Say They Face a Threat: Bulldozers|date=August 14, 2022|website=WSJ}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://time.com/6193648/modi-india-bulldozer-justice-muslims/|title=Bulldozers Have Razed My Home, and Broken the Back of India's Muslims. Does the World Care?|date=July 5, 2022|magazine=Time}}</ref>
for his extensive use of the machine in demolishing structures.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gte2lPe8juE|title=Video: CAIR-NJ Rep Says Edison India Parade Bulldozer was 'Clear Message of Intimidation'|date=August 25, 2022 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/opinion/why-bulldozer-baba-yogi-adityanath-keeps-using-the-machine-for-law-and-order/1000182/|title=Why 'Bulldozer baba' Yogi Adityanath keeps using the machine for law and order|first=Badri|last=Narayan|website=[[ThePrint]] |date=June 17, 2022}}</ref> Ultimately, the parade organizers apologized for the parade display. The Middlesex County Prosecutor's Office characterized the display as a "bias incident," although no probable cause existed to press criminal charges of bias intimidation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mycentraljersey.com/story/news/local/middlesex-county/2023/01/30/no-bias-charges-for-controversial-float-in-indian-day-parade/69848811007/|title=Prosecutor won't file bias charges for controversial float in Indian Day Parade|website=Courier News}}</ref>

====2023 Bajrang Dal flags at parade ====
During the 2023 parade, reports arose of anti-Muslim intimidation by a group of young men waving the militant Hindu nationalist [[Bajrang Dal]] flags and chanting, concerning Indian Muslim parade-marcher witnesses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://patch.com/new-jersey/edison-metuchen/muslim-group-condemns-hateful-display-flag-edison-parade|title=Muslim Group Condemns 'Hateful Display' Of Flag At Edison India Day Parade|date=August 15, 2023|website=Edison-Metuchen, NJ Patch}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.northjersey.com/story/news/2023/08/16/disruption-at-edisons-india-day-parade-rattles-muslim-marchersfront-headline/70596258007/|title=Disruption at Edison's India Day Parade rattles Muslim participants|website=North Jersey Media Group}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Minhaj M. |date=2023-09-04 |title=Op-Ed: NJ's Indian diaspora must stand against anti-Muslim harassment |url=https://www.njspotlightnews.org/2023/09/op-ed-indian-americans-in-nj-must-stand-against-hateful-anti-muslim-displays/ |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=NJ Spotlight News |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Other festivals and events===
* [[Ganesh Utsav]]. Every year the weeklong festival honoring the [[Hindu]] deity [[Ganesha]] draws thousands of celebrants to nearby [[Woodbridge Mall]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tapinto.net/towns/edison/sections/arts-and-entertainment/articles/thousands-celebrate-ganesh-utsav-at-the-woodbridge-mall|title=Thousands Celebrate Ganesh Utsav At The Woodbridge Mall|website=TAPinto}}</ref>
* [[Diwali]]. Celebrations for Diwali, the Hindu festival of lights, are held annually on Oak Tree Road and surroundings.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://blog.funnewjersey.com/little-india-in-edison-nj-best-restaurants-and-things-to-do/|title=Little India in Edison NJ: Best Restaurants and Things to Do|date=September 15, 2020}}</ref>
* [[Holi]], the Hindu festival of colors, is also celebrated with the use of color and dancing at events on Oak Tree Road.<ref name="auto"/>
* [[Muslim holidays|Eid]]. Visitors and the [[Desi]] Muslims in the Oak Tree Road area celebrate the Eid religious festivals twice a year with feasts and celebrations: [[Eid al-Fitr]] at the end of [[Ramadan]] and [[Eid al-Adha]] later in the year.<ref name="auto"/>
* [[Christmas]]. The Indian Business Association sponsors a [[Christmas tree]] lighting and celebratory festival with [[Santa Claus]] annually.<ref name="auto4"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tapinto.net/towns/edison/articles/local-business-group-hosts-annual-christmas-spectacular-for-all-residents|title=Local Business Group Hosts Annual Christmas Spectacular For All Residents|website=TAPinto}}</ref>
* [[Navratri]]. A large Navratri festival is held annually in the area, in most recent years at the NJ Expo Center at [[Raritan Center]]. [[Jack Ciattarelli]] attended in 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/10/19/nyregion/in-person-the-festival-man.html|title=IN PERSON; The Festival Man|first=Andrea|last=Kannapell|newspaper=The New York Times|date=October 19, 1997}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.insidernj.com/press-release/114283/|title=Pradip "Peter" Kothari Endorses Mahesh Bhagia for Mayor, McCann, Peng, Patel For Council|date=March 3, 2021|website=Insider NJ}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hindumonth.org/event/vibrant-navratri-2021-expo-hall-edison-nj/2021-10-08/|title=Vibrant Navratri 2021 @ Expo Hall, Edison, NJ}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ddegPC8c_NM|title=Vibrant Navratri 2021 Gathers Indian-American Community - Edison Expo Hall - New Jersey|date=October 20, 2021 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref>
*The [[List of film festivals in New Jersey|New Jersey Indian and International Film Festival]] is held annually.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://filmfreeway.com/njiiff|title=New Jersey Indian & International Film Festival (NJIIFF)|date=January 5, 2023|website=FilmFreeway}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://njiiff.org/home|title=New Jersey Indian and International Film Festival (NJIIFF)|first=New Jersey Indian and International Film|last=Festival (NJIIFF)|website=New Jersey Indian and International Film Festival (NJIIFF)}}</ref>

==Houses of worship==
A variety of [[Hindu temples]] have been established along the strip, alongside diverse Christian, Jewish, and Muslim congregations in the greater area. Shirdi Sai Cultural and Community Center is one such temple. Located on the Iselin side of the district, it is devoted to the 19th century Indian saint [[Sai Baba of Shirdi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsindiatimes.com/75th-birthday-of-viswayogi-maharaj-celebrated-at-shirdi-sai-cultural-center-in-new-jersey/|title=75th birthday of Viswayogi Maharaj celebrated at Shirdi Sai Cultural Center in New Jersey | News India Times|author=Staff Writer|date=September 10, 2018 }}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|New Jersey|New York City|India}}
*[[Edison, New Jersey#Chinese community|Chinese community of Edison, NJ]]
* [[Curry Hill]] in [[Midtown Manhattan]]
* [[Curry Row]] in [[Lower Manhattan]]
* [[Ethnoburb]]
* [[List of neighborhoods in Edison, New Jersey]]
* [[List of neighborhoods in Woodbridge Township, New Jersey]]
* [[List of county routes in Middlesex County, New Jersey]]
* [[India Independence Day Parade]]
* [[Indians in the New York City metropolitan region]]
* [[India Square]] in [[Jersey City, New Jersey]]
*[[Dotbusters|The Dotbusters]], an anti-Indian violent hate group in 1980s and early 1990s, mainly in [[Jersey City, New Jersey]].
* [[Overseas Indians]]
* [[Swaminarayan Akshardham (North America)|Swaminarayan Akshardham]] in [[Robbinsville, New Jersey]] ([[List of largest Hindu temples|the world's second-largest Hindu temple]] and the largest outside [[Asia]]).
* New Jersey-India Commission, a state commission created in 2024 to enhance New Jersey-India trade.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://njbiz.com/murphy-establishes-new-jersey-india-commission/|title=Murphy establishes New Jersey-India Commission|first=Matthew|last=Fazelpoor|date=February 7, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.roi-nj.com/2024/02/06/politics/strengthening-a-bond-new-jersey-india-commission-created/|title=Strengthening a bond, New Jersey-India Commission created|first=Tom|last=Bergeron|date=February 6, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ccc.bc.edu/content/ccc/regulatory-radar/gov-signs-NJ-India-Commission.html|title=Governor Murphy signs off on a New Jersey-India Commission|website=BC CCC}}</ref>
* New Jersey India Center, formed by the state of New Jersey in 2019 as an economic contact point for Indian businesses interested in bringing business to the state.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.choosenj.com/about-us/njic/|title=New Jersey India Center|website=Choose New Jersey, Inc.}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{coord|40.57393|-74.32642|display=title}}
{{Edison, New Jersey}}

[[Category:Roads in New Jersey]]
[[Category:Asian-American culture in New Jersey]]
[[Category:Indian-American culture]]
[[Category:Little Indias]]
[[Category:Edison, New Jersey]]
[[Category:Ethnic enclaves in New Jersey]]
[[Category:Ethnic enclaves in the United States]]
[[Category:Culture of New Jersey]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in New Jersey]]
[[Category:Indian-American culture in New Jersey]]
[[Category:Neighborhoods in Woodbridge Township, New Jersey]]
[[Category:Neighborhoods in Edison, New Jersey]]
[[Category:South Asian–American culture]]
[[Category:Culture of Indian diaspora|American]]
[[Category:Indian diaspora in the United States]]
[[Category:Pakistani diaspora in the United States]]

Thirubuvanam Silk Sarees

2025-12-03T13:41:40Z

Danger Pandit Ankit: article

{{Short description|Textiles from Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Infobox geographical indication
| name = Thirubuvanam Silk Sarees
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| description = [[Sari|Silk saris]] from [[Thirubuvanam]] region
| type = Handicraft
| area = [[Thirubuvanam]], [[Thanjavur district]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| country = India
| registered = 2018–19
| material = [[silk]]
| official website =
}}

'''Thirubuvanam Silk Sarees''' are a [[sari|silk sari]]s woven in the [[Thirubuvanam]] region in [[Thanjavur district]] of the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GIRPublic/Application/Details/480|title=Application details|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> It was declared as a [[List of geographical indications in India|Geographical indication]] in 2018–19.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://ipindia.gov.in/registered-gls.htm|title=Geographical indications in India|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=3 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203233006/https://ipindia.gov.in/registered-gls.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Description ==
These include [[sari|silk saris]] woven in the [[Thirubuvanam]] region on the highway of [[Kumbakonam]] to [[Mayiladuthurai]] in [[Tamil Nadu]]. The silk saris measure about {{cvt|12|ft}} in length and {{cvt|4|ft}} in breadth, weighing about {{cvt|400|g}} without the [[zari]].<ref name="TNIE">{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/tamil-nadu/2019/Mar/13/thirubuvanam-silk-saree-gets-gi-tag-after-a-wait-for-5-years-1950423.html|title=Thirubuvanam Silk saree gets GI tag after a wait for 5 years|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=13 March 2019|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
The saris are known for its extensive border and pallu designs with extensive zari work and higher thread count.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tamil-nadus-thirubuvanam-silk-sari-gets-gi-tag/articleshow/68376518.cms|title=Tamil Nadu’s Thirubuvanam silk sari gets GI tag|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=12 March 2019|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> The weavers are part of a [[co-operative]] named Thirubuvanam Silk Handloom Weavers Co-operative Production and Sale Society Limited (THICO), which was established in 1955.<ref name="TNIE"/>

== See also ==

* [[Koorai silk saree]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Geographical indications in Tamil Nadu}}
{{Sari}}

[[Category:Geographical indications in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Saris]]
[[Category:Silk in India]]
[[Category:Tamil clothing]]
[[Category:Textile industry in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Thanjavur district]]

Isri

2025-12-02T12:18:29Z

Danger Pandit Ankit: updated page

{{Other uses|ISRI}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Isri
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = [[Parasnath railway station]]
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Census Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India3
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.99|N|86.03|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Giridih district|Giridih]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 3.24
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 9,749
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages(*For language details see [[Dumri, Giridih (community development block)#Language and religion]])
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 825167
| registration_plate = JH
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Giridih (Lok Sabha constituency)|Giridih]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Dumri (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dumri]]
| website = {{URL|giridih.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Isri''' is a [[census town]] in the [[Dumri, Giridih (community development block)|Dumri]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in [[Dumri sub-division]] of [[Giridih district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]].

==Overview==
Isri Bazar is the main market of the block and is situated on [[National Highway 19 (India)|NH 19]] (old NH 2)/ [[Grand Trunk Road]]. The railway station is called [[Parasnath railway station|Parasnath]] on the [[Grand Chord]]. [[Parasnath Hill]] is well known for Jain temples. Parasnath is a major destination for Jain pilgrims.

