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Cheating in chess

2026-05-31T19:49:28Z

DamienLorenz695: Adding Stub

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{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
'''Cheating in chess''' is a deliberate violation of the [[rules of chess]] or other behaviour that is intended to give an unfair advantage to a player or team. Cheating can occur in many forms<ref name="nytimes">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/08/sports/othersports/08chess.html?ex=1312689600&en=5292ff7841b05021&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss|title=Cheating Accusations in Mental Sports, Too|access-date=2007-01-01 | work=The New York Times | date=2006-08-08}}</ref> and can take place before, during, or after a game. Commonly cited instances of cheating include: collusion with spectators or other players, use of [[chess engine]]s during play, rating manipulation, and violations of the [[touch-move rule]]. Many suspiciously motivated practices are not comprehensively covered by the rules of [[chess]].

Even if an arguably unethical action is not covered explicitly by the rules, article 11.1 of the [[FIDE]] laws of chess states: "The players shall take no action that will bring the game of chess into disrepute."<ref name="FideLawsOfChess">{{Cite web|title=FIDE Laws of Chess taking effect from 1 January 2018|url=https://handbook.fide.com/chapter/E012018|access-date=12 July 2020|website=FIDE}}</ref> For example, while deliberately sneaking a captured piece back onto the board may be construed as an illegal move that is sanctioned by a time bonus to the opponent and a reinstatement of the last legal position, the rule forbidding actions that bring chess into disrepute may also be invoked to hand down a more severe sanction such as the loss of the game.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chesscafe.com/text/geurt58.pdf|title=Unusual Events or Are There Still Normal Games?|last=Gijssen|first=Geurt|publisher=The Chess Cafe|access-date=30 July 2012}} (see answer to question by J. Roberts on p. 8)</ref>

FIDE has covered the use of electronic devices and manipulating competitions in its Anti-Cheating Regulations,<ref name="FideAntiCheatingRegulations">{{Cite web|title=FIDE Handbook A. Administrative Subjects / 09. Anti-Cheating Regulations|url=https://handbook.fide.com/chapter/AntiCheatingRegulations|access-date=12 July 2020|website=FIDE}}</ref> which must be enforced by the [[Arbiter (chess)|arbiter]].{{refn|Article 12.2.7 in FIDE Laws of Chess<ref name="FideLawsOfChess"/>}} Use of electronic devices by players is strictly forbidden.{{refn|Articles 11.3.2.1 and 11.3.2.2 in FIDE Laws of Chess<ref name="FideLawsOfChess"/>}} Further, the FIDE Arbiter's manual contains detailed anti-cheating guidelines for arbiters.{{refn|"CHAPTER 3: ANTI-CHEATING GUIDELINES (B06 ANNEX 6)" in FIDE Arbiter's manual<ref name="ArbitersManual">{{Cite web|title=ARBITERS'S MANUAL 2020|url=https://arbiters.fide.com/images/stories/downloads/2020/ARB_Manual_2020.pdf|access-date=12 July 2020|website=FIDE Arbiter's Commission|archive-date=5 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705065736/https://arbiters.fide.com/images/stories/downloads/2020/ARB_Manual_2020.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} Online play is covered separately.<ref>{{Cite web|title=FIDE Handbook B. Permanent Commissions / 11. FIDE Online Arena Regulations / FIDE Online Arena Anti-cheating policy|url=https://handbook.fide.com/chapter/B11FOAAntiCheatingPolicy|access-date=10 July 2020|website=FIDE}}</ref>

==History and culture==
Cheating at chess is almost as old as the game itself, and may even have caused chess-related deaths. According to one legend, a dispute over cheating at chess led King [[Canute the Great|Cnut]] of the [[North Sea Empire]] to murder a Danish nobleman.<ref name="CP1-4">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KvgBAAAAYAAJ&q=canute+ulf+chess&pg=RA3-PA136|title=Chess Player, Volumes 1-4|access-date=2013-08-21|year=1852|last1=Kling|first1=Joseph|last2=Horwitz|first2=Bernhard}}</ref> One of the most anthologized chess stories is ''Slippery Elm'' (1929) by [[Percival Wilde]], which involves a ruse to allow a weak player to beat a much stronger one, using messages passed on [[Ulmus rubra#Medicinal|slippery-elm]] [[throat lozenge]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2013-12-19/cheating-at-chess-and-other-pastimes|title=Cheating at Chess and Other Pastimes|date=19 December 2013|access-date=8 August 2017|via=www.bloomberg.com}}</ref> Television shows have engaged the plot of cheating in chess, including episodes of ''[[Mission: Impossible (1966 TV series)|Mission: Impossible]]'' and ''[[Cheers]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0649205|title=Mission: Impossible - A Game of Chess (TV Episode 1968)|website=[[IMDb]] |access-date=8 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0649403/ |title=Mission: Impossible - The Pawn (TV Episode 1989)|website=[[IMDb]] |access-date=25 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0539781|title=Cheers - Indoor Fun with Sammy and Robby (TV Episode 1990)|website=[[IMDb]] |access-date=8 August 2017}}</ref>

===Automaton hoaxes===
In contrast to the modern methods of cheating by playing moves calculated by machines, in the 18th and 19th centuries, the public were hoaxed by the opposite deception in which machines played moves of hidden humans. The first and most famous of the chess automaton hoaxes was [[Mechanical Turk|The Turk]] (1770),<ref>{{cite book| first = Gerald M. |last=Levitt| title = The Turk, chess automaton| date = 2000| publisher = McFarland & Co Inc Pub| isbn = 0-7864-0778-6 }}</ref> followed by [[Ajeeb]] (1868), and [[Mephisto (automaton)|Mephisto]] (1886).

==Collusion==
Over the years, there have been many accusations of collusion, either of players deliberately losing (often to help a friend or teammate get a [[Chess title|title norm]]), or of players [[draw by agreement|agreeing to draws]] to help both players in a [[chess tournament|tournament]]. One of the earliest evidences is with the Fifth [[American Chess Congress]] in 1880, when [[Preston Ware]] accused [[James Grundy (chess player)|James Grundy]] of reneging on a deal to draw the game, with Grundy instead trying to play for a win.<ref name="spinrad1">{{cite web|url=http://www.chesscafe.com/text/spinrad08.pdf|title=The Scandal of 1880, Part One|date=28 February 2006|access-date=8 August 2017|url-status=deviated|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060228235045/http://www.chesscafe.com/text/spinrad08.pdf|archive-date=28 February 2006}}</ref><ref name="spinrad2">{{cite web |title=The Scandal of 1880, Part Two |url=http://www.chesscafe.com/text/spinrad09.pdf|date=28 February 2006|access-date=8 August 2017|url-status=deviated|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060228235045/http://www.chesscafe.com/text/spinrad09.pdf|archive-date=28 February 2006}}</ref> A newspaper article contemporary to the event stated, "Ware's avowal of his right to sell a game in a tourney was a novelty in chess ethics ... Ware's veracity has not been questioned, only his obliquity of moral vision ..."<ref name="spinrad1" /> Six prior allegations of similar collusion and bribery, including another against Ware, were listed from 1876 to 1880 in that article on the Ware-Grundy affair, which was published in the ''Brooklyn Eagle'' on 8 February 1880.<ref name="spinrad1" />

Opinions differ over how effective collusion may be. For example, if a leading player draws his game, it may allow his rivals to gain ground on him by winning their games. During the [[Cold War]], Soviet players were accused of colluding with each other as if they were playing for the same team—setting up easy draws with each other so that they could focus their attention and preparation on matches against non-Soviet players, or outright resignations if a favored player played a lesser player. The most famous alleged instance was at the [[World Chess Championship 1963#Candidates Tournament|1962 Candidates Tournament]] for the 1963 World Chess Championship, where the three top-finishing Soviet players finished with draws in all their matches against each other. Journalist Nicholas Gilmore thought that Western Bloc accusations of Soviet collusion (especially by American [[Bobby Fischer]]) were "largely unfounded; but not completely", while a 2009 journal article by two economics professors argued that the Soviets did collude effectively during the period.<ref>[https://www.saturdayeveningpost.com/2017/08/king-board-soviet-collusion-bobby-fischer/ King of the Board: The Soviet Collusion Against Bobby Fischer]</ref><ref>{{cite journal| url=https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/jeborg/v70y2009i1-2p10-21.html | title=Did the Soviets collude? A statistical analysis of championship chess 1940-1978 | journal=Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization | date=2009 | volume=70 | issue=1–2 | pages=10–21 | last1=Moul | first1=Charles C. | last2=Nye | first2=John V. C. | doi=10.1016/j.jebo.2009.01.009 | url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="wusl">{{cite web|url=http://news-info.wustl.edu/tips/page/normal/7935.html|title=Cheating in world chess championships is nothing new, study suggests|date=9 October 2006 |access-date=2007-01-01}}</ref>

In 2011, IM [[Greg Shahade]] wrote that "prearrangement of results is extremely commonplace, even at the highest levels of chess. This especially holds true for draws... There is a bit of a code of silence at the top levels of chess."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.uschess.org/content/view/11247/632|title=The United States Chess Federation - Greg on Chess: the Trouble with Round-Robins|first=Jennifer|last=Shahade|website=www.uschess.org|access-date=8 August 2017}}</ref> The subject had been partially broached (in the U.S. context) by [[Alex Yermolinsky]] a few years earlier, saying "It's no secret how people act when facing a last-round situation when a draw gives no prize ... People will just dump games, period."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chessninja.com/dailydirt/2004/08/reality-check.htm|title=Reality Check - The Daily Dirt Chess News Blog|website=www.chessninja.com|access-date=8 August 2017}}</ref> Concerning an incident involving 2006 US Championship qualification, Shahade blamed the [[Swiss-system tournament|Swiss system]] for creating perverse incentives.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chessninja.com/dailydirt/2006/01/cheating-heart-attack.htm|title=Cheating Heart Attack - The Daily Dirt Chess News Blog|website=www.chessninja.com|access-date=8 August 2017}}</ref> Frederic Friedel reported that the PCA had considered running a series of open tournaments in 1990s, but for similar reasons given by [[John Nunn]] ultimately declined, saying that deliberately losing games was "very real in the many open tournaments that are staged all over the world."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.chessbase.com/post/the-bilbao-draw-feedback-from-our-readers|title=The Bilbao Draw – feedback from our readers|date=6 November 2007|access-date=8 August 2017}}</ref>

==Touch-move rule==
{{see also|Touch-move rule}}
In chess, the "touch-move" rule states that if a player (whose turn it is to move) touches one of their [[chess piece|pieces]], it must be moved if it has a legal move. In addition, if a piece is picked up and released on another square, the move must stand if it is a legal move. If an opponent's piece is touched, it must be captured if it is legal to do so. These rules are often difficult to enforce when the only witnesses are the two players themselves. Nevertheless, violations of these rules are considered to be cheating.<ref>"When the man in the street hears of someone cheating at chess...usually involve a violation of article 7 of the Laws of Chess, usually called the 'touch-move' rule.", Lombardy & Daniels, p. 102</ref><ref>"He stuttered, ''J'adoube'', and moved another piece instead, which is commonly known as cheating.", Evans, p. 307</ref>

In one famous instance, [[Garry Kasparov]] changed his move against [[Judit Polgár]] in 1994 after momentarily letting go of a piece. Kasparov went on to win the game. The tournament officials had video records proving that his hand left the piece, but refused to release the evidence. A factor counting against Polgár was that she waited a whole day before complaining, and such claims must be made during the game. The videotape revealed that Kasparov did let go of the piece for one-quarter of a second. Cognitive psychologist Robert Solso stated that it is too short a time to make a conscious decision.<ref>Evans, pp. 284–85</ref>

Another famous incident occurred in a game between [[Milan Matulović]] and [[István Bilek]] at the [[World Chess Championship 1969|Sousse Interzonal]] in 1967.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1027634|title=Milan Matulovic vs Istvan Bilek (1967)|website=www.chessgames.com|access-date=8 August 2017}}</ref> Matulović played a losing move but then took it back after saying "J'adoube" ("I adjust"—which should be announced ''before'' adjusting pieces on their square). His opponent complained to the [[list of chess terms#Arbiter|arbiter]] but the modified move was allowed to stand. This incident earned Matulović the nickname "J'adoubović".<ref>Hooper and Whyld, p. 252, says "...he played in the Sousse Interzonal in which, after a little cheating (see j'adoube), he came ninth." p. 185 (the "j'adoube" entry) says: "...withdrew a losing move saying "Ich spreche j'doube"; this ruse went unpunished...."</ref>

The 2003 European Championship saw a "takeback game" between [[Zurab Azmaiparashvili]] and [[Vladimir Malakhov (chess player)|Vladimir Malakhov]], who eventually finished first and second respectively in the event. According to the book ''Smart Chip'' by [[Genna Sosonko]]:
<blockquote>Both grandmasters were fighting for the lead, and the encounter had huge sporting significance. In an ending that was favourable to him, Azmai[parashvili] picked up the bishop, intending to make a move with it instead of first exchanging rooks. Malakhov recalled: "Seeing that the rooks were still on the board, he said something like, "Oh, first the exchange, of course." put his bishop back, took my rook, and the game continued. I don't know what should have been done differently in this situation—in Azmai's place, some might have resigned immediately, and in my place, some would have demanded that he make a move with his bishop but I didn't want to ruin the logical development of the duel, so I didn't object when Azmai made a different move: the mistake was obviously nothing to do with chess! When we signed the score sheets, Azmai suggested to me that we consider the game a draw. After the game I was left with an unpleasant aftertaste, but that was due mainly to my own play."<ref>Smart Chip From St Petersburg (and other tales from a bygone chess area), published by New in Chess, June 2014, {{ISBN|9789056914875}}</ref></blockquote>

==Illegal moves==
{{Chess diagram
| floatright
|Carlsen vs. Inarkiev, 2017 (blitz)
| |rd| | |rd| | |
| |rl| | | |pd|pd|pd
| |kd| | | | | |
| |bl| |nd| | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | |pl| | |pl| |
| | |kl| | | |pl|pl
| |rl| | | | | |
|Black to move after 27.Rxb7+. 27...Ne3+?? 28.Kd3<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1904956 |title=Magnus Carlsen vs. Ernesto Inarkiev, World Blitz Championship 2017, rd 1 |website=[[Chessgames.com]] }}</ref>
}}
A dishonest player can make an illegal move and hope their opponent does not notice. The rules of chess have had differing penalties for making an illegal move over time, varying from outright loss of the game on the spot to backing the game up and adding additional time to the other player's clock, but they only apply when the illegal move is noticed. Normally, illegal moves are simple mistakes from time pressure, but if made intentionally are considered cheating. Intentional use of an illegal move is rare in high level games. In all but the fastest matches, sufficiently skilled chess players have a strong mental picture of the board state such that a manipulation is obvious, and the penalties from making an illegal move mean that it is rarely worthwhile if the cheating player is caught.

A rare example where a high level player was accused of this was at the 2017 [[World Blitz Chess Championship]] in Riyadh. [[Ernesto Inarkiev]] was playing [[Magnus Carlsen]], and with little time left on both players' clocks, Inarkiev made an illegal move by failing to remove Carlsen's preceding check. Instead, he checked Carlsen's king. Carlsen automatically moved his king out of check, but Inarkiev then claimed that Carlsen had made an illegal move, and that Carlsen's only legal play had been to point out Inarkiev's illegal move. The deputy arbiter agreed with Inarkiev's interpretation of the rules and awarded him the win. The decision was appealed and the initial ruling was overturned, with the new ruling to resume play.  Inarkiev received criticism for [[gamesmanship]] for attempting to use his own illegal move as a way to win, and Carlsen took the win after Inarkiev refused to resume play.<ref>{{cite news |last=Barden |first=Leonard |date=January 5, 2018 |title=Magnus Carlsen overcomes Ernesto Inarkiev controversy to win in Riyadh |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2018/jan/05/magnus-carlsen-ernesto-inarkiev-controversy |work=The Guardian |access-date=July 24, 2021}}</ref>

===Board manipulation===
An extreme example of illegal moves is to outright manipulate the board such as by adjusting pieces on the border to the wrong square, removing opponent's pieces, or adding extra pieces to the cheater's own position, perhaps while the opponent is not at the board to observe or via sleight-of-hand techniques borrowed from [[close-up magic]]. This almost never happens in tournaments, but can happen in casual games where there is essentially no penalty for getting caught. A few "chess hustlers" playing casual games of speed chess for money in public parks have been caught using such techniques, although it is agreed that most hustlers do not cheat.<ref>[https://herculeschess.com/what-is-chess-hustling/ What Is Chess Hustling & How Much Do Chess Hustlers Make?]</ref><ref>
{{cite magazine |last=Moore |first=Jack |date=February 17, 2016 |title=New York Chess Hustler Talks a Lot of Trash, Doesn't Realize His Opponent Is a Grandmaster |url=https://www.gq.com/story/grandmaster-maurice-ashley-chess-hustler |magazine=GQ |access-date=February 17, 2016 |quote="Ashley catches the hustler trying to cheat by taking two of Ashley's knights with one pawn in one move." }}</ref>

A rare possible example of physical piece manipulation at the grandmaster level involved removing captured off-the-board pieces. At the 2017 Canadian Championship in Montreal, GM [[Bator Sambuev]] was playing IM [[Nikolay Noritsyn]] in a blitz match. Noritsyn was in a good position but was extremely low on time, having less than ten seconds left. He moved a pawn to the eighth rank to promote, and FIDE rules require that pawns are replaced by their promoted piece before the move is complete and the clock can be pressed. Sambuev had the black queen concealed in his hand, and the arbiters had not made any spare queens available. Pressed for time, Noritsyn opted to use an upside-down rook to indicate he wanted a queen, rather than pause the game to complain that the queen was missing from the supply and ask for a spare. The [[angle shooting]] aspect came after the arbiters paused; rather than inform the arbiter that he had the queen in his hand and had forgotten to place it with the other previously captured pieces by accident, Sambuev quietly put the queen back with the others, and let the arbiters come to the conclusion that Noritsyn had simply erred in taking a rook. The arbiters ruled that the rook promotion stood. Sambuev went on to win the game, and Noritsyn's appeal after video showing Sambuev holding then replacing the queen was denied.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Klein|first1=Mike|url=http://www.chess.com/news/view/controversial-finish-to-canadian-chess-championship-5047|title=Controversial Finish to Canadian Championship|website=Chess.com|accessdate=12 July 2017|date=4 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Stapczynski |first1=Colin |title=5 Dirty Tricks Grandmasters Use |url=https://www.chess.com/article/view/5-dirty-tricks-gms-use |website=Chess.com |access-date=17 August 2021 |date=20 September 2020}}</ref>

==Technology==
{{see also|Cheating in online chess}}
Technology has been used by chess cheaters in several ways. The most common way is to use a chess program while playing chess remotely, such as on the Internet or in correspondence chess. Rather than play the game directly, the cheater simply inputs the moves so far into the program and follows its suggestions, essentially letting the program play for them. Electronic communication with an accomplice during face-to-face competitive chess is a similar type of cheating; the accomplice can either be using a computer program or else simply be a much better player than their associate. Modern chess websites will analyze games after the fact to give a probabilistic determination on whether a player received surreptitious help as part of an effort to detect and discourage such behaviors.<ref>{{cite web|title=How To Catch A Chess Cheater|work=NPR |date=21 June 2014 |url=https://www.npr.org/2014/06/21/324222845/how-to-catch-a-chess-cheater|publisher=[[NPR]]|access-date=30 August 2014}}</ref>

Attempting to compensate for [[Latency (engineering)|latency]] in online play is a potential area for exploitation. Many chess programs attempt to make it so that a player's clock only starts running once they receive their opponent's move, to ensure fairness when two distant players are matched with each other. This allowed a number of stratagems if the client-side timing could be compromised, such as via pretending to have a very slow [[Router (computing)|router]], which would essentially put extra time on the cheater's clock. For example, the cheater might take 5 seconds to make a move after seeing their opponent's move, but their software would claim only 4 seconds were taken to the server – a significant advantage in rapidly paced games.<ref>[https://eprint.iacr.org/2004/203.pdf How to Cheat at Chess: A Security Analysis of the Internet Chess Club]</ref>

===Incidents===
Due to the great frequency of technological cheating incidents, the following examples concentrate only on those that are either at a high level, or are of historical significance.

====High-profile====
* In the [[39th Chess Olympiad|2010 FIDE Olympiad Tournament]] at [[Khanty-Mansiysk]], three French players were caught in a scheme to use a computer program to decide moves. Their plan involved one player, Cyril Marzolo, following the tournament at home and using the computer program to decide the best moves. He would send the moves by SMS to the team coach, [[Arnaud Hauchard]], who would then stand or sit at various tables as a signal to the player, [[Sébastien Feller]], to make a certain move. Sébastien Feller was given a two-year and nine months suspension, Cyril Marzolo was given a one-year and six-month suspension, and Arnaud Hauchard was given a three-year suspension by the FIDE Ethics Commission.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.europe-echecs.com/actualites/sanctions-confirmees-par-la-fide-4411.html|title=Sanctions confirmées par la FIDE|publisher=[[Europe Échecs]]|date=2012-07-29}}</ref> Unlike other cases, each player involved was a legitimate Grandmaster or International Master. None of the other players on the team knew of this or were involved.<ref>{{cite news | title= FIDE Ethics Commission suspends Hauchard, Feller and Marzolo | url=http://www.chessdom.com/fide-ethics-commission-suspends-hauchard-feller-and-marzolo|access-date=22 November 2014 |publisher=chessdom |date=30 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Cheating chess champ banned | publisher=connexionfrance |url=http://connexionfrance.com/Chess-cheat-Feller-banned-world-champion-grand-master-SMS-text-12600-view-article.html |access-date=29 March 2011}}</ref>
* The scandals of [[Borislav Ivanov]] were [[cause célèbre]] in the chess world in 2012 and 2013, with cheating first being alleged at the Zadar Open, and then in Kyustendil. He was banned for four months by the Bulgarian Chess Federation, though this ban was overturned due to procedural defects, and was not based upon the cheating allegations, but rather Ivanov's rude behavior toward his accusers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.btv.bg/shows/btv-reporterite/videos/video/615096686-bTV_Reporterite_Borislav_Ivanov__vinoven_do_dokazvane_na_protivnoto.html|title=bTV Репортерите: Борислав Иванов - виновен до доказване на противното|access-date=8 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009132856/http://www.btv.bg/shows/btv-reporterite/videos/video/615096686-bTV_Reporterite_Borislav_Ivanov__vinoven_do_dokazvane_na_protivnoto.html|archive-date=9 October 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.e-79.com/news-64768.html|title=Съдът оневини благоевградския шахматист Борислав Иванов|website=www.e-79.com|access-date=8 August 2017|archive-date=13 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813205304/http://www.e-79.com/news-64768.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> After various interludes, he was banned permanently by the Bulgarian Chess Federation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnevnik.bg/sport/2013/12/24/2209570_seriiniiat_izmamnik_borislav_ivanov_e_izkljuchen_ot|title="Серийният измамник" Борислав Иванов е изключен от българския шахмат|date=24 December 2013 |access-date=8 August 2017}}</ref> The incidents were significant as they were one of the first times that statistical methods were used to analyze move-matching with computer programs, even though in the end such evidence was never used in a formal legal procedure.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chessprofessionals.org/content/open-letter-kenneth-w-regan-cheating-chess|title=Open Letter from Kenneth W. Regan on cheating at chess - ACP|website=www.chessprofessionals.org|access-date=8 August 2017|archive-date=25 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025103610/https://www.chessprofessionals.org/content/open-letter-kenneth-w-regan-cheating-chess|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* At the 2014 Iasi Open, Wesley Vermeulen was caught cheating by consulting a mobile phone in the toilet, admitted his offense, and was eventually banned for one year by both the Dutch chess federation and FIDE.<ref>[http://schaaksite.nl/page.php?al=verklaring-international-chess-festival-iasi-open-2014 Iasi Open 2014] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084006/http://schaaksite.nl/page.php?al=verklaring-international-chess-festival-iasi-open-2014 |date=4 March 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.schaakbond.nl/nieuws/bestuursbesluit-schorsing-wesley-vermeulen|title=Nieuwsoverzicht - Schaakbond|website=www.schaakbond.nl|access-date=8 August 2017|archive-date=14 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914055226/http://www.schaakbond.nl/nieuws/bestuursbesluit-schorsing-wesley-vermeulen|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[https://www.fide.com/images/stories/NEWS_2015/FIDE_News/2015_EB_Agenda__Annexes/Annex_52.pdf FIDE Ethics Commission Decision 6/2014]</ref>
* In April 2015, [[Georgia (country)|Georgian]] [[grandmaster (chess)|grandmaster]] [[Gaioz Nigalidze]] was banned from the Dubai Open Chess Tournament after officials discovered him consulting a [[smartphone]] with [[chess software]] in the [[washroom]] during a game.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/04/13/sport/chess-championship-cheating-in-bathroom/index.html|title=Chess grandmaster cheats ... from the bathroom|author=Holly Yan|website=CNN|date=13 April 2015 |access-date=8 August 2017}}</ref><ref>[https://www.fide.com/component/content/article/15-chess-news/8675-dubai-bans-georgian-chess-champion-caught-cheating-at-dubai-open-chess-tournament.html FIDE: Dubai bans Georgian Chess Champion Caught Cheating at Dubai Open Chess Tournament] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117034300/https://www.fide.com/component/content/article/15-chess-news/8675-dubai-bans-georgian-chess-champion-caught-cheating-at-dubai-open-chess-tournament.html |date=17 November 2015 }}, 14 April 2015</ref> He was later stripped of his grandmaster title and banned from competition for three years, though he was allowed to keep his [[International Master]] title.<ref>FIDE Ethics commission, [http://www.fide.com/images/stories/NEWS_2015/FIDE_News/Ethics_case_7_2015_Decision.pdf Case n. 7/2015: ''Allegations of Cheating against GM Nigalidze in Dubai Open, 2015''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222084341/http://www.fide.com/images/stories/NEWS_2015/FIDE_News/Ethics_case_7_2015_Decision.pdf |date=22 February 2017 }}, 4 December 2015</ref>
* In February 2016, Sergey Aslanov was expelled from the Moscow Open, for a smartphone in the toilet, hidden under a loose tile behind a drainpipe. He declared himself to be guilty of error but not a crime, and was only suspended for one year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chess-international.de/Archive/51075|title=Sergej betrügt mit Smartphone auf der Toilette (German)|access-date=8 August 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310014013/http://www.chess-international.de/Archive/51075|archive-date=10 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://chess-news.ru/node/21050|title=Уличённый в читерстве на Moscow Open Сергей Асланов отделался мягким наказанием - chess-news.ru|website=chess-news.ru|access-date=8 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://chess-news.ru/node/21135|title=Виновен в ошибках, но не в преступлении - chess-news.ru|website=chess-news.ru|access-date=8 August 2017}}</ref>
* In July 2019, [[Igors Rausis]] was caught cheating in the Strasbourg Open, using a mobile phone in the bathroom.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://nypost.com/2019/07/13/chess-grandmaster-allegedly-caught-cheating-on-toilet-during-tournament/ |title=GM Igors Rausis allegedly caught cheating |first=Colin |last=McGourty |website=[[Chess24.com]] |date=12 July 2019 |access-date=12 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://nypost.com/2019/07/13/chess-grandmaster-allegedly-caught-cheating-on-toilet-during-tournament/|title=Chess grandmaster allegedly caught cheating on the toilet during tournament |first=Sara |last=Dorn |website=[[New York Post]] |date=13 July 2019 |access-date=13 July 2019}}</ref> He admitted to having cheated, and announced his retirement from chess.<ref name=Graun>[https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2019/jul/13/igors-rausis-cheating-phone-tournament-scandal Chess grandmaster admits to cheating with phone on toilet during tournament], in ''[[the Guardian]]''; published 13 July 2019; retrieved 13 July 2019</ref> He was stripped of his Grandmaster title in December of that year.<ref>{{cite press release |last=Strydom |first=F.P. |date=December 5, 2019 |title=FIDE Ethics Commission |url=https://www.fide.com/docs/decisions-resolutions/Ethics%20case%208_2019%20Decision.pdf |publisher=[[FIDE]] |access-date=2019-12-07}}</ref>
*On October 1, 2020, [[Wesley So]] accused [[Tigran L. Petrosian|Tigran L Petrosian]] (coincidentally, Nigalidze's opponent during the latter's 2015 incident), of cheating in his semi-final and final games during the [[Chess.com]] 2020 [[PRO Chess League]]. So was rated the eighth-highest player in the world at the time. Petrosian responded to So on [[Twitter]] with childish taunts.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-05|title=Cheating controversy at Pro Chess League|url=https://en.chessbase.com/post/cheating-controversy-at-prochessleague|url-status=live|access-date=2021-11-30|website=Chessbase|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008142846/https://en.chessbase.com/post/cheating-controversy-at-prochessleague |archive-date=8 October 2020 }}</ref> Chess.com found that Petrosian and by extension, his team, the Armenia Eagles, had violated fair play regulations. The team was disqualified and the Saint Louis Arch Bishops were subsequently crowned champions. Chess.com and the PRO Chess League both issued lifetime bans to Petrosian.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=Saint Louis Arch Bishops 2020 PRO Chess League Champions; Armenia Eagles Disqualified|url=https://www.chess.com/news/view/saint-louis-arch-bishops-2020-pro-chess-champions|url-status=live|access-date=2021-11-30|website=Chess.com|date=October 2020|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003121602/https://www.chess.com/news/view/saint-louis-arch-bishops-2020-pro-chess-champions |archive-date=3 October 2020 }}</ref>
* In March 2021, an Indonesian player identified as Dadang Subur played a computer-assisted game against [[Levy Rozman]], obtaining over 90% accuracy. Rozman identified a pattern of cheating and reported Dadang's account. The Indonesian media claimed that Dadang was a legitimate player, inciting an online firestorm against Rozman. Dadang's subsequent match against IM [[Irene Kharisma Sukandar|Irene Sukandar]] received 1.25 million live viewers on YouTube, a historic record for a chess stream. Dadang lost three consecutive matches to Sukandar, with an accuracy of less than 40%.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Doggers |first1=Peter |title=Cheating Controversy Results In Most-Watched Chess Stream In History |url=https://www.chess.com/news/view/most-watched-chess-stream-in-history-dewa-kipas |work=Chess.com}}</ref>
* In September 2022, World Champion [[Magnus Carlsen]] accused [[Hans Niemann]] of [[Carlsen–Niemann controversy|cheating during the 2022 Sinquefield Cup]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Doggers (PeterDoggers) |first=Peter |title=Carlsen Makes Statement: 'I Believe Niemann Has Cheated More' |url=https://www.chess.com/news/view/carlsen-statement-niemann-cheating |access-date=2022-10-05 |website=Chess.com |date=26 September 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-27 |title=Magnus Carlsen publicly accuses Hans Niemann of more cheating |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2022/sep/27/magnus-carlsen-hans-niemann-chess-cheating |access-date=2022-10-05 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> A report from [[Chess.com]] alleged that Niemann had cheated in over 100 online games, including prize money events.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team (CHESScom) |first=Chess com |title=Hans Niemann Report |url=https://www.chess.com/blog/CHESScom/hans-niemann-report |access-date=2022-10-05 |website=Chess.com |date=4 October 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref> The report found evidence of Niemann toggling to a different screen during moves, as well as concluding that Niemann had cheated against top players, including [[Daniel Naroditsky]], [[Krikor Mekhitarian]], [[David Paravyan]], [[Ian Nepomniachtchi]], and [[Benjamin Bok]]. Niemann had privately confessed to the allegations to Chess.com's chief chess officer, [[Daniel Rensch]], and was banned from the platform.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Robinson |first=Andrew Beaton and Joshua |date=2022-10-04 |title=Chess Investigation Finds That U.S. Grandmaster 'Likely Cheated' More Than 100 Times |language=en-US |work=Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/chess-cheating-hans-niemann-report-magnus-carlsen-11664911524 |access-date=2022-10-05 |issn=0099-9660}}</ref> In October 2022, Niemann filed a $100 million lawsuit against Magnus Carlsen and Chess.com, accusing them of defamation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Robinson |first=Andrew Beaton and Joshua |title=Hans Niemann Files $100 Million Lawsuit Against Magnus Carlsen, Chess.com Over Cheating Allegations |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/chess-cheating-hans-niemann-magnus-carlsen-lawsuit-11666291319 |access-date=2022-10-22 |website=WSJ |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Chappell |first=Bill |date=2022-10-21 |title=Hans Niemann sues Magnus Carlsen for $100 million, accusing him of defamation |language=en |work=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/10/21/1130442319/hans-niemann-sues-magnus-carlsen-for-100-million-accusing-him-of-defamation |access-date=2022-10-22}}</ref> The lawsuit was dismissed in June 2023.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/sports/chess-cheating-scandal-hans-niemann-magnus-carlsen-7fcbdb56|title=Hans Niemann's $100 Million Lawsuit Over Chess Cheating Allegations Is Dismissed|work=wsj.com}}</ref>
* In October 2024, [[Kirill Shevchenko]] was caught cheating during the Spanish Team Championship in Melilla after a mobile device was found in a toilet cubicle alongside a note with handwriting similar to his own.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/10/16/sport/chess-grandmaster-kirill-shevchenko-expelled-mobile-phone-spt-intl/index.html | title=Chess grandmaster Kirill Shevchenko expelled from competition for allegedly using a mobile phone during matches | website=[[CNN]] | date=16 October 2024 }}</ref> He was disqualified from the tournament and suspended for 75 days as a result.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.fide.com/news/3266 | title=FIDE FPL and EDC actions on the incident involving GM Kirill Shevchenko – International Chess Federation }}</ref> This was subsequently upgraded to a 3-year ban and, similarly to the Nagalidze case, the rescission of Shevchenko's grandmaster title while allowing him to keep his international master title.<ref>https://www.chess.com/news/view/fide-bans-shevchenko-strips-gm-title</ref>

====Historical====
* One of the earliest known cases of using technology to cheat occurred in the 1993 [[World Open chess tournament|World Open]]. An unrated player using the name "John von Neumann" (not related to [[John von Neumann]]) won {{frac|4|1|2}} out of 9 games in the Open Section, including a draw against a [[grandmaster (chess)|grandmaster]]. This player was wearing headphones during the tournament, and had a suspicious bulge in his pocket that buzzed during certain moments of the game. He was disqualified when the tournament director found that he lacked even a basic understanding of chess.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=3605|title=Minutes of the Chess Cheating conference in New York|date=2007-01-11|publisher=ChessBase|access-date=29 March 2011}}</ref>
* The 1998 Böblingen Open saw Clemens Allwermann latterly accused of cheating using [[Pocket Fritz|Fritz]], and after an investigation by the district attorney was inconclusive as to the evidence, the Bavarian Chess Federation barred him from participating in future tournaments.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.chessbase.com/post/a-history-of-cheating-in-che-3-|title=A history of cheating in chess (3)|date=18 December 2011|access-date=8 August 2017}}</ref>
* In the Lampertheim Open Tournament 2002 the arbiter announced the disqualification of a player before round seven. Markus Keller explained what had happened:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.chessbase.com/post/scandal-in-lampertsheim-cheating-in-the-loo|title=Scandal in Lampertsheim – cheating in the loo|date=7 January 2003|access-date=8 August 2017}}</ref>
<blockquote>In the sixth round a player came to me and said he suspected his opponent, W.S. from L., was using illicit aids during the game. He often left the board for protracted periods of time to go to the toilet, even when (especially when) it was his turn to play. He had done this in earlier rounds against other players as well. I watched W.S. and noticed that he played a number of moves very rapidly and then disappeared in the toilet. I followed him and could hear no sound coming from the stall. I looked under the door and saw that his feet were pointing sideways, so that he could not have been using the toilet. So I entered the neighbouring stall, stood on the toilet bowl and looked over the dividing wall. I saw W.S. standing there with a handheld PC which displayed a running chess program. He was using a stylus to operate it. I immediately disqualified the player. When confronted he claimed that he was only checking his emails, so I asked him to show me the computer, which he refused to do. There are witnesses for my investigation in the toilet, and we will ask the chess federation of our state to ban the player from playing in other tournaments.</blockquote>
* In the HB Global Chess Challenge 2005 (in Minneapolis, Minnesota), a player in the Under-2000 section exited the event under suspicion of cheating, while his final-round game was under way. According to tournament officials, he was caught repeatedly talking on his cell phone during his game—which the published rules for that event expressly prohibited. Directors suspected that he was receiving moves over the phone from an accomplice elsewhere in the building. His results were expunged from the tournament and an ethics complaint lodged. Six weeks later, the same player entered the World Open and tied for first through third place in the Under-2200 section, pocketing $5,833. An attempt was made to eject him midway through that event, when the organizers belatedly learned about the earlier incident in Minnesota. But, lacking any specific allegation that he was cheating in the World Open, they backtracked and re-admitted him after he threatened legal action.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.seniorchess.zoomshare.com/3.html |title=Blockade Chess Cheaters USCF Petition |publisher=SeniorChess |access-date=29 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718160021/http://www.seniorchess.zoomshare.com/3.html |archive-date=18 July 2011 }}</ref>
* In the Subroto Mukerjee memorial international rating chess tournament 2006, an Indian chess player was banned from playing competitive chess for ten years due to cheating.<ref name="telegraph">{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061212/asp/jamshedpur/story_7127264.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070221201250/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061212/asp/jamshedpur/story_7127264.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 February 2007|title=Verdict on chess cheating this week|access-date=2014-01-21 | location=Calcutta, India|work=The Telegraph|date=12 December 2006}}</ref> During the tournament at Subroto Park, Umakant Sharma was caught receiving instructions from an accomplice using a [[chess computer]] via a [[Bluetooth]]-enabled device which had been sewn into his cap.<ref name="the hindu">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/06/stories/2006120612002200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070106111352/http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/06/stories/2006120612002200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2007-01-06|title=Player expelled for technology misuse|access-date=2006-12-28 | location=Chennai, India|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2006-12-06}}</ref><ref name="cnn-122706">{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2006/TECH/12/27/chess.cheater.reut/index.html |title=Chess player caught cheating with wireless device |access-date=2006-12-28 |work=CNN |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070101060744/http://www.cnn.com/2006/TECH/12/27/chess.cheater.reut/index.html |archive-date=1 January 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> His accomplices were outside the building, and were relaying moves from a computer simulation. Officials became suspicious after Sharma had made unusually large gains in rating points during the previous 18 months, even qualifying for the national championship.<ref name="cnn-122706"/> Umakant began the year with an average rating of 1933, and in 64 games gained over 500 points to attain a rating of 2484. Officials received multiple written complaints alleging that Umakant's moves were in exactly the same sequence suggested by the chess computer.<ref name="the hindu"/> Eventually, in the seventh round of the tournament, [[Indian Air Force]] officials searched the players on the top eight boards with a metal detector and found that Umakant was the only player who was cheating. Umakant's ten-year ban was imposed by the All India Chess Federation (AICF) after reviewing evidence presented by Umakant himself and the electronic devices seized by the tournament organizers.<ref name="telegraph"/> The penalty was considered harsh, especially considering that those in other sports who have been found to be [[Doping (sport)|doping]] and [[match fixing]] did not receive such lengthy suspensions.<ref name="hindu">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/007200612271550.htm |title=Umakant Shama banned for 10 years |access-date=2006-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070103191122/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/007200612271550.htm |archive-date=3 January 2007 |location=Chennai, India |url-status=dead}}</ref> When officials were asked about the suspension they stated, "We wanted to be frank and send a stern message to all players. It is like cheating on exams."<ref name="hindu"/>
* In the Philadelphia World Open 2006, Steve Rosenberg, who was playing in a lower section, was leading before the final round. A victory would have been worth about $18,000. He was confronted by a tournament director and found to be using a wireless transmitter and receiver called a "Phonito". He was disqualified from the event. In the same event, Eugene Varshavsky was also accused of cheating due to his unusually good performance for a low-ranked player and his moves matching up with the commercially available chess engine Shredder, although no cheating device or transmitter was found either on his person or in the bathroom stall he had been occupying.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=3280|title=Cheating Accusations at the World Open|date=2006-08-10|publisher=ChessBase|access-date=29 March 2011}}</ref>
* In a Dutch League 2C 2007 match between Bergen op Zoom and AAS, the arbiter caught the team captain of AAS (who was playing on board 6) using a [[Personal digital assistant|PDA]]. The player was outside the playing hall, with permission, to get some fresh air. The arbiter had followed him and caught him using [[Pocket Fritz]]. On the screen, the current position of the game was shown. The arbiter declared the game lost and informed the Dutch Federation about the incident. The competition manager communicated a heavy penalty: the player was banned from playing in the Dutch League and Cup matches, not only for that season, but also for the next two seasons. The competition manager applied article 20.3 of the Federation's competition regulations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chessvibes.com/reports/dutch-chess-player-banned-after-using-pocketfritz/|title=Dutch chess player banned after using PocketFritz|last=Doggers|first=Peter|date=2007-11-09|publisher=ChessVibes.com|access-date=29 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110130085904/http://www.chessvibes.com/reports/dutch-chess-player-banned-after-using-pocketfritz/|archive-date=30 January 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* In the [[Dubai]] Open 2008, M. Sadatnajafi, an untitled Iranian player (rated 2288 at the time), was disqualified from the tournament after he was caught receiving suggested moves by [[text message]] on his [[mobile phone]] while playing Grandmaster [[Li Chao (chess player)|Li Chao]].<ref name="Dubai2008">{{cite web | title=Wesley So wins Dubai Open, player disqualified for cheating | date=17 April 2008 | publisher=[[ChessBase]] | url=http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=4570 | access-date=2008-04-17}}</ref> The game was being relayed live over the Internet and it was alleged that his friends were following it and guiding him using a computer.<ref name="Dubai2008"/>
* In the 2009 Norths Chess Club Centenary Year Under 1600 Tournament, a 14-year-old boy was caught using what the arbiter called a "hand-held machine" in the toilets. The game was declared lost and the boy was expelled from the tournament. He was using the program ''[[Chessmaster]]'' on a [[PlayStation Portable]]. It was the first example of a chess player getting caught while using an electronic device in Australia, and so it quickly became a big story in the relatively small Australian chess community.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chessvibes.com/reports/is-cheating-always-newsworthy/|title=Is cheating always newsworthy|last=Doggers|first=Peter|date=2009-01-08|publisher=ChessVibes|access-date=29 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726223314/http://www.chessvibes.com/reports/is-cheating-always-newsworthy/|archive-date=26 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* In the [[German Chess Championship]] 2011, FM Christoph Natsidis used a chess program on his [[smartphone]] during his last-round game against GM [[Sebastian Siebrecht]]. Natsidis admitted that he had cheated, and was disqualified from the championship.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/12/crosswords/chess/chess-christoph-natsidis-punished-for-cheating.html|title=Christoph Natsidis Punished for Cheating|last=McClain|first=Dylan|date=2011-06-12|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=15 July 2011}}</ref>
* At the 2012 Virginia Scholastic and Collegiate Championships, a player was caught using a chess engine running on a PDA. The player was disqualified from the tournament, had his membership to the Virginia Chess Federation suspended, and had an ethics complaint filed to the USCF. Unlike other incidents, the player was using the chess engine disguised as using eNotate, which is one of two electronic chess notation programs permitted to be used at USCF tournaments. While the player only admitted to using the chess engine in that one match, his results suggested he had been using the program for several tournaments.<ref>{{cite web| title=The evolution of cheating in chess |url=http://www.grantland.com/story/_/id/8362701/the-evolution-cheating-chess | author=Dave McKenna| publisher=Grantland.com (ESPN) | date=12 September 2012}}</ref>
* At the 2013 Cork Congress Chess Open, a 16-year-old player was found to be using a chess program on a smartphone when his opponent confronted him in the toilets by kicking down the cubicle door and physically hauling him out. The opponent received a ten-month ban for violent conduct. The 16-year-old player was banned for four months for cheating.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.ie/regionals/herald/teen-caught-in-chess-cheat-row-is-banned/30127759.html|title=Teen caught in chess cheat row is banned - Herald.ie|access-date=8 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.limerickleader.ie/news/local-news/good-news-for-limerick-chess-player-at-centre-of-cheat-row-1-5044989|title=Good news for Limerick chess player at centre of cheat row|access-date=8 August 2017|archive-date=24 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140824121832/http://www.limerickleader.ie/news/local-news/good-news-for-limerick-chess-player-at-centre-of-cheat-row-1-5044989|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/chess-union-to-investigate-cheating-row-between-players-29220748.html|title=Chess union to investigate cheating row between players - Independent.ie|date=25 April 2013 |access-date=8 August 2017}}</ref>
* In January 2016, the blind Norwegian player Stein Bjørnsen was accused of cheating after playing games that showed a very high correlation with computer analysis. Due to his disability, Bjørnsen had been allowed to keep a record of his moves with a recorder coupled to an ear plug. The ear plug was later found to be incompatible with the recorder, but capable of receiving messages by [[Bluetooth]]. In April 2016 he received a two-year ban on domestic competition from the Central Board of the Norwegian Chess Federation (NSF).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.vg.no/sport/sjakk/blind-sjakkspiller-utestengt-for-juks/a/23667458/|title=Blind sjakkspiller utestengt for juks|last1=Aaserud|first1=Mikal|last2=Christiansen|first2=Anders K.|date=25 April 2016|work=Verdens Gang|language=no|access-date=3 May 2016}}</ref> Bjørnsen's appeal to the federation's rules committee was turned down in September 2016.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dagbladet.no/sport/blind-sjakkspiller-utestenges-i-to-ar/62442079|title=Blind sjakkspiller utestenges i to år|last=Bryne|first=Lars|date=9 September 2016|publisher=Dagbladet|language=no|access-date=15 September 2016}}</ref> Bjørnsen returned in 2018 after serving the ban. In March that year he was caught with a Bluetooth earpiece taped to his hand during a club tournament in [[Horten]]. The federation expelled Bjørnsen in May 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sb.no/sjakk/sandefjord/sport/jukset-mot-niaring-na-er-han-ekskludert-fra-sjakkforbundet/s/5-73-708255|title=Jukset mot niåring – nå er han ekskludert fra sjakkforbundet|last=Andreassen|first=Erik|date=24 May 2018|publisher=Sandefjords blad|language=no|access-date=25 May 2018}}</ref>
*In June 2021, the Indian billionaire [[Nikhil Kamath]] cheated against former world champion [[Viswanathan Anand]] in a live [[simultaneous exhibition]] charity event organised by [[Chess.com]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=McGourty|first=Colin|date=14 June 2021|title=Billionaire admits cheating against Anand in charity simul|url=https://chess24.com/en/read/news/billionaire-admits-cheating-against-anand-in-charity-simul|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-14|website=[[chess24.com]]|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614090424/https://chess24.com/en/read/news/billionaire-admits-cheating-against-anand-in-charity-simul |archive-date=14 June 2021 }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2021-06-14|title=Chess platform bans Zerodha co-founder Nikhil Kamath for cheating in charity match against Vishwanathan Anand|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/chess-platform-bans-zerodha-co-founder-nikhil-kamath-for-cheating-in-charity-match-against-vishwanathan-anand-997324.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-14|website=[[Deccan Herald]]|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614125655/https://www.deccanherald.com/national/chess-platform-bans-zerodha-co-founder-nikhil-kamath-for-cheating-in-charity-match-against-vishwanathan-anand-997324.html |archive-date=14 June 2021 }}</ref> The website banned Kamath's account for violating its fair play policy.<ref>{{Cite web|date=14 June 2021|title=Zerodha's Nikhil Kamath banned from Chess.com for cheating against Viswanathan Anand, says report|url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/sports/zerodhas-nikhil-kamath-banned-from-chesscom-for-cheating-against-viswanathan-anand-says-report-9648291.htm|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-14|website=[[CNBC TV18]]|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614130321/https://www.cnbctv18.com/sports/zerodhas-nikhil-kamath-banned-from-chesscom-for-cheating-against-viswanathan-anand-says-report-9648291.htm |archive-date=14 June 2021 }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> The incident led to heavy criticism and discussion on social media after which Kamath confessed to using analysts and computers during his game and responded by apologising for "causing confusion".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-14|title=Chess, charity, cheat… Twitter ablaze after GM Viswanathan Anand unfairly beaten|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/chess-charity-cheat-twitter-ablaze-after-gm-viswanathan-anand-unfairly-beaten-101623684465315.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-14|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614152917/https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/chess-charity-cheat-twitter-ablaze-after-gm-viswanathan-anand-unfairly-beaten-101623684465315.html |archive-date=14 June 2021 }}</ref>
*In April 2025, [[DrLupo]] cheated in the [[Chess.com]] [[PogChamps]] tournament by using a chess engine. He was disqualified from the tournament. After initially denying it, he eventually admitted to cheating.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chalk |first=Andy |date=May 1, 2025 |title=DrLupo admits to cheating in $100,000 online chess tournament, faces brutal backlash from Reddit: 'Dude went from 'what's a horsey?' to 'I can see 15 moves ahead' in 2 minutes' |url=https://www.pcgamer.com/games/drlupo-admits-to-cheating-in-usd100-000-online-chess-tournament-faces-brutal-backlash-from-reddit-dude-went-from-whats-a-horsey-to-i-can-see-15-moves-ahead-in-2-minutes/ |access-date=May 1, 2025 |work=[[PC Gamer]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet |user=chesscom|number=1917769083568939238|title=DrLupo chess.com fair play violation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet|user=DrLupo|number=1918250950839681246|title=DrLupo Apology}}</ref>

==Rating manipulation==

Since the introduction of [[Elo ratings]] in the 1960s, a number of attempts have been made to manipulate the rating system, either to deliberately inflate one's rating or to disguise one's strength by deliberately losing rating points.

===Sandbagging===
Sandbagging involves deliberately losing rated games in order to lower one's rating so that one is eligible to enter the lower-rated section of a tournament with substantial prize money. This is most common in the United States, where the prize money for large open tournaments can be over $10,000, even in the lower-rated sections. Sandbagging is very difficult to detect and prove, so [[United States Chess Federation|USCF]] has included minimum ratings based on previous ratings or money winnings to minimize the effect.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.uschess.org/index.php/Ask-GM-Joel/Frustrated-by-Floors.html|title=Frustrated by Floors|author=Joel Benjamin}}</ref>

===Small pools of players===
A limited pool of players who rarely or never play against players from outside of that pool can cause distortions in the Elo rating system, especially if one or more of the players is significantly stronger than the others, or if the results are deliberately manipulated.

[[Claude Bloodgood]] was accused of manipulating the [[United States Chess Federation|USCF]] rating system in this way; at his peak in 1996 his USCF rating was in excess of 2700, the second highest in the country at the time. As a long-term prison inmate, he was necessarily restricted in the range of opponents available to him. The USCF suspected that he had deliberately inflated the ratings of his opponents; Bloodgood denied this, attributing his inflated rating to a quirk in the rating system resulting from his regularly playing against a limited pool of much weaker players.

There was widespread reporting of anomalous Burmese (Myanmar) rating movements in the late 1990s, with Milan Novkovic giving an analysis of manipulation in ''Schach'' magazine.<ref>[http://theweekinchess.com/html/twic226.html This Week in Chess 226, section 4 (originally in ''Schach'' magazine 3/99)]</ref>

===False tournament reports===
The most notable international example of ratings manipulation involves Romanian [[Alexandru Crișan]], who allegedly falsified tournament reports to gain a Grandmaster title and was ranked 33rd in the world on the April 2001 [[FIDE]] rating list.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ratings.fide.com/toparc.phtml?cod=13|title=Top 100 Players April 2001 FIDE Top players archive|last=Administrator|website=ratings.fide.com|access-date=8 August 2017}}</ref> A committee overseeing the matter recommended his rating be erased and his Grandmaster title revoked.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chess.co.uk/twic/fidecrisan.html |title=FIDE Ruling on Alexandru Crisan (web archive) |date=2001-09-07 |access-date=2007-06-14 |work=The Week in Chess Magazine |publisher=London Chess Centre |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030317071540/http://www.chess.co.uk/twic/fidecrisan.html |archive-date=17 March 2003 }}</ref> While the Romanian Chess Federation initially favored action against Crișan, eventually he became the RCF president and changed the policy, creating such a situation that FIDE intervened to broker a resolution regarding many problems in the RCF, including Crișan's rating.<ref>{{cite web |title=Annex 19 |url=http://www.fide.com/minutes/annex_19.pdf|date=22 May 2004|access-date=8 August 2017|url-status=deviated|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040522221850/http://www.fide.com/minutes/annex_19.pdf|archive-date=22 May 2004}}</ref> Crișan then was arrested and imprisoned on fraud charges relating to his management of the company Urex Rovinari<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.monitorulexpres.ro/?mod=ultima_ora&p=ultora_local&s_id=106394|title=Alexandru Crișan, condamnat la patru ani de închisoare|newspaper=Monitorul Expres|date=18 November 2011|language=ro|access-date=8 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120015022/http://www.monitorulexpres.ro/?mod=ultima_ora&p=ultora_local&s_id=106394|archive-date=20 November 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> and disappeared from chess,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.chessbase.com/post/anatoly-karpov-speaks-his-mind|title=Anatoly Karpov speaks his mind|date=6 July 2005|access-date=8 August 2017}}</ref> thus failing to fulfill the conditions of the resolution and so activating the above recommendations regarding title revocation. FIDE did not fully update its online information until August 2015, when all his titles were removed and his rating adjusted downwards to 2132.<ref>[https://ratings.fide.com/download.phtml ''FIDE rating list archive''], download and compare Crișan's rating between the July 2015 and August 2015 (FIDE ID 1201271)</ref> When writing about the Crișan case, Ian Rogers alleges that Andrei Makarov (at the time a FIDE vice-president and Russian chess federation president) had arranged an IM title for himself through nonexistent tournaments in 1994.<ref name="rogers"/>

Rumors of rigged tournaments are not unheard of in the chess world. For instance, in 2005, FIDE refused to ratify norms from the Alushta (Ukraine) tournaments, claiming that the games did not meet ethical expectations. A number of players involved protested over the matter.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.chessbase.com/post/dear-kirsan-nikolayevich-alushta-is-for-real-/708|title=Dear Kirsan Nikolayevich, Alushta is for real!|date=24 July 2005|access-date=8 August 2017}}</ref>
A different Ukrainian tournament in 2005 was found to be completely fake.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.chessbase.com/post/the-fake-heroes-of-chernobyl|title=The fake Heroes of Chernobyl|date=3 May 2005|access-date=8 August 2017}}</ref><ref name="nigel_short">{{cite web|url=http://en.chessbase.com/post/the-fake-heroes-of-chernobyl-revisited|title=The fake Heroes of Chernobyl revisited|date=23 May 2005|access-date=8 August 2017}}</ref> Usually the strongest players are not involved in these, as they are more for careerist players to gain title norms or small rating gains, but [[Zurab Azmaiparashvili]] was alleged to have rigged the results of the Strumica tournament of 1995 to allow him to reach the chess elite.<ref name="rogers">{{cite web|url=http://www.auschess.org.au/columns/ct/ct160901.htm|title=Chess Column|website=www.auschess.org.au|access-date=8 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414082453/http://www.auschess.org.au/columns/ct/ct160901.htm|archive-date=14 April 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="nigel_short"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://chess-news.ru/node/19535|title=Evgeny Sveshnikov: "Only fools learn from their mistakes. It seems I am one of them..." - chess-news.ru|website=chess-news.ru|access-date=8 August 2017}}</ref><ref>Strumica 1995, Azmai's Answer ''New in Chess'' 1996/3, page 5</ref> In 2003, Sveshnikov referred to these high-profile Crișan and Azmaiparashvili incidents as "open secrets", at a time when both purported culprits were heavily involved in FIDE politics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gmsquare.com/sveshnikovFIDE.html|title=GrandMaster Square >>> Letter from GM Sveshnikov|website=www.gmsquare.com|access-date=8 August 2017}}</ref>

==Simultaneous games==
A player with no knowledge of chess can achieve a 50% score in [[simultaneous chess]] by replicating the moves made by one of his white opponents in a match against a black opponent, and vice versa; the opponents in effect play each other rather than the giver of the simul. This may be considered cheating in some events such as [[Basque chess]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.chessbase.com/post/che-magazine-basque-che-does-it-work-for-you-|title=CHESS Magazine: Basque Chess – does it work for you?!|date=29 February 2012|access-date=8 August 2017}}</ref> This can be used against any even number of opponents. [[Stage magician]] [[Derren Brown]] used the trick against eight leading British chess players in his television show.<ref>
{{cite web|url=http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=1610|title=The magical chess experiment|last=Daniels|first=Morgan |date=2004-04-29|work=[[Chessbase]]|access-date=2009-03-26}}</ref> In most simultaneous exhibitions, the player giving the exhibition always plays the same color (by convention white) in all matches, rendering this trick ineffective; even with a mixed group, attempting to use this in an in-person circle is rather obvious due to more delayed moves than usual, as the player must always look at a given board, not make a move immediately, mirror the move seen on the opposite board, wait for the reply, then send the reply back to the original board.

== See also ==
* [[Cheating in sports]]
* [[Doping in chess]]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

'''Bibliography'''
*{{cite book
|last=Evans |first=Larry |author-link=Larry Evans (chess grandmaster)
|title=This Crazy World of Chess
|year=2009
|publisher=Cardoza
|isbn=978-1-58042-237-6
}}
*{{cite book
|last1=Lombardy
|first1=William
|author-link=William Lombardy
|last2=Daniels
|first2=David
|year=1975
|title=Chess Panorama
|publisher=Chilton
|isbn=0-8019-6078-9
|url-access=registration
|url=https://archive.org/details/chesspanorama00lomb
}}

==Further reading==
* [[William Hartston|Hartson, William Roland]]. (1976). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=KL1YAAAACAAJ How to Cheat at Chess: Everything You Always Wanted to Know about Chess, But Were Afraid to Ask]''. United Kingdom: [[Hutchinson (publisher)|Hutchinson & Co. (Publishers) Ltd.]] {{ISBN|978-0091261115|0091261112}} 1st ed. - 1976; {{ISBN|9781857440997|1857440994}} 2nd ed. - 1994

==External links==
* [https://en.chessbase.com/post/cheating-what-do-we-know ChessBase.com: Cheating: What do we know?]

{{Chess}}

[[Category:Cheating in chess| ]]
[[Category:Rules of chess|Cheating]]

Rooban

2026-05-07T00:39:43Z

DamienLorenz695: starting post...

{{short description|Indian Tamil-language devotional film}}
{{orphan|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Rooban
| image = Rooban poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Ayyappan
| writer = Ayyappan
| producer = {{plainlist|
* Arumugam Kaliappan
* Karur Elang Karthikeyan
* Raja manogaran
}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
* Vijay Prasath
* [[Gayatri Rema]]
}}
| cinematography = Sathya Moorthy
| editing = Ramnath
| music = Aravind Babu
| studio = AKR Future Films
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|2024|04|20|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}'''''Rooban''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[devotional film]] written and directed by Ayyappan. The film stars Vijay Prasath and [[Gayatri Rema]]. The film was produced by Arumugam Kaliappan, Karur Elang Karthikeyan and Raja Manogaran under the banner of AKR Future Films.<ref>{{Cite web |title="ரூபன்"திரைப்படத்தின் இசை மற்றும் ட்ரெய்லர் வெளியீட்டுவிழா ! |url=https://thegreatindianews.com/cinema/music-and-trailer-release-of-the-movie-ruben |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=thegreatindianews.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=J.Durai |title=ரூபன் திரைப்படத்தின் இசை மற்றும் ட்ரெய்லர் வெளியீட்டுவிழா |url=https://tamil.webdunia.com/article/tamil-cinema-news-movie-film/reuben-movie-music-and-trailer-launch-124041900019_1.html |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=tamil.webdunia.com |language=ta |archive-date=2024-04-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427163752/https://tamil.webdunia.com/article/tamil-cinema-news-movie-film/reuben-movie-music-and-trailer-launch-124041900019_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Cast ==

* Vijay Prasath as Shanmugam
* [[Gayatri Rema]] as Parvathi
* Charlie as Siththan
* Ramar as Pandi
* Karur Elang Karthikeyan
* Arumugam Kaliappan
* Raja Manogaran
* Ganja Karuppu

== Reception ==

''[[Maalai Malar]]'' critic rated one star out of five and gave mixed reviews.<ref>{{Cite web |last=maalaimalar |date=2024-04-19 |title=Rooban |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/movie-review/rooban-158583 |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=www.maalaimalar.com |language=ta}}</ref>

Amitabh Budholia of ''[[News18]]'' rated three point five of five star and stated that "If we look at the technical brilliance of the film, Arvind Babu's music penetrates the mind and heart. Connects the audience with the film with emotional depth. Especially, devotional songs and music have become good."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-20 |title=Rooban Review: जंगल में अस्तित्व के लिए दंगल, कहानी पुरानी, तड़का नया |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/entertainment/film-review-tamil-movie-rooban-review-divine-beliefs-miracle-tantra-mantra-in-villages-8254795.html |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi |archive-date=2024-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240426194130/https://hindi.news18.com/news/entertainment/film-review-tamil-movie-rooban-review-divine-beliefs-miracle-tantra-mantra-in-villages-8254795.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=tt31152181}}

[[Category:Religious drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]

Praveen Chakravarty

2026-04-23T09:32:33Z

DamienLorenz695: starting new info

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{BLP sources|date=January 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Praveen Chakravarty
| image =
| image_size = 200px
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| occupation = venture capital and banking
| website = {{URL|http://www.praveenchakravarty.in/}}
| office = President [[All India Professionals Congress]]
| term_start = 15 November 2023
| predecessor = [[Shashi Tharoor]]
}}

'''Praveen Chakravarty''' is an Indian politician belonging to the [[Indian National Congress|Congress Party]]. He took over as chairperson of the [[All India Professionals' Congress]] from [[Shashi Tharoor]] on 15 November 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-15 |title=Praveen Chakravarty takes over from Shashi Tharoor to head All India Professionals' Congress |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/praveen-chakravarty-takes-over-from-shashi-tharoor-to-head-all-india-professionals-congress/article67537255.ece |access-date=2024-01-22 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He is the Chairman of the Data Analytics department, appointed by Rahul Gandhi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/business/praveen-chakravarty-named-congresss-data-analytics-head|title=Economist Praveen Chakravarty Named Congress' Data Analytics Head|website=The Quint|date=5 February 2018|language=en|access-date=2019-01-12}}</ref> He is the brains behind SHAKTI, a project that was created to modernise the Congress party.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://prime.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/66819492/technology-startups/talk-to-the-hand-can-nerds-help-revive-the-congress-party|title=Talk to the hand: Can nerds help revive the Congress party?|last=Prime|first=E. T.|newspaper=The Economic Times|access-date=2019-01-12}}</ref> He along with [[P. Chidambaram|P.Chidambaram]] drafted the NYAY scheme for the party's 2019 election manifesto with help from Nobel Laureate Prof. [[Abhijit Banerjee]] among others.<ref>{{Cite web|title=NYAY|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ml4wWHBigNc |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/ml4wWHBigNc |archive-date=2021-12-21|url-status=live|access-date=2019-01-12|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/the-inside-account-of-abhijit-banerjee-s-nyay-connection/story-zNfBU0AQmBxgb9Hqgk0ijP.html|title = The inside account of Abhijit Banerjee's Nyay connection|date = 16 October 2019}}</ref>

Chakravarty was a political economist scholar in a think tank, an investment banker and [[angel investor]] before entering politics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://noise2signal.in/|title=About|website=Noise To Signal|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-01-12}}</ref> It was widely reported that Chakravarty will be the Congress candidate for Member of Parliament of the [[Rajya Sabha|Upper House]] in 2021 from the state of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Nair|first=Sobhana K.|date=2021-09-13|title=Congress eyes Rajya Sabha seats in Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/congress-eyes-rajya-sabha-seats-in-maharashtra-tamil-nadu/article36437656.ece|access-date=2021-09-16|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Praveen Chakravarthy was appointed as a member of Empowered Action Group of Leaders and Experts (EAGLE) which was constituted by [[Indian National Congress]] on 2 February 2025 to monitor the conduct of free and fair elections by the [[Election Commission of India]].<ref name="Congress forms panel to monitor 'conduct of free and fair elections’2">{{cite news |date=2 February 2025 |title=Congress forms panel to monitor 'conduct of free and fair elections' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/eagle-congress-sets-up-panel-to-monitor-conduct-of-fair-polls-by-eci/article69172764.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250203084447/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/eagle-congress-sets-up-panel-to-monitor-conduct-of-fair-polls-by-eci/article69172764.ece |archive-date=3 February 2025 |access-date=3 February 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Early life==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=July 2025}}
Praveen Chakravarty was born in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Chennai]], and is an alumnus of [[BITS Pilani]] and has an MBA from [[Wharton School]].

==Career==
Praveen Chakravarty started his career with [[IBM]] in Japan and moved to [[Microsoft]]. He switched to [[investment banking]] in New York and San Francisco, after receiving his [[MBA]] from Wharton School. Chakravarty moved to India to set up Thomas Weisel's India operations and 2 years later, captured headlines in a high-profile move to [[BNP Paribas]] as managing director with his entire team from Thomas Weisel.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://wap.business-standard.com/article/markets/bs-people-praveen-chakravarty-111090800029_1.html|title=BS People: Praveen Chakravarty|author=Business Standard|work=business-standard.com|date=8 September 2011}}</ref> 4 years later, in a sudden move that caught everyone by surprise, he joined Nandan Nilekani's team at Aadhaar.

He is a co-founder of Mumbai Angels and is ranked among the top five angel investors in the country by a survey.<ref>{{cite web|title=Praveen Chakravarty – VCCircle|url=http://www.vccircle.com/news/general/2011/11/30/praveen-chakravarty|work=vccircle.com}}</ref> He was also a contributing editor at [[BloombergQuint]] where he hosted a popular monthly column called "Noise To Signal".<ref>{{cite web|title=BNP Paribas Honcho Praveen Chakravarty Boarding UID Project – VCCircle|url=http://www.vccircle.com/500/news/bnp-paribas-honcho-praveen-chakravarty-boarding-uid-project|work=vccircle.com}}</ref>

Chakravarty has served on many corporate boards. He was the founding board member of many successful startups{{which|date=July 2025}}.

He then became a scholar in a think tank{{which|date=July 2025}} and published extensive research on India's economic divergence among its states.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2015-06-05|title=Praveen Chakravarty|url=https://www.epw.in/author/praveen-chakravarty|access-date=2021-09-16|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|pages=7–8|language=en}}</ref>

Chakravarty is a prolific{{citation needed|date=July 2025}} writer on India's political economy and has co-authored articles with former Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh|Dr.Manmohan Singh]] and former Finance Minister [[P. Chidambaram|P.Chidambaram]].{{citation needed|date=July 2025}}

He was a founding trustee of the data journalism non-profit, IndiaSpend and was a board member of legislative research firm, [[PRS Legislative Research|PRS Legislative]].{{citation needed|date=July 2025}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chakravarty, Praveen}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian investment bankers]]
[[Category:Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Politicians from Chennai]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Chennai]]
[[Category:Wharton School alumni]]

Dhana Dhanya Pushpa Bhara

2026-04-18T15:08:04Z

DamienLorenz695: Added new details

{{Short description|1905 Bengali patriotic song by Dwijendra Lal Roy}}
{{Infobox song
| name = Dhana Dhanya Pushpa Bhara
| cover = Dwijendra Lal Roy.jpg
| alt =
| type = ''[[Dwijendrageeti]]''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Experts |first=Arihant |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qhrzDwAAQBAJ&dq=dwijendrageeti+500+songs&pg=PA184 |title=Know Your State West Bengal |date=22 August 2019 |publisher=Arihant Publications India limited |isbn=978-93-131-9801-7 |language=en}}</ref>
| artist =
| album =
| B-side =
| released = 1907
| recorded = 1905
| studio =
| genre = Patriotic
| length =
| label =
| writer = Dwijendra Lal Roy
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
"'''Dhana Dhanya Pushpa Bhara'''" ({{langx|bn|ধনধান্য পুষ্প ভরা||Lavished with a wealth of grains and flowers}}) is a [[Bengali language]] [[patriotism|patriotic]] song composed by the Indian litterateur [[Dwijendra Lal Roy]] in 1905. The song was composed in the context of the [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|First Partition of Bengal]] and the [[Swadeshi Movement]]. It is one of the most popular Bengali patriotic songs, both in [[Bangladesh]] and [[India]].

==Background==
{{Main|Partition of Bengal (1905)}}
The first partition of Bengal came to effect on 20 July 1905, where the British colonial government split the unified province of [[Bengal Presidency]] into two parts along [[Communalism (South Asia)|communal]] lines–[[East Bengal and Assam]] having a majority of [[Muslims]] and [[West Bengal]] having a majority of [[Hindus]]. The event triggered a [[Bengali nationalism|nationalist]] surge particularly among the [[Bengali Hindus]], who claimed this move as politically motivated. Along with a host of others, songs such as this were meant to rekindle the unified spirit of Bengal and to raise public consciousness against the communal political divide. Dwijendra Lal Roy wrote the song in Bengali language during this time in 1905. The song was later included on his play ''Shajahan'' in 1907. A transcription of the song in Sanskrit was made by his son Dilip Kumar Roy much later. <ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.301210/mode/1up|title=Sajahan|last=Ray|first=Dwijendralal Ed}}</ref>

==Popularity==
The song was one of the various songs that were used to encourage the [[Freedom fighter (Bangladesh)|Bangladeshi freedom fighters]] during the [[Liberation War of Bangladesh]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Mallick|first=Sadya Afreen|date=19 July 2016|title=DL ROY Patriotism to the fore|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/arts-entertainment/dl-roy-patriotism-the-fore-1255669|website=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]}}</ref> During the drafting of the [[Constitution of Bangladesh]] in 1972, two songs were proposed for the national anthem of the country, the "[[Amar Sonar Bangla]]" by [[Rabindranath Tagore]] and "Dhana Dhanya Pushpa Bhara". But at the end, Amar Sonar Bangla was selected.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ullah|first=Mahbub|date=12 September 2024|language=bn|title=শতফুল ফুটতে দাও: বিতর্কের উত্তেজনায় যাতে গণতন্ত্র হারিয়ে না যায়|url=https://www.jugantor.com/tp-ub-editorial/851278|access-date=31 October 2025|website=[[Daily Jugantor]]}}</ref>

The song ranked 10th in the list of the twenty greatest Bengali songs of all time in a 2006 survey conducted by ''[[BBC Bangla]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 May 2006 |title=সর্বকালের সর্বশ্রেষ্ঠ বাংলা গান |url=https://www.bbc.com/bengali/news/story/2006/05/060502_mbsheragaan |access-date=2025-08-05 |website=[[BBC Bangla]]}}</ref> The song became popular during the [[July Revolution (Bangladesh)|July Revolution of Bangladesh]] when thousands of protesters chorused the song on 3 August 2024.<ref>{{cite web|title=Explained: How Bangladesh quota protests spiralled into Hasina's ouster|url=https://thefederal.com/category/explainers-2/explained-how-bangladesh-quota-protests-spiralled-into-hasinas-ouster-137231|website=The Federal|date=5 August 2025}}</ref>

==Lyrics==
{|class="wikitable"
!Bengali original<ref>{{cite web|date=19 July 2015|language=bn|title=ধনধান্য পুষ্প ভরা দেশের ডি এল রায়|url=https://www.banglanews24.com/opinion/news/bd/410549.details|access-date=29 July 2025|website=banglanews24.com}}</ref>
!English translation
|- style="vertical-align:top; white-space:nowrap;"
|{{centre|<poem>
ধনধান্য পুষ্পভরা আমাদের এই বসুন্ধরা{{efn|Also sung: ধনধান্যে পুষ্পে ভরা<ref name=":0">{{cite web|language=bn|title='ধন ধান্য': ভুলে ভরা|url=https://www.prohor.in/index.php/robbaranda-shruti-goswami-shrutimodhur-1|access-date=29 July 2025|website=Prohor}}</ref>}}
তাহার মাঝে আছে দেশ এক–সকল দেশের সেরা;–
ও সে, স্বপ্ন দিয়ে তৈরি সে-দেশ, স্মৃতি দিয়ে ঘেরা;
এমন দেশটি কোথাও খুঁজে পাবে নাকো তুমি,
সকল দেশের রানি সে যে–আমার জন্মভূমি।

চন্দ্র সূর্য গ্রহ তারা, কোথায় উজল এমন ধারা।
কোথায় এমন খেলে তড়িৎ এমন কালো মেঘে!
তার পাখির ডাকে ঘুমিয়ে উঠি, পাখির ডাকে জেগে;{{efn|Also sung: তারা পাখির ডাকে ঘুমিয়ে পড়ে, পাখির ডাকে জেগে, or তারা পাখির ডাকে ঘুমিয়ে ওঠে, পাখির ডাকে জেগে<ref name=":0" />}}
এমন দেশটি কোথাও খুঁজে পাবে নাকো তুমি,
সকল দেশের রানি সে যে–আমার জন্মভূমি।

এত স্নিগ্ধ নদী কাহার, কোথায় এমন ধূম্র পাহাড়!
কোথায় এমন হরিৎক্ষেত্র আকাশতলে মিশে!
এমন ধানের উপর ঢেউ খেলে যায় বাতাস কাহার দেশে!
এমন দেশটি কোথাও খুঁজে পাবে নাকো তুমি,
সকল দেশের রানি সে যে–আমার জন্মভূমি।

পুষ্পে পুষ্পে ভরা শাখী; কুঞ্জে কুঞ্জে গাহে পাখি;
গুঞ্জরিয়া আসে অলি পুঞ্জে পুঞ্জে ধেয়ে–
তারা, ফুলের উপর ঘুমিয়ে পড়ে ফুলের মধু খেয়ে;
এমন দেশটি কোথাও খুঁজে পাবে নাকো তুমি,
সকল দেশের রানি সে যে–আমার জন্মভূমি।

ভায়ের মায়ের এত স্নেহ কোথায় গেলে পাবে কেহ!–
ও মা তোমার চরণ দুটি বক্ষে আমার ধরি,
আমার এই দেশেতে জন্ম–যেন এই দেশেতে মরি–
এমন দেশটি কোথাও খুঁজে পাবে নাকো তুমি,
সকল দেশের রানি সে যে–আমার জন্মভূমি।
</poem>}}
|{{centre|<poem>
Lavished with a wealth of grains and flowers is our [[Earth|Mother Earth]].
In the midst of this is a land, more splendid than all other lands.
She is created by dreams, she is surrounded by memories.
Nowhere will you discover such a land as this.
O she is the queen of all lands, she is my motherland.

Moon and sun, planets and stars. Is there a similar surge of brilliance anywhere?
Where does the lightning play quite like this, among such black clouds?
After the call of her birds put me to sleep, I am awakened by the birdsongs again.
Nowhere will you discover such a land as this.
O she is the queen of all lands, she is my motherland.

Whose rivers are so gentle? Do such massive mountains exist anywhere?
Where do such green acres meet like this, under the skies?
In whose land does the wind dance like waves on paddy?
Nowhere will you discover such a land as this.
O she is the queen of all lands, she is my motherland.

The trees are covered with flowers, birds sing in every haunt,
Buzzing, the bees arrive and chase each other in great clusters.
They fall asleep on the flowers after drinking their nectar.
Nowhere will you discover such a land as this.
O she is the queen of all lands, she is my motherland.

Where can one go to attain so much affection, from a mother or brother?
I hold both your feet, O [[Bangamata|Mother]], close to my breast,
I was born in this very land, let me die here, as well.
Nowhere will you discover such a land as this.
O she is the queen of all lands, she is my motherland.
</poem>}}
|}

==See also==
*"[[Amar Sonar Bangla]]", the [[national anthem]] of Bangladesh by [[Rabindranath Tagore]], also written in the context of the First Partition of Bengal
*[[Dwijendrageeti]]

==Citations==
===Notes===
{{notelist}}

===References===
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Songs in Bengali]]
[[Category:Indian patriotic songs]]
[[Category:Bengali nationalism]]
[[Category:1907 songs]]

George Alencherry

2026-04-16T20:56:54Z

DamienLorenz695: Added article

{{Short description|Major Archbishop of the Syro-Malabar Church from 2011 to 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| type = Cardinal 
| honorific_prefix = [[Mar (title)|Mar]]
| name = George Alencherry
| title = {{ubl
| [[Major Archbishop|Major Archbishop Emeritus]] of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]]
| [[Cardinal-Priest]] of [[San Bernardo alle Terme]]
}}
| image = Mar George Alencherry Syro-Malabar.jpg
| caption = Alencherry in 2024
| church = {{ubl | [[Catholic Church]] | [[Syro-Malabar Church]]}}
| see = [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Major Archeparchy of Ernakulam-Angamaly|Major Archeparchy of Ernakulam-Angamaly]]
| appointed =
| elected = 24 May 2011
| enthroned = 29 May 2011
| term_start = 29 May 2011
| term_end = 7 December 2023
| predecessor = [[Varkey Vithayathil]]
| successor = [[Raphael Thattil]]
| other_post = 
| ordination = 18 December 1972
| ordained_by = [[Antony Padiyara]]
| consecration = 2 February 1997
| consecrated_by = [[Joseph Powathil]]
| cardinal = 18 February 2012
| rank = {{ubl | [[Major archbishop]] | [[Cardinal priest]]}}
| created_cardinal_by = [[Pope Benedict XVI]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1945|4|19|df=y}}
| birth_place = Thuruthy, [[Travancore]], [[British India]]
| religion = 
| previous_post = {{indented plainlist|
* [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Thuckalay|Bishop of Thuckalay]] (1997{{nbnd}}2011)
}}
| coat_of_arms = 
| module = {{Ordination
| denomination = Catholic Church
| embed = yes
|ordained deacon by =
|date of diaconal ordination =
|place of diaconal ordination =
|ordained priest by =[[Antony Padiyara]]
|date of priestly ordination = 18 December 1972
|place of priestly ordination =
|consecrated by = [[Joseph Powathil]]
|co-consecrators = Lawrence Ephraem Thottam, Mathew Vattackuzhy
|date of consecration = 2 February 1997
|place of consecration =
|elevated by =
|date of elevation =
|sources = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/balenc.html |title=George Cardinal Alencherry |website=[[Catholic-Hierarchy.org]] |publisher=David M. Cheney |access-date=22 January 2024 |date=31 December 2023 |archive-date=8 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208075530/https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/balenc.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|bishop 1 = [[Kuriakose Bharanikulangara]]
|consecration date 1 = 2012
|bishop 2 = [[George Rajendran Kuttinadar]]
|consecration date 2 = 2012
|bishop 3 = [[George Madathikandathil]]
|consecration date 3 = 2013
|bishop 4 = [[Joseph Kollamparampil]]
|consecration date 4 = 2013
|bishop 5 = [[Jose Puthenveettil]]
|consecration date 5 = 2013
|bishop 6 = [[John Alappat]]
|consecration date 6 = 2014
|bishop 7 = [[Ephrem Nariculam]]
|consecration date 7 = 2014
|bishop 8 = [[Joseph Kodakallil]]
|consecration date 8 = 2015
|bishop 9 = [[Jose Kalluvelil]]
|consecration date 9 = 2015
|bishop 10 = [[Antony Prince Panengaden]]
|consecration date 10 = 2015
|bishop 11 = [[Joseph Srampickal]]
|consecration date 11 = 2016
|bishop 12 = [[Stephen Chirappanath]]
|consecration date 12 = 2016
|bishop 13 = [[Sebastian Vaniyapurackal]]
|consecration date 13 = 2017
|bishop 14 = [[Sebastian Pozholiparampil]]
|consecration date 14 = 2017
|bishop 15 = [[John Nellikunnel]]
|consecration date 15 = 2018
|bishop 16 = [[James Athikalam]]
|consecration date 16 = 2018
|bishop 17 = [[Vincent Nellaiparambil]]
|consecration date 17 = 2019
|bishop 18 = [[Joseph Kollamparambil]]
|consecration date 18 = 2022
|bishop 19 = [[Thomas Padiyath]]
|consecration date 19 = 2022
|bishop 20 = [[John Panamthottathil]]
|consecration date 20 = 2023
|bishop 21 = [[Mathew Nellikunnel]]
|consecration date 21 = 2023}}
}}
'''George Alencherry''' ({{langx|syr|ܓܹܝܘܲܪܓܝܼܣ ܐܵܠܲܢܫܹ̰ܝܪܝ|Gīwargīs Ālancēri}}; born 19 April 1945) is a [[Cardinal (Catholic Church)|cardinal]] and the former [[Major Archbishop]] of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]] after serving in the position from 2011 to 2023.

