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Phulwari

2026-05-13T06:04:24Z

Dan: new some details initial version

{{Wikt|hi:फुलवारा|hi:फुलवारी}}

'''Phulwari''' ({{Lit|garden}}) may refer to:

* [[Phulwari, Iran]]
* [[Phulwari, Nepal]]
* [[Phulwari (1984 film)|''Phulwari'' (1984 film)]], a Hindi film
* ''[[Phoolwari]]'', a 1946 Indian Bollywood film
* [[Phulwari Sharif]], town in Patna district, Bihar, India
** [[Phulwari Sharif railway station]]
** [[Phulwari (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]]

== See also ==
* [[Phulwaria]], a city in Uttar Pradesh, India
* [[Phulwariwa]], a village in Bihar, India
* [[Phulwari ki Nal Wildlife Sanctuary]], Rajasthan, India
* ''[[Sikh Phulwari]]''

{{disambiguation|geo}}

Jaddanbai

2026-05-07T15:35:58Z

Dan: Stub.

{{Mscn|date=January 2026}}
{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jaddanbai
| other_names = Jayadevi
| image = Jaddanbai.jpg
| birth_name = Jaddanbai
| birth_date = {{birth date|1892|04|01|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Benares]], [[Benares State]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present-day [[Varanasi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India)
| death_date = {{death date and age|1949|4|8|1892|4|1|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Bombay]], [[Bombay State]], [[Dominion of India|India]] (present-day [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India)
| resting_place = Chandanwadi Cemetery, [[Mumbai]]
| occupation = {{Hlist | Actress | Composer | Singer | Music director | Director | Producer | Dancer | Writer}}
| years_active = 1897 - 1949
| spouse = {{unbulleted list|
|Narottamdas Khatri
|Irshad Meer Khan
|Mohanchand Uttamchand Dutt (Abdul Rashid)}}
|relatives= [[Priya Dutt]] (granddaughter) [[Sanjay Dutt]] (grandson) [[Sunil Dutt]] (son-in-law) [[List of Hindi film families#Dutt family (of Sunil Dutt)|Dutt family]]
| children = Akhtar Hussain (son) [[Anwar Hussain (actor)|Anwar Hussain]] (son) [[Nargis Dutt]] (daughter)
}}
'''Jaddanbai''' (1 April 1892 – 8 April 1949) was an Indian singer, music composer, dancer, actress, filmmaker, and one of the pioneers of [[Cinema of India|Indian cinema]]. She along with [[Bibbo (actress)|Bibbo]] and [[Saraswati Devi (music director)|Saraswati Devi]] were one of the first female music composers in Indian cinema. She was the mother of actor [[Anwar Hussain (actor)|Anwar Hussain]] and the well-known [[Hindi cinema|Hindi film]] actress [[Nargis]], and the maternal grandmother of [[Priya Dutt]] and [[Sanjay Dutt]].

== Early life ==
Jaddanbai was born around 1892 to Mian Jaan and Daleepabai.<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/a-family-in-films-politics-108010201084_1.html|title = A family in films & politics|newspaper = Business Standard India|date = 2 January 2008|last1 = Bhandari|first1 = Bhupesh|access-date = 16 January 2020|archive-date = 29 March 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200329173306/https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/a-family-in-films-politics-108010201084_1.html|url-status = live}}</ref> Mian Jaan died when she was five. Daleepabai was a well known [[tawaif]] (courtesan) of [[Allahabad]]. Jaddanbai grew up in [[Calcutta]] and later approached Calcutta's Shrimant Ganpat Rao ("Bhaiya Saheb Scindia") and became his student. Shrimant Ganpat Rao died in 1920 while she was still a student.<ref name="GwaliarFamily">{{cite web |url=http://www.royalfamilyofindia.com/gwalior/ |title=GWALIOR - Royal Family of India |access-date=18 April 2017 |archive-date=19 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419100951/http://www.royalfamilyofindia.com/gwalior/ |url-status=live }}</ref> She then completed her training under [[Ustad]] Moinuddin Khan, a Hindustani classical singer and [[thumri]] specialist. Later she also trained with Ustad Chaddu Khan Saheb, Ustad Laab Khan Saheb and [[Barkat Ali Khan]] (brother of [[Bade Ghulam Ali Khan]]).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Jaddanbai |url=https://www.cinemaazi.com/people/jaddanbai |access-date=2025-07-10 |website=Cinemaazi |publisher=Indian Cinema Heritage Foundation |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Her music became popular and she became an even more famous tawaif than her mother.<ref>[https://www.mouthshut.com/blog/1196/NehruGandhi-and-the-Dutts Connections Between The Dutt & Nehru-Gandhi Families] - Mouthshut Reporting</ref> She began recording [[ghazal]]s with the [[Columbia Gramophone Company]]. She started participating in music sessions and was invited by the rulers of many princely states such as [[Rampur State|Rampur]], [[Bikaner State|Bikaner]], [[Gwalior State|Gwalior]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Indore State|Indore]], and [[Jodhpur State|Jodhpur]] to perform [[mehfil]]s. She had also rendered songs and ghazals at various radio stations nationwide.<ref name=":0" />

She later began acting when the Play Art Photo Tone Company of [[Lahore]] approached her for a role in their movie ''Raja Gopichand'' in 1933. She played the role of the mother of the title character. Later she worked for a [[Karachi]] based film company, in ''Insaan ya Shaitan'' (1935).<ref>{{Cite web|author=Avinash Lohana|date=Dec 27, 2016|title=Shabana is Nandita's Jaddanbai|url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/shabana-is-nanditas-jaddanbai/articleshow/56187876.cms|access-date=2020-07-11|website=Pune Mirror|language=en|archive-date=12 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712015622/https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/shabana-is-nanditas-jaddanbai/articleshow/56187876.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref>

She worked in two more movies, ''Prem Pariksha'' (1934) and ''[[Bazaar-e-Husn|Seva Sadan]]'' (1935), before starting her own production company called Sangeet Films; producing, directing, writing, and composing the music. Becoming one of the first female music composers in Hindi cinema. The company produced ''[[Talashe Haq]]'' in 1935, in which she acted and composed the music. She also introduced her daughter Nargis as a child artist the film under the name "Baby Rani". In 1936 she acted in, directed, and wrote the music for ''Madam Fashion'', in which she introduced [[Suraiya]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ranade|first=Ashok Damodar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZI1wqkWsIjYC&q=Jaddanbai+Nargis+madam+fashion&pg=PA114|title=Hindi Film Song: Music Beyond Boundaries|date=2006|publisher=Bibliophile South Asia|isbn=978-81-85002-64-4|language=en|access-date=22 June 2021|archive-date=30 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030094236/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZI1wqkWsIjYC&q=Jaddanbai+Nargis+madam+fashion&pg=PA114|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

==Personal life==
Her first marriage was to a wealthy [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] [[Hindu]] businessman Narottamdas Khatri ("Bachhubhai" or "Bachi Babu"). [[Khatri]] converted to Islam upon marriage and together they had a son, Akhtar Hussain.<ref name=":0" />

Her second marriage was to harmonium master Ustad Irshad Meer Khan, her harmonium and tabla teacher and a frequent collaborator, with whom she had her second son, actor [[Anwar Hussain (actor)|Anwar Hussain]].<ref name=":0" />

Her third marriage was to Mohanchand Uttamchand ("Mohan Babu"), a wealthy heir from [[Rawalpindi]] to a [[Mohyal Brahmin]] of [[Saraswat Brahmin]] caste (the same caste of her Son-in-law [[Sunil Dutt]]), who converted to Islam upon marriage
<ref>{{cite news |title= Nargis One of Hindi cinema's brightest stars, seen through 10 images|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/VxGxrl4DUCCYWK6MtEjw1O/Nargis.html%3ffacet=amp|access-date= 25 September 2025|work= Live Mint|date= 6 May 2013}}</ref> and adopted the name Abdul Rashid. Film actress [[Nargis]] (née Fatima Rashid) was their daughter.<ref name=":0" /> She is the mother-in-law of [[Sunil Dutt]] and maternal grandmother of [[Priya Dutt|Priya]] and [[Sanjay Dutt]].<ref name="George1994">{{cite book |author=T. J. S. George |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=byBlAAAAMAAJ |title=The life and times of Nargis |date=December 1994 |publisher=Megatechnics |isbn=978-81-7223-149-1}}</ref><ref name="Roy1998">{{cite book |author=Parama Roy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xp82WhOGBnAC&pg=PA156 |title=Indian traffic: identities in question in colonial and postcolonial India |publisher=University of California Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-520-20487-4 |page=156}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{One source|date=January 2026}}

=== Film ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 1933 || ''Raja Gopichand'' || || Debut
|-
| 1934 || ''Prem Pariksha'' || ||
|-
| 1934 || ''Naachwali'' || ||
|-
| 1935 || ''[[Talashe Haq]]'' || Feeroza ||
|-
| 1935 || ''Insaan Ya Shaitaan'' || ||
|-
| 1935 || ''[[Bazaar-e-Husn|Seva Sadan]]'' || ||
|-
| 1936 || ''Madam Fashion'' || Sheela Devi ||
|-
| 1936 || ''Hriday Manthan'' || ||
|-
| 1943 || ''[[Taqdeer (1943 film)|Taqdeer]]'' || ||
|}

=== Composer ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 1935 || ''[[Talashe Haq]]'' || Composer || Becomes one of the First Female Music Composers in Indian Cinema (after actress [[Bibbo (actress)|Bibbo]], who composed the music for ''Adal-e-Jahangir'' in 1934.<ref>{{cite web |title=Fairer sex makes a mark in cinema |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Fairer-sex-makes-a-mark-in-cinema/articleshow/7653209.cms |date=8 March 2011 |accessdate=16 October 2014 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref>)
|-
| 1936 || ''Madam Fashion'' || Composer || She acted in the film
|-
| 1936 || ''Hriday Manthan'' || Composer ||
|-
| 1937 || ''Moti Ka Haar'' || Composer || Writer, director
|}

=== Writer ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 1935 || ''[[Talashe Haq]]'' || Writer || She also acted in the film
|-
| 1936 || ''Madam Fashion'' || Writer || She acted in the film
|-
| 1936 || ''Hriday Manthan'' || Writer || Screenplay
|-
| 1937 || ''Moti Ka Haar'' || Writer || Screenplay
|-
| 1949 || ''Darogaji'' || Writer || as Bai Jaddan Bai
|}

=== Director ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 1936 || ''Madam Fashion'' || Director || She also acted in the film
|-
| 1936 || ''Hriday Manthan'' || Director ||
|-
| 1937 || ''Moti Ka Haar'' || Director ||
|-
| 1937 || ''[[Jeevan Swapna]]'' || Director || as Bai Jaddanbai
|}

=== Producer ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 1936 || ''Madam Fashion'' || Producer || She also acted in the film
|-
| 1936 || ''Hriday Manthan'' || Producer || Sangeet Films
|-
| 1937 || ''Moti Ka Haar'' || Producer || Sangeet Films
|-
| 1937 || ''[[Jeevan Swapna]]'' || Producer || Director
|}

== See also ==
* [[Tawaif]]
* [[Nautch]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=0415274|name=Jaddanbai}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:1892 births]]
[[Category:1949 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesswomen]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women classical singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women composers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Actresses from Prayagraj]]
[[Category:Actresses from Varanasi]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Urdu cinema]]
[[Category:Artists from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Artists from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Artists from Varanasi]]
[[Category:Bhojpuri musicians]]
[[Category:Bhojpuri-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Businesswomen from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Businesswomen from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Dancers from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Dancers from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Film directors from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Film directors from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Film producers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Film producers from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Hindi film producers]]
[[Category:Hindi film score composers]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Hindi-language screenwriters]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Hindustani composers]]
[[Category:Indian courtesans]]
[[Category:Indian female dancers]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian filmmakers]]
[[Category:Indian women classical singers]]
[[Category:Indian women film producers]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:Kathak dancers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Musicians from Prayagraj]]
[[Category:Musicians from Varanasi]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Singers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Singers from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Women musicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Writers from Prayagraj]]
[[Category:Writers from Varanasi]]

The Kerala Story 2

2026-05-07T14:56:17Z

Dan:

{{Short description|2026 Indian film by Kamakhya Narayan Singh}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = The Kerala Story 2 Goes Beyond
| image = The Kerala Story 2.jpeg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Kamakhya Narayan Singh]]
| producer = Vipul Amrutlal Shah
| writer = [[Vipul Shah|Vipul Amrutlal Shah]] Amarnath Jha
| starring = [[Ulka Gupta]] Aishwarya Ojha [[Aditi Bhatia]]
| music = '''Background score:''' [[Mannan Shaah]] '''Songs:''' Mannan Shaah Rahul Suhas
| cinematography = Abhijeet Chaudhari
| editing = Sanjay Sharma
| studio = Sunshine Pictures
| distributor =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR}}30 [[crore]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mukhopadhyay |first=Sounak |date=2026-02-28 |title=The Kerala Story 2 box office collection Day 1: Controversial movie gets weak response, empty theatres across India |url=https://www.livemint.com/entertainment/the-kerala-story-2-box-office-collection-day-1-controversial-movie-gets-weak-response-empty-theatres-across-india-11772270483746.html |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2026|02|27}}
| runtime = 131 minutes<ref>{{cite web |access-date=24 February 2026 |title=EXCLUSIVE: CBFC asks for 15 cuts and modifications in The Kerala Story 2: Goes Beyond; reduces kiss and rape visuals by 50% |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/exclusive-cbfc-asks-15-cuts-modifications-kerala-story-2-goes-beyond-reduces-kiss-rape-visuals-50/ |website=Bollywood Hungama |archive-date=24 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260224071954/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/exclusive-cbfc-asks-15-cuts-modifications-kerala-story-2-goes-beyond-reduces-kiss-rape-visuals-50/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| gross = {{estimation}} {{INR|48.98}} crore<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-27 |title=The Kerala Story 2: Goes Beyond Box Office Collection {{!}} India {{!}} Day Wise {{!}} Box Office |work=Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/the-kerala-story-2-goes-beyond/box-office/ |access-date=2026-03-02 |language=en |archive-date=2 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260302045233/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/the-kerala-story-2-goes-beyond/box-office/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}}

'''''The Kerala Story 2: Goes Beyond''''' is a 2026 Indian Hindi-language drama film<ref name=NDTV/> directed by [[Kamakhya Narayan Singh]] and produced by [[Vipul Shah|Vipul Amrutlal Shah]] through Sunshine Pictures.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Praveen |first=M. P. |date=2026-02-19 |title=Keralites roast 'The Kerala Story 2' trailer with 'beef-porotta' jibes on social media |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/malayalis-roast-the-kerala-story-2-trailer-with-beef-porotta-jibes-on-social-media/article70650652.ece |access-date=2026-02-20 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> A sequel to the 2023 film ''[[The Kerala Story]]'', it stars [[Ulka Gupta]], [[Aditi Bhatia]] and Aishwarya Ojha as three women who become victims of an abusive plot after marrying outside their religion.

Having generated legal and political debate following the release of its teaser and trailer,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-02-18 |title=The Kerala Story 2 release date, cast and plot details revealed as the trailer sparks controversy |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/the-kerala-story-2-cast-release-date-and-plot-details-revealed-as-the-trailer-drops/articleshow/128461730.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-02-20 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> the film was released theatrically on 27 February 2026<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pratap |first=Giti |date=2026-02-04 |title=Kerala High Court lifts stay on release of Kerala Story 2 movie |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/kerala-high-court-lifts-stay-on-release-of-kerala-story-2-movie |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |language=en}}</ref> and received mixed-to-negative reviews from critics.<ref name=REVIEW>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/the-kerala-story-2-box-office-collection-day-2-vipul-amrutlal-shah-film-surpasses-taapsee-pannu-assi-mixed-reviews-101772381146684.html|title=The Kerala Story 2 box office collection day 2: Vipul Amrutlal Shah film surpasses Taapsee's Assi despite mixed reviews|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=1 March 2026|quote=The film opened to mixed-to-negative reviews and collected half of what part one earned on its opening day.}}</ref>

== Premise ==
The film expands the narrative of its predecessor and follows the lives of several young women across different Indian states. The story explores themes related to personal relationships, [[Love jihad conspiracy theory|alleged religious conversion]], and societal pressures.

== Cast ==
* [[Ulka Gupta]] as Surekha Nair
* [[Aditi Bhatia]] as Divya Paliwal
* Aishwarya Ojha as Neha Sant
* Sumit Gahlawat as Salim
* Arjan Singh Aujla as Faizan
* Yuktam Kholsa as Rasheed
* [[Alka Amin]] as Hafsa Begum

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = The Kerala Story 2 Goes Beyond
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Mannan Shaah]] & Rahul Suhas
| released = 13 February 2026
| recorded =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=19|s=30}}
| language = Hindi
| label = Sunshine Music
| producer = Mannan Shaah
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|wqX29r1krsE|Official Audio Jukebox}}
}}
}}
The music is composed by [[Mannan Shaah]] and Rahul Suhas.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Kerala Story 2 Goes Beyond (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.youtube.com/browse/MPREb_cgZniXo6DVc |website=[[Apple Music]] |access-date=22 February 2026 |language=en}}</ref>

The first song "Saathi Re" was released on 4 February 2026 sang by [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]].<ref>{{cite news |title=The Kerala Story 2 song Saathi Re: Soulful track talks of love turned into betrayal |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/the-kerala-story-2-song-saathi-re-love-turns-into-betrayal-in-first-track-2863106-2026-02-04 |work=[[India Today]] |date=4 February 2026 |language=en}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 19:30
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Saathi Re
| extra1 = [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]]
| lyrics1 = [[Manoj Muntashir]]
| music1 = [[Mannan Shaah]]
| length1 = 3:23
| title2 = O Maayi Ri
| extra2 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| lyrics2 = Manoj Muntashir
| music2 = Mannan Shaah
| length2 = 4:31
| title3 = Shiv Shambho
| extra3 = Mannan Shaah
| lyrics3 = Manoj Muntashir
| music3 = Mannan Shaah
| length3 = 5:10
| title4 = Kanha
| extra4 = [[Palak Muchhal]], Rahul Suhas
| lyrics4 = Manoj Muntashir
| music4 = Rahul Suhas
| length4 = 3:35
| title5 = Thaari Jogan
| extra5 = Shaoni Mojumdar
| lyrics5 = Sahil Sultanpuri
| music5 = Mannan Shaah
| length5 = 2:51
}}

== Release ==
=== Theatrical ===
After receiving a UA16+ certificate on 16 February 2026,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=Q0EwMTEyMDEyMDI2MDAyODM=|title=CBFC | Search Film|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260226102052/https://cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=Q0EwMTEyMDEyMDI2MDAyODM=|archive-date=26 February 2026|website=[[Central Board of Film Certification]]}}</ref> the film was scheduled for a theatrical release in India on 27 February 2026,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Shubhi |date=2026-02-17 |title='The Kerala Story 2 - Goes Beyond' Trailer OUT: Release Date, Full Cast, What to Expect, & More |url=https://sundayguardianlive.com/entertainment-news/the-kerala-story-2-goes-beyond-trailer-out-release-date-full-cast-what-to-expect-more-170937/ |access-date=2026-02-20 |website=The Sunday Guardian |language=en}}</ref> before the [[Kerala High Court]] granted an interim stay on the film's release.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/the-kerala-story-2-release-stalled-kerala-high-court-grants-interim-stay-vipul-amrutlal-shah-kamakhya-narayan-singh-101772096617383.html|title=The Kerala Story 2 release stalled? Kerala High Court grants interim stay hours before film was to release|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=26 February 2026}}</ref>

On 25 February 2026, the Kerala High Court directed the makers to halt the release of the film's rights until it decided on "probably genuine" petitions challenging its [[Central Board of Film Certification|censor board certification]], and further noting that the makers were not keen on screening the film immediately, observed that there was a shortage of time to examine the matter in detail.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/story/kerala-story-2-hearing-release-date-no-relief-high-court-petitioner-malayali-community-2874234-2026-02-25|title=High Court halts The Kerala Story 2: Don't release rights until court decides|website=[[India Today]]|access-date=25 February 2026}}</ref>

On 26 February 2026, The Kerala High Court granted an interim stay on the film's release, observing that the CBFC appeared to have not followed the guidelines meant to ensure a film does not disrupt social harmony.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/news/the-kerala-story-2-controversy-kerala-high-court-halts-film-release-questions-cbfc-certification-process-2026-02-26-1031770|title=The Kerala Story 2 controversy: Kerala High Court halts film's release, questions CBFC's certification process|website=[[India TV]]|access-date=26 February 2026}}</ref>

However, after the producers swiftly moved an appeal against the order on the same day, responding to the urgency of the matter, the Kerala High Court Division Bench convened a special sitting, and on 27 February 2026 lifted the interim stay on the release of the film, with a 2-judge bench setting aside the earlier order by a single-judge bench.<ref name="India Today">{{cite news |last= |first= |date=27 February 2026|title=The Kerala Story 2 cleared for release after High Court bench lifts stay|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/story/kerala-story-2-release-cleared-as-high-court-bench-lifts-stay-2875444-2026-02-27|newspaper=India Today|access-date= 27 February 2026}}</ref>
=== Home media ===
The film began streaming on [[ZEE5]] from 1 May 2026.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=27 April 2026 |title='The Kerala Story 2 Goes Beyond' OTT release date preponed: When and where to stream the drama thriller sequel online |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/the-kerala-story-2-goes-beyond-ott-release-date-preponed-when-and-where-to-stream-the-drama-thriller-sequel-online/articleshow/130548471.cms |website=Times of India}}</ref>

== Controversy ==
The film became the subject of legal and political debate in India following the release of the official teaser and trailer. In February 2026, a petitioner named Sreedev Namboodiri filed a writ petition before the [[Kerala High Court]] challenging the certification granted to the film by the [[Central Board of Film Certification]]. The petition argued that the film’s promotional material including its title and depiction of themes such as terrorism and alleged forced conversions could create a misleading regional association with the state of [[Kerala]] and disturb public order and communal harmony.<ref>{{cite news |title=Petition against Kerala Story 2: High Court issues notice to producer, CBFC, Centre |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/legal-news/kerala-hc-notice-kerala-story-2-cbfc-certificate-challenge-10541324/ |access-date=21 February 2026 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kerala High Court issues notice to producers of 'The Kerala Story 2', CBFC on plea to quash certification |url=https://legal.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/litigation/kerala-high-court-issues-notice-to-producers-of-the-kerala-story-2-over-certification-128595336 |access-date=21 February 2026 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref> The High Court issued notices to the producers, the [[Central Board of Film Certification|CBFC]], and the Union Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, and scheduled further hearings on the matter.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kerala HC issues notice to producers of 'The Kerala Story 2' and CBFC on plea challenging certification |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2026/Feb/20/kerala-hc-issues-notice-to-producers-of-the-kerala-story-2-and-cbfc-on-plea-challenging-certification-3905229.html |access-date=21 February 2026 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

Several public figures and organisations also commented on the film. [[Pinarayi Vijayan]], Chief Minister of [[Kerala]], described the sequel as potentially promoting divisive narratives and called for careful consideration of its impact on communal harmony.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pinarayi Vijayan calls The Kerala Story sequel communal propaganda |url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/pinarayi-vijayan-calls-the-kerala-story-sequel-communal-propaganda/articleshow/128572263.cms |access-date=21 February 2026 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Kerala Story 2': CM Vijayan calls film 'poisonous', raises concerns over secular values |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/entertainment/news-from-bollywood/the-kerala-story-2-is-poisonous-film-chief-minister-pinarayi-vijayan-abu-asim-azmi-slams-vipul-shah-amid-ua-cbfc-certification/articleshow/128549200.cms |access-date=21 February 2026 |website=Navbharat Times}}</ref> Other political commentators, including senior leader [[Shashi Tharoor]], also criticised the film’s messaging in public statements, prompting responses from both supporters and opponents of the project.<ref>{{cite news |title=Shashi Tharoor calls The Kerala Story 2 'hate-mongering'; producer responds |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/shashi-tharoor-calls-the-kerala-story-2-a-hate-mongering-film-producer-vipul-amrutlal-shah-says-ironic-to-blame-cinema-for-social-unrest/articleshow/128573489.cms |access-date=21 February 2026 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=MJ |first=Anamika |date=2026-02-19 |title=Kerala High Court Issues Notice To Producers Of 'The Kerala Story 2' In Plea Challenging Certification Granted To Movie |url=https://www.livelaw.in/high-court/kerala-high-court/kerala-high-the-kerala-story-2-goes-beyond-challenging-the-certification-523805 |access-date=2026-02-20 |website=Live Law |language=en}}</ref> The film was granted a U/A certificate by the [[Central Board of Film Certification]], which drew further public discussion regarding the suitability of its themes for younger audiences.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Kerala Story 2 gets U/A rating; producer thanks CBFC |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/the-kerala-story-2-gets-u/a-rating-vipul-shah-thanks-board-for-their-faith-it-allows-us-to-reach-young-girls-and-families/articleshow/128550618.cms |access-date=21 February 2026 |website=The Times of India |archive-date=21 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260221050506/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/the-kerala-story-2-gets-u/a-rating-vipul-shah-thanks-board-for-their-faith-it-allows-us-to-reach-young-girls-and-families/articleshow/128550618.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[British Board of Film Classification]], while granting the film an 18 classification for its portrayal of sexual violence and domestic abuse, noted that it presented a "partial and unbalanced view of Islam which focuses on Islamist characters with a radical agenda to the exclusion of more moderate and mainstream forms of the faith."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/the-kerala-story-2-goes-beyond-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmteyntu3|title=The Kerala Story 2 Goes Beyond|website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref>

The [[Communist Party of India]] (Kerala state unit) reportedly passed a resolution opposing the film and urged reconsideration of its certification, alleging that it could create communal tension.<ref>{{cite news |title=CPI state executive passes resolution against Kerala Story 2 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/cpi-state-executive-passes-resolution-against-kerala-story-2/articleshow/128620167.cms |access-date=21 February 2026 |website=The Times of India |archive-date=21 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260221045942/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/cpi-state-executive-passes-resolution-against-kerala-story-2/articleshow/128620167.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Union minister [[Giriraj Singh]] publicly defended the film, stating that filmmakers have the right to present their perspective.<ref>{{cite news |title=Giriraj Singh backs The Kerala Story 2 amid controversy |url=https://www.mensxp.com/entertainment/bollywood/182253-politician-giriraj-singh-backs-the-kerala-story-2-amid-kerala-hc-notice.html |access-date=21 February 2026 |website=MensXP}}</ref>

Political reactions were also reported outside Kerala. In Bihar, politician [[Pappu Yadav]] criticised the debate surrounding the film and questioned whether political parties should influence filmmaking decisions.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pappu Yadav reacts to Kerala Story 2 controversy |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/bihar/patna/the-kerala-story-2-political-clash-pappu-yadav-said-that-will-bjp-decide-about-movie-direction-and-making/articleshow/128594862.cms |access-date=21 February 2026 |website=Navbharat Times |archive-date=20 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260220075511/https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/bihar/patna/the-kerala-story-2-political-clash-pappu-yadav-said-that-will-bjp-decide-about-movie-direction-and-making/articleshow/128594862.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The film’s trailer also generated extensive discussion on social media platforms, with commentators debating whether it presents factual events or promotes a particular narrative.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kerala Story 2 trailer sparks online debate |url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/new-updates/kerala-story-2-trailer-sparks-online-frenzy-netizens-debate-controversial-story-of-hindu-girls-and-religious-conversion-ask-it-is-propaganda-or-brutal-truth/articleshow/128492076.cms |access-date=21 February 2026 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref>

On 25 February 2026, The [[Kerala High Court]] directed the filmmakers to screen the film for the court. In response, the producer Vipul Amrutlal Shah opposed the order, citing that "the court must not exercise its authority to view and evaluate films".<ref>{{Cite web |title='The Kerala Story 2' producer Vipul Amrutlal Shah opposes Kerala HC's order for film screening |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/bollywood/the-kerala-story-2-producer-vipul-amrutlal-shah-opposes-kerala-hcs-order-for-film-screening20260225183332/ |access-date=2026-02-25 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2026-02-25 |title=The Kerala Story 2' pleas are premature, misconceived, says producer to Kerala HC |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/pleas-against-the-kerala-story-2-premature-misconceived-producer-tells-kerala-hc/article70674923.ece |access-date=2026-02-25 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Reception==
The film received mixed-to-negative reviews from critics.<ref name=REVIEW/>

Amit Bhatia from ''[[ABP News]]'' gave the film 2.5 stars out of 5 and praised the performances, while terming it a serviceable but uneven sequel with weaker production values, overstretched and exaggerated sequences.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/movie-review-the-kerala-story-2-review-propaganda-or-truth-movie-analysis-1829313|title=The Kerala Story 2 Review: Propaganda Or Painful Truth? A Hard-Hitting Sequel Under The Scanner|website=[[ABP News]]|access-date=1 March 2026}}</ref> Satish Sundaresan from ''[[The Free Press Journal]]'' also gave it 2.5 stars out of 5 and praised the performances, direction, cinematography and editing, while finding the first half slow.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/the-kerala-story-2-review-the-film-stands-testimony-to-known-faces-or-big-stars-are-not-always-necessary-to-create-an-impactful-story|title=The Kerala Story 2 Review: A Disturbing Film Whose Climax Gives You Goosebumps|website=[[The Free Press Journal]]|access-date=28 February 2026}}</ref> Divya Nair from ''[[Rediff.com]]'' similarly gave it 2.5 stars out of 5 and praised the performances, but found them ultimately diluted by a heavy-handed, obvious propaganda, and felt that the film seemed intent on stirring hostility against one group.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/the-kerala-story-2-goes-beyond-review-targetted-hate-ruins-a-good-cautionary-tale/20260302.htm|title=The Kerala Story 2: Targetted Hate Ruins A Good Cautionary Tale|website=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=2 March 2026}}</ref> Rishabh Suri from ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' gave the film 2 stars out of 5, finding it "less a nuanced narrative and more a shouting match, engineered to sensationalise."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/the-kerala-story-2-review-provocation-replaces-persuasion-in-this-loud-sequel-by-vipul-amrutlal-shah-kamakhya-narayan-101772271935986.html|title=The Kerala Story 2 review: Provocation replaces persuasion in this loud shouting match from Vipul Amrutlal Shah|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=28 February 2026}}</ref> Vinamra Mathur of ''[[Firstpost]]'' also gave the film 2 stars out of 5 stars, labelling it an underwhelming drama that relied more on cacophony than coherence.<ref>{{cite web|first=Vinamra|last=Mathur|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/the-kerala-story-2-movie-review-vipul-amrutlal-shahs-underwhelming-drama-relies-more-on-cacophony-than-coherence-13984795.html|title='The Kerala Story 2' Movie Review: Vipul Amrutlal Shah's underwhelming drama relies more on cacophony than coherence|website=[[Firstpost]]|access-date=28 February 2026}}</ref> Abhishek Srivastava from ''[[Times of India]]'' gave the film 1.5 stars out of 5, finding it weak, predictable, dependent more on heavy scenes and speeches than on a strong plot, and comparing it unfavorably to the [[The Kerala Story|first film]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/the-kerala-story-2-goes-beyond/movie-review/128881366.cms|title=The Kerala Story 2: Goes Beyond Movie Review: Extreme in tone, shallow in depth|website=[[Times of India]]|access-date=28 February 2026}}</ref> [[Saibal Chatterjee]] from ''[[NDTV]]'' gave the film 1 star out of 5, accusing the makers of chasing short-term gains by weaponising "the anguish of women wronged not as a tool of empowerment but (in the guise of a cautionary tale) as a means of painting a community into a corner."<ref name=NDTV>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/the-kerala-story-2-goes-beyond-review-the-film-is-insufferably-screechy-1-star-11148271/amp/1|title=The Kerala Story 2 Goes Beyond Review: The film Is Insufferably Screechy|website=[[NDTV]]|access-date=28 February 2026}}</ref> Sajin Shrijith from ''[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]'' similarly gave the film 1 star out of 5, criticising its bias against Muslims, and claiming it was made for "[[WhatsApp]] uncles" who believed that all Muslims were as bad as the evil men presented in the film, while also praising Aishwarya Ojha's performance.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2026/02/28/the-kerala-story-goes-beyond-review-group-therapy-for-saffron-coloured-dummies.html|title='The Kerala Story 2: Goes Beyond' review: Group therapy for saffron-coloured dummies|website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]|access-date=28 February 2026}}</ref> Arpita Sarkar from ''[[OTT Play]]'' also gave the film 1 star out of 5, and while finding it visually more elegant than the first film in terms of production values and cinematography, felt that it turned complex social issues into one-dimensional narratives, flattened its female protagonists, and portrayed all antagonists in extremes.<ref>{{cite web|first=Arpita|last=Sarkar|url=https://www.ottplay.com/amp/review/the-kerala-story-2-goes-beyond-review-vipul-amrutlal-shah-ulka-gupta-aditi-bhatia-aishwarya-ojha/24c6936534796|title=The Kerala Story 2 - Goes Beyond Review: An unrestrained sequel that forgets the basics of craft|website=[[OTT Play]]|access-date=28 February 2026}}</ref> Vineeta Kumar from ''[[India Today]]'' gave the film 0.5 stars out of 5, claiming that it portrayed Muslim men, households and localities negatively, and noting that it did not merely continue its predecessor's argument, but amplified it.<ref>{{cite web|first=Vineeta|last=Kumar|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/the-kerala-story-2-movie-review-one-community-one-villain-one-agenda-2875921-2026-02-28|title=The Kerala Story 2 review: One community, one villain, one agenda|website=[[India Today]]|access-date=28 February 2026|archive-date=7 March 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260307180706/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/the-kerala-story-2-movie-review-one-community-one-villain-one-agenda-2875921-2026-02-28|url-status=live}}</ref>

Anuj Kumar from ''[[The Hindu]]'' found it better performed than the original, but accused Singh of prioritising manipulation and polarisation over plot and dialogue in a "strident" sequel.<ref>{{cite web|first=Anuj|last=Kumar|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/the-kerala-story-2-goes-beyond-movie-reviewcommunal-rhetoric-masquerading-as-a-cautionary-tale/article70688512.ece|title='The Kerala Story 2 Goes Beyond' movie review: Communal rhetoric masquerading as a cautionary tale|website=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=28 February 2026}}</ref> Nandini Ramnath from ''[[Scroll.in]]'' stated that the film lived up to its title and went far beyond its predecessor, and released during the holy month of [[Ramadan|Ramzan]] after a legal battle, it clearly stated its agenda to portray an entire community as unfeeling villains, whose only goal is to expand their flock by any means possible, and to rouse negative feelings against them.<ref>{{cite web|first=Nandini|last=Ramnath|url=https://scroll.in/reel/1091055/the-kerala-story-2-goes-beyond-review-a-film-that-brings-the-war-on-muslims-home|title='The Kerala Story 2: Goes Beyond' review: A film that brings the war on Muslims home|website=[[Scroll.in]]|access-date=28 February 2026}}</ref> Princy Alexander from ''[[Onmanorama]]'' found the performances better than the first film, but felt the film appeared less invested in probing a social issue than in reiterating a fixed viewpoint, and by framing crimes such as coercion, exploitation, and violence under the guise of marriage as the defining attribute of a single community, left little room for complexity or dissenting realities.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2026/02/28/kerala-story-two-goes-beyond-movie-review.html|title=The 'Kerala Story 2 Goes Beyond' review: Ideology over inquiry|website=[[Onmanorama]]|access-date=28 February 2026}}</ref> Shruti Sampat from ''[[Mid-Day]]'' found the performances sincere, but deemed it less a cinematic experience and more "a polemic wrapped in dramatic packaging" that may resonate strongly with viewers who aligned with its viewpoint, but struggled as a piece of storytelling.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/the-kerala-story-2-movie-review-loud-sequel-sacrifices-nuance-for-provocation-23618848|title=The Kerala Story 2 movie review: Controversial sequel brings war on one community with same old villains|website=[[Mid-Day]]|access-date=1 March 2026|archive-date=4 March 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260304113225/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/the-kerala-story-2-movie-review-loud-sequel-sacrifices-nuance-for-provocation-23618848|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt39310158}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|the_kerala_story_2}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kerala Story 2 Goes Beyond, The}}
[[Category:2026 films]]
[[Category:Indian sequel films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Indian propaganda films]]
[[Category:Religious controversies in film]]
[[Category:Religious controversies in India]]
[[Category:2026 controversies]]
[[Category:Film censorship in India]]
[[Category:Censored films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]
[[Category:Political controversies in film]]
[[Category:Political controversies in India]]
[[Category:Love jihad conspiracy theory]]
[[Category:2026 drama films]]
[[Category:2026 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films about sexual abuse]]
[[Category:Films about violence against women]]

Anaicut Assembly constituency

2026-05-07T12:43:54Z

Dan: starting new page!

{{Short description|State Legislative Assembly Constituency in Tamil Nadu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{coord|12.876311|78.988148|display=title}}

{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Anaicut
| type = SLA
| map_image = Constitution-Anaikattu.svg
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| constituency_no = 44
| district = [[Vellore district|Vellore]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Vellore Lok Sabha constituency|Vellore]]
| established = 1977
| reservation = None
| mla = D. Velazhagan
| party = {{Party index link|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| electors = 238,715
}}
'''Anaicut''' is one of the 234 constituencies in the [[Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu|legislative assembly]] of the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. It includes the towns of [[Pallikonda]] and [[Odugathur]], and the village [[Anaicut]]. It is part of [[Vellore Lok Sabha constituency]] for national elections to the [[Parliament of India]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable" width="50%"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Assembly
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Sixth]]
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[R. Margabandhu]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Seventh]]
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| [[G. Viswanathan]]
|-
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Eighth]]
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
| [[V. R. Krishnasamy]]
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Ninth]]
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| [[S. P. Kannan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Tenth]]
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| [[K. Dharamalingam]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Eleventh]]
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| [[C. Gopu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Twelfth]]
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| rowspan="2"|[[K. Pandurangan]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Thirteenth]]
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|-
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Fourteenth]]
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| [[M. Kalai Arasu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|-
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|Fifteenth]]
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| rowspan="2"|[[A. P. Nandakumar]]<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Election Commission of India |title=2016 Tamil Nadu General Election: Constituency Data Summary |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2016/09-Constitutional%20Data%20Summarytamil.pdf |access-date=27 May 2016|page=44}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|Sixteenth]]
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|-
| [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|Seventeenth]]
| [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| [[D. Velazhagan]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|48.55}}
{{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|42.43}}
{{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}|54.51}}
{{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|45.02}}
{{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|56.24}}
{{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|55.79}}
{{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|57.59}}
{{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|35.64}}
{{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|58.42}}
{{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|53.37}}
{{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|48.78}}}}

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Anaicut}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[D. Velazhagan]]|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. P. Nandakumar]]|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate|candidate=V. S. Venkatesh<ref>https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2026/Apr/03/ramadoss-releases-list-of-18-candidates</ref>|party=[[Ayya Pattali Makkal Katchi|APMK]] |color= #FFFF00 |votes= |percentage= |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ravikumar|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Velmurugan|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|votes=|percentage=|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA|party=None of the above|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage=}}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 238715 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Anaicut<ref>{{cite web|title=Anaicut Election Result|url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a044|access-date= 15 Oct 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. P. Nandakumar]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=95,159 |percentage=48.55% |change=+6.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Velazhagan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=88,799 |percentage=45.30% |change=+7.7 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Sumithra |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=8,125 |percentage=4.15% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,791 |percentage=0.91% |change=+0.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Senthil Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=1,357 |percentage=0.69% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. D. Sathish Kumar |party=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,140 |percentage=0.58% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,360 |percentage=3.24% |change= -1.58% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=196,014 |percentage=77.00% |change= -1.31% }}
{{Election box rejected|votes=588|percentage=0.30% }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 254,562 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 6.12% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Anaicut<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|access-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. P. Nandakumar]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=77,058 |percentage=42.43% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Kalai Arasu]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=68,290 |percentage=37.60% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. L. Elavazagan |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=24,711 |percentage=13.61% |change=-40.9 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. S. Palani |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes=2,633 |percentage=1.45% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Vijayakumar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,750 |percentage=0.96% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,237 |percentage=0.68% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,768 |percentage=4.83% |change= -14.13% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=181,622 |percentage=78.31% |change= 0.25% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 231,928 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Pattali Makkal Katchi |swing= -12.08% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Anaicut<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu|work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf| archive-date =15 February 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Kalai Arasu]] |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=80,233 |percentage=54.51% |change=+9.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. B. Velu |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=52,330 |percentage=35.55% |change=+29.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Dharman |party=MMKA |votes=4,696 |percentage=3.19% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Velu |party=Independent politician |votes=2,619 |percentage=1.78% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Dr. R. Shanmugam |party=Independent politician |votes=1,962 |percentage=1.33% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Albert Anbarasu |party=Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi |votes=1,369 |percentage=0.93% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Renu |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,018 |percentage=0.69% |change=+0.13 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=27,903 |percentage=18.96% |change= 18.92% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=147,194 |percentage=78.06% |change= 8.91% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 188,555 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Pattali Makkal Katchi |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 9.49% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2006===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Anaicut<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 2006 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| access-date = 12 May 2006| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Pandurangan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=59,220 |percentage=45.02% |change=-11.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Varalakshmi |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=59,167 |percentage=44.97% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Venkatasan |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=7,470 |percentage=5.68% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Veeramani |party=Independent politician |votes=1,335 |percentage=1.01% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=J. Kumaresan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,287 |percentage=0.98% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Panneerselvam |party=Independent politician |votes=795 |percentage=0.60% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Sivam |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=733 |percentage=0.56% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=53 |percentage=0.04% |change= -19.26% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=131,556 |percentage=69.16% |change= 8.36% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 190,231 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -11.22% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Anaicut<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Pandurangan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=61,333 |percentage=56.24% |change=+30.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Malarvizhi |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=40,282 |percentage=36.93% |change=-18.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. P. Baskar Babu |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,829 |percentage=2.59% |change=+0.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Vijayan |party=Independent politician |votes=2,160 |percentage=1.98% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Ebinesar Albert Benjamin |party=Independent politician |votes=878 |percentage=0.81% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. P. Partheeban |party=Independent politician |votes=646 |percentage=0.59% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=21,051 |percentage=19.30% |change= -10.61% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=109,064 |percentage=60.80% |change= -3.37% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 179,523 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 0.44% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Anaicut<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 1996 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[C. Gopu]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=58,982 |percentage=55.79% |change=+35.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. M. Suryakala |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=27,366 |percentage=25.89% |change=-31.7 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Balur E. Sampath |party=All India Indira Congress (Tiwari) |votes=15,976 |percentage=15.11% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. M. Murugesan |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,174 |percentage=2.06% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. V. Raghavan |party=Independent politician |votes=734 |percentage=0.69% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=31,616 |percentage=29.91% |change= -7.70% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=105,716 |percentage=64.17% |change= 1.94% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 172,760 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -1.80% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Anaicut<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Dharmalingam]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=54,413 |percentage=57.59% |change=+25.86 }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. P. Kannan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=18,880 |percentage=19.98% |change=-15.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Mohan |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=17,163 |percentage=18.16% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Palanivelan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,872 |percentage=1.98% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Govinda Rao |party=Independent politician |votes=594 |percentage=0.63% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=35,533 |percentage=37.61% |change= 33.69% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=94,484 |percentage=62.23% |change= 9.69% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 161,182 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 21.95% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Anaicut<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. P. Kannan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=25,709 |percentage=35.64% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[G. Viswanathan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=22,886 |percentage=31.73% |change=-26.7 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=L. Balaraman |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,190 |percentage=16.90% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. R. Krishnasamy]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=6,394 |percentage=8.86% |change=-49.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Thoppur Thiruvencadam |party=Independent politician |votes=3,362 |percentage=4.66% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. V. A. Purushothaman |party=Independent politician |votes=866 |percentage=1.20% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Perumal |party=Independent politician |votes=426 |percentage=0.59% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,823 |percentage=3.91% |change= -20.10% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=72,136 |percentage=52.54% |change= -16.64% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 140,696 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -22.79% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1984===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Anaicut<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| archive-date = 17 Jan 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. R. Krishnasamy]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=45,312 |percentage=58.42% |change=+5.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. N. Rajagopal |party=Independent politician |votes=26,692 |percentage=34.42% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Munivelu |party=Independent politician |votes=2,175 |percentage=2.80% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Duraisamy |party=Independent politician |votes=1,874 |percentage=2.42% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Balasundaram |party=Independent politician |votes=934 |percentage=1.20% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Vajikoman |party=Independent politician |votes=569 |percentage=0.73% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=18,620 |percentage=24.01% |change= 14.99% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=77,556 |percentage=69.18% |change= 9.51% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 118,953 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 5.06% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1980===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Anaicut<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf| archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[G. Viswanathan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=35,242 |percentage=53.37% |change=+4.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Jeevarathinam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=29,287 |percentage=44.35% |change=+37.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. B. Vajjravel |party=Independent politician |votes=1,505 |percentage=2.28% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,955 |percentage=9.02% |change= -18.68% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=66,034 |percentage=59.67% |change= -1.97% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 112,926 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 4.59% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1977===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Anaicut<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Margabandhu]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=32,731 |percentage=48.78% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. M. Vasudeva Reddiar |party=Janata Party |votes=14,146 |percentage=21.08% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. M. Ramalingam |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=13,985 |percentage=20.84% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. K. Venkatesan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,427 |percentage=6.60% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Moorthy |party=Independent politician |votes=1,091 |percentage=1.63% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Jayapalan |party=Independent politician |votes=400 |percentage=0.60% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=18,585 |percentage=27.70% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=67,104 |percentage=61.64% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 110,756 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
* {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |title=Statistical reports of assembly elections |access-date=8 July 2010 |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=5 October 2010 }}

{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Vellore district]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1977]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]

1999 Odisha cyclone

2026-05-06T04:40:28Z

Dan: starting new data!

{{Short description|North Indian Ocean cyclone}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox weather event
| image = 05B 1999-10-29 0600Z.png
| caption = The cyclone on 29 October at its record peak intensity as it made landfall on Odisha
| formed = {{start date|df=yes|1999|10|25}}
| dissipated = {{end date|df=yes|1999|11|4}}
| low = {{end date|df=yes|1999|10|31}}
}}{{Infobox weather event/IMD
| winds = 140
| pressure = 912
| pressure-suffix = (Record low in North Indian Ocean)
}}{{Infobox weather event/JTWC
| winds = 140
}}{{Infobox weather event/Effects
| fatalities = 9,887 (Using [[India Meteorological Department|IMD]] figure.<ref name="IMD" /> Some estimates range up to 30,000<ref name="GP" />)
| damages = 4440000000
| year = 2000
| affected = [[Thailand]], [[Myanmar]], [[Bangladesh]], India (particularly [[Odisha]])
}}{{Infobox weather event/Footer
| season = [[1999 North Indian Ocean cyclone season]]
}}

The '''1999 Odisha cyclone''' ([[India Meteorological Department|IMD]] designation '''BOB 06''',<ref name="IMD" /> [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center|JTWC]] designation '''05B'''<ref name="JTWC">{{cite web|last1=McPherson|first1=Terry|last2=Stapler|first2=Wendell|title=1999 Annual Tropical Cyclone Report|url=http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/atcr/1999atcr.pdf|website=Naval Oceanography Operations Command|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|access-date=1 January 2017|location=Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, United States|pages=154–159|date=2000|archive-date=24 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224234637/http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/atcr/1999atcr.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>) was the most intense [[tropical cyclone]] ever recorded in the [[North Indian Ocean cyclone|North Indian Ocean]] and among the most destructive in the region.{{#tag:ref|In 1999, Odisha was known as ''Orissa''; its name was changed in 2011 following the passage of the Orissa Bill and adoption of the 113th Amendment to the [[Constitution of India]] through [[Indian Parliament|Parliament]].<ref name="OrissaOdisha">{{cite news|title=Orissa's new name is Odisha|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Orissas-new-name-is-Odisha/articleshow/7780712.cms|access-date=1 January 2017|work=The Times of India|date=24 March 2011|location=New Delhi}}</ref>|group=note}} The cyclone organized into a [[tropical depression]] in the [[Andaman Sea]] on 25 October, though its origins could be traced back to an area of [[atmospheric convection|convection]] in the [[Sulu Sea]] four days prior. The disturbance gradually strengthened as it took a west-northwesterly path, reaching cyclonic storm strength the next day. Aided by highly favorable conditions, the storm [[rapid intensification|rapidly intensified]], attaining super cyclonic storm intensity on 28 October, before peaking on the next day with winds of {{convert|260|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}} and a record-low pressure of 912 hPa [[mbar]] {{convert|912|hPa|inHg|lk=on|abbr=on|sigfig=4|disp=out}}). The storm maintained this intensity as it made [[landfall]] on Odisha on 29 October. The cyclone steadily weakened due to persistent land interaction and dry air, remaining quasi-stationary for two days before slowly drifting offshore as a much weaker system; the storm dissipated on 4 November over the [[Bay of Bengal]].

Although its primary effects were felt in a localized area of India, the outer fringes of the super cyclone impacted [[Myanmar]] and [[Bangladesh]]. Ten people were killed in the former, while two were killed in the latter by the storm's [[rainband]]s. The storm was the most severe to strike Odisha in the 20th century, raking the state and adjacent areas with high storm surge, powerful winds, and torrential rainfall. The storm's impacts exacerbated the damage caused by a [[1999 North Indian Ocean cyclone season#Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm BOB 05 (04B)|very severe cyclone]] that struck the same region less than two weeks earlier. The {{convert|5|–|6|m|ft|abbr=on}} surge brought water up to {{convert|35|km|mi|abbr=on}} inland, carrying along with it coastal debris, inundating towns and villages. The surge combined with heavy rains to produce widespread flooding, damaging around 1.6 million homes and causing rivers to breach 20,005 flood embankments. The storm's effects destroyed numerous crops, including [[sugar cane]], rice, and other winter-time harvests. Although estimates of the death toll varied significantly—at times suggesting 30,000 fatalities—the Government of India enumerated 9,887 fatalities in the country, of which a majority were caused by storm surge; over 8,000 deaths occurred in [[Jagatsinghpur]]. The total damage cost of the destruction wrought by the super cyclone amounted to US$4.44 billion.{{#tag:ref|Monetary figures are in their originally reported currency. Conversions to [[United States dollar]] were made through [https://www.oanda.com/currency/converter/ Oanda] using 29 October 1999 exchange rates unless otherwise noted.|group=note}}

Recovery efforts were extensive following the storm's passage. The [[Government of India]] allocated [[Rupee|₹]]3 billion (US$69.3 million) to the Odisha state government, supplementing earlier contributions made towards relief from the earlier cyclone. Various branches of the [[Indian Armed Forces]] were dispatched to aid the recovery efforts. Contributions from foreign governments amounted to nearly US$13 million, with more than half<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/india/india-cyclone-fact-sheet-1-fiscal-year-fy-2000|title=India - Cyclone Fact Sheet #1, Fiscal Year (FY) 2000 - India|date=16 November 1999 }}</ref> allocated by the United States. Alongside foreign and domestic government contributions, between 12 and 14 international [[aid agencies]] concurrently participated in relief efforts in the storm's aftermath.

==Meteorological history==
{{Storm path|1999 Indian cyclone 05B track.png}}
Although the storm organized into a [[tropical cyclone]] in the [[Andaman Sea]], the origins of the 1999 Odisha cyclone can be traced back to an area of [[convection (meteorology)|convection]] that began developing in the [[Sulu Sea]] on 21 October.{{#tag:ref|All dates are based on Coordinated Universal Time unless otherwise noted.|group=note}} Despite some signs of development, [[wind shear]] suppressed [[outflow (meteorology)|outflow]] and prevented any significant organization. Tracking westward, the disturbance encountered a more favorable environment in the [[South China Sea]]; as a result, thunderstorm activity began to increase. Prompted by these changes, the [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] (JTWC) issued a [[Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert]] (TCFA) at 02:00 [[UTC]] on 23 October. However, the system failed to develop any further before wind shear reemerged in the [[Gulf of Thailand]], causing convection to diminish and resulting in the cancellation of the TCFA. On 24 October, the storm crossed the [[Malay Peninsula]] and moved into the Andaman Sea by 03:00 UTC on the following day. Although the environment remained moderately unfavorable for [[tropical cyclogenesis]], the disturbance organized, developing fair outflow, a strong [[rainband]], and additional convection.<ref name="GP">{{cite web|last1=Padgett|first1=Gary|title=Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary October 1999|url=http://australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/2000/summ9910.htm|website=Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary|publisher=Australiansevereweather.com|access-date=1 January 2017|date=4 January 2007}}</ref> At 06:00 UTC on 25 October,<ref name="IMD">{{cite web|title=Report on Cyclonic Disturbances Over North Indian Ocean During 1999|url=http://www.rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/images/pdf/archive/rsmc/1999.pdf|website=India Meteorological Department|publisher=RSMC-Tropical Cyclones New Delhi|access-date=1 January 2017|pages=50–64|date=February 2000}}</ref> the system became a [[tropical depression]] while centered {{convert|550|km|mi|abbr=on}} east of [[Port Blair]].<ref name="IMDSynopsis">{{cite journal|last1=Kalsi|first1=S. R.|title=Orissa super cyclone – A Synopsis|journal=Quarterly Journal of Meteorology, Hydrology & Geophysics|date=January 2006|volume=57|issue=1|pages=1–20|url=http://metnet.imd.gov.in/mausamdocs/15711_F.pdf|access-date=1 January 2017|publisher=India Meteorological Department|location=New Delhi, Delhi, India}}</ref> As such, the [[India Meteorological Department]] (IMD) designated the system as ''BOB 06''.<ref name="IMD" />{{#tag:ref|This identification convention is established by the [[World Meteorological Organization]]. The designation BOB 06 indicates that the storm was the sixth to form in the Bay of Bengal that year.<ref name="NIO-Designations">{{cite web|title=Terminologies used in the region of the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea|url=http://severe.worldweather.wmo.int/tc/in/acronyms.html|website=Severe Weather Information Centre|publisher=World Meteorological Organization|access-date=1 January 2017|date=2010}}</ref> This was the primary system used by the IMD to identify cyclones until 2004, when [[tropical cyclone naming|names]] were introduced.<ref name="CycloneNaming">{{cite magazine|title=How are cyclones named?|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/featured/story/phailin-how-are-cyclones-named-what-does-phailin-mean-214082-2013-10-11|access-date=1 January 2017|magazine=India Today|date=12 October 2013}}</ref>|group=note}} With the storm now steadily organizing, the JTWC once again issued a TCFA at 19:30 UTC on 25 October;<ref name="JTWC" /> early the following day, the IMD assessed that the nascent depression had strengthened into a cyclonic storm.<ref name="IMD" /> At the time, the storm was located {{convert|325|km|mi|abbr=on}} south-southeast of [[Rangoon, Myanmar]].<ref name="GP" />

Under the steering influence of an upper-level [[ridge (meteorology)|ridge]] to its northeast, BOB 06 began to take a more northwesterly course. The ridge also provided a highly conducive environment for intensification and eventually became positioned atop the strengthening cyclonic storm, slowing the cyclone and allowing it to generate good outflow.<ref name="IMD" /> With these conditions in place, BOB 06 entered a phase of [[rapid intensification]],<ref name="GP" /> strengthening faster than climatological rates.<ref name="JTWC" /> BOB 06 strengthened into a [[Tropical cyclone scales#North Indian Ocean|severe cyclonic storm]] at 03:00 UTC on 27 October and attained very severe cyclonic storm intensity just nine hours later with the storm centered {{convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}} south of [[Chittagong, Bangladesh]].<ref name="IMD" /><ref name="GP" /> An [[eye (cyclone)|eye]] emerged on [[visible light|visible satellite imagery]] early on 28 October, and at 15:00 UTC that day, the IMD classified BOB 06 as a super cyclonic storm,<ref name="IMD" /> the highest rating on the IMD's cyclone scale.<ref name="IMD-BTPDF">{{cite web|author1=IMD Cyclone Warning Division|title=Best track data of tropical cyclonic disturbances over the north Indian Ocean|url=http://www.rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/images/pdf/archive/best-track/bestrack.pdf|publisher=India Meteorological Department|access-date=1 January 2017|location=New Delhi, Delhi, India|page=5}}</ref> Using the [[Dvorak technique]], the IMD estimated that BOB 06 reached its peak intensity three hours later with [[maximum sustained wind]]s of {{convert|260|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}} and a minimum [[barometric pressure]] of 912 [[mbar]] (hPa; {{convert|912|mbar|inHg|lk=on|abbr=on|sigfig=4|disp=out}});<ref name="IMD" /> this made BOB 06 the strongest tropical cyclone ever recorded in the [[North Indian Ocean cyclone|North Indian Ocean]] by pressure with sustained winds at the time matched by only two other known cyclones in the Bay of Bengal.<ref name="GP" /><ref name="IMDSynopsis" /><ref name="BT">{{cite web|title=Best Tracks Data (1990–2015)|url=http://www.rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/images/pdf/archive/best-track/best%20track%20(ECSCSUC)-2015.xls|publisher=India Meteorological Department|access-date=1 January 2017|location=New Delhi, Delhi, India|format=XLS|date=2015}}</ref> At the time, the [[1977 Andhra Pradesh cyclone]] was the only storm in the region of comparable intensity.<ref name="IMD" /> Although the storm's organization and appearance deteriorated as it neared land, BOB 06's intensity held steady up until it made landfall on the [[Odisha]] coast between [[Puri]] and [[Kendrapara]] at 06:00 UTC on 29 October.<ref name="IMD" /><ref name="GP" />

Rather than moving inland as forecast, the tropical cyclone became quasi-stationary over the coastal [[Jajpur]] area as it laid within a weak steering region between two upper-level [[anticyclone]]s.<ref name="IMDSynopsis" /> Remaining situated over land, the storm steadily weakened as it began to advect dry air into its circulation,<ref name="GP" /> deteriorating into a cyclonic storm on 30 October.<ref name="IMD" /> The entraining of dry air limited thunderstorm activity to a single rainband to the system's northeast.<ref name="GP" /> Soon, the weakening storm became caught in a [[troposphere|mid-tropospheric wind flow]], inducing a southward drift that brought BOB 06 back over the Bay of Bengal. The cyclone continued to weaken over water, and the IMD stopped monitoring the storm on 31 October;<ref name="IMD" /> the JTWC followed suit a day later. The remnant low-pressure system continued to meander around the area for a few more days before eventually dissipating.<ref name="GP" />

==Preparations==
[[File:05B 1999-10-28 0900Z.png|thumb|Cyclone 05B as it was rapidly intensifying on 28 October. At the time, it was classified as a very severe cyclonic storm.|alt=Image of a cyclone whose center is slightly above center. The storm's clouds appear white with a bluish tinge. An eye is visible in gray shades at the storm's center. While the thicker clouds are opaque and clustered around the cyclone's center, sprawling, transparent clouds span the length of the image.]]
[[File:Forecasted track of Cyclone 05B on October 29th, 1999, forecasted to turn towards Bangladesh after landfall.gif|thumb|Forecasted track of Cyclone 05B on October 29, 1999, forecasted to turn towards Bangladesh after landfall.]]

The India Meteorological Department periodically issued cyclone warning bulletins during the storm's lifetime, with the first being directed to the Chief Secretary of the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] on 26 October; the first bulletin noted potential impacts and advised fishermen not to venture out to sea. Six warnings were issued for the islands, with the last being issued on 27 October once the storm passed to the north and west. Due to initial uncertainty in the storm's forecast track, the first warnings for the coast of mainland India on 27 October concerned northern [[Andhra Pradesh]], Odisha, and [[West Bengal]]. Hourly dissemination of cyclone bulletins were carried out by [[Doordarshan]] and [[All India Radio]] beginning on 28 October. These warnings eventually narrowed in scope to the eventually affected areas, with the last warning being issued for Odisha on 31 October.<ref name="IMDSynopsis" />

The Indian [[Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare#Structure & Departments|Department of Agriculture and Cooperation]] (DAC) served as the primary administrative body for coordinating preparatory and relief work during the 1999 Odisha cyclone. Upon the storm's formation, the DAC requested the chief secretaries and relief commissioners of Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, and West Bengal to begin storm preparations and initiate evacuations if necessary. Evacuations in Odisha involved nearly 150,000 people living within {{convert|10|km|mi|abbr=on}} of the coastline in five districts. Six districts maintained 23 permanent cyclone shelters operated by the [[Indian Red Cross Society]], eventually serving to house 30,000 evacuees. At [[Paradip Port]], twelve docked ships were evacuated out to sea to avoid the cyclone.<ref name="IMDSynopsis" /> In neighboring West Bengal, 200,000 people were evacuated from the state's vulnerable low-lying islands.<ref name="IndianArmyEvacuates">{{cite news|title=Indian Army Evacuates People Ahead of Cyclone|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/bangladesh/indian-army-evacuates-people-ahead-cyclone|access-date=2 January 2017|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=29 October 1999|location=New Delhi, Delhi, India}}</ref> The [[Indian Army]] was placed on stand-by, and food supplies were stocked up in prone regions. Train service was cancelled for the areas expected to be impacted by the cyclone.<ref name="CycloneOCHA2" />

==Impact==
===Myanmar and Bangladesh===
In Myanmar, 10 people were killed and 20,000 families were displaced.<ref name="IFRC1">{{cite web|author1=International Federation of Red Cross And Red Crescent Societies|title=Orissa, India: Cyclone Information Bulletin No. 1|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/india/orissa-india-cyclone-information-bulletin-no-1|publisher=ReliefWeb|access-date=2 January 2017|date=30 October 1999}}</ref>

Passing south of [[Bangladesh]], the 1999 Odisha super cyclone's northern fringes swept across the country, killing two people and initially causing 200 fishermen to go missing. Substantial damage to housing was reported.<ref name="CycloneOCHA2">{{cite web|type=Situation Report|author1=United Nations Office for the Coordination of Human Affairs|title=Bangladesh/India – Cyclone OCHA Situation Report No. 2|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/bangladesh/bangladeshindia-cyclone-ocha-situation-report-no-2|publisher=ReliefWeb|access-date=2 January 2017|location=Geneva, Switzerland|date=29 October 1999}}</ref>

===India===
{| class="toccolours" style="float:right; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em; width:20em;"
|+ <big>'''Effects in Odisha'''</big><ref name="IMD" /><ref name="OrissaUN9">{{cite web|author1=UN Disaster Management Team|title=Orissa Super Cyclone Situation Report 9|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/india/orissa-super-cyclone-situation-report-9|publisher=ReliefWeb|access-date=5 January 2017|date=2 December 1999}}</ref>
|- style="padding: 0; margin: 0"
|colspan="6" style="padding: 0; margin: 0"|
{| class="collapsible" style="margin: 0 auto; width:100%"
!colspan="4" style="background:lavender"| Casualties
|- style="font-size:80%;background:lavender"
!District
!Deaths
!Affected population
!Houses damaged
|-
|align="left"|[[Balasore district|Balasore]]
| style="text-align:center;"|51
| style="text-align:center;"|{{nts|1228000}}
| style="text-align:center;"|{{nts|96830}}
|-
|align="left"|[[Bhadrak district|Bhadrak]]
| style="text-align:center;"|98
| style="text-align:center;"|{{nts|1347000}}
| style="text-align:center;"|{{nts|116880}}
|-
|align="left"|[[Cuttack district|Cuttack]]
| style="text-align:center;"|471
| style="text-align:center;"|{{nts|2367000}}
| style="text-align:center;"|{{nts|433000}}
|-
|align="left"|[[Dhenkanal district|Dhenkanal]]
| style="text-align:center;"|55
| style="text-align:center;"|{{nts|70000}}
| style="text-align:center;"|{{nts|62230}}
|-
|align="left"|[[Jagatsinghpur district|Jagatsinghpur]]
| style="text-align:center;"|8,119
| style="text-align:center;"|{{nts|1200000}}
| style="text-align:center;"|{{nts|284337}}
|-
|align="left"|[[Jajpur district|Jajpur]]
| style="text-align:center;"|188
| style="text-align:center;"|{{nts|1550000}}
| style="text-align:center;"|{{nts|249893}}
|-
|align="left"|[[Kendrapara district|Kendrapada]]
| style="text-align:center;"|469
| style="text-align:center;"|{{nts|1400000}}
| style="text-align:center;"|{{nts|279091}}
|-
|align="left"|[[Kendujhar district|Keonjhar]]
| style="text-align:center;"|91
| style="text-align:center;"|{{nts|2500000}}
| style="text-align:center;"|{{nts|55200}}
|-
|align="left"|[[Khordha district|Khurda]]
| style="text-align:center;"|91
| style="text-align:center;"|{{nts|1311000}}
| style="text-align:center;"|{{nts|95540}}
|-
|align="left"|[[Puri district|Puri]]
| style="text-align:center;"|301
| style="text-align:center;"|{{nts|1500000}}
| style="text-align:center;"|{{nts|134841}}
|-
|align="left"|[[Mayurbhanj district|Mayurbhanj]]
| style="text-align:center;"|10
| style="text-align:center;"|{{nts|198000}}
| style="text-align:center;"|{{nts|9500}}
|-
|align="left"|[[Nayagarh district|Nayagarh]]
| style="text-align:center;"|3
| style="text-align:center;"|{{nts|11190}}
| style="text-align:center;"|{{nts|11190}}
|-
|align="left"|'''Totals'''
| style="text-align:center;"|'''9,887'''
| style="text-align:center;"|'''{{nts|12571000}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|'''{{nts|1828532}}'''
|- style="padding: 0; margin: 0"
|colspan="6" style="padding: 0; margin: 0"|
|}
|}

The state of Odisha sustained the most catastrophic damage associated with Cyclone BOB 06, which was considered the state's severest cyclone of the 20th century.<ref name="IMDSynopsis" /> The damage was compounded by the earlier impact of a [[1999 North Indian Ocean cyclone season#Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm BOB 05 (04B)|very severe cyclonic storm]] that struck nearby areas just 11 days earlier.<ref name="IMDSynopsis" /> Twelve districts of Odisha suffered severe damage, reporting complete breakdown of essential services: [[Balasore]], [[Bhadrak]], [[Cuttack]], [[Dhenkanal, India|Dhenkanal]], [[Jagatsinghpur]], [[Jajpur]], [[Keonjhar]], [[Kendrapara]], [[Khurda]], [[Puri]], [[Mayurbhanj]], and [[Nayagarh]]. Among these, the [[Block (district subdivision)|blocks]] of Erasma and Kujang in Jagatsinghpur were the worst affected. In total, 12.9 million people were affected by the storm; estimates for the storm's death toll vary significantly, though the India Meteorological Department indicated that around 9,887 were killed, with an additional 40 persons missing and 2,507 others injured. The majority of these deaths occurred in [[Jagatsinghpur]]. where 8,119 were killed.<ref name="IMD" /> The [[Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters]]' EM-DAT disaster database indicates that 10,915 people were killed.<ref name="EMDAT">{{cite web|author1=Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters|title=EM-DAT|url=http://www.emdat.be/|publisher=Université catholique de Louvain|access-date=2 January 2017|location=Brussels, Belgium|date=17 November 1999}}</ref> However, other estimates suggested that the death toll may have been as high as 30,000.<ref name="GP" /> The storm's effects damaged 1.6 million homes across 14,643 villages and 97 blocks.<ref name="IMD" /> In turn, 2.5 million people were marooned.<ref name="IMDSynopsis" /> A total of {{cvt|18,420|km2}} (7,110 mi2) of crop land was impacted, and 444,000 livestock casualties were also reported.<ref name="IMD" /> The [[sugar cane]] crop was destroyed alongside other [[kharif crop|kharif]] and [[rabi crop]]s.<ref name="BlackFriday" /> About 2 million tonnes (2.2 million tons) of the winter rice crop was destroyed.<ref name="TeamsBattle">{{cite news|last1=Mohanty|first1=Sambit|title=India relief teams battle cyclone calamity|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/india/india-relief-teams-battle-cyclone-calamity|access-date=4 January 2017|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=3 November 1999|location=Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India}}</ref> Total damage caused by the destructive cyclone amounted to US$4.4444 billion.<ref name="BuiltPerformance">{{cite web|last1=Francis|first1=Simon|last2=Gunturi|first2=Prassad V. S. K.|last3=Arora|first3=Munish|title=Performance of Built Environment in the Oct 1999 Orissa Super Cyclone|date=2001|access-date=3 January 2017|publisher=Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences|location=Pilani, Rajasthan, India|url=http://www.rmsi.com/PDF/orissasupercyclone.pdf|archive-date=28 February 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228181500/http://www.rmsi.com/PDF/orissasupercyclone.pdf}}</ref>

Along the Odisha coast, the cyclone generated a {{convert|5|–|6|m|ft|abbr=on}} [[storm surge]] that brought water up to {{convert|35|km|mi|abbr=on}} inland, inundating a large swath of coastal areas.<ref name="IMD" /> The Indian Ministry of Urban Development estimated a peak storm surge height of {{convert|6.7|m|ft|abbr=off}}.<ref name="IMDSynopsis" /> One visually estimated storm surge of {{convert|9|m|ft|abbr=off}} was reported; however, this estimate was determined to have been too high.<ref name="IMD" /> Regardless, no in-situ measurement of the peak storm surge exists as all potential instruments were destroyed by the storm. Storm surge was responsible for a majority of the fatalities linked to the 1999 Odisha cyclone, accounting for around 7,000 deaths.<ref name="IMDSynopsis" /> The intense wave action sank 9,085 fishing boats and caused the loss of 22,143 fishing nets. Some fishing trawlers were carried and deposited {{convert|1.5|–|2.0|km|mi|abbr=on}} inland. A {{convert|4|km|mi|abbr=on}} stretch of road leading out of Paradip was covered by sand dunes measuring {{convert|1|m|ft|abbr=off}} in height and {{convert|0.5|km|mi|abbr=on}} in width.<ref name="IMD" /> Paradip Port sustained severe damage to several components including various warehouses and its power transmission system, though its core infrastructure remained intact.<ref name="IMDSynopsis" /> Damage at the port was estimated at ₹300 million (US$6.9 million).<ref name="IndiaMinisterMobbed">{{cite news|title=India Minister Mobbed As Storm Victims Demand Food|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=2 November 1999|location=Paradip, Odisha, India}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|This conversion from rupees to United States dollars was included in original reporting.<ref name="IndiaMinisterMobbed" />|group=note}} The storm surge destroyed nearly every house in Paradip near the point of landfall.<ref name="GP" /> In [[Gopalpur, Odisha|Gopalpur]], 27 villages were submerged by the surge.<ref name="SCF1" /> To the south in southern Andhra Pradesh, 48 trawlers sank.<ref name="ReliefReaches">{{cite news|last1=Watts|first1=Himangshu|title=Relief reaches India's battered east coast|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/india/relief-reaches-indias-battered-east-coast|access-date=3 January 2017|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=1 November 1999|location=Paradip, Odisha, India}}</ref> To the north in West Bengal, Substantial damage to housing was reported, causing injuries to 30 people in [[Midnapore]].<ref name="CycloneOCHA2"/>

Stations in Paradip and [[Bhubaneswar]] each recorded sustained winds of {{convert|150|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}} before their instruments failed. Winds of {{convert|175|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}} were measured in Puri as the cyclone passed to the north.<ref name="IMD" /> The strong winds damaged electric lines and uprooted trees over 50 years old in Puri and Kendrapada. Downed power lines across the state cut off communications between Odisha and the rest of the world for over 24 hours and caused widespread [[power outage]]s.<ref name="IMDSynopsis" /> According to the Southern Electricity Supply Corporation, damage to the power grid caused by the cyclone totaled ₹330 million (US$4.4 million).<ref name="USAIDFactsheet1" /> Stalling over land, the Odisha cyclone dropped torrential rainfall, with 24-hour rainfall rates at times exceeding {{cvt|200|mm|in}}; Paradip documented {{cvt|530|mm|in}} over one 24-hour period. Over the course of the storm's passage, total rainfall amounts over {{cvt|600|mm|in}} occurred over a large swath of Odisha.<ref name="IMD" /> The highest recorded rainfall total was documented in Oupada, which measured {{cvt|955|mm|in}} of rain over a three-day period. Flooding caused by the storm was estimated to have killed approximately 2,000 people.<ref name="IMDSynopsis" /> The heavy rains flattened thatched huts and damaged roads and other infrastructure.<ref name="IMD" /> Within the seven worst affected districts, over 70% of homes were destroyed; most of these were thatched homes, though 10–15% of non-thatch roofed homes were also destroyed.<ref name="USAIDFactsheet1">{{cite web|author1=United States Agency for International Development|title=India Cyclone Factsheet #1, FY 2000|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/india/india-cyclone-factsheet-1-fy-2000|publisher=ReliefWeb|access-date=3 January 2017|date=16 November 1999}}</ref> Approximately 11,000 schools were either significantly damaged or destroyed.<ref name="USAIDFactsheet1" /> All major district roads in the area were either washed out or blocked by felled trees.<ref name="BlackFriday">{{cite web|author1=Oxfam|title=Black Friday: An Oxfam programme officer's report from Orissa|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/india/black-friday-oxfam-programme-officers-report-orissa|publisher=ReliefWeb|access-date=4 January 2017|date=5 November 1999}}</ref> In Bhubaneswar, 60% of trees were flattened by the winds and rain;<ref name="IMD" /> aerial surveys revealed that the entire city was submerged by floodwaters.<ref name="AidRush">{{cite web|author1=World Vision|title=Aid rush to victims of India's 'Supercyclone'|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/india/aid-rush-victims-indias-supercyclone|publisher=ReliefWeb|access-date=3 January 2017|location=Melbourne, Victoria, Australia|date=1 November 1999}}</ref> Adjacent areas were nearly stripped of all tree cover.<ref name="BlackFriday" /> Until 8 November, the city remained without power. The inundation induced by the far-reaching storm surge and heavy rain kept [[Konark]] submerged in knee-deep water for six days after landfall.<ref name="IMD" /> Over the course of four days, the excessive rainfall caused the flooding of the [[Baitarani River|Baitarani]], [[Brahmani River|Brahmani]], [[Budhabalanga River|Budhabalanga]], Kharasua, and Salandi rivers, resulting in 20,005 flood embankment breaches and the damaging of 6 [[headworks]].<ref name="IMDSynopsis" /> Thousands of people suffered chemical burns after the flooding mixed industrial chemicals into bathing ponds.<ref name="GP" /> Oswal Chemicals and Fertilisers, which maintained the world's largest [[diammonium phosphate]] plant, reported severe damage to the facility.<ref name="ReliefReaches" /> In the five districts most affected, all electric water pumps were disabled, though hand pumps remained operable.<ref name="USAIDFactsheet1" />

==Aftermath==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="float:right; margin:0 0 0.5em 1em; float:right;"
|+'''Foreign government contributions'''
|- style="text-align:center;"
! '''Country''' !! Contribution (USD){{#tag:ref|Values converted to United States dollar via [https://www.oanda.com/currency/converter/ Oanda] using 29 October 1999 exchange rates|group=note}} !!! class="unsortable"|Source(s)
|-
| Australia || {{nts|191700|prefix=$}} || <ref name="AustraliaAssist" />
|-
| Canada || {{nts|203964|prefix=$}} || <ref name="CIDAIncrease" />
|-
| Denmark || {{nts|64361|prefix=$}} || <ref name="RCFinalReport" />{{refn|group=note|name=RedCross|Contribution through respective country's branch of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies.}}
|-
| European Union || {{nts|2102000|prefix=$}} || <ref name="ECHORelief" />
|-
| Finland || {{nts|176955|prefix=$}} || <ref name="RCFinalReport" />{{refn|group=note|name=RedCross}}
|-
| Germany || {{nts|234447|prefix=$}} || <ref name="RCFinalReport" />{{refn|group=note|name=RedCross}}
|-
| Netherlands || {{nts|238554|prefix=$}} || <ref name="RCFinalReport" />{{refn|group=note|name=RedCross}}
|-
| New Zealand || {{nts|99823|prefix=$}} || <ref name="RCFinalReport" />{{refn|group=note|name=RedCross}}
|-
| Sweden || {{nts|121959|prefix=$}} ||<ref name="RCFinalReport" />{{refn|group=note|name=RedCross}}
|-
| Switzerland || {{nts|845236|prefix=$}} || <ref name="RCFinalReport" /><ref name="SDA" />
|-
| United Kingdom || {{nts|1300000|prefix=$}} || <ref name="DFID" />
|-
| United States || {{nts|7482000|prefix=$}} || <ref name="USAIDFactsheet1" />
|-
|- class="sortbottom"
! Total || {{nts|13060999|prefix=$}} ||
|}

The Government of India declared a national disaster in the aftermath of the cyclone, though international appeals were initially unanticipated.<ref name="UNICEF3">{{cite web|author1=United Nations Children's Fund|title=Cyclone in Orissa: UNICEF Situation Report 3|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/india/cyclone-orissa-unicef-situation-report-3|publisher=ReliefWeb|access-date=2 January 2017|location=New York, United States|date=31 October 1999}}</ref> The destruction wrought by the cyclone was expected to cause a six-month-long total loss of normal livelihood.<ref name="BlackFriday" /> Damage sustained to various sanitation infrastructure led to a heightened risk of communicable disease outbreaks; indeed, [[diarrhea]] and [[cholera]] saw increased incidences following the storm's impact. Within a month of the cyclone's landfall, the Odisha state government reported 22,296 cases of diarrheal disorders. The area's vulnerability to disease was also compounded by a lack of pre-storm vaccinations, raising fears of a potential [[measles]] outbreak.<ref name="USAIDFactsheet1" /> The outbreak of diseases caused by the storm's effects stabilized by February 2000.<ref name="OrissaOxfam1Feb">{{cite web|author1=Oxfam|title=Orissa cyclone emergency update 01 Feb 2000|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/india/orissa-cyclone-emergency-update-01-feb-2000|publisher=ReliefWeb|access-date=4 January 2017|date=1 February 2000}}</ref> For most locations, the initial loss of telecommunication and rail operation was restored within a few days.<ref name="CycloneChaosHampers">{{cite news|title=Indian Cyclone chaos hampers rescue efforts|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/india/indian-cyclone-chaos-hampers-rescue-efforts|access-date=4 January 2017|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=2 November 1999|location=Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India}}</ref>