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=310| height=480| zoom=9
| coord={{coord|24|19|0|N|86|10|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in the Giridih district in North Chotanagpur Division''' M: municipality, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: historical/ religious/ tourist centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|24|6|36|N|86|28|51|E}} | label-pos1=bottom|label1= Ahilyapur | numbered1=R| mark-title1=[[Ahilyapur]] (R)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #C40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|55|24|N|86|2|38|E}} | label-pos2=left|label2= Nimiaghat| numbered2=R| mark-title2=[[Asurbandh]] (R)
|mark-coord3={{coord|24|5|30|N|85|49|50|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3= Bagodar| numbered3=R| mark-title3=[[Bagodar]] (R)
|mark-coord4={{coord|24|18|6|N|86|21|39|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4= Bengabad| numbered4=R| mark-title4=[[Bengabad]] (R)
|mark-coord5={{coord|24|35|39|N|86|13|28|E}} | label-pos5=top|label5= Bhelwaghati| numbered5=R| mark-title5=[[Bhelwaghati]] (R)
|mark-coord6={{coord|24|16|28|N|85|55|31|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6= Birni| numbered6=R| mark-title6=[[Birni, Giridih]] (R)
|mark-coord7={{coord|24|30|51|N|86|11|40|E}} | label-pos7=top|label7= Deori| numbered7=R| mark-title7=[[Deori, Giridih]] (R)
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|59|20|N|85|59|30|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8= Dumri| numbered8=R| mark-title8=[[Dumri, Giridih]] (R)
|mark-coord9={{coord|24|11|30|N|86|26|20|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Gandey| numbered9=R| mark-title9=[[Gandey]] (R)
|mark-coord10={{coord|24|37|16|N|85|56|47|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10= Gawan| numbered10=R| mark-title10=[[Gawan, Giridih]] (R)
|mark-coord11={{coord|24|3|50|N|85|52|48|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Hesla| numbered11=R| mark-title11=[[Hesla]] (R)
|mark-coord12={{coord|24|22|13|N|86|8|51|E}} | label-pos12=bottom|label12= Jamua| numbered12=R| mark-title12=[[Jamua]] (R)
|mark-coord13={{coord|24|27|49|N|86|0|15|E}} | label-pos13=top|label13= Khori Mahua| numbered13=R| mark-title13=[[Khori Mahua]] (R)
|mark-coord14={{coord|24|0|26|N|86|13|24|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14= Khukhra| numbered14=R| mark-title14=[[Khukhra]] (R)
|mark-coord15={{coord|24|27|10|N|86|2|51|E}} | label-pos15=right|label15= Hirodih| numbered15=R| mark-title15=[[Pandedih]] (R)
|mark-coord16={{coord|24|4|0|N|86|9|47|E}} | label-pos16=left|label16= Pirtand| numbered16=R| mark-title16=[[Pirtand]] (R)
|mark-coord17={{coord|24|11|13|N|85|53|29|E}} | label-pos17=left|label17= Suriya| numbered17=R| mark-title17=[[Suriya, Giridih]] (R)
|mark-coord18={{coord|24|3|4|N|86|26|0|E}} | label-pos18=left|label18= Taratanr| numbered18=R| mark-title18=[[Taratanr]] (R)
|mark-coord19={{coord|24|34|28|N|86|3|32|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19= Tisri| numbered19=R| mark-title19=[[Tisri, Giridih]] (R)
|mark-coord20={{coord|24|12|30|N|86|18|20|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20=Giridih| numbered20=M| mark-title20= [[Giridih]] (M) |label-size21=13 |label-color20=#800000
|mark-coord21={{coord|23|57|40|N|86|8|13|E}} | label-pos21=left|label21= Shikharji| numbered21=H| mark-title21=[[Shikharji]] (H) | shape-color21=#AA6666
|mark-coord22={{coord|23|57|0|N|86|10|0|E}} | label-pos22=right|label22= Pareshath Hill| numbered22=H| mark-title22=[[Pareshnath Hill]] (H) | shape-color22=#AA6666
|mark-coord23={{coord|24|0|25|N|86|8|46|E}} | label-pos23=top|label23= Madhuban| numbered23=H| mark-title23=[[Madhuban, Giridih]] (H) | shape-color23=#AA6666
|mark-coord24={{coord|24|25|24|N|86|9|57|E}} | label-pos24=right|label24= Kharagdiha| numbered24=H| mark-title24=[[Kharagdiha]] (H) | shape-color24=#AA6666
|mark-coord25={{coord|24|5|47|N|86|22|14|E}} | label-pos25=left|label25= Usri Falls| numbered25=H| mark-title25=[[Usri Falls]] (H) | shape-color25=#AA6666
|mark-coord26={{coord|24|8|20|N|86|16|30|E}} | label-pos26=left|label26=Giridih coalfield |numbered26=0 | mark-title26=[[Giridih Coalfield]] | label-size26=12| shape-color26=#AA6666
|mark-coord27={{coord|24|10|13|N|86|16|15|E}}| label-pos27=left|label27=Akdoni Khurd| numbered27=CT| mark-title27= [[Akdoni Khurd]] (CT) |shape-color27= #A40000
|mark-coord28={{coord|24|9|50|N|85|53|25|E}}| label-pos28=bottom|label28=Barki Saraiya| numbered28=CT| mark-title28= [[Barki Saraiya]] (CT) |shape-color28= #A40000
|mark-coord29={{coord|24|8|50|N|86|18|28|E}}| label-pos29=right|label29=Dandidih| numbered29=CT| mark-title29= [[Dandidih]] (CT) |shape-color29= #A40000
|mark-coord30={{coord|24|25|12|N|85|58|48|E}}| label-pos30=left|label30=Dhanwar| numbered30=CT| mark-title30= [[Dhanwar, Giridih]] (CT) |shape-color30= #A40000
|mark-coord31={{coord|23|59|14|N|86|1|48|E}}| label-pos31=right|label31=Isri| numbered31=CT| mark-title31= Isri (CT) |shape-color31=black| label-size31=13|label-color31=black 
|mark-coord32={{coord|24|0|50|N|86|0|52|E}}| label-pos32=left|label32=Jamtara| numbered32=CT| mark-title32= [[Jamtara, Giridih]] (CT) |shape-color32= #A40000
|mark-coord33={{coord|24|14|0|N|86|24|18|E}}| label-pos33=top|label33=Maheshmunda| numbered33=CT| mark-title33= [[Maheshmunda]] (CT) |shape-color33= #A40000
|mark-coord34={{coord|24|10|0|N|86|18|27|E}}| label-pos34=right|label34=Paratdih| numbered34=CT| mark-title34= [[Paratdih]] (CT) |shape-color34= #A40000
|mark-coord35={{coord|24|7|30|N|86|19|10|E}}| label-pos35=right|label35=Pertodih| numbered35=CT| mark-title35= [[Pertodih]] (CT) |shape-color35= #A40000
|mark-coord36={{coord|24|14|0|N|86|17|35|E}}| label-pos36=left|label36=Sirsia| numbered36=CT| mark-title36= [[Sirsia]] (CT) |shape-color36= #A40000
|mark-coord37={{coord|24|12|15|N|86|15|27|E}}| label-pos37=left|label37=Telodih| numbered37=CT| mark-title37= [[Telodih]] (CT) |shape-color37= #A40000
|mark-coord38={{coord|24|8|30|N|86|1|0|E}} |label38= Barakar|labela38= River |label-color38 = #77A1CB| label-angle38= -10| label-pos38=top| label-size38=10| mark-size38=0| mark-title38 =none
|mark-coord39={{coord|24|0|0|N|85|49|20|E}} |label39= Jamunia|labela39= River|label-color39 = #77A1CB| label-angle39= -50| label-pos39=top| label-size39=10| mark-size39=0| mark-title39 =none
|mark-coord40={{coord|24|33|0|N|86|0|0|E}} |label40= Sakri River|label-color40 = #77A1CB| label-angle40= 20| label-pos40=top| label-size40=10| mark-size40=0| mark-title40 =none
|mark-coord41={{coord|24|39|19|N|86|0|17|E}} | label-pos41=left|label41= Lokainayanpur| numbered41=R| mark-title41=[[Lokainayanpur]] (R)
|mark-coord42={{coord|24|23|25|N|86|10|24|E}} | label-pos42=right|label42= Mirzaganj| numbered42=R| mark-title42=[[Mirzaganj]] (R)
|mark-coord43={{coord|24|20|28|N|86|1|4|E}} | label-pos43=left|label43= Jharkhand|labela43= Dham| numbered43=H| mark-title43=[[Jharkhand Dham]] (H) | shape-color43=#AA6666
|arc-coordA={{coord|24|48|0|N|85|50|0|E}}|arc-textA= BIHAR| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=-35| arc-gapA=15.0| arc-radiusA=0.35}}

===Location===
Isri is located at {{coord|23.99|N|86.03|E|display=inline}}.

===Area overview===
Giridih district is a part of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]], with rocky soil and extensive forests. Most of the rivers in the district flow from the west to east, except in the northern portion where the rivers flow north and north west. The [[Pareshnath Hill]] rises to a height of {{convert|4479|ft}}. The district has coal and mica mines. It is an overwhelmingly rural district with small pockets of urbanisation.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2004_PART_A_DCHB_GIRIDIH.pdf | title = District Census Handbook 2011 Giridih, Series 21, Part XII A| work = Natural Divisions, Forests: pages 8 and 9 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand | access-date = 15 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-JK.html |title = 2011 Census C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= Jharkhand – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 23 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://desjharkhand.nic.in/publications.html | title = District Statistical Handbook, Giridih | work = Tables 2.1, 2.4, 2.6 | publisher = Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Department of Planning and Development, Jharkhand | access-date = 23 September 2017 }}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the district. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Isri had a total population of 9,749, of which 5,088 (52%) were males and 4,661 (48%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 1,420. The total number of literate persons in Isri was 6,872 (82.51% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2004_PART_B_DCHB_GIRIDIH.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Giridih, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Page 292: District Primary Census Abstract, 2011 census |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 8 December 2020}}</ref>

{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Isri had a population of 8,796. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Isri has an average literacy rate of 66%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 74%, and female literacy is 57%. In Isri, 15% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==Infrastructure==
According to the ''District Census Handbook 2011, Giridih'', Isri covered an area of 3.24 km2. Among the civic amenities, it had 6 km roads with open drains, the protected water supply involved uncovered well, hand pump. It had 1,604 domestic electric connections, 15 road lighting points. Among the educational facilities it had 8 primary schools, 2 middle schools, 2 secondary schools. Among the social, recreational and cultural facilities it had 1 auditorium/ community hall. Two important commodities it produced were mustard oil, ghee. It had the branch offices of 3 nationalised banks, 1 private commercial bank, 2 cooperative banks, 1 agricultural credit society.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2004_PART_A_DCHB_GIRIDIH.pdf | title = District Census Handbook Giridih, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Pages 1309-1317| publisher = Directorate of census Operations, Jharkhand |access-date = 7 December 2020}}</ref>

==Education==
*Parashnath Mahavidyalaya was established at Isri Bazar in 1985. Affiliated to [[Vinoba Bhave University]] it offers bachelor's courses in arts, science and commerce.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://parasnathmahavidyalay.in/SSR%20OF%20PARASNATH%20MAHAVIDYALAY%20,%20ISRI%20BAZAR%20(GIRIDIH).pdf | title = Self study report of Parashnath Mahavidyalaya | publisher = PM | access-date = 2 December 2017 | archive-date = 2 December 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171202203140/http://parasnathmahavidyalay.in/SSR%20OF%20PARASNATH%20MAHAVIDYALAY%20,%20ISRI%20BAZAR%20(GIRIDIH).pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>
*Jharkhand College, Dumri,
*PCDAV Public School, Hethnagar
*D.A.V. Central School, ISO 9001:2008, [http://www.davcentral.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022122825/http://www.davcentral.com/ |date=22 October 2020 }},
*Central Academy,
*P N D Jain High School - Isri Bazar, [http://www.pndjainhighschool.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018184701/http://www.pndjainhighschool.com/ |date=18 October 2019 }},
*St.Paul's High School - Aoura, Bagodar. Hafiz Ansari, Founder and Chairman of St. PHS. It was established on 27 July 2007.
*S.S.K.B. High School - Isri Bazar,
*Bhagat school -Isri Bazar,
*P N D Jain Middle School -Isri Bazar,
*Tara Modern Public School
*
*Honey Dew Public School- Dr. Sujit Mathur
*Progressive public school -Dumri

==Festivals==
A number of festivals are celebrated including the following:
*[[Diwali]]
*Duragapuja
*Holi
*Eid
*Bakrid
*Muharram
*[[Shivratri]]
*Krishna janmastami
*Eid miladun-nabi
*Mahavir jayanti
*Chhath puja
*Karma
*Ramnavmi Puja

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Wikivoyage-inline|Parasnath Hills}}

{{Giridih District}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Giridih district]]

Chakradhari (1977 film)

2025-11-27T04:46:43Z

Danger Pandit Ankit: small changes

{{short description|1977 film directed by V. Madhusudhana Rao}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Chakradhari
| image = Chakradhari (1977 film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| writer = [[Acharya Aatreya]] {{small|(dialogues)}}
| screenplay = V. Madhusudhana Rao
| producer = N. R. Anuradha Devi
| director = [[V. Madhusudhana Rao]]
| starring = [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] [[Vanisri]]
| music = [[G. K. Venkatesh]]
| cinematography = P. S. Selvaraj
| editing = Kotagiri Gopalakrishna [[Kotagiri Venkateswara Rao]]
| based_on = ''[[Bhakta Kumbara]]''
| studio = Lakshmi Films Combines<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0312541/ |title=Chakradhari (Overview) |work=IMDb}}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|1977|02|03|df=y}}
| runtime = 142 mins
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Chakradhari''''' ({{translation|A Person Holding a Wheel}}) is a 1977 [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[biographical film]], based on the life of the potter-turned-saint [[Gora Kumbhar]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://balsanskar.com/english/lekh/335.html |title=Chakradhari (Shri Sant Gora Kumbhar) |work=Balsankar.com |access-date=11 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112070840/http://balsanskar.com/english/lekh/335.html |archive-date=12 January 2013 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> produced by N. R. Anuradha Devi under the Lakshmi Films Combines banner<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmiclub.com/movie/chakradhari-1977-telugu-movie |title=Chakradhari (Banner) |work=Filmiclub}}</ref> and directed by [[V. Madhusudhana Rao]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.knowyourfilms.com/film/Chakradhari/11114 |title=Chakradhari (Direction) |work=Know Your Films}}</ref> The film stars [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] and [[Vanisri]], with music composed by [[G. K. Venkatesh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.com/chakradhari-movie/16591 |title=Chakradhari (Cast & Crew) |work=gomolo.com}}</ref> It is a remake of the 1974 Kannada film ''[[Bhakta Kumbara]]''. G.K.Venkatesh, who had composed music for the Kannada version, was chosen as the music director of this movie. 4 songs were retained from the original version.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/chakradhari-telugu-movie/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111195543/http://spicyonion.com/title/chakradhari-telugu-movie/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=11 November 2016 |title=Chakradhari (Music) |work=Spicy Onion}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thecinebay.com/movie/index/id/6043?ed=Tolly |title=Chakradhari (Review) |work=The Cine Bay}}</ref>

==Plot==
The film is based on the life of [[Gora Kumbhar]], an advent devotee of [[Vithoba|Panduranga]] between the 11th to 12th centuries belonging to Satyapuri village [[Maharashtra]]. [[Namdev]], a great disciple of the Lord, offers ''[[Prasāda]]'' to which he does not respond when saint Gynadeva says that he may go for some other devotee. At that moment, self-centered Namadeva declares that no one is superior to him. Parallelly, Gora, a potter, leads a good life with his ideal wife, Lakshmi, and a kid, Vittu. Gora is very kindhearted and ameliorates everyone in the village. However, he is not interested in worldly matters and is constantly immersed in the adoration of Panduranga. Once, Namadeva & Gynadeva, in their tour, halt at Satyapuri, where Gora provides hospitality. Here, Gynadeva orders Gora to acknowledge the state of knowledge from the disciples when Gora affirms Namadeva as a half-knowledge fellow. Knowing this, Namadeva seeks the Lord to endorse his duty when he states to search for a mentor to amend his deficiency, and he moves.