He was elected by the Holy Synod of the Syro-Malabar Church in 2011 to succeed [[Varkey Vithayathil]] (1999–2011). He was created a [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|cardinal]] on 18 February 2012 by [[Pope Benedict XVI]]. He was the first bishop of [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Thuckalay|Thuckalay]] from 1997 to 2011 before his enthronement as the major archbishop.

== Early life and career==
George Alencherry was born on 19 April 1945,<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Anaphoral Genesis of the Institution Narrative in Light of the Anaphora of Addai and Mari|url=https://www.academia.edu/12388908|editor-first=Cesare|editor-last=Giraudo|publisher=Edizioni Orientalia Christiana|journal=Hugoye Journal of Syriac Studies|access-date=29 December 2021|archive-date=29 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211229111609/https://www.academia.edu/12388908|url-status=live}}</ref> the sixth of ten children born to Mary and Philipose Alencherry, in Thuruthy.{{efn|Two of his brothers are priests and one sister is a nun.<ref>{{cite news | access-date = 13 December 2023 | first = Mathew | last = Manoj | newspaper = Deccan Chronicle | date= 19 February 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120218233316/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/nation/south/mar-george-alencherry-prince-church-616 | archive-date = 18 February 2012 | title = Mar George Alencherry Prince of Church| url = https://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/nation/south/mar-george-alencherry-prince-church-616}}</ref>}} Geevarghese is his [[baptismal name]].{{efn|[[Geevarghese]] is a Syriac–Malayalam variant of George.}} Alencherry attended primary school at St Mary's School in Thuruthy and then [[St. Berchmans Higher Secondary School|St. Berchman's High School]] in [[Changanacherry]]. In 1961 he entered the archdiocesan minor seminary at Parel, Changanacherry. While he studied there, he obtained his [[Bachelor of Arts|bachelor's degree]] in economics from [[St. Berchmans College]] in Changanacherry. He completed his philosophy and theology studies at St. Joseph's Pontifical Seminary in [[Aluva]].<ref name=2012bio>{{cite news | access-date = 13 December 2023 | url = https://emalayalee.com/vartha/10398 | title = India's 11th cardinal appointed - Mar George Alencherry | date = 8 January 2012 | first = Ashraf | last = Padanna | publisher = emalayalee.com | archive-date = 12 December 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231212180629/https://emalayalee.com/vartha/10398 | url-status = live }}</ref>

On 18 December 1972, [[Antony Padiyara]], archbishop of [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Changanacherry|Chanagancherry]], ordained him a priest at St. Mary's Church in Thuruthy for the archdiocese of Changanacherry. He continued his studies at the Pontifical Institute of Theology and Philosophy, earning a [[master's degree]] in the first rank. While Alencherry was studying in Aluva, he served as vicar of the filial church at Periyarmugham in the Archeparchy of Ernakulam-Angamaly. After completing his studies at Aluva, Alencherry was appointed assistant vicar at the cathedral church of Changanacherry and Director of the Archdiocesan Faith Formation department. Thereafter he served three years as secretary of the Commission for Catechism of the Kerala Catholic Bishops' Council (KCBC). He then studied in Paris at [[Sorbonne University]] and the [[Institut Catholique de Paris|Catholic Institute]], where he obtained a doctorate in biblical theology. Returning to India in 1986, Alencherry was appointed director of the Pastoral Oriental Centre (POC) at Palarivattom and deputy secretary of KCBC, serving until 1993. During these years he was also a professor at [[St. Thomas Apostolic Seminary]] in Vadavathoor, where he continued until 1997. From 1994 to 1996 he was the [[protosyncellus]], roughly the equivalent of vicar general in the Latin church, of the archeparchy of Changanacherry.<ref name=2012bio/>

== Ecclesial service ==
===Bishop of Thuckalay===
[[Pope John Paul II]] erected the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Thuckalay|Diocese of Thuckalay]] by the [[papal bull]] ''Apud Indorum'' on 11 November 1996.<ref>{{cite book | pages = 745–6 | url = https://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-89-1997-ocr.pdf | date = 1997 | volume = LXXXIX | title = Acta Apostolicae Sedis | access-date = 12 December 2023 | archive-date = 15 February 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200215120217/https://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-89-1997-ocr.pdf | url-status = live }}</ref> It was formed by separating the territory of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archdiocese of Changanassery|Archdiocese of Changanassery]] that included parts of the state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. Alencherry was appointed bishop of the new eparchy. The establishment of the diocese and Alencherry's appointment were promulgated on 18 December 1996. Alencherry was consecrated a bishop on 2 February 1997 by [[Joseph Powathil]], Metropolitan Archbishop of Changanassery, with Mathew Vattackuzhy, [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Kanjirappally|Bishop of Kanjirappally]], and Lawrence Aprem, [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Eparchy of Marthandom|Bishop of Marthandam]], as co-consecrators. He was installed as bishop on the same day by [[Varkey Vithayathil]], Major Archbishop of the Syro-Malabar Church.<ref>{{cite web| access-date= 23 May 2018| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110914080645/http://smcim.smonline.org/diocese_thuckalay.htm |title= Diocese of Thuckalay | url= http://smcim.smonline.org/diocese_thuckalay.htm | website= The Syro-Malabar Church| archive-date= 14 September 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Major Archbishop===
[[File:Mar George Alencherry with Archbishop Salvatore Pennacchio.jpg|thumb|right|Archbishop [[Salvatore Pennacchio]], the Apostolic Nuncio to India, presents a gift to Alencherry during his installation as major archbishop.]]
In May 2011, the bishops' synod of the Syro-Malabar Catholic Church elected Alencherry to succeed [[Varkey Vithayathil]] as Major Archbishop of Ernakulam-Angamaly and head of the Syro-Malabar Church.{{efn|The synod opened on 23 May, elected Alencherry, and received his assent. The request for papal approval was sent through the [[Apostolic Nunciature to India]] in [[New Delhi]]. Approval was granted on the evening of 25 May and announced to the synod on the morning of 26 May.<ref name=pdf20110526/>}} His election received papal approval and was announced simultaneously in Rome and at the synod on 26 May.<ref name=pdf20110526/><ref>{{cite press release | publisher= Holy See Press Office | language= it | date= 26 May 2011 | access-date= 23 May 2018 | title= Dalle Chiese Orientali: Conferma Dell'Elezione dell'Arcivesovo Maggiore di Ernakulam-Angamaly dei Siro-Malabresi (India) | url= http://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2011/05/26/0323/00813.html | archive-date= 18 August 2021 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210818092917/https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2011/05/26/0323/00813.html | url-status= live }}</ref> He was the first head of the Syro-Malabar Church to be elected by its synod.<ref name=pdf20110526>{{cite press release | access-date=23 May 2018| url=http://www.ernakulamarchdiocese.org/admin/cms/docs/n_high/222.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130928055632/http://www.ernakulamarchdiocese.org/admin/cms/docs/n_high/222.pdf | archive-date=28 September 2013| url-status=dead|date=26 May 2011 | title= Mar George Alencherry (Bishop of Thuckalay) The new Syro-Malabar Major Archbishop | website= Archdiocese of Ernakulam }} The date of this document is not specified.</ref><ref name=cathnews2011>{{cite news| url= http://www.cathnewsindia.com/2011/05/26/bishop-alencherry-is-new-syro-malabar-church-head/ |title= Mar Alencherry is new Syro-Malabar Church head |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110529105858/http://www.cathnewsindia.com/2011/05/26/bishop-alencherry-is-new-syro-malabar-church-head |archive-date=29 May 2011 |url-status=dead | work= CathNews India | date=26 May 2011 | agency=UCA News}}</ref>{{efn|When [[Pope John Paul II]] raised the Syro-Malabar Church to the status of a Major Archiepiscopal Church in 1992, he reserved to himself the authority to appoint its bishops. Only in 2004 did the [[Holy See]] grant full administrative powers to the church, including the authority to elect its bishops.<ref name=cathnews2011/>}} Alencherry declared his service would be for all the people of India, stressing ecumenical relations among Christians and harmony with other religions.<ref name=cathnews2011/>

On 18 February 2012, [[Pope Benedict XVI]] elevated Alencherry to the rank of cardinal during a ceremony in [[Saint Peter's Basilica]],<ref>{{cite news | url = https://in.reuters.com/article/pope-consistory-cardinal-india/indias-george-alencherry-among-22-new-cardinals-inducted-by-pope-idINDEE81H04F20120218 | work = Reuters | access-date = 15 May 2018 | date = 18 February 2012 | first = Philip | last = Pullella | title = India's George Alencherry among 22 new cardinals inducted by Pope | archive-date = 3 January 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200103102555/https://in.reuters.com/article/pope-consistory-cardinal-india/indias-george-alencherry-among-22-new-cardinals-inducted-by-pope-idINDEE81H04F20120218 | url-status = dead }}</ref> creating him [[Cardinal-Priest]] of [[San Bernardo alle Terme]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/news_services/liturgy/2012/documents/ns_lit_doc_20120218_titoli_it.html |title=Assegnazione dei Titoli e delle Diaconie ai nuovi Cardinali |date=18 February 2012 |website=[[Holy See|The Holy See]] |publisher=[[Office for the Liturgical Celebrations of the Supreme Pontiff|Ufficio delle Celebrazioni Liturgiche del Sommo Pontefice]] |language=it |trans-title=Assignment of Titles and Deaconries to the new Cardinals |access-date=12 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160721205521/https://www.vatican.va/news_services/liturgy/2012/documents/ns_lit_doc_20120218_titoli_it.html |archive-date=21 July 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|Earlier cardinals belonging to the [[Syro Malabar Church|Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]] were [[Joseph Parecattil]] (28 April 1969), [[Antony Padiyara]] (28 June 1988) and [[Varkey Vithayathil]] (21 February 2001).<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.maralencherry.smcim.org/index.php | website = The Syro-Malabar Church Internet Mission | title =Cardinal George Alencherry, Major Archbishop of the Syro-Malabar Church | access-date = 9 December 2023 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230515102815/http://www.maralencherry.smcim.org/ | archive-date = 15 May 2023 }}</ref>}}

Alencherry's visit to [[Rome]] for that consistory coincided with the arrest of Italian merchant marine officers on board the [[Enrica Lexie]] who shot and killed two Kerala fishermen on a fishing vessel.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.deccanherald.com/content/228442/enrica-lexie-crew-arrested.html | work = Deccan News | access-date = 15 May 2018 | date = 19 February 2012 | title = Enrica Lexie Crew Arrested | archive-date = 20 January 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210120110422/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/228442/enrica-lexie-crew-arrested.html | url-status = live }}</ref> Alencherry provided a statement to the Italian news service [[Agenzia Fides]] that "This episode must be investigated: if there is a guilty action, it must be treated legally and the guilty must be punished. We must fully respect truth and justice." He denied any interest in serving as a mediator.<ref>{{cite news | work = Agenzia Fides | access-date = 15 May 2018 | language = it | date = 22 February 2012 | title = Pescatori uccisi in Kerala: il Card. Alencherry difende "verità e giustizia" | url = http://www.fides.org/it/news/38485-ASIA_INDIA_Pescatori_uccisi_in_Kerala_il_Card_Alencherry_difende_verita_e_giustizia | archive-date = 6 January 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200106074555/http://www.fides.org/it/news/38485-ASIA_INDIA_Pescatori_uccisi_in_Kerala_il_Card_Alencherry_difende_verita_e_giustizia | url-status = live }}</ref> He had previously been quoted accusing some Kerala politicians of exploiting the incident for their own purposes and seemed to suggest he was actively seeking to resolve the dispute.<ref>{{cite news | language = it | access-date = 15 May 2018 | work = Corriere del Mezzogiorno | url = https://corrieredelmezzogiorno.corriere.it/napoli/notizie/cronaca/2012/21-febbraio-2012/maro-pugliesi-arcivescovo-alencherryconfido-aiuto-alcuni-ministri-1903376811404.shtml | date = 21 February 2012 | title = Marò pugliesi, l'arcivescovo Alencherry: "Confido nell'aiuto di alcuni ministri" | archive-date = 15 May 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180515185213/https://corrieredelmezzogiorno.corriere.it/napoli/notizie/cronaca/2012/21-febbraio-2012/maro-pugliesi-arcivescovo-alencherryconfido-aiuto-alcuni-ministri-1903376811404.shtml | url-status = live }}</ref> Upon his return to India, he expressed unreserved sympathy for the families of the dead fishermen and ascribed any other misunderstandings to misquotes by Fides.<ref>{{cite news | access-date = 15 May 2018 | work = First Post | url = http://www.firstpost.com/fwire/cardinal-alencherry-back-says-he-shares-grief-of-fishermens-families-233058.html | title = Cardinal Alencherry back says he shares grief of fishermen's families | date = 3 March 2012 | archive-date = 18 February 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200218045951/https://www.firstpost.com/fwire/cardinal-alencherry-back-says-he-shares-grief-of-fishermens-families-233058.html | url-status = live }}</ref>

On 24 April 2012, Alencherry was made a member of the [[Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith]] and of the [[Congregation for the Oriental Churches|Congregation for the Oriental Catholic Churches]].<ref>{{cite press release | archive-date =23 April 2012 | publisher =Holy See Press Office | url =http://press.catholica.va/news_services/bulletin/news/29094.php | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120423194543/http://press.catholica.va/news_services/bulletin/news/29094.php | language =it | title =Rinunce e Nomine, 24.04.2012 | url-status =dead | access-date =21 April 2012}}</ref>

Alencherry participated as a [[Cardinal electors for the papal conclave, 2013|cardinal-elector]] in the [[Papal conclave, 2013|2013 conclave]] that elected [[Pope Francis]].<ref>{{cite news | url = https://zenit.org/articles/list-of-cardinal-electors/ | work = Zenit | access-date = 15 May 2018 | date = 12 March 2013 | title = List of Cardinal Electors | archive-date = 6 April 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190406032226/https://zenit.org/articles/list-of-cardinal-electors/ | url-status = live }}</ref> During the conclave, Alencherry was one of the four cardinal-electors from outside the [[Latin Church]] who wore different vestments, proper to their respective churches.<ref name="YouTube procession">{{youTube|id=cTtzyr5sBkc|title=Procession and entrance in Conclave}}</ref>{{efn|The others were Coptic Catholic Patriarch-Emeritus [[Antonios Naguib]], Maronite Patriarch [[Bechara Boutros al-Rahi]], and Syro-Malankara Major Archbishop [[Baselios Cleemis]].}}

Following a series of [[Violence against Christians in India|attacks on Catholic properties]], on 17 February 2015 Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]], speaking at a ceremony celebrating two new Indian saints, expressed strong support for "equal respect for all religions" and denounced sectarian violence, but Alencherry warned that proposed anti-conversion legislation contradicted that rhetoric.<ref>{{cite news | access-date = 9 December 2023 | url = https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/minority-or-majority-pm-s-message/cid/1473510 | newspaper = The Telegraph (India) | date = 18 February 2015 | title = Minority or majority, PM's message | archive-date = 8 December 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231208225219/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/minority-or-majority-pm-s-message/cid/1473510 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=17 February 2015|title=Modi vows to uphold freedom of faith, stand against hatred|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/modi-vows-to-uphold-freedom-of-faith-stand-against-hatred/story-Ky2jyUSqikBrQaMQCXnWVL.html|access-date=23 November 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=23 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123153400/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/modi-vows-to-uphold-freedom-of-faith-stand-against-hatred/story-Ky2jyUSqikBrQaMQCXnWVL.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

He underwent angioplasty on 8 December 2017.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cardinal Alencherry undergoes angioplasty, prayers requested |url=http://mattersindia.com/2017/12/cardinal-alencherry-undergoes-angioplasty-prayers-requested/ |access-date=27 June 2018 |work=Matters India |date=9 December 2017 |archive-date=3 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103102555/http://mattersindia.com/2017/12/cardinal-alencherry-undergoes-angioplasty-prayers-requested/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Mar George Cardinal Alencherry.jpg|thumb]]
An internal investigation by the Archdiocese of Ernakulam-Angamaly determined it had suffered large losses on speculative real estate deals made by Alencherry without adhering to procedural safeguards. The archeparchy's priests' council called on the pope to take action against Alencherry and in February 2018 the Synod of the Syro-Malabar Church, apparently with Alencherry in agreement,<ref>{{cite news | access-date = 13 December 2023 | work = Crux | url = https://cruxnow.com/global-church/2018/06/documents-detail-vatican-crackdown-in-troubled-indian-archdiocese | title = Documents detail Vatican crackdown in troubled Indian archdiocese | date = 23 June 2018 | first = John L. | last = Allen Jr. | archive-date = 12 December 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231212215908/https://cruxnow.com/global-church/2018/06/documents-detail-vatican-crackdown-in-troubled-indian-archdiocese | url-status = live }}</ref> withdrew Alencherry's authority over the archeparchy's administrative and economic affairs. It allowed him to continue to exercise his pastoral and liturgical roles.<ref name=times2018>{{cite news | access-date = 13 December 2023 | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/land-row-leads-to-transfer-of-power/articleshow/62867327.cms | newspaper = Times of India | title = Land row leads to transfer of power | date = 11 February 2018 | archive-date = 9 December 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231209064455/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/land-row-leads-to-transfer-of-power/articleshow/62867327.cms | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | language = fr | access-date = 13 December 2023 | newspaper = La Croix | url = https://www.la-croix.com/Religion/Catholicisme/Monde/En-Inde-cardinal-Alencherry-dessaisi-diocese-2018-06-25-1200949959 | title = En Inde, le cardinal Alencherry dessaisi de son diocèse | date = 25 June 2018 | first = Claire | last = Lesegretain | archive-date = 12 December 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231212215909/https://www.la-croix.com/Religion/Catholicisme/Monde/En-Inde-cardinal-Alencherry-dessaisi-diocese-2018-06-25-1200949959 | url-status = live }}</ref> From that time until his resignation, responsibility for the archeparchy's financial affairs passed to a series of prelates named by the Synod or Pope Francis.{{efn|The Synod first assigned responsibility to auxiliary bishop [[Sebastian Adayanthrath]].<ref name=times2018/> On 22 June 2018, Pope Francis appointed the Bishop of Palgath, [[Jacob Manathodath]], as apostolic administrator,<ref>{{cite press release | date = 22 June 2018 | access-date = 13 December 2023 | url = https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2018/06/22/180622c.html | publisher = Holy See Press Office | title = Resignations and Appointments, 22.06.2018 | archive-date = 12 December 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231212210434/https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2018/06/22/180622c.html | url-status = live }}</ref>
terminating that appointment on 27 June 2019.<ref>{{cite press release | access-date = 13 December 2023 | publisher = Holy See Press Office | date = 27 June 2019 | url = https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2019/06/27/190627b.html | title = Resignations and Appointments, 27.06.2019 | archive-date = 16 January 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200116123537/https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2019/06/27/190627b.html | url-status = live }}</ref> In August 2019, the Synod in turn named [[Antony Kariyil]], Bishop of Mandya, as vicar to assist Alencherry.<ref>{{cite press release | url = https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2019/08/30/190830c.html | access-date = 13 December 2023 | date = 30 August 2019 | publisher = Holy See Press Office | title = From the Oriental Churches, 30.08.2019 | archive-date = 12 December 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231212213630/https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2019/08/30/190830c.html | url-status = live }}</ref> Upon Kariyil's retirement on 30 July 2022, Pope Francis again appointed an apostolic administrator, the Archbishop of Trichur, [[Andrews Thazhath]].<ref>{{cite press release | access-date = 13 December 2023 | title = Resignations and Appointments, 30.07.2022 | date = 30 July 2022 | url = https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2022/07/30/220730a.html | publisher = Holy See Press Office | archive-date = 9 June 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230609121520/https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2022/07/30/220730a.html | url-status = live }}</ref> Thazhath's role ended with Alencherry's resignation as major archbishop.}}

In December 2019 Alencherry was elected head of the Kerala Catholic Bishops Council, a state-wide organization of Catholic bishops. This move subsequently met with criticism from a section of believers in the Church owing to accusations of corruption against him in a land deal case from 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-06|title=Row erupts as Cardinal Alencherry made president of Kerala Catholic Bishops Council|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/row-erupts-cardinal-alencherry-made-president-kerala-catholic-bishops-council-113605|access-date=2021-11-23|website=The News Minute|language=en|archive-date=23 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123150705/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/row-erupts-cardinal-alencherry-made-president-kerala-catholic-bishops-council-113605|url-status=live}}</ref> As president of the Kerala Catholic Bishop's Conference, he made all Catholic hospitals open and available for the treatment of COVID-19 patients.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}

In December 2019 Alencherry called upon the [[Union government]] to reconsider the [[Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019]], saying the act lacked clarity in many areas. He said "The problems should not become communal. There should be no conflict between religions or between states." and said that he hoped the government would introduce a mitigated version of the same act.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mar Alencherry asks Centre to go for a rethink on CAA|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2019/dec/24/mar-alencherry-asks-centre-to-go-for-a-rethink-on-caa-2080106.html|access-date=23 November 2021|date=24 December 2019|website=The New Indian Express|archive-date=23 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123135731/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2019/dec/24/mar-alencherry-asks-centre-to-go-for-a-rethink-on-caa-2080106.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Alencherry received a pamphlet distributed by the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) supporting the CAA in January 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-07|title=Cardinal Alencherry draws flak for receiving pro-CAA pamphlet from BJP|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/cardinal-alencherry-draws-flak-receiving-pro-caa-pamphlet-bjp-115558|access-date=2021-11-23|website=The News Minute|language=en|archive-date=17 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117191233/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/cardinal-alencherry-draws-flak-receiving-pro-caa-pamphlet-bjp-115558|url-status=live}}</ref>

In January 2021 Cardinal Alencherry along with Cardinals [[Baselios Cleemis]] and [[Oswald Gracias]], were received by [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] and conveyed the grievances of the Christian community.<ref>{{Cite web|title=PM Modi holds talks with cardinals, may invite Pope|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2021/jan/20/pm-modi-holds-talks-with-cardinalsmay-invite-pope-2252434.html|access-date=2021-11-23|website=The New Indian Express|date=20 January 2021 |archive-date=23 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123153402/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2021/jan/20/pm-modi-holds-talks-with-cardinalsmay-invite-pope-2252434.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

He announced his resignation as the major archbishop of the Syro-Malabar Catholic Church on 7 December 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2023 |title=Mar George Alenchery steps down as Major Archbishop of the Syro-Malabar Catholic Church |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2023/12/07/syro-malabar-church-cardinal-alencherry-steps-down-as-archbishop.html |access-date=7 December 2023 |website=Onmanorama |archive-date=7 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207180823/https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2023/12/07/syro-malabar-church-cardinal-alencherry-steps-down-as-archbishop.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Pope Francis' letter accepting his resignation, dated 29 November, was made public the same day.<ref>{{cite press release | access-date = 9 December 2023 | url = https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2023/12/07/231207d.html | date = 7 December 2023 | publisher = Holy See Press Office | title = Letter of the Holy Father to His Beatitude Mar George Cardinal Alencherry, 07.12.2023 | archive-date = 8 December 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231208220624/https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2023/12/07/231207d.html | url-status = live }}</ref>

==Views==
===Extending the jurisdiction of the Syro-Malabar Church===
In 2011, Alencherry called for the erection of "a territorial jurisdiction covering the whole territory of India" so the Syro-Malabar Church could serve its growing communities in India's largest cities. He called it "one of our appeals to the Holy Father" and presented an argument based on colonialist usurpation of ancient rights. He said:<ref name=apostles>{{cite news | url=http://www.30giorni.it/articoli_id_78071_l3.htm | work=30 Giorni | title=Ours is the faith of the apostles, handed down by St Thomas | first1=Roberto | last1=Rotondo | first2=Gianni | last2=Valente | date=1 October 2011 | access-date=23 May 2018 | archive-date=20 May 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170520170714/http://www.30giorni.it/articoli_id_78071_l3.htm | url-status=live }}</ref>
{{Blockquote|We believe it is our right. Before the arrival of Western missionaries – the Portuguese arrived in the sixteenth century – the jurisdiction of us 'Catholic Christians among St Thomas' was extended to all of India. Then the Western missionaries, because of the influence of European monarchs, took jurisdiction of India, restricting ours to the areas where we were more concentrated.}}
Pope Francis responded in October 2017 with the creation of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Shamshabad|Eparchy of Shamshabad]] to encompass all the areas of India not otherwise included within the jurisdiction of an existing eparchy.<ref name=pr20171010>{{cite press release | publisher = Holy See Press Office | date = 10 October 2017 | url = https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2017/10/10/171010d.html | access-date = 24 May 2018 | title = Provisions for the Syro-Malabar Church, 10.10.2017 | archive-date = 10 April 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180410011104/http://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2017/10/10/171010d.html | url-status = live }}</ref> The new eparchy's inauguration in 2018 was greeted as "a historic victory"<ref>{{cite news | access-date = 11 December 2023 | newspaper = Indian Express | date = 7 January 2018 | title = Kerala church gets back all-India jurisdiction with Shamshabad diocese | url = https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kerala-church-gets-back-all-india-jurisdiction-with-shamshabad-diocese-5015260/ | archive-date = 11 December 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231211032010/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kerala-church-gets-back-all-india-jurisdiction-with-shamshabad-diocese-5015260/ | url-status = live }}</ref>
and in December 2020 it was made a suffragan of Alencherry's archeparchy.<ref>{{cite web | access-date = 11 December 2023 | website = GCatholic | url = http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/sham0.htm | title = Syro-Malabar Diocese of Shamshabad | archive-date = 5 April 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230405221541/http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/sham0.htm | url-status = live }}</ref>

===Christian unity and Petrine ministry===
{{Blockquote|text=The Catholic Church through the [[Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity|Council for Christian Unity]], has already begun a dialogue on the primacy. I think we should continue the dialogue and seek a common agreement with the Eastern Churches, as there was in the first four centuries of Christianity. At that time there was a common understanding of the primacy. Now the Orthodox Church argues that it is impossible to go back to theology before the Council of Chalcedon because we do not possess any documents from that era. But I think that from the documents and statements subsequent to the time of Chalcedon there would be the possibility of dialogue and agreement on the Petrine ministry. Because there is the phrase ''primus inter pares''. We all need a Petrine ministry of unity, which is a reference for all the Churches. I hope that a halfway point is found where the Catholic Church and the Orthodox Churches could come together in full communion with the Church of Christ. |author=George Alencherry |source=2011<ref name=apostles/> }}

==Controversies==
===Liturgy unification and Latinisation dispute===
====Historical overview====
The Syro-Malabar liturgy was in a heavily [[liturgical Latinisation|Latinised]] state following the [[Synod of Diamper]] in 1599. [[Archdiocese of Angamaly]], the ancient metropolitan see of the Syro-Malabar Church, was degraded as a suffragan diocese of the Padroado Latin Catholic Archdiocese of Goa and its all India jurisdiction was abolished. Although [[Syriac language|Syriac]] was retained as the [[sacred language]], the [[liturgical book]]s were modified to closely resemble the [[Roman Rite]]. For over three centuries, the Malabar Catholics were administered by Latin hierarchy. The cultural hegemony was generally supported by the papacy and the [[propaganda congregation]].

From 1934 onwards, popes encouraged a process of returning to the original liturgical traditions which resulted in divergence of opinion among Syro-Malabar Catholics. Following the [[Second Vatican Council]], the Archdiocese of Ernakulam–under the leadership of [[Joseph Parecattil]]–and its [[ecclesiastical province]] changed as in the universal Church to a rubric in the celebration of the Mass [[versus populum]]. The Archdiocese advocated for a unified, Indianised (including the adoption of selected Indian customs for the Syro-Malabar Church. This move was opposed by the [[Congregation for the Oriental Churches]] and the Archdiocese of Changanacherry. This created liturgical and ideological disunity within the Syro-Malabar Church.

In 1992, the Syro-Malabar Catholic Church was elevated to the status of a [[Major Archbishop|major archiepiscopal]] church with Ernakulam as the primatal see. In 1999, the Synod of the Syro-Malabar Church led by its then-Major Archbishop [[Varkey Vithayathil]], drew up a formula of rubric (50:50) by incorporating the views of both factions. The new pattern of Mass celebration came to be known as the Synodal Form with pre-[[Anaphora (liturgy)|Anaphoral]] and post-Anaphoral part in versus populum and the [[Anaphora (liturgy)|Anaphora]] celebrated [[ad orientem]]. However the formula was rejected by the priests and laities of some dioceses, starting from that of [[Jacob Thoomkuzhy]]. Major Archbishop Varkey Vithayathil himself was forced to sign dispensation in his archdiocese, Ernakulam-Angamaly.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Syro-Malabar Rite Debates Liturgical Patrimony |url=https://www.ewtn.com/catholicism/library/syromalabar-rite-debates-liturgical-patrimony-11059 |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=EWTN Global Catholic Television Network |language=en |archive-date=28 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528012458/https://www.ewtn.com/catholicism/library/syromalabar-rite-debates-liturgical-patrimony-11059 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The Quest for Identity: The Syro-Malabar Church and Its Rite |publisher=Thrissur Institute of Theology |year=1992 |location=Thrissur|first=Andrews|last=Thazhath|author-link=Andrews Thazhath}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Problem of latinization : no exit? |year=2017 |first=Thomas |last=Koonammakkal |oclc=1241650260 |author-link=Thomas Koonammakkal }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |first=Sebastian P. |last=Brock |author-link=Sebastian Brock |title=Malabar Catholic Church |encyclopedia=Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage: Electronic Edition |editor1=Sebastian P. Brock |editor2=Aaron M. Butts |editor3=George A. Kiraz |editor4=Lucas Van Rompay |url=https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Malabar-Catholic-Church |publisher=Gorgias Press |year=2011 |access-date=22 September 2016 |archive-date=8 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208025057/https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Malabar-Catholic-Church |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Perczel|first=István|author-link=István Perczel|title=Some New Documents on the Struggle of the Saint Thomas Christians to Maintain the Chaldaean Rite and Jurisdiction|url=https://www.academia.edu/5266468|editor1=Peter Bruns|editor2=Heinz Otto Luthe|journal=Orientalia Christiana: Festschrift für Hubert Kaufhold zum 70. Geburtstag; pp. 415-436|publisher=Harrassowitz Verlag|location=Wiesbaden|year=2013|access-date=4 April 2022|archive-date=22 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922030509/https://www.academia.edu/5266468|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Vadakkekara|first=Benedict|title=Origin of Christianity in India: A Historiographical Critique|year=2007|location=Delhi|publisher=Media House|isbn=9788174952585|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7f3YAAAAMAAJ|access-date=4 April 2022|archive-date=25 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125210225/https://books.google.com/books?id=7f3YAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Paul |last=Pallath |title =Roman Pontifical into Syriac and the Beginning of Liturgical Reform in the Syro-Malabar Church: History of the Revision and publication of the Chaldean and Syro-Malabar Pontifical |publisher= OIRSI |location=Kottayam |year= 2012 |isbn=9788188456864|url=https://archive.org/details/RomanPontificalIntoSyriac}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Xavier |last=Koodapuzha |author-link=Xavier Koodopuzha |title =Roman Documents on the Syro-Malabar Liturgy |publisher= Oriental Institute of Religious Studies |location=Kottayam |year= 1995 |isbn=9788186063491 |url=https://archive.org/details/romandocumentson0000xavi}}</ref>

====Attempts by Alencherry====
Alencherry, from the date of his installation, emphasised the need for the rubrical uniformity in the celebration of the Mass and expressed that it was his most important task. However, his attempts were met with protests from the diocesan priests and laity of the Archdiocese of Ernakulam-Angamaly. Meanwhile, George Alencherry was successful in persuading the Synod of the Syro-Malabar Church to legislate on rubrical uniformity (as known as 50:50 formula) and in bringing more dioceses into the implementation of the decision made in 1999. The Synod in 2020 approved the revised form of the liturgy and it was confirmed in 2021, both by the pope and the Synod. Meanwhile, protests erupted in the Archdiocese of Ernakulam-Angamaly led by a number of priests and laities. This was followed by the land scam allegation which led to the installation of Antony Kariyil as the metropolitan vicar of the major archbishop. The metropolitan vicar, being responsible for the ordinary administration of the archdiocese, met the pope in November 2021 and issued an order of dispensation from the decision made by the synod on the question of the rubric versus populum, in the disguise of having papal accent. Initially, some other dioceses also followed the same path but later revoked the dispensation, following explicit rebuke from the Holy See. Antony Kariyil was later forced to resign but the major section of the priests of Ernakulam-Angamaly continues their dissent, thus in effect maintaining the rubric versus populum in the celebration of the Mass, albeit illicitly.<ref>{{Cite web |agency=TNN |date=Nov 28, 2021 |title=Kerala: Dispute over uniformity in the celebration of the Mass intensified {{!}} Kochi News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/dispute-over-unified-mass-intensifies/articleshow/87954861.cms |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=28 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528100534/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/dispute-over-unified-mass-intensifies/articleshow/87954861.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vatican backs Eastern Church decision on Indian liturgical dispute - UCA News |url=https://www.ucanews.com/news/vatican-backs-eastern-church-decision-on-indian-liturgical-dispute/96468 |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=ucanews.com |language=en |archive-date=4 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404093512/https://www.ucanews.com/news/vatican-backs-eastern-church-decision-on-indian-liturgical-dispute/96468 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Church's bitter liturgical dispute brings street protest - UCA News |url=https://www.ucanews.com/news/indian-churchs-bitter-liturgical-dispute-brings-street-protest/94970 |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=ucanews.com |language=en |archive-date=28 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528041057/https://www.ucanews.com/news/indian-churchs-bitter-liturgical-dispute-brings-street-protest/94970 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Syro-Malabar 'uniform' liturgy continues to divide |url=https://www.asianews.it/news-en/Syro-Malabar-uniform-liturgy-continues-to-divide-54610.html |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=www.asianews.it |language=en |archive-date=4 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404093846/https://www.asianews.it/news-en/Syro-Malabar-uniform-liturgy-continues-to-divide-54610.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Syro-Malabars, laymen burn dummies of two cardinals over liturgy dispute |url=https://www.asianews.it/news-en/Syro-Malabars,-laymen-burn-dummies-of-two-cardinals-over-liturgy-dispute-55396.html |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=www.asianews.it |language=en |archive-date=4 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404093844/https://www.asianews.it/news-en/Syro-Malabars,-laymen-burn-dummies-of-two-cardinals-over-liturgy-dispute-55396.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-13 |title=Liturgical controversy worsens in Syro-Malabar Church |url=https://mattersindia.com/2021/11/liturgical-controversy-worsens-in-syro-malabar-church/ |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=Matters India |language=en-US |archive-date=23 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123203554/https://mattersindia.com/2021/11/liturgical-controversy-worsens-in-syro-malabar-church/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vatican backs Syro-Malabar Church decision on liturgical dispute {{!}} News Headlines |url=https://www.catholicculture.org/news/headlines/index.cfm?storyid=54168 |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=www.catholicculture.org |archive-date=4 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404085321/https://www.catholicculture.org/news/headlines/index.cfm?storyid=54168 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-11-21 |title=Syro-Malabar church still divided over uniform Mass |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/syro-malabar-church-still-divided-over-uniform-mass/article37611166.ece |access-date=2022-04-04 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=4 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404094305/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/syro-malabar-church-still-divided-over-uniform-mass/article37611166.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Church deplores |url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/250721/catholic-archdiocese-deplores-burning-of-cardinals-effigies-at-syro-malabar-uniform-liturgy-protest |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=[[Catholic News Agency]] |archive-date=4 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404205452/https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/250721/catholic-archdiocese-deplores-burning-of-cardinals-effigies-at-syro-malabar-uniform-liturgy-protest |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Syro-Malabar holy mass controversy: Clashes erupt in front of Bishop house |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/syro-malabar-holy-mass-controversy-clashes-erupt-between-believers-in-front-of-bishop-house-1.7277762 |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |date=20 February 2022 |language=en |archive-date=4 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404100256/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/syro-malabar-holy-mass-controversy-clashes-erupt-between-believers-in-front-of-bishop-house-1.7277762 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 5, 2021 |first=Jeemon |last=Jacob |title=Syro-Malabar Church crisis deepens, this time over liturgical practices |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/syro-malabar-church-crisis-deepens-this-time-over-liturgical-practices-1849479-2021-09-05 |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=4 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404094305/https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/syro-malabar-church-crisis-deepens-this-time-over-liturgical-practices-1849479-2021-09-05 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Land deal Controversy and Ernakulam priests' revolt===
{{Main|Ernakulam Priests' Rebellion}}
In March the city police initiated an investigation into the real estate transactions after a private citizen, a lay Catholic, lodged a complaint against Alencherry, two priests, and a real estate agent. The Kerala High Court observed that there was prima facie evidence to indicate criminal conspiracy, breach of trust and misappropriation of money.{{efn|The others accused were two senior archdiocesan officials, Father Joshy Puthuva and Father Sebastian Vadakkumpadan, and Kochi-based real estate agent Saju Varghese.<ref name=register/>}}<ref name="register">{{cite news | url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kochi-police-register-case-against-cardinal-george-alencherry/article23096600.ece | work = The Hindu | date = 12 March 2018 | first = K.A. | last = Martin | title = Kochi police register case against Cardinal George Alencherry | access-date = 26 June 2018 | archive-date = 17 February 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200217191941/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kochi-police-register-case-against-cardinal-george-alencherry/article23096600.ece | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/print/864015|title=Kerala: Secret land deal may unseat Cardinal George Alencherry, head of Syro-Malabar Catholic Church|access-date=24 July 2019|archive-date=24 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724041118/https://scroll.in/article/print/864015|url-status=live}}</ref> A single bench judge of Kerala High Court found the complainant had standing to bring the lawsuit because the property at issue was not private property, but assets held in trust with Alencherry as caretaker.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/hc-orders-fir-against-syro-malabar-church-head-over-land-deals/article22949166.ece | work = The Hindu BusinessLine | title = HC orders FIR against Syro-Malabar church head over land deals | date = 6 March 2018 | access-date = 26 June 2018 | archive-date = 25 January 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240125210228/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/hc-orders-fir-against-syro-malabar-church-head-over-land-deals/article22949166.ece | url-status = live }}</ref> On 16 March 2018, the division bench of Kerala High Court stayed a court order requiring the police investigation because the complainant had sought the order without first allowing the police{{efn|The police are referred to locally as the SHO or [[station house officer]].}} to follow their procedures and removed some verbal comments of the single judge abusing ecclesiastical powers of the head of the church.<ref>{{cite news| url = http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2018/mar/16/syro-malabar-church-land-case-kerala-high-court-stays-probe-against-church-head-over-land-deals-1788141.html| date = 16 March 2018| title = Syro Malabar church land case: Kerala High Court stays probe against Cardinal George Alencherry| work = The New Indian Express| access-date = 26 March 2018}}{{dead link|date=February 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Later that month, a group of 90 priests out of 400 staged a street demonstration calling on Alencherry to stand aside, pending resolution of the legal procedure, while more than 200 lay Catholics responded with a demonstration in support of Alencherry. The Vatican's proper role and its failure to intervene was decried and defended as well.<ref name="blamed">{{cite news | url = http://india.ucanews.com/news/vatican-blamed-for-turmoil-in-easternrite-indian-church/36879/daily | title = Vatican blamed for turmoil in Syro-Malabar Church | access-date = 26 June 2018 | work = UCAN India | date = 19 March 2018 | archive-date = 26 June 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180626220515/http://india.ucanews.com/news/vatican-blamed-for-turmoil-in-easternrite-indian-church/36879/daily | url-status = dead }}</ref>

On 22 June 2018, Pope Francis named [[Jacob Manathodath]], Bishop of [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Palghat|Palghat]] the Apostolic Administrator ''seda plena'' of the Archieparchy of Ernakulam-Angamaly under the recommendation of Alencherry.<ref>{{cite press release|access-date=26 June 2018|date=22 June 2018|title=Resignations and Appointments, 22.06.2018|url=http://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2018/06/22/180622c.html|publisher=Holy See Press Office|archive-date=25 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625185509/http://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2018/06/22/180622c.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In April 2019, the Kakkanad Judicial First Class Magistrate Court filed a criminal complaint against Alencherry for breaches of the law and massive disparities in the church's land agreements. The Ernakulam Principal Sessions Court ruled on 24 August 2019 that Alencherry, along with the former financial officer of the archdiocese and a real estate agent will face charges.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cardinal Mar George Alencherry, two others must face trial in land-deal scam: Ernakulam court|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2019/aug/25/cardinal-mar-george-alencherry-two-others-must-face-trial-in-land-deal-scam-ernakulam-court-2023904.html|access-date=2021-11-20|website=The New Indian Express|date=24 August 2019 |archive-date=20 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120181604/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2019/aug/25/cardinal-mar-george-alencherry-two-others-must-face-trial-in-land-deal-scam-ernakulam-court-2023904.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The Joseph Injodey commission, which was created by apostolic administrator bishop Jacob Manathodath to investigate the property dealings, submitted its findings in March 2019 to Bishop Manathodath, who would forward it to Cardinal Sandri, prefect of the Congregation for Oriental Churches in Rome. The [[Income Tax Department]] fined the Syro-Malabar Church's archbishop of Ernakulam-Angamaly Rs 3 crore for the contentious land purchases that occurred between April 2013 and March 2018. During the investigation, the department discovered that there were attempts to avoid tax in the land sale, and the plots were registered for lower amounts while the sale was done for greater amounts.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-04-02|title=Land deal: IT slaps 3-crore penalty on archdiocese|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/020419/land-deal-it-slaps-3-crore-penalty-on-archdiocese.html|access-date=2021-11-20|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|archive-date=20 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120181557/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/020419/land-deal-it-slaps-3-crore-penalty-on-archdiocese.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Bishop Antony Kariyil of Mandya was then appointed as the episcopal vicar of the major archbishop and given the personal title "archbishop".<ref name="cruxmalabar" /> Alencherry returned to the helm of the Ernakulam-Angamaly Archdiocese on 27 June 2019, after the Vatican terminated the appointment of apostolic administrator.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mar Alencherry back at Ernakulam-Angamaly archdiocese helm|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2019/jun/28/mar-alencherry-back-at-ernakulam-angamaly-archdiocese-helm-1996367.html|access-date=2021-11-20|website=The New Indian Express|date=28 June 2019 |archive-date=20 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120172018/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2019/jun/28/mar-alencherry-back-at-ernakulam-angamaly-archdiocese-helm-1996367.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The land deal row was investigated by KPMG, a private audit firm appointed by the Vatican. The 2019 KPMG report revealed that an inquiry has found a lack of transparency in the appointment of agents in the land deals. Laity activists sought civil and legal action on the matter and action against George Alencherry who was the diocese head.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Church land deals: Audit report puts Cardinal George Alencherry in a spot|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2021/jun/26/church-land-deals-audit-report-puts-cardinal-george-alencherry-in-a-spot-2321589.html|access-date=2021-11-15|website=The New Indian Express|date=26 June 2021 |archive-date=15 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115181206/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2021/jun/26/church-land-deals-audit-report-puts-cardinal-george-alencherry-in-a-spot-2321589.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The police team investigating the case submitted a report to the Chief Judicial Magistrate Court in Ernakulam in December 2020, stating that there is no evidence of conspiracy or excessive gain by George Alencherry in the incident.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-12-19|title=Police clean chit to Cardinal Alencherry in land deal|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/police-clean-chit-to-cardinal-alencherry-in-land-deal/article33373669.ece|access-date=2021-11-20|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=20 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120181558/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/police-clean-chit-to-cardinal-alencherry-in-land-deal/article33373669.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

The High Court of Kerala denied Alencherry's plea in August 2021, which sought to dismiss the cases filed against him for alleged criminal breach of trust, criminal conspiracy, and fraudulent execution of settlement documents in the lawsuit challenging the lower court's verdict.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kerala HC rejects Mar Alencherry's plea to quash land deal cases|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2021/aug/13/kerala-hc-rejects-mar-alencherrysplea-to-quash-land-deal-cases-2343983.html|access-date=2021-11-20|website=The New Indian Express|date=13 August 2021 |archive-date=20 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120181600/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2021/aug/13/kerala-hc-rejects-mar-alencherrysplea-to-quash-land-deal-cases-2343983.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="theweekchallenging">{{Cite web|title=Cardinal George Alencherry must face trial in land deal case: Kerala HC|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2021/08/12/cardinal-george-alencherry-must-face-trial-in-land-deal-case-kerala-hc.html|access-date=2021-11-20|website=The Week|language=en|archive-date=20 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120181600/https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2021/08/12/cardinal-george-alencherry-must-face-trial-in-land-deal-case-kerala-hc.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The Kerala High Court ruled in August 2021 that George Alencherry must stand trial in the case. The court found that a significant information had been suppressed, and directed the government to investigate whether any state land had been included in the sale.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cardinal Alencherry must stand trial in land cases; Kerala HC|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/cardinal-alencherry-must-stand-trial-in-land-cases-kerala-hc/2140124|access-date=2021-11-20|website=www.outlookindia.com/|language=en|archive-date=25 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125210326/https://www.outlookindia.com/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-22|title=Kerala govt to probe land deals of Syro Malabar church head Cardinal Alencherry|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kerala-govt-probe-land-deals-syro-malabar-church-head-cardinal-alencherry-155592|access-date=2021-11-20|website=The News Minute|language=en|archive-date=20 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120181557/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kerala-govt-probe-land-deals-syro-malabar-church-head-cardinal-alencherry-155592|url-status=live}}</ref> It had also criticized the police for not registering a case despite being in possession of enough information.<ref name="theweekchallenging" /> In September 2021, the Kerala government has formed a seven-member enquiry team to probe the cases related to the land deals.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Seven-member probe team to look into land deals of Ernakulam-Angamaly Archdiocese|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/sevenmember-probe-team-to-look-into-land-deals-of-ernakulamangamaly-archdiocese/2164336|access-date=2021-11-20|website=outlookindia.com|language=en|archive-date=20 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120181559/https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/sevenmember-probe-team-to-look-into-land-deals-of-ernakulamangamaly-archdiocese/2164336|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Forged documents by priests====
A 24-year-old man was arrested on 19 May 2019 for allegedly forging documents against Alencherry, following which a row has erupted in Syro-Malabar church with a section of priests protesting against the arrest. Three bishops of the Ernakulam-Angamaly Archdiocese have come out openly against the arrest of the man claiming that he is not a criminal and he had no role in forging documents. The priests have claimed that the man, a faithful, while working as an intern with a reputed business group in Kochi, had taken a screenshot of documents allegedly having Alencherry's name from the computer server of the firm and brought it to the notice of a church priest Tony Kalookaran. The priest reportedly shared it with another priest, who allegedly submitted it to a Synod of the Syro-Malabar Catholic Church. The priests, including auxiliary bishops of the Ernakulam-Angamaly Archdiocese, have demanded a high-level probe into the forgery case. Police have said the documents, purportedly linking the Syro-Malabar Church head with the accounts of a private bank, were found to be forged during their investigation. According to them, the cardinal was found not operating any account in the bank named in the documents. The priests, including Bishop Jacob Manathodath, who was appointed as the administrator of the Ernakulam-Angamaly Archdiocese by Pope Francis on 22 June 2018, have urged the government to order either a CBI or a judicial probe into the case. Meanwhile, the police made Kallookaran also an accused in the case on 21 May 2019. Former Auxiliary Bishops Sebastian Adayanthrath and Jose Puthenveettil had also joined Bishop Manathodath at a press conference held on 20 May 2019 to raise the demand. Refuting the allegations of torture in custody, the police said they were carrying out a "scientific probe" into the case.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-04-29|title=Probe finds documents against Cardinal George Alencherry forged|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/probe-finds-documents-against-cardinal-forged/article26974620.ece|access-date=2021-11-20|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=20 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120182540/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/probe-finds-documents-against-cardinal-forged/article26974620.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="cruxmalabar">{{Cite web|url=https://cruxnow.com/church-in-asia/2019/08/head-of-syro-malabar-church-stripped-of-administrative-responsibility-in-archdiocese/|website=cruxnow.com|access-date=2020-05-13|title=Head of Syro-Malabar Church stripped of administrative responsibility in archdiocese|date=30 August 2019|archive-date=27 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627210705/https://cruxnow.com/church-in-asia/2019/08/head-of-syro-malabar-church-stripped-of-administrative-responsibility-in-archdiocese/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Love jihad controversy ===
In January 2020, a post-synodal circular issued by Alencherry about [[love jihad]] was read out at Catholic churches on Sunday [[Holy Qurbana|liturgies]], the circular alleged that Christian women are targeted, recruited to [[Islamic state]] and even killed. However, the circular was not read in many of the churches in Ernakulam district due to ongoing disputes with hierarchy.<ref name="lovejihadnewsminute" /><ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-01-19|title=Alencherry's pastoral letter on 'love jihad' read out in churches in Kochi|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/alencherry-s-pastoral-letter-on-love-jihad-read-out-in-churches-in-kochi-120011900256_1.html|access-date=2021-11-20|archive-date=20 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120184643/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/alencherry-s-pastoral-letter-on-love-jihad-read-out-in-churches-in-kochi-120011900256_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The church's statement sparked criticism from its leaders and followers. Reformists criticized the church for labeling interfaith weddings as "love jihad."<ref name="lovejihadnewsminute" /> Many clergy directly challenged the legitimacy of the statements. Reformist groups such as the Archdiocesan Movement for Transparency, the Council Against Religious Exploitation and the Joint Christian Council criticized the church, claiming that such remarks were meant to divert attention away from the corruption charges of the church's leaders.<ref name="lovejihadnewsminute">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/amidst-criticisms-kerala-catholic-churches-read-out-love-jihad-circular-sunday-mass-116403|title=Amid criticisms, Kerala Catholic churches read out love jihad circular during Sunday mass|website=The News Minute|access-date=20 November 2021|archive-date=20 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120184651/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/amidst-criticisms-kerala-catholic-churches-read-out-love-jihad-circular-sunday-mass-116403|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web|title=Asia's Largest Church: A 'Cardinal Sin'?|date=13 May 2015 |url=https://mattersindia.com/2015/05/asias-largest-church-a-cardinal-sin/ |ref=none}}
* {{cite web| access-date = 6 December 2017| title= Alencherry Card. George |publisher= [[Holy See Press Office]] | url= https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/documentation/cardinali_biografie/cardinali_bio_alencherry_g.html | url-status=live | archive-date= 4 September 2017 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170904070732/http://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/documentation/cardinali_biografie/cardinali_bio_alencherry_g.html |ref=none}}
* {{cite web| url-status = live | access-date = 15 May 2018 | archive-date= 17 October 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171017073641/http://www.ernakulamarchdiocese.org/home/inner/5 | url = http://www.ernakulamarchdiocese.org/home/inner/5 |title= Major Archbishop Mar George Cardinal Alencherry | website = Archdiocese of Ernakulam-Angamaly |ref=none}}
*[https://www.marunadanmalayali.com/news/exclusive/vatican-letter-marunadan-exclusive-112720 Vatican letter]; marunadanmalayali.com
* {{cite web | access-date=27 June 2018| url= http://emalayalee.com/getPDFNews.php?pdf=156435_FINAL%20REPORT | title= Report of the Enquiry Committee Appointed by the Major Archbishop of the Archdiocese of Ernakulam-Angamaly on 29 November 2017 at the recommendation of the Presbyteral Council in connection with Financial and Land transactions of the Archdiocese for the period from 01-04-2015 to 30-11-2017 | date= 4 January 2018 | website= eMalayalee | url-status=live| archive-date=27 June 2018 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180627192757/http://emalayalee.com/getPDFNews.php?pdf=156435_FINAL%20REPORT |ref=none}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|George Alencherry}}
{{wikiquote}}
* [https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/balenc.html George ''Cardinal'' Alencherry] at [[Catholic-Hierarchy.org]]

{{s-start}}
{{s-rel|ca}}
{{s-new|first|reason=Diocese erected}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Thuckalay|Bishop of Thuckalay]]|years=11 November 1996 – 24 May 2011}}
{{s-aft|after=[[George Rajendran Kuttinadar]]}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Varkey Vithayathil]]|rows=3}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Major Archbishops of Ernakulam-Angamaly|Major Archbishop of Ernakulam-Angamaly]]|years=24 May 2011 – 7 December 2023}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Raphael Thattil]]|rows=2}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church|President of the Synod of the Syro-Malabar Church]]|years=25 May 2011 – 7 December 2023}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[San Bernardo alle Terme|Cardinal-Priest of San Bernardo alle Terme]]|years=18 February 2012 –}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-end}}

{{Cardinals created by Benedict XVI}}
{{Cardinals of the Catholic Church}}
{{Christianity in Kerala}}

{{Subject bar |portal1= Biography |portal2= Catholicism |portal3= India}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Alencherry, George}}
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Syro-Malabar Catholic Archbishops of Ernakulam-Angamaly]]
[[Category:Catholic University of Paris alumni]]
[[Category:Cardinals created by Pope Benedict XVI]]
[[Category:Indian cardinals]]
[[Category:Members of the Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith]]
[[Category:Members of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches]]
[[Category:People from Changanassery]]
[[Category:Christian clergy from Kottayam]]

Roy (disambiguation)

2026-04-16T08:39:36Z

DamienLorenz695: Adding A Pg

{{wiktionary|Roy|roy}}
'''[[Roy]]''' is a surname and a masculine given name.

'''Roy''' may also refer to:
{{tocright}}
==Arts and entertainment==
* [[Roy (2015 film)|''Roy'' (2015 film)]], a Indian film
* [[Roy (2022 film)|''Roy'' (2022 film)]], an Indian Malayalam-language psychological thriller film
* [[Roy (TV series)|''Roy'' (TV series)]], an Irish children's programme
* [[Roy (band)]], an American indie rock band

==Places==
===Canada===
* [[Roy, British Columbia]]
* [[Roy River]]
* [[Roy McMurtry Youth Centre]]

===United Kingdom===
* [[Glen Roy]] and the River Roy therein, in the Highlands of Scotland
** [[Roy Bridge railway station]] and village of [[Roybridge]], on the Scottish river

===United States===
* [[Roy, Idaho]]
* [[Roy, Louisiana]]
* [[Roy, Missouri]]
* [[Roy, Montana]]
* [[Roy, New Mexico]]
* [[Roy, Oregon]]
* [[Roy, Utah]]
** [[Roy station]]
* [[Roy, Washington]]

==Other uses==
* [[Rookie of the Year (disambiguation)]], several uses
* [[List of storms named Roy]]
* [[Royal Aviation]], Canadian airline, ICAO code ROY
* [[5-Methyl-2-((2-nitrophenyl)amino)-3-thiophenecarbonitrile]], also known as ROY (red-orange-yellow), an organic compound

==See also==
* {{look from|Roy}}
* [[Roi (disambiguation)]]
* [[Roy's]], an American restaurant chain
* [[Roy's Motel and Café]], Amboy, California, U.S.

{{disambiguation|geo}}

Sedapatti R. Muthiah

2026-04-16T07:27:36Z

DamienLorenz695: created a stub

{{Short description|Indian politician (1945–2022)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sedapatti R. Muthaiah
| birth_date = {{birth_date|1945|10|4|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Madurai district|Muthappanpatti]], [[Madras Presidency]], British India
| death_date = {{death date and age|2022|9|21|1945|10|4|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Madurai]], Tamil Nadu, India
| other_party = [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (1972 - 2000)
| party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| honorific_prefix =
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Sedapatti Muthiah (Indian politician).jpg
| order5 = Member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start5 = 1977
| term_end5 = 1989
| order4 = Member of Parliament ([[Lok Sabha]]) for [[Periyakulam]]
| term_start4 = 1989
| term_end4 = 1991
| predecessor4 = [[P. Selvendran]]
| successor4 = [[R. Ramasamy]]
| order3 = 8th [[List of speakers of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Speaker of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start3 = 3 July 1991
| term_end3 = 21 May 1996
| deputy3 = [[K. Ponnuswamy]] [[S. Gandhirajan]]
| predecessor3 = [[M. Tamilkudimagan]]
| successor3 = [[P. T. R. Palanivel Rajan]]
| order2 = Member of Parliament ([[Lok Sabha]]) for [[Periyakulam]]
| term_start2 = 10 March 1998
| term_end2 = 26 April 1999
| predecessor2 = [[R. Gnanagurusamy]]
| successor2 = [[T. T. V. Dhinakaran]]
| order1 = [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways|Union Minister for Surface Transport]]
| term_start1 = 19 March 1998
| term_end1 = 8 April 1998
| predecessor1 = [[T. G. Venkatraman]]
| successor1 = [[M. Thambidurai]]
}}

'''Sedapatti R. Muthiah''' (4 October 1945 – 21 September 2022) was an Indian politician of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]. He was one of the leaders of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK) from its creation and was second in command in AIADMK until 1998. He was popularly known by the name Sedapattiar. He remained a popular politician in [[Madurai]] district and had a mass support base in [[T.Kallupatti]] Union.

==Early life and background==
Muthiah was born in the small village of Muthappanpatti 5 km from [[T. Kallupatti]]. He was a post-graduate (M.Sc.) in Mathematics with Distinction from Thiyagarajar College, Madurai. Muthiah wanted to pursue Engineering after his PUC. Since he was from a rural background, he did not get admission into engineering college. He was a lecturer in Mathematics before moving into politics.

==Early political life==
R. Muthiah entered politics as Student Leader in [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) in the early days of Dravidian Movement. He took part in the [[anti-Hindi agitations]]. He was also a good orator in Tamil. When M.G.R. started AIADMK a lot of his supporters left DMK and joined AIADMK. Muthiah along with his supporters joined as well given the fact that M.G.R. had a major support in Madurai Region. In fact Muthiah was the first choice of M.G.R. to contest from Dindidul constituency for the party's first election campaign since its inception in 1973. Due to some reasons, the chance went to [[Maya Thevar]].

==State politics==
Muthiah was chosen to stand from [[Sedapatti (State Assembly Constituency)|Sedapatti]] constituency under which hometown comes based on the support he had as a Student Leader in 1977. He won the elections and got elected to the Legislative Assembly. He went on to win consecutive elections from Sedapatti. He was made the Speaker of the Assembly in 1991 and continued his tenure till 1996. Due to his continued victory in all elections he became a household name of the region and hence was fondly called as "Sedappattiyar" by people of the area, which later became his name. During his time [[T.Kallupatti]] transitioned itself from a sleepy small village into a Town Panchayat administering 42 villages.
[[File:Sedpatti Muthiah with M.G.Ramachandiran.jpg|thumb|Sedpatti Muthiah with [[M.G.Ramachandiran]]]]

==National politics==
He was elected as a Member of Parliament twice from Periyakulam Constituency for [[Ninth Lok Sabha]] and [[Twelfth Lok Sabha]]. In the Twelfth Lok Sabha he served as a Union Minister for Surface Transport in [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] cabinet.<ref>http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19980322/08150624.html {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref> He was in the post for a short period of time and had to resign due to a case in Chennai court. He graciously resigned from the post and faced the charges for the 42 lakh case.<ref>http://www.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/.../09950294.html{{dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Political critics say DMK was behind the case. His resignation is a rare occurrence comparing the scams of recent years of very large proportion. He then served as Leader of AIADMK in the parliament and raised issues concerning people.

===Turning point===
During the [[Twelfth Lok Sabha]] Vajpayee called for a Vote of Confidence after AIADMK had withdrawn support to the government. In the end Vajpayee lost the Vote of Confidence by 1 vote, the Opposition had polled 270 votes and the BJP 269. He had to vote "against" the Confidence Motion as directed by AIADMK. But because of a Technical Error instead of No the machine displayed Abstained. The voting machine showed that Mr. Muthiah abstained from voting. The technical issue was acknowledged by the Parliament Team but the same was not rectified by them at that time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/19990501/ipo01078p.html |title=Indian Express: LS secretariat refuses to rectify Muthiah's error |accessdate=2010-11-27 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010222725/http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/19990501/ipo01078p.html |archivedate=10 October 2012 }}</ref> This led the AIADMK leader to think Muthiah plotted to save the Vajpayee Government and expelled him from the party. Political critics were surprised at how the technical error led to the fall of a soft-spoken veteran politician. ''The Counter Thoughts of a Parliamentary Official'', written by Ramanujam Kodhandaraman, former Cabinet Deputy Secretary and former Goa State Secretary, describes what happened during the No Motion of Confidence in 12th Lok Sabha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/20000417/ina17008.html |title=Sedapatti blames Sasikala of hijacking party |accessdate=2010-11-27 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010222739/http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/20000417/ina17008.html |archivedate=10 October 2012 }}</ref><ref>http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19990418/ipo18003.html {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref>

===Post AIADMK===
[[File:Muthiah with Kalaingar Karunanidhi.jpg|thumb|Sedapatti Muthiah and his son Manimaran with [[M. Karunanidhi|Kalaingar Karunanidhi]]]]
Muthiah was shocked along with the lakhs of supporters on the news of his dismissal. He reacted saying it's Sasikala who is responsible for the issues. In 2001 elections he fielded his wife Mrs. Shakunthala and got a sizable number of votes almost denting most of AIADMK votes.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/se2001/pollupd/ac/states/s22/Acnstcand136.htm#5 |title=State Elections 2001 Candidates Details for 136-Sedapatti constituency of TAMIL NADU |access-date=8 January 2011 |archive-date=30 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120930013719/http://eci.nic.in/archive/se2001/pollupd/ac/states/s22/Acnstcand136.htm#5 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He stayed away from politics for some time and then joined DMK in 2006 and he became one of the office bearers of the DMK Electoral wing. Large number of his supporters from T. Kallupatti Union joined DMK which has enabled a major mobilisation of votes for DMK during the Parliamentary elections. He was actively involved in all political events. He proved his power in his younger son's marriage which was presided over by M. Karunanidhi, then Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu.<ref>[https://www.oneindia.com/2008/08/28/former-aiadmk-minister-selvaganapathy-joins-dmk-1219907702.html]</ref>

==Electoral performance==
===Tamilnadu Legislative Assembly Elections===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Elections
!Constituency
!Party
!Result
!Vote percentage
!Opposition Candidate
!Opposition Party
!Opposition vote percentage
|-
|[[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]||[[Sedapatti Assembly constituency|Sedapatti]]||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]||{{Won}}||43.52||A. R. P. Alagarsamy||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]||26.41
|-
|[[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]||[[Sedapatti Assembly constituency|Sedapatti]]||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]||{{Won}}||59.87||R. S. Thangarasan||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]||26.41
|-
|[[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]||[[Sedapatti Assembly constituency|Sedapatti]]||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]||{{Won}}||47.29||N. S. Selvaraj||[[Indian National Congress|INC]]||41.20
|-
|[[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]||[[Sedapatti Assembly constituency|Sedapatti]]||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]||{{Lost}}||24.56||A. Athiyaman||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]||31.57
|-
|[[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]||[[Sedapatti Assembly constituency|Sedapatti]]||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]||{{Won}}||58.85||A. Athiyaman||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]||31.49
|-
|[[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]||[[Sedapatti Assembly constituency|Sedapatti]]||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]||{{Lost}}||39.33||[[G. Thalapathi]]||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]||49.69
|}

===Lok Sabha Elections===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Elections
!Constituency
!Party
!Result
!Vote percentage
!Opposition Candidate
!Opposition Party
!Opposition vote percentage
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election]]||[[Periyakulam Lok Sabha constituency|Periyakulam]]||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]||{{Won}}||60.7||A.K.Cumbum Mahindran||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]||27.3
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election]]||[[Periyakulam Lok Sabha constituency|Periyakulam]]||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]||{{Won}}||51.8||R.Gandhimathy||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]||40.4
|}

==Personal life==
M. Manimaran, younger son of Sedapatti Muthiah is currently the Secretary of Madurai South District, DMK party. Sedapatti Muthiah's popularity and Manimaran's recent performance along with the larger families in nearby villages and Mukkulathor community has gained him fame. He also contested from [[Thirupparankundram]] constituency in 2016 State Elections but lost.<ref name="tamilnadu_speakerslist">{{cite web|title=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly: Details of terms of successive Legislative Assemblies constituted under the Constitution of India|publisher=Government of India|url=http://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/STATISTICAL/tamilnadu.htm|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090409221838/http://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/STATISTICAL/tamilnadu.htm|archivedate=9 April 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

He died in [[Madurai]] on 21 September 2022, at the age of 76.<ref>{{cite news|title=Former Speaker Sedapatti Muthiah passed away|url=https://pipanews.com/former-speaker-sedapatti-muthiah-passed-away-pipa-news/|website=Pipa News|accessdate = 21 September 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box|title=Member of Indian Parliament (Lok Sabha) for Periyakulam|before=[[P. Selvendran]]|after=[[R. Ramasamy]]|years=1989-1991}}
{{succession box|title=Speaker of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|before=[[M. Tamilkudimagan]]|after=[[P. T. R. Palanivel Rajan]]|years=1991-1996}}
{{succession box|title=Member of Indian Parliament (Lok Sabha) for Periyakulam|before=[[R. Gnanagurusamy]]|after=[[T. T. V. Dhinakaran]]|years=1998-1999}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Muthiah, Sedapatti}}
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:Union ministers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Speakers of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:India MPs 1989–1991]]
[[Category:India MPs 1998–1999]]
[[Category:People from Madurai district]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:People from Theni district]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1985–1989]]

Athokpam Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:32:48Z

DamienLorenz695: Starting Initial Info W/ Infobox!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Manipur legislative assembly in India}}

{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Athokpam
|type= SLA
|state = [[Manipur]]
| established = 1972
|abolished = 1972
|electors = 8,535
|mla = Md Chaoba
|party = {{Party index link|Manipur Peoples Party}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
'''Athokpam Assembly constituency '''was an assembly constituency in the [[Manipur]] state of [[India]].
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Md Chaoba || {{Full party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party}}
|}
== Election results ==
=== 1972 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Athokpam<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Manipur |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalReport%201972%20Manipur.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007130251/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalReport%201972%20Manipur.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf|access-date=18 January 2024}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Md Chaoba |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=2,055 |percentage=27.43% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sorokhaibam Chourajit |party=Independent politician |votes=2,034 |percentage=27.15% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Athokpam Tunal |party=Independent politician |votes=1,815 |percentage=24.22% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Konsamibo |party=Independent politician |votes=1,066 |percentage=14.23% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kshetrimayum Chandra |party=Indian National Congress |votes=335 |percentage=4.47% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=21 |percentage=0.28% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,493 |percentage=87.79% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,535 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Manipur Peoples Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Manipur}}
{{coords|24.62|94.00|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Manipur]]
[[Category:Politics of Manipur]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Manipur]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 disestablishments in India]]

{{Manipur-geo-stub}}

Varraar Sandiyar

2026-04-15T21:07:07Z

DamienLorenz695:

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Varraar Sandiyar
| image = Varraar Sandiyar.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[N. K. Viswanathan]]
| producer = Tharangai V. Sundar Tharangai V. Chandrasekaran
| writer = Meenakshi Sundaram (dialogue)
| screenplay = N. K. Viswanathan
| story = Sree Rajakaliamman Cine Arts
| starring = {{ubl|[[Prem Menon (actor)|Prem]]|[[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]]}}
| music = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| cinematography = N. K. Viswanathan
| editing = V. Uthaya Sankaran
| distributor =
| studio = Sree Rajakaliamman Cine Arts
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1995|12|14}}
| runtime = 135 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Varraar Sandiyar''''' (also spelled '''''Varraar Chandiyar''''') ({{translation|Rogue is coming}}) is a 1995 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action drama film]] directed by [[N. K. Viswanathan]]. The film stars [[Prem Menon (actor)|Prem]] and [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]], with [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]], [[Anandaraj]], [[K. R. Vijaya]], [[Gandhimathi]], [[Senthil]], [[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]], [[Charle]] and T. K. S. Chandran playing supporting roles. It was released on 14 December 1995.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Varrar chandiyar ( 1995 ) |url=http://cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=varrar%20chandiyar |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325044943/http://cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=varrar%20chandiyar |archive-date=25 March 2012 |access-date=6 November 2016 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref>

==Plot==

Sathyamoorthy is a cruel [[gram panchayat]] chief who gives unfair judgements and spreads terror among the villagers, he never misses an opportunity to whip the innocent villagers. So the villagers gave him the name of Sandiyar (brute). The villagers want Sandiyar to die while his mother Annapoorni wants him to become a good man. Sandiyar then befriends the crook Maruthu who saved his life from the villagers.

One day, the outspoken Meena arrives in Sandiyar's village and claims Sandiyar had earlier secretly married her but Sandiyar says at the village court that nothing happened between them. Meena wants to marry Sandiyar in front of the villagers and she starts to compel him in many ways. Sandiyar's mother Annapoorni strongly supports her and brings her to their home. Sandiyar finally marries her. After the wedding, Meena reveals to Sandiyar the reason behind her lie. In the past, at the village court, Sandiyar gave an unfair judgement which led her sister and mother to commit suicide.

Meena learns that Sandiyar also has a tragic past. His father ([[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]]) was brutally killed by a family friend, Mookaiah, for acquiring his land and the villagers did nothing to prevent it. Sandiyar cannot forget that sad day, so he makes the life of the villagers a living hell. So far, Meena wanted to take revenge on him but now Meena tries to change him into a responsible village president. Afterwards, Sandiyar slowly falls under the spell of his wife Meena and he becomes a good person. Maruthu is none other than Mookaiah's son and he is urged to take all the wealth of Sandiyar. What transpires next forms the rest of the story.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*[[Prem Menon (actor)|Prem]] as Sathyamoorthy (Sandiyar)
*[[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]] as Meena
*[[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]] in a guest appearance as Sandiyar's father
*[[Anandaraj]] as Maruthu
*[[K. R. Vijaya]] as Annapoorni
*[[Gandhimathi]] as Shanmugasundari
*[[Senthil]] as Sembattai
*[[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]] as Accountant
*[[Charle]]
*T. K. S. Chandran as Mookaiah
*[[Oru Viral Krishna Rao]] as Doctor
*[[Kullamani]]
*Krishnamoorthy as Police Officer
*A. O. K. Sundar
*[[T. K. S. Natarajan]] as Kanakku Pillai
*[[Karuppu Subbiah]]
*Premi as Meena's mother
*Vinayak Raj
*Chitra Guptan
*Ram as Henchman
*Lakshman as Henchman
}}

==Soundtrack==

The soundtrack were composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]].<ref>{{cite web |date=31 January 2018 |title=Varrar Sandiyar (Original Motion Pictures Soundtrack) |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/varrar-sandiyar-original-motion-pictures-soundtrack/HyNHPuT0E2I_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230806182654/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/varrar-sandiyar-original-motion-pictures-soundtrack/HyNHPuT0E2I_ |archive-date=6 August 2023 |access-date=1 August 2023 |work=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Lyrics !! Duration
|-
| "Amman Kovil Gopurattil" || [[Deva (composer)|Deva]] || rowspan=3|Piraisoodan || 2:35
|-
| "Vaigaiyinu Solliputten" || [[K. S. Chithra]] || 5:00
|-
| "Chandirane Saatchi" || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] || 5:00
|-
| "Dindukallu" || [[Anuradha Sriram]] || Ponniyin Selvan || 2:43
|-
| "Vandu Piranthathu" || Mano, Bhuvana Venkatesh || rowspan=2|Piraisoodan || 4:45
|-
| "Vaanum Pozhiyanum" || [[T. L. Maharajan]], Chorus || 3:58
|}

==Release and reception==
Despite having a similar name to the former title of ''[[Virumaandi]]'' (2004), ''Sandiyar'', the film reportedly had a smooth release, generating no controversy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chellappa |date=21 January 2022 |title=Title disputes: Tamil film industry cares neither about copyright nor courtesy |url=https://inmathi.com/2022/01/21/title-disputes-tamil-film-industry-cares-neither-about-copyright-nor-courtesy/38587/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121090401/https://inmathi.com/2022/01/21/title-disputes-tamil-film-industry-cares-neither-about-copyright-nor-courtesy/38587/ |archive-date=21 January 2022 |access-date=19 March 2025 |website=Inmathi |language=en}}</ref>

D. S. Ramanujam of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "Cameraman-cum-director, N. K. Viswanathan, who has also penned the screenplay, manages to keep a fair tempo mixing the comedy of Senthil, the 'bad luck' man (like Lil Abner's Calamity Jones whenever he is around misfortune strikes the people nearby) with the main drama depicted in flash cuts".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramanujam |first=D. S. |date=22 December 1995 |title=Cinema: Thotta Sinungi/Murai Maapillai/Varaar Chandiar |url=http://www.webpage.com/hindu/951223/03/2227a.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961221181904/http://www.webpage.com/hindu/951223/03/2227a.html |archive-date=21 December 1996 |access-date=9 July 2023 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The film was also reviewed by ''[[Cinema Express]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 January 1996 |title=வர்றார் சண்டியர் |work=[[Cinema Express]] |pages=51 |language=ta}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1995 action drama films]]
[[Category:1995 Indian films]]
[[Category:1995 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by N. K. Viswanathan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Deva (composer)]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Abhay Kumar

2026-04-13T06:55:27Z

DamienLorenz695: Starting Some Biography Needs Work!

{{Short description|Indian author and diplomat}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Abhay K.
| image = Poet-diplomat Abhay K.jpg
| caption = Abhay K. pictured in 2017
| birth_name = Abhay Kumar
| birth_place = [[Rajgir]], [[Bihar]], [[India]]
| alma_mater = [[Kirori Mal College]]
[[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru University]]
| occupation = Diplomat
| known_for =
| website = {{URL|http://www.abhayk.com}}
}}

'''Abhay Kumar''' (known mononymously as '''Abhay K.''') is an Indian career diplomat and the author of several books including ''Nalanda: How it Changed the World.''<ref>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/abhay-k-nalanda-was-an-international-melting-pot-where-scholars-flocked-101746206763593.html Abhay K: “Nalanda was an international melting pot where scholars flocked”] Hindustan Times, 2 May 2025</ref> He currently serves as India's Ambassador of Azerbaijan.<ref> [https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/40562 Shri Abhay Kumar appointed as the next Ambassador of India to the Republic of Azerbaijan] MEA website, 30 December 2025</ref><ref> [https://en.apa.az/foreign-policy/indias-newly-appointed-ambassador-abhay-kumar-arrives-in-azerbaijan-490697 India’s newly appointed Ambassador Abhay Kumar arrives in Azerbaijan] APA 3 February 2026 </ref> He joined the [[Indian Foreign Service]] in 2003 after doing master's in geography at Jawaharlal Nehru University and Kirorimal College, Delhi University. He served as India's 21st ambassador to [[Madagascar]] and [[Comoros]] from 2019 to 2022<ref>[https://www.eoiantananarivo.gov.in/page/amb-profile/ Ambassador's Profile] Embassy of India Website, Madagascar April 2019</ref><ref>[https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/30580/Abhay_Kumar_appointed_as_the_next_Ambassador_of_India_to_the_Republic_of_Madagascar Abhay Kumar appointed as the next Ambassador of India to the Republic of Madagascar] MEA India website November 2018</ref><ref>[https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/31393/Abhay+Kumar+concurrently+accredited+as+the+next+Ambassador+of+India+to+the+Union+of+the+Comoros Abhay Kumar concurrently accredited as the next Ambassador of India to the Union of the Comoros] MEA website, 28 May 2019</ref> and as India's Deputy Ambassador to [[Brazil]] from 2016 to 2019 and as Spokesperson and First Secretary at the Indian Embassy in [[Kathmandu]], Nepal from 2012 to 2016. He served as Acting Consul General of India in [[Saint Petersburg]], and Third/Second Secretary at Indian Embassy, [[Moscow]], Russia from 2005 to 2010. He served as Under Secretary for Public Diplomacy at the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]] from 2010 to 2012.<ref name="A diplomatic web"> and as deputy director general of [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]] (ICCR), New Delhi from 2022 to 2025. and[https://web.archive.org/web/20140303163028/http://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/article481161.ece "A diplomatic web"], ''The New Indian Express'', 5 August 2011</ref>
[[File:Abhay K. and Nobel Laureate Abdulrazak Gurnah.jpg|thumb|Abhay K. and Nobel Laureate Abdulrazak Gurnah]]
He received Sarojini Naidu Award for Poetry 2026 for his lyrical and singable translation of Sri Hanuman Chalisa at Banaras Literature Festival <ref> [https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/world/abhay-k-conferred-sarojini-naidu-award-for-poetry-at-banaras-lit-fest-book-awards-2026/ Abhay K. conferred Sarojini Naidu Award for poetry at Banaras Lit Fest Book Awards 2026 ]The Tribune 21 January 2026 </ref>
and Bharat Shikhsa Samman 2025 <ref> [https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/writer-diplomat-abhay-k-conferred-with-bharat-shiksha-samman-202520250404121220/ Writer-diplomat Abhay K. conferred with Bharat Shiksha Samman 2025] ANI 4 April 2025 </ref> and the [[SAARC Literary Award]] for his contribution to contemporary South Asian poetry. He received Asia-Pacific Excellence Award in 2014 and was nominated for the [[Pushcart Prize]] 2013. His poetry book ''The Seduction of Delhi'' was shortlisted for [[Muse India]]-Satish Verma Young Writer Award 2015. He has been called a 'World Poet' by Pulitzer Prize winning poet [[Vijay Seshadri]]<ref>[https://www.aninews.in/news/lifestyle/culture/indian-poet-abhay-k-receives-warm-welcome-in-usa201810171616030005/ Indian poet Abhay K. receives warm welcome in the United States] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302051300/https://www.aninews.in/news/lifestyle/culture/indian-poet-abhay-k-receives-warm-welcome-in-usa201810171616030005/ |date=2 March 2021 }} ANI, 17 October 2018</ref> His translation of Kalidasa's [[Meghaduta]] and [[Ritusamhara]] received Kalinga Literary Festival 2020-2021 Poetry Book of the Year Award.<ref>[https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/poet-diplomat-abhay-ks-translation-of-kalidasas-meghaduta-ritusamhara-win-klf-poetry-book-of-the-year-award-2020-2120210909002038/ Poet-diplomat Abhay K's translation of Kalidasa's 'Meghaduta', 'Ritusamhara' win KLF Poetry Book of the Year Award 2020-21] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306153931/https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/poet-diplomat-abhay-ks-translation-of-kalidasas-meghaduta-ritusamhara-win-klf-poetry-book-of-the-year-award-2020-2120210909002038/ |date=6 March 2023 }} ANI, 9 September 2021</ref> while The Book of Bihari Literature edited by him received KLF Book Award 2022.<ref>[https://theprint.in/india/abhay-k-gets-klf-book-award-for-the-book-of-bihari-literature/1397811/>Abhay K. gets KLF Book Award for ‘The Book of Bihari Literature]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} The Print, 25 Feb 2023.</ref> He recorded his poems at the [[Library of Congress]].<ref name="aninews.in">[https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/abhay-k-first-indian-poet-to-record-poems-at-library-of-congress201808301334210003/Abhay K first Indian poet to record poems at Library of Congress]{{Dead link|date=June 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ANI, 30 August 2018</ref> His poem 'The Partitioned Land' was taught at the [[Cornell University]] in the Fall 2021.<ref>''Revisiting Kashmir: A Survey and Literature and Culture''. Cornell University, Fall 2021</ref> His book-length poem 'Monsoon' has been chosen by Harvard University's assistant professor Sarah Dimick to study for a book project on Climate and Literature along with the two books of [[Amitava Ghosh]].<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/indian-literature-has-much-stronger-sense-of-rain-and-dryness-says-harvard-varsity-academician/article65942785.ece Indian literature has much stronger sense of rain and dryness, says Harvard varsity academician] The Hindu 27 September 2022</ref> He was elected as a foreign corresponding member of Brazilian Academy of Letters in 2023.<ref>[https://theprint.in/world/indian-poet-abhay-k-elected-as-corresponding-member-of-academy-of-letters-of-brazil/1337231/ Indian poet Abhay K elected as corresponding member of Academy of Letters of Brazil] The Print, 26 January 2023</ref>

==Early life and education==
Abhay was born and raised near [[Rajgir]] in [[Nalanda district]] of [[Bihar]]. He studied at [[Delhi University]] and [[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru University]]. He joined the [[Indian Foreign Service]] in 2003. He studied Russian language, history and literature at the [[Moscow State University]], [[Foreign policy of the United States|U.S. foreign policy]] at [[George Washington University]], diplomacy at Fletcher School at Tufts University, Boston and has a Certificate in Poetry Writing from the [[International Writing Program]], [[University of Iowa]].<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2012/20121216/people.htm#2 "Diplomat-writer, who pens verse"], ''The Tribune'', Chandigarh, 16 December 2012</ref> A long time Yoga practitioner, he is a certified Yoga teacher from the Yoga Certification Board, Ministry of AYUSH of India.

