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Karimanne

2026-05-08T14:59:05Z

DaljeetBhutal: creating the article and citations

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Karimanne
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| governing_body = Nelamangala Poursabha
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| unit_pref = Metric
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 562111
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Bengaluru
| blank2_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank2_info_sec1 = Village Panchayat
| website =
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| coordinates = {{coord|13.2550344|N|77.2678137|E|display=inline,title}}
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| government_type =
| native_name =
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bengaluru North district|Bengaluru North]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluk]]s
| parts = Nelamangala
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Karimanne''' is a village in the southern state of [[Karnataka]], India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/Listofvillagesandtowns.aspx|access-date=2021-08-02|website=censusindia.gov.in|series=Village code- 624739}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Karimanne · Karnataka 562111, India|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Karimanne,+Karnataka+562111/@13.2551344,77.2490754,14z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x3bb1d5c635ac4295:0xed6a700dd5923ec!8m2!3d13.2550344!4d77.2678137?shorturl=1|access-date=2021-08-02|website=Karimanne · Karnataka 562111, India|language=en}}</ref> It is located in the [[Nelamangala]] [[taluk]] of [[Bengaluru North district]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Village & Panchayats {{!}} Bangalore Rural District, Government of Karnataka {{!}} India|url=https://bangalorerural.nic.in/en/village-panchayats/|access-date=2021-08-02|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
Karimanne had population of 451 of which 211 are males while 240 are females as per report released by Census India 2011.<ref name=Census75>https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2929_PART_B_DCHB_BANGALORE%20RURAL.pdf Page-75</ref>

== Geography ==
The total geographical area of village is 215.06 hectares.<ref name=Census75 />

== Bus route from Bengaluru City ==
[[Yeswanthpur|Yeshwantapura]] - [[Nelamangala]] - [[Dobbaspet|Dabaspet]]<nowiki/>e

== See also ==

* [[Channohalli]]
* [[Bengaluru North district]]

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==

*{{cite web|url=https://bangalorerural.nic.in/en/|title=Bangalore Rural District, Government of Karnataka | City of Silk production | India|website=bangalorerural.nic.in|access-date=2021-08-02}}

{{Settlements in Bangalore Rural district}}

[[Category:Villages in Bangalore Rural district]]

{{BengaluruNorth-geo-stub}}

Naqqal (community)

2026-05-01T19:39:01Z

DaljeetBhutal: Made Some Pg First Draft - done

{{Short description|Muslim community in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Unreferenced|date=May 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}

The '''Naqqal''' are a Muslim community found in the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Delhi]] in India. They are also known as the '''Kashmiri Bhand''' and recently{{When|date=September 2025}}{{By whom|date=September 2025}} as [[Kashmiri Shaikh]]. The Naqqal are a sub-group within the larger [[Bhand]] community.{{cn|date=October 2023}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Indian Muslim}}
[[Category:Muslim communities of India]]

{{India-ethno-stub}}

Abhishek

2026-04-26T23:56:33Z

DaljeetBhutal: New Data

{{Infobox given name
| name = Abhishek
| gender = Masculine
| meaning = anointing, consecration, coronation
| alternative spelling = Abishek
| region = [[India]]
| language = [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] [[Bengali language|Bengali]] [[Hindi]] [[Marathi language|Marathi]] [[Odia language|Odia]] [[Nepali language|Nepali]]
| origin = [[Sanskrit]]
|pronunciation={{IPA|sa|ɐbʰɪʂeːkɐ|lang}}, {{IPA|hi|əbʰɪʂeːk|lang}}, {{IPA|bn|ɔbʰiʂek|lang}}}}

'''Abhishek''' is a male [[given name]] that has its roots in the [[Sanskrit]] word [[abhiseka]]. The conceptual meaning of abhiseka is related to purification, cleansing or anointing.