Meanwhile, in an awful incident, Gora, while mixing clay, gets involved in a holy ecstasy and plods the child under the mud. Furious, Lakshmi vows in the name of the Lord that Gora should not touch her. From there, Gora works on his own, and he suffers from Lakshmi's rejection. Eventually, she arranges his marriage to her sister Manju under the condition set by Lakshmi's father that Gora treat both similarly. Ergo, Gora refuses to touch Manju, but one night, unfortunately, he touches them, being regretful for the sin; he amputates his hands when Panduranga appears as a potter Ranganna and starts serving him. During that time, Namadeva realizes Gora is his mentor, bows his head down, and divulges Ranganna's true self. At last, the Lord completes his test of Gora, restores his hands, returns his child, and removes his vow. Finally, the movie ends with Gora nobilitated immortal as an advent devotee of Panduranga.

==Cast==
*[[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] as Gora Kumbhar / Gora
*[[Vanisri]] as Lakshmi
*[[Jaya Prada]] as Manju
*[[Kaikala Satyanarayana|Satyanarayana]] as [[Namdev|Namadeva]]
*[[Ramakrishna (Telugu actor)|Ramakrishna]] as [[Vithoba|Lord Panduranga]] / Ranganna
*[[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]] as Lakshmi's father
*[[Allu Ramalingaiah]] as Sangoji
*[[Raja Babu (actor)|Rajababu]] as Devada
*[[Mukkamala (actor)|Mukkamala]] as Saint
*Nagaraju as Gynadeva
*[[Mada Venkateswara Rao|Mada]] as Basavanna
*[[Mallikarjuna Rao (actor)|Mallikarjuna Rao]]
*[[Vennira Aadai Nirmala]] as [[Rukmini]]
*[[Rama Prabha]] as Tulasamma
*[[Jaya Malini]] as [[item number]]

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Chakradhari
| type = film
| artist = [[G. K. Venkatesh]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1977
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 26:07
| label =
| producer = [[G. K. Venkatesh]]
| prev_title = [[America Ammayi (film)|America Ammayi]]
| prev_year = 1976
| next_title = [[Ravanude Ramudayithe?]]
| next_year = 1978
}}

Music was composed by [[G. K. Venkatesh]] who was also the composer of the Kannada version. Four songs were retained from the original Kannada versions whereas another song was based on a Kannada song from ''[[Bangaarada Manushya]]'' movie composed by the same music director.

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!S. No.!!Song title !!Lyrics !!Singers !!length!! Original
|-
|1
|"Kanugontini Harini"
|Acharya Aatreya
|[[V. Ramakrishna]]
|5:47
|''Kande Hariya Kande'' <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m924oIYBpcU|title = - YouTube|website = [[YouTube]]}}</ref>
|-
|2
|"Naalo Evevo Vinthalu"
|[[C. Narayana Reddy]]
|[[P. Susheela]]
|4:19
|''Aaha Mysooru Mallige'' <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GtQjQAowmNE|title = - YouTube|website = [[YouTube]]}}</ref> from ''[[Bangaarada Manushya]]''
|-
|3
|"Manava Emunnadi Ee Deham"
|Acharya Aatreya
|[[V. Ramakrishna]]
|3:58
|''Manava Dehavu Moole Mamsada Thadike'' <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BVUOrngPhMY|title = - YouTube|website = [[YouTube]]}}</ref>
|-
|4
|"Harinamame Madhuram"
|Acharya Aatreya
|V. Ramakrishna
|4:20
|''Hari Namave Chanda'' <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uF50TgQSrLY|title = Hari Namave Chanda - Bhaktha Kumbara - Kannada Best Songs|website = [[YouTube]]}}</ref>
|-
|5
|"Vitthala Vitthala Panduranga Vitthala"
|Acharya Aatreya
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
|3:42
|''Vitala Vitala Panduranga Vitala'' <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EO-piXHQZoM|title = Chakradhari Songs - Vitala Panduranga Vitala - Nageshwara Rao Akkineni, Vanisree - HD|website = [[YouTube]]}}</ref>
|-
|6
|"Ekkadunnavu"
|Acharya Aatreya
|[[V. Ramakrishna]]
|5:01
|-
|7
|"Pora Pokiri Pilagada"
|Acharya Aatreya
|[[P. Susheela]]
|4:16
|-
|8
|"Ide Prathi Jeeviki"
|Acharya Aatreya
|[[P. B. Srinivas]]
|2:07
|-
|9
|"Nuvvevarayya Nenevarayya"
|Acharya Aatreya
|[[V. Ramakrishna]]
|3:42
|
|}

==Other versions==
The story of [[Gora Kumbhar]] has been an inspiration for various movies and has had various versions in Indian film industry.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|Year|| Title || Language || Director ||Cast
|-
|rowspan="2"|1944 || ''Chakradhari'' ||[[Telugu language|Telugu]] || ||[[V. Nagayya]], [[S. Varalakshmi]]
|-
| ''Chakradhari'' || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || [[K. S. Gopalakrishnan]] ||[[V. Nagayya]], [[Pushpavalli]]
|-
|1960 || ''Gora Kumbara'' ||[[Kannada]] || ||
|-
|1967 ||''Sant Gora Kumbhar'' || [[Marathi language|Marathi]] || Rajesh Limkar ||Mangesh Diwanji, Mansi Lonkar
|-
|1974 ||''[[Bhakta Kumbara]]'' || Kannada || [[Hunsur Krishnamurthy]]||[[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]], [[Leelavathi (actress)|Leelavathi]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{V. Madhusudhana Rao}}

[[Category:Indian biographical films]]
[[Category:Hindu devotional films]]
[[Category:Films directed by V. Madhusudhana Rao]]
[[Category:Films scored by G. K. Venkatesh]]
[[Category:Films set in the 13th century]]
[[Category:Films set in the 14th century]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Kannada films]]
[[Category:1970s biographical films]]

British occupation of the Jordan Valley

2025-11-19T22:32:53Z

Danger Pandit Ankit: updated page

{{EngvarB|date=April 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2014}}
{{infobox military conflict
|conflict = Occupation of the Jordan Valley
|partof = the [[Middle Eastern theatre of World War I]]
|image = [[File:(AWM B00031) AIFcanteen.jpeg|300px|alt=Soldiers gathered round stacks of crates partly covered with a tarpaulin where food is being sold]]
|caption = [[First Australian Imperial Force|Australian Imperial Force]] (AIF) Canteen in the Jordan Valley
|date = February to September 1918
|place = South western section of the [[Jordan Valley]] between the Dead Sea and the Wadi Auja
|coordinates=
|map_type=
|latitude=
|longitude=
|map_size=
|map_caption=
|map_label=
|territory=
|result = British victory
|status=
|combatant1 = {{flag|British Empire}}
*{{flag|United Kingdom}}
*{{flag|British India}}
|combatant2 = {{flag|Ottoman Empire}} {{flag|German Empire}}
|commander1 = {{flagicon|Great Britain}} [[Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby|Edmund Allenby]] {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Harry Chauvel]]
|commander2 = {{flagicon|German Empire}} [[Otto Liman von Sanders]] {{flagicon|Ottoman Empire}} [[Cemal Mersinli|Mohammed Jemal Pasha]]
|units1 = [[Desert Mounted Corps]]
|units2 = [[Fourth Army (Ottoman Empire)|Fourth Army]]
|strength1=
|strength2=
|casualties1=
|casualties2=
|notes=
|campaignbox= {{Campaignbox Sinai and Palestine}}
{{Campaignbox World War I}}
}}

The '''occupation of the Jordan Valley''' by the [[Egyptian Expeditionary Force]] (EEF) began in February 1918 during the [[Sinai and Palestine Campaign]] of World War I. After the [[Capture of Jericho]] in February the [[Auckland Mounted Rifle Regiment]] began patrolling an area of the Jordan Valley near [[Jericho]] at the base of the road from [[Jerusalem]]. Towards the end of March the [[First Transjordan attack on Amman]] and the First Battle of Amman were launched from the Jordan Valley followed a few weeks later by the equally unsuccessful [[Second Transjordan attack on Shunet Nimrin and Es Salt]] at the end of April. During this time the occupation of the Jordan was fully established and continued through the summer of 1918. The occupation ended in September with the [[Battle of Megiddo (1918)|Battle of Megiddo]] which consisted of the [[Battle of Sharon]] and the [[Battle of Nablus (1918)|Battle of Nablus]]. The [[Third Transjordan attack]] and [[Second Battle of Amman]] were fought as part of the Battle of Nablus.

Despite the difficult climate and the unhealthy environment of the Jordan Valley, General [[Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby|Edmund Allenby]] decided that, to ensure the strength of the EEF's front line it was necessary to extend the line which stretched from the Mediterranean, across the [[Judean Hills]] to the [[Dead Sea]] to protect his [[Flanking maneuver|right flank]]. This line was held until September, providing a strong position from which to launch the attacks on [[Amman]] to the east and northwards to [[Damascus]].

During the period from March to September the [[Ottoman Army]] held the hills of [[Moab]] on the eastern side of the valley and the northern section of valley. Their well placed artillery periodically shelled the occupying force and, particularly in May, German aircraft bombed and strafed bivouacs and horse lines. As a consequence of the major victory at Megiddo the occupied area was consolidated with other former [[Ottoman Empire]] territories won during the battle.

==Background==
{{main|Battle of Jerusalem (1917)|Capture of Jericho|First Transjordan attack on Amman|Second Transjordan attack on Shunet Nimrin and Es Salt}}
[[File:FallsSkMap24detJordanValley.jpeg|thumb|Detail of Falls Sketch Map No. 24 showing Jericho, Wadi [[Nueiame]], Wadi el Auja, Wadi el Mellaha, El Musallabe, Bakr Ridge, El Baghalat, [[Kh Fasail]], Meteil edn Dhib, El Musetter, and the fords from [[El Ghoraniye]], to Umm esh Shert, Mafid Jozele and Jisr ed Damieh with the entrenched [[Shunet Nimrin]] position to the east overlooked by El Haud to the north east]]

After the capture of Jerusalem at the end of 1917 the Jordan River was crossed by infantry and mounted riflemen and bridgeheads established at the beginning of the unsuccessful first Transjordan attack on Amman in March. The defeat of the second Transjordan attack on [[Shunet Nimrin]] and Es Salt and the withdrawal to the Jordan Valley on 3 to 5 May, marked the end of major operations until September 1918.<ref>Bruce 2002 p. 203</ref>

The focus shifted to the [[German spring offensive]] launched by Ludendorff on the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]], which began the same day as the First Transjordan attack on Amman, completely eclipsing its failure. The British front in Picardy held by 300,000 soldiers collapsed when powerful assaults were launched on both sides of the Somme by a force of 750,000, forcing Gough's Fifth Army back almost to Amiens. On one day; 23 March German forces advanced {{convert|12|mi|km}} and captured 600 guns; in total 1,000 guns and 160,000 suffered the worst defeat of the war. The British War Cabinet recognised at once that the overthrow of the Ottoman Empire must be at least postponed.<ref>Woodward 2006, p. 169</ref><ref name=Wavell183>Wavell 1968, p. 183</ref><ref>Carver 2003 p. 228</ref> The effect of this offensive on the Palestine Campaign was described by Allenby on 1 April 1918: "Here, I have raided the Hedjaz railway 40 miles East of Jordan & have done much damage but my little show dwindles now into a very insufficient [insignificant] affair in comparison with events in Europe." Overnight Palestine went from being the British government's first priority to a "side show."<ref>Woodward 2006, p. 176</ref>