[[Prime Minister of India]] [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] announced the allocation of [[Rupee|₹]]3 billion (US$69.3 million) to the Odisha state government, supplementing an earlier allocation of US$59.5 million made towards relief from the cyclone that struck the region earlier that October.<ref name="UNICEF3" /><ref name="OCHA3">{{cite web|title=India – Cyclone OCHA Situation Report No. 3|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/india/india-cyclone-ocha-situation-report-no-3-0|publisher=ReliefWeb|access-date=3 January 2017|location=Geneva, Switzerland|date=1 November 1999}}</ref> However, the Odisha state government demanded a larger commitment of ₹5 billion (US$73.3 million) for relief alongside ₹25 billion (US$366.7 million) for rehabilitation.<ref name="MedicineMilkShortage">{{cite news|title=Cyclone-hit areas suffering from medicine, milk shortage|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/india/cyclone-hit-areas-suffering-medicine-milk-shortage|access-date=4 January 2017|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=8 November 1999|location=New Delhi}}</ref> The Central government also considered the establishment of a Department for Natural Disaster Management to handle the devastation caused by the cyclone.<ref name="UNICEF3" /> Ultimately, a "High Powered Task Force" was formed under the command of the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] to provide rehabilitation support.<ref name="HighPoweredTaskForce">{{cite web|author1=Government of India|title=Constitution of a High Powered Task Force on 10.11.99 for rehabilitation and Reconstruction in the cyclone affected areas of Orissa|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/india/constitution-high-powered-task-force-101199-rehabilitation-and-reconstruction-cyclone|publisher=ReliefWeb|access-date=3 January 2017|location=New Delhi, Delhi, India|date=10 November 1999}}</ref> The Indian Army sent infantry, engineers, and signal detachments to assist with disaster relief, including a field medical unit containing 30 ambulances and 340 doctors.<ref name="OCHA3" /> [[Indian Air Force]] helicopters dropped food packets in affected regions beginning on 30 October, while other government ground personnel distributed various relief supplies including vaccines and plastic sheeting.<ref name="IFRC1" /> Due to severe damage to air traffic control infrastructure, the [[Biju Patnaik International Airport]] was closed until 2 November, curtailing relief operations.<ref name="IMDSynopsis" /> Schools that survived the cyclone were repurposed as temporary shelters for those displaced.<ref name="USAIDFactsheet1" /> Due to the high amount of animal carcasses, the Government of India offered US$3 for every carcass burned–higher than [[minimum wage]]. However, backlash led the government to fly in 200 [[Dalits]] from [[New Delhi]] and 500 from Odisha to carry out the carcass removal.<ref name="RefuseClearDead">{{cite news|title=India villages refuse to clear dead|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1350&dat=19991112&id=zQ0wAAAAIBAJ&sjid=3wMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3730,3775807|access-date=4 January 2017|work=The Blade|date=12 November 1999|location=Toledo, Ohio, United States|page=21}}</ref>

On 2 November, the [[Canadian International Development Agency]] contributed [[Canadian dollar|C$]]150,000 (US$203,964) to the International Federation of the Red Cross to aid the recovery effort;<ref name="MariaMinna">{{cite report|author1=Canadian International Development Agency|title=Maria Minna Announces $150,000 CIDA Contribution to Help Victims of Cyclone in India|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/india/maria-minna-announces-150000-cida-contribution-help-victims-cyclone-india|publisher=ReliefWeb|access-date=3 January 2017|location=Ottawa, Quebec, Canada|date=2 November 1999}}</ref> Canada eventually doubled their contributions through the Canadian [[Lutheran World Relief]] and [[CARE (relief agency)|CARE]].<ref name="CIDAIncrease">{{cite web|author1=Canadian International Development Agency|title=Maria Minna Increases CIDA's Contribution for Victims of the Cyclone in India to $300,000|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/india/maria-minna-increases-cidas-contribution-victims-cyclone-india-300000|publisher=ReliefWeb|access-date=3 January 2017|location=Ottawa, Quebec, Canada|date=12 November 1999}}</ref> The [[European Commission]] channeled [[Euro (currency)|€]]2 million (US$2.1 million) through the [[Directorate-General for European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations|European Community Humanitarian Office]] for use by various relief organizations.<ref name="ECHORelief">{{cite report|author1=European Commission's Directorate-General for European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations|title=Cyclone in Orissa : humanitarian aid worth euro 2 million|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/india/cyclone-orissa-humanitarian-aid-worth-euro-2-million|publisher=ReliefWeb|access-date=3 January 2017|date=4 November 1999}}</ref> Contributions to aid agencies were also made by the British [[Department for International Development]] (DFID), with initial contributions made to [[Christian Aid]] and CARE totaling [[British pound|£]]330,000 (US$540,837).<ref name="DFID">{{cite web|author1=Department for International Development|title=From the Department for International Development: Assistance for Orissa, India|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/india/department-international-development-assistance-orissa-india|publisher=ReliefWeb|access-date=3 January 2017|date=5 November 1999}}</ref> DFID's initial emergency assistance was later increased to £3 million (US$4.9 million) and supplemented by a £25 million ($40.9 million) contribution over the course of six months.<ref name="BritainBack">{{cite report|author1=Department for International Development|title=Britain helps to "get Orissa back on its feet" minister announces new aid package in wake of cyclone|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/india/britain-helps-get-orissa-back-its-feet-minister-announces-new-aid-package-wake-cyclone|publisher=ReliefWeb|access-date=3 January 2017|date=7 January 2000}}</ref> The [[Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation|Swiss Humanitarian Aid Unit]] allocated [[Swiss franc|CHF]] 800,000 (US$779,666) to five Swiss relief organizations operating in India.<ref name="SDA">{{cite report|author1=Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation|title=La Confédération soutient les victimes du cyclone en Inde|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/india/la-conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration-soutient-les-victimes-du-cyclone-en-inde|publisher=ReliefWeb|access-date=3 January 2017|language=fr|date=25 November 1999}}</ref> Food aid worth [[Australian dollar|A$]]300,000 (US$191,700) was sent by the [[Government of Australia|Australian Government]] and delivered to approximately 1 million people through the [[World Food Programme]].<ref name="AustraliaAssist">{{cite web|author1=Government of Australia|title=Australia to assist Indian cyclone victims|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/india/australia-assist-indian-cyclone-victims|publisher=ReliefWeb|access-date=3 January 2017|location=Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia|date=12 November 1999}}</ref> Other countries sent aid through their respective [[International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies]] branch.<ref name="RCFinalReport" /> Following an initial disaster declaration by [[United States Ambassador to India]] [[Dick Celeste]], the [[United States Agency for International Development]] contributed US$7,482,000 through [[Food for Peace]] and the [[Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance]] to complement recovery efforts.<ref name="USAIDFactsheet1" /> The [[United Nations Children's Fund]] allocated more than US$100,000 to help supply basic health and shelter needs,<ref name="UNICEF3" /> while the [[United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]] made a similar allocation through an emergency grant and with reserves from an earlier grant from Norway.<ref name="OCHA3" />

Between 12 and 14 international [[aid agency|aid agencies]] were concurrently active in Odisha in the storm's aftermath.<ref name="SCF1">{{cite report|author1=Save the Children|title=SCF: Statement India Cyclone|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/india/scf-statement-india-cyclone|publisher=ReliefWeb|access-date=2 January 2017|location=London, United Kingdom|date=1 November 1999}}</ref> The Odisha Government made appeals to various [[non-governmental organization]]s as the government's relief supplies only covered 40% of affected areas.<ref name="USAIDFactsheet1" /> In response to the storm's devastation, [[Oxfam]] prepared an initial aid package,<ref name="OrissaOxfam29Oct">{{cite report|author1=Oxfam|title=Orissa cyclone emergency update 29 Oct 99|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/india/orissa-cyclone-emergency-update-29-oct-99|publisher=ReliefWeb|access-date=2 January 2017|date=29 October 1999}}</ref> including emergency water equipment worth £250,000 (US$306,665) and 50,000 instant meals.<ref name="OxfamAppeal">{{cite web|author1=Oxfam|title=Oxfam Orissa cyclone appeal|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/india/oxfam-orissa-cyclone-appeal|publisher=ReliefWeb|access-date=4 January 2017|date=5 November 1999}}</ref> Several members of the [[ACT Alliance|Action by Churches Together Alliance]] made contributions to the post-cyclone relief efforts.<ref name="ACT2">{{cite web|author1=Action by Churches Together International|title=ACT Alert: India – No 2/99 – A second, "super" Cyclone hits Orissa|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/india/act-alert-india-no-299-second-super-cyclone-hits-orissa|publisher=ReliefWeb|access-date=3 January 2017|location=Geneva, Switzerland|date=1 November 1999}}</ref> Lutheran World Relief made initial grants of US$15,000 each to the [[Church's Auxiliary for Social Action]] (CASA) and [[Lutheran World Federation]] for emergency programs in northeastern India.<ref name="LWRIndia">{{cite report|author1=Lutheran World Relief|title=India Cyclone|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/india/india-cyclone-0|publisher=ReliefWeb|access-date=2 January 2017|date=30 October 1999}}</ref> The [[United Evangelical Lutheran Churches in India]] sent US$700,000 worth of various relief supplies in concert with CASA.<ref name="ACT2" /> The Indian Red Cross Society distributed relief supplies from their zonal warehouse in [[Calcutta]], with initial supplies valued at [[Swiss franc|CHF]] 20,000 (US$19,491). In addition to the Indian society of the Red Cross, a joint Indian and [[International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies|International Federation]] assessment team was assembled to survey the damage.<ref name="IFRC1" /> CARE carried over its preexisting relief operations from the early October cyclone, routing food supplies by train to hard-hit locations in Odisha.<ref name="CARE1">{{cite report|author1=CARE|title=CARE Provides Food and Shelter for Cyclone Victims in India|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/india/care-provides-food-and-shelter-cyclone-victims-india|publisher=ReliefWeb|access-date=3 January 2017|location=Atlanta, Georgia, United States|date=1 November 1999}}</ref> The Odisha state branch of the Red Cross extended the emergency relief phase to a three-month relief operation and a six-month rehabilitation program with the help of the Federation. The overall humanitarian response spanned well into late 2000.<ref name="RCFinalReport">{{cite web|author1=International Federation of Red Cross And Red Crescent Societies|title=India: Orissa Cyclone Appeal No. 28/1999 Final Report|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/india/india-orissa-cyclone-appeal-no-281999-final-report|publisher=ReliefWeb|access-date=3 January 2017|date=13 November 2002}}</ref> [[Bochasanwasi Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha]] dispatched aid to 91 villages greatly affected by the storm in the Jagatsinghpur and Kendrapada districts; medical camps were established in 32 villages. Three villages were "adopted" by BAPS Charities in January 2000 to rebuild in Jagatsinghpur: [[Chakulia]], Banipat, and Potak. A total of 200 concrete homes were constructed, as well as two concrete schools and two village tube-wells. The project was finally completed in May 2002, two and a half years after the cyclone hit.<ref name="BAPS">{{cite web|title=1999 Cyclone Orissa, India|url=http://www.baps.org/News/1999/1999-Cyclone-Orissa-2349.aspx|website=BAPS Swaminarayan Sanstha|publisher=Bochasanwasi Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha|access-date=3 January 2017}}</ref> Similarly, Oxfam facilitated various restoration projects in the [[Ganjam district]], including in the communities of [[Denotified Tribes]].<ref name="OrissaOxfam1Feb" /><ref name="GanjamReconstruction">{{cite web|last1=Iveson|first1=Gary|title=Orissa cyclone: Reconstruction in Ganjam|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/india/orissa-cyclone-reconstruction-ganjam|access-date=4 January 2017|date=7 July 2000}}</ref>

Runoff caused by the cyclone enhanced available nutrients in the Bay of Bengal, supplementing the already present equatorward ocean current and resulting in an increase in [[chlorophyll a]] and [[total organic carbon|particulate organic carbon]] in the region.<ref name="BiologicalProduction">{{cite journal|last1=Madhu|first1=N. V.|last2=Maheswaran|first2=P. A.|last3=Jyothibabu|first3=R.|last4=Sunil|first4=V.|last5=Revichandran|first5=C.|last6=Balasubramanian|first6=T.|last7=Gopalakrishnan|first7=T. C.|last8=Nair|first8=K. K. C.|title=Enhanced biological production off Chennai triggered by October 1999 super cyclone (Orissa)|journal=Current Science|date=25 June 2002|volume=82|issue=12|pages=1472–1479|url=http://drs.nio.org:8080/drs/handle/2264/287|access-date=3 January 2017|publisher=National Institute of Oceanography}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Tropical cyclones}}
* [[1970 Bhola cyclone]] – The deadliest tropical cyclone recorded worldwide
* [[1977 Andhra Pradesh cyclone]] – considered India's first confirmed super cyclonic storm
* [[Cyclone Gonu]] (2007) – The most powerful tropical cyclone recorded in the [[Arabian Sea]]
* [[Cyclone Nargis]] (2008) – The sixth-deadliest tropical cyclone recorded worldwide, also the second costliest tropical cyclone recorded in the North Indian Ocean
* [[Cyclone Phailin]] (2013) – a 2013powerful Category 5-equivalent tropical cyclone that made landfall near the same location as the 1999 Odisha cyclone
* [[Cyclone Hudhud]] (2014) – costly and powerful Category 4 tropical cyclone, with impacts extending from Visakhapatnam into Nepal
* [[Cyclone Fani]] (2019) – Another cyclone that also impacted Odisha 20 years later
* ''[[Kathantara]]'' – an Odia disaster film based on the 1999 Odisha cyclone

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/29/newsid_3691000/3691573.stm Damage photos]
* [http://jrscience.wcp.muohio.edu/movies/india.cyclone.19.2.5.reut.mov Damage video from CNN]; {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232834/http://jrscience.wcp.muohio.edu/movies/india.cyclone.19.2.5.reut.mov |date=3 March 2016 }}

{{1999 North Indian Ocean cyclone season buttons}}
{{Super Cyclonic Storms}}
{{Leading tropical cyclones}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1999 Odisha Cyclone}}
[[Category:1990s in Orissa]]
[[Category:1999 disasters in India]]
[[Category:1999 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|Odisha]]
[[Category:Disasters in Odisha]]
[[Category:October 1999 in India]]
[[Category:Super cyclonic storms]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in India]]

Mirzapur Nilonip

2026-04-27T03:34:22Z

Dan: done

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2015}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2010}}

'''Mirzapur''' and '''Nilonip Shahpur''' are historically recognized as twin villages and residential area in the [[Gautam Budh Nagar district]] of Uttar Pradesh, India. It is a part of Yamuna ExpresswayIndustrialDevelopment Authority (YEIDA), located {{cvt|7|km|mi}} from [[Dankaur]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wikimapia.org/11995036/dharam-public-school-mirzapur-niloni|title=Dharam Public School | village}}</ref>

== Community ==

The main community in both villages is the [[Bhati]] [[Rajput]] clan, who trace their roots back to '''Rao Kasal Singh Bhati.''' He was a chieftain originally from [[Jaisalmer Fort|Jaisalmer]] in present-day Rajasthan. According to historian, Rao Kasal Singh migrated to this area and set up Kasna-another village in Greater Noida with a strong [[Bhati]] [[Rajput]] presence—as his capital.<ref> https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1212/download/3862/DH_2011_0910_PART_A_DCHB_GAUTAM_BUDDHA_NAGAR.pdf</ref> From there, the influence of the [[Bhati]] [[Rajput]] clan spread to the surrounding regions.This larger region, which includes around 360 villages connected to the [[Bhati]] [[Rajput]] community, is locally called '''Bhatner'''. The name comes from the historical dominance of the [[Bhati]] [[Rajput]] clan in the area. <ref> https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1212/download/3862/DH_2011_0910_PART_A_DCHB_GAUTAM_BUDDHA_NAGAR.pdf</ref>

Out of these villages, about 150 are mainly [[Bhati]] [[Hindu Rajput]]s, while roughly 160 are home to [[Bhati]] [[Muslim Rajput]]s<ref> https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1212/download/3862/DH_2011_0910_PART_A_DCHB_GAUTAM_BUDDHA_NAGAR.pdf</ref>

'''Ghodi Bachheda''', is often regarded as one of the most prominent and influential [[Bhati]] [[Rajput]] villages in the area.

In terms of population, the combined numbers for Mirzapur and Nilonip Shahpur are around 15,000 people, with about 12,000 belonging to the [[Bhati]] [[Rajput]] community. On a larger scale, the Gautam Buddha Nagar [[Lok Sabha]] constituency is estimated to have a [[Rajput]] population of over 450,000 to 500,000, highlighting the significance of the community is in the district.<ref> https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/why-netas-are-rushing-to-rajput-villages/amp_articleshow/109445059.cms</ref><ref> https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/elections/lok-sabha/story/rajput-rebellion-continues-to-haunt-bjp-in-west-uttar-pradesh-amid-low-voter-turnout-2530399-2024-04-22</ref><ref> https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/noida-news/bjp-deploys-teams-in-rajput-villages-to-woo-the-community-101713725632824-amp.html</ref>

Politically, the influence of the [[Bhati]] [[Rajput]] community is evident. For example [[Dhirendra Singh|Thakur Dhirendra Singh Bhati]], is elected as the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for the '''3rd''' time from the [[Jewar Assembly constituency|Jewar constituency]] in Greater Noida. His election reflects the community’s ongoing importance in local politics.

== Yamuna Expressway ==

Mirzapur and Nilonip Shahpur are situated on [[Yamuna Expressway]] between [[Dankaur]] and [[Jewar]]. This is one of the longest (6-lane) highway in India and joins [[Greater Noida]] to [[Agra]].

== Facilities and upcoming projects ==
[[File:mirzapur niloni.JPG|thumb|village mirzapur niloni]]

* Golf course
* Night safari
* [[f1]] Race track
* [[NTPC Limited|NTPC]]

<gallery>
National Thermal Power logo.svg
</gallery>
* World class school and colleges
*[[Metro train]]
<gallery>
DMRC Bombardier.jpg
</gallery>

==Education==

* Government school inter college
* Primary school
* Dharm public school
* Kasturi deevi public school
* Agriculture college
* Kisan inter college in [[Dankaur]] at a distance of {{cvt|5|km|mi}}.

==Transport==

* Direct bus from [[ISBT Delhi]] to Mirzapur Niloni.
* Mirzapur Niloni to Noida and Greater Noida
* Mirzapur Niloni to Rabupura
* Mirzapur Niloni to Agra
* Auto service from Dankaur to Mirzapur Niloni
* Bus servies mirzapur to pari chowk

==Health==

* Homeopathic dispensary
* Child care centre (Government)
* Animal hospital

==Nearby villages==
*[[Achheja Buzurg]]
*Dungarpur Rilka
*Bhatta
*Parsaul
*[[Ronija]]
*[[Salarpur Khadar|Salarpur]]
*Rustampur
*[[Rabupura]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Mirzapur Niloni
|North = [[Dankaur]]
|Northeast = [[Rampur Bangar]]
|East = [[Bulandshahr district]]
|Southeast =
|South = [[Rabupura]]
|Southwest =
|West =
|Northwest = [[Faridabad district]], [[Haryana]]
}}
{{Gautam Buddha Nagar district}}

[[Category:Villages in Gautam Buddha Nagar district]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Gautam Buddha Nagar district]]

Madras Crocodile Bank Trust

2026-04-26T20:11:06Z

Dan: made.

{{Short description|Herpetology research station in Chennai, India}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2015}}
{{Infobox organization
|name = Madras Crocodile Bank Trust
|image = CrocBank Entrancce.jpg
|caption = Entrance to the Madras Crocodile Bank
|image_size = 250px
|logo = Madras_crocologo.png
|logo_size = 135px
|abbreviation = CrocBank<ref name="Croc"/>
|formation = 1976
|type = [[NGO]]
|status = Non profit public trust
|purpose = Herpetofaunal conservation, research and education
|headquarters = Chennai
|location = Vadanemmeli, [[Chennai]]
|region_served = India
|num_members =
|language = Tamil, English
|leader_title = Founder and director
|leader_name = [[Romulus Whitaker]]
|parent_organization =
|affiliations = [[Central Zoo Authority of India]] [[IUCN Species Survival Commission]]
|num_staff = 49
|budget =
|website = {{URL|http://www.madrascrocodilebank.org}}
|remarks =
}}{{Coord|12.743875|N|80.240107|E|display=title}}

The '''Madras Crocodile Bank Trust and Centre for Herpetology''' (MCBT) is a [[reptile]] [[zoo]] and [[herpetology]] research station, located {{cvt|40|km}} south of the city of [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India. The centre is both a registered trust and a recognized zoo under the [[Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972]] and comes under the purview of the [[Central Zoo Authority]], [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]], [[Government of India]]. The establishment is located on a {{cvt|8.5|acre}} site covered by [[Sand forest|coastal sand forests]], along the coast of [[Bay of Bengal]].

The MCBT was established in 1976 with the primary aim of conservation of three Indian species of [[crocodile]]s — [[mugger crocodile]], [[saltwater crocodile]] and [[gharial]]. It was expanded as a centre for herpetology and research of other reptile species in 2003. The centre has bred over 5000 crocodiles since its inception and is one of the largest reptile zoos in the world. As of 2024, the park had 15 species of crocodiles including three [[critically endangered species]] and 33 other reptilian species. The park recorded about 0.42 million annual visitors from April 2018 to March 2019.

The trust also runs three field stations at [[South Andaman]], [[Agumbe]] in [[Karnataka]], and the [[Chambal River|Chambal valley]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]] as well as a [[snake venom]] extraction centre. It is also involved in various research, conservation and educational projects.

== History ==
[[File:Marsh Crocodiles basking in the sun.JPG|thumb|The trust was started to save Indian crocodiles including the pictured [[marsh crocodile]]s.]]
Towards the end of the 19th century, hunting of [[crocodile]]s for their skin began and by the 1960s, wild populations of the crocodiles were reducing.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://internationalcrocodilian.com/crocodilians-conservation/|title=Crocodilians conservation|work=International Crocodilian|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=27 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927115104/https://internationalcrocodilian.com/crocodilians-conservation/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="IUCN">{{cite report|url=https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/NS-SP-032.pdf|title=Crocodiles, Proceedings of the First Working Meeting of Crocodile specialists|work=[[IUCN]]|date=15 March 1971|access-date=1 December 2023|page=42-45}}</ref> Amongst the three Indian species, the [[mugger crocodile|mugger]] (''Crocodylus palustris'') had disappeared from most of its range, the [[gharial]] (''Gavialis gangeticus'') was [[critically endangered]] and [[saltwater crocodile]] (''Crocodylus porosus'') numbers were threatened.<ref name="IUCN"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://wildlifesos.org/chronological-news/world-crocodile-day-meet-the-three-indian-crocodilians/|title=Meet the three Indian crocodilians|work=Wildlife SOS|date=17 June 2022|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=2 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002115034/https://wildlifesos.org/chronological-news/world-crocodile-day-meet-the-three-indian-crocodilians/|url-status=live}}</ref> The crocodile species were protected under the [[Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972]] by the [[Government of India]].<ref>{{cite report|url=https://content.dgft.gov.in/Website/append1_0.pdf|title=Appendix, Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|page=5|archive-date=22 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722152405/https://content.dgft.gov.in/Website/append1_0.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The Crocodile Conservation Project was launched by the Indian government in collaboration with the [[United Nations Development Programme]] (UNDP) and the [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] (FAO) in 1975, for the protection and captive breeding of crocodiles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wildlife.odisha.gov.in/crocodileconservation|title=Crocodile Conservation|publisher=[[Government of Odisha]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://systemanaturae.org/wildlifeprojects/crocodile-conservation-project/|title=Crocodile conservation project|work=Sytama Naturae|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=29 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929034410/https://systemanaturae.org/wildlifeprojects/crocodile-conservation-project/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/26-fresh-water-crocodiles-hatched-at-vandalur-zoo/articleshow/4660187.cms|title=26 fresh water crocodiles hatched at Vandalur zoo|first=Madhavan|last=D|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=16 June 2009|access-date=30 August 2023|archive-date=18 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518080205/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/26-fresh-water-crocodiles-hatched-at-vandalur-zoo/articleshow/4660187.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The Madras Crocodile Bank was conceived in 1973 and it was established on 26 August 1976 by herpetologist [[Romulus Whitaker]] with his wife Zai Whitaker and others.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/jaws-iii-the-croc-in-captivity/article2035039.ece|title=Jaws III, the croc in captivity|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=20 May 2011|access-date=30 August 2023|archive-date=18 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518080213/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/jaws-iii-the-croc-in-captivity/article2035039.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://madrascrocodilebank.org/about_us|title=About us|publisher=Madras Crocodile Bank Trust|access-date=1 July 2023|archive-date=31 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331092612/https://madrascrocodilebank.org/about_us|url-status=live}}</ref> The bank was started for the protection and breeding of Indian crocodile species.<ref name="History">{{cite web|url=https://madrascrocodilebank.org/history|title=History|publisher=Madras Crocodile Bank Trust|access-date=1 July 2023|archive-date=31 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331100138/http://madrascrocodilebank.org/history|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:CrocBank WalkAlley.jpg|thumb|left|The bank is situated on the sandy coast, along the [[Bay of Bengal]].]]

The Crocodile Bank later developed a captive breeding program for freshwater [[turtles]] and [[tortoises]].<ref name="ASAP">{{cite web|url=https://speciesonthebrink.org/partners/madras-crocodile-bank-trust-and-centre-for-herpetology/|title=Madras Crocodile Bank Trust and Centre for Herpetology|work=Asian Species Action Partnership|date=16 May 2018|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=8 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208060316/https://speciesonthebrink.org/partners/madras-crocodile-bank-trust-and-centre-for-herpetology/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://nytts.org/proceedings/whitakr2.htm|title=Captive Breeding of Indian Turtles and Tortoises at the Centre for Herpetology/Madras Crocodile Bank|work=The New York Turtle and Tortoise Society|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=18 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518080206/https://nytts.org/proceedings/whitakr2.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> In the 1980s, the bank was established on the [[Moyar River]] to study the mugger crocodiles.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/how-mugger-crocodiles-live-in-peace-with-humans-along-moyar/article67615908.ece|title=How mugger crocodiles live in peace with humans along Moyar|date=7 December 2023|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=7 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207204507/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/how-mugger-crocodiles-live-in-peace-with-humans-along-moyar/article67615908.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1990, the [[Andaman and Nicobar Environmental Team]] (ANET) was set-up as a division of the bank with a station established on a {{cvt|5|acre}} stretch of land in [[Wandoor]], on the southern tip of [[South Andaman]] in 1993.<ref name="ANET">{{cite web|url=https://www.iotn.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/13-2-ANDAMAN-NICOBAR-ENVIRONMENT-TEAM.pdf|title=Andaman and Nicobar Environmental Team|work=Indian Ocean Turtle Newsletter|issue=13|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=3 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203232758/https://www.iotn.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/13-2-ANDAMAN-NICOBAR-ENVIRONMENT-TEAM.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The newsletter ''Hamadryad'' being published by the trust since 1976 was converted into a full scientific journal in 1991.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.hamadryad.org/index.php/journal/article/download/64/61/119|title=Cumulative Index to Hamadryad|journal=Hamadryad|volume=29|date=31 January 2005|issn=0972-205X|page=2|author1=Genevieve Gee|author2=Indraneil Das|access-date=18 May 2024|archive-date=17 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217164910/https://www.hamadryad.org/index.php/journal/article/download/64/61/119|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2003, the bank was renamed the Madras Crocodile Bank Trust and Center for Herpetology and additional exhibits of other reptiles were added.<ref name="AR">{{cite report|url=https://madrascrocodilebank.org/static/annual_reports/Annual%20Report-%202018-19.pdf|title=Annual Report 18-19|publisher=Madras Crocodile Bank Trust|access-date=9 July 2023|page=2-3}}</ref><ref name="IE">{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2011/Aug/29/diary-notes-at-the-madras-crocodile-bank-285817.html|title=Diary notes at the Madras Crocodile Bank|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=16 May 2012|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=18 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518080205/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2011/Aug/29/diary-notes-at-the-madras-crocodile-bank-285817.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The trust is also involved in research on [[snake venom]] and in 2005, the [[Agumbe Rainforest Research Station]] was established in [[Agumbe]] in [[Karnataka]] for the study of [[King Cobra]] and other diverse animals and ecosystems of the [[Western Ghats]].<ref name="AR"/><ref name="SB">{{cite journal|title=Snakebite Mitigation Project of the Madras Crocodile Bank/Centre for Herpetology, India: background and a brief summary of activities|author=Romulus Whitaker|doi=10.1093/trstmh/try130|journal=Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Oxford University|date=2019|volume=113|issue=12|pages=818–819|pmid=30551144}}</ref> In 2005, Rom Whitaker was given a [[Whitley Awards (UK)|Whitley Award]] and used the money to assist in setting up the Agumbe station.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.whitleyaward.org/winners.php|title=Our Winners|publisher=Whitley Fund for Nature|access-date=9 July 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723123337/http://www.whitleyaward.org/winners.php|archive-date=23 July 2011|df =dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ted.com/speakers/romulus_whitaker|title=Speakers Romulus Whitaker: Herpetologist|publisher=TED Conferences, LLC|access-date=30 August 2011|archive-date=29 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110829190537/http://www.ted.com/speakers/romulus_whitaker.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2011, the Crocodile Bank announced plans for the construction of a new frontage and satellite facility, followed by the redesign and construction of the display area including new enclosures with glass facades, walkways and interactive features.<ref name="IE"/> As per the new plan, estimated at {{INRconvert|100|m}}, the park would be divided into four areas corresponding to various geographies with thematic landscaping, interactive displays and signage. The plan included a separate gharial exhibit, entry plaza with a café, parking areas and an interpretation centre that houses small crocodiles, [[snake]]s, [[turtle]]s and lizards on the upper level and underwater viewing of the largest saltwater crocodile exhibit in the park, on the lower level.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOICH/2013/03/07&PageLabel=2&EntityId=Ar00200&ViewMode=HTML|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304071841/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOICH/2013/03/07&PageLabel=2&EntityId=Ar00200&ViewMode=HTML|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 March 2016|title=A home away from home|first=Menon|last= Priya M.|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=7 March 2013|access-date=17 March 2013}}</ref> In 2018, Whitaker was presented with [[Padma Shri]], the fourth highest civilian award by the Government of India.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.sanctuaryasia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1590:meet-rom-whitaker&catid=136:interviews|title=Meet Rom Whitaker|first=Bittu|last=Sahgal|magazine=Sanctuary Asia|date=December 2006|access-date=9 July 2011|archive-date=29 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929115912/http://www.sanctuaryasia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1590:meet-rom-whitaker&catid=136:interviews|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2020, the trust faced financial problems due to [[COVID-19 pandemic]] induced lockdown.<ref>{{cite news|title=Coronavirus lockdown worry: Madras Crocodile Bank worried 2000 animals could starve|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2020/mar/30/coronavirus-lockdown-worry-madras-crocodile-bank-worried-2000-animals-could-starve-2123205.html|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=22 May 2020|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=21 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821080030/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2020/mar/30/coronavirus-lockdown-worry-madras-crocodile-bank-worried-2000-animals-could-starve-2123205.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=17 October 2020|title=How India's largest crocodile bank in Chennai is battling Covid-19|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/how-india-largest-crocodile-bank-in-chennai-is-battling-covid-19-6758847/|access-date=3 August 2021|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|archive-date=3 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803155542/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/how-india-largest-crocodile-bank-in-chennai-is-battling-covid-19-6758847/|url-status=live}}</ref> The trust raised funds through [[crowd funding]] to mitigate the situation and for further planned developments.<ref name="AR1">{{cite report|url=https://madrascrocodilebank.org/static/annual_reports/Annual%20Report%202021-2022.pdf|title=Annual Report 21-22|publisher=Madras Crocodile Bank Trust|access-date=9 July 2023|archive-date=18 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518080206/https://madrascrocodilebank.org/static/annual_reports/Annual%20Report%202021-2022.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Organisation ==
[[File:CrocBank MapOnDisplay.jpg|thumb|The trust runs a [[reptile]] [[zoo]]; pictured is the map of the zoo.]]

The Madras Crocodile Bank Trust was established in 1976 which runs a [[reptile]] [[zoo]] and [[herpetology]] research station. The centre is both a registered trust and a recognized zoo under the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 and comes under the purview of the [[Central Zoo Authority]], [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]], [[Government of India]].<ref name="master_plans">{{cite report|url=http://www.cza.nic.in/Status%20of%20Master%20Plan%20Submitted%20by%20Zoos.pdf|title=List of Zoos, whose Master Plan received till 31st March, 2011|publisher=[[Central Zoo Authority|CZA]]|access-date=29 August 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927231940/http://www.cza.nic.in/Status%20of%20Master%20Plan%20Submitted%20by%20Zoos.pdf|archive-date=27 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://listofzoos.com/Madras+Crocodile+Bank+Trust|title=Madras Crocodile Bank Trust, India|publisher=List of Zoos Worldwide|access-date=29 August 2011|archive-date=11 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211033048/http://listofzoos.com/Madras+Crocodile+Bank+Trust|url-status=live}}</ref> The Crocodile Bank is situated on a {{cvt|8.5|acre}} stretch of land, located about {{cvt|40|km}} south of [[Chennai]] on the [[East Coast Road]] at Vadanemmeli near [[Thiruvidandhai]], along the [[Bay of Bengal]].<ref name="BBC"/><ref name="ASAP"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/at-vadanemmeli-a-spot-you-go-to-for-the-crocs-stay-on-for-the-trees/article67860025.ece|title=At Vadanemmeli, a spot you go to for the crocs, stay on for the trees|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=18 February 2024|access-date=1 May 2024|archive-date=18 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518080206/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/at-vadanemmeli-a-spot-you-go-to-for-the-crocs-stay-on-for-the-trees/article67860025.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

The bank runs three field bases namely Andaman and Nicobar Environmental Team at South Andaman, Agumbe Rainforest Research Station at Agumbe and Gharial Ecology Project in [[Chambal River|Chambal valley]].<ref name="ASAP"/> The trust is affiliated with more than 47 institutions including [[The World Conservation Union]] (IUCN), [[World Wide Fund for Nature]] (WWF), [[Marine Conservation Society]] and [[Smithsonian Institution]].<ref name="AR1"/> The trust manages a snake venom extraction center, operated by the [[Irulas|Irula]] tribes.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/a-day-at-the-crocodile-bank/article3393743.ece|title=A day at the Crocodile Bank|date=6 July 2016|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=18 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518080214/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/a-day-at-the-crocodile-bank/article3393743.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Wildlife conservation ==
=== Animal research and education ===
[[File:CrocBank Reptales.jpg|thumb|Public demonstration and education center at the park]]

The trust engages in research projects on reptiles and other educational programmes. The bank has served as a regional source of status information for the World Conservation Monitoring Centre and has hosted numerous international meetings of the IUCN Specialist Groups dealing with reptiles.<ref>{{cite book|title=Cocodrilos|publisher=International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources - Crocodile Specialist Group|year=1986|page=286}}</ref> The trust publishes a biannual herpetology journal called ''Hamadryad'' and is home to the largest library of herpetological literature in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.glo-wild.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=30&Itemid=36|title=Glo-Wild at the Croc Bank|publisher=Glo-Wild|access-date=24 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214064948/http://www.glo-wild.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=30&Itemid=36|archive-date=14 February 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Research in the field of herpetology within the bank has resulted in over 600 scientific publications, books, reports, newspaper and magazine articles and films.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.IndiaPR.com/pressrelease/environmental-services/2009091834006.pdf|title=Wildlife week celebrations at Madras Crocodile Bank|publisher=India PRwire|access-date=18 July 2011}}</ref>

The centre has hosted numerous local and international scientists and research specialists.<ref name="RP">{{cite report|url=https://www.thebhs.org/publications/the-herpetological-bulletin/issue-number-8-winter-1983/2149-hb008-02/file|title=Herpetology in India|author=Romulus Whitaker|publisher=British Herpetological Society Bulletin|page=19|access-date=18 May 2024|archive-date=17 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117231835/https://www.thebhs.org/publications/the-herpetological-bulletin/issue-number-8-winter-1983/2149-hb008-02/file|url-status=live}}</ref> In the early 1980s, Edward Moll of [[Eastern Illinois University]] did a study on turtles in India based out of the bank.<ref>{{cite book|title=Tortoises and Freshwater Turtles: An Action Plan for Their Conservation|publisher=IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group|year=1989|isbn=978-2-880-32974-7|page=33}}</ref><ref name="RP"/> The bank's research biologists have since studied freshwater turtles in the [[Chambal River]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]] on a WWF grant with many species kept in the park as part of the centre's ongoing research program.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.seaturtlesofindia.org/organizations|title=Organisations|publisher=Sea Turtles of India|access-date=24 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110118091225/http://www.seaturtlesofindia.org/organizations|archive-date=18 January 2011|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://nytts.org/proceedings/whitakr2.htm|title=Captive Breeding of Indian Turtles and Tortoises at the Centre for Herpetology/Madras Crocodile Bank|publisher=Madras Crocodile Bank Trust|access-date=24 September 2011|archive-date=30 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930020512/http://nytts.org/proceedings/whitakr2.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The bank collaborated with J.W. Lang from [[University of North Dakota]], to initiate a project for the study mugger crocodiles. The project was done in association with Romulus Whitaker and Harry Andrews and focused on reptile reproduction, egg incubation, and temperature-dependent sex determination.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321835977|title=Male Parental Care in Mugger Crocodiles|publisher=National Geographic|year=1986|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> In the 1990s, studies on breeding biology and growth of [[lizard]]s was conducted.<ref name="Lizard">{{cite journal|author1=Siva Sundaresan|author2=Ranjit Daniels|url=https://wgbis.ces.iisc.ac.in/biodiversity/sahyadri/documents/title75ds.htm|title=Distribution and Abundance of Common lizards|journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society|volume=94|date=August 1994|page=268}}</ref>

[[File:CrocBank VetLab.jpg|thumb|left|Veterinary laboratory at the park]]

In 2001, the Crocodile Bank was awarded the Ford Conservation and Environmental Grant for project "Integrated Environment Education", a multi-lingual programme on reptile preservation to create environmental awareness.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2001/11/21/stories/0421401b.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110221074051/http://www.hindu.com/2001/11/21/stories/0421401b.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 February 2011|title=Environmental grant for Crocodile Bank Trust|date=21 November 2001|access-date=24 September 2011|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The Andaman and Nicobar Islands Environmental Team is focused on research and conservation of the bio-diversity in Andaman and Nicobar islands.<ref name="ANET"/> The park conducts research into snake venom and mitigation of its effects in humans. The Agumbe research centre aids in study of venomous snakes and other organisms in the Western Ghats.<ref name="AR"/><ref name="SB"/> The park conducts regular educational and outreach programmes.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/366598733|title=Multifaceted community health education programs as powerful tools to mitigate snakebite-induced deaths, disabilities, and socioeconomic burden|doi=10.1016/j.toxcx.2022.100147|journal=Toxicon|date=March 2023|volume=7|author=Sakthivel Vaiyapuri and eight others|article-number=100147 |pmid=36632238 |pmc=9827049|bibcode=2023TxcnX..1700147V }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/madras-crocodile-bank-takes-the-vr-route-to-education/article66076389.ece|title=Crocodiles go to school: Madras Crocodile Bank launches virtual education programmes|date=2 November 2022|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=27 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527061658/https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/madras-crocodile-bank-takes-the-vr-route-to-education/article66076389.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The bank serves as a consultant on reptile management and conservation issues to multiple organisations and countries.<ref name="ASAP"/><ref name="RP"/> The bank also runs an animal-adoption programme under which patrons can sponsor an animal housed at the center.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/kids/article1573759.ece|title=Adopt us...save us|first=Rohini|last=Ramakrishnan|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=28 March 2011|access-date=24 September 2011}}</ref>

The Crocodile Bank has a veterinary care section which works with the maintenance staff to monitor the health and maintenance of the animals. Examination and treatment for various pathological and parasitical examinations are carried out on the animals. Unique identification numbers are assigned to individual animals with maintenance of health and medical records.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://madrascrocodilebank.org/ex_situ|title=At Croc Bank: Ex-situ|publisher=Madras Crocodile Bank Trust|access-date=24 September 2023|archive-date=31 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331085311/http://madrascrocodilebank.org/ex_situ|url-status=live}}</ref> The trust also engages in training of veterinarians to help equip other research and conservation projects.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://turtlesurvival.org/news/chelonian-vet-workshop-hosted-in-india/|title=Chelonian Vet Workshop Hosted in India|publisher=Turtle Survival Alliance|date=12 September 2022|access-date=1 September 2023|archive-date=28 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928114251/https://turtlesurvival.org/news/chelonian-vet-workshop-hosted-in-india/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Captive breeding ===
[[File:Crocodile and its shadow.jpg|thumb|The park has been breeding [[critically endangered]] [[gharial]]s since 1989.]]

The trust was established for breeding crocodiles, has bred over 5000 crocodiles and is the largest breeding centre in India.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1922923|title=Four volumes of Newsletter (EIACP)|date=9 May 2023|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=17 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230517172428/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1922923|url-status=live}}</ref> The park is one of the centres for breeding the critically endangered gharials and has been successfully breeding the species since 1989.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://envis.maharashtra.gov.in/envis_data/files/Crocodile/CrocIndScen.html|title=Crocodile Conservation - Indian Scenario|publisher=Environment Department, Government of Maharashtra|access-date=30 August 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929175409/http://envis.maharashtra.gov.in/envis_data/files/Crocodile/CrocIndScen.html|archive-date=29 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Conservation of the Indian Gharial Gavialis gangeticus: Successes and Failures|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269286880|date=January 2015|journal=International Zoo Yearbook|volume=49|issue=1|doi=10.1111/izy.12066|author=C. J. Stevenson|pages=150–161 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322625731|title=Conservation of the gharial (Gavialis gangeticus) at the Madras Crocodile Bank Trust, Chennai, India|date=January 2010|journal=The Herptile|volume=35|author1=Steven Piggott|author2=Todd R. Lewis|author3=Paul Greig-Smith}}</ref> The park breeds other two species of crocodiles from India, mugger and salt-water crocodiles from 1983.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wiienvis.nic.in/crocodile/zoo.htm|title=Ex-Situ conservation - 1, Crocodile Breeding in Indian Zoos|first=B.C.|last=Choudhury|publisher=Environmantal Information System India|access-date=4 September 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410044344/http://wiienvis.nic.in/crocodile/zoo.htm|archive-date=10 April 2009}}</ref> It has also been breeding other exotic crocodile species such as [[Morelet's crocodile]] (''Crocodylus moreletii'') and [[Siamese crocodile]] (''Crocodylus siamensis'').<ref name="Breed">{{cite report|url=https://zoosprint.org/index.php/zp/article/download/4376/3846|title=Role of zoos in the conservation of reptiles in India|author=L N Autharjyo|year=2000|access-date=1 December 2023|page=1}}</ref> In 2010, the bank also bred the rare [[false gharial]], a species listed as [[Endangered species (IUCN status)|endangered]] on the Red List of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/ai-to-ferry-bride-for-crocodile-psycho-to/607132/|title=AI to ferry bride for crocodile 'Psycho' to Chennai|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|publisher=Indian Express|date=16 April 2010|access-date=4 September 2011}}</ref> The trust has been involved in re-introducing crocodiles to the wild and various zoo exchange programmes.<ref name="Croc">{{cite web|url=https://indiabiodiversity.org/group/Croc_Bank|title=Croc Bank|work=India biodiversity|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=18 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518092838/https://indiabiodiversity.org/group/Croc_Bank|url-status=live}}</ref> The government stopped the release of captive bred crocodiles into the wild in 1994, which led to the number of crocodiles increasing at the park. As no methods have been evolved to sterilize the crocodiles, the increasing numbers resulted in nearly one thousand animals being relocated to [[Gujarat]] in 2022.<ref name="BBC">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-63740095|title=Chennai: Transfer of 1,000 India crocodiles raises thorny question|date=3 December 2022|access-date=1 December 2023|work=BBC News|archive-date=28 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928182248/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-63740095|url-status=live}}</ref>

The bank also breeds turtles, snakes and other reptiles. It is a coordinating zoo of the Central Zoo Authority of India for the breeding programmes for endangered species, including [[Asiatic rock python|rock python]], [[king cobra]] and [[Ganges softshell turtle]], as per the National Zoo Policy adopted by the [[Government of India]] in 1988.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://envfor.nic.in/cza/end.htm|title=Role of Zoos in Conservation of Endangered Species|publisher=Central Zoo Authority|access-date=4 September 2011|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814051454/http://envfor.nic.in/cza/end.htm|archive-date=14 August 2011}}</ref><ref name="Breed"/> It has been breeding [[cane turtle]] (''Vijayachelys silvatica'') and [[Travancore tortoise]] (''Indotestudo travancorica'') since the 1980s.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.sanctuarynaturefoundation.org/article/viji%2C-the-turtle-girl|title=Viji, the turtle girl|magazine=Sanctuary Asia|date=June 2006|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=5 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205225417/https://sanctuarynaturefoundation.org/article/viji%2C-the-turtle-girl|url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2004, the bank successfully bred one of the world's most critically endangered turtles, the [[red-crowned roofed turtle]] (''Batagur kachuga''), for the first time ever in captivity.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/environment/flora-fauna/crocodile-bank-breeds-rare-painted-roof-turtle/articleshow/2981103.cms|title=Crocodile Bank breeds rare, painted roof turtle|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=18 July 2023|date=25 April 2008|archive-date=18 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518094340/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/environment/flora-fauna/crocodile-bank-breeds-rare-painted-roof-turtle/articleshow/2981103.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Some of the turtles were sent to Uttar Pradesh to be introduced into the wild.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-11-23/special-report/27903506_1_mysore-zoo-director-of-vandalur-zoo-cza/2|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120913042707/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-11-23/special-report/27903506_1_mysore-zoo-director-of-vandalur-zoo-cza/2|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 September 2012|title=Adopt an animal, save endangered species|first=Priya|last=Menon|date=23 November 2008|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=4 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://studbooks.eu/news/re-introduction-of-kachuga-kachuga/|title=Reintroduction of Kachuga|date=23 June 2010|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=23 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923040725/https://studbooks.eu/news/re-introduction-of-kachuga-kachuga/|url-status=live}}</ref> The trust has been involved in engaging local community and education for the conservation of [[olive ridley sea turtle]] (''Lepidochelys olivacea'').<ref>{{cite journal|title=Conservation of Olive Ridley turtles in Madras|url=https://www.seaturtlesofindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Shanker-K.-2003.-Conservation-of-the-olive-ridley-turtle-in-Madras-Thirty-years-and-counting.-Herpinstance-11-5-6..pdf|author=Shanker K|year=2003|journal=Herpinstance|volume=1|page=1|access-date=18 May 2024|archive-date=6 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230806012807/https://www.seaturtlesofindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Shanker-K.-2003.-Conservation-of-the-olive-ridley-turtle-in-Madras-Thirty-years-and-counting.-Herpinstance-11-5-6..pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The Crocodile Bank is a nodal point for captive breeding of endangered pythons in the country, especially the [[Indian rock python]] (''Python molurus'') and [[reticulated python]] (''Python reticulatus'').<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/04/22/stories/2005042216000800.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050428043805/http://www.hindu.com/2005/04/22/stories/2005042216000800.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 April 2005|title=Chennai may become a python-breeding hub|first=Vani|last=Doraisamy|date=22 April 2005|access-date=24 September 2011|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai}}</ref>

The park is home to the few approved snake venom extraction centres in India, the Irula Snake Catchers' Industrial Cooperative Society, which also conducts venom extraction shows for the public at its snake farm.<ref>{{cite web|url =http://www.civilsocietyonline.com/nov09/nov094.asp|title=Irulas want big role in venom industry|work =civilsocietyonline.com|publisher=Civil Society|date =November 2009|access-date=10 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707151434/http://www.civilsocietyonline.com/nov09/nov094.asp|archive-date=7 July 2011|url-status=dead|df =dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url =http://ssc.undp.org/uploads/media/Snake_Venom.pdf|title=The Irula tribal snake venom extraction cooperative|publisher=United Nations Development Programme|access-date=10 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100717154328/http://ssc.undp.org/uploads/media/Snake_Venom.pdf|archive-date=17 July 2010|url-status=dead|df =dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://hindu.com/2005/11/25/stories/2005112514750200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071227223438/http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/25/stories/2005112514750200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 December 2007|title=A new job on hand for Irulas|first=P.|last=Oppili|date=25 November 2005|access-date=10 July 2011|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The cooperative society was officially registered on 19 December 1978, and venom extraction was started on 16 December 1982.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://hindu.com/2008/11/24/stories/2008112454360400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004074946/http://hindu.com/2008/11/24/stories/2008112454360400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 October 2012|title=Show-cause notice to Irula snake catchers' society|first=P.|last=Oppili|date=24 November 2008|access-date=10 July 2011|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Chennai/article16004.ece|title=Not a charmed life for snake catchers at work|first=P.|last=Oppili|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=6 November 2009|access-date=10 July 2011|archive-date=25 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111225042810/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Chennai/article16004.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Started with 26 members, the membership of the society rose to 350 by 2001.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/02/0225_030225_Indiansnakes.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030226202505/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/02/0225_030225_Indiansnakes.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 February 2003|title=India Snake Hunters Find Antidote to Joblessness|first=Pallava|last=Bagla|publisher=National Geographic Society|date=25 February 2003|access-date=10 July 2011}}</ref> As of 2022, it is the largest venom-producing center in India, contributing to 80% of the venom extracted.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/slip-sliding-away-venom-extraction-in-tamil-nadu/article67574621.ece|title=Slip sliding away: venom extraction in Tamil Nadu|date=26 November 2023|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=1 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201110334/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/slip-sliding-away-venom-extraction-in-tamil-nadu/article67574621.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Exhibition ==
The bank hosts one of the largest reptilian zoos in the world.<ref name="NYT">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/02/03/science/saving-the-crocodile-and-putting-on-a-spectacular-show.html?n=Top%2fNews%2fScience%2fTopics%2fAnimals|title=Saving the Crocodile and Putting on a Spectacular Show|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=30 August 2011|first=Stephen|last=Kinzer|date=3 February 1998|archive-date=13 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513042929/http://www.nytimes.com/1998/02/03/science/saving-the-crocodile-and-putting-on-a-spectacular-show.html?n=Top%2fNews%2fScience%2fTopics%2fAnimals|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/kids/article2081323.ece|title=When eyes shine at night and foxes fly|last=Ramakrishnan|first=Rohini|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=6 June 2011|access-date=30 August 2011|location=Chennai|archive-date=12 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812000237/http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/kids/article2081323.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/a-retreat-for-reptiles/article4047306.ece|title=A retreat for reptiles|last=Karthikeyan|first=Aparna|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=30 October 2012|access-date=2 Nov 2012|location=Chennai|archive-date=5 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005115939/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/a-retreat-for-reptiles/article4047306.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2024, the park had 15 species of crocodiles including three critically endangered species and 33 other reptilian species.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://madrascrocodilebank.org/|title=Overview|publisher=Madras Crocodile Bank|access-date=1 May 2024|archive-date=14 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240514172735/https://madrascrocodilebank.org/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=India's largest croc bank to welcome more crocs|work=Zee News|date=11 September 2011|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/eco-news/india-s-largest-croc-bank-to-welcome-more-crocs_730948.html|access-date=15 January 2012|archive-date=23 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523094734/http://zeenews.india.com/news/eco-news/india-s-largest-croc-bank-to-welcome-more-crocs_730948.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wildlifeconsult.com/wildlife-adventure/crocodile-bank-south-india.html|title=Crocodile Bank|publisher=Wildlife Consult|access-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301101904/http://www.wildlifeconsult.com/wildlife-adventure/crocodile-bank-south-india.html|archive-date=1 March 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> The park is divided into four areas corresponding to various geographies namely, [[Asia]], [[Americas]], [[Amazon River|Amazon]] and [[Africa]], with thematic landscaping and signage.<ref name="Lay">{{cite report|url=https://cza.nic.in/uploads/documents/zoos/layout/english/madras%20crocodile%20updated.pdf|title=Madras Crocodile Bank layout|publisher=Central zoo authority|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> Apart from the crocodiles, there are various snakes including [[pythons]], [[anaconda]]s and [[Boidae|boa]]s, turtles and tortoises including [[Aldabra giant tortoise]]s, [[lizard]]s and [[piranha]]s.<ref name="Lay"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/008200709181140.htm|title=Crocodile Bank to procure green anacondas|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=18 September 2007|access-date=24 September 2011|archive-date=10 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110071028/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/008200709181140.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wildlifewatch.in/news/india/81.html|title=Green anacondas to find home in Madras Crocodile Bank|publisher=Wildlife Watch India|access-date=24 September 2011|archive-date=25 August 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130825064620/http://www.wildlifewatch.in/news/india/81.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Four [[Komodo dragon]]s have been acquired from [[Bronx Zoo]] in [[New York City|New York]].<ref>{{cite news|title=A date with the dragons|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/a-date-with-komodo-dragons-in-chennai/article8489511.ece|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=18 April 2016|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=19 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419044601/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/a-date-with-komodo-dragons-in-chennai/article8489511.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The bank also functions as a natural shelter for a variety of birds, enabling bird-watching.<ref>{{cite news|last=Frederick|first=Prince|title=Birds attract visitors to croc bank|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai|date=24 March 2013|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/birds-attract-visitors-to-croc-bank/article4542373.ece|access-date=30 March 2013|archive-date=26 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130326174608/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/birds-attract-visitors-to-croc-bank/article4542373.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The bank also operates a night safari on weekends.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/07/17/stories/2008071754440600.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719170422/http://www.hindu.com/2008/07/17/stories/2008071754440600.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 July 2008|title=Madras Crocodile Bank to launch night safari|first=P.|last=Oppili|date=17 July 2008
|access-date=24 September 2011|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/travel/the-crocodile-who-yawned/article24219479.ece|title=Go on a night safari at the Madras Crocodile Bank|date=22 June 2018|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=18 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518094835/https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/travel/the-crocodile-who-yawned/article24219479.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

;Breakdown of exhibited species
[[File:CrocBank CrocsOnDisplay.jpg|thumb|Marsh crocodiles enclosure at the park]]
[[File:CrocBank SpecimenBoard.jpg|thumb|Information boards like this one provide detailed descriptions about the specimens on display]]
[[File:India_DSCN0349_(15380636462).jpg|thumb|An [[Aldabra giant tortoise]] at the park]]
[[File:Gharial and Turtle at the Crocodile Bank - Mamallapuram - India.JPG|thumb|Close-up view of an underwater exhibit at the park]]
[[File:CrocBank SalesShop.jpg|thumb|Shops selling reptile memorabilia within the zoo campus]]
Reptile stock at the Crocodile Bank as on 1 April 2011 is as follows:<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.madrascrocodilebank.org/cms/wp-content/themes/mcbt/annualreport_2010-2011.pdf|title=Annual Report 2010-2011|publisher=Madras Crocodile Bank Trust|access-date=1 October 2012|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120515062846/http://www.madrascrocodilebank.org/cms/wp-content/themes/mcbt/annualreport_2010-2011.pdf|archive-date=15 May 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|title=MCBT/Herpetology Center - Annual Report 2012-2013|url=http://www.madrascrocodilebank.org/cms/wp-content/themes/mcbt/MCBT-Annual%20Report-2012-13-KMM.pdf#page=6|publisher=Madras Crocodile Bank Trust|access-date=10 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718192042/http://www.madrascrocodilebank.org/cms/wp-content/themes/mcbt/MCBT-Annual%20Report-2012-13-KMM.pdf#page=6|archive-date=18 July 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all }}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 90%"
|-
! Common name (species)
! Total
|-
|'''Crocodilians'''||
|-
|  Marsh or [[Mugger crocodile]] (''Crocodylus palustris'')||2115
|-
|  [[Saltwater crocodile]] (''Crocodylus porosus'')||12
|-
|  [[Gharial]] (''Gavialis gangeticus'')||55
|-
|  [[Common caiman]] (''Caiman crocodylus'')||56
|-
|  [[Yacare caiman]] (''Caiman yacare'')||3
|-
|  [[Dwarf caiman]] (''Paleosuchus palpebrosus'')||13
|-
|  [[American alligator]] (''Alligator mississippiensis'')||2
|-
|  [[Siamese crocodile]] (''Crocodylus siamensis'')||9
|-
|  [[Nile crocodile]] (''Crocodylus niloticus'')||7
|-
|  [[African slender-snouted crocodile]] (''Mecistops cataphractus'')||6
|-
|  [[Dwarf crocodile]] (''Osteolaemus tetraspis'')||3
|-
|  [[Morelet's crocodile]] (''Crocodylus moreletti'')||13
|-
|  [[False gharial]] (''Tomistoma schlegelii'')||2
|-
|  [[Freshwater crocodile]] (''Crocodylus johnstoni'')||1
|-
|  '''Total'''||'''2302'''
|-
|'''Freshwater turtles'''||
|-
|  [[Indian softshell turtle]] (''Nilssonia gangetica'')||9
|-
|  [[Indian flapshell turtle]] (''Lissemys punctata'')||13
|-
|  [[Northern river terrapin]] (''Batagur baska'')||2
|-
|  [[Red-crowned roofed turtle]] (''Batagur kachuga'')||72
|-
|  [[Indian roofed turtle]] (''Pangshura tecta'')||2
|-
|  [[Indian roofed turtle]] (''Pangshura tecta circumdata'')||17
|-
|  [[Brahminy river turtle]] (''Hardella thurjii'')||2
|-
|  [[Indian star tortoise]] (''Geochelone elegans'')||8
|-
|  [[Travancore tortoise]] (''Indotestudo travancorica'')||23
|-
|  [[Aldabra giant tortoise]] (''Aldabrachelys gigantea'')||4
|-
|  [[Indian tent turtle]] or Pink Ringed Turtle (''Pangshura tentoria'')||1
|-
|  '''Total'''||'''152'''
|-
|'''Snakes'''||
|-
|  [[Indian rock python]] (''Python molurus'')||26
|-
|  [[Reticulated python]] (''Python reticulatus'')||1
|-
|  [[Indian cobra]] (Albino) (''Naja naja'')||1
|-
|  [[Green anaconda]] (''Eunectes murinus'')||1
|-
|  [[Eryx whitakeri|Whitakers sand boa]] (''Eryx whitakerii'')||1
|-
|  '''Total'''||'''30'''
|-
|'''Lizards'''||
|-
|  [[Northern caiman lizard]] (''Dracena guanensis'')||1
|-
|  [[Komodo dragon]]<ref name="A date with the dragons">{{cite news|title=A date with the dragons|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/a-date-with-komodo-dragons-in-chennai/article8489511.ece|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=18 April 2016|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=19 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419044601/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/a-date-with-komodo-dragons-in-chennai/article8489511.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> (''Varanus komodoensis'')||4
|-
|  [[Iguana]]||2
|-
|  '''Total'''||'''7'''
|-
|'''Total specimens'''||'''2491'''
|}

== Financials and patronage ==
[[File:CrocBank Office.jpg|thumb|Office of the zoo manager]]
As of 2021-22, the trust declared revenues of {{INRconvert|4.22|c}} against an expenditure of {{INRconvert|5.26|c}}. The trust gets about one-third of revenues from ticketing at the zoo with other income coming through research grants (23%), donations (12%), educational programmes (11%) among others. The trust spends 30% of the expenditure on wages followed by 23% for research. Other major costs include interest on capital and reptile feeding.<ref name="AR1"/> The park recorded about 0.42 million annual visitors from April 2018 to March 2019.<ref>{{cite report|title=Annual Report 2018-19|url=https://madrascrocodilebank.org/static/annual_reports/Annual%20Report-%202018-19.pdf|publisher=Madras Crocodile Bank|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> Post opening of the park after the Covid-induced lockdown, about 0.15 million visitors were recorded from September 2021 to March 2022 with an average monthly footfall of 21,400.<ref name="AR1"/>

==See also==
* [[Arignar Anna Zoological Park]]
* [[Chennai Snake Park Trust]]
* [[Guindy National Park]]
* [[Marine Kingdom]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website|http://www.madrascrocodilebank.org}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091128084509/http://www.cza.nic.in/index.html Official website of: "Central Zoo Authority of India" (CZA), Government of India]
* [http://www.anetindia.org/index.html Official website of: Andaman and Nicobar Environmental Team Centre for Island Ecology]{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{Zoos of India}}

{{Chennai Topics}}
{{Kanchipuram district}}{{Portal bar|India|Animals|Environment}}

[[Category:Tourist attractions in Chennai]]
[[Category:Zoos in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Zoology organizations]]
[[Category:Herpetology organizations]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1976]]
[[Category:1976 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Crocodilians of Asia]]

Rutvikbhai Makwana

2026-04-21T02:47:58Z

Dan: Creating Some Post Added Tags

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Rutvikbhai Lavjibhai Makwana
| image =
| caption = Rutvikbhai Lavjibhai Makwana
| native_name_lang = gj
| office = Member of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Chotila (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chotila]]
| term_start = 2017
| governor = [[Acharya Devvrat]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| birth_name = Rutvikbhai
| birth_date = 15 April 1975
| birth_place = Dhajala, Sayala, Surendranagar, [[Gujarat]]
| citizenship = [[India]]n
| profession = [[Agriculturist]]
| parents = Lavjibhai Makwana (father)
| spouse = Bhavnaben Makwana
| predecessor = Shamjibhai Chauhan
| term_end = 2022
}}

'''Rutvikbhai Lavjibhai Makwana''' is an [[Indian politician]]. He serves as [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of legislative assembly]] from [[Chotila (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chotila]] constituency. He is a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Service|first=Tribune News|title=Gujarat Assembly: Congress MLA reprimanded for Savarkar remark|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/gujarat-assembly-congress-mla-reprimanded-for-savarkar-remark-230391|access-date=2021-12-12|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-26|title=Congress MLA reprimanded for 'defamatory' remarks on Savarkar by Gujarat Assembly Speaker Rajendra Trivedi|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/congress-mla-reprimanded-for-defamatory-remarks-on-savarkar-by-gujarat-assembly-speaker-rajendra-trivedi-7245529/|access-date=2021-12-12|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> Makwana defeated the BJP's Dervaliya Zinabhai Najabhai in the 2017 election.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gujarat Assembly Elections 2017: Congress' Makwana Rutvikbhai wins from Chotila Vidhan Sabha constituency|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/gujarat-assembly-election/article/gujarat-assembly-elections-2017-chotila-constituency-bjp-congress/132145|access-date=2021-12-12|website=www.timesnownews.com|date=18 December 2017 |language=en}}</ref> He was appointed chief organiser of 'Gujarat Pradesh Seva Dal' by [[Rahul Gandhi]] in October 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rahul Gandhi approves Rutvik Makwana as chief organiser of Gujarat Pradesh Seva Dal {{!}} Politics|url=https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/politics/214864-rahul-gandhi-approves-rutvik-makwana-as-chief-organiser-of-gujarat-pradesh-seva-dal|access-date=2021-12-12|website=Devdiscourse|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-15|title=Chavda writes to Speaker, alleges harassment of Congress MLAs by police|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/chavda-writes-to-speaker-alleges-harassment-of-congress-mlas-by-police-7229632/|access-date=2021-12-12|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

In March 2021, he was arrested by police for his tractor [[yatra]] against [[Narendra Modi]] in [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=13 March 2021 |agency=TNN |title=Congress leaders, workers detained |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/cong-leaders-workers-detained/articleshow/81474337.cms |access-date=2021-12-12 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> Mr. [[Makwana (clan)|Makwana]] belong to the [[Koli people|Koli]] [[Caste system in India|caste]] of [[Gujarat]] [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kunvarji Bavaliya's exit raises concern for Koli MLAs of Gujarat Congress |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/ahmedabad/report-kunvarji-bavaliya-s-exit-raises-concern-for-koli-mlas-of-gujarat-congress-2636181 |access-date=2022-10-12 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |title=Gujarat Cong dabbles in social engineering, appoints 7 working presidents |url=https://thenewsmen.co.in/politics/gujarat-cong-dabbles-in-social-engineering-appoints-7-working-presidents/77753 |access-date=2022-10-12 |website=thenewsmen}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |agency=TNN|date=Jul 12, 2018 |title=Party's Koli leaders unite to counter Bavaliya {{!}} Ahmedabad News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/partys-koli-leaders-unite-to-counter-bavaliya/articleshow/64953671.cms |access-date=2022-10-12 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=2018-07-11 |title=Congress puts up show of Koli strength in Gujarat |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/hot-news/congress-puts-up-show-of-koli-strength-in-gujarat |access-date=2022-10-12 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Makwana, Rutvik}}
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Gujarat]]

{{Gujarat-INC-politician-stub}}

Jagat Singh (politician)

2026-04-19T16:59:07Z

Dan: New.

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Jagat Singh
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| office = [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Member of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Nadbai Assembly constituency|Nadbai]]
| term_start = December 2023
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Joginder Singh Awana]]
| successor =
| constituency1 = [[Kaman Assembly constituency|Kaman]]
| term_start1 = 2013
| term_end1 = 2018
| predecessor1 = [[Zahida Khan (Indian politician)|Zahida Khan]]
| successor1 = [[Zahida Khan (Indian politician)|Zahida Khan]]
| constituency2 = [[Rajgarh Laxmangarh Assembly constituency|Laxmangarh]]
| term_start2 = 2003
| term_end2 = 2008
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| office3 = [[Bharatpur, Rajasthan|District Head Bharatpur]]
| term_start3 = 6 September 2021
| term_end3 = 17 December 2023
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1968|08|28}}
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], [[India]]
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| birth_name =
| parents = [[Natwar Singh]] (father) Heminder Kaur (mother)
| party = [[Bhartiya Janta Party]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Soumaya Singh|2007}}
| partner =
| relations =
| children = 2
| alma_mater = [[University of Buckingham]]
| occupation = Politician
| profession = [[Agriculture]]
| education = [[Bachelor of Business Administration|B.B.A.]]
| other_party = [[Indian National Congress]]
}}
'''Jagat Singh''' (born 28 August 1968) is an Indian politician. Singh has been a member of the [[2003 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|12th]], [[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|14th]] and [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|16th]] Rajasthan legislative assemblies.<ref name="Jagat Singh 2023" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=5 January 2019 |title=BSP fields two-time former MLA Jagat Singh from Ramgarh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/bsp-fields-two-time-mla-jagat-singh-from-ramgarh/articleshow/67389661.cms |access-date=13 April 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He is currently a [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Member of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Nadbai Assembly constituency]] as a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name="Jagat Singh 2023"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/rajasthan-assembly-election/Nadbai-74|title=RAJASTHAN ELECTION 2023: NADBAI ASSEMBLY SEAT|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/rajasthan/constituency-show/nadbai|title=NADBAI ASSEMBLY ELECTION RESULTS 2023 NEWS|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Singh is the son of [[Natwar Singh]], the former [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Minister of External Affairs]] of India, and Heminder Kaur, the daughter of [[Yadavindra Singh|Yadvindra Singh]], the last [[Maharaja of Patiala]], and the granddaughter of [[Maharaja]] [[Bhupinder Singh of Patiala|Bhupinder Singh]] of [[Patiala State|Patiala]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh Nibber |first=Gurpreet |date=24 July 2017 |title=Obituary {{!}} A sister, a guardian, the royal mother: Rajmata of Patiala is no more |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/obituary-a-sister-a-guardian-the-royal-mother-rajmata-of-patiala-is-no-more/story-lLHxssjXmtaWOyLyQkADSJ.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126190711/https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/obituary-a-sister-a-guardian-the-royal-mother-rajmata-of-patiala-is-no-more/story-lLHxssjXmtaWOyLyQkADSJ.html |archive-date=26 November 2024 |access-date=11 May 2025 |work=Hindustan Times |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 June 2019 |title=Capt hosts Sikh Regiment to mark his family’s 100-yr association with it |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/punjab/capt-hosts-sikh-regiment-to-mark-his-familys-100-yr-association-with-it-791980 |access-date=11 May 2025 |website=The Tribune}}</ref>

Following the [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]], he was elected as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) from the [[Nadbai Assembly constituency]], defeating [[Joginder Singh Awana]], the candidate from the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC), by a margin of 15,767 votes.<ref name="Jagat Singh 2023">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/nadbai-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470687-2023-12-03|title=Nadbai Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: BJP's Jagat Singh wins Nadbai with 101497 votes|date=3 December 2023 |publisher=[[India Today]]|access-date=2023-12-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/nadbai-assembly-elections-rj-74/|title=Nadbai Assembly Election Results 2023|publisher=oneindia. com|access-date=2023-12-12}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Jagat}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Buckingham]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Rajasthan]]
{{Rajasthan-BJP-politician-stub}}

Eesha (film)

2026-04-12T14:19:03Z

Dan: starting initial pg w/ refs

{{Short description|2025 Indian Telugu film by Srinivas Manne}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Eesha
| image = Eesha (film).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Srinivas Manne
| story =
| producer = Pothula Hema Venkateswara Rao
| writer = Srinivas Manne
| screenplay =
| starring = {{plain list|
* [[Thrigun]]
* [[Hebah Patel]]
* Akhil Raj Uddemari
* Siri Hanmanth
}}
| music = RR Dhruvan
| cinematography = Santosh Sanamoni
| editing = Vinai Ramasamy V
| studio = HVR Productions
| distributor = {{Plain list|
* [[Bunny Vas|Bunny Vas Works]]
* Vamshi Nandipati Entertainments
}}
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2025|12|25}}
| runtime =
| language = Telugu
| country = India
| budget =
| gross = ₹9.50 crore<ref>{{cite web |title=ఈషా మూవీ టోటల్ కలెక్షన్స్...చిన్న సినిమా పెద్ద విజయం!! |url=https://t2blive.com/eeshamovie-ww-total-collections/ |website=T2BLive |language=en |date=4 March 2026|access-date=5 March 2026}}</ref>
}}
'''''Eesha''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Horror film|horror]] [[Thriller film|thriller]] film written and directed by Srinivas Manne.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-08 |title=Eesha trailer: Gripping and intriguing with stunning visuals |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Dec/08/eesha-trailer-gripping-and-intriguing-with-stunning-visuals |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> The film features [[Thrigun]], [[Hebah Patel]], Akhil Raj Uddemari and Siri Hanmanth in lead roles.

The film was released on 25 December 2025 and was a commercial success at the box office.

== Plot ==

Four childhood friends—Naina, Kalyan, Vinay, and Aparna—run a channel dedicated to debunking paranormal claims and exposing fraudulent spiritual practitioners. Firm believers in rationalism, they set out to investigate cases of alleged possession and supernatural activity.

During one such investigation, they encounter Dr. Aadidev, a former neurosurgeon who now practices as a spiritual healer, claiming to treat individuals afflicted by supernatural forces. Initially dismissive of his methods, the group attempts to expose him as a fraud. However, a series of unexplained events begins to challenge their skepticism.

As they delve deeper, the friends experience disturbing occurrences that defy logical explanation, including visions, behavioral changes, and apparent instances of possession. Their investigation gradually uncovers links between Aadidev’s practices and a series of past incidents involving unexplained deaths and occult rituals.

The group becomes entangled in a supernatural conflict that tests their beliefs and threatens their safety. As the boundary between reality and the paranormal blurs, they must confront forces beyond their understanding while attempting to uncover the truth behind Aadidev’s activities and the entity known as “Eesha.”

== Cast ==
* [[Thrigun]] as Kalyan
* [[Hebah Patel]] as Naina
* Akhil Raj Uddemari as Vinay
* Siri Hanmanth as Aparna
* [[Babloo Prithiveeraj]] as Dr. Aadidev
* [[Mime Madhu]] as Punyavathi

== Music ==
The background score and songs were composed by RR Dhruvan.

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length =
| all_lyrics = RR Dhruvan
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Isha Title Song
| extra1 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| length1 = 2:46
| title2 = Friendship Song
| extra2 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length2 = 3:26
}}

==Release and reception==
''Eesha'' was initially scheduled to release on 12 December 2025 but was later released on 25 December 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-04 |title=Hebah Patel starrer Eesha gets a release date with a special teaser |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Dec/04/hebah-patel-starrer-eesha-gets-a-release-date-with-a-special-teaser |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2025-12-25 |title=Eesha: A thoughtful horror drama |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/eesha-a-thoughtful-horror-drama-1033677 |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

Sanjana Pulugurtha of [[The Times of India|''The Times of India'']] rated it 3 out of 5 and opined that "a more polished script and sharper screenplay might have elevated the film into a more compelling and consistently chilling experience".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eesha Movie Review: Predictable tropes weigh down this eerie horror thriller |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/eesha/movie-review/126215176.cms |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> Suresh Kavirayani of [[Cinema Express|''Cinema Express'']] rated it 2 out of 5 and quoted it as "a regular, by-the-book horror thriller that offers a few scattered scares".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=2025-12-26 |title=Eesha Movie Review: A familiar horror tale that never rises above the ordinary |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/review/2025/Dec/26/eesha-movie-review-a-familiar-horror-tale-that-never-rises-above-the-ordinary |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|39109585|Eesha}}

[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:2025 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 horror thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian horror thriller films]]
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]

British expedition to Tibet

2026-04-12T02:16:32Z

Dan:

{{Short description|1903–1904 military expedition}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2013}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = British expedition to Tibet
| partof = the [[Great Game]]
| image = Meeting with tibetans.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = [[British Raj]] officers with Qing [[List of Qing ambans in Tibet|amban]] and [[Tibetans]]
| date = December 1903 – September 1904
| place = Southern Tibetan Plateau
| coordinates = {{coord|26|05|20|N|89|16|37|E|source:kolossus-ruwiki|display=inline,title}}
| result = [[British Raj|British-Indian]] victory
* [[Convention of Lhasa]]
* Return to ''[[status quo ante bellum]]''
* British occupation of [[Chumbi Valley]] until 1908 for Chinese payment of indemnities
| combatant1 = {{flagcountry|British Empire}}
* {{flag|British India}}
| combatant2 = {{flagicon|Qing dynasty}} [[Tibet under Qing rule|Great Qing]]
* {{flagicon|TIB}} [[Tibet under Qing rule|Tibet]]
| commander1 = {{flagdeco|UKGBI}} [[James Macdonald (British Army officer)|James Macdonald]] {{flagdeco|UKGBI}} [[Francis Younghusband]]
| commander2 = {{flagicon|TIB}} [[13th Dalai Lama]] {{flagicon|TIB}} Dapon Tailing
| strength1 = 3,000 soldiers 7,000 support troops
| strength2 = Unknown, several thousand peasant conscripts
| casualties1 = 202 killed in action 411 non-combat deaths
| casualties2 = 2,000–3,000 killed{{sfnp|Allen, Duel in the Snows|2015|p=299}}
}}
{{History of Tibet}}

The '''British expedition to Tibet''', also known as the '''Younghusband expedition''',<ref>{{harvp|Lamb, Tibet, China & India|1989|p=403}}: "The critical factor which ultimately produced a major change, however, was political, a consequence of the rise of Chinese influence in Lhasa following the departure of the '''Younghusband Expedition''' which culminated in the Chinese military occupation of 1910 and the flight of the Dalai Lama to India."</ref> began in December 1903 and lasted until September 1904. The expedition was effectively a temporary invasion by [[British Indian Army|British Indian Armed Forces]] under the auspices of the [[Tibet Frontier Commission]], whose purported mission was to establish diplomatic relations and resolve the dispute over the border between Tibet and [[Kingdom of Sikkim|Sikkim]].<ref name="Landon">Landon, P. (1905). ''The Opening of Tibet'' Doubleday, Page & Co, New York.</ref> In the nineteenth century, the British had conquered [[Konbaung dynasty|Burma]] and Sikkim, with the whole southern flank of Tibet coming under the control of the [[British Raj|British Indian Empire]]. Tibet was ruled by the [[13th Dalai Lama]] under the [[Ganden Phodrang]] government as a [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] state nominally under the [[Tibet under Qing rule|protectorate]] (or suzerainty) of the Chinese [[Qing dynasty]] until the [[1911 Revolution]], after which a [[Tibet (1912–1951)|period of de facto Tibetan independence]] (1912–1951) followed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Tibet/Tibet-since-1900|title=Tibet - Autonomy, Religion, Culture | Britannica|date=1 October 2024|website=www.britannica.com|access-date=3 October 2024}}</ref>

The invasion was intended to counter the [[Russian Empire]]'s perceived ambitions in the East and was initiated largely by [[George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston|Lord Curzon]], the head of the British Indian government. Curzon had long held deep concerns over Russia's advances in central Asia and now feared a Russian invasion of [[British Raj|British India]].{{sfnp|Allen, Duel in the Snows|2015|p=1}} In April 1903, the British government received clear assurances from Russia that it had no interest in Tibet. "In spite, however, of the Russian assurances, Lord Curzon continued to press for the dispatch of a mission to Tibet," a high level British political officer noted.{{sfnp|Bell, Tibet Past and Present|1924|p=66}}

The expeditionary force fought its way to [[Gyantse]] and eventually reached [[Lhasa]], the capital of Tibet, in August 1904. The [[13th Dalai Lama|Dalai Lama]], Thubten Gyatso, had fled to safety, first to [[Mongolia under Qing rule|Mongolia]] and then to [[China proper]]. The poorly trained and equipped Tibetans proved no match for the modern equipment and training of the British Indian forces. At Lhasa, the Commission forced remaining Tibetan officials to sign the [[Convention of Lhasa]], before withdrawing to Sikkim in September, with the understanding the Chinese government would not permit any other country to interfere with the administration of Tibet.<ref name="treaty 1904">{{cite web |title=Convention Between Great Britain and Tibet (1904) |access-date=29 June 2011 |url=http://www.tibetjustice.org/materials/treaties/treaties10.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610041954/http://www.tibetjustice.org/materials/treaties/treaties10.html |archive-date=10 June 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The mission was recognized as a military expedition by the British Indian government, which issued a campaign medal, the [[Tibet Medal]], to all those who took part.{{sfnp|Bell, Tibet Past and Present|1924|p=68}}<ref name=Joslin>{{cite book|author=Joslin, Litherland and Simpkin.|title=British Battles and Medals.| pages=217–8. Published Spink, London. 1988}}</ref>

==Background==
{{Further|Great Game}}
[[File:Map of Lhasa, Tibet (Thibet) and the Himalayas in 1885 from 12 of 'The Imperial Gazetteer of India ... Second edition (revised and enlarged)' (11180098823) (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|280px|India's frontier with Tibet in the late 19th century]]

[[British Raj|British-ruled India]] came in contact with Tibet after the annexation of [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]] and [[Garhwal division|Garhwal]] in 1815, and it expanded further with their reach into [[Punjab]] and [[Kashmir]]. However, the British were unable to carry out any negotiations or trade with Tibet. After [[Sikkim]] came under British protection in 1861, its border with Tibet needed to be defined. Sikkim also appeared to the British as an ideal route to conduct trade with Tibet.{{sfnp|Lamb, Tibet, China & India|1989|pp=1–2}}

The presence of Chinese [[amban]]s in Tibet led the British to assume that China possessed authority over Tibet and they began to negotiate with China regarding relations with Tibet.{{sfnp|International Commission of Jurists|1959|p=77}} However, the Tibetans rejected the results of these negotiations, including the [[Convention of Calcutta|border settlement]] and the trade agreement. Tibetan troops erected a stone fortress across the trade route on Sikkimese territory. Protests to China obtained no relief.{{sfnp|International Commission of Jurists|1959|p=77}} Boundary pillars erected by the British and Chinese commissioners were removed by the Tibetans.{{sfnp|International Commission of Jurists|1959|p=78}} The British trade commissioner was told that Tibet did not recognise the concessions made by China. British efforts to directly negotiate with the Tibetans were also rebuffed.{{sfnp|International Commission of Jurists|1959|p=77}} The Chinese inability to implement the concessions exposed their "impotence" in Tibet.{{sfnp|International Commission of Jurists|1959|p=77}} The British Governor-General came to the conclusion that Chinese suzerainty over Tibet was a "constitutional fiction", which was maintained only for mutual convenience and had no effect in practice.{{sfnp|International Commission of Jurists|1959|p=80}}

On top of this, there were rumours and suspicions in the [[British Raj|British colonial government]] that the Tibetans had reached a secret understanding with the [[Russian Empire|Russians]] over Tibet, and that Russia was providing arms and fighting forces to Tibet against the [[British Raj]].{{sfnp|Mehra, Britain and Tibet|2016|p=277}} Russian influence in Tibet would afford them a direct route to British India, breaking the chain of quasi-autonomous buffer-states that separated the Raj from the Russian Empire to the north. These rumours were supported by the Russian exploration of Tibet and the presence of a Siberian-born courtier and Mongolian Buddhist [[lama]] named [[Agvan Dorzhiev]], who knew and tutored the [[13th Dalai Lama]].<ref name="Agvan Dorjiev">{{cite web|url=https://treasuryoflives.org/biographies/view/Agvan-Dorjiev/13510|title=Agvan Dorjiev|website=treasuryoflives.org}}</ref> While the Dalai Lama declined to have dealings with the British, he established contact with the [[Czar Nicholas II|Tsar of Russia]] through Dorzhiev. In 1900, he sent an appeal for Russian protection through Dorzhiev, who met the Tsar at the imperial summer residence in Livadia on 30 September 1900. Gifts were exchanged and the possibility of a Russian consulate in Tibet was discussed. In 1901 Dorzhiev and other representatives met with the Tsar at [[Peterhof Palace|Peterhof]]. A Russo-Tibetan treaty was drafted but not adopted due to fears of conflict with the British and Qing regimes. Russia sent back arms and ammunition, as well as a set of Russian Episcopal robes, to the Dalai Lama.<ref name="Agvan Dorjiev"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rbth.com/history/331743-buddhist-agvan-dorzhiev|title=Spy or saint? The Buddhist monk who brought Russia closer to Tibet|first=Ksenia|last=Zubacheva|date=26 February 2020|website=Russia Beyond|accessdate=3 October 2024}}</ref>

These events reinforced the Governor-General [[George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston|Lord Curzon]]'s belief that the Dalai Lama intended to place Tibet firmly within a sphere of Russian influence and end its neutrality.{{sfnp|Allen, Duel in the Snows|2015|p=2}} In 1903, Curzon sent a request to the governments of China and Tibet for negotiations, to be held at [[Kampa Dzong|Khampa Dzong]], a tiny Tibetan village north of [[Sikkim]] to establish trade agreements. The Chinese were willing, and ordered the thirteenth Dalai Lama to attend. However, the Dalai Lama refused, and also refused to provide transport to enable the amban, Yu Tai, to attend.{{sfnp|Powers, History as Propaganda|2004|p=80}}<ref name="French"/>

==Tibet Frontier Commission==
[[File:FrancisYounghusband.jpg|thumb|right|[[Francis Younghusband|Col. Francis Younghusband]]]]
[[File:Lamellar coat and helmet. From Tibet, in modern-day China. 14th-17th century CE. Iron, leather, and textile. Presented by Lieutenant Colonel Sir Francis Younghusband. Discoveries Gallery, National Museum of Scotland.jpg|thumb|Lamellar coat and helmet. From Tibet, in modern-day China. 14th–17th century CE. Iron, leather, and textile. Presented by Lieutenant Colonel Sir Francis Younghusband. Discoveries Gallery, National Museum of Scotland]]

Governor-General Curzon gained approval from London to send a [[Tibet Frontier Commission]], led by Colonel [[Francis Younghusband]] with [[John Claude White]] and E. C. Wilson as Deputy Commissioners, to Khampa Dzong.{{sfnp|Powers, History as Propaganda|2004|p=80}}<ref name="French">{{cite book |first=Patrick |last=French |title=Younghusband: The Last Great Imperial Adventurer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ENfKlCIqAxoC |year=2011 |publisher=Penguin Books Limited |isbn=978-0-14-196430-0 |page=269}}</ref>{{verify source|date=October 2020}} However, it is not known whether the [[Arthur Balfour|Balfour]] government was fully aware of the difficulty of the operation, or of the Tibetan opinion of the idea.{{citation needed|date=October 2012}}

On 19{{nbsp}}July 1903, Younghusband arrived at [[Gangtok]], the capital city of the British Indian princely state of [[Sikkim]], where John Claude White was [[Indian Political Department|political officer]], to prepare for his mission. White was unhappy with his secondment to the expeditionary force and, to Younghusband's displeasure, had done everything in his power to have the appointment cancelled. He failed, and Younghusband had his revenge for White's insubordination when he later left him in the leech-infested jungles of Sikkim to arrange for mules and coolies to transport supplies to the expedition.<ref name="French" />

Meanwhile, a letter from the under-secretary to the government of India to Younghusband on 26{{nbsp}}July 1903 stated that "In the event of your meeting the Dalai Lama, the government of India authorizes you to give him the assurance which you suggest in your letter."{{citation needed|date=October 2020}} From August 1903, Younghusband and his escort commander at Khampa Dzong, Lieutenant Colonel Herbert Brander, tried to provoke the Tibetans into a confrontation.{{sfnp|Allen, Duel in the Snows|2015|p=28}} The British took a few months to prepare for the expedition that pressed into Tibetan territories in early December 1903 following an act of "Tibetan hostility", which was afterwards established by the British resident in Nepal to have been the herding of some trespassing Nepalese yaks and their drovers back across the border.{{sfnp|Allen, Duel in the Snows|2015|p=31}} When Younghusband telegrammed the Viceroy, in an attempt to strengthen the British Cabinet's support of the invasion, that intelligence indicated Russian arms had entered Tibet, Curzon privately silenced him. "Remember that in the eyes of HMG we are advancing not because of Dorzhiev, or Russian rifles in Lhasa, but because of our Convention shamelessly violated, our frontier trespassed upon, our subjects arrested, our mission flouted, our representations ignored."{{sfnp|Allen, Duel in the Snows|2015|p=33}}

===Opposing forces===
The Tibetan soldiers were almost all rapidly impressed peasants, who lacked organisation, discipline, training, and motivation. Only a handful of their most devoted units, comprising monks armed usually with [[sword]]s and [[Wall gun|jingals]], proved to be effective, but they were in such small numbers as to be unable to reverse the tide of battle. This problem was exacerbated by their generals, who seemed in awe of the British and refused to make any aggressive moves against the small and often dispersed column. They also failed conspicuously to properly defend their natural barriers, frequently offering battle in relatively open ground, where Maxim guns and rifle volleys caused great numbers of casualties.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}

By contrast, the British and Indian troops were experienced veterans of mountainous border warfare on the [[North-West Frontier (military history)|North-West Frontier]], as was their commanding officer.