== Notable people ==

* [[Abhishek Nain]] (born 1999), Indian field hockey player
* [[Abhishek Sharma]] (born 2000), Indian cricketer
* [[Abhishek Ambekar]] (born 1991), Indian footballer
* [[Abhishek Avasthi]] (born 1982), Indian actor, choreographer, dancer and model
* [[Abhishek Bachchan]] (born 1976), Indian actor, entrepreneur, presenter, producer and singer
* [[Abhisek Banerjee]] (born 1984), Indian cricketer
* [[Abhishek Banerjee (politician)|Abhishek Banerjee]] (born 1987), Indian politician and member of parliament
* [[Abhishek Bhat]] (born 1989), Indian cricketer
* [[Abhishek Chatterjee]] (born 1964), Indian actor
* [[Abhishek Chaubey]] (born 1977), Indian director and screenwriter
* [[Abhishek Das (footballer)|Abhishek Das]] (born 1993), Indian footballer
* [[Abhishek Dhar]] (born 1970), Indian physicist
* [[Abhishek Hegde]] (born 1987), Indian cricketer
* [[Abhishek Jain]] (born 1986), Indian director and producer
* [[Abhishek Jhunjhunwala]] (born 1982), Indian cricketer
* [[Abhishek Kapoor]] (born 1971), Indian actor, director and writer
* [[Abhisek Lahiri]] (born 1983), Indian classical sarod player
* [[Abhishek Malik]] (born 1990), Indian actor and model
* [[Abhishek Matoria]], Indian politician
* [[Abhishek Mishra]] (born 1977), Indian politician
* [[Abhishek Nayar]] (born 1983), Indian cricketer
* [[Abhishek Nigam]], Indian actor
* [[Abhishek Poddar]] (born 1968), Indian businessman
* [[Abhishek Raghuram]] (born 1985), Indian singer and vocalist
* [[Abhishek Raut]] (born 1987), Indian cricketer
* [[Abhishek Rawat]] (born 1980), Indian actor
* [[Abhishek Ray]], Indian composer and singer
* [[Abhishek Pratap Shah]] (born 1982), Nepalese politician
* [[Abhishek Reddy]] (born 14 September 1994), Indian cricketer
* [[Abhishek Shankar]], Indian actor and director of Tamil films
* [[Abhishek Sharma (disambiguation)]]
* [[Abhishek Singh (disambiguation)]]
* [[Abhishek Shukla]] (Indian Geriatrician and Physician)
* [[Abhishek Singhvi]] (born 1959), Indian politician
* [[Abhishek Varman]], Indian film director
* [[Abhishek Verma (archer)|Abhishek Verma]] (born 1989), Indian archer
* [[Abhishek Verma (arms dealer)|Abhishek Verma]] (born 1968), Indian arms dealer
* [[Abhishek Yadav (footballer)|Abhishek Yadav]] (born 1980), Indian footballer
* [[Krishna Abhishek]] (born 1981), Indian actor and comedian

{{given name|type=both}}

[[Category:Indian masculine given names]]
[[Category:Masculine given names]]
[[Category:Nepalese given names]]

Devaki Nandana Vasudeva

2026-04-26T21:54:04Z

DaljeetBhutal: Put up a page...

{{Short description|2024 Indian Telugu-language film by Arjun Jandyala}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Devaki Nandana Vasudeva.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Arjun Jandyala
| screenplay = Arjun Jandyala
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = {{Ubl |[[Sai Madhav Burra]]}}
}}
| story = [[Prasanth Varma]]
| producer = Somineni Balakrishna
| starring = {{plain list|
* Ashok Galla
* [[Devayani (actress)|Devayani]]
* [[Manasa Varanasi]]
* [[Devdatta Nage]]
}}
| cinematography = {{plain list|
* [[Prasad Murella]]
* [[Rasool Ellore]]
}}
| editing = Tammiraju
| music = [[Bheems Ceciroleo]]
| studio = Lalithambika Productions
| released = {{Film date|2024|11|22|df=y|ref1=}}
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Devaki Nandana Vasudeva''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Action film|action]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] film co-written and directed by Arjun Jandyala, from a story written by [[Prasanth Varma]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-12 |title=Devaki Nandana Vasudeva Trailer: Film Talks About Battle Of Good Vs Evil |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/devaki-nandana-vasudeva-trailer-film-talks-about-battle-of-good-vs-evil-article-115215195 |access-date=2024-11-22 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> The film features Ashok Galla, [[Manasa Varanasi]] and [[Devdatta Nage]] in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2024-11-21 |title=Manasa Varanasi: It was a challenge to embrace the 'mass' element |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/interviews/2024/Nov/21/manasa-varanasi-it-was-a-challenge-to-embrace-the-mass-element |access-date=2024-11-22 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=21 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241121153105/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/interviews/2024/Nov/21/manasa-varanasi-it-was-a-challenge-to-embrace-the-mass-element |url-status=live }}</ref>

The dialogues are written by [[Sai Madhav Burra]] and the music is composed by [[Bheems Ceciroleo]]. The film was released on 22 November 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2024-11-20 |title='Devaki Nandana Vasudeva' creates buzz |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/devaki-nandana-vasudeva-creates-buzz-923199 |access-date=2024-11-22 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en |archive-date=22 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241122023829/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/devaki-nandana-vasudeva-creates-buzz-923199 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Plot ==
Once upon a time, in a land fraught with turmoil and conflict, a gangland drama unfolded centered around a powerful gangster named Kansa Raju. The tale opens with a rival gangster, Devendra, boasting about having filed a police complaint against Kansa Raju, confident that this move would ensure his dominance over a valuable piece of land, declaring, "Now he can't even set foot on our ground; this land will always belong to us."

Simultaneously, at Kansa Raju's house, a Havan ritual was underway. Women gathered to pray, and one curious woman asked about the purpose of the Havan. The other explained that Kansa Raju had arranged this sacred ceremony for his sister, who was about to give birth. Out of love, he had even invited his brother-in-law to stay close and support his sister during this important time. However, just as the ceremony reached its peak, the police arrived with an intention to arrest Kansa Raju. They learned he was not home but would return shortly, prompting the police to wait patiently.

The narrative swiftly shifts back to Devendra, where the tension escalates. As Kansa Raju arrives, Devendra's men face a fatal encounter. Kansa Raju, retaliating fiercely, begins to eliminate them one by one. Devendra, witnessing the carnage, pleads for mercy, promising to withdraw his complaint. But Kansa Raju coldly replies, "How dare you file a complaint against me? You will be punished!" He ends Devendra's life mercilessly.