===Decision to occupy the valley===
Reasons for garrisoning the Jordan Valley include –
The road from the Hedjaz railway station at [[Amman]] to [[Shunet Nimrin]] opposite the [[Ghoraniyeh]] crossing of the Jordan River, remained a serious strategic threat to the British right flank as a large German and Ottoman force could very quickly be moved from Amman to Shunet Nimrin and a major attack mounted into the valley.<ref name=Powles222>Powles 1922 pp. 222–3</ref><ref group=Note>The Ghoraniyeh bridgehead was just {{convert|15|mi|km}} from Jerusalem direct. [Maunsell 1926 p. 194]</ref>
# The plan for the advance in September required holding the Jordan bridgeheads and maintaining a continuous threat of another offensive across the Transjordan.<ref name=Keogh228>Keogh 1955 p. 228</ref>
# The mobility of the mounted force kept alive the possibility of a third Transjordan attack on this flank and their endurance of the terrible heat, may have confirmed the enemy's assumption, that the next advance would come in this sector of the front line.<ref>Wavell 1968 pp. 188–9</ref>
# The implied threat of a large mounted force which was constantly active in whatever part of the front line [[Desert Mounted Corps]] was based raised enemy expectations of a fresh attack being mounted in that area.<ref name=Powles222/>
# A withdrawal of Lieutenant General [[Harry Chauvel]]'s force from the valley to the heights may have been contemplated but the lost territory would have to be re–taken before the proposed September operations.<ref name=Powles222/>
# Despite the huge numbers of sick projected to be suffered during the occupation of the Jordan Valley, the re-taking of the valley may have been more costly than holding it.<ref name=Powles222/>
# If a retreat out of the Jordan Valley took place, the alternative position in the wilderness overlooking the Jordan Valley was insufficient in either space or water to accommodate the Desert Mounted Corps.<ref name=Powles222/><ref name=Woodward183>Woodward 2006 p. 183</ref>
# A retreat out of the valley would enhance the already increased morale of the German and Ottoman forces and their standing in the region, following their Transjordan victories.<ref name=Powles222/>
# Normally mounted troops would be held in reserve, but Allenby did not think there were enough available infantry divisions to hold his front line while the radical reorganisation of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force was being carried out.<ref name=Woodward183/>

It therefore was decided to defend the eastern flank from the Jordan valley with a strong garrison until September and to occupy a place many considered to be an unpleasant and unhealthy place and virtually uninhabitable during the hot summer months due to the heat, high humidity and malaria.<ref name=Powles222/><ref name=Keogh228/>

So important was the support of Prince Feisal's Sherifial Hedjaz Arab force to the defence of the EEF's right flank, that they were substantially subsidised by the [[War Office]]. After a delay in receipt of a payment, the High Commissioner in Egypt [[Reginald Wingate]] wrote to Allenby on 5 July 1918, "I think we shall manage the subsidy required as well as the extra £50,000 you require for Northern Operations." At the time £400,000 was on its way from Australia, while Wingate was asking the War Office for an additional £500,000, emphasising the importance of the regular "payment of our Arab subsidy."<ref>Hughes 2004 pp. 167–8</ref>

The Ottoman defenders maintained an observation post on El Haud hill which dominates the whole Jordan Valley.<ref name=Maunsell199>Maunsell 1926 p. 199</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:right;"
|+Ottoman Force June 1918<ref name=Hughes160>Hughes 2004 p. 160</ref>
! !! Rifles !! Sabres !! Machine guns !! Art.Rifles [sic]
|-
| East of Jordan || 8050|| 2375 || 221 || 30
|-
| VII Army || 12850|| 750 || 289 || 28
|-
| VIII Army || 15870|| 1000|| 314 || 1309
|-
| North Palestine Line of Communications || 950 || – || 6 || –
|}

At this time the strength was estimated at 68,000 rifles and sabres and morale of the Ottoman defenders very strong, the harvest coming in and food abundant. While the EEF was defending its line with every available unit. As Allenby wrote in a letter to the War Office on 15 June 1918, "all my goods are in the shop window." The {{convert|60|mi|km}} EEF line stretching from the Mediterranean Sea to the Jordan River was strong, supported by roads and communications behind. However the line was wide in comparison with the size of the EEF it. Allenby saying, "It is the best line I can hold. Any retirement would weaken it. My right flank is covered by the Jordan; my left by the Mediterranean Sea. The Jordan Valley must be held by me; it is vital. If the Turks regained control of the Jordan, I should lose control of the Dead Sea. This would cut me off from the Arabs on the Hedjaz railway; with the result that, shortly, the Turks would regain their power in the Hedjaz. The Arabs would make terms with them, and our prestige would be gone. My right flank would be turned, and my position in Palestine would be untenable. I might hold Rafa or El Arish; but you can imagine what effect such a withdrawal would have on the population of Egypt, and on the watching tribes of the Western Desert. You see, therefore, that I cannot modify my present dispositions. I must give up nothing of what I now hold. Anyhow, I must hold the Jordan Valley."<ref>Hughes 2004 p. 163</ref>

===Garrison===
Chauvel was given the task of defending the Jordan Valley, but his Desert Mounted Corps had lost the [[5th Mounted Brigade]] and the [[Yeomanry Mounted Division]], both of which, along with most of the British infantry were sent to the Western Front to be replaced by Indian Army infantry and cavalry. This resultant reorganisation required time to work through.<ref name=Keogh228/><ref name=Blenkinsop228>Blenkinsop 1925 p.228</ref>
[[File:18th Lancers Indian Army at Tel el Kebir 1918 IWM Q12938.jpg|thumb|British and Indian officers of the 18th Lancers (India Army) at Tel el Kebir on arrival from France in April 1918.]]

The Jordan Valley was garrisoned in 1918 by the [[20th Indian Brigade]], the [[Anzac Mounted Division]] and the [[Australian Mounted Division]], until 17 May when the [[4th Cavalry Division (British Indian Army)|4th]] and [[5th Cavalry Division (British Indian Army)|5th Cavalry Divisions]] arrived. They took over the outposts in the sector outside the Ghoraniyeh bridgehead while the [[15th (Imperial Service) Cavalry Brigade]] held the bridgehead.<ref group=Note>The two Imperial Service brigades (one infantry and one cavalry fielded by Indian Princely States) had seen service in the theatre since 1914; from the defence of the [[Suez Canal]] onwards. [Falls 1930 Vol. 2 Part II p. 424]</ref> In August these troops were joined at the beginning of the month by the newly formed 1st and 2nd Battalions [[British West Indies Regiment]], in the middle of the month by the 38th Battalion, [[Royal Fusiliers]] (the 39th would follow later), both part of the [[Jewish Legion]] and towards the end of August by [[British Indian Army]] cavalry units.<ref name=Keogh228/><ref name=Maunsell199/><ref>Falls 1930 Vol. 2 Part II pp. 423–4</ref> This force included a section of the Light Armoured Motor Brigade commanded by Captain McIntyre; the armoured cars had two machine guns mounted on the rear of each car and were camouflaged with bushes while making sorties to attack Ottoman patrols.<ref>Scrymgeour 1961 p. 53</ref> Allenby had decided to hold the valley with this mainly mounted force because the mobility of mounted troops would enable them to keep the greater proportion of their strength in reserve on the higher ground.<ref name=Keogh228/>

Chauvel's headquarters were at Talaat ed Dumm from 25 April until 16 September and he divided the Jordan Valley into two sectors, each patrolled by three brigades while a reserve of three brigades was maintained.<ref>Powles 1922 pp. 223–4</ref><ref>Hill 1978 p. 157</ref>
[[File:Australian Light Horse wagon and team near Jericho.jpeg|thumb| left|An [[Australian Light Horse]] team on a road near Jericho.]]

In the garrisoned area of the valley there were two villages; Jericho and Rujm El Bahr on the edge of the Dead Sea; other human habitations included the Bedouin shelters and several monasteries.<ref name=Moore116>Moore 1920 pp. 116–7</ref> Arabs chose to evacuate Jericho during the summer months, leaving only the heterogeneous local tribes.<ref name=Powles222/> In the vicinity of the Dead Sea, the Taamara, a 7,000 strong semi-settled Arab tribe cultivated selected areas of the slopes of the Dead Sea about Wady Muallak and Wady Nur. They husbanded 3,000 sheep, 2,000 donkeys and a few large cattle or camels and travelled to the Madeba district to work as hired carriers.<ref>Secret 9/4/18</ref>

===Conditions in the valley===
At {{convert|1290|ft|m}} below sea level and {{convert|4000|ft|m}} below the mountains on either side of the scorching Jordan Valley, here for weeks at a time, the shade temperature rarely dropped below {{convert|100|°F|°C}} and occasionally reached {{convert|122|–|125|°F|°C}}; at the Ghoraniyeh bridgehead {{convert|130|°F|°C}} was recorded. Coupled with the heat, the tremendous evaporation of the Dead Sea which keeps the still, heavy atmosphere moist, adds to the discomfort and produces a feeling of lassitude which is most depressing and difficult to overcome. In addition to these unpleasant conditions the valley swarms with snakes, scorpions, mosquitoes, great black spiders, and men and animals were tormented by day and night by swarms of every sort of fly.<ref name=Keogh228/><ref name=Powles260>Powles 1922 pp. 260–1</ref><ref name=Blenkinsop227>Blenkinsop 1925 pp. 227–8</ref> Trooper R. W. Gregson 2663, described the Jordan Valley to his family, "...it's a terrible place. I will never tell anyone to go to hell again; I will tell him to go to Jericho, and I think that will be bad enough!"<ref name=Holloway212>Holloway 1990 pp. 212–3</ref>

From Jericho the Jordan River was invisible, about {{convert|4|mi|km}} across the almost open plain; being very good going for movement across the valley.<ref name=Maunsell199/> Big vultures perch on the chalky bluffs overlooking the river, and storks are seen flying overhead, while wild pigs were seen in the bush. The river contained many fish, and its marshy borders were crowded with frogs and other small animals.<ref name=Moore118>Moore 1920 p. 118</ref>

In the spring the land in the Jordan Valley supports a little thin grass, but the fierce sun of early summer quickly scorches this leaving only a layer of white chalky [[marl]] impregnated with salt, several feet deep. This surface was soon broken up by the movement of mounted troops into a fine white powder resembling flour, and covering everything with a thick blanket of dust. Roads and tracks were often covered with as much as {{convert|1|ft|cm}} of white powder and traffic stirred this up into a dense, limey cloud which penetrated everywhere, and stuck grittily to sweat-soaked clothes. A white coating of dust would enshroud men returning from watering their horses; their clothes, wet with perspiration which sometimes dripped from the knees of their riding-breeches, and their faces only revealed by sweaty rivulets.<ref name=Blenkinsop227/><ref name=Moore146>Moore 1920 p. 146</ref>

During the summer the nights are breathless, but in the early morning a strong hot wind, blowing from the north, sweeps the white dust down the valley in dense choking clouds. By about 11:00 the wind dies down, and a period of deathlike stillness follows, accompanied by intense heat. Shortly afterwards a wind sometimes arises from the south, or violent air currents sweep the valley, carrying "dust devils" to great heights; these continue till about 22:00 after which sleep is possible for a few brief hours.<ref name=Blenkinsop227/>

The troops' general careworn appearance was very noticeable; they were not actually ill but lacked proper sleep and the effects of this deprivation were intensified by the heat, dust, humidity, pressure effect, stillness of the air, and mosquitoes which together with the cumulative effects of the hardships of the two previous years of campaigning caused a general depression. These extremely depressing effects of the region in turn contributed to the debility of troops after a period in the valley. Their shelter was most often just bivouac sheets which barely allowed the men room to sit up; there were a few [[bell tent]]s in which temperatures reached {{convert|125|°F|°C}}. However, although they worked long hours in the hot sun patrolling, digging, wiring, caring for the horses and carrying out anti-mosquito work, heat exhaustion was never a problem (as it had in the Sinai desert; in particular on the second day of the [[Battle of Romani]]) as there was easy access to large supplies of pure, cool water for drinking and washing. Springs supplied drinking water and supplies of rations and forage were transported to the valley from Jerusalem. But thirst was constant and very large quantities of fluid; more than {{convert|1|impgal|L}} were consumed, while meat rations (in the absence of refrigeration) consisted mainly of tins of "[[bully beef]]", which was often stewed by the hot conditions while still in the cans, and bread was always dry and there were few fresh vegetables.<ref name=Keogh228/><ref name=Blenkinsop227/><ref>Downes 1938 pp. 700–3</ref>

===Vegetation===
The bush ranged from {{convert|4|ft|m}} to the height of a horse; there were numerous Ber trees which have enormous thorns (the traditional "crown of thorns" tree) and big prickly bushes which made it quite easy to rig up shelter from the sun, and near Jericho a woody scrub {{convert|3|–|4|ft|m}} high, with broad leaves which are woolly on the underside, has fruit similar to apples.<ref name=Moore118/><ref>Maunsell 1926 pp. 194, 199</ref> There was dense jhow jungle on either side of the Jordan River for some {{convert|200|–|300|yd|m}}, and the banks were sheer about {{convert|5|–|6|ft|m}} above water-level which made it impossible to swim horses in the river.<ref name=Maunsell199/>

===Swimming in the Dead Sea===
[[File:Dead Sea Detachment launches 1918 IWM photo Q12965.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.5|Dead Sea Post showing one of the naval whalers and a launch belonging to the Dead Sea Detachment, Motor-Boat Company, R.A.S.C. 5 September 1918.]]