The British force, which consisted mostly of [[British Indian Army|British Indian troops]], numbered over 3,000 fighting men complemented by 7,000 sherpas, porters, and camp followers. This force consisted of elements of the [[8 Gorkha Rifles|8th Gurkhas]], [[40th Pathans]], [[23rd Sikh Pioneers|23rd]] and [[32nd Sikh Pioneers]], [[19th Punjabis|19th Punjab Infantry]], and the [[Royal Fusiliers]], as well as mountain artillery, engineers, [[Maxim machine gun]] detachments from four regiments, and thousands of porters recruited from [[Nepal]] and Sikkim. The British authorities, anticipating the problems of high altitude conflict, included many [[Gurkha]] and [[Pashtun people|Pathan]] troops from mountainous regions such as Nepal; six companies of the 23rd Sikh Pioneers, four companies of the 8th Gurkhas in reserve at Gnatong in Sikkim, and two Gurkha companies guarding the British camp at Khamba Dzong were involved.{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}

===Preparations===
The Tibetans were aware of the expedition, and a Tibetan general at [[Old Yatung|Yatung]] wondered about British intentions. Colonel Younghusband replied, on 6 December 1903, that "we are not at war with Tibet, and unless we are ourselves attacked, we shall not attack the Tibetans".{{citation needed|date=October 2020}} When no Tibetan or Chinese officials met the British at Khampa Dzong, Younghusband advanced with some 1,150 soldiers, porters, labourers, and thousands of pack animals, to Tuna, 50 miles beyond the border. After waiting more months there, hoping in vain to be met by negotiators, the expedition received orders (in 1904) to continue toward Lhasa.<ref name="Powers80">{{harvp|Powers, History as Propaganda|2004|p=80}}</ref>

The Tibet government, guided by the [[13th Dalai Lama|thirteenth Dalai Lama]], alarmed by a foreign power dispatching a military mission to its capital, began marshalling its armed forces.

==Expedition==
[[File:Younghusband-team-1904.jpg|thumb|Major [[Francis Younghusband]] leading a British force to [[Lhasa]] in 1904]]

The British army that departed Gnathong in [[Sikkim]] on 11{{nbsp}}December 1903 was well prepared for battle, having had long experience of Indian border wars. Its commander, Brigadier General [[James Ronald Leslie Macdonald]], wintered in the border country, using the time to train his troops near regular supplies of food and shelter before advancing in earnest in March 1904, travelling over {{convert|50|mi}} before encountering his first major obstacle at the pass of Guru ({{coord|28.0895|N|89.2778|E|name=Guru}}), near Lake Bam Tso (or Dochen Tso) on 31 March.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}

===Massacre of Chumik Shenko===
A military confrontation on 31{{nbsp}}March 1904 became known as the Massacre of Chumik Shenko.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}} Facing the vanguard of Macdonald's army and blocking the road was a Tibetan force of 3,000 armed with antiquated [[matchlock]] muskets, ensconced behind a {{convert|5|ft|m|adj=mid|-high}} rock wall. On the slope above, the Tibetans had placed seven or eight [[Sangar (fortification)|sangars]].{{sfnp|Fleming, Bayonets to Lhasa|1961|p=146}} The Commissioner, Younghusband, was asked to stop but replied that the advance must continue, and that he could not allow any Tibetan troops to remain on the road. The Tibetans would not fight, but nor would they vacate their positions. Younghusband and Macdonald agreed that "the only thing to do was to disarm them and let them go". British writer Charles Allen has also suggested that a dummy attack was played out in an effort to provoke the Tibetans into opening fire.{{sfnp|Allen, Duel in the Snows|2015|p=113}}

It seems then that scuffles between the Sikhs and Tibetan guards grouped around Tibetan generals sparked an action of the Lhasa general: he fired a pistol hitting a Sikh in the jaw. British accounts insist that the Tibetan general became angry at the sight of the brawl developing and shot the Sikh soldier in the face, prompting a violent response from the soldier's comrades, which rapidly escalated the situation.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}} Henry Newman, a reporter for [[Reuters]], who described himself as an eye-witness, said that following this shot, the mass of Tibetans surged forward and their attack fell next on a correspondent for the ''[[Daily Mail]]'', [[Edmund Candler]], and that very soon after this, fire was directed from three sides on the Tibetans crowded behind the wall. In Doctor Austine Waddell's account, "they poured a withering fire into the enemy, which, with the quick firing [[Maxim gun|Maxims]], mowed down the Tibetans in a few minutes with a terrific slaughter."{{sfnp|Allen, Duel in the Snows|2015|pp=111–120}} Second-hand accounts from the Tibetan side have asserted both that the British tricked the Tibetans into extinguishing the fuses for their matchlocks, and that the British opened fire without warning. However, no evidence exists to show such trickery took place and the likelihood is that the unwieldy weapons were of very limited use in the circumstances. Furthermore, the British, Sikh, and Gurkha soldiers closest to the Tibetans were nearly all protected by a high wall, and none were killed.{{sfnp|Allen, Duel in the Snows|2015|p=120}}

[[File:Tibetan Soldier at Target Practise.jpg|thumb|left|Tibetan soldier during target practice]]

The Tibetans were mown down by the Maxim guns as they fled. "I got so sick of the slaughter that I ceased fire, though the general's order was to make as big a bag as possible", wrote Lieutenant Arthur Hadow, commander of the Maxim guns detachment. "I hope I shall never again have to shoot down men walking away."<ref name="VirtualTibet">Virtual Tibet: Searching for Shangri-La from the Himalayas to Hollywood, p. 195.</ref>

Half a mile from the battlefield, the Tibetan forces reached shelter and were allowed to withdraw by Brigadier-General Macdonald. Behind them, they left between 600 and 700 dead and 168 wounded, 148 of whom survived in British field hospitals as prisoners. British casualties were 12 wounded.<ref name="Powers81">{{harvp|Powers, History as Propaganda|2004|p=81}}</ref> During this battle and some to follow, the Tibetans wore amulets which their lamas had promised would magically protect them from any harm. After one battle, surviving Tibetans showed profound confusion over the ineffectiveness of these amulets.<ref name="Powers81" /> In a telegraph to his superior in India a day later, Younghusband stated: "I trust the tremendous punishment they have received will prevent further fighting, and induce them at last to negotiate."{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}

===Advance to Gyantse===
[[File:Tibetan horseman.jpg|thumb|Armoured Tibetan horseman]]

Past the first barrier and with increasing momentum, Macdonald's force crossed abandoned defences at Kangma a week later, and on 9 April attempted to pass through Red Idol Gorge, which had been fortified to prevent passage. Macdonald ordered his Gurkha troops to scale the steep hillsides of the gorge and drive out the Tibetan forces ensconced high on their cliffs. This they began, but soon were lost in a furious blizzard, which stopped all communications with the Gurkha force. Some hours later, exploratory probes down the pass encountered shooting and a desultory exchange continued till the storm ended around noon, which showed that the Gurkhas had by chance found their way to a position above the Tibetan troops. Thus faced with shooting from both sides as Sikh soldiers pushed up the hill, the Tibetans moved back, again coming under severe fire from British artillery and retreated in good order, leaving behind 200 dead. British losses were again negligible.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}

Following this fight at the "Red Idol Gorge", as the British later called it, the British military pressed on to Gyantse, reaching it on 11 April.{{sfnp|Allen, Duel in the Snows|2015|p=137}} The town's gates were opened before Macdonald's forces, the garrison having already departed. Francis Younghusband wrote to his father; "As I have always said, the Tibetans are nothing but sheep." The townspeople continued with their business and the Westerners took a look at the monastic complex, the [[Pelkor Chode Monastery|Palkor Chode]]. The central feature was the Temple of One Hundred Thousand Deities, a nine-storey [[stupa]], modelled on the [[Mahabodhi Temple]] at [[Bodhgaya]], the spot where [[Gautama Buddha]] first achieved enlightenment.{{sfnp|Allen, Duel in the Snows|2015|p=141}} Statuettes and scrolls were shared out between officers. Younghusband's Mission Staff and Escort were billeted in the country mansion and farmyard of a Tibetan noble family named Changlo, and 'Changlo Manor' became the Mission Headquarters where Younghusband could hold his [[Durbar (court)|durbars]] and meet representatives of the Dalai Lama. In the words of historian Charles Allen, they now entered 'a halcyon period', even planting a vegetable garden at the Manor while officers explored the town unescorted, or went fishing and shooting. The commission's medical officer, the philanthropic Captain [[Herbert James Walton|Herbert Walton]], attended to the needs of the local populace, notably performing operations to correct [[cleft palate]]s, a particularly common affliction in Tibet.<ref name=Plarr>Plarr, V. (1938). ''Plarr's Lives of the Fellows of the Royal College of Surgeons of England.'' Vol. 3, p. 815. Royal College of Surgeons, London.</ref> Five days after he arrived at Gyantse, and deeming the defences of Changlo Manor secure, Macdonald ordered the main force to begin the march back to [[New Chumbi]] to protect the supply line.{{sfnp|Allen, Duel in the Snows|2015|p=149}}

Younghusband wanted to move the Mission to Lhasa and [[telegraph]]ed London for an opinion but got no reply. Reaction in Britain to the events of Chumik Shenko had been one of "shock [and] growing disquiet". ''[[The Spectator]]'' and ''[[Punch (magazine)|Punch]]'' magazines had expressed views critical of a spectacle that included "half-armed men" being wiped out "with the irresistible weapons of science". In [[Whitehall]], the Cabinet "kept its collective head down". Meanwhile, intelligence reached Younghusband that Tibetan troops had gathered at Karo La, 45 miles east of Gyantse.{{sfnp|Allen, Duel in the Snows|2015|p=156}}

Lieutenant Colonel Herbert Brander, Commander of the Mission Escort at Changlo Manor, decided to strike against the Tibetan force assembling at Karo La without consulting Brigadier General Macdonald, who was two days' riding away. Brander consulted Younghusband instead, who declared himself in favour of the action. [[Perceval Landon]], correspondent of ''[[The Times]]'' who had sat in on the discussions, observed that it was "injudicious" to attack the Tibetans, and that it was "quite out of keeping with the studious way in which we have hitherto kept ourselves in the right." Brander's telegram setting out his plans reached Macdonald at New Chumbi on 3 May and he sought to reverse the action, but it was too late.{{sfnp|Allen, Duel in the Snows|2015|pp=157–159}} The battle at Karo La on 5–6 May is possibly the highest altitude action in history, won by Gurkha riflemen of the 8th Gurkhas and [[sepoy]]s of the 32nd Sikh Pioneers who had climbed and then fought at an altitude in excess of 5,700 m.{{sfnp|Allen, Duel in the Snows|2015|p=176}}

===Mission under siege===
Meanwhile, an estimated 800 Tibetans attacked the Chang Lo garrison. The Tibetan war gave the Mission staff time to form ranks and repulse the assailants, who lost 160 dead; three men of the Mission garrison were killed. An exaggerated account of the attack, written by Lieutenant Leonard Bethell while faraway at New Chumbi, extolled Younghusband's heroism; in fact, Younghusband's own account revealed that he had fled to the Redoubt, where he remained under cover. The Gurkhas' light mountain guns and Maxims which would have been extremely useful in defending the fort, now back in Tibetan hands, had been requisitioned by Brander's Karo La party. Younghusband sent a message to Brander telling him to complete his attack on Karo, and only then to return to relieve the garrison. The unprovoked attack on the Mission and the Tibetans' reoccupation of the Gyantse Dzong,{{sfnp|Allen, Duel in the Snows|2015|p=163}} though a shock, did in fact serve Younghusband's purpose. He wrote privately to Lord Curzon: "The Tibetans as usual have played into our hands." To [[Lord Ampthill]] in [[Shimla|Simla]] he wrote that "His Majesty's Government must see that the necessity for going to Lhasa has now been proved beyond all doubt."{{sfnp|Allen, Duel in the Snows|2015|p=177}}

Following the 5 May attack, the Mission and its garrison remained under constant fire from the Dzong. The Tibetans' weapons may have been inefficient and primitive but they kept up a constant pressure and fatalities were an irregular but nagging reality; a fatality on 6 May was followed by another eleven in the seven weeks after the surprise attack on Changlo Manor. The garrison responded with its own attacks; some of the Mounted Infantry returned from Karo La, armed with new standard-issue [[Lee–Enfield]] rifles, and pursued Tibetan horsemen, and one of the Maxims was stationed on the roof and short bursts of machine-gun fire met targets as they appeared on the walls of the Dzong.{{sfnp|Allen, Duel in the Snows|2015|p=186}}

The attack on Changlo Manor seemed to spur the British and Indian Governments to renewed efforts, and reinforcements were duly despatched. British troops stationed at [[Lebong Valley|Lebong]], the 1st battalion of the [[Royal Fusiliers]], the nearest British infantry available, were sent, as well as six companies of Indian troops from the 40th Pathans, a party from the 1st Battalion, the [[Royal Irish Rifles]] with two Maxim guns, a British Army Mountain Battery with four ten-pounder guns, and Murree Mountain Battery, as well as two Field Hospitals. Setting out on 24 May 1904, the Royal Fusiliers joined up with Macdonald at New Chumbi, the base depot of the Tibet Mission, in the first days of June.{{sfnp|Allen, Duel in the Snows|2015|p=185}}

===Alarms and politics at Gyantse, and beyond===
{{More citations needed section|date=October 2022}}
[[File:Native Infantry Younghusband 1904.png|thumb|left|250px|Native troops on the expedition]]

Significant alarms and actions during this period included fighting on 18–19 May when attempts were made to take a building away from the Tibetans between the Dzong and the Mission post, which were successful. About 50 Tibetans were gunned down and the building was renamed the Gurkha House. On 21 May Brander's fighters set out for the village of Naini, where the monastery and a small fort were occupied by the Tibetans; they were involved in significant fighting but were required to break off to return to defend the Mission which was under concerted attack from the Dzong — an attack stifled by Ottley's Mounted Infantry. It was the last serious attempt by Dapon Tailing (the Tibetan commander of the garrison at Gyantse Dzong) to take Changlo Manor. On 24 May a company of the 32nd Sikh pioneers arrived and Captain Seymour Shepard, [[Distinguished Service Order|DSO]], "a legend in the Indian Army" reached Gyantse, commanding a group of sappers, which lifted British morale. On 28 May he was involved in an attack on Palla Manor, 1,000 yards east of Changlo Manor. 400 Tibetans were killed or wounded. No more assaults were contemplated at this point until Macdonald returned with more troops and Brander concentrated on strengthening the 3 positions: the Manor, the Gurka House, and Palla Manor; he also reopened the line of communication with New Chumbi.

By now the Commander-in-Chief in India, [[Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|Lord Kitchener]], was determined to see that Brigadier-General Macdonald should henceforth be in charge of the Mission at all times. The feeling in Simla was that Younghusband was unduly eager to head straight for Lhasa. Younghusband set out for New Chumbi on 6 June and telegraphed Louis Dane, the head of Curzon's Foreign Department, telling him that "we are now fighting the Russians, not the Tibetans. Since Karo La we are dealing with Russia." He further sent off a stream of letters and telegrams claiming there was overwhelming evidence of the Tibetans relying on Russian support and that they were receiving a very substantial amount of it. These were claims with no foundation. Younghusband was ordered by Lord Ampthill, as acting Viceroy, to re-open negotiations and try again to communicate with the Dalai Lama. Reluctantly Younghusband did deliver an ultimatum in two letters, one addressed to the Dalai Lama and one to the Chinese amban, [[Manchu people|Manchu]] Resident in Lhasa, Yu-t'ai, though, as he wrote to his sister, he was against this course of action for he saw it as "giving them another chance of negotiating". On 10 June Younghusband arrived at New Chumbi. Macdonald and Younghusband discussed their differences, and on 12 June the Tibet Field Force marched out of New Chumbi.

Once the obstacle of Gyantse Dzong was cleared, the road to Lhasa would be open. Gyantse Dzong was, however, too strong for a small raiding force to capture, and as it overlooked British supply routes, it became the primary target of Macdonald's army. On 26 June, a fortified monastery at Naini which covered the approach was taken in [[Urban warfare|house-to-house fighting]] by the Gurkhas and 40th Pathan soldiers. Further, Tibetan forces in two forts in the village were caught "between two fires" as the garrison at Changlo Manor joined the fight.{{sfnp|Allen, Duel in the Snows|2015|p=201}}{{verify source|date=October 2020}} On 28 June a final obstacle to assaulting Gyantse Dzong was overcome when the [[Tsechen Monastery and Dzong|Tsechen Monastery]], to the north-west, and the fortress that guarded its rear were cleared by two companies of Gurkhas, the 40th Pathans and two waves of infantry. Since the monastery had offered resistance it was considered fit to loot – several old and valuable ''[[thangka]]s'' duly surfaced at [[Christie's]] later in the summer and were sold for high prices.{{sfnp|Allen, Duel in the Snows|2015|p=209}}

Tibetan responses to the invasion so far had comprised almost entirely static defences and sniping from the mountains at the passing column, neither tactic proving effective. Apart from the failed assault on Chang Lo two months previously, the Tibetans had not made any sallies against British positions. This attitude was born of a mix of justifiable fear of the Maxim Guns, and faith in the solid rock of their defences, yet in every battle they were disappointed, primarily by their poor weaponry and inexperienced officers.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}

On 3 July, a formal durbar was held at the Mission and the Tibetan delegation told by Younghusband to clear out of the Dzong in 36 hours. Younghusband made no effort to negotiate, though why talks could not take place while the Tibetans held the Dzong was not clear. The more patient General Macdonald, meanwhile, was subject to a campaign that sought to undermine his authority; Captain [[William Frederick Travers O'Connor|O'Connor]] wrote to Helen Younghusband on 3 July that "He should be removed & another & better man-a fighting general- substituted".

===Storming of Gyantse Dzong===
{{More citations needed section|date=October 2022}}
[[File:Gyantse Fortress.jpg|thumb|right|The Gyantse Dzong today]]

The [[Gyantse Dzong]] was a massively protected fortress; defended by the best Tibetan troops and the country's only artillery, it commanded a forbidding position high over the valley below. Macdonald engaged in a "demonstration", a feint directed mainly against the western edges of Gyantse Dzong which would draw Tibetan soldiers away from the southern side of the Dzong which was to be the main object of the attack to come. An artillery bombardment with mountain guns would then create a breach, which would be stormed immediately by his main force. The ancient monastic complex at Tsechen, dating from the fourteenth century, was torched, to prevent its re-occupation by the Tibetans.

The eventual assault on 6 July did not happen as planned, as the Tibetan walls were stronger than expected. General Macdonald's plan was for the infantry to advance in three columns, from the south-west, the south, and south-east. Yet at the opening of the attack there was a near disaster when two columns blundered into each other in the dark. It took eleven hours to break through. The breach was not completed until 4:00 pm, by which time the assault had little time to succeed before nightfall. As Gurkhas and [[Royal Fusiliers]] charged the broken wall, they came under heavy fire and suffered some casualties. Gurkha troops climbed the rock directly under the upper ramparts, scaling the rock face as rocks rained down on them and misdirected fire from one of the Maxims hit more of these Gurkhas than Tibetan defenders above them.{{sfnp|Allen, Duel in the Snows|2015|p=221}}{{verify source|date=October 2020}} After several failed attempts to gain the walls, two soldiers broke through a bottleneck under fire despite both being wounded. They gained a foothold which the following troops exploited, enabling the walls to be taken. The Tibetans retreated in good order, allowing the British control of the road to Lhasa, but denying Macdonald a route and thus remaining a constant threat (although never a serious problem) in the British rear for the remainder of the campaign.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}

The two soldiers who broke the wall at Gyantse Dzong were both well rewarded. Lieutenant [[John Duncan Grant]] was given the only [[Victoria Cross]] awarded during the expedition, whilst [[Havildar]] [[Kabir Pun]] received the [[Indian Order of Merit]] first class (equivalent to the VC as Indian soldiers were not eligible for VCs until the [[First World War]]). Major Wimberley, one of the Medical Officers to the Mission, wrote that though he had seen the [[Gordon Highlanders|Gordons]] at [[Dargai]] he considered "the storming of the breach at Gyantse Dzong by the Gurkhas a far finer performance."{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}

Pillaging by soldiers took place at Palkor Chode, Dongtse and other monasteries after the fall of Gyantse Dzong.<ref>Carrington, Michael (2003) "Officers, Gentlemen and Thieves: the looting of monasteries during the 1903/4 Younghusband Mission to Tibet", in: ''[[Modern Asian Studies]]''; 37, 1 (2003), pp. 81–109</ref> Whatever General Orders and the [[Hague Convention of 1899]] may have dictated, looting seemed acceptable if the army felt it had been opposed in any way. According to Major William Beynon, in a letter to his wife on 7 July, some of the pillaging was officially approved — in contrast to claims by Dr Waddell, Brigadier-General Macdonald and his chief of staff, Major Iggulden that monastic sites were "most religiously respected".{{sfnp|Allen, Duel in the Snows|2015|pp=225–226}}

===Entry to Lhasa===
[[File:Potala Palace, August 2009.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Potala Palace]]]]

On 12 July the sappers pulled down the Tsechen monastery and fort and on 14 July Macdonald's force marched east on the Lhasa road.

At the Karo La, the Wide-Mouthed Pass that had been the scene of fighting two and a half months earlier, the Gurkhas skirmished with a determined group of Tibetan fighters on the heights to the left and right. Essentially however resistance faded before the advance and a policy of [[scorched earth]] was adopted – the Tibetans removed what food and fodder they could and emptied villages. Nevertheless, troops could fish in the lakes, where there were also plenty of gulls and [[Common redshank|redshanks]]. They passed along the shores of the [[Yamdrok Lake|Yamdok Tso]], and reached the fortress of Nakartse, unoccupied except for a party of delegates from Lhasa. Macdonald urged Younghusband to settle the business but Younghusband would negotiate only at Lhasa. By 22 July, the troops camped under the wall of another fortress, Peté Dzong, deserted and in ruins, while Mounted Infantry pushed on ahead to seize the crossing at [[Chushul Chakzam]], the Iron Bridge. On 25 July, the army began to cross the [[Yarlung Tsangpo River|Tsangpo]] in the wake of the Mounted Infantry, a feat that took four days to achieve.

[[File:Col Younghusband and Amban.JPG|thumb|left|Amban Yu-t'ai with Colonel Younghusband at Lhasa]]

The force arrived in Lhasa on 3 August 1904 to discover that the thirteenth Dalai Lama had fled to [[Ulan Bator|Urga]], the capital of Outer Mongolia.{{Citation needed|date=April 2013}} The Amban escorted the British into the city with his personal guard, but informed them that he had no authority to negotiate with them. The Tibetans told them that only the absent Dalai Lama had authority to sign any accord. The Amban advised the Chinese emperor to depose the Dalai Lama. The Tibetan Council of Ministers and the General Assembly began to submit to pressure on the terms as August progressed, except on the matter of the indemnity which they believed impossibly high for a poor country.{{sfnp|Allen, Duel in the Snows|2015|pp=272–273}}{{verify source|date=October 2020}} Eventually however Younghusband intimidated the regent, Ganden Tri Rinpoche, and the Tsongdu (Tibetan National Assembly), into signing a treaty on 7 September 1904, drafted by himself, known subsequently as the [[Convention of Lhasa]]. It was signed, again at Younghusband's insistence, at the [[Potala Palace]]. He wrote to his wife that he had been able to "ram the whole treaty down their throats".{{sfnp|Allen, Duel in the Snows|2015|p=284}}

===Anglo-Tibetan Convention of Lhasa===
{{Main|Convention of Lhasa}}

The salient points of the [[Convention of Lhasa]] of 1904 were as follows:
* The British allowed to trade in Yatung, Gyantse, and Gartok.
* Tibet to pay a large indemnity (7,500,000 [[rupee]]s, later reduced by two-thirds; the [[Chumbi Valley]] to be ceded to Britain until paid).
* Recognition of the Sikkim-Tibet border.
* Tibet to have no relations with any other foreign powers
The size of the indemnity had been the hardest factor to accept for the Tibetan negotiators. The Secretary of State for India, St John Brodrick, had in fact expressed the need for it to be "within the power of the Tibetans to pay" and given Younghusband a free hand to be "guided by circumstances in this matter". Younghusband raised the indemnity demanded from 5,900,000 to 7,500,000 rupees, and further demanded the right for a British trade agent, based at Gyantse, to visit Lhasa "for consultations". It seems that he was still following Lord Curzon's geo-political agenda to extend British influence in Tibet by securing the Chumbi Valley for Britain. Younghusband wanted the payment to be met by yearly installments; it would have taken about 75 years for the Tibetans to clear their debt, and since British occupation of the Chumbi valley was surety until payment was completed, the valley would remain in British hands.{{sfnp|Allen, Duel in the Snows|2015|p=278}} Younghusband wrote to his wife immediately after the signing; "I have got Chumbi for 75 years. I have got Russia out for ever".{{sfnp|Allen, Duel in the Snows|2015|p=284}} The regent commented that "When one has known the scorpion [meaning China] the frog [meaning Britain] is divine".{{citation needed|date=April 2013}}

The Amban later publicly repudiated the treaty, while Britain announced that it still accepted Chinese claims of authority over Tibet.{{sfnp|Powers, History as Propaganda|2004|pp=82–83}} Acting Viceroy Lord Ampthill reduced the indemnity by two-thirds and considerably eased the terms in other ways. The provisions of this 1904 treaty were revised in the [[Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet|Anglo-Chinese Convention of 1906]].<ref name="Anglo-Chinese">{{cite web |title=Anglo-Chinese Convention |url=http://tibetjustice.org/materials/treaties/treaties11.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090912002742/http://www.tibetjustice.org/materials/treaties/treaties11.html |archive-date=12 September 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The British, for a fee from the Qing court, also agreed "not to annex Tibetan territory or to interfere in the administration of Tibet", while China engaged "not to ''permit'' any other foreign state to interfere with the territory or internal administration of Tibet".<ref name="treaty 1906">{{cite web |title=Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet (1906) |url=http://tibetjustice.org/materials/treaties/treaties11.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090912002742/http://www.tibetjustice.org/materials/treaties/treaties11.html |archive-date=12 September 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref>{{sfnp|Bell, Tibet Past and Present|1924|p=288}}

===Conclusion===

The British mission departed in late September 1904, after a ceremonial presentation of gifts. Britain had "won" and had received the agreements it desired, but without actually receiving any tangible results. The Tibetans had lost the war but had seen China humbled by its failure to defend its client state from foreign incursion, and had pacified the British by signing an unenforceable and largely irrelevant treaty. Captured Tibetan troops were released without condition upon the war's conclusion, many after receiving medical treatment.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}

It was in fact the reaction in London which was fiercest in condemnation of the war. By the Edwardian period, colonial wars had become increasingly unpopular,{{Citation needed|date=May 2013}} and public and political opinion were unhappy about waging war for such minor reasons as those provided by Curzon, and about the beginning battle, which was described in Britain as a deliberate massacre of unarmed men. It was only because of support from King [[Edward VII]] that Younghusband, Macdonald, Grant and others were praised for the war. The British lost just 202 men [[killed in action]] {{citation needed|date=April 2013}} and 411 to other causes, such as disease. Tibetan casualties have been estimated at between 2,000 and 3,000 killed or fatally wounded.{{sfnp|Allen, Duel in the Snows|2015|p=299}}

Though Younghusband, through Curzon's patronage, ascended to the Residency of Kashmir following the campaign, his judgment was no longer trusted, and political decisions on Kashmir and the princely states were made without him. Once Curzon's protection was gone, Younghusband had no future in the Indian political service. In 1908, the position he wanted, that of Chief Commissioner of the [[North-West Frontier Province (1901-1955)|North-West Frontier Province]], was handed to [[George Roos-Keppel]], and Younghusband retired from India at the age of 46.{{sfnp|Allen, Duel in the Snows|2015|p=302}}

==Aftermath==
The Tibetans were not just unwilling to fulfil the treaty; they were also unable to perform many of its stipulations. Tibet did not have any substantial international trade commodities, and already accepted the borders with its neighbours. Nevertheless, the provisions of the 1904 treaty were confirmed by the [[Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet|1906 Anglo-Chinese Convention]] signed between [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Britain]] and China. The British, for a fee from the Qing court, also agreed "not to annex Tibetan territory or to interfere in the administration of Tibet", while China engaged "not to ''permit'' any other foreign state to interfere with the territory or internal administration of Tibet".<ref name="treaty 1906"/>{{sfnp|Bell, Tibet Past and Present|1924|p=288}}{{verify source|date=October 2020}}

The British invasion was one of the triggers for the [[1905 Tibetan Rebellion]] at Batang monastery, when anti-foreign Tibetan [[lama]]s massacred French missionaries, Manchu and Han Qing officials, and Christian converts before the Qing crushed the revolt.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bray|first=John|date=2011|title=Sacred Words and Earthly Powers: Christian Missionary Engagement with Tibet|url=http://info-buddhism.com/Christian_Missionary_Engagement_with_Tibet-John_Bray.html|journal=The Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan|publisher=John Bray & The Asian Society of Japan|series=fifth series|issue=3|pages=93–118|location=Tokyo|access-date=13 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701064640/http://info-buddhism.com/Christian_Missionary_Engagement_with_Tibet-John_Bray.html|archive-date=1 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Tibetan Buddhists in the Making of Modern China|first=Gray|last=Tuttle|edition=illustrated, reprint|year=2005|publisher=Columbia University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GRRynCRRCkwC&pg=PA45|page=45|isbn=0231134460|access-date=24 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319140936/http://books.google.com/books?id=GRRynCRRCkwC&pg=PA45|archive-date=19 March 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

<blockquote>
No. 10.
Despatch from Consul-General Wilkinson to Sir E. Satow, dated Yünnan-fu, 28th April, 1905. (Received in London 14th June, 1905.)
Pere Maire, the Provicaire of the Roman Catholic Mission here, called this morning to show me a telegram which he had just received from a native priest of his Mission at Tali. The telegram, which is in Latin, is dated Tali, the 24th April, and is to the effect that the lamas of Batang have killed PP. Musset and Soulie, together with, it is believed, 200 converts. The chapel at Atentse has been burnt down, and the lamas hold the road to Tachien-lu. Pere Bourdonnec (another member of the French Tibet Mission) begs that Pere Maire will take action.
Pere Maire has accordingly written to M. Leduc, my French colleague, who will doubtless communicate with the Governor-General. The Provicaire is of opinion that the missionaries were attacked by orders of the ex-Dalai Lama, as the nearest Europeans on whom he could avenge his disgrace. He is good enough to say that he will give me any further information which he may receive.
I am telegraphing to you the news of the massacre.

I have, &c.,
(Signed) W. H. WILKINSON.
East India (Tibet): Papers Relating to Tibet [and Further Papers ...], Issues 2–4, ''[[Great Britain. Foreign Office]]'', p. 12.<ref>{{cite book |title=East India (Tibet): Papers Relating to Tibet [and Further Papers ...], Issues 2–4 |author=Great Britain. Foreign Office |others=Contributors India. Foreign and Political Dept, India. Governor-General|year=1904|publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8pgsAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA2-PA12 |page=12 |access-date=24 April 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=East India (Tibet): Papers Relating to Tibet [and Further Papers ...] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2oRPAQAAMAAJ&q=tibetans+murder+catholic&pg=RA5-PA12|year=1897 |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |page=5}}</ref>
</blockquote>

Contemporary documents show that the British continued to occupy the Chumbi Valley until 8 February 1908, after having received the full payment of the indemnity from China.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8pgsAAAAYAAJ&q=%22chumbi+evacuated%22&pg=RA1-PA143|title=East India (Tibet): Papers Relating to Tibet [and Further Papers ...]|first=|last=|date=3 October 1904|publisher=H.M. Stationery Office|accessdate=3 October 2024|via=Google Books}}</ref>

In early 1910, Qing China sent [[Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)|a military expedition of its own to Tibet for direct rule]]. However, the Qing dynasty was overthrown in the [[Xinhai Revolution]], which began in October 1911. Although the Chinese forces departed once more in 1913, the [[First World War]] and the [[Russian Revolution]] isolated the now independent Tibet, reducing Western influence and interest. Ineffectual regents ruled during the [[14th Dalai Lama]]'s infancy and China began to reassert its control, a process that culminated in 1950–1951 with the [[Incorporation of Tibet into the People's Republic of China|Chinese invasion of Tibet]] by a newly formed [[China|Communist China]].{{sfnp|Allen, Duel in the Snows|2015|p=311}}{{verify source|date=October 2020}}

The position of British Trade Agent at Gyangzê was occupied from 1904 until 1944. It was not until 1937, with the creation of the position of "Head of British Mission Lhasa", that a British officer had a permanent posting in Lhasa itself.<ref>McKay, 1997, pp. 230–1.</ref>

The British seem to have misread the military and diplomatic situation, for the Russians did not have the designs on India that the British imagined, and the campaign was politically redundant before it began. Russian arms in Tibet amounted to no more than thirty Russian government rifles, and the whole narrative of Russian influence, and the Czar's ambitions, was dropped. The defeats the Russians experienced in the [[Russo-Japanese War]] that began in February 1904 further altered perceptions of the balance of power in Asia, and the Russian threat. However, it has been argued that the campaign had "a profound effect upon Tibet, changing it forever, and for the worse at that, doing much to contribute to Tibet's loss of innocence."<ref>Martin Booth, review of Charles Allen, ''Duel in the Snows'', ''The Sunday Times''.</ref>

==Subsequent interpretations==
Many Chinese historians have written concerning the expedition an image of Tibetans heroically opposing the expeditionary force out of loyalty not to Tibet, but to China.{{clarify|date=June 2012}} This particular school of Chinese historiography asserts that the British interest in trade and resolving the Tibet-Sikkim border disputes was a pretext for annexing the whole Tibet region into British India, which was a step towards the ultimate goal of annexing all of China. They also assert that the Tibetans annihilated the British forces, and that Younghusband escaped only with a small retinue.{{sfnp|Powers, History as Propaganda|2004|pp=84–89}} The Chinese government has turned Gyantze Dzong into a "Resistance Against the British Museum", promoting these views, as well as other themes such as the brutal living conditions endured by [[Serfdom in Tibet controversy|Tibetan serfs]] who supposedly loved their motherland (China).{{sfnp|Powers, History as Propaganda|2004|p=93}}

Meanwhile, many Tibetans look back to it as an exercise of Tibetan self-defence and an act of independence from the [[Qing dynasty]] [[Qing dynasty#Reform, revolution, collapse|as the dynasty was falling apart]], and its growing disdain for China in the aftermath due to ruthless repression of Tibetans at 1905.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/10/world/asia/10gyantse.html "China Seizes on a Dark Chapter for Tibet"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218083453/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/10/world/asia/10gyantse.html |date=18 February 2017 }}, by Edward Wong, ''The New York Times'', 9 August 2010 (10 August 2010 p. A6 of NY ed.). Retrieved 10 August 2010.</ref>

The British writer and popular historian [[Charles Allen (writer)|Charles Allen]] has remarked that, although the Younghusband Mission did inflict "considerable material damage on Tibet and its people", it was damage that paled into insignificance when compared "to the [[Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China|invasion of Tibet by the Chinese People's Liberation Army]] in 1951 and the [[Cultural Revolution]] of 1966–1967".{{sfnp|Allen, Duel in the Snows|2015|p=310}}

==See also==
* [[:Category:British military personnel of the British expedition to Tibet|British military personnel of the British expedition to Tibet]]
* [[Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)]]
* [[Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)]]
* ''[[Red River Valley (1997 film)|Red River Valley]]'', a 1997 Chinese movie about the events of the British expedition to Tibet
* [[Sikkim expedition]]
* [[Sinicisation of Tibet]]
* [[Bakhtiyar Khalji's Tibet campaign|Tibetan expedition of Islamic Bengal]]
* [[The Great Game]]
* [[Tibetan government in exile]]
* [[Tibet under Qing rule]]
* [[John Duncan Grant]]
* [[Perceval Landon]]
* [[Frederick Percival Mackie]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
; Scholarly sources
* {{cite book |url=http://www.icj.org/wp-content/uploads/1959/01/Tibet-rule-of-law-report-1959-eng.pdf |title=The Question of Tibet and the Rule of Law |date=1959 |publisher=[[International Commission of Jurists]] |location=Geneva |ref={{sfnref|International Commission of Jurists|1959}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Lamb |first=Alastair |author-link=Alastair Lamb |title=Tibet, China & India 1914-1950: A History of Imperial Diplomacy |publisher=Roxford Books |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-907129-03-5 |location=Hertingfordbury, Hertfordshire |ref={{sfnref|Lamb, Tibet, China & India|1989}}}}
* {{cite book |last=McKay |first=Alex |url=https://archive.org/details/tibetbritishrajf0000mcka/ |title=Tibet and the British Raj: the frontier cadre, 1904-1947 |publisher=[[Curzon Press]] |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-7007-0627-3 |series=London studies on South Asia |location=Richmond, Surrey |ref={{sfnref|McKay, Tibet and the British Raj|1997}} |url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book |last=McKay |first=Alex |url=https://archive.org/details/thehistoryoftibetvol3alexmckay_373_j |title=The history of Tibet |publisher=[[RoutledgeCurzon]] |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-7007-1508-4 |location=London; New York |oclc=ocm50494840 |ref={{sfnref|McKay, History of Tibet, Vol. 3|2003}} |url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book |last=Mehra |first=Parshotam |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.3459 |title=The McMahon Line and after: a study of the triangular contest on India's Northeastern frontier between Britain, China and Tibet, 1904-47 |publisher=[[Macmillan Inc.]] |year=1974 |isbn=978-0-333-15737-4 |location=Delhi |ref={{sfnref|Mehra, The McMahon Line and After|1974}} |url-access=registration}}
* {{cite journal |last=Mehra |first=Parshotam |date=January 2007 |title=Britain and Tibet: From the Eighteenth Century to the Transfer of Power |journal=[[Indian Historical Review]] |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=270–282 |doi=10.1177/037698360703400111 |issn=0376-9836 |s2cid=141011277 |ref={{sfnref|Mehra, Britain and Tibet|2016}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Powers |first=John |url=https://archive.org/details/historyaspropaga0000powe |title=History as propaganda: Tibetan exiles versus the People's Republic of China |last2=Holzinger |first2=Lutz |publisher=Oxford Univ. Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-19-517426-7 |location=Oxford |ref={{sfnref|Powers, History as Propaganda|2004}} |url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book |last=Stewart |first=Gordon T. |url=https://pahar.in/pahar/Books%20and%20Articles/Tibet%20and%20China/2009%20Journeys%20to%20Empire--Enlightenment%20Imperialism%20and%20the%20British%20Encouonter%20with%20Tibet%201774-1904%20by%20Stewart%20s.pdf |title=Journeys to empire: enlightenment, imperialism, and British encounters with Tibet, 1774-1904 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-521-73568-1 |location=Cambridge |ref={{sfnref|Stewart, Journeys to Empire|2009}}}}

; General books
* {{cite book |last=Allen |first=Charles |author-link=Charles Allen (writer) |title=Duel in the snows: the true story of the Younghusband mission to Lhasa |publisher=[[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]] |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-7195-5427-8 |location=London |oclc=ocm53709120 |ref={{sfnref|Allen, Duel in the Snows|2004}}}}
** {{cite book |last=Allen |first=Charles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4A0aCgAAQBAJ |title=Duel in the Snows |publisher=[[John Murray Press]] |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-4736-2754-3 |location=London |ref={{sfnref|Allen, Duel in the Snows|2015}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Candler |first=Edmund |author-link=Edmund Candler |url=https://archive.org/details/unveilingoflhasa00canduoft |title=The unveiling of Lhasa |date=1905 |publisher=[[T. Nelson & Sons]] |location=London |oclc=5660019}}
* {{cite book |last=Fleming |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Fleming (writer) |url=https://archive.org/details/bayonetstolhasaf00flem |title=Bayonets to Lhasa; the first full account of the British invasion of Tibet in 1904 |publisher=Harper |year=1961 |location=New York |oclc=1629211 |ref={{sfnref|Fleming, Bayonets to Lhasa|1961}}}}
* {{cite book |last=French |first=Patrick |author-link=Patrick French |title=Younghusband: the last great imperial adventurer |date=1994 |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |isbn=978-0-00-215733-9 |location=London}}
* {{cite book |last=Herbert |first=Edwin |title=Small wars and skirmishes 1902-18: early twentieth-century colonial campaigns in Africa, Asia, and the Americas: political background and campaign narratives, organisation, tactics and terrain, dress and weapons, command and control, and historical effects |date=2003 |publisher=Foundry Books |isbn=978-1-901543-05-6 |location=Nottingham |oclc=54046889}}
* {{cite book |last=Bethel |first=Leonard Arthur |url=https://archive.org/details/blackwoodtalesfr0000vari |title='Blackwood' Tales from the Outposts |date=1932 |publisher=[[William Blackwood and Sons]] |volume=1. Frontiers of Empire |location=Edinburgh |pages=21–66 |ol=45745437M}} Bethell was a member of the expedition. See 'A Footnote'
* {{cite book |last=Hopkirk |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Hopkirk |title=The great game: the struggle for empire in central Asia |title-link=The Great Game (Hopkirk book) |date=1994 |publisher=Kodansha |isbn=978-1-56836-022-5 |location=New York}}; as: ''The Great Game: the struggle for empire in central Asia'')
* {{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Tibet |volume=12 |pages=916–928 }}

; Primary sources
* {{cite book |last=Bell |first=Charles |author-link=Charles Alfred Bell |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.167531 |title=Tibet Past and Present |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1924 |location=Oxford |oclc=2140571 |ref={{sfnref|Bell, Tibet Past and Present|1924}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Mehra |first=Parshotam |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.3546 |title=The North-Eastern frontier: a documentary study of the internecine rivalry between India, Tibet and China |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1979 |isbn=978-0-19-561158-8 |volume=1: 1906-14 |location=Dehli |ref={{sfnref|Mehra, The North-eastern Frontier, Vol. 1|1979}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Mehra |first=Parshotam |title=The North-Eastern frontier: a documentary study of the internecine rivalry between India, Tibet and China |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-19-561225-7 |volume=2: 1914-54 |location=Dehli |ref={{sfnref|Mehra, The North-eastern Frontier, Vol. 2|1980}}}}

==External links==
{{Commons category-inline}}
* {{London Gazette|issue=27743|date=13 December 1904|pages=8529–8536|supp=y}} Macdonald's official report

{{Clear}}
{{British colonial campaigns}}
{{Tibet topics}}
{{Qing dynasty topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:British Expedition To Tibet}}
[[Category:Wars involving Tibet]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1903]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1904]]
[[Category:Wars involving British India|Tibet]]
[[Category:Wars involving the United Kingdom|Tibet]]
[[Category:Wars involving the Qing dynasty]]
[[Category:20th-century military history of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:1903 in Asia]]
[[Category:1904 in Asia]]
[[Category:1903 in China]]
[[Category:1904 in China]]
[[Category:Invasions by the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Military expeditions]]
[[Category:Expeditions from the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:1900s in Tibet]]
[[Category:Expeditions from India]]
[[Category:Invasions of Tibet]]
[[Category:Tibet–United Kingdom relations]]
[[Category:India–Tibet relations]]
[[Category:1910s in Tibet]]
[[Category:Military history of India]]
[[Category:British India–China military relations]]
[[Category:1903 in British India]]
[[Category:1904 in British India]]
[[Category:George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston]]

Telugu Hindu wedding

2026-04-10T15:25:48Z

Dan: Creating basic stub more to come

{{Short description|Traditional wedding ceremony in India}}

{{Hinduism small}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}

The '''Telugu Hindu wedding ceremony''' ({{indic|lang=te| indic=తెలుగు వివాహ వేడుక|trans=Telugu Vivāha Vēḍuka}})<ref name="auto">{{cite web |url=http://www.telugubhakti.com/telugupages/Misc/Marriage/hms2.htm |title=Hindu Marriage System - Telugu Paddati |accessdate=2013-05-23 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529101705/http://www.telugubhakti.com/telugupages/Misc/Marriage/hms2.htm |archivedate=2013-05-29 }}</ref> is the traditional wedding ceremony of the [[Telugu people]] in India. In the 19th century, the ceremony could last up to sixteen days (''Padahaaru Rojula Panduga''). In modern times, it can last two or more days, depending on the family's financial and social status. The ''pelli'' or wedding is considered the strongest of social bonds, and is said to spiritually merge two souls opening the doors to ''[[Gṛhastha|gruhastaashramam]]'' (household life).<ref name="auto"/>

Telugu marriage is sanctified by seven pledges made by the bride and groom and begins when the bride and groom have completed seven revolutions around a sacred fire. Symbolic gestures and rituals surround the ceremony and ensure that the bride and groom are united in the presence of {{Lang|te-Latn|panchabhutaalu}} —five essential elements for life, namely: {{Lang|te-Latn|bhumi}} (earth), {{Lang|te-Latn|akaasham}} (sky), {{Lang|te-Latn|agni}} (fire), {{Lang|te-Latn|neeru}} (water) and {{Lang|te-Latn|vaayuvu}} (air). The ceremony is held under a ''Kaḷyāṇa Maṇḍapaṃ'' or wedding pavilion decorated with fresh flowers. The [[Nadaswaram|Nādasvaram]] (also called the ''Shehnai'' in North India) is an Indian musical instrument that traditionally accompanies most Telugu weddings.

Each element in the ceremony is connected and is given special importance. Historically, the groom would ride an elephant to the bride's home where the wedding is supposed to take place. This practice is called ''Gajaarohana''. Today this tradition is declining.<ref name="auto1">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HYdAAAAAYAAJ&q=snataka&pg=PA219 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302120429/https://books.google.com/books?id=HYdAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA219&lpg=PA219&dq=snataka&source=bl&ots=trMpSdK0HW&sig=grIWRIClp0ErGx4aNwTGZvePUv8&hl=en&sa=X&ei=v9mdUbG4FsjmiwLQl4DACA&sqi=2&ved=0CEIQ6AEwBA |archivedate=2017-03-02 | title=The Sacred Books of the East | first=Friedrich Max | last=Müller | publisher=Clarendon | year=1987 | volume=2 | accessdate=28 June 2019 }}</ref> Some marriage ceremonies are held in a temple in the presence of god, but most are conducted outside because of the number of people in attendance. After every ceremony, they serve food to all the guests, which is also the main part of the culture of offering food to anyone who comes on an auspicious day. It is also a tradition to eat ice cream or sweets after dinner because it is considered auspicious. All the rituals conducted throughout the Telugu wedding ceremony hold religious significance.<ref>{{Cite web |last=TheTalesOfTradition |date=2024-01-03 |title=TELUGU WEDDING: RITUALS, CEREMONIES, ATTIRE & MORE! |url=https://thetalesoftradition.com/telugu-wedding-ritual/ |access-date=2024-02-10 |website=The Tales of Tradition |language=en-US}}</ref>

The decorations mostly consist of rich colourful flowers and mango leaves. Families renovate their houses and invite all the guests going to each of their houses by the use of ''[[kumkuma]]'' (colourful, decorative powder).

== Pre-wedding customs ==
The rich and varied cultural heritage of Telugu speaking people is reflected in the ceremonies conducted there. Almost all festivals are celebrated with religious observances, holding supreme importance in their lives.

; {{Lang|te-Latn|Pelli Choopulu}} ({{Lang|te|పెళ్ళి చూపులు}})
: This is the beginning of the marriage process. Traditionally, the parents and grandparents of the Indian Hindu bride search for a suitable alliance from their own community. On finding a prospective groom, the bride's parents invite the groom and his parents for an initial face-to-face interaction. This match-making is known as ''Pelli Choopulu''. When everything looks suitable, like matching horoscope of the bride and groom and mutual liking of the bride and groom, and other consents, both the parties mutually decide and fix a date for ''Nischitartham'' or ''Nischaya Tambulaalu''.

; {{Lang|te-Latn|Niśchitārtham}} ({{Lang|te|నిశ్చితార్థం}})
: ''Niśchitārtham'' means "engagement". The two families meet to perform rituals to make the engagement official. A ''muhūrtaṃ'' (auspicious date & time) for the wedding is decided based on their horoscopes. The Telugu people generally avoid the months or a time period where ''[[Aashaadha]]m'', ''Bhadrapadam'' and ''Shunya maasam'' occurs, because they are considered inauspicious for the ceremonies. The couple are then blessed by elders of both families, and are given gifts including jewelry and clothing by their new family. During this ceremony, the bride's future mother-in-law presents her with clothes, gold and also silverware.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mandap.com/telugu-muhurtham-dates-2021|title=Telugu Muhurtham Dates 2021|access-date=2021-07-27|archive-date=20 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420113821/https://www.mandap.com/telugu-muhurtham-dates-2021|url-status=dead}}</ref>

; {{Lang|te-Latn|Pelli Koduku}}''/''{{Lang|te-Latn|Kuthuru and Kurallu}} ({{Lang|te|పెళ్లి కొడుకు}}/{{Lang|te|కూతురు}})
: In this ceremony, all the relatives and well-wishers gather at the bride and groom's respective houses and they smear ''Nalugu''- a mixture of turmeric, flour and oils, as per the ''muhurtham'' (auspicious time) on the bride/ groom. This is done to cleanse their skin, so that it radiates a natural glow after they bathe. After this the bride/ groom and their ''Thodi Pellikuthuru''/ ''Thodi Pellikoduku'' take ''Mangala Snanam'' (holy shower) followed by ''Hārati''. Henceforth, the bride is told not to go out of town until the actual wedding ceremony.

== Wedding customs ==
The rituals conducted by the Telugu speaking people during the ceremonious occasion of the wedding are different from those conducted in neighboring southern states of India. In Andhra Pradesh, the Telugu people follow their own traditions while conducting a wedding. The bride's maternal uncle and her brother play a prominent role at the time of her marriage. Unlike other South Indian weddings, the ''[[Muhurta|muhūrtaṃ]]'' in Telugu weddings do not take place in the morning, but close to midnight. [[Telugu Brahmin]]s' wedding customs differ from the wedding customs of the other Telugu communities. In addition to the rituals mentioned below, their weddings start with rituals common in South Indian Brahmin weddings like ''Punyahavachanam'', ''Niśchitārtham'', ''Matrukapujanam'', etc.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://surasa.net/panigrahanam/panigrahanam.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2013-05-23 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722164344/http://surasa.net/panigrahanam/panigrahanam.pdf |archivedate=2012-07-22 }}</ref>

; {{Lang|te-Latn|Maṅgala Snānaṃ}} ({{Lang|te|మఙ్గళస్నానం}})
: The wedding day starts with ''Maṅgaḷa Snānaṃ'' custom, where the bride and groom are required to take an auspicious bath. The aim is to purify them and make them prepared to perform sacred rites. This bath is called ''Abhyangana Snānam''. They are given a new set of clothing to wear and are blessed that everything goes by well in the preparation ahead.

; {{Lang|te-Latn|Mangala Aarti}} or {{Lang|te-Latn|Hārati}} ({{Lang|te|హారతి}})
: After ''Mangala Snanam'', the family members perform ''[[Aarti]]''. They pray for the bride and groom to be granted the wisdom to lead their lives happily.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://weddings.iloveindia.com/telugu-wedding/wedding-rituals.html |title=Telugu Wedding Rituals - Telugu Wedding Customs, Telugu Marriage Ceremonies |accessdate=2012-10-04 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010042957/http://weddings.iloveindia.com/telugu-wedding/wedding-rituals.html |archivedate=2012-10-10 }}</ref>

; {{Lang|te-Latn|Snātakaṃ}} ({{Lang|te|స్నాతకం}})
: Snātakaṃ means "graduation" or "Post graduation". It is usually performed before householder responsibilities are handed over to the groom.<ref name="auto1"/> ''Snātakaṃ'' ritual takes place at the bridegroom’s residence a few hours before the wedding [[muhurat|muhūrt]]aṃ. As a part of this custom, the groom is asked to wear a [[silver]] thread on his body.

; {{Lang|te-Latn|Gauri Pūja}} ({{Lang|te|గౌరీ పూజ}})
: Before the wedding ceremony, the bride performs the ''[[Parvati|Gowri]]'' ''[[Puja (Hinduism)|pooja]]'', conducted at her house with all her family members and relatives. It is during this time that ''[[Pravaras|Pravara]]'' a ritual of changing the bride's ''[[gotra]]m'' (clan) from her paternal ''gotram'' to that of the groom, is performed. Elderly couples from both families are required to attend and witness the ''Pravara'' while the bride is performing ''Gauri Pūja''.

; ''Groom Entry''- {{Lang|te-Latn|Edurukolu}} and {{Lang|te-Latn|Kāśī Yātra}} ({{Lang|te|కాశీ యాత్ర}})
: On the arrival of groom and his family to the wedding venue, the bride's parents and family receive and welcome them with a spectacular gaiety amidst traditional music of ''Nadaswaram''. This ritual is called ''Edurukolu''.
: Traditionally, after ''Snātakaṃ'', the groom is eligible for higher studies and eligible to go to [[Varanasi|Kashi]] and study further or become a ''[[Sanyas]]i''. However, as a pre-wedding ceremony, the groom pretends to go to Kashi and says that he has discarded the worldly pleasures (such as marriage, relations and properties) and is no longer interested in leading a family life. He is then stopped by the brother (or cousin) of the bride, who persuades him to assume the responsibility of a household or ''Grihastha'' and return to the ''mandapam'' for marriage.

; {{Lang|te-Latn|Ganēśa Puja}} ({{Lang|te|గణేశ పూజ}})
: The wedding ceremony begins with the groom performing the ''[[Ganesha]]'' ''[[Puja (Hinduism)|pooja]]'', at the ''maṇḍapaṃ''. These rituals are to ward off any evil and obstacles henceforth and to receive blessings for the bride & groom union.

; ''Bride's Entry'' and ''Terasala''
: The maternal uncle and aunt, escort the bride to the mandap either in a ''Pallaku'' or walk with an intricately decorated canopy, while the priest recites the holy mantras in the background. They sit across each other with a partition ''Terasala'' made by a curtain being placed between the bride and the groom (to prevent them from looking at each other at that time).

; ''Kanyādānaṃ'' (కన్యాదానం)
: ''Kanyādānaṃ'' is the ceremony in which the girl's family hands over their daughter's responsibility to the groom. During the ceremony, the bride's parents wash the groom's feet, as the bridegroom is considered a personification of "Lord Vishnu" who has come to marry their daughter, who is considered as "Devi Lakshmi". This is the most noble act a father can perform.

; ''Paṇigrahaṇaṃ'' (పాణిగ్రహణం)
: This means "holding hands". The groom holds the hand of the bride. The groom is made to chant ''Dharmēca, Arthēca, Kamēcha, Mokshēca Nāti Carāmi'' three times and assure the bride's father three times that he will remain her companion in joy and sorrow forever. It translates to "Righteously, financially, by desire, spiritually, I will not walk away from her".

; ''Jīlakarra Bellaṃ'' (జీలకర్రాబెల్లం)
: The priest recites the ''[[Shloka|ślokaṃs]]'' from the ''[[Vedas]]''. Then the couple are asked to place a paste made from cumin seeds and jaggery on each other’s head. This custom is referred to as ''Jīlakarra-Bellamu''. This ceremony is observed to communicate that the married couple's relationship is unbreakable and they are inseparable. This takes place at the actual ''[[muhurta|muhūrtaṃ]]'', and the couple officially become united as husband and wife, as the curtain between them is removed. The ritual (''Pravara'') of changing bride's ''gotram'' is once again performed on the marriage dais, in the presence of the groom and everyone attending the ceremony. The elders bless the couple with Akshintalu while the younger ones congratulate them.

; ''Madhuparakaṃ'' and ''Sumangaḷi'' (మధుపర్కం, సుమంగళి)
: As a part of ''Madhuparakaṃ'' ritual, the bride dresses up in a white [[sari]] with a red border. The groom wears a white [[dhoti]] with a red border. White symbolizes purity and red represents strength.
: Ten married women (''Sumangaḷi'') accompany the bride. Six of them hold plates containing sacred rice (a mixture of rice and turmeric powder), while the rest four hold small lit-lamps on their respective plates. Rice represents abundance, while the lit-lamps symbolize light.
: The bride and groom return to the ''mandapam'' and now sit beside each other with the groom sitting on bride's right, to perform the next set of rituals.

; ''Maṅgaḷasūtra Dhāraṇa'' (మంగళసూత్రం)
: ''[[Mangalasutra|Maṅgaḷasūtra]] Dhāraṇa'' means tying ''Maṅgaḷasūtraṃ'' (holy thread). The groom ties the string ''Maṅgaḷasūtraṃ'', with two golden discs ''Sutrams'' (one from her family and the other spouse's), around the bride's neck, in three knots. The three knots signify the grooms acceptance of the bride in Thoughts (''Manasa''), Speech (''Vacha'') and Actions (''Karmana''). The ritual signifies the complete union of the couple- physically, mentally and spiritually.

; ''Akshintalu'' or ''Talambralu'' (అక్షింతలు)
: In the ''Talaṃbrālu'' (rice mixed with turmeric) ceremony, the bride and groom pour this rice mixture over each other's head like a shower and is made to be a fun event, sort of an icebreaker for the bride and groom. Married people witnessing this occasion come forward to bless the couple, by sprinkling flower petals and rice coated with turmeric powder.
: Then the bride and groom exchange garlands or ''Dandalu'' accepting each other as life partners.

; ''Brahma Mudi'' and ''Nalla Pusalu''
: ''Brahma Mudi'' is conducted by knotting in betel nuts, dried dates, turmeric twig, betel leaf and coins loosely to the bride's ''pallu'' (saree end) and groom's ''Kanḍuva'' (scarf end). Then these two ends are tied together by sister of the groom, indicating that they should maintain good relations with both the families.
: In order to ward-off the evil eye, the groom's maternal uncle and aunt bring a string of black beads or ''Nalla Pusalu'' and hand to the groom to adorn the bride with it.

; ''Nagavalli'' and ''Saptapadi'' (సప్తపది)
: As a part of the ''[[Saptapadi]]'' rituals, the groom and bride walk together seven steps around the sacred fire or ''Homam'', while taking their oaths to nourish each other, to grow together in strength, to preserve their wealth, to share joys and sorrows, to care for each other, to care for children and parents, to remain life long friends. With the ''Saptapadi'', the marriage is complete as per the Vedic scriptures.

; ''Sthālīpākaṃ'' (స్థాలీపాకం)
: ''Sthālīpākaṃ'' is a ritual where in the groom adorns the feet of the bride with silver ''mattelu'' [[toe rings]]. It is also believed that the man bends to the woman in order to claim her as his. The ''nalla pusalu'', along with the ''mattelu'', symbolize that she is a married woman.

; ''Pradhanam'' (ప్రధానం)
: After this, a ''kunḍa'' (decorated silver or terra-cotta pot) full of water is placed in front of the couple, and a ring is put in it. The groom puts his right hand in and the bride puts her left hand in and they fish for the ring. They do this three times and whoever wins more often is supposed to be the dominant one in the marriage. This is a time of fun, with chants and shouts of support from both sides. Also, the bride is made to cook (a namesake meal) on the sacred flame of the ''Agnihōtraṃ'', symbolizing she is now responsible for taking care of the health of her husband and family.

; ''Arundhati Nakshatram'' (అరుంధతి నక్షత్రం)
: ''Arundhati Nakshatram'' is a ritual where bride and groom are shown the stars representing [[Arundhati (Hinduism)|Arundhati]] and [[Vasistha]]. These stars represent the perfect couple complementing each other. [[Mizar and Alcor]] are two stars forming a double star that can be seen with the naked eye in the handle of the [[Big Dipper]] (or the Plough) [[asterism (astronomy)|asterism]] in the constellation of [[Ursa Major]]. Mizar is the second star from the end of the Big Dipper's handle, and Alcor its faint companion. Alcor is recognized as ''Arundhadi''.

; ''Āśirvādamu'' (ఆశిర్వాదము)
:The final step in the primary wedding ritual is where the priest chants mantras invoking auspicious blessings on the newlyweds and invites all gathered to join in blessing the couple. Following that, it is customary for the newly weds to bow down to the elders among those who gathered and personally receive their blessings.

; {{Lang|te-Latn|Appagintalu}} ({{Lang|te|అప్పగింతలు}})
: ''Appagintalu'' takes place at the end of the wedding. This is when the bride is traditionally handed off to the groom and his family.

==Post-wedding customs==

; {{Lang|te-Latn|Gr̥uhapravēśam}} ({{Lang|te|గృహప్రవేశం}})
: After the culmination of the wedding ceremony, the bride is formally taken to the groom’s house. This is called ''Gr̥hapravēśam'' of the bride. As she steps into her new home, she is welcomed by the groom’s family members, including his mother and closest relatives. A vessel of rice is placed at the door. After giving harathi to the couple, the mother-in-law asks the bride to gently push the vessel with her right leg. The scattered rice symbolizes the prosperity which the bride brings with her.
:In karanam caste, the consummation takes place depending on tidhi, usually after a gap of one day. Havan puja is performed before the time fixed for physical consummation of the marriage.

; {{Lang|te-Latn|Satyanārāyaṇa Vratam}} ({{Lang|te|సత్యనారాయణ వ్రతం}})
: ''Satyam'' means "truth" and ''Narayana'' means "the highest being" so ''Satyanārāyaṇa'' means "The highest being who is an embodiment of Truth". The ''Satyanārāyaṇa Vratam'' is very popular in Andhra Pradesh India. ''Satyanārāyaṇa Vratam'' is performed by bride and groom after ''Gr̥hapravēśam'' in the groom's residence, the next morning. This ''pūja'' (ritual) is first mentioned in the ''[[Skanda Purana]]'', ''Reva Kanḍa'' by Sūta Mahāmuni to the ''[[Rishi|r̥shis]]'' in the ''[[Naimiṣāraṇya (forest)|Naimisharaṇya]]'' (ancient forest). The details are part of the ''Katha'' ("story") that is usually read after the ''pūja''. The ''Satyanārāyaṇa pūja''/''vratam'' can be performed on any day except on the [[new moon]].

; Uniting the {{Lang|te-Latn|Maṅgaḷasūtraṃ}}
: ''Gr̥uhapravēśam'' is followed by a ceremony, wherein the ''Maṅgaḷasūtraṃ'' is united. As a customary, the Telugu speaking people unite the two Maṅgaḷasūtraṃs (which was tied by the groom around the bride’s neck), on a common thread. This ritual is done sixteen days after the wedding. This ritual can be performed by either the groom or an elderly member of the family. A few black or golden beads are slipped between the two 'plates' of the ''Maṅgaḷasūtraṃ'', so that they do not clash with each other. The unison of ''Maṅgaḷasūtraṃ'' signifies the harmony between the two families. After the ceremony is over, the bride takes a bath and wears a new sari.

==References==
<references/>

{{Indian wedding}}

[[Category:Telugus]]
[[Category:Indian wedding]]
[[Category:Indian wedding traditions]]
[[Category:Marriage in Hinduism]]

Goodwill's Girls' School, Bengaluru

2026-04-09T14:35:22Z

Dan: starting initial pg needs work!

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| image = Goodwills Highschool Group Photo.jpg
| caption = Class Photograph, Circa 1919 - Grade VIII
| image_size =
| name = Goodwill's Girls School, Bangalore
| former_name = Wesleyan Tamil School
| motto = (Eḻuka Kaṟka Paṇiceya niṟka)
| motto_translation = Arise Learn Serve
| established = 2 September 1855
| type = Government Aided, Private School
| faculty =
| founder = Mrs. Little, Wesleyan Tamil Mission
| principal = Mrs. Gnanamoni Franklin
| enrollment =
| affiliation = Karnataka State Secondary Education Examination Board
| campus_size = {{convert|14|acre|m2}}
| address = Promenade Road, [[Fraser Town, Bangalore|Fraser Town]]
| city = [[Bangalore]]
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|12.995885|N|77.609129|E|type:edu_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| colors = [[Green]] and [[White]] {{color box|green}}{{color box|white}}
| publication =
| houses =
| mascot =
| information =
| website = http://goodwillchristiancollege.com/
| footnotes =
| free_label1 = Former Name
| free_text1 = Wesleyan Tamil Girls School
| free_label2 = Renamed After
| free_text2 = Rev. [[Fred Goodwill]]
| free_label3 = Management
| free_text3 = [[Church of South India]]
| free_label4 = Diocese
| free_text4 = [[Diocese of Central Karnataka of the Church of South India|Karnataka Central Diocese]]
}}


'''Goodwill's Girls School''' is located at Promenade Road, [[Fraser Town, Bangalore|Fraser Town]], [[Bangalore Cantonment]]. Formerly known as the Wesleyan Tamil School, the school was renamed after Rev. [[Fred Goodwill]], a British Missionary and [[Tamil Language|Tamil]] scholar, who served as the manager of the school, in his capacity as superintendent of the Wesleyan Tamil Mission, Bangalore and [[Kolar Gold Fields]].<ref name=Aliyeh1>{{cite news|last1=Rizvi|first1=Aliyeh|title=Resident Rendezvoyeur: Goodwill Hunting|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/columns/others/Resident-Rendezvoyeur-Goodwill-Hunting/articleshow/46254102.cms|accessdate=29 April 2015|agency=Bangalore Mirror Bureau|issue=Bangalore|publisher=Bangalore Mirror|date=15 February 2015}}</ref><ref name=Kushala>{{cite news|last1=S|first1=Kushala|title=Journey through the spirit of Bangalore|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/Journey-through-the-spirit-of-Bangalore/articleshow/44942951.cms|accessdate=29 April 2015|agency=Bangalore Mirror Bureau|issue=Bangalore|publisher=Bangalore Mirror|date=27 October 2014}}</ref><ref name=Krupa>{{cite news|last1=Rajangam|first1=Krupa|title=Mootoocherry and St Marks: These are districts, the English built|url=http://bangalore.citizenmatters.in/articles/mootoocherry-and-st-marks-these-are-districts-the-english-built|accessdate=29 April 2015|issue=Bangalore|publisher=Citizen Matters|date=27 June 2013}}</ref>

==History==
The Wesleyan Tamil Mission was established in Bangalore by Rev. [[Elijah Hoole]] and James Mowatt in April 1821,<ref name=Hoole1829>{{cite book|last1=Hoole|first1=Elijah|title=Personal Narrative of a Mission to the South of India, from 1820 to 1828|date=1829|publisher=Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green|location=London|pages=[https://archive.org/details/personalnarrati00hoolgoog/page/n263 332]|url=https://archive.org/details/personalnarrati00hoolgoog|quote=Elijah Hoole bangalore.|accessdate=5 May 2015}}</ref><ref name=Register>{{cite book|title=Missionary Register|date=1822|publisher=Seeley, Jackson, & Halliday|location=London|page=[https://archive.org/details/missionaryregis02socigoog/page/n89 77]|url=https://archive.org/details/missionaryregis02socigoog|quote=bangalore.|accessdate=5 May 2015}}</ref> with the land for the present school premises acquired in November 1821 (p. 82-83). In November 18231, [[Elijah Hoole]] of the Wesleyan Mission applied to the [[Government of Tamil Nadu|Government of Madras]] for granting permission for starting a school and preaching place for the native population in the [[Bangalore Cantonment]]. The land selected had been previously obtained for the same purpose by a member of the Wesleyan Society who had lived temporarily in the [[Bangalore Cantonment]], and had built a mud building with a thatched roof, which was in ruins in 1821. The permission was granted and a small building measuring 30 ft. length and 13 ft. width was constructed under the supervision of Mr. Mowat.<ref name=Hoole1844>{{cite book|last1=Hoole|first1=Elijah|title=Madras, Mysore, and the South of India: or, A personal narrative of a mission to those countries, from 1820 to 1828|date=1844|publisher=Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans|location=London|pages=166–167|edition=Second|url=https://archive.org/download/MN41597ucmf_2/MN41597ucmf_2.pdf|accessdate=2 December 2015}}</ref> The present premises of the school in the Bangalore Cantonment has been owned by the Wesleyan Mission since then. In the same campus, Wesleyan Mission Press was established in 1840.

In 1854, Sir. [[Charles Wood, 1st Viscount Halifax|Charles Wood]], president of the Board of Control, [[East India Company]], sent out his famous [[Wood's despatch|Wood's Despatch]] to [[Lord Dalhousie]], the then [[Governor-General of India]], which called for major revamp in the educational system in [[British India]], encouraging mass education for all castes (for the first time in the history of India), establishing government schools in each district, government aid to private schools, appointment of teachers and school inspectors, establishing universities at the major cities of [[Delhi]], [[Bombay]], [[Madras]] and [[Calcutta]], amongst many other reforms.<ref name=Marx>{{cite news|last1=Marx|first1=Karl|title=Sir Charles Woods' East India Reforms|url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1853/06/22.htm|accessdate=5 May 2015|publisher=The New-York Tribune|date=22 June 1853}}</ref><ref name=GK>{{cite web|title=Wood's Despatch of 1854|url=http://www.gktoday.in/woods-despatch/|website=General Knowledge Today|accessdate=5 May 2015|date=8 June 2011}}</ref><ref name=Dispatch>{{cite book|title=Educational Papers: A Supplement to the South India Missionary Conference Report|date=1880|publisher=Addison and Co., Mount Road|location=Madras, British India|pages=[https://archive.org/details/educationalpaper00sout/page/n209 1]–29|url=https://archive.org/details/educationalpaper00sout|accessdate=5 November 2015}}</ref> The Wesleyan Mission School was established in 1855, using a generous grant from the Government of [[Madras Presidency|Madras]].<ref name=Aliyeh1 />

[[Elijah Hoole]] in his book ''Personal Narrative of a Mission to the South of India, from 1820 to 1828'' acknowledges the help rendered by the British Resident in Mysore, [[Arthur Henry Cole]], in getting the support of the Maharaja of Mysore (p. 73, 74, 84, 85, 86, 207).<ref name=Hoole1829 /> It could be possible that the park adjacent to the Wesleyan Tamil Mission could have been named after Cole, to acknowledge this support to the Mission as Coles Park. If that's the case, then Cole's Park has been known by that name for nearly 200 years.

The Wesleyan Mission School was established in 1855, with the main objective of educating children of native Tamil sepoys of the [[Madras|Madras Presidency]] Army, who were stationed at the Bangalore Civil and Military Station. The school was initially established on East Parade (present Manipal Centre on Dickenson Road), next to the Wesleyan Church (now CSI [[East Parade Church]]), with Ms. Little as the head mistress, with only a handful of students. The school was providing education in the native languages, along with skills such as knitting and sewing. The Wesleyan Tamil Girls School was moved to present site on Promenade Road, at the Wesley Tamil Mission compound, in 1888. By the beginning of [[World War I]], the Wesleyan Tamil Girls School was the first all girls school in the Bangalore Civil and Military Station.<ref name=Roye>{{cite news|last1=Roye|first1=Janardhan|title=Earning goodwill since 1855!|url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/jun212004/metro11.asp|accessdate=15 June 2015|agency=Deccan Herald|issue=Bangalore|publisher=Deccan Herald|date=21 June 2004|archive-date=25 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125194554/http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/jun212004/metro11.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Mrs. Little's Native Girls' School==
The school began on 2 September 1855, with 42 students of whom 11 were Christian, 16 non-Christian and the rest Roman Catholics. The school was started by Mrs. Little, a missionary's wife. Mrs. Little arrived in the [[Bangalore Cantonment|Bangalore Civil and Military Station]] in 1854. Seeing the social status of women in Indian society, Mrs. Little was moved and wanted to start a school to educate Indian girl children. Her fiends in [[Islington]], England, helped her in this cause, by sending gifts, which were sold in Bangalore, helping to raise funds to run the school for nearly 8 months. Many girl children were very happy to get an education, with Mrs. Little noting that many hardly missed classes even for a day.