Upon returning home, Kansa Raju finds the police waiting. He confidently asserts that a complaint against a dead man cannot hold weight, and they require evidence to proceed, which leaves the officers frustrated and forces them to leave empty-handed. Following this, he completes the Havan, and the priest instructs him to visit Kashi and bathe in the holy Ganges, marking a new phase in his life.

In Kashi, destiny takes a turn when Kansa Raju witnesses a man suddenly collapse and die on the stairs. An Aghori, a mystic of sorts, appears and tells him that God wishes him to live a little longer, as this is part of a divine plan. However, Kansa Raju's arrogance blinds him to the truth as he declares, "I cannot die; I am the end of all." The Aghori, unfazed, prophesizes that his sister's third child will be the cause of his demise, a prediction that sends shivers down Kansa Raju's spine.

When Kansa Raju returns home, just as he fears, his sister is ready to give birth, but the police arrive again. In a shocking twist, he learns that it was none other than Devendra's younger brother, Bhupati, who testified against him, leading to his imprisonment for 14 years. The story then shifts forward several years, showcasing the festive spirit of Janmashtami in the village. Here, we are introduced to a vibrant competition to break the Dahi Handi—a symbol of Lord Krishna's mischief—where a young hero named Krishna is determined to earn glory for himself.

As Ranga, Kansa Raju's man, competes against Krishna, a clash breaks out that turns chaotic. In the thick of it, Krishna stands tall, breaking the Dahi Handi and thus winning admiration from the villagers. However, his triumph is short-lived when his mother, anxious after consulting a priest, learns of a dire prediction regarding Krishna's fate—either he will face imminent danger or bring doom upon another. This news weighs heavily on her heart, as Krishna is her third son, with the previous two having died shortly after birth.

Krishna's mother, desperate to protect her son, gives him a protective amulet. Meanwhile, Krishna spots a beautiful girl named Satya at the temple and is captivated by her. However, she is swiftly escorted away by Ranga, her protective bodyguard. Krishna, intrigued and determined, begins to seek more information about Satya and learns about her constant company. The following day, he takes matters into his own hands, chasing Ranga's car and effectively gaining Satya's attention by giving her his number.

As fate would have it, Satya begins to respond to Krishna's affections, and their relationship blossoms. During another temple visit, Krishna's mother praises Satya's saree while introducing her son. Seeking to speak with her privately, Krishna cleverly distracts his mother under the guise of performing rituals. Moments later, he witnesses an attack on a pregnant woman. Anger boiling inside him, Krishna fights off the assailants only to discover that the attacker is the woman's cruel husband. His act of bravery earns him admiration from none other than Satya.

Meanwhile, the storyline reminds us of Kansa Raju, who is brooding in prison. Flashbacks reveal that, consumed by rage, he killed a police officer while serving his term, resulting in a 21-year sentence. Presently, rumors swirl around that he will soon be released, prompting concern among his enemies. When Krishna proposes to Satya, their joyous moment is shattered by Ranga's men, who abduct her.

Disheartened, Krishna seeks counsel from his friends and drowns his sorrows in drink. Compelled by a newfound determination, he resolves to find Satya. Upon reaching her house, he discovers an unexpected twist—three girls, all identical to Satya: Satyabhama, Satya Leela, and Satyavati. Shocked yet intrigued, Krishna learns from Anupriya, their mother, of the struggles she faced in raising her daughters alone while keeping their identities a secret from their uncle, Kansa Raju, who had once killed her husband to prevent her from giving birth to a third child.

As the story unfolds, Kansa Raju arranges a Havan for his niece, but Ranga grows suspicious when he notices differences among the girls. Sensing danger, he becomes increasingly wary as the days pass. When Kansa Raju finds out, his fury ignites. Meanwhile, Krishna and the sisters devise a plan to confuse Ranga further, utilizing a grand feast of biryani that sees all three sisters take turns to maintain their cover.

Conflict ensues, leading to a showdown. Kansa Raju learns of Bhupati's plans for revenge, leading to a climactic confrontation in his home. In the midst of chaos, Krishna intervenes, rescuing Satya but suffering injuries in the process. The intensity of the battle leads to an unexpected revelation—a doctor arrives to attend to Satya but ends up being one of the sisters in disguise.

Understanding their plight, Krishna vows to help them escape. He confronts Kansa Raju at the temple, provoking him to emerge with a deadly intent. The final showdown culminates in fierce fighting, where Krishna's determination to protect his newfound family clashes with Kansa Raju's vicious intents. Just when hope seems lost, divine intervention emerges as the Sudarshan Chakra from Lord Krishna's statue miraculously appears and decapitates Kansa Raju, bringing an end to his tyranny.