While in bivouac in the Jordan Valley, it was a common practice when things were quiet, for soldiers to ride the few miles to Rujm El Bahr, at the northern end of the Dead Sea where the Jordan River runs in, to bathe themselves and their horses. This inland sea is about {{convert|47|mi|km}} long and about {{convert|10|mi|km}} wide with steep mountain country sloping down to the water on each side. The surface of the sea lies {{convert|1290|ft|m}} below the sea-level of the Mediterranean and the water is extremely salty, containing about 25% mineral salts and is extremely buoyant; many of the horses were obviously perplexed at floating so high out of the water. It has been calculated that 6,500,000 tons of water fall into the Dead Sea daily from various streams, and as the sea has no outlet all of this water evaporates creating the humid heat of the atmosphere in the valley.<ref name=Moore116/> There were also opportunities to swim in the Jordan River.<ref name=Holloway212/>

===Water supply and mosquitoes===
[[File:Light Horse camp by Jordan River.jpeg|thumb|Bivouac on the Jordan River, men washing clothes and exercising horses, with pontoon bridge and the Hills of Moab in the distance]]

The one generous feature of the valley was its water supply; the slightly muddy Jordan River flowed strongly throughout the year in a trough about {{convert|100|–|150|ft|m}} below the valley floor, fed by numerous clear springs and wadis running into it on either side.<ref name=Keogh228/><ref name=Maunsell199/> Most New Zealanders enjoyed the physical benefits of bathing in the Jordan at one time or another during the campaign in which a good bath was such a luxury.<ref name=Moore118/>

In the left sector where the Australian Mounted Division was stationed there were several sources of water; the Jordan River, the Wadi el Auja, and the Wadi [[Nueiameh]], which flowed from Ain el Duk, and into the Jordan at El Ghoraniyeh. The latter wadi was used by the Headquarters of the Valley Defences.<ref name=Preston186>Preston 1921 p. 186</ref> The section of the valley patrolled by the Anzac Mounted Division was crossed by the wadis Auja, Mellahah, Nueiameh and the Kelt as well as the Jordan River with several extensive marshes in the jungle on its banks. The nullahs were astonishingly deep, usually with dense vegetation and quite big trees. The area was notorious for subtertian or malignant malaria and in particular the whole valley of the Wadi el Mellahah was swarming with anopheles larvae, the worst kind of mosquitoes.<ref name=Maunsell199/><ref name=Powles260/>

A thousand men cut down the jungle, drained the marshes and swamps, the streams were cleared of reeds which were burnt, canals created so there was no opportunity for standing water, holes were filled in, stagnant pools were oiled and hard standings for the horses were constructed. Even a cultivated area at the source of the [[Ain es Sultan]] (Jericho's water supply) was treated by 600 members of the [[Egyptian Labour Corps]] over a period of two months. No breeding of the larvae could be demonstrated three days after the work was complete but the areas had to be continually maintained by special malarial squads of the Sanitary Section and the Indian Infantry Brigade. These measures were successful as during the six months to September the incidence of malaria in Chauvel's force was just over five per cent with most cases occurring on the front line or in No Man's Land; while incidence of malaria in the reserve areas was very low.<ref name=Keogh228/><ref name=Powles260/>

However, despite all efforts, cases of malaria were reported during May and reports of fever steadily developed as the heat and dust increased and the men became less physically fit which lowered their ability to resist sickness. In addition to malaria, minor maladies became very common; thousands of men suffered from blood diseases known as "sand-fly fever" and "five-day fever", which manifested in excessive temperatures, followed by temporary prostration, and few escaped severe stomach disorders.<ref>Gullett 1941 p. 643</ref>

===Conditions for the horses===
[[File:9th Australian Light Horse Regiment, in the Jordan Valley.jpeg|thumb|left|upright|Horse lines of "A" Squadron 9th Light Horse Regiment (3rd Light Horse Brigade)]]

The climate did not affect the horses in a marked way but their rations, although plentiful, contained only a small proportion of pure grain with insufficient nutritional value and was too bulky and unpalatable.<ref name=Falls424>Falls 1930 Vol. 2 Part II p. 424</ref> While others thought the forage was "all that could be desired" and water was plentiful and good. During mid summer when iron was too hot to handle and a hand placed on the back of a horse was positively painful, yet in the dust, the heat and the many diseases, in particular [[Surra]] fever which carried by the Surra fly which, in 1917 decimated the Ottoman transport killing as many as 42,000 camels in the Jordan Valley, the horses survived.<ref name=Powles229>Powles 1922 p. 229</ref>

They did not thrive, however, and they came out of the valley in poor condition, due mainly due to insufficient number of men to water, feed and groom them and the conditions were unfavourable for exercise, which is essential for keeping horses in good health and condition. There was on average one man to look after six or seven horses, and at times in some regiments there was only one man for every 15 horses after the daily sick had been evacuated and men for outposts, patrols and anti-malarial work had been found.<ref name=Blenkinsop228/>

==Operations==
===German and Ottoman attacks in Jordan Valley, 11 April===
[[File:Falls skMap26 Jordan Bhds(1).jpg|thumb|Falls map showing Ottoman attacks on the Jordan Bridgeheads, Auja and Mussallabeh]]

The 60th (London) Division moved back into the Judean Hills after the Amman operations while the Anzac Mounted Division and the Imperial Camel Corps Brigade remained to garrison the Jordan Valley under the command of Chaytor, the commander of the Anzac Mounted Division.<ref name=Keogh217>Keogh 1955, p. 217</ref> When Chaytor took over command on 3 April Major he divided his force in two; one group to defend the Ghoraniyeh bridgehead from the east and the other to defend the Wadi el Auja bridgehead from the north.<ref name=Falls358>Falls 1930, p. 358</ref> The group defending Ghoraniyeh comprised the 1st Light Horse Brigade, one regiment of the 2nd Light Horse Brigade and three field batteries; the group defending the Auja position including Mussallabeh hill comprised the Imperial Camel Corps Brigade, the 2nd Light Horse Brigade (less one regiment and a field artillery brigade), while the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade was in reserve near Jericho.<ref name=Keogh217/> Some defensive work was carried out including wire.<ref name=Falls358/>

Shortly after the withdrawal from Amman a force of seven Ottoman aircraft bombed the Jordan Valley garrison and on 11 April 1918 a series of Ottoman attacks were made on Ghoraniyeh bridgehead, on El Mussallabeh hill and on the Auja position.<ref>Bruce 2002, p. 198</ref><ref name=Preston154>Preston 1921, p. 154</ref><ref>Moore 1920, p. 116</ref> This attack is referred to by the British as the 'Turkish Attack on the Jordan Bridgeheads'.<ref>Battles Nomenclature Committee 1922 p. 33</ref>

====Ghoraniyeh bridgehead====
[[File:5th Light Horse Regiment 1918.jpeg|thumb|right|5th Light Horse Regiment at left bank outpost April 1918]]

This defensive position covered the bridge and consisted of trenching and barbed wire and was covered by guns from the western bank. The 1st Light Horse Brigade was heavily attacked at 04:00 by the Ottoman 48th Division.<ref name=Keogh217/> They pushed forward to within {{convert|100|yd|m}} of the line but were heavily shelled by covering artillery and at 12:30 a regiment of light horse rode out and attacked their flank.<ref name=Powles218>Powles 1922, pp. 218–9</ref> Several attempts by the Ottoman Army to send forward reinforcements were defeated by the British gunners. During the night the Ottoman soldiers withdrew.<ref name=Keogh217/>

The British section guns were on the Pimple and the other {{convert|100|yd|m}} to the left with the old road to the Ghoraniyeh crossing leading straight to our gun on the Pimple. At dawn a fairly large and close formation of Ottoman soldiers advanced straight at the Pimple gun which opened fire supported by light horse Hotchkiss light machine guns on the right. Although the action did not end for some hours the first 10 minutes decided it.<ref>Kempe 1973, p. 218</ref>

[[File:AWM B00008 Pimple.jpeg|thumb|left|221px|[[Wadi Nimrin]] in the Jordan Valley showing the Pimple]]

====Auja position====
German and Ottoman guns heavily shelled the lines on the Wadi Auja to the north of Jericho and the Ottoman attacks were beaten off.<ref name=Powles218/>

====Mussallabeh hill====
Here the Ottoman Army launched an infantry assault by a composite force of four battalions and several batteries after an hour's bombardment. At one or two places they gained a footing, but after a day of close fighting they withdrew back to the foot of the hills of Moab, to Shunet Nimrin on the eastern side of the Jordan.<ref>Keogh 1955, pp. 217–8</ref>

The casualties were between 500 and 2,500 Ottoman dead and 100 prisoners with Anzac Mounted Division suffering 26 killed, 65 wounded and 28 horses killed, 62 horses wounded.<ref name=Preston154/><ref name=Powles219>Powles 1922, p. 219</ref>

===EEF attack Shunet Nimrin===
Chetwode (commander XX Corps) was ordered to demonstrate in force against the Shunet Nimrin position on the road from Ghoranyeh to Amman, with a view to encouraging the idea of further operations against Amman and attracting more Ottoman reinforcements to Shunet Nimrin rather than sending them against the Hedjaz Arabs at Maan.<ref name=Powles219/><ref name=Hill144>Hill 1978, pp. 144–5</ref><ref>Keogh 1955, p. 218</ref>

By late April the Shunet Nimrin the garrison was about 8,000 strong and Allenby decided to attack this force to either capture it or compel it to retire.<ref>Blenkinsop 1925, p. 225</ref> Chaytor (commander Anzac Mounted Division) was given command of the 180th Brigade, 10th Heavy Battery, 383rd Siege Battery with the 20th Indian Brigade (less two battalions) holding the Ghoraniyeh bridgehead and the Anzac Mounted Division to complete the operation. Chetwode ordered Chaytor not to commit to a general engagement but if the Ottoman Army retired to follow them up.<ref>Falls 1930 Vol. 2 Part I, pp. 361–2</ref>

But on 18 April the Ottoman garrison at Shunet Nimrin produced such heavy fire that the mounted troops, including the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade were unable to even approach the foothills. As a result of this operation the Ottoman Army further strengthened their position at Shunet Nimrin.<ref name=Powles219/> On 20 April Allenby ordered Chauvel (commander Desert Mounted Corps) to take over the Jordan section of the line from Chetwode, to destroy Ottoman forces around Shunet Nimrin and to capture Es Salt.<ref name=Hill144/>

===German and Ottoman attack===
{{main|Battle of Abu Tellul}}
On 14 July two attacks were made by German and Ottoman forces; in the hills on a salient held by Australian Light Horse which protected front line positions in the valley, where the mainly German force was routed, and a second operation to the east of the Jordan River on the plain, where an Ottoman cavalry brigade, had deployed six regiments to attack the El Hinu and Makhadet Hijla bridgeheads; they were attacked by Indian Lancers and routed.<ref>Falls 1930 Vol. 2 Part II, pp. 429–38</ref>

==Tour of duty==
Troops paraded at regimental headquarters mounted carrying ammunition and rations in preparation for a 24-hour tour of duty. After the troop leader received his orders the troop often marched in single file about {{convert|8|–|9|mi|km}}, across the deep gullies which cut the valley floor, to the Jordan River. If it was possible they would water the horses before continuing to their post, where they relieved the other troops at about 18:00 or on dusk. After any information regarding opposition movements, patrols, or posts, and new ranges to particular points, was handed over, the relieved troops returned to their regimental camp. The deployment of the troop was decided by the officer or sergeant in charge of the troop, after assessing the layout of the ground. He would decide where the horses would be located and the deployment of the troop including the Hotchkiss automatic rifle, which would be placed where it could "do the most damage." A man was detailed to lie near this automatic rifle all night, "with the first strip inserted in the breach, ready at a moment's notice."<ref group=Note>Each troop in the New Zealand Brigade carried a Hotchkiss automatic rifle, with had a section of four men trained in its use. In situations where the troop-leader often wished he had a hundred men instead of twenty-five or less, it was an invaluable weapon. The gun is air-cooled, can fire as fast as a machine-gun, but has the advantage of a single-shot adjustment, which will often enable the man behind the gun to get the exact range by single shots indistinguishable from rifle fire, and then to pour in a burst of deadly automatic fire. The gun will not stand continued use as an automatic without overheating, but despite this it is a most useful weapon, light enough to be carried by one man dismounted. On trek, or going into action, a pack-horse in each troop carried the Hotchkiss rifle, spare barrel, and several panniers of ammunition, while a reserve of ammunition was carried by another pack-horse for each two troops. The ammunition was fed into the gun in metal strips, each containing thirty rounds. [Moore 1920 p. 120]</ref> In addition a listening post was established, which would be occupied during the night, in front of the general position, while sentries were posted, and horse-pickets allocated to guard the horses, linked together by their head-ropes, in case of emergency. Billies could then be boiled (if the smoke could be screened), rations eaten and although the horses remained saddled overnight, they could be fed.<ref name=Moore11823>Moore 1920 pp.118–23</ref>

It could be a quiet night or rifle fire with ricocheting bullets, might make for an anxious night waiting for information from the listening post. Quiet might follow, "except for the occasional restless movements of the horses, the rolling of a dislodged clod down a hillside, or the weird baying of jackals." Or after a "sinister stillness" and "a crash of rifle fire" the listening post would frantically return, reporting the direction of the opposition's attack. If it was a large scale attack, "each man would know a stern fight was before him", because if the position was to be held, it would be some hours before they could hope for reinforcements. If there had only been "a few stray shots, and perhaps the sounds of an enemy patrol moving somewhere in front" during the night, dawn would find the tired listening post creep back to their troop before the day began. If the day was quiet the saddles could be taken off, and the men and horses, relax and perhaps sleep, because with daylight only one sentry, with glasses, could keep effective watch.<ref name=Moore11823/>

It might be during the day there were opportunities to shoot at opponents if they came into range, or hostile aircraft might fly over the area, "running the gauntlet as the white puffs of shrapnel or black splotches of high explosive anti-aircraft shells burst around them thousands of feet up in the air." However, the troop could be in danger from "shrapnel, shell fragments, and nose-caps", which could "fall, with a whirring noise, from the sky" after the shells had exploded in the air. Or it might be that the opponents know about this particular post, shelling it as soon as it was light. Then "there will be a muffled roar in the distance, a whine that quickly grows to a hissing shriek, and with a shocking crash in the stillness a shell bursts near at hand." While everyone dives for cover an eye is kept on the horses without which they will have a long weary trek back to the regiment. If the shells go increasingly wide the guns will stop as the target could not be found. Later they may get a visit from an artillery officer wanting to know about any new targets, or a member of the high command may visit to familiarise "himself with all the features of the front he is responsible for." Later when a dust cloud indicates the arrival of the relieving troop, the horses are saddled, and then the order, "Get Ready to Move!"<ref name=Moore11823/>

===German and Ottoman aerial bombing raids===
[[File:British Yeomanry Camp in Jordan in 1918 IWM photo Q50922.jpg|thumb|1st County of London (Middlesex) Yeomanry Camp (4th Cavalry Division) Bridgehead, Jordan, August 1918.]]