The school started at 9:00 am with an assembly. At 9:30 am, children joined the servants in saying [[Tamil Language|Tamil]] prayers led by a catechist. Proper classes began at 10:00 am. The schedule of units taught were Tamil, followed by Scripture and History (in Tamil), then Conference [[Catechism]] and Geography (in Tamil). Finally, it was the English department with easy lessons, hymns and catechism. By 12:15, the children marched into the verandah, where the attendance was taken. Then the children sang the hymn '[[There Is a Happy Land]]'. In conclusion, the students knelt down and said the [[Lord's Prayer]] in Tamil. After which, they were dismissed to go home for Lunch. The children came back at 2:00 pm for sewing and crochet classes. Some students who lived far away were unable to come back for the afternoon session.<ref name=Little>{{cite journal|title=Something About Mrs. Little's School in Bangalore, India|journal=Wesleyan Juvenile Offering|date=1856|volume=XIII|pages=63–65|url=https://archive.org/details/wesleyanjuvenil18socigoog|accessdate=9 November 2015|publisher=Wesleyan Mission House|location=London}}</ref>

Mrs. Little records holding of the half yearly exams of the Native Girls' School in Bangalore on 2 July 1856. The examination in Scriptures were from Mathew Chapter 3 and 25. The other subjects examined were Tamil Geography, Tamil spellings and translation from English to Tamil. The children sang many Tamil hymns, and a few English hymns such as 'Here we suffer in grief and pain', '[[There Is a Happy Land]]' and 'Lift up the Gospel Banner' in the tune of 'Away to School' from the 'Training School Song Book'. The exams were a private exam, and Mrs. Little hoped to have a Public Exam for the finals.<ref name=Offering1857>{{cite journal|last1=Little|title=Half Yearly Examination of the Native Girls' School in Bangalore|journal=Wesleyan Juvenile Offering|date=February 1857|volume=XIV|pages=20–23|url=https://archive.org/details/wesleyanjuvenil12socigoog|accessdate=11 November 2015|publisher=Wesleayan Mission-House|location=London}}</ref> In 1857, EKG, writes about a native widow, Elizabeth being sent to Bangalore from Madras to work as a teacher in Mrs. Little's School.<ref name=Offering1857a>{{cite journal|last1=G|first1=EK|title=The Unpromising Girl in the Madras School|journal=Wesleyan Juvenile Offering|date=September 1857|volume=XIV|pages=100–104|url=https://archive.org/details/wesleyanjuvenil12socigoog|accessdate=11 November 2015|publisher=Wesleyan Mission-House|location=London}}</ref>

==Mrs. Symone's Wesleyan Mission School, Ulsoor==
[[File:Native Girls' School and Preaching-Room, Alasoor, Bangalore (p.184, December 1865, XXII).jpg|thumb|right|280px|Native Girls' School and Preaching-Room, Alasoor, Bangalore (p.184, 1865)<ref name=Offering1864a />]]
[[File:A Street Scene in India, Outside the Wesleyan Girls School, Bangalore (January 1869, p.7, New III) - Copy.jpg|thumb|280px|A Street Scene in India, Outside the Wesleyan Girls School, Bangalore (January 1869, p.7)<ref name="Juvenile1869">{{cite journal|title=A Street Scene in India, Outside the Wesleyan Girls School, Bangalore|journal=The Wesleyan Juvenile Offering: A Miscellany of Missionary Information for Young Persons|date=January 1869|volume=New III|page=7|url=https://archive.org/details/wesleyanjuvenil19socigoog|accessdate=24 February 2016|publisher=Wesleyan Missionary Society}}</ref>]]
[[File:Wesley Tamil Church, Haines Road, Bangalore.jpg|thumb|280px|Wesley Tamil Church, Haines Road (2016)]]

Anne M Symone provides a description of the Wesleyan Mission Girls School in [[Ulsoor]] (Qyazi Alasoor, near the [[Halasuru Someshwara Temple, Bangalore|Someshwara Temple]]). The school was a native house with a little passage, leading to an open sky courtyard, and the house supported by pillars. A chart of the World Map in [[Tamil Language|Tamil]] and letters of the Tamil alphabet were hung on the wall. The girls were first taught to master the letters of Tamil, which were 234 with different combinations. Sand was used to trace the letters of the alphabet. The girls were all brown, some being fairer than others, with black eyes and hair. They wore a small petticoat, and a ravaky (short body, just reaching short of the waist), with no hats or footwear. Jewelry worn were nose-studs, earrings, anklets, silver belts, gold necklaces. All instructions were given in Tamil. The teacher rode a pony from Shoolay to reach the school in Ulsoor. The schools were funded by donations from England.<ref name=Offering1864>{{cite journal|last1=Symone|first1=Anne M|title=Letter from Bangalore - Shoolay, Bangalore, 8 September 1864|journal=Wesleyan Juvenile Offering|date=1865|volume=XXII|pages=43–46|url=https://archive.org/details/wesleyanjuvenil06socigoog|accessdate=10 November 2015|publisher=Wesleyan Mission House|location=London}}</ref>

The Wesleyan Mission Girls School in Ulsoor had 50–60 native girls, from families in the Ulsoor neighbourhood. The school building cost GBP 60, paid for by sale of articles sent to Mrs. Catherine Male (wife of Matthew Trevan Male) from supporters in [[Stockport]], [[Richmond, North Yorkshire|Richmond]], [[Manchester]], [[Acton, Cheshire|Acton]], etc.<ref name=Offering1864a>{{cite journal|title=Native Girls School and Preaching-Room, Alasoor, Bangalore - Bangalore Cantonment, 8 July 1865|journal=Wesleyan Juvenile Offering|date=December 1865|volume=XXII|pages=43–46|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1VwEAAAAQAAJ|accessdate=10 November 2015|publisher=Wesleyan Mission House|location=London}}</ref> (Catherine wife of Matthew Trevan Male of the Wesleyan Missionary Society who died on 29 August 1865 aged 49 and Fanny Lees child of Catherine and Matthew Male born 29 January 1861 and died 24 April 1861, are buried at the Agram Protestant Cemetery, Bangalore<ref name="Agram">{{cite web|last1=Johnson|first1=Ronnie|title=The Old Protestant Cemetery or Agram Cemetery|url=http://geocitiessites.com/Athens/2960/grave1.htm|website=Bangalore Walla|accessdate=19 February 2016}}</ref>)

The school in Ulsoor was for the higher caste girls, who refused to study with the lower caste. Mrs. Symon further writes about the annual examination which was held on 22 December 1865, were the students were examined for basic maths, [[Tamil literature|Tamil Poetry]], [[Tamil grammar]] and [[Geography]]. The school had 71 students now, and they had learned sewing and produced 86 garments. At this instance, a letter written by one of the students (P Marneekummal) to Mrs. Symon was read out. Dolls, bags, boxes were distributed as prizes and children were given cakes and fruit.<ref name=Offering1866>{{cite journal|title=Short Notices of Schools and School Children in Foreign Lands: Mrs. Symon's Account - 22 December 1865, Bangalore|journal=Wesleyan Juvenile Offering|date=April 1866|volume=XXIII|pages=62–64|url=https://archive.org/details/wesleyanjuvenil10socigoog|accessdate=10 November 2015|publisher=Wesleyan Mission House|location=London}}</ref>

The Ulsoor Wesleyan Mission School was closed in around 1954, and the school and staff were transferred to the Goodwills School at Promenade Road.

==Wesley Tamil Church, Haines Road==
William Sproston Caine in his book 'Picturesque India: a Handbook for European Travellers', published in 1890, describes the Wesleyan Tamil School on Promenade Road, Cleveland Town, St. John's Hill as being headed by a missionary. The missionary's house is recorded to being just next to the boarding school. The missionary was being assisted by a native preacher, [[zenana]] visitors, catechists, and bible women. The principal chapel of the mission is described as being at Haines Road, and another Wesleyan chapel being constructed at Shoolay (Wesley Tamil Church, Commisionarant Road). The other Wesleyan Tamil schools in the [[Bangalore Cantonment|Bangalore Civil and Military Station]] were English boys middle school in the Cantonment bazaar (Methodist Mission High School, Dharmaraja Kovil St.), Anglo-Vernacular schools in Shoolay and Mootocherry, five Tamil schools, and five day-schools for girls (pp. 522–523).<ref name=Caine>{{cite book|last1=Caine|first1=William Sproston|title=Picturesque India: A Handbook for European Travellers|date=1890|publisher=London and G. Routledge & Sons, Limited|location=London|isbn=9781274043993|pages=[https://archive.org/details/picturesqueindi00caingoog/page/n567 522]–523|url=https://archive.org/details/picturesqueindi00caingoog|accessdate=26 October 2015}}</ref>

==Fred Goodwill==
[[File:Fred Goodwill, 1900, by Felix S Wecksler.jpg|thumb|right|Fred Goodwill (1874-1969))]]
{{main|Fred Goodwill}}
Documentation of the life of Rev. Fred Goodwill was done after extensive research by his grand daughter Jane Smith. Fred was born on 20 February 1874, to Elizabeth and Thomas Goodwill, Yorkshire, UK. Fred arrived in India in 1899, posted as the superintendent of the Wesleyan Tamil Mission, Bangalore and Kolar Gold Fields. Fred was a scholar of the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] Language,<ref name=Krupa /><ref name="JS-Share" /> and was also fluent in Canarese ([[Kannada]]) and Telagu ([[Telugu language|Telugu]]).<ref name="JS-Share">{{cite web|last=Jane|first=Smith|title=Fred Goodwill|url=http://www.sharehistory.org/posts/3-fred-goodwill|publisher=Share History|access-date=5 May 2015|archive-date=6 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406081729/http://www.sharehistory.org/posts/3-fred-goodwill|url-status=dead}}</ref> Fred is acknowledged as an authority on Tamil Shaiva Literature, with authors quoting from his research.<ref name=Siddhanta>{{cite journal|last1=Goodwill|first1=Fred|title=The Saiva Siddhanta|journal=The Siddhanta Deepika or the Light of Truth|volume=6|date=1903|pages=144–153|url=https://archive.org/details/SiddhantaDeepikaVolume6|accessdate=27 August 2014}}</ref><ref name=Saivite>{{cite book|last1=Kingsbury|first1=Frank|title=Hymns of the Tamil Saivite Saints (1921)|date=1921|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=Author's Note|url=http://www.ibiblio.org/guruguha/MusicResearchLibrary/Books-English/BkE-KingsburyF&PhillipsGE-Hymns-of-Tamil-Saivite-Saints-1921-0103.pdf|accessdate=8 July 2014}}</ref><ref name=Meykandan>{{cite book|last1=Civācāriyar|first1=Aruṇanti|title=Šivajñāna Siddhiyār of Arunandi Šivāchārya|date=1913|publisher=Meykandan Press|page=iii, xiii|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=muUxAQAAMAAJ&q=goodwill|accessdate=1 September 2014}}</ref><ref name=Bergunder>{{cite book|last1=Bergunder|first1=Michael|last2=Frese|first2=Heiko|last3=Schröder|first3=Ulrike|title=Ritual, Caste, and Religion in Colonial South India|date=2011|publisher=Franckesche Stiftungen zu Halle|location=Germany|isbn=9789380607214|page=50|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OcEM2IsnA1AC&dq=F+goodwill+tamil&pg=PA50|accessdate=1 September 2014}}</ref> As one of the founding members of the Mythic Society,<ref name="Aruni Song">{{cite news|last1=Aruni|first1=S K|title=A song of captivity|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/a-song-of-captivity/article2896340.ece|accessdate=8 September 2014|agency=The Hindu|date=15 February 2012}}</ref> his published papers on the history of the Mysore State form the basis of history of the State, as we know it now.<ref name=ICHR>{{cite book|last1=ICHR|title=Annual Report (2009–2010)|date=2011|publisher=Indian Council of Historical Research (ICHR)|location=New Delhi|page=76}}</ref><ref name="Parsons-1930">{{cite book|last1=Parsons|first1=Constance E|last2=Milford|first2=H|title=Mysore City|date=1930|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Mysore (India)|pages=140|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=am0dAAAAMAAJ&q=f+goodwill|accessdate=2 November 2014}}</ref><ref name="British-History">{{cite journal|last1=University of London, Institute for Historical Research|journal=Writings on British History|date=1969|volume=4|pages=119}}</ref> Fred was a keen photographer, who documented life in the British Bangalore Cantonment, in the early 1900s. His photos published as Tuck's Postcards, provide a valuable documentation of the history of the Bangalore Civil and Military Station.<ref name="Indian Express">{{cite news|last1=The New Indian Express|title=Rediscover old Bangalore at Rangoli Metro Art Centre|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/Rediscover-old-Bangalore-at-Rangoli-Metro-Art-Centre/2013/11/04/article1871268.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106115225/http://newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/Rediscover-old-Bangalore-at-Rangoli-Metro-Art-Centre/2013/11/04/article1871268.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 November 2013|issue=Bangalore|publisher=The New Indian Express|date=4 November 2013}}</ref><ref name=TOI>{{cite news|last=Kumar|first=G. S.|title=From the frames: Snapshots of Bangalore from early 1900s|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/From-the-frames-Snapshots-of-Bangalore-from-early-1900s/articleshow/25241352.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109040804/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-11-05/bangalore/43693541_1_lalbagh-rangoli-metro-art-centre-photographs|url-status=live|archive-date=9 November 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=5 November 2013}}</ref><ref name=Hindu>{{cite news|last=The Hindu|title=Remembrance of things past|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/remembrance-of-things-past/article5322739.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=7 November 2013}}</ref><ref name=Mirror>{{cite news|last=Madhukar|first=Jayanthi|title=Memories of Bangalore|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/lounge/Memories-of-Bangalore/articleshow/25223521.cms|newspaper=Bangalore Mirror|date=4 November 2013}}</ref><ref name="Hindu Harshini">{{cite news|last=Vakkalanka|first=Harshini|title=History in black and white|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/history-in-black-and-white/article5340331.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=12 November 2013}}</ref><ref name="Tale of two cities">{{cite news|last1=Kumar|first1=Chethan|title=Tale of two cities|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/237402/tale-two-cities.html|accessdate=22 August 2014|publisher=Deccan Herald|date=2012}}</ref> His 26 years service to the Wesleyan Mission saw his campaign strongly for the cause of women's education beyond class and caste.<ref name=Aliyeh1 />

In his 26 years in India, Rev. Fred Goodwill contributed immensely to the education and progress of [[Tamil language|Tamil]] literature in [[Bangalore Cantonment]]. His name is associated with books on Tamil Literature published around that period in British India, and Fred Goodwill authored many academic articles on Tamil Literature, which were published in Journals.<ref name=Siddhanta/><ref name=Saivite/> Fred's articles on Tamil literature are mainly on the [[Shaivism]] philosophy,<ref name=Meykandan/><ref name=Bergunder/><ref name=Ramachandran>{{cite book|last1=Ramachandran|first1=T N|title=Saiva Siddhantam|date=1984|publisher=Dharmapura Adhinam|location=Dharmapuram, Mayiladuthurai, TN, India|url=https://archive.org/stream/saivasiddhantam004146mbp/saivasiddhantam004146mbp_djvu.txt|accessdate=4 September 2014}}</ref><ref name=Pillai1913>{{cite book|last1=Pillai|first1=J M Nallaswami|title=Sivajnana Siddhiyar of Arunandi Sivacharya|date=1913|publisher=Meykandan Press|location=Madras, British India|url=https://archive.org/stream/ivajasiddhiyro00arun/ivajasiddhiyro00arun_djvu.txt|accessdate=4 September 2014}}</ref><ref name="Pillai-Serpent">{{cite book|last1=Pillai|first1=G Subrahmanya|title=Tree-worship and Ophiolatry|date=1948|publisher=Annamalai University Publication|pages=100|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mJlLAAAAIAAJ&q=goodwill|accessdate=2 November 2014}}</ref> [[Tiruvacakam]], the poetry of the Shavite Saints [[Tirunavukkarasar]], [[Manikkavacakar]], [[Sundarar]] and [[Sambandar]].<ref name=Siddhanta /><ref name=Saivite /><ref name=Meykandan /><ref name=Bergunder /> Research done by Fred Goodwill is quoted by works of later authors of Dravidian culture, [[Shaiva Siddhanta]] and Ancient Tamil literature, along with that of [[George Uglow Pope]].<ref name=Arulsamy>{{cite book|last1=Arulsamy|first1=S|title=Religion for a New Society|date=2000|publisher=ISPCK|location=Delhi|isbn=9788172145941|page=62|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_2zXAAAAMAAJ&q=goodwill|accessdate=1 September 2014}}</ref><ref name=Dharmaram>{{cite book|last1=Arulsamy|first1=S|title=Journal of Dharma, Volume 11|date=1986|publisher=Centre for the Study of World Religions, Dharmaram College|location=Bangalore|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BOYnAAAAYAAJ&q=goodwill|accessdate=1 September 2014}}</ref><ref name="Arulsamy 2">{{cite book|last1=Arulsamy|first1=S|title=Saivism, a perspective of grace|date=1987|publisher=Sterling Publishers Private Limited|page=1|isbn=9788120707573|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K2QqAAAAYAAJ&q=goodwill|accessdate=1 September 2014}}</ref><ref name=Raman>{{cite book|last1=Raman|first1=V V|title=The Siddhānta Dipikā and Āgamic Review or The Light of Truth: Volume 10|date=1994|publisher=Asian Educational Services|page=37}}</ref><ref name=TamilName>{{cite book|last1=Mutaliyār|first1=T Celvakkēcavarāya|title=சைவ சபை, பாளையங்கோட்டை, 25-வது ஆண்டு நிறைவுமகாசங்கப் பிரசங்கங்கள்|date=1912|publisher=ராமநிலைய விவேகானந்த முத்திராக்ஷரசாலை|page=102|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r-MwAQAAMAAJ&q=goodwill|accessdate=1 September 2014}}</ref><ref name=Nallasami>{{cite book|last1=Balasubramaniam|first1=K M|title=The life of J. M. Nallaswami Pillai: the centenary memorial to a champion of Saiva siddhanta|date=1965|publisher=J. M. Somasundaram Pillai|page=i, 141|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-TpIAAAAMAAJ&q=Goodwill|accessdate=1 September 2014}}</ref><ref name=Thekkedath>{{cite book|last1=Thekkedath|first1=Joseph|title=History of Christianity in India: pt. 2. Tamilnadu in the nineteenth and twentieth century|date=1990|publisher=Church History Association of India|page=144|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x0MKAQAAMAAJ&q=F.+Goodwill|accessdate=1 September 2014}}</ref> About the Tamil poetry and literature on Saiva Siddhanta he remarked "'Those who have studied the system unanimously agree that this eulogy is not a whit too enthusiastic or free worded. That the system is eclectic is at once apparent".<ref name="Pillai-Calcutta">{{cite journal|last1=Pillai|first1=J M Nallaswami|title=The Saiva Religion and Saiva Advaita Siddhanta Philosophy|journal=Convention of Religions, Calcutta|date=1909|url=http://www.shaivam.org/english/sen-sd-saiva-religion-and-saiva-advaita.htm|accessdate=4 September 2014}}</ref><ref name="Thiru-MY">{{cite web|last1=Thiruvengadam|first1=Mu|title=The World Hails Tamil Religion|date=n.d.|url=http://www.geocities.ws/muthiru01/12.html|accessdate=4 September 2014}}</ref><ref name=Proceedings>{{cite journal|last1=Pillai|first1=J M Nallaswami|title=The Saiva Religion|journal=Convention of Religions in India: Proceedings|date=1910|pages=439–440|url=http://www.forgottenbooks.com/readbook_text/Proceedings_1910_1000035231/439|accessdate=4 September 2014|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904131846/http://www.forgottenbooks.com/readbook_text/Proceedings_1910_1000035231/439|archivedate=4 September 2014}}</ref><ref name="Pillai-Madras">{{cite book|last1=Pillai|first1=J M Nallaswami|title=Studies in Saiva Siddhanta|date=1911|publisher=The Meykandan Press|location=Madras, British India|page=[https://archive.org/details/studiesinsaiva00pilluoft/page/n347 314]|url=https://archive.org/details/studiesinsaiva00pilluoft|accessdate=4 September 2014}}</ref><ref name=Baskaran>{{cite book|last1=Baskaran|first1=V|title=Contribution of religion to the development of temples with special reference to Saivism: a study|date=2012|publisher=Shodh Ganga|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/5362/14/14_chapter%206.pdf|accessdate=9 September 2014}}</ref>

==Fred and the Wesleyan Mission School==
In [[British India]], education of the girl child was considered a taboo by [[Hindus]] as well as [[Indian Christians]]. The Wesleyan Tamil Girls School, Bangalore was established in 1851. Around fifty years later, Fred Goodwill built on its foundations and improved the school to a great extent. In 1906, Fred Goodwill began to assist the principal of the school Ms. Sisterson, eventually becoming its manager. His wife, Alice also got actively involved in educating the children and took time to teach needlework and crafts.<ref name=Amazon /> Fred Goodwill was keen to stress to importance of education of girls irrespective of any [[Indian caste system|caste]] barriers in the [[Bangalore Cantonment]].<ref name=Amazon /><ref name="Bible House">{{cite book|last1=British and Foreign Bible Society|title=111th Report of the British and Foreign Bible Society|date=1915|publisher=Bible House|page=236|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cZg_AQAAMAAJ&q=goodwill|accessdate=27 August 2014}}</ref> He once wrote in "preparing girls for future work we remember that we are preparing workers to hasten the time when foreign missionaries will be a thing of the past". In respect for his work at the Wesleyan Girls Tamil School was renamed as Goodwills Girls School.<ref name=Amazon>{{cite web|last=Smith|first=Jane|title=Fred Goodwill|url=http://s3.amazonaws.com/historypie_devel/class/files/847/original/fred%20goodwill,6382,0.pdf|publisher=Amazon Web Services}}</ref><ref name=Encyclo>{{cite book|last1=Asher|first1=Catherine B|title=India 2001: Reference Encyclopedia, Volume 1|date=1995|publisher=South Asia Publications|page=26|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F_BtAAAAMAAJ&q=f.+goodwill|accessdate=27 August 2014|isbn=9780945921424}}</ref><ref name="Deccan-Wesley">{{cite news|last=Deccan Herald|title=Supporting the community|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/342088/supporting-community.html|accessdate=8 July 2014|publisher=Deccan Herald|date=2 July 2013}}</ref>

==Present Status==
The school is trying to stay relevant to the cause of providing education to girls. It has now been upgraded to junior college and degree college in its compound. There are nearly 1200 girl children studying in the school. The school's original stone structure (built in 1888) still stands and is a prominent landmark of the Cantonment. An auditorium and a chapel has been added to the school, and also a library named after Ms. Little. The school once imparted education in [[Tamil Language|Tamil]], [[Telugu Language|Telugu]] and [[Urdu]]. However, it now offers only [[English-medium education|English Medium Education]].<ref name=Roye />

==Goodwill Stalwarts==
* Ms. Little<ref name=Roye />
* Rev. Fred Goodwill
* Ms. Rose Sisterson (1905–1938)<ref name=Sisterson>{{cite web|last1=George|first1=Moses|title=Stone Plaque In Remembrance Of Miss Rose Sisterson|url=http://www.sharehistory.org/mosesgeorge/uploads/8573-stone-plaque-in-remembrance-of-miss-rose-sisterson|website=Share History|accessdate=15 December 2015|date=21 January 2015}}</ref>
* Ms. Roper
* Ms. Rogerson
* Ms. P Krishnappa
* Miss. Azelia Adiappa
* Ms. Jothi Parker
* Mrs. Phillips
* Ms. Samson
* Ms. Ranthanjili Nicodemus
* Mrs. Jamila Paul
* Mrs. Vani Mohan<ref name=Stalwarts>{{cite web|title=The Stalwarts of Goodwill Institutions|url=http://goodwillchristiancollege.com/history.html|website=Goodwill Christian College for Women|accessdate=5 May 2015}}</ref>
* Mrs. Evangaline Milton
* Mrs. Gnanamoni Franklin

==Rose Sisterson==
[[File:Rose Sisterson, Wesley Tamil, Bangalore.jpg|thumb|280px|Rose Sisterson Memorial, Wesley Tamil Church, Haines Road, Bangalore]]
There exists a memorial plaque at the [https://www.google.com.au/maps/place/Wesley+Tamil+Church/@12.9908936,77.6069777,15z/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x0:0xb8942cd31ae2b443?sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwju8ZrqlN_JAhXhXaYKHfkyCf4Q_BIIWTAK Wesley Tamil Church, Haines Road], Bangalore
{{Blockquote|
{{center|
:TO THE GLORY OF GOD AND IN LOVING MEMORY OF
:MISS ROSE SISTERSON
:A GREAT PIONEER MISSIONARY OF THIS CHURCH AND
:FORMER PRINCIPAL OF GOODWILL GIRLS HIGH SCHOOL 1905-1938
:WHO SLEPT IN CHRIST ON 8TH DEC. 1967. IN ENGLAND.
:AGED 92
:FIGHT THE GOOD FIGHT OF FAITH. LAY HOLD ON
:ETERNAL LIFE WHERE THOU ART ALSO CALLED
:1. TIM. 6-12
:ERECTED BY WELLWISHERS 13TH OCT. 1968
}}}}<ref name=Sisterson />

==Notable alumni==
* [[Evangeline Anderson Rajkumar]], theologian

==Photos==
There are hundreds of photos of the Goodwill's Girls School, dating to the early 20th century, in the [[Fred Goodwill]] collection.<ref name=JaneSmith>{{cite web|last1=Smith|first1=Jane|title=Goodwill School|url=http://www.sharehistory.org/uploads/search?page=1&search=goodwill+school|website=Share History|accessdate=16 December 2015}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Goodwill's Girls School, Bangalore}}
{{Portal|United Kingdom|India}}

[[Category:Schools in Colonial India]]
[[Category:Boarding schools in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Girls' schools in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Christian schools in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Schools in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Church of South India schools]]
[[Category:Bangalore Civil and Military Station]]
[[Category:Christian missions in India]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1855]]
[[Category:1855 establishments in India]]

Mandwariya

2026-04-09T09:17:29Z

Dan: stub

{{orphan|date=April 2026}}
{{Orphan|date=December 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}

'''Mandwariya'''<ref>{{Cite web |last=News |first=India TV |title=Mandwara Pin Code {{!}} Postal Code (Zip Code) of Mandwara, Sirohi, Rajasthan, India |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/pincode/rajasthan/sirohi/mandwara |access-date=2025-12-14 |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mandawariya Village Population - Sirohi - Sirohi, Rajasthan |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/89952-mandawariya-rajasthan.html |access-date=2025-12-14 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref> a village and Panchayat area in the [[Sirohi]] district of Rajasthan, India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-14 |title=Area, pincode and population of Mandwara village in Sirohi tehsil of Sirohi, Rajasthan, India based on census of India 2011 |url=http://villageinindia.com/india/rajasthan/sirohi/sirohi/sirohi-mandwara/ |access-date=2025-12-14 |website=Village in India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=english |title=Mandwaria Pin Code - 307801, All Post Office Areas PIN Codes, Search sirohi Post Office Address |url=https://news.abplive.com/pincode/rajasthan/sirohi/mandwaria-pincode-307801.html |access-date=2025-12-14 |website=ABP Live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Schools in Mandwariya Cluster {{!}} List of Schools in Mandwariya Cluster, Sirohi District (Rajasthan) |url=https://schools.org.in/rajasthan/sirohi/sirohi/mandwariya |access-date=2025-12-14 |website=schools.org.in}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Sirohi district}}

{{coord missing|Rajasthan}}

[[Category:Villages in Sirohi district]]

{{Jodhpurdivision-geo-stub}}

Mohammed Nisham

2026-03-31T17:48:43Z

Dan:

{{short description|Businessman turned criminal from Kerala}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox person
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| children = Ishaan Nisham<ref>{{cite news |title=After Ferrari, 10-year-old Ishaan guns For Lamborghini |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/After-Ferrari-10-year-old-Ishaan-guns-For-Lamborghini/articleshow/19761526.cms |publisher=[[Times of India]] |date=April 28, 2013}}</ref>
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'''Mohammed Nisham A A''' is an Indian businessman who was convicted in connection with the murder of Chandrabose and is currently serving a prison sentence in [[Kerala]].

== Early life and background ==
Mohammed Nisham was born in Thrissur, Kerala, to Adakkaparambil B. Abdulkader and Subaida Muhammad.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-01-21|title=Horror run: Rajdoot to Hummer|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/horror-run-rajdoot-to-hummer/|access-date=2021-09-17|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-01-20|title=Mohammed Nisham: The rich brat who made it a habit to get on the wrong side of the law|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/mohammed-nisham-rich-brat-who-made-it-habit-get-wrong-side-law-37908|access-date=2021-09-17|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref> He has two brothers and one sister. He is married and has a son.<ref>{{Cite web|author=T. C. Sreemol|date=Apr 28, 2013|title=After Ferrari, 10-year-old Ishaan guns For Lamborghini {{!}} Kochi News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/after-ferrari-10-year-old-ishaan-guns-for-lamborghini/articleshow/19761526.cms|access-date=2021-09-17|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ferrari Kids Driving from thrissur |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qhpbs_RSciI |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171127043311/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qhpbs_RSciI&feature=player_embedded |archive-date=2017-11-27 |access-date=2022-09-21 |website=YouTube}}</ref>

Nisham has been associated with the tobacco and real estate sectors. He is linked to Kings Beedi Co., a tobacco company based in [[Thirunelveli]], [[Tamil Nadu]], established by his father.

== Legal issues and controversies ==

He is a notorious businessman turned-out criminal who was charged under many criminal cases in Kerala and Karnataka States. Authorities in Kerala have invoked provisions of the [[Kerala Anti-Social Activities (Prevention) Act, 2007]] (KAPA) against him.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.keralapolice.org/newsite/pdfs/kaapa/kaapa.pdf |title=Act 34 of 2007: The Kerala Anti-Social Activities (Prevention) Act, 2007 |publisher=Kerala Police |access-date=4 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726215759/http://keralapolice.org/newsite/pdfs/kaapa/kaapa.pdf |archive-date=26 July 2011 }}</ref> Nisham has been in the public eye for a series of transgressions he committed.

===Ferrari incident===
In 2013, Nisham faced legal scrutiny after allowing his nine-year-old son Ishaan Nisham, to drive a Ferrari within a residential complex in Thrissur, which led to a police case.<ref name=news011>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/newdelhi/kerala-father-arrested-for-letting-9-year-old-boy-drive-his-ferrari/article1-1052503.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220174751/http://www.hindustantimes.com/newdelhi/kerala-father-arrested-for-letting-9-year-old-boy-drive-his-ferrari/article1-1052503.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 February 2015 |title=Kerala: father arrested for letting 9-year-old boy drive his Ferrari |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=30 April 2013}}</ref>

===Police altercation===
In a separate incident the same year, he was arrested following an altercation with a police officer during a routine traffic inspection. According to reports, Nisham allegedly confined a woman police inspector, T Devi, inside his car after locking it remotely during the exchange. Additional police personnel intervened, and only after a heated argument with Nisham the officer was subsequently released.

=== K Chandrabose murder case ===
On 29 January 2015, Mohammed Nisham was involved in an incident at the Sobha City residential township in Thrissur, in which his security guard, Chandrabose, sustained severe injuries. According to prosecution records, Nisham drove his vehicle [[Hummer]] SUV into Chandrabose, pinning him against a wall, and subsequently assaulted him with a metal rod. Chandrabose, aged 50, suffered multiple injuries and died on 16 February 2015 at the [[Amala Institute of Medical Sciences]] after remaining on life support for approximately two weeks.

Nisham supposedly attacked Chandrabose because he was slow in opening the gate to his apartment in Kerala. Police initially registered a case of attempted murder, which was later amended following Chandrabose’s death. Nisham was arrested in connection with the incident. After a year of multiple sessions in court, the Thrissur Additional District and Sessions Court found him guilty on 20 January 2016. On 21 January 2016, he was sentenced to life imprisonment along with additional terms under various charges.

Famous Criminal lawyer Advocate Raman pillai appeared for Nisham and Special Public Prosecutor Advocate [[C P Udayabhanu]] appeared for Chandrabose. The Verdict was issued by Thrissur District Additional Sessions Judge Mr K P Sudeer. Earlier the [[Supreme Court of India]] had rejected his bail plea, saying the case was "an example of how the rich have become entirely egocentric and megalomaniacs". The Thrissur District Additional Sessions Court on Thursday, 21 January 2016, sentenced businessman Mohammed Nisham (38) to life term and an additional 24 years of imprisonment for murdering his security guard.

==Imprisonment and related reports==
===Jail privilege allegations===
Reports in the media raised concerns regarding alleged preferential treatment during his incarceration, including claims related to facilities and interactions with officials. It was in the news for having a personal helper in jail alluding to vip treatment where he is serving his term. Prison authorities initiated inquiries into these allegations, and disciplinary action was reported against certain personnel in connection with related incidents.

===Police suspension case===
Earlier, a controversy had erupted over Nisham's stay in jail as on one journey back from court, he was filmed treating his police escorts to a lavish meal, following which five policemen were suspended. Meanwhile, a quick probe has been ordered as it is believed that a nexus between Nisham and police officers exist, giving him access to run his business.<ref name="new013">{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/hummer-murder-kerala-beedi-king-nisham-given-life-term/story-60YBNUW5um3rW6THrcVTcI.html |title=A Kerala court on Thursday awarded life imprisonment to tobacco magnate Mohammed Nisham for killing a security guard with his luxury SUV. |website=Hindustan Times |date=21 January 2016 |access-date=21 January 2016}}</ref>
<ref name="new012">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-35359131 |title=Indian tycoon Mohammed Nisham found guilty of murdering guard |work=BBC News |date=20 January 2016 |access-date=20 January 2016}}</ref>
<ref name="news003">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-31496994 |title=FAQ: Murder charge for Indian tycoon accused of ramming guard |work=BBC News |date=16 February 2015 |access-date=16 February 2015}}</ref><ref name=news002>{{cite web |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/world-news/mohammed-nisham-millionaire-accused-murdering-5177734 |title=Mohammed Nisham: Millionaire accused of murdering security guard because he was too slow opening his front gate |website=Mirror UK |date=17 February 2015 |access-date=17 February 2015}}</ref><ref name=news004>{{cite web |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/indian-millionaire-mohammed-nisham-charged-with-murder-via-suv/ |title=Indian millionaire charged with murder via SUV |work=CBS News |access-date=17 February 2015}}</ref><ref name=news005>{{cite web |url=http://www.americanbazaaronline.com/2015/02/16/kerala-hummer-case-security-guard-rammed-beaten-mohammed-nisham-dies/ |title=Kerala Hummer case: security guard rammed, beaten by Mohammed Nisham dies |website=American Bazaar |date=16 February 2015 |access-date=16 February 2015}}</ref><ref name=news006>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/kerala-businessman-arrested-for-hitting-guard-with-hummer-car-for-delay-in-opening-gate/ |title=Beedi tycoon held for ramming guard with his Hummer car |website=The Indian Express |date=30 January 2015 |access-date=30 January 2015}}</ref><ref name=news007>{{cite web |url=http://www.cinetrooth.com/2015/01/mohammed-nisham-businessman-cars.html |title=Mohammed Nisham Businessman Cars Collection |website=Cinetrooth |access-date=1 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203024125/http://www.cinetrooth.com/2015/01/mohammed-nisham-businessman-cars.html |archive-date=3 February 2015 |url-status=usurped }}</ref><ref name=news008>{{cite web |url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/news/kerala/more-quirks-of-nisham-comes-to-light.html |title=More quirks of Nisham come to light |website=Manorama Online |access-date=19 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219183631/http://english.manoramaonline.com/news/kerala/more-quirks-of-nisham-comes-to-light.html |archive-date=19 February 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=news009>{{cite web |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150201/jsp/nation/story_11020.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204053048/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150201/jsp/nation/story_11020.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 February 2015 |title=Beedi boss 'Hummers' gateman |website=The Telegrapt, Calcutta India |access-date=1 February 2015}}</ref><ref name=news010>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/Cocaine-Bust-Flat-not-in-Nishams-name-police-to-verify-documents/articleshow/46092192.cms |title=Cocaine Bust: Flat not in Nisham's name, police to verify documents |website=The Times of India |access-date=2 February 2015}}</ref><ref name=news021>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/businessman-mohammed-nisham-sentenced-to-life-for-killing-guard/article8134378.ece |title=Businessman Mohammed Nisham sentenced to life for killing guard |website=The Hindu |access-date=21 January 2016}}</ref><ref name=news022>{{cite web |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/kerala-jailed-beedi-tycoon-mohammed-nisham-running-business-from-prison/426592/ |title=Kerala: Jailed 'beedi tycoon' Mohammed Nisham running business from prison! |website=The Financial Express |access-date=22 October 2016}}</ref>

===Notable fact===
1. Adv. B. Raman Pillai appeared as the defence lawyer for the accused Mohammed Nisham in Chandrabose murder case.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mohammed Nisham A.A. v. State Of Kerala {{!}} Kerala High Court {{!}} Judgment {{!}} Law {{!}} CaseMine|url=https://www.casemine.com/judgement/in/5728e062e561092708a34aae|access-date=2021-09-17|website=www.casemine.com|language=en}}</ref> 
2. Adv. C. P. Udayabhanu, who was appointed as the special public prosecutor in Chandrabose murder case by the government, argued Chandrabose murder case in the court for the family of murder victim Chandrabose and the government (against Mohammed Nisham). 
3. In 2008, both Adv. B. Raman Pillai (who later became defence lawyer for Mohammed Nisham in Chandrabose murder case) and Adv. C.P. Udayabhanu (who later became the special public prosecutor in Chandrabose murder case and argued Chandrabose murder case against Mohammed Nisham) had appeared at the same time as defence lawyers for the accused in [[Sister Abhaya murder case]]. In Sister Abhaya murder case, Adv. B. Raman Pillai appeared as defence lawyer for Fr. Kottoor and Adv. C. P. Udayabhanu appeared as defence lawyer for Fr. Puthrukkayil.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sr. Sephy vs Union Of India on 1 January, 2009|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1483643/|access-date=2021-09-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Central Bureau of Investigation Vs. Jomon Puthenpurakkal on 08 January, 2009 - Legitquest|url=https://www.legitquest.com/case/central-bureau-of-investigation-v-jomon-puthenpurakkal/D1A4F|access-date=2021-09-17|website=legitquest}}</ref> 
4. Chandrabose murder took place in 2015.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nisham, Mohammed}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Thrissur]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian people convicted of murder]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of India]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian murderers]]
[[Category:2015 murders in India]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesspeople]]

Sheikh Amir

2026-03-28T07:05:31Z

Dan: Creating the data w/ refs

{{Short description|Indian impressionist (born 1961)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sheikh Amir
| image = Sheikh Amir at Tiatr Day, 2015 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Amirodin at the [[Kala Academy]], 2015
| birth_place = [[Pangim]], [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]], [[Portuguese Empire]] (now in India)
| birth_name = Xec Amirodin
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1961|11|11|df=y}}
| education = Mahatme High School, [[Panjim]]
| other_names = Xec Amir
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Impressionist (entertainment)|Impressionist]]|singer|actor|comedian|[[theatre director]]}}
| years_active = 1985–present
| spouse = Anisa Xec
| children = 2
| awards = [[Kala Academy]]'s (Best Actor, Singer, Comedian)
| website = {{URL|facebook.com/amir.sheikh.1422}}
}}

'''Xec Amirodin''' (born 11 November 1961), known professionally as '''Sheikh Amir''',{{efn|alternatively spelt as '''Xec Amir''' or '''Sheik Amir'''.}} is an Indian [[Impressionist (entertainment)|impressionist]], singer, actor, comedian, and [[theatre director]] known for his work in [[Konkani cinema|Konkani films]] and ''[[tiatr]]'' productions. Referred to as the "Mimicry King",<ref>{{Cite web |title=Taking a leap of joy |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/Taking-a-leap-of-joy/117057 |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=oHeraldo |date=2 July 2017 |archive-date=2023-12-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223152952/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/Taking-a-leap-of-joy/117057 |url-status=live }}</ref> he is known for his versatile performances, having mastered the styles of 40 politicians and ''tiatr'' singers.

==Early life==
Amirodin received his early education at Mahatme High School, Panjim.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahatme High School shuts shop |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/The-Sunday-Roundtable/mahatme-high-school-shuts-shop/74987 |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=oHeraldo |date=24 June 2014 |archive-date=2023-12-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223073333/https://www.heraldgoa.in/The-Sunday-Roundtable/mahatme-high-school-shuts-shop/74987 |url-status=live }}</ref> Throughout his school years, he actively participated in various stage performances and showcased his acting skills on [[Marathi theatre|Marathi stages]]. However, his passion for the [[Tiatr|Konkani stage]] eventually drew him towards that particular form of theater.<ref name=":0" />

==Career==
Amirodin was previously associated with the singer John F, accompanying him to his performances. In the theatrical production titled ''Vatt Chukli'' (Forgotten Way), directed by [[Premanand Sangodkar]], Amirodin, a young and inexperienced artist, was entrusted with the opportunity to showcase his singing prowess through a [[solo (music)|solo performance]]. Despite initial apprehension about performing alongside seasoned veterans, Amirodin took the stage and delivered a lighthearted song that resonated with the audience, leading to the song being applauded and receiving four [[encore]]s.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Pereira |first=J. P. |date=28 July 2008 |title=In good humour - The King of Mimicry "Xec Amir (Sheikh Amir)" |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080728020745/http://www.navhindtimes.com/mainpage.php |archive-url=https://www.mail-archive.com/goanet@lists.goanet.org/msg32632.html |archive-date=28 July 2008 |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=[[The Navhind Times]]}}</ref>

[[File:Sheikh Amir performing at tiatr titled NIT ONIT, 2013.jpg|thumb|Amirodin during a performance at the ''tiatr Nit Onit'' at [[Candolim]] in 2013]]
Impressed by his performance, Sangodkar promptly secured Amirodin for the remaining shows of ''Vatt Chukli''. Subsequently, Amirodin was cast by [[John Claro]] in the plays ''Vinglli Nachpinn'' (Naked Dancer) and ''Civil Kazar'' (Civil Marriage). However, it was Fr. Freddy J. da Costa who played a pivotal role in fostering Amirodin's acting career, providing guidance and encouragement. Collaborating with Jacinto Vaz, Amirodin formed a [[Comedy duo|comedic partnership]] that delighted audiences in successful productions like ''Utt Goemkara'' (Wake-up Goan), ''Khata Pita Dev Dita'' (Eat, Drink for God Gives), and ''Goemcho Avaz'' (The Goan Voice)."<ref name=":0" />

[[File:Sheikh Amir at Ravindra Bhavan, Margao in 2014.jpg|thumb|Amirodin performing at a felicitation event held at [[Margao]] in 2014]]
The untimely death of Jacinto Vaz left Amirodin without a mentor and performance companion. Nonetheless, Amirodin persevered in his acting pursuits, participating in local shows and frequently joining forces with [[Tomazinho Cardozo]] whenever the writer-director took part in the [[Kala Academy]] Tiatr competition. Amirodin possesses a talent for imitating a diverse range of artists and politicians. Encouraged by Fr. Freddy, he began showcasing his mimicry skills on the [[Konkani language|Konkani]] stage, providing an additional source of amusement for the audience. Since 2008, Amirodin has garnered widespread acceptance from the [[Tiatrs|Konkani drama]] spectators, who exhibit enthusiasm while witnessing his performances. His achievements include successful appearances in productions such as Anil-Olga's ''Chimtti Bor Samball'' and ''Hem Zhadd Dudvanchem'', as well as the opportunity to act and mimic in dramas helmed by the director [[Mario Menezes]].<ref name=":0" />

[[File:Sheikh Amir during a performance at the tiatr titled QUESTION MARK.jpg|thumb|Amirodin performing in Francis de Tuem's ''tiatr Question Mark'' in 2016]]
Participating in productions like ''Ghorabeache Vantte'' (Division of Family) and ''tiatr'' ''Hi Maim Konnanchi'' has established Amirodin as one of the leading entertainers in this domain. Additionally, he has made brief appearances in films like Caetano Pereira's ''Ghat'' (Betrayal) and Socorro de Santa Cruz's ''Fashion''. Amirodin expresses his appreciation for the ''tiatr'' platform, which has allowed him to explore cities such as [[Mumbai]], [[Bangalore]], [[Delhi]], [[Dubai]], and [[Kuwait]]. Grateful for the guidance provided by John F in introducing him to the Konkani stage, the support and encouragement from Fr. Freddy, and the mentorship of Mario Menezes in instilling discipline and refining his performances, Amirodin acknowledges the contributions of various directors who have aided his journey.<ref name=":0" />

==Personal life==
As of 2012, Amirodin was reported to be residing in [[Tiswadi#Settlements|Corlim, Goa]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=45_WlAEACAAJ |title=Directory of Tiatr Artistes, 2012 |date=2012 |publisher=Tiatr Academy of Goa |language=en |access-date=2023-12-23 |archive-date=2023-08-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827202743/https://books.google.com/books?id=45_WlAEACAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> He resides with his wife Anisa. He has two children, Anif and Ameera.<ref name=":0" />

In a June 2017 interview with ''[[O Heraldo]]'', Amirodin shed light on his approach to embodying characters on stage. He stressed the significance of capturing the essence of the individuals he portrays through his vocal techniques and mannerisms. Amirodin asummed the role of prime minister of India [[Narendra Modi]] for his performance in the ''[[tiatr]]'' production ''ICU Bed No. 2''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=When'll we LOL in Konkani? |url=http://www.heraldgoa.in/m/details.php?n_id=116999 |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=oHeraldo |archive-date=2023-12-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223061111/http://www.heraldgoa.in/m/details.php?n_id=116999 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Amid discussions of his solo performances, Amirodin expressed reservations. Regarding the readiness of [[Goan]] audiences for hour-long shows delivered solely in [[Konkani language|Konkani]], the regional language. He articulated that his typical stage appearances involve playing a role for a duration of 15 to 20 minutes, followed by a change in costume to present a new comedic act. Amirodin emphasized the importance of maintaining versatility on stage, believing that performing a one-character show with a single costume would present challenges. Additionally, he expressed a fondness for singing, drawing inspiration from artists such as [[M. Boyer]], Jacint Vaz, and [[H. Britton]], yet acknowledged that this endeavor necessitates the accompaniment of a skilled [[keyboardist]].<ref name=":1" />

Amirodin encourages aspiring newcomers to uphold professional integrity and contribute towards elevating the standards of Konkani theatre. Furthermore, he appeals to parents to nurture their children's talents and actively promote their engagement in the Konkani stage, emphasizing the importance of imparting musical education alongside.<ref name=":0" />

==Awards==
[[File:Sheikh Amir at IMB Hall, Panjim in 2017.jpg|thumb|Amirodin being felicitated at the [[Institute Menezes Braganza]], 2017]]
''Apsvarthi'' was a [[one-act play]] written by Carlos Fernandes, known for its performances, particularly by Amirodin. Throughout his career, Amirodin has been recognized with numerous accolades, winning the Best Actor award 24 times. In addition to these achievements, he has also received [[Kala Academy]] awards in categories such as Best Actor, Best Singer, and Best Comedian. Amirodin's talent has been acknowledged and celebrated by organizations like 'KalaMogi', [[Candolim]], as well as the 'Kala Mogi' in [[Kuwait]], and he has been honored at the [[International Film Festival of India]] (IFFI).<ref name=":0" />

==Selected filmography==
===Video films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!Ref
|-
|
|''Ghat''
|Bit role
|
|rowspan="2"|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|2007
|''Fashion''
|Bit role
|
|}

==Selected stage works==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!Ref
|-
|1985
|''Vatt Chukli''
|Singer
|Debut ''tiatr''
|rowspan="2"|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-23 |title=TIATR TIATRIST EP 4 SHEIKH AMIR |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&si=sMcy92xEVW7AAo60&v=MjSAPUqKRMQ&feature=youtu.be |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=Prime Media |archive-date=2023-12-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223130309/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&si=sMcy92xEVW7AAo60&v=MjSAPUqKRMQ&feature=youtu.be |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>
|-
|1980s–1990s
|''Utt Goemkara''
|Singer
|Debut as an impressionist
|-
|
|''Vinglli Nachpinn''
|
|
|rowspan=4"|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|
|''Civil Kazar''
|
|
|-
|
|''Khata Pita Dev Dita''
|
|
|-
|
|''Goemcho Avaz''
|
|
|-
|2002
|''Chimtti Bor Samball''
|
|
|rowspan="2"|<ref>{{Cite web |date=1974–1975 |title=KALA ACADEMY GOA 1st Tiatr 'A' Group Competition 1974–1975 |url=https://kalaacademygoa.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Tiatr-A-Group-Competition-Programme-Results.pdf |access-date=10 December 2023 |website=Kala Academy Goa |archive-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212055954/https://kalaacademygoa.co.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Tiatr-A-Group-Competition-Programme-Results.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2005
|''Hem Zhadd Dudvanchem''
|
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2008
|''Ghorabeache Vantte''
|Jacint uncle
|Also singer
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dubai: Konkani Tiatr 'Ghorabeache Vantte' on Aug 14- daijiworld.com |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/chan/sponsoredDisplay.aspx?sID=879 |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=www.daijiworld.com |archive-date=2023-12-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223152953/https://www.daijiworld.com/chan/sponsoredDisplay.aspx?sID=879 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''Hi Maim Konnanchi''
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sequeira |first=Elvis |date=2011-03-27 |title=Celebrating 25 Great Goals on the Konkani Stage |url=https://issuu.com/herald-goa/docs/27_mar |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=[[O Heraldo]] |language=en |archive-date=2023-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228211122/https://issuu.com/herald-goa/docs/27_mar |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0" />
|-
|2012
|''Bai Juan''
|
|Director
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=2012-13: A curtain raiser |url=https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/201213-a-curtain-raiser/1443.html |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en |archive-date=2023-12-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223061112/https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/201213-a-curtain-raiser/1443.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Amir, Sheikh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Tiatrists]]
[[Category:Indian male singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Goa]]
[[Category:People from North Goa district]]

Tirumalisai Alvar

2026-03-28T04:25:41Z

Dan: Creating first bio more to come

{{about|Saint Thirumazhisai Alvar|the Tamil language film|Thirumalisai Alvar (film)}}{{Short description|Tamil poet-saint}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Hindu leader
| name = Tirumalisai Alvar
| image = Thirumazhsai Alvar cropped.jpg
| caption =
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| birth_place = Thirumalisai
| birth_name =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| guru = [[Vishvaksena]]
| philosophy = [[Vaishnavism]]
| literary_works = [[Tiruchanda Viruttam]], [[Nanmukan Tiruvantati]]
| footnotes =
| title = [[Alvars|Alvar]]
}}
'''Tirumalisai Alvar''' ([[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]) is a [[Tamil people|Tamil]] saint revered in the [[Srivaishnavism|Sri Vaishnavism]] school of south India between the 4th to 9th century CE, in [[Tondai Nadu]] (now part of [[Kanchipuram]] and [[Tiruvallur]] districts).<ref>{{cite book|title=Music and temples, a ritualistic approach|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yj8UAQAAIAAJ|page=23|author=L. Annapoorna |year=2000|isbn=9788175740907}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Ancient India: Collected Essays on the Literary and Political History of Southern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=htArUg0OMpcC|pages=403–404|author=Sakkottai Krishnaswami Aiyangar |year=1911|isbn=9788120618503}}</ref> The legend of this saint devotees of Sri Vaishnavism believe that he was the incarnation of [[Vishnu]]'s disc, [[Sudarshana Chakra|Sudarshana]]. He is believed to have been born at the [[Jagannatha Perumal temple, Tirumazhisai|Jagannatha Perumal temple, Tirumalisai]], by "divine grace".

Historically, Tirumalisai Alvar is regarded to have been the son of a sage.

==Alvars==
{{Main article|Alvars}}
The word ''Alvar'' means the one who dives deep into the ocean of the countless attributes of god. ''[[Azhwars|Alvars]]'' are considered to have been the twelve supreme devotees of [[Vishnu]], who were instrumental in popularising [[Vaishnavism]] in South India. The religious works of these saints in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], songs of love and devotion, are compiled as ''[[Nalayira Divya Prabandham|Naalayira Divya Prabandham]]'' containing 4000 verses and the 108 temples revered in their songs are classified as ''[[Divya desam]]''.<ref name="Rao">{{Cite book |last=Rao|first=P.V.L. Narasimha |title=Kanchipuram – Land of Legends, Saints & Temples|year=2008|publisher=Readworthy Publications (P) Ltd.|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-93-5018-104-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GTMTQLuCNSMC&dq=poigai+azhwar&pg=PA27|page=27}}</ref><ref name="Dalal21">[[#Dalal|Dalal]] 2011, pp. 20-21</ref> The saints had different origins and belonged to different castes. As per tradition, the first three ''Alvars'', Poigai, Bhutha and Pey were born miraculously. Tirumalisai was the son of a sage, Thondaradi, Mathurakavi, Periyalvar and Andal were from the [[Brahmin]] community, Kulasekhara from ''[[Kshatria|Kshatriya]]'' community, Nammalvar was from a cultivator family, Tirupana from the ''[[panar]]'' community and Tirumangai from ''kalvar'' community. ''Divya Suri Saritra'' by Garuda-Vahana Pandita (11th century CE), ''Guruparamparaprabavam'' by Pinbaragiya Perumal Jiyar, ''Periya tiru mudi adaivu'' by Anbillai Kandadiappan, ''Yatindra Pranava Prabavam'' by Pillai Lokacharya, commentaries on ''Divya Prabandam'', Guru Parampara (lineage of Gurus) texts, temple records and inscriptions give a detailed account of the ''Alvars'' and their works. According to these texts, the saints were considered incarnations of some form of Vishnu. Poigai is considered an incarnation of ''Panchajanya'' (Krishna's conch), Bhoothath of ''Kaumodakee'' (Vishnu's Mace/Club), Pey of ''Nandaka'' (Vishnu's sword), Thirumalisai of ''Sudarshanam'' (Vishnu's discus), Namm of ''Vishvaksena'' (Vishnu's commander), Madhurakavi of ''Vainatheya'' (Vishnu's eagle, Garuda), Kulasekhara of ''Kaustubha'' (Vishnu's necklace), Periy of Garuda (Vishnu's eagle), Andal of Bhoodevi (Vishnu's wife, Lakshmi, in her form as Bhudevi), Thondaradippodi of ''Vanamaalai'' (Vishnu's garland), Thiruppaan of ''Srivatsa'' (An auspicious mark on Vishnu's chest) and Thirumangai of ''[[Sharanga (Hindu mythology)|Saranga]]'' (Rama's bow). The songs of ''Prabandam'' are regularly sung in all the Vishnu temples of South India daily and also during festivals.<ref name="Dalal21"/><ref>{{cite book|title=Historical Dictionary of the Tamils|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H4q0DHGMcjEC&dq=poygai&pg=PA14|page=211|last=Ramaswamy|first=Vijaya|publisher=Scarecrow Press|year=2007|isbn=9780810864450}}</ref>

==Early life==
The name of the Alvar comes from his birthplace, [[Thirumazhisai|Tirumalisai]], a suburb in modern-day [[Chennai]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Bulletin of the Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aQc_Xi0J8M0C&dq=parasakthi&pg=PA195|volume=49|year=1998|pages=535–538|last=Ramakrishna Mission|publisher=The Institute|isbn = 9780670083282}}</ref>
The Alvar was born to Bhargava maharishi and an apsara, Kanakangi, after an unusual 12 months stay in the womb. The foetus came out as just a lifeless lump of flesh with no arms and legs. The couple were terribly depressed and with unwillingness left it under a bamboo bush and proceeded with their spiritual journey. Vishnu appeared with Lakshmi and blessed the "flesh" with their kataksham and it turned into an lively human being.

He was later picked up with both the arms affectionately by a tribal named Thiruvalan. A really blessed couple Thiruvalan and pankajavalli, was overwhelmed by the grace of god for this gift of a baby. The boy grew on to become Tirumalisai Alvar. He also has an eye on his right leg. He lived up to 10 years of age in a hamlet near Tirumalisai village named as Pirayampathu. This Alvar was an incarnation of Sudarsana Chakra ( the divine discus of Lord Vishnu).

Tirumalisai Alvar decided to learn about all other religions. He also got initiated into Vaishnavism by Pey Alvar. After visiting several temples, he reached Tiruvekka, the birthplace of Poigai Alvar.

== Displeasing the Pallava king==
Legend also says that when Kanikannan, his disciple displeased the [[pallava]] king for not agreeing to restore the king's youth. Earlier on he granted youth to an old unmarried maid of the temple. The king married that woman but he himself was an old man and thus wanted to enjoy life as a youth with his new wife. Tirumalisai refused him and the king decided to banish him. Tirumalisai Alvar asked the God from the temple, [[Tiruvekkaa|Yathotkari]], to leave with him.

<blockquote>
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-break}}
{{center|
[[Tamil script|Tamil]] 
கணிகண்ணன் போகின்றான் காமரு பூங் கச்சி 
மணிவண்ணா! நீ கிடக்க வேண்டா 
செந்நாப் புலவனும் போகின்றேன் நீயும் உன்றன் 
பை நாகப்பாயை சுருட்டிக் கொள் 
}}
{{Col-break}}
{{center|
[[Transliteration]] 
KanikaNNan Poginraan Kaamaru poong Kachi 
ManivaNNaa! Nee Kidakka Vendaa 
Sennaap Pulavanum Poginren Neeyum Unran 
Pai Naagappaayai Suruttik KoLL 
}}
{{col-end}}
{{Cquote| KanikaNNan is going out of kAnchi Oh! Manivanna!, You don't have to lie here anymore. Since, as the fluent poet that I am also leaving with him, you also roll your serpent bed and follow me"And, accordingly all of them left KAnchipuram}}
</blockquote>

[[Vishnu]] is said to have rolled up the snake [[Sesha]] like a mattress and left with him.

==[[Mangalasasanam by Divyadesam|Mangalasasanam]]==
There are 216 of his paasurams in the 4000 [[Divya Prabhandham]]. His first ''Prabandham'' named ''Tiruchanda Viruttam'' contains 120 hymns and starts from 752 ''paasuram'' and ends at 871 ''paasuram''. The second ''Prabandham'' of Tirumalisai Alvar is titled ''Naanmugan Thiruvandhadhi'' and it contains 96 verses. The work of ''Naanmugan Thiruvandhadhi'' starts from 2382 paasuram and ends at 2477 paasuram.

He has sung in praise of 20 temples.<ref>{{cite book | title=A Primer of Tamil Literature| last=Pillai| first=M. S. Purnalingam | year=1904| publisher=Ananda Press|location=Madras|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QIeqvcai5XQC&dq=tirumalisai&pg=PA183|pages=182–83| isbn=9788120609556}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#FFC569"
! scope="col" | S.No.
! scope="col" | '''Name of the temple'''
! scope="col" | '''Location'''
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | '''Photo'''
! scope="col" | '''Presiding deity'''
! scope="col" | '''Notes/Beliefs'''
|- align ="center"
|- style="background:#ffe;"
|-
|1
| [[Gajendra Varadha Temple|Thiru Kapistalam]]
| {{coord|10.946|79.256}}
|
|
|
|-
|2
| [[Sri Vadivazhagiya Nambi Perumal Temple|Thiru Anbil]]<ref name="KV51">[[#K.V.|Kodayanallur Vanamamalai]] 2001, p. 51</ref>
| [[Anbil]] [[Tiruchirappalli district]] {{coord|10.86|78.88}}
| [[File:Tiruanbil4.jpg|130px|center]]
| Sundararaja Perumal Azhagiya Nambi Perumal
| The temple is located on the Northern bank of the river [[Kollidam]], at a distance of {{convert|25|km|mi|abbr=on}} from [[Trichy]]. King [[Sundara Chola]] who ruled the area was a devotee of the temple and during each of his innumerable victories in wars, he showered a lot of wealth on this temple. His prime minister Anirudha Brahmarayar is believed to be from Anbil, the village where the temple is located. The copper plates having the records from the Chola period from Anbil indicate generous contribution from the [[Medieval Cholas]] indicate various gifts to the temple.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sri Sundararaja Perumal temple|newspaper=Dinamalar|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=167|access-date=2013-09-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=South Indian Shrines: Illustrated|publisher=Asian Educational Services|page=533|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NLSGFW1uZboC&dq=govindaraja+perumal+temple&pg=PA242|last=Ayyar|first=P. V. Jagadisa|isbn=9788120601512|location=New Delhi|year=1982}}</ref>
|-
|3
| [[Thiruevvul]]<ref name="KV51"/>
| {{coord|13.143|79.907}}
| [[File:Tiruvallur7.jpg|130px|center]]
|
|
|-
|4
| [[Ulagalantha Perumal Temple, Kanchipuram|Thiruuragam]]<ref name="KV52">[[#K.V.|Kodayanallur Vanamamalai]] 2001, p. 52</ref>
| {{coord|12.839|79.705}}
| [[File:Ulagalantha-perumal1.jpg|130px|center]]
|
|
|-
|5
| [[Parthasarathy Temple|Thiruvallikeni]]<ref name="T85">[[#T.|T.]] 2002, p. 85</ref>
| {{coord|13.053884| 80.277020}}
| [[File:Tiruvallikeni1.jpg|130px|center]]
|
|
|-
|6
| [[Sri Appakkudathaan Perumal Temple|Thirupper Nagar]]
| {{coord|10.839282| 78.889070}}
|
|
|
|-
|7
| [[Thirukkurungudi]]<ref name="KV59">[[#K.V.|Kodayanallur Vanamamalai]] 2001, p. 59</ref>
| {{coord|8.436096| 77.565933}}
| [[File:Thirukarungudi temple.jpg|130px|center]]
|
|
|-
|8
| [[Tiruvekkaa]]<ref name="KV70">[[#K.V.|Kodayanallur Vanamamalai]] 2001, p. 70</ref>
| {{coord|12.824|79.712}}
| [[File:Thiruvekka - yathothkari1.jpg|130px|center]]
|
|
|-
|9
| [[Pandava Thoothar Perumal Temple|Tiruppatakam]]<ref name="T86">[[#T.|T.]] 2002, p. 86</ref>
| {{coord|12.842|79.696}}
| [[File:Pandavathootar.jpg|130px|center]]
|
|
|-
|10
| [[Thirukoshtiyur]]<ref name="KV58">[[#K.V.|Kodayanallur Vanamamalai]] 2001, p. 58</ref>
| {{coord|10.060|78.560}}
| [[File:Thirukkottiyur1.jpg|130px|center]]
|
|
|-
|11
| [[Sarangapani Temple|Thirukkudandhai]]<ref name="KV58"/>
| {{coord|10.959|79.375}}
| [[File:Gopuras in Kumbakonam - India.JPG|130px|center]]
|
|
|-
|12
| [[Tirumala Venkateswara Temple|Thiruvenkadam]]
| {{coord|13.683304| 79.347406}}
| [[File:Sri Venkateswara Swamy Temple in Tirumala in Chittoor district,Andhra Pradesh.jpg|130px|center]]
|
|
|-
|13
| [[Ocean of milk|Tirupparkatal]]
|
| [[File:The Churning of the Ocean of Milk (6125106488).jpg|130px|center]]
|
|
|-
|14
| [[Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam|Srirangam]]
|[[Srirangam]], [[Trichy district]] [[Tamil Nadu]] {{coord|10.8625| 78.689722}}
|[[File:Srirangam14.jpg|130px|center]]
|Ranganayagi Ranganathar (Periya Perumal)
|Srirangam temple is often listed as the largest functioning [[Hindu temple]] in the world, the still larger [[Angkor Wat]] being the largest existing temple. The temple occupies an area of 156 acres (631,000 m²) with a perimeter of 4,116m (10,710 feet) making it the largest temple in India and one of the largest religious complexes in the world.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mittal |first1=Sushil|first2=G.R.|last2=Thursby|page=456|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fz6KBkgEacAC&dq=The+Hindu+World+%2B+srirangam&pg=PA456 |title=The Hindu World|year=2005 |publisher=Routelge |location=New York |isbn=0-203-67414-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Vater |first=Tom |title=Moon Spotlight Angkor Wat|year=2010 |publisher=Perseus Books Group |location=USA |isbn=9781598805611|page=40}}</ref> The annual 21-day festival conducted during the Tamil month of ''Margazhi'' (December–January) attracts 1 million visitors.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jones |first=Victoria|page=4 |title=Wonders of the World Dot-to-Dot|year=2004 |publisher=Sterling Publishing Co., Inc. |location=New York |isbn=1-4027-1028-3}}</ref>
|-
|15
| [[Azhagar Kovil]]<ref name="KV59"/>
| {{coord|10.074|78.213}}
| [[File:AzhagarKovil Madurai.JPG|130px|center]]
|
|
|-
|16
| [[Appakkudathaan Perumal Temple]]<ref name="KV59"/>
|[[Koviladi]], [[Trichy district]] [[Tamil Nadu]] {{coord|10.86| 78.88}}
|[[File:Koviladi4.jpg|130px|center]]
| Indravalli Appala Ranganatha Perumal
| The temple has inscriptions from the 18th year of the reign of [[Aditya I|Aditya Chola]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Pallavas|first=Tony|last=Jouveau-Dubreuil|year=1994|isbn= 81-206-0574-8|publisher=Asian Educational Services|location=New Delhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6o9XCT3XiaMC&dq=koviladi&pg=PA77|page=77}}</ref> The recorded inscriptions in this temple are numbered 283, 300, 301 and 303 of 1901.<ref>{{cite book|first=G.|last= Jouveau-Dubreuil|title=Pallava Antiquities – 2 Vols.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=itsryymCeLgC&dq=koviladi&pg=PA13|year=1994|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0571-8|page=13}}</ref> The temple is one of the five [[Pancharanga Kshetrams]] (also called ''Pancharangams'',
meaning the "five Rangams or Ranganathas"), a group of five Hindu temples on the banks of the [[Kaveri|Kaveri River]] dedicated to Ranganatha, a form of Vishnu.<ref name="hindu">{{cite news|title=Restoring the glory of a temple|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/restoring-the-glory-of-a-temple/article672107.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|last=S.|first=Prabhu|date=16 September 2010|access-date=2013-09-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Soundara Rajan |first=Kodayanallur Vanamamalai |title=Concise classified dictionary of Hinduism|year=2001|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|location=New Delhi |isbn=81-7022-857-3|page=65|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lAWS49f8HKoC&dq=koviladi&pg=PA65}}</ref>
|}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin|20em}}
* {{cite book|title=History of People and Their Environs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=crxUQR_qBXYC&dq=poygai&pg=PA47|publisher=Bharathi Puthakalayam|year=2011|last1=B. S.|first1=Chandrababu|last2=S.|first2=Ganeshram|last3=C.|first3=Bhavani|isbn=9789380325910|ref=B.S.}}
* {{cite book|title=Philosophy and Theistic Mysticism of the Āl̲vārs|first= S. M. Srinivasa|last= Chari|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers|year=1997|isbn=9788120813427|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8TwHhuZrZ-wC&dq=poygai&pg=PA16|ref=Chari}}
* {{cite book|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC&dq=poigai&pg=PA308|last=Dalal|first=Roshen|ref=Dalal|publisher=Penguin Books India|year=2011|isbn=9780143414216}}
*{{Cite book |first=Soundara Rajan |last=Kodayanallur Vanamamalai |title=Concise classified dictionary of Hinduism|year=2001|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|location=New Delhi |isbn=81-7022-857-3|ref=K.V.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lAWS49f8HKoC&dq=tirumalisai&pg=PA58}}
*{{Cite book |last=T. |first=Padmaja |title=Temples of Kr̥ṣṇa in South India: history, art, and traditions in Tamilnāḍu |year=2002|publisher=Shakti Malik |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-7017-398-1|ref=T.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pzgaS1wRnl8C&dq=tirumalisai&pg=PA48}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Azhwars}}

[[Category:Vaishnava saints]]
[[Category:Alvars]]
[[Category:Tamil Hindu saints]]

Wheel of Fortune India

2026-03-28T03:58:57Z

Dan:

{{Infobox television
| image = Official_Poster_of_Wheel_of_Fortune_India.jpg
| caption = Official Poster
| genre = Game show
| based_on = [[Wheel of Fortune (American game show)|Wheel of Fortune]]
| creator =
| director = Vinod Thazava
| presenter = [[Akshay Kumar]]
| composer = [[Merv Griffin]] (Original theme composer) John Hoke ([[Bleeding Fingers Music]])
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 44
| producer = * Hemant Ruprell
* Ranjeet Thakur
| company = [[Frames Production]]
| network = [[Sony Entertainment Television]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2026|01|27|df=y}}
| last_aired = present
| related =
}}

'''Wheel of Fortune India''' is an Indian Hindi-language television game show based on the American television format ''[[Wheel of Fortune (American game show)|Wheel of Fortune]]''. The series is produced by Frames Production Company and is being broadcast on Sony Entertainment Television.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-19 |title=Akshay Kumar to host Sony Pictures Networks India's new game show 'Wheel of Fortune' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/sony-pictures-networks-india-to-introduce-game-show-wheel-of-fortune-in-india/article70414763.ece |access-date=2026-01-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Actor [[Akshay Kumar]] serves as the host of the programme.<ref>{{cite news |title=Akshay Kumar to host Indian version of global game show Wheel of Fortune |url=https://www.livemint.com/entertainment/akshay-kumar-to-host-indian-edition-of-global-game-show-wheel-of-fortune-on-sony-11766142573601.html |work=LiveMint |date=2025-12-20 |access-date=2026-01-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Agarwal |first=Bhavna |date=2025-12-03 |title=Akshay Kumar to return to TV with Wheel of Fortune Indian version: Source |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/television/story/akshay-kumar-to-return-to-tv-with-wheel-of-fortune-indian-version-source-2830082-2025-12-03 |access-date=2026-01-23 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

The programme marks the entry of the ''Wheel of Fortune'' franchise into Indian television and adapts the original format for Indian audiences.<ref>{{cite news |title=Wheel of Fortune India trailer out; Akshay Kumar promises 'kismat aapki, masti meri' |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/tv/wheel-of-fortune-india-trailer-out-akshay-kumar-promises-kismat-aapki-masti-meri-article-13783159.html |work=Moneycontrol |date=2026-01-10 |access-date=2026-01-22}}</ref>

== Format ==
''Wheel of Fortune India'' follows the core format of the international franchise, using the [[Wheel of Fortune (British game show)|UK version]]'s rule set. Contestants spin a large wheel to determine cash values and attempt to solve word puzzles by guessing letters. Correct guesses allow contestants to accumulate winnings, while incorrect spins may result in penalties such as loss of turn or loss of accumulated amounts.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Wheel of Fortune |url=https://www.wheeloffortune.com/about |website=Wheel of Fortune Official Website |access-date=2026-01-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Wheel Of Fortune India: When And Where To Watch Akshay Kumar's Game Show? |url=https://zeenews.india.com/television/wheel-of-fortune-india-when-and-where-to-watch-akshay-kumar-s-game-show-3007232.html |access-date=2026-01-23 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref>

The Indian adaptation features Hindi-language puzzles and culturally relevant categories while retaining the structure of the original format.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-20 |title=Wheel of Fortune India thrilling reboot with Akshay Kumar at the helm |url=https://punemirror.com/entertainment/ott/sony-liv/wheel-of-fortune-india-akshay-kumar-game-show/ |access-date=2026-01-23 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sony brings global game show Wheel of Fortune to Indian television |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/tv/sony-brings-global-game-show-wheel-of-fortune-to-indian-television-article-13776521.html |work=Moneycontrol |date=2025-12-18 |access-date=2026-01-22}}</ref>

== Production ==
[[Sony Pictures Networks]] India acquired the Indian adaptation rights to ''Wheel of Fortune'' from the format owners and commissioned [[Frames Production|Frames Production Company]] to produce the series.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sony Pictures Networks India adapts Wheel of Fortune for Indian audiences |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/sony-pictures-networks-india-adapts-wheel-of-fortune-for-indian-audiences-11766142890123.html |work=LiveMint |date=2025-12-21 |access-date=2026-01-22}}</ref>

Akshay Kumar was announced as the host<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-19 |title=Akshay Kumar to host Sony Pictures Networks India's new game show 'Wheel of Fortune' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/sony-pictures-networks-india-to-introduce-game-show-wheel-of-fortune-in-india/article70414763.ece |access-date=2026-01-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> ahead of the programme's premiere.<ref>{{cite news |title=Akshay Kumar announced as host of Wheel of Fortune India |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/tv/akshay-kumar-announced-as-host-of-wheel-of-fortune-india-article-13781234.html |work=Moneycontrol |date=2025-12-22 |access-date=2026-01-22}}</ref>

== Release ==
''Wheel of Fortune India'' is scheduled to premiere on 27 January 2026 on [[Sony Entertainment Television]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-18 |title=Exclusive: Akshay Kumar to spin the wheel as Sony brings Wheel Of Fortune to India after the success of KBC |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/exclusive-akshay-kumar-to-host-wheel-of-fortune-in-india-after-the-success-of-amitabh-bachchans-kaun-banega-crorepati-101766036104121.html |access-date=2026-01-23 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Episodes will also be made available on [[SonyLIV]], the network's digital streaming platform.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Wheel Of Fortune' India Format And Release Date: When And Where To Watch Akshay Kumar's New Prime-Time Game Show |url=https://www.bombaytimes.com/entertainment/tv/wheel-of-fortune-india-format-and-release-date-when-and-where-to-watch-akshay-kumar-s-new-prime-time-game-show/1769082863796}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Wheel of Fortune India – Show details |url=https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/wheel-of-fortune-1790006756 |website=Sony LIV |access-date=2026-01-22}}</ref>