As the villagers witness this miraculous event, they proclaim it as the divine play of Lord Murli. With the evil vanquished and peace restored, Krishna becomes a hero in the eyes of the villagers, and Anupriya and her daughters finally rejoice in freedom.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* Ashok Galla as Krishna
* [[Manasa Varanasi]] as Satya, Radha, Rukmini
*[[Devayani (actress)|Devayani]] as Devaki
* [[Devdatta Nage]] as Kamsa Raju
* [[Jhansi (TV anchor)|Jhansi]]
* [[Shatru (actor)|Shatru]] as Ranga
* Naga Mahesh
* Sravan Raghavendra
* Sanjay Swaroop
* [[Getup Srinu]]
}}

== Music ==
The background score and soundtrack is composed by [[Bheems Ceciroleo]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2024-11-07 |title='Bangaram' from Devaki Nandana Vasudeva: Ashok Galla and Manasa Varanasi bring the house down with their energetic dance moves |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Nov/07/bangaram-from-devaki-nandana-vasudeva-ashok-galla-and-manasa-varanasi-bring-the-house-down-with-their-energetic-dance-moves |access-date=2024-11-22 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> The audio rights were acquired by [[Aditya Music]].

{{Track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_music =
| title1 = Yemayyinde
| length1 = 4:33
| lyrics1 = Suresh Gangula
| extra1 = Swarag Keerthan
| title2 = Jai Bolo Krishna
| length2 = 3:21
| lyrics2 = Raghuram
| extra2 = Swaraag Keerthan
| title3 = Namo Eshwara
| length3 = 2:22
| lyrics3 = Srinivasa Mouli Patri
| extra3 = Swaraag Keerthan
| title4 = Bangaram
| length4 = 3:52
| lyrics4 = Bhole Shavali
| extra4 = Simha Bhagavatula, Uma Neha
}}

== Release ==
''Devaki Nandana Vasudeva'' was initially scheduled to release on 14 November 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-07 |title=Ashok Galla, Miss India Manasa Varanasi's Film Devaki Nandana Vasudeva To Release On Nov 14; Clashes With Varun Tej's Makta |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/ashok-galla-miss-india-manasa-varanasis-film-devaki-nandana-vasudeva-to-release-on-nov-14-clashes-with-varun-tejs-makta-article-113992371 |access-date=2024-11-22 |website=Times Now |language=en |archive-date=24 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124164859/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/ashok-galla-miss-india-manasa-varanasis-film-devaki-nandana-vasudeva-to-release-on-nov-14-clashes-with-varun-tejs-makta-article-113992371 |url-status=live }}</ref> But, it was later released on 22 November 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2024-11-09 |title=Devaki Nandana Vasudeva makers postpone their film's release |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Nov/09/devaki-nandana-vasudeva-makers-postpone-their-films-release |access-date=2024-11-22 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=12 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241112183121/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Nov/09/devaki-nandana-vasudeva-makers-postpone-their-films-release |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==
Avad Mohammad of ''[[OTTPlay]]'' gave a rating of 2 out of 5 and stated that "The film's twists may have sounded good on paper, but their on-screen execution is underwhelming", while also mentioning that narration, editing, and screenplay are dull and uninspiring.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Devaki Nandana Vasudeva Review: A silly action drama that fails from the word go |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/devaki-nandana-vasudeva-review-an-over-the-top-action-drama-that-fails-from-the-word-go/501ccf5c46617 |access-date=2024-11-22 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> Giving the same rating, Sashidhar Adivi of ''[[Times Now]]'' stated, "''Devaki Nandana Vasudeva'' features a plot that has potential, but the opportunity goes begging due to poor execution".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-22 |title=Devaki Nandana Vasudeva Movie Review: Tedious And Uninteresting |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/devaki-nandana-vasudeva-movie-review-tedious-and-uninteresting-review-115568560 |access-date=2024-11-22 |website=Times Now |language=en |archive-date=22 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241122132439/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/devaki-nandana-vasudeva-movie-review-tedious-and-uninteresting-review-115568560 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|26637593}}

[[Category:2024 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:2024 action drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Bheems Ceciroleo]]

Leaf plate

2026-04-24T12:45:37Z

DaljeetBhutal:

{{Short description|Plates which are made of leaves}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
[[File:पत्रावली - Patravali 1.jpg|thumb|Dried pattal made from leaves of genus ''[[Bauhinia variegata]]''.]]
'''Leaf plates''' are eating plates, bowls or [[Trencher (tableware)|trenchers]] made with broad leaves, particularly in India and Nepal. In India they are known as '''Patravali''', '''Pattal''', '''Vistaraku''', '''Vistar''' or '''Khali'''; in Nepal, as '''Tapari''' ([[Nepali language|Nepali]]: टपरी). They are mainly made from [[Shorea robusta|sal]], [[Butea monosperma|dhak]], [[bauhinia]] or [[Ficus benghalensis|banyan tree]] leaves. They can be made in circular shape, by stitching 6 to 8 leaves with tiny wooden sticks (in Nepal, with fine bamboo sticks called ''sinkaa''). Food is served on both fresh and dried pattal. <ref>{{cite news |first=Swati |last=Chandra |date=23 Jan 2012 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/Traditional-pattal-loses-out-to-convenient-plastic/articleshow/11594352.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202152303/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-23/varanasi/30654853_1_plates-wedding-season-kulhads |archive-date=2014-02-02 |title=Traditional 'pattal' loses out to convenient plastic |url-status=live |newspaper=[[Times Of India]]}}</ref> It is popular during traditional meals, festivals and in temples.<ref>[http://www.deccanherald.com/content/301501/when-dinner-comes-natures-plate.html When dinner comes on nature's plate]</ref> Its production is a [[cottage industry]] in India and Nepal where women manufacture them at home.{{sfn|Kora|2019|p=2}}

==Etymology==

Patravali, a common name for leaf plates in South Asia, is derived from the [[Sanskrit]] word ''Patra''; a term used for both leaf and vessels or utensils. The word ''Patravali'' literally translates to "''made of leaf''".<ref>Patra https://www.learnsanskrit.cc/translate?search=Patra&dir=au</ref>

Leaf plates are known by different names throughout South Asia. For example, the names used in various regions of India and Nepal include Pattal, Tapari, Ilai, Mantharai ilai, Chakluk, Vistaraku, Vistara, Khali, Donne, Duna, and Bota.