==Career==

===Diplomatic career===
[[File:Ambassador Abhay Kumar donating 5000 tonnes of rice to President Andry Rajoelina.jpg|thumb|Ambassador Abhay Kumar donating 5000 tonnes of rice to President Andry Rajoelina of Madagascar]]
He is an [[Indian Foreign Service]] officer and has served in various positions at the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]] (MEA) of the [[government of India]] and at the Indian missions and posts abroad in [[Moscow]], [[Saint Petersburg]], [[Kathmandu]], [[Brasília]] and [[Antananarivo]]. At the MEA headquarters in [[New Delhi]] he served as the Under Secretary [[Digital diplomacy]] and sent the first tweet after setting up an official Twitter account of the Ministry of External Affairs of India in 2010.<ref name="A diplomatic web"/><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120829212645/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=pastissues2&BaseHref=TCRM/2011/03/26&ViewMode=GIF&PageLabel=29&EntityId=Ar02800&AppName=2 "Poke your Babus Online"] ''[[The Times of India]]'', 26 March 2011.</ref> He served as the spokesperson of the Embassy of India, Kathmandu from 2012 to 2015.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/29/world/asia/nepal-rations-fuel-as-political-crisis-with-india-worsens.html?_r=0 Nepal Rations Fuel as Political Crisis With India Worsens] ''The New York Times'', 28 September 2015</ref> He was appointed Director of the [[Nehru Centre, London]] in March 2015 however he could not take up the assignment.<ref>[http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/india-appoints-poet-diplomat-as-nehru-centre-director-in-uk-115032600553_1.html India appoints poet-diplomat as Nehru Centre Director in UK ] ''Business Standard'', 26 March 2015</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/abhay-k-to-head-nehru-centre-in-london/article7041831.ece Abhay K. to head Nehru Centre in London ] The Hindu, 28 March 2015</ref> Subsequently, he was appointed as India's Deputy High Commissioner to [[Australia]] in August 2015 however could not take up the assignment.<ref>[http://aninews.in/newsdetail2/story235297/abhay-k-appointed-india-039-s-deputy-high-commissioner-to-australia.html Abhay K appointed India's Deputy High Commissioner to Australia] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002024250/http://aninews.in/newsdetail2/story235297/abhay-k-appointed-india-039-s-deputy-high-commissioner-to-australia.html |date=2 October 2015 }} ANI, 28 September 2015</ref> He served as India's Deputy Chief of Mission to Brazil from 2016 to 2019 and as India's 21st Ambassador to the [[Indian Ocean]] islands of [[Madagascar]]<ref>[https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/30580/Abhay+Kumar+appointed+as+the+next+Ambassador+of+India+to+the+Republic+of+Madagascar Abhay Kumar appointed as the next Ambassador of India to the Republic of Madagascar] Ministry of External Affairs of India Website 9 November 2018</ref> and [[Comoros]] from 2019 to 2022. He served as the Deputy Director General of Indian Council of Cultural Relations responsible for cultural events during India's presidency of G-20 from December 2022-November 2023 and later in charge of organising conferences, distinguished visitors programme, awards, Prateebha Sangam, Annapurna Certificates for authentic Indian cuisine and ICCR's Hindi quarterly Gagananchal until 2025.
He started [[Indian Foreign Service]] Day celebrations on 9 October 2011.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/IFS-officials-building-their-own-traditions/articleshow/23921012.cms IFS officials building their own traditions] ''The Times of India'', 10 Oct 2013</ref> He also proposed celebration of the [[International Day of Diplomats]] on the [[United Nations]] Day<ref>[https://www.dailyo.in/voices/ifs-indian-foreign-service-diplomats-diplomacy-united-nations/story/1/20024.html Why the world needs International Day of Diplomats, our everyday peacekeepers] Daily O, 11 October 2017</ref> which was celebrated in Brasília for the first time on 24 October 2017 with the participation of diplomats from several countries.<ref>[http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/first-international-day-of-diplomats-celebrated-in-brasilia-117102500158_1.html First International Day of Diplomats celebrated in Brasilia] ''Business Standard'', 25 Oct 2017</ref> The second International Day was celebrated in Brasília while the third one was celebrated in Madagascar.<ref>[https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/third-international-day-of-diplomats-celebrated-in-madagascar-s-capital-antananarivo-119102600363_1.html Third International Day of Diplomats celebrated in Madagascar] ''Business Standard'', 26 October 2019</ref> The fourth International Day of Diplomats was celebrated globally.<ref>[http://www.businessworld.in/article/4th-International-Diplomats-Day-celebrated-globally/25-10-2020-335369/ 4th International Diplomats Day Celebrated Globally ] Business World 25 Oct 2020</ref> The Embassy of India, [[Antananarivo]] became the first Indian Embassy to go solar on 2 October 2020 during his tenure as Ambassador of India to Madagascar<ref>[https://news.mongabay.com/2020/10/indian-embassy-in-madagascar-becomes-first-to-go-fully-solar/ Indian embassy in Madagascar becomes first to go fully solar ] Mongabay 2 October 2020</ref> and to have a Street Library.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.indiatimes.com/trending/social-relevance/street-library-embassy-of-india-antananarivo-madagascar-532581.html | title=With Literary Fiction, Biographies & History Books, Street Library Opens At Embassy Of India Antananarivo | newspaper=India Times | date=22 January 2021 | first=Shreya | last=Chauhan | accessdate=8 October 2024}}</ref>

==Literary career==

Abhay's first book titled ''River Valley to Silicon Valley''(2007) was a memoir that also contained his first poem, 'Soul Song'.<ref name=hin>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070817221711/http://www.hindu.com/lr/2007/08/05/stories/2007080550120400.htm ''The Hindu Literary Review'' 2007] ''[[The Hindu]]'', 5 August 2007.</ref> Robert Fay in his piece 'In Search of the Writer-Diplomat tradition' writes- "India continues to maintain this venerable tradition, with poet Abhay Kumar serving in recent years as the Indian Ambassador to Madagascar and Comoros."<ref>[http://robertfay.com/2020/09/in-search-of-the-writer-diplomat-tradition/ In Search of the Writer-Diplomat Tradition] RobertFay.com 25 Sept 2020</ref> His book of history ''Nalanda: How it Changed the World'' published by Penguin Random House became a national bestseller.<ref>[https://stratnewsglobal.com/the-gist/nalanda-has-risen-like-a-phoenix-from-the-ashes/ Nalanda Has Risen Like A Phoenix From The Ashes] StratNews Global, 25 March, 2025</ref>

[[File:Abhay K. and Forrest Gander at the Jaipur Literature Festival 2020.jpg|thumb|Abhay K. and Forrest Gander at the Jaipur Literature Festival 2020]]
[[File:Abhay K, Fady Joudah, Lionel Fogarty, Sadaf Saz, Arjun Deo Charan, Ashok Bajpai at JLF 2015.jpg|thumb|Abhay K, Fady Joudah, Lionel Fogarty, Sadaf Saz, Arjun Deo Charan, Ashok Bajpai at JLF 2015]]
He has published thirteen collections of poetry.

[[File:Citation of SAARC Literary Award to poet-diplomat Abhay K.jpg|thumb|Citation of SAARC Literary Award to poet-diplomat Abhay K]]
[[File:Recipants of SAARC Literary Award 2013.jpg|thumb|Recipients of SAARC Literary Award 2013]]

Abhay's poems have appeared in several magazines and literary journals including Poetry Salzburg Review,<ref>[http://www.poetrysalzburg.com/ Poetry Salzburg Review Issue 30] PSR website, Issue 30, Autumn 2016</ref> The Asia Literary Review,<ref>[http://www.asialiteraryreview.com/users/abhay-k] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920022104/http://www.asialiteraryreview.com/users/abhay-k |date=20 September 2016 }} The Asia Literary Review Issue 31, August 2016</ref> Gargoyle,<ref>[http://www.gargoylemagazine.com/gargoyle/Issues/Issue65.php/Gargoyle#65] Gargoyle Magazine, December 2016</ref> and The Caravan.<ref name="Dara Shikoh and other poems">[http://caravanmagazine.in/poetry/dara-shikoh-and-other-poems Dara Shikoh and other poems]</ref> His poems have also been included in a number of anthologies.

In 2017, CAPITALS, an anthology of poems on the capital cities of the world edited by Abhay K., was released. It brought poets together from across the planet and included contributions from [[Derek Walcott]], [[Vijay Seshadri]], [[George Szirtes]], and [[Ruth Padel]] among other prominent poets from 185 countries.

100 Great Indian Poems (2018) is an anthology of Indian poetry edited covering over 3000 years of Indian poetry and 28 Indian languages.<ref>[https://www.bloomsbury.com/in/100-great-indian-poems-9789386950932/ 100 Great Indian Poems] Bloomsbury India, October, 2017</ref> It has been translated and published into Portuguese,<ref>[http://www.revistas.usp.br/clt/issue/view/10561 100 Grandes Poemas da India] Cadernos da Literatura em Traducao, USP,25 March 2018</ref> Spanish,<ref>[http://editorialuniversitaria.uanl.mx/index.php/2018/10/16/cien-grandes-poemas-de-la-india/ Cien Grandes Poemas de la India] UANL website, 16 October 2018</ref> Italian,<ref>[http://www.correiobraziliense.com.br/app/noticia/diversao-e-arte/2018/01/20/interna_diversao_arte,654422/antologia-100-grandes-poemas-da-india.shtml Antologia traduz para o português pérolas da poesia indiana] Correio Braziliense, 20 January 2018</ref><ref>[http://brasiliainfoco.com/entrevista-com-abhay-k-100-grandes-poemas-da-india-uma-antologia-de-grandes-poemas-do-mundo-para-a-india/ Entrevista com Abhay K .100 Grandes Poemas da Índia] Brasília in Foco, 12 January 2018</ref> Malagasy and Arabic.It has also been translated into French, Russian and Nepali, which will be published soon.<ref>[https://indianexpress.com/article/books-and-literature/arabic-edition-of-100-great-indian-poems-launched-at-sharjah-book-fair-7619788/ Arabic edition of '100 Great Indian Poems' launched at Sharjah Book Fair] The Indian Express, 13 November 2021</ref><ref>[https://scroll.in/article/865259/a-diplomat-is-taking-indian-poetry-to-the-world-through-translations-of-a-hundred-great-poems "A diplomat is taking Indian poetry to the world through translations of a hundred ‘great poems’"],''Scroll.in'', 21 January 2018</ref>

He has also edited The Bloomsbury Book of Great Indian Love Poems sweeping through three millennia and over two dozen Indian languages.<ref>[https://scroll.in/article/977483/this-new-anthology-of-love-poems-from-india-sweeps-through-histories-geographies-and-societies This new anthology of love poems from India sweeps through histories, geographies and societies ] Scroll.in 4 Nov 2020</ref>

He has translated poems of 60 Brazilian poets from [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] and [[Kālidāsa]]'s [[Meghadūta]] and [[Ritusamhara]] from Sanskrit.<ref>[https://madrascourier.com/art-and-poetry/what-kalidasa-teaches-us-about-the-lockdown-loss-of-biodiversity-climate-change/ What Kalidasa teaches us about Lockdown, Biodiversity Loss and Climate Change] Madras Courier, 11 April 2020</ref> His translation of the first Magahi novel ''Fool Bahadur''by Jayanath Pati has been published by Penguin Random House.

[[File:Abhay K, Gulzar and Javed Akhtar.jpg|thumb|Abhay K, Gulzar and Javed Akhtar]]
In 2013 Abhay released ''Earth Anthem'', a song intended as an [[Earth anthem|anthem for the planet Earth]], written by him and translated into eight languages including six official UN languages – Arabic, Chinese, French, English, Russian and Spanish – as well as Hindi and Nepali. It was set to music by Sapan Ghimire and sung by Shreya Sotang from [[Nepal]].<ref>[http://www.iccrindia.net/programmes2013/earthanthem-june2013.pdf] ICCR website, June 2013</ref> It has been translated into over 160 languages.<ref name="newindianexpress">[https://web.archive.org/web/20131106103239/http://newindianexpress.com/nation/Indian-diplomat-pens-anthem-for-earth/2013/06/05/article1620381.ece "Indian Diplomat pens anthem for Earth"] ''The New Indian Express'', 5 June 2013</ref><ref name="business-standard">[http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/indian-diplomat-in-nepal-pens-the-earth-anthem-113062700146_1.html "Indian diplomat in Nepal pens the Earth Anthem"] Indo-Asian News Service, 27 June 2013</ref> On World Environment Day 2017, Abhay K's Earth Anthem composed by [[L. Subramaniam]] and sung by [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]] was released in Brasília.<ref>[http://www.dailypioneer.com/potpourri/poet-diplomats-earth-anthem-enlivened-by-maestro-l-subramaniam-kavita-krishnamurthy.html Poet-diplomat's Earth Anthem enlivened by maestro L. Subramaniam, Kavita Krishnamurthy] The Daily Pioneer, 6 June 2017</ref> A New video of Earth Anthem was released on 22 April 2020 to mark the 50th anniversary of the Earth Day.<ref>[https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/earth-day-l-surbramaniam-abhay-k-kavita-krishnamurti-release-new-anthem-on-50th-anniversary-8287691.html Earth Day: L Surbramaniam, Abhay K, Kavita Krishnamurti release new anthem on 50th anniversary] First Post, 22 April 2010</ref> Over 100 eminent artists from across the world came together to read Earth Anthem to mark 51st anniversary of Earth Day on 22 April 2021.<ref>[https://indianexpress.com/article/world/on-earth-day-eminent-artists-from-across-the-world-to-read-earth-anthem-7284143/ On Earth Day, over 100 eminent artists from across the world to read ‘Earth Anthem’ penned by senior Indian diplomat] The Indian Express, 22md April 2021</ref> Abhay also wrote an [[anthem]] for the [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation]] (SAARC) in an attempt to foster South Asian consciousness and bring the member states of SAARC together.<ref>[http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/indian-diplomat-pens-saarc-anthem-453867 Indian diplomat pens "SAARC Anthem"] NDTV, 3 December 2013</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-in-school/indian-diplomat-pens-saarc-anthem-with-image/article5418956.ece ''The Hindu''], 4 December 2013</ref> It has spurred discussions on the need for an official SAARC Anthem.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140110163916/http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/indian-diplomat-s-poem-spurs-search-for-saarc-anthem/article1-1170930.aspx Indian diplomat's poem spurs search for SAARC anthem] ''Hindustan Times'', 9 January 2014</ref> He is the first Indian poet invited to record his poems at the [[Library of Congress]].<ref name="aninews.in"/> He wrote Moon Anthem to mark the landing of Chandrayaan 2 on the Moon, which has been composed by Dr. L. Subramaniam and sung by Kavita Krishnamurthy.<ref>[https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/moon-anthem-penned-by-diplomat-poet-abhay-k-releases20191027103008/ Moon Anthem penned by Abhay K. releases] ANI, 27 October 2019</ref> He has penned anthems on all the planets in the [[Solar System]].<ref>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/it-s-viral/indian-diplomat-poet-releases-video-of-cosmic-anthems-to-mark-great-conjunction-of-jupiter-saturn/story-OrcuD9LLon9arSq3kvzxfO.html Indian diplomat-poet releases video of cosmic anthems to mark great conjunction of Jupiter, Saturn ] Hindustan Times 22 Dec 2020</ref>

==Artistic career==
[[File:Shunyata by Abhay K.jpg|thumb|Shunyata: A Painting by Abhay K.]]

Abhay K. has exhibited his art works at the National Museum of India in New Delhi, Bihar Museum, Patna, Salar Jung Museum, Hyderabad, and in St. Petersburg, Paris, Brasilia and Antananarivo. His art works use geometric forms and focus on evolution of [[planetary consciousness]].<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gfQG9ieZPV8 Indian Diplomat turned Artist presents his works on Planetary Consciousness], ''ANI'', 28 April 2011</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20120710085437/http://indrus.in/articles/2011/04/15/we_have_come_far_12381.html "We have come far"], ''Indrus'', 15 April 2011</ref><ref>[http://rusembassy.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2502%3Aart-exhibition-we-have-come-far-by-abhay-kumar-opened-at-rcsc&catid=4%3Aembassy-news&lang=en Art exhibition "We have come far" by Abhay Kumar opened at RCSC], rusembassy.in, 15 April 2011</ref><ref name="indiaex">{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/a-second-life/785438/|title=A second Life|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=2011-05-04|access-date=2012-11-24}}</ref><ref>[https://theprint.in/world/universe-an-exhibition-of-paintings-by-abhay-k-opens-in-madagascar/981325/ UniVerse: An exhibition of paintings by Abhay K. opens in Madagascar] The Print, 2 June 2022</ref>

*"The geometry of Malevich and the musical coloured vision of Matyushin gain typical Indian colour vibrancy and even somewhat folklore inflections in his abstract and semi-abstract works."— Andrey Khlobystn
[[File:A Painting by Abhay K.jpg|thumb|A Painting by Abhay K]]
*"In his art works Abhay K creates an allegory of planetary consciousness -Emblems of the unity of the peoples. He draws images of apritual unity. A futuristic reworking of figurative and suprematic motives."— Stanislav Savitsky

Poetry-paintings of Abhay K and Italian artist Tarshito exhibited at the National Academy of Art, New Delhi highlighted Delhi's glorious past.<ref>[http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/artists-highlight-the-glory-of-delhi-through-poetry-paintings-114091600941_1.html Artists highlight the glory of Delhi through poetry-paintings], ''Business Standard'', 16 September 2014</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
*2012: 1st Prize by the Amity School of Business, Noida, India for the case study ''Digital Revolution and Business'' at the 8th Renvoi, an International Management Case Study Competition<ref>{{cite web|url=http://issuu.com/abhay/docs/1st_prize_awarded_to_abhay_kumar_by_amity_universi |title= 1st prize awarded to Abhay Kumar by Amity School of Business|publisher=Issuu.com |access-date=2012-11-23}}</ref>
*2012: Nominated for the Pushcart Prize<ref name="business-standard.com">[http://www.business-standard.com/generalnews/news/ifs-officer-nominted-for-coveted-pushcart-prize/87203/ "IFS officer nominated for coveted Pushcart Prize", 2 December 2012]</ref>
*2013: [[SAARC Literary Award]]<ref name="ReferenceB">[http://www.hindustantimes.com/Books/LiteraryBuzz/Poet-Abhay-K-wins-SAARC-Literature-Award/Article1-1026412.aspx "Poet Abhay K wins SAARC Literature Award"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130323171115/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Books/LiteraryBuzz/Poet-Abhay-K-wins-SAARC-Literature-Award/Article1-1026412.aspx |date=23 March 2013 }}, ''Hindustan Times'', 14 March 2013</ref><ref name="hindustantimes.com">[http://www.hindustantimes.com/Books/Chunk-HT-UI-BooksSectionPage-LiteraryBuzz/Five-writers-honoured-at-SAARC-Literature-Festival/Article1-1024426.aspx "Five writers honoured at the SAARC Literature Festival"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130315072327/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Books/chunk-ht-ui-bookssectionpage-literarybuzz/Five-writers-honoured-at-SAARC-Literature-Festival/Article1-1024426.aspx |date=15 March 2013 }}, PTI, 11 March 2013</ref> - [[Foundation of SAARC Writers and Literature]]
[[File:Abhay K. called a World Poet by poet Vijay Seshadri.jpg|thumb|Abhay K. called a World Poet by poet Vijay Seshadri]]
*2014: Asia-Pacific Excellence Award<ref name="business-standard.com"/><ref name="ReferenceA">[http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/asia-pacific-excellence-award-to-indian-poet-diplomat-abhay-k-114101400319_1.html Asia-Pacific Excellence Award to Indian poet-diplomat Abhay K], ANI, 14 October 2014</ref>
*2015 : Shortlisted for Muse India-Satish Verma Young Writer Award 2015.
*2017: Called 'World Poet' by Pulitzer Prize winning poet Vijay Seshadri
*2022: Kalinga Literature Festival Award for the Best Poetry Book of the Year 2021 for the translation of Kalidasa's Meghaduta and Ritusamhara from the Sanskrit
*2022: Elected an Associate Foreign Corresponding Member of Malagasy Academy
*2022: Included in the anthology, Converse: Contemporary English Poetry by Indians, edited by Sudeep Sen, and published by Pippa Rann Books, London.
*2023: KLF Book Award 2022 for The Book of Bihari Literature
*2023: Elected a Foreign Corresponding Member of the Brazilian Academy of Letters, Brasília
*2025: Received Bharat Shiksha Samman 2025 for promoting Indian culture and education
*2026: Sarojini Naidu Award for Poetry 2026 for a lyrical and singable translation of Sri Hanuman Chalisa

==Literary works==

===Poetry books===
*''Enigmatic Love : Love poems from Moscow'' (Bookwell|2009)<ref name="Enigmatic Love">{{cite web |url=http://issuu.com/abhayk/docs/enigmatic_love |title=Enigmatic Love |publisher=Issuu.com |date=2010-08-04 |access-date=2012-11-21 |archive-date=10 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810040853/http://issuu.com/abhayk/docs/enigmatic_love |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*''Fallen Leaves of Autumn'' (ArtXpress|2010)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://issuu.com/abhayk/docs/fallenleavesofautumn |title=Fallen Leaves of Autumn |publisher=Issuu.com |date=2010-08-04 |access-date=2012-11-21 |archive-date=10 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810040901/http://issuu.com/abhayk/docs/fallenleavesofautumn |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*''Candling the Light''(Yash|2011)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/newstopics/Candling-the-Light.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605140403/http://ibnlive.in.com/newstopics/Candling-the-Light.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2014-06-05 |title=Candling the Light |publisher=CNN-IBN |date=2011-11-07 |access-date=2012-11-22}}</ref>
*''Remains'' (HarAnand|2012)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/videos/national/6/diplomat-abhay-k.-releases-his-new-book-remains/10705 |title=Diplomat Abhay K. releases his new book Remains|work=The Indian Express|date=2012-07-01 |access-date=2012-11-22}}</ref>
*''The Seduction of Delhi''(Bloomsbury|2014)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/article3515505.ece? |title=Dream WINDOW|work= The Hindu|date=2012-07-01 |access-date=2012-11-22}}</ref>
*''The Eight-eyed Lord of Kathmandu'' (Bloomsbury India |2018) & (The Onslaught Press, Oxford & Paris|2017)<ref>[http://onslaughtpress.com/product/the-eight-eyed-lord-of-kathmandu/ The Eight-Eyed Lord of Kathmandu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803011925/http://onslaughtpress.com/product/the-eight-eyed-lord-of-kathmandu/ |date=3 August 2017 }} The Onslaught Press, UK, October 2017</ref>
*''The Prophecy of Brasilia'' (Bilingual edition in English and Portuguese| GaNa, Brazil|2018)
*''The Alphabets of Latin America: A Carnival of Poems'' (Bloomsbury India |2020)<ref>[https://www.bloomsbury.com/in/the-alphabets-of-latin-america-9789389867909/ The Alphabets of Latin America] Bloomsbury Publications, May 2020</ref><ref>[https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/book-review-the-alphabets-of-latin-america-by-abhay-k/2319367/ Book Review: The Alphabets of Latin America] Financial Express, 28 August 2021</ref>
*''The Magic of Madagascar'' (Bilingual edition in French and English|L'Harmattan, Paris|2021)<ref>[https://www.editions-harmattan.fr/livre-la_magie_de_madagascar_the_magic_of_madagascar_abhay_k-9782343235929-70907.html La Magie de Madagascar] L'Harmattan, Paris September 2021</ref><ref>[https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/book-review-la-magie-de-madagascar-the-magic-of-madagascar-by-abhay-k/2325458/ Book Review : The Magic of Madagascar] Financial Express, 7 September 2021</ref>
*''Monsoon'' (Sahitya Akademi, India, 2022)<ref>[http://sahitya-akademi.org.in/?product=monsoon Monsoon] Sahitya Akademi, 15 March 2022</ref>
*''Stray Poems'' (Poetrywala, India, 2022)
*''Celestial'' (Mapin, 2023)
*''The Alphabets of Africa'' (Penguin Random House, India, 2026)

===Translated works===
Abhay K. has translated
* Uttering Her Name by Gabriel Rosenstock (Salmon Ireland) into Hindi|2015
* New Brazilian Poems (Ibis Libris, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil |2019)
* Meghaduta by Kalidasa into English (Bloomsbury|2021)<ref>[https://www.bloomsbury.com/in/meghaduta-9789390252343/ Meghaduta] Bloomsbury Publishing, February 2021</ref>
* Ritusamhara by Kalidasa into English (Bloomsbury|2021)
*Fool Bahadur by Jayanath Pati, the first [[Magahi]] novel (Penguin Random House|2024)
*Hanuman Chalisa by Tulsidas (Bloomsbury India| 2025)

===Edited===
*Anthology of Contemporary Indian English Poetry (Enchanting Verses Literary Review|2016)<ref>[http://www.theenchantingverses.org/contemporary-indian-english-poetry-issue-xxii-november-20151.html Contemporary Indian English Poetry] Enchanting Verses Literary Review, November 2015</ref>
*CAPITALS (Bloomsbury|2017)<ref>[http://www.bloomsbury.com/in/capitals-9789386141118/ CAPITALS] Bloomsbury Publishing, 18 December 2016</ref>
*100 Great Indian Poems (Bloomsbury|2017)<ref>[https://www.bloomsbury.com/in/100-great-indian-poems-9789386950932/100 Great Indian Poems]{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Bloomsbury Publishing, October, 2017</ref>
* 100 More Great Indian Poems (Bloomsbury India|2019)<ref>[https://www.bloomsbury.com/in/100-more-great-indian-poems-9789388038898/ 100 More Great Indian Poems] Bloomsbury Publishing, March 2019</ref>
*The Bloomsbury Anthology of Great Indian Poems (Bloomsbury India|2020)<ref>[https://www.bloomsbury.com/in/the-bloomsbury-anthology-of-great-indian-poems-9789389449570/The Bloomsbury Anthology of Great Indian Poems]{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Bloomsbury Publishing November 2019</ref>
*New Brazilian Poems (Ibis Libris|2019)<ref>[https://ibislibris.loja2.com.br/8766446-New-Brazilian-Poems New Brazilian Poems] Ibis Libris Publishing February 2020</ref>
* The Bloomsbury Book of Great Indian Love Poems (Bloomsbury|2020)
* The Book of Bihari Literature (HarperCollins|2022)

===Non-fiction===
* ''Nalanda: How it Changed the World'' (Penguin Random House|2025)
*''River Valley to Silicon Valley'' (Bookwell|2007), republished as ''Becoming A Civil Servant'' (Kalinjar|2015)

==Research work on poetry of Abhay K.==
[[File:PhD awarded to Amit Dhawan for reserch on the poetry of Abhay K.jpg|thumb|PhD awarded to Amit Dhawan for research on the poetry of Abhay K.]]
A PhD on "Cultural Construct of Self: A Critical Study of Abhay Kumar's Poetry" was awarded by Maharaja Ganga Singh University, Bikaner, Rajasthan, India to Amit Dhawan in 2017.<ref>[https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/226840 Cultural Construct of Self: A Critical Study of Abhay Kumar's Poetry] Shodhganga Website, 2017</ref><ref>[https://www.aninews.in/topic/maharaja-ganga-singh-university/ Indian Varsity awards PhD on poet's poetry] ANI 31 July 2018</ref> Academician Sapna Dogra has written a research paper comparing 'A River'of [[A.K. Ramanujan]] and 'Yamuna' of Abhay K.<ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339175736_AK_Ramanujan%27s_%27A_River%27_and_Abhay_K%27s_%27Yamuna%27_River_as_a_Symbol_of_Endless_Flow_of_Meanings A.K. Ramanujan's 'A River' and Abhay K's 'Yamuna': River as a Symbol of Endless Flow of Meanings] ResearchGate, February 2020</ref><ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339270843_APPROACHING_ABHAY_K%27S_THE_SEDUCTION_OF_DELHI_A_STUDY_OF_MAJOR_THEMES Approaching Abhay K.'s The Seduction of Delhi: A Study of Major Themes</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Poetry}}
*[[Indian English Poetry]]
*[[List of Indian poets|List of Indian poets in English]]
*[[Indian Foreign Service]]
*[[Poet-diplomat]]

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=25em}}

==External links==
*[https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2025/Feb/05/before-oxford-and-harvard-there-was-nalanda Before Oxford and Harvard, there was Nalanda]
*[https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/stars-for-diplomacy/article67676138.ece The curious connection between poetry and diplomacy]
*[https://thediplomat.com/2021/02/an-indian-diplomat-poet-on-writing-amid-catastrophe/ Abhay K.'s interview to The Diplomat, Asia Pacific]
*[https://www.gracecavalieri.com/poetLaureates/featuredpoet_abhayk.html Abhay K.'s recording of his poems at the Library of Congress in Washington D.C.]
* [https://scroll.in/article/865259/a-diplomat-is-taking-indian-poetry-to-the-world-through-translations-of-a-hundred-great-poems A diplomat is taking Indian poetry to the world through translations of a hundred ‘ great poems’] Scroll.in
*[http://robertfay.com/2020/09/in-search-of-the-writer-diplomat-tradition/ In search of the Writer-Diplomat tradition] RobertFay.com
* [https://scroll.in/article/854940/how-an-indian-diplomat-created-an-anthology-of-poetry-on-the-worlds-capitals How an Indian diplomat created an anthology of poetry on the world's capitals] Scroll.in
* [http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/WBTyYBBWu5i3H6x2I20qlJ/Abhay-Kumar-The-sage-Indian-of-Brasilia.html The Sage Indian of Brasilia: Chandrahas Choudhury profiles Abhay K.] Mint Lounge
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uA-zD5qfr3Q A Journey of thoughts with Abhay K on India's National Channel] ''DD National''
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=akCcAtdGtl0 Poetry reading at Jaipur Literature Festival 2015 Poetry 24x7 Start at 9 Min]''Jaipur Literature Festival''
* [http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/of-poetry-and-passports/article4538177.ece Of poetry and passports], ''The Hindu''

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Abhay}}

[[Category:English-language Indian poets]]
[[Category:Kirori Mal College alumni]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Jawaharlal Nehru University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Poets from Bihar]]
[[Category:Indian Foreign Service officers]]
[[Category:International Writing Program alumni]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:21st-century poets|Indian]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Madagascar]]
[[Category:1980 births]]

Pradeep John

2026-04-11T19:47:50Z

DamienLorenz695: starting bio...

{{short description|Weather blogger}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_suffix =
| name = Pradeep John
| image = Pradeep_John.jpg
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1982|7|6}}
| birth_place = Melpuram, Pacode, [[Kanyakumari District]]
| education = {{Plainlist|
* [[Sathyabama University]] ([[B.E]])
* [[Madras University]] ([[Master of Business Administration|M.B.A]])
}}
| other_names =
| years_active =
| known_for =
| signature =
| office =
| website = https://www.tamilnaduweatherman.in/
}}

'''Pradeep John''', popularly known as the '''Tamil Nadu Weatherman''',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/TamilNadu/2018/10/01044140/1090518/Fishermen-panic-as-Windy-predicts-cyclone.vpf|title= Fishermen panic as 'Windy' predicts cyclone| work=dtnext.in|accessdate=1 October 2018}}{{dead link|date=November 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2019/jun/20/will-rains-continue-in-chennai-tamil-nadu-weatherman-comes-out-with-the-answer-1992868.html|title= Will rains continue in Chennai? Tamil Nadu Weatherman comes out with the answer| work=newindianexpress.com|accessdate=20 June 2019}}</ref> is an Indian amateur weather forecasting enthusiast and blogger from [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tn-weatherman-pradeep-john-receives-inspirational-role-model-award-cii-connect-2019-112452|title= TN weatherman Pradeep John receives Inspirational Role Model Award at CII Connect 2019| work=thenewsminute.com|accessdate=17 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/chennai-rain-after-196-days-parts-of-city-receives-showers/articleshow/69873617.cms|title= Chennai rain: After 196 days, parts of city receive showers| work=The Times of India}}</ref> His forecasts are more closely followed by and the other people of [[Chennai]] than the forecasts published by the [[India Meteorological Department]] during the monsoon season.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.parentcircle.com/article/tamil-nadu-weatherman-pradeep-john-chennai-weather-may-be-hotter-than-usual-this-summer/|title= Chennai Weather: Expert Views From Tamil Nadu Weatherman| work=parentcircle.com}}</ref> He began [[blogging]] about [[weather]] and [[rainfall]] in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/858252/meet-pradeep-john-an-obscure-blogger-who-became-tamil-nadus-trusted-weatherman|title= Meet Pradeep John, an obscure blogger who became Tamil Nadu's trusted weatherman| work=scroll.in}}</ref> In 2014, he started publishing on [[social media]]. His social media popularity increased after his accurate predictions during the [[2015 South India floods|2015 Chennai floods]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/111285/tamil-nadu-weatherman-weather-forecasts-facebook/|title= How a Common Man Became TN's Weatherman, Whose Weather Forecasts Are Trusted by about 9 Lakh People| work=thebetterindia.com}}</ref>

==Early life==
Pradeep John was born in [[Kanyakumari district]] in South Tamil Nadu and lives in Chennai. His interest in weather began at age 12.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lbb.in/chennai/tamil-nadu-weather-man-chennai/|title= Take A Rain Check? The Tamil Nadu Weather Man Is Here To Predict Chennai's Forecasts| work=lbb.in}}</ref> He did his schooling at [[SBOA Matriculation and Higher Secondary School, Chennai|SBOA Matriculation School]] and graduated with a B.E. in Computer science and Engineering from [[Sathyabama University]]. He also holds an MBA in finance from [[Madras University]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theweekendleader.com/Heroism/2630/the-rain-man.html|title= Rain, rain, don't go away, weatherman Johnny wants to play| work=theweekendleader.com|accessdate=29 June 2017}}</ref> Pradeep John is married to Hannah Shalini; the couple have a daughter.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ritzmagazine.in/tracking-the-weather-by-storm-pradeep-johnby-sanjay-pinto/|title= Tracking the weather by storm! – Pradeep John By Sanjay Pinto| work=ritzmagazine.in|accessdate=31 May 2019}}</ref>

==Career==
In 2008, Pradeep John joined India Infolines as a relationship manager.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theweekendleader.com/Heroism/2630/the-rain-man.html|title= Rain, rain, don't go away, weatherman Johnny wants to play| work=theweekendleader.com|accessdate=29 June 2017}}</ref> Currently, he works as a Senior manager at Tamil Nadu Urban Infrastructure Financial Services Limited (TNUIFSL).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livechennai.com/detailnews.asp?newsid=37568|title= A common man to a revered weatherman. Everything you need to know| work=livechennai.com|accessdate=1 November 2017}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
* 2018: Inspirational Achiever Award<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2018/mar/26/and-the-pride-of-tamil-nadu-award-goes-to-1792825.html|title= And the Pride of Tamil Nadu Award goes to| work=newindianexpress.com|accessdate=26 March 2018}}</ref>
* 2019: Inspirational Role Model Award<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tn-weatherman-pradeep-john-receives-inspirational-role-model-award-cii-connect-2019-112452|title= TN weatherman Pradeep John receives Inspirational Role Model Award at CII Connect 2019| work=thenewsminute.com|accessdate=17 November 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.tamilnaduweatherman.in/ Official Website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:John, Pradeep}}
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Engineers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian Tamil academics]]
[[Category:People from Kanyakumari district]]

Paradesi (1953 film)

2026-04-07T00:15:34Z

DamienLorenz695: starting data...

{{short description|1953 film by L. V. Prasad}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Paradesi Poongodhai
| image = Paradesi (1953 film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| screenplay = L. V. Prasad
| producer = [[P. Adinarayana Rao]] [[Anjali Devi]] {{small|(presents)}}
| director = [[L. V. Prasad]]
| starring = [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] [[Anjali Devi]] [[Sivaji Ganesan]]
| music = P. Adinarayana Rao
| cinematography = [[Kamal Ghosh]]
| editing = N. S. Pragasam
| studio = [[Anjali Pictures]]
| distributor = Poorna films
| released = {{Film date|1953|01|14|Telugu|1953|01|31|Tamil|df=y}}
| runtime = 190 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Paradesi''''' or '''''Poongothai''''' is a 1953 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-[[Tamil language|Tamil]] bilingual [[romance film]], produced by [[P. Adinarayana Rao]] under the Anjali pictures banner and directed by [[L. V. Prasad]].{{Sfn|Thoraval|2000|p=348}} .This is actually the first film acted by Sivaji but Parasakthi came first.It stars [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]], [[Anjali Devi]], and [[Sivaji Ganesan]] with music composed by P. Adinarayana Rao. The film is a remake of the [[Hindi]] movie ''Raj Rani'' (1950). ''Paradesi'' was an average grosser at the box office.<ref>{{cite news |date=28 August 2014 |title=Anarkali (1955). |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/review-of-anarkali-1955-movie/article6356841.ece |access-date=2019-10-30 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> No print of ''Poongothai'' is known to survive, making it a [[lost film]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=31 August 2017 |title=Another Anandan in the making |url=http://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/another-anandan-in-the-making/article19593507.ece |access-date=18 September 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en |archive-date=18 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918071255/http://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/another-anandan-in-the-making/article19593507.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film begins at a hill station, ''Sitagiri,'' where a benevolent florist girl, Lakshmi, resides with her disabled father, Rangaiah. Chandram is the son of an industrialist who died of bankruptcy. Realizing this, Chandram's friend Raghu entrusts his wife Susheela, and son Anand to him before breathing his last. Thus, to oversee them, he strives hard and sickens. At the suggestion of his Doctor, Chandram goes to ''Sitagiri'' to unwind. He endears Lakshmi's pure soul therein, and the two are covertly knit in the ''Povvulamma'' temple. Next, Lakshmi conceives and informs Rangaiah about her splice with a ''Paradesi.'' Then, he rebukes and coerces Lakshmi to get him. By hard luck, Chandram must suddenly pack up without notifying Lakshmi. It throws her into severe misery and leads to Rangaiah's death. Now, Lakshmi delivers a baby girl, Taara, facing societal music. Plus, Rajulu, a malice who lusts for her, sets fire to her house and is declared dead. However, two bangle sellers, Devaiah & Bapaiah, shield her, and she stays stealthily at the hilltop. After setting everything up, Chandram rushes and gets devastated, conscious of Lakshmi's demise and back. Years roll by, and Lakshmi rears Taara to tunes of affection. Besides, Anand graduates and Susheela forwards him to ''Sitagiri'' to accomplish her vow, where the romantic novel restarts again between Anand & Taara. Hearing it, Lakshmi is aghast and aims to guard her kid from these fake hearts of ''Paradesi.'' The rest of the story is about what happens.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] as Chandram
*[[Anjali Devi]] as Lakshmi
*[[S. V. Ranga Rao]] as Rangadu
*[[Sivaji Ganesan]] as Anand
*[[Relangi (actor)|Relangi]] as Devaiah (Telugu)
*[[K. A. Thangavelu]] (Tamil)
*Janardhan as Raghu
*Ramudu Satyam as Bapaiah
*[[Pandari Bai]] as Susheela
*[[Suryakantam (actress)|Suryakantham]] as Srugaram
*Vasantha as Taara
*Anasuya as Bangaram
*Master Mohan as Young Anand
}}

== Production ==
After splitting out from Aswini Pictures, Anjali Devi and her husband Adinarayana Rao formed their own production house and named it Anjali Pictures. They decided to remake ''Raj Rani'', a 1950 Hindi film directed by Satish Nigam and bought the rights.<ref name="hindu1">{{Cite news |last=Narasimhan |first=M. L. |date=16 November 2013 |title=Blast from the past: Paradesi (1953) |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/paradesi-1953/article5358063.ece |access-date=13 December 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=19 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131119035007/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/paradesi-1953/article5358063.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> They decided to shoot the film in two languages—Telugu and Tamil, and appointed [[L. V. Prasad]] as the director. Prasad, however, did not make a direct copy of the Hindi original; he made subtle changes to the screenplay to suit the audience.<ref name="hindu1" /> The producers were looking for a new actor to play the second lead role.<ref name="hindu1" /> P. A. Perumal Chettiar, a leading film distributor suggested [[Sivaji Ganesan]] to Anjali Devi and her husband. Ganesan, who was a prominent theatre artist acquired the prefix "Sivaji" after he played [[Chatrapati Shivaji]] in a stage play. Ganesan was immediately chosen for the role and had a screen test for the first time. It was during this time that ''[[Parasakthi (1952 film)|Parasakthi]]'' was made.<ref name="hindu1" /> Perumal, the film's producer made a request to Anjali Devi that ''Parasakthi'' be released before ''Paradesi''. Anjali and Rao, the producers agreed and hence ''Parasakthi'' became Ganesan's first released film.<ref name="hindu1" />

[[Sakthi T. K. Krishnasamy|Sakthi Krishnaswamy]] wrote the dialogues while [[Bharathidasan]] and [[Kambadasan]] wrote the lyrics for the Tamil film ''Poongodhai''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1953 – பூங்கோதை – அஞ்சலி பிக்சர்ஸ் – பரதேசி (தெ) |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1953-cinedetails20.asp |url-status=usurped |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=ta |access-date=27 May 2017 |archive-date=27 May 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170527013214/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1953-cinedetails20.asp }}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
;Telugu
Music composed by [[P. Adinarayana Rao]]. Lyrics were written by Malladi Venkata Krishna Sharma.
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Song title !!Singers !!length
|-
|"Jeevithame Hai"
|
|
|-
|"Jaatibhedaalu Marachi"
|
|
|-
|"Ayya Ghuma Ghumalaade"
|
|
|-
|"Gaajulo Gaajulu"
|
|
|-
|"Pilichindi Kaluvapuvvu"
|Jikki
|3:13
|-
|"Nenenduku Raavali"
|Jikki, Pithapuram Nageswara Rao
|2:57
|-
|"Kanikaramleni"
|
|
|-
|"Raavo Thoti Raja"
|A.P Komala
|2:46
|-
|"Naa Hrudayamlo"
|
|
|}
;Tamil
One song ''Thayagamey Vaazhka'', was written by [[Bharathidasan]] and all others were penned by [[Kambadasan]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Neelamegam |first=G. |title=Thiraikalanjiyam – Part 1 |date=December 2014 |publisher=Manivasagar Publishers |edition=1st |location=Chennai |pages=56 |language=ta}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer/s !! Duration (m:ss)
|-
| "En Ninaivuthanil" || ||
|-
| "Oho Azagaana Roja" || [[Jikki]]|| 03:08
|-
| "Thayagamey Vaazhka" || ||
|-
| "Naan Yen Vara Vendum" || D. B. Ramachandran, Jikki || 03:12
|-
| "Kannaal Pesi Pesi" || [[A. P. Komala]]|| 02:56
|-
| "Neelavaan Nedungkundram...Yen Padaithaai" || V. N. Sundaram || 03:26
|-
| "Valaiyal, Jil Jil Valaiyal" || Chellamuthu || 03:14
|-
| "Thaenoorum Paarijaatha Malar" || A. P. Komala and group || 02:28
|-
| "Aiyaa Paarunga Vaangunga" || ||
|}

== Reception ==
The film released on 14 January 1953. Both the versions did well in the run. The Tamil version ''Poongodhai'' received positive response from the critics.{{Sfn|Sastry|1993|p=54}}

In November 2013, M. L. Narasimham of ''[[The Hindu]]'' noted that the film would be "remembered as the launch pad for Sivaji Ganesan".<ref name="hindu1" /> Film critic and Telugu film director [[K. N. T. Sastry]] in his ''L.V. Prasad: a monograph'' described, "Paradesi is about urbanites" and not the conventional village-based subject.{{Sfn|Sastry|1993|p=54}} He also noted that the screenplay was very fast.{{Sfn|Sastry|1993|p=54}}

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
*{{Cite book |last=Sastry |first=K. N. T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u-NkAAAAMAAJ |title=L.V. Prasad: a monograph |publisher=Wiley Eastern |year=1993 |isbn=9788122405040}}
*{{Cite book |last=Thoraval |first=Yves |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-OpkAAAAMAAJ |title=The cinemas of India |publisher=Macmillan India |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-333-93410-4}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title}}

{{L. V. Prasad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Paradesi (1953 film)}}
[[Category:1953 films]]
[[Category:1953 Indian films]]
[[Category:1953 multilingual films]]
[[Category:1953 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1953 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1950s lost films]]
[[Category:1950s romance films]]
[[Category:Films about incest]]
[[Category:Films directed by L. V. Prasad]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:Indian romance films]]
[[Category:Lost Indian films]]
[[Category:Lost romance films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Hindi films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romance films]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Hindi films]]

Tarao Pal stone inscriptions

2026-04-06T18:48:32Z

DamienLorenz695: created bio

{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}
{{See|Tarao people|Tarao language}}

The '''stone inscriptions of Tarao Pal''' are a group of four historical [[Meitei language]] inscriptions discovered in the remote area of Tarao Pal, near the Indo-Myanmar border in what was formerly Chandel district, [[Manipur]], India. These inscriptions were found beginning in 1974 and date from different periods in the history of the [[ancient Kangleipak|ancient Kangleipak (Meitei kingdom)]], ranging from the 6th century to the 19th century CE.<ref name=":Rare_historical_stone_inscription">{{Cite web|title=Rare historical stone inscription in the hills of Manipur Part 1 By Phanjoubam Chingkheinganba|url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Arts_and_Culture.Rare_historical_stone_inscription_in_the_hills_of_Manipur_Part_1_By_Phanjoubam_Chingkheinganba}}</ref><ref name=":Archaeology in Manipur">Devi, L. Kunjeswori. Archaeology in Manipur. India: Rajesh Publications, 2003.</ref><ref name=":Epigraphical Records of Manipur">Bahadur, Mutua., Gunindra Singh, P.. Epigraphical Records of Manipur. India: Mutua Museum, 1986.</ref><ref name=":Protected Monuments and Archaeological Sites of Manipur">Protected Monuments and Archaeological Sites of Manipur. India: State Archaeology, Art & Culture Department, [[Government of Manipur]], 1995.</ref><ref name=":Archaeological Gallery. India: Manipur State Museum">Guide Book of Archaeological Gallery. India: [[Manipur State Museum]], 2015.</ref>

== Discovery and location ==

The inscriptions were found in isolated locations near Tarao Pal, close to the international border with [[Myanmar]]. The site is located in the eastern frontier of the former kingdom of Manipur, an area that historically served as a strategic boundary zone. The discovery was significant for understanding the administrative and military presence of the Meitei rulers in the region.<ref name=":Rare_historical_stone_inscription" /><ref name=":Archaeology in Manipur" /><ref name=":Epigraphical Records of Manipur" /><ref name=":Protected Monuments and Archaeological Sites of Manipur" /><ref name=":Archaeological Gallery. India: Manipur State Museum" />

== Historical context ==

The oldest inscription is attributed to King [[Ura Konthouba]] (reigned c. 6th century), while the latest inscription belongs to the reign of King Gambhir Singh (early 19th century). One of the inscriptions is dated to the reign of King Kiyamba (1467–1508), a ruler known for military campaigns and territorial expansion.<ref name=":Rare_historical_stone_inscription" /><ref name=":Archaeology in Manipur" /><ref name=":Epigraphical Records of Manipur" /><ref name=":Protected Monuments and Archaeological Sites of Manipur" /><ref name=":Archaeological Gallery. India: Manipur State Museum" />

During Kiyamba’s reign, the Kabaw Valley was annexed following a joint military expedition with King Khekhomba of the Shan kingdom (referred to as Pong by the Meiteis). This campaign led to the establishment of the Chindwin River (Ningthi Turel) as the eastern boundary of Manipur.<ref name=":Rare_historical_stone_inscription" /><ref name=":Archaeology in Manipur" /><ref name=":Epigraphical Records of Manipur" /><ref name=":Protected Monuments and Archaeological Sites of Manipur" /><ref name=":Archaeological Gallery. India: Manipur State Museum" />

== Content and features ==

The inscriptions are written in early forms of the [[Meitei Mayek]] script. They contain royal orders, religious statements, and administrative decrees. Due to weathering and age, some parts of the inscriptions are now illegible.<ref name=":Rare_historical_stone_inscription" /><ref name=":Archaeology in Manipur" /><ref name=":Epigraphical Records of Manipur" /><ref name=":Protected Monuments and Archaeological Sites of Manipur" /><ref name=":Archaeological Gallery. India: Manipur State Museum" />

;Key Inscriptions:

* Kiyamba Inscription (24.5 x 13 cm): This inscription declares that animal theft and slave-taking from the village of Tarao Pal would not be tolerated. It identifies the village as the eastern guard post of the kingdom. A nearby temple is mentioned in one deciphered line. Only four lines are partially legible.<ref name=":Rare_historical_stone_inscription" /><ref name=":Archaeology in Manipur" /><ref name=":Epigraphical Records of Manipur" /><ref name=":Protected Monuments and Archaeological Sites of Manipur" /><ref name=":Archaeological Gallery. India: Manipur State Museum" />

* Second Kiyamba Inscription (15 x 14 cm): Contains five lines, stating that it was the divine order of King Kiyamba that slaves must not be taken from Tarao Pal.<ref name=":Rare_historical_stone_inscription" /><ref name=":Archaeology in Manipur" /><ref name=":Epigraphical Records of Manipur" /><ref name=":Protected Monuments and Archaeological Sites of Manipur" /><ref name=":Archaeological Gallery. India: Manipur State Museum" />

* Gambhir Singh Inscription (22 x 20 cm): This later inscription has seven lines, also written in archaic Meitei script. Some parts are damaged and remain undeciphered.<ref name=":Rare_historical_stone_inscription" /><ref name=":Archaeology in Manipur" /><ref name=":Epigraphical Records of Manipur" /><ref name=":Protected Monuments and Archaeological Sites of Manipur" /><ref name=":Archaeological Gallery. India: Manipur State Museum" />

== Cultural and historical significance ==

The Tarao Pal inscriptions provide evidences of the administrative control and frontier policies of the Meitei kings, the use of early Meitei script, religious practices, and legal norms concerning slavery and community protection, the construction of temples and the enforcement of royal authority in the [[Meitei civilisation]].<ref name=":Rare_historical_stone_inscription" /><ref name=":Archaeology in Manipur" /><ref name=":Epigraphical Records of Manipur" /><ref name=":Protected Monuments and Archaeological Sites of Manipur" /><ref name=":Archaeological Gallery. India: Manipur State Museum" />

== See also ==
* [[Ancient Meitei literature]]
* [[Ancient Meitei religion]]
* [[Ancient Meitei script]]
* [[Khoibu stone inscriptions]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Notelist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Meitei script]]
[[Category:Meitei language]]
[[Category:Meitei royalty]]
[[Category:6th-century works]]
[[Category:Indian inscriptions]]

MTR Foods

2026-04-06T12:27:31Z

DamienLorenz695: Put Up The Entry With Sources

{{Short description|Indian spice company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox company
| name = MTR Foods
| logo = MTR LOGO - New.png
| logo_caption = MTR Foods logo
| image_size = 187px
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{NSE|ORKLAINDIA}} {{BSE|544595}}
| predecessor =
| successor =
| foundation = 1924<ref>{{Cite web |title=About MTR Foods |url=https://www.mtrfoods.com/about_us1 |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=MTR Foods |publisher=[[www.mtrfoods.com]]}}</ref>
| defunct =
| location_city = [[Bengaluru, Karnataka]]
| location_country = India
| location =
| locations =
| area_served =
| industry = Food
| services =
| revenue = {{up}} {{INRconvert|2455|c}} (2025)
| net_income = {{up}} {{INRconvert|255|c}} (2025)
| aum =
| assets =
| equity =
| owners = [[Orkla Group]] (75%)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nair |first1=Aishwarya |title=IPO-bound MTR parent Orkla India sees high growth in regional markets, not looking at pan-India presence |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/mtr-parent-orkla-sees-high-growth-in-regional-markets-not-looking-at-pan-india-presence-13630932.html |access-date=6 April 2026 |work=Moneycontrol |date=24 October 2025}}</ref> Navas Meeran (4.2%) Firoz Meeran (4.2%)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dsouza |first1=Sharleen |last2=Sethuraman |first2=Sundar |title=IPO signals strong commitment from Norway parent, says Orkla India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/orkla-india-is-at-the-centre-of-the-plate-for-the-norwegian-headquartered-125102401076_1.html |access-date=6 April 2026 |work=Business Standard |date=24 October 2025}}</ref>
| num_employees =
| parent = [[Orkla Group]]
| divisions =
| homepage = {{URL|mtrfoods.com}}
| footnotes = Financials {{as of|2025|3|31|lc=y|df=y}}.<ref name="fy25"/>
}}
'''Orkla India Limited''', formerly known as and [[d/b/a]] '''MTR Foods''',<ref name="renamed"/> is an Indian food products company based in [[Bengaluru]]. The company manufactures packaged foods including breakfast mixes, ready to eat meals, masalas and spices, snacks and beverages.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/mtr-focusses-on-south-with-innovative-products/article8891394.ece |title=MTR focusses on south with innovative product |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=23 July 2016 }}</ref> It is a subsidiary of [[Norway|Norwegian]] conglomerate [[Orkla Group|Orkla]].

==History==
The company began with the establishment of the [[Mavalli Tiffin Room]] (commonly known as MTR) restaurant in Bangalore in 1924 by Yagnanarayana Maiya.{{cn|date=April 2026}}

In 1975, when [[The Emergency (India)|India was under emergency]], a Food Control Act was introduced which mandated that food was to be sold at very low prices. This move made it difficult for MTR to maintain high standards in its restaurant business and forced it to diversify into the instant food business by the following year, selling ready-to-eat snacks such as chutneys and rasams. In 1984, MTR expanded out of Karnataka to the southern states of Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh.{{cn|date=April 2026}}

In 2007, [[Orkla Group]], a Norwegian conglomerate, acquired MTR Foods for $80 million.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-marketing/article1649438.ece |title=Norway's Orkla acquires MTR Foods in $80-m deal |publisher=[[Business Line]]}}</ref>

In 2011, MTR launched a sub-brand called MTR SnackUp with traditional South Indian snacks like Khara Boondi and Benne Murukku.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/management/mtr-moves-to-stop-rival-from-snacking-on-its-market-share-113081500973_1.html |title=MTR moves top stop reveal from snacking on its market share |publisher=business-standard.com }}</ref> In 2017, MTR launched a new brand called Laban.<ref>{{Cite web|title=MTR Foods introduces a new brand Laban, a delicious, stretchy, unique human-shaped candy|url=http://www.uniindia.com/mtr-foods-introduces-a-new-brand-laban-a-delicious-stretchy-unique-human-shaped-candy/other/news/1042532.html|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=}}</ref>

In 2020, Orkla Group announced that its subsidiary MTR Foods would acquire [[Kochi]]-based Eastern Condiments. As part of the deal, Eastern Condiments' owners Meeran family obtained a 9.99% stake in the combined entity.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhushan |first1=Ratna |title=MTR Foods acquires controlling stake in Eastern Condiments |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/food/mtr-foods-acquires-controlling-stake-in-eastern-condiments/articleshow/77929920.cms |access-date=6 April 2026 |work=The Economic Times |date=4 September 2020}}</ref>

In 2023, MTR Foods was renamed as Orkla India.<ref name="renamed">{{cite news |title=MTR Foods has been renamed as Orkla India |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/mtr-foods-has-been-renamed-as-orkla-india/article67408361.ece |access-date=6 April 2026 |work=The Hindu |date=11 October 2023 |language=en-IN}}</ref> Orkla India [[went public]] in November 2025 with an [[initial public offering]] (IPO).<ref name="fy25">{{cite news |title=MTR Foods' parent company, Orkla India, gears up for around ₹1,650 cr IPO |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/markets/mtr-foods-parent-company-orkla-india-gears-up-for-around-1650-cr-ipo/article70195024.ece |access-date=6 April 2026 |work=BusinessLine |date=23 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|www.mtrfoods.com}}
*[https://www.ibef.org/industry/indian-food-industry/showcase/mtr-foods MTR Foods] on ''[[India Brand Equity Foundation]]''

{{Commercial herbs & spices}}

[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:Condiment companies of India]]
[[Category:Food and drink companies of India]]
[[Category:Food and drink companies established in 1924]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1924]]
[[Category:Orkla ASA]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1976]]
[[Category:The Emergency (India)]]
[[Category:Indian subsidiaries of foreign companies]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]

Jaypee Group

2026-04-02T12:38:07Z

DamienLorenz695: starting the entry w/ sources...

{{short description|Indian diversified conglomerate }}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=December 2022}}
{{More footnotes|date=December 2022}}
}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}

{{Infobox company
| name = Jaypee Group
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| logo = Jaypee Group Logo.svg
| logo_size = 200px
| founder = [[Jaiprakash Gaur]]
| foundation = {{start date and age|1958}}<ref>{{cite web|author=Sanjeev Choudhary |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/News-By-Company/Corporate-Trends/Jaypee-Group-keeps-head-above-water/articleshow/4311743.cms |title=Jaypee Group keeps head above water |work=The Economic Times |date=25 March 2009 |access-date=24 September 2010}}</ref>
| location = [[Noida]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| industry = [[Conglomerate (company)|Conglomerate]]
| products = {{Plainlist|
*[[Engineering]]
*[[Construction]]
*[[Energy industry|Power]]
*[[Fertilizer]]
*[[Hospitality]]
*[[Healthcare in India|Healthcare]]
*[[Controlled-access highway|Expressways]]
*[[Information Technology]]}}
| num_employees = 8000 (2025)
| key_people =
| revenue = {{down}} {{INRConvert|6612.88|c}} (2021)
| website = {{url|www.jalindia.com}}
}}
[[File:Sardar Sarovar Dam 2006, India.jpg|thumb|[[Sardar Sarovar Dam]], India]]
[[File:Tehri dam india.jpg|thumb|[[Tehri Dam]] India – the largest rock and earth fill dam in Asia, completed by Jaypee]]

'''Jaiprakash Associates Limited''' is an Indian [[Conglomerate (company)|conglomerate]] and the flagship company of the '''Jaypee Group'''. It is headquartered in [[Noida]], Uttar Pradesh, with interests in engineering, construction, power, real estate, hospitality, IT, sports and education (non-profit).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jaiprakash Associates Management Information - Details of Jaiprakash Associates Management |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/jaiprakash-associates-ltd/infocompanymanagement/companyid-1481.cms |access-date=2024-03-14 |website=The Economic Times |language=en}}</ref> Facing claims of ₹57,185 crore from creditors, Allahabad bench of the [[National Company Law Tribunal]] admitted '''JAL''' for insolvency in 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-05 |title=JAL insolvency: CCI clears Dalmia Bharat’s bid to acquire Jaiprakash Associates; other bidders include Adani, Vedanta, Jindal Power |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/123122211.cms |access-date= |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The insolvency proceeding is being administered by resolution professional Bhuvan Madan of [[Deloitte]]. The firm is in the process of being acquired by [[Adani Enterprises]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-03-17 |title=Adani Enterprises' resolution plan for Jaiprakash Associates gets NCLT nod |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/nclt-approves-adani-enterprises-resolution-plan-for-jaiprakash-associates/articleshow/129629474.cms |access-date=2026-03-18 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

==Overview==
Manoj Gaur is the elder son of Jaiprakash Gaur. He is the Chairman of Jaiprakash Associates Limited. Jaypee has cement production and private sector [[hydropower]] company with 1,700 MW in operation.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-10-13 |title=Lenders review Jaypee Group's debt |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/construction/lenders-review-jaypee-groups-debt/articleshow/44806022.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-03-14 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> The Jaypee Group successfully completed projects in 18 states of India and [[Bhutan]]. Jaypee is the engineering and construction company for India's [[Yamuna Expressway]], which opened 9 August 2012.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Ravi Teja |date=2012-08-09 |title=Yamuna Expressway opening is Jaypee's free ride to Lucknow |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/personal-finance-news/yamuna-expressway-opening-is-jaypees-free-ride-to-lucknow/articleshow/15420788.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-03-14 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

JIL, the group flagship, has an engineering and construction wing which mostly supports Jaypee projects. It also has the largest land bank in India's [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region]], i.e., New Delhi. Jaypee has two thermal power plants (Bina Thermal Power plant – 500 MW and Nigrie Thermal Power Plant – 2X660 MW).

==History==
[[Jaiprakash Gaur]] founded the conglomerate in 1979. After acquiring a Diploma in [[Civil Engineering]] in 1950 from the now called [[Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee]] (IITR) in [[Roorkee]], [[Uttarakhand]], he had a stint with the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]. Later he became an [[entrepreneur]], starting as a civil contractor in 1958.

* 2014 - In August 2014, [[Shree Cement]] announced that it is set to acquire Jaiprakash Associates' 1.5 million tonne grinding unit at [[Panipat]] for 360 crore.<ref>{{cite news |date=26 August 2014 |title=Shree Cement-JP Associates' Rs. 360 Cr Deal |publisher=Bloomberg TV India |url=http://www.btvin.com/videos/watch/8539/shree-cement-jp-associates%E2%80%99-rs.-360-cr-deal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826161148/http://www.btvin.com/videos/watch/8539/shree-cement-jp-associates%E2%80%99-₹-360-cr-deal|url-status=usurped|archive-date=26 August 2014}}</ref> The Jaypee group has been selling most of its cement assets to reduce its debt.
* 2015 - In September 2015, [[JSW Energy]] acquired two hydropower Projects of Jaiprakash Associates in a deal worth {{INR}} 9,700 crore.<ref>{{cite news |date=28 July 2014 |title=Reliance Power shares up on Jaiprakash hydro-power Deal |publisher=news.biharprabha.com |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/07/reliance-power-shares-up-on-jaiprakash-hydro-power-deal/ |access-date=28 July 2014}}</ref>
*2017 - [[UltraTech Cement]] completed the ₹16,189 crore acquisition of Jaiprakash Associates' six integrated cement plants and five grinding units, having a capacity of 21.2 million tonnes.<ref>{{Cite news |title=UltraTech completes acquisition of Jaiprakash group cement business |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/cement/ultratech-completes-acquisition-of-jaiprakash-group-cement-business/articleshow/59372842.cms |access-date=2022-10-11}}</ref>
*2019 - Commissioning of 720 MW Hydro project (having 114 M high concrete dam and underground powerhouse having 4x180 MW generators) for Mangdechhu Hydro Electric Power Project Authority in Bhutan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mangdechhu Hydroelectric Project, Bhutan |url=https://www.power-technology.com/projects/mangdechhu-hydroelectric-project-trongsa-dzongkhag/ |access-date=2022-10-11 |website=Power Technology |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=http://jalindia.com/history.html |access-date=2022-10-11 |website=jalindia.com}}</ref>
*2022 - [[Dalmia Group|Dalmia Bharat]] signed a binding agreement to acquire Jaiprakash Associates’ cement, clinker and power plants at an enterprise value of ₹ 5,666 crore.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sreedhar |first=Vidya |date=2022-12-12 |title=Dalmia Bharat to acquire Jaypee Group's cement assets for ₹5,666 crore |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/companies/dalmia-bharat-to-acquire-jaypee-groups-cement-assets-for-rs-5600-crore/articleshow/96171183.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-02-25 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dalmia inks Rs 5,666-crore deal for Jaypee assets; To buy cement, clinker power units |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/dalmia-inks-rs-5666-crore-deal-for-jaypee-assets-to-buy-cement-clinker-power-units/2910706/ |access-date=2023-02-25 |website=Financialexpress |date=13 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
*July 2025 - [[Vedanta Limited|Vedanta]] acquires Jaiparkash Associates in {{INRConvert|17000|c|lk=on|year=2025}} bid.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-04 |title=Vedanta acquires Jaiparkash Associates in Rs 17,000 crore bid - Financial Express |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/industry-vedanta-acquires-jaiparkash-associates-in-rs-17000-crore-bid-beats-adani-group-3968390/ |access-date= |website=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]] |language=en}}</ref>
*19 November 2025 -<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2026-03-17 |title=Adani Enterprises' resolution plan for Jaiprakash Associates gets NCLT nod |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/nclt-approves-adani-enterprises-resolution-plan-for-jaiprakash-associates/articleshow/129629474.cms |access-date=2026-03-18 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> The [[Adani Group]] received an approval for its bid to acquire the debt-laden Jaiprakash Associates under a {{INRConvert|14535|c|lk=|year=2025}} resolution plan from the Committee of Creditors of Jaiprakash Associates. The group secured a majority votes from the lenders. This plan offered a higher upfront payment than competing bids.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-02-21 |title=Adani eyes Formula 1 revival in Greater Noida as part of Jaiprakash takeover strategy |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/adani-eyes-formula-1-revival-at-buddh-circuit-as-part-of-jaiprakash-takeover-strategy/articleshow/128646910.cms |access-date=2026-02-23 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> The firm received a [[Letter of Intent]] (LoI) from the "Resolution Professional" (RP) at 3:05 p.m.<ref name=":0" />
*17 March 2026 - According to [[Adani Enterprises]], a part of the Adani Group, the [[National Company Law Tribunal]] (NCLT) has approved the their resolution plan. However, according to Jaiprakash Associates, since the liquidation value of the Successful Resolution Applicant is insufficient to even satisfy the claims of secured creditors in full, NIL consideration is being offered to the shareholders of the Corporate Debtor as part of the delisting process under the Approved Resolution Plan, and the exit price for the existing shareholders is therefore NIL.<ref name=":0" />
*22 March 2026 - Vedanta Group moved [[NCLAT]]<nowiki/>against approval of Adani's resolution plan which secured 89% votes from the lenders of Jaiprakash Associates. The case will be heard of on 23 Match in front of a two member bend, including Chairperson Justice [[Ashok Bhushan]] and Member (Technical) Barun Mitra.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2026-03-23 |title=Vedanta moves NCLAT, challenges NCLT nod to Adani's bid for acquiring Jaiprakash Associates |url=https://legal.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/litigation/vedanta-challenges-nclt-approval-of-adanis-bid-for-jaiprakash-associates-in-nclat/129745532 |access-date=2026-03-23 |website=ETLegalWorld.com |language=en}}</ref>
*24 Match 2026 - Vedanta lost the case as <nowiki/>the NCLAT bench refused to provide any interim relief at this stage.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thyagarajan |first=S. N. |date=2026-03-25 |title=NCLAT refuses interim plea by Vedanta to halt Adani's resolution plan for Jaiprakash Associates |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/litigation/nclat-refuses-interim-plea-by-vedanta-to-halt-adanis-resolution-plan-for-jaiprakash-associates |access-date=2026-03-26 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |language=en}}</ref>

== Controversies ==

* In November 2017, the Supreme Court of India barred the directors from selling their personal assets.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETRealty.com |title=SC bars Jaypee promoters, directors from selling personal assets - ET RealEstate |url=https://realty.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/regulatory/sc-bars-jaypee-promoters-directors-from-selling-personal-assets/61751016 |access-date=2022-10-11 |website=ETRealty.com |language=en}}</ref>
* Due to debt, Jaiprakash Associates did not pay back its fixed deposit holders on time.<ref>{{cite web|title=Letter to fixed deposit holders|url=http://www.jalindia.com/FD/thank-you-depositors-01-07-2016.pdf|publisher=Jalindia.com|access-date=20 February 2017}}</ref> [[National Company Law Tribunal|The National Company Law Tribunal]] had extended the deadline to 31 March 2017 to settle the same.<ref>{{cite web|title=NCLT order|url=https://www.dailytechtuts.com/wp-content/uploads/nclt-order.pdf|access-date=20 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=SFIO to probe Jaiprakash Associates, Jaypee Infratech for financial irregularities|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2020/may/27/sfio-to-probe-jaiprakash-associates-jaypee-infratech-for-financial-irregularities-2148654.html|access-date=2020-10-27|website=The New Indian Express|date=27 May 2020 }}</ref>
* As of 2022, the company had attracted the notice of several US-based mutual funds and ETFs, who reported owning significant positions in the company. Investors in the company include [[Dimensional Fund Advisors]] and [[WisdomTree]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jaiprakash Power Ventures Institutional Ownership|url=https://fintel.io/so/in/jppower|access-date=2022-02-23|website=Fintel}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website}}

{{Jaypee Group}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Jaypee Group| ]]
[[Category:Companies based in Noida]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1979]]
[[Category:Conglomerate companies established in 1979]]
[[Category:1979 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

Kalaignar Centenary Super Specialty Hospital

2026-03-29T23:48:50Z

DamienLorenz695: starting basic details w/ sources

{{Short description|Hospital in Chennai, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
The '''Kalaignar Centenary Super Specialty Hospital''' is a government-run healthcare facility located in Guindy, Chennai, India. Inaugurated on 15 June 2023, by [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]] [[M. K. Stalin|M.K. Stalin]], the hospital was established with an investment of ₹230 crore - ₹380 crore.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Jane |first=Sinduja |date=2024-03-12 |title=Chennai: Lack of access ails new hospitals at King Institute campus in Guindy |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2024/Mar/12/chennai-lack-of-access-ails-new-hospitals-at-king-institute-campus-in-guindy |access-date=2024-11-15 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> It has a capacity of 1,000 beds and provides advanced medical services free of cost under the Chief Minister's Comprehensive Medical Insurance Scheme.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Kalaignar Centenary Super Specialty Hospital, Guindy, Chennai - 600032 |url=https://www.kcssh.org/home |access-date=2024-11-14 |website=www.kcssh.org |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-06-15 |title=Kalaignar Centenary Super Speciality Hospital benefits thousands of patients in a year |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/city/kalaignar-centenary-super-speciality-hospital-benefits-thousands-of-patients-in-a-year-790345 |access-date=2024-11-15 |website=www.dtnext.in |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
The Kalaignar Centenary Super Specialty Hospital was a proposed 500-bed multi-super specialty hospital in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2021-06-03 |title=TN government announces 500-bed multi-super speciality hospital in south Chennai |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tn-announces-multi-specialty-hospital-in-south-chennai-free-bus-travel-for-transpersons-persons-with-disabilities/article34715777.ece |access-date=2024-11-16 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It was planned to be constructed on the [[King Institute of Preventive Medicine and Research|King Institute]] campus in Guindy. Announced by the Tamil Nadu government on 3 June 2021, the hospital was to be established at a cost of ₹250 crore.<ref name=":5" /> The project was part of a series of initiatives unveiled to commemorate the 98th birth anniversary of former Chief Minister and DMK leader [[M. Karunanidhi]].<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2023-04-28 |title=President Droupadi Murmu to inaugurate new multi-super specialty hospital in Chennai on June 5 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/president-droupadi-murmu-to-inaugurate-new-multi-super-specialty-hospital-in-guindy-on-june-5/article66788587.ece |access-date=2024-11-16 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It spans an area of 51,249 square meters and consists of seven floors, with a total capacity of 1,000 beds. The project was completed at a cost of ₹230 crore.<ref name=":6" />

Although initially invited, President [[Droupadi Murmu]] was unable to attend the hospital's inauguration due to scheduling conflicts with her state visits to [[Suriname]] and [[Serbia]].<ref name=":7">{{Cite news |date=2023-06-09 |title=Not Murmu, but Stalin likely to inaugurate Guindy hospital on June 15 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/not-murmu-but-stalin-likely-to-inaugurate-guindy-hospital-on-june-15/articleshow/100881119.cms |access-date=2024-11-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Consequently, the inauguration was presided over by Chief Minister Stalin on 15 June 2023.<ref name=":7" /> The hospital was formally opened on 15 June 2023, by M. K. Stalin, alongside four nurses.<ref name=":8">{{Cite news |date=2023-06-16 |title=Stalin, nurses open Kalaignar super specialty hosp at Guindy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/stalin-nurses-open-kalaignar-super-specialty-hosp-at-guindy/articleshow/101032219.cms |access-date=2024-11-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> A feature of the event was a golden statue of DMK patriarch [[M. Karunanidhi]], seated with a pen and writing pad.<ref name=":8" /> The six-storied hospital building was constructed in a record 15 months.<ref name=":8" />

The hospital houses the National Centre for Ageing, a 200-bed facility with 40 intensive care units. This centre functions under the [[Rajiv Gandhi Government General Hospital]] and was inaugurated virtually by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] on 25 February 2023.<ref name=":4" /> It is particularly focused on providing specialized care for elderly patients, including those referred from the Geriatrics Department at the Rajiv Gandhi Government General Hospital.<ref name=":4" />

In its first year of operation, the hospital treated over 2 lakh outpatients, admitted 63,505 in-patients and conducted 2,179 surgeries.<ref name=":3" />

The hospital has performed many complicated surgeries over its time some of them are:

* [[Cardiac surgery|Cardiac Surgery]]<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-06-15 |title=Kalaignar centenary hospital marks one year of medical service |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/kalaignar-centenary-hospital-marks-one-year-of-medical-service/article68293988.ece |access-date=2024-11-15 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* Neurosurgical Surgery<ref name=":3" />
* [[Orthopedic surgery|Orthopedic Surgery]]<ref name=":3" />
* [[General surgery|General Surgery]]<ref name=":3" />
* [[Surgical oncology|Oncological Surgery]]<ref name=":3" />
* [[Digestive system surgery|Gastrointestinal Surgery]]<ref name=":3" />

== Infrastructure ==
The KCSSH comes equipped with impressive infrastructure, some key features are:

* State of the art facilities - The hospital comes with Modern Intensive Care Units (MICU), CT Scans, MRI, and Cardiac Cath Labs.<ref name=":1" />
* Specialized Departments - The department includes [[Cardiology]], [[Pulmonology]], [[Neurology]], [[Oncology]], and [[Gastroenterology]].<ref name=":1" />
* Public Essential Spaces - The hospital holds yoga rooms, prayer and reading rooms, and recreational areas like [[Carrom|Carom Boards Games]] and chess rooms to support the well-being of patients and staff.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Vrnewschennai |title=KALAIGNAR CENTENARY SUPER SPECIALITY HOSPITAL achieves GOLD Rating under IGBC Green Healthcare Facilities Rating |url=https://vrnewschennai.com/kalaignar-centenary-super-speciality-hospital-achieves-gold-rating-under-igbc-green-healthcare-facilities-rating/ |access-date=2024-11-15 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Green Building Practices - The hospital has achieved the Gold Rating under the CII Indian Green Building Council's Green Healthcare Facilities Rating. The hospital focuses on [[sustainability]] and [[Environmentalism|environmental responsibility]].<ref name=":2" />
* Comfortable Accommodations - The KCSSH offers pay wards with air conditioning, separate baths and toilets, and Modern Intensive Care Units ([[MICU]]).<ref name=":1" />
* Obtainability - The hospital is disabled-friendly, with lifts and [[CCTV camera]], Security Guards for added security.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-06-15 |title=Stalin inaugurates Kalaignar Centenary Super Speciality Hospital in Guindy |url=https://www.dtnext.in/stalin-inaugurates-kalaignar-centenary-super-speciality-hospital-in-guindy |access-date=2024-11-15 |website=www.dtnext.in |language=en}}</ref>

== Incidents ==
On 13 November 2024, Balaji Jagannath, an oncologist at KCSSH was stabbed by one of his patient's relatives. The relative, Vignesh, stabbed Jagannath in the neck, head and back many times. The stabbing occurred due to dissatisfaction with the treatment given to his mother, who is suffering advanced-stage cancer.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-11-14 |title=Chennai govt hospital doctor stabbed by patient's son |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chennai-govt-hospital-doctor-stabbed-by-patients-son/articleshow/115274147.cms |access-date=2024-11-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Following the incident, the [[Greater Chennai Police]] established outposts staffed by one sub-inspector and two constables at the Kalaignar Centenary Super Specialty Hospital and several other government hospitals, including the [[Tamil Nadu Government Multi Super Speciality Hospital|Tamil Nadu Government Multi Super Specialty Hospital]] and [[Royapuram Government RSRM Hospital]].<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-11-14 |title=Greater Chennai Police sets up outposts in three government hospitals |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/greater-chennai-police-sets-up-outposts-in-three-government-hospitals/article68868562.ece |access-date=2024-11-18 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Hospitals in Chennai]]
[[Category:2023 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Hospitals established in 2023]]

Tamil script

2026-03-29T00:57:59Z

DamienLorenz695: adjusted section further and updated info to improve readability

{{Short description|Brahmic script}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox writing system
| name = Tamil
| altname = {{lang|ta|தமிழ்}}
| type = [[Abugida]]
| time = c. 400 CE – present<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rajan |first=K. |title=Territorial Division as Gleaned from Memorial Stones |jstor=29757518 |journal=East and West |publisher=Istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente (IsIAO) |date=December 2001 |volume=51 |issue=3/4 |page=363 }} (table showing Tamil in row for the 601–800 period)</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Diringer |first1=David |title=Alphabet a key to the history of mankind |date=1948 |page=385}}</ref>
| languages = [[Tamil language|Tamil]] [[Kanikkaran language|Kanikkaran]] [[Badaga language|Badaga]] [[Irula language|Irula]] [[Paniya language|Paniya]] [[Saurashtra language|Saurashtra]]
| fam1 = [[Egyptian hieroglyphs|Egyptian]]
| fam2 = [[Proto-Sinaitic]]
| fam3 = [[Phoenician script|Phoenician]]
| fam4 = [[Aramaic script|Aramaic]]
| fam5 = [[Brahmi script]]
| fam6 = [[Tamil Brahmi]]
| fam7 = [[Pallava script]]{{sfn|Mahadevan|2003|p=212}}{{sfn|Mahadevan|2003|p=213}}
| sisters = [[Grantha script|Grantha]], [[Old Mon script|Old Mon]], [[Khmer alphabet|Khmer]], [[Cham script|Cham]], [[Kawi script|Kawi]]
| unicode = {{ublist |class=nowrap |[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0B80.pdf U+0B80–U+0BFF] {{smaller|Tamil}} |[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U11FC0.pdf U+11FC0–U+11FFF] {{smaller|Tamil Supplement}}}}
| iso15924 = Taml
| sample = Word Tamil.svg
| imagesize = 250px
}}
{{Contains special characters|Indic}}
{{Tamil transliteration}}
{{brahmic}}

The '''Tamil script''' ({{lang|ta|தமிழ் அரிச்சுவடி}} {{transliteration|ta|ISO|Tamiḻ ariccuvaṭi}} {{IPA|ta|tamiɻ ˈaɾitːɕuʋaɽi|}}) is an [[abugida]] script that is used by [[Tamils]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] speakers in [[India]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]] and elsewhere to write the [[Tamil language]].<ref>{{Citation | title=The Unicode 5.0 Standard | edition=5 | publisher=Addison-Wesley | place=Upper Saddle River, NJ | year=2006 | isbn=0-321-48091-0 | last=Allen | first=Julie }} at p. 324</ref> It is one of the [[official scripts of the Indian Republic]]. Certain minority languages such as [[Saurashtra language|Saurashtra]], [[Badaga language|Badaga]], [[Irula language|Irula]] and [[Paniya language|Paniya]] are also written in the Tamil script.<ref>{{citation| editor-last=Lewis | editor-first=M. Paul | title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World | edition=16th| url=http://www.ethnologue.com/ | publisher=SIL International | location=Dallas, Tex. | year=2009 | access-date=28 August 2009}}</ref>

==Characteristics==
[[File:Evolution of Vatteluttu and Tamil scripts.gif|thumb|350px|Diverging evolution of [[Tamil-Brahmi]] script (center column) into the [[Vatteluttu alphabet]] (leftmost column) and the Tamil script (rightmost column)]]
The Tamil script has 12 [[vowel]]s ({{lang|ta|உயிரெழுத்து}}, {{transliteration|ta|ISO|uyireḻuttu}}, "soul-letters"), 18 [[consonant]]s ({{lang|ta|மெய்யெழுத்து}}, {{transliteration|ta|ISO|meyyeḻuttu}}, "body-letters") and one special character, the {{lang|ta|ஃ}} ({{lang|ta|ஆய்த எழுத்து}}, {{transliteration|ta|ISO|āytha eḻuttu}}). {{lang|ta|ஃ}} is called "அக்கு", ''akku,'' and is classified in Tamil orthography as being neither a consonant nor a vowel.<ref>[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/romadict.pl?table=tamil-lex&page=148&display=utf8 University of Madras Tamil Lexicon, page 148: "{{lang|ta|அலியெழுத்து}} [ {{transliteration|ta|ISO|aliyeḻuttu}} ] n {{transliteration|ta|ISO|ali-y-eḻuttu}} . < {{lang|ta|அலி}}¹ +. 1. The letter {{lang|ta|ஃ}}, as being regarded as neither a vowel nor a consonant; {{lang|ta|ஆய்தம்}}. ({{lang|ta|வெண்பாப். முதன்மொ. 6, உரை.}}) 2. Consonants; {{lang|ta|மெய்யெ ழுத்து. (பிங்.).}}"]{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> However, it is listed at the end of the vowel set. The script is [[Syllabary|syllabic]], not [[alphabet]]ic, and is written from left to right.