== Episodes ==

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
! No.
! Season
! Title
! Original air date
|-
! scope="row" | 1
| 1
| Spin the Wheel with Riteish, Genelia and Shreyas
| {{Start date|2026|1|27}}<ref>{{cite web
|title=Spin the Wheel with Riteish, Genelia and Shreyas
|url=https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/wheel-of-fortune-1790006756/spin-the-wheel-with-riteish-genelia-and-shreyas-1090501991
|website=Sony LIV
|access-date=2026-01-30
}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 2
| 1
| Spin the Wheel with Kanisha, Krunal and Shipra
| {{Start date|2026|1|28}}<ref>{{cite web
|title=Wheel of Fortune India episode listing
|url=https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/wheel-of-fortune-1790006756/spin-the-wheel-with-kanisha-krunal-and-shipra-1090502208
|website=Sony LIV
|access-date=2026-01-30
}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 3
| 1
| Spin the Wheel with Eesha, Harshmaan and Vaishnavi
| {{Start date|2026|1|29}}<ref>{{cite web
|title=Wheel of Fortune India episode listing
|url=https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/wheel-of-fortune-1790006756/spin-the-wheel-with-eesha-harshmaan-and-vaishnavi-1090502470
|website=Sony LIV
|access-date=2026-01-30
}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 4
| 1
| Spin the Wheel with Shakti, Chunky and Gulshan
| {{Start date|2026|1|30}}<ref>{{cite web
|title=Wheel of Fortune India episode listing
|url=https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/wheel-of-fortune-1790006756/spin-the-wheel-with-shakti-chunky-and-gulshan-1090502890
|website=Sony LIV
|access-date=2026-01-30
}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 5
| 1
| Spin the Wheel with Sandipa, Naresh and Alpana
| {{Start date|2026|2|2}}<ref>{{cite web
|title=Wheel of Fortune India episode listing
|url=https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/wheel-of-fortune-1790006756/spin-the-wheel-with-sandipa-naresh-and-alpana-1090502930
|website=Sony LIV
|access-date=2026-01-30
}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 6
| 1
| Spin the Wheel with Mumal, Ranjeet and Srishti
| {{Start date|2026|2|3}}<ref>{{cite web
|title=Wheel of Fortune India episode listing
|url=https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/wheel-of-fortune-1790006756/spin-the-wheel-with-mumal-ranjeet-and-srishti-1090503045
|website=Sony LIV
|access-date=2026-01-30
}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 7
| 1
| Spin the Wheel with Riteish, Tusshar and Sajid
| {{Start date|2026|2|4}}<ref>{{cite web
|title=Wheel of Fortune India episode listing
|url=https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/wheel-of-fortune-1790006756/spin-the-wheel-with-riteish-tusshar-and-sajid-1090503148
|website=Sony LIV
|access-date=2026-01-30
}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 8
| 1
| Spin the Wheel with Nitish, Vaishnavi and Anil
| {{Start date|2026|2|5}}<ref>{{cite web
|title=Wheel of Fortune India episode listing
|url=https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/wheel-of-fortune-1790006756/spin-the-wheel-with-nitish-vaishnavi-and-anil-1090503148
|website=Sony LIV
|access-date=2026-01-30
}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 9
| 1
| Spin the Wheel with Karishma, Anu Malik and Mouni Roy
| {{Start date|2026|2|6}}<ref>{{cite web
|title=Wheel of Fortune India episode listing
|url=https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/wheel-of-fortune-1790006756/spin-the-wheel-with-karishma-anu-and-mouni-1090503250
|website=Sony LIV
|access-date=2026-01-30
}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 10
| 1
| Spin the Wheel with Srishti, Karanjeet and Banti
| {{Start date|2026|2|9}}<ref>{{cite web
|title=Wheel of Fortune India episode listing
|url=https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/wheel-of-fortune-1790006756/spin-the-wheel-with-srishti-karanjeet-and-banti-1090503370
|website=Sony LIV
|access-date=2026-01-30
}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 11
| 1
| Spin the Wheel with Saba, Prashant and Rajeshwari
| {{Start date|2026|2|10}}<ref>{{cite web
|title=Wheel of Fortune India episode listing
|url=https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/wheel-of-fortune-1790006756/spin-the-wheel-with-saba-prashant-and-rajeshwari-1090503389
|website=Sony LIV
|access-date=2026-01-30
}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 12
| 1
| Spin the Wheel with Puja, Manya and Fouzia
| {{Start date|2026|2|11}}<ref>{{cite web
|title=Wheel of Fortune India episode listing
|url=https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/wheel-of-fortune-1790006756/spin-the-wheel-with-puja-manya-and-fouzia-1090503421
|website=Sony LIV
|access-date=2026-01-30
}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 13
| 1
| Spin the Wheel with Neelam, Maheep and Bhavana
| {{Start date|2026|2|12}}<ref>{{cite web
|title=Wheel of Fortune India episode listing
|url=https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/wheel-of-fortune-1790006756/spin-the-wheel-with-neelam-maheep-and-bhavana-1090503567
|website=Sony LIV
|access-date=2026-01-30
}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 14
| 1
| Spin the Wheel with Siddhant, Mrunal and Ravi
| {{Start date|2026|2|13}}<ref>{{cite web
|title=Wheel of Fortune India episode listing
|url=https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/wheel-of-fortune-1790006756/spin-the-wheel-with-siddhant-mrunal-and-ravi-1090503589
|website=Sony LIV
|access-date=2026-01-30
}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 15
| 1
| Spin the Wheel with Anupam, Namita and Aman
| {{Start date|2026|2|16}}<ref>{{cite web
|title=Wheel of Fortune India episode listing
|url=https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/wheel-of-fortune-1790006756/spin-the-wheel-with-anupam-namita-and-aman-1090503698
|website=Sony LIV
|access-date=2026-01-30
}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 16
| 1
| Spin the Wheel with Akansha, Akriti and Astha
| {{Start date|2026|2|17}}<ref>{{cite web
|title=Wheel of Fortune India episode listing
|url=https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/wheel-of-fortune-1790006756/spin-the-wheel-with akansha-akriti-and-astha-1090503745
|website=Sony LIV
|access-date=2026-01-30
}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 17
| 1
| Spin the Wheel with Sougata, Swati and Yash
| {{Start date|2026|2|18}}<ref>{{cite web
|title=Wheel of Fortune India episode listing
|url=https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/wheel-of-fortune-1790006756/spin-the-wheel-with sougata-swati-and-yash-1090503768
|website=Sony LIV
|access-date=2026-01-30
}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 18
| 1
| Spin the Wheel with Mithila, Danish and RJ Mahvash
| {{Start date|2026|2|19}}<ref>{{cite web
|title=Wheel of Fortune India episode listing
|url=https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/wheel-of-fortune-1790006756/spin-the-wheel-with mithila-danish-and-mahvash-1090503852
|website=Sony LIV
|access-date=2026-01-30
}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 19
| 1
| Spin the Wheel with Sahil, Ira and Leon
| {{Start date|2026|2|20}}<ref>{{cite web
|title=Wheel of Fortune India episode listing
|url=https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/wheel-of-fortune-1790006756/spin-the-wheel-with sahil-ira-and-leon-1090503976
|website=Sony LIV
|access-date=2026-02-21
}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 20
| 1
| Spin the Wheel with Adarsh, Anit and Mohit
| {{Start date|2026|2|23}}<ref>{{cite web
|title=Wheel of Fortune India episode listing
|url=https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/wheel-of-fortune-1790006756/spin-the-wheel-with adarsh-anit-and-mohit-1090504056
|website=Sony LIV
|access-date=2026-02-24
}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 21
| 1
| Spin the Wheel with Manav, Ashu and Nisha
| {{Start date|2026|2|24}}<ref>{{cite web
|title=Wheel of Fortune India episode listing
|url=https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/wheel-of-fortune-1790006756/spin-the-wheel-with manav-ashu-and-nisha-1090504087
|website=Sony LIV
|access-date=2026-02-25
}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 22
| 1
| Spin the Wheel with Sandeep, Sayali and Amol
| {{Start date|2026|2|25}}<ref>{{cite web
|title=Wheel of Fortune India episode listing
|url=https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/wheel-of-fortune-1790006756/spin-the-wheel-with sandeep-sayali-and-amol-1090504879
|website=Sony LIV
|access-date=2026-02-26
}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 23
| 1
| Spin the Wheel with Shivani, Mitesh and Sayanti
| {{Start date|2026|2|26}}<ref>{{cite web
|title=Wheel of Fortune India episode listing
|url=https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/wheel-of-fortune-1790006756/spin-the-wheel-with shicani-mitesh-and-sayanti-1090505098
|website=Sony LIV
|access-date=2026-02-27
}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 24
| 1
| Spin the Wheel with Aakash, Priyanshi and Prateek
| {{Start date|2026|2|27}}<ref>{{cite web
|title=Wheel of Fortune India episode listing
|url=https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/wheel-of-fortune-1790006756/spin-the-wheel-with aakash-priyanshi-and-prateek-1090505123
|website=Sony LIV
|access-date=2026-02-28
}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 25
| 1
| Spin the Wheel with Sharthak, Nikita and Dennis
| {{Start date|2026|3|2}}<ref>{{cite web
|title=Wheel of Fortune India episode listing
|url=https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/wheel-of-fortune-1790006756/spin-the-wheel-with sarthak-nikita-and-dennis-1090505243
|website=Sony LIV
|access-date=2026-03-03
}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 26
| 1
| Spin the Wheel with Anil, Saurabh and Radhikka
| {{Start date|2026|3|3}}<ref>{{cite web
|title=Wheel of Fortune India episode listing
|url=https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/wheel-of-fortune-1790006756/spin-the-wheel-with anil-saurabh-and-radhikka-1090505356
|website=Sony LIV
|access-date=2026-03-04
}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 27
| 1
| Spin the Wheel with Kuldeep, Atul and Ravinder
| {{Start date|2026|3|4}}<ref>{{cite web
|title=Wheel of Fortune India episode listing
|url=https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/wheel-of-fortune-1790006756/spin-the-wheel-with kuldeep-atul-and-ravinder-1090505359
|website=Sony LIV
|access-date=2026-03-05
}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 28
| 1
| Spin the Wheel with Namita, Raunak and Phalguni
| {{Start date|2026|3|5}}<ref>{{cite web
|title=Wheel of Fortune India episode listing
|url=https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/wheel-of-fortune-1790006756/spin-the-wheel-with namita-raunak-and-phalguni-1090505456
|website=Sony LIV
|access-date=2026-03-06
}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 29
| 1
| Spin the Wheel with Shibani, Abhineet and Garima
| {{Start date|2026|3|6}}<ref>{{cite web
|title=Wheel of Fortune India episode listing
|url=https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/wheel-of-fortune-1790006756/spin-the-wheel-with shibani-abhineet-and-garima-1090505687
|website=Sony LIV
|access-date=2026-03-07
}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 30
| 1
| Spin the Wheel with Sonal, Sudhir and Navika
| {{Start date|2026|3|9}}<ref>{{cite web
|title=Wheel of Fortune India episode listing
|url=https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/wheel-of-fortune-1790006756/spin-the-wheel-with sonal-sudhir-and-navika-1090505789
|website=Sony LIV
|access-date=2026-03-09
}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 31
| 1
| Spin the Wheel with Viraj, Pranjali and Yashraj
| {{Start date|2026|3|10}}<ref>{{cite web
|title=Wheel of Fortune India episode listing
|url=https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/wheel-of-fortune-1790006756/spin-the-wheel-with viraj-pranjali-and-yashraj-1090505821
|website=Sony LIV
|access-date=2026-03-10
}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 32
| 1
| Spin the Wheel with Sunackshi, Shaan and Nishrin
| {{Start date|2026|3|11}}<ref>{{cite web
|title=Wheel of Fortune India episode listing
|url=https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/wheel-of-fortune-1790006756/spin-the-wheel-with sunackshi-shaan-and-nishrin-1090505878
|website=Sony LIV
|access-date=2026-03-11
}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 33
| 1
| Spin the Wheel with Rakesh, Gaurav and Ayesha
| {{Start date|2026|3|12}}<ref>{{cite web
|title=Wheel of Fortune India episode listing
|url=https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/wheel-of-fortune-1790006756/spin-the-wheel-with rakesh-gaurav-and-ayesha-1090505987
|website=Sony LIV
|access-date=2026-03-12
}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 34
| 1
| Spin the Wheel with Maniesh, Karan and Iqbal
| {{Start date|2026|3|13}}<ref>{{cite web
|title=Wheel of Fortune India episode listing
|url=https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/wheel-of-fortune-1790006756/spin-the-wheel-with maniesh-karan-and-iqbal-1090506058
|website=Sony LIV
|access-date=2026-03-13
}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 35
| 1
| Spin the Wheel with Shruhad, Karan and Reeva
| {{Start date|2026|3|16}}<ref>{{cite web
|title=Wheel of Fortune India episode listing
|url=https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/wheel-of-fortune-1790006756/spin-the-wheel-with shruhad-karan-and-reeva-1090506147
|website=Sony LIV
|access-date=2026-03-16
}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 36
| 1
| Spin the Wheel with Meetu, Akash and Khyati
| {{Start date|2026|3|17}}<ref>{{cite web
|title=Wheel of Fortune India episode listing
|url=https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/wheel-of-fortune-1790006756/spin-the-wheel-with meetu-akash-and-khyati-1090506168
|website=Sony LIV
|access-date=2026-03-17
}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 37
| 1
| Spin the Wheel with Ishanjali, Arjun and Kiara
| {{Start date|2026|3|18}}<ref>{{cite web
|title=Wheel of Fortune India episode listing
|url=https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/wheel-of-fortune-1790006756/spin-the-wheel-with ishanjali-arjun-and-kiara-1090506245
|website=Sony LIV
|access-date=2026-03-18
}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 38
| 1
| Spin the Wheel with Rohan, Aashima and Harshit
| {{Start date|2026|3|19}}<ref>{{cite web
|title=Wheel of Fortune India episode listing
|url=https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/wheel-of-fortune-1790006756/spin-the-wheel-with rohan-aashima-and-harshit-1090506456
|website=Sony LIV
|access-date=2026-03-20
}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 39
| 1
| Spin the Wheel with Harsh, Sugandha and Kiku
| {{Start date|2026|3|20}}<ref>{{cite web
|title=Wheel of Fortune India episode listing
|url=https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/wheel-of-fortune-1790006756/spin-the-wheel-with harsh-sugandha-and-kiku-1090506488
|website=Sony LIV
|access-date=2026-03-20
}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 40
| 1
| Spin the Wheel with Rashmi, Damini and Neeta
| {{Start date|2026|3|23}}<ref>{{cite web
|title=Wheel of Fortune India episode listing
|url=https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/wheel-of-fortune-1790006756/spin-the-wheel-with rashmi-damini-and-neeta-1090506574
|website=Sony LIV
|access-date=2026-03-23
}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 41
| 1
| Spin the Wheel with Lekha, Madhav and Hitavachana
| {{Start date|2026|3|24}}<ref>{{cite web
|title=Wheel of Fortune India episode listing
|url=https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/wheel-of-fortune-1790006756/spin-the-wheel-with lekha-madhav-and-hita-1090507089
|website=Sony LIV
|access-date=2026-03-24
}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 42
| 1
| Spin the Wheel with Daksh, Stuti and Mickey
| {{Start date|2026|3|25}}<ref>{{cite web
|title=Wheel of Fortune India episode listing
|url=https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/wheel-of-fortune-1790006756/spin-the-wheel-with daksh-stuti-and-mickey-1090507134
|website=Sony LIV
|access-date=2026-03-25
}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 43
| 1
| Spin the Wheel with Surbhi, Rohit and Mahek
| {{Start date|2026|3|26}}<ref>{{cite web
|title=Wheel of Fortune India episode listing
|url=https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/wheel-of-fortune-1790006756/spin-the-wheel-with surbhi-rohit-and-mahek-1090507209
|website=Sony LIV
|access-date=2026-03-26
}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 44
| 1
| Spin the Wheel with Ektaa, Rajpal and Wamiqa
| {{Start date|2026|3|27}}<ref>{{cite web
|title=Wheel of Fortune India episode listing
|url=https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/wheel-of-fortune-1790006756/spin-the-wheel-with ekta-rajpal-and-wamiqa-1090507278
|website=Sony LIV
|access-date=2026-03-27
}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
* [[Wheel of Fortune (American game show)]]
* [[International versions of Wheel of Fortune]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}{{Wheel of Fortune}}{{Frames Productions}}{{SET Shows}}
[[Category:Wheel of Fortune (franchise)]]
[[Category:2026 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Sony Entertainment Television original programming]]
[[Category:January 2026 in India]]
[[Category:Frames Production series]]

Delhi Transport Corporation

2026-03-16T05:46:50Z

Dan: cleanup references per sources and fixed typos per sources

{{Short description|Public transport corporation (bus) in Delhi, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox bus company
| name = Delhi Transport Corporation
| logo = Delhi Transport Corporation logo.png
| image_size =
| company_slogan =
| founded = {{Start date and age|df=y|1948|05|01}}
| commenced =
| headquarters = DTC Headquarters, I.P. Estate, New Delhi
| locale =
| service_area = [[Delhi]], [[Noida]], [[Ghaziabad]], [[Gurgaon]], [[Faridabad]], and [[Bahadurgarh]]
| service_type = Bus transport network
| alliance =
| routes = 606
* 259: DTC
* 209: DIMTS
* 138: DTC and DIMTS both<ref>{{cite news |date= 19 June 2023 |title= Delhi bus routes reworked to cut 'dead mileage'; commuters complain of poor frequency, longer wait time |url= https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/delhi-bus-routes-changes-passengers-facing-troubles-8671361/ |work= Indian Express |location= New Delhi |access-date= 15 November 2023}}</ref>
| stops =
| destinations =
| hubs =
| stations =
| lounge =
| depots = 37<ref name = "Depot Locator">{{cite web |url=https://dtc.delhi.gov.in/depot-locator |title=Depot Locator - DTC |website=dtc.delhi.gov.in |publisher=Delhi Transport Corporation |access-date=17 November 2023}}</ref>

| fleet = 7683{{Flatlist|
*[[Tata Motors|Tata]]-[[Marcopolo S.A.|Marcopolo]] AC Starbus
*Tata-Marcopolo Non-AC Starbus
*[[Ashok Leyland]] ULF Non-AC
*Ashok Leyland ULF AC
*Tata Urban electric bus
*[[Switch Mobility]] EiV 12
*JBM Eco-Life e12
}}

| ridership = 3.6 million for DTC and DIMTS combined (February 2023)<ref>{{cite news |date=17 February 2023 |title=Number of pink passes for women in DTC, cluster buses touches 1 bn mark |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/number-of-pink-passes-for-women-in-dtc-cluster-buses-touches-1-bn-mark-123021701299_1.html |work= Press Trust of India |location=New Delhi |access-date= 14 November 2023}}</ref> and 2.472 million for DTC (December 2022)<ref>{{cite news |last=Mathur |first=Atul |date=30 December 2022 |title=Sharp rise in Delhi Transport Corporation's ridership, but losses mount due to gap in operating costs & ticket revenues |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/sharp-rise-in-delhi-transport-corporations-ridership-but-losses-mount-due-to-gap-in-operating-costs-ticket-revenues/articleshow/96605178.cms |work=Times of India |location=New Delhi |access-date= 14 November 2023}}</ref>
| annual_ridership =
| fuel_type = [[CNG]] and [[Battery electric bus|Electric]]
| operator = [[Government of Delhi]]
| ceo = {{Flatlist|
* Niharika Rai (Chairman)
* Jitender Yadav (Managing Director)<ref name="DTC - Directory">{{cite web |url = https://dtc.delhi.gov.in/dtc/directory |title = Directory - Delhi Transport Corporation |website = dtc.delhi.gov.in |publisher = Delhi Transport Corporation |access-date = 15 November 2023}}</ref>
}}
| employees = 30591 (as of 31 March 2022)<ref>{{cite report |date=24 March 2025 |title=Performance Audit on "Functioning of Delhi Transport Corporation" |url=https://cag.gov.in/uploads/download_audit_report/2022/Report-No.-4-of-2024_PA-on-DTC_English-(12-11-2024)-067e10cd91087a1.69195313.pdf |page=11 |work=[[Comptroller and Auditor General of India]] |location=New Delhi |access-date=21 September 2025}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|dtc.delhi.gov.in}}
| map =
| map_name =
| map_state = 
}}
[[File:DTC AC Bus.jpg|thumb|A DTC AC CNG Bus]]
[[File:DTC Bus Green Non AC.jpg|thumb|A DTC Non-AC CNG Bus]]

The '''Delhi Transport Corporation''' '''(DTC)''' is a [[public sector]] [[passenger]] [[road transport]] [[corporation]] that manages bus services in the [[Delhi|National Capital Territory of Delhi]], [[India]]. It was incorporated in November 1971 as a wholly owned corporation of the [[Government of India]] to provide an efficient, economical and properly coordinated road transport service in Delhi. Its administrative control was transferred to the Department of Transport, [[Government of Delhi]] with effect from 5 August 1996.<ref name = "CAG Report - Delhi Government - 2016">{{cite web |url=https://cag.gov.in/webroot/uploads/download_audit_report/2016/Report%201%20of%202016%20-%20PSUs%20-%20Revenue,%20Social,%20Economic%20Sector%20Government%20of%20Delhi.pdf |title=Report of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India on Revenue and Social & Economic Sectors (PSUs) for the year ended 31 March 2015 |date=13 June 2016 |website=cag.gov.in |publisher=CAG of India |access-date= 14 November 2023 |page=35}}</ref>

As of November 2023, DTC is the largest [[Natural gas vehicle|CNG-powered]] bus service operator in the world,<ref name="Anand">{{Cite news| last=Anand| first=Jatin| date=2021-09-06|title=Dying Delhi Transport Corporation|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/dying-transport-corporation/article36312002.ece|access-date=2021-09-06|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/delhi-mumbai-bengaluru-bus-routes-public-transport-corporations-2846386/|title= City bus transport: Need to chart a new route|date=11 June 2016}}</ref> and also has the largest number of [[Battery electric bus|electric buses]] in India.<ref name="Live Mint">{{cite news |date= 8 September 2023 |title=Delhi tops in terms of electric buses after Arvind Kejriwal govt introduces 400 new buses on streets |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/delhi-tops-in-terms-of-electric-buses-after-kejriwal-govt-introduces-400-new-buses-on-streets-11694195756520.html |work= Live Mint |location=New Delhi |access-date= 14 November 2023}}</ref> It operates from 37 depots and three [[Inter-State Bus Terminals|Interstate Bus Terminals]] in Delhi: [[Kashmere Gate ISBT]], [[Anand Vihar ISBT]], and [[Sarai Kale Khan ISBT]].

==History==

The [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways|Ministry of Transport, Government of India]], took over local bus services in Delhi in May 1948 when the services offered by the incumbent service provider Gwalior and Northern India Transport Company Ltd. was found to be insufficient for the growing demand. For this purpose, a Delhi Road Transport Authority was constituted under the Road Transport Corporation Act, 1950. This authority became an undertaking of [[Municipal Corporation of Delhi]] by an Act of Parliament in April 1958.<ref name = "Parliament Committee Report of 1993">{{cite web |url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/761654/1/copu_10_22_1992.pdf |title=Twenty Second Report on Delhi Transport Corporation Including Comparative Analysis of Transport in Metropolitan Cities pertaining to Ministry of Surface Transport |date=30 April 1993 |website=eparlib.nic.in |publisher= Parliament of India |access-date= 15 November 2023 |page=8}}</ref>

In 1971, on the recommendations of a working group of the [[Planning Commission (India)|Planning Commission]], which concluded that Delhi Transport as an extension of the Municipal Corporation of Delhi had not been functioning efficiently and adequately that was leading to leakage of revenue and very high operational costs, the Government of India took over management of the undertaking by passing the Delhi Road Transport Laws (Amendment) Act.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/14080/1/amendment_act_1971.pdf |title=The Delhi Road Transport Law (Amendment) Act, 1971 |website=indiacode.nic.in |publisher=Ministry of Law and Justice, Government of India |access-date= 15 November 2023}}</ref> The newly constituted Delhi Transport Corporation took over assets and liabilities from the DTU up until 2 November 1971.

The administrative control of DTC was transferred to the Department of Transport, Government of Delhi, with effect from 5 August 1996 after writing off all the Union government loans along with the interest accrued on them (amounting to {{INRConvert|2123|c}}).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://transport.delhi.gov.in/sites/default/files/generic_multiple_files/sar_2019-20_1.pdf |title=Annual Audit Report - 2019-20 |website=transport.delhi.gov.in |publisher=Department of Transport, Government of Delhi |access-date= 15 November 2023 |page=22}}</ref>

== Overview ==

The objectives of the Delhi Transport Corporation are defined under Section 18 of the Delhi Road Transport Laws (Amendment) Act, 1971, in conjunction with Section 22 of the Road Transport Corporation Act, 1950.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Road Transport Corporations Act, 1950 |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/1541/1/195064.pdf |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=indiacode.nic.in |publisher=Ministry of Law and Justice, Government of India |page=12}}</ref> These objectives encompass the following responsibilities:<ref name = "Parliament Committee Report of 1993" />

* To provide an efficient, economical, reliable and properly coordinated system of road transport in Delhi and any extended area (while acting on business principles).
* To achieve a high level operational efficiency.
* To charge fares not exceeding those prescribed by the State Under Section 43(1)(i) of the [[Motor Vehicles Act]].
* To attain financial self-sufficiency.

=== Organizational Structure ===

The management of the Delhi Transport Corporation is overseen by a Board of Directors, which includes the Chairman-cum-Managing Director (CMD) and other directors appointed by the Government of Delhi. The CMD, serving as the organization's Chief Executive, is responsible for managing day-to-day operations. This role is supported by a team comprising four Chief General Managers, six Regional Managers, and Depot Managers.<ref name = "CAG Report - Delhi Government - 2016"/>

== Services ==

DTC has an extensive network of bus routes spread all over Delhi. A few routes traverse the neighbouring cities of [[Noida]], [[Ghaziabad]], [[Gurgaon]], and [[Faridabad]]. As of June 2023, of the 606 total bus routes in Delhi, 259 were operated by DTC, 209 were operated by [[DIMTS]], and 138 routes were operated on by both the authorities under the [[Government of Delhi|Department of Transport's]] 'Unified Time Table'.<ref>{{cite news |date= 19 June 2023 |title= Delhi bus routes reworked to cut 'dead mileage'; commuters complain of poor frequency, longer wait time |url= https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/delhi-bus-routes-changes-passengers-facing-troubles-8671361/ |work= Indian Express |location= New Delhi |access-date= 28 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dimts.in/fleet-management.aspx |title=Corporatization of Private Stage Carriage Buses Scheme Private |website=dimts.in |publisher=DIMTS |access-date=28 November 2023 |quote=DIMTS worked on revamping the entire existing structure and re-grouped the 657 routes of Delhi into 17 economic units termed as distinct route cluster using modelling tool based on digital data. Each route-cluster is to be served by buses of Delhi Transport Corporation (the state transport corporation) and those owned by corporate entities — the latter being selected by a process of competitive bidding — in a 50:50 ratio. Buses of both entities are to operate on every route under a unified time table (UTT) mandated by the State Transport Authority. This makes for optimal utilization and integration of capacity and assets.}}</ref> These routes are serviced by 7,135 buses, with 4,088 of them under DTC, out of 37 depots and 3 ISBTs. The average number of trips in FY 2021-22 was 31,084 per day.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://delhiplanning.delhi.gov.in/sites/default/files/Planning/ch._12_transport_0_0.pdf |title=Chapter 12, Transport - Economic Survey of Delhi, 2022-23 |date=20 March 2023 |website=delhiplanning.delhi.gov.in |publisher=Delhi government |access-date=28 November 2023 |page=12}}</ref> The number of routes being operated by the corporation has been steadily falling over the years under the Delhi government's policy of a 50:50 ratio of DTC buses and cluster buses on every route.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://transport.delhi.gov.in/sites/default/files/2022-08/citizen_charter_2018_transport.pdf |title= Citizens Charter (Updated as on July, 2015) |website= transport.delhi.gov.in |publisher= Transport Department, Delhi government |access-date= 28 November 2023 |quote= Government of Delhi has launched a new scheme for corporatization of private stage carriage bus operations in Delhi, in the year 2011. Under this "Cluster Bus Scheme", the city's bus routes have been bundled into seventeen clusters. In each cluster, stage carriage buses will be plied by only two operators, namely, DTC and a private bus company. Under the new scheme 5500 private buses on different routes in Delhi will be plied. DTC and cluster buses operate in 50:50 ratios on every route. The bus operation is based on a Unified Time Table.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://cag.gov.in/webroot/uploads/download_audit_report/2016/Report%201%20of%202016%20-%20PSUs%20-%20Revenue,%20Social,%20Economic%20Sector%20Government%20of%20Delhi.pdf |title=Report of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India on Revenue and Social & Economic Sectors (PSUs) for the year ended 31 March 2015 |date=31 August 2016 |website=cag.gov.in |publisher=CAG of India |access-date=28 November 2023 |page=55}}</ref>

DTC also provides various other provisions like night services, tourist services, and [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|airport]] express services.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dtc.delhi.gov.in/dtc/services |title=Services - Delhi Transport Corporation |website=dtc.delhi.gov.in |publisher=DTC |access-date=28 November 2023}}</ref> It also provides buses to [[Delhi Police]]<ref>{{cite news |date= 5 February 2021 |title= Delhi: 360 of 576 buses on special hire to cops brought back |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/360-of-576-buses-on-special-hire-to-cops-brought-back/articleshow/80696659.cms |work= Times of India |location= New Delhi |access-date= 28 November 2023}}</ref> and used to do so for some schools (however, this was stopped in July 2022).<ref>{{cite news |date=14 July 2022 |title=Delhi govt orders withdrawal of 350 DTC buses provided to private schools |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/delhi-govt-orders-withdrawal-of-350-dtc-buses-provided-to-private-schools-11657761375604.html |work=Live Mint |location=New Delhi |access-date=28 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Sanyal |first=Debarghya |date=22 August 2022 |title=Delhi schools, students in a jam as state-owned bus fleet is withdrawn |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/delhi-schools-students-in-a-jam-as-state-owned-bus-fleet-is-withdrawn-122082200858_1.html |work=Business Standard |location=New Delhi |access-date=28 November 2023}}</ref>

===Inter-state bus services===
Until 2010, the Delhi Transport Corporation (DTC) operated interstate bus services to cities in North India. These services were discontinued after the fleet transitioned to CNG, a fuel that was not widely available in other states at the time. As of 2023, the Delhi government plans to relaunch interstate services with a fleet of 1,600 premium buses connecting major cities like Dehradun, Jaipur, Shimla, Chandigarh, Amritsar, Jammu, and Agra with Delhi. Under this plan, DTC will manage the services in collaboration with selected private operators. The fleet will include 1,200 electric buses designed for routes up to 200 kilometers (120 miles) and 400 BS-VI CNG buses for longer distances.<ref>{{cite news |last= Mishra |first= Alok |date= 22 August 2023 |title= Plans to restart interstate DTC services with 1,600 luxury buses |url= https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/delhi-govt-to-relaunch-interstate-bus-service-with-1-600-premium-buses-operated-by-dtc-and-selected-private-players-tender-to-be-floated-next-month-101682186514452.html |work= Hindustan Times |location= New Delhi |access-date= 23 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Rajput |first=Abhinav |date=11 January 2023 |title=Delhi Transport Corporation plans premium buses for long haul |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/dtc-plans-premium-buses-for-long-haul/articleshow/96891891.cms |work=Times of India |location=New Delhi |access-date= 23 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=10 January 2023 |title=Delhi government to soon operate premium intercity buses |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/roadways/delhi-government-to-soon-operate-premium-intercity-buses/articleshow/96888203.cms |work=PTI |location=New Delhi |access-date= 23 November 2023}}</ref>

== Fleet ==

As of March 2025, DTC has a fleet of 4,359 buses, with 3,109 [[Natural gas vehicle|CNG buses]] and 1,250 [[electric bus]]es.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2025-03-19 |title=900 New E-Buses To Be Rolled Out Soon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/900-new-e-buses-to-be-rolled-out-soon/articleshow/119174215.cms |access-date=2025-04-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> This makes its fleet the largest CNG bus fleet in the world, and the largest electric bus fleet in India.<ref name="Anand"/><ref name="Live Mint"/> The buses are dispatched from 37 [[Bus garage|bus depots]] across Delhi.<ref name = "Depot Locator" /> With Delhi's total bus fleet numbering 7,135, 57% of these are operated by the DTC.

DTC has witnessed two major fleet improvements in its history. The first significant overhaul to its fleet happened in anticipation of the [[2010 Commonwealth Games]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gettyimages.in/detail/news-photo/delhi-transport-corporation-buses-which-will-be-used-during-news-photo/103931733 |title=Delhi Transport Corporation (DTC) buses |last=Singh |first=Prakash |date=9 September 2023 |website=gettyimages.in |publisher=Prakash Singh |access-date= 28 November 2023 |quote=Delhi Transport Corporation (DTC) is acquiring a fleet of over 3,000 modern, low-floor buses to roll out the best transportation services during the Oct 3-14 Commonwealth Games.}}</ref> when DTC received 3,125 new CNG low-floor buses (2500 first, followed by 625),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cag.gov.in/en/audit-report/details/2586 |title=Report No. 6 of 2011 – Performance Audit of XIXth Commonwealth Games |date= 5 August 2011 |website= cag.gov.in |publisher= CAG of India |access-date= 28 November 2023 | page= 757 |quote= During 2008-09, DTC procured 2500 low floor buses (1000 AC and 1500 Non-AC) at an inordinately high price, which was reported by us in Para 5.2.6 of Report of the CAG (Civil and Commercial), GNCTD, for the year ended March 2009. We found that between September and November 2009, DTC procured additional 625 buses at the same high price, exercising an option clause, which cost the exchequer an additional Rs. 61.10 crore over the justified cost.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.motorindiaonline.in/cummins-bags-dtc-order-for-3125-cng-engines/ |title=Cummins bags DTC order for 3,125 CNG engines |date=18 November 2008 |website=motorindiaonline |publisher=Motor India |access-date= 8 December 2023 |quote=Cummins Westport Inc. (CWI), a leading provider of high-performance alternative fuel engines for the global market, and Cummins India Ltd. (CIL) have announced that the Delhi Transport Corporation (DTC) has placed an order for 3,125 natural gas buses equipped with CWI’s B Gas Plus engines. The 230 hp B Gas Plus engines, powered by compressed natural gas (CNG), are licensed by CWI and manufactured by CIL.}}</ref> which increased its fleet size to a high of 6,204 buses.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://online.dda.org.in/mpd2041dda/_layouts/MPD2041FINALSUGGESTION/Baseline_Transport_%20160721.pdf |title= Baseline Report - Enabling Strategic Plan: Master Plan for Delhi 2041 |date= 16 July 2021 |website= online.dda.org.in |publisher= DDA |access-date= 28 November 2023}}</ref> This marked the first time DTC acquired low-floor buses, and since then, all subsequent orders have exclusively been for this type of bus. The new buses consisted of air-conditioned and non-air-conditioned Tata-[[Marcopolo S.A.|Marcopolo]] low-floor Starbuses and [[Ashok Leyland]] ultra-low-floor (ULF) buses. The air-conditioned buses were painted red, while the non-air-conditioned ones were painted green, making them easily distinguishable.<ref>{{cite news |date= 6 May 2019 |title= DTC Buses: Red, Green and Orange - What do they stand for? |url= https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/dtc-buses-red-green-and-orange-what-do-they-stand-for-1518231-2019-05-06 |location= New Delhi |access-date= 28 November 2023}}</ref> These new buses had features such as [[automatic transmission]], [[power steering]], ramps for disabled people, and stop-request buttons located on grab bars. With the introduction of these buses, Delhi's fleet of 2,400 privately owned "killer" Blueline buses was gradually phased out.<ref>{{cite news |date=25 October 2010 |title=Blueline buses to be off Delhi roads from December 14 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/blueline-buses-to-be-off-delhi-roads-from-december-14/articleshow/6809340.cms |work=PTI |location=New Delhi |access-date= 28 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Mathur |first=Atul |date= 28 June 2012 |title=Blueline's 20-year killer run comes to a close |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/blueline-s-20-year-killer-run-comes-to-a-close/story-E7MR5UQq8kRaoBXoQgLj7L.html |work=Hindustan Times |location=New Delhi |access-date= 28 November 2023}}</ref> In 2011, DTC planned to make use of [[biogas]] generated from sewage treatment plants to run its buses.<ref>{{cite news |last=Lalchandani |first=Neha |date=10 October 2011 |title=DTC buses to run on biofuel |work=Times of India |location=New Delhi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/dtc-buses-to-run-on-biofuel/articleshow/10296309.cms |access-date= 28 November 2023}}</ref>

The second major upgrade to DTC's fleet began in 2021 when the [[Government of Delhi|Delhi government]] decided to exclusively procure electric buses going forward.<ref>{{cite news |last=Goswami |first=Sweta |date=27 October 2021 |title=Only e-buses will be added to city fleet in future: Kailash Gahlot |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/delhi-will-procure-only-e-buses-in-future-transport-minister-kailash-gahlot-101635357758983.html |work=Hindustan Times |location=New Delhi |access-date= 9 December 2021}}</ref> Subsequently, with deliveries in multiple batches,<ref>{{cite news |date=23 May 2022 |title=Delhi to enjoy free rides on DTC's e-buses for three days, starting Tuesday |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/delhi-free-rides-dtc-e-buses-three-days-7932404/ |work=Indian Express |location=New Delhi |access-date= 28 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=24 May 2022 |title=Delhi CM Arvind Kejriwal flags off 150 electric buses, commuters to get free rides for 3 days |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/commuters-in-delhi-to-get-free-rides-on-e-buses-for-3-days-from-may-24/articleshow/91747368.cms |work=Economic Times |location=New Delhi |access-date=28 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date= 28 November 2023 |title=By 2025-end, Delhi to add 4k electric buses in phases |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/india/news/delhi-expands-electric-bus-fleet-400-new-buses-flagged-off/articleshow/103383952.cms |work=ANI |location=New Delhi |access-date= 28 November 2023}}</ref> DTC's fleet of electric buses has grown to 1,752, making it the largest e-bus fleet in India.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Delhi transport dept to add 2 000 e-buses to its fleet this year |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2025/04/21/des95-dl-dtc-electric-buses.html |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref> The new buses feature digital ticketing, GPS, CCTV, and panic buttons, all connected to a two-way centralised command and control center at [[Kashmiri Gate, Delhi|Kashmere Gate]].<ref name="400 New Electric Buses - ET Infra">{{cite news |date=5 September 2023 |title=Delhi expands electric bus fleet: 400 new buses flagged off |url=https://infra.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/urban-transportation/delhi-expands-electric-bus-fleet-400-new-buses-flagged-off/103387425 |access-date=15 November 2023 |work=ANI |location=New Delhi}}</ref> The Delhi transport department plans to deploy 2,080 more electric buses in Delhi in 2025.<ref name=":1" />

== Depots ==
[[File:DTC low-floor bus.jpg|thumb|A DTC Bus on Route 740]]
[[File:A JBM Eco-Life e12 AC Electric Bus of the Delhi Transport Corporation.jpg|thumb|An AC Electric Bus of the DTC]]
DTC manages its operations from 37 bus depots, which are organised into four regions: East, North, South, and West.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dtc-elearning.com/ABOUTUS |title=DTC at a Glance |website=dtc-elearning.com |publisher=DTC Training School |access-date=23 November 2023}}</ref> 36 of these depots are located in Delhi, with 1 located in the neighbouring city of [[Noida]].<ref name = "Depot Locator" /> These facilities handle regular maintenance and cleaning of buses. To complement DTC's existing depots, the [[Government of Delhi|Delhi government]] is constructing 9 additional bus depots at [[Kirari Assembly constituency|Kirari]], [[East Vinod Nagar|East Vinod Nagar 2]], [[Narela]], Daurala, [[Burari Assembly constituency|Burari]], Savda Ghevra, [[Kapashera]], [[Gadaipur, Mehrauli, New Delhi|Gadaipur]], and Chattarpur.<ref>{{cite news |date=21 April 2023 |title=World-class bus service station at Savda Ghevra soon: Delhi minister Kailash Gahlot |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/world-class-bus-service-station-at-savda-ghevra-soon-delhi-minister-kailash-gahlot/articleshow/99658558.cms |work=Times of India |location=New Delhi |access-date= 28 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=9 April 2023 |title=Delhi Transport Minister Kailash Gahlot Lays Foundation Stone Of Kirari Bus Depot |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/delhi-transport-minister-kailash-gahlot-lays-foundation-stone-of-kirari-bus-depot-news-277125 |work=PTI |location=New Delhi |access-date=28 November 2023}}></ref>

Following are the depots:<ref name = "Depot Locator" />

{| class="wikitable"
|- style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center; vertical-align:bottom;"
! Number
! Depot Name
|-
| 1
| Khanpur Depot
|-
| 2
| GTB Nagar Depot
|-
| 3
| Dichaun Kalan Depot
|-
| 4
| Dwarka Sector 2 Depot
|-
| 5
| Dwarka Sector 8 Depot
|-
| 6
| Dwarka Sector 26 Depot
|-
| 7
| Mayur Vihar II Depot
|-
| 8
| Ghazipur Depot
|-
| 9
| Jahangirpuri Depot
|-
| 10
| Janakpuri-1 Depot
|-
| 11
| Janakpuri-2 Depot
|-
| 12
| Patparganj Depot
|-
| 13
| Okhla Depot
|-
| 14
| Kanjhawla Depot
|-
| 15
| Keshopur Depot
|-
| 16
| Mayapuri Depot
|-
| 17
| Mundela Kalan Depot
|-
| 19
| Nand Nagari Depot
|-
| 19
| Nangloi Depot
|-
| 20
| Narela Depot
|-
| 21
| Noida Depot
|-
| 22
| Paschim Vihar Depot
|-
| 23
| Rajghat-1 Depot
|-
| 24
| Rajghat-2 Depot
|-
| 25
| Rohini Sec-37 Depot
|-
| 26
| Rohini-1 Depot
|-
| 27
| Rohini-2 Depot
|-
| 28
| Rohini-3 Depot
|-
| 29
| Rohini-4 Depot
|-
| 30
| Sarojini Nagar Depot
|-
| 31
| Shadipur-1 Depot
|-
| 32
| Shadipur-2 Depot
|-
| 33
| Srinivaspuri Depot
|-
| 34
| Sukhdev Vihar Depot
|-
| 35
| Tehkhand Depot
|-
| 36
| Vasant Vihar Depot
|-
| 37
| Wazirpur Depot
|}

==Delhi Integrated Multi-Modal Transit System (DIMTS)==
The [[Delhi Integrated Multi-Modal Transit System]] is a transport consultancy and infrastructure development firm. It is an equal equity joint venture of the Government of the National Capital Territory of Delhi <ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to Delhi Integrated Multi Modal Transit System Ltd |url=https://www.dimts.in/ |access-date=2022-12-09 |website=www.dimts.in}}</ref>

The DIMTS operates a fleet of 1,725 buses under the cluster scheme, categorised by their colour: orange for non-air-conditioned buses and blue for air-conditioned ones. These buses are equipped with Global Positioning System (GPS) devices, which enable real-time tracking of their movement and geographic location through the [[Automatic vehicle location|Automatic Vehicle Location]] (AVL) system. This system provides Estimated Time of Arrival (ETA) and other relevant data to passengers via an app.{{cn|date=September 2025}}

Electronic Ticketing Machines (ETMs) are used on DIMTS buses as part of the Automated Fare Collection (AFC) system, replacing pre-printed tickets. Since August 2018, passengers can also use DMRC Metro Cards to purchase tickets on these buses.{{cn|date=September 2025}}

Under the cluster scheme, private concessionaires are responsible for supplying the buses, ensuring their cleaning and maintenance, and providing staff. In return, they are compensated based on an indexed cost system. This system includes:

* A '''fixed component''' tied to the cost of the bus,
* A '''variable component''' covering fuel and maintenance costs, and
* A '''wage-related component''' adjusted according to the Consumer Price Index.

This model ensures fair compensation while maintaining cost efficiency and service quality.

==See also==
*[[Delhi Metro]]
*[[Transport in Delhi]]
*[[National Capital Region Transport Corporation]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikivoyage|Delhi}}
* [https://dtc.delhi.gov.in Delhi Transport Corporation Website]

{{Delhi}}
{{State owned road transport companies in India}}
{{Greater Delhi transit}}
{{Portalbar|Transport}}

[[Category:Transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Companies based in New Delhi]]
[[Category:Metropolitan transport agencies of India]]
[[Category:State agencies of Delhi]]
[[Category:Bus companies of India]]
[[Category:State road transport corporations of India]]
[[Category:Transport companies established in 1948]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1948]]
[[Category:Delhi Transport Corporation]]

Nawanagar State

2026-03-15T17:30:18Z

Dan: Updated formatting and improved readability

{{Short description|Former princely state in Gujarat, India (1540–1947)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}

{{Infobox former country
| area_km2 = 9820
| official_languages = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| government_type = [[Monarchy]]|
| year_start = 1540
| year_end = 1947
| s1 = India
| flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
| event_end = [[Independence of India]]
| established_date1 = 1540
| established_event1 = Battle of Mitoli
| leader_title1 = [[Jam Sahib]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]] ({{small|[[Official religion|Official]]}}) [[Islam]] [[Jainism]] [[Christianity]]
| map_caption = Navanagar, part of Bombay Presidency, 1909
| image_map = Bombay Prov north 1909.jpg
| image_coat = Nawanagar State-coa.png
| image_flag = Flag of the Nawanagar State.svg
| common_name = Nawanagar
| conventional_long_name = State of Jamnagar
}}

'''Nawanagar''' (present day [[Jamnagar]]) was an Indian state and then a [[princely state]] in the historical [[Halar]] region, located on the southern shores of the [[Gulf of Kutch]]. It was ruled by the [[Jadeja|Jadeja Rajput]] dynasty and became a part of newly formed [[India]]. Its capital city was Nawanagar city, now known as [[Jamnagar]]. It had an area of {{convert|3791|sqmi|km2}} and a population estimated at 336,779 in 1901. Its rulers, who use the title of "[[Jam Saheb]]" are of the same clan as the [[Cutch State|Rao of Kutch]].<ref name="EB1911">{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Nawanagar |volume=19 |pages=317–318}}</ref> They were entitled to a 13-gun salute. The state flag was a rectangular red flag with a white elephant, near and facing the hoist. During the [[British Raj|British]], the state was part of the [[Kathiawar Agency]], within the [[Gujarat Division]] of [[Bombay Presidency]].<ref name="EB1911" /><ref>{{cite book|title=[[The Imperial Gazetteer of India|The Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 18]]|chapter-url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V18_425.gif|year=1909|publisher=Oxford [[Clarendon Press]], London|page=419|chapter=Nawanagar State|ref=Im|access-date=20 February 2021|archive-date=29 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129030253/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V18_425.gif|url-status=live}}</ref>

The state had a [[pearl]] fishery and much of its wealth came from this. Nawanagar is also famous for its late ruler Jam Saheb [[Ranjitsinhji]] (died 1933), who was a famous [[cricket]] player at Cambridge in England and represented [[England cricket team|England]] in Test cricket, before his accession to the throne.

==History==
[[File:Ranjitsinh.jpeg|thumb|Picture of [[Ranjitsinhji]], celebrated cricketer and Maharaja of Nawanagar.]]Nawanagar (present day [[Jamnagar]]) was founded in 1540 by [[Jam Rawal|Jam Sri Rawalji]], a descendant of the [[Jadeja]] ruler of [[Cutch State|Kutch]], and was thereafter in an almost constant state of war with its neighbours and with the [[Mughal Empire]]. Two such major wars were the [[Battle of Mithoi]] and [[Battle of Bhuchar Mori]] fought in 1591. During the Reign of [[Shah Jahan]], the ruler of Nawanagar paid tribute and maintained obedience to the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] government.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |author-link=Jadunath Sarkar |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.513882 |title=History of Aurangzib |date=1925 |publisher=M.C. Sarkar & Sons |edition=2nd |volume=I-II |location=Calcutta |pages=71 |language=en |quote=A former viceroy, Azam Khan, (1635-41), had vigorously punished the robber tribes, built forts in their midst to maintain order, and forced the ruler of Nawánagar, (present day [[Jamnagar]]) to promise tribute and obedience to the imperial Government |orig-year=1912}}</ref> The "Walker Treaty of 1807" brought peace to the Kathiawar states for the first time in several generations. Nawanagar came under British protection on 22 February 1812.

K. S. [[Ranjitsinhji]] was one of the world's greatest cricket players and, later, became Jam Saheb in 1907 until 1933.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/407098/Sir-Ranjitsinhji-Vibhaji-Maharaja-Jam-Saheb-of-Nawanagar|title=Sir Ranjitsinhji Vibhaji, Maharaja Jam Saheb of Nawānagar|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}</ref> The inclusive circle of eight players promoted excellence in cricket, both in the county and domestic games. After his death, [[Ranji Trophy]], a domestic first-class cricket championship played in India between different city and state sides, was started in 1934 by [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI).

Jam Saheb Shri Sir Ranjitsinhji remained the chancellor of the [[Chamber of Princes]] (1931–1933). After his death, in 1933, he was succeeded by his nephew [[Digvijaysinhji Ranjitsinhji|Jam Saheb Shri Sir Digvijaysinhji]], who became its chancellor (1937–1944) and continued to promote the octet circle in excellence in cricket, academics and welfare. In 1942 the Maharaja set up a refugee camp for Polish children in [[Balachadi]].

Nawanagar (present day [[Jamnagar]]) was one of the first princely states to sign the [[Instrument of Accession]] in 1948 after [[Partition of India|Indian independence]]. Afterwards, the late ruler, Digvijaysinhji, served as the first [[Rajpramukh]] of Kathiawad, then represented his country at the [[United Nations]].

In 1949, the princely states of Nawanagar and [[Dhrol]], Jalia Dewani in Kathiawar merged into the new state of [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]]. On 19 June 1959, the boundaries of the district were enlarged by the inclusion of the adjoining [[Okha, India|Okha]] mandal, and the district was renamed [[Jamnagar]]. This district became part of the new state of [[Gujarat]] on the division of the [[State of Bombay]] on 1 May 1960.

[[Bhanji Dal Jadeja]] commanded Jam Sataji's force during the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] attack on [[Junagadh State]] and defeated the attack.

==Rulers (Jam Saheb)==
{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! Regime
! Rulers
! Born
! Died
|-
| 1540 – 1562
| [[Jam Rawal|Rawalji Lakhaji]]
| 1480
| 1562
|-
| 1562 – 1569
| Vibhaji Rawalji
|
| 1569
|-
| 1569 – 1608
| Sataji Vibhaji
|
| 1608
|-
| 1608 – 1624
| Jasaji Sataji
|
| 1624
|-
| 1624 – 1645
| Lakhaji Ajaji
|
| 1645
|-
| 1645 – 1661
| Ranmalji Lakhaji
|
| 1661
|-
| 1661 – 1664
| Raisinhji Lakhaji
|
|
|-
| ''1664 – 1673''
| ''Interregnum''
|
|
|-
| 1673 – 1690
| Tamachi Rainsinhji
|
|
|-
| 2 October 1690 – 13 October 1708
| Lakhaji Tamachi
|
| 1708
|-
| 13 October 1708 – 13 August 1711
| Raisinhji Lakhaji
|
| 1711
|-
| 13 August 1711 – 1743
| Tamachi Raisinhji
|
| 1743
|-
| September 1743 - 2 November 1767
| Lakhaji Tamachi
| 1743
| 1767
|-
| 2 November 1767 – 6 August 1814
| Jasaji Lakhaji
|
| 1814
|-
| 6 August 1814 – 24 February 1820
| Sataji II Lakhaji
|
| 1820
|-
| 24 February 1820 – 22 February 1852
| Ranmalji Sataji II
|
| 1852
|-
| 22 February 1852 – 28 April 1895
| Vibhaji II Ranmalji
| 1827
| 1895
|-
| 28 April 1895 – 14 August 1906
| Jashwantsinhji Vibhaji II
| 1882
| 1906
|-
| 12 March 1907 – 2 April 1933
| [[Ranjitsinhji|Ranjitsinhji Vibhaji II]]
| 1872
| 1933
|-
| 2 April 1933 – 15 August 1947
| [[Digvijaysinhji|Digvijaysinhji Ranjitsinhji]]
| 1895
| 1966
|}

==Jewellery collection==
[[File:Joyaux dynastiques Hôtel de la Marine ornement de turban au diamant dit oeil du tigre.jpg|thumb|The Eye of the Tiger.]]
The Maharaja Jamsaheb of Nawanagar were also known for their jewellery collection; especially Ranjithsinhji, whose [[Emerald]] collection according to [[Jacques Cartier (jeweler)|Jacques Cartier]] was "unequaled in the world, if not in quantity, then certainly in quality". The collection included an emerald and pearl necklace, an art deco emerald and diamond necklace designed by Jacques Cartier and an Emerald collar or choker also designed by Jacques Cartier.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://internetstones.com/emerald-necklaces-of-the-maharajah-of-nawanagar/|title=Emerald Necklaces of the Maharajah of Nawanagar – Internetstones.COM}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Nadelhoffer|first=Hans |title=Cartier |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xnKpjh1gkqgC&q=Jamsaheb+Ranjitsinhji+of+Jamnagar&pg=PA169|year=2007|publisher=Chronicle Books|isbn=978-0-8118-6099-4|page=169}}</ref>

The 61.5 carat (12.3 g) whisky-coloured diamond, "The Eye of the Tiger", was mounted by [[Cartier SA|Cartier]] in a turban [[aigrette]] for the ''[[JMaharaja]]'' or [[Maharaja]] of Nawanagar in 1934.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://royal-magazin.de/india/eye-of-the-tiger.htm|title=Eye of the Tiger Turban Ornament | Famous Important Diamonds |Aigrette des Maharadschas von Nawanagar|website=royal-magazin.de|access-date=29 June 2021|archive-date=28 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128170024/https://www.royal-magazin.de/india/eye-of-the-tiger.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Nawanagar cricket team]]
*[[Political integration of India]]
*[[Western India States Agency]]
*[[Jam Sahib]]
*[[Jamnagar & Dwarka Railway]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{commons category-inline}}
*{{Official website|http://www.nawanagar.com/}}

{{Princely states of India}}
{{Princely states of the Western India States Agency}}
{{Authority control}}{{coord|22.47|N|70.07|E|region:IN_type:landmark_source:kolossus-svwiki|display=title}}

[[Category:Nawanagar State| ]]
[[Category:Saurashtra (region)]]
[[Category:Hindu states]]
[[Category:Princely states of Gujarat]]
[[Category:1540 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Rajput history]]
[[Category:Jadejas]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1540]]
[[Category:Rajput clans of Gujarat]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1948]]
[[Category:1948 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:States under the Kathiawar Agency]]

Vijayendra Ghatge

2026-03-15T08:48:44Z

Dan: cleanup

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{BLP sources|date=February 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vijayendra Ghatge
| image =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1950
}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Actor
| yearsactive = 1976–2011
| othername =
| parents = Sitaraje Ghatge (mother)
| spouse = Avantika Ghatge
| children = Umikaa Ghatge (daughter)
| relatives = [[Sagarika Ghatge]] (niece)
| website = {{URL|https://www.vijayendra.in}}
}}

'''Vijayendra Ghatge''' (born 1950) is an Indian actor in [[Bollywood]] film and television. He is known for the musical superhit movie ''[[Chitchor]]'' (1976). His other famous movies include ''[[Prem Rog]]'' (1982), ''[[Devdas (2002 Hindi film)|Devdas]]'' (2002) and ''[[Jhankaar Beats]]'' (2003).

==Background and education==
Ghatge is a member of the [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] royal family of [[Kagal]] estate, which was a feudatory vassal of [[Kolhapur State]]. He is thus a relative of the [[Maharaja]] of [[Kolhapur State|Kolhapur]], as [[Shahu of Kolhapur|Chhatrapati Shahu]] was adopted from Kagal and placed on the Gadi of Kolhapur. Ghatge's mother, Sitaraje Ghatge, is the daughter of [[Maharaja]] [[Tukojirao Holkar III|Tukoji Rao Holkar III]] of [[Indore State|Indore]] (reigned 1903–1926) by his American-born third wife Nancy Miller (who was formally adopted by the Maharaja's aunt and took the name Sharmishtha Devi Holkar upon marrying the Maharaja).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.judis.nic.in/supremecourt/qrydisp.aspx?filename=31343 |title=Supreme Court Judgement |date=24 April 2008 |access-date=24 February 2012 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303174148/http://www.judis.nic.in/supremecourt/qrydisp.aspx?filename=31343 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.india-today.com/itoday/15091997/newsnot.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990302030713/http://www.india-today.com/itoday/15091997/newsnot.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 March 1999 |title=Indore: Palace Intrigue |magazine=[[India Today]] |date=15 September 1997 |access-date=24 February 2012 }}</ref> He is the paternal uncle of Indian actress [[Sagarika Ghatge]] (married to Indian cricketer [[Zaheer Khan]]), sometimes mistaken to be her father.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/mistaken-identity-for-sagarika-ghatge/articleshow/58381110.cms|title=Mistaken identity for Sagarika Ghatge|date=27 April 2017|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2 June 2018}}</ref>

He is married to Avantika Ghatge who was formerly head of department of Fine Arts at the [[Daly College]] in [[Indore]]. They have a daughter Umikaa Ghatge, who studied at the Daly College and is a freelance content writer.

After doing B.Com Honours (Management) from Sydenham College of Commerce, Bombay Vijayendra graduated in acting course from the [[FTII, Pune]].

==Career==
Ghatge started his film career with a supporting role in [[Rajshri Productions]]' 1976 Hindi film ''[[Chitchor]]''. Directed by [[Basu Chatterjee]], the film was a box office "Superhit".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=182&catName=MTk3Ng== |title=Box office 1976 |website=Boxofficeindia.com |access-date=24 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020100250/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=182&catName=MTk3Ng== |archive-date=20 October 2013 }}</ref> Thereafter, he did various supporting roles in films like ''[[Kasme Vaade]]'' (1978), ''[[Tere Pyar Mein]]'', ''[[Prem Rog]]'' (1982) and ''[[Razia Sultan (film)|Razia Sultan]]'' (1983). In the mid-1980s, Ghatge began appearing in television serials. His character role of Lala Vrishbhaan, played in the 1986–87 classic serial ''[[Buniyaad]]'' made him a household name.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/feb/02sld8.htm |title=The Buniyaad folks, 18 years later |publisher=[[Rediff.com]] |date=Feb 2006 |access-date=24 February 2012}}</ref>

In 2002, Ghatge appeared in the [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]] directed ''[[Devdas (2002 Hindi film)|Devdas]]'' in the role of Bhuvan Choudhary, the aging husband of the heroine, Paro, played by [[Aishwarya Rai]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://imsports.rediff.com/movies/2002/jul/11vijay.htm |title=What does it take to be Ash's husband? |publisher=[[Rediff.com]] |date=11 July 2002 |author=Arti R |access-date=24 February 2012}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Films===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year !!Film !! Role !!Notes
|-
| 1976 || ''[[Chitchor]]'' ||Sunil Kishan ||
|-
| 1977 || ''[[Agar... If]]'' || Vijay Sohni ||
|-
| 1978 || ''[[Anpadh (1978 film)|Anpadh]]'' || Mukesh ||
|-
| 1978 || ''Yatheema Sundari'' || Vahid ||
|-
| 1978 || ''[[Kasme Vaade]]'' || Kundan Ghanshyamdas ||
|-
| 1978 || ''[[Tere Pyar Mein (1979 film)|Tere Pyar Mein]]'' || ||
|-
| 1979 || ''[[Sunayana (film)|Sunayana]]'' || Dr. Indrajeet ||
|-
| 1979 || ''[[Shaayad]]'' || ||
|-
| 1980 || ''[[Nazrana Pyar Ka]]'' || Kishore ||
|-
| 1980 || ''[[Aakhri Insaaf]]'' || ||
|-
| 1980 || ''[[Ehsan Aapka]]'' || ||
|-
| 1980 || [[Guest House (1980 film)|Guest House]] || Suraj ||
|-
| 1981 || ''[[Dhanwan (1981 film)|Dhanwan]]'' || ||
|-
| 1981 || ''[[Paanch Qaidi]]'' || ||
|-
| 1981 || ''[[Hum Se Badkar Kaun]]'' || Ballu/DSP Vijay ||
|-
| 1981 || ''[[Jyoti (1981 film)|Jyoti]]'' || Niranjan Pratap Singh ||
|-
| 1982 || ''[[Prem Rog]]'' || Kunwar Narendra Singh ||
|-
| 1982 || ''[[Satte Pe Satta]]'' || Shekhar ||
|-
| 1982 || ''[[Jeeo Aur Jeene Do]]'' || ||
|-
| 1982 || ''[[Maut Ka Saya]]'' || ||
|-
| 1982 || ''Waqt Waqt Ki Baat''|| ||
|-
| 1983 || ''[[Razia Sultan (1983 film)|Razia Sultan]]'' || Amil Altunia ||
|-
| 1984 || ''[[Ram Ki Ganga]]'' || Arun 'Suraj' Verma ||
|-
| 1984 || ''[[Ram Tera Desh]]'' || Prem Kumar Saxena ||
|-
| 1984 || ''[[Waqt Ki Pukar]]'' || Raja ||
|-
| 1984 || ''[[Divorce (1984 film)|Divorce]]'' || Ajay Oswal/Shyam ||
|-
| 1984 || ''[[Hanste Khelte]]'' || ||
|-
| 1985 || ''[[Meraa Ghar Mere Bachche]]'' || Dr. Shrikant Bhargav ||
|-
| 1985 || ''[[Pournami Raavil 3D]]'' || || Malayalam 3D film
|-
| 1985 || ''[[Mehak]]'' || ||
|-
| 1985 || ''[[Kali Basti]]'' || Inspector Raghuvanshi ||
|-
| 1986 || ''[[Sheesha (1986 film)|Sheesha]]'' || Advocate Ashok Kumar ||
|-
| 1986 || ''[[Locket (1986 film)|Locket]]'' || Vijay ||
|-
| 1986 || ''[[Trikon Ka Chauta Kon]]'' || ||
|-
| 1986 || ''[[Dahleez (film)|Dahleez]]'' || Ahmed Ali ||
|-
| 1986 || ''[[Katha Sagar]]'' || || TV series
|-
| 1987 || ''[[Muqaddar Ka Faisla]]'' || Police Inspector Shekhar ||
|-
| 1988 || ''[[Mohabbat Ke Dushman]]'' || Shamsher ||
|-
| 1988 || ''[[Veerana]]'' || Sameer Pratap ||
|-
| 1988 || ''[[Shahenshah (1988 film)|Shahenshah]]'' || Mohammed Salim ||
|-
| 1988 || ''[[Yateem]]'' || Senior Police Officer ||
|-
| 1989 || ''[[Batwara]]'' || Devan ||
|-
| 1989 || ''[[Tridev]]'' || Ramesh Tejani ||
|-
| 1989 || ''[[Souten Ki Beti]]'' || Advocate Narendra ||
|-
| 1989 || ''[[Ajeeb Itefaq]]'' || Aparna's boyfriend ||
|-
| 1989 || ''[[Guru (1989 film)|Guru]]'' || Inspector Shiv Shankar Shrivastav ||
|-
| 1989 || ''[[Naqab (1989 film)|Naqab]]'' || Nawab Sajhat Ali Khan ||
|-
| 1990 || ''[[Bandh Darwaza]]'' || Thakur Pratap Singh ||
|-
| 1990 || ''[[Lekin...]]'' || Raja Param Singh ||
|-
| 1991 || ''[[Indrajeet]]'' || Inspector Sudhir ||
|-
| 1991 || ''[[Aakhri Cheekh]]'' || ||
|-
| 1991 || ''[[Sanam Bewafa]]'' || Sajjan Thakur ||
|-
| 1991 || ''[[Ek Doctor Ki Maut]]'' || Dr. Arijit ||
|-
| 1992 || ''[[Apradhi (1992 film)|Apradhi]]'' || Man outside the orphanage ||
|-
| 1992 || ''[[Bekhudi]]'' || Radhika's Father ||
|-
| 1992 || ''[[Khel (1992 film)|Khel]]'' || Ravi ||
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Damini - Lightning]]'' || Inspector Kadam ||
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Kshatriya (film)|Kshatriya]]'' || Raja Davendra Pratap Singh ||
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Anth]]'' || Advocate Vikas Saxena ||
|-
| 1994 || ''[[Maza Saubhagya]]'' || Ahant Abhyankar || Marathi Film (cameo)
|-
| 1994 || ''[[Vaade Iraade]]'' || Principal Tripathi ||
|-
| 1994 || ''[[Beta Ho To Aisa]]'' || Forest Officer Anand ||
|-
| 1995 || ''[[Guddu (film)|Guddu]]'' || Rehman ||
|-
| 1996 || ''[[Rajkumar (1996 film)|Rajkumar]]'' || ||
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Aakhri Sanghursh]]'' || Arjun ||
|-
| 1998 || ''[[Kareeb]]'' || Diwan Virendranath ||
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Love You Hamesha]]'' || ||
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Siyani]]'' || || TV movie
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Shirdi Sai Baba (2001)]]'' || ||
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Jeena Sirf Merre Liye]]'' || Pooja's dad ||
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Deewangee]]'' || Ashwin Mehta ||
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Devdas (2002 Hindi film)|Devdas]]'' || Bhuvan Choudhry ||
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Kabhie Tum Kabhie Hum]]'' || Mr. Shrivastav ||
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Jhankaar Beats]]'' || Mr. Kapoor ||
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Tujhe Meri Kasam]]'' || ||
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Wajahh: A Reason to Kill]]'' || Singhania ||
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Garv: Pride and Honour]]'' || Chief Minister ||
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Chand Sa Roshan Chehra]]'' || ||
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Shaadi Se Pehle]]'' || Mr. Bhalla ||
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Marigold (2007 film)|Marigold]]'' || Rajput ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Karma (2008 Indian film)|Karma: Crime. Passion. Reincarnation]]'' || Ranvir Singh ||
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Foggy Christmas]]'' || Simon ||
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Life Express (2010 film)|Life Express]]'' || Tanvi's boss ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Aazaan]]'' || Home Minister ||
|-
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Serial !! Role !! Channel !! Notes
|-
| 1985 || ''[[Singhasan Battisi]]'' || Raja Vikramaditya || [[DD National]] ||
|-
| 1985 || ''[[Vikram Aur Betaal]]'' (Episode: The Unsuccessful Penance of Gunkar) || Gunkar || [[DD National]] ||
|-
| 1986–1987 || ''[[Buniyaad]]'' || Lala Vrishbhan || [[DD National]] ||
|-
| 1992 || ''Missione d'amore'' || Mansingh || ||
|-
| 1992 || ''[[Talaash (Indian TV series)|Talaash]]'' || Sudhir || [[DD National]] ||
|-
| 1994 || ''[[Junoon (1994 TV series)|Junoon]]''<ref>{{cite news|title=The Buniyaad folks, 18 years later|work=Rediff.com|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/feb/02sld8.htm|access-date=27 May 2020}}</ref> || adv.Neil Bhatiya || [[DD National]] ||
|-
| 1998–1999 || Ashiqui || || [[Zee TV]] ||
|-
| 2003 || Vishwaas || Vishwanath Dikshit || [[Zee TV]] ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|0315551}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghatge, Vijayendra}}
[[Category:Film and Television Institute of India alumni]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Marathi actors]]
[[Category:Daly College alumni]]
[[Category:People from Indore]]
[[Category:1950 births]]

Muhammad in film

2026-03-10T22:19:14Z

Dan: updated page

{{short description|Depictions of the main Islamic prophet in movies}}
{{Muhammad}}
The representation of the [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]] (as with other visual portrayals) is a debated topic both within and outside of Islam. Although the [[Quran]] does not explicitly forbid images of Muhammad, there are a few [[hadith]] (supplemental teachings) which have explicitly prohibited Muslims from creating visual depictions of anything that has a soul.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Photography in Islam-Taswir |url=https://www.al-feqh.com/en/photography-in-islam |access-date=2025-03-30 |website=Photography in Islam-Taswir |language=en}}</ref> Because the different branches of Islam use different Hadith collections, there is a division on this issue between the two major denominations of Islam, [[Sunni]] and [[Shia]] Islam.

Most Sunni Muslims believe that visual depictions of all the [[prophets of Islam]] should be prohibited<ref name="Larsson">{{cite book|last=Larsson|first=Göran|title=Muslims and the New Media|year=2011|publisher=Ashgate|isbn=978-1-4094-2750-6|page=51}}</ref> and are particularly averse to visual representations of Muhammad.<ref name="BergenMuhammad">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120131123426/http://www.hf.uib.no/religion/popularikonografi/devotion04.html Devotion in pictures: Muslim popular iconography – The prophet Muhammad], [[University of Bergen]]</ref> In 1926, Egyptian actor [[Youssef Wahbi]] was in discussions to play Muhammad in a film financed by the Turkish government under [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|Atatürk]]. When the Sunni Islamic [[Al-Azhar University]] in Cairo heard about it, scholars there released a fatwa stipulating that Islam forbids the depiction of Muhammad on screen and [[King Fuad I of Egypt|King Fuad]] then sent a severe warning to the actor, threatening to exile him and strip him of his Egyptian nationality. As a result of the controversy, the film was abandoned.<ref name="fatwa_important">{{cite book |author=Alessandra. Raengo |author2=Robert Stam |name-list-style=amp |title=A Companion To Literature And Film |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |year=2004 |isbn=0-631-23053-X |page=[https://archive.org/details/companiontoliter00stam/page/31 31] |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/companiontoliter00stam/page/31 }}</ref>

In Shia Islam, scholars historically were also against such depictions, but have taken a more relaxed view over the years and images of Muhammad are quite common nowadays.<ref name="BergenMuhammad" /> A fatwa given by [[Ali al-Sistani]], the [[Shi'a]] [[Marja'|marja]] of Iraq, states that it is permissible to depict Muhammad, even in television or movies, if done with respect.<ref name="sistani">{{cite web|url=http://www.sistani.org/english/qa/01282/|title=Istifta|access-date=2015-09-28}}</ref>

==Notable films==
===''L'Inferno''===
{{main|L'Inferno}}
''Dante's Inferno'', originally released in Italy as ''L'Inferno'', was perhaps the first depictions of Muhammad in a feature-length film. It has a brief section in which Muhammad is being tortured in Hell with his chest opened, exposing his entrails.<ref>{{cite book |last=Plate |first=S. Brent |title=Blasphemy: Art that Offends |publisher=Black Dog |year=2006 |page=39 |isbn =978-1-9047-7253-8}}</ref>

===''The Message''===
{{main|The Message (1976 film)}}
''Mohammad, Messenger of God'', released in the US as ''The Message'', was the first major film about Muhammad. The movie debuted on January 1, 1976, and on July 29 of the same year, it made its London premiere at the Plaza theater. The movie was produced in two different languages: Arabic and English. On August 19, 1976, the Arabic version made its debut at [[London]]'s Curzon theater. The English version ran for nine weeks and the Arabic version for six weeks during the screening period, which ended on September 29.

When director [[Mustafa Akkad]] was shooting the film, he made use of an American cast and an Egyptian cast. In the English version [[Anthony Quinn]] played Hamza, Michael Ansara Muhammad's principal opponent [[Abu Sufyan]], and Irene Papas Abu Sufyan's wife Hind. In the Arab version these roles were played by Egyptian actors. However, in a number of overall shots, in which a large group is acting, such as the [[Battle of Badr]], it can be heard that the scene is shot only once, as the actors shout "''[[Allahu Akbar]]''", whereas in other similar scenes the director opted for "God is great".

Even though the movie is about Muhammad, the director decided to shoot the film so as to not depict Muhammad. Akkad frequently changed the position of the camera at moments when Muhammad would be brought into vision. When Muhammad was essential to a scene, the camera would show events from his point of view.<ref name="Message">{{cite web|url=http://taylorandfrancis.metapress.com/index/L7M5247402032139.pdf|title=The image of Muhammad in The Message, the first and only feature film about the Prophet of Islam|first=Freek L.|last=Bakker|date=January 2006|publisher=Routledge, "Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations", Vol. 17, No.1|access-date=2007-07-06}}{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

''The Message'' became very popular, not the least in the circles of Muslims, for example in Africa, and Asia. Even so, two well-known [[fatwa]]s from [[Al-Azhar]] University and Shiite Council of Lebanon were issued about ''The Message''.
{{blockquote|It is certainly probable that this is not the result of the creativity of the filmmakers but of the rules announced by the Islamic scholars of the Azhar and the Shia Council of Lebanon, who prohibited any representation of Muhammad's wives as well as of Muhammad himself.<ref name="Message" />}}

===''Muhammad: The Last Prophet''===
{{main|Muhammad: The Last Prophet}}

''[[Muhammad: The Last Prophet]]'' is an animated film produced by Badr International according to the same aniconic principles as ''The Message''. Its director is [[Richard Rich (director)|Richard Rich]]. The movie was released in 2004 and it was screened in a limited number of movie-theatres in the United States and the United Kingdom. The film focuses on the early period of Islam.

===''Muhammad: The Messenger of God''===
{{main|Muhammad: The Messenger of God (film)}}

In October 2012, Iranian director [[Majid Majidi]] began shooting a film titled '' [[Muhammad: The Messenger of God (film)|Muhammad: The Messenger of God]]'' with plans to show Muhammad on screen, though not his face, as per Shia tradition. The film's world premiere was on August 27, 2015.<ref name="ffm">{{cite news|url=http://www.ffm-montreal.org/en/press-releases/104-muhammad-the-film-event-of-2015-to-have-world-premiere-at-the-montreal-world-film-festival.html|title=MUHAMMAD THE FILM EVENT OF 2015 TO HAVE WORLD PREMIERE AT THE MONTREAL WORLD FILM FESTIVAL|work=ffm-montreal.org|access-date=22 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722160228/http://www.ffm-montreal.org/en/press-releases/104-muhammad-the-film-event-of-2015-to-have-world-premiere-at-the-montreal-world-film-festival.html|archive-date=22 July 2015|url-status=usurped|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===''The Lady of Heaven''===
{{main|The Lady of Heaven}}

In June 2020, ''[[Deadline Hollywood]]'' reported that Enlightened Kingdom was producing ''[[The Lady of Heaven]]'' which would be the first film to depict the face of Muhammad.<ref>{{Cite web|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|date=2020-06-29|title=Enlightened Kingdom Sets 'Lady Of Heaven'; Feature About Lady Fatima, Daughter Of Muhammad|url=https://deadline.com/2020/06/lady-of-heaven-enlightened-kingdom-lady-fatima-daughter-of-muhammad-movie-1202973314/|access-date=2020-06-29|website=Deadline|language=en}}</ref> In order to respect [[aniconism in Islam]], Muhammad was portrayed by lighting and cinematic effects as opposed to being portrayed by an actor or single individual.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Al-Habib|first=Yasser|title=The Lady of Heaven|url=https://alhabib.org/en/the-lady-of-heaven/|access-date=2021-02-15|website=Alhabib.org|language=en-US}}</ref> The producers of the film also discussed how they tackled the very delicate aspect of depicting a Muslim holy personality.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Blyth|first=Antonia|date=2021-07-14|title=How 'The Lady Of Heaven' Producers Tackled The "Very Challenging" Aspect Of Depicting A Muslim Holy Person – Cannes Studio|url=https://deadline.com/video/the-lady-of-heaven-producers-cannes-interview/|access-date=2021-07-16|website=Deadline|language=en-US}}</ref> A trailer for the film was released on December 23, 2020 followed by a US theatrical release date a year later on December 10, 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Lady of Heaven, The Untold Story|url=https://kinocheck.com/movie/tc2/the-lady-of-heaven-2021|access-date=2021-07-16|website=KinoCheck|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Lady of Heaven|url=https://www.amctheatres.com/movies/the-lady-of-heaven-68145|access-date=2021-10-28|website=AMC Theatres}}</ref>

=== Later projects===
There are several new films currently in production about Muhammad, regarded as the "second of their kind" (referring to Western films honoring the portrayal of Muhammad).<ref name="guardian">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2013/mar/15/qatar-iran-films-prophet-muhammad|title=Qatar and Iran on rival missions to make films about prophet Muhammad|first=Ben|last=Child|date=March 15, 2013|newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref><ref name="reutars1" />

In October 2008, Producer Oscar Zoghbi, who worked on the original ''[[Mohammad, Messenger of God|The Message]]'', stated that he would shooting a remake called ''The Messenger of Peace'', to be shot around the holy cities of [[Mecca]] and [[Medina]].<ref name="reutars1">{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/entertainmentNews/idUSTRE49Q3N520081027|title=Movie planned on life of Mohammad|date=Oct 27, 2008  |access-date=2009-01-29 | work=Reuters}}</ref>

Film producer [[Barrie M. Osborne]] has been hired as an adviser on a possible series of epics about Muhammad. The films, which are financed by a [[Qatar]]i media company and will be supervised by the Egyptian cleric [[Yusuf al-Qaradawi]], are unlikely to depict Muhammad at all on screen as per Sunni tradition which sees all depictions of the prophets as blasphemous.<ref name="guardian" /><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20091105095537/http://moviesblog.mtv.com/2009/11/02/matrix-and-lord-of-the-rings-producer-to-make-movie-about-the-founder-of-islam MTV]</ref>

==List of films==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! width="200"|Date
! Production company
! Title
! Country of origin
! class="unsortable"|References
|-
|Unknown
|[[History (U.S. TV channel)|History Channel]]
|''[[Muhammad: Biography]]''
|UK
| align="center" |<ref name="History Channel Asia.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.historychannelasia.com/synopsis.aspx?libId=47&sId=85&sTime=1140|title=The Prophet Muhammad|publisher=History Channel Asia.com|access-date=2008-12-31}}{{dead link|date=February 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|-
|Unknown
|Unknown
|''[[Muhammad: A Mercy to Mankind]]''
|
| align="center" |
|-
|{{dts|1911|03|10}}
|[[Milano Films]]
|''[[L'Inferno (1911 film)|L'Inferno]]''
|Italy
|align="center"|
|-
| {{dts|1977|9|3}}
| [[Moustapha Akkad]]
| ''[[Mohammad, Messenger of God|The Message]]'' (or ''Mohammad, Messenger of God'') 
| UK, USA
|align="center"| <ref name="The New York Times">{{cite news|url=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/33045/Mohammad-Messenger-of-God/overview|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080201132518/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/33045/Mohammad-Messenger-of-God/overview|url-status=dead|archive-date=2008-02-01|title=Mohammad Messenger of God (1976) Alternate Titles: The Message, Mohammad: Messenger of God, Al-Risalah|access-date=2008-12-31 | first=John |department=Movies & TV Dept.|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=2008| last=Kifner}}</ref><ref name="tcm.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/83810/mohammad-messenger-of-god|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102113231/http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/83810/Mohammad-Messenger-of-God/|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 2, 2012|title=Overview for Mohammad Messenger of God (1976) |publisher=Turner Classic Movies|access-date=2008-12-31}}</ref>
|-
|{{dts|2000}}
|PBS
|''[[Islam: Empire of Faith]]''
|USA
| align="center" |<ref name="The Making of Islam: Empire of Faith">{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/film.html|title=The Making of Islam: Empire of Faith|publisher=PBS.org|access-date=2008-12-31}}</ref> <ref name="Islam: Empire of Faith Homepage">{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/index.html|title=Islam: Empire of Faith Homepage|website=[[PBS]] |access-date=2008-12-31}}</ref>
|-
|{{dts|2002|3|12}}
|Mpi Home Video
|''[[Story of Islam]]''
|USA
| align="center" |
|-
|{{dts|2002|12|17}}
|[[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]]
|''[[Muhammad: Legacy of a Prophet]]''
|USA
| align="center" |<ref name="MLOFP">{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/muhammad/|title=Muhammad: Legacy of a Prophet PBS Homepage|publisher=PBS|access-date=2009-01-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0396743/|title=Muhammad: Legacy of a Prophet (2002) at IMDb|website=[[IMDb]] |access-date=2009-01-01}}</ref> <ref name="Unity Production Foundations1">{{cite web|url=http://www.upf.tv/upf06/Films/MuhammadLegacyofaProphet/tabid/75/Default.aspx|title=Unity Production Foundations - Details (SYNOPSIS)|access-date=2009-01-01 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080730234527/http://upf.tv/upf06/Films/MuhammadLegacyofaProphet/tabid/75/Default.aspx  |archive-date = 2008-07-30}}</ref><ref name="Islam Project.org1">{{cite web|url=http://www.islamproject.org/muhammad/muhammad.htm|title=Islam Project.org|access-date=2009-01-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081212204740/http://www.islamproject.org/muhammad/muhammad.htm|archive-date=2008-12-12|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="20,000 Dialogues">{{cite web|url=http://www.20000dialogues.org/film.aspx|title=20,000 Dialogues|publisher=20,000 Dialogues|access-date=2009-01-01|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207151518/http://20000dialogues.org/film.aspx|archive-date=2009-02-07}}</ref>
|-
|{{dts|2004|5|2}}
|BBC
|''[[A Muslim In The Family]]''
|UK
| align="center" |<ref name="RogerChilds1">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/3663771.stm|title= BBC News article "A Muslim in the family" |last=Childs|first=Roger|date=1 May 2004|publisher=BBC|access-date=2008-12-31}}</ref><ref name="A Muslim in the family1">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/conversion/family.shtml|title=BBC (Religion & Ethics: Islam) Essay: A Muslim in the family|last=Omaar|first=Rageh|publisher=BBC|access-date=2008-12-31}}</ref> 
|-
| {{dts|2004|11|14}}
| Fine Media Group
| ''[[Muhammad: The Last Prophet]]''
| USA
|align="center"| <ref name="Yahoo!.com">{{cite web|url=https://movies.yahoo.com/movie/1808614592/info|title=Muhammad, the Last Prophet (2004) Profile|work=Yahoo|access-date=2008-12-31}}</ref> <ref name="Birth of Islam (Film Review)">{{cite news|url=https://movies.nytimes.com/2004/11/13/movies/13prop.html?_r=1|title=Animated Retelling of the Birth of Islam (Film Review)|last=Stevens |first=Dana |date=November 13, 2004|work=The New York Times|access-date=2008-12-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metacritic.com/film/titles/muhammadthelastprophet|title=Muhammad: The Last Prophet Metacritic.com reviews|author=Metacritic.com|work=Metacritic.com|access-date=2008-12-31|archive-date=2018-12-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226003713/https://www.metacritic.com/movie/muhammad-the-last-prophet|url-status=dead}}</ref> 
|-
|{{dts|2004|10|21}}
|[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]]
|''[[Inside Mecca]]''
|USA
|align="center"|
|-
|{{dts|2005}}
|[[BBC]] ([[BBC Four]])
|''[[An Islamic History of Europe]]''
|UK
| align="center" |<ref name="Rageh Omaar">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcfour/documentaries/features/islamic-history-europe.shtml|title=An Islamic History of Europe|last=Omaar|first=Rageh|work=Rageh Omaar |publisher=BBC|access-date=2008-12-31}}</ref><ref name="BBC Educational Archive1">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbcactive.com/BroadCastLearning/asp/catalogue/productdetail.asp?productcode=21854|title=An Islamic History of Europe BBC Educational Archive|access-date=2008-12-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071023210716/http://www.bbcactive.com/BroadCastLearning/asp/catalogue/productdetail.asp?productcode=21854|archive-date=2007-10-23|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="MuslimHeritage.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?articleID=891|title=Bringing to Life the Islamic History of Europe: A Video Documentary Testimony|work=MuslimHeritage.com, [[BBC Four]], Rageh Omaar|access-date=2008-12-31|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130104164055/http://www.muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?articleID=891|archive-date=2013-01-04}}</ref>
|-
|{{dts|2005}}
|BBC
|''[[The Smell of Paradise]]''
|UK
| align="center" |
|-
|{{dts|2006|03|02}}
|Towers Productions
|''[[Secrets of the Koran]]'' (''[[Decoding the Past]]'')
|USA
| align="center" |
|-
|{{dts|2006|9|25}}
| Quantum Leaps; EDS
|''[[Understanding Islam: The Signs of the Last Day]]''
|Turkey
| align="center" |
|-
|{{dts|2011|07}}
|[[BBC]] ([[BBC Two]])
|''[[The Life of Muhammad]]''
|UK
|align="center"|<ref name="bbc1">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2011/06_june/20/muhammad.shtml|title=Rageh Omaar to present The Life Of Muhammad for BBC Two|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=2011-06-20|access-date=2013-02-01}}</ref>
|-
|{{dts|2012|07}}
|[[Nakoula Basseley Nakoula]]
|''[[Innocence of Muslims]]''
|US
| align="center" |
|-
|{{dts|2015|03}}
|Nurtaban Film Industry
|''[[Muhammad: The Messenger of God (film)|Muhammad: The Messenger of God]]''
|Iran
| align="center" |
|-
|December 10, 2021
|Enlightened Kingdom
|''[[The Lady of Heaven]]''
|UK
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|Islam|Film}}
* [[List of Islamic films]]
* [[List of animated Islamic films]]
* [[Depictions of Muhammad]]
* [[Historicity of Muhammad]]
* [[History of Islam]]
* [[List of biographies of Muhammad]]
* [[Muhammad in Islam]]
* [[Prophetic biography]]
* [[Maslaha]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* Bakker, Freek, Cinema, in ''Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God'' (2 vols.), Edited by C. Fitzpatrick and A. Walker, Santa Barbara, ABC-CLIO, 2014. {{ISBN|1610691776}}

{{Islam topics}}
{{depictions of Muhammad}}

[[Category:Films about Muhammad| ]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Muhammad|Films]]

Ganges (1861 ship)

2026-03-10T06:07:11Z

Dan: starting the entry basic info!