* [[Hindi language|Hindi]] - पत्तल/दोना (''Pattal/ Donā'')
* [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] - પાંદડું નો થાળી (''Pā̃dḍu no Thāḷi'')
* [[Marathi language|Marathi]] - पांनाचे थाळी (''Pā̃nāche Thāḷi'')
* [[Meitei language|Meitei]] - ꯄꯥꯝꯕꯤ ꯄꯨꯈꯝ (''Pāmbi Pukham'')
* [[Assamese language|Assamese]] - পাতৰ কাহী (''Pātôr Kāhi'')
* [[Bengali language|Bengali]] - পাতার থালা (''Pātār Thālā'')
* [[Odia language|Odia]] - ଖଲିପତ୍ର/ଖଲି (Khålipåtrå/ Khåli), ଖଲି ତାଟିଆ/ଦନା (''Khåli Tāṭiyā/ Dånā'' - the semicircular ones)
* [[Maithili language|Maithili]] - পাতক থাৰী (''Pātak Thāri''), পাতক বাটী (''Pātak Bāṭi'' - the semicircular ones)
* [[Nepali language|Nepali]] - टपरा/टपरी (''Ṭaparā/ Ṭapari''), दुने (''Dune'' - semicircular ones)
* [[Telugu language|Telugu]] - ఇస్తారాకుల/విస్తారాకుల/విస్తారా (''Istārākul/ Vistārakul/ Vistārā'')
* [[Kannada language|Kannada]] - ಎಲೆ ತಟ್ಟೆ (''Ele Taṭṭe'')
* [[Tamil language|Tamil]] - இலைத் தட்டு (''Ilaitû Taṭṭu'')
* [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] - ഇല പാത്ര (''Ila Pātra'')
* [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]] - කොළ තහඩුව (''Kola Tahaḍruva'')

==History==
[[File:Detail from Mewar painting manuscript, ca. 1712.jpg|thumb|Men eating from fresh pattal plates and bowls, ca. 1712]]
Plates and bowls made of leaves finds mentioned in [[Hinduism|Hindu]], [[Jainism|Jain]] and [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] texts. According to Hindu tradition food eaten on prescribed leaves is believed to have numerous health and spiritual benefits. Buddhist texts like [[Susiddhikara Sūtra]] prescribes making offering to deities on lotus leaf and [[Butea monosperma|dhak leaves]].<ref>Two Esoteric Sutras By Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, page 219, 2001</ref>

[[Ayurveda|Ayurvedic Samhita]] texts classifies leaves into ''Ekapatra'' (unifoliate, such as lotus leaf and plantain leaf), ''Dvipatra'', ''Tripatra'', or ''Saptapatra'' and so on according to the number of leaflets.<ref>'Man in the Forest, Local Knowledge and Sustainable Management of Forests and Natural Resources in India', page 220, Klaus Seeland & Franz Schmithüsen, 2000.</ref> According to Ayurvedic Samhita eating on [[Nelumbo|lotus leaf]] is as beneficial as eating on golden plate, among prescribed leaves for making Patra include; ''[[Nelumbo]]'', ''[[Nymphaea pubescens|Nymphaea rubra]]'', ''[[Nymphaea nouchali]]'', ''[[Shorea robusta]]'', ''[[Bauhinia variegata]]'', ''[[Bauhinia vahlii]]'', ''[[Bauhinia purpurea]]'', ''[[Butea monosperma]]'', ''[[Musa acuminata]]'', ''[[Ficus religiosa]]'', ''[[Ficus benghalensis]]'', ''[[Artocarpus heterophyllus]]'', ''[[Curcuma longa]]'', ''[[Ficus auriculata]]'', ''[[Erythrina stricta]]'' etc., each of these are believed to improve taste and promotes health benefits according to these texts.<ref>'Bhojanakuthūhala of Raghunatha - Volume 1 Treatise on dietetics according to Ayurveda', Page 83, Suranad Kunjan Pillai & J.Śr̲īlēkha, 2013</ref>

=== Customs ===
In Nepal, pattal is called Tapara/ Tapari, particular made with sal leaves. Nepalese Hindus extensively and compulsorily use it in religious ceremonies, feasts, marriage, birth and funeral rituals. It is also used as a popular substitute for metal or plastic plates in street food culture in Nepal and India. In India, it is a custom to serve food in a patravali on religious festivals and temple offerings like [[prasadam]] are also distributed to devotees in pattal bowls. Pattals are also used for wrapping food or steaming food.{{fact|date=December 2023}}