==History==
{{See also|Tamil-Brahmi|Pallava script|Grantha script|Vatteluttu|Kolezhuthu|Arwi|Page 7=Standardisation of Tamil script}}
[[File:History of Tamil script.jpg|thumb|350px|Historical evolution of Tamil writing from the earlier [[Tamil-Brahmi]] near the top to the current Tamil script at bottom]]
[[File:Tirukkural manuscript.jpg|thumb|350px|[[Tirukkural]] [[palm leaf manuscript]]]]
The Tamil script, like the other [[Brahmic scripts]], is thought to have evolved from the original [[Brahmi script]].{{sfn|Mahadevan|2003|p=173}} The earliest inscriptions which are accepted examples of Tamil writing date to the [[Ashoka]]n period. The script used by such inscriptions is commonly known as the [[Tamil-Brahmi]] or "Tamili script" and differs in many ways from standard Ashokan Brahmi. For example, early Tamil-Brahmi, unlike Ashokan Brahmi, had a system to distinguish between pure [[consonant]]s (''m'', in this example) and consonants with an inherent [[vowel]] (''ma'', in this example). In addition, according to [[Iravatham Mahadevan]], early Tamil Brahmi used slightly different vowel markers, had extra characters to represent letters not found in [[Sanskrit]] and omitted letters for sounds not present in Tamil such as voiced consonants and aspirates.{{sfn|Mahadevan|2003|p=173}} Inscriptions from the 2nd century use a later form of Tamil-Brahmi, which is substantially similar to the writing system described in the ''[[Tolkāppiyam]]'', an ancient Tamil grammar. Most notably, they used the ''puḷḷi'' to suppress the inherent vowel.{{sfn|Mahadevan|2003|p=230}} The Tamil letters thereafter evolved towards a more rounded form and by the 5th or 6th century, they had reached a form called the ''early vaṭṭeḻuttu''.{{sfn|Mahadevan|2003|p=211}}

The modern Tamil script does not, however, descend from that script.{{sfn|Mahadevan|2003|p=209}} In the 4th century,<ref name="griffiths">{{cite web |last1=Griffiths |first1=Arlo |title=Early Indic Inscriptions of Southeast Asia |date=2014 |url=https://www.academia.edu/6301451 |url-access=registration}}</ref> the [[Pallava dynasty]] created a new script called [[Pallava script]] for Tamil and the [[Grantha alphabet]] evolved from it, adding the Vaṭṭeḻuttu alphabet for sounds not found to write Sanskrit.{{sfn|Mahadevan|2003|p=213}} Parallel to [[Grantha alphabet]] a new script (Chola-Pallava script, which evolved to modern Tamil script) again emerged in Pallava and Chola territories resembling the same glyph development like Grantha, however, heavily reduced in its shapes and not overtaking non-native Tamil sounds, thus, ultimately descending from Pallava script.{{sfn|Mahadevan|2003|p=212}}{{sfn|Mahadevan|2003|p=213}} By the 8th century, the new scripts supplanted Vaṭṭeḻuttu in the Pallava and [[Chola dynasty|Chola]] kingdoms which lay in the north portion of the Tamil-speaking region. However, Vaṭṭeḻuttu continued to be used in the southern portion of the Tamil-speaking region, in the [[Chera dynasty|Chera]] and [[Pandyan dynasty|Pandyan]] kingdoms until the 11th century, when the Pandyan kingdom was conquered by the Cholas who inherited while being feudatory of Pallavas for a short time.{{sfn|Mahadevan|2003|p=212}}{{sfn|Mahadevan|2003|p=213}}

With the fall of Pallava kingdom, the Chola dynasty pushed the Chola-Pallava script as the de facto script. Over the next few centuries, the Chola-Pallava script evolved into the modern Tamil script. The Grantha and its parent script influenced the Tamil script notably. The use of [[palm-leaf manuscript|palm leaves]] as the primary medium for [[writing]] led to changes in the script. The scribe had to be careful not to pierce the leaves with the stylus while writing because a leaf with a hole was more likely to tear and decay faster. As a result, the use of the ''puḷḷi'' to distinguish pure consonants became rare, with pure consonants usually being written as if the inherent vowel were present. Similarly, the vowel marker ({{lang|ta|ஃ}}) called: {{Langx|ta|குற்றியலுகரம்|lit=short 'u'-sound|translit=kuṟṟiyal-ukaram}}, a half-rounded ''u'' which occurs at the end of some words and in the medial position in certain compound words, marking a shortened ''u'' sound, also fell out of use and was replaced by the marker for the simple ''u'' ({{lang|ta|ு}})''.'' The ''puḷḷi'' ({{lang|ta|ஂ}}) did not fully reappear until the introduction of [[printing]], but the marker ''kuṟṟiyal-ukaram'' ({{lang|ta|ஃ}}) never came back for this purpose into use although its usage is retained in certain grammatical conceptual words whereas the sound itself still exists and plays an important role in Tamil [[prosody (linguistics)|prosody]].

The forms of some of the letters were simplified in the 19th century to make the script easier to typeset. In the 20th century, the script was [[Simplified Tamil script|simplified even further]] in a series of reforms, which regularised the vowel markers used with consonants by eliminating special markers and most irregular forms.

==Relationship with other Indic scripts==
The Tamil script differs from other Brahmi-derived scripts in a number of ways. Unlike every other Brahmic script, it does not regularly represent voiced or aspirated [[stop consonant]]s as these are not [[phoneme]]s of the Tamil language even though voiced and fricative [[allophone]]s of stops do appear in spoken Tamil. Thus the character {{lang|ta|க் }} ''k'', for example, represents {{IPAslink|k}} but can also be pronounced [{{IPA|g}}] or [{{IPA|x}}] based on the rules of [[Tamil phonology]]. A separate set of characters appears for these sounds when the Tamil script is used to write Sanskrit or other languages.

Also unlike other Brahmi scripts, the Tamil script rarely uses [[typographic ligature]]s to represent conjunct consonants, which are far less frequent in Tamil than in other Indian languages. Where they occur, conjunct consonants are written by writing the character for the first consonant, adding the ''puḷḷi'' to suppress its inherent vowel, and then writing the character for the second consonant. There are a few exceptions, namely {{lang|ta|க்ஷ}} ''kṣa'' and {{lang|ta|ஶ்ரீ}} ''śrī''.

[[ISO 15919#Overview|ISO 15919]] is an international standard for the transliteration of Tamil and other Indic scripts into Latin characters. It uses diacritics to map the much larger set of Brahmic consonants and vowels to the Latin script.

== Letters ==
[[File:Mangulam inscription.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Mangulam]] Tamili inscription in Mangulam, [[Madurai district]], Tamil Nadu dated to Tamil [[Sangam period]] c. 400 BCE to c. 200 CE.]]
[[File:Tamil Inscriptions.jpg|thumb|200px|Explanation for [[Mangulam]] Tamil Brahmi inscription in Mangulam, [[Madurai district]], Tamil Nadu dated to Tamil [[Sangam period]] c. 400 BCE to c. 200 CE.]]
{{multiple image
| align =
| direction =
| width = 100
| footer = Left: ''Tampiran Vanakkam'' (''Doctrina Christum'') was the first book in Tamil, printed on 20 October 1578. Right: A book in Tamil printed in 1781.
| image1 = Thambiran Vanakkam 1578.JPG
| alt1 =
| caption1 =
| image2 = CHRISTIAN BOOK-printed1781-Tamil nadu-India41.jpg
| alt2 =
| caption2 =
}}

===Basic consonants===
Consonants are called the "body" (''mei'') letters. The consonants are classified into three categories: ''vallinam'' (hard consonants), ''mellinam'' (soft consonants, including all [[Nasal stop|nasals]]), and ''itayinam'' (medium consonants).

There are some lexical rules for the formation of words. The ''[[Tolkāppiyam]]'' describes such rules. Some examples: a word cannot end in certain consonants, and cannot begin with some consonants including r-, l- and ḻ-; there are six [[nasal consonants]] in Tamil: a [[velar nasal]] ங், a [[palatal nasal]] ஞ், a [[retroflex nasal]] ண், a [[dental nasal]] ந், a [[bilabial nasal]] ம், and an [[alveolar nasal]] ன்.

The order of the alphabet (strictly [[abugida]]) in Tamil closely matches that of the nearby languages both in location and linguistics, reflecting the common origin of their scripts from Brahmi.

Tamil language has 18 consonants - ''mey eluttukkal''. Traditional grammarians have classified these 18 into three groups of 6 letters each. This classification is done based on the method of articulation and hence the nature of these letters. ''Vallinam'' (hard group), ''mellinam'' (soft group) and ''idaiyinam'' (medium group). All consonants are pronounced for a half unit (māttirai) time length when isolated (consonants combined with vowels will be pronounced with the time length of the vowel).<ref>{{wikiversity inline |Tamil Language/Letters}}</ref>


{| class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Tamil consonants{{sfn|Steever|1996|p=426-430}}
|-
! Consonant !! [[ISO 15919]] !! Category !! [[help:IPA|IPA]]
|-
| {{lang|ta|க்}} || {{transliteration|ta|ISO|k}} || vallinam || {{IPA|/k/}}
|-
| {{lang|ta|ங்}} || {{transliteration|ta|ISO|ṅ}} || mellinam || {{IPA|/ŋ/}}
|-
| {{lang|ta|ச்}} || {{transliteration|ta|ISO|c}} || vallinam || {{IPA|/t͡ʃ, s/}}
|-
| {{lang|ta|ஞ்}} || {{transliteration|ta|ISO|ñ}} || mellinam || {{IPA|/ɲ/}}
|-
| {{lang|ta|ட்}} || {{transliteration|ta|ISO|ṭ}} || vallinam || {{IPA|/ʈ/}}
|-
| {{lang|ta|ண்}} || {{transliteration|ta|ISO|ṇ}} || mellinam || {{IPA|/ɳ/}}
|-
| {{lang|ta|த்}} || {{transliteration|ta|ISO|t}} || vallinam || {{IPA|/t̪/}}
|-
| {{lang|ta|ந்}} || {{transliteration|ta|ISO|n}} || mellinam || {{IPA|/n̪/}}
|-
| {{lang|ta|ப்}} || {{transliteration|ta|ISO|p}} || vallinam || {{IPA|/p/}}
|-
| {{lang|ta|ம்}} || {{transliteration|ta|ISO|m}} || mellinam || {{IPA|/m/}}
|-
| {{lang|ta|ய்}} || {{transliteration|ta|ISO|y}} || idaiyinam || {{IPA|/j/}}
|-
| {{lang|ta|ர்}} || {{transliteration|ta|ISO|r}} || idaiyinam || {{IPA|/ɾ/}}
|-
| {{lang|ta|ல்}} || {{transliteration|ta|ISO|l}} || idaiyinam || {{IPA|/l̪/}}
|-
| {{lang|ta|வ்}} || {{transliteration|ta|ISO|v}} || idaiyinam || {{IPA|/v/}}
|-
| {{lang|ta|ழ்}} || {{transliteration|ta|ISO|ḻ}} || idaiyinam || {{IPA|/ɻ/}}
|-
| {{lang|ta|ள்}} || {{transliteration|ta|ISO|ḷ}} || idaiyinam || {{IPA|/ɭ/}}
|-
| {{lang|ta|ற்}} || {{transliteration|ta|ISO|ṟ}} || vallinam || {{IPA|/r/}}
|-
| {{lang|ta|ன்}} || {{transliteration|ta|ISO|ṉ}} || mellinam || {{IPA|/n/}}
|}

===Extra consonants used in Tamil===
The Tamil speech has incorporated many phonemes that were not part of the [[Tolkāppiyam]] classification. The letters used to represent these sounds, known as '''[[Grantha script|Grantha]]''', are regarded as supplementary to the standard alphabet. They are taught from elementary school and are incorporated in [[Tamil All Character Encoding|Tamil All Character Encoding (TACE16)]].


{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ Grantha consonants in Tamil{{sfn|Steever|1996|p=426-430}}
|-
! Consonant !! [[ISO 15919]] !! IPA
|-
| {{lang|ta|ஜ்}} || {{transliteration|ta|ISO|j}} || {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}}
|-
|{{lang|ta|ஶ்}} || {{transliteration|ta|ISO|ś}} || {{IPA|/ʃ/}}
|-
| {{lang|ta|ஷ்}} || {{transliteration|ta|ISO|ṣ}} || {{IPA|/ʂ/}}
|-
| {{lang|ta|ஸ்}} || {{transliteration|ta|ISO|s}} || {{IPA|/s/}}
|-
| {{lang|ta|ஹ்}} || {{transliteration|ta|ISO|h}} || {{IPA|/h/}}
|-
| {{lang|ta|க்ஷ்}} || {{transliteration|ta|ISO|kṣ}} || {{IPA|/kʂ/}}
|}

There is also the [[ligature (writing)|ligature]] {{lang|ta|ஶ்ரீ}} ({{transliteration|ta|ISO|śrī}}), equivalent to {{lang|inc-Deva|श्री}} in [[Devanagari]].

Combinations of consonants with {{lang|ta|ஃ}} ({{lang|ta|ஆய்த எழுத்து}}, {{transliteration|ta|ISO|āyda eḻuttu}}, equivalent to [[nuqta]]) are occasionally used to represent phonemes of foreign languages, especially to write [[Islamic]] and [[Christian]] texts. For example: asif = {{lang|ta|அசிஃப்}}, azārutīn̠ = {{lang|ta|அஃஜாருதீன்}}, [[Genghis Khan]] = {{lang|ta|கெங்கிஸ் ஃகான்}}.{{citation needed|date=October 2014}}

A nuqta-like diacritic is used while writing the [[Badaga language]] and double dot nuqta for the [[Irula language]] to transcribe its sounds.<ref>The Unicode Standard Version 13.0 – Core Specification, South and Central Asia-I, Official Scripts of India pg. 498</ref>

There has also been effort to differentiate voiced and voiceless consonants through subscripted numbers – two, three, and four which stand for the unvoiced aspirated, voiced, voiced aspirated respectively. This was used to transcribe Sanskrit words in Sanskrit–Tamil books, as shown in the table below.<ref name="Sharma2010a">Sharma, Shriramana. (2010a). [https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2010/10256r-extended-tamil.pdf ''Proposal to encode characters for Extended Tamil''.]</ref><ref name="Sharma2010c">Sharma, Shriramana. (2010c). [https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2010/10407-ext-tamil-follow2.pdf ''Follow-up #2 to Extended Tamil proposal''.]</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| {{lang|ta|க}} {{transliteration|ta|ISO|ka}} || {{lang|ta|க₂}} {{transliteration|ta|ISO|kha}} || {{lang|ta|க₃}} {{transliteration|ta|ISO|ga}} || {{lang|ta|க₄}} {{transliteration|ta|ISO|gha}}
|-
| {{lang|ta|ச}} {{transliteration|ta|ISO|ca}} || {{lang|ta|ச₂}} {{transliteration|ta|ISO|cha}} || {{lang|ta|ஜ}} {{transliteration|ta|ISO|ja}} || {{lang|ta|ஜ₂}} {{transliteration|ta|ISO|jha}}
|-
| {{lang|ta|ட}} {{transliteration|ta|ISO|ṭa}} || {{lang|ta|ட₂}} {{transliteration|ta|ISO|ṭha}} || {{lang|ta|ட₃}} {{transliteration|ta|ISO|ḍa}} || {{lang|ta|ட₄}} {{transliteration|ta|ISO|ḍha}}
|-
| {{lang|ta|த}} {{transliteration|ta|ISO|ta}} || {{lang|ta|த₂}} {{transliteration|ta|ISO|tha}} || {{lang|ta|த₃}} {{transliteration|ta|ISO|da}} || {{lang|ta|த₄}} {{transliteration|ta|ISO|dha}}
|-
| {{lang|ta|ப}} {{transliteration|ta|ISO|pa}} || {{lang|ta|ப₂}} {{transliteration|ta|ISO|pha}} || {{lang|ta|ப₃}} {{transliteration|ta|ISO|ba}} || {{lang|ta|ப₄}} {{transliteration|ta|ISO|bha}}
|}
The Unicode Standard uses superscripted digits for the same purpose, as in {{lang|ta|ப²}} {{transliteration|ta|ISO|pha}}, {{lang|ta|ப³}} {{transliteration|ta|ISO|ba}}, and {{lang|ta|ப⁴}} {{transliteration|ta|ISO|bha}}.<ref>Unicode Consortium (2019). Tamil. In [https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode12.0.0/ch12.pdf ''The Unicode Standard Version 12.0'' (pp. 489–498)].</ref>

===Vowels===
Vowels are also called the 'life' (''uyir'') or 'soul' letters. Together with the consonants (''mei'', which are called 'body' letters), they form compound, syllabic ([[abugida]]) letters that are called 'living' or 'embodied' letters (''uyir mei'', i.e. letters that have both 'body' and 'soul').

Tamil language has 12 vowels which are divided into short and long (five of each type) and two [[diphthong]]s.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Tamil vowels{{sfn|Steever|1996|p=426-430}}
|-
! Independent
!Vowel sign!! [[ISO 15919]] !! IPA
|-
| {{lang|ta|அ}}
|{{N/A}}|| {{transliteration|ta|ISO|a}} || {{IPA|/ɐ/}}
|-
| {{lang|ta|ஆ}}
|ா
| {{transliteration|ta|ISO|ā}} || {{IPA|/aː/}}
|-
| {{lang|ta|இ}}
|ி
| {{transliteration|ta|ISO|i}} || {{IPA|/i/}}
|-
| {{lang|ta|ஈ}}
|ீ
| {{transliteration|ta|ISO|ī}} || {{IPA|/iː/}}
|-
| {{lang|ta|உ}}
|ு
| {{transliteration|ta|ISO|u}} || {{IPA|/u/}}
|-
| {{lang|ta|ஊ}}
|ூ
| {{transliteration|ta|ISO|ū}} || {{IPA|/uː/}}
|-
| {{lang|ta|எ}}
|ெ
| {{transliteration|ta|ISO|e}} || {{IPA|/e/}}
|-
| {{lang|ta|ஏ}}
|ே
| {{transliteration|ta|ISO|ē}} || {{IPA|/eː/}}
|-
| {{lang|ta|ஐ}}
|ை
| {{transliteration|ta|ISO|ai}} || {{IPA|/ɐi̯/}}
|-
| {{lang|ta|ஒ}}
|ொ
| {{transliteration|ta|ISO|o}} || {{IPA|/o/}}
|-
| {{lang|ta|ஓ}}
|ோ
| {{transliteration|ta|ISO|ō}} || {{IPA|/oː/}}
|-
| {{lang|ta|ஔ}}
|ௌ
| {{transliteration|ta|ISO|au}} || {{IPA|/ɐu̯/}}
|-
|}

====Compound form====
Using the consonant 'k' as an example:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Formation !! Compound form !! [[ISO 15919]] !! IPA
|-
| lang="ta"| க் + அ || lang="ta"| க || {{transliteration|ta|ISO|ka}} || {{IPA|/kɐ/}}
|-
| lang="ta"| க் + ஆ || lang="ta"| கா || {{transliteration|ta|ISO|kā}} || {{IPA|/kaː/}}
|-
| lang="ta"| க் + இ || lang="ta"| கி || {{transliteration|ta|ISO|ki}} || {{IPA|/ki/}}
|-
| lang="ta"| க் + ஈ || lang="ta"| கீ || {{transliteration|ta|ISO|kī}} || {{IPA|/kiː/}}
|-
| lang="ta"| க் + உ || lang="ta"| கு || {{transliteration|ta|ISO|ku}} || {{IPA|/ku/}}
|-
| lang="ta"| க் + ஊ || lang="ta"| கூ || {{transliteration|ta|ISO|kū}} || {{IPA|/kuː/}}
|-
| lang="ta"| க் + எ || lang="ta"| கெ || {{transliteration|ta|ISO|ke}} || {{IPA|/ke/}}
|-
| lang="ta"| க் + ஏ || lang="ta"| கே|| {{transliteration|ta|ISO|kē}} || {{IPA|/keː/}}
|-
| lang="ta"| க் + ஐ || lang="ta"| கை || {{transliteration|ta|ISO|kai}} || {{IPA|/kɐi̯/}}
|-
| lang="ta"| க் + ஒ || lang="ta"| கொ || {{transliteration|ta|ISO|ko}} || {{IPA|/ko/}}
|-
| lang="ta"| க் + ஓ || lang="ta"| கோ|| {{transliteration|ta|ISO|kō}} || {{IPA|/koː/}}
|-
| lang="ta"| க் + ஔ || lang="ta"| கௌ || {{transliteration|ta|ISO|kau}} || {{IPA|/kɐu̯/}}
|-
|}

The special letter {{lang|ta|ஃ}}, represented by three dots, is called {{transliteration|ta|ISO|āyta eḻuttu}} or ''aḵ''. It originally represented an archaic Tamil retention of the Dravidian sound ḥ, which has been lost in almost all modern Dravidian languages, and in Tamil traditionally serves a purely grammatical function, but in modern times it has come to be used as a diacritic to represent foreign sounds. For example, {{lang|ta|ஃப}} is used for the English sound ''f'', not found in Tamil. It also served before palm leaves became the primary writing medium for words ending with an inherent consonsant-vowel ''u'' as a pronouncing rule for a short ''u'', called''{{Dash}}''{{Langx|ta|குற்றியலுகரம்|lit=short 'u'-sound|translit=kuṟṟiyal-ukaram}}. Following consonants rendered this behaviour: {{lang|ta|கு}}, {{lang|ta|சு}}, {{lang|ta|டு}}, {{lang|ta|து}}, {{lang|ta|பு}}, {{lang|ta|று}}. Instead of writing like in modern days without any markers, for example ({{Langx|ta|அது|translit=Atu}}), it was written with a preceding {{lang|ta|ஃ}}, like {{Dash}} {{Langx|ta|அஃது|translit=Aḥtu}}.

Another symbol {{lang|ta|ஂ}}, represented by a small hollow circle and called {{transliteration|ta|ISO|Aṉuvara}}, is the ''[[Anusvara]]'', now obsolete in Tamil. It was traditionally used as a [[homorganic]] nasal when in front of a consonant, and either as a bilabial nasal ({{IPA|m}}) or alveolar nasal ({{IPA|n}}) at the end of a word, depending on the context.

The long ({{transliteration|ta|ISO|nedil}}) vowels are about twice as long as the short ({{transliteration|ta|ISO|kuṟil}}) vowels. The [[diphthong]]s are usually pronounced about one and a half times as long as the short vowels, though some grammatical texts place them with the long ({{transliteration|ta|ISO|nedil}}) vowels.

As can be seen in the compound form, the vowel sign can be added to the right, left or both sides of the consonants. It can also form a [[Ligature (typography)|ligature]]. These rules are evolving and older use has more ligatures than modern use. What you actually see on this page depends on your font selection; for example, [[Code2000]] will show more ligatures than [[Latha (typeface)|Latha]].

There are proponents of script reform who want to eliminate all ligatures and let all vowel signs appear on the right side.

Unicode encodes the character in logical order (always the consonant first), whereas legacy 8-bit encodings (such as [[TSCII]]) prefer the written order. This makes it necessary to reorder when converting from one encoding to another; it is not sufficient simply to map one set of code points to the other.

==== Compound table of Tamil letters ====
The following table lists vowel ({{transliteration|ta|ISO|uyir}} or life) letters across the top and consonant ({{transliteration|ta|ISO|mei}} or body) letters along the side, the combination of which gives all Tamil compound ({{transliteration|ta|ISO|uyirmei}}) letters.

{| class="wikitable" lang="ta" style="text-align: center; font-family: sans-serif, 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Noto Sans Tamil';"
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" scope="col" | {{lang|en|Tolkāppiyam consonants}}
! colspan="12" scope="col" | {{lang|en|Vowels}}
|-
! scope="col" | ∅
a
! scope="col" | ா
ā
! scope="col" | ி i
! scope="col" | ீ ī
! scope="col" | ு u
! scope="col" | ூ ū
! scope="col" | ெ e
! scope="col" | ே ē
! scope="col" | ை ai
! scope="col" | ொ o
! scope="col" | ோ ō
! scope="col" | ௌ au
|-
! colspan="2" |∅ (Independent)
|அ
|ஆ
|இ
|ஈ
|உ
|ஊ
|எ
|ஏ
|ஐ
|ஒ
|ஓ
|ஔ
|-
!க்
!k
|க
|கா
|கி
|கீ
|கு
|கூ
|கெ
|கே
|கை
|கொ
|கோ
|கௌ
|-
!ங்
!ṅ
|ங
|ஙா
|ஙி
|ஙீ
|ஙு
|ஙூ
|ஙெ
|ஙே
|ஙை
|ஙொ
|ஙோ
|ஙௌ
|-
!ச்
!c
|ச
|சா
|சி
|சீ
|சு
|சூ
|செ
|சே
|சை
|சொ
|சோ
|சௌ
|-
!ஞ்
!ñ
|ஞ
|ஞா
|ஞி
|ஞீ
|ஞு
|ஞூ
|ஞெ
|ஞே
|ஞை
|ஞொ
|ஞோ
|ஞௌ
|-
!ட்
!ṭ
|ட
|டா
|டி
|டீ
|டு
|டூ
|டெ
|டே
|டை
|டொ
|டோ
|டௌ
|-
!ண்
!ṇ
|ண
|ணா
|ணி
|ணீ
|ணு
|ணூ
|ணெ
|ணே
|ணை
|ணொ
|ணோ
|ணௌ
|-
!த்
!t
|த
|தா
|தி
|தீ
|து
|தூ
|தெ
|தே
|தை
|தொ
|தோ
|தௌ
|-
!ந்
!n
|ந
|நா
|நி
|நீ
|நு
|நூ
|நெ
|நே
|நை
|நொ
|நோ
|நௌ
|-
!ப்
!p
|ப
|பா
|பி
|பீ
|பு
|பூ
|பெ
|பே
|பை
|பொ
|போ
|பௌ
|-
!ம்
!m
|ம
|மா
|மி
|மீ
|மு
|மூ
|மெ
|மே
|மை
|மொ
|மோ
|மௌ
|-
!ய்
!y
|ய
|யா
|யி
|யீ
|யு
|யூ
|யெ
|யே
|யை
|யொ
|யோ
|யௌ
|-
!ர்
!r
|ர
|ரா
|ரி
|ரீ
|ரு
|ரூ
|ரெ
|ரே
|ரை
|ரொ
|ரோ
|ரௌ
|-
!ல்
!l
|ல
|லா
|லி
|லீ
|லு
|லூ
|லெ
|லே
|லை
|லொ
|லோ
|லௌ
|-
!வ்
!v
|வ
|வா
|வி
|வீ
|வு
|வூ
|வெ
|வே
|வை
|வொ
|வோ
|வௌ
|-
!ழ்
!ḻ
|ழ
|ழா
|ழி
|ழீ
|ழு
|ழூ
|ழெ
|ழே
|ழை
|ழொ
|ழோ
|ழௌ
|-
!ள்
!ḷ
|ள
|ளா
|ளி
|ளீ
|ளு
|ளூ
|ளெ
|ளே
|ளை
|ளொ
|ளோ
|ளௌ
|-
!ற்
!ṟ
|ற
|றா
|றி
|றீ
|று
|றூ
|றெ
|றே
|றை
|றொ
|றோ
|றௌ
|-
!ன்
!ṉ
|ன
|னா
|னி
|னீ
|னு
|னூ
|னெ
|னே
|னை
|னொ
|னோ
|னௌ
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-family:sans-serif,'Arial Unicode MS','Noto Sans Tamil';" lang="ta"
|+{{lang|en|Grantha compound table}}
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" scope="col" | {{lang|en|Grantha consonants}}
! colspan="12" scope="col" | {{lang|en|Vowels}}
|-
! scope="col" | ∅
a
! scope="col" | ா
ā
! scope="col" | ி i
! scope="col" | ீ ī
! scope="col" | ு u
! scope="col" | ூ ū
! scope="col" | ெ e
! scope="col" | ே ē
! scope="col" | ை ai
! scope="col" | ொ o
! scope="col" | ோ ō
! scope="col" | ௌ au
|-
!ஶ்
!ś
|ஶ
|ஶா
|ஶி
|ஶீ
|ஶு
|ஶூ
|ஶெ
|ஶே
|ஶை
|ஶொ
|ஶோ
|ஶௌ
|-
!ஜ்
!j
|ஜ
|ஜா
|ஜி
|ஜீ
|ஜு
|ஜூ
|ஜெ
|ஜே
|ஜை
|ஜொ
|ஜோ
|ஜௌ
|-
!ஷ்
!ṣ
|ஷ
|ஷா
|ஷி
|ஷீ
|ஷு
|ஷூ
|ஷெ
|ஷே
|ஷை
|ஷொ
|ஷோ
|ஷௌ
|-
!ஸ்
!s
|ஸ
|ஸா
|ஸி
|ஸீ
|ஸு
|ஸூ
|ஸெ
|ஸே
|ஸை
|ஸொ
|ஸோ
|ஸௌ
|-
!ஹ்
!h
|ஹ
|ஹா
|ஹி
|ஹீ
|ஹு
|ஹூ
|ஹெ
|ஹே
|ஹை
|ஹொ
|ஹோ
|ஹௌ
|-
!க்ஷ்
!kṣ
|க்ஷ
|க்ஷா
|க்ஷி
|க்ஷீ
|க்ஷு
|க்ஷூ
|க்ஷெ
|க்ஷே
|க்ஷை
|க்ஷொ
|க்ஷோ
|க்ஷௌ
|}

=== Writing order ===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+Vowels (''uyireḻuttu'')
!Letter
!Animation
|-
|அ (a)
|[[File:Writing Tamil 2.gif]]
|-
|ஆ (ā)
|[[File:Tamil writng 3.gif]]
|-
|இ (i)
|[[File:Tamil writing 4.gif]]
|-
|ஈ (ī)
|[[File:Writing Tamil 5.gif]]
|-
|உ (u)
|[[File:Writing Tamil 6.gif]]
|-
|ஊ (ū)
|[[File:Writing Tamil 7.gif]]
|-
|எ (e)
|[[File:Writing Tamil 8.gif]]
|-
|ஏ (ē)
|[[File:Writing Tamil 9.gif]]
|-
|ஐ (ai)
|[[File:Writing Tamil 10.gif]]
|-
|ஒ (o)
|[[File:Writing Tamil 11.gif]]
|-
|ஓ (ō)
|[[File:Writing Tamil 12.gif]]
|-
|ஔ (au)
|[[File:Tamil writing 13.gif]]
|-
|ஃ (aḵ)*
|[[File:Learn Tamil 0.gif]]
|-
| colspan="2" |<nowiki>*</nowiki>ஃ is ''[[aytam]]'' but traditionally grouped with the vowel letters.
|}

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+Consonants (''meyyeḻuttu'')
!Letter
!Animation
|-
|க் (k)
|[[File:Writing Tamil 14.gif]]
|-
|ங் (ṅ)
|[[File:Writing Tamil 15.gif]]
|-
|ச் (ch)
|[[File:Writing Tamil 16.gif]]
|-
|ஞ் (ñ)
|[[File:Writing Tamil 17.gif]]
|-
|ட் (t)
|[[File:Writing Tamil 18.gif]]
|-
|ண் (ṇ)
|[[File:Writing Tamil 19.gif]]
|-
|த் (th)
|[[File:Writing Tamil 20.gif]]
|-
|ந் (n)
|[[File:Writing Tamil 21.gif]]
|-
|ப் (p)
|[[File:Writing Tamil 22.gif]]
|-
|ம் (m)
|[[File:Writing Tamil 23.gif]]
|-
|ய் (y)
|[[File:Writing Tamil 24.gif]]
|-
|ர் (r)
|[[File:Writing Tamil 25.gif]]
|-
|ல் (l)
|[[File:Writing Tamil 26.gif]]
|-
|வ் (v)
|[[File:Writing Tamil 27.gif]]
|-
|ழ் (ḻ)
|[[File:Writing Tamil 29.gif]]
|-
|ள் (ḷ)
|[[File:Writing Tamil 28.gif]]
|-
|ற் (ṟ)
|[[File:Writing Tamil 30.gif]]
|-
|ன் (ṉ)
|[[File:Writing Tamil 31.gif]]
|}

== Numerals and symbols ==

{{main|Tamil numerals}}

Apart from the usual numerals (from 0 to 9), Tamil also has numerals for 10, 100 and 1000. Symbols for [[Fraction (mathematics)|fraction]] and other number-based concepts can also be found.<ref>Selvakumar, V. (2016). History of Numbers and Fractions and Arithmetic Calculations in the Tamil Region: Some Observations. ''HuSS: International Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences, 3(1)'', 27–35. https://doi.org/10.15613/HIJRH/2016/V3I1/111730</ref>

{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"
|-
! 0 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6 || 7 || 8 || 9 || 10 || 100 || 1000
|-
| {{lang|ta|௦}} || {{lang|ta|௧}} || {{lang|ta|௨}} || {{lang|ta|௩}} || {{lang|ta|௪}} || {{lang|ta|௫}} || {{lang|ta|௬}} || {{lang|ta|௭}} || {{lang|ta|௮}} || {{lang|ta|௯}} || {{lang|ta|௰}} || {{lang|ta|௱}} || {{lang|ta|௲}}
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"
|-
! day || month || year || debit || credit || as above || rupee || numeral || time || quantity
|-
| {{lang|ta|௳}} || {{lang|ta|௴}} || {{lang|ta|௵}} || {{lang|ta|௶}} || {{lang|ta|௷}} || {{lang|ta|௸}} || {{lang|ta|௹}} || {{lang|ta|௺}} || {{lang|ta|ள}} || {{lang|ta|வ}}
|}

== Unicode ==
{{Main|Tamil (Unicode block)|Tamil Supplement|l2 = Tamil Supplement (Unicode block)}}

Tamil script was added to the [[Unicode]] Standard in October 1991 with the release of version 1.0.0. The Unicode block for Tamil is U+0B80–U+0BFF. Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points. Most of the non-assigned code points are designated reserved because they are in the same relative position as characters assigned in other South Asian script blocks that correspond to phonemes that don't exist in the Tamil script.

Efforts to unify the Grantha script with Tamil have been made;<ref name="Sharma2010a" /><ref name="Sharma2010b">Sharma, Shriramana. (2010b). [http://unicode.org/L2/L2010/10379--extended-tamil.pdf ''Follow-up to Extended Tamil proposal L2/10-256R''.]</ref> however the proposals triggered discontent by some.<ref>Eraiyarasan, B. [https://unicode.org/L2/L2011/11055-tamil-grantha.pdf ''Dr. B. Eraiyarasan's comments on Tamil Unicode And Grantham proposals''.]</ref><ref>Nalankilli, Thanjai. (2018). Attempts to "Pollute" Tamil Unicode with Grantha Characters. ''Tamil Tribune''. Retrieved 12 March 2019 from http://www.tamiltribune.com/18/1201.html</ref> Eventually, considering the sensitivity involved, it was determined that the two scripts should be encoded independently, except for the numerals.<ref>Government of India. (2010). [https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2010/10409-grantha-meeting-sum.pdf ''Unicode Standard for Grantha Script''.]</ref>

{{Unicode chart Tamil}}

Proposals to encode characters used for [[Fraction (mathematics)|fractional]] values in traditional [[accounting]] practices were submitted.<ref>Sharma, Shriramana. (2012). [https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2012/12231-tamil-fractions-symbols-proposal.pdf ''Proposal to encode Tamil fractions and symbols''.]</ref> Although discouraged by the [[Information and Communication Technology Agency of Sri Lanka|ICTA of Sri Lanka]],<ref>ICTA of Sri Lanka. (2014). [https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2014/14048-srilanka-comments.pdf ''Comments on the Proposals to Encode Tamil Symbols and Fractions''.]</ref> the proposal was recognized by the Government of [[Tamil Nadu]]<ref>Government of Tamil Nadu. (2017). [http://unicode.org/wg2/docs/n4822-tamil-frac.pdf ''Finalized proposal to encode Tamil fractions and symbols''.]</ref> and were added to the Unicode Standard in March 2019 with the release of version 12.0. The Unicode block for Tamil Supplement is U+11FC0–U+11FFF:

{{Unicode chart Tamil Supplement}}

===Syllabary===
Like other South Asian scripts in Unicode, the Tamil encoding was originally derived from the [[ISCII]] standard. Both [[ISCII]] and [[Unicode]] encode Tamil as an [[abugida]]. In an abugida, each basic character represents a consonant and default vowel. Consonants with a different vowel or bare consonants are represented by adding a modifier character to a base character. Each code point representing a similar phoneme is encoded in the same relative position in each South Asian script block in Unicode, including Tamil. Because Unicode represents Tamil as an abugida all the pure consonants (consonants with no associated vowel) and syllables in Tamil can be represented by combining multiple Unicode code points, as can be seen in the Unicode Tamil Syllabary below. In Unicode 5.1, named sequences were added for all Tamil consonants and syllables.

Unicode 5.1 also has a named sequence for the Tamil ligature SRI (''śrī''), ஶ்ரீ, written using ஶ (''śa''). The name of this sequence is TAMIL SYLLABLE SHRII and is composed of the Unicode sequence U+0BB6 U+0BCD U+0BB0 U+0BC0. The ligature can also be written using ஸ (''sa'') to create an identical ligature ஸ்ரீ composed of the Unicode sequence U+0BB8 U+0BCD U+0BB0 U+0BC0; but this is discouraged by the Unicode standard.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pournader|first=Roozbeh|date=24 January 2018|title=The two ways to represent Tamil Shri|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2018/18054-tamil-shri.txt|url-status=live|website=Unicode |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404201743/https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2018/18054-tamil-shri.txt |archive-date=Apr 4, 2023 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-family:sans-serif,Arial Unicode MS;" lang="ta"
|+ Unicode Tamil Syllabary
|-
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | {{lang|en|Consonants}}
! scope="col" colspan="12" | {{lang|en|Vowels}}
|-
! scope="col" title="TAMIL LETTER A" | அ 0B85
! scope="col" title="TAMIL LETTER AA" | ஆ 0B86
! scope="col" title="TAMIL LETTER I" | இ 0B87
! scope="col" title="TAMIL LETTER II" | ஈ 0B88
! scope="col" title="TAMIL LETTER U" | உ 0B89
! scope="col" title="TAMIL LETTER UU" | ஊ 0B8A
! scope="col" title="TAMIL LETTER E" | எ 0B8E
! scope="col" title="TAMIL LETTER EE" | ஏ 0B8F
! scope="col" title="TAMIL LETTER AI" | ஐ 0B90
! scope="col" title="TAMIL LETTER O" | ஒ 0B92
! scope="col" title="TAMIL LETTER OO" | ஓ 0B93
! scope="col" title="TAMIL LETTER AU" | ஔ 0B94
|-
! scope="row" title="TAMIL CONSONANT K" | க் 0B95 0BCD
| title="TAMIL LETTER KA" | க 0B95  
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE KAA" | கா 0B95 0BBE
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE KI" | கி 0B95 0BBF
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE KII" | கீ 0B95 0BC0
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE KU" | கு 0B95 0BC1
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE KUU" | கூ 0B95 0BC2
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE KE" | கெ 0B95 0BC6
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE KEE" | கே 0B95 0BC7
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE KAI" | கை 0B95 0BC8
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE KO" | கொ 0B95 0BCA
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE KOO" | கோ 0B95 0BCB
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE KAU" | கௌ 0B95 0BCC
|-
! scope="row" title="TAMIL CONSONANT NG" | ங் 0B99 0BCD
| title="TAMIL LETTER NGA" | ங 0B99  
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE NGAA" | ஙா 0B99 0BBE
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE NGI" | ஙி 0B99 0BBF
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE NGII" | ஙீ 0B99 0BC0
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE NGU" | ஙு 0B99 0BC1
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE NGUU" | ஙூ 0B99 0BC2
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE NGE" | ஙெ 0B99 0BC6
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE NGEE" | ஙே 0B99 0BC7
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE NGAI" | ஙை 0B99 0BC8
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE NGO" | ஙொ 0B99 0BCA
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE NGOO" | ஙோ 0B99 0BCB
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE NGAU" | ஙௌ 0B99 0BCC
|-
! scope="row" title="TAMIL CONSONANT C" | ச் 0B9A 0BCD
| title="TAMIL LETTER CA" | ச 0B9A  
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE CAA" | சா 0B9A 0BBE
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE CI" | சி 0B9A 0BBF
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE CII" | சீ 0B9A 0BC0
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE CU" | சு 0B9A 0BC1
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE CUU" | சூ 0B9A 0BC2
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE CE" | செ 0B9A 0BC6
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE CEE" | சே 0B9A 0BC7
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE CAI" | சை 0B9A 0BC8
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE CO" | சொ 0B9A 0BCA
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE COO" | சோ 0B9A 0BCB
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE CAU" | சௌ 0B9A 0BCC
|-
! scope="row" title="TAMIL CONSONANT NY" | ஞ் 0B9E 0BCD
| title="TAMIL LETTER NYA" | ஞ 0B9E  
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE NYAA" | ஞா 0B9E 0BBE
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE NYI" | ஞி 0B9E 0BBF
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE NYII" | ஞீ 0B9E 0BC0
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE NYU" | ஞு 0B9E 0BC1
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE NYUU" | ஞூ 0B9E 0BC2
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE NYE" | ஞெ 0B9E 0BC6
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE NYEE" | ஞே 0B9E 0BC7
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE NYAI" | ஞை 0B9E 0BC8
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE NYO" | ஞொ 0B9E 0BCA
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE NYOO" | ஞோ 0B9E 0BCB
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE NYAU" | ஞௌ 0B9E 0BCC
|-
! scope="row" title="TAMIL CONSONANT TT" | ட் 0B9F 0BCD
| title="TAMIL LETTER TTA" | ட 0B9F  
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE TTAA" | டா 0B9F 0BBE
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE TTI" | டி 0B9F 0BBF
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE TTII" | டீ 0B9F 0BC0
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE TTU" | டு 0B9F 0BC1
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE TTUU" | டூ 0B9F 0BC2
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE TTE" | டெ 0B9F 0BC6
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE TTEE" | டே 0B9F 0BC7
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE TTAI" | டை 0B9F 0BC8
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE TTO" | டொ 0B9F 0BCA
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE TTOO" | டோ 0B9F 0BCB
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE TTAU" | டௌ 0B9F 0BCC
|-
! scope="row" title="TAMIL CONSONANT NN" | ண் 0BA3 0BCD
| title="TAMIL LETTER NNA" | ண 0BA3  
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE NNAA" | ணா 0BA3 0BBE
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE NNI" | ணி 0BA3 0BBF
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE NNII" | ணீ 0BA3 0BC0
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE NNU" | ணு 0BA3 0BC1
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE NNUU" | ணூ 0BA3 0BC2
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE NNE" | ணெ 0BA3 0BC6
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE NNEE" | ணே 0BA3 0BC7
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE NNAI" | ணை 0BA3 0BC8
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE NNO" | ணொ 0BA3 0BCA
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE NNOO" | ணோ 0BA3 0BCB
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE NNAU" | ணௌ 0BA3 0BCC
|-
! scope="row" title="TAMIL CONSONANT T" | த் 0BA4 0BCD
| title="TAMIL LETTER TA" | த 0BA4  
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE TAA" | தா 0BA4 0BBE
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE TI" | தி 0BA4 0BBF
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE TII" | தீ 0BA4 0BC0
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE TU" | து 0BA4 0BC1
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE TUU" | தூ 0BA4 0BC2
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE TE" | தெ 0BA4 0BC6
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE TEE" | தே 0BA4 0BC7
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE TAI" | தை 0BA4 0BC8
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE TO" | தொ 0BA4 0BCA
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE TOO" | தோ 0BA4 0BCB
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE TAU" | தௌ 0BA4 0BCC
|-
! scope="row" title="TAMIL CONSONANT N" | ந் 0BA8 0BCD
| title="TAMIL LETTER NA" | ந 0BA8  
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE NAA" | நா 0BA8 0BBE
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE NI" | நி 0BA8 0BBF
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE NII" | நீ 0BA8 0BC0
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE NU" | நு 0BA8 0BC1
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE NUU" | நூ 0BA8 0BC2
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE NE" | நெ 0BA8 0BC6
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE NEE" | நே 0BA8 0BC7
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE NAI" | நை 0BA8 0BC8
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE NO" | நொ 0BA8 0BCA
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE NOO" | நோ 0BA8 0BCB
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE NAU" | நௌ 0BA8 0BCC
|-
! scope="row" title="TAMIL CONSONANT P" | ப் 0BAA 0BCD
| title="TAMIL LETTER PA" | ப 0BAA  
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE PAA" | பா 0BAA 0BBE
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE PI" | பி 0BAA 0BBF
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE PII" | பீ 0BAA 0BC0
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE PU" | பு 0BAA 0BC1
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE PUU" | பூ 0BAA 0BC2
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE PE" | பெ 0BAA 0BC6
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE PEE" | பே 0BAA 0BC7
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE PAI" | பை 0BAA 0BC8
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE PO" | பொ 0BAA 0BCA
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE POO" | போ 0BAA 0BCB
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE PAU" | பௌ 0BAA 0BCC
|-
! scope="row" title="TAMIL CONSONANT M" | ம் 0BAE 0BCD
| title="TAMIL LETTER MA" | ம 0BAE  
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE MAA" | மா 0BAE 0BBE
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE MI" | மி 0BAE 0BBF
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE MII" | மீ 0BAE 0BC0
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE MU" | மு 0BAE 0BC1
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE MUU" | மூ 0BAE 0BC2
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE ME" | மெ 0BAE 0BC6
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE MEE" | மே 0BAE 0BC7
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE MAI" | மை 0BAE 0BC8
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE MO" | மொ 0BAE 0BCA
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE MOO" | மோ 0BAE 0BCB
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE MAU" | மௌ 0BAE 0BCC
|-
! scope="row" title="TAMIL CONSONANT Y" | ய் 0BAF 0BCD
| title="TAMIL LETTER YA" | ய 0BAF  
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE YAA" | யா 0BAF 0BBE
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE YI" | யி 0BAF 0BBF
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE YII" | யீ 0BAF 0BC0
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE YU" | யு 0BAF 0BC1
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE YUU" | யூ 0BAF 0BC2
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE YE" | யெ 0BAF 0BC6
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE YEE" | யே 0BAF 0BC7
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE YAI" | யை 0BAF 0BC8
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE YO" | யொ 0BAF 0BCA
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE YOO" | யோ 0BAF 0BCB
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE YAU" | யௌ 0BAF 0BCC
|-
! scope="row" title="TAMIL CONSONANT R" | ர் 0BB0 0BCD
| title="TAMIL LETTER RA" | ர 0BB0  
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE RAA" | ரா 0BB0 0BBE
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE RI" | ரி 0BB0 0BBF
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE RII" | ரீ 0BB0 0BC0
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE RU" | ரு 0BB0 0BC1
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE RUU" | ரூ 0BB0 0BC2
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE RE" | ரெ 0BB0 0BC6
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE REE" | ரே 0BB0 0BC7
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE RAI" | ரை 0BB0 0BC8
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE RO" | ரொ 0BB0 0BCA
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE ROO" | ரோ 0BB0 0BCB
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE RAU" | ரௌ 0BB0 0BCC
|-
! scope="row" title="TAMIL CONSONANT L" | ல் 0BB2 0BCD
| title="TAMIL LETTER LA" | ல 0BB2  
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE LAA" | லா 0BB2 0BBE
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE LI" | லி 0BB2 0BBF
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE LII" | லீ 0BB2 0BC0
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE LU" | லு 0BB2 0BC1
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE LUU" | லூ 0BB2 0BC2
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE LE" | லெ 0BB2 0BC6
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE LEE" | லே 0BB2 0BC7
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE LAI" | லை 0BB2 0BC8
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE LO" | லொ 0BB2 0BCA
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE LOO" | லோ 0BB2 0BCB
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE LAU" | லௌ 0BB2 0BCC
|-
! scope="row" title="TAMIL CONSONANT V" | வ் 0BB5 0BCD
| title="TAMIL LETTER VA" | வ 0BB5  
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE VAA" | வா 0BB5 0BBE
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE VI" | வி 0BB5 0BBF
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE VII" | வீ 0BB5 0BC0
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE VU" | வு 0BB5 0BC1
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE VUU" | வூ 0BB5 0BC2
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE VE" | வெ 0BB5 0BC6
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE VEE" | வே 0BB5 0BC7
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE VAI" | வை 0BB5 0BC8
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE VO" | வொ 0BB5 0BCA
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE VOO" | வோ 0BB5 0BCB
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE VAU" | வௌ 0BB5 0BCC
|-
! scope="row" title="TAMIL CONSONANT LLL" | ழ் 0BB4 0BCD
| title="TAMIL LETTER LLLA" | ழ 0BB4  
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE LLLAA" | ழா 0BB4 0BBE
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE LLLI" | ழி 0BB4 0BBF
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE LLLII" | ழீ 0BB4 0BC0
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE LLLU" | ழு 0BB4 0BC1
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE LLLUU" | ழூ 0BB4 0BC2
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE LLLE" | ழெ 0BB4 0BC6
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE LLLEE" | ழே 0BB4 0BC7
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE LLLAI" | ழை 0BB4 0BC8
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE LLLO" | ழொ 0BB4 0BCA
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE LLLOO" | ழோ 0BB4 0BCB
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE LLLAU" | ழௌ 0BB4 0BCC
|-
! scope="row" title="TAMIL CONSONANT LL" | ள் 0BB3 0BCD
| title="TAMIL LETTER LLA" | ள 0BB3  
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE LLAA" | ளா 0BB3 0BBE
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE LLI" | ளி 0BB3 0BBF
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE LLII" | ளீ 0BB3 0BC0
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE LLU" | ளு 0BB3 0BC1
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE LLUU" | ளூ 0BB3 0BC2
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE LLE" | ளெ 0BB3 0BC6
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE LLEE" | ளே 0BB3 0BC7
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE LLAI" | ளை 0BB3 0BC8
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE LLO" | ளொ 0BB3 0BCA
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE LLOO" | ளோ 0BB3 0BCB
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE LLAU" | ளௌ 0BB3 0BCC
|-
! scope="row" title="TAMIL CONSONANT RR" | ற் 0BB1 0BCD
| title="TAMIL LETTER RRA" | ற 0BB1  
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE RRAA" | றா 0BB1 0BBE
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE RRI" | றி 0BB1 0BBF
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE RRII" | றீ 0BB1 0BC0
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE RRU" | று 0BB1 0BC1
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE RRUU" | றூ 0BB1 0BC2
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE RRE" | றெ 0BB1 0BC6
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE RREE" | றே 0BB1 0BC7
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE RRAI" | றை 0BB1 0BC8
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE RRO" | றொ 0BB1 0BCA
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE RROO" | றோ 0BB1 0BCB
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE RRAU" | றௌ 0BB1 0BCC
|-
! scope="row" title="TAMIL CONSONANT NNN" | ன் 0BA9 0BCD
| title="TAMIL LETTER NNNA" | ன 0BA9  
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE NNNAA" | னா 0BA9 0BBE
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE NNNI" | னி 0BA9 0BBF
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE NNNII" | னீ 0BA9 0BC0
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE NNNU" | னு 0BA9 0BC1
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE NNNUU" | னூ 0BA9 0BC2
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE NNNE" | னெ 0BA9 0BC6
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE NNNEE" | னே 0BA9 0BC7
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE NNNAI" | னை 0BA9 0BC8
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE NNNO" | னொ 0BA9 0BCA
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE NNNOO" | னோ 0BA9 0BCB
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE NNNAU" | னௌ 0BA9 0BCC
|-
! scope="row" title="TAMIL CONSONANT SH" | ஶ் 0BB6 0BCD
| title="TAMIL LETTER SHA" | ஶ 0BB6  
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE SHAA" | ஶா 0BB6 0BBE
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE SHI" | ஶி 0BB6 0BBF
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE SHII" | ஶீ 0BB6 0BC0
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE SHU" | ஶு 0BB6 0BC1
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE SHUU" | ஶூ 0BB6 0BC2
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE SHE" | ஶெ 0BB6 0BC6
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE SHEE" | ஶே 0BB6 0BC7
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE SHAI" | ஶை 0BB6 0BC8
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE SHO" | ஶொ 0BB6 0BCA
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE SHOO" | ஶோ 0BB6 0BCB
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE SHAU" | ஶௌ 0BB6 0BCC
|-
! scope="row" title="TAMIL CONSONANT J" | ஜ் 0B9C 0BCD
| title="TAMIL LETTER JA" | ஜ 0B9C  
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE JAA" | ஜா 0B9C 0BBE
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE JI" | ஜி 0B9C 0BBF
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE JII" | ஜீ 0B9C 0BC0
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE JU" | ஜு 0B9C 0BC1
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE JUU" | ஜூ 0B9C 0BC2
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE JE" | ஜெ 0B9C 0BC6
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE JEE" | ஜே 0B9C 0BC7
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE JAI" | ஜை 0B9C 0BC8
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE JO" | ஜொ 0B9C 0BCA
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE JOO" | ஜோ 0B9C 0BCB
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE JAU" | ஜௌ 0B9C 0BCC
|-
! scope="row" title="TAMIL CONSONANT SS" | ஷ் 0BB7 0BCD
| title="TAMIL LETTER SSA" | ஷ 0BB7  
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE SSAA" | ஷா 0BB7 0BBE
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE SSI" | ஷி 0BB7 0BBF
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE SSII" | ஷீ 0BB7 0BC0
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE SSU" | ஷு 0BB7 0BC1
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE SSUU" | ஷூ 0BB7 0BC2
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE SSE" | ஷெ 0BB7 0BC6
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE SSEE" | ஷே 0BB7 0BC7
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE SSAI" | ஷை 0BB7 0BC8
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE SSO" | ஷொ 0BB7 0BCA
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE SSOO" | ஷோ 0BB7 0BCB
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE SSAU" | ஷௌ 0BB7 0BCC
|-
! scope="row" title="TAMIL CONSONANT S" | ஸ் 0BB8 0BCD
| title="TAMIL LETTER SA" | ஸ 0BB8  
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE SAA" | ஸா 0BB8 0BBE
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE SI" | ஸி 0BB8 0BBF
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE SII" | ஸீ 0BB8 0BC0
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE SU" | ஸு 0BB8 0BC1
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE SUU" | ஸூ 0BB8 0BC2
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE SE" | ஸெ 0BB8 0BC6
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE SEE" | ஸே 0BB8 0BC7
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE SAI" | ஸை 0BB8 0BC8
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE SO" | ஸொ 0BB8 0BCA
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE SOO" | ஸோ 0BB8 0BCB
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE SAU" | ஸௌ 0BB8 0BCC
|-
! scope="row" title="TAMIL CONSONANT H" | ஹ் 0BB9 0BCD
| title="TAMIL LETTER HA" | ஹ 0BB9  
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE HAA" | ஹா 0BB9 0BBE
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE HI" | ஹி 0BB9 0BBF
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE HII" | ஹீ 0BB9 0BC0
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE HU" | ஹு 0BB9 0BC1
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE HUU" | ஹூ 0BB9 0BC2
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE HE" | ஹெ 0BB9 0BC6
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE HEE" | ஹே 0BB9 0BC7
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE HAI" | ஹை 0BB9 0BC8
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE HO" | ஹொ 0BB9 0BCA
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE HOO" | ஹோ 0BB9 0BCB
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE HAU" | ஹௌ 0BB9 0BCC
|-
! scope="row" title="TAMIL CONSONANT KSS" | க்ஷ் 0B95 0BCD 0BB7 0BCD
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE KSSA" | க்ஷ 0B95 0BCD 0BB7  
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE KSSAA" | க்ஷா 0B95 0BCD 0BB7 0BBE
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE KSSI" | க்ஷி 0B95 0BCD 0BB7 0BBF
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE KSSII" | க்ஷீ 0B95 0BCD 0BB7 0BC0
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE KSSU" | க்ஷு 0B95 0BCD 0BB7 0BC1
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE KSSUU" | க்ஷூ 0B95 0BCD 0BB7 0BC2
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE KSSE" | க்ஷெ 0B95 0BCD 0BB7 0BC6
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE KSSEE" | க்ஷே 0B95 0BCD 0BB7 0BC7
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE KSSAI" | க்ஷை 0B95 0BCD 0BB7 0BC8
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE KSSO" | க்ஷொ 0B95 0BCD 0BB7 0BCA
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE KSSOO" | க்ஷோ 0B95 0BCD 0BB7 0BCB
| title="TAMIL SYLLABLE KSSAU" | க்ஷெள 0B95 0BCD 0BB7 0BCC
|}

==See also==
{{Div col}}
*[[Simplified Tamil script]]
*[[Tamil phonology]]
*[[Tamil Keyboard]]
*[[Tamil Braille]]
*[[:b:ta:தமிழ் எழுத்துகள்|Tamil letters]] (on Tamil Wikibooks)
*[[Tamil numerals]]
*[[Tamil units of measurement]]
*[[Grantha script]]
*[[Vatteluttu script]]
*[[Tamil-Brahmi]]
*[[Pallava script]]
*[[Kolezhuthu]]
*[[Arwi]]
*[[Tamil bell]]
*[[Malayalam Script]]
*[[ISO 15919]]
{{div col end}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* {{Citation | last=Mahadevan | first=Iravatham | year=2003 | title=Early Tamil Epigraphy from the Earliest Times to the Sixth Century A.D. | series=[[Harvard Oriental Series]], Volume 62 | place=Cambridge | publisher=Harvard University Press | isbn=0-674-01227-5}}
* {{Citation |last=Steever |first=Sanford B. |year=1996 |chapter=Tamil Writing |editor-first=William |editor-last=Bright |editor2-first=Peter T. |editor2-last=Daniels |title=The World's Writing Systems |location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195079937/page/426 426–430] |isbn=0-19-507993-0 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195079937/page/426 }}

==External links==
{{commons category-inline}}
* [https://www.tnarch.gov.in/keeladi Findings at Keeladi Site dates back to 6th Century BCE]
*[http://www.ibiblio.org/tamil/paadanool/pdf/introduction.pdf Tamil Alphabet & Basics](PDF) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808050357/http://www.ibiblio.org/tamil/paadanool/pdf/introduction.pdf |date=8 August 2014 }}
*
*[http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/plc/tamilweb/book/chapter1/node5.html#SECTION00120000000000000000 Phonetics of spoken Tamil]
* [https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0B80.pdf Unicode Chart] – For Tamil ([[Portable Document Format|PDF]])
* [http://www.tamilvu.org/coresite/download/TACE16_Report_English.pdf TACE 16] (PDF)
*[http://www.learntamil.com Learn Tamil]
*[http://eluthu.com/user/tamil-padi/index.php Tamil Letters]
*[https://internetlk.com/unicode-to-bamini/ Tamil Unicode Keyboard]
*[https://tamilfontconverter.com tamil unicode converter]
{{list of writing systems}}
{{Tamil language}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tamil Script}}
[[Category:Tamil script| ]]
[[Category:Tamil language|Script, Tamil]]
[[Category:Brahmic scripts]]

Kohima

2026-03-27T11:44:50Z

DamienLorenz695: cleanup

{{short description|Capital of the Indian state of Nagaland}}
{{about|the capital city of Nagaland|other uses|Kohima (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2022}}
{{Citation style|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kohima
| native_name = Kewhira
| official_name = City of Kohima
| settlement_type = [[Capital city]] and [[municipality]]
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 285
| image_style = border:1;
| perrow = 1/2/1/2
| image1 = Kohima skyline from Bara Basti (2024).jpg
| caption1 = Kohima skyline from [[Kohima Village]]
| image2 = Kohima War Cemetery (2024).jpg
| caption2 = [[Kohima War Cemetery]]
| image3 = Kohima 9.jpg
| caption3 = [[Kohima Science College]]
| image4 = Vertical cityscape of Kohima (2024).jpg
| caption4 = Vertical cityscape of Kohima
| image5 = View of Naga Bazaar, Kohima (2024).jpg
| caption5 = Naga Bazaar
| image6 = Kohima Jain Temple (2024).jpg
| caption6 = [[Kohima Jain Temple]]
}}
| image_caption =
| image_seal =
| image_blank_emblem =
| blank_emblem_type = Logo
| motto = "Work is Pride"
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 12
| mapframe-point = none
| pushpin_map = India Nagaland#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Kohima in Nagaland
| coordinates = {{coord|25.67|N|94.10|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Administrative divisions of India#Regions|Region]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Northeast India]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nagaland]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Kohima district|Kohima District]]
| established_title = 
| established_date = 1879
| parts_type = Divisions
| parts = [[Municipal Wards of Kohima|19 municipal wards]]
| government_type = [[Municipality]]
| governing_body = [[Kohima Municipal Council]]
| leader_title = Chairperson
| leader_name = Neikhozo Suokhrie
| leader_party = [[Naga People's Front]]
| leader_title2 = Deputy Chairperson
| leader_name2 = Khrielievi Chüsi ([[Naga People's Front]])
| leader_title3 = Administrator
| leader_name3 = Lanusenla Longkümer
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 = 20
| elevation_m = 1444
| population_total = 115283
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = Kohimian ''kewhi–mia''
| population_footnotes = <ref name="census2011"/>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[English language|English]]
| demographics1_title2 = Major languages
| demographics1_info2 = [[Angami language|Angami]] • [[Ao language|Ao]] • [[Chakhesang language|Chakhesang]] • [[Lotha language|Lotha]] • [[Sümi language|Sümi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 797001
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 91 (0)370
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#NL.E2.80.94Nagaland|NL-01]]
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 927 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|Temperate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| website = {{URL|kmc.nagaland.gov.in/}}
}}
'''Kohima''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=Kohima.ogg|k|oʊ|ˈ|h|iː|m|ə}}; [[Angami language|Tenyidie]]: Kewhira ({{IPA|njm|ˈkɛʍɪɻə|IPA}})) is the [[Capital city|capital]] of the [[Northeast India|North East Indian]] state of [[Nagaland]]. With a resident population of almost 100,000, it is the second largest city in the state.<ref name="census2011"/> Kohima constitutes both a [[Kohima District|district]] and a [[Kohima Municipal Council|municipality]]. The municipality covers {{convert|20|km²|sqmi|abbr=on}}. The city lies on the foothills of [[Mount Japfü|Japfü section]] of the [[Barail Range]] located south of the district ({{Coord|25.67|N|94.12|E|}})<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/20/Kohima.html|title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Kohima, India|access-date=10 June 2015}}</ref> and has an average elevation of {{cvt|1261|m|ft}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kohima.nic.in/|title=Kohima Home NIC|access-date=10 June 2015}}</ref>

Originally known as Kewhira, the city's history goes back to a time when it was a village of the [[Angami Naga]]s. It became an urban centre in 1878 when the [[British Empire]] established its headquarters of the then [[Naga Hills District, British India|Naga Hills District]] of [[Assam Province]]. Kohima was the site of one of the bloodiest battles of [[World War II]] during the [[Imperial Japan|Japanese]] [[Operation U-Go|U-Go offensive]] into [[British Raj|British India]] in 1944. The battle is often referred to as the ''[[Battle of Stalingrad|Stalingrad]] of the East''.<ref>Dougherty 2008, p. 159.</ref><ref>Ritter 2017, p. 123</ref> In 2013, the British [[National Army Museum]] voted the [[Battle of Kohima]] to be ''Britain's Greatest Battle''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Britain's Greatest Battles |url=http://www.nam.ac.uk/exhibitions/online-exhibitions/britains-greatest-battles |access-date=15 December 2015 |publisher=National Army Museum}}</ref>

It officially became Nagaland's capital after the state was inaugurated in 1963.

== Etymology ==
Kohima was originally known as ''Kewhi–ra''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nesarikar |first=Vidya |date=2024-06-18 |title=Where heroes lie |url=https://www.thehindu.com/education/where-heroes-lie/article68277098.ece |access-date=2025-03-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} District Kohima, Government of Nagaland {{!}} India |url=https://kohima.nic.in/history/ |access-date=2023-10-31 |language=en-US}}</ref> People from different places and directions came in search of a place to settle down and formed a homogenous group that necessitated the establishment of a village. They named it Kewhira which is derived from the Angami word ''kephfükewhi'' which means to "meet and assemble together" and ''ra'' means "village" with its area jurisdiction.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2023-10-14 |title=The original name of Kohima is Kewhira |url=https://nagalandtribune.in/the-original-name-of-kohima-is-kewhira/ |access-date=2025-03-28 |website=Nagaland Tribune |language=en-US}}</ref> The people of ''Kewhira'' are called ''Kewhimia'' (''mia'' means people) who are the indigenous inhabitants and hereditarily owned the land of ''Kewhira''.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=14 October 2023|title=The original name of Kohima is Kewhira,' clarifies KVC|url=https://morungexpress.com/the-original-name-of-kohima-is-kewhira-clarifies-kvc|access-date=15 September 2024|website=[[The Morung Express]]}}</ref>

== History ==
=== Medieval era ===
According to oral history, the historical founder of [[Kohima Village|Kewhira]] (Kohima Village) was ''Tsiera'' (stone defender). The village is said to be more than 700 years old and is believed to be the second largest village in Asia.<ref name=":0"/> The village is divided into four large clans (''[[Clan|thinuo]]''): ''Tsütuonuomia'', ''Lhisemia'', ''Dapfhütsumia'' and ''Pfüchatsumia'' (T, L, D, and P Khel respectively).<ref>{{cite web |date=30 December 2010 |title=Clarification on the founder of Kewhira (Kohima) village |url=https://morungexpress.com/clarification-founder-kewhira-kohima-village |access-date=3 April 2023 |website=[[The Morung Express]]}}</ref>

=== Colonial era ===
The [[East India Company]] [[Company rule in India|Administration]] started to expand into Kohima beginning the 1840s.<ref>Col Ved Prakash, ''Encyclopaedia of North-East India, Volume 5'', Atlantic Publishers & Dist, India, 2007, p. 2158</ref> The progress made by the [[Presidency armies|company armies]] in annexing the region continued after the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], although now under the auspices of the [[British Indian Army]]. Kohima was the first seat of modern administration as the Headquarters of [[Naga Hills District, British India|Naga Hills District]] (then under [[Assam Province]]) with the appointment of [[Guybon Henry Damant]] as Political Officer in 1879.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nagalandgk.com/history-battle-of-khonoma-naga-resistance-to-the-british/|title=BATTLE OF KHONOMA: THE LAST AND FINAL RESISTANCE OF THE NAGAS TO THE BRITISH|website=Nagaland GK|date=5 August 2021 |access-date=17 December 2024}}</ref>

=== Battle of Kohima ===
{{Main|Battle of Kohima|Battle of the Tennis Court}}In 1944 during the [[World War II|Second World War]] the [[Battle of Kohima]] along with the simultaneous [[Battle of Imphal]] was the turning point in the [[Burma Campaign]].<ref>Anbarasan Ethirajan, [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-55625447 Kohima: Britain's 'forgotten' battle that changed the course of WWII], bbc.com, India, February 13, 2021</ref> For the first time in [[South-East Asian Theatre of World War II|South-East Asia]], the [[Empire of Japan|Japanese]] lost the initiative to the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]], which the Allies then retained until the end of the war. This hand-to-hand battle and slaughter prevented the [[Imperial Japanese Army|Japanese Army]] from gaining a base from which they might have easily gone into the plains of India.<ref>Bert Sim, Mosstodloch, Aberdeenshire, Scotland: Pipe Major of the Gordon Highlanders at Kohima: his home is named "Kohima." -- RJWilliams, Slingerlands, NY/USA</ref>

[[File:Kohima War Cemetery, Kohima, Nagaland (89).jpeg|thumb|centre|[[Kohima War Cemetery]]]]

Kohima has a large cemetery known as the [[Kohima War Cemetery]] for the Allied war dead; it is maintained by the [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=CWGC |title=Kohima War Cemetery {{!}} Cemetery Details |url=https://www.cwgc.org/visit-us/find-cemeteries-memorials/cemetery-details/2058100/kohima-war-cemetery/#:~:text=KOHIMA%20WAR%20CEMETERY%20lies%20on%20the%20battle,Second%20World%20War%20and%201%20non-war%20burial. |access-date=2025-03-28 |website=CWGC |language=en}}</ref> The cemetery lies on the slopes of Garrison Hill, in what was once the Deputy Commissioner's tennis court, which was the scene of intense fighting known as the [[Battle of the Tennis Court]]. The [[epitaph]] carved on the memorial of the 2nd British Division in the cemetery has become world-famous as the Kohima poem.
<blockquote>
''When You Go Home, Tell Them of Us and Say,''

''For Your Tomorrow, We Gave Our Today.''
</blockquote>
The verse is attributed to [[John Maxwell Edmonds]] (1875–1958), and is thought to have been inspired by [[Battle of Thermopylae#Epitaph of Simonides|the epitaph]] written by [[Simonides of Ceos|Simonides]] to honour the Greek who fell at the [[Battle of Thermopylae]] in 480 BC.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.burmastar.org.uk/epitaph.htm |title=Epitaph |access-date=10 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510152752/http://www.burmastar.org.uk/epitaph.htm |archive-date=10 May 2015 }}</ref>

=== 1963–present ===
When Nagaland became a full-fledged state on 1 December 1963, Kohima was named as the state capital.<ref>District Kohima, [https://kohima.nic.in/history/ Demography], kohima.nic.in, India, retrieved February 12, 2021</ref>

==== Killings of Kekuojalie Sachü and Vikhozo Yhoshü ====
{{main|1986 Killings of Kekuojalie Sachü and Vikhozo Yhoshü}}
On 20 March 1986, two students Kekuojalie Sachü (19) and Vikhozo Yhoshü (14) were killed and over 50 others were injured in indiscriminate firing by [[Nagaland Police]] when they participated in a peaceful protest called by the [[Naga Students' Federation]] (NSF) to rally against the state government's decision on the introduction of [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS) cadres and the extension of the Disturbed Area Belt from 5 to 20 km along the Indo-Myanmar (Indo-[[Burma]]) border. The event was so tumultuous that it led three Cabinet ministers and five State Ministers of Nagaland to resign.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://morungexpress.com/remembering-kekuojalie-sachu-vikhozo-yhoshu/|title=Rememembering Kekuojalie Sachü & Vikhozo Yhoshü|website=Morung Express|access-date=2020-07-05|archive-date=25 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160925225207/http://morungexpress.com/remembering-kekuojalie-sachu-vikhozo-yhoshu/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==== 1995 Kohima Massacre ====
{{main|1995 Kohima Massacre}}
On 5 March 1995, when a convoy of the 16th [[Rashtriya Rifles]] of the [[Indian Army]], comprising 63 vehicles with 5 officers, 15 [[junior commissioned officer]]s and approximately 400 [[soldier]]s was traversing through the densely populated AOC and BOC areas of Kohima en route from [[Bishnupur, Manipur|Bishnupur]] to [[Dimapur]], a [[Blowout (tire)|tyre burst]] from one of the convoy's own vehicle led the armed troops to mistake the sound of the tyre bursting for a bomb attack by insurgents. The troops reacted immediately and started firing at civilian populace. The firing lasted approximately 1:30 p.m. to 3:30 p.m., during which the soldiers discharged 1,207 rounds of [[Gunshot|gunfire]] and 5 [[Mortar (weapon)|mortal shell]]s into civilian areas. A total of 7 were killed and 36 were left injured. Eyewitness accounts and subsequent investigations found no evidence of an actual ambush or crossfire with insurgents. The incident is widely referred to as the 1995 Kohima Massacre.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Naleo|first=Villo|url=https://easternmirrornagaland.com/remembering-truthfully-and-forgiving-generously/|title=Nagaland:Remembering Truthfully and Forgiving Generously|date=August 23, 2016|website=[[Eastern Mirror]]|access-date=5 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/nagaland/timeline/1995.htm|title=Nagaland Timeline - Year 1995|website=[[South Asia Terrorism Portal]]|access-date=5 December 2021}}</ref>

==== 2017 Nagaland protests ====
{{main|2017 Nagaland protests}}
On 2 February 2017, the office building of the [[Kohima Municipal Council]] was burned down by a [[Crowd|mob]] as part of the [[2017 Nagaland protests|boycott of the Civic Elections]]. The fire significantly damaged adjoining government and private buildings.<ref>{{cite web|last=Rutsa|first=Xavier|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/government-offices-torched-in-kohima-situation-worsening-in-nagaland/articleshow/56938643.cms|title=Violence in Nagaland: Protesters attack government offices in Kohima|date=3 February 2017|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=24 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/nagaland-violence-all-you-need-to-know-4505445/|title=Nagaland violence: What is the protest all about? All you need to know|date=3 February 2017|website=[[Indian Express]]|access-date=24 September 2022}}</ref> On 19 February, in response against the backdrop of widespread protests and civil unrest in the state, [[T. R. Zeliang]] announced his resignation as the Chief Minister of Nagaland.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/nagaland-cm-tr-zeliang-resigns-amid-protests-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-unrest-3291688.html|title=Nagaland CM TR Zeliang resigns amid protests: All you need to know about the unrest|date=20 February 2017|website=[[First Post]]|access-date=24 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cmie.com/kommon/bin/sr.php?kall=warticle&dt=20170220112633&msec=210&ver=pf|title=TR Zeliang steps down as Nagaland Chief Minister|date=20 February 2017|website=Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy Pvt. Ltd.|access-date=24 September 2022}}</ref>

==== 2023 Kohima fire ====
{{Main|2023 Kohima fire}}
On 27 February 2023, a massive fire broke in Mao Market and NN Market, one of the biggest commercial areas in Kohima, causing complete damage to the markets.<ref>{{cite web |date=27 February 2023 |title=Massive fire breaks out at Mao Market in Nagaland's Kohima |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/massive-fire-breaks-out-at-mao-market-in-nagaland-kohima-2340384-2023-02-27 |access-date=3 April 2023 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref>

== Geography ==
=== Topography ===
Kohima is located at 25°67' North, 94°10' East, in the southern part of Nagaland. It lies north of the [[Mount Japfü|Japfü]]–[[Barail Range|Barail]] intersection with [[Pulie Badze]] to the southwest overlooking the city. The hills on which Kohima is located has an elevation ranging from {{convert|1345|to|1560|m|abbr=off}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rootsandleisure.com/pulie-badze-nagaland/|title=Find Out Why Locals in Nagaland Love Trekking to "Pulie Badze" in Jotsoma Village, Kohima|website=Roots and Leisure|date=20 July 2018 |access-date=1 January 2022}}</ref>

=== Climate ===
The city experiences a [[subtropical highland climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Cwb''), with greater contrast between summer and winter than in other continents due to the [[monsoon]]s but mild temperatures even for latitude and altitude. The months of June to September concentrate much of the precipitation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=590733&cityname=Kohima,+Nagaland,+India&units=|title=Kohima, India Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)|website=Weatherbase|access-date=2019-02-15}}</ref>

{{Weather box
|collapsed =
|location = Kohima (1991–2020, extremes 1952–2020)
|metric first = Y
|single line = Y
| Jan record high C = 24.5
| Feb record high C = 25.0
| Mar record high C = 29.1
| Apr record high C = 32.2
| May record high C = 33.9
| Jun record high C = 30.5
| Jul record high C = 33.1
| Aug record high C = 31.1
| Sep record high C = 31.0
| Oct record high C = 31.5
| Nov record high C = 29.5
| Dec record high C = 26.0
| year record high C = 33.9
| Jan high C = 16.1
| Feb high C = 19.0
| Mar high C = 23.5
| Apr high C = 25.2
| May high C = 25.1
| Jun high C = 26.0
| Jul high C = 25.8
| Aug high C = 26.2
| Sep high C = 25.6
| Oct high C = 24.2
| Nov high C = 21.8
| Dec high C = 17.0
|year high C = 22.8
| Jan low C = 5.1
| Feb low C = 6.6
| Mar low C = 10.6
| Apr low C = 13.3
| May low C = 14.7
| Jun low C = 16.7
| Jul low C = 17.2
| Aug low C = 17.2
| Sep low C = 16.4
| Oct low C = 13.5
| Nov low C = 8.8
| Dec low C = 5.2
| year low C = 11.9
| Jan record low C = 0.6
| Feb record low C = 2.3
| Mar record low C = 4.0
| Apr record low C = 5.0
| May record low C = 8.3
| Jun record low C = 9.4
| Jul record low C = 7.8
| Aug record low C = 8.3
| Sep record low C = 7.5
| Oct record low C = 5.0
| Nov record low C = 3.1
| Dec record low C = 0.7
| year record low C = 0.6
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 12.1
| Feb rain mm = 28.5
| Mar rain mm = 48.6
| Apr rain mm = 100.1
| May rain mm = 188.5
| Jun rain mm = 248.3
| Jul rain mm = 334.7
| Aug rain mm = 344.0
| Sep rain mm = 268.2
| Oct rain mm = 125.2
| Nov rain mm = 22.9
| Dec rain mm = 6.4
| year rain mm = 1727.6
| Jan rain days = 1.4
| Feb rain days = 3.0
| Mar rain days = 4.6
| Apr rain days = 9.2
| May rain days = 13.8
| Jun rain days = 17.7
| Jul rain days = 20.7
| Aug rain days = 19.0
| Sep rain days = 16.1
| Oct rain days = 8.0
| Nov rain days = 1.8
| Dec rain days = 0.7
| year rain days = 116.1
| Jan humidity = 74
| Feb humidity = 67
| Mar humidity = 65
| Apr humidity = 70
| May humidity = 77
| Jun humidity = 85
| Jul humidity = 88
| Aug humidity = 88
| Sep humidity = 86
| Oct humidity = 83
| Nov humidity = 76
| Dec humidity = 71
|year humidity = 78
|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]] (humidity 1961-1990)<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| title = Climatological Tables of Observatories in India 1991-2020
| publisher = [[India Meteorological Department]]
| access-date = April 8, 2024
}}</ref><ref name=IMDnormals>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200216160549/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Normals%20%281961-1990%29.pdf
| archive-date = 16 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Normals%20%281961-1990%29.pdf
| title = Station: Kohima Climatological Table 1961–1990
| work = Climatological Normals 1961–1990
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = July 2010
| pages = 447–448
| access-date = 16 February 2020
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = December 2016
| page = M158
| access-date = 16 February 2020}}</ref>
}}Kohima has been ranked 36th best “National Clean Air City” under (Category 3 population under 3 lakhs cities) in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2024 |title=Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024 |url=https://prana.cpcb.gov.in/ncapServices/robust/fetchFilesFromDrive/Swachh_Vayu_Survekshan_2024_Result.pdf |website=Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024}}</ref>

== Environment ==
=== Water supply and availability ===
Most Wards in Kohima experiences severe water shortages during the dry seasons.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nagalandpost.com/index.php/kohima-set-to-become-smart-sans-running-water/|title=Kohima set to become 'smart' sans running water|date=10 March 2022|newspaper=[[Nagaland Post]]|access-date=24 April 2022}}</ref> The current water resources from the reservoirs of Zarü River and the streams from the slopes of [[Pulie Badze]] do not fulfill the needs of the rapidly growing population of Kohima. With the augmentation of the Zarü River project and several other upcoming water projects to be supplied from [[Dzüko Valley]] and others. The water supply is expected to cover more wards.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://easternmirrornagaland.com/nagaland-chief-minister-commissions-kohima-water-supply-project/|title=Nagaland Chief Minister commissions Kohima water supply project|date=27 March 2021|newspaper=[[Eastern Mirror]]|access-date=30 July 2021}}</ref>

== Administration ==
The [[Kohima Municipal Council]] (KMC) was established in 2005 under India's Constitution (Seventy-Fourth Amendment) Act, 1992. It has waste management, drainage and trade licensing and other responsibilities.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kohima Municipal Council, Location of Kohima Municipal Council|url=http://www.kohimaonline.in/city-guide/kohima-municipal-council|website=kohimaonline.in|publisher=India Online}}</ref><ref name="Kohima-admin">{{cite web|title=Administration of Kohima, Kohima District Administration|url=http://www.kohimaonline.in/city-guide/administration-of-kohima|website=kohimaonline.in|publisher=India Online}}</ref>

Other departments of the [[Government of Nagaland|state government]], which sit in Kohima, also have a role in the administration of Kohima.<ref name="Kohima-admin"/> The "City Development Plan" for the town, for example, was written by state Urban Development Department.<ref name="cdp-2006">{{cite web|title=Kohima CDP Revised|url=http://jnnurmmis.nic.in/toolkit/Kohima_CDP_Revised.pdf|publisher=[[Government of Nagaland]]|date=July 2006|access-date=11 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107005341/https://jnnurmmis.nic.in/toolkit/Kohima_CDP_Revised.pdf|archive-date=7 January 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Wards ===
{{see also|Municipal Wards of Kohima}}
Kohima is divided into nineteen sectors with a total of thirty-three administrative wards under the authority of the [[Kohima Municipal Council]], covering an area of about {{convert|35|km²|sqmi|abbr=on}}. Each ward has its own council government and handles many of the functions that are handled by city governments in other jurisdictions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kmc.nagaland.gov.in/map.html|title=Map of Kohima|website=Kohima Municipal Council|access-date=1 December 2021|archive-date=28 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728210828/https://kmc.nagaland.gov.in/map.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
{{columns-list|colwidth=25em|
* [[Agri Farm Ward]]
* [[Bayavü Hill Ward]]
* [[Daklane Ward]]
* [[D. Block Ward]]
* [[Dzüvürü Ward]]
* [[Electrical Ward]]
* [[Forest Ward, Kohima|Forest Ward]]
* [[Jail Ward]]
* [[Kenuozou Hill Ward]]
* [[Keziekie Ward]]
* [[Kitsübozou Ward]]
* [[Lerie Ward]]
* [[Lower Mediezie Ward]]
* [[Lower Chandmari Ward]]
* [[Lower Police Reserve Hill Ward]]
* [[Lower PWD Ward]]
* [[Merhülietsa Ward]]
* [[Middle PWD Ward]]
* [[Midland Ward]]
* [[Naga Bazaar Ward]]
* [[Naga Hospital Ward]]
* [[New Market Ward]]
* [[New Ministers' Hill Ward]]
* [[New Reserve Ward]]
* [[Old Ministers' Hill Ward]]
* [[Peraciezie Ward]]
* [[Police Reserve Hill Ward]]
* [[Sepfüzou Ward]]
* [[Thegabakha Ward]]
* [[Tsiepfü Tsiepfhe Ward]]
* [[Upper Mediezie Ward]]
* [[Upper Chandmari Ward]]
* [[Upper PWD Ward]]
}}

=== Public safety ===
==== Police and law enforcement ====
The [[Kohima Police]] of the [[Nagaland Police]] is the police force responsible for maintaining security, law and order in the [[Kohima district|Kohima Metropolitan Area]]. It is headed by a [[Superintendent of police (India)|Superintendent of Police]] (SP). Kevithuto Sophie is the current SP of Kohima. The municipal area of Kohima is served by two police stations—[[Kohima North Police Station]] and Kohima South Police Station.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://police.nagaland.gov.in/sp-co/|title=SP/CO - NAGALAND POLICE|website=www.police.nagaland.gov.in|date=25 June 2019 |access-date=12 April 2022}}</ref>

In 2020, the Kohima North Police Station became the first police station and a government facility in the entire [[North East India|North Eastern Region]] of India to receive the [[International Organization for Standardization]] (ISO) 9001 Certification for quality management system.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://easternmirrornagaland.com/north-police-station-in-kohima-becomes-first-government-agency-in-nagaland-to-receive-iso-certification/|title=North Police Station in Kohima becomes first government agency in Nagaland to receive ISO certification|date=19 November 2020|newspaper=[[Eastern Mirror]]|access-date=12 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/kohima-police-station-becomes-first-of-its-kind-in-north-east-india-to-receive-iso-certification-3108836.html|title=Kohima Police Station Becomes First of Its Kind in North East India to Receive ISO Certification|date=23 November 2020|publisher=[[News18]]|access-date=12 April 2022}}</ref>

== Governance ==
Nagaland's traditional governance system persists in rural areas and urban Kohima through ward panchayats. Each ward elects a panchayat chairman every five years by a show of hands, who then appoints officials, including joint secretaries and Gaon Burhas (GBs). Recognized by the District Commissioner, ward panchayats oversee peaceful community coexistence, resolve disputes, and communicate community concerns to the government. GBs manage house tax collection due to their familiarity with households. These traditional bodies are integral to development work within their wards and hold meetings as needed. Institutionalizing them under the municipal act could formalize their roles, transferring councillors' duties to panchayat chairmen and integrating them into municipal councils as ward committees.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kohima Study |url=https://www.praja.org/praja_docs/praja_downloads/UGN%2023%20-%20Kohima%20Study.pdf |access-date=18 December 2024 |website=praja.org}}</ref> The Kohima Town Committee (KTC) was established in 1957 with 8 wards, 8 elected members, and 4 government nominees. Key pioneers include Shri Yusuf Ali as the first Ex-Officio Chairman, Late Dr. Neilhouzhu Kire as the first Vice-Chairman (1957–1967), and Late Joseph Jasokie as the first elected Chairman (1982–1983).<ref>{{Cite web |title=District Kohima, Government of Nagaland {{!}} The Land of Festivals {{!}} India |url=https://kmc.nagaland.gov.in/ |access-date=2024-12-18 |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2005, Kohima's first municipality was formed under the Nagaland Municipal Act, 2001, with 19 elected councillors. The [[Kohima Municipal Council]] (KMC) remains in a transitional phase, with its powers and functions under the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act yet to be fully transferred by state government departments.