{{Short description|Nourse Line ship}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
| image =
| image_caption =
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
| hide_header = no
|country=United Kingdom
|flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|civil}}
| name = ''Ganges''
| owner = [[Nourse Line]]
| ordered =
|builder = William Pile, [[Sunderland, Tyne and Wear|Sunderland]]
| original_cost =
| laid_down =
| launched = 9 July 1861
| acquired =
| commissioned =
| decommissioned =
| in_service =
| out_of_service =
| renamed =
| struck =
| reinstated =
| honours =
| captured =
| fate = Wrecked 14 October 1881
| notes =
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
| hide_header =
| header_caption =
| class = [[Sailing ship]]
| tons_burthen = 839 tons, later 1161 tons
| length = {{convert|192|ft|m|abbr=on}}
| beam = {{convert|33.2|ft|m|abbr=on}}
| draught = {{convert|20.6|ft|m|abbr=on}}
| draft =
| hold_depth =
| propulsion =
| sail_plan =
| complement =
| armament =
| notes =
}}
}}

'''''Ganges''''' was the first of three [[Nourse Line]] ships named for the [[Ganges river]] in northern [[India]].

The first Nourse Line ship was the 839-ton [[sailing ship]] ''Ganges'' built by William Pile of [[Sunderland, Tyne and Wear|Sunderland]] and launched on 9 July 1861. ''Ganges'' was considered a large vessel for her time and had a figurehead beneath the bowsprit represented ''Mother Ganges'' a symbol of fertility. She was the first of many Nourse Line vessels to be named after rivers. Immediately after being built, ''Ganges'' sailed to India to commence trading between [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] and Australia where James Nourse hired her out to [[Sandbach, Tinne & Company]], who were involved in the transport of [[sugar]], [[coffee]], [[rum]] and [[molasses]], and [[Indentured servitude#Colonial Indian indenture system|indentured labourers]].

As the Nourse Line went into the business of transporting Indian indentured labourers to the [[West Indies]], ''Ganges'' made four voyages to [[Trinidad]]. On the first, on 9 April 1872, she transported 408 labourers, six of whom died on the voyage. The second trip on 11 May 1874 transported 383 labourers, with five deaths. The third voyage, on 10 February 1876, carried 379 passengers, with three deaths. The fourth, on 5 February 1878, carried 477 passengers, with 14 deaths.<ref>[http://www.rootsweb.com/~ttowgw/archives/indianships.htm Indian Immigrant Ship List]</ref> She also made a trip to [[Saint Lucia|St Lucia]] and on the return journey in 1867 brought 451 repatriated labourers back to India.<ref>[https://genforum.genealogy.com/grenada/messages/60.html Genealogy.com]</ref>

She was a fast ship, covering the distance between [[British Guiana]] and [[Cape Town]] in 42 days. However, lengthening her by {{convert|35|ft|m}} and increasing her tonnage from 839 to 1161 reduced her speed.

On 14 October 1881, she was wrecked on [[Goodwin Sands]] off [[Kent]], en route from [[Middlesbrough]] to Calcutta with railway iron. Three people died in the wrecking.<ref>[http://www.landofsixpeoples.com/gynewsjs.htm Guyana: Land of Six Peoples]</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Ganges (1882)|''Ganges'' (1882)]]
*{{SS|Ganges}}
*[[Indian Indenture Ships to Fiji]]
*[[Indian indenture system]]

==Citations==
{{reflist|30em}}

== References ==
{{cite book
| last = Lubbock
| first = Basil
| authorlink = Basil Lubbock
| title = Coolie ships and oil sailors
| publisher = Brown, Son & Ferguson
| year = 1981
| isbn = 0-85174-111-8
}}

{{1881 shipwrecks}}

{{coord missing|Atlantic Ocean}}

[[Category:History of Australia (1788–1850)]]
[[Category:History of Australia (1851–1900)]]
[[Category:Indian indenture ships to Fiji]]
[[Category:Individual sailing vessels]]
[[Category:Victorian-era passenger ships of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Shipwrecks in the English Channel]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in October 1881]]
[[Category:1861 ships]]
[[Category:Ships built on the River Wear]]

[[hif:Ganges II]]

Iru Kodugal

2026-03-08T14:34:34Z

Dan: fixed layout also and corrected details

{{short description|1969 film by K. Balachander}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Iru Kodugal
| image = Iru Kodugal.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[K. Balachander]]
| screenplay = K. Balachander
| based_on = {{based on|''Iru Kodugal''|Joseph Anandan}}
| producer = N. Selvaraj B. Duraisamy N. Krishnan V. Govindarajan
| starring = [[Gemini Ganesan]] [[Sowcar Janaki]] [[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]]
| cinematography = N. Balakrishnan
| editing = N. R. Kittu
| music = [[V. Kumar]]
| studio = Kalakendra Movies
| distributor =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1969|10|2}}
| runtime = 176 minutes
}}
'''''Iru Kodugal''''' ({{translation|Two lines}}) is a 1969 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by [[K. Balachander]]. The film stars [[Gemini Ganesan]], [[Sowcar Janaki]], [[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]], [[Nagesh]], [[V. S. Raghavan]], [[S. N. Lakshmi]] and others. The story revolves around one man who was [[Bigamy|married to two women]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Murugesan |first=Deepauk |date=23 April 2011 |title=Trois |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=VE9JQ0gvMjAxMS8wNC8yMyNBcjAzMzAw&Mode=HTML&Locale=english-skin-custom |url-status=dead |access-date=11 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304121846/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=VE9JQ0gvMjAxMS8wNC8yMyNBcjAzMzAw&Mode=HTML&Locale=english-skin-custom |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> ''Iru Kodugal'' won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil]], the first film by Balachander to win the award.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=2 May 2011 |title=The granddaddy of Tamil films |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/the-granddaddy-of-tamil-films/article1985465.ece |url-status=live |access-date=11 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214155455/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/the-granddaddy-of-tamil-films/article1985465.ece |archive-date=14 December 2013}}</ref> The film, which was based on a stage play of same name, was remade in [[Kannada]] as ''[[Eradu Rekhegalu]]'', in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Collector Janaki'' and in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Sanjog (1971 film)|Sanjog]]''.

== Plot ==
Gopinath falls in love with Janaki and they get married in [[Varanasi|Kasi]]. The marriage is not accepted by Gopinath's mother and the couple gets separated. Janaki is pregnant and her father, realising that no man will marry Janaki a second time, decides to make her a collector. Gopinath meanwhile had moved to South India, where he later married Jaya by hiding his previous marriage. They live a happy life with their three children and Jaya's father. Gopinath works as a clerk in the collector's office. A new collector arrives at the office, and it turns out to be Janaki. They tend to work together, until one of the employees in Janaki's office, Babu, spreads a rumour stating that there is an affair between Janaki and Gopinath. This rumour reaches Jaya and she is completely disturbed. Jaya discovers the secret of Gopinath's affair with Janaki. Meanwhile, the sons of both Janaki and Jaya, Ramu and Prabhakar drowned in water and have been admitted to Hospital. Somehow Jaya manages the disturbance of the secret and accepts Janaki as her sister. But Ramu dies in hospital while Prabhakar survives. Jaya gives Janaki her son as a gift. Janaki and Prabhakar leave for abroad as Janaki received her duty abroad.

== Cast ==
* [[Gemini Ganesan]] as Gopinath
* [[Sowcar Janaki]] as Janaki<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |date=10 November 2017 |title=Aramm Movie Review |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/aramm-movie-review |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024121918/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/aramm-movie-review |archive-date=24 October 2022 |access-date=6 March 2018 |website=[[Film Companion]] |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan}}</ref>
* [[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]] as Jaya
* [[Nagesh]] as Babu
* [[V. S. Raghavan]] as Janaki's father
* [[S. V. Sahasranamam]] as Jaya's father
* Harikrishnan as Harikrishnan
* S. Ramarao as Ramarao
* Gokulnath as Gnanaprakasham
* [[S. N. Lakshmi]] as Janaki's aunt
* [[Sachu]]
* Gemini Mahalingam
* Seshadri as Gopinath's father
* [[C. K. Saraswathi]] as Gopinath's mother
* [[Shoba]] as Shoba
* Sumathi as Sumathi
* [[Master Prabhakar]] as Prabhakar
* Master Adhinarayan as Ramu

== Production ==
''Iru Kodugal'' was based on the stage play of same name written by Joseph Anandan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-13 |title=IFFI 2019 to screen K Balachander's Iru Kodugal |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/iffi-2019-to-screen-k-balachanders-iru-kodugal-6118044/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107101150/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/iffi-2019-to-screen-k-balachanders-iru-kodugal-6118044/ |archive-date=7 January 2022 |access-date=2022-01-07 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> It is the first collaboration between Balachander and Ganesan.{{sfn|Ganesh|2011|pages=61–62}} Though uncharacteristic of Janaki to ask for roles, she asked Balachander for a role and got it.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shiva Kumar |first=S. |date=23 October 1983 |title=I never failed as an actress – Janaki |url=https://mobile.twitter.com/sshivu/status/1486294918997762048 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126150501/https://mobile.twitter.com/sshivu/status/1486294918997762048 |archive-date=26 January 2022 |access-date=26 January 2022 |work=[[Sunday Mid-Day]] |pages=36 |via=[[Twitter]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ஜானகி |first=சௌகார் |author-link=Sowcar Janaki |date=30 May 1993 |title=முத்திரை படம்; விசித்திர அனுபவம்! |trans-title=Identity film, weird experience |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1993-05-30/page/n64/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230805051408/https://archive.org/details/kalki1993-05-30/page/n63/mode/2up |archive-date=5 August 2023 |access-date=5 August 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=62–63 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> In a scene in the film Janaki's character meets the Chief Minister. Balachander wanted to bring in former Chief Minister [[C. N. Annadurai]] (he died 1969) for the scene but did not want to use a [[Double (occupation)|body double]] in his place. Instead, Annadurai's voice was [[Impressionist (entertainment)|imitated]] by Sivagangai Sethurajan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-02 |title=இரு கோடுகள்: புன்னகை மன்னன் பூவிழிக் கண்ணன் ருக்மணிக்காக... |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/1132211-iru-kodugal-movie.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121131728/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/1132211-iru-kodugal-movie.html |archive-date=21 November 2023 |access-date=2023-10-03 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref> Also, a pair of glasses on the table and a pen in the foreground are seen, implying that Annadurai is the intended character.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Meera |date=15 September 2009 |title=Significant contribution to Tamil theatre, cinema |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/significant-contribution-to-tamil-theatre-cinema/article20358.ece |url-status=live |access-date=11 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214155445/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/significant-contribution-to-tamil-theatre-cinema/article20358.ece |archive-date=14 December 2013}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was scored by [[V. Kumar]], and [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] wrote the lyrics.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iru Kodugal (1969) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=t0001606 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618135407/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=T0001606 |archive-date=18 June 2009 |access-date=20 June 2014 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Iru Kodugal |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/iru-kodugal/7tFs-dnPabM_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506034235/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/iru-kodugal/7tFs-dnPabM_ |archive-date=6 May 2019 |access-date=6 May 2019 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Length
|-
| "Moondru Thamizh Thoondri" || [[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[A. L. Raghavan]], K. Suvarna || 04:58
|-
| "Naan Oru Gumastha" || T. M. Soundararajan || 02:50
|-
| "Punnagai Mannan" || [[K. Jamuna Rani]], [[P. Susheela]] || 05:04
|-
| "Kavidhai Ezhudhiya" || [[P. Leela]], P. Susheela || 02:37
|-
| "Pappa paatu paadiya " || T. M. Soundararajan || 03:37
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Iru Kodugal'' was released on 2 October 1969.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 October 1969 |title=Iru Kodugal |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19691002&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=1 June 2018 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=5 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> ''[[The Indian Express]]'' praised Balachander for adapting the play very well: "No doubt they are very good dramatic moments but there is tendency to overdo the symbolism" and went on to praise the performances of the lead actors.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 October 1969 |title=Cinema |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19691004&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=1 May 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=12 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The film was a commercial success,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bharathi |first=Veena |date=13 October 2013 |title=Celebrating a big screen beauty |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/362729/celebrating-big-screen-beauty.html |url-status=live |access-date=11 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307022628/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/362729/celebrating-big-screen-beauty.html |archive-date=7 March 2018}}</ref> and won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil]] – President's silver medal in 1970, while Janaki won the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actress]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ashok Kumar|first=S. R.|date=25 December 2006|title=Still ready to act: Sowcar Janaki|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/25/stories/2006122502790200.htm|url-status=dead|access-date=11 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105184139/http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/25/stories/2006122502790200.htm|archive-date=5 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6TU9AAAAYAAJ&q=kodugal|title=India Who's who|publisher=INFA Publications|year=2000|pages=282, 286}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
''Iru Kodugal'' was remade in [[Kannada]] as ''[[Eradu Rekhegalu]]'', in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Collector Janaki'' and in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Sanjog (1971 film)|Sanjog]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2 January 2015|title=Remembering the prodigy: 10 most memorable films of K Balachander|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/photos/entertainment/remembering-the-prodigy-10-most-memorable-films-of-k-balachander/photo-6k5EXh8cKOoan0pqY51bpL.html|url-status=live|access-date=1 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405025157/https://www.hindustantimes.com/photos/entertainment/remembering-the-prodigy-10-most-memorable-films-of-k-balachander/photo-6k5EXh8cKOoan0pqY51bpL.html|archive-date=5 April 2018}}</ref> Malathi Rangarajan said Janaki "stomped the screen and stole our hearts [..] came up with a stellar performance".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=8 March 2014 |title=Women of Steel |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/women-of-steel/article5761759.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220093042/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/women-of-steel/article5761759.ece |archive-date=20 December 2021 |access-date=20 December 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Clips from the film were screened along with clips from other films such as ''[[Server Sundaram]]'' (1964), ''[[Arangetram (1973 film)|Arangetram]]'' (1973), ''[[Aval Oru Thodar Kathai]]'' (1974), ''[[Avargal]]'' (1977) and ''[[Azhagan]]'' (1991) at a function held in Balachander's honour at [[Tiruchirappalli]] in January 2015,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=G. |date=22 January 2015 |title=Rich tributes paid to Balachander |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/rich-tributes-paid-to-balachander/article6810307.ece |access-date=2 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502054539/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/rich-tributes-paid-to-balachander/article6810307.ece |archive-date=2 May 2015}}</ref> a month after his death.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 December 2014 |title=K Balachander: The man who gave us Rajinikanth, Kamal Hassan dies |work=[[The Economic Times]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/k-balachander-the-man-who-gave-us-rajinikanth-kamal-hassan-dies/articleshow/45622244.cms |url-status=live |access-date=2 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326020550/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/k-balachander-the-man-who-gave-us-rajinikanth-kamal-hassan-dies/articleshow/45622244.cms |archive-date=26 March 2016}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Ganesh |first=Narayani |title=Eternal Romantic: My Father, Gemini Ganesan |publisher=[[Roli Books]] |year=2011 |isbn=978-81-7436-578-1}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0154651}}

{{K. Balachander}}
{{NationalFilmAwardBestFeatureFilmTamil}}
{{TamilNaduStateFilmAwardBestActress|state=collapsed}}
[[Category:1969 Indian films]]
[[Category:1969 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1969 drama films]]
[[Category:1969 films]]
[[Category:Best Tamil Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Fiction about polygamy]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Balachander]]
[[Category:Films scored by V. Kumar]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by K. Balachander]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Indian films based on plays]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Anindya Pulak Banerjee

2026-03-03T13:42:03Z

Dan: starting info

{{Short description|Indian actor, filmmaker and theatre actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Anindya Pulak Banerjee
| image =
| caption = Banerjee at the 2018 Habitat Film Festival
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1982|03|15|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bhowanipore]], [[Kolkata]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|Film director|Screenwriter}}
| years_active = 2004–present
| notable_works = ''[[Kahaani]]'' (2012) ''Watchmaker'' (2018) ''SMUG'' (2017) ''[[Detective Byomkesh Bakshy!]]''
| spouse = Priyanka Banerjee
| alma_mater = [[Master of Arts|MA]] in Script Writing ([[Rabindra Bharati University]])
}}
'''Anindya Pulak Banerjee''' is an Indian actor and independent filmmaker working in [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali cinema]] and [[Hindi cinema]]. Known for his experimental narratives and methodical approach to acting shaped by 25 years of theatre experience, he emphasizes character depth over role size.<ref name="TOI2012">{{cite news |title=Anindya Banerjee gets 14 roles |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/anindya-banerjee-gets-14-roles/articleshow/16771653.cms |work=The Times of India |date=11 January 2012}}</ref>

==Career==
===Acting Philosophy===
Banerjee's theatre background enables him to embody diverse roles systematically, stating: "Theatre gives the best training... Bengali cinema now values character roles as much as lead roles." He prioritizes layered characters, notably preparing for months to play a blind singer in ''[[Pendulum (2014 film)|Pendulum]]'' (2014), learning the mouth organ to authenticate the portrayal.<ref name="TOI2012">{{cite news |title=Anindya Banerjee gets 14 roles |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/anindya-banerjee-gets-14-roles/articleshow/16771653.cms |work=The Times of India |date=11 January 2012}}</ref>
===Filmmaking===
Banerjee's 2018 short film ''Watchmaker'' earned critical acclaim at the [[Kolkata International Film Festival|KIFF]].<ref name="KIFF">{{cite web |title=Watchmaker at KIFF |url=https://kiff.in/archive/2018/official-selection/bengali-panorama/425 |website=Kolkata International Film Festival |date=2018}}</ref> In 2020, he announced plans to adapt [[Robert Browning]]'s poetry into a short film, citing the poet along with [[Sylvia Plath]] and [[Jibanananda Das]] as major literary influences.<ref name="TOI2020"/>

==Personal life==
Banerjee is married to actress Priyanka Banerjee, with whom he co-starred in the film ''Round Trip'' (2019).<ref name="TOI2019">{{cite news |title=Anindya-Pampa to share screen |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/anindya-pulak-banerjee-to-share-screen-with-wife-for-the-first-time/articleshow/68518754.cms |work=The Times of India |date=19 July 2019}}</ref> Their daughter Oishika has appeared in his films ''Watchmaker'' (2018) and ''Covet Letter'' (2019).<ref name="TOI2018">{{cite news |title=Anindya's daughter in anti-logic film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/anindyas-daughter-oishika-in-his-next-anti-logic-film/articleshow/67345257.cms |work=The Times of India |date=3 May 2018}}</ref>

==Politics==
In 2019, Banerjee joined the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] but resigned in 2021, criticizing fuel price policies and claiming limited political influence.<ref name="ABP2019">{{cite news |title=Anindya quits BJP |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/news/states/anindya-pulak-banerjee-bjp-star-face-to-leave-bjp-827138 |work=ABP Ananda |date=15 April 2019 |language=bn}}</ref> Post-resignation, he participated in left-affiliated social initiatives like the ''Sramajibi Canteen'' workers' meal program.<ref name="ABP2021">{{cite news |title=Anindya at Sramajibi Canteen |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/news/states/actor-anindya-pulak-banerjee-and-rupa-bhattacharya-were-seen-in-sramajibi-canteen-829512 |work=ABP Ananda |date=12 September 2021 |language=bn}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Feature films as director===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! Year !! Title !! Notes
|-
! scope="row" | 2017
| ''SMUG''
| Directorial debut
|-
! scope="row" | 2018
| ''Watchmaker''
| Premiered at [[Kolkata International Film Festival|KIFF]]
|}

===Feature films as actor===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Director !! Notes
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Tolly Lights]]''
| Subroto
| [[Arjun Chakraborty]]
| Film debut<ref name="BMS"/>
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Le Chakka]]''
|
| [[Raj Chakraborty]]
|
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2011
| ''[[Baishe Srabon]]''
|
| [[Srijit Mukherji]]
|
|-
| ''[[Ami Shubhash Bolchi]]''
| Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose
| [[Mahesh Manjrekar]]
|
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Kahaani]]''<ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/actor-anindya-banerjee-has-bagged-a-meaty-role-in-sujoy-ghoshs-kahaani-i-play-a-taxi-driver-and-get-to-share-screenspace-with-vidya-balan-my-character-breaks-the-taxi-line-on-seeing-a-pregnant-woman-essayed-by-vidya-with-loads-of-luggage-waiting-outside-the-airport-for-a-cab-says-the-actor-/articleshow/6672064.cms</ref>
| Bimal
| [[Sujoy Ghosh]]
| Breakthrough role<ref name="TOI2012">{{cite news |title=Anindya Banerjee gets 14 roles |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/anindya-banerjee-gets-14-roles/articleshow/16771653.cms |work=The Times of India |date=11 January 2012}}</ref>
|-
| 2013
| ''Rupkatha Noy''
|
| [[Atanu Ghosh]]
|
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2014
| ''[[Buno Haansh]]''
|
| [[Anjan Dutt]]
|
|-
| ''[[Pendulum (2014 film)|Pendulum]]''
| Ani
| [[Soukarya Ghosal]]
|
|-
|rowspan="4"| 2015
| ''[[Detective Byomkesh Bakshy!]]''
| Radio Announcer
| [[Dibakar Banerjee]]
|
|-
| ''[[Arshinagar]]''
|
| [[Rituparno Ghosh]]
|
|-
| ''Dugdhonokhor – The Milky Nails''
|
|
|
|-
| ''Selfie''
|
|
|
|-
| 2016
| ''Conditions Apply''
|
|
|
|-
|rowspan="4"| 2017
| ''Asamapta''
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Samantaral]]''
|
|
|
|-
| ''Char Diker Galpo''
|
|
|
|-
| ''Red Oliender's Roktokorobi''
|
|
|
|-
|rowspan="5"| 2018
| ''Antar Satta''
|
| Bihaan Sen
|
|-
| ''Kuasha Jakhon''
|
|
|
|-
| ''Ami Rajneeti Chaina''
|
| Simanta Chatterjee
|
|-
| ''Shobdo Kolpo Droom''
|
|
|
|-
| ''Pornomochi''
|
|
|
|-
| 2019
| ''Sakhhii''
|
|
|
|-
| 2021
| ''Sohorer Upokotha''
|
|
|
|-
|rowspan="3"| 2022
| ''Bijoya Dashami''
|
|
|
|-
| ''60 Er Pore''
|
|
|
|-
| ''Kaali 2''
|
|
|
|-
| 2023
| ''Tarokar Mrityu''
|
|
|
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2024
| ''Crave''
|
| Souvik Dey & K. Ahamed
|
|-
| ''Carcat''
|
|
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2025
|''[[Joto Kando Kolkatatei]]''
|
|
|
|-
|[[The Academy of Fine Arts (film)|''The Academy of Fine Arts'']]
|
|
|}

==Television==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! Year !! Title !! Channel !! Role !! Notes
|-
! scope="row" | 2020
| ''[[Singha Lagna]]'' <ref name="TOI2020"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Anindya feels Bengali cinema is in a precarious state |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/anindya-feels-bengali-cinema-is-in-a-precarious-state/articleshow/78926858.cms |work=The Times of India |date=29 October 2020}}</ref>
| [[Star Jalsha|Star Jalsa]]
| actor
|
|}

==Theatre==
===Key productions===
* ''Lash Ghuura Jauk'' (Dir. Biswanath Banerjee)
* ''Putul Nacher Itikotha'' (Dir. Arun Mukhopadhyay)

==Upcoming Projects==
* ''Bish'' – Feature film adaptation of a theatre production<ref name="TOI2020"/>
* ''Khur'' – Completed filming (release platform undecided)<ref name="TOI2020"/>
* Untitled Robert Browning adaptation – Planned short film<ref name="TOI2020"/>

==Other Work==
Banerjee curates a global anthology of poems by Syrian writers in exile, stating: <blockquote>"The intersection of political turmoil and artistic expression fascinates me deeply.<ref name="TOI2020"/>"</blockquote>

==References==
<references>

<ref name="TOI2012">{{cite news |title=Anindya Banerjee gets 14 roles |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/anindya-banerjee-gets-14-roles/articleshow/16771653.cms |work=The Times of India |date=11 January 2012}}</ref>

<ref name="KIFF">{{cite web |title=Watchmaker at KIFF |url=https://kiff.in/archive/2018/official-selection/bengali-panorama/425 |website=Kolkata International Film Festival |date=2018}}</ref><ref name="TOI2020">{{cite web |last= |first= |date=2020 |title=Anindya Pulak Banerjee's creative pursuits |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/78926858.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date= |archive-date= |archive-url= }}</ref>
<ref name="BMS">{{cite web |title=Anindya Banerjee |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/person/anindya-banerjee/1054909 |website=BookMyShow}}</ref>

</references>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Banerjee, Anindya Pulak}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Bengali male actors]]
[[Category:Indian film directors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Rabindra Bharati University alumni]]
[[Category:1982 births]]

Onna Irukka Kathukanum

2026-03-03T04:57:45Z

Dan: Creating The Stub Nd Citations

{{More citations needed|date=February 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Onna Irukka Kathukanum
| image = Onna Irukka Kathukanum DVD cover.jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[V. Sekhar]]
| writer = V. Sekhar
| producer = C. Kannappan S. S. Durairaju S. Tamilselvi R. Vijay
| starring = [[Sivakumar]]
| cinematography = G. Rajendran
| editing = A. P. Manivannan
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = Thiruvalluvar Kalaikoodam
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1992|11|20}}
| runtime = 155 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Onna Irukka Kathukanum''''' ({{translation|We must learn to live together}}) is a 1992 Indian [[Tamil language]] [[comedy drama]] film directed by [[V. Sekhar]]. The film stars [[Sivakumar]], while an ensemble supporting cast includes [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]], [[Vinu Chakravarthy]], [[Goundamani]], [[Senthil]], [[S. S. Chandran]], [[Charle]], [[Kovai Sarala]], Supergood Kannan and Jeeva, amongst others. It was released on 20 November 1992.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Onna Irukka Kathukanum (1992) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/onna-irukka-kathukanum |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112032103/https://screen4screen.com/movies/onna-irukka-kathukanum |archive-date=12 November 2022 |access-date=8 February 2023 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=March 2022}}
The story begins with a group of government officers coming to list the number of devastated houses. The officers promised them to give a big amount to build their house but in exchange for a little amount to register their names. So the illiterate villagers, who want to make easy money, demolish their house. The officers turn out to be frauds. The village panchayat president knows that the villagers will not interfere in his decision until they are uneducated. Sivaraman, a new school teacher, tries to change their custom and the children are happy to learn at school. Soon, Sivaraman has trouble with the village head.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Sivakumar]] as Sivaraman
*[[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]]
*[[Vinu Chakravarthy]] as President
*[[Goundamani]] as Sudalai
*[[Senthil]] as Pichumani (Beggar Bell)
*[[S. S. Chandran]] as Venkatraman Iyer
*[[Charle]] as Issaki
*[[Kovai Sarala]] as Kaathayi
*Supergood Kannan as Kaathayi's Brother
*Jeeva as Rasathi
*[[Kumarimuthu]] as Pavadai
*Tirupur Ramasamy
*[[K. K. Soundar|K.K.Soundar]] as Andiappan
*[[Idichapuli Selvaraj]]
*MLA Thangaraj
*[[Chelladurai]]
*[[Suryakanth]]
*[[Kovai Senthil]]
*Master Sirajudeen as Venkatraman Iyer's son
}}

==Production==
Sekhar revealed the film's concept came from his childhood where he befriended a poor boy which was not liked by his parents and this discrimination led him to make a film on this theme.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=12 February 1995 |title=கதைதான் என் படத்தின் ஹீரோ! |trans-title=The story is the hero of my film! |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1995-02-12/page/n41/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230506160908/https://archive.org/details/kalki1995-02-12/page/n41/mode/2up |archive-date=6 May 2023 |access-date=15 August 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=40–41 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>
== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Onna Irukka Kathukkanum (1992) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=t0002842 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140315124524/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=t0002842 |archive-date=15 March 2014 |access-date=15 March 2014 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Lyrics !! Duration
|-
| "Eyzhu Malai Saami" || [[Gangai Amaran]], [[Malaysia Vasudevan]], [[T. S. Raghavendra]], [[Deepan Chakravarthy]] || [[Gangai Amaran]] || 4:45
|-
| "Kaathalunna Unga Veettu" || Malaysia Vasudevan, [[Swarnalatha]], [[Minmini]], Gangai Amaran || [[Piraisoodan]] || 4:46
|-
| "Kaththukkanum Kaththukkanum" || Malaysia Vasudevan, Sunandha, Sundarrajan, T. S. Raghavendra || Gangai Amaran || 5:08
|-
| "Manusanai Theru Theruvaa" || Gangai Amaran || rowspan=2|[[Pulamaipithan]] || 3:46
|-
| "Naalai Thalaivan" || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] || 4:57
|-
| "Samaththuvam Intha" || Malaysia Vasudevan, Kovai Soundararajan, Krishnamoorthy || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || 5:07
|}

== Reception ==
Malini Mannath of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' said "''Onna Irukka Kathukanum'' may not be slick, but it has a message to deliver. It has been told with warmth and humour".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=27 November 1992 |title=Torch-bearer |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19921127&printsec=frontpage |access-date=8 February 2023 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=7 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
{{V. Sekhar}}
[[Category:1992 Indian films]]
[[Category:1992 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1992 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:1992 films]]
[[Category:Films about the caste system in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by V. Sekhar]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Ahom coinage

2026-02-27T08:38:19Z

Dan: starting a stub!

[[File:Coins of Assam.png|thumb|Different denominations and types of coins issued during Ahom era]]
'''Ahom coinage''' or '''Coins of Ahom Kingdom''', issued from 1648 CE –1824 CE. First Ahom coin was issued by [[Jayadhwaj Singha]] ({{reign|1648|1663}})<ref>"No doubt there are references in literary texts to the use of coins by a few early Ahom kings like Siu-Ka-Pha (Sukapha, 1228–1268), Siu-Dang Pha (Sudanpha,1397–1407), Sui-Han Pha (Suhenpha 1488–1493), Siu-Hum-Mong (Suhunmung, 1497–1539). But no coins of them has been discovered till now."{{harvcol|Dutta|2019|p=13}}</ref> and the last Ahom king to issue coin was [[Jogeswar Singha]] ({{reign|1821|1824}}). Coins were usually struck in [[Octagon|octagonal]] shape, but square and round shapes coins were also issued but in limited quantity for special occasions and trade, the obverse of the coin contained the name of the king and date of coin and the reverse contained the imprint of the deity of the concerned king.<ref>{{harvcol|Baruah|1985|p=41}}</ref> The script used in coins was mainly [[Assamese language|Assamese]], a few coins in Devanagari and Persian scripts were also issued. [[Ahom script]] in coins were extensively used during the war with [[Mughals]]. Chinese script was also used in order to meet out trade with [[Tibet]], but is extremely rare.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chakraborty |first=Priyank |date=2021 |title=10 facts of medieval coins monetary system in north east india assam |url=https://loftmego.com/10-facts-of-medieval-coins-monetary-system-in-north-east-india-assam/ |website=Loft Me Go}}</ref>

Coins were both issued in gold and silver. The standard of purity was very high, between 94.1% to 98%. The standard weight was 11.3g with minor variations. The official mint was called ''Rajshal'', located near the capital city. The mintmaster was called ''Sonardar Barua'' or ''Sonari Bordoloi'', and the artist belonging to ''akharkatia khel'' (calligraphers guild) and ''khanikar khel'' (miner's guild) were employed as die-cutter. The principal denominations of Ahom coins were– rupee (Rajmohuree), half rupee (Adhali), quarter rupee (Siki), two annas (Admahia), one anna (Charatiya) and half anna (Tiniratiya).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thakur |first=Ambuj |date=2020-07-14 |title=Ahom Coins: Myths, Lore & History |url=https://www.peepultree.world/livehistoryindia/story/art-history/ahom-coins |access-date=2023-04-04 |website=PeepulTree |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Denominations coins of Ahom era.jpg|left|thumb|Denominations of Ahom coins]]
Before [[Rudra Singha]] ({{reign|1696|1714}}) all coins were dated to accession year of kings, since him all the coins had annual impress. Siva Singha ({{reign|1714|1744}}), for the first time, had the name of his queens impressed alongside him in the coins, his chief consort [[Phuleshwari]] was the first to issue coins in [[persian script]]<ref>{{harvcol|Baruah|1985|p=40}}</ref> [[Rajeswar Singha]] had his coins impressed in both Persian and Devanagari scripts. During the [[Moamoria rebellion]], when the rebels wrested out the traditional monarchy, the Moamoria chiefs had impressed coins on their names but in [[Nonagonal number|Nonagonal]] coin shape.<ref>{{harvcol|Baruah|1985|p=42}}</ref>

==List of Ahom Kings with their coins==
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan=2 | Ruler!!Reign (CE)!!Notes
|-
|[[Jayadhwaj Singha]]||[[File:Ahom coin in Chinese script.jpg|100px]]||1648 CE to 1663 CE
|Special issue of Jayadhwaj Singha in chinese characters, for the purpose of trade with [[Tibet]]. Introduced coins in [[Sanskrit script]].
|-
|[[Chakradhwaj Singha]]||||1663 CE to 1669 CE||Half rupee coin introduced by him.
|-
|[[Udayaditya Singha]]||[[File:Siu-nyut-pha coin.jpg|100px ]]||1669 CE to 1672 CE||Political turmoil led to 10 years of instability throughout the kingdom, leading to no regular issue of coins.
|-
|[[Gadadhar Singha]]||[[File:Assam (Ahom Kingdom). Gadadhara Simha. 1681-1696 CE.jpg|100px ]] ||1681 CE to 1696 CE||Issued coins in [[Ahom script]].
|-
|[[Rudra Singha]]||[[File:Rudra Singha Rupee Coin (Lion & Deer).jpg|100px ]] ||1696 CE to 1714 CE||Monetized the economy. Introduced half and quarter-rupee coins.
|-
|[[Siva Singha]]||[[File:Assam Shiva Simha Squar coin.jpg|100px ]] ||1714 CE to 1744||Smaller coins, weighing 12 and 6 were introduced. Coins in [[Persian script]] were issued for the first time. The name of his queens was also imprinted on coins alongside his.
|-
|[[Pramatta Singha]]||[[File:Pramatta Simha coin.1.jpg|100px ]] ||1744 to 1751 CE||Re–introduced coins in [[Ahom script|Ahom]] scripts for his coronation ceremony.
|-
|[[Rajeswar Singha]]||[[File:Rajeswar Singha rupee in Nagari script.jpg|100px ]] ||1751 to 1769 CE||Issued coins in [[Devanagari]], [[Arabic script|Arabic]] and Persian and [[Urdu]] languages
|-
|[[Lakshmi Singha]]||[[File:Coin of Assam, Lakshmi Singha.jpg|100px ]] ||1769 CE to 1780 CE||First [[Moamoria rebellion]], coins issued by the Moamoria chief, who briefly occupied the capital for 4 months.
|-
|[[Gaurinath Singha]]||[[File:Assam (Ahom Kingdom). Gaurinatha Simha. AD 1780-1796.jpg|100px ]] ||1780 CE to 1794 CE||Introduced coins weighing 3 ratis. Contemporary to him, the [[Moamoria rebellion|Moamoria]] chiefs had also minted coins, who took control of the capital after wresting him.
|-
|[[Kamaleswar Singha]]||[[File:Silver rupee of Ahom king Kamaleswar Singha.jpg|100px ]]||1795 CE to 1811 CE||Shifted the capital to [[Jorhat]], established mint at there.
|-
|[[Chandrakanta Singha]]|| ||1811 CE To 1818, 1819 to 1821||Issued coins in [[Assamese Script]].
|-
|[[Purandar Singha]]/Brajanth Singha||[[File:Brajnath copper 2 pana.jpg|100px ]] ||1818 CE to 1819, 1833 CE to 1838 CE||Coins in the name of [[Brajanth Singha]], father of [[Purandar Singha]], were issued. Introduced [[Copper coins]] for the first time.
|-
|[[Jogeswar Singha]]||[[File:Jogeswar Singha pig rupee coin.jpg |100px]]||1821 CE to 1824||[[Jogeswar Singha]], was a mere puppet of [[Burmese invasions of Assam|Burmese]]. He was the last king of Assam to have coins issued.
|-
|}

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
{{refbegin}}
*{{citation |last=Baruah |first=S L |title=A Comprehensive History of Assam |year=1985 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Dutta |first1=Debajit |title=Contextualising Numismatic with Religion: Focus on Medieval Northeast India |journal=Indian Historical Review |date=2019 |volume=46 |pages=1–21 |doi=10.1177/0376983619856135 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0376983619856135|url-access=subscription }}
{{refend}}

[[Category:Coins of India| ]]
[[Category:Ancient currencies]]
[[Category:Economic history of India]]
[[Category:Ahom kingdom]]

Indian Telly Award for Best Actress in a Negative Role

2026-02-26T07:54:46Z

Dan: Done

{{Short description|Television award}}
{{Distinguish|ITA Award for Best Actress in a Negative Role}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox award
| name = [[Indian Telly Awards|Indian Telly Award]] for Best Actress in a Negative Role
| awarded_for = Best Performance by a female actor in a Negative Role on Television
|image = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = Mahek Chahal at the Special screening of Nirdosh.jpg
| photo1b = Kishori Shahane 3.jpg
| spacing = 2
| position = centre
| size = 300
| border = 0
| color = #FFFFFF
| foot_montage =
}}
|image_size =
| image_upright =
| caption = The 2023 recipient: [[Mahek Chahal]] and [[Kishori Shahane]]
| presenter = [http://www.indiantelevision.com IndianTelevision.com]
| country = {{Flagicon|India}} [[India]]
| year = 2002 (for performances in TV shows in [[2001 in television|2001]])
| holder =
* [[Mahek Chahal]] for [[Naagin 6]] (Popular)
* [[Kishori Shahane]] for [[Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin]] (Jury)
| website = [http://www.indiantellyawards.com Indian Telly Awards]
}}

'''Indian Telly Award for Best Actress in a Negative Role''' is an [[award]] given by [http://www.indiantelevision.com Indiantelevision.com] as part of its annual [[Indian Telly Awards]] for TV serials, to recognize a female actor who has delivered an outstanding performance in a negative role, that is in the role of an [[antagonist]].

The award was first awarded in 2002. Since 2005, the award has been separated in two categories, '''Jury Award''' and '''Popular Award'''. Winner of Jury award is chosen by the jury of critics assigned to the function while Popular Award is given on the basis of public voting.

[[Urvashi Dholakia]], [[Meghna Malik]] and [[Hina Khan]] are the only actresses who have won both Popular and Jury awards.

==Superlatives==
[[File:Urvashi Dholakia at Mushtaq Sheikh's birthday bash (11) (cropped).jpg|thumb|150px|[[Urvashi Dholakia]] is 5-time winner of the award (popular & Jury's choice combine)]]
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|- style="height:4.5em;"
! style="width:350px;"|[[wikt:superlative|Superlative]]
! colspan="2" style="width:600px;"|Popular
! colspan="2" style="width:600px;"|Overall (Popular + Jury)
|- style="height:4.5em;"
| style="width:350px;"|Actress with most Awards
| style="width:500px;"|[[Urvashi Dholakia]]
| style="width:100px;"|3
| style="width:500px;"|[[Urvashi Dholakia]]
| style="width:100px;"|5
|- style="height:4.5em;"
|Actress with most Nominations
| style="width:500px;"|[[Urvashi Dholakia]] 
| style="width:100px;"|6
| style="width:500px;"|[[Urvashi Dholakia]] 
| style="width:100px;"|6
|- style="height:4.5em;"
|Actress with most Nominations (without ever winning)
| style="width:500px;"|[[Sudha Chandran]]
| style="width:100px;"|3
| style="width:500px;"|[[Sudha Chandran]] [[Sushmita Mukherjee]] [[Pratima Kazmi]]
| style="width:100px;"|3
|-
|Character with most Awards
|[[Komolika (character)|Komolika]]
|4
|[[Komolika (character)|Komolika]]
|7
|- style="height:4.5em;"
|}

== Popular Awards ==
===2001-2009===
*'''2001''' ''Not Awarded''
*'''2002''' '''[[Shweta Kawatra]]''' - '''''[[Kahaani Ghar Ghar Ki]]''''' as '''Pallavi Aggrawal'''<ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2002 Popular Awards winners|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k2/winners.htm|access-date=2013-10-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025256/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k2/winners.htm|archive-date=2016-03-04|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2002 Popular Awards nominees|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k2/personality.htm|access-date=2013-10-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016115836/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k2/personality.htm|archive-date=2013-10-16|url-status=dead}}</ref>
**[[Shweta Keswani]] - ''[[Des Mein Niklla Hoga Chand]]'' as Anu
**[[Urvashi Dholakia]] - ''[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2001 TV series)|Kasautii Zindagii Kay]]'' as [[Komolika (character)|Komolika]]
**[[Sudha Chandran]] - ''[[Kaahin Kissii Roz]]'' as Ramola Sikand
**[[Jaya Bhattacharya]] - ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]'' as Payal
*'''2003''' '''[[Urvashi Dholakia]]''' - '''''[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2001 TV series)|Kasautii Zindagii Kay]]''''' as '''[[Komolika (character)|Komolika]]'''<ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2003 Popular Awards winners|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k3/winners.htm|access-date=2013-10-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915081219/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k3/winners.htm|archive-date=2018-09-15|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2003 Popular Awards nominees|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k3/pop_nominee.htm|access-date=2013-10-16|archive-date=2013-10-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016115839/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k3/pop_nominee.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
**[[Shweta Kawatra]] - ''[[Kahaani Ghar Ghar Ki]]'' as Pallavi Aggrawal
**[[Sudha Chandran]] - ''[[Kaahin Kissii Roz]]'' as Ramola Sikand
**[[Mandira Bedi]] - ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]'' as Mandira
**[[Shweta Keswani]] - ''[[Des Mein Niklla Hoga Chand]]'' as Anu
*'''2004''' '''[[Urvashi Dholakia]]''' - '''''[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2001 TV series)|Kasautii Zindagii Kay]]''''' as '''[[Komolika (character)|Komolika]]'''<ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2004 Popular Awards winners|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k4/winners_pop.htm|access-date=2013-10-16|archive-date=2018-09-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917175611/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k4/winners_pop.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2004 Popular Awards nominees|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k4/nominee.htm|access-date=2013-10-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016123453/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k4/nominee.htm|archive-date=2013-10-16|url-status=dead}}</ref>
**[[Tanaaz Irani|Tanaaz Currim]] - ''[[Yeh Meri Life Hai]]'' as Jayshree Bua
**[[Rupali Ganguly]] - ''[[Sanjivani (2002 TV series)|Sanjivani - A Medical Boon]]'' as Dr. Simran
**Grusha Kapoor - ''[[Kehta Hai Dil]]'' as Lalita Devi
**[[Shweta Kawatra]] - ''[[Kahaani Ghar Ghar Ki]]'' as Pallavi Aggrawal
**[[Sudha Chandran]] - ''[[Kaahin Kissii Roz]]'' as Ramola Sikand
*'''2005''' '''[[Rakshanda Khan]]''' - '''''[[Jassi Jaissi Koi Nahin]]''''' as '''Mallika''' (tied with) '''[[Urvashi Dholakia]]''' - ''[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2001 TV series)|Kasautii Zindagii Kay]]'' as '''[[Komolika (character)|Komolika]]'''<ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2005 Popular Awards winners|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k5/winners.htm|access-date=2013-10-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917175616/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k5/winners.htm|archive-date=2018-09-17|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2005 Popular Awards nominees|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k5/pop_nom.htm|access-date=2013-10-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025305/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k5/pop_nom.htm|archive-date=2016-03-04|url-status=dead}}</ref>
**[[Amrita Singh]] - ''[[Kkavyanjali]]'' as Nitya Nanda
**[[Tasneem Sheikh]] - ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]'' as Mohini
**[[Poonam Narula]] - ''[[Kkusum]]'' as Mahi
*'''2006''' '''[[Ashwini Kalsekar]]''' - '''''[[Kasamh Se]]''''' as '''Jigyasaa Bali'''<ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2006 Popular Awards winners|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k6/nov/nov296.htm}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2006 Popular Awards nominees|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k6/nominees.htm|access-date=2013-10-16|archive-date=2016-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213148/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k6/nominees.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
**Arzoo Gowitrikar - ''[[Ek Ladki Anjaani Si]]'' as Tulika Samarth
**[[Urvashi Dholakia]] - ''[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2001 TV series)|Kasautii Zindagii Kay]]'' as [[Komolika (character)|Komolika]]
**Aanchal Dwivedi - ''[[Saat Phere: Saloni Ka Safar]]'' as Kaveri
**[[Navneet Nishan]] - ''[[Kyaa Hoga Nimmo Kaa]]'' as Parminder
*'''2007''' '''[[Kamya Panjabi]]''' - '''''[[Banoo Main Teri Dulhann]]''''' as '''Sindoora'''<ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2007 Popular Awards winners|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k7/winners-list.htm|access-date=2013-10-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722173647/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k7/winners-list.htm|archive-date=2012-07-22|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2007 Popular Awards nominees|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k7/popular07.htm|access-date=2013-10-16|archive-date=2018-09-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911073650/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k7/popular07.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
**[[Suvarna Jha]] - ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]'' as Trupti
**[[Nimisha Vakharia]] - ''[[Teen Bahuraaniyaan]]'' as Kokila
**[[Aruna Irani]] - ''[[Maayka|Maayka - Saath Zindagi Bhar Ka]]'' as Durga
**[[Urvashi Dholakia]] - ''[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2001 TV series)|Kasautii Zindagii Kay]]'' as [[Komolika (character)|Komolika]]
**[[Karishma Tanna]] - ''[[Ek Ladki Anjaani Si]]'' as Ayesha
** [[Moonmoon Banerjee]] - ''[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2001 TV series)|Kasautii Zindagii Kay]]'' as Sampada
**[[Ashwini Kalsekar]] - ''[[Kasamh Se]]'' as Jigyasaa
**[[Sanjeeda Sheikh]] - ''[[Kayamath]]'' as Ayesha
*'''2008''' '''[[Surekha Sikri]]''' - '''''[[Balika Vadhu]]''''' as '''Kalyani Devi'''<ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2008 Popular Awards winners|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k8/winners2008.htm|access-date=2013-10-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911083458/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k8/winners2008.htm|archive-date=2018-09-11|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards video|url=http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x7w1y3_31-december-indian-telly-awards-200_shortfilms}}</ref>
**[[Kamya Panjabi]] - ''[[Banoo Main Teri Dulhann]]'' as Sindoora
**[[Sanjeeda Sheikh]] - ''[[Kayamath]]'' as Ayesha
**[[Suvarna Jha]] - ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]'' as Tripti
**[[Pallavi Subhash|Pallavi Subhash Shirke]] - ''[[Kasamh Se]]'' as Meera
*'''2009''' '''[[Meghna Malik]]''' - '''''[[Na Aana Is Des Laado]]''''' as '''Ammaji'''<ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2009 Popular Awards winners|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k9/winners/winners.htm|access-date=2013-10-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211052223/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k9/winners/winners.htm|archive-date=2012-02-11|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2009 Popular Awards nominees|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k9/nomination/nominee_list.htm|access-date=2013-10-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115061924/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k9/nomination/nominee_list.htm|archive-date=2016-01-15|url-status=dead}}</ref>
**[[Surekha Sikri]] - ''[[Balika Vadhu]]'' as Kalyani Devi
**[[Rashami Desai]] - ''[[Uttaran]]'' as Tapasya
**[[Rasika Joshi]] - ''[[Bandini (TV series)|Bandini]]'' as Tarulata/Motiben
**[[Sushmita Mukherjee]] - ''[[Agle Janam Mohe Bitiya Hi Kijo]]'' as Gangiya

=== 2010-present ===

*'''2010''' '''[[Rashami Desai]]''' - '''''[[Uttaran]]''''' as '''Tapasya'''<ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2010 Popular Awards winners|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k10/winners.php|access-date=2013-10-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016040245/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k10/winners.php|archive-date=2013-10-16|url-status=dead}}</ref>
**Parvati Sehgal - ''[[Mann Kee Awaaz Pratigya]]'' as Komal
**Hunar Hali - ''[[12/24 Karol Bagh]]'' as Mili
**[[Surekha Sikri]] - ''[[Balika Vadhu]]'' as Kalyani Devi
**[[Meghna Malik]] - ''[[Na Aana Is Des Laado]]'' as Ammaji
**[[Sushmita Mukherjee]] - ''[[Agle Janam Mohe Bitiya Hi Kijo]]'' as Gangiya
*'''2011''' '''No Award'''
*'''2012''' '''[[Kanika Maheshwari]]''' - '''''[[Diya Aur Baati Hum]]''''' as '''Meenakshi Vikram Rathi'''<ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2012 Popular Awards winners |url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k11/poll/winners.php |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702115232/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k11/poll/winners.php |archivedate=2 July 2012 }}</ref>
**[[Usha Nadkarni]] - ''[[Pavitra Rishta]]'' as Savita Damodar Deshmukh
**[[Eva Grover]] - ''[[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain]]'' as Niharika Kapoor
**[[Mona Vasu]] - ''[[Parichay (TV series)|Parichay—Nayee Zindagi Kay Sapno Ka]]'' as Richa Thakral
**[[Shivshakti Sachdev]] - ''[[Afsar Bitiya]]'' as Pinky Raj
*'''2013''' '''[[Aanchal Khurana]]''' - '''''[[Sapne Suhane Ladakpan Ke]]''''' as '''Charu Mayank Garg'''<ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2013 Popular Awards winners |url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k13/poll/winners.php#PO4 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150425010425/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k13/poll/winners.php |archivedate=2015-04-25 }}</ref>
**Jyotsana Chandola - ''[[Sasural Simar Ka]]'' as Billo
**[[Mouli Ganguly]] - ''[[Kya Huaa Tera Vaada]]'' as Anushka Bhalla
**[[Adaa Khan]] - ''[[Amrit Manthan]]'' as Amrit Kaur Sodi
**Seema Mishra - ''[[Madhubala - Ek Ishq Ek Junoon]]'' as Deepali Bhatia
*2014 '''[[Ashwini Kalsekar]]''' - '''''[[Jodha Akbar (TV series)|Jodha Akbar]]''''' as '''Mahamanga''' (tied with) '''[[Simone Singh]]''' - '''''[[Ek Hasina Thi (TV series)|Ek Hasina Thi]]''''' as '''Sakshi Goenka'''<ref name="Telly awards 2014 Popular">{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2014 Popular Awards nominees and winners|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/tellyawards/nominees/winners|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420095547/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/tellyawards/nominees/winners|archivedate=2016-04-20}}</ref>
**[[Aashka Goradia]] - ''[[Bharat Ka Veer Putra – Maharana Pratap]]'' as Maharani
**[[Monica Bedi]] - ''[[Saraswatichandra (TV series)|Saraswatichandra]]'' as Ghuman
**[[Nigaar Khan]] - ''[[Main Naa Bhoolungi]]'' as Madhurima Aditya Jagannath
**[[Anita Hassanandani Reddy]] - ''[[Yeh Hai Mohabbatein]]'' as Shagun Arora
*'''2015 [[Shraddha Arya]] - [[Dream Girl (TV series)|Dream Girl]]''' as '''Ayesha'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indicine.com/movies/bollywood/indian-telly-awards-2015-winners-list/|title=Indian Telly Awards 2015 Winners List|last=Team|first=Indicine|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-17}}</ref>
**[[Shweta Tiwari]] '''-''' [[Begusarai (TV series)|Begusarai]] as Bindia
**[[Tejasswi Prakash|Tejaswi Prakash Wayangankar]] '''-'''[[Swaragini - Jodein Rishton Ke Sur|Swaragini]] as Ragini
**[[Anita Hassanandani]] - [[Yeh Hai Mohabbatein]] as Shagun
**[[Additi Gupta]] - [[Qubool Hai]] as Sanam
*'''2016''' '''No Award'''
*'''2017''' '''No Award'''
*'''2018 No Award'''
*'''2019''' '''[[Hina Khan]]''' - '''''[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2018 TV series)|Kasautii Zindagii Kay]]''''' as '''Komolika'''
**[[Parineeta Borthakur]] - ''[[Bepannah]]'' as Anjana Hooda
** [[Antara Biswas]] - [[Nazar (TV series)|Nazar]] as Mohna
** [[Shubhavi Choksey]] - [[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2018 TV series)|Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2018)]] as Mohini Basu
** [[Aalisha Panwar]] - [[Ishq Mein Marjawan]] as Tara Raichand
** Anjali Anand - [[Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala]] as Lovely Singh
** [[Reyhna Malhotra]] - [[Manmohini (TV series)|Manmohini]] as Mohini
**[[Gauri Pradhan]] - [[Tu Aashiqui]] as Anita Sharma
**[[Leena Jumani]] - [[Kumkum Bhagya]] as Tanushree Mehta
*'''2020''' '''No Award'''
*'''2021''' '''No Award'''
*'''2022''' '''No Award'''
*'''2023''' '''[[Mahek Chahal]]''' - '''''[[Naagin 6]]''''' as '''Mahek Ahlawat'''
**Ankita Bahuguna - ''[[Pandya Store]]'' as Shweta Patel
**[[Isha Malviya]] - ''[[Udaariyaan]]'' as Jasmine Sandhu
**[[Reyhna Malhotra]] - ''[[Kumkum Bhagya]]'' as Alia Mehra
**Seerat Kapoor - ''[[Imlie]]'' as Cheeni Tripathi

== Jury Award ==
=== 2005-2009 ===

*'''2005''' '''[[Amrita Singh]]''' - '''''[[Kkavyanjali]]''''' as '''Nitya Nanda'''<ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2005 Popular Awards winners|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k5/winners.htm|access-date=2013-10-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917175616/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k5/winners.htm|archive-date=2018-09-17|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2005 Popular Awards nominees|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k5/pop_nom.htm|access-date=2013-10-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025305/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k5/pop_nom.htm|archive-date=2016-03-04|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*'''2006''' '''[[Urvashi Dholakia]]''' - '''''[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2001 TV series)|Kasautii Zindagii Kay]]''''' as '''[[Komolika (character)|Komolika]]'''<ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2006 Popular Awards winners|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k6/nov/nov296.htm}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2006 Popular Awards nominees|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k6/nominees.htm|access-date=2013-10-16|archive-date=2016-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213148/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k6/nominees.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*'''2007''' '''[[Urvashi Dholakia]]''' - '''''[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2001 TV series)|Kasautii Zindagii Kay]]''''' as '''[[Komolika (character)|Komolika]]'''<ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2007 Popular Awards winners|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k7/winners-list.htm|access-date=2013-10-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722173647/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k7/winners-list.htm|archive-date=2012-07-22|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2007 Popular Awards nominees|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k7/popular07.htm|access-date=2013-10-16|archive-date=2018-09-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911073650/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k7/popular07.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*'''2008''' '''Not Awarded'''
*'''2009''' '''No Awarded'''

=== 2010-present ===
*'''2010''' '''[[Meghna Malik]]''' - '''''[[Na Aana Is Des Laado]]''''' as '''Ammaji'''<ref>{{cite news|title= 10th Indian Telly Awards Main Event 2010 Part 3
|url=http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xg70wb_10th-indian-telly-awards-main-event-2010-part-3_shortfilms}}</ref>
** (''No prior nominations'')
*'''2011''' '''No Award'''
*'''2012''' '''Asmita Sharma''' - '''''[[Mann Kee Awaaz Pratigya]]''''' as '''Sumitra Thakur'''<ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2012 Jury Awards winners|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k13/poll/personality_awards.php|access-date=2013-10-16|archive-date=2018-12-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181227212416/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k13/poll/personality_awards.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>
**[[Usha Nadkarni]] - ''[[Pavitra Rishta]]'' as Savita Deshmukh
**[[Sushmita Mukherjee]] - ''[[Ek Nayi Chhoti Si Zindagi]]'' as Devki
**[[Pratima Kazmi]] - ''[[Uttaran]]'' as Sumitra Devi
**[[Sheeba Chaddha]] - ''[[Na Aana Is Des Laado]]'' as Bajri
**[[Aashka Goradia]] - ''[[Laagi Tujhse Lagan]]'' as Kalavati
*'''2013''' '''[[Adaa Khan]]''' - '''''[[Amrit Manthan]]''''' as '''Amrit Kaur Sodi'''<ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2013 Jury Awards winners|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k11/poll/winner_detail.php?catstat=0&category=PO|access-date=2013-10-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150822002543/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k11/poll/winner_detail.php?catstat=0&category=PO|archive-date=2015-08-22|url-status=dead}}</ref>
**[[Krutika Desai]] - ''[[Uttaran]]'' as Ekadashi Avinash Chatterjee
**[[Pratima Kazmi]] - ''[[Uttaran]]'' as Sumitra Devi (Nani)
**Asmita Sharma - ''[[Mann Kee Awaaz Pratigya]]'' as Sumitra Thakur
**Alka Kaushal - ''[[Qubool Hai]]'' as Raziya Mumani
*'''2014''' '''[[Nigaar Khan]]''' - '''''[[Main Naa Bhoolungi]]''''' as '''Madhurima Jagannath'''<ref name="Telly awards 2014 Jury">{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2014 Jury Awards nominees/winners|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/tellyawards/2014/index/pages/personality-jury|access-date=2014-11-02|archive-date=2014-11-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106031229/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/tellyawards/2014/index/pages/personality-jury|url-status=dead}}</ref>
**[[Krutika Desai]] - ''[[Uttaran]]'' as Ekadashi Chatterjee
**[[Pratima Kazmi]] - ''[[Uttaran]]'' as Nani
**[[Nigaar Khan]] - ''[[Buddha (TV series)|Buddha - Rajaon Ka Raja]]'' as Mangala
**[[Shivani Tanksale]] - ''[[24 (Indian TV series)]]'' as Divya Maurya
*'''2015''' '''[[Shweta Tiwari]] '''-''''' [[Begusarai (TV series)|Begusarai]]''''' as '''Bindia'''
*'''2019''' '''[[Hina Khan]]''' - '''''[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay 2]]''''' as '''Komolika'''
*'''2023''' '''[[Kishori Shahane]]''' - '''''[[Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin]]''''' as '''Bhavani Nagesh Chavan'''

== Milestone ==
=== 20000 - 2010 ===

*'''2010''' '''[[Urvashi Dholakia]]''' - '''''[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2001 TV series)|Kasautii Zindagii Kay]]''''' as '''[[Komolika (character)|Komolika]]'''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian Telly Awards}}
{{Indian Telly Award Best Negative Actress}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian Telly Award for Best Actor in a Comic Role - Female}}
[[Category:Indian Telly Awards]]

Chrysanthemum

2026-02-14T14:17:43Z

Dan: improved section further after review

{{short description|Genus of flowering plants in the daisy family}}
{{other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Chrysanthemum nangkingense.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Chrysanthemum indicum]]''
| display_parents = 2
| taxon = Chrysanthemum
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
| type_species_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nicolson |first1=Dan H. |title=Report of the General Committee: 8 |journal=Taxon |date=May 1999 |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=373–378 |doi=10.2307/1224444 |jstor=1224444 |bibcode=1999Taxon..48..373N }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tropicos.org/Name/40008423|title=Chrysanthemum L.|website=[[Tropicos]] }}</ref>
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision =
| type_species = ''[[Chrysanthemum indicum]]''
| synonyms = * ''Chrysanthemum'' subsect. ''Dendranthema'' (DC.) DC. ex Kitam.
* ''Neuractis'' Cass.
* ''Pyrethrum'' sect. ''Dendranthema'' DC.
* ''Leucanthemum'' (Tourn.) L.
* ''Dendranthema'' (DC.) Des Moul.
| synonyms_ref = <ref name=o /><ref name="POWO"/>
}}
{{infobox Chinese
| pic = Chrysanthemum (Chinese characters).svg
| piccap = The Chinese character for "chrysanthemum"
| picupright = 0.2
| c = 菊花
| l = "chrysanthemum-flower"
| p = júhuā
| w = chü2-hua1
| mi = {{IPAc-cmn|j|ü|2|.|h|ua|1}}
| suz = jioh-ho
| j = guk1-faa1
| y = gūk-fāa
| ci = {{IPAc-yue|g|uk|1.|f|aa|1}}
| poj = {{Zhwb|kak-hue|kiok-hue}}
| kanji = 菊花
| hiragana = きくか きっか
| romaji = kiku ka kikka
| hangul = 국화
| hanja = 菊花
| rr = Gukhwa
| mr = Kukhwa
| h = kiug faˋ
}}

'''Chrysanthemums''' ({{IPAc-en|k|r|ɪ|ˈ|s|æ|n|θ|ə|m|ə|m|z}} {{respell|kriss|AN|thə|məmz}}), sometimes abbreviated to '''mums''' or '''chrysanths''',<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.gardenista.com/posts/chrysanthemums-rethinking-fast-food-flower/ |title=Chrysanthemums: Rethinking a Fast-Food Flower |date=17 September 2019}}</ref> are [[perennial]] [[herbaceous]] [[flowering plant]]s in the family [[Asteraceae]] that bloom in the autumn.<ref name="POWO">{{cite web |title=''Chrysanthemum'' L. |work=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:331492-2 |access-date=10 September 2025}}</ref> They are [[native plant|native]] to [[East Asia]] and [[northeastern Europe]]. Most species originate from East Asia, and the [[center of diversity]] is in [[China]].<ref name=liu>{{cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Ping-Li |last2=Wan |first2=Qian |last3=Guo |first3=Yan-Ping |last4=Yang |first4=Ji |last5=Rao |first5=Guang-Yuan |title=Phylogeny of the Genus Chrysanthemum L.: Evidence from Single-Copy Nuclear Gene and Chloroplast DNA Sequences |journal=PLOS ONE |date=1 November 2012 |volume=7 |issue=11 |article-number=e48970 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0048970 |pmid=23133665 |pmc=3486802 |bibcode=2012PLoSO...748970L |doi-access=free}}</ref> Many thousands of horticultural varieties and cultivars exist.

== Description ==
[[File:NIEdot318.jpg|thumb|Historical painting of chrysanthemums from the ''New International Encyclopedia'', 1902]]
[[File:Pollens of Chrysanthemum.jpg|thumb|Pollen]]

The [[genus]] ''Chrysanthemum'' consists of [[perennial]] [[herbaceous]] [[flowering plant]]s, sometimes [[subshrub]]s. The [[leaves]] are alternate, divided into leaflets and may be [[pinnatisect]], lobed, or [[serrate]] (toothed) but rarely entire; they are connected to stalks with [[indumentum|hairy]] bases.{{sfn|Oberprieler et al|2007}}

The compound [[inflorescence]] is an array of several [[pseudanthium|flower heads]], or sometimes a solitary head. The head has a base covered in layers of [[bract|phyllaries]]. The simple row of ray florets is white, yellow, or red. The disc florets are yellow. [[Pollen grains]] are approximately 34 microns.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}

The fruit is a ribbed [[achene]].<ref name=china>[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=106957 ''Chrysanthemum''.] Flora of China. eFloras.</ref>{{sfn|Oberprieler et al|2007}}

== Etymology ==
The name "chrysanthemum" is derived from the {{langx|grc|χρυσός}} ''chrysos'' (gold) and {{langx|grc|ἄνθεμον|label=none}} ''anthemon'' (flower).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://landscaping.about.com/od/landscapecolor/p/chrysanthemums.htm|title=Chrysanthemums and Hardy Mums – Colorful Fall Flowers|author=David Beaulieu|work=About.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110035953/http://landscaping.about.com/od/landscapecolor/p/chrysanthemums.htm|archive-date=10 Jan 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Chrysanthemum}}</ref>

== Taxonomy ==
The genus ''Chrysanthemum'' was first formally described by [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]] in 1753, with 14 [[species]], and hence bears his name (L.) as the [[botanical authority]].{{sfn|Linnaeus|1753}} The genus once included more species, but was split several decades ago{{When|date=October 2019}} into several genera, putting the economically important florist's chrysanthemums in the genus ''Dendranthema''. The naming of these genera has been contentious, but a ruling of the [[International Botanical Congress]] in 1999 changed the [[type species|defining species]] of the genus to ''[[Chrysanthemum indicum]]'', restoring the florist's chrysanthemums to the genus ''Chrysanthemum''.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}

Genera now separated from ''Chrysanthemum'' include ''[[Argyranthemum]]'', ''[[Glebionis]]'', ''[[Leucanthemopsis]]'', ''[[Leucanthemum]]'', ''[[Rhodanthemum]]'', and ''[[Tanacetum]]''.

=== Species ===
{{As of|2025|September}}, ''[[Plants of the World Online]]'' accepted the following species:<ref name="POWO"/>
{{Div col|colwidth=24em}}
* [[Chrysanthemum × aphrodite|''Chrysanthemum'' × ''aphrodite'']] Kitam.
* ''[[Chrysanthemum arcticum]]'' L.
* ''[[Chrysanthemum argyrophyllum]]'' Ling
* ''[[Chrysanthemum arisanense]]'' Hayata
* ''[[Chrysanthemum bizarre]]'' C.Z.Shen
* ''[[Chrysanthemum chalchingolicum]]'' Grubov
* ''[[Chrysanthemum chanetii]]'' H.Lév.
* ''[[Chrysanthemum crassum]]'' (Kitam.) Kitam.
* [[Chrysanthemum × cuneifolium|''Chrysanthemum'' × ''cuneifolium'']] Kitam.
* ''[[Chrysanthemum dabieshanense]]'' Z.X.Fu, A.G.Zhen & Y.P.Ma
* ''[[Chrysanthemum dichrum]]'' (C.Shih) H.Ohashi & Yonek.
* ''[[Chrysanthemum foliaceum]]'' (G.F.Peng, C.Shih & S.Q.Zhang) J.M.Wang & Y.T.Hou
* ''[[Chrysanthemum glabriusculum]]'' (W.W.Sm.) Hand.-Mazz.
* ''[[Chrysanthemum horaimontanum]]'' Masam.
* ''[[Chrysanthemum hypargyreum]]'' Diels
* ''[[Chrysanthemum indicum]]'' L.
* ''[[Chrysanthemum integrifolium]]'' Richardson
* ''[[Chrysanthemum japonense]]'' (Makino) Nakai
* ''[[Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium]]'' Makino
* [[Chrysanthemum × leucanthum|''Chrysanthemum'' × ''leucanthum'']] (Makino) Makino
* ''[[Chrysanthemum longibracteatum]]'' (C.Shih, G.F.Peng & S.Y.Jin) J.M.Wang & Y.T.Hou
* ''[[Chrysanthemum makinoi]]'' Matsum. & Nakai
* ''[[Chrysanthemum maximoviczii]]'' Kom.
* [[Chrysanthemum × miyatojimense|''Chrysanthemum'' × ''miyatojimense'']] Kitam.
* [[Chrysanthemum × morifolium|''Chrysanthemum'' × ''morifolium'']] (Ramat.) Hemsl.
* ''[[Chrysanthemum morii]]'' Hayata
* ''[[Chrysanthemum naktongense]]'' Nakai
* ''[[Chrysanthemum nankingense]]'' Hand.-Mazz.
* ''[[Chrysanthemum neo-oreastrum]]'' C.C.Chang
* ''[[Chrysanthemum ogawae]]'' Kitam.
* ''[[Chrysanthemum okiense]]'' Kitam.
* ''[[Chrysanthemum oreastrum]]'' Hance
* ''[[Chrysanthemum ornatum]]'' Hemsl.
* ''[[Chrysanthemum parvifolium]]'' C.C.Chang
* ''[[Chrysanthemum potentilloides]]'' Hand.-Mazz.
* ''[[Chrysanthemum rhombifolium]]'' (Y.Ling & C.Shih) H.Ohashi & Yonek.
* [[Chrysanthemum × shimotomaii|''Chrysanthemum'' × ''shimotomaii'']] Makino
* ''[[Chrysanthemum sinuatum]]'' Ledeb.
* ''[[Chrysanthemum vestitum]]'' (Hemsl.) Kitam.
* ''[[Chrysanthemum yantaiense]]'' M.Sun & J.T.Chen
* ''[[Chrysanthemum yoshinaganthum]]'' Makino
* ''[[Chrysanthemum zawadzkii]]'' Herbich
* ''[[Chrysanthemum zhuozishanense]]'' L.Q.Zhao & Jie Yang
{{Div col end}}

Former species include:
* ''Chrysanthemum carinatum'' = ''[[Ismelia|Ismelia carinata]]''
* ''Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium'' = ''[[Tanacetum cinerariifolium]]''
* ''Chrysanthemum coccineum'' = ''[[Tanacetum coccineum]]''
* ''Chrysanthemum coronarium'' = ''[[Glebionis coronaria]]''
* ''Chrysanthemum frutescens'' = ''[[Argyranthemum frutescens]]''
* ''Chrysanthemum maximum'' = ''[[Leucanthemum maximum]]''
* ''[[Chrysanthemum pacificum]]'' = ''[[Ajania pacifica]]''
* ''Chrysanthemum segetum'' = ''[[Glebionis segetum]]''

== Ecology ==

Chrysanthemums start blooming in early autumn. They are a flower associated with the month of November.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cityflowers.co.in/blogs/news/flower-of-the-month-chrysanthemums|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306130710/http://www.cityflowers.co.in/blog/flower-of-the-month-chrysanthemums/|title=Flower of the Month: Chrysanthemums|archive-date=6 March 2016|website=CityFlowersIndia}}</ref>

== Cultivation ==
[[File:Chrysanthemum Market (菊市場) in Japan, Taisho era (1914 by Elstner Hilton).jpg|thumb|A chrysanthemum market in Japan, 1914]]
Chrysanthemums ({{lang-zh|c=菊花|p=Júhuā}}) were first cultivated in China as a flowering [[herb]] as far back as the 15th century [[BCE]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mums.org/history-of-the-chrysanthemum/|title=History of the Chrysanthemum |website=National Chrysanthemum Society, USA |archive-date=10 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510021842/http://www.mums.org/history-of-the-chrysanthemum/}}</ref> Over 500 cultivars had been recorded by 1630.<ref name=china /> By 2014, it was estimated that there were over 20,000 cultivars in the world and about 7,000 cultivars in China.<ref>The Scientific World Journal Volume 2014, [https://www.hindawi.com/journals/tswj/2014/625658/ Article ID 625658]</ref> The plant is renowned as one of the [[Four Gentlemen]] ({{lang|zh|四君子}}) in [[Chinese art|Chinese]] and [[Art of East Asia (disambiguation)|East Asian Art]]. The plant is particularly significant during the [[Double Ninth Festival]].{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}

Chrysanthemum cultivation in Japan began during the [[Nara period|Nara]] and [[Heian period]]s (early 8th to late 12th centuries) and gained popularity in the [[Edo period]] (early 17th to late 19th century). Many flower shapes, colours, and varieties were created. The way the flowers were grown and shaped also developed, and chrysanthemum culture flourished. Various cultivars of chrysanthemums created in the Edo period were characterized by a remarkable variety of flower shapes. They were exported to China from the end of the Edo period, changing the way Chinese chrysanthemum cultivars were grown and their popularity.<ref name = "odawara">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160804014132/http://www.city.odawara.kanagawa.jp/global-image/Press/20115257-2.pdf History of chrysanthemums.] [[Odawara|Odawara City]]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20201203225846/https://blog.hiroshima-bot.jp/2020/10/1024118.html Chrysanthemum exhibition] [[Hiroshima Botanical Garden]]</ref> In addition, from the [[Meiji period]] (late 19th to early 20th century), many cultivars with flowers over {{Convert|20|cm|frac=8}} in diameter, called the ''Ogiku'' (lit., great chrysanthemum) style, were created, which influenced the subsequent trend of chrysanthemums.<ref name = "odawara"/> The [[imperial crest of Japan]] is a chrysanthemum, and the institution of the monarchy is also called the [[Chrysanthemum Throne]]. A number of festivals and shows take place throughout Japan in autumn when the flowers bloom. {{Nihongo|[[Chrysanthemum Day]]|菊の節句|Kiku no Sekku}} is one of the five ancient sacred festivals. It is celebrated on the 9th day of the 9th month. It was started in 910, when the imperial court held its first chrysanthemum show.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}

Chrysanthemums entered American horticulture in 1798 when [[John Stevens (inventor, born 1749)|Colonel John Stevens]] imported a [[cultivar|cultivated variety]] known as Dark Purple from England. The introduction was part of an effort to grow attractions within [[Elysian Fields, Hoboken, New Jersey|Elysian Fields]] in [[Hoboken, New Jersey]].<ref name="Curtis' Botanical Magazine">The New York Botanical Garden, ''Curtis' Botanical Magazine, Volume X'' Bronx, New York: The New York Botanical Garden, 1797</ref>

=== Classification ===
For horticultural purposes, all ''Chrysanthemum'' cultivars are split into 13 divisions based upon flower form, a classification developed by the National Chrysanthemum Society (USA).{{sfn|National Chrysanthemum Society|1978}}{{sfn|NYBG|2024}}

== Uses ==

=== Ornamental uses ===
[[File:Chrysanthemum indicum 11012013.jpg|thumb|''C. indicum'']]
[[File:Chrysanthemum x morifolium Dompierre 3.jpg|thumb|Different colors of ''Chrysanthemum x morifolium'']]
[[File:Nagoya Castle Chrysanthemum Competition 2017 11.jpg|thumb|Example of a Japanese [[chrysanthemum bonsai]]]]
Modern cultivated chrysanthemums are usually brighter and more striking than their wild relatives. Many horticultural specimens have been bred to bear many rows of ray florets in a great variety of colors. The flower heads occur in various forms, and can be daisy-like or decorative, like [[pom-pom|pompons]] or [[button]]s. This genus contains many [[hybrid (biology)|hybrids]] and thousands of [[cultivar]]s developed for horticultural purposes. In addition to the traditional yellow, other colors are available, such as white, purple, and red. The most important hybrid is [[Chrysanthemum × morifolium|''Chrysanthemum'' × ''morifolium'']] (syn. ''C.'' × ''grandiflorum''), derived primarily from ''C. indicum'', but also involving other species.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}

Over 140 cultivars of chrysanthemum have gained the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]'s [[Award of Garden Merit]] (confirmed 2017).<ref>{{cite web | url= https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf | title = AGM Plants – Ornamental | date = July 2017 | page = 19 | publisher = Royal Horticultural Society | access-date = 24 January 2018}}</ref>

In Japan, a form of [[chrysanthemum bonsai]] was developed over the centuries. The cultivated flower has a lifespan of about 5 years and can be kept in miniature size. A bonsai-like effect can also be created by using pieces of dead wood with the flower growing over the back along the wood, to give the illusion from the front that the a miniature tree blooms in chrysanthemums.

=== Culinary uses ===
Yellow or white chrysanthemum flowers of the species ''C. morifolium'' are boiled to make a tea in some parts of East Asia. The resulting beverage is known simply as [[chrysanthemum tea]] ([[wikt:菊|菊]] [[wikt:花|花]] [[wikt:茶|茶]], [[pinyin]]: ''júhuā chá'', in Chinese). In Korea, a [[Korean wine#Flower wines|rice wine]] flavored with chrysanthemum flowers is called ''gukhwaju'' ({{Korean|hangul=국화주|labels=no}}).

Chrysanthemum leaves are steamed or boiled and used as greens, especially in Chinese cuisine. The flowers may be added to dishes such as ''[[mixian (noodle)|mixian]]'' in broth or thick snakemeat soup (蛇羹) to enhance the aroma. They are commonly used in [[hot pot]] and stir fries. In Japanese cuisine, small chrysanthemums are used as garnish for [[sashimi]].

=== Insecticidal uses ===
[[Pyrethrum]] (''Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium'' or ''Tanacetum cinerariaefolium'') is economically important as a natural source of [[insecticide]]. The flowers are pulverized, and the active components, called [[pyrethrin]]s, which occur in the [[achene]]s, are extracted and sold in the form of an [[oleoresin]]. This is applied as a suspension in water or oil, or as a powder. Pyrethrins attack the nervous systems of all [[insect]]s, and inhibit female [[mosquito]]es from biting. In sublethal doses, they have an [[insect repellent]] effect.{{Citation needed|date=March 2021|reason=Exposure of insects to pyrethrins results in paralysis; unclear that pyrethrins are detectable or avoided by insects}} They are harmful to [[fish]], but are far less toxic to [[mammal]]s and [[bird]]s than many synthetic insecticides. They are not persistent, being [[biodegradation|biodegradable]], and also [[Chemical decomposition|decompose]] easily on exposure to light. [[Pyrethroid]]s such as [[permethrin]] are synthetic insecticides based on natural pyrethrum. Despite this, chrysanthemum leaves are still a major host for destructive pests, such as [[Agromyzidae|leafminer flies]] including [[Liriomyza trifolii|''L. trifolii'']].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/veg/leaf/a_serpentine_leafminer.htm|title=American serpentine leafminer - Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess)|website=entnemdept.ufl.edu|access-date=2019-11-20}}</ref>

[[Persian powder]] is an example of industrial product of chrysanthemum insecticide.

=== Environmental uses ===
Chrysanthemum plants have been shown to reduce [[indoor air quality|indoor air pollution]] by the [[NASA Clean Air Study]].<ref name="nasastudy">{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/download/nasa_techdoc_19860066312/19860066312.pdf|title=Foliage Plants for Removing Indoor Air Pollutants from Energy-efficient Homes|author1=B. C. Wolverton |author2=Rebecca C. McDonald |author3=E. A. Watkins, Jr |access-date=27 December 2013}}</ref>

== In culture ==
[[File:Coleostephus myconis in Jardin des Plantes.jpg|thumb|Coleostephus myconis (chrysanthemum of Myconos) of the garden of plants in Paris.]]