In olden days, until a century ago, a would-be son-in-law was tested on his dexterity in making a patravali plate and bowl (for serving more liquid parts of the meal such as [[dal|daal]] or stew) before being declared acceptable by the soon to be father-in-law.{{citation needed|date=April 2017}}

==Modern day==
[[File:Ramdei,_a_resident_of_Nadli,_Kangra_district,_making_leaf_plates_03.jpg|thumb|Ramdei, a resident of Nadli, Kangra district, making leaf plates 03]]
In India and Nepal, making pattal is a [[Putting-out system|cottage industry]]. The leaves are stitched together with very thin pins made from bamboo, one person can make around 200 pattals a day.<ref>{{cite web|title=Revival of the Environment Friendly Pattal |first=Anjali|last=Sharma|website=Hill Post|date=26 January 2021|url=https://hillpost.in/2021/01/revival-of-the-environment-friendly-pattal/115111/|access-date=8 February 2023}}</ref> Mechanized pattal-making is slowly being introduced in areas like [[Himachal Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Taur leaves can easily replace plastic, thermocol|date=28 July 2018|last=Parmar|first=Chiranjit|newspaper=The Tribune|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/himachaltribune/taur-leaves-can-easily-replace-plastic-thermocol-627561|access-date=8 February 2023}}</ref>

The antioxidants (polyphenols) in banana leaves are reported to help fight diseases.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Nutritional Value of Banana Leaves|url=http://www.livestrong.com/article/319930-the-nutritional-value-of-banana-leaves/|last=Aubrey|first=Barbara|website=OurEverydayLife|access-date=8 February 2023}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=February 2023}}

Pattal is one of the most eco-friendly disposable food serving systems. Many other countries such as Germany are realizing its benefits and a few companies have started making pattal commercially.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Leaf Plates From Germany: Time to Switch Back to Ancient Indian Traditions?|work=NDTV Food|url=https://food.ndtv.com/health/leaf-plates-from-germany-time-to-switch-back-to-ancient-indian-traditions-1643046|last=saxena|first=sparshita|date=9 January 2017|access-date=8 February 2023}}</ref> In India pattals can be spotted at every general store.<ref>{{cite news|last=Gupta|first=K.A.|date=14 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202152307/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-14/ranchi/31700562_1_leaf-plastic-items-dishes |title=Sal-leaf dishes make way for plastic ones|newspaper=Times of India|archive-date=2 February 2014|url-status=live|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/Sal-leaf-dishes-make-way-for-plastic-ones/articleshow/13128420.cms}}</ref>

Tapari is nowadays also used in urban fast food stalls in cities like [[Kathmandu]].<ref name=tapari>{{cite web|title=Tapari|url=http://medep.org.np/index.php?page=sub_page&page_id=63&id=49|publisher=[[Micro-Enterprise Development Programme]] (MEDEP)|accessdate=18 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Rysdyk|first=Evelyn C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u8VWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT84|title=The Nepalese Shamanic Path: Practices for Negotiating the Spirit World|date=2019-02-19|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1-62055-795-2|language=en}}</ref> It requires practice and skill to build Tapari. There are three types of leaf plates/utensils. Tapari is the biggest of all, is curved and made of green Sal tree leaves. ''Duna'' is a bowl designed to hold liquids more easily. ''Bota'' is a tiny bowl made of only one sal leaf.

<gallery>
File:Tapari.JPG|Tapari made with fresh Sal leaves
File:दुनो.jpg|Duna (smaller, more curved Tapari)
File:Tapari NP01.JPG|A more modern version of the Tapari that was built using a [[Die (manufacturing)|die]] and hence its cleaner lines and shape.
</gallery>

==See also==
*''[[Butea monosperma]]''
*[[Banana leaf]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite journal |last=Kora |first=Aruna Jyothi |title=Leaves as dining plates, food wraps and food packing material: Importance of renewable resources in Indian culture |journal=Bulletin of the National Research Centre |volume=43 |issue=1 |date=2019 |issn=2522-8307 |doi=10.1186/s42269-019-0231-6 |doi-access=free}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Tapari}}

{{Culinary wrappings}}

[[Category:Culture of India]]
[[Category:Objects used in Hindu worship]]
[[Category:Serving and dining]]

Rajesh Verma (Khagaria politician)