Currently, KMC governs 19 wards, covering nearly 11 sq. km (17% of the greater Kohima planning area) with a population of 98,000 as per the 2011 census.<ref>{{Cite web |title=District Kohima, Government of Nagaland {{!}} The Land of Festivals {{!}} India |url=https://kohima.nic.in/ |access-date=2024-12-18 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
=== Census data ===
{{Historical populations|1910|2423|1920|2790|1930|2759|1940|3507|1950|4125|1960|7246|1970|21,545|1980|34,340|1990|51,418|2000|77,030|2010|99,039|align=right|footnote=Kohima Decadal Growth:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/india/census-population-by-towns-and-urban-agglomerations-nagaland/census-population-nagaland-kohima|title=Census: Population of Kohima |access-date=1 January 2022 }}</ref>}}

As of 2011, Kohima had a population of 99,039 of which males and females were 51,626 and 47,413 respectively. Kohima has an average literacy rate of 90.76%, higher than the national average of 76.55%.<ref name="census2011">{{cite web|title=Kohima City Population Census 2011 - Nagaland|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/801466-kohima-nagaland.html|website=[[2011 Census of India]]|date=2015}}</ref>

=== Religion ===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religion in Kohima City (2011)<ref name="Kohima City religion">{{cite web|url=https://www.censusindia2011.com/nagaland/kohima/kohima-sadar/kohima-mc-population.html|title=Kohima City religion|work=Census India 2011|accessdate=22 July 2021}}</ref>
|label1 = [[Christianity]]
|value1 = 80.22
|color1 = Blue
|label2 = [[Hinduism]]
|value2 = 16.09
|color2 = DarkOrange
|label3 = [[Islam]]
|value3 = 3.06
|color3 = Green
|label4 = [[Buddhism]]
|value4 = 0.45
|color4 = Gold
|label5 = [[Jainism]]
|value5 = 0.01
|color5 = Brown
|label6 = [[Sikhism]]
|value6 = 0.08
|color6 = Yellow
|label7 = Others
|value7 = 0.05
|color7 = Grey
|label8 = Not stated
|value8 = 0.04
|color8 = Black
}}

The major religion in Kohima is [[Christianity in Nagaland|Christianity]] which is practised by 80.22% of the population. Other religions includes [[Hinduism]] (16.09%), [[Islam]] (3.06%) and [[Buddhism]] (0.45%).<ref name="Kohima City religion"/>

== Economy ==
[[File:Kohima Central Aerial View.jpg|thumb|right|Kohima Central]]

=== Tourism ===
Tourism plays an important role in the city's economy. The number of tourists visiting Kohima has been increasing significantly each year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/its-a-record-nagaland-hornbill-festival-attracts-2-69-lakh-visitors/1791104/|date=11 December 2019|title=Its a record! Nagaland Hornbill Festival attracts 2.69 lakh visitors|website=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]|access-date=3 January 2022}}</ref>

== Cityscape ==
=== Historical sites ===
[[File:Kohima War Cemetery (2024).jpg|thumb|Kohima War Cemetery]]
*'''Kohima War Cemetery'''
{{main|Kohima War Cemetery}}
Kohima War Cemetery is a memorial dedicated to soldiers of the 2nd British Division of the Allied Forces who died in the Second World War at Kohima in April 1944. There are 1,420 Commonwealth burials of the Second World War at this cemetery.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/2058100/KOHIMA%20WAR%20CEMETERY|title=Kohima War Cemetery|publisher=Commonwealth War Graves Commission}}</ref>
[[File:Typical scenery in Kohima village (2024).jpg|thumb|Old houses in [[Kohima Village]]]]

=== Parks ===
*'''Sakhrie Park'''
{{main|Sakhrie Park}}
Sakhrie Park is a recreational park located at [[Tsiepfü Tsiepfhe Ward|Middle Tsiepfü Tsiepfhe Ward]] (Middle AG) located between the [[Asian Highway 1]] and the Tsiepfü Tsiepfhe Road (AG).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thenortheasttoday.com/states/nagaland/nagaland-the-story-of-how-a-garbage-dump-turns-into-a/cid2553904.htm|title=Nagaland: The story of how a garbage dump turns into a recreational park|website=The Northeast Today|date=8 April 2016|access-date=1 January 2022}}</ref>

*'''Sokhriezie Park'''
{{main|Sokhriezie Park}}
Sokhriezie Park is a centrally located lake that sits below the PHQ Junction.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://morungexpress.com/sokhriezie-park-inauguration-on-december-4|date=1 December 2020|title=Sokhriezie Park inauguration on December 4|website=[[The Morung Express]]|access-date=13 June 2022}}</ref>

*'''Kohima Botanical Garden'''
{{main|Kohima Botanical Garden}}
Kohima Botanical Garden is located at [[New Ministers' Hill Ward]] and is looked after by the [[Nagaland Forest Department]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://forest.nagaland.gov.in/forestry-research/|title=Forestry Research - Nagaland Forest Department|website=forest.nagaland.gov.in|access-date=15 April 2022}}</ref>

== Culture ==
=== Cultural centers ===
The [[Kohima Capital Cultural Center]] is a cultural center which has a multipurpose hall that provides various facilities for its citizens.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://morungexpress.com/world-class-capital-cultural-hall-in-nagaland|title='World Class' Capital Cultural Hall in Nagaland|website=[[The Morung Express]]|date=1 December 2021|access-date=1 January 2022}}</ref> The [[Regional Centre of Excellence for Music & Performing Arts]] (RCEMPA) is a contemporary arts and music centre located in [[Jotsoma]], about {{Convert|6|km|abbr=on}} west of the city centre.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://easternmirrornagaland.com/rio-inaugurates-rcempa/|title=Rio inaugurates RCEMPA|date=October 16, 2021|website=[[Eastern Mirror]]|access-date=1 January 2022}}</ref>

=== Events and Festivals ===
*'''NAJ Cosfest'''
{{main|NAJ Cosfest}}
The NAJ Cosfest is an ''[[Otaku]]''-based cosplay festival held every year in the month of July. The annual event was started in 2013 and is organized by the Nagaland Anime Junkies. The cosfest is one of the biggest cosplay festivals in [[North East India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/nagalands-japanese-subculture/article24481651.ece|title=Nagaland's Japanese Subculture|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|last1=Karmakar|first1=Rahul|date=July 22, 2018|access-date=1 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nagalandpost.com/naj-cosfest-could-be-biggest-monsoon-festivals/199537.html|title=NAJ Cosfest could be one of the biggest monsoon festivals|newspaper=[[Nagaland Post]]|date=8 July 2019|access-date=29 April 2020|archive-date=19 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219090752/http://www.nagalandpost.com/naj-cosfest-could-be-biggest-monsoon-festivals/199537.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

*'''Hornbill Festival'''
{{main|Hornbill Festival}}
The Hornbill Festival is the biggest annual festival in North East India. The festival is held every year from 1 to 10 December with the purpose to promote the richness of the Naga heritage and traditions. The main venue is located at the [[Kisama Heritage Village]], located {{Convert|12|km|abbr=on}} south of the city centre.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hornbillfestival.com/about-hornbill-festival|title=About Hornbill Festival|website=[[Hornbill Festival]]|access-date=1 January 2022}}</ref>

=== Fashion ===
The inhabitants of Kohima have been historically characterized as "fashion-conscious". Numerous fashion stores are located across the city and a number of fashion related events are held annually. The southern wards starting from Main Town and beyond are the most fashionable areas of Kohima.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rootsandleisure.com/winter-fashion-in-nagaland/|date=22 October 2018|title=Winter Fashion For All Ages: Cosy Up And Take A Cue From These Stylish Local Folks from Kohima|website=[[Roots and Leisure]]|access-date=3 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://morungexpress.com/empyrean-couture-fallwinter-2021|date=30 September 2021|title=Empyrean Couture: Fall/Winter 2021|website=[[The Morung Express]]|access-date=3 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nagalandpost.com/louis-philippe-outlet-opened-in-kohima/241710.html|date=4 October 2021|title=Louis Philippe outlet opened in Kohima|website=[[Nagaland Post]]|access-date=3 January 2022|archive-date=3 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103110420/https://www.nagalandpost.com/louis-philippe-outlet-opened-in-kohima/241710.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Museums ===
The [[Nagaland State Museum]] is located in [[Bayavü Hill Ward|Bayavü Hill]] and displays a comprehensive collection of artefacts including ancient sculptures, traditional dresses, inscriptions of the Naga people.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abhijna-emuseum.com/museums-of-india/nagaland-state-museum-window-material-socio-cultural-world-naga-tribes/|title=Nagaland State Museum : A window to the material and socio-cultural world of the Naga tribes|website=|date=24 March 2018 |access-date=1 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.incredibleindia.org/content/incredible-india-v2/en/destinations/kohima/the-state-museum.html|title=The State Museum|website=[[Incredible India]]|access-date=1 January 2022}}</ref>

=== Religious sites ===
[[File:KABA 2.jpg|thumb|[[Kohima Ao Baptist Church]]]]
The [[Mary Help of Christians Cathedral, Kohima|Mary Help of Christians Cathedral]] or commonly known as the Kohima Cathedral is a prominent landmark in Kohima. The 16 feet high carved wood crucifix is one of Asia's largest crosses. It is the biggest Catholic church in Nagaland and was constructed in 1998.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://easternpanorama.in/index.php/special-section/110-kohima-cathedral-nagaland|title=Kohima Cathedral (Nagaland)|date=30 November 2009|publisher=Eastern Panaroma|access-date=17 December 2024}}</ref>
There are numerous Protestant churches in Kohima. [[Kohima Ao Baptist Church]] and [[Kohima Lotha Baptist Church]] are some of the biggest churches in Kohima.

The [[Jain Temple Kohima|Kohima Jain Temple]], the oldest
[[Jainism|Jain]] temple in North East India was established in 1920.<ref>{{cite book | last=Sethi | first=Raj Kumar | url={{Google books|kio4EAAAQBAJ|pg=PP10|plainurl=yes}} | title=100 years of Jainism in Nagaland - (A journey from 1885 to 1985) | publisher=Walnut Publication | year=2021 | isbn=978-93-91522-04-9}}</ref>

== Media ==
The most widely circulated newspapers in Kohima are ''[[The Morung Express]]'', ''[[Nagaland Post]]'', ''[[Eastern Mirror]]'', ''[[Nagaland Page]]'' and the local newspaper ''[[Capi (newspaper)|Capi]]''. The city was also home to the now defunct ''[[Kewhira Dielie]]'', the first modern newspaper published from Nagaland.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://easternmirrornagaland.com/media-in-nagaland-challenges-and-opportunities/|title=Media in Nagaland: Challenges and Opportunities|date=28 February 2021|newspaper=[[Eastern Mirror]]|access-date=12 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://morungexpress.com/journalism-writing-needs-reflect-societal-realities-and-struggles|date=29 November 2019|title=Journalism, writing needs to reflect on societal realities and struggles|newspaper=[[The Morung Express]]|access-date=12 April 2022}}</ref>

Kohima is home to several television networks: Nagaland Cornerstone TV, [[Doordarshan|Doordarshan Kendra Kohima]] which operates the [[DD Nagaland]], etc.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://morungexpress.com/nagaland-cornerstone-tv-launched-highland-dawn-media|title=Nagaland Cornerstone TV launched by Highland Dawn Media|date=13 April 2016|newspaper=[[The Morung Express]]|access-date=17 December 2024}}</ref>

State-owned [[All India Radio]] has a local station in Kohima, which transmits various programs of mass interest like ''[[AIR FM Tragopan]]'', etc.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.easternmirrornagaland.com/air-launches-new-radio-programme-fm-tragopan/|title=AIR launches new radio programme FM Tragopan|date=3 October 2017|newspaper=[[Eastern Mirror]]|access-date=12 April 2022}}</ref>

== Transportation ==
The major public transportation in Kohima are buses and taxis.

=== Airports ===
Kohima is served by the [[Dimapur Airport]] located in [[Chümoukedima]]–[[Dimapur]], {{convert|74|km|mi|abbr=off}} from the city centre of Kohima. The currently under construction [[Kohima Chiethu Airport]] once completed will serve as the main airport for the Greater Kohima Metropolitan Area.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nagalandpost.com/proposed-chiethu-airport-gets-aai-to-prepare-dpr/222926.html|title=Proposed Chiethu airport gets AAI to prepare DPR|newspaper=[[Nagaland Post]]|date=7 October 2020|access-date=17 December 2024|archive-date=19 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219195620/https://www.nagalandpost.com/proposed-chiethu-airport-gets-aai-to-prepare-dpr/222926.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Roadways ===
Kohima is connected by road with [[National Highway 2 (India)|NH 2]] and [[National Highway 29 (India)|NH 29]] which pass through the city. The [[Dimapur–Kohima Highway]] is a tolled highway connecting Kohima with Dimapur.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://easternmirrornagaland.com/dimapur-kohima-superhighway-gets-cceas-nod-after-10-years/|title=Dimapur-Kohima superhighway gets CCEA's nod after 10 years|website=[[Eastern Mirror]]|date=25 July 2013|access-date=17 December 2024}}</ref>

==== Highways passing through Kohima ====
* [[File:Tabliczka AH1.svg|30px]] [[Asian Highway 1]]: [[Tokyo]] – Kohima – [[Istanbul]]
* [[File:Tabliczka AH2.svg|30px]] [[Asian Highway 2]]: [[Denpasar]] – Kohima - [[Khosravi, Kermanshah|Khosravi]]
* {{jct|country=IND|NH|2}}: [[Dibrugarh|Dibrugarh (Assam)]] – Kohima – [[Tuipang|Tuipang (Mizoram)]]
* {{jct|country=IND|NH|29}}: [[Dabaka|Dabaka (Assam)]] – Kohima – [[Jessami|Jessami (Manipur)]]

=== Rail ===
{{main|Kohima Zubza Railway Station}}
Kohima is not connected with the rail network. The nearest railway stations are the [[Shokhüvi Railway Station|Chümoukedima Shokhüvi Railway Station]] and the [[Dimapur railway station|Dimapur Railway Station]]. An extension of the railway line from Dimapur to Kohima was proposed and surveyed in 2009.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.easternmirrornagaland.com/2013/07/slow-train-ride-zubza-2/ | title=Slow Train Ride to Zubza | date=26 July 2013 | first=Neidilhoutuo | last=Sechü | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204175142/http://www.easternmirrornagaland.com/2013/07/slow-train-ride-zubza-2/ | archive-date=4 December 2014 | newspaper=Eastern Mirror | access-date=23 May 2018 }}</ref> Due to a dispute over land acquisition, the track was resurveyed and an alternative alignment was proposed in 2013 and is expected to be completed by 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Construction work at Dimapur-Kohima new rail line going in full swing |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/construction-work-at-dimapur-kohima-new-rail-line-going-in-full-swing-1204587.html#:~:text=Indian%20Railways%20is%20significantly%20contributing,to%20be%20completed%20by%202026. |access-date=2025-03-28 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> Once completed the [[Kohima Zubza Railway Station]] on the [[Dhansiri–Zubza line|Dhansiri–Zubza Line]] will serve as the main railway station of Kohima.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nagalandpost.com/railways-to-reach-kohima-soon-says-nfr-gm/245806.html|title=Railways to reach Kohima soon, says NFR GM|date=2 December 2021|newspaper=[[Nagaland Post]]|access-date=1 January 2022|archive-date=1 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101075801/https://www.nagalandpost.com/railways-to-reach-kohima-soon-says-nfr-gm/245806.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/dimapurkohima-new-bg-railway-line-project-to-be-completed-by-march-2026/articleshow/87874467.cms|title=Dimapur–Kohima new BG railway line project to be completed by March 2026|date=23 November 2021|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=1 January 2022}}</ref>

=== Cycling ===
Regardless of its hilly terrain, [[cycling]] has become an increasingly popular way to get in and around Kohima. A [[bicycle-sharing system]] was launched in September 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ambrocia |first=Medolenuo |date=25 September 2020 |title=Nagaland: A step towards making Kohima smart city a hub for cycling |url=https://www.eastmojo.com/news/2020/09/25/nagaland-a-step-towards-making-kohima-smart-city-a-hub-for-cycling/ |access-date=30 July 2021 |website=East Mojo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.morungexpress.com/nagaland-capital-kohima-among-indias-top-11-cycling-pioneers|title=Nagaland capital Kohima among India's Top 11 Cycling Pioneers|date=28 July 2021|website=[[The Morung Express]]|access-date=30 July 2021}}</ref>

== Education ==
{{See also|List of higher education and academic institutions in Kohima}}
As the state capital, and one of the hub on inter-state migration, the city has many educational institutions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kohima.nic.in/education/|title=www.kohima.nic.in|website=Education|access-date=17 December 2024}}</ref>

=== Universities and Colleges ===
* [[Nagaland Institute of Medical Science and Research]]
* [[Model Christian College, Kohima|Model Christian College]]
* Alder College
* [[Baptist College, Kohima|Baptist College]]
*[[Capital College of Higher Education]]
* [[Kohima College]]
* [[Mount Olive College, Kohima|Mount Olive College]]
* [[Oriental College, Kohima|Oriental College]]
* [[Kros College, Kohima|Kros College]]
* [[Modern College, Kohima|Modern College]]
* [[Kohima Law College]]
* [[Don Bosco College, Kohima]]

The following are major Universities and Colleges located in the Greater Kohima Metropolitan Area:
* [[St. Joseph's College, Jakhama|St. Joseph's College]], [[Jakhama]]
* [[Kohima Science College]], [[Jotsoma]]
* [[Sazolie College]], Jotsoma
* [[Japfü Christian College]], [[Kigwema]]
* [[Nagaland University]], Meriema Campus

=== Notable secondary schools ===
* [[Ministers' Hill Baptist Higher Secondary School]]
* [[Little Flower Higher Secondary School, Kohima|Little Flower Higher Secondary School]]
* [[Mezhür Higher Secondary School]]
* [[Rüzhükhrie Government Higher Secondary School]]
* [[Fernwood School, Kohima|Fernwood School]]
* [[G. Rio School]]
* [[Dainty Buds School]]
* [[Vineyard School]]
* [[Northfield School, Kohima|Northfield School]]
* [[Coraggio School]]
* [[Stella Higher Secondary School]]
* [[Chandmari Higher Secondary School]]
* [[Mount Sinai Higher Secondary School]]
* [[Bethel Higher Secondary School]]

== Sports ==
The [[Indira Gandhi Stadium (Kohima)|Indira Gandhi Stadium]], inaugurated in 2003 is the multipurpose stadium of the city. It includes a [[All-weather running track|running track]] and a [[Football field (area)|football field]].<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Parashar |first1=Utpal|title=Nagaland: Kohima Village Council against rechristening of Indira Gandhi Stadium|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nagaland-kohima-village-council-against-rechristening-of-indira-gandhi-stadium/story-SBNF9DUsIUFjTqDWS6KXrO.html|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=29 March 2018|access-date=17 December 2024}}</ref>

=== Football ===
Kohima is home to [[Kohima Komets]], an [[association football]] club that plays in the top division [[Nagaland Premier League]].<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Chaudhuri |first1=Arunava|title=Nagaland Premier League kicks-off in March|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/sports/nagaland-premier-league-kicks-off-in-march|website=www.sportskeeda.com|date=27 February 2012|access-date=17 December 2024}}</ref>

=== Wrestling ===
[[Kene (Naga wrestling)|Naga wrestling]] enjoys widespread popularity in Kohima with people from all over Nagaland coming to witness the [[Naga Wrestling Championship]] held every two years at [[Khuochiezie]] (Kohima Local Ground). The tournament was organised in 1971.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tsükrü Kense |first=Atono |date=13 February 2020 |title=Naga Wrestling: The highest grossing sport in Nagaland |url=https://morungexpress.com/naga-wrestling-highest-grossing-sport-nagaland |access-date=30 July 2021 |website=[[The Morung Express]]}}</ref>

== Notable people ==
{{main|List of people from Kohima}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Geography|Asia|India}}
* [[Outline of Kohima]]
* [[Municipal Wards of Kohima]]
* [[Index of Kohima-related articles]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |last=Swinson |first=Arthur |year=2015 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BfWlBgAAQBAJ&q=kohima |title=Kohima |location=London |publisher=Head of Zeus|isbn=9781784081775 }} From [[Google Books]].
* {{cite book |author-link= |last=Edwards |first=Leslie |year=2009 |title=Kohima: The Furthest Battle: The Story of the Japanese invasion of India in 1944 and the 'British-Indian Thermopylae' |location=Cheltenham |publisher=The History Press |isbn=978-0-7509-5260-6}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|voy=Kohima|collapsible=true}}

*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070419164533/http://kohima.nic.in/profile.htm Official website]
*[https://www.kohimasmartcity.com/ Kohima Smart City] (Official website)

{{North East India}}
{{State and Union Territory capitals of India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Kohima| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Kohima district]]
[[Category:Hill stations in Nagaland]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1878]]
[[Category:1878 establishments]]
[[Category:Indian capital cities]]
[[Category:Tourism in Northeast India]]

Indian Foreign Service

2026-03-27T03:44:40Z

DamienLorenz695: fixed issues

{{Short description|Diplomatic service}}
{{confuse|Indian Forest Service}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox
| title = Indian Foreign Service
| subheaderstyle = background:#800080; color:white;
| subheader1 = Service overview
| image = [[File:Indian Foreign Service (1024 x 1024 px) (8).png|150px|]]
| caption = Motto: {{lang|sa|[[Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam|वसुधैव कुटुम्बकम्]]}} {{small|([[Sanskrit]])}} "The World is One Family"
| label1 = Abbreviation
| data1 = IFS
| label2 = Date of establishment
| data2 = {{start date and age|9 October 1946}}
| label3 = Headquarters
| data3 = [[Secretariat Building, New Delhi|South Block]], [[New Delhi]]
| label4 = Country
| data4 = {{Flag|India}}
| label5 = Staff college
| data5 = [[Sushma Swaraj Institute of Foreign Service]], [[New Delhi]]
| label6 = Field of operation
| data6 = [[File:Diplomatic missions of India.PNG|175px|Diplomatic missions of India (blue) & HQ and domestic offices (green)]] [[List of diplomatic missions of India|Diplomatic missions of India]]
| label7 = Cadre controlling authority
| data7 = [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]]
| label8 = Minister responsible
| data8 = [[S. Jaishankar]], [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Minister of External Affairs]]
| label9 = Legal personality
| data9 = [[Government of India|Governmental]]: [[Civil Services of India|Civil service]]
| label10 = General nature
| data10 =
| label11 = Preceding service
| data11 = [[Indian Civil Service]]
| label12 = [[En cadre|Cadre strength]]
| data12 = 3,556 members (2025)<ref name="IFS Housing">{{cite web|title="Availability of housing improved, pursuing ongoing projects": Centre on IFS officers posted in India|url=https://firstindia.co.in/news/india/availability-of-housing-improved-pursuing-ongoing-projects-centre-on-ifs-officers-posted-in-india|publisher=firstindia.co.in|access-date=27 March 2025}}</ref> (Group A - 1177; Group B - 2379)<ref name="IFS Housing"/>
| headerstyle = background:#800080; color:#fff;
| header13 = Service Chief
| label14 = [[Foreign Secretary (India)|Foreign Secretary]]
| data14 = [[Vikram Misri]], IFS
}}

The '''Indian Foreign Service''' ('''IFS''') is a [[diplomatic service]] and a [[Central Civil Services|central civil service]] of the [[Government of India|Government of the Republic of India]] under the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Foreign Service – Background |url=https://cseplus.nic.in/Home/DisplayPDF?streamId=PCsUnEplvZihdzEe8FEMf40O/FxVDw92BoPRoFRxiqzdEbJvsI1XnHs7incjxsXVnO2VFN2W2TU3StF0ITklBFgneKxNxWaqGE0dWl6xI+2VL0HPHUAM9hv8A3DwnRDK |website=cseplus.nic.in |publisher=CSE Plus |access-date=22 June 2022 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518024948/https://cseplus.nic.in/Home/DisplayPDF?streamId=PCsUnEplvZihdzEe8FEMf40O/FxVDw92BoPRoFRxiqzdEbJvsI1XnHs7incjxsXVnO2VFN2W2TU3StF0ITklBFgneKxNxWaqGE0dWl6xI+2VL0HPHUAM9hv8A3DwnRDK |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Foreign Secretary (India)|Foreign Secretary]] is the head of the service. [[Vikram Misri]] is the 35th and the current Foreign Secretary.

The service, consisting of [[Civil Services of India|civil servants]] is entrusted with handling the [[foreign relations of India]] and providing [[consular]] services, and to mark India's presence in international organizations.<ref name="mea.gov.in">{{cite web|url=http://www.mea.gov.in/indian-foreign-service.htm|title=MEA – About MEA : Indian Foreign Service |newspaper=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India|access-date=2 April 2018}}</ref> It is the body of career [[diplomat]]s serving in more than 160 [[List of diplomatic missions of India|Indian diplomatic missions]] and international organizations around the world. In addition, they serve at the [[President of India|President's Secretariat]], the [[Prime Minister's Office (India)|Prime Minister's Office]] and at the headquarters of MEA in New Delhi.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/sanjeev-kumar-singla-appointed-ps-to-pm-narendra-modi/article1-1242668.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140721105817/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/sanjeev-kumar-singla-appointed-ps-to-pm-narendra-modi/article1-1242668.aspx |url-status=dead|archive-date=21 July 2014|title=Singla appointed PS to PM Narendra Modi|date=20 July 2014|website=hindustantimes.com|access-date=2 April 2018}}</ref> They also head Regional Passport Offices throughout the country and hold positions in several ministries on deputation.

Indian Foreign Service officers have been 8 times [[Presidency of the UN Security Council|Presidents of the UN Security Council]]{{efn|B. N. Rau (June 1950 and March 1951), G. Parthasarathy (September 1967), Samar Sen (December 1972), Rikhi Jaipal (October 1977), Natarajan Krishnan (February 1985), Chinmaya R. Gharekhan (October 1991 and December 1992), Hardeep Singh Puri (August 2011 and November 2012), T. S. Tirumurti (August 2021), Ruchira Kamboj (December 2022).}}, several [[Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations]]{{efn|[[Chinmaya Gharekhan]] (UN USG, 1993), [[Atul Khare]] (UN USG)}}, 3 [[National Security Advisor (India)|National Security Advisors]]{{efn|[[Brajesh Mishra]], [[Jyotindra Nath Dixit]] and [[Shivshankar Menon]]}}, and have been elected to offices of [[K. R. Narayanan|President]], [[Mohammad Hamid Ansari|Vice President]], [[Governor (India)|Governors of States]], [[Meira Kumar|Speaker of Lok Sabha]], and [[Union Council of Ministers|Cabinet ministers]].

==History==
[[File:Delhi India Government.jpg|thumb|[[Secretariat Building, New Delhi|South Block]] The HQ of Ministry of External Affairs, Prime Minister's Office and Defence Ministry in New Delhi]]

On 13 September 1783, the [[board of directors]] of the [[Honourable East India Company|East India Company]] passed a [[Resolution (law)|resolution]] at [[Fort William, India|Fort William]], [[Calcutta]] (now [[Kolkata]]), to create a department, which could help "relieve the pressure" on the [[Warren Hastings]] administration in conducting its "secret and political business."<ref name="mea.gov.in"/> Although established by the Company, the {{em|Indian Foreign Department}} conducted business with foreign [[Europe]]an powers.<ref name="mea.gov.in"/> From the very beginning, a distinction was maintained between the ''foreign'' and ''political'' functions of the Foreign Department; relations with all "Asiatic powers" (including native [[princely state]]s) were treated as ''political'', while relations with European powers were treated as ''foreign''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://meaindia.nic.in/onmouse/ifs.htm|title=Sorry for the inconvenience.|website=meaindia.nic.in|access-date=2 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619063509/http://meaindia.nic.in/onmouse/ifs.htm|archive-date=19 June 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 1843, the [[Governor-General of India]], [[Edward Law, 1st Earl of Ellenborough]] carried out administrative reforms, organizing the Secretariat of the Government into four departments: Foreign, Home, Finance, and Military. Each was headed by a secretary-level officer. The Foreign Department Secretary was entrusted with the "conduct of all correspondence belonging to the external and internal diplomatic relations of the government."<ref name="mea.gov.in"/>

The [[Government of India Act 1935]] attempted to delineate more clearly functions of the foreign and political wings of the Foreign Department, it was soon realized that it was administratively imperative to completely bifurcate the department. Consequently, the {{em|External Affairs Department}} was set up separately under the direct charge of the Governor-General.

The idea of establishing a separate diplomatic service to handle the external activities of the Government of India originated from a note dated 30 September 1944, recorded by [[Lieutenant-General (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant-General]] T. J. Hutton, the Secretary of the Planning and Development Department.<ref name="mea.gov.in"/> When this note was referred to the Department of External Affairs for comments, [[Olaf Caroe]], the Foreign Secretary, recorded his comments in an exhaustive note detailing the scope, composition and functions of the proposed service. Caroe pointed out that as India emerged as autonomous, it was imperative to build up a system of representation abroad that would be in complete harmony with the objectives of the future government.<ref name="mea.gov.in"/>

On 9 October 1946, the Indian government established the {{em|Indian Foreign Service}} for India's [[Diplomacy|diplomatic]], [[Consul (representative)|consular]] and commercial representation overseas. With independence, there was a near-complete transition of the Foreign and Political Department into what then became the new [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]].

Indian Foreign Service Day is celebrated on 9 October every year since 2011 to honor the establishment of the Indian Foreign Service, the idea of which was proposed by diplomat [[Abhay Kumar|Abhay K]].<ref>{{cite news |title=IFS officials building their own traditions |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/IFS-officials-building-their-own-traditions/articleshow/23921012.cms |access-date=21 March 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=10 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://government.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/governance/pm-modi-lauds-ifs-officers-for-serving-the-nation-national-interest-during-ifs-day-celebrations/78568752|title=PM Modi lauds IFS officers for serving the nation, national interest during IFS day celebrations|work=Economic Times|date=9 October 2020}}</ref>

== Selection ==
{{Multiple image
| total_width = 230
| image1 = Indian Diplomatic Passport.svg
| image2 = Indian Official Passport.svg
| footer = Diplomatic Passport (left) and Official Passport (right). As opposed to ordinary deep blue passports, diplomatic passport is maroon-coloured with "Diplomatic Passport" engraved on it. Officials representing India other than IFS officers are usually given white-coloured Official Passports.
}}

The officers of the Indian Foreign Service are recruited through [[Civil Services Examination]] by [[Union Public Service Commission]] for Group A and also through [[Staff Selection Commission]] for Group B.

In 1948, the first group of Indian Foreign Service officers were recruited based on the [[Civil Services Examination]] conducted by the Union Public Service Commission<ref name="upsc.gov.in">http://upsc.gov.in/exams/notifications/2014/csp/CSP%202014%20English.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref> This exam is still used to select new foreign service officers.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web | url=https://www.mea.gov.in/indian-foreign-service.htm | title=MEA | About MEA : Indian Foreign Service | newspaper=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India }}</ref> Previous to 1948, some were appointed directly by the Prime Minister and included former native rulers of India who had integrated their provinces into India.

Fresh recruits to the Indian Foreign Service are trained at [[Sushma Swaraj Foreign Service Institute, India|Sushma Swaraj Foreign Service Institute]] after a brief foundation course at the [[Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration]], [[Mussoorie]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://meafsi.gov.in/|title=Foreign Service Institute|website=meafsi.gov.in|access-date=2 April 2018|archive-date=31 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180331022013/http://meafsi.gov.in/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In recent years, the number of candidates selected to the Indian Foreign Service has averaged between 25 and 30 annually.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

==Training==
On acceptance into the Foreign Service, new entrants undergo rigorous training, considered one of the most challenging and longest among Government of India services, typically lasting over one year. During the probationary period, these entrants are referred to as Officer Trainees. Training begins at the [[Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration|LBSNAA]] in [[Mussoorie]], where members of other elite Indian civil services undergo a three-month Foundation Course, usually commencing in August each year.<ref name="mea.gov.in"/>

Following the Foundation Course, probationers proceed to the [[Sushma Swaraj Foreign Service Institute, India|SSIFS]] in [[New Delhi]] for intensive instruction in subjects essential to [[diplomacy]], including [[international relations]] theory, [[military diplomacy]], trade, [[Foreign relations of India|India's foreign policy]], [[history]], [[International Law|international law]], diplomatic practice, hospitality, protocol, and administration. After a brief desk attachment in the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]] at the rank of Assistant Secretary, officers are posted to an [[Diplomatic missions of India|Indian diplomatic mission]] abroad where their CFL is the native language.

Officer Trainees also undertake {{em|Armed Forces Attachments}}, each lasting at least one week, with various government bodies and defense establishments—such as the [[Indian Army]] (either in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], or [[Ladakh]], or [[Sikkim]], or [[Arunachal Pradesh]]), [[Indian Navy]] (either in [[Mumbai]] or [[Visakhapatnam]]), [[Indian Air Force]] stations, or [[Central Armed Police Forces|CAPF]] units.

In the middle phase of the program, participants are nominated for a {{em|State Attachment}} with a group of 5–7 officers in any state of India, for a duration of one week, to receive hands-on training in administrative functions. Additionally, participants are nominated for a {{em|Mission Attachment}} abroad, for one week, in an Indian Mission, to gain foundational exposure to the functioning of an embassy.

{| class="wikitable floatright"
! Language
! Stations ({{Small|Posted as Third Secretary}})
|-
| [[Russian language|Russian]] || [[Moscow]] {{flagicon|Russia}}
|-
| [[French language|French]] || [[Paris]] {{flagicon|France}}, [[Brussels]] {{flagicon|Belgium}}, [[Geneva]] {{flagicon|Switzerland}}
|-
| [[Spanish language|Spanish]] || [[Madrid]] {{flagicon|Spain}}, [[Mexico City]] {{flagicon|Mexico}}, [[Buenos Aires]] {{flagicon|Argentina}}
|-
| [[Mandarin Chinese|Chinese]] || [[Beijing]] {{flagicon|China}}
|-
| [[Arabic language|Arabic]] || [[Cairo]] {{flagicon|Egypt}}, [[Abu Dhabi]] {{flagicon|United Arab Emirates}}
|-
| [[German language|German]] || [[Berlin]] {{flagicon|Germany}}, [[Vienna]] {{flagicon|Austria}}
|-
| [[Japanese language|Japanese]] || [[Tokyo]] {{flagicon|Japan}}
|-
| [[Hebrew]] || [[Tel Aviv]] {{flagicon|Israel}}
|-
| [[Persian language|Persian]] || [[Tehran]] {{flagicon|Iran}}
|-
| [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] || [[Hanoi]] {{flagicon|Vietnam}}
|-
| [[Sinhalese language|Sinhalese]] || [[Colombo]] {{flagicon|Sri Lanka}}
|-
| [[Nepali language|Nepalese]] || [[Kathmandu]] {{flagicon|Nepal}}
|-
| [[Dzongkha]] || [[Thimphu]] {{flagicon|Bhutan}}
|-
| [[Turkish language|Turkish]] || [[Ankara]] {{flagicon|Turkey}}
|-
| [[Pashto language|Pashto]] || [[Kabul]] {{flagicon|Afghanistan}}
|-
| [[Korean language|Korean]] || [[Seoul]] {{flagicon|South Korea}}
|-
| [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] || [[Lisbon]] {{flagicon|Portugal}}, [[Brasília]] {{flagicon|Brazil}}
|-
| [[Indonesian language|Bahasa]] || [[Jakarta]] {{flagicon|Indonesia}}, [[Kuala Lumpur]] {{flagicon|Malaysia}}
|}

Additionally, they engage in 2–3 week {{em|Bharat Darshan}} tours, covering significant regions of [[India]], including [[Kolkata]], [[Darjeeling]], [[Northeast India]], [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], [[Chennai]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Bangalore]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Puri]], [[Mumbai]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Amritsar]], [[Shimla]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Kashmir]] and [[Ladakh]].

The entire training program spans approximately 10-11 months and concludes with calls on VVIPs ([[President of India|President]], [[Vice President of India|Vice President]], [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]], [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|External Affairs Minister]] and the [[Foreign Secretary of India|Foreign Secretary]]) in the last week of the programme.<ref name="mea.gov.in"/>

Upon completion of the training program, officers are assigned a compulsory foreign language (CFL) based on their rank in the UPSC CSE exam. Priority is given to [[UN]] languages, including [[Russian language|Russian]], [[French language|French]], [[Mandarin Chinese|Chinese]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], and [[Arabic language|Arabic]], as well as other languages such as [[German language|German]], [[Japanese language|Japanese]], [[Hebrew]], [[Persian language|Persian]], among others detailed below. UN languages, along with German and Japanese, are available every year, while other languages may be allocated depending on vacancies or typically after 2–3 years. There, they undergo language training and are expected to achieve proficiency, culminating in an examination conducted by the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ssifs.mea.gov.in/itp-for-ifs-ots |title=Induction Training Programme for IFS Officer Trainees |website=Sushma Swaraj Foreign Service Institute |access-date=2025-11-01}}</ref>

Successful completion of the language examination confirms the officer in service and leads to promotion to the rank of {{em|Second Secretary}} at the respective Indian embassy in the CFL country. Subsequent promotions and postings are generally based on performance rather than CFL and may include important diplomatic assignments in locations such as in the [[Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council|P-5 countries]] which are [[United States]], [[Russia]], [[China]], [[United Kingdom]] and [[France]], then comes the neighborhood countries of India (except China{{small|, which is already mentioned in P-5}}) like [[Pakistan]], [[Afghanistan]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[Nepal]] and [[Myanmar]] and then [[G4 nations]] which are [[Germany]], [[Japan]], and [[Brazil]].<ref name="mea.gov.in"/>

The following table categorizes some international cities according to the MEA classification system, ranging from A* (highest) to C*(NF) (lowest). Each category lists representative cities as per MEA guidelines.<ref name="MEA Station Categories">“Categories of stations and posting conditions” — Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India, RTI Manual Section 4(1)(b)(viii). Available at: https://www.mea.gov.in/right-to-information.htm?dtl/127/41bviii_Statement_of_board_councils_committes_and_other_bodies (accessed 31 Mar 2021).</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! A* !! A !! B !! C !! C* !! C*(NF)
|-
| [[Washington DC]], [[New York City|New York]], [[Tokyo]]
| [[London]], [[Paris]], [[Rome]], [[Berlin]], [[Dubai]]
| [[Moscow]], [[Beijing]], [[Tel Aviv]], [[Shanghai]], [[Buenos Aires]], [[Colombo]]
| [[Tehran]], [[Cairo]], [[Riyadh]], [[Kyiv]], [[Minsk]]
| [[Islamabad]], [[Dhaka]], [[Beirut]], [[Ulaanbaatar]]
| [[Kabul]], [[Baghdad]], [[Damascus]]
|}

==Functions==
[[File:President Obama and Prime Minister Modi in an expanded bilateral meeting at Hyderabad House.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|The [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[Barack Obama]] and the [[Prime Minister of India|Indian Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] with their diplomats in an expanded bilateral meeting at [[Hyderabad House]], [[New Delhi]], 2015.|alt=]]

As a career diplomat, the Foreign Service Officer is required to project India's interests, both at home and abroad on a wide variety of issues. These include bilateral political and economic cooperation, trade and investment promotion, cultural interaction, press and media liaison as well as a whole host of multilateral issues.<ref name="mea.gov.in"/>

* Serving as India's Representative: Foreign Service Officers work in Indian Embassies, High Commissions, Consulates, and Permanent Missions to multilateral organizations like the UN, where they act as the official representatives of India.
* Protecting India's Interests: They are tasked with safeguarding and advancing India's national interests in the country where they are posted.
* Fostering Friendly Relations: Diplomats promote and cultivate friendly relations between India and the host country, including its people, as well as with Non-Resident Indians (NRI) and People of Indian Origin (PIO) communities.
* Accurate Reporting: Foreign Service Officers provide precise and timely reports on developments in the host country that may impact India's policies.
* Negotiating Agreements: They engage in negotiations with the authorities of the host country to establish agreements on a range of issues.
* Consular Services: Diplomats extend consular services to both foreign nationals in need and Indian citizens residing abroad, ensuring they receive necessary assistance and support.

==Career Progression==
After successfully passing the UPSC CSE examination, a selected Indian Foreign Service Officer Trainee (OT) is initially appointed as an Assistant Secretary in any of the MEA, where the officer is required to execute assigned tasks within any [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)#Organizational structure|division]] of the MEA. Upon completion of an initial training period of approximately two months, the officer is posted abroad as a Third Secretary at an Indian Embassy or Indian High Commission for language training. Typically, after 1 to 2 years, the officer is promoted to the rank of Second Secretary at the respective diplomatic mission.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/new-ias-officers-to-work-as-assistant-secretary-in-delhi/|title=New IAS officers to work as assistant secretary in Delhi|last=Yadav|first=Shyamlal|date=18 August 2015|website=[[The Indian Express]]|oclc=70274541|location=[[New Delhi]]|access-date=20 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180109140622/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/new-ias-officers-to-work-as-assistant-secretary-in-delhi/|archive-date=9 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sneha Dubey: The Young Indian Diplomat Who Took on Pakistan at the UN |url=https://indianmasterminds.com/feature-stories-on-bureaucrats-changemakers/upsc-stories/sneha-dubey-the-young-indian-diplomat-who-took-on-pakistan-at-the-un/ |website=Indian Masterminds |access-date=2026-02-03}}</ref>

After a period of 3 to 4 years of service abroad, the officer is recalled to the MEA and appointed as an Under Secretary, where they serve in any bench of the respective division of the MEA.<ref name="BVMP">{{cite news |last=Sirohi |first=Seema |title=Exclusive: S Jaishankar to be India's next envoy to Washington |url=https://www.firstpost.com/world/exclusive-s-jaishankar-to-be-indias-next-envoy-to-washington-1022463.html |access-date=16 April 2022 |work=Firstpost |date=9 August 2013}}</ref>

Following 8 to 9 years of service, the officer is promoted to Deputy Secretary and may be posted either in the MEA under any division or abroad as a First Secretary.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sneha Dubey: Know all about India's first secretary at UN who gave fiery reply to Pakistan Prime Minister |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/sneha-dubey-know-all-about-indias-first-secretary-at-un-who-gave-fiery-reply-to-pakistan-prime-minister/articleshow/86501318.cms |website=Times of India |date=25 September 2021 |access-date=2026-02-03}}</ref>

After 12 to 13 years of service, the officer attains the rank of Director and may also be posted abroad as a Counsellor.<ref>{{cite web |title=Esha Srivastava (IFS) appointed as Govt Nominee Director on Indian Oil Board |url=https://psuwatch.com/psu-appointments/esha-srivastava-ifs-appointed-as-govt-nominee-director-on-indian-oil-board |website=PSUWatch |access-date=2026-02-03}}</ref>

After 16 to 18 years of service, the [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]] may empanel the officer at the rank of [[Joint secretary to the Government of India|Joint Secretary]], making them eligible for postings as either Deputy Chief of Mission or Deputy High Commissioner or Minister abroad. At this rank, officers serving in the MEA typically become the head of a division.<ref>{{cite web |title=38 Officers Empaneled for Joint Secretary Posts in Government of India |url=https://indianmasterminds.com/news/acc-empanels-38-officers-joint-secretary-government-of-india-155123/ |website=Indian Masterminds |access-date=2026-02-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shri. Jitender Pal Singh appointed as the next Ambassador of India to the State of Israel |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/38939/ |website=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |date=24 January 2025 |access-date=15 January 2026}}</ref>

After 26 to 27 years of service, promotion to the rank of [[Additional secretary to the Government of India|Additional Secretary]] is possible, enabling appointments as Ambassador or High Commissioner to neighbouring countries of India or the G4 countries. Officers at this rank may also become head of important divisions in the MEA, such as the Americas division. The primary eligibility criterion for this promotion is that the officer must have a minimum of two years of service remaining before retirement.<ref>{{cite web |title=Randhir Jaiswal, (Addl. Sec) takes over as MEA spokesperson from Arindam Bagchi |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/randhir-jaiswal-takes-over-as-mea-spokesperson-from-arindam-bagchi/article67701427.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=2026-02-03}}</ref>

After 29 to 30 years of service, officers may be promoted by the Appointments Committee to the rank of [[Secretary to the Government of India|Secretary]], at which point they either serve as Ambassador or High Commissioner to P-5 countries or head the Secretary (East, West, South, ER, CPV) divisions in the MEA. The primary eligibility criterion for this promotion is that the officer must have a minimum of two years of service remaining before retirement, same as Additional Secretary.<ref>{{cite web |title=Senior diplomat Sripriya Ranganathan appointed Secretary (CPV and OIA) in MEA |url=https://theprint.in/india/senior-diplomat-sripriya-ranganathan-appointed-secretary-cpv-and-oia-in-mea/2816057/ |website=ThePrint |access-date=2026-02-03}}</ref>

The rank of [[Foreign Secretary (India)|Foreign Secretary]] is conferred only under specific conditions<ref>{{cite web |title=Who is Vikram Misri? All about his journey and education |url=https://bestcolleges.indiatoday.in/news-detail/who-is-vikram-misri-all-about-his-journey-and-education-3420 |website=India Today Best Colleges |access-date=2026-02-03}}</ref>:
* The officer is the senior-most in the foreign service.
* The officer has completed over thirty years of service.
* The officer has undertaken exceptional and crucial work during their career.
* The officer has served as Ambassador or High Commissioner to at least one P-5 country.
* The officer has served one or more times in neighbouring countries.
* The officer possesses the utmost level of [[integrity]].<ref>{{cite web |title=What is needed to become the Foreign Secretary of India |url=https://www.quora.com/What-is-needed-to-become-the-Foreign-Secretary-of-India |access-date=2026-02-03}}</ref>

The decision of appointment to the post of Foreign Secretary is entirely at the discretion of the [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/why-cabinet-committees-are-formed-what-are-the-functions-of-each-5768896/|title=Why Cabinet Committees are formed, what are the functions of each |first=Pradeep |last=Kaushal |date=7 June 2019 |newspaper=[[Indian Express]]}}</ref> In certain cases, the age of the officer is immaterial; for instance, [[S. Jaishankar]], who joined the service at the age of 22, became Foreign Secretary, with only three days remaining before his retirement. [[Vinay Mohan Kwatra]] joined the service, even at the age of 26 and subsequently became Foreign Secretary. Conversely, many officers who joined at a young age, such as 23 or 24, did not attain this position, for not fulfilling the above conditions.

While higher studies, such as a [[Master's degree]] or [[Ph.D.]], are encouraged by the MEA to provide officers with a broader perspective, such qualifications do not influence promotion. For example, [[Harsh Vardhan Shringla]] holds only a [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] degree and nevertheless became Foreign Secretary.

===Rank Structure===
In [[Indian missions]] abroad, the highest-ranking officials are the Heads of Missions, who holds the rank of [[ambassador]]s, [[High commissioner (Commonwealth)|high commissioner]]s, and [[permanent representative]]s. They lead the various embassies, [[high commission]]s, and intergovernmental organisations worldwide. Heads of Posts are Consuls General who heads Consulate Generals in missions abroad. In MEA headquarters, the highest-ranking official among the secretaries is the [[Foreign Secretary (India)|Foreign Secretary]].

Also in some cases, the senior most IFS officers also held the office of [[National Security Advisor (India)|National Security Advisor]] ({{em|NSA}}) and also the [[Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister of India|Principal Secretary]] who have the rank even above the [[Cabinet Secretary (India)|Cabinet Secretary]] and the Foreign Secretary.

The following is the structure of the Indian Foreign Service:

{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+Ranks, designations, and positions held by Indian Foreign Service (IFS) officers in their career<ref name="MEA Pay Rules">{{Cite web|url=https://dopt.gov.in/sites/default/files/14021_1_2016-AIS-II.pdf|title=Indian Foreign Service (Pay) Rules, 2016|website=Department of Personnel and Training, Government of India|date=8 September 2016|access-date=5 September 2017}}</ref><ref name="7CPC">{{Cite web|url=http://7cpc.india.gov.in/pdf/sevencpcreport.pdf|title=Report of the 7th Central Pay Commission of India|website=Department of Expenditure, Government of India|access-date=15 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120092637/http://7cpc.india.gov.in/pdf/sevencpcreport.pdf|archive-date=20 November 2015}}</ref>
|-
! Grade/Scale (Level on Pay Matrix)
! Posting at Embassies / High Commissions / Permanent Missions
! Posting at Consulates
! Posting at the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]]
! Position on [[order of precedence in India]]
! Pay Scale (Basic Pay)
|-
| Administrative Head (Pay level 17)
| style="text-align:center;" | —
| style="text-align:center;" | —
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Foreign Secretary of India|Foreign Secretary]]
| {{Centre|23*{{efn|Foreign Secretary is the senior-most career diplomat and the administrative head of the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)]], and is equivalent to [[Secretary to the Government of India]].}}}}
| style="text-align:center;" | {{INRConvert|225|k|lk=on}}
|-
| Apex scale (Pay level 17)
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[Ambassador]] / [[High Commissioner (Commonwealth)|High Commissioner]] / [[Permanent Representative]] to the [[United Nations]] or other international organisations
| style="text-align:center;" | —
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Secretary to the Government of India|Secretary]]
| {{Centre|23}}
| style="text-align:center;" | {{INRConvert|225|k|lk=on}}
|-
| Higher Administrative Grade (Pay level 15)
| style="text-align:center;" | —
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Additional Secretary to the Government of India|Additional Secretary]]
| {{Centre|25}}
| style="text-align:center;" | {{INRConvert|182.2|k|lk=on}}—{{INRConvert|224.1|k|lk=on}}
|-
| Senior Administrative Grade (Pay level 14)
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Ambassador]]/ [[High Commissioner]]/ [[Minister (diplomat)|Minister]] / [[Deputy Chief of Mission]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Consul General]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Joint Secretary to Government of India|Joint Secretary]]
| {{Centre|26}}
| style="text-align:center;" | {{INRConvert|144.2|k|lk=on}}—{{INRConvert|218.2|k|lk=on}}
|-
| Selection Grade (Pay level 13)
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Counselor (diplomat)|Counsellor]]
| style="text-align:center;" | Deputy Consul General
| style="text-align:center;" | Director
|
| style="text-align:center;" | {{INRConvert|123.1|k|lk=on}}—{{INRConvert|215.9|k|lk=on}}
|-
| Junior Administrative Grade (Pay level 12)
| style="text-align:center;" | [[First Secretary (diplomatic rank)|First Secretary]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Consul]]
| style="text-align:center;" | Deputy Secretary
|
| style="text-align:center;" | {{INRConvert|78.8|k|lk=on}}—{{INRConvert|209.2|k|lk=on}}
|-
| Senior Time Scale (Pay level 11)
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Second Secretary]]
| style="text-align:center;" | Consul
| style="text-align:center;" | Under Secretary
|
| style="text-align:center;" | {{INRConvert|67.7|k|lk=on}}—{{INRConvert|208.7|k|lk=on}}
|-
| Junior Time Scale (Pay level 10)
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Third Secretary]]
| style="text-align:center;" | Vice Consul
| style="text-align:center;" | Assistant Secretary
|
| style="text-align:center;" | {{INRConvert|56.1|k|lk=on}}—{{INRConvert|177.5|k|lk=on}}
|-
|}

'''Note:''' Apart from the basic pay, IFS officers posted in missions abroad are entitled to a '''Foreign Allowance''', which is determined and revised periodically by the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|MEA]]. Based on various sources, it is estimated that the starting gross monthly remuneration (Basic Pay + Foreign Allowance + other admissible allowances) of an IFS officer posted abroad begins at a minimum of [[USD|$]]4,000 per month at the rank of Third Secretary, and progressively increases to a minimum of [[USD|$]]9,500 per month at the rank of Ambassador.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pay and Allowances for Indian Mission Officers Abroad|url=https://www.indianembassyusa.gov.in/extra?id=5|website=Embassy of India, Washington, D.C.|access-date=11 January 2026}}</ref>

When IFS officers are posted in [[India]], their monthly pay is mostly same with that of an [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer of the same rank in the Ministry of External Affairs, although certain allowances may differ.

'''Note:''' Even at the [[Joint Secretary to Government of India|Joint Secretary]] rank, some IFS officers may be appointed as Ambassador or High Commissioner to foreign countries (except the [[Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council|P-5]] countries), provided there is a vacancy.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shri. Jitender Pal Singh appointed as the next Ambassador of India to the State of Israel |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/38939/ |publisher=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |accessdate=11 January 2026}}</ref>

'''Note:''' Any IFS officer may express a preference for their posting, either abroad or within the MEA. Generally, officers are assigned to their preferred postings whenever possible. However, if there are limited or no vacancies available for the desired posting, the final decision regarding the assignment rests with the Foreign Service Board (FSB). This provides an advantage over the [[All India Services]] officers like the IAS and [[Indian Police Service|IPS]], where postings are determined at the discretion of the service authorities and are not necessarily aligned with the officers’ preferences.<ref>{{cite web |title=Can IFS Officers CHOOSE their Place of Posting? |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xHxhWU4ywnE |website=Officers IAS Academy - India's Only IAS Academy |access-date=2026-02-03}}</ref>

=== Deputation ===
An Indian Foreign Service (IFS) officer is eligible for deputation to various central government organizations, including the [[Rashtrapati Bhavan|President's Secretariat]], [[Prime Minister's Office (India)|Prime Minister's Office]], [[National Defence College (India)|National Defence College]], [[National Security Council (India)|National Security Council Secretariat]], any [[List of ministries of India|ministry of the Government of India]], [[Department of Space]], [[Department of Atomic Energy]], [[Lok Sabha Secretariat]], [[Cabinet Secretariat (India)|Cabinet Secretariat]] and other organizations in accordance with the central government deputation rules.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Officers on Deputation |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/officers-on-deputation.htm |website=Ministry of External Affairs |access-date=2026-02-03}}</ref>

IFS officers can also be inducted into the [[Research & Analysis Wing]] (R&AW), the [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]] (IB), the [[National Investigation Agency]] (NIA) and other intelligence agencies either on a temporary basis or permanently as intelligence officers.<ref>{{Cite video |title=Amar Bhushan, RAS (ex‑IPS) on R&AW Officers Recruitment of IAS, IPS, IFS, IRS through UPSC|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1-pojsb7DuI&t=2655s |publisher=Raj Shamani |access-date=2026-02-03}}</ref><ref name="R&AW-Deputation">{{Cite news |title=R&AW to Get Ripe Diplomat |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2015/Dec/13/raw-to-get-ripe-diplomat-857036.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=15 December 2015 |access-date=2026-02-03 |quote=Example of IFS officers being deputed to intelligence agencies}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Aspire to Be a R&AW Officer: Your Guide to Joining the Prestigious Agency |url=https://www.news18.com/education-career/aspire-to-be-a-raw-officer-your-guide-to-joining-the-prestigious-agency-8449933.html |website=News18 |access-date=2026-02-03}}</ref>

IFS officers may also be posted to Regional Passport Offices in any state of India as the Passport Officer. Additionally, there are several branch secretariats of the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) in cities such as Kolkata, Mumbai, Chennai, Guwahati, and Hyderabad where IFS officers can be assigned. Certain institutes, including the [[Sushma Swaraj Institute of Foreign Service|SSIFS]] and the [[Indian Council of World Affairs|ICWA]], also offer deputation opportunities for IFS officers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Regional Passport Offices |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/regional-passport-offices.htm |website=MEA |access-date=2026-02-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Other Offices |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/other-offices.htm |website=MEA |access-date=2026-02-03}}</ref>

Unlike the Indian Administrative Service (IAS), IFS officers do not usually serve in state deputation; however, there are rare instances where officers have been posted to state governments, although significant barriers exist in this regard.<ref>{{cite news |title=Former diplomat Venu Rajamony appointed Kerala govt's OSD for External Cooperation |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2021/09/16/diplomat-venu-rajamony-appointed-as-kerala-osd-for-ext-cooperation.html |publisher=Onmanorama |date=16 September 2021 |accessdate=}}</ref>

==Major concerns and reforms==
===Understaffed===
India has one of the most understaffed diplomatic forces of any major country in the world.<ref name="IFS India US China">{{cite web |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/india-must-rethink-strategies-on-national-security-if-it-wants-to-join-ranks-with-us-china/270324/ |title=India must rethink strategies on national security if it wants to join ranks with US, China|work=The Print |date=31 July 2019 |access-date=12 August 2019}}</ref><ref name="IFS Foreign Influence">{{cite web |url=https://theprint.in/diplomacy/with-just-1400-diplomats-indias-foreign-influence-is-severely-limited/219288/ |title=With just 1,400 diplomats, India's foreign influence is severely limited|work=The Print |date=10 April 2019 |access-date=12 August 2019}}</ref><ref name="IFS Global">{{cite web |url=https://theprint.in/india/governance/india-has-global-ambitions-but-not-enough-ifs-officers-to-fulfil-them/108990/ |title=India has global ambitions but not enough IFS officers to fulfil them|work=The Print |date=31 August 2018 |access-date=12 August 2019}}</ref><ref name="IFS relevance">{{cite web |url=https://www.firstpost.com/world/indian-foreign-service-in-desperate-need-of-reform-particularly-when-it-is-losing-relevance-2943924.html |title=Indian Foreign Service in desperate need of reform, particularly when it is losing relevance|work=Firstpost |date=9 August 2016 |access-date=12 August 2019}}</ref> Based on 2014 calculations there are about 2,700 "diplomatic rank" officers in overseas missions and at headquarters.<ref name="EA 12th Report IFS">{{cite web |url=https://164.100.47.193/lsscommittee/External%20Affairs/16_External_Affairs_12.pdf |title=Twelfth Report, Standing Committee on External Affairs: Indian Foreign Service cadre |work=[[Lok Sabha]] |access-date=21 December 2016 |archive-date=2 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211002095319/https://164.100.47.193/lsscommittee/External%20Affairs/16_External_Affairs_12.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> A minority of the diplomatic officers are Foreign Service (A) officers, the senior cadre of Indian diplomacy, which is primarily drawn from direct recruitment through the [[Civil Services Examination]]. Although sanctioned strength was 912, the actual strength of Group A was 770 officers in 2014.<ref name="EA 12th Report IFS"/> In addition there were in 2014, 252 Grade-I officers of Indian Foreign Service (B) General Cadre who after promotion are inducted into Indian Foreign Service (A). The lower grades of the Indian Foreign Service(B) General Cadre included 635 attaches. The breakdown of other cadres and personnel included 540 secretarial staff, 33 from the Interpreters Cadre, 24 from the Legal and Treaties Cadre, and 310 personnel from other Ministries.<ref name="calculation">{{cite news |last1=Shukla |first1=Srijan |title=With just 1,400 diplomats, India's foreign influence is severely limited |url=https://theprint.in/diplomacy/with-just-1400-diplomats-indias-foreign-influence-is-severely-limited/219288/ |work=The Print |date=10 April 2019}}</ref>

[[Shashi Tharoor]], then chairman of [[Committee on External Affairs]] in [[16th Lok Sabha]] had presented the 12th report for expanding and building the numbers, quality and capacity of India's diplomats.<ref name="EA 12th Report IFS"/><ref name="Shashi Tharoor Panel IFS">{{cite web |url=http://www.firstpost.com/world/india-is-strapped-for-diplomats-but-if-shashi-tharoors-panel-has-its-way-you-could-become-one-2931362.html |title=If Shashi Tharoor's panel has its way, India's diplomatic corps could grow in quantity and quality |work=Firstpost |date=3 August 2016 |access-date=21 December 2016}}</ref><ref name="IFS Gap">{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/fill-in-ifs-cadre-gap-parliament-committee-to-government/articleshow/53532710.cms |title=Fill in IFS cadre gap, Parliament committee to Government|work=[[The Economic Times]] |access-date=21 December 2016|last1=Chaudhury |first1=Dipanjan Roy }}</ref>

In March 2023, [[List of Indian parliamentary committees|Parliamentary Committee]] [[Committee on External Affairs|on External Affairs]] criticized the service for being severely short-staffed and under-budgeted. In its Demand for Grants (2023–24) report, the committee highlighted that the cadre strength of Indian Foreign Service Officers is only 1,011 which is just 22.5 percent of the total strength. Out of IFS 'A' cadre, 667 are posted at diplomatic missions across the world and 334 are manning the headquarters in Delhi, which at present has 57 divisions.<ref>{{cite news |title='Indian diplomatic service most short-staffed compared to many other countries': Parliamentary panel |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2023/mar/21/indian-diplomatic-service-most-short-staffed-compared-to-many-other-countries-parliamentary-pane-2558234.html |access-date=8 April 2023 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

===Declining prestige and quality===
Since its inception and especially in the early decades of the service, the Indian Foreign Service had a reputation for attracting the country's most talented civil service aspirants.<ref name="earlyhistory">{{cite news |title=IFS regaining lost edge with toppers |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail%20today/story/IFS-regaining-lost-edge-with-toppers-54978-2009-08-23 |work=India Today |date=August 23, 2009}}</ref> The quality of candidates based on exam rank has significantly declined and the quality of candidates has created concerns about harm to prestige in expanding the size of the service.<ref name="policycapacity">{{cite journal |last1=Bajpai |first1=Kanti |last2=Chong |first2=Byron |title=India's Foreign Policy Capacity |journal=Policy Design and Practice |date=2019 |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=137–162 |doi=10.1080/25741292.2019.1615164 |s2cid=197828999 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

In the 1960s and 1970s, exam toppers generally in the top 20 opted for the Indian Foreign Service over the [[Indian Administrative Service]] and [[Indian Police Service]], the other elite civil services. By late 1980s, the dip was appreciable and Indian Foreign Service spots did not fill until reaching much deeper down the list.<ref name="policycapacity"/> The Indian Foreign Service continues in recent years to have difficulty in attracting the most promising candidates. For the 2017 Civil Services Exam, only 5 of the top 100 candidates chose the Indian Foreign Service with the last ranking person from the General Category in the 152nd position.{{Cn|date=May 2024}} For candidates with [[Reservation in India|reservation status]], a candidate from the [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] in the 640th position closed the list for Indian Foreign Service.{{Cn|date=May 2024}} The Indian Foreign Service has become less attractive due to higher pay in corporate jobs, other elite civil services like the [[All India Services]] promising more power, and fading glamour as foreign travel became common place.<ref name="earlyhistory"/>

A parliamentary committee reviewing Indian Foreign Service reform in 2016 feared a negative feedback loop with the "deterioration" in candidate quality as both a "both a symptom and a reason for the erosion of prestige in the Indian Foreign Service". However, the committee was hard pressed to address the issue because it was also concerned about increasing the "quantity" of Indian diplomats.<ref name="qualityandquantity">{{cite news |title=Why the Indian Foreign Service has a quality and quantity dilemma |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/web-edits/why-the-indian-foreign-service-has-a-quality-and-quantity-dilemma-2953398/ |work=Indian Express |date=August 4, 2016}}</ref> [[T. P. Sreenivasan]], a retired Foreign Service officer, argued in 2015 that "elitism should be preserved" for the Indian Foreign Service to perform effectively. He further lamented the Indian Foreign Service "is already a shadow of its former self" which dissuaded aspirants and the service needed to have its "attractiveness enhanced".<ref name="preserve">{{cite news |title=Foreign Service must remain elitist |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/foreign-service-must-remain-elitist/article7350788.ece |work=The Hindu |date=June 25, 2015}}</ref>

==Indian Foreign Service, Branch B==
The Indian Foreign Service (Branch B), or IFS (B), has one cadre: the General cadre. Recruitments are made through separate competitive exams, named [[Combined Graduate Level Examination]] (CGLE), conducted by the [[Staff Selection Commission]] (SSC). For distinction, the IFS is mostly referred to as IFS (Group A) by the media and general public. Until 2009, the General cadre and Stenographers' cadre personnel were absorbed into IFS after serving a prescribed number of years. Officers from cadre who had joined IFS reached up to the post of ambassador. In 2009, the path to promotion to IFS was closed for the Stenographers cadre.<ref name="northkorea">{{cite news |title=Steno envoy sparks 'caste war' |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/steno-envoy-sparks-caste-war/cid/410209 |work=The Telegraph |date=9 June 2012}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ General cadre<ref name="IFSB2017">{{cite web |title=The Indian Foreign Service Branch 'B' Rules, 2017 |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Uploads/PublicationDocs/29020_RRs_IFS_B_2017.pdf |publisher=Ministry of External Affairs |access-date=13 October 2023 |pages=11–13 |language=en |date=29 August 2017}}</ref><ref name="IFSB2008">{{cite web |title=The Indian Foreign Service (Recruitment. Cadre, Seniority and Promotion) Amendment Rules, 2008 |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/images/pdf/ifs-b-rule3.pdf |publisher=Ministry of External Affairs |access-date=13 October 2023 |date=11 November 2008}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan=2|Grade
! colspan=2|Designation
! rowspan=2|Classification
! rowspan=2|Character
! rowspan=2|Pay Matrix
|-
! Headquarters
! Abroad
|-
| Grade I
| Under secretary
| First secretary Second secretary
| Group A
| Non-ministerial
| Level 11
|-
| Integrated Grade II & III
| Section officer [[Attache]]
| [[Vice-consul]] Registrar
| Group B
| Ministerial
| Level 8
|-
| Grade IV
| Assistant
| Assistant
| Group B
| Ministerial
| Level 7
|-
| Grade V
| Upper division clerk
| Upper division clerk
| Group C
| Ministerial
| Level 4
|-
| Grade VI
| Lower division clerk
| Lower division clerk
| Group C
| Ministerial
| Level 2
|-
| colspan="6" align="center"|{{em|Cypher sub-cadre}}
|-
| Grade I
| Cypher assistant
| Cypher assistant
| Group B
| Ministerial
| Level 7
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Stenographers' cadre<ref name="IFSB2017"/><ref name="IFSB2008"/>
|-
! Grade
! Designation
! Classification
! Character
! Pay Matrix
|-
|
| Principal staff officer
| Group A
| Ministerial
| Level 13
|-
|
| Senior principal private secretary
| Group A
| Ministerial
| Level 12
|-
| Grade A
| Principal private secretary
| Group A
| Ministerial
| Level 11
|-
| Grade B
| Private secretary
| Group B
| Ministerial
| Level 8
|-
| Grade C
| Personal assistant
| Group B
| Ministerial
| Level 7
|-
| Grade D
| Stenographer
| Group C
| Ministerial
| Level 4
|}

In 2012, a counsellor at the high commission of India in [[Fiji]], originally from the Stenographer's cadre, who had not joined the IFS was appointed as ambassador to [[North Korea]]. A senior MEA official said, they had no choice since no one from the IFS had wanted the posting in [[Pyongyang]].<ref name="northkorea"/> Three IFS (B) general cadre associations protested by writing to the [[Prime Minister's Office (India)|Prime Minister's Office]] and the MEA, requesting to review the appointment. According to a senior MEA official, this was not the first time such appointments had occurred, mentioning past instances from the Interpreters' cadre and Cypher sub-cadre, and also recalled a previous appointment from the Stenographers' cadre as an ambassador in North Korea.<ref name="complaints">{{cite news |title=From steno to ambassador |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2012/may/27/from-steno-to-ambassador-371909.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=27 May 2012}}</ref>

== Notable Indian Foreign Service Officers ==

{{div col|colwidth=25em|rules=yes}}
*[[Ajay Bisaria]]
*[[Asaf Ali]], former [[Governor of Odisha]]
*[[Abhay K]]
*[[Abid Hasan]], a former officer of [[Indian National Army]]
*[[Arundhati Ghose]]
*[[Ausaf Sayeed]]
*[[Benegal Rama Rau]], 4th [[Governor of Reserve Bank of India]]
*[[Brajesh Mishra]], 1st [[National Security Advisor (India)|National Security Advisor]]
*[[Binay Ranjan Sen]], Director General of [[Food and Agriculture Organization|FAO]] (1956–67)
*[[C. B. Muthamma]]
*[[Chokila Iyer]], 23rd Foreign Secretary of India
*[[Dnyaneshwar Mulay]], former member of [[National Human Rights Commission of India|National Human Rights Commission]]
*[[Gaitri Issar Kumar]], Former High Commissioner to the United Kingdom
*[[Gautam Bambawale]], former ambassador to China and Pakistan
*[[Gopalaswami Parthasarathy]], former Vice-chancellor of [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]]
*[[Hamid Ansari]], former [[Vice President of India]] (2007–17)
*[[Hardeep Singh Puri]], current cabinet minister (2014–present)
*[[Harsh Vardhan Shringla]], former Foreign Secretary of India
*[[J N Dixit]], 2nd National Security Advisor & former Foreign Secretary
*[[Jitender Pal Singh]], [[Ambassador of India to Israel]]
*[[Kamlesh Sharma]], former [[Commonwealth Secretary-General]]
*[[Kanwal Sibal]], former Foreign Secretary
*[[Kewal Singh]], former Foreign Secretary
*[[K. M. Panikkar]]
*[[K.P.S. Menon]]
*[[K. R. Narayanan]], 10th [[President of India]] and 9th [[Vice President of India]]
*[[K. Raghunath]], former Foreign Secretary
*[[Lakshmi Kant Jha]], 8th Governor of Reserve Bank of India
*[[Lalit Mansingh]]
*[[Maharaja Krishna Rasgotra]]
*[[Mani Shankar Aiyar]]
*[[Meira Kumar]], 15th [[Speaker of the Lok Sabha]] (2009–14)
*[[Nalin Surie]]
*[[Natarajan Krishnan]], [[Presidency of the United Nations Security Council|President of the UNSC]]
*[[Natwar Singh]], former [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Minister of External Affairs]]
*[[Nirupama Rao]], former Foreign Secretary
*[[Pankaj Saran]], former Deputy National Security Advisor
*[[Parvathaneni Harish]], [[Permanent Representative of India to the United Nations]]
*[[Pavan Kapoor]], currently serving as one of the Deputy National Security Advisor of India
*[[Periasamy Kumaran]], current [[List of high commissioners of India to the United Kingdom|High Commissioner of India to the United Kingdom]]
*[[Pranay Kumar Verma]], current [[List of high commissioners of India to Bangladesh|High Commissioner to Bangladesh]]
*[[Rahul Shrivastava]], current Indian High Commissioner to Namibia
*[[Randhir Jaiswal]], current [[Official Spokesperson of the Ministry of External Affairs]]
*[[Ranjan Mathai]], former Foreign Secretary
*[[Raveesh Kumar]]
*[[Riva Ganguly Das]], former High Commissioner to Bangladesh
*[[Romesh Bhandari]], former Foreign Secretary, [[List of lieutenant governors of Delhi|Lieutenant Governor of Delhi]] and the [[List of lieutenant governors of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands|Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], and [[Governor (India)|Governor]] of [[List of governors of Tripura|Tripura]], [[List of governors of Goa|Goa]] and [[List of governors of Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Ronen Sen]], former Ambassador to USA, UK, Russia, Germany and South Korea
*[[Ruchi Ghanashyam]], Former High Commissioner to the United Kingdom
*[[Ruchira Kamboj]], 1st women Permanent Representatives of India to the UN
*[[Salman Haider]], former Foreign Secretary
*[[Sanjeev Singla]], current [[List of ambassadors of India to France|Ambassador of India to France]]
*[[Shashank (diplomat)|Shashank]]
*[[Shivshankar Menon]], 4th National Security Advisor
*[[Shyam Saran]], 26th Foreign Secretary of India
*[[Sibi George]], current Secretary (West) of the MEA
*[[Subimal Dutt]], 3rd Foreign Secretary of India
*[[Subrahmanyam Jaishankar]], [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Minister of External Affairs]] (2019–present)
*[[Sujata Mehta (diplomat)|Sujata Mehta]], former member of the [[Union Public Service Commission]]
*[[Sujatha Singh]], 30th Foreign Secretary
*[[Syed Akbaruddin]], former India's Permanent Representative to the UN
*[[Taranjit Singh Sandhu]], current [[Lieutenant Governor of Delhi]] and former Indian Ambassador to the United States
*[[Triloki Nath Kaul|T. N. Kaul]]
*[[T. S. Tirumurti]]
*[[Venu Rajamony]]
*[[Vijay K. Nambiar]], [[Chef de Cabinet]] of the [[United Nations]] (2007–12)
*[[Vijay Keshav Gokhale]], 32nd Foreign Secretary of India
*[[Vikram Doraiswami]], current [[List of ambassadors of India to China|Ambassador of India to China]]
*[[Vikram Misri]], Deputy National Security Advisor (1 January 2022 - 14 July 2024) & 35th Foreign Secretary of India
*[[Vikas Swarup]], eminent writer
*[[Vinay Kumar (diplomat)|Vinay Kumar]], current [[Ambassador of India to Russia]]
*[[Vinay Mohan Kwatra]], current [[List of ambassadors of India to the United States|ambassador of India to the United States]] and 34th Foreign Secretary
*[[Yashvardhan Kumar Sinha]], former [[Chief Information Commissioner of India]]
{{div col end}}

==See also==
*[[Indian Foreign Policy]]
*[[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]]
*[[Minister of External Affairs (India)|External Affairs Minister]]
*[[Foreign Secretary of India]]
*[[List of ambassadors and high commissioners of India]]
*[[List of ambassadors and high commissioners to India]]
==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons}}
*{{Official website |1=http://mea.gov.in/indian-foreign-service.htm |name=Official website within the Ministry of External Affairs}}
*[http://fsi.mea.gov.in/ Official website of Foreign Service Institute India]

{{Navboxes|list=
{{Public Services of India}}
{{Civil service}}
{{Indian civil servants}}
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Foreign Service}}
[[Category:Central Civil Services (India)]]
[[Category:Foreign relations of India]]
[[Category:Diplomatic services|Indian Foreign Service]]
[[Category:Indian Foreign Service officers| ]]

Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar College

2026-03-19T13:00:35Z

DamienLorenz695: Added new bio

{{Short description|College in Delhi, India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=September 2015}}
{{cleanup-PR|date=September 2015}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar College University of Delhi
| image = [[File:BRACLogo.jpg]]
| image_size = 150px
| motto = Atto Deepo Bhava
| mottoeng = Shine in your own Glory
| free_label = Named After
| free = [[B. R. Ambedkar]]
| established = 1991; 32 years ago
| parent = University of Delhi
| type = [[Public university|Public]]
| chairman = Deepanshu Shrivastava
| principal =Sadanand Prasad<ref>{{Cite web|title=Message From Principal|url=https://www.drbrambedkarcollege.ac.in/principal-message|website=drbrambedkarcollege.ac.in|access-date=17 February 2022}}</ref>
| undergrad = 1650
| postgrad = ''None''
| faculty = 88
| campus = North Campus, {{convert|9|acre|m2|abbr=on}} green area, Northeast District
| location = Wazirabad Road, [[Delhi]]
| coordinates = {{coord|28.7006|N|77.2865|E|type:edu|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| website = {{URL|drbrambedkarcollege.ac.in}}
| logo =
}}
'''Bhim Rao Ambedkar College''' is a constituent college of the [[University of Delhi]]. It was established on 8 February 1991 during the birth centenary year of [[B. R. Ambedkar]]. It is funded by the Delhi Government to cater to the needs of higher education in Delhi. The college offers several academic and professional undergraduate courses and is the only college in Delhi that has Social Work programme for boys.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Social Work Colleges |url=https://www.du.ac.in/index.php?page=department-of-social-work |website=Delhi University}}</ref> Other courses like B.A. (Hons.) Applied Psychology, B.A. (Hons.) Business Economics, B.A. (Hons.) Geography, B.A. (Hons.) Hindi Journalism and Mass Communication, B.A. (Hons.) History, B.Com. (Hons.), B. Com and B.A. Programme are also offered here.