In some European countries (e.g., France, [[Belgium]], Italy, Spain, [[Poland]], [[Hungary]], [[Croatia]]), incurve chrysanthemums symbolize [[death]] and are used only for funerals or on graves, while other types carry no such symbolism;{{citation needed|date=November 2023}} similarly, in China, Japan, and [[Korea]] of East Asia, white chrysanthemums symbolize adversity, lamentation, and/or grief. In some other countries, they represent honesty.{{better source needed|date=November 2023}}<ref>[http://www.poemlover.com/flower.asp Flower Meaning]. Retrieved 22 September 2007. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012210806/http://poemlover.com/flower.asp |date=12 October 2007 }}</ref> In the United States, the flower is usually regarded as positive and cheerful,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.teleflora.com/about-flowers/chrysanthemum.asp|title=Chrysanthemum (Mums) Flower Meaning & Symbolism |website=Teleflora}}</ref> with New Orleans as a notable exception.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pbase.com/septembermorn/metairie_cemetery|title=Metairie Cemetery|work=PBase}}</ref>

In the [[Victorian era|Victorian]] [[language of flowers]], the chrysanthemum had several meanings. The Chinese chrysanthemum meant cheerfulness, whereas the red chrysanthemum stood for "I Love", while the yellow chrysanthemum symbolized slighted love.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.languageofflowers.com/flowermeaning.htm|website=Language of Flowers|title=Flower Meanings, Flower Sentiments|access-date=2016-11-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124141728/http://languageofflowers.com/flowermeaning.htm|archive-date=24 November 2016}}</ref> The chrysanthemum is also the flower of November.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.1stinflowers.com/fom_november.html |title=Birth Month Flower of November – The Chrysanthemum – Flowers, Low Prices, Same Day Delivery |publisher=1st in Flowers! |date=27 October 2008 |access-date=27 March 2010}}</ref>

=== East Asia ===
==== China ====
[[File:Red lacquerware dish, Ming Dynasty.jpg|thumb|[[Ming dynasty]] red [[lacquerware]] dish with carved chrysanthemums and dragons]]
* The chrysanthemum is the city flower of [[Beijing]] and [[Kaifeng]]. The tradition of cultivating different varieties of chrysanthemums stretches back 1600 years, and the scale reached a phenomenal level during the Song dynasty until its loss to the [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)|Jürchens]] in 1126. The city has held the Kaifeng Chrysanthemum Cultural Festival since 1983 (renamed China Kaifeng Chrysanthemum Cultural Festival in 1994). The event is the largest chrysanthemum festival in China; it has been a yearly feature since, taking place between 18 October and 18 November every year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.sina.com.cn/o/2012-07-04/023424707272.shtml|title=中国开封菊花花会更名为中国开封菊花文化节_新浪新闻|website=news.sina.com.cn|access-date=2017-11-29}}</ref>
* The chrysanthemum is one of the "[[Four Gentlemen]]" ({{lang|zh|四君子}}) of China (the others being the [[Prunus mume|plum blossom]], the [[orchid]], and [[bamboo]]). The chrysanthemum is said to have been favored by [[Tao Yuanming|Tao Qian]], an influential Chinese poet, and is symbolic of nobility. It is also one of the four symbolic seasonal flowers.
* A chrysanthemum festival is held each year in [[Tongxiang]], near [[Hangzhou]], China.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.zftec.gov.cn/english/open/govern/detail.jsp?m_id=561 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031216082741/http://www.zftec.gov.cn/english/open/govern/detail.jsp?m_id=561 |archive-date=16 December 2003 |title=Remarkable Investment Attraction Result of Tongxiang City |publisher=Zhejiang Foreign Frade and Economic Cooperation Bureau |access-date=17 July 2009}}</ref>
* Chrysanthemums are the topic in hundreds of poems of China.<ref>{{Cite web|author=2010年03月27日星期六二月十二庚寅(虎)年 |url=http://www.guoxue.com/365/index.php?kid=006 |title=国学365-中国历代菊花诗365首 |publisher=Guoxue.com |access-date=27 March 2010}}</ref>
* The "golden flower" referred to in the 2006 movie ''[[Curse of the Golden Flower]]'' is a chrysanthemum.
* "Chrysanthemum Gate" (jú huā mén {{lang|zh|菊花门}}), often abbreviated as Chrysanthemum (菊花), is taboo slang meaning "anus" (with sexual connotations).<ref>{{Cite book | title=Niubi: the real Chinese you were never taught in school |author=Chao, E. |publisher=Plume |year=2009}}</ref>
* An ancient Chinese city (Xiaolan Town of Zhongshan City) was named Ju-Xian, meaning "chrysanthemum city".
* The plant is particularly significant during the Chinese [[Double Ninth Festival]].
* In Chinese culture, the chrysanthemum is a symbol of autumn and the flower of the ninth moon. People even drank chrysanthemum wine on the ninth day of the ninth lunar month to prolong their lives during the Han dynasty. It is a symbol of longevity because of its health-giving properties.<ref>"Chinese Symbols." The British Museum, 2008. Accessed 4 October 2017.
</ref> Because of all of this, the flower was often worn on funeral attire.
* [[Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China]] listed two kinds of chrysanthemum for medical use, Yejuhua and Juhua. Historically Yejuhua is said to treat carbuncle, furuncle, conjunctivitis, headache, and vertigo. Juhua is said to treat cold, headache, vertigo, and conjunctivitis.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Tang|first1=Weici|title=Chinese Drugs of Plant Origin: Chemistry, Pharmacology, and Use in Traditional and Modern Medicine|last2=Eisenbrand|first2=Gerhard|publisher=Springer Berlin / Heidelberg|year=1992|isbn=978-3-642-73739-8|page=302}}</ref>

==== Japan ====
[[File:Flag of the Japanese Emperor.svg|thumb|[[List of Japanese flags#Imperial flags|Imperial Standard of the Emperor of Japan]]]]
[[File:Blade and Mounting for a Short Sword (Wakizashi).jpg|thumb|The [[scabbard]] of a ''[[wakizashi]]'' with chrysanthemums painted using ''[[maki-e]]'', a decoration technique of [[Japanese lacquerware]]. 18th century, [[Edo period]].]]
[[File:Khalili Collection Kimono 03.jpg|thumb|Outer [[Kimono]] for a Young Woman (Uchikake). Motif: Chrysanthemums and fences.]]
Chrysanthemums first arrived in Japan by way of China in the 5th century. The chrysanthemum has been used as a theme of ''[[waka (poetry)|waka]]'' (Japanese traditional poetry) since around the 10th century in the [[Heian period]], and ''[[Kokin Wakashū]]'' is the most famous of them. In the 12th century, during the [[Kamakura period]], when the retired [[Emperor Go-Toba]] adopted it as the [[Mon (emblem)|mon (family crest)]] of the [[Imperial house of Japan|Imperial family]], it became a flower that symbolized autumn in Japan. During the [[Edo period]] from the 17th century to the 19th century, due to the development of economy and culture, the cultivation of chrysanthemums, [[cherry blossoms]], [[Japanese iris]], [[morning glory]], etc. became popular, many cultivars were created and many [[chrysanthemum exhibition]]s were held. From the [[Meiji period]] in the latter half of the 19th century, due to the growing importance of the chrysanthemum, which symbolized the Imperial family, the creation of ''ogiku'' style cultivars with a diameter of 20 cm or more became popular.<ref name=chrysanthemum>{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Contemporary Japanese Culture|last=Buckley|first=Sandra|date=2002|publisher=Routledge}}</ref><ref name = "odawara"/><ref>[http://www.gutenberg.org/files/13051/13051-h/13051-h.htm#page49 LOVE OF FLOWERS.] "Sketches of Japanese manners and customs" Jacob Mortimer Wier Silver, 1867</ref>

In the present day, each autumn there are chrysanthemum exhibitions at the [[Shinjuku Gyo-en]], [[Meiji Shrine]] and [[Yasukuni Shrine]] in [[Tokyo]]. The Yasukuni Shrine, formerly a state-endowed shrine (官国弊社, ''kankokuheisha'') has adopted the chrysanthemum crest.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|url=http://eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp/modules/xwords/entry.php?entryID=271|title=Shinmon|last=Inoue|first=Nobutaka|date=2 June 2005|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Shinto|access-date=17 November 2008}}</ref> Culinary-grade chrysanthemums are used to decorate food, and they remain a common motif for traditional [[Japanese art]]s like [[porcelain]], [[lacquerware]] and ''[[kimono]]''.<ref name=chrysanthemum />

Chrysanthemum growing is still practised actively as a hobby by many [[Japanese people]] who enter prize plants in contests.<ref name=chrysanthemum /> Chrysanthemum "dolls", often depicting fictional characters from both traditional sources like ''[[kabuki]]'' and contemporary sources like Disney, are displayed throughout the fall months, and the city of [[Nihonmatsu]] hosts the "Nihonmatsu Chrysanthemum Dolls Exhibition" every autumn in historical ruin of [[Nihonmatsu Castle]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.city.nihonmatsu.lg.jp/kanko/kiku/kiku.html|title=二本松の菊人形|publisher=City.nihonmatsu.lg.jp|access-date=27 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723064541/http://www.city.nihonmatsu.lg.jp/kanko/kiku/kiku.html|archive-date=23 July 2011}}</ref> They are also grown into [[chrysanthemum bonsai]] forms.
* In Japan, the chrysanthemum is a symbol of the [[Emperor of Japan|Emperor]] and the [[Imperial House of Japan|Imperial family]]. In particular, a "chrysanthemum crest" (菊花紋章, ''kikukamonshō'' or'' kikkamonshō''), i.e. a [[mon (crest)|mon]] of chrysanthemum blossom design, indicates a link to the Emperor; there are more than 150 patterns of this design. Notable uses of and reference to the Imperial chrysanthemum include:
** The [[imperial crest of Japan]] is used by members of the Japanese imperial family. In 1869, a two-layered, 16-petal design was designated as the symbol of the emperor. Princes used a simpler, single-layer pattern.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Jones|first1=Colin|title=Badges of honor: what Japan's legal lapel pins really mean|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/community/2015/02/23/issues/badges-honor-japans-legal-lapel-pins-really-mean/|access-date=26 February 2015|work=[[The Japan Times]]}}</ref>
** The [[Chrysanthemum Throne]] is the name given to the position of Japanese Emperor and the throne.
** The Supreme [[Order of the Chrysanthemum]] is a Japanese honor awarded by the emperor on the advice of the [[Government of Japan|Japanese government]].
** In Imperial Japan, small arms were required to be stamped with the imperial chrysanthemum, as they were considered the personal property of the emperor.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://oldmilitarymarkings.com/japanese_markings.html|title=Markings on Japanese Arisaka Rifles and Bayonets of World War II|website=oldmilitarymarkings.com}}</ref>
* The [[Nagoya Castle]] Chrysanthemum Competition started after the end of the Pacific War. The event at the castle has become a tradition for the city. With three categories, it is one of the largest events of its kind in the region by both scale and content. The first category is the exhibition of cultivated flowers. The second category is for ''bonsai'' flowers, which are combined with dead pieces of wood to give the illusion of miniature trees. The third category is the creation of miniature landscapes.

<gallery>
File:Imperial Seal of Japan.jpg|Chrysanthemum crest on the [[battleship]] [[Japanese battleship Mikasa|''Mikasa'']]
File:高台寺蒔絵-Sake Ewer (Hisage) with Chrysanthemums and Paulownia Crests in Alternating Fields.jpg|''Maki-e'' [[Sake]] Ewer with Chrysanthemums and [[Government Seal of Japan|Paulownia Crests]] in Alternating Fields. Early 17th century, [[Azuchi–Momoyama period]].
File:Flower show-J. M. W. Silver.jpg|Chrysanthemum shows have been traditionally held in many Japanese towns.
File:Hirakata-kikuningyo3231.JPG|"Hirakata Chrysanthemum Dolls Exhibition" (2005)
File:Chrysanthemum,kiku,katori-city,japan.JPG|Chrysanthemums in the Japanese ''Ogiku'' (lit., great chrysanthemum) style
</gallery>

==== Korea ====

[[File:Brooklyn Museum - Chrysanthemums Rock and Bird.jpg|thumb|19th-century Korean painting|256x256px]]The flower is found extensively in inlaid [[Goryeo ware|Goreyo ware]] and were reproduced in stamp form in [[Buncheong|Buncheong wares]]. Several twentieth century potters, especially Kim Se-yong, created double-wall wares featuring each individual petal painted in white clay against a [[celadon]] background. A vase produced using this technique and presented in 1999 to [[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth II]] can be found in the [[Royal Collection]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kim Se-Yong (b.1946) - Vase |url=https://www.rct.uk/collection/74658 |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=www.rct.uk |language=en}}</ref>
Laying a wreath of white chrysanthemums to mourn at funerals has been common since the early 20th century. Before the 20th century, white clothing was traditionally worn in funeral settings. However, the introduction of Western culture made black the prevalent color. White chrysanthemums were instead used to preserve the tradition of using white to mourn at funerals.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-02-15 |script-title=ko:[이건 왜?] 장례식에 흰 국화를 쓰는 까닭은 |url=https://www.hankyung.com/article/2009021530161 |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=[[The Korea Economic Daily]] |language=ko}}</ref>

Korea has a number of flower shows that exhibit the chrysanthemum, such as the [[Masan Gagopa Chrysanthemum Festival]].<gallery>
File:Funeral parlor for the Park Won-soon, Mayor of Seoul.jpg|White chrysanthemums at a Korean funeral parlor
File:Double-openwork celadon moon jar with chrysanthemums.jpg|[[celadon]] [[moon jar]] with chrysanthemums, Kim Se-yong
File:청자 상감 국화 넝쿨 무늬 완.jpg|[[Goryeo ware]] bowl with chrysanthemum inscription. early 11th century, [[Goryeo|Goryeo dynasty]].
File:Celadon inlaid peony and chrysanthemum pattern melon-shaped bottle.jpg|Celadon inlaid peony and chrysanthemum pattern melon-shaped bottle, Goryeo dynasty
File:Chrysanthemums in Masan port during gagopa chrysanthemum festival.jpg|Masan Gagopa Chrysanthemum Festival
</gallery>

=== West Asia ===
==== Iran ====
In Iran, chrysanthemums are associated with the Zoroastrian spiritual being Ashi Vanghuhi (lit. 'good blessings, rewards'), a female Yazad (angel) presiding over blessings.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Jivanji J. |last1=Modi |title=Religious Ceremonies and Customs of the Parsees |location=Bombay |publisher=M.J.Karani |date=1937 |page=375 |oclc=3009874 }}</ref>

=== Oceania ===
==== Australia ====
In Australia, on Mother's Day, which falls in May when the flower is in season, people traditionally wear a white chrysanthemum, or a similar white flower to honour their mothers. Chrysanthemums are often given as Mother's Day presents.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.burkesbackyard.com.au/2000/archives/2000/in_the_garden/flowering_plants_and_shrubs?p=1456|title=Flowering Plants and Shrubs|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927065830/http://www.burkesbackyard.com.au/2000/archives/2000/in_the_garden/flowering_plants_and_shrubs?p=1456|archive-date=27 September 2011}}</ref>

=== North America ===
==== United States ====
* On 5 and 6 November 1883, in Philadelphia, the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society (PHS), at the request of the Florists and Growers Society, held its first Chrysanthemum Show in Horticultural Hall. This would be the first of several chrysanthemum events presented by PHS to the public.
* The founding of the chrysanthemum industry dates back to 1884, when the Enomoto brothers of [[Redwood City, California]], grew the first chrysanthemums cultivated in America.<ref name="La Peninsula, xlii 1">La Peninsula, xlii (1)</ref>
* In 1913, Sadakasu Enomoto (of San Mateo County) astounded the flower world by successfully shipping a carload of Turner chrysanthemums to New Orleans for the All Saints Day Celebration.<ref name="La Peninsula, xlii 1" />
* The chrysanthemum was recognized as the official flower of the city of [[Chicago]] by Mayor [[Richard J. Daley]] in 1966.<ref>[http://www.chipublib.org/cplbooksmovies/cplarchive/symbols/flower.php Chrysanthemum: The Official Flower of Chicago.] Chicago Public Library.</ref>
* The chrysanthemum is the official flower of the city of [[Salinas, California]].<ref>[http://www.ci.salinas.ca.us/services/engineering/pdf/handouts/BMP%20brochures/NPDES-Available%20Resources.pdf City of Salinas Permit Center.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005233741/http://www.ci.salinas.ca.us/services/engineering/pdf/handouts/BMP%20brochures/NPDES-Available%20Resources.pdf |date=5 October 2013 }} City of Salinas Community Development Department.</ref>
* The chrysanthemum is the official flower of several [[fraternities and sororities]], including [[Chi Phi]], [[Phi Kappa Sigma]], [[Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ou.edu/studentlife/fsps/igc/chapters/phi-mu-alpha.html|title=Phi Mu Alpha|website=www.ou.edu}}</ref> [[Lambda Kappa Sigma]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sigmaalphaucd.org/#/about-us/4551333663|title=Sigma Alpha, University of California, Davis chapter}}</ref> [[Sigma Alpha (professional sorority)|Sigma Alpha]], and [[Triangle Fraternity]].

=== Europe ===
==== Italy ====
Italian composer [[Giacomo Puccini]] wrote ''[[Crisantemi]]'' (1890), a movement for string quartet, in memory of his friend [[Amadeo of Spain|Amedeo di Savoia Duca d'Aosta]]. In [[Italy]] (and other European countries) the chrysanthemum is the flower that people traditionally bring to their deceased loved ones at the [[cemetery]] and is generally associated with mourning. A probable reason for this is the fact that the plant flowers between the end of October and the beginning of November, coinciding with the [[Day of the Dead|Day of the Dead (2 November).]]

==== Poland ====
Chrysanthemums are placed on graves to honor the dead during [[All Saints' Day]] and [[All Souls' Day]] in [[Poland]].<ref>{{cite web |title=All Saints' Day |url=https://polska.pl/experience-poland/traditions-and-holidays/all-saints-day/ |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs }}</ref>

==== United Kingdom ====
The [[National Plant Collection|UK National Collection]] of hardy chrysanthemums is at Hill Close Gardens near [[Warwick]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.floraldaily.com/article/4325/UK-National-Plant-Collection-to-preserve-chrysanthemums |title=UK: National Plant Collection to preserve chrysanthemums |website=Floral Daily |date=10 March 2016 |access-date=13 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014083436/http://www.floraldaily.com/article/4325/UK-National-Plant-Collection-to-preserve-chrysanthemums |archive-date=14 October 2017 }}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>

File:Chrysanthemum February 2008-2.jpg|Bud of a garden chrysanthemum
File:Chrysanthème tokyo.jpg|[[Chrysanthemum × morifolium|''Chrysanthemum'' × ''morifolium'']] 'Tokyo'
File:Chrysanthemum 094557.jpg|Purple Chrysanthemum
File:Chrysanthemum morifolium 08NOV.jpg|pink ''Chrysanthemum'' × ''morifolium''
File:Red chrysanthemum.jpg|Red chrysanthemum
File:Chrysanthemum Plant (1) 06.jpg|Closeup view of White Chrysanthemum
File:Chrysanthemum 'Vesuvius'.jpg|''Chrysanthemum'' × ''morifolium'' 'Vesuvius'
File:Złocień Zawadzkiego P39.jpg|''[[Chrysanthemum zawadskii]]''
File:Chrysanthemum indicum2.jpg|''[[Chrysanthemum indicum]]''
File:Chrysanthemum japonense var ashizuriense1.jpg|''[[Chrysanthemum japonense]]'' var. ''ashizuriense''
File:Beautiful Chrysanthemum.JPG|A peach coloured chrysanthemum
File:Tiger tail mum 0004.JPG|Tiger Tail chrysanthemum
File:Chrysanthemum leaves.JPG|Leaves of chrysanthemum plant
File:Chrysanthemum × morifolium Dompierre 1.jpg|A chrysanthemum show
File:Chrysanthemum 02.jpg|Yellow Chrysanthemum.
File:Chrysanthemum 01.jpg|Purple Chrysanthemum
File:CHRYSANTHS MIXEDweb.jpg|Chrysanthamums, mixed, part of a display at Hampton Court Flower Show.
File:Chrysanthemum_2020.jpg|Garden in Kalimpong, India
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Photoperiodism]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=o>{{Cite web|url=http://dixon.iplantcollaborative.org/CompositaeWeb/default.aspx?Page=NameDetails&TabNum=0&NameId=7d8ff3fe-021f-48b9-93a5-7c97067e94dc|title=Flann, C (ed) 2009+ Global Compositae Checklist|access-date=31 October 2021|archive-date=14 November 2014|archive-url=https://archive.today/20141114104402/http://dixon.iplantcollaborative.org/CompositaeWeb/default.aspx?Page=NameDetails&TabNum=0&NameId=7d8ff3fe-021f-48b9-93a5-7c97067e94dc}}</ref>
}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
;Books
* {{cite encyclopedia|editor1-last=Bailey|editor1-first=L.H.|editor1-link=L.H.Bailey|title=The standard cyclopedia of horticulture; a discussion, for the amateur, and the professional and commercial grower, of the kinds, characteristics and methods of cultivation of the species of plants grown in the regions of the United States and Canada for ornament, for fancy, for fruit and for vegetables; with keys to the natural families and genera, descriptions of the horticultural capabilities of the states and provinces and dependent islands, and sketches of eminent horticulturists|format=6 vols.|location=New York|publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]]|date=1919|orig-date=1914|edition=3rd.|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/23351#/summary|chapter=Chrysanthemum|volume=2|pages=753–766|chapter-url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/64399#page/177/mode/1up}}
* {{cite book |last1=Burbidge |first1=Frederick William |title=The Chrysanthemum: Its History, Culture, Classification, and Nomenclature |date=1884 |publisher="The Garden" Office |location=London|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UfICAAAAYAAJ }}
* {{cite book |last1=Herrington |first1=Arthur |title=The Chrysanthemum |date=November 2008 |orig-date=1905 Orange Judd, New York|publisher=[[Applewood Books]] |location=Bedford MA|isbn=978-1-4290-1286-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9GXUrlxV5FYC }}
* {{cite book |last1=Joshi |first1=Harshita |title=Chrysanthemum and Marigold |date= 2019 |publisher=Agrihortico |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-CCPDwAAQBAJ }}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Kadereit |editor-first=Joachim W. |editor2-last=Jeffrey |editor2-first=Charles |title= Asterales |series=The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants, [[Klaus Kubitzki]] (ed.)|volume=VIII: Eudicots|year=2007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VhUZnM8S47IC|isbn=978-3-540-31051-8|publisher=[[Springer Verlag|Springer-Verlag]]|location=Berlin|last1=Oberprieler|first1=C|last2=Vogt|first2=R|last3=Watson|first3=LE|page=357|chapter=Chrysanthemum|ref={{harvid|Oberprieler et al|2007}}}}{{link note|note=''see'' [https://www.springer.com/life+sciences/plant+sciences/book/978-3-540-31050-1 publisher information]}}
* {{cite book |last=Linnaeus |first=Carl |author-link=Linnaeus|title=Species Plantarum: exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/669#/summary|year=1753|volume=2|chapter=Chrysanthemum|chapter-url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/13830#page/329/mode/1up|pages=887–890|publisher=Impensis Laurentii Salvii|location=Stockholm}}, ''see also'' [[Species Plantarum]]{{Sfn|Linnaeus|1753}}
* {{Cite book |last=National Chrysanthemum Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GNtFAAAAYAAJ |title=Handbook on Chrysanthemum Classification: A Comprehensive List of Cultivars for the Natural Season Grower Including Available Source and Response |date=1978 }}

;Articles
* {{cite journal |last1=Carvalho |first1=S. M. P. |last2=Abi-Tarabay |first2=H. |last3=Heuvelink |first3=E. |title=Temperature affects Chrysanthemum flower characteristics differently during three phases of the cultivation period |journal=The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology |date=January 2005 |volume=80 |issue=2 |pages=209–216 |doi=10.1080/14620316.2005.11511919 |bibcode=2005JHSB...80..209C |s2cid=86353882 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Hao |first1=Da-Cheng |last2=Song |first2=Yanjun |last3=Xiao |first3=Peigen |last4=Zhong |first4=Yi |last5=Wu |first5=Peiling |last6=Xu |first6=Lijia |title=The genus Chrysanthemum: Phylogeny, biodiversity, phytometabolites, and chemodiversity |journal=[[Frontiers in Plant Science]] |date=11 August 2022 |volume=13 |article-number=973197 |doi=10.3389/fpls.2022.973197 |pmid=36035721 |pmc=9403765 |bibcode=2022FrPS...1373197H |ref={{harvid|Hao et al|2022}} |doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Ping-Li |last2=Wan |first2=Qian |last3=Guo |first3=Yan-Ping |last4=Yang |first4=Ji |last5=Rao |first5=Guang-Yuan |title=Phylogeny of the Genus Chrysanthemum L.: Evidence from Single-Copy Nuclear Gene and Chloroplast DNA Sequences |journal=[[PLOS One]] |date=1 November 2012 |volume=7 |issue=11 |article-number=e48970 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0048970 |pmid=23133665 |pmc=3486802 |bibcode=2012PLoSO...748970L |ref={{harvid|Liu et al| 2012}} |doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Van Der Ploeg |first1=A. |last2=Heuvelink |first2=E. |title=The influence of temperature on growth and development of chrysanthemum cultivars |journal=The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology |date=January 2006 |volume=81 |issue=2 |pages=174–182 |doi=10.1080/14620316.2006.11512047 |bibcode=2006JHSB...81..174V |s2cid=86403236 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Shen |first1=Chu-Ze |last2=Zhang |first2=Chu-Jie |last3=Chen |first3=Jie |last4=Guo |first4=Yan-Ping |title=Clarifying Recent Adaptive Diversification of the Chrysanthemum-Group on the Basis of an Updated Multilocus Phylogeny of Subtribe Artemisiinae (Asteraceae: Anthemideae) |journal=[[Frontiers in Plant Science]] |date=26 May 2021 |volume=12 |article-number=648026 |doi=10.3389/fpls.2021.648026 |pmid=34122473 |pmc=8187803 |bibcode=2021FrPS...1248026S |ref={{harvid|Shen et al|2021}} |doi-access=free }}

;Websites
* {{Cite web |last=NYBG |author-link=New York Botanical Garden|title=Chrysanthemum Classifications |url=https://libguides.nybg.org/c.php?g=655086&p=4597561 |access-date=21 September 2025|date=24 May 2024|website=Mertz Library - Research Guides - Plant & Gardening Help - Chrysanthemums }}

{{refend}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons-inline}}
* {{Wikispecies-inline|Chrysanthemum}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090120151515/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?2563 Germplasm Resources Information Network: ''Chrysanthemum'']
* [http://landscaping.about.com/od/landscapecolor/p/chrysanthemums.htm About.com page on Chrysanthemums] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110035953/http://landscaping.about.com/od/landscapecolor/p/chrysanthemums.htm |date=10 January 2012 }}
* [http://www.mums.org/ United States National Chrysanthemum Society website]
* [http://www.bgbm.org/iapt/nomenclature/code/SaintLouis/0102AppendixIIIANGEs000.htm ICBN: List of conserved genera] (scroll down for ''Chrysanthemum'')
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20151219221939/http://www.ag.auburn.edu/hort/landscape/Potmum.htm Auburn University (College of Agriculture) web page on Chrysanthemums]
* [http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn7404.html University of California web page on aphid management]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q59882}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Chrysanthemum| ]]
[[Category:Asteraceae genera]]
[[Category:Garden plants]]
[[Category:Leaf vegetables]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants]]
[[Category:National symbols of Japan]]
[[Category:Plants used in bonsai]]

G. Bakthavathsalam

2026-02-06T17:37:59Z

Dan: starting some stub basic info!

{{Short description|Indian surgeon (born 1942)}}
{{Multiple issues|{{BLP sources|date=June 2024}}
{{Primary sources|date=June 2025}}}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}

{{Infobox person
| name = G. Bakthavathsalam
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Govindaswamy Bakthavathsalam
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1942|4|5}}
| birth_place = [[Annur]], [[Coimbatore district]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj]]
| alma_mater = [[Madras Medical College]]
| awards = * [[Padma Shri]] (2005)
* [[Dr. B. C. Roy Award]]
* Dharmaveera Award
* Lifetime Achievement Award
* Jewel of Coimbatore
| website = {{URL|www.kghospital.com}}
| children = 2
}}

'''Govindaswamy Bakthavathsalam''' (born 5 April 1942),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Confederation for Healthcare Accreditation – View Profile |url=https://www.icha.in/profile/view/?id=76 |access-date=7 February 2025 |website=ICHA}}</ref> also known as '''G. Bakthavathsalam''', is an Indian surgeon, chairman, and managing trustee of the ''Dharmaveera K. Govindaswamy Naidu Medical Trust'', which operates the K. G. Hospital in [[Coimbatore]], [[India]].

==Early life and education==

Govindaswamy Bakthavathsalam, also known as Dr. Beta, was born on 5 April 1942 in [[Annur]], [[Coimbatore district]]. In 1964, he graduated with a [[Master of Science]] degree and an [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery|MBBS]] from [[Madras Medical College]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alumni Association Madras Medical College |url=https://www.alumnimmc.com/halloffame/padma-shri-dr-g-bakthavathsalam/24 |access-date=Jan 11, 2025 |website=Madras Medical College Official Website}}</ref> He completed his postgraduate training in [[surgery]] at [[Mount Sinai Hospital, Chicago|Mount Sinai Hospital]] in [[Chicago, Illinois]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Hall of Fame: Many Congratulations! |url=https://natboard.edu.in/convocation/19convo/Hall%20of%20Fame%E2%80%94The%20Faculty%20Awards.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408184205/https://natboard.edu.in/convocation/19convo/Hall%20of%20Fame%E2%80%94The%20Faculty%20Awards.pdf |archive-date=8 April 2022 |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=natboard.edu.in}}</ref>

==Career==
He helped expand the KG Hospital under his leadership.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About KG Hospital - Leading Multispecialty Hospital in Coimbatore |url=https://www.kghospital.com/about-us.html |access-date=18 November 2025 |website=www.kghospital.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Accolades==
In 1984, he received the [[Dr. B. C. Roy Award]] from Prime Minister [[Rajiv Gandhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. B.C. Roy Award {{!}} NMC |url=https://www.nmc.org.in/awards/dr-b-c-roy-award/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251010103206/https://www.nmc.org.in/awards/dr-b-c-roy-award/ |archive-date=2025-10-10 |access-date=2025-10-15 |website=www.nmc.org.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2005, he received the [[Padma Shri]] for his work in medicine from then-[[President of India]] [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2005-01-25 |title=Outlook India - India's Best Magazine{{!}} Find Latest News, Top Headlines, Live Updates |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/society/padma-awards-2005-news-226328 |access-date=2025-10-15 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref> That year, he was one of six honored with a "Personality of the Decade" award from KG Foundation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Hindu : Tamil Nadu News : KG Foundation honours six with 'Personality of the Decade' award |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/05/stories/2005110510560500.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071215110934/http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/05/stories/2005110510560500.htm |archive-date=2007-12-15 |access-date=2025-10-11 |website=www.hindu.com}}</ref>

In 2009, he received a D.Sc. (Honoris Cause) from [[Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University|MGR Medical University]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Hindu : Tamil Nadu / Chennai News : Honorary doctorates for 12 doctors |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/11/10/stories/2009111053580400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091115115110/http://www.hindu.com/2009/11/10/stories/2009111053580400.htm |archive-date=2009-11-15 |access-date=2025-10-11 |website=www.hindu.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20070311000556/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2006/03/16/stories/2006031601310100.htm Coimbatore's healing touch]}} ''The Hindu'' - 16 March 2006
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070306215633/http://mha.nic.in/Padma/padma2005-E.pdf ADDRESS LIST OF PADMA AWARDEES-2005 PADMA VIBHUSHAN (9) 1. Dr. Bal] - Indian Government
* [http://www.kghospital.com KG Hospital]

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Medicine}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bakthavathsalam, G.}}
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine]]
[[Category:People from Coimbatore district]]
[[Category:Madras Medical College alumni]]

[[Category:Dr. B. C. Roy Award winners]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian surgeons]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian surgeons]]

Khoh

2026-01-21T20:43:51Z

Dan: Stub.

{{Short description|Capital city of kingdom of amber}}
{{About|the natural and historical region|the state during the British Raj|Jaipur State}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Khoh
| year_start = AD 221/321
| year_end = AD 1028/1128
| status = [[Tributary state]] of [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Chauhans]]
| era = [[Medieval India]]
| government_type = [[Monarchy]]
| p1 = Yaudheyas
| s1 = Kingdom of Amber
| leader1 = Chandrasen Chanda ''(first)''
| leader2 = Alan Singh Chanda ''(last)''
| year_leader1 = AD 221/321 — 257/357
| year_leader2 = AD 977/1077 — 1028/1128
| title_leader = [[Raja]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| today = [[Rajasthan]], [[Republic of India]]
}}

'''Khoh''',<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kling |first1=Doris Marion |title=The Emergence of Jaipur State: Rajput Response to Mughal Rule, 1562–1743 |date=1993 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania |pages=64 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gGBuAAAAMAAJ&q=BADaGUJAR+principality |access-date=23 April 2023 |language=en |quote= ... Deoti from the Badgujar Rajputs and subdued several Mina chieftains, known as the Panch - wara, by conquering their hill forts -- Machi ( renamed Ramgarh ), Khoh, Getor, and Jotwara, dotting the countryside surrounding Amber.}}</ref> also known as '''Khogong''', was the capital of the [[kingdom of Amber]] which was located in the [[Dhundhar]] region of [[Rajputana]]. Which was located just five miles to the east of [[Jaipur]] city and was ruled by the Chanda clan of [[Meenas]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |author-link=Jadunath Sarkar |title=A History of Jaipur: C. 1503–1938 |publisher=Orient Longman Limited |pages=23, 24 |year=1994 |orig-year=1984 |isbn=81-250-0333-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O0oPIo9TXKcC&pg=PA23 |quote=Khoh, five miles east of Jaipur city, was taken from its lord, a Mina named Chanda, and it became Dulha's capital after his father's death.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first1=J. W. |last1=Bond |first2=Arnold |last2=Wright|date= 2006|title='''Indian States''' A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=47sfj8DUwNgC&q=Khoh |location= |publisher=[[Asian Educational Services]] |page=173|isbn=978-81-206-1965-4 |quote=Dulha Rai afterwards acquired three more Mina strongholds, namely, Khoh, Getore, and Jhotwara. Dulha Rai (1006-1037), in the early part of his reign, had some trouble with the Badgujars, whom he totally routed. Subsequently a prince of Southern India besieged his relative at Gwalior, and at the request of the latter, Dulha Rai marched with an army to render help. He succeeded in beating off the invader, but was wounded in the battle, and on his return, he died at Khoh in 1037/1137.}}</ref> Rao Chandrasen Chanda abandoned [[Mahishmati]] city and established a kingdom here.{{sfn|Saraswat|p=306}} It was the capital of the Chandas till the 11th century and of the [[Kachhawaha]]s from the 11th to the 13th century.

== History ==
{{further |Dhundhar}}
'''Khoh''' has been the historical capital of [[Dhundhar]], which was ruled by the Chanda clan of Meenas.<ref>{{cite book |first=Shyam Singh |last=Ratnawat |year=1981|title=Kachhawan Ri Vanshavali|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yls6AAAAMAAJ |publisher=Centre for Rajasthan Studies, University of Rajasthan|pages=Vll, 113, 125 |s2cid=160523719 |quote=While living there, Sodhdev wrote to Silarasi Chauhan of Pachwara (a territory within Jaipur District), the name of the place to Ramgard Dulha Rai then attacked deoti and held his sway over the place by ousting the Badgujars. Next he killed Chanda Mina of Khoh, Geta Mina of Getter and shifted his residence to Khoh from Dausa. It was at Khoh that Sodhdev expired in the year V S. 1063 (1006 A.D.)(p.Vll).; Chanda Mina Chanda was not the proper name of the Mina ruler of Khoh . His name was Alansi and he was from the Chanda sub - caste of the Minas(p.113).; Finding it as an appropriate occasion, the Minas ousted the family from Manchi and the poor mother had to seek employment with Ralhan Mina of the 'Chanda' caste at Khoh on the advice of a 'Gujar'(p.125).}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Brij Kishore |last=Sharma|title=Tribal Revolts| year=1996 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JC1uAAAAMAAJ|publisher=Pointer Publishers|page=61| isbn=9788171321209 |quote=During ancient period many small chiefships of Minas grown in Rajasthan. There were large number of Mina chiefships particularly in the Jaipur area. Among these Chanda Rajya of Khoh, Seehra Rajya of Manchi; Nandhla Rajya of Getor and Jhotwara, Susawat Rajya of Amber, Gomladu Rajya of Nahan and Tatu Rajya of Ranthambhor were important." Though, Mina chief- ships were established all over the Rajasthan but the Mina state of Bundi was main.}}</ref> [[Dulha Rai]], the last ruler of the [[Kachchhapaghata dynasty]], attacked it and defeated the Chandas. Dulha shifted his capital here from [[Dausa]],<ref>{{Cite book|author=Rima Hooja|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ |title=A history of Rajasthan |year=2006|pages=389, 395| publisher=Rupa & Co. |isbn=9788129108906 |language=en |oclc=80362053}}</ref> which was later changed to Amber by Kakil Deo.<ref>{{cite book|title=Jaigarh, the Invincible Fort of Amber| year=1990 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hkBuAAAAMAAJ&q=Khoh|pages= 10, 18, 19|publisher=RBSA Publishers, 1990| isbn=9788185176482 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Jaipur: Gem of India| date=7 July 2016 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5tCeDAAAQBAJ&q=khoh|page=24|publisher=IntegralDMS, 2016| isbn=9781942322054 }}</ref> But some sources attribute the change of capital from Khoh to Ambar to Rajdeo who was the third in succession after [[Pajawan]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Rajasthan [district Gazetteers].: Jaipur| year=1962 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZrobAAAAIAAJ |publisher = Printed at Government Central Press |pages = 26, 27 |quote=Dulha Rai now had no difficulty in defeating Chanda, the Mina chief of Khoh, and captured his...(p.26).; So far the capital of the Kachhawas was Khoh, but Rajdev, the third ruler in succession after Malesi, shifted to Amber which he beauti-fied by noble temples and palaces(p.27).}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Rajasthan District Gazetteers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xi5D6gXWhWMC&q=Khoh|pages= 26, 27| last1=(India) | first1=Rajasthan | year=1962 |quote=Dulha Rai now had no difficulty in defeating Chanda, the Mina chief of Khoh, and captured his...(p.26).; So far the capital of the Kachhawas was Khoh, but Rajdev, the third ruler in succession after Malesi, shifted to Amber which he beauti-fied by noble temples and palaces(p.27).}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Gaze and the picturesque landscape of Amber, India |journal=Studies in the History of Gardens & Designed Landscapes|date=2014 |doi=10.1080/14601176.2013.874305 |quote=When his great grandson Rajdev shifted the capital from Khoh to Amber, the settlement began to … |last1=Sinha |first1=Amita |last2=Rajora |first2=Neha |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=309–322 }}</ref>

==List of rulers==
The list of rulers are as follows:{{sfn|Saraswat|p=305}}
* Rao Chandrasen Chanda (c. 221/321 — 257/357 CE)
* Rao Budhsen (c. 257/357 — 293/393 CE)
* Mahasen (c. 293/393 — 329/429 CE)
* Bhurpal (c. 329/429 — 365/465 CE)
* Devpal (c. 365/465 — 401/501 CE)
* Rao Bijal (c. 401/501 — 437/537 CE)
* Rao Balansi (c. 437/537 — 473/573 CE)
* Rao Airavan (c. 473/573 — 509/609 CE)
* Rao Bhupal (c. 509/609 — 545/645 CE)
* Kishanpal (c. 545/645 — 581/681 CE)
* Rao Pitha (c. 581/681 — 617/717 CE)
* Rao Jorasi (c. 617/717 — 653/753 CE)
* Rao Manik (c. 653/753 — 689/789 CE)
* Rao Jaichand (c. 689/789 — 725/825 CE)
* Sodha-Dev (c. 725/825 — 761/861 CE)
* Abaychand (c. 761/861 — 797/897 CE)
* Ran Rao (c. 797/897 — 833/933 CE)
* Gono Rao (c. 833/933 — 869/969 CE)
* Satnam Rao (c. 869/969 — 905/1005 CE)
* Rao Sridhar (c. 905/1005 — 941/1041 CE)
* Rao Sulpan (c. 941/1041 — 977/1077 CE)
* Alan Singh Chanda (c. 977/1077 — 1028/1128 CE)

=== Rulers of Kachhwaha clan===

* [[Dulha Rai]] (1028/1128-36)
* [[Kakil]] Deo (1036/1136-39)
* Hanu Deo (1039/1139-53)
* Janddeo (1053/1153-70)
* [[Pajawan]] (1070/1170-94)
* Malayasi (1094/1194-1146/1246)
* Vijaldeo (1146/1246-79)
* Rajdeo (1179/1279-1216/1316)

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book|last= Saraswat|first=Rawat|author-link=Rawat Saraswat|title=Meena Itiyas|pages=125–126, 277–278|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.400496}}
{{refend}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:History of Rajasthan]]

{{India-hist-stub}}

Khawzawl district

2026-01-12T01:07:24Z

Dan: New.

{{About|the district|its eponymous headquarters|Khawzawl}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Khawzawl district
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Mizoram|District]] of [[Mizoram]]
| image_skyline = Khawzawl.jpg
| image_caption = Khawzawl
| image_map =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-point = none
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Mizoram
| coordinates = {{coords|23.236|92.851|display=it}}
| coor_pinpoint = Khawzawl
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Mizoram]]
| subdivision_type2 =
| subdivision_name2 =
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Khawzawl]]
| parts_type = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsils]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of =
| population_total =
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 =
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 = [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name1 = [[Mizoram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mizoram]]
| leader_title2 = [[Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name2 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| registration_plate =
| blank_name_sec1 =
| blank_info_sec1 =
| blank_name_sec2 =
| blank_info_sec2 =
| website = {{URL|http://Khawzawl.nic.in/}}
}}

'''Khawzawl district''' is one of the eleven districts of [[Mizoram]] state in India. It was created on 3 June 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hnathial DISTRICT CELEBRATES FORMATION |url=https://dipr.mizoram.gov.in/post/Hnahthial-district-celebrates-formation |website=DIPR Mizoram |access-date=12 March 2020 |archive-date=26 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026033308/https://dipr.mizoram.gov.in/post/Hnahthial-district-celebrates-formation |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Divisions==

The district has four legislative assembly constituencies: Champhai North, Hrangturzo, Lengteng, and Tuichang. There are 28 inhabited towns and villages in this district.<ref>{{cite web |title=District thar 3-ah mi 1,15,424 an awm Saitual district-ah mihring an tam ber |url=https://www.vanglaini.org/tualchhung/99407 |website=Vanglaini |access-date=12 March 2020 |archive-date=6 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806210004/https://www.vanglaini.org/tualchhung/99407 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Khawzawl town itself has around 3,000 families residing in it, with an estimated total of around 14,000 people residing in Khawzawl town.<ref>{{cite web |title=Khawzawlah DC pisa thar hawn a ni |url=https://www.vanglaini.org/tualchhung/99461 |website=Vanglaini |access-date=12 March 2020 |archive-date=13 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913194032/https://www.vanglaini.org/tualchhung/99461 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Transport==
The Distance between Khawzawl and [[Aizawl]] is 152 km. Khawzawl is connected with regular service of bus, [[Tata Sumo|sumo]] (passenger vehicle) and helicopter.<ref>{{cite web|title=Aizawl to Siaha|url=http://mizoram.nic.in/more/rsaiha.htm|publisher=Mizoram NIC|access-date=29 August 2012}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Khawzawl district
|North = [[Churachandpur district]], [[Manipur]]
|Northeast =
|East = ''Myanmar''
|Southeast =
|South = [[Serchhip district]]
|Southwest = [[Serchhip district]]
|West =
|Northwest =
}}
{{Mizoram}}

[[Category:Khawzawl district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Mizoram]]

{{Mizoram-geo-stub}}

Baagh e Naazir

2026-01-08T01:34:40Z

Dan: General cleanup and improvements

{{use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{infobox building
| native_name = {{nobold|{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|باغِ ناظر}}}}}}
|native_name_lang=ur
|image=Sketch from the book Aasar us Sanadeed, depicting Bagh e Naazir as it appeared in mid-19th century.jpg
|caption=Bagh e Naazir as it appeared in mid-19th century
|years_built=1748}}

'''Baagh e Naazir''' {{nobold|{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|باغِ ناظر}}}}}}; "Garden of Nazir") was built by the [[Mughal emperors|Mughal emperor]] [[Muhammad Shah Rangila]]'s chief [[eunuch]] ({{langx|ur|خواجہ سرا|Khwaja Sara}}) Nazir in 1748 (1161 [[Hijri year|A.H.]]).<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |entry=Roz Afzun, Nazir |script-entry=ur:ناظر روز افزون خواجہ سرا | url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_63YIAAAAQAAJ/page/n231 | page = 225 | title = The Oriental Biographical Dictionary | publisher = Asiatic Society of Bengal | last1 = Beale | first1 = Thomas William | year = 1881}}</ref> It is located in [[Mehrauli]], near [[Jamali Kamali Mosque and Tomb|Jamali Kamali]] and [[Mehrauli Archaeological Park]].

This garden contained a number of pavilions, the most notable among which was made of [[Sandstone|red sandstone]]. Others were made of stone and plaster. The garden was surrounded by a stone wall, large sections of which still exist.{{as of?|date=July 2024}}

Sir [[Syed Ahmad Khan]]'s seminal work on the monuments of [[Delhi]], ''Aasar us Sanadeed'', contains a description and a sketch of the monument as it appeared in 1854.

The area has now{{as of?|date=July 2024}} been taken over by Ashoka Mission,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.delhiheritagecity.org/timeline/timeline_pdf/state_of_conservation.pdf |title=State of Conservation |access-date=2013-09-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711084753/http://www.delhiheritagecity.org/timeline/timeline_pdf/state_of_conservation.pdf |archive-date=2015-07-11 |url-status=dead }}</ref> a [[Buddhist]] organization.

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Inscription on the gateway of Bagh e Naazir, as recorded in Aasar us Sanadeed.jpg|Inscription on the gateway of Bagh e Naazir, as recorded in Aasar us Sanadeed
File:Buddhist shrine that used be a dalan( pavilion) , Baagh e Naazir, Mehrauli, New Delhi.jpg|Buddhist shrine that used to be a dalan (pavilion), Baagh e Naazir, Mehrauli, New Delhi
File:Late mughal sandstone facade at the back of the buddhist shrine,Baagh e Naazir, Mehrauli, New Delhi.jpg|Late mughal sandstone facade at the back of the buddhist shrine, Baagh e Naazir, Mehrauli, New Delhi
File:Details of the sandstone facade,Baagh e Naazir, Mehrauli, New Delhi.jpg|Detailed view of the sandstone facade, Baagh e Naazir, Mehrauli, New Delhi
File:Nazir ka Bagh Gateway, Mehrauli, Delhi.jpg|Built somewhat in 1720s by the chief Eunuch Nazir of Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah Rangeela. Monument also called Bagh-i-Nazir. Situated next to the Mehrauli Archaeological Park in Mehrauli area of Delhi, India.
File:Nazir ka Bagh, Mehrauli, Delhi.jpg|Walls and Gate of Nazir ka Bagh, Mehrauli, Delhi. Built by the Chief Eunuch "Nazir" in the court of Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah Rangeela
File:Walls and Gate of Nazir ka Bagh, Mehrauli, Delhi.jpg|Gateway and walls of Bagh e Naazir or Nazir ka Bagh or the Garden of Nazir. Nazir was the Chief Eunuch in the court of Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah Rangeela.
</gallery>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |title=Aasar Us Sanaadeed |edition=2nd |author-link=Sir Syed Ahmad Khan |author=Syed Ahmad Khan |publisher=Delhi Urdu Academy |location=Delhi}}

{{coord missing|India}}

[[Category:Mughal gardens in India]]
[[Category:1740s establishments in the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:1748 establishments in Asia]]

Anuradha Bhat

2026-01-07T23:54:00Z

Dan: general fix references based on references also and corrected details

{{Short description|Indian playback singer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Anuradha Bhat
| image =
| origin = [[Mangalore]], [[Dakshina Kannada]], [[Karnataka]], India
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|YYYY|MM|DD}}
| instrument = Vocals
| genre = [[Filmi]], [[Devotional song|devotional]], [[Bhavageete]], [[children’s music]]
| occupation = [[Vocalist]], [[playback singer]]
| years_active = 2006–present
| label =
| associated_acts =
| website = https://www.anuradhabhat.com/
}}

'''Anuradha Bhat''' is an Indian [[playback singer]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Anuradha Bhat News|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Anuradha-Bhat/news |publisher=Times of India |date=6 April 2021}}</ref> who predominantly works in [[Kannada]] language films. She has sung over 100 songs for feature films and also sung in various private musical albums.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-11-05 |title=Anuradha Bhat's first single is an ode to Karnataka |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/music/anuradha-bhats-first-single-is-an-ode-to-karnataka/articleshow/79040557.cms |access-date=2024-05-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Early life and background ==

Anuradha Bhat was born to Sri krishna Bhat and Gayatri Bhat in [[Mangalore]], [[Dakshina Kannada]], Karnataka. Anuradha has a younger sister, Anupama Bhat who is a [[television host]] ([[TV anchor]]) and [[actor]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Anuradha Bhat and Anupama Bhat are sisters |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/did-you-know/anupama-bhat-and-anurdha-bhat-are-sisters/articleshow/46383481.cms?from=mdr |website=Times of India| date=26 February 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Anupama Bhat – tele host turned actor |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/anupama-bhat-to-act-in-serial/articleshow/45639682.cms |website=Times of India|date=25 December 2014 }}</ref>

Anuradha Bhat received her primary education from [[Carmel School, Mangalore|Carmel school]] and later from premier institutes like [[Canara College]] and MSNM Besant PG Institute of Management Studies (both affiliated to Mangalore University)<ref>{{cite news |title=Anuradha Bhat, a product of Mangalore University sings the University anthem |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/mangalore-university-all-set-to-get-its-own-anthem/articleshow/60718775.cms}}</ref>

== Career ==
Anuradha Bhat has worked in several non-film albums, remix songs, TV serials, children’s songs and rhymes. "''Chinnu – Series of Kannada Animated Rhymes''" .<ref>{{cite news |title=3D Chinnu to rhyme in Kannada now |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2012/apr/24/3d-chinnu-to-rhyme-in-kannada-now-361695.html |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=24 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Infobells launches animated 'Chinnu – Kannada Rhymes' Home DVD |url=https://www.animationxpress.com/animation/infobells-launches-animated-chinnu-kannada-rhymes-home-dvd/ |website=Animation Express.com|date=7 May 2012 }}</ref> She also sung and featured in video single "''Naa haaduve nimagaagiye''" <ref>{{cite news |title=Anuradha Bhat's first single is an ode to Karnataka|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/music/anuradha-bhats-first-single-is-an-ode-to-karnataka/articleshow/79040557.cms |publisher=Times of India |date=5 November 2020}}</ref> A compilation of few of her popular songs - “''Anuradha Bhat mashup''” is another video song that features her.<ref>{{cite news |title=Anuradha Bhat's shooting for a new video song |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/music/anuradha-bhats-shooting-for-a-new-video-song/articleshow/77638229.cms?from=mdr |publisher=Times of India |date=19 August 2020}}</ref> "''Navilugari''" is yet another non-film song that she has rendered alongside Rajesh Krishnan.<ref>{{cite news |title=Anuradha Bhat has a new duet with Rajesh Krishnan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/music/anuradha-bhat-has-a-new-duet-with-rajesh-krishnan/articleshow/77466133.cms |publisher=Times of India |date=10 August 2020}}</ref>
== Discography ==
This is a partial list of notable films where Anuradha Bhat has worked as a playback singer.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Song name
!Film / Album
!Composer
!Ref.
|-
|2006
|Preethiyalli Naanu
|''[[Mohini 9886788888]]''
|[[Hamsalekha]]
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2009
|Jinta Ta
| rowspan="2" |''[[Veera Madakari (film)|Veera Madakari]]''
| rowspan="2" |[[M. M. Keeravani]]
|
|-
|Jum Jum Maaya
|
|-
|Neene Kane
|[[Abhay (2009 film)|''Abhay'']]
| rowspan="2" |[[V. Harikrishna]]
|
|-
|Junglee Shivalingu
|[[Junglee (2009 film)|''Junglee'']]
|
|-
|Baachiko
|''[[Dubai Babu]]''
| rowspan="2" |[[V. Sridhar]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2010
|Nee Adada Maathu
|''[[Krishnan Love Story]]''
|
|-
|Gandu Makkalu
|''[[Eno Onthara]]''
|V. Harikrishna
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2011
|Avarivara Jothe
|[[Jarasandha (film)|''Jarasandha'']]
|[[Arjun Janya]]
|
|-
|Dhamma Dhamma
|''[[Kirataka]]''
|[[V. Manohar]]
|
|-
|Neenu Ninthare
|''[[Kool...Sakkath Hot Maga]]''
| rowspan="5" |V. Harikrishna
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2012
|Kaddu Mucchi
|[[Jaanu (2012 film)|''Jaanu'']]
|
|-
|Nee Eshtu Muddu
|''[[Mr. 420 (2012 film)|Mr. 420]]''
|
|-
|Yaarivano Yaarivano
| rowspan="2" |''[[Yaare Koogadali]]''
|
|-
|Gaaliyalli Eejuvaase
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2013
|Baite Baite
| rowspan="2" |''[[Varadhanayaka]]''
| rowspan="4" |Arjun Janya
|
|-
|Ondhsari
|
|-
|Kanna Minche Jaahirathu
|[[Victory (2013 film)|''Victory'']]
|
|-
|Sri Krishna
|''[[Bhajarangi]]''
|
|-
|Muddu Muddagi
|[[Parari (2013 film)|''Parari'']]
|[[J. Anoop Seelin]]
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2014
|Chanana Chanana
| rowspan="2" |''[[Ugramm]]''
| rowspan="2" |[[Ravi Basrur]]
|[https://music.apple.com/in/album/ugramm-original-motion-picture/883192619]{{dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
|-
|Ondu Hudugi
|
|-
|Neenu Iruvaga
|''[[Ninnindale]]''
|[[Mani Sharma]]
|
|-
|Usiraaguve
|''[[Bahuparak]]''
|[[Bharath B. J.]]
|
|-
|Dheera Nanna Magadheeranu
|[[Shivajinagara (film)|''Shivajinagara'']]
|[[Jassie Gift]]
|
|-
|2015
|Mareyada Pustaka
|''[[Rathaavara]]''
|[[Dharma Vish]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2016
|O Baby
|[[Ricky (2016 film)|''Ricky'']]
|Arjun Janya
|
|-
|Saaku Saakinnu
|''[[Krishna-Rukku]]''
|V. Sridhar
|
|-
|2017
|Appa I love you
|''[[Chowka]]''
|Arjun Janya
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Chowka {{!}} Appa i Love You Pa {{!}} New Video Song 2017 {{!}} Anuradha Bhat {{!}} Arjun Janya {{!}} V.Nagendra Prasad |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lkOuyF3Oo9A |language=en |access-date=2023-01-23}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2019
|Kaaneyagiruve Naanu
|[[Odeya (film)|''Odeya'']]
|V. Harikrishna
|
|-
|Yeko Yeno
|[[Bazaar (2019 film)|''Bazaar'']]
|Ravi Basrur
|
|-
|Putta Putta Aase
|[[Sinnga (film)|''Sinnga'']]
|Dharma Vish
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021
|Pataki Poriyo
|''[[Kotigobba 3]]''
|Arjun Janya
|
|-
|Geleyane Jeevavu
|[[Ranam (2021 film)|''Ranam'']]
|Ravi Shankar Chinna
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2022
|Edebaditha Joragide
|''[[Ek Love Ya]]''
|Arjun Janya
|
|-
|Sotheya Hrudaya
| rowspan="2" |''[[Triple Riding]]''
| rowspan="2" |[[Sai Karthik]]
|
|-
|Ee Hosa Sudina
|
|-
|Usire Sereyagide
|''[[Kaaneyaadavara Bagge Prakatane]]''
|Arjun Janya
|
|}

=== Live performances and concerts ===

Anuradha Bhat has performed at various events Hampi Utsav, [[Mysore Dasara]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Tribute to SPB At Dasara Cultural Programme |url=https://starofmysore.com/tribute-to-spb-at-dasara-cultural-programme/ |website=Star of Mysore |date=22 October 2020}}</ref> Yuva Dasara,<ref>{{cite web |title=Yuva Dasara: Armaan Malik Drowns Crowd In Soulful Melodies|url=https://starofmysore.com/yuva-dasara-young-singer-armaan-malik-drowns-crowd-in-soulful-melodies-amidst-rain/ |website=Star of Mysore |date=15 October 2018}}</ref> Mysore Winter Festival,<ref>{{cite web |title=Mysuru Winter Festival: Rajesh Krishnan And Anuradha Bhat Mesmerise Gathering At Palace |url=https://starofmysore.com/mysuru-winter-festival-rajesh-krishnan-and-anuradha-bhat-mesmerise-gathering-at-palace/ |website=Star of Mysore |date=26 December 2017}}</ref> Vishwa Kannada Sammelana{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}} and Bengaluru Ganesh Utsava (BGU) <ref>{{cite news |title=A mesmerising show by Ilayaraja |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2012/sep/27/a-mesmerising-show-by-ilayaraja--409966.html |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=27 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bengaluru Ganesh Utsava 51st year |url=https://www.veethi.com/india-people/anuradha_bhat-videos-7833-15546.htm |website=Veethi}}</ref>

She also performed in various countries namely [[United States of America]] (USA),<ref>{{cite web |title=Carolina Navika – 3rd World Kannada Summit 2015 |url=http://carolina.navika.org |website=Carolina NAVIKA}}</ref><ref name="18 May 2021">{{cite web |title=Carolina NAVIKA – programme schedule |url=http://carolina.navika.org/schedule-2/ballroom-indraprastha/ |website=Carolina Navika}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= Dallas Navika – 4th World Kannada Summit 2017 |url=http://dallas.navika.org |website=NAVIKA |access-date=18 May 2021}}</ref> [[London]] ([[UK]]), [[Netherlands]] (Europe), [[Australia]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Anuradha Bhat in Sydney Kannada Sangha |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/language/english/audio/anuradha-bhat-popular-singer |website=SBS |date=8 July 2015 |access-date=16 May 2021 |archive-date=16 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516043224/https://www.sbs.com.au/language/english/audio/anuradha-bhat-popular-singer |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Arjun Janya Live in Australia |url=https://twitter.com/7HillsAustralia/status/994441261351239685 |website=7 Hills Australia – Twitter |date=10 May 2018}}</ref> [[Africa]], [[Hong Kong]], [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Dubai: Sandalwood Stars to Descend for 'Temptations 2012' |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=134837 |website=Daijiworld |date=15 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kannada International Stars presented a fabulous show in Dubai |url=http://www.coastaldigest.com/news/nri-forum/39373-kannada-international-stars-presented-a-fabulous-show-temptation-2012-in-dubai |website=coastaldigest.com |date=30 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Arjun Janya to enthrall UAE Kannadigas |url=https://www.newskarnataka.com/nri/arjun-janya-to-enthral-uae-kannadigas-at-sangeeta-saurabha-2018-on-mar-30 |website=News Karnataka.com |date=29 March 2018 |access-date=16 May 2021 |archive-date=16 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516092809/https://www.newskarnataka.com/nri/arjun-janya-to-enthral-uae-kannadigas-at-sangeeta-saurabha-2018-on-mar-30 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Oman]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Gurukiran Nite Rocks Palm Gardens in Muscat |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=90308 |website=Daijiworld.com |date=24 November 2010}}</ref> [[Qatar]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Doha: Karnataka Sangha Signs off with Grand Thanksgiving Programme |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=98156 |website=Daijiworld.com |date=29 March 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Doha: Gurukiran to Weave Magic at Bunts Qatar Show on Nov 23 |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=155343 |website=Daijiworld.com |date=12 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Doha: Arjun Janya live in concert on Oct 30 |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=366043 |website=Daijiworld |date=29 October 2015}}</ref> [[Kuwait]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Tulukoota – Kuwait organized "Rasamanjari 2006" |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=19990 |website=Daijiworld.com |date=31 March 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Tulu Koota organizes Rasamanjari 2010 |url=https://www.mangaloretoday.com/gulfnewsprint/219.html |publisher=Mangalore Today |date=16 October 2010}}</ref> and [[Bahrain]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Bahrain: Esther, Anuradha to 'Lighten Up' Kannada Sangha's Musical Concert |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=66832 |website=Daigiworld.com |date=11 October 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bahrain: Ramee Rasa Sanje – a New Year Bonanza for Expatriates on Jan 5 |url=https://www.mangaloretoday.com/gulfnewsprint/492.html |publisher=Mangalore Today |date=24 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bahrain: Star-studded 'Ramee Rasa Sanje' to mark Ugadi |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=168744 |website=Daijiworld.com |date=28 March 2013}}</ref>

== Awards and nominations ==

;Won
* [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer]] (2012) presented by the [[Government of Karnataka]] for her song "''Jnaanajyothi''" from the movie "Little Master" <ref>{{cite web |title=Karnataka State Film Awards: Darshan and Nirmala Bag top honours |url=http://www.cineloka.co.in/latest-news/karnataka-state-film-awards-darshan-and-nirmala-bag-top-honors.html |website=Cineloka.co.in |date=26 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030302/http://www.cineloka.co.in/latest-news/karnataka-state-film-awards-darshan-and-nirmala-bag-top-honors.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref>
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Kannada]] (2015) for "''Chanana Chanana''" from the movie [[Ugramm]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Winners of 62nd Britannia Filmfare Awards South |url=http://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-62nd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-9643.html |website=Filmfare.com |publisher=Filmfare Editorial |date=27 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129092825/http://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-62nd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-9643.html |archive-date=29 January 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=62nd Filmfare Awards South 2015 Nominations |url=http://www.dailyindia.org/62nd-filmfare-awards-south-2015-nominations-tamil-telugu-malayalam-kannada/ |website=Daily India |date=4 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626123232/http://www.dailyindia.org/62nd-filmfare-awards-south-2015-nominations-tamil-telugu-malayalam-kannada/ |archive-date=26 June 2015 |ref=the original}}</ref>
* [[RED FM Tulu Film Awards]] Best Female Playback Singer – Tulu (2016) for "''Mahamaye''" from the movie [[Chaali Polilu]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Mangaluru Sohail Khan adds spark to Tulu Film Awards – Winners' list |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=389340 |publisher=Daigiworld}}</ref>
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Kannada]] (2018) for "''Appa I love you''" from the movie [[Chowka]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Winners: 65th Jio Filmfare Awards (South) 2018 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/winners-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018/articleshow/64617904.cms |date=17 June 2018 |publisher=Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Filmfare Awards South 2018: Check out the complete winners list of South awards |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/cmcm/filmfare-awards-south-2018-check-out-the-complete-winners-list-of-south-awards |date=18 June 2018 |publisher=The Free Press journal}}</ref>
* [[SIIMA Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Kannada]] for "''Appa I love you''" from the movie [[Chowka]]{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Kannada]] (2022) for "''Dheera Sammohagaara''" from the movie [[Bicchugatti]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=67th Parle Filmfare Awards South 2022 full winners list Kannada: Act 1978 wins best film, Dhananjaya wins Black Lady for Badava Rascal; Raj B Shetty is best director – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/67th-parle-filmfare-awards-south-2022-full-winners-list-kannada-act-1978-wins-best-film-dhananjaya-wins-black-lady-for-badava-rascal-raj-b-shetty-is-best-director/articleshow/94751633.cms |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=The Times of India |date=10 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
;Nominations
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Kannada]] (2013) for "''Ellello Oduva Manase (Female)''" from the movie [[Sidlingu]]<ref>{{cite web |title=60th Idea Filmfare Awards 2013 (South) Nominations |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/60th-idea-filmfare-awards-2013-south-nominations-3603-1.html |website=Filmfare.com |date=4 July 2013}}</ref>
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Kannada]] (2014) for "''Srikrishna''" from the movie [[Bhajarangi]]<ref>{{cite web |title=61st Idea Filmfare Awards (South) Nomination list |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/61st-idea-filmfare-awards-south-nomination-list-6638-1.html |website=Filmfare.com |date=8 July 2014}}</ref>
* [[SIIMA Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Kannada]] (2015) for "''Neenu Iruvaga''" from the movie [[Ninnindale]]{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Kannada]] (2016) for "''Irali Hege''" from the movie [[Benkipatna]]{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Kannada]] (2017) for "''Yavoora Geleya''" from the movie [[Ricky (2016 film)|Ricky]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Kannada Nominations for Filmfare Awards South 2017 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2017/kannada/nominations |website=Filmfare.com}}</ref>
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Kannada]] (2019) for "''Holeva Holeyachege (Slow)''" from the movie [[Ammachi Yemba Nenapu]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Nominations for the 66th Filmfare Awards (South) 2019 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-66th-filmfare-awards-south-2019_-37931-1.html |date=10 December 2019}}</ref>
* Chandanavana Film Critics Award for Best Female Singer (2020) for "''Elliruve Hariye''" from the movie [[Kurukshetra (2019 film)|Kurukshetra]]<ref>{{cite web |title=1st CFCA awards nominations: Best Playback Singer (Female) |url=https://twitter.com/AcademyCFC/status/1223892942537887746 |website=Twitter |publisher=Chandanavana Film Critics Academy |date=2 February 2020}}</ref>
* Chandanavana Film Critics Award for Best Female Singer (2020–2021) for "''Dheera Sammohagaara''" from the movie [[Bicchugatti]]<ref>{{cite web |title=CFCA nominations: Best Female Singer |url=https://twitter.com/AcademyCFC/status/1360510351398236162 |website=Twitter |publisher=Chandanavana Film Critics Academy |date=13 February 2021}}</ref>

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Television
! Role
!Ref
|-
| 2021–2023
| [[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Championship]]
| Mentor
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Anuradha Bhat to be a mentor on Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Championship – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/anuradha-bhat-to-be-a-mentor-on-sa-re-ga-ma-pa-championship/articleshow/86191046.cms |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=The Times of India |date=14 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|5713208|Anuradha Bhat}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhat, Anuradha}}
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:Kannada-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Musicians from Mangalore]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Singers from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Film musicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Karnataka State Film Award winners]]

Syamaprasad Institute of Technology & Management

2026-01-02T21:28:32Z

Dan: minor cleanup information as per guidelines and updated info

{{Short description|College in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Syamaprasad Institute of Technology & Management
| image = SITM KOLKATA1.jpg
| caption = The Gate No. 3 of the College
| established = 2002
| type = [[Public College]]
| address = 7, Raja Rammohan Roy Road, [[Tollygunge]]
| city = [[Kolkata]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|22|29|16.67|N|88|20|07.48|E|display=title, inline}}
| campus = Urban
| campus_size = {{Convert|7|acre}}
| affiliations = [[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology]]
| officer_in_charge = Chandrabali Dutta
| chairman = Jnanankur Goswami
| principal =
| director = Manikaustabh Goswami
| website = {{URL|syamaprasadinstt.org/sitm}}
}}
'''Syamaprasad Institute of Technology & Management''' abbreviated as '''SITM''' is a private institution in [[Kolkata, West Bengal]], India which offers [[Undergraduate degree|undergraduate]] degree course in Bachelor of Computer Application and Bachelor of Business Administration. The college is affiliated to [[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology]] (MAKAUT) since its inception.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SITM Kolkata: Admission 2023, Courses, Fees, Placement, Cut Off |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/colleges/syamaprasad-institute-of-technology-and-management-sitm-kolkata-17237 |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=Jagranjosh.com}}</ref>

==Departments==
It was established in 2002 and offers admission to the following branch:
* [[computer science and engineering|Bachelor of Computer Application]]
* [[Bachelor of Business Administration]]
*

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{West Bengal University of Technology}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Syamaprasad Institute of Technology and Management}}
[[Category:Engineering colleges in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to West Bengal University of Technology]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2002]]
[[Category:2002 establishments in West Bengal]]

{{Kolkata-university-stub}}

List of people from Chhattisgarh

2025-12-25T11:40:37Z

Dan: improved article

{{refimprove|date=October 2023}}

{{short description|None}}
{{dynamic list}}This is a list of [[Wikipedia:NOTABILITY|notable]] people from [[Chhattisgarh]], India, throughout history.

== Religion ==

* [[Ghasidas|Guru Ghasidas]] - founder of Satnami Sect
* [[Vallabha]] - [[Vaishnavism|vaishnavite]] philosopher

== Politicians ==

* [[Ajit Jogi]] - [[List of chief ministers of Chhattisgarh|First Chief Minister of Chhattisgarh]]
* [[Shyama Charan Shukla]] - former [[List of chief ministers of Madhya Pradesh|Madhya Pradesh Chief Minister]]
* [[Nareshchandra Singh]] - former Madhya Pradesh Chief Minister
* [[Bhupesh Baghel]] - former Chief Minister of Chhattisgarh
* [[Raman Singh]] - former Chief Minister of Chhattisgarh
* [[Motilal Vora]] - former Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh<ref>{{Cite web |title=motilal vora: Latest News & Videos, Photos about motilal vora {{!}} The Economic Times - Page 1 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/topic/motilal-vora |access-date=2023-07-12 |website=The Economic Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=MP CM Kamal Nath condole death of Cong veteran Motilal Vora |url=https://www.mynews.in/latest/mp-cm-kamal-nath-condole-death-of-cong-veteran-motilal-vora/}}</ref>
* [[Vishnu Deo Sai]] - Chief Minister of Chhattisgarh
* [[Arun Sao]] - Deputy Chief Minister of Chhattisgarh
* [[Tokhan Sahu]] - Minister of State for Housing and Urban Affairs of India
* [[Vidya Charan Shukla]] - former [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Minister of External Affairs]]
* [[Arvind Netam]] - former [[Minister of State]]
* [[Vijay Sharma (politician)|Vijay Sharma]] - Deputy Chief Minister of Chhattisgarh

== Activists ==

* [[Thakur Pyarelal Singh|Thakur Pyarelal]] - [[Trade union]] leader and Freedom fighter
* [[Shankar Guha Niyogi]] - Trade union leader. founder of [[Chhattisgarh Mukti Morcha]]
* [[Soni Sori]] - [[Adivasi]] right activist. won [[Front Line Defenders]] award
* [[Sudha Bharadwaj]] - Trade unionist and lawyer. Chhattisgarh Mukti Morcha member
* [[Shamshad Begum (social worker)|Shamshad Begum]] - [[Padma Shri]] awardee social worker
* [[Alok Shukla]] - [[Environmental movement|Environment activist]]. founder of [[Chhattisgarh Bachao Andolan]]. won [[Goldman Environmental Prize]] in 2024
* [[Ramesh Agrawal]] - Goldman environmental prize awardee social worker
* [[Phoolbasan Bai Yadav]] - Padma Shri awardee social worker
* [[Damodar Bapat]] - Padma Shri awardee social worker

== Scientists ==

* [[Rajendra Badgaiyan]] - Cognitive Neuroscientist
* [[Pukhraj Bafna]] - Paediatrician<ref name="Chhattisgarh News">{{cite web |date=24 March 2011 |title=Chhattisgarh News |url=http://www.chhattisgarhtopnews.com/inner.asp?aa=1062 |access-date=24 November 2014 |publisher=Chhattisgarh News |archive-date=29 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129113833/http://www.chhattisgarhtopnews.com/inner.asp?aa=1062 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Narendra Kumar (physicist)|Narendra Kumar]] - Theoretical Physicist
* [[Binayak Sen]] - Paediatrician

== Musicians ==

* [[Teejan Bai]] - Exponent of [[Pandavani]](Kapalik)<ref>[http://deepblueink.com/writing/profiles/pandavani.htm Pandavani]</ref>
* [[Anupama Bhagwat]] - Sitarist<ref>{{cite web |title=Anupama - Biography |url=http://anupama.org/home.htm |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303194924/http://anupama.org/home.htm |archivedate=2009-03-03 |accessdate=2009-05-08 |publisher=Anupama.org}}</ref>
* [[Mamta Chandrakar]] - [[Playback singer]]<ref>{{cite news |date=26 Jan 2016 |title=Mamta Chandrakar |url=http://www.cgkhabar.com/chhattisgarh-mamta-chandrakar-padmashree-award-20160126 |access-date=2016-01-26 |publisher=cgkhabar}}</ref>
* [[Usha Barle]] - Pandavani singer
* [[Rajat Dholakia]]
* [[Sumedha Karmahe]]
* [[Punaram Nishad]] - Pandavani singer(''Vedamati'')
* [[Sulakshana Pandit]]
* [[Jagdish Prasad]]

== Cinema ==

=== Director ===

* [[Anurag Basu]]
* [[Satish Jain (director)|Satish Jain]]

=== Actors ===

* [[Satyajeet Dubey]]
* [[Pooran Kiri]]
* [[Omkar Das Manikpuri]]
* [[Aashay Mishra]]
* [[Govind Ram Nirmalkar]]
* [[Kishore Sahu]]
* [[Anuj Sharma (actor)|Anuj Sharma]]
* [[Vega Tamotia]]
* [[Sandit Tiwari]]
* [[Gehana Vasisth]]
* [[Swati Verma]]

=== Writer ===

* [[Vinod Kumar Shukla]]<ref>[[ 59th Jnanpith Award Winner]]</ref>
* [[Habib Tanvir]]

== Models ==

* [[Unnati Davara]]
* [[Shivani Jadhav]]
== Military ==
* [[Kaushal Yadav (soldier)|Kaushal Yadav]]

== Sports ==

* [[Leslie Claudius]] - three time [[Field hockey at the Summer Olympics|Summer Olympics]] gold medallist in field Hockey
* [[Rajendra Prasad (boxer)|Rajendra Prasad]] - [[Arjuna Award|Arjuna Awardee]] boxer
* [[Saba Anjum Karim]] - [[Arjuna Award|Arjuna Awardee]] [[Field hockey]] player
* [[Renuka Yadav]] - Field hockey player
* [[Chitrasen Sahu]] - [[Mountaineering|Para-Mountaineer]]
* [[Kiran Pisda]] - [[Football player]], ex-[[ŽNK Dinamo Zagreb]]
* [[Aakarshi Kashyap]] - Silver medallist at [[Badminton at the 2022 Commonwealth Games|2022 Commonwealth Games]] in Mixed team
* [[Shashank Singh]] [Cricket]

== See also ==

* [[List of people from Madhya Pradesh]]
* [[Lists of Indian people]]

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of People From Chhattisgarh}}
[[Category:Lists of Indian people by state or union territory|Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:People from Chhattisgarh|*]]
[[Category:Chhattisgarh-related lists|People]]

Peninsular Gneiss

2025-12-16T14:03:11Z

Dan: Creating Initial Pg V1

{{Short description|Geological formations in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}

'''Peninsular Gneiss''' or Peninsular Gniessic Complex are the [[gneiss]]ic complex of the [[metamorphic]]s found all over the [[Indian Peninsula]], on top of which, the supra-crustal [[Dharwar craton|Dharwar]] System have been laid down.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Naha |first=K. |last2=Srinivasan |first2=R. |last3=Jayaram |first3=S. |date=1990-02-01 |title=Structural evolution of the Peninsular Gneiss — an early Precambrian migmatitic complex from South India |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01830449 |journal=Geologische Rundschau |language=en |volume=79 |issue=1 |pages=99–109 |doi=10.1007/BF01830449 |issn=1432-1149|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The term was first fashioned by W.F.Smeeth of the Mysore Geological Department in 1916 based on the first scientific study of this rock exposure. One of the best exposures of this rock mass, dated 2.5 to 3.4 billion years, is located at [[Lal Bagh]] in [[Bangalore]].<ref name=monument>{{cite web|url=http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/portal/page?_pageid=127,529567&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL|title=Peninsular Gneiss|publisher=Geological Survey of India|accessdate=2009-02-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721161351/http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/portal/page?_pageid=127,529567&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL|archive-date=21 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name= GSI>{{cite book|title=National Geological Monuments, pages 96, Peninsular Gneiss,page29-32|publisher=Geological Survey of India,27, Jawaharlal Nehru Road, Kolkata-700016|issn=0254-0436|year=2001|url=http://www.vedamsbooks.com/no24484.htm|archive-date=30 March 2009|access-date=3 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090330120907/http://www.vedamsbooks.com/no24484.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
The exposure is also called the Lalbagh rock.<ref name=lalbagh>{{cite web|url=http://lalbagh.org/lmark.htm|title=Lalbagh - Abounting with natural landmarks|publisher=Tourism Karnataka|accessdate=2009-02-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105201233/http://www.lalbagh.org/lmark.htm|archive-date=5 January 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Geology==
{{Main|Geology of India}}
[[File:The Peninsular Gneiss in the Lalbagh Botanical Garden - panoramio (1).jpg|alt=A light and dark grey area of ground with sporadic ledges and a rough texture. A white rooftop and park concessions are visible in the background.|left|thumb|200x200px|Exposed gneiss hillock at Lal Bagh]]
[[File:SouthIndiaGeology.svg| thumb|right|200px|Geological Map of South India – The [[Dharwar]]s of [[South India]]]]
The [[Archean]] [[gneiss]]es and [[schists]], which are the oldest rocks of the [[Indian Shield]], constitute a considerable area of Peninsular India. The [[Dharwar]] (Super Group) and the Peninsular Gneissic Complex are the classified groups of the [[Precambrian]] rocks of India. The extent of the Archean system is depicted as the dominant system of [[South India]] in the pictured Geological Map of India.

In most stratigraphic schemes, the peninsular gneisses are shown as the younger Archaean strata situated above the [[Sargur]] Group. [[Granitization]] of the older [[sedimentary]]–volcogenic sequence are reported as sources of the peninsular gneisses made up of polyphase [[migmatite]]s, gneisses and granites ranging in composition from granodiorite to tonalite.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EbXB6nqXgGQC&pg=PA64|title=Precambrian of the Northern Hemisphere: And General Features of Early Geological Evolution by Lazarʹ Iosifovich Salop, G. M. Young|page=64|publisher=Elsevier|date=1977|isbn=9780444415103}}</ref>

The rocks of the Dharwar Group, which are mainly sedimentary in origin, occur in narrow elongated synclines resting on the gneisses found in [[Bellary district]], [[Mysore]] and the Aravallis of [[Rajputana]].