Bivouacs were bombed during the first few days in the Jordan Valley, but the Indian Army cavalry horse lines in the bridgehead were not attacked, either by bomb-dropping or machine-gunning.<ref name=Maunsell199/> Both bivouacs and horse lines of the light horse and mounted rifle brigades were attacked. At dawn on Tuesday 7 May a big bombing raid by nine German aircraft were attacked by heavy rifle and machine gun fire. One bomb fell in the bivvies of the 4th Light Horse Field Ambulance where only two were wounded, but metal fragments riddled the tents and blankets. Stretcher bearers brought in 13 wounded in a matter of minutes and what remained of the Field Ambulance horses after the attack on 1 May at [[Jisr ed Damieh]] (see [[Second Transjordan attack on Shunet Nimrin and Es Salt (1918)|Second Transjordan attack on Shunet Nimrin and Es Salt]]) were only {{convert|20|yd|m}} away and 12 were wounded and had to be destroyed.<ref>Hamilton 1996 pp. 119–20</ref><ref group=Note>The casualty percentage for the 4th Light Horse Field Ambulance was at this time was 33% which is high for a support unit. [Hamilton 1996 p. 120]</ref>

Another raid the next morning resulted in only one casualty although more horses were hit.<ref name=Hamilton120>Hamilton 1996 p. 120</ref> These bombing raids were a regular performance every morning for the first week or so; enemy aircraft flying over were attacked by anti-aircraft artillery, but they ceased after Allied aircraft bombed their aerodrome.<ref name=Maunsell194>Maunsell 1926 p. 194</ref>

===Relief of the Imperial Camel Corps Brigade===
[[File:Imperial Camel Corps camp.jpeg|thumb|left|Imperial Camel Corps Brigade troopers having breakfast in a 'funk hole' near Jaffa.]]
On 10 May the [[4th Light Horse Brigade]] received orders to relieve the [[Imperial Camel Corps Brigade]].<ref>4th LHB War Diary AWM4, 10-4-17</ref>

===Long-range German and Ottoman guns===
Spasmodic bursts of long-range shells fired from a German naval pattern {{convert|6|in|cm|adj=on}} gun, occurred throughout the British Empire occupation of the Jordan Valley. Some 30 shells were fired at various camps and horse lines in the neighbourhood during the first week. During June they steadily increased artillery fire on the occupied positions, freely shelled the horse lines of the reserve regiment along the Auja, and at times inflicting severe casualties.<ref name=Moore146/><ref name=Preston186_7>Preston 1921 pp. 186–7</ref><ref name=Gullett669/>

The gun was deployed north-west of the British Empire line in the valley and shelled Ghoraniyeh, Jericho, and other back areas at a range of some {{convert|20000|yd|m}}. This long-range gun was also reported firing from well disguised positions in the hills east of the Jordan River on British Empire camps and horse lines, with the benefit of reports from German [[Etrich Taube|Taube]] aircraft, with a black iron cross under each wing. The gun could fire at targets over {{convert|12|mi|km}} away; on one occasion shelling Jericho, after which the gun was called "Jericho Jane." At the end of the war when this gun was captured, it was found to have been about {{convert|18|ft|m}} long and the pointed high explosive shells and their charge-cases were nearly {{convert|6|ft|m}} long. In July two more guns of a similar calibre were deployed in about the same position; north-west of the British Empire line in the valley.<ref name=Moore146/><ref name=Preston186_7/><ref>Scrymgeour 1961 p.54</ref><ref group=Note>A similar gun used during the Gallipoli campaign had been located on the Asiatic side of the Dardanelles and had been known as "Asiatic Annie." [McPherson 1985 p. 139]</ref>

====Ottoman artillery – July reinforcements====
The Ottoman forces in the hills overlooking the Jordan Valley received considerable artillery reinforcement early in July, and pushed a number of field guns and heavy howitzers southwards, east of the Jordan, and commenced a systematic shelling of the troops. Camps and horse lines had to be moved and scattered about in sections in most inconvenient situations along the bottoms of small wadis running down from the ridge into the plain. The whole of the Wadis el Auja and Nueiameh was under the enemy's observation either from Red Hill and other high ground east of the Jordan or from the foothills west and north-west of Abu Tellul, and took full advantage of this to shell watering places almost every day even though the drinking places were frequently changed. Every effort was made to distract their attention by shelling their foothills positions vigorously, during the hours when horses were being watered. But the dense clouds of dust raised by even the smallest parties of horses on the move, generally gave the game away, and the men and horses were constantly troubled by enemy artillery and numerous times severe casualties were suffered by these watering units.<ref name=Preston186_7/><ref name=Gullett669>Gullett 1941 p. 669</ref><ref name=Blenkinsop2289>Blenkinsop1925 pp. 228–9</ref>

===Air support===
====April and May====
[[File:Observer, pilot, and Bristol Fighter F2B aircraft.jpg|left|thumb|240px|A [[Bristol F.2 Fighter|Bristol F.2B Fighter]] of No. 1 Squadron, Australian Flying Corps, in Palestine, February 1918. The pilot (left) is Captain [[Ross Macpherson Smith]], who in 1919 was part of the crew that set the record for flying from England to Australia.|alt=Two men in long leather coats and leather helmets stand in front of a biplane in RAF colours.]]

No 1 Squadron, [[Australian Flying Corps]] moved forward in the last week of April from Mejdel to a new aerodrome outside Ramleh to focus on the Nablus area. Reconnaissance on 7 May over the "horse-shoe" road, reported the state of all camps and discovered seven more hangars on the western of the two aerodromes at Jenin. During the return trip, two Albatros scouts over Tul Keram were force down.<ref name=Cutlack122>Cutlack 1941 p. 122</ref>

Two days later on 9 May, nine British aircraft dropped nearly a ton of bombs at Jenin, destroying the surface of the landing strip and set fire to several aircraft hangars. The German No. 305 Squadron suffered damage to a number of their aircraft, but a Rumpler fought a British aircraft over Jenin aerodrome. The British also bombed the railway station at Jenin.<ref name=Cutlack122/>

On 13 May nearly 200 photographs were taken by four aircraft which systematically covered the Jisr ed Damieh region, enabling a new map to be drawn. Aerial photographs were also used for new maps of Es Salt and the Samaria–Nablus region and on 8 June the first British reconnaissance of Haifa, examined the whole coast up to that place. Regular reconnaissances took place over Tul Keram, Nablus and Messudie railway stations and the Lubban–road camps on 11 and 12 June when numerous aerial engagements took place; the [[Bristol F.2 Fighter|Bristol Fighter]] proving superior to the German Rumpler.<ref>Cutlack 1941 pp. 122–3, 126–7</ref>

====June====
[[File:JerichoMapB6det.jpeg|thumb|Jericho Map dated 6 May 1918]]

German aircraft often flew over the British Empire lines at the first light and were particularly interested in the Jericho and lower Jordan area where on 9 June a highflying Rumpler, was forced to land near [[Jisr ed Damieh]], after fighting and striving during five minutes of close combat at 16,000 feet to get the advantage of the Australian pilots. These dawn patrols also visited the Lubban–road sector of the front (north of Jerusalem on the Nablus road) and the coast sector.<ref>Cutlack 1941 p. 127</ref>

Increasingly the air supremacy won in May and June was used to the full with British squadrons flying straight at enemy formations whenever they were sighted while the opposition often fought only if escape seemed impracticable. The close scouting of the Australian pilots which had become a daily duty was, on the other side, utterly impossible for these German airmen who often flew so high that it is likely their reconnaissances lacked detail; owing to the heat haze over the Jordan Valley, Australian airmen found reconnaissance even at 10,000 feet difficult.<ref>Cutlack 1941 p. 128</ref>

This new found British and Australian confidence led to successful machine gun attacks on Ottoman ground–troops which were first successfully carried out during the two Transjordan operations in March and April. They inflicted demoralising damage on infantry, cavalry, and transport alike as at the same time as German airmen became more and more disinclined to fly. British and Australian pilots in bombing formations first sought out other enemy to fight; they were quickly followed by ordinary reconnaissance missions when rest camps and road transport in the rear became targets for bombs and machine guns.<ref>Cutlack 1941 pp. 128–9</ref>

In mid-June British squadrons, escorted by Bristol Fighters, made three bomb raids on the El Kutrani fields dropping incendiary bombs as well as high explosives bombs, causing panic among Bedouin reapers and Ottoman cavalry which scattered, while the escorting Australians lashed with machine-gun fire the unusually busy El Kutrani railway station and a nearby train. While British squadrons were disrupted the Moabite harvest gangs, bombing raids from No. 1 Squadron were directed against the grain fields in the Mediterranean sector. On the same day of the El Kutrani raid; 16 June the squadron sent three raids, each of two machines, with incendiary bombs against the crops about [[Qaqun|Kakon]], [[Anebta]], and [[Mukhalid]]. One of the most successful dropped sixteen fire-bombs in fields and among haystacks, set them alight, and machine gunned the workers.<ref>Cutlack 1941 pp. 125–6</ref>

====July====
[[File:AMD RoadsPlan.jpeg|thumb|Australian Mounted Division Roads Plan]]

Daily observations of the regions around Nablus (headquarters of the Ottoman 7th Army) and Amman (on the Hedjaz railway) were required at this time to keep a close watch on the German and Ottoman forces' troop movements. There were several indications of increased defensive preparations on the coastal sector; improvements were made to the Afule to Haifa railway and there was increased road traffic all over this district while the trench system near Kakon was not being maintained. The smallest details of roads and tracks immediately opposite the British front and crossings of the important [[Nahr Iskanderun]] were all carefully observed.<ref>Cutlack 1941 pp. 140</ref>

Flights were made down the Hedjaz railway on 1 July to El Kutrani where the camp and aerodrome were strafed with machine gun fire by Australians and on 6 July at Jauf ed Derwish they found the garrison working to repair their defences and railway culverts, after the destruction of the bridges over the Wady es Sultane to the south by the Hedjaz Arabs, which cut their railway communications. When Jauf ed Derwish station north of Maan was reconnoitred, the old German aerodrome at Beersheba was used as an advance landing-ground. Also on 6 July aerial photographs were taken of the Et Tire area near the sea for the map makers. Two days later Jauf ed Derwish was bombed by a British formation which flew over Maan and found it strongly garrisoned. No. 1 Squadron's patrols watched the whole length of the railway during the first fortnight of July; on 13 July a convoy of 2,000 camels south of Amman escorted by 500 cavalry, moving south towards Kissir was machine gunned scattering the horses and camels, while three more Bristol Fighters attacked a caravan near Kissir on the same day; Amman was attacked several days later.<ref>Cutlack 1941 pp. 135–6</ref>

Several aerial combats occurred over Tul Keram, Bireh, Nablus and Jenin on 16 July and attacked a transport column of camels near Arrabe, a train north of Ramin and three Albatros scouts aircraft on the ground at Balata aerodrome. Near Amman 200 cavalry and 2,000 camels which had been attacked a few days previously, were again attacked, and two Albatros scouts were destroyed during aerial combat over the Wady el Auja.<ref>Cutlack 1941 pp. 138</ref>

On 22 July Australian pilots destroyed a Rumpler during a dawn patrol south west of Lubban after aerial combat and on 28 July two Bristol Fighters piloted by Australians fought two Rumpler aircraft from over the outskirts of Jerusalem to the upper Wady Fara; another Rumpler was forced down two days later.<ref>Cutlack 1941 p. 139</ref>

On 31 July a reconnaissance was made from Nablus over the Wady Fara to Beisan where they machine gunned a train and a transport park near the station. Then they flew north to Semakh machine gunning troops near the railway station and aerodrome before flying back over Jenin aerodrome. During the period of almost daily patrols almost 1,000 aerial photographs were taken from Nablus and Wady Fara up to Beisan and from Tul Keram north covering nearly {{convert|400|sqmi|km2}}. Enemy troops, roads and traffic were regularly attacked even by photography patrols when flying low to avoid enemy anti-aircraft fire.<ref>Cutlack 1941 p. 141–2</ref>

====August====
On 5 August the camps along the Wady Fara were counted and small cavalry movements over Ain es Sir were noted, chased down an Albatros scout and returning over the Wady Fara machine gunned a column of infantry and some camels; these camps were harassed a few days later. A formation of six new Pfalz scouts was first encountered over Jenin aerodrome on 14 August when it was found they were inferior to the Bristol aircraft in climbing ability and all six were forced after aerial combat to land. Rumpler aircraft were successfully attacked on 16 and 21 August and on 24 August a determined attack by eight German aircraft on two Bristol Fighters defending the British air screen between Tul Keram and Kalkilieh was defeated and four of the enemy aircraft were destroyed.<ref>Cutlack 1941 pp. 142–4</ref>

===Medical support===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; float:right;"
|+Field Ambulances Work<ref>Downes 1938 p. 712</ref>
! Month !! Average % weekly admitted !! Average % weekly evacuated
|-
| January || 0.95 || 0.61
|-
| February || 0.70|| 0.53
|-
| March || 0.83 || 0.76
|-
| April || 1.85 || 1.71
|-
| May || 1.94|| 1.83
|-
| June || 2.38 || 2.14
|-
| July || 4.19 || 3.98
|-
| August || 3.06 || 2.91
|-
| to 14 September || 3.08 || 2.52
|}
In May the Anzac Field Laboratory was established {{convert|1.5|mi|km}} north west of Jericho in the foothills.<ref>Downes 1938 p. 699</ref> Shortly after, on 10 May the 4th Light Horse Field Ambulance relieved the Imperial Camel Corps Brigade Field Ambulance when daily shade temperatures in the ambulance tents were recorded between {{convert|109|–|110|°F|°C}} going as high as {{convert|120|°F|°C}}.<ref name=Powles229/><ref name=Hamilton120/> On Friday 31 May 1918 it was {{convert|108|°F|°C}} in the operating tent and {{convert|114|°F|°C}} outside in the shade. That night was close, hot and still until a wind blew clouds of dust between 02:00 and 08:00 smothered everything.<ref name=Hamilton122>Hamilton 1996 p.122</ref>