== Campus ==
The college is located in North East District of Delhi(off campus). It is spread over {{convert|9|acre|m2}}. The nearest metro station is [[Gokulpuri metro station|Gokulpuri Metro Station]] and nearest bus stop is Shyam Giri Mandir.

=== Computer lab ===
[[File:Computerlabsbrac.jpg|alt=|thumb|200x200px|Computer Lab]]
The Computer Lab in college is essential for students who are studying technical or professional courses. Laptops are issued to both faculty and students. Special preference is given to PwD students of the college.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Infrastructure {{!}} Dr.Bhim Rao Ambedkar College |url=https://www.drbrambedkarcollege.ac.in/infrastructure |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=www.drbrambedkarcollege.ac.in}}</ref>

=== Library ===
[[File:BRAC Library.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Library]]
The library has reading areas and houses more than 35,000 books. Each year new books are added as needed. The library subscribes to relevant national and internationally published journals and magazines like [[Business India]], Computers Today's, [[Economic and Political Weekly]], [[India Today]], National Geographic, [[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]], Frontier, [[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]], [[Reader's Digest]], Taipei to name a few. Each student can borrow up to 3 books through his College ID. The library also has mechanism to provide books to the deserving students coming from economically weaker sections of the society. The library is fully computerized with online facilities available to students and faculty of the college.

=== Seminar hall ===
The college has a seminar hall with a capacity of 250. It frequently hosts seminars, workshops and lectures where prominent people from industry and commerce are invited to speak to undergraduate students. The college has recently developed a conference room to cater to the growing needs of students from professional courses for group discussions, seminars, presentations, panel discussions and so on, which form a vital part of their curriculum.

=== Banking ===
[[File:OBC BRAC.jpg|thumb|216x216px|right|Oriental Bank Of Commerce branch at College Premises]]
The college has a fully computerised branch of [[Punjab National Bank]] which provides banking facilities to the teaching & non-teaching staff, students of the college and residents of the area. The college also has an [[Automated teller machine|ATM]] facility.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ATM Counter {{!}} Dr.Bhim Rao Ambedkar College |url=https://www.drbrambedkarcollege.ac.in/atm-counter |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=www.drbrambedkarcollege.ac.in}}</ref>

=== Medical centre ===
The facility of WUS Health Centre (East Campus) has been provided in the residential campus of the college. The college does not provide residential facilities to students at present. The centre caters to the needs of university employees residing in trans-Yamuna area. Aid facility is available free of cost to the college students.

The college maintains power back up, canteen, photostat and other necessities at the university subsidised rates. A 24-hour operational petrol pump is found exactly adjacent to the college premises providing convenience to students, faculty and residents of the area alike. The college is also taking initiatives on the recommendations given by the Delhi project report prepared by Samakhayam in Feb 2008.<ref>http://www.du.ac.in/du/access/B.R.%20Ambedkar%20College_Yamuna%20Vihar.pdf{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
[[File:North East Cell, Bhim Rao Ambedkar College.jpg|thumb|Principal GK Arora, Ashwani Kumar Chand, IPS (Sikkim Cadre), N. Victoria Chanu (NE Cell Coordinator), staffs and students celebrating Sikkim Week<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://drbrambedkarcollege.ac.in/sites/default/files/Ek%20Bharat%20Shreshtha%20Bharat.pdf|title=Ek Bharat Shreshtha Bharat}}</ref>]]

==Academics==
As of May 2017, the college has 13 teaching departments.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brambedkarcollege.org/bbepage.htm |title=info@brambedkarcollege.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619025817/http://www.brambedkarcollege.org/bbepage.htm |access-date=5 October 2020|archive-date=19 June 2009 }}</ref>

=== Admissions ===
The college acts in accordance to the [[Delhi University]] Centralised Admission procedure. Admission to a course of study is based on the cut-off percentage announced through the University in June every year. Prospective students should have completed 12 years of study and must have scored the given cut-off percentage in previous qualifying examination. Foreign students are admitted as per the prescribed University guidelines.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.du.ac.in/du/inform_bulletin_foreign.pdf|title=Information For Foreign Students Planning To Study At The University Of Delhi|date=20 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090520220922/http://www.du.ac.in/du/inform_bulletin_foreign.pdf|archive-date=20 May 2009}}</ref> Apart from aforementioned criteria, for admission to few professional courses, students have to undergo an additional All India Written Entrance Test and/or interview conducted by their respective parent departments.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://du.ac.in/admissions.html#ent|title=Admissions - University of Delhi|date=20 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090520033713/http://du.ac.in/admissions.html#ent|archive-date=20 May 2009}}</ref> At present four degree programs demand this requirement.
The college also holds reservations for candidates belonging to non-general category. At present 22.5% seats are reserved for SC/ST category, 27% for OBCs as per the guidelines and modalities communicated by the University vide University Letter Aca I/OBC/2007/80, 3% for Physically Challenged candidates and 5% each for children/widow/wives of officers and men of Armed Forces killed or disabled in action, 5% for foreign students and 5% for admission on basis of sports and co-curricular distinctions, where eligible.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.brambedkarcollege.org/prospectus.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=20 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090530032422/http://www.brambedkarcollege.org/prospectus.pdf |archive-date=30 May 2009 }}</ref>

Each year the university also organises centralised open days across various colleges of the university with the aim of providing all information relating to admissions, colleges and courses of the university respectively. The academic sessions starts from 16 July each year.

=== Sports ===
Each year the college selects students with "potential for excellence" through sports quota tests under the guidance of Dr. K. K. Sharma. In a short span of time, the college has carved a niche on the map of University of Delhi through various achievements secured by students and the staff members at the University and National Level respectively. The college is well known for the sports such as [[Cross country running|cross country]], [[netball]], [[archery]], [[pistol]] and [[rifle shooting]], [[softball]], [[sport of athletics|athletics]] and [[relays]] where students have made records and secured accolades of great prestige. In 2007 Kadar khan broke the record of 100–200 meters run at University of Delhi.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}} In 1998, Vinod Kumar created a feat and broke his own record by clocking 14 seconds less his previous time to win the Nike-St Stephen's 3.2 km run with a timing of 9.47 minutes.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}

At present the college has [[field hockey|hockey]], [[basketball]], [[Association football|football]], and [[badminton]] courts. The college also has facilities for [[cricket]], [[ping pong]], [[volleyball]], [[team handball|handball]], [[chess]], and [[judo]]. The college has recently acquired (in 2007) its own shooting range and has thus become one of the five colleges of Delhi University having such a facility.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}} The Annual Sports Day is celebrated in the month of February each year.
== Societies and Clubs ==
The College has several clubs and societies. It is also part of national programs like NSS and NCC.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Cadet Corps {{!}} Dr.Bhim Rao Ambedkar College |url=https://www.drbrambedkarcollege.ac.in/national-cadet-corps |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=www.drbrambedkarcollege.ac.in}}</ref>

==Student life==
=== Awards, recognition and scholarships ===
To honour the ideology of [[B. R. Ambedkar]], the college provides a number of scholarships and prizes to promote and honour talent among current students as well as welcome potential candidates from all walks of life irrespective of caste, colour, creed, gender, income and social status.

Apart from prizes, awards are given for academic distinction in the university examination, for distinguished performance in debates/discussions, cultural activities and sports. College colors are awarded to sportsmen/sportswomen winning distinction at inter-college events.

Prospective students can also apply for the following scholarships:
* National Scholarship awarded by Department oh Higher Education, Government of India <ref>{{cite web|url=http://education.nic.in/scholarship/Schol-ns.asp |title=Scholarships - National|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090409225921/http://education.nic.in/scholarship/Schol-ns.asp|archive-date=9 April 2009}}</ref>
* Delhi University All India Competitive Scholarship.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ms.du.ac.in/scholarship.htm |title=Scholarship|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090517075527/http://ms.du.ac.in/scholarship.htm|archive-date=17 May 2009}}</ref>

=== North East Cell ===
The college has special cell which has been working for the welfare of North East students since 2012 under college authority. The cell has been helping many students who are coming from North East India and [[International student|Foreign Students]]. There are approximately 200 students from North East India and foreign countries like Afghanistan, Tibet, Nepal, Kenya etc. The cell organises a lot of activities in the college level like seminars, workshops, awareness programs and competitions. Presently, Ningombam Victoria Chanu<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=1701102006649288&id=392307640862071|title=The Voice of Sikkim|website=www.facebook.com}}</ref> and Ningombam Sanjay Singh are working as the Convenors of the cell.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://drbrambedkarcollege.ac.in/north-east-cell|title=North East Cell | Dr.Bhim Rao Ambedkar College|website=drbrambedkarcollege.ac.in}}</ref>

=== College Student's Council ===
The college's student council is elected by students through common franchise as per the guidelines provided by the Honourable [[Supreme Court of India]] regarding Model Code of Conduct for DUSU elections.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/scs-model-codes-to-stand-guard-dusu-polls-on-sept-5/345135/ |title=SC's model codes to stand guard, DUSU polls on Sept 5 |date=6 August 2008 |work=Express India |access-date=20 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120928185916/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/scs-model-codes-to-stand-guard-dusu-polls-on-sept-5/345135/ |archive-date=28 September 2012 }}</ref><ref>http://www.indopia.in/India-usa-uk-news/latest-news/296865/Education/12/20/12 {{Dead link|date=March 2021}}</ref> The elections are usually held during August–September each year. The committees of Staff Council appoints the Cultural and Sports' secretaries respectively. One seat of four posts—President, Vice-President, Secretary and Joint Secretary—is reserved for a female student. All office members hold office until 30 April of the ongoing session in normal courses, barring disqualifications.

=== Student societies and activities ===
Each year the college organises an Annual Cultural festival Chetna. The college publishes it annual magazine of the same name by inviting articles on wide-ranging issues to help students to cultivate writing and literary tastes and also to encourage creative articulation. The cultural society has won accolades at [[BITS, Pilani]] and [[IIT, Kanpur]] festivals. [[Debating Society|Debating society]], North East and Foreign Student Society, Green Cadets Group and Gender sensitisation committee are among the other noted societies of the college. Apart from that each academic department has its own dedicated society which organises various
lectures, seminars, group discussions, debates, extempore, quizzes, fests etc.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://brambedkarcollege.org/department.htm|title=info@brambedkarcollege.org|date=23 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090323041438/http://brambedkarcollege.org/department.htm|archive-date=23 March 2009}}</ref>
== Societies ==

=== Student placements ===
Apart from the Common Placement Cell inaugurated in 2005, each department providing professional degree have their separate placement division to tailor made the recruitment procedure as per their curriculum and requirements.

== Notable alumni ==

# Adarsh Kumar, Senior TV Journalist- TV Expert, Ex- STAR News-ABP News Journalist
# [[Kapil Mishra]], Ex- Minister, [[Delhi government|Delhi Government]]
# [[Dheeraj Budhori]], Writer, Researcher
# [[Kamakhya Narayan Singh]], Director- Film '[[Bhor (film)|Bhor]]'
# [[Milind Gawali]], Indian actor and Director

== See also ==
* [[Deepak Pental]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Bhim Rao Ambedkar College}}
* [http://www.drbrambedkarcollege.ac.in/ Dr.Bhim Rao Ambedkar College]
* [http://www.du.ac.in/ Home | University of Delhi]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090520220922/http://www.du.ac.in/du/inform_bulletin_foreign.pdf Wayback Machine]

{{University of Delhi}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Delhi University]]
[[Category:1991 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1991]]

Chinsurah Mogra

2026-03-18T20:48:27Z

DamienLorenz695: Created redirect page

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chinsurah Mogra
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Community development block
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = File:Chinsurah Mogra in Hooghly (West Bengal).svg
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.97925|N|88.374769|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Representative democracy]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 81.86
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 16
| population_total = 247,055
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 712148 (Magra) 712123 (Bandel Junction)
| area_code = 03213
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-15, [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-16, [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-18
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 = 83.01%
| website = {{URL|hooghly.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Hooghly (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hooghly]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Chunchura (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chunchura]], [[Balagarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Balagarh]], [[Saptagram (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Saptagram]]
}}
'''Chinsurah Mogra''' is a [[Community development block in India|community development block]] that forms an administrative division in [[Chinsurah subdivision]] of [[Hooghly district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
The Chinsurah Mogra CD Block is part of the Hooghly Flats, one of the three natural regions in the district of the flat [[alluvium|alluvial]] plains that forms part of the [[Ganges Delta|Gangetic Delta]]. The region is a narrow strip of land along the 80 km long stretch of the [[Hooghly River]], that forms the eastern boundary of the district. The region has been physiographically influenced by the course of the river. The Hooghly is a tidal river and has a high west bank. The Portuguese, the Dutch, the French, the Danes and the British dominated industry, trade and commerce in this area for more than two centuries, and as a result this belt is highly industrialised.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1912_PART_A_DCHB_HUGLI.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Hugli, Series-20, Part XIIA | work= Physiography, Page 17-24|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 1 June 2017 }}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Map of hooghly district .jpg|thumb|500 px|left|Map of Hooghly district showing CD blocks and municipal areas]]
Mogra is located at {{coord|22.97925|N|88.374769|E|format=dms|}}.

Chinsurah Mogra CD Block is bounded by [[Pandua (community development block)|Pandua]] and [[Balagarh (community development block)|Balagarh]] CD Blocks, in the north, [[Chakdaha (community development block)|Chakdaha]] CD Block, in Nadia district across the [[Hooghly River|Hooghly]] the east, [[Sreerampur Uttarpara]] CD Block in the south and [[Polba Dadpur]] CD Block in the west.

It is located around [[Chinsurah]], the district headquarters.

Chinsurah Mogra CD Block has an area of 81.86 km2. It has 1 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samity]], 10 [[gram panchayat]]s, 196 {{Transliteration|hi|gram sansads}} (village councils), 56 [[mouza]]s and 52 inhabited villages. [[Chinsurah#Police station|Chinsurah]] and [[Mogra#Police station|Mogra]] police stations serve this block.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Hooghly |work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 16 October 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |url-status = dead }}</ref> The headquarters of this CD block is at Mogra.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1912_PART_A_DCHB_HUGLI.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Hugli, Series-20, Part XIIA | work= Map of Hooghly with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fifth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 1 June 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.hooghlyzp.org/html/chinsurah_mogra.html | title = Chinsurah-Mogra | work= Local Self-government| access-date = 6 June 2017 | publisher = Hooghly Zilla Parishad}}</ref>
[[File:Chinsurah-Mogra CD Block.svg|300px|right|thumb|Map of Chinsurah Mogra CD block]]
[[Gram panchayat]]s of Chinsurah Mogra block/ panchayat samiti are: [[Bandel]], Chandrahati I, Chandrahati II, [[Debanandapur]], Digsui-Hoera, [[Kodalia|Kodalia I]], Kodalia II, [[Mogra|Mogra I]], Mogra II and [[Saptagram (modern)|Saptagram]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = Hooghly – Revised in March 2008 | publisher= Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 16 May 2016}}</ref>

==Demographics==
===Population===
As per the [[2011 Census of India]], Chinsurah Magra CD Block had a total population of 247,055, of which 86,792 were rural and 160,263 were urban. There were 126,061 (51%) males and 120,994 (49%) females. Population below 6 years was 23,643. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 72,909 (29.51%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 8,982 (3.64%).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 26 May 2016}}</ref>

As per the 2001 census, Chinsurah-Mogra block had a total population of 211,036, out of which 109,751 were males and 1101,285 were females. Chinsurah-Mogra block registered a population growth of 26.54 per cent during the 1991-2001 decade. Decadal growth for Hooghly district was 15.72 per cent.<ref name=census>{{cite web|url= http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_12.htm|title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date=2011-01-20 |work=Census of India 2001 – Hooghly district |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110928211036/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_12.htm|archive-date=September 28, 2011 }}</ref> Decadal growth in West Bengal was 17.84 per cent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date=2011-01-20 |work=Census of India 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041813/http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |archive-date=September 27, 2007 }}</ref>

[[Census Town]]s in Chinsurah Mogra CD Block (2011 census figures in brackets): [[Kola, Hooghly|Kola]] (7,271), [[Hansghara]] (7,665), [[Raghunathpur (PS-Magra)|Raghunathpur]] (14,919), [[Madhusudanpur]] (6,685), [[Amodghata]] (7,910), [[Alikhoja]] (4,613), [[Shankhanagar]] (8,601), [[Chak Bansberia]] (10,357), [[Manushpur]] (8,148), [[Keota, Hooghly|Keota]] (18,875), [[Kodalia]] (8,994), [[Naldanga, Hooghly|Naldanga]] (13,140), [[Kulihanda]] (15,969), [[Dharmapur, West Bengal|Dharmapur]] (8,556) and [[Simla, West Bengal|Simla]] (15,988).<ref name=census2011/>

[[Out growth]] in Chinsurah Mogra CD Block (2011 census figure in brackets): Bara Khejuria (Ward No. 31) (2,672).<ref name=census2011/>

Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in Chinsurah Mogra CD Block are (2011 census figures in brackets): Digsui (4,183), Gajaghanta (4,680), Dingalhat (4,574) and Kanagar (4,131).<ref name=census2011/>

Other villages in Chinsurah Mogra CD Block include (2011 census figures in brackets): Talandu (1,366), [[Saptagram (modern)|Saptagram]] (1,758), [[Debanandapur]] (3,499) and Hoera (2,390).<ref name=census2011/>

===Literacy===
As per the 2011 census the total number of literates in Chinsurah Mogra CD Block was 185,446 (83.01% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 100,676 (88.22% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 84,770 (77.57% of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 10.65%.<ref name=census2011/>

As per the 2001 census, Chinsurah-Mogra block had a total literacy of 56.72 per cent. While male literacy was 75.24 per cent, female literacy was 57.09 per cent.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.hooghlyzp.org/html/chinsurah_mogra.html | title = Chinsurah-Mogra | work= Local Self-government| access-date = 2011-08-04 | publisher = Hooghly Zilla Parishad}}</ref>

See also – [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of Hooghly district|collapsible=y}}

===Language and religion===

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Chinsurah-Mogra CD block (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|87.80}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|10.39}}
{{bar percent|Other (tribal religion)|maroon|0.79}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|1.02}}
}}

As per the 2011 census, majority of the population of the district belong to the Hindu community with a population share of 82.9% followed by Muslims at 15.8%. The percentage of the Hindu population of the district has followed a decreasing trend from 87.1% in 1961 to 82.9% in the latest census 2011. On the other hand, the percentage of Muslim population has increased from 12.7% in 1961 to 15.8% in 2011 census.<ref name=census2>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1912_PART_A_DCHB_HUGLI.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Hugli, Series-20, Part XIIA | work= Religion, Mother-tongue Pages 50-51|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 1 June 2017 }}</ref>

In the 2011 census Hindus numbered 214,571 and formed 87.80% of the population in Chinsurah Mogra CD Block. Muslims numbered 25,400 and formed 10.39% of the population. Others numbered 4,412 and formed 1.81% of the population.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Chinsurah-Mogra CD block (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value1 = 72.65 |color1 = orchid
|label2 = [[Hindi]] |value2 = 19.56 |color2 = orange
|label3 = [[Urdu]] |value3 = 3.64 |color3 = green
|label4 = [[Santali language|Santali]] |value4 = 2.36 |color4 = darkturquoise
|label5 = Others |value5 = 1.79 |color5 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 72.65% of the population spoke [[Bengali language|Bengali]], 19.56% [[Hindi]], 3.64% [[Urdu]] and 2.36% [[Santali language|Santali]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Administration==
===Zilla Parishad===
Chinsurah–Mogra CD Block has 3 [[District council (India)|Zilla Parishad]] seats. The latest elections were held in [[2023 West Bengal local elections|July 2023]] where the [[Trinamool Congress]] won all 3 seats.

{| class="wikitable sortable" width="75%" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Zilla Parishad
! ZP No.
! Councillor
! colspan="2" | Party
! Remarks
|-
| rowspan=3| Chinsurah–Mogra || 13 || Nirmalya Chakraborty || {{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=3}}
|
|-
| 14 || Mausumi Ghosh
|
|-
| 15 || Papiya Dhak
|
|}

===Panchayat Samiti===
Chinsurah–Mogra [[Panchayat samiti|Panchayat Samiti]] has 30 divisions. The latest elections were held in [[2023 West Bengal local elections|July 2023]] where the [[Trinamool Congress]] by scored a landslide victory by winning all 30 divisions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://portal.wbsec.org/|title=2023 WB Local Election Results|work=SEC West Bengal|accessdate=2 January 2026}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" width="75%" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!style="background-color:#20C646; color:white" colspan=8|Chairperson: Shukla Chatterjee
|-
!style="background-color:#20C646; color:white" colspan=8|Deputy Chairperson: Bikash Chandra Roy
|-
! Gram Panchayat
! No.
! Councillor
! colspan="2" | Party
! Remarks
|-
| rowspan=3| Debanandapur || 1 || Tanushree Chattopadhyay || {{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=30}}
|
|-
| 2 || Purnima Das
|
|-
| 3 || Sarwari Khatoon
|
|-
| rowspan=3| Bandel || 4 || Shabana Begum
|
|-
| 5 || Rumpa Sen
|
|-
| 6 || Sheikh Jahiruddin
|
|-
| rowspan=3| Kodalia-II || 7 || Aparna Biswas
|
|-
| 8 || Tilottoma Majumdar
|
|-
| 9 || Tapas Chakraborty
|
|-
| rowspan=3| Kodalia-I || 10 || Asha Sarkar
|
|-
| 11 || Shukla Chatterjee
|
|-
| 12 || Sanjib Kar
|
|-
| rowspan=3| Chandrahati-I || 13 || Putul Ghosh
|
|-
| 14 || Alok Chandra Das
|
|-
| 15 || Jyotsna Pal
|
|-
| rowspan=3| Chandrahati-II || 16 || Tapas Parui
|
|-
| 17 || Rupali Das
|
|-
| 18 || Mamataj Begum
|
|-
| rowspan=3| Digsui-Hoerah || 19 || Nimai Majhi
|
|-
| 20 || Rita Kisku
|
|-
| 21 || Rabindranath Ghosh
|
|-
| rowspan=3| Mogra-I || 22 || Mukul Rajak Das
|
|-
| 23 || Purnima Sardar
|
|-
| 24 || Bela Bhattacharya
|
|-
| rowspan=3| Mogra-II || 25 || Bikash Chandra Roy
|
|-
| 26 || Prabir Biswas
|
|-
| 27 || Sujoy Biswas
|
|-
| rowspan=3| Saptagram || 28 || Manasi Poddar
|
|-
| 29 || Gulshan Bibi
|
|-
| 30 || Mahtab Alam
|
|}

===Gram Panchayats===
Chinsurah–Mogra [[Panchayat samiti|Panchayat Samiti]] has 10 villages or [[Gram panchayat|gram panchayats]]. The latest elections were held in [[2023 West Bengal local elections|July 2023]] where the [[Trinamool Congress]] won all the 10 villages.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://portal.wbsec.org/|title=2023 WB Local Election Results|work=SEC West Bengal|accessdate=2 January 2026}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan=4 align="Centre" |No.
! rowspan=4 align="Centre" |Gram Panchayat
! rowspan=4 align="Centre" |Total Seats
|{{party color cell|Trinamool Congress}}
|{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|colspan="3" {{party color cell|Sanjukta Morcha}}
|{{party color cell|Independent}}
!rowspan=4 colspan=2|Majority
|-
!rowspan=3|[[Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
!rowspan=3|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
!colspan="3"|[[Secular Democratic Alliance|SDA]]
!rowspan=3|Others
|-
|{{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|{{party color cell|All India Forward Bloc}}
|-
![[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
![[Indian National Congress|INC]]
![[All India Forward Bloc|AIFB]]
|-
!1
|Debanandapur
|'''17'''
|15
|0
|2
|colspan=2|0
|0
| align=center style="background-color:#20C646; color:black"|AITC
|-
!2
|Bandel
|'''26'''
|25
|0
|colspan=3|0
|1
| align=center style="background-color:#20C646; color:black"|AITC
|-
!3
|Kodalia-II
|'''25'''
|19
|4
|2
|colspan=2|0
|0
| align=center style="background-color:#20C646; color:black"|AITC
|-
!4
|Kodalia-I
|'''30'''
|24
|3
|1
|0
|1
|1
| align=center style="background-color:#20C646; color:black"|AITC
|-
!5
|Chandrahati-I
|'''17'''
|12
|2
|3
|colspan=2|0
|0
| align=center style="background-color:#20C646; color:black"|AITC
|-
!6
|Chandrahati-II
|'''15'''
|11
|1
|3
|colspan=2|0
|0
| align=center style="background-color:#20C646; color:black"|AITC
|-
!7
|Digsui-Hoerah
|'''22'''
|16
|0
|2
|0
|2
|2
| align=center style="background-color:#20C646; color:black"|AITC
|-
!8
|Mogra-I
|'''19'''
|18
|0
|colspan=3|0
|1
| align=center style="background-color:#20C646; color:black"|AITC
|-
!9
|Mogra-II
|'''19'''
|13
|6
|colspan=3|0
|0
| align=center style="background-color:#20C646; color:black"|AITC
|-
!10
|Saptagram
|'''30'''
|25
|2
|2
|colspan=2|0
|1
| align=center style="background-color:#20C646; color:black"|AITC
|-
! colspan=2 align=center style="background-color:#CDCDCD; color:black"|Total
! align=center style="background-color:#CDCDCD; color:black"|220
! align=center style="background-color:#20C646; color:black"|178
! align=center style="background-color:#FF9933; color:black"|18
! align=center style="background-color:#CC0D0D; color:white"|15
! align=center style="background-color:#00BFFF; color:black"|0
! align=center style="background-color:#650B0B; color:white"|3
! align=center style="background-color:#B2B2B2; color:black"|6
| {{Party color cell|Independent}}
|}

==Rural poverty==
As per poverty estimates obtained from household survey for families living [[Below Poverty Line (India)|below poverty line]] in 2005, [[rural poverty]] in Chinsurah Mogra CD Block was 15.99%.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Hooghly.pdf |title = District Human Development Report: Hooghly |work = Table 2.38: Empirical Measurement of Rural Poverty in Bardhaman 2005, page 89 |publisher = Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2011 |access-date = 14 June 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170807182323/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Hooghly.pdf |archive-date = 7 August 2017 |url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Economy==
===Livelihood===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Livelihood in Chinsurah Mogra CD Block'''
|value1 = 3.73
|label1 = Cultivators
|value2 = 12.70
|label2 = Agricultural labourers
|value3 = 3.79
|label3 = Household industries
|value4 = 79.78
|label4 = Other workers}}

In Chinsurah Mogra CD Block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators formed 3.73%, agricultural labourers 12.70%, household industry workers 3.79% and other workers 79.78%.<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Hooghly | work = Tables 2.7, 17.2, 16.1, 18.1, 18.2, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.3 – arranged as per use | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 16 October 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 52 inhabited villages in Chinsurah Mogra CD Block. 100% villages have power supply. 44 villages have more than one source of drinking water (tap, well, tube well, hand pump), six villages have only a tube well/borewell and two villages have only a hand pump. One village has a post office and six villages have sub-post offices. 47 villages have landlines, 38 villages have public call offices and 51 villages have mobile phone coverage. 45 villages have pucca roads and 21 villages have bus service (public/ private). Two villages have agricultural credit societies, five villages have commercial/ co-operative banks and one village has an ATM.<ref name=censushandbook>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1912_PART_A_DCHB_HUGLI.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Hugli, Series-20, Part XIIA | work= Appendices to Village Directory, 2009, Pages 775-779|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 1 June 2017 }}</ref>

===Agriculture===
In 2013–14, the small percentage of persons engaged in agriculture in Chinsurah Mogra CD Block could be classified as follows: [[bargadar]]s 8.92%, patta (document) holders 12.11%, small farmers (possessing land between 1 and 2 hectares) 1.97%, marginal farmers (possessing land up to 1 hectare) 18.47% and agricultural labourers 58.53%.<ref name=handbook2014/>

Chinsurah Mogra CD Block had 28 fertiliser depots, 10 seed stores and 44 [[Public distribution system|fair price shops]] in 2013-14.<ref name=handbook2014/>

In 2013–14, Chinsurah Mogra CD Block produced 6,781 tonnes of [[Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars|Aman paddy]], the main winter crop from 2,572 hectares, 3,791 tonnes of Boro paddy (spring crop) from 1,519 hectares, 5 tonnes of wheat from 2 hectares, 560 tonnes of jute from 28 hectares and 106,280 tonnes of potatoes from 3,831 hectares. It also produced pulses and oilseeds.<ref name=handbook2014/>

In 2013–14, the total area irrigated in Chinsurah Mogra CD Block was 3,104 hectares, out of which 20 hectares were irrigated by canal water, 150 hectares by tank water, 740 hectares by river lift irrigation, 1,350 hectares by deep tube wells, 644 hectares by shallow tube wells and 200 hectares by other means.<ref name=handbook2014/>
{| class="toccolours" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; font-size: 85%; background:#ffffcc; color:black; width:20em; max-width: 25%;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
! style="background-color:#cccccc;" | Important handicrafts of Hooghly District
|-
| style="text-align: left;" |
*'''Zari work on sari''' - Pandua, Pursurah, Jangipara, Tarakeswar and other blocks - 3,000 families involved
*'''Chikon embroidery''' – Babnan, Pandua, Singur - 2,500 families involved
*'''Silk and cotton printing''' – Serampore (Chanditala) - 300 families involved
*'''Brass and bell metal''' – Manikpat, Goghat, Arambagh - 150 families involved
*'''Conch shell''' – Pandua, Khanakul, Makla, Chandannagar
*'''Jute diversified products''' – Baidyabati, Mogra
*'''Terracotta''' – Chinsurah, Chandannagar, Baidyabati, Mogra
<ref>District [[Human Development Report]] 2010: Hooghly P. 67</ref>
|}

===Banking===
In 2013–14, Chinsurah Mogra CD Block had offices of 16 commercial banks.<ref name=handbook2014/>

==Transport==
Chinsurah Mogra CD Block has two ferry services and five originating/terminating bus routes.<ref name=handbook2014/>

The [[Howrah-Bardhaman main line]] passes through this CD block and there are stations at Chuchura, [[Hooghly railway station|Hooghly]], [[Bandel Junction railway station|Bandel]], [[Adisaptagram railway station|Adisaptagram]], [[Mogra railway station|Mogra]] and [[Talandu railway station|Talandu]]. The stations are mostly located in the cities/municipal towns and are outside the CD block.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/howrah-barddhaman-jn-local-37815/14449/581/2 |title = 37815 Howrah Bardhaman Jn Local |work = Time Table | publisher= indiarailinfo | access-date = 13 June 2017}}</ref>

It is part of [[Kolkata Suburban Railway#Howrah Eastern Section|Kolkata Suburban Railway]] system.

[[State Highway 13 (West Bengal)]]/[[Grand Trunk Road]] passes through this CD block.<ref name=pwd>{{cite web | url = http://www.pwdwb.in/road/state_highway | title = Road - Highway | publisher = Public Works Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 15 June 2017 | archive-date = 12 March 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170312025816/http://pwdwb.in/road/state_highway | url-status = dead }}</ref> The Dankuni-Mogra sector is also known as Delhi Road.

==Education==
In 2013–14, Chinsurah Mogra CD Block had 79 primary schools with 9,635 students, one middle schools with 53 students, seven high schools with 3,158 students and 15 higher secondary schools with 17,020 students. Balagarh CD Block had one general college with 3,906 students, 5 technical/ professional institutions with 3,296 students and 320 institutions for special and non-formal education with 4,342 students.<ref name=handbook2014/>

[[Sreegopal Banerjee College]], a general degree college, was established at Bagati, [[Mogra]], in 1958.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://sgbcollege.in/ | title = Sreegopal Banerjee College | publisher = SBC | access-date = 30 June 2017 | archive-date = 3 July 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170703103602/http://www.sgbcollege.in/ | url-status = usurped }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.collegeadmission.in/SreeGopalBanerjeeCollege/Sree_Gopal_Banerjee_College.shtml | title = Sreegopal Banerjee College | publisher = College Admission |access-date = 30 June 2017}}</ref>

In Chinsurah Mogra CD Block, amongst the 52 inhabited villages, nine had no school, 13 had more than one primary school, 33 had at least one primary school, 10 had at least one primary and one middle school, and six had at least one middle and one secondary school.<ref name=censushandbook/>

==Healthcare==
In 2014, Chinsurah Mogra CD Block had one block primary health centre, two [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] and four private nursing homes with total 119 beds and seven doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 33 family welfare subcentres. 3,653 patients were treated indoor and 221,954 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD block.<ref name=handbook2014/>

Chinsurah Mogra CD Block has Bandel ESI Hospital (with 250 beds) at PO Bandel, Mogra Rural Hospital (with 30 beds) at [[Mogra]], Digsui [[Primary Health Centre (India)|Primary Health Centre]] (with 10 beds) and R.N. Debdas PHC (Naldanga), at PO Bandel (with 6 beds).<ref name=medical>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/ | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 15 July 2017 | archive-date = 28 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211028134305/https://qphs.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-99a499ee367f0c1530476c81086270c8 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Chinsurah Mogra CD Block is one of the areas of Hooghly district where ground water is affected by low level of [[Arsenic contamination of groundwater|arsenic contamination]]. The [[World Health Organization|WHO]] guideline for arsenic in drinking water is 10 mg/ litre, and the Indian Standard value is 50 mg/ litre. In Hooghly district, 16 blocks have arsenic levels above WHO guidelines and 11 blocks above Indian standard value. The maximum concentration in Chinsurah Mogra CD Block is 38 mg/litre.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb8.htm| title = Groundwater Arsenic contamination in West Bengal-India (20 years study )| publisher = SOES| work = Hugli| access-date = 3 June 2017| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170524133243/http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb8.htm| archive-date = 24 May 2017| url-status = dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}
{{Hooghly topics}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in Chinsurah subdivision]]

Milap Chand Jain

2026-03-18T19:17:05Z

DamienLorenz695: added info

{{Short description|Former Chief Justice in Delhi, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Milap Chand Jain
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 21 July 1929
| birth_place = [[Jodhpur]]
| death_date = 29 April 2015 (aged 85)
| death_place = [[Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan]]
| residence =
| order = [[Governor of Rajasthan]] (Acting)
| term_start = 3 February 1990
| term_end = 14 February 1990
| predecessor = [[Sukhdev Prasad]]
| successor = [[D. P. Chattopadhyaya]]
| spouse =
| children =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Milap Chand Jain''' (21 July 1929<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.de/search?q=%22Jain,+Milap%22&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&gws_rd=cr&ei=KoBDVYnWFMjvaoOwgKAL#tbm=bks&q=%22Jain%2C+Milap%22+1929|title=%22Jain, Milap%22 – Google Search}}</ref> – 29 April 2015<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/justice-milap-chand-jain-dies/article7160388.ece | title= Justice Milap Chand Jain dies | date=1 May 2015 | newspaper=The Hindu | accessdate=10 March 2019 }}</ref>) was a former [[Chief Justice]] of the [[Delhi High Court]].

He was born in 1929 in [[Jodhpur]], [[Rajasthan]]. After obtaining his [[Bachelor of Commerce|B. Com.]] and [[Master of Laws|LLM]] degrees, he was appointed a judge of the Rajasthan High Court in 1978, and he later rose to become the Chief Justice. He was also the chairman of the Jain Commission set up by the [[Government of India]] to inquire into [[Rajiv Gandhi]]'s assassination.

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20110606105700/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1503/15031100.htm hinduonnet]}}

{{Governors of Rajasthan}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jain, Milap Chand}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:Governors of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rajasthani people]]
[[Category:1929 births]]
[[Category:2015 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Jodhpur]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Rajasthan High Court]]
[[Category:Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi]]
[[Category:Indian Peace Keeping Force]]

{{India-law-bio-stub}}

Gurukul Pratishthan

2026-03-07T15:33:42Z

DamienLorenz695: starting a entry w/ refs

{{Short description|Institute promoting Indian classical music and art forms}}
{{Orphan|date=December 2016}}

{{Infobox university
| name = Gurukul Pratishthan
| native_name =
| image_name =
| image_size =
| established = 2006
| type = [[Music]]
| chairman = [[Vivek Sonar]]
| city = [[Mumbai]]
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| country = [[India]]
| website = [http://www.gurukulpratishthan.org/ www.gurukulpratishthan.org]
| logo =
}}

'''Gurukul Pratishthan''', a charitable trust, is an institute with the ideology of promoting and encouraging the Indian classical music and various other forms of art.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/This-flautist-doesnt-mind-being-in-a-minority/articleshow/53793218.cms |title=This flautist doesn't mind being in a minority |accessdate=29 Dec 2016 |work=The Times of India |date=21 Aug 2016}}</ref> It was founded by Shree Vivek Sonar.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/mumbai-diary-tuesday-dossier/17532183|title=Mumbai Diary: Tuesday Dossier |accessdate=29 Dec 2016 |publisher=Mid-day.com |date=16 Aug 2016}}</ref> He is one amongst the senior most deciples of Pandit [[Hariprasad Chaurasia]], a [[Padma Vibhushan]] holder and a well-known artist of the instrument [[Bansuri]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |accessdate=29 Dec 2016 |publisher=MINISTRY OF HOME AFFAIRS |date= |archive-date=15 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==History==
The Gurukul Academy was formed in 2006, and is an institute that is dedicated to Bansuri and various other forms of [[Hindustani classical music]]. Under the training of Vivek Sonar, the institute is in the process of making various young Bansuri artists. Apart from Bansuri, students are provided with training in Hindustani classical [[vocal]] and [[tabla]] under the guidance of the respective gurus.

==Characteristic==
The main objectives of the institute is to preserve and promote the cultural heritage of the Indian classical music and other forms of art like [[painting]], [[sculpting]], etc. through continuous practice and research.

The institute spread awareness amongst the world about the Indian classical music through various activities like making learning of different forms of art accessible to anyone and everyone, creating outreaching programs like [[workshops]], offering scholarships to young learning artists as an encouragement.

The Institute provide proper platform for amateur artists to perform their art. Also felicitate and honor the senior artists for their dedication and contribution towards [[music]].

==Members of Gurukul Pratishthan (Notable Faculty)==
* Chairman: Vivek Sonar
* Treasurer: Deepak Sonawane
* Advisor: Sandip Malvi
* Secretary: Ghanshyam Sonar
* Member: Kavita Sarode

==Initiatives of Gurukul Pratishthan==

===Bansuri Utsav===
The Bansuri Utsav is an exceptional blend of Indian Classical music program which takes place every year since 2007 in [[Thane]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/music/gurukul-prathishthan-s-bansuri-utsav-to-start-in-mumbai/story-K0VW619d6CVQhumLX0qlvM.html|title=Gurukul Prathishthan's Bansuri Utsav to start in Mumbai |accessdate=29 Dec 2016 |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=19 Nov 2011}}</ref> 35 artists play flute together uniformly in a particular composition. The sixth year of Bansuri Utsav was presented in January 2013.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.afternoondc.in/48-hrs/performance-bansuri-utsavs-flute-symphony-led-by-vivek-sonar/article_99820|title=PERFORMANCE Bansuri Utsav's Flute Symphony Led by Vivek Sonar|accessdate=29 Dec 2016|publisher=Mid-day.com|date=3 Jan 2014|archive-date=24 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124024531/http://www.afternoondc.in/48-hrs/performance-bansuri-utsavs-flute-symphony-led-by-vivek-sonar/article_99820|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Flute Symphony===
The [[Flute]] Symphony, a concept by Vivek Sonar since 2007, promises to deliver a wonderful experience of music. It includes a hundred piece of orchestra consisting of flute in between surrounded by various other instruments like guitar, drums, keyboard, saxophone and other different differences. Every year it features a different raga based composition and to name a few, it includes ragas like Raga [[Khamaj]], Raga Bhinna Shadja, Raga [[Yaman (raga)|Yaman]], etc.

===Khandesh Sangeet Samaroh===
In the Khandesh region of [[Maharashtra]], the Indian classical music has not gained much importance. A music movement called Khandesh Sangeet Samaroh was started by Vivek Sonar in the year 2010 in chalisgaon, his hometown in Maharashtra. The motive of the movement was to recognize and encourage the Indian classical music in small towns. Hence, it was conceivable to bring various performances of the leading musicians to the town of [[Khandesh]].

===Aadaranjali and Swaranjali===
In the memory of Late Shree Ramchandra D. Sonar, father of Vivek Sonar, in 2010, Vivek Sonar started an annual music program Aadaranjali which is held in [[Chalisgaon]] in May every year. Another yearly music event is held yearly in Chalisgaon in the memory of Master Anant Rao Gurav.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links ==
* [http://www.gurukulpratishthan.org/ Gurukul Pratishthan official website]
* [http://www.bansuriutsav.com/ Bansuri Utsav website]
* [http://www.flutesymphony.com/ Flute Symphony website]
* [http://www.viveksonar.com/ Vivek Sonar's website]

{{Indian Music}}

[[Category:Charities based in India]]

Chaduranga

2026-03-05T11:17:36Z

DamienLorenz695:

{{Short description|Indian writer}}
{{more citations needed|date=June 2013}}
{{expand Kannada|date=November 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}

{{Infobox writer
| name = Subramanyaraje Urs
| embed =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| pseudonym = Chaduranga
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth year|1916}}
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| death_date = {{Death date and age|1998|10|19|1916}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Noted Kannada writer dead|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/1998/98oct21/nation.htm|website=The Tribune|accessdate=15 April 2017|date=21 October 1998}}</ref>
| death_place = [[Mysore]], India
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| portaldisp = 
}}
'''Subramanyaraje Urs''' ( ; 1 january 1916), known by his pseudonym '''Chaduranga''', was an Indian writer in [[Kannada language]]. He wrote four novels—''Sarvamangala'', ''Uyyale'', ''Vaishakha'', and ''Hejjala''—and a few other short stories. Chaduranga directed the on-screen version of ''[[Sarvamangala]]'' in 1968 while
''Uyyale'' was made into a [[Uyyale|movie of same name]] in 1969.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=Whj5XqRzgAI&feature=youtu.be|title = ನಾಡು ಕಂಡ ರಾಜ್‌ಕುಮಾರ್ | Naadu Kanda Rajkumar Ep-30 | Hariharapura Manjunath | Total Kannada| website=[[YouTube]] }}</ref>

==Awards==
Chaduranga was honoured with the State [[Sahitya Academy Award]] in 1982,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/old_version/awa10307.htm#kannada |title= Awards & fellowships-Akademi Awards|website=www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090826214805/http://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/old_version/awa10307.htm |archive-date=26 August 2009}}</ref> the [[Karnataka]] State Rajyotsava award, the Central Sahitya Academy award, and an honorary doctorate by the [[Mysore University]] in 1993.<ref name="chaduranga">{{cite web
|title=Personalities of Mysore
|url=http://www.mysoredasara.com/html/personalities.htm#chaduranga
|url-status=usurped
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080821065216/http://www.mysoredasara.com/html/personalities.htm#chaduranga
|archivedate=21 August 2008
}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.kamat.com/jyotsna/blog/blog.php?BlogID=984 Remembering ''Chaduranga'']
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20080821065216/http://www.mysoredasara.com/html/personalities.htm#chaduranga Personalities of Mysore-Chaduranga]}}
* {{IMDb name|3406177}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:1916 births]]
[[Category:1998 deaths]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Kannada]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Writers from Mysore]]
[[Category:Novelists from Karnataka]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]

Moodu Mulla Bandham

2026-03-03T19:09:02Z

DamienLorenz695: page edit

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Moodu Mulla Bandham
| image =
| caption =
| writer = Appala Chary {{small|(dialogues)}}
| story = Muthyala Subbaiah
| screenplay = Muthyala Subbaiah
| producer = Rangana Aswartha Narayana Poonathota Raghuram
| director = [[Muthyala Subbaiah]]
| starring = [[Sarath Babu]] [[Madhavi (actress)|Madhavi]] [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]]
| music = [[Satyam (composer)|Satyam]]
| cinematography = I. Dasarathram
| editing = P. Chandra Mohan
| studio = Gomatha Art Creations<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=41t22FjVBjU |title=Moodu Mulla Bandham (Overview) |work=Youtube}}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1980|12|6}}
| runtime = 134 mins
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Moodu Mulla Bandham''''' ({{translation|Three Knot Relation}}) is a 1980 [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by [[Muthyala Subbaiah]]. It stars [[Sarath Babu]], [[Madhavi (actress)|Madhavi]] and [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], with music composed by [[Satyam (composer)|Satyam]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.com/moodu-mulla-bandham-movie/16924 |title=Moodu Mulla Bandham (Review) |work=gomolo.com}}</ref> It is produced by Rangana Aswartha Narayana and Poonathota Raghuram under the Gomatha Art Creations banner.

==Cast==
* [[Sarath Babu]] as Doctor
* [[Maadhavi (actress)|Madhavi]] as Radha
* [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] as Murali
* Vijayakala as Padma

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Moodu Mulla Bandham
| type = film
| artist = [[Satyam (composer)|Satyam]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1980
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 21:22
| label = SEA Records
| producer = [[Satyam (composer)|Satyam]]
| prev_title = [[Chandipriya]]
| prev_year = 1980
| next_title = [[Aarani Mantalu]]
| next_year = 1980
}}

Music was composed by [[Satyam (composer)|Satyam]]. Lyrics were written by [[C. Narayana Reddy]]. Music was released on SEA Records Audio Company.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cineradham.com/telugu-audio/movie/3372/Moodu%20Mulla%20Bandham(1980)/ |title=Moodu Mulla Bandham (Music) |work=Cineradham}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!S.No!!Song title !!Singers !!length
|-
|1
|"Aa Chupe Oka Vala"
|Anand, [[S. P. Sailaja]]
|4:08
|-
|2
|"Kala Yeduruga Nilichinda"
|[[P. Susheela]]
|3:52
|-
|3
|"Prati Manishiki Rendu"
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|4:14
|-
|4
|"Tulasi Kotalo"
|P. Susheela
|3:03
|-
|5
|"Radha Krishnayya"
|[[S. Janaki]]
|6:05
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Muthyala Subbaiah}}

[[Category:1980 films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Satyam (composer)]]
[[Category:1980 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Muthyala Subbaiah]]
[[Category:Films about marriage]]

{{1980s-Telugu-film-stub}}

Toss (2007 film)

2026-03-03T18:14:37Z

DamienLorenz695: improved article

{{short description|2007 film by Priyadarshini Ram}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Toss
| image = Toss (2007 film).jpg
| alt =
| caption = DVD cover
| native_name =
| director = [[Priyadarshini Ram]]
| producer = [[K. K. Radha Mohan]] Dev Amar
| writer = [[Priyadarshini Ram]] [[Sampath Nandi]] (dialogue)
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on =
| starring = [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] [[Raja (actor)|Raja]] [[Kamna Jethmalani]] [[Priyamani]]
| narrator =
| music = [[Mani Sharma]]
| cinematography = T. Surendra Reddy
| editing = Anil Kumar Bonthu
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2007|07|14|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Toss''''' is a 2007 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language action film written and directed by [[Priyadarshini Ram]]. The film stars [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]], [[Raja Abel|Raja]], [[Kamna Jethmalani]], and [[Priyamani]] in prominent roles. The film was released on 14 July 2007 to negative reviews. This is the first film in India to be shot with the [[Thompson Viper|Thompson Viper Filmstream Camera]] by cinematographer T. Surendra Reddy.

==Plot ==
Parasuram (Raja) is a self-employed youth with a difference. He does justice to the wrongdoers by charging SET (Self Employment Tax). Neelakanta ([[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]]) is an anti-social element who is very fond of his blind sister Naina ([[Priyamani]]). They share a dark past. Nayak ([[Suman (actor)|Suman]]), the local police chief, appoints Parasuram as undercover cop to recover {{INR}} 10 crore stolen by Neelakanta. Parasuram gets hold of Naina and makes her fall in love with him. The rest of the story is about the conflict between Parasuram and Neelakanta.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] as Neelakanta
* [[Raja Abel|Raja]] as Parasuram
* [[Priyamani]] as Naina
* [[Ali (actor)|Ali]]
* [[Kamna Jethmalani]] as Nisha
* [[Suman (actor)|Suman]] as Naik
* [[Vinod Kumar Alva|Vinod Kumar]] as Sivaji Rao
* [[Krishna Bhagavaan]] as Varanda Babu
* [[Supreeth]]
* Ramya
* [[Sudha (Telugu actress)|Sudha]]
* [[Abhinayashree]]
* [[Raghunatha Reddy]] as Agastya
* [[Jeeva (Telugu actor)|Jeeva]]
* [[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]]
}}

== Soundtrack ==
{{Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)

| title1 = O Madhu Vandana
| extra1 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]]

| title2 = Prema Prema
| extra2 = Rahul, [[Rita (Indian singer)|Rita]]

| title3 = Yeh Babuji
| extra3 = Naveen, Rita

| title4 = Toss Toss
| extra4= [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]], Naveen

| title5 = Em Chilako
| extra5 = Ravi Verma, Vijayalakshmi
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' wrote that "We expect a sensible and meaningful film when an adman directs a film, but what we get from ''Toss'' is exactly opposite".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/thegoodthebadtheugly/toss.html|title = Toss movie review - the Good, the Bad and the ugly - Telugu cinema - Upendra, Raja, Priyamani & Kamna Jetmalani|last=jeevi|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|date=14 July 2007}}</ref> A critic from ''Full Hyderabad'' wrote that "You will do yourself a favor by skipping this one just about anything else will entertain you better".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/toss-bomma-borusaa/telugu/toss-bomma-borusaa-movie-reviews-2099-2.html|title=Toss - Bomma Borusaa Review|work=Full Hyderabad|first=Bharath|last=Lingam}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' wrote that "Toss projects Upendra, Kannada cinema?s superstar as a terrific mass hero in the main lead. Priyadharsini Ram (of Manodu fame) who takes credit for story, screenplay, editing and direction has depended more on the packaging rather than on the content".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sify.com/movies/toss-review--pclwscadggegj.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123095629/https://www.sify.com/movies/toss-review--pclwscadggegj.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=23 January 2022 | title=Toss | date= 16 July 2007 | website=[[Sify]] }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt1612112}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Toss (2007 Film)}}
[[Category:2007 films]]
[[Category:2007 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Mani Sharma]]

Aadyaa

2026-03-03T12:12:35Z

DamienLorenz695: minor adjust page per standard format and added references based on references

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aadya
| image = Aadyaa poster.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[K. M. Chaitanya]]
| producer = T G Vishwaprasad Raghunath S
| screenplay = [[K. M. Chaitanya]]
| story = [[Adivi Sesh]]
| starring = [[Chiranjeevi Sarja]] [[Sruthi Hariharan]] [[Sangeetha Bhat]]
| music = [[V. Sridhar]]
| cinematography = V. Malhar Bhatt Joshi
| editing = Akshay P. Rao
| studio = People Media Factory STF Entertainments
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2020|02|21|df=y}}
| runtime = 120 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget = 
| gross = 
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Kshanam]]''|[[Ravikanth Perepu]]}}
}}

'''''Aadya''''' is a 2020 Indian [[Kannada]] [[thriller film]] directed by [[K. M. Chaitanya]]. It stars [[Chiranjeevi Sarja]] [[Sruthi Hariharan]], and [[Sangeetha Bhat]] in the lead roles. The supporting cast includes [[Ravishankar Gowda]] and Shashank Purushotham.The [[Film score|score]] and soundtrack for the film is by [[V. Sridhar|Sridhar V Sambhram]] and the cinematography is by V Malhar Bhat Joshi. The film is the official remake of 2016 [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''[[Kshanam]]'' directed by [[Ravikanth Perepu]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/aadya-movie-review-in-kidnapping-casesevery-second-counts/articleshow/74250382.cms |title=Aadya movie review: In kidnapping cases, every second counts - Bangalore Mirror |website=The Times of India |access-date=29 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/aadyaa/amp_movie_review/74236738.cms |title=Aadyaa Movie Review: An engaging thriller with some fine performances |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=29 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/sruthi-hariharan-play-a-cop-role-in-chiranjeevi-sarja-starrer-aadya-movie/articleshow/74176697.cms |title=aadya movie: ಖಡಕ್ ಪೊಲೀಸ್ ಅಧಿಕಾರಿ ಪಾತ್ರದಲ್ಲಿ ಕಾಣಿಸಿಕೊಂಡ ಶ್ರುತಿ ಹರಿಹರನ್‌! - sruthi hariharan play a cop role in chiranjeevi sarja starrer aadya movie |website=Vijaya Karnataka |language=kn |access-date=29 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/sruthi-hariharan-chiranjeevi-sarja-lead-aadya-ready-for-release/articleshow/74137240.cms |title=kannada movie aadya: ಕುತೂಹಲ ಕೆರಳಿಸಿರುವ ಚಿರಂಜೀವಿ ಸರ್ಜಾ, ಶ್ರುತಿ ಹರಿಹರನ್ ಜೋಡಿಯ 'ಆದ್ಯಾ' - sruthi hariharan chiranjeevi sarja lead aadya ready for release |website=Vijaya Karnataka |language=kn |access-date=29 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://kannada.asianetnews.com/movie-reviews/kannada-movie-adhya-film-review-q635fg |title=ಚಿತ್ರ ವಿಮರ್ಶೆ: ಆದ್ಯ {{!}} kannada movie Adhya film review |website=kannada.asianetnews.com |access-date=29 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/sruthi-hariharan-plays-to-play-a-tough-cop-in-aadyaa/articleshow/74190022.cms |title=Sruthi Hariharan plays to play a tough cop in 'Aadyaa' |website=The Times of India |date=18 February 2020 |language=en |access-date=29 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/sruthi-hariharan-chiranjeevi-sarja-to-resume-work-on-the-kannada-remake-of-kshanam/articleshow/67572014.cms |title=Sruthi Hariharan, Chiranjeevi Sarja to resume work on the Kannada remake of Kshanam |website=The Times of India |date=18 January 2019 |language=en |access-date=29 April 2020}}</ref>

==Plot==
Aditya Shankar, a Kolkata-based investment banker, gets a voice call from his ex-girlfriend Sangeetha after a long gap. They studied medicine in the same college and wanted to marry, but her father arranged an alliance with an entrepreneur named Karthik. In the present, Aditya, who still loves Sangeetha, leaves for India on the pretense of attending a relative's marriage. Aditya hires a car from Kariya, a travel agent, takes a SIM card on his sister's address and stays at Hotel Marriott.

Aditya meets Sangeetha at a restaurant and learns her five-year-old daughter Aadyaa is missing. She laments that no one else, including Rajeev believes that Aadyaa actually never exists. Aditya also learns about Karthik's brother Sunny, a drug addict who regularly visits her home. Aditya begins an informal investigation which fails many times, also inviting the ire of two African-American gangsters in the city. Kariya, who helps them in transporting drugs, saves Aditya on humanitarian grounds. Posing as Ajith Kumar, a police officer, Aditya meets Rajeev and learns that the couple was childless.

Rajeev recalls Sangeetha being attacked by two masked men before a school to steal her car. He added that Sangeetha went into a coma and post-recovery started claiming that she had a five-year-old daughter named Aadyaa. Perplexed, Aditya later watches a closed-circuit television video footage of the masked men attacking Sangeetha on the day when Aadyaa went missing. Unfortunately, Aadyaa is seen nowhere in the footage, which makes Aditya doubt Sangeetha's mental condition. He confronts Sangeetha, who refuses to acknowledge that Aadyaa is imaginary.

Aditya sees height markings of a child on a wall, and before he could react, Sangeetha commits suicide in his presence. ACP Shruthi and Inspector Loki investigate the suicide case. Ajith is killed in Marriott, and Kariya confesses to Aditya that he saw Sunny kidnapping Aadyaa. They meet Shruthi and Loki and get Bobby arrested. In custody, Sunny is killed by Shruthi in an act of self-defense. That same night, Ajith's murderers attack Kariya and Aditya, and Kariya is killed in the process of shooting the murderers to death.

Aditya watches a MMS in the murderers' phone sent by Shruthi instructing to kill him. Aditya meets Shruthi at her farmhouse, where Aadyaa is hidden. Shruthi reveals that Rajeev wanted to kill Ria and arranged the attack on Sangeetha, after which Shruthi found Aadyaa in Sunny's custody. After meeting Aadyaa, Shruthi conspires to raise Aadyaa as her daughter because she had lost her own husband and unborn daughter in a car accident. Shruthi wanted to name her daughter Aadyaa, so when she saw Sangeetha's daughter, she convinced herself that her daughter has arrived.

Thus, Shruthi made a deal with Rajeev; Rajeev wanted Sangeetha to suffer so according to Shruthi's plan, he convinced his friends and family to pretend that Aadyaa never existed, saying Sangeetha cannot bear the shock of her daughter's death. Before Shruthi could kill Aditya, Loki shoots her after listening to the conversation on his way to the farmhouse with his subordinates. Rajeev is arrested and reveals that Aadyaa is not his daughter, as his medical report confirmed him sterile in the past. Then, Aditya reminces his last meeting with Sangeetha; she visited him to invite him to her wedding, and they make love. Aditya realises Aadyaa is his biological child. As he approaches Aadyaa, he sees a reflection of Sangeetha smiling at him.

== Cast ==

* [[Chiranjeevi Sarja]] as Aditya Shankar
* [[Sruthi Hariharan]] as ACP Sruthi Nayak
* [[Sangeetha Bhat]] as Sangeetha
* [[Ravishankar Gowda]]
* Shashank Purushotham as Rajeev
* [[Pramod Shetty]]
* Sujeeth Joseph

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Aadya
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Sridhar V Sambhram]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released =
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = Kannada
| label = [[Lahari Music]]
| producer = T G Vishwaprasad, Raghunath S
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The film's background score and the soundtracks are composed by [[V. Sridhar|Sridhar V Sambhram]]. The music rights were acquired by [[Lahari Music]] .

{{track listing
| headline = Tracklist
| extra3 = Hemachandra, [[Anuradha Bhat]]
| total_length =
| all_lyrics =
| title1 = Neene Kaarana
| lyrics1 = [[Rohith Padaki]]
| extra1 = [[Vijay Prakash]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Jothe Jothe Saago
| lyrics2 = Dhananjay Ranjan
| extra2 = [[Shashank Sheshagiri]], Apoorva Sridhar
| length2 =
| title3 = Mareyagi Nee
| length7 =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| length3 =
| title4 =
| lyrics4 =
| extra4 =
| length4 =
| title5 =
| lyrics5 =
| extra5 =
| length5 =
| all_writing =
| title7 =
| lyrics3 = Niranjan
| title8 =
| title15 =
| length15 =
| length9 =
| title10 =
| length10 =
| title11 =
| length11 =
| title12 =
| length12 =
| title13 =
| length13 =
| title14 =
| length14 =
| length8 =
| title9 =
| title16 =
| length16 =
| title17 =
| length17 =
| title18 =
| length18 =
| title19 =
| length19 =
| title20 =
| length20 =
| title6 =
| length6 =
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2020 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2020 Indian films]]
[[Category:2020s mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mysore]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:2020 thriller films]]
[[Category:2020 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. M. Chaitanya]]
[[Category:People Media Factory films]]

Wounded (2007 film)

2026-03-03T11:59:38Z

DamienLorenz695: minor cleanup

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Wounded
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| director = [[Krishna Mishra]]
| producer = Shree Hari Om Films
| writer = Saloni Goel Aziz Burney
| starring =
| music = Ajay Babla Mehta
| cinematography = [[Aloke Dasgupta]]
| editing = Kamal Saigal
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2007|03|09}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = 1.25 crore<ref>{{cite web|title=The making of a bandit|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040606/asp/look/story_3327173.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041231013028/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040606/asp/look/story_3327173.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 December 2004|publisher=Telegraph India|accessdate=24 December 2013}}</ref>
| gross =
}}
'''''Wounded: The Bandit Queen''''' is a 2007 [[Hindi]] language film that was directed by [[Krishna Mishra]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Wounded' to be screened in UK Film Fest|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Wounded-to-be-screened-in-UK-Film-Fest/articleshow/1195677.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224153929/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-08-09/news-interviews/27850342_1_seema-parihar-bandit-queen-uk-film-fest|url-status=live|archive-date=24 December 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=24 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Anustup Basu|first=Meheli Sen|title=Figurations in Indian Film (essay: Sensate Outlaws by Bishnupriya Ghosh|year=2013|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0230291799|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UKNEAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT31 }}</ref> The film was first released on 9 March 2007. The film is based on the true story of [[Seema Parihar]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Wounded yet roaring|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/wounded-yet-roaring/article3198740.ece|work=The Hindu|accessdate=24 December 2013}}</ref> who plays herself in the film.<ref>{{cite news|title=Seema Parihar has acted in film before Bigg Boss|url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2010/nov/261110-Seema-Parihar-Bigg-Boss-The-Bandit-Queen.htm|accessdate=24 December 2013|newspaper=Mid-Day|date=2010-11-26}}</ref>

==Plot==
Parihar was abducted at the age of 13 from her village and the film depicts her transformation into a bandit.

==Cast==
*Kanhaiya as Lalaram
*[[Seema Parihar]] as herself
*Sushama Das as Seema's Mother
*Kailash Bajpai as Seema's Father
*Anjali Pandey as young Seema Parihar
* Jitender Singh Naruka as Raghvendra

==Production==
Planning for ''Wounded'' began around 2002, when Tarun Kumar Bagchi, A.K. Joshi and Krishna Mishra were inspired to create a film based upon Seema Parihar's life. The three men lobbied for Parihar's release on bail, as they wanted her to play as herself in the movie.<ref>{{cite web|title=Wounded, but raring to fight|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040623/asp/calcutta/story_3403356.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040703161524/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040623/asp/calcutta/story_3403356.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 July 2004|publisher=Telegraph India|accessdate=24 December 2013}}</ref> They were successful and filming began in 2004, upon which point it received some media notice due to it being one of the first films where a former dacoit plays herself.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dumped years back, wounded now|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040726/asp/nation/story_3542948.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040820175716/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040726/asp/nation/story_3542948.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 August 2004|publisher=Telegraph India|accessdate=24 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Ghosh |first=Bishnupriya |title=Global Icons: Apertures to the Popular |title-link=Global Icons: Apertures to the Popular |publisher=Duke University Press Books |year=2011 |isbn=978-0822350163 |pages=171, 190, 266}}</ref> During filming Mishra and Parihar received threats of bodily harm from dacoit Nirbhaya Gujjar, who led the gang that Parihar formerly led,<ref>{{cite web|title=Gangsta girls rising|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060924/asp/look/story_6781175.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224121132/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060924/asp/look/story_6781175.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 December 2013|publisher=Telegraph India|accessdate=24 December 2013}}</ref> as he believed that she was "defaming the lives of dacoits".<ref>{{cite web|title=Dacoits' dagger over reformed dacoit|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050409/asp/nation/story_4593539.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224121755/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050409/asp/nation/story_4593539.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 December 2013|publisher=Telegraph India|accessdate=24 December 2013}}</ref> Several attacks were made upon the production.<ref>{{cite web|title=Producer gets death threat from dacoit|url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/entertainment/bollywood/Producer-gets-death-threat-from-dacoit/articleshow/15667615.cms|publisher=Mumbai Mirror|accessdate=24 December 2013}}</ref> Upon completion of filming, the censor board of India initially refused to clear ''Wounded'' as they had objections over slang words used in the movie.<ref>{{cite web|title=Slang stalls bandit film|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050222/asp/nation/story_4408520.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050316010033/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050222/asp/nation/story_4408520.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 March 2005|publisher=Telegraph India|accessdate=24 December 2013}}</ref> The [[Bombay High Court]] later cleared the film without removing any of the language that the censor board wanted to remove.<ref>{{cite web|title=HC quashes Censor snips on Wounded|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/HC-quashes-Censor-snips-on-Wounded/articleshow/1379296.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224152705/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-01-20/india/27790152_1_hc-quashes-film-certification-dacoit|url-status=live|archive-date=24 December 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=24 December 2013}}</ref>

==Reception==
Turnout for ''Wounded'' was poor and reception was described as "lackluster" by the [[Hindustan Times]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Seema Parihar: a woman of too many words|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/seema-parihar--woman-of-too-many-words/article1-219416.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231065720/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/seema-parihar--woman-of-too-many-words/article1-219416.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 December 2013|publisher=Hindustan Times|accessdate=24 December 2013}}</ref>

===Awards===
*''Critics Award'' at the Leicester Expo Film Festival (2005, won)<ref>{{cite web|title=From bandit queen to 'Meera Bai'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/From-bandit-queen-to-Meera-Bai/articleshow/8418021.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224151338/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-18/india/29555272_1_bandit-queen-seema-parihar-police-stations|url-status=live|archive-date=24 December 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=24 December 2013}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Seema Parihar]]
*[[Bandit Queen]]
*[[Phoolan Devi]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0495245|Wounded}}

[[Category:2007 films]]
[[Category:2007 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2007 Indian films]]

Dharala Prabhu

2026-03-03T02:39:05Z

DamienLorenz695: Added post

{{Short description|2020 film by Krishna Marimuthu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date = March 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date = March 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Dharala Prabhu.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Krishna Marimuthu
| screenplay = Sudharshan Narasimhan
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Vicky Donor]]''|[[Juhi Chaturvedi]]}}
| starring = [[Harish Kalyan]] [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] [[Tanya Hope]]
| music = [[Anirudh Ravichander]] [[Sean Roldan]] [[Vivek-Mervin]] [[Inno Genga]] Madley Blues Bharath Shankar [[Kaber Vasuki]] Oorka
| cinematography = [[Selvakumar S. K.]]
| editing = Kripakaran
| studio = Screen Scene Media Entertainment
| distributor = Screen Scene Media Entertainment
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2020|03|13|ref1=}}
| runtime = 138 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Dharala Prabhu''''' ({{Translation|Generous Lord}}) is a 2020 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film written and directed by Krishna Marimuthu in his directorial debut. A remake of the 2012 [[Hindi]] film ''[[Vicky Donor]]'', the film stars [[Harish Kalyan]], [[Tanya Hope]] and [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]].<ref>{{Cite web |title='Dharala Prabhu' is an official remake of 'Vicky Donor':Krishna Marimuthu |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/dharala-prabhu-is-an-official-remake-of-vicky-donorkrishna-marimuthu--news-tamil-udfehLihcdhig.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200305115231/https://www.sify.com/movies/dharala-prabhu-is-an-official-remake-of-vicky-donorkrishna-marimuthu--news-tamil-udfehLihcdhig.html |archive-date=5 March 2020 |access-date=2020-03-13 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 March 2020 |title='Dharala Prabhu', a Tamil remake of Bollywood film 'Vicky Donor' |url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/south-indian/dharala-prabhu-a-tamil-remake-of-bollywood-film-vicky-donor-1.70304881 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200312061720/https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/south-indian/dharala-prabhu-a-tamil-remake-of-bollywood-film-vicky-donor-1.70304881 |archive-date=12 March 2020 |access-date=2020-03-13 |website=gulfnews.com |language=en}}</ref> The film's concept is set against the backdrop of [[sperm donation]] and infertility, with Prabhu (Harish Kalyan) approached by Kannadasan (Vivek), the owner of a fertility clinic, to become a sperm donor for which he eventually agrees.

The film was initially reported for a Tamil remake in early 2012, with a project starring [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]] in the lead role eventually fails to materialise despite its announcements. Eight years later in May 2019, Screen Scene Media Entertainment acquired the remake rights with Harish Kalyan being hired for the film and the project started the following month. The cinematography was handled by [[Selvakumar S. K.]] and edited by Kripakaran, the film features a soundtrack album composed by [[Anirudh Ravichander]], [[Sean Roldan]], [[Vivek-Mervin]], [[Inno Genga]], Madley Blues, Bharath Shankar, [[Kaber Vasuki]] and Oorka.

Dharala Prabhu was released theatrically on 13 March 2020. With theatres being shut down due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], affecting its collections, the film was made available for streaming via [[Amazon Prime Video]], less than a month after its release. Nevertheless, the film opened to positive reviews from critics and became a breakthrough film for Harish Kalyan and ended up as a decent hit by its other revenue. The film also marked Vivek's final release before his death.

== Plot ==
Dr. Kannadasan [[MBBS]] is a [[fertility doctor]] who runs and manages a fertility clinic in [[Chennai]] with the help of his assistant, Kaamu. He promises high-quality sperm for his patients but is frustrated at his lack of success due to his inability to find a healthy sperm donor. Through his contact at the Employment Exchange Department, he reviews the employment applications filed under the sports category, finding a suitable person in the name of Prabhu Govind.

Prabhu, a happy-go-lucky young man with an outstanding flair for playing [[association football|football]], aspires to gain his dream job under the sports quota in order to support his mother Vaanathi and his grandmother, both of whom run a beauty spa. One day, while making a delivery at a mall on the behest of his mother, Prabhu meets Nidhi Mandhana, an employee and divorcee, and is instantly smitten by her. He later notices Kannadasan following him and corners him. Kannadasan, in a friendly manner, requests Prabhu to make a sperm donation, to which the latter rejects outright, out of disgust. Undeterred, Kannadasan follows Prabhu everywhere, determined to gain his sperm. Meanwhile, Prabhu regularly visits Nidhi at the mall and the two grow close.

Later, after witnessing his football coach lamenting about his inability to have a child with his late wife, Prabhu has a change of heart and approaches Kannadasan. He regularly makes donations to Kannadasan, who in turn pays him for every donation he makes. Prabhu lavishly spends the money and lives happily. He maintains his donations a secret from his family. However, upon discovering that Kannadasan had repeatedly sabotaged his numerous attempts at gaining employment in order to remain in business, Prabhu leaves him and decides to marry Nidhi. Guilty, Kannadasan makes up for Prabhu by securing him his dream job and settling the rift between his family and Nidhi's, resulting in them getting happily married. Prabhu, now reconciled with Kannadasan, makes one final donation to him (albeit at his nudging). Kannadasan uses Prabu's sperm to covertly provide a Kid for a State minister, and gets a huge amount as settlement.

Nidhi yearns to have a child with Prabhu but is unable to have one. Three years pass, but the couple is unable to bear a child. Kannadasan later explains that Nidhi is [[infertile]], leaving Prabhu devastated. Despite Kannadasan's request to conceive a child through [[surrogacy]], Prabhu and Nidhi decide to [[adopt]] a child. They adopt Kavya, a three-year-old girl, whose parents had died in a [[car accident]]. Later, at home, Prabhu discovers that Kavya is actually his biological child, conceived through one of his donations, leaving him horrified. He confronts Kannadasan, who admits the truth. He urges Prabhu to raise Kavya with love and care. Despite this shock, Prabhu softens up to Kavya and raises her as his own child, also maintaining her true origins as a secret from his family. Prabhu's family grows close to Kavya, but are unaware of her true origins.

Later, the Income Tax Department arrests Prabhu on the charges of handling [[black money]], and Kannadasan comes to his aid. With no other record, Kannadasan is forced to reveal the truth to the police, and they both escape prosecution using the influence of the Minister. Disgusted with the truth, Nidhi leaves Prabhu. Prabhu reconciles with Kannadasan and begs to Nidhi for forgiveness. Kannadasan later invites Prabhu, Nidhi, and Kavya to a function held at an orphanage. He explains to Nidhi that although Prabhu keeping his actions a secret from her was wrong, he urges her to look at the good intentions behind them and reveals to her the happiness that Prabhu gave to numerous families through his donations. He further reveals that 49 children were conceived through Prabhu's donations. With a change of heart, Nidhi reconciles with Prabhu. Prabhu, Nidhi, Kavya, Kannadasan, and other families (whose children were conceived via Prabhu) celebrate.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Harish Kalyan]] as Prabhu Govind
* [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] as Dr. Kannadasan
* [[Tanya Hope]] as Nidhi Mandanna
* Baby Nikhitha as Kavya
* [[Anupama Kumar]] as Vaanathi, Prabhu's mother
* [[Sachu]] as Kundhavai, Prabhu's grandmother
* [[R. S. Shivaji]] as Kaamu, Kannadasan's assistant
* Akalya Venkatesan as Latha
* Haresh Vikram as himself
* [[Ravindra Vijay]] as Coach Manoj Kumar
* Siddharth Venkataraman as Kavya's father
* Nanditha Sreekumar as Kavya's mother
* Subha as Manoj Kumar's wife
* [[Namo Narayana]] as Minister Kaathavarayan
* Ravi Bhatt as Prasad, Nidhi's father
* [[Madhuvanti Arun]] as Prema, Nidhi's aunt
* Meera Krishnamurthi as Amudha
* [[RJ Ananthi]] as Kalpana
* [[Lallu]] as Satish
* [[Cell Murugan]] as Vanangamudi
* Gayathri as Chandra
* Latha as a Fertility doctor
* Raja Thirumugan as Paneerselvam
* Nanditha as Kavya's mother
* Siddharth as Kavya's father
}}

== Production ==
After the success of ''[[Vicky Donor]]'', a Tamil remake of the film was reported to be produced by [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]] who acquired the remake rights of the film under his banner Etaki Entertainment.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 May 2012 |title=Siddharth bagged Vicky Donor remake rights |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/siddharth-bagged-vicky-donor-remake-rights/articleshow/12995416.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920051143/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/siddharth-bagged-vicky-donor-remake-rights/articleshow/12995416.cms |archive-date=20 September 2023 |access-date=2021-02-13 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-05-07 |title=Siddharth bags remake rights of Vicky Donor |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/siddharth-bags-remake-rights-of-vicky-donor/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413062914/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/siddharth-bags-remake-rights-of-vicky-donor/ |archive-date=13 April 2016 |access-date=2021-02-13 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Later [[YNOT Studios]] also interested in the film's production, collaborating with the actor for the second time after ''[[Kadhalil Sodhappuvadhu Yeppadi]]'',<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=10 May 2012 |title='Vicky Donor' to be remade in Tamil and Telugu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vicky-donor-to-be-remade-in-tamil-and-telugu/articleshow/13079763.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920051144/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vicky-donor-to-be-remade-in-tamil-and-telugu/articleshow/13079763.cms |archive-date=20 September 2023 |access-date=2021-02-13 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> and was reported to be made as a bilingual in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 May 2012 |title=Vicky Donor to be remade in Tamil |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vicky-donor-to-be-remade-in-tamil/articleshow/13034736.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920051148/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vicky-donor-to-be-remade-in-tamil/articleshow/13034736.cms |archive-date=20 September 2023 |access-date=2021-02-13 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> But no developments had been made further despite its initial announcement.{{Citation needed|date=July 2025}} The same year, another Telugu film titled ''Eenade Edho Ayyindi'', starring [[Brahmanandam]]'s son Raja Gautham in the lead role was reported to be the remake film, but the claims were refuted by its director Madhura Sreedhar.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 January 2017 |title=Film with Gautham is not a Vicky Donor remake: Madhura Sreedhar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/film-with-gautham-is-not-a-vicky-donor-remake-madhura-sreedhar/articleshow/15076264.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719122849/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Film-with-Gautham-is-not-a-Vicky-Donor-remake-Madhura-Sreedhar/articleshow/15076264.cms |archive-date=19 July 2018 |access-date=2021-02-13 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=14 January 2017 |title=Gautham's new movie is titled Eenade Edho Ayyindi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/gauthams-new-movie-is-titled-eenade-edho-ayyindi/articleshow/15161377.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920051231/https://gum.criteo.com/syncframe?origin=publishertag&topUrl=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |archive-date=20 September 2023 |access-date=2021-02-13 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> The film which was later made in Telugu as ''[[Naruda Donoruda]]'' was released in November 2016.<ref>{{Cite news |date=November 2016 |title=Naruda Donoruda |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/previews/naruda-donoruda/articleshow/55181371.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920051144/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/previews/naruda-donoruda/articleshow/55181371.cms |archive-date=20 September 2023 |access-date=2021-02-13 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

In May 2019, Screen Scene Media Entertainment which acquired the remake rights of the film announced that [[Harish Kalyan]] and [[Tanya Hope]] will play the lead role reprising [[Ayushmann Khurrana]]'s and [[Yami Gautam]]'s role in the original version.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Harish Kalyan to act in 'Vicky Donor' Tamil remake! |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/harish-kalyan-to-act-in-vicky-donor-tamil-remake-news-tamil-tfqjMVdahbjhb.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190516063401/http://www.sify.com/movies/harish-kalyan-to-act-in-vicky-donor-tamil-remake-news-tamil-tfqjMVdahbjhb.html |archive-date=16 May 2019 |access-date=2021-02-13 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref> At the end of the month, it was reported that Krishna Marimuthu who helmed the 2017 Telugu film ''[[Yuddham Sharanam]]'' was brought on board as the director,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-29 |title=Harish Kalyan in Vicky Donor Tamil remake? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/harish-kalyan-in-vicky-donor-tamil-remake-5754414/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604085950/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/harish-kalyan-in-vicky-donor-tamil-remake-5754414/ |archive-date=4 June 2019 |access-date=2021-02-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> and the film's tentative title ''Dharala Prabhu'' was also announced.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=27 May 2019 |title='Vicky Donor' Tamil remake titled 'Dharala Prabhu' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vicky-donor-tamil-remake-titled-dharala-prabhu/articleshow/69514335.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200423060611/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vicky-donor-tamil-remake-titled-dharala-prabhu/articleshow/69514335.cms |archive-date=23 April 2020 |access-date=2021-02-13 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> In June 2019, [[Tanya Hope]] and Vivek were brought on to the film's cast essaying pivotal roles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 11, 2019 |title=Vivekh to reprise Annu Kapoor's role in Tamil remake of Vicky Donor |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vivekh-to-reprise-annu-kapoor-s-role-in-tamil-remake-of-vicky-donor-1546698-2019-06-11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020041652/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vivekh-to-reprise-annu-kapoor-s-role-in-tamil-remake-of-vicky-donor-1546698-2019-06-11 |archive-date=20 October 2020 |access-date=2021-02-13 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> [[Principal photography]] began the same month with filming taking place across the suburbs of [[Chennai]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-01 |title='Vicky Donor' to be remade in Tamil as 'Dharala Prabhu' |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vicky-donor-be-remade-tamil-dharala-prabhu-102835 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318080418/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vicky-donor-be-remade-tamil-dharala-prabhu-102835 |archive-date=18 March 2021 |access-date=2021-02-13 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=11 January 2020 |title=More than a remake, our movie will be a retelling of Vicky Donor |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/more-than-a-remake-our-movie-will-be-a-retelling-of-vicky-donor/articleshow/73188756.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200428063237/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/more-than-a-remake-our-movie-will-be-a-retelling-of-vicky-donor/articleshow/73188756.cms |archive-date=28 April 2020 |access-date=2021-02-13 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> The first look of the film was released in January 2020, with the film's tentative title ''Dharala Prabhu'' was finalised as the official title.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 January 2020 |title=First look of Harish Kalyan's Dharala Prabhu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/first-look-of-harish-kalyans-dharala-prabhu/articleshow/73199504.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803213500/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/first-look-of-harish-kalyans-dharala-prabhu/articleshow/73199504.cms |archive-date=3 August 2020 |access-date=2021-02-13 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Dharala Prabhu
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Anirudh Ravichander]], [[Sean Roldan]], [[Vivek-Mervin]], [[Inno Genga]], Madley Blues, Bharath Shankar, Kaber Vasuki and Oorka
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 6 March 2020
| recorded = 2020
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 34:27
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = [[Sony Music India]]
| producer =

| chronology = [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| prev_title = [[Darbar (film)|Darbar]]
| prev_year = 2020
| next_title = [[Paava Kadhaigal]]
| next_year = 2020

| misc ={{Extra chronology
| artist = [[Sean Roldan]]
| type = Soundtrack
| prev_title = [[Raatchasi]]
| prev_year = 2019
| title = Dharala Prabhu
| year = 2020
| next_title = [[Kasada Thapara]]
| next_year = 2021
}}

{{Extra chronology
| artist = [[Vivek-Mervin]]
| type = Soundtrack
| prev_title = [[Pattas]]
| prev_year = 2020
| title = Dharala Prabhu
| year = 2020
| next_title = [[Sulthan (2021 film)|Sulthan]]
| next_year = 2021
}}

{{Extra chronology
| artist = Kaber Vasuki
| type = Soundtrack
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| title = Dharala Prabhu
| year = 2020
| next_title = [[Aelay]]
| next_year = 2021
}}

{{Extra chronology
| artist = Bharath Shankar
| type = Soundtrack
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| title = Dharala Prabhu
| year = 2020
| next_title = [[Mandela (2021 film)|Mandela]]
| next_year = 2021
}}

{{Singles
| name = Dharala Prabhu
| type = soundtrack
| single1 = Aaha Ooho
| single1date = 5 February 2020
| single2 = Unnaal Penne
| single2date = 17 February 2020
| single3 = Rasa Mavan
| single3date = 28 February 2020
| single4 = Kaadhal Theevey
| single4date = 1 March 2020
| single5 = Dharala Prabhu
| single5date = 4 March 2020
| single6 = Maatra Thendral
| single6date = 3 June 2020
}}
}}
The soundtrack album of ''Dharala Prabhu'', features eight songs composed by eight different composers, which includes [[Anirudh Ravichander]], [[Sean Roldan]], [[Vivek-Mervin]], [[Inno Genga]], Madley Blues, Bharath Shankar, Kaber Vasuki and Oorka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2020 |title=Eight composers on board for 'Dharala Prabhu' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2020/jan/23/eight-composers-on-board-for-dharala-prabhu-2093095.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126081240/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2020/jan/23/eight-composers-on-board-for-dharala-prabhu-2093095.html |archive-date=26 January 2020 |access-date=2020-03-16 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> The background score is composed by Bharath Shankar. Lyrics for the songs were written by [[Vignesh Shivan]], Subu, Nixy, Bharath Shankar and Kaber Vasuki. The audio rights were acquired by [[Sony Music India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Download Songs | Listen New Hindi, English MP3 Songs Free Online - Hungama |url=https://www.hungama.com/album/dharala-prabhu/52513355/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919033547/https://www.hungama.com/album/dharala-prabhu/52513355/ |archive-date=19 September 2020 |access-date=16 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dharala Prabhu (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) Songs Download: Play & Listen Dharala Prabhu (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) Tamil MP3 Song by Vivek Siva @Gaana |url=https://gaana.com/album/dharala-prabhu-tamil |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306182800/https://gaana.com/album/dharala-prabhu-tamil |archive-date=6 March 2021 |access-date=16 March 2020}}</ref> Before the album released, five out of eight songs were released as singles.