The [[supracrustal]] rocks of the [[Dharwar]] Group of the southern [[Indian Peninsula]], as depicted in the geological map of [[South India]], have the Peninsular Gneiss as the basement rock formation, also stated to be the remobilized basement. Migmatization of pre-existing [[metasedimentary]] and meta–[[igneous rocks]] are considered the contributors to formation of the composite [[gneiss]].<ref name= GSI/><ref name = migmatic>{{cite journal|title= Structural evolution of the Peninsular Gneiss — an early Precambrian migmatitic complex from South India K. Naha, R. Srinivasan and S. Jayaram|publisher=Springlink|doi=10.1007/BF01830449|volume=79|issue= 1|journal=Geologische Rundschau|pages=99–109|date= February 1990|last1= Jayaram|first1= S.|last2= Srinivasan|first2= R.|last3= Naha|first3= K.}}</ref>

==Geology of the Lalbagh hill monument==
[[File:Pensisualar Gneiss, Plaque at Monument at Lalbagh.JPG|thumb|left|250px|Plaque gives history of the Lalbagh and the monument]]
The Lalbagh hill, which has been declared as a Geological Monument (plaque pictured) to represent the Peninsular Gneiss, has dark [[biolite]] [[gneiss]] of [[granitic]] to granodioritic composition containing streaks of biolite. Remnants of older rocks are seen in the form of enclaves.<ref name =monument/> The research information of the geological record of the gneisses, collated and reported in the publication "Geological Monuments of India" published by the [[Geological Survey of India]], is quoted below to provide an undiluted version.<ref name= GSI/><blockquote>
''A common enclave is a dark grey to black rock called [[amphibolite]] containing the minerals [[plagioclase]] [[feldspar]] and [[hornblende]]. Due to interactions with [[granite]] fluids, these enclaves have developed a border rich in [[biotite]] [[mica]]. Later [[magmatic]] activity represented by grey poryphiritic [[granite]] followed by pink massive granite is also seen at several places. The gneisses and granites have been profusely invaded by still younger veins of coarse grained [[pegmatite]] which have cut up the gneisses into several irregular and [[lenticular (geology)|lenticular]] shapes.''
</blockquote>. <blockquote>
''The earliest rock was a dark coloured amphibolite which was converted into grey biotite gneiss during migmatization. The grey biotite gneiss during migmatization was first intruded by grey porphyritic granite and later by pink granites. Pegamatities of several generations have traversed all these rocks.''
</blockquote>
[[File:Gneiss exposure at Geological monument.JPG|thumb|right|300px|Gneissic exposure at the [[Lal Bagh|Lalbagh]] hillock]]

==Geological age==
Initial studies on the Gneiss samples of the Lalbagh hill and other locations in Bengaluru, carried out in the early 1970s, have attributed two major events of 2.9 –3.0 [[Gya (unit)|Ga]] and 2.5 Ga −2.6 Ga for development of the Peninsular Gneisses of Bengaluru. Recent studies carried out with precision techniques indicate that the gneisses have accreted in the following major episodes.<ref name= GSI/>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Geological/Radiometric ages
! Study Region/Belt
|-
| 3.4 Ga.
| The oldest Peninsular Gneiss found in areas in the [[Hosur]] – [[Gorur]] – [[Holenarsipur]] – [[Hunsur]] belt
|-
| 3.3–3.2 Ga.
| The second generation Peninsular Gneiss found in the Bengaluru– [[Chickmagalur]] –Holenarsipur region
|-
| 3.0–2.9 Ga
| a) [[Grandiorite]] [[facies]] in the Bengaluru Gneisses established by the Single [[Zircon]] [[Kober]] [[evaporation]] 207Pb/206 Pb data.

b) In the [[Dharwar]] [[Craton]] studies done on the trondhjemites of Holenarsipur, major crust forming event are attributed through the Rb–Sr whole rock [[isochron]] ages.

c) In [[Karighatta]] – [[Kunigal]] areas also, a similar age is indicated. In this case, data of U–Pb SHRIMP of [[Zircons]] from [[amphibolite]] facies gneisses from Kobaladurga and [[Kober]] single zircon evaporation ages of grey gneisses have been considered
|}

Thus, three major episodes, namely, 3.4 Ga., 3.3–3.2 Ga., and 3.0–2.9 [[Gya (unit)|Ga]]., are accreted to form the Peninsular Gneiss of the region, dated 2500 to 3400 million years.<ref name =monument/>

The [[Sargur]] [[schist]] belts within the Peninsular Gneiss could be the oldest [[suture zone]]s in the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/449920/Peninsular-gneiss|title= stratigraphy of Asia ( in Asia: The Precambrian )|accessdate=2009-02-28}}</ref>

===Lalbagh===
[[File:Kempegowda Tower 2.jpg|thumb|right|300px|One of the four Cardinal towers of [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]] erected above the [[Lal Bagh|Lalbagh]] hill of Peninsular [[Gneiss]]]]
{{Further|Lal Bagh}}
[[Lal Bagh|Lalbagh]] established by [[Hyder Ali]] based on [[Mughal Gardens]] at [[Province of Sira|Sira]] is not only a famous [[botanical garden]] but has also a historical link.<ref name=hort>{{cite web|url=http://www.horticulture.kar.nic.in/lalbagh.htm|title=lalbagh Botanical garden Bangalore|publisher=Mysore Horticulturtal Society, Bangalore|accessdate=2009-02-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217040111/http://www.horticulture.kar.nic.in/lalbagh.htm|archive-date=17 February 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> The creation of the Bengaluru city in the 16th century is attributed to Kempegowda, the then feudal leader under the feudatory of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]], who established four cardinal towers setting limits to the growth of the city. One of the towers at the southern end of the city is the Lalbagh tower erected over the Lalbagh hill which is made up of Peninsular Gneiss, now identified as a National Geological Monument. The city has outgrown the limits set by Kempegowda many times and is now part of the downtown area.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.myvpa.org/about2.htm|title=Kempe Gowdas of Bengalooru (Bangalore)|publisher=Vokkaligara Parishat of America (VPA)|accessdate=2009-02-28}}</ref>
The topographic setting of the Lalbagh rock, from a layman's interest, is that in the western and northern directions it slopes steeply while it merges gently with soil in the east and south. View from the North is impressive since the rock has retained its original form. The west or north–west view is panoramic and aesthetic, with grayish–white clean plates like appearance (see picture). The rock shines white after the rains and attracts attention of the visitors who excitedly climb the rock mass to the tower at the top to get a panoramic view of the gardens and the city.<ref name=lalbagh/>

===Access===
{{Further|Bangalore}}
The monument, located in the southern part of Bengaluru, {{convert|4|km|mi|0|}} from the Legislature office complex of the Karnataka Government ([[Vidhana Soudha]]) within the Lalbagh gardens is easily approachable by road (Metro Map of the city in the Info box gives exact location). Bengaluru is well connected by road, rail and air with the rest of the country and is also well known internationally.<ref name=hort/>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Plaque at lalbagh on geological monument.JPG|Plaque declaring the Peninsular Gneiss as a Geological Monument
File:Kemepegowda Plaque at lalbagh.JPG|A plaque displayed at [[Lal Bagh|Lalbagh]] gives history of the tower and the garden
File:ST830103.jpg|Tourist at the Lalbagh Tower on the Peninsular Gneissic Rock hill
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080915165258/http://www.gsi.gov.in/geotour/geofrm2.htm Locations Map of the 26 Nartional Geological Monuments of India]
* Trans. Min. Geology Institute India, 1, 47 (1906).
* Rec. Geology Survey India, 69, 109 and 458 (1935).
* Mem. Geology Survey India, 70 (1936 and 1940).
* Explanatory brochure on Geological and Mineral Map of Karnataka and Goa Aug 1981

[[Category:History of Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Geography of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Gneiss]]
[[Category:Geology of India]]
[[Category:Archean]]
[[Category:National Geological Monuments in India]]

Jwalamukhi temple, Himachal Pradesh

2025-12-16T04:48:07Z

Dan: Stub.

{{for|the temple in Khrew|Jwala Ji Temple (Kashmir)}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Jwalamukhi temple
| image = Jwalamukhi temple,kangra, himachal pradesh..JPG
| caption = Entrance to the temple
| deity = [[Jwala (goddess)|Jwala Devi]]
| location = [[Jawalamukhi]]
| district = [[Kangra district|Kangra]]
| state = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| country = India
| map_type = India Himachal Pradesh#India
| map_alt = Location in India
| coordinates = {{coord|31.8752|N|76.3243|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
|map_caption=Location in Himachal Pradesh}}
The '''Jwalamukhi''' ([[IAST]]: Jvālāmukhī) temple is a [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to the goddess [[Jwala (goddess)|Jwala Devi]], located in the [[Jawalamukhi]] town of [[Himachal Pradesh]], India. It is known for its [[eternal flame]] emanating from a rock fissure on top of which the main shrine has been built. It is considered one of the major [[Shakta pithas|Shakti pitha shrines]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Subhadeep Mukherjee |author2=Soumendra Bhattacharjee |author3=Seema Singha |title=Religious to Spiritual Tourism - An Era of Paradigm Shift in India |journal=Religious to Spiritual Tourism - An Era of Paradigm Shift in India |issn=1006-7930 |year=2020 |doi=10.2139/ssrn.3546903 |ssrn=3546903 }}</ref>

== History ==

Around c. 650 CE, a Chinese envoy to India described a place where hot and cold water came out of [[calcareous#In geology|calcareous]] rocks; [[Alexander Cunningham]] identifies this place as Jwalamukhi.{{sfn|Shanti Lal Nagar|1990|p=118}} While it is possible that a shrine existed at the place in c. 650, the original structure does not exist at the site.{{sfn|Shanti Lal Nagar|1990|p=286}}

Shams-i Siraj's ''Tarikh-i-Firuz-Shahi'' (14th century) is the earliest extant text to mention Jwalamukhi by name. It states that emperor [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq]] visited the place during a campaign against [[Kangra Fort|Kangra]]. The emperor's visit was apparently a result of curiosity, but it led to rumors that he held the local goddess in reverence. Shams-i-Siraj, based on a report from his father (who was part of the emperor's retinue), dismisses this as a false claim spread by "infidels", and assures his readers that the emperor was a devout Muslim who "held the idol in deepest detestation".{{sfn|Shanti Lal Nagar|1990|p=118}}

[[Abul Fazl]] (16th century) describes the place without naming it: he mentions "mountain lights resembling lamps", stating that several temples were built over such places. He considers the allegedly miraculous flame to be the natural effect of a [[sulfur]] [[mining|mine]].{{sfn|Shanti Lal Nagar|1990|pp=117-118}} English traveller [[Thomas Coryat]] (1577-1617) mentions the place as "Jallamakee",{{sfn|Shanti Lal Nagar|1990|p=117}} and French traveler [[Jean de Thévenot]] (1633-1667) calls it "Calamac ".{{sfn|Shanti Lal Nagar|1990|p=118}}

== Architecture ==

The temple complex has a main temple built over a fissure that emits combustible natural gas, believed to be a manifestation of [[Jwala (goddess)|Devi]]. It is surrounded by small temples dedicated to various gods and goddesses.{{sfn|Dilip K. Chakrabarti|S. Jamal Hasan|1984|p=46}} The devotees believe the fissure in the main temple to be the mouth of the goddess whose body is present in the [[Bajreshwari Mata Temple, Kangra|Vajreshwari]] temple at Kangra. The temple building is of modern [[Indo-Islamic architecture|Muslim style]], with a golden dome and pinnacles. A silver-plated folding door, donated by [[Kharak Singh]], is part of the building. Some images have been placed in the temple relatively recently.{{sfn|Shanti Lal Nagar|1990|pp=117-118}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{commons category|Jwala Ji Kangra}}
{{ref begin}}
* {{cite book |author1=Dilip K. Chakrabarti |author2=S. Jamal Hasan |title=The Antiquities of Kangra |year=1984 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gsC1AAAAIAAJ }}
* {{cite book |author=Shanti Lal Nagar |title=The Temples of Himachal Pradesh |year=1990 |publisher=Aditya Prakashan |isbn=9788185179483 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p7HqAAAAMAAJ }}
{{ref end}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Shakta pithas]]

M. P. Pandit

2025-12-14T02:15:35Z

Dan: improve page additionally and fixed typos

{{Short description|Indian Spiritual author, teacher and Sanskrit scholar (1918-1993)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
'''M. P. Pandit''' (born '''Madhav Pundalik Pandit'''; 14 June 1918 – 14 March 1993) was an Indian spiritual author, teacher, and [[Sanskrit]] scholar. For several decades, he served as a secretary to [[Mirra Alfassa]] (The Mother) at the [[Sri Aurobindo Ashram]]. A prolific writer, he published numerous books and articles on [[Integral Yoga]], the philosophy of [[Sri Aurobindo]], and the classical spiritual traditions of India, including the [[Vedas]], [[Upanishads]], and [[Tantra]].

== Birth and origin ==

Madhav P. Pandit was born in Sirsi, a small town in [[Karnataka]]. His family belonged to the community of the Gowd Saraswats which had migrated from [[Kashmir]] to various parts of India. His father was a wealthy and reputed lawyer who engaged himself in manifold social activities.<ref>P. Raja (1993), p. 7–11</ref>

== Childhood and education ==

Pandit grew up in a deeply religious Hindu family. When he was still a small child, his mother started taking him every day in the early morning to a temple where he spent his time in devotion and contemplation, which prepared and influenced his later spiritual path. All his life he was to keep some traditional customs such as [[Pranāma|Pranām]].

His father wanted him to become a lawyer, following the family tradition. Therefore, he sent him to the best schools and additionally arranged for private tutoring in English, Sanskrit, mathematics and sciences. After his immatriculation Pandit continued his studies at Karnatak College in [[Dharwar]].<ref>P. Raja (1993), p. 12–13; 27</ref>

== Spiritual contacts ==

Sundarrao, one of Pandit's brothers, was in close touch with [[Ganapati Muni]], a well-known disciple of [[Ramana Maharshi]], who was a Sanskrit scholar and poet. Even at young age Pandit came to know him as well as his student [[Kapali Sastry]], who was to become Pandit's tutor over time. Sastry was a great scholar of the Vedas and Tantras and taught Sanskrit at a school in Madras. Later on he became a disciple of Sri Aurobindo and the Mother, joining the Sri Aurobindo Ashram where he translated some important texts of Sri Aurobindo into Sanskrit as well as into the South Indian languages [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]]. He passed on his manifold knowledge to Pandit, giving him advice and support during his education and on his spiritual path.<ref>P. Raja (1993), p. 20–26.</ref>

== Joining the Sri Aurobindo Ashram ==

One day, while spending some time in the library of his brother, Pandit by chance discovered an article on Sri Aurobindo and felt spontaneously attracted towards the name and the photo of the freedom fighter and yogi. Subsequently, he started a regular correspondence with Kapali Sastry in [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]] and developed increasing interest in spiritual literature. He studied works on [[Ramakrishna]] and read the Collected Works of [[Swami Vivekananda]], but eventually turned more and more to Sri Aurobindo and his writings.

In April 1937 for the first time he travelled to Pondicherry where Kapali Sastry arranged for his meeting with the Mother, which touched him deeply. However, following the advice of his brother, and encouraged by the Mother, he first went to Bombay in order to complete his academic studies with a bachelor's degree in economics. Thereafter, he was free to move to Pondicherry and became a member of the Sri Aurobindo Ashram in 1939, at the age of 21.<ref>P. Raja (1993), pp. 27–42</ref>

== Life in the Ashram and lecture tours ==

Having joined the Ashram, Pandit concentrated intensively on [[integral yoga]] and the work given to him. Over time, he developed his literary capacities, translating works of Kapali Sastry from Sanskrit and writing many books on philosophy, yoga, the teachings of Sri Aurobindo and the Mother or on Mantra, Tantra, Veda and the Upanishads. He always tried to use a clear, simple language in order to reach many readers. In his title ''Mother and I'' he later on reported on his frequent personal meetings with the Mother as her secretary and on the numerous topics he discussed with her. In his small books ''How do I begin'' and ''How do I proceed'' he presented some concrete hints for the practice of integral yoga.<ref>P. Raja (1993), pp.
56-60</ref>

After the Mother had left her body on 17 November 1973, he continued his activities as before, writing his correspondents that her presence and love persisted. In 1976, he started undertaking foreign travel in order to spread Sri Aurobindo's message abroad. Several times he went to the U.S. and to Europe, gave lectures and interviews or organized seminars and conferences. He regularly informed his readers about his manifold experiences in his ''Service Letter''. However, he declined to be regarded as a "Guru" and once said in an interview in Florida that this whole ideal was old fashioned now and not any more appropriate. The knowledge that was kept secret formerly, was today freely available, he said, and everyone would be in a position to run his own life and think for himself.<ref>P. Raja (1993), p. 62</ref>

After a serious illness, Pandit departed on 14 March 1993 in a clinic in Madras. When the next day his body was kept for public's view at his residence, many friends and admirers came to pay homage to him.<ref>P. Raja (1993), p. 65</ref><ref>[http://yabaluri.org/Web%20(1978%20-%202008)/homagetosrimppanditapr93.htm P. Raja, Homage]</ref>

== Literature ==

* P. Raja (1993), ''M. P. Pandit. A Peep into his Past.'' Pondicherry, Dipti Publications
* S. Ranade (1997), ''Madhav Panditji''. Pondicherry, Dipti Publications

==Bibliography of M.P. Pandit ==
Source:<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.auro-ebooks.com/authors/m-p-pandit/ | title=M P Pandit }}</ref>

Unless otherwise mentioned, all titles given below are from DIPTI Publications, Sri Aurobindo Ashram. Pondicherry-605 002, India. The year of publication is included under the main entry for each book. Entries in brackets are of later editions.

1950. Grace of the Great and Other Essays (1963; 1989) 
1952. Mystic Approach to the Veda and the Upanishad (1966; 1974) 
1957. Sri Aurobindo: Studies in the Light of His Thought 
1958. Aditi and Other Deities in the Veda (1970) 
1959. Japa (1961; 1971; 1977; 1986; 1991) 
1959. Kundalini Yoga (1962; 1968; 1979; 1993) 
1959. The Teachings of Sri Aurobindo (1964; 1978; 1990) 
1960. Dhyana (1967; 1972; 1976; 1986; 1990) 
1960. Highways of God 
1961. Burning Brazin (1974) 
1961. Where the Wings of Glory Brood (1976) 
1962. Sadhana in Sri Aurobindo’s Yoga (1964) 
1962. Voice of the Self 
1963. Lamps of Light (1975) 
1963. The Mother on India 
1964. Current Problems 
1965. Gems from Sri Aurobindo—First Series (1968) 
1965. Kularnava Tantra (1973) 
1965. The Mother of Love—Vol.I (1972; 1989) 
1965. The Mother of Love—Vol.II (1972; 1990) 
1966. Dictionary of Sri Aurobindo’s Yoga (1973; 1992) 
1966. Gems from Sri Aurobindo—Second Series 
1966. Gems from Sri Aurobindo—Third Series 
1966. Glossary of Sanskrit Terms in Sri Aurobindo’s Works (1973) 
1966. Light from Sri Aurobindo (1970; 1989; 1990) 
1966. The Mother of Love—Vol.Ill (1972; 1990) 
1966. Reminiscences and Anecdotes of Sri Aurobindo (1990) 
1966. Shining Harvest 
1966. Studies in the Tantra and the Veda (1967) 
1967. Sri Aurobindo on the Tantra (1970; 1972) 
1967. God 
1967. Guide to Upanishads 
1967. Key to Vedic Symbolism (1973) 
1967. Light from the Gita 
1967. The Mother of Love—Vol.IV 
1969. The Call and the Grace (1975) 
1969. Culture in Yoga 
1969. Demands of Sadhana 
1969. Essence of the Upanishads (1976) 
1969. Gems from Sri Aurobindo—Fourth Series (1976) 
1969. Gems from the Tantras—First Series 
1969. Gleanings from the Upanishads (1976) 
1969. Readings in Savitri—Vol.I (1988) 
1970. Gems from the Tantras—Second Series (1976) 
1970. Readings in Savitri—Vol.II (1989) 
1970. Readings in Savitri—Vol.III 
1971. Epigrams from Savitri 
1971. Readings in Savitri—Vol.IV 
1971. Readings in Savitri—Vol.V 
1972. Sri Aurobindo: A Survey (1974) 
1972. Bases of Tantra Sadhana (1977; 1991) 
1973. Adoration of the Divine Mother 
1973. Breath of Grace 
1973. Readings in Savitri—Vol.VI 
1973. Readings in Savitri—Vol.VII 
1973. What Life Has Taught Me 
1974. An Homage and a Pledge 
1974. Meditations 
1974. Project Universal Man 
1974. Readings in Savitri—Vol.VIII 
1975. All Life is Yoga 
1975. Sri Aurobindo and the Mother: An Introduction 
1975. Champaklal Speaks (1976) 
1975. Dialogties and Perspectives 
1975. Memorable Moments with the Mother 
1975. Readings in Savitri—Vol.IX 
1975. Sidelights on the Mother (1976; 1988; 1990) 
1975. Something Else, Something More 
1975. Under the Mother’s Banner 
1976. Champaklal’s Treasures 
1976. Dynamics of Yoga—Part I 
1976. Singapore Chapter 
1976. Yoga in Savitri 
1976. The Yoga of Works 
1977. Dynamics of Yoga—Part II 
1977. Lights on the Tantra 
1977. Readings in Savitri—Vol.X (with Index) 
1977. Thoughts of a Shakta 
1977. Yoga for Modern Man 
1978. Dynamics of Yoga—Part III 
1979. Occult Lines Behind Life (USA: Auromere) 
1979. Sat-Sang—Vol.I 
1980. How do I Begin? (1984; 1985; 1986; 1988; 1992) 
1981. Talks on the Life Divine 
1981. Yoga of Love (USA: Lotus Light Publications; 1982) 
1982. Deathless Rose (1990) 
1982. Heart of Sadhana (1992) 
1982. How do I Proceed (1987, 1990) 
1982. Introducing Savitri (1992) 
1982. Sat-Sang—Vol.II 
1983. Sri Aurobindo: A Biography (Delhi: Publications Division) 
1983. Bases of Sadhana 
1983. Book of Beginnings 
1983. Call to America 
1983. Commentaries on the Mother’s Ministry—Vol.I 
1983. Commentaries. on. the. Mother’s. Ministry—Vol.II 
1983. Integral Perfection: Talks in Sri Lanka (Sri Lanka: V. Murugesu) 
1983. Spiritual Life: Philosophy and Practice 
1983. Yoga of Self-Perfection 
1984. Mother and I 
1984. A Savitri Dictionary 
1985. Commentaries. on. the. Mother’s. Ministry—Vol.III 
1985. Legends in the Life Divine 1985 Life Beautiful (1987; 1989; 1992) 
1985. More on Tantras (Delhi: Sterling Publishers) 
1986. Book of the Divine Mother 1986 Sat-Sang—Vol.III 
1986. Sat-Sang—Vol.IV 
1986. Spiritual Communion 
1986. Versatile Genius: Sri T.V. Kapali Sastriar 
1986. The Yoga of Knowledge (USA: Lotus Light Publications) 
1987. Sri Aurobindo and His Yoga (USA: Lotus Light Publications) 
1987. Concept of Man in Sri Aurobindo 
1987. Master and Disciple: S. Duraisamy Aiyar 
1987. Pitfalls in Sadhana 
1987. Sat-Sang—Vol.V 
1987. Savitri: Talks in Germany 
1987. Sidelights on Sri Aurobindo 
1987. Traditions in Mysticism (Delhi: Sterling Publishers) 
1987. Traditions in Occultism (Delhi: Sterling Publishers) 
1988. Commentaries on Sri Aurobindo’s Thought— Vol.I 
1988. Commentaries on Sri Aurobindo’s Thought— Vol.II 
1988. Commentaries on the Mother’s Ministry— Vol.IV 
1988. Guide to the Life Divine 
1988. Introducing the Life Divine 
1988. Mighty Impersonality (1992) 
1988. Talks on Life Divine—Vol.II 
1988. Tell us of the Mother 
1988. Traditions in Sadhana (Delhi: Sterling Publishers) 
1988. Upanishads: Gateways of Knowledge (USA: Lotus Light Publications) 
1988. Vedic Symbolism 
1988. Wisdom of the Upanishads 
1989. Art of Living (1990) 
1989. Commentaries on Sri Aurobindo’s Thought— Vol.III 
1989. Education: Some Thoughts 
1989. The Indian Spirit 
1989. Meditations on the Divine Mother 
1989. Sat-Sang—Vol.VI 
1989. Vedic Deities (USA: Lotus Light Publications) 
1989. Yoga of Transformation 
1990. The Mother and Her Mission 
1990. Thoughts on the Gita 
1990. Vedic Wisdom
1990. Wisdom of the Veda (USA: Lotus Light Publications) 
1991. Sat-Sang—Vol.VlI 
1991. Towards Universal Man 
1992. Commentaries on Sri Aurobindo’s Thought— Vol.IV 
1992. An Early Chapter in the Mother’s Life 
1992. Wisdom of the Gita—Vol.I 
1992. Wisdom of the Gita—Vol.II 

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.mppandit.com/ Sri MP Pandit]
*[http://www.infobuddhism.com/infobuddhism/institute%20for%20wholistic%20education/design/pandithome.htm infobuddhism.com article] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529130341/http://www.infobuddhism.com/infobuddhism/institute%20for%20wholistic%20education/design/pandithome.htm |date=29 May 2023 }}
*[http://www.aurobindo.net Sri Aurobindo]
*[http://www.lotuspress.com Publisher and Distributor of M P Pandit's Writings]
*[https://sriganesa.com/kular%E1%B9%87ava-tantra/ Kularnava Tantra]{{dead link|date=February 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, translated to Portuguese.
{{Integral Yoga|state=expanded}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pandit, M. P.}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian biographers]]
[[Category:Kashmiri writers]]
[[Category:Kashmiri people]]
[[Category:Sri Aurobindo]]
[[Category:1918 births]]
[[Category:1994 deaths]]
[[Category:Writers from Karnataka]]
[[Category:People from Uttara Kannada]]
[[Category:Indian spiritual writers]]
[[Category:20th-century translators]]

Mysore Suryanarayana Bhatta Puttanna

2025-12-08T01:06:11Z

Dan: made.

{{Unreferenced|date=January 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = M S Puttanna
| image =
| image_size =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1854|11|21|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Mysore]], [[Kingdom of Mysore]], [[British India]]
| death_place = [[Bangalore]], Kingdom of Mysore, [[Karnataka]], India
| occupation = Teacher, Court translator, Advocate, District commissioner/revenue official, Novelist, editor, Author and translator of classical literature.
}}

'''Mysore Suryanarayana Bhatta Puttanna''' was one of the authors of [[Kannada literature]] noted for introducing [[Kannada]] in prose form to a wider audience. Kannada had largely fallen out of use in classical form and usage as an official language which was attributed to the reign of [[Hyder Ali|Haider Ali]] and [[Tipu Sultan]] when Urdu was used. Thus in the late 19th century, Kannada was mainly used in matters of commerce and personal communication. He was involved in its cultural resurrection during the late 19th and early 20th century.

His literary works include first translations of major works in English to Kannada such as [[The History of Sandford and Merton]] by [[Thomas Day (writer)|Thomas Day]], [[Hamlet]] and [[King Lear]].

==Early life==
M.S. Puttanna (Mysore Suryanarayana Bhatta Puttanna) was born on 21 November 1854 in Mysore, Kingdom of Mysore, as a member of the [[Hoysala]] Karnataka [[Brahmin]] caste to Suryanarayana and Lakshamma in the parental home of his mother. His given birth name was Lakshmi Narasimha Sastry, but he became known as Puttanna (translates to 'younger big brother') by those around him.

==Education==
M.S. Puttanna was educated at home in Mysore by a private Panth teacher. Later he joined the Raja School, which was subsequently renamed [[Maharaja's College, Mysore]] after its chief patron, [[Krishnaraja Wadiyar III]] the [[Maharaja of Mysore]]. There he passed the F.A. (First Arts) examination which is the equivalent of present-day pre-university.

After working as a teacher he was admitted to [[Presidency College, Chennai|Presidency College]], Madras. He graduated from college in 1885 with a Bachelors in Arts degree majoring in [[Ethics]] and [[Logic]].

==Career==
M.S. Puttanna began his career in [[Kolar, Karnataka|Kolar]] High School in 1878 teaching literature. He was granted a transfer to his alma mater, Raja School Mysore, where he resumed teaching. While teaching at the Raja School he enrolled in classes towards his BA in Ethics and Logic.

After graduating from college in 1885, he left his teaching post and took a job as a court translator in the Chief Court of the Kingdom of Mysore, known today as the High Court of Mysore, translating legal documents from English to Kannada and vice versa. He held this job until 1897.

In 1897 he was appointed to be the [[Amildar]](administrator of a group of villages) in the [[Taluk]] of [[Chitradurga]], Kingdom of Mysore. He later served in the capacity of Amildar in the Mysore Taluks of [[Nelamangala]], [[Chamrajnagar]], Bagepalli, Mulabagal and Hosadurga.

While serving as Amildar and advocate, M.S. Puttanna began his literary career around the end of the 19th century. M.S. Puttanna authored 29 works of Kannada literature. His works are associated with the two prominent phases of Kannada literature. One was 'Arunodaya' (pre-renaissance) and the other, 'Navodaya' (renaissance) which overlapped in his lifetime. In addition to his commitment to full-time authorship, he served as editor and contributing author to a monthly literary journal called 'Hitha Bodhini' which loosely translates to 'Teaching the Good' or 'Wise Counsel’.

In Kannada literature he is known to be one of the pioneers of the use of colloquial or common language, effectively broadening the appeal of the language to a wider readership. He was the first Kannada author to record in a [[biography]], the life of a local Kannadiga personage, Kunigal Rama Sastry. He was also the first to translate the works of Thomas Day and William Shakespeare from English to Kannada. He translated '[[The Adventures of Hatim Tai]]' by [[Duncan Forbes (linguist)|Duncan Forbes]] (originally written in 1824). Together with his friend H.V. Nanjundaiah, M.S. Puttanna worked for the founding of the Kannada Sahitya Sammelana (Kannada Literary Institute) in [[Chamrajpet]], Bangalore and served as its first secretary.

Based on his prior experience as Amildar, he worked as a secretary for the ‘Ratepayers Association’ (equivalent of today's Tax Revenue Board) preparing reports and chairing meetings held in Kannada. He also supported [[equality before the law|equal rights]] for all in the Kingdom of Mysore and demonstrated this by personally honoring a select group of soldiers from all [[castes]] at his home in [[Basavanagudi]], Bangalore (where a street is named for him) on their return from action in Europe after the [[Great War]].

==Death==
M.S. Puttanna died at age 76 in Bangalore, Kingdom of Mysore in 1930.

==Bibliography==

* 'Madiddunno Maharaya' (novel), published 1915 (translation: 'You Reap What You Sow').
* 'Musuga Tegiye Mayangane' (novel), published 1928 (translation: 'Remove Thy Veil, O Beauty!').
* 'Avarilla Duta' (novel), posthumously published 1959 (translation: 'Meals Without My Husband').
* 'Niti Chintamani' (collection of over 150 children's stories), published 1884, in collaboration with MB Srinivasa Iyengar.
* 'Kunigala Ramasastri Gala Charitre' (biography), published 1910 (translation: 'The Story of Kunigala Ramasastri')
* 'Hemachandra Rajavilasa' (English to Kannada translation), published 1899 (translation: 'King Lear' by William Shakespeare)
* 'Hemalatha Rajakumara Charitre' (English to Kannada translation), posthumously published 2009 (translation: 'Hamlet' by William Shakespeare).
* 'Sumathi Madana Kumara' (English to Kannada translation), published 1897 (translation: 'The History of Sandford And Merton' by Thomas Day)
* 'Paleyagararu' (research monograph), published 1923 (translation: 'Chieftain')
* 'Kannada Ondaneya Pustakavu' (textbook), published 1895 (translation: 'Elementary Kannada Texbook')
* 'M.S. Puttannanavara Kannada Mattu English Lekhanagalu' (articles and essays), posthumously published 2003 (translation: 'A collection of Kannada and English essays and articles by M.S. Puttanna')

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Puttanna, Mysore Suryanarayana Bhatta}}
[[Category:1854 births]]
[[Category:1930 deaths]]
[[Category:Kannada-language writers]]
[[Category:Writers from the Kingdom of Mysore]]

Sukhakarta Dukhaharta

2025-11-25T07:35:14Z

Dan: add formatting for clarity and corrected details

{{Short description|Marathi song devoted to the Hindu god Ganesha}}

[[File:Moreshwar.jpg|thumb|upright|Ganesha as Mayureshwara with consorts Riddhi and Siddhi, [[Ganesha Temple at Morgaon|Morgaon]]. Samarth Ramdas composed the arati inspired by Mayureshwara.]]
'''''Sukhakarta Dukhaharta''''' (literally "harbinger of happiness and dispeller of distress",<ref name="Pal1995"/> {{langx|mr|सुखकर्ता दु:खहर्ता}}, {{IAST|sukhakartā duḥkhaharta}}), also spelled as '''''Sukhkarta Dukhharta''''', is a popular [[Marathi language|Marathi]] [[arati]], song or [[bhajan]] (devotional song) dedicated to the [[Hindu god]] [[Ganesha]], composed by the saint [[Samarth Ramdas]] (1608 - 1682 CE).<ref name="vijay">{{cite web | url=http://www.lokprabha.com/20120217/shree-ramdas06.htm | title=समर्थाची टाकळी | publisher=[[Indian Express Limited]] | work=[[Lokprabha]] | date=17 February 2012 | accessdate=23 January 2015 | author=Golesar, Vijay (गोळेसर, विजय)}}</ref><ref name="prathana"/> It is included in the "most standard and almost universal" aarti songs sung at the start of [[Puja (Hinduism)|Puja]] (worship rituals) of Ganesha in [[Maharashtra]], especially in his festival [[Ganesh Chaturthi]] as well as in Ganesha temples in the region.<ref name="Pal1995"/><ref name="prathana"/><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/west/story/mumbai-streets-echo-ganpati-bappa-morya-210447-2013-09-08 | title=Ganesh Chaturthi: Mumbai streets echo Ganpati Bappa Morya | work=[[India Today]] | date=September 9, 2013 | access-date=23 January 2015}}</ref>

==Background==
[[File:Jamb ramdas.jpg|upright|thumb|Samarth Ramdas, the poet.]]
Ganesha is the Hindu god of wisdom, knowledge and new beginnings. He is depicted with an elephant head. Samarth Ramadas was inspired to compose the arati by seeing the icon of Mayureshwara (a form of Ganesha) at [[Morgaon Ganesha Temple]], the chief shrine in the [[Ashtavinayaka]] pilgrimage circuit, consisting of eight Ganesha temples around [[Pune]].<ref name="vijay"/> The arati is composed in the [[raga]] (musical mode) [[Jogiya (raga)|Jogiya]] (Jogia).<ref name="sacred">{{cite book|title=Sacred Songs of India|date=1 January 2003|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-401-1|pages=226–7}}</ref>

Pratapaditya Pal describes the "addresses and references" to Ganesha in the song as "remarkable", considering Samarth Ramdas's patron deity was [[Rama]], not Ganesha.<ref name="Pal1995">{{cite book|author=Pratapaditya Pal|title=Ganesh, the Benevolent|year=1995|publisher=Marg Publications|isbn=978-81-85026-31-2|page=24}}</ref>

The genre of arati songs is written in vernacular languages, as opposed the hymns of Hindu religious rituals and [[mantra]]s, which are in [[Sanskrit]]. These songs are sung at the finale of the [[Puja (Hinduism)|Puja]] (worship rituals), while a worshipper offers light to the god. This is done by waving a plate with oil- or [[ghee]]-soaked lit wicks in front of the icon.<ref name="prathana"/>

==Contents and commentary==

''Sukhakarta Dukhaharta'' contains three stanzas as well as a chorus stanza that is repeated after every stanza.<ref name="prathana">{{cite book|title=Prarthana: A Book of Hindu Psalms|date=2007-01-01|publisher=Prarthana|isbn=978-0-9790081-0-8|pages=163–8}}</ref><ref name="sacred"/>

<poem>
सुखकर्ता दुखहर्ता, वार्ता विघ्नांची|
नुरवी; पुरवी प्रेम, कृपा जयाची|
सर्वांगी सुंदर, उटी शेंदुराची|
कंठी झळके माळ, मुक्ताफळांची॥१॥
</poem>

The first stanza begins by addressing Ganesha as harbinger of happiness and dispeller of distress/sorrow and obstacles. It implores the beautiful-bodied, saffron coloured god who wears a pearl necklace to come and bless the singer (devotee) and fill his life with love.<ref name="prathana"/><ref name="sacred"/> ''Lokprabha'' comments the word ''nuravi'' (नुरवी) is often mispronounced as ''nurvi'' (नुर्वी) in the stanza.<ref name="kulkarni"/>

<poem>
जय देव, जय देव जय मंगलमूर्ती|
दर्शनमात्रे मन कामना पुरती ॥धृ॥
</poem>
The chorus starts with "Victory to God! Victory to God!" and praises Ganesha as ''Mangalamurti'', one with an auspicious form. The mere sight of the god is said to fulfil all desires.<ref name="prathana"/><ref name="sacred"/>

[[File:Ganesh Chathurthi.jpg|thumb|A priest (left, bottom) performs aarti of Ganesha.]]
<poem>
रत्नखचित फरा, तुज गौरीकुमरा|
चंदनाची उटी, कुमकुम केशरा|
हिरेजडित मुकुट, शोभतो बरा |
रुणझुणती नूपुरे, चरणी घागरिया|
जय देव जय देव जय मंगलमूर्ती ॥२॥
</poem>
The second stanza extols Ganesha, as the son of [[Parvati|Gauri]] (Parvati, Ganesha's mother) adorned with jewels. His forehead is smeared with sandalwood, saffron and [[kumkum]]. He wears a diamond-studded crown and anklets that shine and jingle melodiously. The chorus is then repeated.<ref name="prathana" /><ref name="sacred" />

<poem>
लंबोदर पीतांबर, फणिवरबंधना |
सरळ सोंड, वक्रतुंड त्रिनयना|
दास रामाचा, वाट पाहे सदना|
संकटी पावावे, निर्वाणी रक्षावे, सुरवरवंदना|
जय देव जय देव, जय मंगलमूर्ती|
दर्शनमात्रे मनकामना पुरती ॥३॥
</poem>
The last stanza praises Ganesha as One who with a pot belly, who wears yellow silken garments. His pot belly is interpreted to have grown his favourite sweet [[modak]]s as well as the sins of his devotees, thus absolving them.<ref name="kulkarni"/> A serpent is around his waist. He has [[third eye|three eyes]] and a soft trunk. His third eye is interpreted to the source of knowledge. ''Lokprabha'' notes that the third eye, usually not depicted in Ganesha's iconography, is seen in the Ganesha of Morgaon.<ref name="kulkarni"/> He is called ''Vakratunda'', "One with a curved trunk".<ref name="prathana"/><ref name="sacred"/> Another translation of the word means one who destroys the crooked.<ref name="kulkarni">{{cite web | url=http://www.lokprabha.com/20100917/gviv11.htm | title=आरतीची विकृती नको ("Don't distort Aratis")| publisher=Indian Express Ltd | work=Lokprabha | date=17 September 2010 | accessdate=23 January 2015 | author=Kulkarni, Jagganath (कुलकर्णी, जगन्नाथ )}}</ref> In the second last line, the poet's name is given: "Your humble servant Ramadas waits for you to come". Further, the song requests Ganesha, the Lord who worshipped by all, to be pleased with the devotee in trouble and protect him in distress. The chorus is repeated.<ref name="prathana"/><ref name="sacred"/>

==Contemporary versions==
{{ external media
| video1 = [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w0W8Wh-8UCg Lata Mangeshkar version]
}}

The collection of Ganesha aratis, including the "timeless" ''Sukhakarta Dukhakarta'' by singer-sister [[Lata Mangeshkar]] and [[Usha Mangeshkar]], became popular on release in the 1970s.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-devotional-music-hits-a-high-note-1744042 | title=Devotional music hits a high note | work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] (DNA) | date=23 September 2012 | accessdate=23 January 2015 | author=Pawar, Yogesh}}</ref> [[Anuradha Paudwal]] has the song in her music album ''Ganesh mantra''.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.dailymotion.com/video/x14mnrm_sukh-karta-dukh-harta-by-anuradha-paudwal-i-ganesh-mantra_music | title=Sukh Karta Dukh Harta By Anuradha Paudwal | publisher=Bhakti Sagar | accessdate=23 January 2015}}</ref> The song was used as the theme song for a [[Rock music]] concert by musicians Vishal Rane and Sameer Bangare.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-duo-gets-youth-grooving-to-ganesh-bhajans-2015793 | title=Duo gets youth grooving to Ganesh bhajans | work=DNA | date=3 September 2014 | accessdate=23 January 2015}}</ref>
The song was adapted for the movie ''[[Bajirao Mastani (film)|Bajirao Mastani]]'' and helped set the world record for the largest formation of human mosaic of the form of the God.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/deepika-and-ranveers-bajirao-mastani-check-how-the-song-gajanana-made-it-to-guinness-book-of-world-records-263841-2015-09-20 | title=Gajanana made it to Guinness Book of World Records | work=India Today | date=20 September 2015 | access-date=2 December 2015}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:17th-century songs]]
[[Category:Aarti]]
[[Category:Ganesha]]
[[Category:Songs in Marathi]]
[[Category:Works by Samarth Ramdas]]

Damyanti Gupta

2025-10-19T02:06:29Z

Dan: starting initial article more to come!

{{Short description|Indian-born American engineer}}
'''Damyanti Gupta''' is an Indian-born American engineer who was the [[History of women in engineering|first woman engineer]] with a postgraduate degree at the [[Ford Motor Company]]. She was recognized by [[Time (magazine)|Time Magazine]] in their collection of firsts as the "First degreed female engineer at Ford."<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Damyanti Gupta: The First Degreed Female Engineer at Ford Motor Company |url=https://time.com/collection/firsts/5296993/damyanti-gupta-firsts/ |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=Time |language=en-us}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Damyanti Gupta was born in India on May 10, 1942, during the [[British rule of India]]. The [[partition of India]] happened during her childhood, and the place where she and her family resided became a part of Pakistan. The partition resulted in unrest and riots. Gupta and her family left their hometown, Tharushah, [[Sindh]], overnight in a cargo ship and settled in [[Mumbai]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-09-20 |title=Damyanti (Rani) Gupta - Worldwide Speakers Group |url=https://wwsg.com/speakers/damyanti-rani-gupta/#:~:text=Damyanti%20Gupta%20became%20the%20first,new%20life%20with%20Ford%20Motors |access-date=2024-12-02 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2018-05-08 |title=Local mom celebrates a milestone at Ford |url=https://www.wxyz.com/news/michigan-mom-celebrated-as-a-trailblazer-a-ford-motor-company#google_vignette |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=WXYZ 7 News Detroit |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dorsey |first=David |title=Mother's Day resonates for Fort Myers resident Damyanti Gupta as son set to guest host Jeopardy |url=https://www.news-press.com/story/news/2021/05/07/mothers-day-resonates-damyanti-gupta-son-guest-hosts-jeopardy/4870448001/ |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=The News-Press |language=en-US}}</ref>

As refugees, the Guptas had to start over in a new place. However, Gupta's mother, Gopibai Hingorani, had great ambitions for her daughter. She had only studied until 4th grade, but she told Damyanti that she wanted to give her something that could not be taken away: an education.<ref name=":2" />

== Education ==
Gupta's interest in engineering sparked at the age of 13, when Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] visited the town where Damyanti lived. During his visit, he spoke about the need for industry and subsequently, the need for male and female engineers following Britain's 200 year rule in India.<ref name=":0" />

Gupta enrolled in engineering college and became the first female admitted for engineering at that school.<ref name=":0" /> As the first female engineering student, she faced many challenges. The campus did not have a women's restroom; Gupta would have to bike over a mile and half each way to use a restroom. Once the dean realized this, a ladies restroom was built on campus.<ref name=":2" /> Gupta went on to graduate first in her class.<ref name=":4" />

At the age of 19, Gupta came across a book on [[Henry Ford]] that inspired her to one day work for the company.<ref name=":2" />

After earning her bachelor's degree in Mechanical Engineering in 1965, Gupta went to Germany for work. In 1966, she moved to the United States to pursue a master's degree in Mechanical Engineering at [[Oklahoma State University]]. She became the first female to graduate from Oklahoma State University with an advanced degree in engineering.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
After completing her master's degree, Gupta applied to work at Ford in [[Dearborn, Michigan]] but was initially rejected by a manager who did not want a woman engineer on his team. She tried again later and was successful. Initially, [[Human Resources]] was unsure if Gupta was going for the engineering role, since the company did not have any female engineers at the time. Gupta was persistent and commented that if the company did not give her a chance, they would never have any female engineers. She landed the job and became the first female engineer to work at Ford.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" />

When the [[United Auto Workers|United Automobile Workers]] went on strike, there were layoffs at Ford Motor Company. Gupta survived the layoffs; however, she experienced subtle racism from those who were impacted.<ref name=":1" />

When Gupta was pregnant with her first baby, her manager asked her not to come to work once she started showing. After giving birth, she returned to work in a different position at Ford and was promoted just three months later.<ref name=":2" />

Gupta spent 34 years of her career at Ford.<ref name=":4" /> She retired in 2002.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Heartening Stories of Female Engineers at Ford Celebrating International Women in Engineering Day {{!}} Middle East {{!}} Ford Media Center |url=https://media.ford.com/content/fordmedia/img/me/en/news/2020/06/23/heartening-stories-of-female-engineers-at-ford-celebrating-inter.html |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=media.ford.com}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Damyanti is married to Subhash Gupta.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Crisman |first=Chris |title=Women's Work: Stories from Pioneering Women Shaping Our Workforce |publisher=Simon & Schuster |year=2020 |isbn=9781982110376 |pages=134–135 |language=English}}</ref> They have two children, [[Sanjay Gupta]] and [[Suneel Gupta]].<ref name=":0" /> Sanjay Gupta, a practicing neurosurgeon and CNN's Chief Medical Correspondent, highlights his mother as a strong and powerful woman who has had a great influence on his life.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Dr Sanjay |date=2016-01-13 |title=The women who changed my life |url=https://www.cnn.com/2016/01/13/health/person-who-changed-my-life-sanjay-gupta/index.html |access-date=2024-12-02 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gupta, Damyanti}}
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian engineers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women engineers]]
[[Category:Oklahoma State University alumni]]
[[Category:Asian women in science]]

Snehangini Chhuria

2025-10-15T16:25:10Z

Dan:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Expand Odia|topic=bio|date=October 2021}}

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Snehangini Chhuria
| native_name =
| image = File:Snehangini Chhuria.jpg
| caption =

| office1 = President of [[Biju Janta Dal|Biju Mahila Janata Dal]]
| president1 = [[Naveen Patnaik]]
| term_start1 = 31 December 2020
| term_end1 =

| office2 = Member of [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 2014
| termend2 = 2024
| predecessor2 = [[Nihar Ranjan Mahanand | Nihar Mahanand]]
| successor2 = [[Nihar Ranjan Mahanand | Nihar Mahanand]]
| constituency2 = [[ Attabira (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Attabira ]]

| office3 = Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Cooperation, Handloom and Textiles, [[Government of Odisha]]
| term_start3 = 20 May 2014
| term_end3 = 28 May 2019
| 1blankname3 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata3 = [[Naveen Patnaik]]

| party = [[Biju Janta Dal]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1968|12|09|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Attabira]], [[Odisha]], [[India]]
| otherparty =
| alma_mater = [[Sambalpur University]]
| profession = [[Politician]]
| spouse = Durga Prasad Chhuria
}}
'''Snehangini Chhuria''' is an Indian politician. She was elected to the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[Attabira (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Attabira]] as a member of the [[Biju Janata Dal]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2014/may/26/from-teacher-to-minister-journey-of-snehangini-617491.html | title=From Teacher to Minister: Journey of Snehangini | publisher=The New Indian Express | date=26 May 2014 | access-date=12 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/odisha/repeat-of-triangular-fight-in-attabira-assembly-segment/articleshow/68694692.cms | title=Repeat of triangular fight in Attabira assembly segment in Odisha | publisher=[[The Times of India]] | date=3 April 2019 | accessdate=12 October 2021 | author=Subrat Mohanty}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://updateodisha.com/2020/12/31/snehangini-chhuria-appointed-biju-mahila-janata-dal-president-70167/ | title=Odisha’s Attabira MLA Snehangini Chhuria Appointed As President Of BJD’s Women Wing | publisher=Update Odisha | date=31 December 2020 | accessdate=12 October 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chhuria, Snehangini}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Biju Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Women in Odisha politics]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]

Pahukata Namghar

2025-09-02T04:03:58Z

Dan: Creating A Info W/ Refs.

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}

{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Pahukata Namghar
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type =
| map_caption = Location in Assam
| coordinates = {{coord|26.8802|93.7193|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| native_name = পহুকতা নামঘৰ
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Assam]]
| district = Sonitpur
| location = Village-Uttar Pahukata, PO-Kalabari, District-Sonitpur, Assam, PIN-784178
| elevation_m =
| deity = Bishnu and Shri Krishna
| festivals= Barshik Seva
| architecture = Mixed
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed = 1954
| creator = Various
| website =
}}

'''Pahukata-Namghar''' is a temple situated in the middle of Uttar-[[Pahukata]] village,<ref name="gmaps">{{cite web |title=Uttar Pahukata Namghar |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Uttar+Pahukata+Namghar/@26.8781736,93.7106423,1647m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m6!3m5!1s0x37441da5d47b03af:0xdb603c24c9168a56!8m2!3d26.8800548!4d93.7190224!16s%2Fg%2F11hxmfd9yh?entry=ttu |website=Google Maps |publisher=Google, Inc. |access-date=9 February 2024}}</ref> in the district of [[Sonitpur]], Assam. The postal code of the place is 784178.<ref name="gmaps" />

The [[namghar]] is surrounded by the [[Mornoi]] River on its north and the main road on its South. The Namghar has its [[Manikut]] in its eastern side.

==History==
The Pahukata Namghar was established in the year 1936. The location of the then Namghar was near to the Uttar-Pahukata Lower Primary School(Uttar-Pahukata Prarthamik Vidyalaya), which was relocated to the present location in 1956 under the aegis of three village viz. Uttar-Pahukata, Dakshin Pahukata and Tihulabari.

==Specialty of Pahukata-Namghar==
The people of Uttar-Pahukata meet in this place for all kind of gathering or social activities. The specialty of the Namghar is its Barshik-Sheva (the Annual-Festival), which is linked to the weather of the area. No matter what is the date or time of the Namghar's Barshik-Sheva, the place has received rain each and every time during the [[Prasad (food offering)|Prasad]] distribution since its establishment.{{cn|date=February 2024}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1936 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Assam]]

6th Screen Awards

2025-07-13T22:52:07Z

Dan: starting data

{{Short description|Awards for Hindi-language films of 1999}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox film awards
| number = 6
| award = Screen Awards
| type =
| image =
| image_size = 200px
| caption =
| date = 23 January 2000
| site = [[Andheri Sports Complex]], [[Mumbai]]
| host = [[Lisa Ray]] [[Cyrus Broacha]]
| producer =
| director =
| organizer =
| best_picture = ''[[Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam]]''
| best_direction = [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]
| best_direction_film = ''(Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam)''
| best_actor = [[Sanjay Dutt]]
| best_actor_film = ''([[Vaastav: The Reality]])''
| best_actress = [[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan]]
| best_actress_film = ''(Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam)''
| most_wins = ''Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam'' (10)
| most_nominations = ''Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam'' (18)
| channel = [[DD National]] [[StarPlus]]
| network = [[Doordarshan]] [[Disney Star]]
| duration =
| ratings =
| last = [[5th Screen Awards|5th]]
| next = [[7th Screen Awards|7th]]
}}

The '''6th Screen Awards''' also '''The Sixth Annual Screen–Videocon Awards''' ceremony, presented by [[Indian Express Limited|Indian Express Group]], honored the best Indian [[Bollywood|Hindi-language films]] of [[List of Bollywood films of 1999|1999]]. The ceremony was held on 23 January 2000 at [[Andheri Sports Complex]], [[Mumbai]], and hosted by [[Lisa Ray]] and [[Cyrus Broacha]].<ref name="6th Screen Awards host" /> The event was telecasted same day on [[DD National]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/screen-videocon-awards-show-today/ |title=Screen-Videocon Awards show today |website=[[The Indian Express]] |date=22 January 2000 |access-date=5 July 2022 |archive-date=5 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705191331/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/screen-videocon-awards-show-today/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000125/nation.htm#5 |title=Sanjay, Aishwarya bag Screen awards |website=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |date=24 January 2000 |access-date=5 July 2022 |archive-date=10 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610113417/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000125/nation.htm#5 |url-status=live }}</ref>

''[[Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam]]'' led the ceremony with 18 nominations, followed by [[Taal (film)|''Taal'']] with 11 nominations and ''[[Sarfarosh (1999 film)|Sarfarosh]]'' with 10 nominations.

''Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam'' won 10 awards, including [[Screen Award for Best Film|Best Film]], [[Screen Award for Best Director|Best Director]] (for [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]) and [[Screen Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] (for [[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan|Aishwarya Rai]]), thus becoming the most-awarded film at the ceremony.

== Awards ==
[[File:Sanjay Leela Bhansali.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]] — Best Director winner for ''[[Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam]]'']]
[[File:SanjayDutt.jpg|alt=|thumb|150px|[[Sanjay Dutt]] — Best Actor winner for ''[[Vaastav: The Reality]]'']]
[[File:AishwaryaRai.jpg|alt=|thumb|150px|[[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan]] — Best Actress winner for ''[[Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam]]'']]
[[File:Anil Kapoor still5.jpg|alt=|thumb|150px|[[Anil Kapoor]] — Best Supporting Actor winner for ''[[Taal (film)|Taal]]'']]
[[File:Sushmita Sen (cropped).jpg|alt=|thumb|150px|[[Sushmita Sen]] — Best Supporting Actress winner for ''[[Biwi No.1]]'']]

The winners and nominees have been listed below. Winners are listed first, highlighted in '''boldface''', and indicated with a double dagger ({{double-dagger}}).<ref name="6th Screen Awards host">{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/sixth-annual-screen-videocon-awards-nominations/ |title=Sixth Annual Screen-Videocon Awards nominations |website=The Indian Express |date=7 January 2000 |access-date=5 July 2022 |archive-date=5 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705191945/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/sixth-annual-screen-videocon-awards-nominations/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The 6th Annual Screen Awards – Nominees & Winners for the year 1999 |url=http://www.indiafm.com:80/awards/screen/nominees1999.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040118035703/http://www.indiafm.com/awards/screen/nominees1999.shtml |archive-date=18 January 2004 |access-date=5 July 2022 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="host">{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/hum-dil-de-sweeps-screen-videocon-awards-2/ |title=Hum Dil De… sweeps Screen-Videocon awards |website=The Indian Express |date=23 January 2000 |access-date=5 July 2022 |archive-date=5 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705191347/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/hum-dil-de-sweeps-screen-videocon-awards-2/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.screenindia.com/screenawards/award99.html |title=The 6th Screen Award winners for the year 1999 are |work=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen India]] |access-date=5 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020117184314/http://www.screenindia.com/screenawards/award99.html |archive-date=17 January 2002 |agency=[[Indian Express Limited]]}}</ref>

===Jury awards===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82;" !align="center"|[[Screen Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
! style="background:#EEDD82;" !align="center"|[[Screen Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|-
| valign="top" |
*'''''[[Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam]]'''''{{double dagger}}
**''[[Biwi No.1]]''
**''[[Hum Aapke Dil Mein Rehte Hain]]''
**''[[Sarfarosh (1999 film)|Sarfarosh]]''
**''[[Taal (film)|Taal]]''
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]] – ''[[Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam]]'''''{{double dagger}}
**[[David Dhawan]] – ''[[Biwi No.1]]''
**[[John Matthew Matthan]] – ''[[Sarfarosh (1999 film)|Sarfarosh]]''
**[[Satish Kaushik]] – ''[[Hum Aapke Dil Mein Rehte Hain]]''
**[[Subhash Ghai]] – ''[[Taal (film)|Taal]]''
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82;" ! align="center"| [[Screen Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
! style="background:#EEDD82;" ! align="center"| [[Screen Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|-
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Sanjay Dutt]] – ''[[Vaastav: The Reality]]'''''{{double dagger}}
**[[Aamir Khan]] – ''[[Sarfarosh (1999 film)|Sarfarosh]]''
**[[Ajay Devgn]] – ''[[Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam]]''
**[[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]] – ''[[Haseena Maan Jaayegi]]''
**[[Manoj Bajpayee]] – ''[[Shool]]''
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan]] – ''[[Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam]]'''''{{double dagger}}
**Aishwarya Rai Bachchan – [[Taal (film)|''Taal'']]
**[[Kajol]] – ''[[Hum Aapke Dil Mein Rehte Hain]]''
**[[Karisma Kapoor]] – ''[[Biwi No.1]]''
**[[Shabana Azmi]] – ''[[Godmother (film)|Godmother]]''
**[[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] – ''[[Hu Tu Tu]]''
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82;" ! align="center"| [[Screen Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
! style="background:#EEDD82;" ! align="center"| [[Screen Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
|-
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Anil Kapoor]] – ''[[Taal (film)|Taal]]'''''{{double dagger}}
**[[Anupam Kher]] – ''[[Hum Aapke Dil Mein Rehte Hain]]''
**[[Mukesh Rishi]] – ''[[Sarfarosh (1999 film)|Sarfarosh]]''
**[[Naseeruddin Shah]] – ''[[Bhopal Express (film)|Bhopal Express]]''
**[[Sanjay Narvekar]] – ''[[Vaastav: The Reality]]''
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Sushmita Sen]] – ''[[Biwi No.1]]'''''{{double dagger}}
**[[Antara Mali]] – ''[[Mast (film)|Mast]]''
**[[Kajol]] – ''[[Dil Kya Kare]]''
**[[Smita Jaykar]] – ''[[Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam]]''
**[[Suhasini Mulay]] – ''[[Hu Tu Tu]]''
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82;" ! align="center"| [[Screen Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role|Best Actor in a Negative Role – Male / Female]]
! style="background:#EEDD82;" ! align="center"| [[Screen Award for Best Comedian|Best Actor in a Comic Role – Male / Female]]
|-
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Sayaji Shinde]]''' – '''''[[Shool]]'''''{{double dagger}}
**[[Ashutosh Rana]] – ''[[Sangharsh (1999 film)|Sangharsh]]''
**[[Govind Namdev]] – ''[[Godmother (film)|Godmother]]''
**[[Mohan Joshi]] – ''[[Vaastav: The Reality]]''
**[[Rahul Bose]] – ''[[Thakshak]]''
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Anupam Kher]]''' – '''''[[Haseena Maan Jaayegi]]'''''{{double dagger}}
**[[Aruna Irani]] – ''Haseena Maan Jaayegi''
**[[Johnny Lever]] – ''[[Anari No.1]]''
**[[Satish Kaushik]] – ''Haseena Maan Jaayegi''
**[[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] – ''[[Biwi No.1]]''
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82;" ! align="center"| [[Screen Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
! style="background:#EEDD82;" ! align="center"| [[Screen Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
|-
| valign="top" |
*'''[[A. R. Rahman]] – ''[[Taal (film)|Taal]]'''''{{double dagger}}
**[[Anu Malik]] – ''[[Biwi No.1]]''
**Anu Malik – ''[[Hum Aapke Dil Mein Rehte Hain]]''
**[[Ismail Darbar]] – ''[[Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam]]''
**[[Sanjeev–Darshan]] – ''[[Mann (1999 film)|Mann]]''
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Anand Bakshi]] – "Taal Se Taal" – ''[[Taal (film)|Taal]]'''''{{double dagger}}
**Anand Bakshi – "Khali Dil Nahi" – ''[[Kachche Dhaage]]''
**Anand Bakshi – "Ramta Jogi" – ''Taal''
**Israr Ansari – "Zindagi Maut Na Ban Jaye" – ''[[Sarfarosh (1999 film)|Sarfarosh]]''
**Mehboob – "Aankhon Ki Gustakhiyan" – ''[[Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam]]''
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82;" ! align="center"| [[Screen Award for Best Male Playback|Best Male Playback Singer]]
! style="background:#EEDD82;" ! align="center"| [[Screen Award for Best Female Playback|Best Female Playback Singer]]
|-
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Sukhwinder Singh]] – "Ramta Jogi" – ''[[Taal (film)|Taal]]'''''{{double dagger}}
**[[KK (singer)|KK]] – "Tadap Tadap" – ''[[Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam]]''
**[[Sonu Nigam]], [[A. R. Rahman]] – "Ishq Bina" – ''Taal''
**[[Sukhwinder Singh]] – "Menu Lagan Lagi" – ''[[Dil Kya Kare]]''
**[[Udit Narayan]] – "Chand Chupa Badal Mein" – ''Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam''
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Kavita Krishnamurti]] – "Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam" – ''[[Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam]]'''''{{double dagger}}
**[[Alka Yagnik]] – "Taal Se Taal" – ''[[Taal (film)|Taal]]''
**[[Asha Bhosle]] – "Kahin Aag Lage" – ''Taal''
**Asha Bhosle – "Mujhe Rang De" – ''[[Thakshak]]''
**[[Sunidhi Chauhan]] – "Ruki Ruki" – ''[[Mast (film)|Mast]]''
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82;" ! align="center"| [[Screen Award for Most Promising Newcomer – Male|Most Promising Newcomer – Male]]
! style="background:#EEDD82;" ! align="center"| [[Screen Award for Most Promising Newcomer – Female|Most Promising Newcomer – Female]]
|-
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Aftab Shivdasani]] – ''[[Mast (film)|Mast]]'''''{{double dagger}}
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Nethra Raghuraman]] – ''[[Bhopal Express (film)|Bhopal Express]]'''''{{double dagger}}
**Anoushka – ''Sar Ankhon Par''
**[[Nethra Raghuraman]] – ''[[Thakshak]]''
**[[Raima Sen]] – ''[[Godmother (film)|Godmother]]''
**[[Rinke Khanna]] – ''[[Pyaar Mein Kabhi Kabhi]]''
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;" colspan="2"| Most Promising Debut Director
|-
| valign="top" colspan="2"|
*'''[[John Matthew Matthan]] – ''[[Sarfarosh (1999 film)|Sarfarosh]]'''''{{double dagger}}
**[[Eeshwar Nivas]] – ''[[Shool]]''
**Mahesh Mathai – ''[[Bhopal Express (film)|Bhopal Express]]''
**[[Milan Luthria]] – ''[[Kachche Dhaage]]''
**[[Sunny Deol]] – ''[[Dillagi (1999 film)|Dillagi]]''
|-
|}

===Technical awards===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! ! style="background:#EEDD82;text-align:center;"|[[Screen Award for Best Story|Best Story]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82;text-align:center;"|[[Screen Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]
|-
| valign="top" |
*'''[[John Matthew Matthan]]''' – '''''[[Sarfarosh (1999 film)|Sarfarosh]]'''''{{double dagger}}
**Pratap Karvat, [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]] – ''[[Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam]]''
**[[Mahesh Manjrekar]] – ''[[Vaastav: The Reality]]''
**[[Eeshwar Nivas]], [[Ram Gopal Varma]] – ''[[Shool]]''
**[[Vinay Shukla]] – ''[[Godmother (film)|Godmother]]''
| valign="top" |
*'''Kenneth Phillipps, [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]] – ''[[Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam]]'''''{{double dagger}}
**Imtiaz Patel, Yunus Sajawal – ''[[Haseena Maan Jaayegi]]''
**[[John Matthew Matthan]] – ''[[Sarfarosh (1999 film)|Sarfarosh]]''
**[[Mahesh Manjrekar]] – ''[[Vaastav: The Reality]]''
**Rumi Jaffery – ''[[Biwi No.1]]''
|-
! ! style="background:#EEDD82;text-align:center;"|[[Screen Award for Best Dialogue|Best Dialogue]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82;text-align:center;"|[[Screen Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]]
|-
| valign="top" |
*'''Amrik Gill''' – '''''[[Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam]]'''''{{double dagger}}
**Hriday Lani, Pathik Vats – ''[[Sarfarosh (1999 film)|Sarfarosh]]''
**[[Jainendra Jain (screenwriter)|Jainendra Jain]] – ''[[Hum Aapke Dil Mein Rehte Hain]]''
**[[Javed Siddiqui]] – ''[[Dil Kya Kare]]''
**Rumi Jaffery – ''[[Biwi No.1]]''
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Anil Mehta]]''' – '''''[[Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam]]'''''{{double dagger}}
|-
! ! style="background:#EEDD82;text-align:center;"|Best Costumes
! ! style="background:#eedd82;text-align:center;"|[[Screen Award for Best Special Effects|Best Special Effects]]
|-
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Neeta Lulla]]''' – '''''[[Taal (film)|Taal]]'''''{{double dagger}}
**[[Dolly Ahluwalia]] – ''[[Earth (1998 film)|1947: Earth]]''
**Shabina Khan – ''[[Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam]]''
**Shabina Khan – ''[[Hum Saath-Saath Hain]]''
**[[Vikram Phadnis]] – ''[[Biwi No.1]]''
| valign="top" |
*'''Ramesh Meer – ''[[Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam]]'''''{{double dagger}}
**Agnelo D'Souza – ''[[Baadshah (1999 film)|Baadshah]]''
**Biju Dhanpalan – ''[[Hindustan Ki Kasam (1999 film)|Hindustan Ki Kasam]]''
**Biju Dhanpalan – ''[[Kartoos]]''
|-
! ! style="background:#EEDD82;text-align:center;"|[[Screen Award for Best Editing|Best Editing]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82;text-align:center;"|Best Choreography
|-
| valign="top" |
*'''Jethu Mundul''' – '''''[[Sarfarosh (1999 film)|Sarfarosh]]'''''{{double dagger}}
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Saroj Khan]] – "[[Nimbooda]]" – ''[[Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam]]'''''{{double-dagger}}
|-
! ! style="background:#EEDD82;text-align:center;"|Best Sound Recording
! ! style="background:#eedd82;text-align:center;"|Best Art Direction
|-
| valign="top" |
*'''Narender Singh''' – '''''[[Hu Tu Tu]]'''''{{double dagger}}
| valign="top" |
*'''[[Nitin Chandrakant Desai]]''' – '''''[[Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam]]'''''{{double dagger}}
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;" colspan="2"| Best Action Director
|-
| valign="top" colspan="2"|
*'''[[Tinu Verma]]''' – '''''[[Arjun Pandit (1999 film)|Arjun Pandit]]'''''{{double dagger}}
|-
|}

=== Special awards ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2"| [[Screen Lifetime Achievement Award|Lifetime Achievement Award]]
|-
| colspan="2"|
* '''[[Naushad]]'''
|-
! colspan="2"| [[Screen Award Special Jury Award|Special Jury Award]]
|-
| colspan="2"|
* '''''[[Shaheed Udham Singh (film)|Shaheed Udham Singh]]''''' – '''Chitraarth'''
|-
|}

== Superlatives ==
{|class="wikitable" style="display:inline-table;"
|+Multiple nominations
! Nominations !! Film
|-
! 18
| ''[[Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam]]''
|-
! 11
| ''[[Taal (film)|Taal]]''
|-
! 10
| ''[[Sarfarosh (1999 film)|Sarfarosh]]''
|-
! 9
| ''[[Biwi No.1]]''
|-
! 6
| ''[[Hum Aapke Dil Mein Rehte Hain]]''
|-
! rowspan="2"| 5
| ''[[Haseena Maan Jaayegi]]''
|-
| ''[[Vaastav: The Reality]]''
|-
! rowspan="2"| 4
| ''[[Godmother (film)|Godmother]]''
|-
| ''[[Shool]]''
|-
! rowspan="5"| 3
| ''[[Bhopal Express (film)|Bhopal Express]]''
|-
| ''[[Dil Kya Kare]]''
|-
| ''[[Hu Tu Tu]]''
|-
| ''[[Mast (film)|Mast]]''
|-
| ''[[Thakshak]]''
|-
! 2
| ''[[Kachche Dhaage]]''
|-
|}

{|class="wikitable" style="display:inline-table;"
|+Multiple wins
! Awards !! Film
|-
! 10
| ''[[Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam]]''
|-
! 5
| ''[[Taal (film)|Taal]]''
|-
! 3
| ''[[Sarfarosh (1999 film)|Sarfarosh]]''
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0002905/2000/1 The Screen Awards (2000)] at the [[Internet Movie Database]]

{{Screen Awards}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Screen Awards]]

Chandan River (Madhya Pradesh)

2025-04-03T09:54:59Z

Dan: starting the place added tags!

{{Short description|River in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Infobox river|name=Chandan River|country=India|state=Madhya Pradesh|region=Central India|mouth=[[Wainganga River]]|mouth_coordinates={{coord|21.5587|80.0309|format=dms|type:river_region:IN|display=inline,title}}}}

The '''Chandan River''' is a river which primarily flows through [[Balaghat district]] of Madhya Pradesh, India.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.india9.com/i9show/-Madhya-Pradesh/Chandan-River-65977.htm | title=Chandan River in India }}</ref>

Chandan River mainly flows in the Balaghat District. [[Katangi]] and [[Waraseoni]] town are located on the banks of Chandan river.

Chandan River's mouth is in [[Wainganga River]].

==Places==
* The Nahlesara Dam was built from 1960 to 1965. Constructed on the Chandan River, the dam is about 2 km long and serves the irrigation purpose of nearby villages.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://balaghat.nic.in/en/places-of-interest/#:~:text=Nahlesara%20Dam,Dam%20are%20ideal%20for%20holidaying | title=Places of Interest | District Balaghat, Government of Madhya Pradesh | India }}</ref>
* Rampayli is a place located bank of Chandan River.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Rivers of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Balaghat district]]

{{India-river-stub}}

Esplanade One

2025-03-26T07:51:41Z

Dan: quick correct references for accuracy and cleaned formatting

#REDIRECT [[Nexus Esplanade]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Sarbhaja

2025-01-17T12:24:10Z

Dan: Creating some stub nd citations

{{Short description|Bengali milk sweet}}
{{Infobox food
| name = Sarbhaja
| image = Shorbhaja.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = Sarbhaja of [[Krishnanagar, Nadia|Krishnanagar]]
| alternate_name =
| place_of_origin =[[Krishnanagar, Nadia|Krishnanagar]]
| country = [[India]]
| region = [[West Bengal]]
| associated_cuisine =[[Bengali cuisine]]
| creator =
| year =
| course = Dessert
| main_ingredient = [[Milk skin|Sar]], [[Kheer (Bengali sweets)|Kheer]] and [[Ghee]]
| variations =
| similar_dish = [[Sarpuria]]
}}
A '''Sarbhaja''' ({{langx|bn|সরভাজা}} ''{{IPA|bn|Sɔrbʱaza|pron}}'') is a milk based sweet originating from [[West Bengal]], which is one of the famous Bengali sweets. The sweet's name comes from ''sar'', the surface creamy layer of milk which is its main ingredient, and the word ''Bhaja'' refers to the frying of the ''sar''. The Sarbhaja uses cow's milk and [[ghee]] is used for frying. It is fried until golden brown in color. This sweet made from milk is famous throughout [[Bengal]].

Although the sweet gained popularity in the first decade of the 20th century, its earliest mention is in the 15th century ''[[Chaitanya Charitamrita]]''. In 1902, Adharchandra Das opened a sweet shop in [[Krishnanagar, Nadia|Krishnanagar]], and the shop became famous for its [[Sarpuria]] and Sarbhaja. As per the Hindu custom, it is customary to take sweets for the members of the household on [[Vijayadashami|Vijaya]] or other festive occasions; the ''Krishnanagarik'' or Krishnanagarians have a tradition of taking Sarbhaja as a sweet.<ref name="anandabazar1">{{cite news |last1=Bandyopadhyaya |first1=Debashis |title=কৃষ্ণনগরের সরপুরিয়া-সরভাজার জিআই স্বীকৃতি দাবি |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/nadia-murshidabad/west-bengal-sweet-seller-association-demand-gi-tag-for-krishnanagar-famous-sarbhaja-and-sarpuria/cid/1405249 |access-date=19 September 2024 |agency=ABP |publisher=Anandabazar Patrika Online |date=7 February 2023 |language=bn}}</ref><ref name="telegraphindia1">{{cite news |last1=Chaubhuri |first1=Subhasish |title=Nadia sweets eye GI icing |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/nadia-sweets-eye-gi-icing/cid/1323544 |access-date=19 September 2024 |agency=ABP |publisher=The Telegraph Online |date=29 September 2016 |location=Krishnagar}}</ref><ref name="anandabazar2">{{cite news |last1=Haldar |first1=Sumit |title=বিজয়ার প্লেট থেকে সরছে দামি সরপুরিয়া-সরভাজা |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/nadia-murshidabad/due-to-high-price-expensive-sweets-are-became-outcast-in-festival-1.1056854 |access-date=19 September 2024 |agency=ABP |publisher=Anandabazar Patrika Online |date=11 October 2019 |language=bn |location=Krishnagar}}</ref>

== Ingredients and preparation ==
Traditional Sarbhaja is usually made from [[milk]], [[ghee]], and sugar (powdered). Depending on the recipe, some other ingredients may be added to these ingredients such as [[cinnamon]], [[cardamom]].{{sfn|Gope|2017|pp=6-7}}

''Sar'' is made using traditional techniques from pure cow's milk, the Ghoshes—businessman of milk products—of Krishnanagar mainly supply the milk. Fresh milk is thoroughly boiled in a semi-flat iron ''[[Karahi|koṛāi]]'' (pan) using dry cow dung cake flame. Half an hour is required to form a rich foam on the boiling milk surface, during which the [[Ladle (spoon)|ladle]] or wooden stick is stirred in the boiling milk. The low heat of red burn dry dung cake make the milk to condense and a thick foamy layer of milk fat accumulates on the surface; it is called ''sar''. The ''sar''s used in Sarbhaja are usually 7 to 9 inches in diameter. About 400 milliliters of milk is required to produce a 9-inch diameter ''sar''. The ''sar'' is collected from the ''karai'' and placed on a piece of cotton cloth to cool; about 2 to 3 hours are required for cooling.{{sfn|Gope|2017|p=6}} Sarbhaja preparation requires another dairy product called ''[[Kheer (Bengali sweets)|kheer]]'', which is made by boiling milk. To make kheer, fresh cow's milk is boiled for half an hour and stirred continuously with a ladle to obtain concentrated form of mnilk called ''kheer'' in pest form. [[Sugar]] is added while boiling the milk.{{sfn|Gope|2017|p=7}}

The ''sar''s and ''kheer'' prepared from milk are arranged in successive layers. In this process ''kheer'' is spread over a piece of ''sar'' and covered with another layer of ''sar'', thus keeping 3-5 layers of ''sar'' and ''kheer''. This layered ''sar'' and ''kheer'' material known as ''kacha Sarbhaja'' (raw Sarbhaja). ''Kacha Sarbhaja'' is cut into square shape pieces with the help of a knife. ''Kacha Sarbhaja'' pieces are fried until they turn light golden-brown in color, using pure ghee for frying. After frying, the fried pieces of Sarbhaja need to be cooled. The pieces of hot Sarbhaja are cooled on a wooden plate.{{sfn|Gope|2017|p=7}}

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite web |last1=Gope |first1=Nitya Ranjan |title=FORM GI-1 of Krishnagar Sarbhaja |url=https://archive.org/details/form-geographical-indications-1-of-Krishnagar-Sarbhaja |publisher=Intellectual Property India |access-date=20 September 2024 |date=25 May 2017}}

{{Indian dishes}}

[[Category:Sweets of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian confectionery]]
[[Category:Bengali cuisine]]

Anakkara (Idukki)

2024-12-21T14:54:31Z

Dan: starting data!

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{more citations needed|date=June 2012}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Anakkara
| other_name = 8th Mile
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = Anakkara.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Anakkara town
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|9.6646|N|77.1658|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Idukki district]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 38.46
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 900
| population_total = 24,192
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], English
| demographics1_title2 = Regional
| demographics1_info2 = [[Malayalam]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Kerala |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10209/download/13321/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-3200.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 685512
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 04868
| registration_plate = KL-37
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
[[File:PADDY FIELDS.jpg|thumbnail|Paddy Fields in Anakkara, Idukki]]
'''Anakkara''' is a geographic area of around {{convert|50|km2|acre}} that spreads across [[Vandanmedu]], [[Chakkupallam]] [[Grama panchayat|Panchayats]] in the [[Udumbanchola]] Taluk of Idukki District, Kerala, India.<ref name="censusdata">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population.aspx |title=Census of India: Villages |author=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |accessdate=2010-09-16 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213627/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population.aspx |archivedate=2013-10-04 }}</ref> Anakkara is the administrative capital of [[Chakkupallam]] Grama Panchayat and Anakkara Revenue Village. It is about {{convert|18|km|mi|sp=us}} from [[Thekkady]] wildlife sanctuary on the Kumily-Munnar state highway.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Spice plantation destinations in India|url=https://mediaindia.eu/tourism/spice-plantation-destinations-in-india/|date=2017-11-27|website=Media India Group|language=en|access-date=2020-05-08}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
As of [[2011 Census of India|2011 Census]], Anakkara had a population of 24,193 with 12,056 males and 12,136 females. Anakkara village has an area of {{cvt|38.46|km2}} with 5,962 families residing in it. The average sex ratio was 1007 lower than the state average of 1084. In Anakkara, 9.8% of the population was under 6 years of age. Anakkara had an average literacy of 92% lower than the state average of 94%: male literacy was 94.2% and female literacy was 89.9%.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kerala |first1=Directorate of Census Operations |title=District Census Handbook, Idukki |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala |location=Thiruvananthapuram |page=58,59 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3209_PART_B_IDUKKI.pdf |access-date=14 July 2020}}</ref>

==History==

===Modern history===

In 1972 [[Kottayam]] district of [[Kerala]] was split into Kottayam and [[Idukki]] districts. In 1986, around 50 km2 area of [[Vandanmettu]] village was split into a new revenue village by the name Anakkara.{{cn|date=December 2024}}

== Geography and climate ==
<gallery class="center">
File: Chellarcovil01.jpg |View from Chellarcovil
File: Chellarcovil02.jpg |Aruvikuzhy
File: Chellarcovil03.jpg |Waterfalls
File:Jackfruits.jpg |Jackfruits in Anakkara
File:Hot chilly pepper.jpg|A real taste of Anakkara "Kandhari"
</gallery>

Anakkara is on the State Highway 19 around 10–20 km from [[Thekkady]] and 60–80 km from [[Munnar]].
{{cn|date=December 2024}}
* East – [[Theni]] district of [[Tamil Nadu]]
* West – [[Chakkupallam]] village
* North – [[Vandanmedu]] village
* South – [[Kumily]] village

Situated at a height of about {{convert|4000|ft|m}} above sea level, Anakkara is mostly plain lands with small hillocks and some marshy areas. The soil of Anakkara and its surroundings are well known for its fertility. Temperature here varies between 15 - 25 degrees Celsius annually. The average annual rainfall is around 350 centimeters.{{cn|date=December 2024}}

== References ==
{{commons category|Anakkara, Idukki}}
{{reflist}}
{{Idukki district}}

[[Category:Villages in Idukki district]]

Kanjirampuzha Gram Panchayat

2024-05-24T05:44:40Z

Dan: New

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
'''Kanjirapuzha''' is a [[gram panchayat]] in the [[Palakkad district]], state of [[Kerala]], [[India]]. It is a local government organisation serving the villages of [[Pottassery-I]] and [[Pottassery-II]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Reports of National Panchayat Directory |publisher=Ministry of Panchayati Raj |url=http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewGPmapcvills.asp?gpcode=224715&rlbtype=V |access-date=2 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102200109/http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewGPmapcvills.asp?gpcode=224715&rlbtype=V |archive-date=2 January 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Kerala}}

[[Category:Gram panchayats in Palakkad district]]

{{Palakkad-geo-stub}}