2026-04-23T06:11:02Z

DaljeetBhutal: made a post w/ infobox - done

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1992)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Rajesh Verma
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Khagaria Lok Sabha constituency]], Bihar
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| predecessor = [[Mehboob Ali Kaiser]]
| occupation = Politician, Businessman
| party = [[Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)]] (2020–present)
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1992|08|25|df=yes}}
| office1 = District President of [[Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)|Lok Janshakti Party]] Bhagalpur
| term_start1 = March 2022
| alma_mater = [[Sagar Institute of Science and Technology|SISTec]]
| image =
| source = https://sansad.in/ls/members/biography/5605?from=members
}}
'''Rajesh Verma''' (born 15 August 1992) is an Indian politician, businessman, former Deputy Mayor of Bhagalpur Municipal Corporation and member of [[Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)]]. He has been elected as [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] from [[Khagaria Lok Sabha constituency]] Bihar in [[2024 Indian general election|18th Lok Sabha election]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-05 |title=कौन हैं एलजेपी के राजेश वर्मा? जिन्होंने खगड़िया लोकसभा सीट पर दर्ज की प्रचंड जीत |url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/elections/lok-sabha-election/bihar-chunav/rajesh-verma-ljp-won-from-khagaria-against-cpim-candidate-sanjay-kumar-2655348.html |access-date=2024-06-08 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajesh Verma, LJP Candidate from Khagaria Lok Sabha Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing - News18 Lok Sabha Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/lok-sabha/bihar/rajesh-verma-candidate-s04led2008p025e2024c004/ |access-date=2024-06-08 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Khagaria Lok Sabha : चिराग ने जिसके लिए दी दुहाई, वह प्रत्याशी तीन करोड़ के मालिक; इतने के कर्जदार भी |url=https://www.amarujala.com/bihar/saran/bihar-news-khagaria-lok-sabha-candidate-rajesh-verma-property-details-affidavit-in-lok-sabha-election-2024-2024-04-16 |access-date=2024-06-08 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref> He joined Lok Janshakti (Ram Vilas) in July 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=लोजपा में शामिल हुए भागलपुर डिप्टी मेयर राजेश वर्मा, विधानसभा चुनाव लड़ने की संभावना - Bhagalpur Deputy Mayor Rajesh Verma joins LJP |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/bhagalpur-bhagalpur-deputy-mayor-rajesh-verma-joins-ljp-20569638.html |access-date=2024-06-08 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-28 |title=Bhagalpur deputy mayor Rajesh Verma joins LJP |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/bharat/bharat-news/bhagalpur-deputy-mayor-rajesh-verma-joins-ljp/na20200728225742952 |access-date=2024-06-08 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Verma belongs to Swarnkar/Sonar family whose roots lie in Ajmer, [[Bhagalpur]], Bihar.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

He has completed his studies in engineering from [[Sagar Institute of Science and Technology]] ([[Bhopal]]) in the year of 2014. Verma is a businessman and owns a real estate company.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-05 |title=कौन हैं एलजेपी के राजेश वर्मा(सोनार परिवार)? जिन्होंने खगड़िया लोकसभा सीट पर दर्ज की प्रचंड जीत |url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/elections/lok-sabha-election/bihar-chunav/rajesh-verma-ljp-won-from-khagaria-against-cpim-candidate-sanjay-kumar-2655348.html |access-date=2024-06-08 |website=TV9 Bharatvarsh |language=hi}}</ref>

== Political career ==
He has contested from [[Bhagalpur Assembly constituency]] in [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]. He has also served as deputy mayor in Bhagalpur from June 2017 to December 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-09 |title=भागलपुर को मिला नया मेयर, 42 वोट पाकर सीमा साह बनीं शहर की महापौर |url=https://www.jansatta.com/rajya/bihar/municipal-corporation-mayor-and-deputy-mayor-election-in-bhagalpur-concluded-under-the-supervision-of-dm/345599/ |access-date=2024-06-09 |website=Jansatta |language=hi}}</ref>

He designated as [[Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)|LJP(RV)]] district president from Bhagalpur in March 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=राजेश वर्मा बने लोजपा (रा) के जिला अध्यक्ष |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/bhagalpur/story-rajesh-verma-became-the-district-president-of-ljp-ra-6047995.html |access-date=2024-06-09 |website=Hindustan |language=hi}}</ref>

He won in 2024 Lok Sabha election by the margin of 1,61,131 votes and defeated CPI(M)'s politician Sanjay Kumar Kushwaha.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajesh Verma: कौन हैं खगड़िया से उम्मीदवार राजेश वर्मा? पैसे के मामले में काफी आगे; इस चुनाव में मिली थी जीत - Chirag Paswan Gave Ticket to Businessman Rajesh Verma on Khagaria Lok Sabha Seat |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/khagaria-chirag-paswan-gave-ticket-to-businessman-rajesh-verma-on-khagaria-lok-sabha-seat-23686292.html |access-date=2024-06-08 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Khagaria Lok Sabha Election Results 2024: Major Twist As LJPRV's Rajesh Verma Leads, CPM's Sanjay Kumar Likely To Secure 2nd & RJSBP's Ajay Kumar Trailing |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/khagaria-lok-sabha-election-results-2024-major-twist-as-ljprvs-rajesh-verma-leads-cpms-sanjay-kumar-likely-to-secure-2nd-rjsbps-ajay-kumar-trailing |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=freepressjournal}}</ref><ref name="Businessmen {{!}} In august company">{{cite news |date=13 July 2024 |title=Businessmen {{!}} In august company |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-businessmen-in-august-company-2565840-2024-07-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807175452/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-businessmen-in-august-company-2565840-2024-07-13 |archive-date=7 August 2024 |access-date=7 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Khagaria Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[2024 Indian general election]]
* [[List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha]]
* [[Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Verma, Rajesh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Bhagalpur]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Bihar]]
[[Category:1992 births]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas) politicians]]

Battle of Jagdishpur (1745)