The first single "Aaha Ooho" composed by the Oorka band,<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 February 2020 |title=First single from Dharala Prabhu to be released tomorrow |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/first-single-from-dharala-prabhu-to-be-released-tomorrow/articleshow/73933610.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422154413/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/first-single-from-dharala-prabhu-to-be-released-tomorrow/articleshow/73933610.cms |archive-date=22 April 2020 |access-date=2021-02-13 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> was released on 5 February 2020.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1224334407009366017 |user=Screensceneoffl |title=#DharalaPrabhu first single #AahaOoho will be out on Feb 5th |access-date=2020-03-16 |language=en}}</ref> The second single "Unnaal Penne" composed and sung by Inno Genga, with lyrics written by Vignesh Shivan, was released on 17 February 2020.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1229312596668338177 |user=Screensceneoffl |title=#UnnalaPenne 2nd single from #DharalaPrabhu will be launched by the super talented @Samanthaprabhu2 today at 6PM. |access-date=2020-03-16 |language=en}}</ref> The third single track "Rasa Mavan" sung by stand-up comedian [[Alexander Babu]] and Harish Venkat, with the former making his singing debut,<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 April 2020 |title=Stand up comedian sings for Harish Kalyan in Dharala Prabhu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/stand-up-comedian-sings-for-harish-kalyan-in-dharala-prabhu/articleshow/74377599.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200512222156/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/stand-up-comedian-sings-for-harish-kalyan-in-dharala-prabhu/articleshow/74377599.cms |archive-date=12 May 2020 |access-date=2021-02-13 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> was released on 28 February 2020.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1233029013565669377 |user=Screensceneoffl |title=Thrilled to have the real #RaasaMavan @thisisysr launch our 3rd track tomorrow @ 12PM. |access-date=2020-03-16 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227141338/https://twitter.com/Screensceneoffl/status/1233029013565669377 |archive-date=27 February 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> The fourth single "Kaadhal Theevey", composed by Sean Roldan and sung by [[Sid Sriram]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 February 2020 |title=Sid Sriram and Sean Roldan join hands |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/sid-sriram-and-sean-roldan-join-hands/articleshow/74317736.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200428230356/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/sid-sriram-and-sean-roldan-join-hands/articleshow/74317736.cms |archive-date=28 April 2020 |access-date=2021-02-13 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> was released on 4 March 2020.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1235098436724121602 |user=Screensceneoffl |title=#KaadhalTheevey 4th song from #DharalaPrabhu releasing today at 6pm |access-date=2020-03-16 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304070627/https://twitter.com/Screensceneoffl/status/1235098436724121602 |archive-date=4 March 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> The fifth single "Dharala Prabhu Title Track" sung and composed by Anirudh, was released on 6 March 2020.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1235943641538940929 |user=Screensceneoffl |title=The next single from #DharalaPrabhu titled "Dharala Prabhu" will be out tomorrow @ 6 PM. |access-date=2020-03-16 |language=en}}</ref> The title track was re-used from ''[[Nani's Gang Leader]]'' (2019).<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/shorts/fNiS0YvZiSg |title=Gang-u Leader Song vs Dharala Prabhu Title Song {{!}} Anirudh Ravichander |language=en |access-date=2025-09-20 |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> The remaining songs were released on 6 March 2020. Post release a bonus track "Maatra Thendral" was released on 3 June 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 June 2020 |title=Maatra Thendral (From "Dharala Prabhu") (Full Song) - Maatra Thendral (From "Dharala Prabhu") - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/maatra-thendral-from-dharala-prabhu/Ew5aSTsDeQY |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920051710/https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/maatra-thendral-from-dharala-prabhu/Ew5aSTsDeQY |archive-date=20 September 2023 |access-date=2021-02-13 |language=en-US}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| all_writing =
| music5 = Bharath Shankar
| lyrics3 = Subu
| music3 = [[Vivek-Mervin]]
| lyrics4 = Bharath Shankar
| music4 = Oorka
| extra1 = Kaber Vasuki
| extra2 = [[Sid Sriram]]
| extra3 = [[Yazin Nizar]]
| extra4 = Oorka
| lyrics5 = Nixy
| extra5 = [[Shakthisree Gopalan]]
| lyrics2 = Nixy
| lyrics6 = [[Vignesh Shivan]]
| music7 = Madley Blues
| music6 = [[Inno Genga]]
| extra6 = [[Inno Genga]]
| lyrics7 = Subu
| extra7 = [[Alexander Babu]], Harish Venkat
| lyrics8 = Vignesh Shivan
| music8 = [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| extra8 = [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| lyrics9 = Subu
| extra9 = [[Pradeep Kumar (musician)|Pradeep Kumar]]
| music2 = [[Sean Roldan]]
| music1 = Kaber Vasuki
| title1 = Manusan
| title6 = Unnaal Penne
| length1 = 3:22
| title2 = Kaadhal Theevey
| length2 = 3:59
| title3 = Pularum
| length3 = 4:40
| title4 = Aaha Ooho
| length4 = 3:38
| title5 = Payanangal
| length5 = 4:23
| length6 = 3:34
| lyrics1 = Kaber Vasuki
| title7 = Rasa Mavan
| length7 = 3:41
| title8 = Dharala Prabhu
| note8 = Title Track
| length8 = 3:19
| title9 = Maatra Thendral
| length9 = 3:50
| title10 =
| length10 =
| total_length = 34:27
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| music9 = Bharath Shankar
| headline = Track listing
}}

== Marketing and release ==
''Dharala Prabhu'' was theatrically released on 13 March 2020.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 March 2020 |title=Harish Kalyan's Dharala Prabhu gets a release date |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/harish-kalyans-dharala-prabhu-gets-a-release-date/articleshow/74456453.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200306060525/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/harish-kalyans-dharala-prabhu-gets-a-release-date/articleshow/74456453.cms |archive-date=6 March 2020 |access-date=2021-02-13 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> The film was made available for streaming via [[Amazon Prime Video]] in April 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2020 |title=Harish Kalyan: Dharala Prabhu is my attempt to break free of my image |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2020/apr/12/harish-kalyan-i-wanted-dharala-prabhu-to-be-a-box-office-hit-17986.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809082546/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2020/apr/12/harish-kalyan-i-wanted-dharala-prabhu-to-be-a-box-office-hit-17986.html |archive-date=9 August 2020 |access-date=2021-02-13 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The film was later re-released in theatres, post Tamil Nadu government granted permission for its reopening with 50% occupancy on 10 November 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-09 |title='Dharala Prabhu' to 'Oh My Kadavule': Five Tamil films which are set for a re-release |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/dharala-prabhu-to-oh-my-kadavule-five-tamil-films-which-are-set-for-a-re-release/photostory/79130184.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230011502/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/dharala-prabhu-to-oh-my-kadavule-five-tamil-films-which-are-set-for-a-re-release/photostory/79130184.cms |archive-date=30 December 2020 |access-date=2021-02-13 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Critical reception ===
Thinkal Menon of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3 stars out of 5 and wrote, "A better background score and more effort on the emotional scenes would have made the movie a perfect remake."<ref name="toi">{{Cite news |title=Dharala Prabhu Movie Review: Director Krishna Marimuthu has succeeded in a fine execution of Vicky Donor remake |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/dharala-prabhu/movie-review/74605584.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200313155703/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/dharala-prabhu/movie-review/74605584.cms |archive-date=13 March 2020 |access-date=2020-03-13 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> Pradeep Kumar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "Harish Kalyan's film takes aim, but misses its objective of sensitising the Tamil audience to the concept of sperm donation, by quite some distance."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Pradeep |date=13 March 2020 |title='Dharala Prabhu' movie review: Tamil remake of 'Vicky Donor' is a squandered opportunity |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/dharala-prabhu-movie-review-tamil-remake-of-vicky-donor-is-a-squandered-opportunity/article31060333.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414002523/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/dharala-prabhu-movie-review-tamil-remake-of-vicky-donor-is-a-squandered-opportunity/article31060333.ece |archive-date=14 April 2020 |access-date=13 February 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> S. Subhakeerthana of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 3 out of 5 and stated "Though Dharala Prabhu ends on a sentimental note, it is fairly entertaining."<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 March 2020 |title=Dharala Prabhu movie review: A good time-pass watch |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/dharala-prabhu-movie-review-vivekh-harish-kalyan-6313136/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425080430/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/dharala-prabhu-movie-review-vivekh-harish-kalyan-6313136/ |archive-date=25 April 2021 |access-date=13 February 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> Sreedhar Pillai, for ''[[Firstpost]]'', gave 3 out of 5 stating "''Dharala Prabhu'' is an engaging, breezy entertainer which has the perfect blend of comedy and emotions, along with solid performances from its lead actors."<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 March 2020 |title=Dharala Prabhu movie review: Harish Kalyan, Vivekh's retelling of Vicky Donor entertains without being didactic |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/dharala-prabhu-movie-review-harish-kalyan-vivekhs-retelling-of-vicky-donor-entertains-without-being-didactic-8149151.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306092028/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/dharala-prabhu-movie-review-harish-kalyan-vivekhs-retelling-of-vicky-donor-entertains-without-being-didactic-8149151.html |archive-date=6 March 2021 |access-date=13 February 2021 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref> Janani K of ''[[India Today]]'' gave 2.5 out of 5 and wrote "Dharala Prabhu is a remake with Tamil sentiments. It's good that the film does not dilute the concept of sperm donation."<ref>{{Cite web |last=K. |first=Janani |date=13 March 2020 |title=Dharala Prabhu Movie Review: Harish Kalyan's film is Vicky Donor with Tamil sentiments |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/dharala-prabhu-movie-review-harish-kalyan-s-film-is-vicky-donor-with-tamil-sentiments-1655197-2020-03-13 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514054233/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/dharala-prabhu-movie-review-harish-kalyan-s-film-is-vicky-donor-with-tamil-sentiments-1655197-2020-03-13 |archive-date=14 May 2021 |access-date=13 February 2021 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref>

Karthik Kumar of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' wrote "Dharala Prabhu is not one of those remakes that blindly recreate the original scene by scene. It's evident from the little but crucial changes made to suit Tamil sensibilities that effort has gone into the project to make it appealing."<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 March 2020 |title=Dharala Prabhu movie review: A Vicky Donor remake done just right |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/dharala-prabhu-movie-review-a-vicky-donor-remake-done-just-right/story-pXpJokGMeA0m7dq5Ul0IdO.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124012623/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/dharala-prabhu-movie-review-a-vicky-donor-remake-done-just-right/story-pXpJokGMeA0m7dq5Ul0IdO.html |archive-date=24 January 2021 |access-date=13 February 2021 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' gave 3.5 out of 5 and wrote: "The film takes a light-hearted, optimistic look at infertility and artificial insemination that entertains and enlightens the audiences".<ref name="si">{{Cite web |date=13 March 2020 |title=Dharala Prabhu review: Get ready to be pleasantly surprised! |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/dharala-prabhu-review-get-ready-to-be-pleasantly-surprised--review-tamil-udnlw5ggigbbc.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200313071633/https://www.sify.com/movies/dharala-prabhu-review-get-ready-to-be-pleasantly-surprised--review-tamil-udnlw5ggigbbc.html |archive-date=13 March 2020 |access-date=2020-03-13 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Baradwaj Rangan]] wrote for ''[[Film Companion]]'', "Very deceptively, very casually, Dharala Prabhu addresses a number of issues without making them feel like “issues” (i.e. there are no lectures).... even the central issue is treated with lightness."<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 March 2020 |title=Dharala Prabhu Movie Review: Harish Kalyan Plays A Sperm Donor In A Dignified, Beautifully Made Drama |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/tamil-review/dharala-prabhu-movie-review-harish-kalyan-plays-a-sperm-donor-in-a-dignified-beautifully-made-drama/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727072442/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/tamil-review/dharala-prabhu-movie-review-harish-kalyan-plays-a-sperm-donor-in-a-dignified-beautifully-made-drama/ |archive-date=27 July 2020 |access-date=24 July 2020 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
''Dharala Prabhu'' had a strong opening weekend collecting ₹35 lakhs in Chennai box office. However the film had a receding occupancy due to the fear of [[COVID-19 pandemic]], as well as theatres being shut down from 16 March 2020 (three days after the film's release) as a precautionary measure in order to control the pandemic situation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 March 2020 |title=Chennai Box-Office: 13–15 March |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice/chennai-box-office-march-13-15-udql9kejaegai.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200316095744/https://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice/chennai-box-office-march-13-15-udql9kejaegai.html |archive-date=16 March 2020 |access-date=13 February 2021 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref> The film was made available for viewing on streaming platforms less than a month after its theatrical release due to the [[COVID-19 lockdown in India]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 July 2020 |title=Harish Kalyan: I'd want my films to release in theatres |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/harish-kalyan-id-want-my-films-to-release-in-theatres/articleshow/76840737.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710015104/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/harish-kalyan-id-want-my-films-to-release-in-theatres/articleshow/76840737.cms |archive-date=10 July 2020 |access-date=11 July 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2020 films]]
[[Category:2020 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2020 Indian films]]
[[Category:2020 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films about sperm donation]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anirudh Ravichander]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sean Roldan]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Hindi films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic comedy films]]

Sameera Reddy

2026-03-01T22:39:09Z

DamienLorenz695:

{{short description|Former Indian actress (born 1978)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sameera
| image = Sameera_Reddy_attends_Reebok_Fit_to_Fight_event_(11)_(cropped).jpg
| caption = Sameera in 2017
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1978|12|14|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| height = 170 cm
| years active = 2002–2013, 2024
| spouse = {{marriage|Akshai Varde|2014}}
| children = 2
| relatives = [[Sushama Reddy]] (sister) 
[[Meghna Reddy]] (sister)
| alma_mater = [[Sydenham College]]
| occupation = Actress
}}

'''Sameera''' (born 14 December 1978) is a former Indian actress who primarily worked in [[Hindi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] language films. She made her film debut with the 2002 film ''[[Maine Dil Tujhko Diya]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sameera Reddy Reveals A Secret About Her Casting In Pankaj Udhas' 1998 Song Aur Ahista |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/sameera-reddy-reveals-a-secret-about-her-casting-in-pankaj-udhas-1998-song-aur-ahista-2028477 |website=NDTV.com |date=25 April 2019 |access-date=17 May 2020}}</ref> Sameera is best known for starring in films such as ''[[Darna Mana Hai]]'' (2003), ''[[Musafir (2004 film)|Musafir]]'' (2004), ''[[Jai Chiranjeeva]]'' (2005), ''[[Taxi No. 9211]]'' (2006), ''[[Ashok (film)|Ashok]]'' (2006), ''[[Race (2008 film)|Race]]'' (2008), ''[[Vaaranam Aayiram]]'' (2008), ''[[De Dana Dan]]'' (2009), ''[[Aakrosh (2010 film)|Aakrosh]]'' (2010), ''[[Nadunisi Naaygal]]'' (2011), ''[[Vettai]]'' (2012) and ''[[Tezz]]'' (2012).

==Early life==
Sameera was born on 14 December 1978 in [[Mumbai|Bombay]] (present day [[Mumbai]]), [[Maharashtra]]<ref name="nt">{{cite web |title=Watch: Sameera Reddy is turning 42 and her message for women is inspiring |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/watch-sameera-reddy-turning-42-and-her-message-women-inspiring-139351 |website=The News Minute |date=10 December 2020}}</ref> to a [[Telugu people|Telugu]] father and a [[Mangalorean]] [[Konkani people|Konkani]] mother.<ref>{{cite web |title=Spicing it up |date=21 October 2011 |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/spicing-it-up/139598}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.punemirror.in/index.aspx?page=article&sectid=56&contentid=2008121420081214032540301b6f3cc21&sectxslt=&pageno=2 |title=Reddy-made memories, Lifestyle — Leisure — Pune Mirror, Pune Mirror |publisher=Punemirror.in |access-date=16 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319023401/http://www.punemirror.in/index.aspx?page=article&sectid=56&contentid=2008121420081214032540301b6f3cc21&sectxslt=&pageno=2 |archive-date=19 March 2012}}</ref> Her mother Nakshatra,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mid-day.com/smd/2002/sep/31427.htm |title=Haute and spicy |publisher=[[MiD DAY]] |date=15 September 2002 |access-date=16 September 2011}}</ref> referred to as Niki by her daughters and the media, was a [[microbiologist]] and worked with an [[Non-governmental organization|NGO]].<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1051210/asp/weekend/story_5561787.asp |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203214047/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1051210/asp/weekend/story_5561787.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 February 2013 |title=The Telegraph — Calcutta : Weekend |work=The Telegraph (India) |date=10 December 2005 |access-date=16 September 2011 |location=Calcutta, India |first=Arundhati |last=Basu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mid-day.com/smd/2002/sep/31427.htmhttp://www.mid-day.com/yourlife/2006/feb/131073.htm |title=Girl interrupted |publisher=[[MiD DAY]] |date=17 February 2006 |access-date=16 September 2011}}</ref> She has two older sisters, Meghna, a former [[VJ (media personality)|VJ]] and [[supermodel]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://photography.nationalgeographic.com/photography/photo-of-the-day/sari-and-catsuit.html |title=Mumbai (Bombay), India, Sari and Catsuit, 1999, Photo of the Day, Picture, Photography, Wallpapers |work=National Geographic |date=25 June 2001 |access-date=16 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324091034/http://photography.nationalgeographic.com/photography/photo-of-the-day/sari-and-catsuit.html |archive-date=24 March 2012}}</ref> and Sushama, a Bollywood actress and model.<ref>{{cite news |author=Barkha MathurBarkha Mathur, TNN |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/delhi-times/Why-star-siblings-dont-make-it-big/articleshow/2766766.cms |title=Why star siblings don't make it big — The Times of India |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com[[Times of India]] |date=9 February 2008 |access-date=16 September 2011}}</ref><ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/03/11/stories/2010031151800300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110141309/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/03/11/stories/2010031151800300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 November 2012 |title=Metro Plus Kochi / Cinema : Reddy reckoner |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=11 March 2010 |access-date=16 September 2011 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> She attended the [[Bombay Scottish School, Mahim|Bombay Scottish School]] in Mumbai and graduated from [[Sydenham College of Commerce and Economics|Sydenham College]].{{cn|date=February 2026}}

Sameera described herself as a "[[tomboy]]" and "the ugly duckling in the family", while citing: "I was plump, had glasses and my glam quotient was rather low till I was 19."<ref name=autogenerated2 />

==Career==
[[File:Actress Sameera Reddy.jpg|thumb|Reddy in 2015]]
Sameera first appeared in [[ghazal]] singer [[Pankaj Udhas]]'s "''Aur Aahista''" music video in 1997.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_i-love-the-bombshell-tag-sameera-reddy_1353590 |title=I love the bombshell tag: Sameera Reddy — Entertainment — DNA |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |date=28 February 2010 |access-date=16 September 2011}}</ref> She was meant to make her debut as an actress in [[Saravana Subbiah]]'s Tamil film ''[[Citizen (film)|Citizen]]'', during the early 2000s, but eventually did not feature.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tamilmovies.com/cgi-bin/news/archives.cgi?category=1&view=11-00 |title=Tamil Movies Online ::::: News |access-date=24 October 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011030150/http://tamilmovies.com/cgi-bin/news/archives.cgi?category=1&view=11-00 |archive-date=11 October 2008}}</ref> She made her screen debut in the 2002 Hindi film ''[[Maine Dil Tujhko Diya]]'' opposite [[Sohail Khan]]. It was a box office failure.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/dec/22sohail.htm|title=Sohail Khan debuts as director-producer|website=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=11 January 2024|archive-date=20 April 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050420015753/http://rediff.com/movies/2000/dec/22sohail.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Film critic [[Taran Adarsh]] noted, "Sameera is plain mediocre. She needs to polish her acting skills, work on her facial expressions and improve diction."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/maine-dil-tujhko-diya/critic-review/maine-dil-tujhko-diya-movie-review/ |title=Maine Dil Tujhko Diya Review by Taran Adarsh |last=Adarsh |first=Taran |date=23 August 2002 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=3 July 2023 |archive-date=25 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525225955/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/maine-dil-tujhko-diya/critic-review/maine-dil-tujhko-diya-movie-review/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Following her debut, Sameera earned recognition with her performance in the films: ''[[Darna Mana Hai]]'' (2003), ''[[Musafir (2004 film)|Musafir]]'' (2004), ''[[Jai Chiranjeeva]]'' (2005), ''[[Taxi No. 9211]]'' (2006), ''[[Ashok (film)|Ashok]]'' (2006), ''[[Race (2008 film)|Race]]'' (2008), ''[[Vaaranam Aayiram]]'' (2008), ''[[De Dana Dan]]'' (2009), ''[[Aakrosh (2010 film)|Aakrosh]]'' (2010), ''[[Nadunisi Naaygal]]'' (2011), ''[[Vettai]]'' (2012) and ''[[Tezz]]'' (2012). In 2013, Sameera appeared in the [[Kannada]] film ''[[Varadhanayaka]]'' opposite [[Sudeepa]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-varadanayaka-is-for-action-lovers/20130125.htm|title=Review: Varadanayaka is for action lovers|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=25 January 2013|archive-date=31 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130131064421/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-varadanayaka-is-for-action-lovers/20130125.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was a box office success and following this Reddy took a break from acting.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Sudeep ruled box-office in 2013|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/sudeep-ruled-box-office-in-2013/articleshow/27580381.cms|access-date=2022-04-13|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en|archive-date=15 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415163652/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/sudeep-ruled-box-office-in-2013/articleshow/27580381.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2024, her long delayed film ''[[Naam (2024 film)|Naam]]'' was released, where she appeared opposite [[Ajay Devgn]].<ref>{{cite news |title='Naam' trailer: Ajay Devgn's action-packed thriller unveiled |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/bollywood/naam-trailer-ajay-devgns-action-packed-thriller-unveiled-1503362442.html |access-date=23 December 2024 |work=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |date=8 November 2024}}</ref>

In ''Taxi No. 9211'', she played a businessman's lover opposite [[John Abraham]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/feb/15milan.htm|title=Taxi 9 2 11: Surprise of the year?|publisher=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=15 February 2006|archive-date=16 May 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060516144700/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/feb/15milan.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> It was a box office success.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/2006.htm|title=Box Office Results 2006|accessdate=1 March 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070304134252/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/2006.htm|archivedate=4 March 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> In ''Race'', she played a [[police]] officer's assistant alongside [[Anil Kapoor]]. The film emerged as the [[List of Hindi films of 2008|fifth-highest-grossing Hindi film of 2008]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Top Earners 2008 |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=215 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120721233004/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=215 |archive-date=21 July 2012 |access-date=24 July 2010 |work=Box Office India}}</ref> Taran Adarsh noted, "Sameera excels as the dumb girl. It's a tough job and she does well."<ref>{{cite web |author=Taran Adarsh |title=Race Movie Review By Taran Adarsh |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/13399/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080122010253/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/13399/index.html |archive-date=22 January 2008 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> Reddy earned acclaim for her playing a college topper in ''[[Vaaranam Aayiram]]'' opposite [[Suriya]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Iyer |first=Aruna V. |date=2011-08-05 |title=Love for the shots |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/love-for-the-shots/article2325215.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627174825/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/love-for-the-shots/article2325215.ece |archive-date=27 June 2021 |access-date=2021-06-27 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> The film was [[List of Tamil films of 2008|one of the highest grossing Tamil film of 2008]] and got her recognition in South India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Great expectations |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2008/nov/27/great-expectations-2720.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008113125/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2008/nov/27/great-expectations-2720.html |archive-date=8 October 2021 |access-date=2021-10-07 |website=The New Indian Express|date=14 May 2012 }}</ref> Pavithra Srinivasan noted, "Sameera is full of life and creates a pang in your heart."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |date=14 November 2008 |title=Review: Vaaranam Aayiram |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/nov/14its-surya-all-the-way.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110619035227/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/nov/14its-surya-all-the-way.htm |archive-date=19 June 2011 |access-date=7 May 2012 |work=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' stated she brings an "uninhibited joie" to her role.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vaaranam Aayiram |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vaaranam-aayiram-review-tamil-14798041.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130322015440/http://www.sify.com/movies/vaaranam-aayiram-review-tamil-14798041.html |archive-date=22 March 2013 |access-date=7 May 2012 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

Sameera played a [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] woman in ''De Dana Dan'' opposite [[Suniel Shetty]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lal |first=Preeti Verma |title=Romancing the scene |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/lifestyle/travel/romancing-scene-716069.html |access-date=2024-08-14 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> It became [[List of Hindi films of 2009|one of the highest grossing Hindi film of 2009]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/box-office/akshay-kumar-finally-gets-a-hit-with-de-dana-dan/articleshow/5288224.cms | title=Akshay Kumar finally gets a hit with de Dana Dan | access-date=20 June 2021 | archive-date=4 July 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210704012758/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/box-office/akshay-kumar-finally-gets-a-hit-with-de-dana-dan/articleshow/5288224.cms | url-status=live }}</ref> She played a psychopath's victim in ''Nadunisi Naaygal'' opposite [[Veera (actor)|Veera]], which emerged a surprise success at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 September 2010 |title=Nadunisi Naaygal's post production begins |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/nadunisi-naaygals-post-production-begins/articleshow/6626718.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250406113417/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/nadunisi-naaygals-post-production-begins/articleshow/6626718.cms |archive-date=6 April 2025 |access-date=6 April 2025 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Krishnamurthy |first=Akhila |date=9 July 2011 |title=The new darlings of Kollywood |url=http://www.tehelka.com/story_main50.asp?filename=hub090711The.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707041158/http://www.tehelka.com/story_main50.asp?filename=hub090711The.asp |archive-date=7 July 2011 |access-date=5 July 2011 |website=[[Tehelka]]}}</ref> Gautaman Bhaskaran found it to be her "career-best" performance.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhaskaran |first=Gautaman |date=24 February 2011 |title=Gautaman Bhaskaran's review: Nadunisi Naaygal |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/gautaman-bhaskaran-s-review-nadunisi-naaygal/story-ETIvMm7owbtMYS6p6SunvN.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250406112244/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/gautaman-bhaskaran-s-review-nadunisi-naaygal/story-ETIvMm7owbtMYS6p6SunvN.html |archive-date=6 April 2025 |access-date=6 April 2025 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> In ''Vettai'', Reddy played a talkative wife of a police officer opposite [[R. Madhavan]].<ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Sameeras-in-the-hunt/articleshow/6809305.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105031614/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-26/news-interviews/28226651_1_tamil-film-vettai-actress | url-status=live | archive-date=5 November 2012 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Sameera's in the hunt | date=26 October 2010}}</ref> Malathi Rangarajan stated, "While Sameera performs well, she could have had a better makeover."<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2820290.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | first=Malathi | last=Rangarajan | title=Vettai: Brothers and the baddies | date=21 January 2012 | access-date=20 June 2012 | archive-date=13 July 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120713124127/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2820290.ece | url-status=live }}</ref> It emerged a commercial success.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 August 2015 |title=Baahubali to Thuppakki: Tamil Cinema's 100 Cr Films |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/baahubali-to-thuppakki-tamil-cinemas-100-cr-films-1204181 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615132934/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/baahubali-to-thuppakki-tamil-cinemas-100-cr-films-1204181 |archive-date=15 June 2022 |access-date=13 June 2023 |website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Sameera married Akshai Varde, an entrepreneur, on 21 January 2014, in a traditional [[Maharashtra|Maharashtrian]] ceremony.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/Sameera-Reddy-ties-the-knot-today/articleshow/29141802.cms |title=Sameera Reddy ties the knot today |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=21 January 2014 |access-date=21 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sameera Reddy and Akshai Varde to marry in April 2014 |url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2013/12/sameera-reddy-and-akshai-varde-to-marry-in-april-2014/ |work=Biharprabha News |access-date=26 December 2013}}</ref> They have a son and daughter.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150529023743/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/9957773/Motherhood-is-very-humbling---Sameera-Reddy ""Motherhood is very humbling" - Sameera Reddy"]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 November 2019 |title=Sameera Reddy shares pic with daughter asks 'how in our country the girl child was considered a burden' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/sameera-reddy-shares-pic-with-daughter-asks-how-in-our-country-the-girl-child-was-considered-a-burden/story-yhOs0ZPrutENZWipzmwn6O.html |access-date=19 April 2021 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

Being a fan of American talk show hostess [[Oprah Winfrey]], Sameera met and presented a saree to Winfrey during her visit to India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=19 January 2012 |title=Sameera Reddy gifts saree to Oprah Winfrey : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/sameera-reddy-gifts-saree-to-oprah-winfrey/ |access-date=29 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

== Media image ==
[[File:SameeraReddy.jpg|thumb|Sameera in 2012]]

In ''[[Rediff.com]]''{{'}}s "Best Tamil Actresses" list, Sameera was placed 4th in 2011.<ref>{{cite web |work=Rediff.com |title=The Best Tamil Actresses of 2011 |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-the-best-tamil-actresses-of-2011/20111226.htm |access-date=30 August 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130128042544/https://m.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-the-best-tamil-actresses-of-2011/20111226.htm |archive-date=28 January 2013}}</ref> In the [[The Times of India|''Times'' Most Desirable Women]] list, Sameera was placed 33rd in 2009, 26th in 2010 and 29th in 2011.<ref>{{cite web |title=2009 Most Desirable Women: Sameera Reddy - No 33 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/celebs/2009-most-desirable-women-sameera-reddy-no-33/videoshow/11846729.cms |website=Times of India |access-date=21 February 2013 |archive-date=11 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111033210/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/celebs/2009-most-desirable-women-sameera-reddy-no-33/videoshow/11846729.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Times 50 Most Desirable Women|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-09/news-interviews/28375785_1_nicole-faria-vidya-balan-preity-zinta|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925063854/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-09/news-interviews/28375785_1_nicole-faria-vidya-balan-preity-zinta|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-09-25|newspaper=The Times of India|accessdate=2013-06-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Times 50 Most Desirable Women of 2011 : The Winners|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-04/news-interviews/31024491_1_video-trisha-krishnan-ankita-shorey|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305023439/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-04/news-interviews/31024491_1_video-trisha-krishnan-ankita-shorey|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-03-05|newspaper=The Times of India|accessdate=2013-06-20}}</ref> ''[[Femina (India)|Femina]]'' also placed her in its "50 Most Beautiful Women" list.<ref>{{cite web |title=50 Most Beautiful Indian Women |url=http://abhisays.com/india/top-50-most-beautiful-indian-women-part-1.html |access-date=17 August 2018 |archive-date=17 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817055952/http://abhisays.com/india/top-50-most-beautiful-indian-women-part-1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Sameera is the first Indian actress to have her own video game, named, ''Sameera: The Street Fighter''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ahead of her game |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/ahead-of-her-game/cid/1543825 |website=The Telegraph (India) |language=en |access-date=27 May 2020}}</ref> Sameera also judged the [[Miss Sri Lanka Online]] contest in 2012.<ref>{{cite web |title=Maria Alkasas Wins First Ever Online Beauty Pageant |url=http://www.adaderana.lk/biznews.php?nid=621 |work=AdaDerana.lk |access-date=9 January 2013}}</ref>

==Filmography==
=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! scope="col"| Year
! scope="col"| Title
! scope="col"| Role(s)
! scope="col"| Language
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Maine Dil Tujhko Diya]]'' || Ayesha Verma || rowspan="4" | [[Hindi]] || ||
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Darna Mana Hai]]'' || Shruti || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2004 || ''[[Plan (film)|Plan]]'' || Sapna || ||
|-
|| ''[[Musafir (2004 film)|Musafir]]'' || Sam || ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2005 || ''[[Narasimhudu]]'' || Parvathy || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || ||
|-
|| ''[[Casualty (TV series)|Casualty]]'' || Anita || [[English language|English]]|| [[BBC]] [[Medical drama]] || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bizasialive.com/sameera-reddy-for-casualty-experience/ |title=Sameera "Reddy" for Casualty experience |work=Biz Asia |date=14 March 2005 |accessdate=19 July 2021}}</ref>
|-
|| ''[[Jai Chiranjeeva]]'' || Sailaja || Telugu || ||
|-
|| ''[[No Entry]]'' || (Beach Girl) || rowspan="2" | Hindi || [[cameo appearance]] ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2006 || ''[[Taxi Number 9211]]''|| Rupali || ||
|-
|| ''[[Ashok (film)|Ashok]]'' || Anjali || Telugu || ||
|-
|| ''[[Naksha]]'' || Riya || rowspan="3" | Hindi || ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2007 || ''Migration'' || Divya || Short film ||
|-
|| ''[[Fool & Final]]'' || Payal Khanna || ||
|-
|| ''[[Ami, Yasin Ar Amar Madhubala]]''|| Rekha ||[[Bengali language|Bengali]] || ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2008 || ''[[Race (2008 film)|Race]]'' || Mini D'Souza || rowspan="2" | Hindi || ||
|-
|| ''[[One Two Three]]'' || Laila || ||
|-
|| ''[[Kaalpurush (2005 film)|Kaalpurush]]'' || Supriya || Bengali || ||
|-
|| ''[[Vaaranam Aayiram]]'' || Meghna || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || Nominated, [[Vijay Award for Best Debut Actress]] ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[De Dana Dan]]'' || Manpreet Oberoi ||Hindi || ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2010 || ''[[Aasal]]'' || Sarah || Tamil || ||
|-
|| ''[[Oru Naal Varum]]'' || Meera || [[Malayalam]] || ||
|-
|| ''[[Red Alert: The War Within]]'' || Lakshmi || rowspan="2" | Hindi || ||
|-
|| ''[[Aakrosh (2010 film)|Aakrosh]]'' || {{---}} || [[Item number|Special appearance]] in song ''Isak Se Meetha'' ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2011 || ''[[Nadunisi Naaygal]]'' || Sukanya || rowspan="3" | Tamil || ||
|-
|| ''[[Vedi (film)|Vedi]]'' || Parvathi || ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2012 || ''[[Vettai]]'' || Vasanthi Thirumurthy || ||
|-
|| ''[[Tezz]]'' || Megha || rowspan="2" | Hindi || ||
|-
|| ''[[Chakravyuh (2012 film)|Chakravyuh]]'' || {{---}} || Special appearance in the song "Kunda Khola" ||<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0wl-1D3SAT8 "Sameera Reddy - Chakravyuh"]</ref>
|-
|| ''[[Krishnam Vande Jagadgurum]]'' || {{---}} || Telugu || Special appearance in the song "Sai Andri Nanu" ||<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BeM2PZf8mhw"Sameera Reddy|Krishnam Vande Jagadgurum"]</ref>
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Varadhanayaka]]'' || Lakshmi || [[Kannada]] || ||
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Naam (2024 film)|Naam]]'' || Lovely || Hindi ||Delayed release; Filmed in 2004 ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=AJAY DEVGN - ANEES BAZMEE: 'NAAM' TRAILER OUT NOW... 22 NOV RELEASE... (Taran Adarsh) |url=https://x.com/taran_adarsh/status/1854401424337387524|access-date=2024-11-08 |website=X (formerly Twitter)}}</ref>
|}

=== Music videos ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! scope="col"| Year
! scope="col"| Title
! scope="col"| Singer(s)
! scope="col"| Album
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
| 1998
| "Ahista"
| [[Pankaj Udhas]]
| Stolen Moments
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lyricsbogie.com/albums/stolen-moments-1998/aur-aahista-kijiye-baatein.html |title=Aur Aahista Kijiye Baatein Lyrics - Stolen Moments (1998). |website=LyricsBogie |access-date=2 November 2019 |archive-date=24 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224024409/https://www.lyricsbogie.com/albums/stolen-moments-1998/aur-aahista-kijiye-baatein.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| 2000
| "Tere Aane Ki Jab Khabar Mehke"
| [[Jagjit Singh]]
| Saher
|
|}

=== Video games ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2006
| ''Sameera: The Street Fighter''
| Ancient Warrior Princess
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/sameera-turns-street-fighter/ |title=Sameera turns Street Fighter. |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=31 August 2006 |access-date=2 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/sep/01sameera.htm |title=Sameera: Warrior princess. |publisher=Rediff.com |access-date=2 November 2019}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Bollywood|Film|Biography}}
* [[List of Hindi film actresses]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|1213820}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person|sameera-reddy}}
* {{Facebook|SameeraReddy}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reddy, Sameera}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Telugu actresses]]
[[Category:Konkani people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Bengali cinema]]
[[Category:Indian expatriate actresses in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

Valmikeshwar Nath Mahadev Mandir

2026-03-01T06:37:14Z

DamienLorenz695: created new details - done

{{See also-text|[[Choraut Mandir, Sursand]]|[[Shukeshwar Nath Mahadev Mandir]]}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple|name=Valmikeshwar Nath Mahadev Mandir|native_name=वाल्मिकेश्वर नाथ महादेव मंदिर|native_name_lang=mai|deity=[[Lord Shiva]]|tradition=Hinduism|location=[[Sursand]] town, [[Mithila region]]|district=[[Sitamarhi district]]|state=[[Bihar]]|country=India|architecture=[[Hinduism]]|founded_by=Maharshi [[Valmiki]]|established=[[Treta Yuga]]|footnotes=Shivalinga established by Maharshi [[Valmiki]]|coordinates={{Coord|26.6544655|N|85.7303092|E|}}}}
'''Valmikeshwar Nath Mahadev Mandir''' ([[Maithili language|Maithili]]: वाल्मिकेश्वर नाथ महादेव मंदिर) is an ancient [[temple]] of [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]] at the outskirts of the [[Sursand]] town of [[Sitamarhi district]] in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] of Bihar. The temple is attributed to the Vedic sage [[Valmiki|Maharshi Valmiki]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=हर-हर महादेव से गुंजा वाल्मिकेश्वर नाथ महादेव मंदिर |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/sitamarhi/story-valmikeshwar-nath-mahadev-temple-echoed-with-har-har-mahadev-8545386.html |work=Hindustan}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=बाबा बाल्मीकेश्वर नाथ धाम पर होगा भव्य शिव विवाह का आयोजन - Grand Shiva marriage will be organized at Baba Balmikeshwar Nath Dham - Bihar Sitamarhi Astro News |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/sitamarhi-grand-shiva-marriage-will-be-organized-at-baba-balmikeshwar-nath-dham-22493964.html |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=बाबा वाल्मीकेश्वरनाथ धाम में भगवान श्रीराम, लक्ष्मण व विश्वामित्र ने भी की थी पूजा-अर्चना - बाबा वाल्मीकेश्वरनाथ धाम में भगवान श्रीराम, लक्ष्मण व विश्वामित्र ने भी की थी पूजा-अर्चना - Bihar Sitamarhi General News |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/sitamarhi-asdfg-21861990.html |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
According to the legend, it is said that the [[Lingam|Shivalinga]] in the temple is believed to be originated from the ascetic site of Maharishi [[Valmiki]]. Therefore, it became famous after the name of the sage Valmiki called as ''Valmikeshwar Nath Mahadev''. The temple is also known as ''Balmikeshwar Nath Mahadev Mandir'' or locally ''Baba Balmikeshwar Nath Mahadev Mandir''.

== Description ==
Valmikeshwar Nath Mahadev Mandir is an ancient temple located in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] of Bihar. It is located at the outskirts of the Sursand town in the [[Sitamarhi district]] of Bihar. It is very close to the line of Indo - Nepal Border.<ref name=":0" /> According to legend, it is said that the [[Lingam|Shivlinga]] of the temple was established by the Vedic sage Maharshi [[Valmiki]]. The Shivlinga of Lord Mahadev in the temple is installed 21 feet below the ground.<ref name=":1" />

It is one of the major Shiva temples in the Mithila region for the devotees of ''Sawan Sombari'' pilgrimage. During the sacred [[Shravana (month)|Sawan]] month in [[Hinduism]], a huge amount of devotees of Lord Shiva come here for performing holy ''[[Jalabhisheka]]'' on the ''Valmikeshwar Nath Mahadev Shivlinga''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=बाबा वाल्मिकेश्वर नाथ महादेव मंदिर में किया जलाभिषेक |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/sitamarhi/story-jalabhishek-done-in-baba-valmikeshwar-nath-mahadev-temple-4286979.html |work=Hindustan}}</ref> The sacred water from the [[Bharpura Pahleza Ghat Junction railway station|Pahleja Ghat]] near [[Patna]] and [[Doodhmati|Doodhmati River]] in [[Janakpur|Janakpurdham]], [[Nepal]] are also brought for performing Jalabhisheka on the Shivling.<ref>{{Cite web |title=महर्षि वाल्मिकी के तप स्थल से प्रगट हुए थे वाल्मिकेश्वर महादेव - |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/sitamarhi-valmikeshwar-mahadev-was-revealed-from-the-penance-of-maharishi-valmiki-19484299.html |access-date=2025-04-06 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> Similarly every year during the [[Maha Shivaratri|Mahashivratri]] festival, a grand celebration of the ''Mahashivratri Puja'' is organised by the management of the temple in its campus. The devotees perform religious functions and rituals of the Mahashivratri Puja at the temple.<ref>{{Cite web |title=बाबा बाल्मीकेश्वर नाथ धाम पर होगा भव्य शिव विवाह का आयोजन - Grand Shiva marriage will be organized at Baba Balmikeshwar Nath Dham - Bihar Sitamarhi Astro News |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/sitamarhi-grand-shiva-marriage-will-be-organized-at-baba-balmikeshwar-nath-dham-22493964.html |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> According to legend, it is said that during the Lord [[Rama's Journey in Mithila]], the Shivlinga of Valmikeshwar Nath Mahadev Mandir was worshipped by the [[Rama|Lord Rama]] along with his brother [[Lakshmana|Lord Lakshmana]] and [[Vishvamitra|Guru Vishwamitra]]. Lord Rama came here for worshipping Lord Shiva's Lingam before and after taking part in the [[Sita Swayamvara]] at the court of [[Janaka|King Janaka]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2023-06-30 |title=महर्षि वाल्मीकि के तप से प्रकट बल्मिकेश्वर नाथ महादेव की लीला अपरंपार, यहां नौकरी की अर्जी होती है पूरी |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/bihar/sitamarhi-maharishi-valmiki-balmikeshwar-nath-mahadeva-is-miraculous-job-mannat-fulfilled-here-6712913.html |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref>

According to the president ''Pravin Jha'' of the temple, the present temple of the Valmikeshwar Nath Mahadev was built by the earlier King of the ''[[Sursand Raj]]''. The king also donated some lands for the temple.<ref name=":2" />

== Legend ==
There is a legendary story related to this temple about the enlightenment of ''Daaku'' Ratnakara as Maharshi [[Valmiki]]. In the ancient period this place was within the area of [[Videha|Mithila Kingdom]] governed by the [[Janaka|King Janaka]]. The kingdom was terrified by the robber Ratnakara. It is said that once the robber Ratnakara was making plan to rob the treasure of the King Janaka. The King Janaka got the information of the plan by his ''Guptachar'' and decided to meet the robber Ratnakara. Then he took the form of a security guard of the treasury. According to the legend it is said that when the robber Ratnakara came to rob the treasure, he made the security guard hostage. After that the King Janaka in the form of security guard, asked the robber Ratnakara that if his family would share the sin he is doing. After that the robber Ratnakara went to his house and asked his family members about the sharing of the sin. But his family members denied to share the sin. After that he came to the King Janaka and asked the way of salvation.<ref name=":1" /> Then the King Janaka illustrated him the path of the salvation. It is said that after walking some distances he listened a strange ''Akashwani''. In the Akashwani, he was told to did a penance at the present location of the temple. There he did a tough penance for a period of more than sixty years. According to the legendary story, it said that his body got covered by mud mound having termites in the long and tough penance.

Once again when the King went for excursion with his family, he took rest at place near the penance site to watch the beauty of the jungle. There his daughter while playing fingered into the mud mound, suddenly bleeding started from the mound. The king became astonished by seeing the bleeding. Then he ordered his securities to remove the mud mound and found that a hermit was doing penance in the mound. Then he told his daughter to look after the hermit till the end of the penance of the hermit. It is said that after a long and tough penance, the [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]] appeared there and regained his beautiful physique. After that the robber Ratnakara got enlightenment and became famous with his new name [[Valmiki]].<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Shiva temples in Sitamarhi district]]
[[Category:Places in the Ramayana]]

Jai Hanuman (1997 TV series)

2026-02-22T21:47:52Z

DamienLorenz695: Page updated with additional details

{{short description|Indian mythological television series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{confusing|date=June 2013}}
{{Disputed|date=April 2022}}
}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| alt_name =
| genre = [[History]]
| creator = [[Sanjay Khan]]
| developer =
| writer = Dr.Madhusudan Pathak
| director = [[Sanjay Khan]]
| creative_director =
| presenter =
| starring = Raj Premi
| theme_music_composer = [[Ravindra Jain]]
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 
| num_episodes = 178
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = [[Sanjay Khan]]
| editor =
| location =
| cinematography =
| camera =
| runtime =
| company = Numero Uno International Limited
| channel = [[DD National]]
| first_aired = {{start date|1997|01|01|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2000|05|24|df=yes}}
| related =
}}

'''''Jai Hanuman''''' is a 1997 [[India]]n television series based on the life of the Hindu deity [[Hanuman]], an avatar of [[Shiva]], in [[Hindi]]. It was directed by [[Sanjay Khan]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Sanjay Khan to go back to films
|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010713/art-trib.htm#1
|work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |date= 13 July 2001
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mythologicals in their modern avatar
|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020317/spectrum/main7.htm
|work=The Tribune |date=17 March 2002 }}</ref> The series was initially shown on the state-run [[DD National]], and was later shown on [[Sony Entertainment Television (India)|Sony Entertainment Television]] in 2008.<ref>{{cite news |title=God is great |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2008/03/28/stories/2008032850600100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080401160057/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2008/03/28/stories/2008032850600100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 April 2008 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=28 March 2008 }}</ref>

==Plot==
In the [[Treta Yuga]] (2nd age), various events occur, including the defeat of demons by Lord [[Vishnu]], which leads to the birth of positive and negative forces. One of the negative forces—the rise of demon dictator [[Ravana]]—plunges the [[universe]] into terror. The birth of God becomes necessary to eliminate the terror of Ravana, leading to the birth of two of the most powerful and mutually attached gods{{clarify|date=September 2012}}: Shri Rama and Hanuman, sons of [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]]'s King [[Dasharatha|Dashrath]] and the [[Vanara|ape-headed]] [[Kesari (Ramayana)|King Kesari]]{{clarify|date=June 2013}} respectively. As time passes, the two meet and become close friends. Hanuman is a celibate monkey, dedicated friend, and brave warrior. Shri Ram is an ideal human being and an excellent warrior, whose love for Hanuman knows no bounds.{{clarify|date=September 2012}} Shri Ram asks Hanuman to perform worldly duties until the call of time. As time progresses, events described in Valmiki's ''[[Ramayan]]'' take place.{{clarify|date=June 2013}} During the war of [[Lanka]], the war skills of human beings and monkeys (along with those of Shri Rama and Hanuman) lead to the end of demon warriors like [[Meghnad]], [[Kumbhakarna]], and [[Ravana|Ravan]]. Shri Rama ultimately returns to [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]], and [[Ramarajya]] comes into existence.

As time passes, friendship between Sri Rama and Hanuman grows, but after many dramatic events Shri Rama—along with his co-incarnated fellows [[Laxman]], [[Sita]], [[Shatrughna]] and [[Bharata (Ramayana)|Bharat]]—leaves Earth. They leave Hanuman alone to serve mankind. As time passes, the [[Dvapara Yuga]] (3rd age) arrives and Shri Rama, along with other incarnated souls, reincarnates as [[Shri Krishna]] to protect Dharma. Shri Krishna forms an alliance with [[Pandavas]], the five Moral Brothers, against their 100 immoral cousins, the [[Kauravas]]. The third Pandava, [[Arjuna]], is a friend and follower of [[Krishna]]. Shri Krishna makes Hanuman realise that he and his friend Shri Rama are the same, and asks him to support him in his mission Hanuman does so, and the events of [[Mahabharata]] take place. Before the war, Pandavas (on the advice of Shri Krishna) invokes Hanuman to help him in the upcoming war. Hanuman blesses them and takes a place in Arjuna's Chariot.{{clarify|date=June 2013}} The sermon of [[Bhagavad Geeta]] and the 18 Days Battle of Kurukshetra take place, leading to a victory for Dharma. Hanuman watches the bloodshed in silence. After many other dramatic events, the Dvapara Yuga ends and Shri Krishna leaves Earth.

As time passes, the [[Kali Yuga]] (4th age) arrives and all morality from Earth fades away. Hanuman takes the responsibility of sowing the seeds of Dharma along with spreading the fame of Sri Rama with the help of [[Goswami Tulsidas]], who is the incarnation of Maharishi Valmiki. Goswami Tulsidas rewrites the ''Ramayana'' in the form of the ''[[Ramcharitmanas]]'' to help uplift the masses. Hanuman helps Goswami Tulsidas in every way, including helping to fade of the illusion of lust. Goswami Tulsidas and Hanuman are successful to some extent in their mission.

Tulsidas pleases Shri Rama and Lakshman and they give their [[Darśana|Darshan]], while Sita gives Darshan to Ratna, his wife. After a long period Tulsidas leaves for [[Vaikunth]], and Hanuman carries on the responsibility of sowing the seed of [[morality]] all by himself.

==Cast==
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* Raj Premi as
** [[Hanuman]]: a great devotee of [[Rama]]
** Bhagwan [[Shiva]]: destroyer of the universe; Hanuman is his incarnation
* [[Kavin Dave]] as Child [[Hanuman]] / Child [[Ravana|Ravan]]
* Siraj Mustafa Khan as [[Rama]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-09-16/patna/27848496_1_bhojpuri-film-phoren-heroine|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103155242/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-09-16/patna/27848496_1_bhojpuri-film-phoren-heroine|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 January 2013|title=Of a Bhojpuri film with 'phoren' heroine|date=16 September 2005|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> 7th incarnation of Lord Vishnu
* Shilpa Mukherjee / Meenakshi Gupta as [[Sita]], Rama's wife; Goddess Lakshmi's incarnation
* [[Manish Khanna]] as
** [[Lakshman]], Lord Ram's third brother
** [[Arjuna]]
* Phalguni Parekh as [[Añjanā]], Hanuman's mother
* [[Deepak Jethi]] as [[Kesari (Ramayana)|Kesari]], Hanuman's father / [[Angada]], Vali's son(for few episodes)
* [[Upasana Singh]] as [[Mohini]]
* Anil Varma / Premchandra Sharma as [[Surya]]
* Arup Pal as [[Indra]], king of all gods
* Sharmilee Raj as [[Shachi]], Indra Dev's wife
* Sagar Saini as [[Varuna]], Hanuman's spiritual father
* Aseem Dixit as [[Agni]]
* Arif Khan as Angwahan
* Sunil Singh as [[Vishwamitra]] / [[Bhishma]], grandfather of Pandavas and Kauravas both
* Vijay Arun as [[Vashishtha]]
* Tarun Kumar as [[Yagyavalkya]]
* Pradeep Sharma as [[Janaka]], Sita's father
* [[Deep Dhillon]] as [[Dasharatha]], Ram's father
* Riten Mukherjee / Rahul Khetarpal as [[Bharata (Ramayana)|Bharata]], Lord Rama's second brother
* Hitesh Kumar as [[Shatrughna]], Lord Rama's youngest brother
* Monika / [[Malavika Shivpuri]] as [[Urmila]], Sita's sister, Lakshman's wife
* Raji Sharma / [[Anita Hassanandani]] as [[Mandavi]], Sita's cousin, Bharat's wife
* Samreen Naaz / Gulrez Khan as [[Shrutakirti]], Sita's cousin, Shatrughan's wife
* Anil Yadav as [[Ravana]], King of Lanka who abducted Sita
* [[Sonia Kapoor]] as [[Mahagauri]], Goddess Gauri/ [[Ganga (goddess)|Ganga]], a river in India
* Saba / [[Sonia Kapoor]] as [[Mandodari]]
* Urmi Neqi /Jaya Mathur as [[Shurpanakha]]
* Arun Mathur as [[Shukracharya]] / [[Dhritrashtra]], Father of Kauravas and uncle of Pandavas
* Brownie Parashar as [[Rahu]] / [[Mayasura]] / [[Sugriva]], Vali's brother
* [[Anirudh Agarwal]] as [[Shambara|Shambhrasur]]
*[[Roma Manek]] as [[Kaushalya]], Ram's mother
* [[Maya Alagh]] as [[Kaikeyi]], Bharat's mother
* Mangala Kenkare as [[Sumitra]], Lakshman and Shatrughan's mother
* Sunny Singh as Child Ram
* Deepak Beri as Child Lakshmana
* Tanmay Narvekar as Child Bharata
* Vinit Gadhia as Child Shatrughna
* Sudhir Mittoo as [[Vishnu]]
* [[Jaya Bhattacharya]] as [[Lakshmi]]
* [[Rohitash Gaud]] as [[Tulsidas]]
* [[Irrfan Khan]] / [[Sudhir Dalvi]] as [[Valmiki]]
* [[Mukesh Khanna]] as [[Bhagiratha]], an ancestor of Lord Rama
* Chand Dhar as [[Sumali]]
* [[Anupam Shyam]] as Mali
* Sunil Bob Gadhavali as [[Malyavan]]
* [[Nimai Bali]] as [[Vayu]] / [[Vali (Ramayana)|Vali]] / [[Duryodhana]] / [[Makardhwaja]]
* [[Raju Shrestha]] as [[Narada]]
*[[Rishabh Shukla]] as Manu Maharaj
* [[Arun Bali]] as [[Vishrava]]
* Utkarsha Naik as [[Kaikasi]]
* [[Amit Pachori]] as [[Angada]]
* [[Deepraj Rana]] as Nagmuni / [[Vibhishana]]
* Ritu Deepak as [[Sulochana (Ramayana)|Sulochana]]
* Shamim Khan as Rajkumari Bhanumati
* Kumar Hegde as [[Vindyas]]
* [[Narendra Jha]] as [[Kubera]]
* [[Ravi Kishan]] as [[Krishna]]
* [[Raman Khatri]] as [[Parshurama]] / [[Indrajeet]]
* Govind Khatri as Gunasunder
* Ravi Chawala as [[Jatayu]]
* Mahendra Ghule as [[Kumbhakarna]]
* Shailendra Srivastav as [[Ahiravana]]
* Ramesh Tiwari as [[Mahiravana]]
* [[Kali Prasad Mukherjee]] as [[Shani]] / [[Kali (demon)|Kali]]
* Rahul Bhatt as Sujati
* Bhavesh Vora as Pragati
* Barkha Pandit as Punjiksthala
* Naveen Bawa as Priyadhara
* Sanjay Swaraj as [[Himavat]]
* [[Syed Badr-ul Hasan Khan Bahadur]]
* Kaushal Kapoor as [[Dushasana]]
* Vilas Raj as [[Kalanemi]]
* Vikrant Sokhi as Kuranjan, a minister of Sumali, Mali and Malyavan
* Balwant Bansal as [[Matangi]]
* Saba as [[Menaka]]
* Shamim Khan as [[Rambha (apsara)|Rambha]]
{{div col end}}

==Production==
Created by [[Sanjay Khan]], the series told the saga of Hanuman chronologically over 178 episodes. ''Jai Hanuman'' starred Raj Premi as Hanuman, Siraj Mustafa Khan as [[Rama|Shri Ram]], [[Irrfan Khan]] as [[Maharishi Valmiki]], and Manish Khanna as [[Lakshman]]. The series was produced by Sanjay Khan's production house, Numero Uno International.<ref>{{cite news |title=Numero Uno tie-up with Chandamama for TV series |url=http://www.hindu.com/businessline/2000/05/21/stories/14211848.htm |work=Business Line|location=Chennai |date=21 May 2000 |access-date=18 September 2012 |archive-date=29 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029221151/http://www.hindu.com/businessline/2000/05/21/stories/14211848.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt2452062}}

[[Category:1997 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2000 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:DD Metro original programming]]
[[Category:Television series based on the Ramayana]]
[[Category:Television series about Hanuman]]

Veluri Venkata Krishna Sastry

2026-02-12T03:25:15Z

DamienLorenz695: minor cleanup

{{multiple issues|
{{more footnotes needed|date=August 2012}}
{{resume-like|date=April 2014}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Veluri Venkata Krishna Sastry
| image = 
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date |df=yes|1934|10|23}}
| birth_place = Chirivada, [[Krishna District]], [[Andhra Pradesh|AP]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2012|08|21|1934|10|23}}
| death_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], India
| other_names =
| known_for = Archeologist
| occupation =
}}

'''Veluri Venkata Krishna Sastry''' (23 October 1934 – 21 August 2012) was an archaeologist and historian in [[Andhra Pradesh]], India.<ref>{{cite news|title=Archaeologist Krishna Sastry dead |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/archaeologist-krishna-sastry-dead/article3809630.ece|access-date=26 June 2018|newspaper=The Hindu|date=23 August 2012}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Krishna Sastry was born on 23 October 1934, Chirivada, Krishna District, Andhra Pradesh, India to Veluri Partha Sarathi and Veluri Anasuya. He graduated from [[Gudivada College]] in [[Krishna District]], Andhra Pradesh, and received his master's degree from [[Osmania University]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], Andhra Pradesh, India. He received his PhD from [[Karnataka University]], [[Dharvar]], Karnataka, India.

Sastry's name is associated with almost all the developments and achievements in the archaeology of Andhra Pradesh that happened from the 1970s to the 1990s. He is credited with the identification of a large number of prehistoric, historic and Buddhist sites in Andhra Pradesh. He is also considered the grandfather of Nizam-Telangana History or Nizam-Telangana Charithra Pitamahudu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://namasthetelangaana.com/columnists/MALLESHAM-CHILLA.aspx?category=1&subCategory=7&ContentId=143077#.VKliDcl8cRI|title=Telugu News, Today Latest Telugu News, Breaking News in Telugu, తెలుగు వార్తలు|access-date=6 January 2015|archive-date=6 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150106213753/http://namasthetelangaana.com/columnists/MALLESHAM-CHILLA.aspx?category=1&subCategory=7&ContentId=143077#.VKliDcl8cRI|url-status=dead}}</ref> He is remembered for his scholarly works on Telugu history, both in his birth state of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana State. The man was a legend for his unmatchable contributions to the history of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh.

Sastry wrote over one-hundred papers in numerous research journals, and has also published ten books in his field.

A [[festschrift]] in his honour was edited by [[P. Chenna Reddy]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Reddy|first=P. Chenna|title=Krishnabhinandana: Archaeological, Historical and Cultural Studies (Festschrift to V.V. Krishna Sastry|year=2008|location=Delhi|pages=l, 372p., Col. & B/W Photos., B/W Plts., Figs., Tables, Index, 29 cm |isbn=978-81-89131-15-9 |url=http://www.saujanyabooks.com/details.aspx?id=33686|access-date=2009-10-17}}</ref>

== Career as an archaeologist ==
Sastry started his career as a scholar trainee at [[Nagarjunakonda]] with the [[Archaeological Survey of India]], in 1959. 1961–68 he worked as a technical assistant for the State Department of Archaeology and Museums, Andhra Pradesh. 1968–79 Sastry worked as assistant director of archaeological excavations at the Department of Archaeology and Museums and as chief technical officer at the Department of Archaeology and Museums, from 1979–81. From 1981–92 he worked as director of the Department of Archaeology and Museums. From 1989 to 1991 he also officiated as director of State Archives and Oriental Manuscripts Library.

Sastry unraveled the mysteries in some of the most important Buddhist sites at [[Chandavaram]] in [[Prakasam District]], [[Kesanapalli]] in [[Guntur district]], [[Dhulikatta]] and [[Kotilingala]] in [[Karimnagar district]]. Sastry proved through his excavation that [[Keesaragutta]] in [[Medchal Taluq]] of [[Rangareddy District]] was ruled by [[Chalukyas]] during the post-[[Satavahana]] times of 4th–5th centuries AD. The Buddhist sites excavated by Sastry on the hilltops of [[Totlakonda]] and [[Bavikonda]] are now developed as tourist centers by the Indian Government.

Some of the ancient temples once situated in the submerged area of Srisailam have been reconstructed in the newly built villages Somasila, Erladinne, Siddheswaram, Bhujangeswaram, and Kyatur. They stand as testimonies to the planning and execution skills of Sastry.

Sastry's efforts in establishing museums resulted in the construction and opening up of district museums at Anantapur, Warangal, Nalgonda, Kurnool and the site museums at Chandavaram. The district museum of [[Nalgonda]] built adjacent to [[Pachchala Someswara]] temple at Panugal has now grown to be an important tourist attraction.

=== Excavations participated or independently conducted ===
* [[Nagarjunakonda]], a site of multiple cultures starting from Prehistory to Medieval times. Primarily a major Buddhist Site (3rd Century AD), 1959–61. Joined as Trainee – Scholar
* [[Yeleswaram]], a Pre and Proto-Historic Megalithic and Early Historical and Medieval site (8th century BC to 13th century AD), 1961–65.
* [[Kesanapally]], an important Buddhist stupa datable to 2nd century BC., 1966. Discovered and excavated
* [[Peddabankur]], a major Satavahana site datable from 2nd century BC. Excavations revealed a number of structures and scores of minor antiquities, 1967–73.
* [[Motupally]], an ancient sea port town of the Kakatiya and Chola periods corresponding to the 11th to 13th centuries AD. 1972–74.
* [[Kadambapur]], Iron Age burial site (8th century BC to 6th century BC), 1973–74. Discovered and Excavated
* [[Dhulikatta]], and Satavahana fortification, habitation site and Buddhist Stupa (2nd century BC to 2nd century AD), 1974–77. Discovered and Excavated
* [[Polakonda]], Iron Age burial site (8th century BC to 6th century BC), 1975–76. Discovered and Excavated
* [[Agiripalli]], a Megalithic Burial site (6th century to 4th century BC), 1976.
* [[Kesaragutta]], a Vishnukundin single period site, which revealed a large number a brick structures, coins, beads, stucco objects etc. (4th century AD), 1976–80.
* [[Kotilingala]], an Mauryan – Satavahana site (2nd century BC to 2nd century AD), 1979–84. Discovered the site containing Satavahana culture including the Buddhist Stupa and Excavated
* [[Peddamarur]], Iron Age burial site, 1978–79. Excavated
* [[Chinnamarur]], Iron Age burial site, Excavated 1979–82.
* [[Hulikal]], a Proto-historic Chalolithic site (1200 BC to 1000 BC), Excavated 1978.
* [[Bavikonda]], an extensive Buddhist site datable from 2nd century BC to 2nd century AD, 1983–87. Excavated
* [[Thotlakonda]], a Buddhist site with several Buddhist stupas, viharas datable from 1st century BC to 5th century AD, 1988 (excavations are in progress), Excavated and published report
* [[Nelakondapalli]], a Buddhist stupa and a very extensive early historical habitation site (3rd century to 5th century AD), 1984–90. Excavated

=== Discoveries ===
* Discovered Stone Age Sites Early Stone Age site at Nagarjunakonda in Guntur District, Amarabad, Chandravagu, in Mehboobnagar District Several prehistoric sites near Ramagundam, Godavary Khani, Early, Middle and Late Stone age sites in Adilabad District near Wankhidi, Pochchara, Kerimeri etc., several Prehistoric sites in and around Yelleswaram in Nalgonda District
* Neolithic sites near Togarrai, Kadambapur, Budigapalli, Kolakonda, Devaruppula, and Polakonda in Karimnagar District
* Megalithic burial sites near Kadambapur, Valigonda in Nalgonda District, Kolakonda in Warangal District, Chinna Torruru, Bommera, Ramunipatla, Timmannapalli, Chilpur, Sirisapalli, Mandapalli, Palamakula, Pullur, and Vargas in Medak District
* Buddhist Stupas at Kesanapalli in Guntur District, Chandavaram in Prakasam District, Dhulikatta, Kotilingala, Poshigoan in Karimnagar District
* Prehistoric rocks art sites at Regonda in Karimnagar District, Edithanur in Medak District, Durgam and Bollaram in Mahbubnagar District, Gargeyapuram in Kurnool District???.

=== Salvage archaeology ===
Under Salvage archaeological operations in the submergible area of the [[Srisailam Project]] a large number of ancient temples have been dismantled and reconstructed at higher altitudes. The Somasila Group of Temples, the temples of [[Siddheswaram]], [[Bhujangeswaram]] were transplanted and reconstructed.
The fourteen temple group of [[Somasila]] was dismantled bit by bit and reconstructed at the newly built Somasila village that it now stands aloft in the new Somasila village due to the unceasing efforts of Sastry.

=== Professional achievements ===
Sastry retired as Director, [[Department of Archaeology and Museums]], Andhra Pradesh, India. He was Sectional President for the [[Indian History Congress]] held at Kolkatta. He was Sectional President and later General President for [[Andhra Pradesh History Congress]]. He was General President for the South Indian Numismatic Conference held at Cochin.

He is a Member on the [[Salarjung Museum]] Board, Member of the Heritage Conservation Committee of the [[Hyderabad Urban Development Authority]], Chief Compiler in the Telugu Encyclopedia Revision committee of the [[Telugu University]]. He is also the President of the [[Historical Society of Hyderabad]].

=== Awards ===
In 2002 Sastry received the Eminent Citizen Award as an "Outstanding Archaeologist" by the [[Sanatana Dharma Charitable Trust]], Hyderabad.

He was awarded the Title of "Esasvi" by the Helapuri Fort Group Eluru, West Godavary, Andhra Pradesh.

== Publications ==
Sastry's book "Proto Historical Cultures of Andhra Pradesh" was published in 1982.

His book in Telugu entitled "Bharatiya Samskruti Puratatva Parisodhanalu" written as a dialogue between grandfather and grandson described by a journal as the ‘Puratatvopanishad’ was received exceedingly well by the scholarly world.

=== Books ===
* New Satavahana Sculptures from Andhra Amaravati, 1990
* Proto and Early Historical Cultures of Andhra Pradesh Published by the. Govt. of Andhra Pradesh (1983)
* Select Monuments of Hyderabad (1983), a Guide Book.
* Recent Sculptures of Andhra Amarvati (1981)
* Roman Gold Coins Recent Discoveries
* Three Grants of Pruthvisri Mula Raja from Kondavidu.
* Totlakonda – A Buddhist Site in Andhra Pradesh
* Vijayanagara Mahasaamrajyamu Published by [[National Book Trust]]
* Bharatiya Samskruti Puratatvaparisodhanalu (Telugu)
* [[Famine]]s in India through the Ages
* A Brief History of Andhra Pradesh
* History Of Buddhism in Andhra Pradesh
* Status of Women in Vedic Times

=== Research articles published ===
* Terracotta's from Peddabankur and Dhulikatta, (1978) Andhra Pradesh Journal of Archaeology, Vol 1, and no.1.
* Keesara, part of Vishnukundina empire, (1979) Andhra Pradesh Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 1 no. 1
* The Ash mound excavation at Hulikallu (1979) Andhra Pradesh Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 1 no. 2
* Recent archaeological discoveries of the Satavahana period in AP,) Satavahana Souvenir, Satavahana Seminar Special Issue. 1981
* Ancient Andhra History @Archaeology (Sectional Presidential Address) Proceedings of the AP History Congress, 8th Session, Kakinada, 1984
* Vandalism of Archaeological monuments in India – role of public in their preservation, (1985) preservation, (1985) Proceedings of All India Museums Conference, Bhuvaneswar.
* Historical Mosques of Hyderabad (1987) Journal of Salar Jung Museum Annual Research Journal, 1983–84 Hyderabad.
* Architectural affiliation of Andhra with rock-cut caves of Ellora, (1988) Proceedings of Indian Art History Seminar.
* Kuchipudi dance – a historical sketch, (1988) Souvenir of the Kuchipudi Kalaniketan, Hyderabad.
* Salient features of the Early Islamic architecture in A.P (1989) Souvenir of the Centenary celebrations of the [[Victoria Jubilee Museum]], [[Vijayawada]].
* Seals and ceilings from Peddabankur, Epigraphia Andhrica, Vo.51989
* Recent Trends in Archaeology of Andhra Pradesh, Sectional Presidential Address, 51 Session of Indian History Congress, Calcutta, 1990
* Salvage archeological Operations under the Srisailam Project, (1990) Ithihas, and vol. 15 no.2. 1989
* Artistic Innovations During the Vijayanagara Times, with Reference to AP, Itihas, Vol XV, 1989
* Salient Features of Satavahana Material Culture, N.Ramesan Commemoration Volume, Satavahana Special, 1990
* Early Saiva Vestiges at Keesaragatta, (1990) Itihas, Vol. 15 No. 2
* A decade of Archaeology in Andhra Pradesh, (1983) Journal of Archaeology, [[University of Mysore]].
* Early Islamic Architecture, Souvenir, Victoria Jubilee Museum Centenary Celebrations, 1987
* Salient features of Satavahana Material Culture, (1990) Andhra Pradesh Journal of Archaeology, Vol.2 No.2.
* Position and Status of Women during the Medieval Andhra, (1991) Itihas, Von. 16 No.1
* Terracotta Art of Andhra Pradesh (1990), Gaurav.
* Indo Roman Trading Centers in Andhra Pradesh Ex Moneta, in Honour of David W. Mac Dowall, Bapu, Nasik, 1995
* Stucco As Decorative Art in Andhra Pradesh, Decorative Arts of India, Published by Salar Jung Museum Hyderabad, 1987.
* Architectural Affiliation of Andhra with Rock -Cut Caves of Ellora, Ellora Caves: Sculptures and Architecture, Seminar on Art History at Ellora 1988.
* Philosophy of Conservation. In Conservation, Preservation, @Restoration, Birla Archaeological and Cultural Research Institute, 1996.
* Recent Trends in Archaeology of Andhra Pradesh, Sectional Presidential Address, 51 Session, Indian History Congress, Calcutta December, 1990.
* Ramayana in Andhra Sculptural Art, Srinagabhinandana, Bangalore, 1995
* Three Copper Plate Grants of Pruthvisrimula Raja from Kondavidu, [[Journal of the Epigraphical Society of India]], Vol 16, 1990
* Roman Coin Finds in the Karimnagar Region of Andhra, Foreign Coins found in the Indian Subcontinent, 4th International Colloquium, Indian Institute of Research in Numismatics, Nasik, 1995
* Kshtrapa Coin Hoard from Ghantasala, in Numismatic Panorama, S.M.Shukla Commemoration Vol.1996
* Ramadasa_A Great Ramabhakta of Bhdrachalam, The Kalyana Kalpataru, Vol. XLII, December, 1996
* Bliss in Stillness, (Splendor of Andhra Temples) Maa Telugu Talli, Special Issue on Andhra Pradesh, Nagarjuna group,1998
* Recent Progress of Archaeology in Andhra Pradesh, Proceedings of the Colloquium on South Indian Archaeology, Bacri, Hyderabad,2000
* Buddhism in Andhra, Andhra Sangita Saamskutika Mahotsavava special Issue, September, 2001
* The Enigma of Acharya Nagarjuna, Deccan Studies, Vol.1, No.1, Jan-June, 2002
* Early Tantric Goddesses, Special Issue of the National Seminar on Tantrism, Birla Archeological and Cultural Research Institute, Hyderabad, 2002
* Megalithic Cultures- The Iron Age, Pre and Proto Historic Andhra Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh History Congress, [[Dravidian University]], 2003
* A Historical Sketch Of Acharya Nagarjuna, Proceedings of the National Seminar, Salar Jung Museum, 2003.
* Nalgonda Region – An Archaeological Paradise, in Udayini, Special Issue of Panugallu Utsavam, 2001
* Maha Ganapati, Proceedings of the Andhra Pradesh History Congress, Narasapur,2001
* R.Subrahmanyam, a Guide of My Destiny, Subrahmanyam Commemoration Volume, Editors, I.K.Sarma, B.Vidyadhara Rao, 2003
* The Symbolism of Lotus and Lajja Gouri, in Glimpses of our Past and Historical Researches, Felicitation Vol to Prof M.Radha Krishna Sarma, Dept. of History Osmania University, 2004.
* Historical Geography of Andhra Pradesh, General Presidential Address, 28th Session of [[Andhra Pradesh History Congress]], Vijayavada, 2004.
* Tummanayeru Grant of Pulakesi 11. Brahmasri, P.V.Parabrahma Sastry Felicitation Vol., 2004
* Sects of Buddhism in Andhra, Kevala_Bodhi, Buddhist and Jaina History of Deccan, 2004
* Freedom Movement in (Coastal) Andhra, Krishna Pushkaram Celebrations, Special Issue, 2004

=== Research Articles Published in Telugu ===
* Andhra Pradesh Raastram lo Puraatatva Parisodhanalu, Andhra Jyoti Special Issue, 1985
* Nagarjunkonda – Oka Bouddha Kshetram, (1987), Telugu Samacharam.
* Amaravathi, (1987), Telugu Samacharam.
* Bavikonda – Bouddharamam, (1988) Telugu Samacharam.
* Nelakondapalli (1988) Telugu Samacharam.
* Srisailam Project loni puratana kattadala parikshana charyalu, (1989) Telugu Vignanam.
* Charitrika Chihnalu, MaaTelugu Talliki Mallepooladanda, A special issue brought out by Andhra Jyothi.1989.
* Praachinaandhra Samskuti, Special Issue, Andhra Saaraswata Parishad Diamond Jubilee, 2003
* Praachina Naanemulu-Moosi Charitra Parisodhana Telugu, B.Nsastry Commemoration Volume,
* Tarataraala Telugu Samskruti, Moosi, November–December 2000.
* Brihatsilayuga Samskrutulu-Inupayugam, Andhra Pradesh Samagra Charitra Samskruti, Vol 1. Andhra Pradesh History Congress, 2003

== References ==

<references />
* [https://archive.org/details/AnnualReportOfTheDeptOfArchaeologyMuseums198687 Annual Report of the Department of Archaeology Museums, 1986–87]
* https://archive.org/details/vijnanasaraswati015976mbp
* https://archive.org/details/vijanasaraswativ015973mbp
* https://archive.org/details/protoandearlyhis024606mbp
* https://openlibrary.org/a/OL104335A/V._V._Krishna_Sastry

== External links ==
* [http://www.saujanyabooks.com/details.aspx?id=33686 Krishnabhinandana: Archaeological, Historical and Cultural Studies (Festschrift to V.V. Krishna Sastry)] P. Chenna Reddy (Ed.)

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sastry, Veluri Venkata Krishna}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian archaeologists]]
[[Category:1934 births]]
[[Category:2012 deaths]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]
[[Category:People from Krishna district]]
[[Category:Scholars from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian archaeologists]]
[[Category:Indian social sciences writers]]
[[Category:Indian popular science writers]]

Bhangarh Fort

2026-02-11T07:37:14Z

DamienLorenz695: expanded content

{{Short description|Historical fort in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{IPA|}}
{{Infobox military installation
| native_name =
| location = [[Rajasthan]], India
| image = Bhangarh Fort - Royal Palace Bhangarh (July 2022) - img 16.jpg
| caption = Fortification gate looking towards the royal palace of Bhangarh
| pushpin_map = Rajasthan
| pushpin_map_caption = Bhangarh Fort in Rajasthan
| type = [[Fort]]
| coordinates = {{coord|27|5|45|N|76|17|15|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| code =
| built = {{start date and age|1573}}
| builder = [[Bhagwant Das]]
| materials = Stone and brick
| height =
| used =
| demolished =
| condition = Vacant; tourist attraction
| ownership =
* Mihir Nagar (prior)
* [[Government of India]] (current)
| open_to_public = Yes
| controlledby =
| garrison =
| current_commander =
| commanders =
| occupants =
| battles =
| events =
}}

The '''Bhangarh Fort''' is a 16th-century [[fort]] built in the [[Rajasthan]] state of India.<ref name=haunt>{{Cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/slideshow/top-10-most-haunted-places-in-india_39.html|title=Bhangarh Fort, Rajasthan|access-date=21 July 2013|publisher=Zee News}}</ref> The town was established during the rule of [[Bhagwant Das]] as the residence of his second son, Madho Singh.<ref name="ParveenSharma">{{cite book |last1=Parveen |first1=Wajeda |last2=Sharma |first2=Anrukati |title=Dynamics of Commerce and Management |date=2014 |publisher=Archers & Elevators Publishing House |isbn=9789383241439 |page=62 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3PxvEAAAQBAJ&dq=Bhangarh+Fort+history&pg=PT59 |chapter=Bangharh Fort: a case study of dark tourism}}</ref> The fort and its precincts are well preserved.{{Sfn|Singh|2010|p=188}}<ref name=Census2001>{{cite web | url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/PopulationFinder/View_Village_Population.aspx?pcaid=856194&category=VILLAGE | title=View Population | access-date=21 July 2013|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref>

==Geography==
Bhangarh Fort is located on the border of the [[Sariska Tiger Reserve|Sariska Reserve]] in the [[Aravali range]] of hills in the [[Alwar district]] of Rajasthan.<ref name="Place">{{Cite news |last=Safvi |first=Rana |date=11 November 2017 |title=Bhangarh: the most haunted fort in India |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/columns/the-most-haunted-fort-in-india/article20231373.ece |url-access=limited |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251004175709/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/columns/the-most-haunted-fort-in-india/article20231373.ece |archive-date=4 October 2025 |access-date=3 August 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]] |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The nearest village is Gola ka Baas.{{Sfn|Singh|2010|p=188}}The fort is situated at the foot of the hills on sloping terrain. The ruins of the king's palace are located on the lower slope of the hills; trees surround the pond area and a natural stream falls into the pond within the premises of the palace.{{Sfn|Rajputana|1880|pp=289-90}}

The fort is located {{Convert|235|km}} from [[Delhi]] and the approach to the entrance gate of the fort in the last {{Convert|2|km}} stretch of the road is unpaved.<ref name=Place/> The fort is {{Convert|20|mi}} from Thana Ghazi.{{Sfn|Rajputana|1880|pp=289-90}} The nearest airport is Jaipur International Airport, which is 88.2 km from the fort.