In the five weeks between 2 May and 8 June 616 sick men (one third of the 4th Light Horse Brigade) were evacuated from the 4th Light Horse Field Ambulance. During the same period, the field ambulance treated almost an equal number of patients needing dressings and for minor ailments. Some were kept in hospital for a few days. In five weeks, the field ambulance cared for the equivalent of two regiments or two-thirds of the total brigade.<ref>Hamilton 1996 pp. 123–4</ref> According to Falls, "in general, however, the Force's standard of health was very high."<ref>Falls 1930 Vol. 2 Part II p. 425</ref> These minor ailments included very painful boils which were inevitable in the dust, heat and sweat of the Jordan Valley. They often started where shirt collars rubbed the backs of necks, then spread to the top of the head and possibly the arm pits and buttocks. These boils were treated by lancing or hot foments sometimes applied hourly and requiring a day or two in hospital. Foments were made from a wad of lint wrapped in a towel heated in boiling water, wrung as dry as possible then quickly slapped straight on the boil.<ref name=Hamilton133>Hamilton 1996 p. 133</ref> Other maladies suffered during the occupation included dysentery, a few cases of enteric, relapsing fever, typhus, and smallpox along with sand-fly fever.<ref name=Downes705>Downes 1938 p. 705</ref>

====Malaria====
Malaria struck during the week of 24 to 30 May and although a small percentage of men seemed to have an inbuilt resistance, many did not and the field ambulances had their busiest time ever when a very high percentage of troops got malaria; one field ambulance treated about 1,000 patients at this time.<ref>Hamilton 1996 pp. 121–2</ref>

From May onwards an increasing numbers of soldiers were struck down by malaria. Both Plasmodium vivax (benign tertian) and Plasmodium falciparum (malignant tertian), along with a few quartan forms of the infection were reported in spite of "determined, well-organised, and scientifically controlled measures of prevention."<ref name=Downes705/>

Minor cases of malaria are kept at the field ambulance for two or three days in the hospital tents, and then sent back to their units. More serious cases, including all the malignant ones, were evacuated as soon as possible, after immediate treatment. All cases got one or more injections of quinine.<ref name=Hamilton122/> Between 15 May and 24 August, the 9th and 11th Light Horse Regiments, participated in a quinine trial. Every man in one squadron of each of the two regiments was given five grains of quinine daily by mouth and the remainder none. During the trial 10 cases of malaria occurred in the treated squadrons while 80 occurred in the untreated men giving a ratio of 1:2.3 cases.<ref>Downes 1938 p. 707</ref>

Ice began to be delivered daily by motor lorry from Jerusalem to treat the bad cases of malignant malaria; it travelled in sacks filled with sawdust, and with care lasted for 12 hours or more. Patients in the 4th Light Horse Field Ambulance were as a result, given iced drinks which to them, appeared incredible. When a serious case arrived with a temperature of {{convert|104|–|105|°F|°C}} ice wrapped in lint was packed all round his body to practically freeze him; his temperature was taken every minute or so and, in about 20 minutes, when his temperature may have dropped to normal he was wrapped, shivering in a blanket, when the tent temperature was well over {{convert|100|°F|°C}}, and evacuated by motor ambulance to hospital in Jerusalem, before the next attack.<ref name=Hamilton122/>

One such evacuee was 42-year-old trooper A. E. Illingworth, who had landed at Suez in January 1917. He joined the 4th Light Horse Regiment at Ferry Post on 3 March 1917 from Moascar training camp, and was in the field until 8 June 1918, when he became ill from [[pyrexia]] and was admitted to the 31st General Hospital, Abbassia on 15 June. After treatment he rejoined his regiment on 20 July at Jericho and remained in the field until returning to Australia on the ''Essex'' on 15 June 1919. He died five years later.<ref>Massey 2007 p. 58</ref>

====Evacuation from Jordan Valley to Cairo hospital====
For the wounded and sick the trip to base hospital in Cairo {{convert|300|mi|km}} away was a long and difficult one during which it was necessary for them to negotiate many stages.
# From his regiment the sick man would be carried on a stretcher to the Field Ambulance, where his case would be diagnosed and a card describing him and his illness was attached to his clothing.
# Then he would be moved to the Divisional Casualty Clearing Station, which would be a little further back in the Valley, close to the motor road.
#From there he would be placed, with three other stretcher cases, in a motor ambulance, to make the long journey through the hills to Jerusalem, where he would arrive coated in dust.
# In Jerusalem he would be carried into one of the two big buildings taken over by the British for use as casualty clearing stations. His medical history card would be read and treatment given him, and he might be kept there for a couple of days. (Later, when the broad-gauge line was through to Jerusalem, cases would be sent southwards in hospital train.)
# When he was fit enough to travel, his stretcher would again make up a load in a motor ambulance to Ludd, near the coast on the railway three or four hours away over very hilly, dusty roads.
# At Ludd the patient would be admitted to another casualty clearing station, where he would perhaps be kept another day or two before continuing his journey southwards in a hospital train.
# The hospital train would take him to the stationary hospital at Gaza, or El Arish or straight on to Kantara.
# After lying in a hospital at Kantara East for perhaps two or three days, he would be carried in an ambulance across the Suez Canal to Kantara West.
# The last stage of his journey from the Jordan Valley to a base hospital in Cairo was on the Egyptian State Railways.<ref>Moore 1920 pp.142–4</ref>

====Rest camp====
During the advance from southern Palestine the system of leave to the Australian Mounted Division's Rest Camp at Port Said was stopped. It started again in January 1918, and throughout the occupation of the Jordan Valley quotas averaging about 350 men were sent there every ten days. This gave the men seven days clear rest, in very good conditions.<ref>Downes 1938 p. 713</ref>

As a result of the benefits of the Rest Camp on the beach at Tel el Marakeb demonstrated before the [[Third Battle of Gaza]], Desert Mounted Corps established an Ambulance Rest Station in the grounds of a monastery at Jerusalem. This was staffed by personnel from the immobile sections of Corps ambulances. Tents and mattresses and food extras were provided along with games, amusements, and comforts supplied by the Australian Red Cross. The men sent to this rest camp, included those run down or debilitated after minor illnesses. The troops were housed in conditions which were as different as possible from the ordinary regimental life.<ref>Downes 1938 pp. 712–3</ref>

====Return trip from rest camp to the Jordan====
The return journey was very different from coming down in a hospital train as a draft usually travelled at night, in practically open trucks with about 35 men packed into each truck including all their kits, rifles, 48 hours' rations, and a loaded bandolier. They would arrive at Ludd in the morning after a sleepless night in a bumping, clanking train where they would have time for a wash and a scratch meal before moving on by train to Jerusalem where the draft would be accommodated for perhaps a night or two at the Desert Mounted Corps rest camp, {{convert|1|mi|km}} or so from the station. From there they would be despatched in motor lorries down the hill to Jericho, where led horses would be sent in some miles, from the brigade bivouac, to meet them and carry them back to their units.<ref>Moore 1920 pp.144–5</ref>

==Reliefs==
[[File:IWM Q12621.jpg|thumb|A British sentry at one of the three Solomon's Pools, a few miles south of Bethlehem (Burak, 53rd Division)]]

===Relief of the Anzac Mounted Division===
On 16 May two brigades of the Anzac Mounted Division were relieved of their duties in the Jordan Valley and ordered two weeks rest in the hills near Bethlehem. The division trekked up the winding white road, which ran between Jericho and Jerusalem, stopping at Talaat Ed Dum, a dry, dusty bivouac near the Good Samaritan's Inn where, Lieutenant General Chauvel, commander of the Jordan Valley sector, had his headquarters beside the Jericho road about {{convert|2|km|mi}} to the east. The brigades of the Anzac Mounted Division remained there until 29 May the following morning moved through Bethany, skirted the walls of the Holy City, and through modern Jerusalem and out along the Hebron road to a bivouac site in the cool mountain air at Solomon's Pools about halfway between Jerusalem and Hebron.<ref name=Moore126>Moore 1920 pp. 126–7</ref><ref>Powles 1922 p. 224</ref><ref name=Hamilton128>Hamilton 1996 p. 128</ref> Only the [[1st Light Horse Brigade]] and the [[New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade]] left the Jordan Valley at this time; the [[2nd Light Horse Brigade]] remained; they left the valley for Solomon's Pools on 5 June and returned on 22 June.<ref>Powles 1922 p. 226</ref><ref>2nd Light Horse Brigade War Diary AWM4, 10-2-42</ref>

===Jerusalem tourists===
Even when nominally 'resting' a trooper's time was never his own. Horse-pickets still had to do their turn every night, guards, pumping parties for watering the horses and endless other working parties had to be supplied.<ref name=Moore126/> The horses were watered twice a day at the "Pools of Solomon", great oblong cisterns of stone, some hundreds of feet long, which were still in good condition. The pumps were worked by the pumping parties on a ledge in one of the cisterns pushing the water up into the canvas troughs above, where the horses were brought in groups. The hand-pumps and canvas troughs were carried everywhere, and where water was available were quickly erected.<ref>Moore 1920 p. 127</ref>

During their stay at Solomon's Pools the men attended a celebration of the King's Birthday on 3 June, when a parade was held in Bethlehem and the inhabitants of Bethlehem were invited to attend. They erected a triumphal arch decorated with flowers and flags and inscribed: "Bethlehem Municipality Greeting on the Occasion of the Birthday of His Majesty King George V" at the entrance to the square, in front of the Church of the Nativity.<ref>Powles 1922 p. 225–6</ref>

While at Solomon's Pools, most of the men got the opportunity of seeing Jerusalem where many photographs of historical spots were taken and sent home. Some gained the impression that the light horsemen and mounted riflemen were having some sort of a "Cook's tour". Naturally most of the photos were taken during these short rest periods as the long months of unending work and discomfort gave rare opportunities or inclinations for taking photos.<ref name=Moore126/>

===Return of the Anzac Mounted Division===
[[File:AWMB03120Talaat.jpg|thumb|Talaat ed Dumm. Model T Ford car on side road]]

On 13 June the two brigades moved out to return via Talaat ed Dumm to Jericho, reaching their bivouac area in the vicinity of the Ain es Duk on 16 June. Here a spring gushes out a mass of stones in an arid valley and within a few yards became a full flowing stream of cool and clear water, giving a flow of some {{convert|200000|impgal|L}} per day. Part of this stream ran across a small valley along a beautiful, perfectly preserved, Roman arched aqueduct of three tiers.<ref>Powles 1922 pp. 228–9</ref>

For the rest of June, while the Australian Mounted Division was at Solomon's Pools, the Anzac Mounted Division held the left sector of the defences, digging trenches and regularly patrolling the area including occasional encounters with enemy patrols.<ref name=Powles229/>

===Relief of the Australian Mounted Division===
The relief of the Australian Mounted Division by the Anzac Mounted Division was ordered on 14 June and by 20 June the command of the left sector of the Jordan Valley passed to the commander of the Anzac Mounted Division from the commander of the Australian Mounted Division who took over command of all troops at Solomon's Pools. Over several days the [[3rd Light Horse Brigade|3rd Light Horse]], [[4th Light Horse Brigade|4th Light Horse]] and [[5th Mounted Brigade]]s were relieved of their duties and sent to Bethlehem for a well earned rest.<ref name=Hamilton124>Hamilton 1996 p. 124</ref><ref name=WarDiaryAMD6_18>Australian Mounted Division War Diary AWM4, 1-58-12part1 June 1918</ref>

The 4th Light Horse Field Ambulance moved out at 17:00 on Sunday 9 June in a terrific storm and three hours later arrived at Talaat ed Dumm halfway to Jerusalem where they spent a couple of days; it was exactly six weeks since the brigade had first gone to the Jordan Valley.<ref name=Hamilton124/>

On Thursday 13 June the Field Ambulance packed up and moved onto the Jerusalem road at about 18:00 travelling on the very steep up-hill road till 23:00; on the way picking up four patients. They rested till 01.30 on Friday, before going on to arrive at Jerusalem, about 06:00, then on to Bethlehem, and two miles beyond, reached Solomon's Pools by 09:00. Here the three huge rock-lined reservoirs, built by King Solomon about 970 BC to supply water by aqueducts to Jerusalem, were still in reasonable repair as were the aqueducts which were still supplying about 40,000 gallons of water a day to Jerusalem.<ref>Hamilton 1996 p. 125</ref>

Here in the uplands near Solomon's Pools, the sunny days were cool, and at night men who had suffered sleepless nights on the Jordan enjoyed the mountain mists and the comfort of blankets.<ref>Gullett 1919 p. 21</ref> The Australian Mounted Division Train accompanied the division Bethlehem to repair the effects of the Jordan Valley on men, animals and wagons.<ref>Lindsay 1992 p. 217</ref>

===Return of the Australian Mounted Division===
[[File:AWM A00315 DespatchRider.jpeg|thumb|left|Light Horse Despatch Rider with carrier pigeons, Jordan Valley 1918]]