==Legends==
According to legend, a [[sadhu]] lived within the fort area, and according to his injunction, any house built in the precinct of the fort should not be taller than his own, and if the shadow of any such house fell on his house, it would result in destruction of the fort town. When columns were added to the fort that cast a shadow on the sadhu's house, the result was destruction of the fort and surrounding towns. According to another tale, a priest who was a practitioner of [[black magic]] fell in love with a beautiful Bhangarh princess with many suitors. One day, the priest followed the princess to the marketplace and offered her a [[love potion]]. However, she refused it, throwing it onto a large rock that consequently rolled onto the priest and crushed him to death. Before he died, the priest cursed the entire village, condemning it to destruction and desolation.<ref name="Stern2011">{{cite book|author=Steven L. Stern|title=Cursed Grounds|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=je1xnGxMcLgC&pg=PA7|date=1 January 2011|publisher=Bearport Publishing|isbn=978-1-61772-147-2|pages=7–}}</ref><ref name="Place" /><ref name="Souls">{{Cite news|url=https://hindi.oneindia.com/news/2011/07/26/bhangarh-most-haunted-place-india-aid0154.html|title=किला जहां सूरज ढलते ही जाग जाती हैं आत्‍माएं Ravi|language=hi|date=11 May 2013|access-date=21 July 2013|publisher=Greynium Information Technologies Pvt. Ltd; Oneindia.in|archive-date=16 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116132038/http://hindi.oneindia.in/news/2011/07/26/bhangarh-most-haunted-place-india-aid0154.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Layout and design==
Entering through the main gate of the completely ruined fort city, one can find temples, palaces, and [[haveli]]s. In addition, there are four more points of entry to the fort: the ''Lahori Gate'', the ''Ajmeri Gate'', the ''Phulbari Gate'', and the ''Delhi Gate''. At the entrance of the main gate are many [[Hindu temple]]s, such as ''Hanuman Temple'', ''Gopinath Temple'', ''Someshwar Temple'', ''Keshav Rai Temple'', ''Mangla Devi Temple'', ''Ganesh Temple'', and ''Navin Temple''.<ref name=Place/> The Gopinath Temple is built above a 14 ft raised plinth, and yellow stones are used for the carvings of the temple.<ref name=Temple>{{Cite web|url=http://www.templenet.com/encwest1.html|title=The Templenet Encyclopedia – Temples of Western India|work=Gopinath Temple|access-date=21 July 2013|publisher=Temple Net.com}}</ref> The residence of the priest, called the ''Purohitji Ki Haveli'', is located in the precincts of the temple complex. Next in order is the ''Nachan Ki Haveli'' (dancer's palace) and ''Jauhari Bazar'' (market place), followed by the Gopinath Temple. The Royal Palace is located at the extreme end of the fort's limits.<ref name=Place/>

The temples dedicated to [[Hanuman]] and [[Shiva|Shiv Mahadev]] are built in the style of [[cenotaphs]] rather than temples. Jhiri marble has been used in their construction. A Muslim tomb found outside the gate of the fort is reported to be that of one of the sons of King Hari Singh.{{Sfn|Rajputana|1880|pp=289-90}}

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Bhangarh Fort - Royal Palace Bhangarh (July 2022) - img 22.jpg|View of the inner fortified city, as seen from the royal palace
Bazaar ki Bhangarh Durg - Market street, Bhangarh (July 2021) - img 08.jpg|Ruins of the bazaar
Bazaar ki Bhangarh Durg - Market street, Bhangarh (July 2021) - img 05.jpg|Bazaar street
Fortifications of Bhangarh.jpg|An entrance to the royal palace
Bhangarh Fort - Royal Palace Bhangarh (July 2022) - img 02.jpg|A view from the top of the royal palace
Bhangarh Fort - Royal Palace Bhangarh (July 2022) - img 21.jpg|Ruins and discarded stones at the royal palace
Bhangarh Gopinath Mandir (July 2022) - img 04.jpg|Gopinath Temple
PurohitJi Ki Haveli, Bhangarh.JPG|[[Haveli]] of the [[purohit]]
Kesav Rai Temple, Bhangarh.JPG|Kesav Rai Temple
Mangla Devi Temple, Bhangarh.JPG|Mangla Devi Temple
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Hill Forts of Rajasthan]]
* [[Tourism in Rajasthan]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book|author=Gaurav Madan|title=Braving The Bhangarh - A Journey to Asia's most haunted ruins|url=https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B071H9MJSG|year=2017|publisher=Amazon Digital Serv.|asin=B071H9MJSG}}
* {{cite book|author=Outlook|title=64 Wildlife Holidays in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wg9uAAAAMAAJ|year=2006|publisher=Outlook Pub. (India)|isbn=978-81-89449-02-5}}
* {{cite book|author=Rajputana|title=The Rajputana gazetteers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yqYIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA289|year=1880}}
* {{cite book|first=Sarina |last=Singh|title=Lonely Planet India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vK88ktao7pIC&pg=PA18|date=15 September 2010|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-74220-347-8}}
* {{cite book|author=Steven L. Stern|title=Cursed Grounds|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=je1xnGxMcLgC&pg=PA7|date=1 January 2011|publisher=Bearport Publishing|isbn=978-1-61772-147-2}}

==External links==
* {{Wikivoyage-inline|Sariska Reserve and National Park}}
{{Forts in India}}
{{Tourism in India}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1613]]
[[Category:Forts in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rajput architecture]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Alwar district]]
[[Category:1613 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Superstitions of India]]

Ram Kondilkar

2026-02-10T02:52:43Z

DamienLorenz695: starting new article...

{{Short description|Indian film publicist}}
{{BLP no footnotes|date=March 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name =
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 06-01-1976
| birth_place = Karjat
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = [[Publicist]]
| networth =
| yearsactive= 1996 -till
| othername =
| spouse = Tejashree Ram Kondilkar
| children = Gargee Ram Kondilkar
| website =
}}

'''Ram Kondilkar''' is a [[Marathi language|Marathi]] [[publicist]] based in [[Mumbai]], [[India]]. He specializes in [[Play (theater)|plays]], [[television]], and feature film publicity. He has represented actors [[Girish Pandurang Kulkarni]], [[Ashok Samarth]], [[Anshuman Vichare]], [[Milind Gawali]], [[Ajinkya Deo]], Directors [[Sanjay Surkar]], Sumitra Bhave, Sunil Sukhtankar, [[Chandrakant Kulkarni]], [[Gajendra Ahire]], [[Rajiv Patil]], [[Umesh Vinayak Kulkarni]], [[Kedar Shinde]], [[Aditya Sarpotdar]], [[Jayprad Desai]], [[Satish Manvar]], Nikhil Mahajan, [[Kiran Yadnyopavit]], [[Sachin Kundalkar]], [[Shivaji Lotan Patil]], and others. He has also represented musicians such as [[Pt. Jasraj]], [[Ratan Mohan Sharma]], [[Tripti Mukharjee]], and Gaurav Bangia. He has publicized more than 125 films.

== Life and career ==
Ram Kondilkar was born in 1976 at Karjat, near Mumbai, India, and was raised in Mumbai.

Ram Kondilkar first worked in air conditioning repair. He joined film publicist Nilay Vaidya to assist him on various projects early in his entertainment career. He handled Marathi films and music as well as regional popular dramas, personalities, and celebrity profiles. In 2010, he was part of the re-launch of the [[Mi Marathi]] television channel of HDIL Business Group, followed by the [[SaamTv]] Marathi Channel of [[Sakal]] Publication House.

He has worked closely with director [[Kedar Shinde]] among several others. He has also been executive producer for Khandobachya Navane and Sail films. He produced the album Gandh Gaarva, which received positive reviews among fans.

Ram kondilkar became known in the Marathi film industry for such films as Sawarkhed Ek Gaon and Laxmikant Berde’s Last Lele Virudh Lele.

== Ram Publicity ==
He founded Ram Publicity in 2002, specializing in Marathi entertainment. Ram Kondilkar does corporate publicity for some of India's leading entertainment production houses like [[Balaji telefilms]], AB Corp, I Dream Productions, [[Shemaroo Entertainment]], and [[Mukta Arts]], as well as public sector companies and other non-government organizations.

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Bhet]]'' || Publicist|| Marathi ||
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Not Only Mrs. Raut]]'' || Publicist|| Marathi ||
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Savarkhed Ek Gaon]]'' || Publicist|| Marathi ||
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Vitthal Vitthal]]'' || Publicist|| Marathi ||
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Pandhar]]'' || Publicist|| Marathi ||
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Saatchya Aat Gharat]]'' || Publicist|| Marathi ||
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Vaah! Life Ho Toh Aisi!]]'' || Publicist|| Marathi ||
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Housefull (2005 film)|Housefull]]'' || Publicist|| Marathi ||
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Khandobachya Navana]]'' || Executive Producer & Publicist|| Marathi ||
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Yanda Kartve Ahe]]'' || Publicist|| Marathi ||
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Majha Navara Tujhi Bayko]]'' || Publicist|| Marathi ||
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Sail (film)|Sail]]'' || Executive Producer & Publicist|| Marathi ||
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Shevri]]'' || Publicist|| Marathi ||
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Anandache Jhaad]]'' || Publicist|| Marathi ||
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Restaurant (2006 film)|Restaurant]]'' || Publicist|| Marathi ||
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Kaydyacha Bola]]'' || Publicist|| Marathi ||
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Maai Baap]]'' || Publicist|| Marathi ||
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Sarivar Sari]]'' || Publicist|| Marathi ||
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Aawahan]]'' || Publicist|| Marathi ||
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Bandh Premache]]'' || Publicist|| Marathi ||
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Gojiri]]'' || Publicist|| Marathi ||
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Mukkam Post London]]'' || Publicist|| Marathi ||
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Bakula Namdev Ghotale]]'' || Publicist|| Marathi ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Foreignchi Patlin]]'' || Publicist|| Marathi ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Aai Shappat..!]]'' || Publicist|| Marathi ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Jogwa]]'' || Publicist|| Marathi ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Dhudgus]]'' || Publicist|| Marathi ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Ara Ara Aaba Aata Tari Thamba]]'' || Publicist|| Marathi ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Mumbaicha Dabewala]]'' || Publicist|| Marathi ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Aadla Badli]]'' || Publicist|| Marathi ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Valu (film)|Valu]]'' || Publicist|| Marathi ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Checkmate (2008 film)|Checkmate]]'' || Publicist|| Marathi ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Taryanche Bait]]'' || Publicist|| Marathi ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Gandha (film)|Gandha]]'' || Publicist|| Marathi ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Jhing Chik Jhing]]'' || Publicist|| Marathi ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Made in China (2009 Marathi film)|Made in China]]'' || Publicist|| Marathi ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[The Damned Rain]]'' (''Gabhricha Paus'') || Publicist|| Marathi ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Rangiberangi]]'' || Publicist|| Marathi ||
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Chintoo (film)|Chintoo]]'' || Publicist|| Marathi ||
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Vihir]]'' || Publicist|| Marathi ||
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Tee Ratra]]'' || Publicist|| Marathi ||
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Vavtal]]'' || Publicist|| Marathi ||
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Jetaa]]'' || Publicist|| Marathi ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Stand By (film)|Stand By]]'' || Publicist|| Marathi ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Pangira]]'' || Publicist|| Marathi ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Platform (2011 film)|Platform]]'' || Publicist|| Marathi ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Paulwaat]]'' || Publicist|| Marathi ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Superstar (2011 film)|Superstar]]'' || Publicist|| Marathi ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Sanai Choughade]]'' || Publicist|| Marathi ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Khel Mandala]]'' || Publicist|| Marathi ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Deool]]'' || Publicist|| Marathi ||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Ya Gol Gol Dabyatla]]'' || Publicist|| Marathi ||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Laathi]]'' || Publicist|| Marathi ||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Narbachi Wadi]]'' || Publicist|| Marathi ||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Masala (2012 film)|Masala]]'' || Publicist|| Marathi ||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Bharatiya (film)|Bharatiya]]'' || Publicist|| Marathi ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Kho-Kho (2013 film)|Kho-Kho]]'' || Publicist|| Marathi ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Shrimant Damodar Pant]]'' || Publicist|| Marathi ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Samhita (film)|Samhita]]'' || Publicist|| Marathi ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Tendulkar Out]]'' || Publicist|| Marathi ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Pune 52]]'' || Publicist|| Marathi ||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Dhag]]'' || Publicist|| Marathi ||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Aamhi Bolato Marathi]]'' || Publicist|| Marathi ||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Zentalman]]'' || Publicist|| Marathi ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Court (2014 film)|Court]]'' || Publicist|| Marathi ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Nagrik]]'' || Publicist|| Marathi ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Highway (2015 film)|Highway]]'' || Publicist|| Marathi ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Khwada]]'' || Publicist|| Marathi ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Shalee]]'' || Publicist|| Marathi ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Chaandi]]'' || Publicist|| Marathi ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Bernie (2016 film)|Bernie]]'' || Publicist|| Marathi ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Athang]]'' || Publicist|| Marathi ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Ganavesh]]'' || Publicist|| Marathi ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[A Dot Com Mom]]'' || Creative head || Marathi ||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Dashakriya]]'' || Executive Producer & Publicist|| Marathi ||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Readymix]]'' || Publicist|| Marathi ||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Bandishala]]'' || Executive Producer & Publicist|| Marathi ||
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Avwanchhit]]'' || Publicist|| Marathi ||
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Picasso (film)|Picasso]]'' || Publicist|| Marathi ||
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Mai Ghat: Crime No 103/2005]]'' || Publicist|| Marathi ||
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Varhadi Vajantri]]'' || Publicist|| Marathi ||
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Bunny (2023 film)|Bunny]]'' || Publicist|| Marathi ||
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Morrya]]'' || Publicist|| Marathi ||
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Chhapa Kaata]]'' || Publicist|| Marathi ||
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Dhh Lekacha]]'' || Publicist|| Marathi ||
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Bol Hari Bol]]'' || Publicist|| Marathi ||
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Hira Pheri]]'' || Publicist|| Marathi ||
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Lokshahi]]'' || Publicist|| Marathi ||
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Janma Runna]]'' || Publicist|| Marathi ||
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Ghaath (2023 film)|Ghaath]]'' || Publicist|| Marathi ||
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Mission Ayodhya]]'' || Publicist|| Marathi ||
|-
| 2026 || ''[[Toh, Ti ani Fuji]]'' || Publicist|| Marathi ||
|-
| 2026 || ''[[Kirtan (film)|Kirtan]]'' || Publicist|| Marathi ||
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Film-financing-is-new-investment-opportunity-for-city-businessmen/articleshow/9534376.cms Film financing is new investment opportunity for city businessmen]
* [http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2008/jun/30slide3.htm Marathi cinema rules the box office!]
* [http://www.filmytown.com/author/admin/page/3/ Rhythm, Raga and Melody, an exhibit of Film Posters at IFFI, Goa]
* [http://glamgold.com/pro-ram-kondikars-hattrik-in-promoting-films-getting-national-awards/ PRO Ram Kondikar’s hattrick in promoting films getting National Awards]
* [http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/FROt2M3RbqXkB0Uw5OOjZI/Marathi-films-get-a-muchneeded-marketing-push.html Marathi films get a much-needed marketing push]
* [http://ramkondilkar.blogspot.in/ Blogspot]
* [https://www.youtube.com/user/ramkondukondilkar Youtube]
* [https://www.facebook.com/ram.kondilkar Facebook]
* [https://plus.google.com/109364409440722385081/posts G+]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kondilkar, Ram}}
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian public relations people]]

Sangeetha Bhat

2026-02-08T00:18:20Z

DamienLorenz695: created new stub - done

{{Short description|Indian actress (b. 1992)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sangeetha Bhat
| image =
| birth_date =
| othername = Sangeetha
| occupation = Model, actress
| years active = 2009-present
| spouse = Sudarshan Rangaprasad
}}
'''Sangeetha Bhat''' is an Indian actress. She predominantly appears in [[Kannada]] films and has also acted in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] films.

== Career ==
Before taking on movie roles, Bhat appeared on television series with ''Panjaradha Gili'' (Kasturi channel Kannada), ''Bhagyavantharu'' (Suvarna channel Kannada), ''Chandrachakori'' (Udaya TV Kannada), ''Neeli'' (Suvarna channel Kannada), and ''Chandramukhi'' (Kasturi channel Kannada). Also, a reality TV show ''Life Super Guru'' (Zee Kannada channel), BCL (Suvarna Plus).
She began her film career in ''[[Preethi Geethi Ityaadi]]'' in 2014, where she was given the lead role alongside [[Pawan Wadeyar]]. Since then, she appeared in ''[[Doo (film)|Doo]]'', ''Kaaki / Ka Ka Ka'' a Telugu/Tamil bilingual, and ''Maamu Tea Angadi'', Bhat was featured in the Tamil movie titled ''Aarambamae Attagasam'', but in 2017 more successful films such as ''Eradane Sala'' and ''Dayavittu Gamanisu'' came her way. ''[[Eradane Sala]]'' was appreciated by her fans because of her uncharacteristically bold performance.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/eradane-sala-take-two-but-to-what-end/article17403553.ece |title=Eradane Sala:Take two, but to what end? |publisher=The Hindhu |date=28 October 2017}}</ref> In ''[[Dayavittu Gamanisi]],'' she starred with [[Vasishta N. Simha]], portraying a teacher. The movie was critically acclaimed and nominated for SIIMA.

She played the lead role in the movie ''[[Kismath (2018 film)|Kismath]]'', along with [[Vijay Raghavendra]], ''Anukta'', directed and produced by a talented Mangalorean team was also a critically acclaimed film. Her upcoming movies are ''Alidu Ulidavaru'' and ''Kapata Nataka Paathradhari'' (2018-2019-2020).
Sangeetha Bhat is known for her expressions and natural acting that connects to people and also known to be the critically acclaimed actress in the Kannada film industry. The actress also produced and acted in the short movie named ''Conversation'' from her own production house "Scrabble Productions", along with her husband Sudarshan Rangaprasad.

==Filmography==
*''All films are in Kannada, unless otherwise noted.''
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#ffc; " |{{dagger |alt=Films that have not yet been released }}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background :#ccc; text align:center;"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Doo (film)|Doo]]'' || Anu || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Preethi Geethi Ityaadi]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2015 || ''Mamu Tea Angadi'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kaki: Sound of Warning]]'' || Ghost || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2017 || ''Aarambamae Attagasam'' || Sangeetha || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film
|-
| ''[[Eradane Sala]]''|| Nandini ||
|-
| ''[[Ka Ka Ka: Aabathin Arikuri]]'' || Ghost || Tamil film
|-
| ''[[Dayavittu Gamanisi]]'' || ||
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Kismath (2018 film)|Kismat]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2019 || ''[[Anukta|Anuktha]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Alidu Ulidavaru''|| ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2020 || ''[[Kapata Nataka Paatradhaari]]''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Aadyaa]]'' || ||
|-
| 2024 || ''Klaantha'' || ||
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Kamal Sridevi]]'' || Sridevi || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2025/Sep/17/kannadainterviews2025sep17sangeetha-bhat-gripping-characters-are-rare-commodities-for-actors-like-me|title=Sangeetha Bhat: Gripping characters are rare commodities for actors like me|first=A.|last=Sharadhaa|date=17 September 2025|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
|}

=== Television ===
*''Chandra Chakori''
*''Bhagyavantharu''
*''Neeli''
*''Chandramukhi''
*''Life Super Guru''
*''Yediyur Shree Siddhalingeshwara''

=== Short movies ===
*"Conversation" (2018)
==Controversy==
On 14 October 2018, through a three-page revelation, she kick-started the #MeToo movement in the Kannada film industry. Various celebrities came out in support, which led to further revelations.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/sangeetha-bhat-kicks-metoo-698014.html |title=#MeToo in Sandalwood :Sangeetha Bhat levels allegations against top directors |date=15 October 2018}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhat, Sangeetha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses from Karnataka]]
[[Category:1992 births]]

Ratnasundarsuri

2026-02-04T06:32:48Z

DamienLorenz695: starting info

{{short description|Indian Jain monk}}
{{EngvarB|date=December 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| honorific-prefix = Acharya
| name = Ratnasundarsuri
| image = Acharya Ratnasundarsuri Maharaj.jpg
| caption = Ratnasundarsuri in 2017
| religion = [[Jainism]]
| sect = [[Śvetāmbara]]
| official_name = Acharya Vijay Ratnasundarsurishwarji Maharaj Saheb
| birth_name = Rajni
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1948|1|5|df=y}}
| birth_place = Depla near [[Palitana]], [[Gujarat]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| parents = Dalichand, Champaben
| initiation_name = Ratnasundarvijay
| initiator = [[Bhuvanbhanusuri]]
| initiation_place =
| initiation_date = 1967
| successor =
| website = {{url|http://www.ratnaworld.com/}}
}}
{{Jainism}}
'''Ratnasundarsuri''' (born 5 January 1948) is an Indian [[Jain]] monk, activist and [[Gujarati language]] writer. He is well known for his lectures on spirituality and social issues.<ref name="OT2017"/>

==Biography==
Ratnasundarsuri was born at Depla village near [[Palitana]] (now in [[Gujarat]]), India to Dalichand and Champaben. His birth name was Rajni. He was initiated in asceticism in 1967 under [[Bhuvanbhanusuri]]. He was conferred the title of Acharya in 1996. He spent four years in [[Delhi]] starting 2006. In 2011, he started a petition to ban meat export from India.<ref name="HereNow4u">{{cite web | title=Acharya Vijayratna Sunder Surishwar | website=HereNow4u: Portal on Jainism and next level consciousness | date=18 January 2016 | url=http://www.herenow4u.net/index.php?id=62442&tt_address_pi1[uid]=3320&no_cache=1 | access-date=27 January 2017 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In July 2013, he filed a petition to the [[Rajya Sabha]] to ban [[sex education]] and online [[pornography]].<ref name="Yahoo News India 2013">{{cite web | title=Like Your Porn? Now Is The Time To Jump To Its Defence | website=Yahoo News India | date=30 July 2013 | url=https://www.yahoo.com/like-your-porn--now-is-the-time-to-jump-to-its-defence-053939707.html | access-date=27 January 2017 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Works==
In spite of being a religious saint, he has written many visionary books for the socio-cultural upliftment of the individual as well as society at large. Till today, he has written 500 books on variety of subjects and holds the Golden Book of World Records for writing more than 300 books in a single language (Gujarati).<ref>{{Cite web | title=Ratnaworld - Jainacharya Ratnasundersurishwarji Maharaj Saheb | url=http://ratnaworld.com/ | access-date=2025-02-16 | website=ratnaworld.com}}</ref> ''Lakhi Rakho Aras Ni Takati Par'' is his most acclaimed book. It is translated in 20 languages including Hindi, English, Urdu, Marathi, French and German. His lectures on the television are popular.<ref name="OT2017">{{cite web | title=Padma stars of Gujarat | website=The Times of India | date=26 January 2017 | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/padma-stars-of-gujarat/articleshow/56787105.cms | access-date=27 January 2017}}</ref>

==Recognition==
In 2017, he was awarded [[Padma Bhushan]], the third highest civilian award by [[Government of India]] for his contribution in field of spirituality.<ref name="OT2017"/><ref name="PA2017">{{cite web|title=Padma Awards: 2017|url=http://www.mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/PadmaAwards-2017_25012017.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|date=25 January 2017|access-date=25 January 2017|pages=1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170127123228/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=157675|archive-date=27 January 2017}}</ref><ref name="Savant 2017">{{cite web | last=Savant | first=Dipti | title=પદ્મ પુરસ્કાર મેળવનારા 10 ગુજરાતીઓની કામગીરી છે સેલ્યુટ કરવા જેવી | website=Sandesh | date=26 January 2017 | url=http://sandesh.com/8-gujaratis-got-padma-puraskar/ | language=gu | access-date=27 January 2017}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Jain Gurus|status=collapsed}}
{{Jainism topics|status=collapsed}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2010–19}}

[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in other fields]]
[[Category:Jain acharyas]]
[[Category:Scholars of Jainism]]
[[Category:Gujarati people]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian Jain monks]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Jain writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Jain monks]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian monks]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Jains]]
[[Category:21st-century Jain monks]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian monks]]
[[Category:Śvetāmbara monks]]

Chondhi, Alibag

2026-01-25T19:33:45Z

DamienLorenz695:

{{short description|Village in Maharashtra, India}}{{More citations needed|date=May 2025}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chondhi
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = Maharashtra
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|18.7270|N|72.8811|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and Territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Raigad district|Raigad]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Talukas of Maharashtra|Taluka]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Alibag]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi Language|Marathi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN CODE]]
| postal_code = 402 201
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 02141
| registration_plate =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Chondhi''' is a small village in the [[Alibag]] subdistrict of the [[Raigad district]] in [[Maharashtra]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Primary Census Abstract Data Tables – India: Final Population Totals |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=11 July 2022 |access-date=27 April 2025 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India}}</ref> It is located to the north of [[Alibag]] on Alibag-Rewas Road. Chondhi acts as a major market area for the neighboring villages. Nearby attractions include [[Kihim|Kihim Beach]] and [[Kankeshwar]]. The language spoken here is Marathi.

==Economy==

Retail business is the mainstay of Chondhi. Several departmental stores and pharmacies are located here. Chondhi is also popular among the locals for its fish and vegetable market.

==Administration==

Chondhi forms part
of the [[Gram Panchayat|Group Gram Panchayat]] in [[Kihim]].

==Transport==

* '''Road''': Chondhi is well connected to [[Alibag]] (approximately 9 km) by road. [[Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation|MSRTC]] buses running on the Alibag - Rewas route are available throughout the day. Buses running on Alibag-Kihim and Alibag-Saswane also pass through Chondhi, but the frequency is less as compared to Alibag-Rewas route buses. [[Auto rickshaws|Auto Rickshaws]] are readily available everywhere for local travel, but the fares are not regulated. It is a common practice to decide the fare beforehand to avoid bargaining later. One has to travel through Chondhi to reach [[Kihim]] Beach.
* '''Railways''': The nearest [[railway station]] is at [[Pen, India|Pen]], which is approximately 30 km away.
* '''Ferry''': Passenger boat services are available from [[Mandwa, Maharashtra|Mandwa]] [[Jetty]] to [[Gateway of India]] and from [[Rewas]] to [[Ferry Wharf|Bhaucha Dhakka]] in [[Mumbai]] throughout the year, except for [[Monsoon]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Raigad district}}

[[Category:Villages in Raigad district]]

Ramesh Kadam (cricketer)

2026-01-02T05:32:21Z

DamienLorenz695: starting data...

{{Short description|Indian cricketer (born 1962)}}
{{no footnotes|blp=yes|date=October 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
'''Ramesh Kadam''' (born 26 December 1962) was an Indian [[cricket]]er. He was a right-handed batsman and right-arm medium-pace bowler who played for [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]. He was born in [[Kolhapur]].

Kadam made a single first-class appearance for the side, during the 1987–88 season, against [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]. He did not bat in either innings of the match.

Kadam took a single catch, that of Mayur Patel.

==External links==
*{{cricketarchive|id=24749}}
*{{cricinfo|id=30153}}

{{Portal bar|Biography|Cricket|India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kadam, Ramesh}}
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Maharashtra cricketers]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Kolhapur]]
{{India-cricket-bio-1960s-stub}}

Basheer Ahmed Razi

2025-12-09T13:57:03Z

DamienLorenz695: Starting Initial Article From Scratch!

'''Basheer Ahmed Razi''' ( 1916 - 1998) was an [[India|Indian]] [[botany|botanist]]. His parents were K. Abdul Qadir Khan and Roqia bi.
He was one of the early phytogeographers. Prof. B A Razi's classic work is on plant geography of south Indian hill top flora for which he received the coveted D. Sc degree. He divided the Indian sub-continent into 23 botonical provinces based on the climate and floristic pattern.
As a plant geographer, Prof. B A Razi had to deal with hundreds of plant species, the identification of which posed problems in early 1950s. This problem gradually drew him to area of plant Taxonomy with which he was associated till the end.
During his tenure as lecturer in Central college, Bangalore University, he focussed on the floristic studies of various regions including the flora of Bangalore between 1961-1964. This formed the pioneering taxonomic work (Ramaswamy &Razi:Flora of Bangalore district). He initiated Taxonomy works in Karnataka and therefore aptly came to be known as Father of Taxonomy in Karnataka.
With the establishment of separate University at Mysore, Prof. B A Razi joined Dept of Botany in Manasagangotri in1964. Many district floras were document under his guidance. Such as Rao & Razi, Flora of Mysore district, flowering plants of Manasagangotri campus, Aquatic and marsh plants of Mysore, flora of Chikmagalur district, cyperaceae of Mysore district and many numerous publications.
Prof. B A Razi also initiated the Taxonomic Revisions of some difficult groups like Impatiens. A new species was discovered during the revision of Impatiens which Dr Bhaskar named and described the species as Impatiens raziana, in honour of Prof.B. A. Razi.
A medal in his is instituted bythe Association for plant taxonomy, Lucknow, every year for one deservingtaxonomist.lucknow<ref name="Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries - Index of Botanists - Razi, Basheer Ahmed">{{cite web |title=Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries - Index of Botanists - Razi, Basheer Ahmed |url=https://kiki.huh.harvard.edu/databases/botanist_search.php?mode=details&id=10439 |publisher=[[Harvard University]] |access-date=7 October 2023}}</ref>

==Abbreviation==
{{botanist|Razi|Basheer Ahmed Razi}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Razi, Basheer Ahmed}}
[[Category:1916 births]]
[[Category:1999 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian botanists]]

{{India-botanist-stub}}

Mary Help of Christians Cathedral, Shillong

2025-11-29T10:26:37Z

DamienLorenz695: minor edit

{{For|the cathedral of Kohima, Nagaland|Mary Help of Christians Cathedral, Kohima}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox church
|name = Cathedral of Mary Help of Christians
|fullname =
|image = Cathedral of Mary Help of Christians, Shillong 1.jpeg
|imagesize =
|imagelink =
|imagealt =

|caption = Cathedral of Mary Help of Christians

|pushpin map =
|pushpin label position =
|pushpin map alt =
|pushpin mapsize =
|map caption = Location of the cathedral in Meghalaya

|latm =
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|longm =
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|coordinates = {{coord|25.568448|N|91.891343|E|region:IN_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
|osgraw = 
|osgridref = 
|location = [[Laitumkhrah]], [[Shillong]]
|country = [[India]]

|denomination = [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic]]
|tradition = [[Latin Church|Latin Rite]]
|churchmanship =
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|founded date = {{start date and age|df=yes|1936}}
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|past bishop = [[Dominic Jala]], S.D.B.
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|dedication = [[Mary Help of Christians]]
|status = [[Cathedral]]
|functional status = active
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|parish = Cathedral Parish, Laitumkhrah
|deanery =
|archdeaconry =
|episcopalarea =
|archdiocese = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Shillong|Metropolitan Archdiocese of Shillong]]
|metropolis = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Shillong|Metropolitan Archdiocese of Shillong]]
|diocese =
|province = Province of Shillong
|presbytery =
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|archbishop = Victor Lyngdoh
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}}

The '''Cathedral of Mary Help of Christians''' is a [[cathedral]] in [[Shillong]], [[Meghalaya]], India. It is the cathedral church of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Shillong]] and serves as the seat of the Metropolitan Archbishop of Shillong. It covers the districts of [[East Khasi Hills]] and [[Ri-Bhoi district|Ri-Bhoi]], in which there are 43 church districts or "Parishes". The Cathedral, built more than 85 years ago, is the principal place of worship of the over 342,169 Catholics of the Shillong Archdiocese.

==History==
Built in 1913 by the first Catholic missionaries to these hills, the Salvatorians from Germany (of the Society of the Divine Saviour), it was the first Catholic Cathedral Church in what was then the [[Apostolic Prefecture]] of [[Assam]]. Construction of the new church of [[Mary Help of Christians]] began on the same site on 25 October 1936. The earlier 1913 building – the Church of the Divine Saviour – was a wooden structure, which was destroyed in a fire on April 10, 1936. Described as modern Gothic, the Church building plan was approved on August 22, 1936 by the chairman of the Shillong Municipality, who was also the Deputy Commissioner of former United Khasi & Jaintia Hills District, Keith Cantlie. The first stone of the new Church was blessed on October 25, 1936 the feast of Christ the King. The building stands on sand and has no direct connection with the underlying rock; the type of foundation was recommended since the region where Shillong is located is prone to severe earthquakes. The sand on which the structure stands provides elasticity. At the time of building the foundation, trenches were cut from rock and half-filled with sand. Theoretically the Church building in times of earthquakes can rock safely on the shock-absorbing sand. In 1980, the centenary year of the Catholic Church in North East India, the Archbishop, [[Hubert D’Rosario]], declared the Cathedral Church a shrine, duly approved to be a pilgrimage centre. Since then special church services have been held there every Wednesday.

==The building==
[[File:Shillong Mary Help of Christians Cathedral - Meghalaya.jpg|thumb|left|300px|The facade of the cathedral with the statue of [[Mary Help of Christians]]]]
[[File:Church of Shillong.JPG|thumb|300px|Cathedral of Mary Help of Christians]]
Located in the Laitumkhrah locality in Shillong, the Cathedral of Mary Help of Christians has high arches and stained glass windows. Directly below, carved out of the hill is the Grotto Church. This Cathedral is named after Mary the mother of [[Jesus Christ]]. On the flanks of the inside of the Cathedral Church are another set of 14 Stations of the Cross. Made of terracotta in relief, they depict scenes from the suffering and death of Jesus Christ. These depictions, it is said, earlier adorned the old Cathedral Church. They are reported to have been produced by the Art Institute in [[Munich]], Bavaria, Germany. The inside of the Church also holds several works of church art which portray scenes from Holy Scripture and the life of Saints. There is a set of stained glass windows made in Grenoble, France in 1947. On the left facing the main altar is the grave of the first Archbishop of Shillong, Hubert D'Rosario, SDB., DD. Next to the grave, just in front of the statue of Mary and the Child Jesus, is another altar, where special nine-day devotions are held every month.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Catherdral Church of the Mary Help of Christians, Shillong |url=http://www.churchnewssite.com/portal/?p=63486 |accessdate=26 September 2011 |url-status=usurped |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512215821/http://www.churchnewssite.com/portal/?p=63486 |archivedate=12 May 2014 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Roman Catholic cathedrals in India|Mary Help of Christians]]
[[Category:Salesian church buildings in India]]
[[Category:Shillong]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic churches completed in 1936]]
[[Category:Churches in Meghalaya]]
[[Category:20th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in India]]

List of Kerala Blasters FC seasons

2025-09-12T15:39:20Z

DamienLorenz695: updated details

{{Short description|none}}
{{For|details of the current season|2024–25 Kerala Blasters FC season}}
{{Use dmy dates|date = July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}

[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]] is an Indian professional [[Association football|football]] club based in [[Kochi|Kochi, Kerala]]. The club participates in the [[Indian Super League]], the top tier of [[Football in India|Indian football]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kerala Blasters Football Club|url=http://keralablastersfc.in/|access-date=2020-06-20|website=KBFC|archive-date=26 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626073622/https://keralablastersfc.in/|url-status=live}}</ref> The club was established on 27 May 2014 and began their first professional season a few months later in October 2014. They play their home matches at the [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]] and is one of the most supported football clubs in Asia.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ISL 2016: Kerala Blasters fans 'real heroes' of the season, says Nita Ambani|url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/isl-2016-kerala-blasters-fans-real-heroes-of-the-season-says-nita-ambani-3165144.html|access-date=2020-06-20|website=Firstpost|archive-date=15 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915053036/https://www.firstpost.com/sports/isl-2016-kerala-blasters-fans-real-heroes-of-the-season-says-nita-ambani-3165144.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Key==
'''Key to league competitions:'''
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
* [[Indian Super League]] – Rebranded India's Top Tier Football League, Established In 2014
{{col-end}}
{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}
'''Key to colours and symbols:'''
{| class="wikitable" text-align:center"
|-
|bgcolor=gold|1st or W||Winners
|-
|bgcolor=silver|2nd or RU||Runners-up
|-
|bgcolor=bronze|3rd ||Third
|-
|bgcolor=#FFE4B5| ⭐ ||Top scorer in division
|-
|bgcolor=#ERF5B5| 🇮🇳 ||Top Indian scorer in division
|}
'''Key to league record:'''
* Season = The year and article of the season
* Finals = Final position
* P = Games played
* W = Games won
* D = Games drawn
* L = Games lost
* GF = Goals scored
* GA = Goals against
* Pts = Points
{{col-3}}
'''Key to cup record:'''
* En-dash (–) = The Blasters did not participate or cup not held
* R32 = Round of 32
* R16 = Round of 16
* QF = Quarter-finals
* SF = Semi-finals
* RU = Runners-up
* W = Winners
{{col-end}}

==Seasons==
The Blasters started to play in the [[Indian Super League]] from its inception in 2014. They were one of the eight founding teams of the league. From [[2017–18 Indian Super League|2017–18]] season onwards, two more teams were added into the league. The [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]] did not exist for the first three seasons until it was introduced in 2017. In 2020, one more club joined the league.

In August 2021, the Blasters announced their participation in [[Durand Cup]], which is the [[List of oldest football competitions|oldest existing football tournament]] in [[Asia]] and [[List of oldest football competitions|3rd oldest existing professional club football tournament in the world]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Release|first=Press|date=2021-08-24|title=Durand Cup 2021: Kerala Blasters will make their debut in India's oldest football competition|url=https://thebridge.in/football/kerala-blasters-to-take-part-in-the-durand-cup-24608|access-date=2021-09-12|website=thebridge.in|language=en}}</ref>

Correct as of the end of the [[2024–25 Kerala Blasters FC season|2024–25 season]].
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center"
|+ Seasons of Kerala Blasters FC<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kerala Blasters FC Stats, Results, Fixtures {{!}} FootyStats|url=https://footystats.org/clubs/india/kerala-blasters-fc|access-date=2020-06-18|website=footystats.org|language=en|archive-date=17 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617171003/https://footystats.org/clubs/india/kerala-blasters-fc|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" |Season
! colspan="8" |[[Indian Super League|League]]
! rowspan="2" |'''Finals'''
! rowspan="2" |'''[[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]'''
!Other competitions
! colspan="2" |Top scorer(s)
|-
!{{tooltip|Pld|Games played}}
!{{tooltip|W|Games won}}
!{{tooltip|D|Games drawn}}
!{{tooltip|L|Games lost}}
!{{tooltip|GF|Goals for}}
!{{tooltip|GA|Goals against}}
!{{tooltip|Pts|Points}}
!{{tooltip|Pos|Position}}
![[Durand Cup]]
!Player(s)
!Goals
|-
|[[2014 Kerala Blasters FC season|2014]]
|14
|5
|4
|5
|9
|11
|19
|4th
| bgcolor="silver" align="center" |[[2014 Indian Super League final|Runners-up]]
| rowspan=3 | Did not exist
| —
|align="left" |{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Iain Hume]]
|5
|-
|[[2015 Kerala Blasters FC season|2015]]
|14
|3
|4
|7
|22
|27
|13
|8th
|DNQ
| —
|align="left" |{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Antonio German]]<hr>{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Chris Dagnall]]
|6
|-
|[[2016 Kerala Blasters FC season|2016]]
|14
|6
|4
|4
|12
|14
|22
| bgcolor="silver" align="center" |2nd
| bgcolor="silver" align="center" |[[2016 Indian Super League final|Runners-up]]
| —
|align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[C.K. Vineeth]]
|bgcolor=#ERF5B5|5 🇮🇳
|-
|[[2017–18 Kerala Blasters FC season|2017–18]]
|18
|6
|7
|5
|20
|22
|25
|6th
|DNQ
|[[2018 Indian Super Cup#Round of 16|R16]]
| —
|align="left" |{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Iain Hume]]
|5
|-
|[[2018–19 Kerala Blasters FC season|2018–19]]
|18
|2
|9
|7
|18
|28
|15
|9th
|DNQ
|[[2019 Indian Super Cup#Qualification round|Qualifiers]]
| —
|align="left" |{{flagicon|SER}} [[Slaviša Stojanović (footballer, born 1989)|Slaviša Stojanović]]<hr>{{flagicon|SLO}} [[Matej Poplatnik]]
|4
|-
|[[2019–20 Kerala Blasters FC season|2019–20]]
|18
|4
|7
|7
|29
|32
|19
|7th
|DNQ
| rowspan=3 | Tournament suspended
| —
|align="left" |{{flagicon|Nigeria}} [[Bartholomew Ogbeche]]
|bgcolor=#FFE4B5 align=center| 15 ⭐
|-
|[[2020–21 Kerala Blasters FC season|2020–21]]
|20
|3
|8
|9
|23
|36
|17
|10th
|DNQ
| —
|align="left" |{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Jordan Murray (soccer)|Jordan Murray]]
|7
|-
|[[2021–22 Kerala Blasters FC season|2021–22]]
|20
|9
|7
|4
|34
|24
|34
|4th
|bgcolor="silver" align="center" |[[2022 Indian Super League final|Runners-up]]
|[[2021 Durand Cup#Group C|Group stage]]
|align="left" |{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Jorge Pereyra Díaz]]<hr>{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Álvaro Vázquez]]
|8
|-
|[[2022–23 Kerala Blasters FC season|2022–23]]
|20
|10
|1
|9
|28
|28
|31
|5th
|[[2023 Indian Super League playoffs#Knockout|Knockout round]]
|[[2023 Indian Super Cup group stage#Group A|Group stage]]
|[[2022 Durand Cup#Quarter-finals|Quarter-finals]]
|{{flagicon|GRE}} [[Dimitrios Diamantakos]]
|12
|-
|[[2023–24 Kerala Blasters FC season|2023–24]]
|22
|10
|3
|9
|32
|31
|33
|5th
|[[2024 Indian Super League playoffs#Knockout play-offs 2|Knockout round]]
|[[2024 Indian Super Cup group stage#Group B|Group stage]]
|[[2023 Durand Cup#Group C|Group stage]]
|{{flagicon|GRE}} [[Dimitrios Diamantakos]]
|bgcolor=#FFE4B5 align=center| 16 ⭐
|-
|[[2024–25 Kerala Blasters FC season|2024–25]]
|24
|8
|5
|11
|33
|37
|29
|8th
|DNQ
|[[2025 Super Cup (India, April)#Quarter-finals|Quarter-finals]]
|[[2024 Durand Cup#Quarter-finals|Quarter-finals]]
|{{flagicon|MAR}} [[Noah Sadaoui]]
|14
|}


== See also ==
*[[Kerala Blasters FC]]
*[[Kerala Blasters FC Reserves and Academy]]
*[[List of Kerala Blasters FC records and statistics]]
*[[List of Kerala Blasters FC players]]
*[[List of Kerala Blasters FC managers]]
*[[Kerala Blasters FC results by opponent]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links ==
{{Kerala Blasters FC}}

[[Category:Kerala Blasters FC seasons|*]]
[[Category:Indian football club seasons by club|Kerala Blasters FC]]
[[Category:Kerala Blasters FC-related lists|Seasons]]

Pakka, Faridkot

2025-08-13T21:37:21Z

DamienLorenz695: starting a stub...

{{Short description|Village in Faridkot, Punjab, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pakka
| other_name = ਪੱਕਾ
| settlement_type = Village
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{Coord|30.70848115096793|74.80575811144091|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Faridkot district|Faridkot]]
| government_type = Sarpanch
| governing_body = Gram panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| population_total = 4453
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Census of India 2011 (Punjab) |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s3ca9c267dad0305d1a6308d2a0cf1c39c/uploads/2016/09/2018052293.pdf |website=cdn.s3waas.gov.in |page=56}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code = 151213
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Faridkot, India]]
| website =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Gram panchayat]]
}}
'''Pakka''' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]: ਪੱਕਾ) is a village located in [[Faridkot district]] of [[Punjab]] State.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakka · Punjab 151203, India |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Pakka,+Punjab+151203/@30.7074125,74.7865743,15z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m6!3m5!1s0x391757c1976f28cb:0xd25a8096694450c!8m2!3d30.7070966!4d74.8053829!16s/g/1tgg8bsq?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI1MDYxMS4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw== |access-date=2025-06-15 |website=Pakka · Punjab 151203, India |language=en}}</ref> The Village has a population of 4453 of which 2373 are males while 2080 are females as per the population census of 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakka Village Population - Faridkot - Faridkot, Punjab |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/35564-pakka-punjab.html |access-date=2025-06-15 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref> The total geographical area of the village is about 1,459 hectares.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Directorate of census operations Punjab |first=District Census Handbook |title=Census of India 2011 |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s3ca9c267dad0305d1a6308d2a0cf1c39c/uploads/2016/09/2018052293.pdf |website= |page=56}}</ref> The postal code of the village is 151213.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakka (79) Village (Pincode: 151213), Faridkot, Faridkot {{!}} Punjab {{!}} – Population, Area, Nearby Villages, Assembly & Parliament Constituency |url=https://villageinfo.org/village/35564 |access-date=2025-06-15 |website=villageinfo.org}}</ref>

== References ==

[[Category:Villages in Faridkot district]]
<references />{{PunjabIN-geo-stub}}

Govardhan (artist)

2025-07-29T08:56:18Z

DamienLorenz695: Page updated with additional details

{{Short description|17th century Indian painter}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2009}}
{{Infobox artist
| name = Govardhan
| image = Detail of the artist Govardhan, from an illustrated folio containing a self-portrait of the artist Daulat and portraits of the artists Govardhan, Bishandas, Manohar, Abu'l-Hasan, by Daulat, ca.1610.jpg
| caption = Portrait of Govardhan found on the border of a folio of the Gulshan Album, by Daulat, {{circa|1610}}
| patrons = Akbar and Shah Jahan
| style = Mughal
}}
'''Govardhan''' ([[floruit|fl.]] 1595–1640){{sfn|Beach|2020}} was a [[Mughal Era|Mughal era]] [[India]]n painter of the [[Mughal painting|Mughal school of painting]]. His father Bhavani Das, had been a minor painter in the imperial workshop. Like many other Mughal painters, they were Hindus. He joined the imperial service during the reign of [[Akbar]] and he continued his work till the reign of [[Shah Jahan]]. The examples of his work that are still extant show that he was fond of rich, sensuous colour and softly modelled forms.

Govardhan was one of the illustrators of the ''[[Baburnama]]'' currently located in the [[British Museum]], London. The ''Jahangir celebrating the festival of Ab-Pashi'' (1615), presently kept in the [[Raza Library]] in Rampur, India is one of his significant creations. His portraits contained in the [[Jahangir]] albums are presently in the collections of various American and European museums. He depicted the different human physiques of the Indians with much accuracy. An excellent portrait of him was prepared by one of his contemporary painters, [[Daulat (painter)|Daulat]].

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Govardhan. Shah Jahan and Dara Shikoh ca. 1638. Victoria and Albert Museum.jpg|Govardhan. Shah Jahan and [[Dara Shikoh]] {{circa|1638}}. [[Victoria and Albert Museum]].
File:Shah Jahan on The Peacock Throne.jpg|Shah Jahan on The Peacock Throne, {{circa|1635}}. [[Museum of Islamic Art, Doha]]
File:Govardhan. A Discourse Between Muslim Sages ca. 1630 LACMA.jpg|Govardhan. A Discourse between Muslim Sages {{circa|1630}} [[Los Angeles County Museum of Art]].
File:Kusa and Lava chant the poem before Rama.jpg|Folio from the Ramayana of Valmiki (The Freer Ramayana), 1597–1605
File:A Musician and Singer Kneel at the Outskirts of a Mughal Camp. A Yogi and a Servant Listen to them, from the Minto Album, c.1630.jpg|1630. A musician and singer kneel on the edge of a Mughal camp. A yogi and a servant listen to them. From the Minto Album. The instrument in a [[Seni rebab]].
File:Page from the Late Shah Jahan Album -- Prince and Ascetics c 1630.jpg|Page from the Late Shah Jahan Album -- Prince and Ascetics c 1630. Instruments are the [[veena]] and (possibly) the [[daf]].
File:Govardhan. Akbar With Lion and Calf ca. 1630, Metmuseum.jpg|''Akbar With Lion and Calf'' – by Govardhan ({{circa|1630}}), at the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]].
File:Five Holy Men, A Leaf From the St. Petersburg Muraqqa.jpg|Five Holy Men, A Leaf from the St. Petersburg Album. {{circa|1625}}–1630. Private collection.
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{EI3|last=Beach|first=Milo C.|title=Govardhan|year=2020|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/govardhan-COM_27510}}

==Further reading==
{{commons category|Govardhan (painter)}}
*{{cite book |author=Kossak, Steven | title= ''Indian court painting, 16th-19th century.'' | location=New York | publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art | year=1997| isbn=0870997831 | url=http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/12335/rec/74}} (see index: p.&nbsp;148–152; plate 22)
*[http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/114935/rec/401 The Emperors' album: images of Mughal India], an exhibition catalogue from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Govardhan.
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Govardhan}}
[[Category:Painters from the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:Year of death unknown]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Indian portrait painters]]
[[Category:Indian male painters]]
[[Category:17th-century Mughal Empire people]]

{{India-painter-stub}}
{{Mughal-stub}}

Khasma Nu Khani

2025-06-21T14:27:51Z

DamienLorenz695:

{{Short description|Indian Punjabi television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Khasma Nu Khani.jpg
| genre = [[Drama]]
| creator =
| developer =
| screenplay = [[Damini Kanwal Shetty]]
| story =
| director = Rajeev Sham Laal Soni
| country = India
| language = Punjabi
| num_episodes = 552
| location = [[Mohali]]
| editor = Santosh Singh
Umesh Prajapati
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| network = [[Zee Punjabi]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2020|1|13|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2022|6|3|df=y}}
| related = ''[[Majhya Navaryachi Bayko]]''
}}

'''''Khasma Nu Khani''''' ({{Translation|''Female Who Steal Others Husband''}}) is an Indian [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] drama television series that premiered on 13 January 2020 on [[Zee Punjabi]]. It was produced under the banner of Eternal Frame Production and stars Harsimran Oberoi, Akshay Dhiman, Navdeesh Arora, Mridun Taksh and Sukhpreet in the lead roles. It is an official remake of [[Marathi language|Marathi]] TV series ''[[Majhya Navaryachi Bayko]]''. It ended on 3 June 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-03-29|title='KHASMA NU KHANI' Successfully completes 500 Episodes!|url=https://www.chandigarhcitynews.com/khasma-nu-khani-successfully-completes-500-episodes/|access-date=2023-11-16|website=Chandigarh City News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=TV shows replace actors under 10 and over 65 years - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/tv-shows-replace-actors-under-10-and-over-65-years/articleshow/77005488.cms|access-date=2022-01-17|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=22 July 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Amid A Lot Of Twists And Turns, 'Khasma Nu Khani' Tops The TRP Charts|url=https://www.5dariyanews.com/news/307453-Amid-A-Lot-Of-Twists-And-Turns-Khasma-Nu-Khani-Tops-The-TRP-Charts|access-date=2023-11-16|website=5 Dariya News}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The series depicts the life of Desho, whose life turns upside down on discovering her husband Armaan's illicit relationship with Simple.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Desho & Ajooni are in trouble again! Watch 'Khasma Nu Khani' in Zee Punjabi|url=https://www.babushahi.com/full-news.php?id=140818&headline=Desho-&-Ajooni-are-in-trouble-again!-Watch-%27Khasma-Nu-Khani%27-in-Zee-Punjabi|access-date=2023-11-16|website=Babushahi}}</ref>

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* Harsimran Oberoi as Deshpreet Arora aka Desho, Armaan's wife (2020–2021)
* Akshay Dhiman as Ranveer Duggal (2021–2023)
* Sukhpreet as Simple Sharma, Armaan's love interest (2021–2022)

* Mridun Taksh as Shivam (2020–2022)

* Navdeesh Arora as Armaan Arora, Desho's husband (2020–2021)
** Love Sandhu replaced Navdeesh Arora as Armaan Arora (2021–2022)

=== Recurring ===
* Roopi Maan as Mrs. Duggal (2020–2022)
* Raman Dagga as Jagpratap Arora (2020–2022)
* Anju Moga as Poonam Arora (2020–2022)
* Mohan Kant as Sandeep Gulati (2020–2022)
* Jasleen as Deshpreet's mother (2020–2022)
* Naveen Dhingra as Deshpreet's father (2020–2022)
* Minal as Upinder Singh (2020–2022)
* Nisha as Sandeep's wife (2020–2022)
* Shreeansh Sharma as Purab (2020–2022)
* Samsher Singh as Maakhan Singh (2020–2022)
* Harjeet as Renu (2020–2022)
* Onika Maan as Maaya Kapoor (2020–2022)
* Anjali as Sweety (2020–2022)
* Harry Basra as Gurvindar Nehra aka Guggu (2020–2022)
* Gurpreet Maan as Tarunpaal Gill (2020–2022)
* Gagaandeep as Lakhbir (2020–2022)
* Gagan as Maid's Daughter (2020–2022)
* Pushpak Dilnoor as Twinkle Gill (2020–2022)
* Neelam Handa as Parminder Nehra (2020–2022)
* Prashni as Guneet Gill (2020–2022)
* Sukhpal as Sartaj Nehra aka Jolly (2020–2022)
* Vikas Neb as Omkar, Armaan's boss (2020–2022)
* Mathlub khan as lawyer (2020–2022)

== Adaptations ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;"
! style="background:yellow; width:10%;"| Language
! style="background:yellow; width:25%;"| Title
! style="background:yellow; width:20%;"| Original release
! style="background:yellow; width:10%;"| Network(s)
! style="background:yellow; width:10%;"| Last aired
! style="background:yellow; width:10%;"| Notes
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| ''[[Majhya Navaryachi Bayko]]'' माझ्या नवऱ्याची बायको
| 22 August 2016
| [[Zee Marathi]]
| 7 March 2021
| Original
|-
| [[Kannada]]
| ''[[Subbalakshmi Samsara]]'' ಸಬ್ಬಲಕ್ಷ್ಮಿ ಸಂಸಾರ
| 12 June 2017
| [[Zee Kannada]]
| 3 April 2020
| rowspan="2"| Remake
|-
| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| ''Khasma Nu Khani'' ਖ਼ਸਮਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਖਾਣੀ
| 13 January 2020
| [[Zee Punjabi]]
| 3 June 2022
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt17048656}}
* [https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/khasma-nu-khani/0-6-2410 ''Khasma Nu Khani''] at [[ZEE5]]

{{Zee Punjabi}}

[[Category:2020 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Zee Punjabi original programming]]
[[Category:2022 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Remakes of Indian television series]]

Benjanhari Acharial

2025-05-19T23:59:10Z

DamienLorenz695: Starting Basic Stub Needs Work!

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Benjanhari Acharial
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Census Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| imagesize = 300px
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_mapsize = 300
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal##Location in India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.4656|N|88.1744|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Emblem of West Bengal (Banglarmukh) before 2018.png}} [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[South 24 Parganas]]
| subdivision_type3 = CD block
| subdivision_name3 = [[Budge Budge I]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1.07
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 9
| population_total = 5187
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref name="wblangoff">{{cite web|title=Fact and Figures|url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/facts-and-figures;jsessionid=JzdD9RHb7aMY5esZPtcsIVLy|website=Wb.gov.in|access-date=5 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=52nd REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER FOR LINGUISTIC MINORITIES IN INDIA|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=Nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=5 July 2019|page=85|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = [[English language|English]]<ref name="wblangoff"/>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = PIN
| postal_code = 700137
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91 33
| registration_plate = [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-19 to [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-22, [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-95 to [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-99
| blank1_name_sec1 = Lok Sabha constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Diamond Harbour (Lok Sabha constituency)|Diamond Harbour]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Vidhan Sabha constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Budge Budge (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Budge Budge]]
| website = {{URL|www.s24pgs.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Benjanhari Acharial''' is a [[census town]] within the jurisdiction of the [[Budge Budge]] police station in the [[Budge Budge I]] [[Community development block in India|CD block]] in the [[Alipore Sadar subdivision]] of the [[South 24 Parganas]] district in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=360| height=300| zoom=11
| coord={{coord|22|26|30|N|88|12|35|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in the western part of Alipore Sadar subdivision (including Budge Budge I & II, Thakurpukur Maheshtala CD blocks) in South 24 Parganas district''' M: municipal city/ town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly Bakrahat is in Bishnupur II CD block, but Lakshmibala Rural Hospital at Bakrahat serves Budge Budge II CD block and so it is included here.

|mark-coord1={{coord|22|27|15|N|88|8|2|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1=Pujali | numbered1=M| mark-title1= [[Pujali]] (M)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#800000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|28|0|N|88|10|25|E}} | label-pos2=top|label2=Budge Budge| numbered2=M| mark-title2= [[Budge Budge]] (M)
|mark-coord3={{coord|22|28|8|N|88|11|59|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3=Uttar Raypur | numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Uttar Raypur]] (CT)|shape-color3=#A40000
|mark-coord4={{coord|22|28|37|N|88|12|51|E}} | label-pos4=top|label4=Balarampur| numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Balarampur, Budge Budge]] (CT)| shape-color4=#A40000
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|26|55|N|88|11|7|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5=Buita| numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[Buita]] (CT)| shape-color5=#A40000
|mark-coord6={{coord|22|27|47|N|88|10|27|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6=Benjanhari Acharial| numbered6=CT| mark-title6= Benjanhari Acharial (CT) |shape-color6=black| label-size6=13|label-color6=black 
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|27|38|N|88|10|0|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7=Abhirampur| numbered7=CT| mark-title7= [[Abhirampur]] (CT)| shape-color7=#A40000
|mark-coord8={{coord|22|27|20|N|88|10|22|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8=Nischintapur| numbered8=CT| mark-title8= [[Nischintapur, Budge Budge]] (CT)| shape-color8=#A40000
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|25|40|N|88|9|18|E}} | label-pos9=top|label9=Birlapur| numbered9=CT| mark-title9= [[Birlapur]] (CT)| shape-color9=#A40000
|mark-coord10={{coord|22|25|48|N|88|10|25|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10=Chak Kashipur| numbered10=CT| mark-title10= [[Chak Kashipur]] (CT)| shape-color10=#A40000
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|24|56|N|88|9|55|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11=Chak Alampur| numbered11=CT| mark-title11= [[Chak Alampur]] (CT)| shape-color11=#A40000
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|24|30|N|88|11|7|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12=Bowali| numbered12=CT| mark-title12= [[Bowali]] (CT)| shape-color12=#A40000
|mark-coord13={{coord|22|24|15|N|88|9|4|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13=Dakshin Raypur| numbered13=CT| mark-title13= [[Dakshin Raypur]] (CT)| shape-color13=#A40000
|mark-coord14={{coord|22|22|55|N|88|8|51|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14=Poali| numbered14=CT| mark-title14= [[Poali]] (CT)| shape-color14=#A40000
|mark-coord15={{coord|22|24|5|N|88|10|41|E}} | label-pos15=right|label15= Nodakhali| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[Nodakhali]] (R)|shape-color15=#C42222
|mark-coord16={{coord|22|23|55|N|88|10|5|E}} | label-pos16=bottom|label16= Dongaria| numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[Dongaria]] (R)|shape-color16=#C42222
|mark-coord17={{coord|22|22|6|N|88|6|40|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Burul| numbered17=R| mark-title17= [[Burul]] (R)|shape-color17=#C42222
|mark-coord18={{coord|22|23|45|N|88|13|15|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Bakrahat| numbered18=R| mark-title18= [[Bakrahat]] (R)|shape-color18=#C42222
|mark-coord19={{coord|22|30|43|N|88|15|3|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19= Maheshtala| numbered19=M| mark-title19= [[Maheshtala]] (M)
|mark-coord20={{coord|22|28|55|N|88|15|55|E}} | label-pos20=top|label20=Chata Kalikapur| numbered20=CT| mark-title20= [[Chata Kalikapur]] (CT)|shape-color20=#A40000
|mark-coord21={{coord|22|27|15|N|88|13|55|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21=Rameswarpur| numbered21=CT| mark-title21= [[Rameswarpur, Maheshtala]] (CT)| shape-color21=#A40000
|mark-coord22={{coord|22|28|19|N|88|16|0|E}} | label-pos22=right|label22=Ganye|labela22= Gangadharpur| numbered22=CT| mark-title22= [[Ganye Gangadharpur]] (CT)| shape-color22=#A40000
|mark-coord23={{coord|22|27|35|N|88|16|0|E}} | label-pos23=right|label23=Asuti| numbered23=CT| mark-title23= [[Asuti]] (CT)| shape-color23=#A40000
|mark-coord24={{coord|22|26|52|N|88|17|25|E}} | label-pos24=left|label24=Hanspukuria| numbered24=CT| mark-title24= [[Hanspukuria]] (CT)| shape-color24=#A40000
|mark-coord25={{coord|22|25|1|N|88|15|47|E}} | label-pos25=right|label25=Samali| numbered25=CT| mark-title25= [[Samali]] (CT)| shape-color25=#A40000
|mark-coord26={{coord|22|29|50|N|88|13|17|E}} | label-pos26=right|label26= Nungi| numbered26=R| mark-title26= [[Nungi]] (R)|shape-color26=#C42222
|mark-coord27={{coord|22|30|47|N|88|12|47|E}} | label-pos27=left|label27= Batanagar| numbered27=R| mark-title27= [[Batanagar]] (R)|shape-color27=#C42222
|mark-coord28={{coord|22|22|0|N|88|6|5|E}} |label28=Hooghly | label-color28 = #77A1CB| label-angle28=-75| label-pos28=top| label-size28=10| mark-size28=0| mark-title28 =none
|mark-coord29={{coord|22|23|0|N|88|6|45|E}} |label29= River| label-color29 = #77A1CB| label-angle29=-45| label-pos29=top| label-size29=10| mark-size29=0| mark-title29 =none}}

===Area overview===
Alipore Sadar subdivision is the most urbanized part of the South 24 Parganas district. 59.85% of the population lives in the urban areas and 40.15% lives in the rural areas. In the northern portion of the subdivision (shown in the map alongside) there are 21 [[census town]]s. The entire district is situated in the [[Ganges Delta]] and the subdivision, on the east bank of the [[Hooghly River]], is an [[alluvium|alluvial]] stretch, with industrial development.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 South Twety-four Parganas |work = Table 2.1, 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 5 December 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf| title = Census of India 2011, West Bengal, District Census Handbook, South Twentyfour Parganas, Series – 20, Part XII-A, Village and Town Directory |work= Page 13, Physiography| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 5 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = Chapter 9: Sundarbans and the Remote Islanders, p 290-311 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 5 December 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

===Location===
Benjanhari Acharial is located at {{coord|22.4656|N|88.1744|E|format=dms}}. It has an average elevation of {{convert|9|m}}.

[[Balarampur, Budge Budge|Balarampur]], [[Uttar Raypur]], [[Buita]], Benjanhari Acharial, [[Abhirampur]] and [[Nischintapur, Budge Budge|Nischintapur]] form a cluster of census towns around [[Budge Budge]] and [[Pujali]], as per the map of the Budge Budge I CD block on page 167 of the District Census Handbook 2011 for the South 24 Parganas.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf|title = District Census Handbook South Twentyfour Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Page 167 – Map of Budge Budge I CD block | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 24 September 2019}}</ref>

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Benjanhar Acharial had a total population of 5,187, of which 2,609 (50%) were males and 2,578 (50%) were females. There were 489 people in the age range of 0 to 6 years. The total number of literate people was 3,720 (79.18% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 2 November 2019}}</ref>

==Infrastructure==
According to the ''District Census Handbook'' 2011, Benjanhari Acharial covered an area of 1.0712 km2. [[Budge Budge railway station]] is 6 km away. Among the civic amenities it had protected water supply involving hand pumps. It had 1,200 domestic electric connections. Among the medical facilities it had a nursing home 4 km away and 1 medicine shop. Among the educational facilities it had 1 primary school, 1 high school and 1 senior secondary school. The nearest general degree college was at [[Budge Budge]] 4 km away.<ref>{{cite web | url =http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1917_PART_A_DCHB_SOUTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook South Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Section II Town Directory, Pages 999-1006 Statement I: Status and Growth History, Pages 1006-1010; Statement II: Physical Aspects and Location of Towns, Pages 1010-1015; Statement III: Civic and other Amenities, Pages 1015-1019; Statement IV: Medical Facilities 2009, Pages 1019-1027 Statement V: Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities, Pages 1027- 1029: Statement VI: Industry and Banking | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations V, West Bengal |access-date = 9 November 2018}}</ref>

==Transport==
A short stretch of local roads link Benjanhari Acharial to the Budge Budge Trunk Road.<ref name="google">Google maps</ref>

[[Budge Budge railway station]] is located nearby.<ref name="google"/>

==Education==
Khariberia Vivekananda Vidyapith is a Bengali-medium boys only institution established in 1960. It has facilities for teaching from class V to class XII.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.icbse.com/schools/khariberia-vivekananda-vidyapith-hs-417o7d | title = Khariberia Vivekananda Vidyapith | publisher = ICBSE | access-date = 6 January 2020}}</ref>

Badamtala High School is a Bengali-medium coeducational institution established in 1973. It has facilities for teaching from class VI to class XII.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://directory.edugorilla.com/school/badamtala-high-school-budge-budge-south-24-parganas-fee-structure-syllabus-address-admission-form-contact-number/ | title = Badamtala High School | publisher = EduGorilla | access-date = 6 January 2020}}</ref>

Kalipur High School is a Bengali-medium boys only institution established in 1919. It has facilities for teaching from class V to class XII.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.icbse.com/schools/kalipur-high-school-lrn34e | title = Kalipur High School | publisher = ICBSE | access-date = 6 January 2020}}</ref>

Kalipur Girls High School is a Bengali-medium girls only institution establishedin 1946. It has facilities for teaching from class V to class XII.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.icbse.com/schools/kalipur-girls-high-school-6zwp1z | title = Kalipur Girls High School | publisher = ICBSE | access-date = 6 January 2020}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
Benjanhari Acharial Rural Hospital, with 30 beds, at Benjanhari Acharial, is the major government medical facility in the Budge Budge I CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =1 November 2019 | archive-date =8 October 2022 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20221008143352/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

{{South 24 Parganas}}
{{South 24 Parganas topics}}
{{Neighbourhoods in South Kolkata}}
{{Kolkata neighbourhoods}}
{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in South 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Kolkata Metropolitan Area]]

Narayanapuram, Kanchipuram district

2025-03-05T11:25:51Z

DamienLorenz695: Put Up A Location From Scratch

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
|name = Narayanapuram, Kanchipuram district
|native_name =
|native_name_lang = ta
|other_name =
|settlement_type = [[Neighbourhood]]
|image_skyline =
|image_alt =
|image_caption =
|nickname =
|image_map =
|map_alt =
|map_caption =
|pushpin_map = Tamil Nadu
|pushpin_label_position =
|pushpin_map_alt =
|pushpin_map_caption = Narayanapuram, Kanchipuram district (Tamil Nadu)
|coordinates = {{coord|12.942800|N|80.205700|E|display=inline,title}}
|subdivision_type = [[Country]]
|subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[File:TamilNadu Logo.svg|23x16px|border|alt=Tamil Nadu]] [[Tamil Nadu]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in India|District]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Kanchipuram district|Kancheepuram district]]
|established_title = <! -- Established -->
|government_type =
|government_body =
|unit_pref = Metric
|area_footnotes =
|area_rank =
|area_total_km2 =
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m = 29
|elevation_ft =
|population_total =
|population_as_of =
|population_rank =
|population_density_km2 =
|demographics_type1 = [[Language]]s
|demographics1_title1 = [[Official]]
|demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[English language|English]]
|demographics1_title2 = Speech
|demographics1_info2 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[English language|English]]
|timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|utc_offset1 = +5:30
|postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
|postal_code = 600100
|area_code_type = [[Telephone]] Code
|area_code =
|registration_plate =
|blank1_name_sec1 = [[Neighbourhood]]s
|blank1_info_sec1 = [[Pallikaranai]], [[Velachery]], [[Selaiyur]], [[Tambaram]], [[Saidapet]] and [[Guindy]]
|blank2_name_sec1 = [[Metropolitan area|Metro]]
|blank2_info_sec1 = [[Chennai]]
|blank3_name_sec1 = [[District Magistrate|District Collector]]
|blank3_info_sec1 = M. Aarthi, I.A.S.
|blank4_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha|LS]]
|blank4_info_sec1 =
|blank5_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha|VS]]
|blank5_info_sec1 =
|blank6_name_sec1 = [[Member of Parliament|MP]]
|blank6_info_sec1 =
|blank7_name_sec1 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
|blank7_info_sec1 =
|website =
|footnotes =
}}

'''Narayanapuram''' is a southern suburb of [[Chennai]], located in [[Kanchipuram district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]] state in peninsular [[India]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Subburaj |first=V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wy9ZtMmsZmQC&dq=%25E0%25AE%25A8%25E0%25AE%25BE%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AE%25BE%25E0%25AE%25AF%25E0%25AE%25A3%25E0%25AE%25AA%25E0%25AF%2581%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AE%25AE%25E0%25AF%258D&pg=PA76 |title=Tourist Guide to Chennai |date=2006 |publisher=Sura Books |isbn=978-81-7478-040-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-23 |title=பள்ளிக்கரணை - -நாராயணபுரம் போக்குவரத்து நெரிசல் தொடரும் பிரச்னைக்கு விடிவு எப்போது? |url=https://www.dinamalar.com/news/tamil-nadu-district-news-chennai/news/3177831 |access-date=2023-02-20 |website=Dinamalar |language=ta}}</ref>

Narayanapuram is located at an altitude of about 29 m above the mean sea level with the geographical coordinates of {{coord|12.942800|N|80.205700|E}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GeoHack - Narayanapuram, Kanchipuram district |url=https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Narayanapuram,_Kanchipuram_district&params=12.942800_N_80.205700_E_type:city_region:IN |access-date=2023-02-20 |website=geohack.toolforge.org}}</ref>

There is a private Dental college and Hospital viz., Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital in Narayanapuram.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dentistry @ SBDCH |url=https://sbdch.ac.in/contact/ |access-date=2023-07-25 |website=sbdch.ac.in}}</ref>

Narayanapuram Lake is a lake in the Narayanapuram area.<ref>{{Cite web |author=தந்தி டிவி |date=2021-11-12 |title=நிரம்பி வழியும் நாராயணபுரம் ஏரி - நேரில் ஆய்வு செய்தார் முதல்வர் |url=https://www.thanthitv.com/News/TamilNadu/2021/11/12150234/2875148/Overflowing-Narayanapuram-Lake--Chief-Minister-inspected.vpf |access-date=2023-02-20 |website=www.thanthitv.com |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Maalaimalar |date=2023-01-31 |title=சுத்தம் செய்த ஒரு வாரத்தில் நாராயணபுரம் ஏரியில் மீண்டும் மருத்துவ கழிவுகளை கொட்டிய அவலம் |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/news/state/tamil-news-dumping-medical-waste-in-narayanapuram-lake-567067 |access-date=2023-02-20 |website=www.maalaimalar.com |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Kanchipuram district]]

{{Kanchipuram-geo-stub}}

Bharatpedia:WikiProject Ladakh

2025-01-08T09:30:34Z

DamienLorenz695: created details

{{WikiProject status|Defunct|sc1=WP:INLA|sc2=WP:LADAKH}}
{{Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Navigation}}
Some [[Wikipedia:Wikipedians|Wikipedian]]s have formed a [[Wikipedia:WikiProject|project]] to improve organisation and standardised look and feel of articles related to the [[India|Indian]] union territory of [[Ladakh]].

If you would like to help, please inquire on the [[{{NAMESPACE}} talk:{{PAGENAME}}|talk page]].

'''[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Ladakh/New articles|New articles]]''' page contains articles that may be Ladakh related. Please add this page your watchlist and monitor the articles.

==Scope==
The scope of this article fundamentally is loosely defined as all articles and sections relating to [[Ladakh]]. Almost all of these will be (eventually) categorised under [[:Category:Ladakh]] and [[:Category:India]]

==Goals==
# Creation of a generally standard look and feel for all Ladakh-related articles.
# To produce as many [[Wikipedia:Featured articles|Featured Articles]] as possible related to Ladakh.
# Ladakh-related Tourist Attractions to be given more importance and it should be improved with suitable images of the places, since these articles will be read by many from outside India.
# Those who read about Ladakh should have the feeling that they should visit Ladakh and India.

==Participants==
To join WikiProject Ladakh, edit this section and add the [[Help:Wikitext|Wikitext]] <code><nowiki>#{{subst:me}}</nowiki></code> with your areas of interest to the bottom of the following list of members. Members should also place [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Ladakh#Member identification|member identification]] on their user page.
===Active members===
#{{User|FlyJet777}}
#{{User|Soumya-8974}} (primarily on the project banner)
#{{User|456legend}}

===Former members===
Thank you for your help! Please move your username back to the active list when you can participate again.

===Member identification===
Members of WikiProject Ladakh should place one of the following lines of [[Help:Wikitext|Wikitext]] on their [[Special:MyPage|user page]] to add it to '''{{nobreak|[[:Category:WikiProject Ladakh participants]]}}'''.
{{yytop}}
{{yycat|WikiProject Ladakh participants}}
{{yy|User WikiProject Ladakh}}
{{yy|User WP Ladakh}}
{{yyend}}

==Parentage==
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject India]]
**[[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/States|Indian states]]

==Similar WikiProjects==
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Goa|WikiProject Goa]]
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Jammu and Kashmir|WikiProject Jammu and Kashmir]]
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Nagaland|WikiProject Nagaland]]
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Odisha|WikiProject Odisha]]
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Tamil Nadu|WikiProject Tamil Nadu]]
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/West Bengal|WikiProject West Bengal]]

== Discussion ==
*[[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Ladakh]]

==Naming conventions==
*[[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Indic)]]

==Structure==
Refer to
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Indian_states#Sections]] for state articles
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Indian_districts#Sections]] for district articles
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Indian_cities#Sections]] for city articles

== WikiProject Ladakh notice ==

Place this WikiProject notice {{tl|WikiProject Ladakh}} at the top of an article's Talk page to direct editors to the WikiProject Ladakh for guidelines.

To use it, place
'''<nowiki>{{WikiProject Ladakh}}</nowiki>'''
at the top of an article's Talk page.
It will produce:
{{WikiProject Ladakh|category=no}}

==Stubs==

* {{clc|Ladakh stubs}}

==Featured articles==
* none at the moment

===Featured lists===
* none at the moment

==Good Articles==
* none at the moment

==Articles for Improvement and Expansion==
* [[Hunderman]]
* [[Poyen, Ladakh]]
* [[Sandow, Ladakh]]

==Articles currently in [[Wikipedia:Featured article candidates|FAC]]==
* none at the moment

==Articles currently in [[Wikipedia:Peer review|PR]]==
* none at the moment

==Articles to keep on watchlist==
These articles see a lot of disruptive editing/undiscussed editing/other. If you follow the Ladakh circuit on Wikipedia then it is a good idea to keep these on your watchlist.
#[[Ladakh]]
#[[Jammu and Kashmir]]
#[[Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019]]
#[[Fake news in India#Kashmir]]
#[[Indian revocation of Jammu and Kashmir's special status]]

==Relevant templates==
{{Ladakh}}
{{States and Union Territories of India}}
{{Kashmir conflict}}

==To-do list==

{{User:WolterBot/Cleanup listing subscription|wgcat=WikiProject Ladakh articles}}

* Improvement needed for the following articles:
** [[Munshi Aziz Bhat Museum of Central Asian and Kargil Trade Artifacts]]
** [[Dras War Memorial]] (A section in this page is incomplete someone may help sort it out)

==Tools==
:''Main tool page: [[tools:~dispenser/view/Tools|toolserver.org]]''
*[[tools:~dispenser/view/Reflinks|Reflinks]] - Edits bare references - adds title/dates etc. to bare references
*[[tools:~dispenser/view/Checklinks|Checklinks]] - Edit and repair external links
*[[tools:~dispenser/view/Dab_solver|Dab solver]] - Quickly resolve ambiguous links.
*[[tools:~dispenser/view/Peer_reviewer|Peer reviewer]] - Provides hints and suggestion to improving articles.

{{Wikipedia policies and guidelines|state=collapsed}}
{{WikiProject Footer}}

[[Category:WikiProject Ladakh]]

Satar Kataiya

2024-03-12T04:04:06Z

DamienLorenz695:

{{Short description|Tehsil of Saharsa District in Bihar, India}}

{{Infobox place
| name = Satar Kataiya
| settlement_type = [[List of subdistricts in India|Tehsil]]
| image_skyline = Baijnathpatti, Hasa Hakpur, Bihar 852201, India - panoramio.jpg
| image_caption = Village of Hasa Hakpur within the Tehsil
| pushpin_map = India Bihar#India
| coordinates = {{coord|25|56|57|N|86|34|41|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts in India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Saharsa district|Saharsa]]
| parts = 38
| area_total_km2 = 160
| elevation_m = 45
| population_total = 151060
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 852124
| parts_type = Villages
}}

'''Satar Kataiya''' (or '''Sattar Kataiya)''' is a block in [[Saharsa district|Saharsa District]], [[Bihar]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tehsil {{!}} Saharsa District {{!}} India |url=https://saharsa.nic.in/tehsil/ |access-date=2023-03-26 |language=en-US}}</ref> Its seat of government is located in the village of Sattar. As of the year 2011, its population is 151,060.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Satar Kataiya is located on the east of the [[Kosi River]], approximately 8 kilometres north of its district capital [[Saharsa]]. Its average elevation is at 45 metres above the sea level.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Satar Kataiya topographic map, elevation, terrain |url=https://en-gb.topographic-map.com/map-pnbsgt/Satar-Kataiya/ |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=Topographic maps |language=en}}</ref>

== Administrative divisions ==
As of 2011, there are a total of 38 villages within the boundary of Satar Kataiya. They are listed as follows:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Villages & Towns in Satar Kataiya Block of Saharsa, Bihar |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/subdistrict/1172-satar-kataiya-saharsa-bihar.html |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
* Agwanpur
* Aran
* Baghi urf Bhaluasukhasan
* Baijnathpur
* Bara
* Barahser
* Bela
* Bijalpur
* Bishunpur
* Chauri Bijalpur
* Chinwari
* Dahaha Badh
* Gandaul
* Gangaura Behra
* Gobargarha urf jarsain
* Hasa Hakpur
* Itahri
* Kharik Badh
* Lachhminia
* Laukahi
* Makuna
* Matiari Badh
* Nandlali
* Pachgachhia
* Padumpur
* Panidaha
* Patori
* Pipra
* Purikh
* Rakeapatti
* Rohua Arazi
* Sadhua Badh
* Sattar
* Shahpur
* Sihaul
* Sisai
* Tuniahi
* Ukahi
{{div col end}}

== Demographics ==
{{bar box|title=Religion in Satar Kataiya|titlebar=#F6F6F6|left1=Religion|right1=Percent|float=right|bars={{bar percent|Hinduism|darkorange|90.89}}
{{bar percent|Islam|green|8.98}}
{{bar percent|Christianity|white|0.04}}
{{bar percent|other|grey|0.09}}}}In 2011, there are 28,710 households within Satar Kataiya, with a total population of 151,060. Out of the total population, 79,332 are male and 71,728 are female. The total literacy rate is 52.36%, with 51.2% of the male residents and 32.26% of the female population being literate.<ref name=":0" />

== See also ==

* [[Saharsa district]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Saharsa district}}

[[Category:Blocks in Saharsa district]]

Pelli Pustakam

2024-01-04T19:11:12Z

DamienLorenz695:

'''Pelli Pustakam''' may refer to:
* [[Pelli Pustakam (1991 film)|''Pelli Pustakam'' (1991 film)]], an Indian Telugu-language romantic comedy film
* [[Pelli Pustakam (2013 film)|''Pelli Pustakam'' (2013 film)]], an Indian Telugu-language film

==See also==
*[[Pustakam (disambiguation)]]

{{dab}}