Desert Mounted Corps informed the Australian Mounted Division at 10:00 on Friday 28 June that an attempt was to be made by the enemy to force a crossing over the Jordan in the area south of the Ghoraniyeh bridgehead.<ref name=WarDiaryAMD6_18/> The division packed up quickly and began its return journey the same day at 17:30; the 4th Light Horse Field Ambulance arriving at Talaat ed Dumm or the Samaritan's Inn at 15:00 on Saturday 29 June 1918.<ref>Hamilton 1996 pp. 127–8</ref> And at dusk on Sunday 30 June the division moved out and travelled till midnight then bivouacked back in the Jordan Valley, just three weeks after leaving.<ref name=Hamilton128/>

On Monday 1 July 4 Light Horse Brigade "stood to" all day near Jericho until 20:00, when in the dark, they moved northwards about {{convert|10|mi|km}} to a position in a gully between two hills, just behind the front line. The horses were picqueted and the men turned in about 23:00. Next morning the whole camp was pitched, the field ambulance erecting their hospital and operating tents, and horse lines were put down and everything was straightened up. The weather was still very hot but the daily early morning parade continued, followed by all the horses being taken to water. It was necessary to go about {{convert|5|mi|km}}, to water and back, through terrible dust, which naturally the horses churned up so that it was difficult to see the horse in front. The men wore goggles and handkerchiefs over their mouths to keep out some of the dust, but it was a long, dusty, hot trip.<ref>Hamilton 1996 p. 129</ref>

Each day during the middle of summer in July, the dust grew deeper and finer, the heat more intense and the stagnant air heavier and sickness and sheer exhaustion became more pronounced, and it was noticed that the older men were better able to resist the distressing conditions. Shell-fire and snipers caused casualties which were, if not heavy, a steady drain on the Australian and New Zealand forces, and when men were invalided, the shortage of reinforcements necessitated bringing them back to the valley before their recovery was complete.<ref>Gullett 1941 pp. 674–5</ref><ref group=Note>Infantry and cavalry serving in other units at this time in the Jordan Valley, would have suffered similarly.</ref>

Daily mounted patrols were undertaken during which skirmishes and minor actions often occurred, while the bridgeheads remained contested ground. A small fleet of armed launches patrolled the eastern shore of the Dead Sea, also providing a link with the [[Faisal I of Iraq|Prince Feisal's]] Sherifial force.<ref>Powles 1922 p. 230</ref> Many men were wounded while on patrol during tours of duty.<ref>Massey 2007 pp. 70–1</ref>

During the height of summer in the heat, the still atmosphere, and the dense clouds of dust, there was constant work associated with the occupation; getting supplies, maintaining sanitation as well as front line duties which was usually active. The occupation force was persistently shelled in advanced positions on both sides of the river, as well as at headquarters in the rear.<ref>Gullett 1941 p. 644</ref>

From mid July, after the action of Abu Tellul, both sides confined themselves to artillery activity, and to patrol work, in which the Indian Cavalry, excelled.<ref name=Preston186/>

===Relief and return of the Anzac Mounted Division===
The Anzac Mounted Division was in the process of returning to the Jordan Valley during 16–25 August after its second rest camp at Solomon's Pools which began at the end of July – beginning of August.<ref>Powles 1922 p. 231</ref><ref>2nd Light Horse Brigade War Diary AWM4, 10-2-44</ref>

===Australian Mounted Division move out of the valley===
On 9 August the division was ordered to leave the Jordan Valley exactly six weeks after returning from Solomon's Pools in July and 12 weeks since they first entered the valley.<ref name=Hamilton133/> They moved across Palestine in three easy stages of about {{convert|15|mi|km}} each, via Talaat ed Dumm, Jerusalem and Enab to Ludd, about {{convert|12|mi|km}} from Jaffa on the Mediterranean coast; each stage beginning about 20:00 in the evening and completed before dawn to avoid being seen by enemy reconnaissance aircraft. They arrived at Ludd about midnight on 14/15 August; pitched their tents in an olive orchard and put down horse lines.<ref>Hamilton 1996 p. 135</ref> The following day camps were established; paths were made and gear in transport wagons unloaded and stored.<ref>Hamilton 1996 p. 136</ref>

==Final days of occupation==
From the departure of the Australian Mounted Division steps were taken to make it appear that the valley was still fully garrisoned. These included building a bridge in the valley and infantry were marched into the Jordan Valley by day, driven out by motor lorry at night, and marched back in daylight over and over again and 15,000 dummy horses were made of canvas and stuffed with straw and every day mules dragged branches up and down the valley (or the same horses were ridden backwards and forwards all day, as if watering) to keep the dust in thick clouds. Tents were left standing and 142 fires were lit each night.<ref>Hamilton 1996 p. 135–6</ref><ref>Mitchell 1978 pp. 160–1</ref>

On 11 September, the 10th Cavalry Brigade including the [[14th Prince of Wales's Own Scinde Horse|Scinde Horse]], left the Jordan Valley. They marched via Jericho, {{convert|19|mi|km}} to Talaat de Dumm, then a further {{convert|20|mi|km}} to Enab and the following day reached Ramleh on 17 September.<ref>Maunsell 1926 p. 212</ref>

Although the maintenance of so large a mounted force in the Jordan Valley had been expensive as regards the level of fitness and numbers of sick soldiers of the garrison, it was less costly than having to re-take the valley prior to the [[Battle of Megiddo (1918)|Battle of Megiddo]] and the force which continued to garrison the valley played an important part in that battle's strategy.<ref name=Blenkinsop2289/>

While considerable numbers of the occupation force suffered from malaria and the heat and dust were terrible, the occupation paved the way for Allenby's successful [[Battle of Megiddo (1918)|Battle of Megiddo]] in September 1918.<ref>Powles 1922 p. 223</ref>

==Notes==

;Footnotes
{{reflist|group=Note}}
;Citations
{{Reflist|2}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.awm.gov.au/collection/war_diaries/first_world_war/subclass.asp?levelID=1467 |title=2nd Light Horse Brigade War Diary |work=First World War Diaries AWM4, 10-2-10 & 20 |date=November 1915 – September 1916 |publisher=Australian War Memorial |location=Canberra |access-date=2 November 2011 |archive-date=21 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110321182418/https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/war_diaries/first_world_war/subclass.asp?levelID=1467 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.awm.gov.au/collection/records/awm4/subclass.asp?levelID=1465 |title=4th Light Horse Brigade War Diary |work=First World War Diaries AWM4, 10-4-17 |date=May 1918 |publisher=Australian War Memorial |location=Canberra |access-date=28 October 2011 |archive-date=19 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419063244/https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/records/awm4/subclass.asp?levelID=1465 |url-status=dead }}
*{{cite web |url=http://www.awm.gov.au/collection/records/awm4/subclass.asp?levelID=1342 |title=Australian Mounted Division General Staff War Diary |work=First World War Diaries AWM4, 1-58-12 Part 1 |date=June 1918 |publisher=Australian War Memorial |location=Canberra |access-date=2 November 2011 |archive-date=19 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419064842/https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/records/awm4/subclass.asp?levelID=1342 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite book |title=Handbook on Northern Palestine and Southern Syria |year=1918 |edition=1st provisional 9 April |publisher=Government Press |location=Cairo |oclc=23101324}} [referred to as "Secret 9/4/18"]
* {{cite book |last=Baly |first=Lindsay |title=Horseman, Pass By: The Australian Light Horse in World War I |year=2003 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |location=East Roseville, Sydney |oclc=223425266}}
* {{cite book |title=History of the Great War Based on Official Documents Veterinary Services|editor-last1=Blenkinsop|editor-first1= Layton John|editor-last2=Rainey|editor-first2=John Wakefield |year=1925 |publisher=H.M. Stationers |location=London |oclc=460717714}}
* {{cite book |title=The Last Crusade: The Palestine Campaign in the First World War |last=Bruce |first=Anthony |year=2002 |publisher=John Murray |location=London |isbn=978-0-7195-5432-2}}
* {{cite book |url=https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/RCDIG1069925/ |title=The Australian Flying Corps in the Western and Eastern Theatres of War, 1914–1918 |last=Cutlack |first=Frederic Morley |year=1941 |edition=11th |series=Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918 |volume=VIII |publisher=Australian War Memorial |location=Canberra |oclc=220900299 }}
* {{cite book |url=https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/RCDIG1069478/ |chapter=The Campaign in Sinai and Palestine |pages=547–780 |last=Downes |first=Rupert M. |author-link=Rupert Downes |editor-last=Butler |editor-first=Arthur Graham |year=1938 |edition=2nd |title=Gallipoli, Palestine and New Guinea |series=Official History of the Australian Army Medical Services, 1914–1918 |volume=1 Part II |publisher=Australian War Memorial |location=Canberra |oclc=220879097 }}
* {{cite book |title=Military Operations Egypt & Palestine from June 1917 to the End of the War |last=Falls |first=Cyril |series=Official History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence |others=A. F. Becke (maps) |year=1930 |volume=2 Part II |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |location=London |oclc=256950972}}
* {{cite book |title=Australia in Palestine |url=https://archive.org/details/australiainpales00gull |editor=Gullett, Henry S. |editor2=Charles Barnet |editor3=David Baker |year=1919 |publisher=Angus & Robertson |location=Sydney |oclc=224023558 }}
* {{cite book |url=https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/RCDIG1069924/ |title=The Australian Imperial Force in Sinai and Palestine, 1914–1918 |last=Gullett |first=Henry S. |year=1941 |edition=11th |series=Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918 |volume=VII |publisher=Australian War Memorial |location=Canberra |oclc=220900153 }}
* {{cite book |title=Riders of Destiny: The 4th Australian Light Horse Field Ambulance 1917–18: An Autobiography and History |last=Hamilton |first=Patrick M. |year=1996 |publisher=Mostly Unsung Military History |location=Gardenvale, Melbourne |isbn=978-1-876179-01-4}}
* {{cite book |title=Hooves, Wheels & Tracks: A History of the 4th/19th Prince of Wales' Light Horse Regiment and its predecessors |last=Holloway |first=David |year=1990 |publisher=Regimental Trustees |location=Fitzroy, Melbourne |oclc=24551943}}
* {{cite book |editor1-first=Matthew |editor1-last=Hughes |title=Allenby in Palestine: The Middle East Correspondence of Field Marshal Viscount Allenby June 1917 – October 1919 |series=Army Records Society |volume=22 |year=2004 |publisher=Sutton Publishing |location=Phoenix Mill, Thrupp, Stroud, Gloucestershire |isbn=978-0-7509-3841-9}}
* {{cite book |title=Suez to Aleppo |last=Keogh |first=E. G. |author2=Joan Graham |year=1955 |publisher=Directorate of Military Training by Wilkie & Co. |location=Melbourne |oclc=220029983}}
* {{cite book |title=Equal to the Task: The Royal Australian Army Service Corps |volume=1 |last=Lindsay |first=Neville |year=1992 |publisher=Historia Productions |location=Kenmore |oclc=28994468}}
* {{cite book |title=The Man Who Loved Egypt: Bimbashi McPherson |last=McPherson |first=Joseph W. |editor=Barry Carman |editor2=John McPherson |year=1985 |publisher=Ariel Books BBC |location=London |isbn=978-0-563-20437-4}}
* {{cite book |title=Beersheba: The Men of the 4th Light Horse Regiment Who Charged on the 31st October 1917 |last=Massey |first=Graeme |year=2007 |location=Warracknabeal, Victoria |publisher=Warracknabeal Secondary College History Department |oclc=225647074}}
* {{cite book |title=Prince of Wales' Own, the Seinde Horse, 1839–1922 |last=Maunsell |first=E. B. |year=1926 |publisher=Regimental Committee |oclc=221077029}}
* {{cite book |last=Mitchell |first=Elyne |title=Light Horse The Story of Australia's Mounted Troops |year=1978 |publisher=Macmillan |location=Melbourne |oclc=5288180}}
* {{cite book |title=The Mounted Riflemen in Sinai & Palestine: The Story of New Zealand's Crusaders |last=Moore |first=A. Briscoe |year=1920 |publisher=Whitcombe & Tombs |location=Christchurch |oclc=561949575}}
* {{cite book |title=The Desert Mounted Corps: An Account of the Cavalry Operations in Palestine and Syria 1917–1918 |url=https://archive.org/details/desertmountedco00presgoog |last=Preston |first=R. M. P. |year=1921 |publisher=Constable & Co. |location=London |oclc=3900439 }}
* {{cite book |title=The New Zealanders in Sinai and Palestine |last=Powles |first=C. Guy |author2=A. Wilkie |series=Official History New Zealand's Effort in the Great War |volume=III |year=1922 |publisher=Whitcombe & Tombs |location=Auckland |oclc=2959465}}
* {{cite book |title=Blue Eyes: A True Romance of the Desert Column |last=Scrymgeour |first=J. T. S. |year=c. 1961 |publisher=Arthur H. Stockwell |location=Infracombe |oclc=220903073}}
*{{cite book |chapter=The Palestine Campaigns |last=Wavell |first=Field Marshal Earl |author-link=Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell|editor-last=Sheppard|editor-first=Eric William |edition=4th |title=A Short History of the British Army |year=1968 |orig-year=1933 |publisher=Constable & Co. |location=London |oclc=35621223}}
* {{cite book |title=Hell in the Holy Land: World War I in the Middle East |last=Woodward |first=David R. |year=2006 |publisher=The University Press of Kentucky |location=Lexington |isbn=978-0-8131-2383-7}}
{{refend}}

{{World War I}}

{{coord missing|West Bank|Jordan}}

[[Category:Conflicts in 1918]]
[[Category:1918 in British-administered Palestine]]
[[Category:Battles of the Sinai and Palestine campaign]]
[[Category:British military occupations]]
[[Category:Military operations of World War I involving the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Military operations of World War I involving Australia]]
[[Category:Jordan River basin]]