2026-04-22T02:13:56Z

DaljeetBhutal: New Post

{{Short description|1745 battle part of Afghan insurrections in Bengal Subah}}
{{aI-generated|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Jagdishpur
| place = Karhani village near [[Jagdishpur]], [[Bihar]], [[Bengal Subah]]
| coordinates = {{coord|25|28|N|84|25|E|display=inline,title}}
| partof = [[Afghan insurrections in Bengal Subah]]
| map_type = Bihar#India
| map_size = 320
| map_relief = yes
| map_mark = Big battle symbol.svg
| map_marksize = 12
| map_label = '''Battle at Jagdishpur'''
| result = [[Bengal Subah]] victory<ref name=":3" />
| combatant1 = {{flagicon image|Bengal subah flag (Nautical).svg}} [[Bengal Subah]]
| combatant2 = '''Afghan rebels'''
| commander1 = [[Zain ud-Din Ahmed Khan]] Shah Din Muhammad Raham Khan Ruleha Raja Kirat Chand Ahmad Khan Qureshi Daud Khan{{KIA}} Khadem Husain Khan{{WIA}} Mahdi Nisar Khan Naqi Ali Khan Shah Jahan Yar Raja Sundar Singh Raham Khan Ruhela Karam Khan Raja Ram Narain Hashim Ali Khan
| commander2 = Mustafa Khan{{KIA}} Murtaza Khan
| casualties1 = Unknown
| casualties2 = Unknown
| strength1 = 13,000–14,000<ref name=":0" />
| strength2 = 18,000 cavalry 15,000 infantry<ref name=":1" />
| date = 20 June 1745
}}

The '''Battle of Jagdishpur''' was a decisive engagement in 1745 during the [[Afghan insurrections in Bengal Subah|Afghan insurrections in Bengal]] (1745–1748), pitting the forces of the [[Nawabs of Bengal|Nawab of Bengal]], [[Zain ud-Din Ahmed Khan|Zain-ud-Din Ahmed Khan]], against the Afghan rebel Mustafa Khan. Depleted by his failed [[Battle of Patna (1745)|Patna campaign]], Mustafa Khan led another attempt to capture the Bihar province. In a fierce battle near Jagdishpur, Mustafa Khan was shot dead by musket fire; his head was severed and displayed on a spear atop his elephant, causing the Afghan army to flee under his son Murtaza.

== Background ==
{{Further|Battle of Patna (1745)}}
Following Mustafa Khan's defeat at the [[Battle of Patna (1745)|battle of Patna]], determined to capture Bihar, decided to assault once more time. He promptly repaired his artillery and arms and recruited fresh troops from various regions.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Datta|1939|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279485/page/n149/mode/1up 127]}}</ref> Within three months, before the rains began, he assembled an army of 18,000 [[cavalry]] and 15,000 [[infantry]].<ref name=":1">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Datta|1939|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279485/page/n149/mode/1up 127]}} "In course of three months, before the rains set in, he [Mustafa Khan] had been able to assemble a large army of 18,000 cavalry and 15,000 infantry."</ref>

Mustafa Khan left Chunar before the [[monsoon]] of 1745, entered [[Shahabad district|Shahabad]], and allied with [[zamindar]] Udwant Singh Ujjainia of [[Jagdishpur]], who had been hostile to [[Zain ud-Din Ahmed Khan|Zain-ud-Din]].<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1964|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.43007/page/n97/mode/1up 73]}}{{Break}}{{Harvard citation no brackets|Thakur|1958|p=385}}</ref>

== Battle ==
On June 2, 1745, Zain-ud-Din promptly departed from Patna at the head of an army of 13,000–14,000 men,<ref name=":0">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1964|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.43007/page/n97/mode/1up 72]}} "Zain-ud-din promptly issued from Patna at the head of 13,000 men "{{Break}}{{Harvard citation no brackets|Datta|1939|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279485/page/n150/mode/1up 128]}} "Zainuddin started from Patna on the 2nd June, 1743, at the head of 13,000 or 14,000 soldiers."</ref> accompanied by generals like Shah Din Muhammad, Raham Khan Ruleha and others. They then forded the [[Sone River]] at Koilwar, and next day advanced 12 miles south-west by south to Karhani (in Shahabad) on the edge of the jungle of Jagdishpur. Two miles beyond this village the enemy were sighted and the battle joined on June 20, 1745.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1964|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.43007/page/n97/mode/1up 72]}}{{Break}}{{Harvard citation no brackets|Datta|1939|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279485/page/n150/mode/1up 128]}}</ref>

Mustafa's forces and equipment had been severely depleted due to his financial exhaustion following the failed Patna campaign, which had consumed his treasury.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1964|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.43007/page/n97/mode/1up 72]}}</ref> Raja Kyretchand,{{Efn|Spelled Kirat Chand{{Sfn|Thakur|1958|p=385}}}} mounted on an elephant, commanded the right flank of Zain ud-Din's army with 5,000 cavalry and several thousand infantry, reinforced by Ahmad Khan Qureshi and Jaswantnagar with their troops. Mustafa Khan chased and routed Zain ud-Din's vanguard under Kirat Chand, killing Daud Khan and several young soldiers. Khadem Husain Khan was also wounded. Mustafa Khan seized his guns.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Datta|1939|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279485/page/n150/mode/1up 128]}}{{Break}}{{Harvard citation no brackets|Thakur|1958|p=385}}</ref>

Mustafa Khan launched a desperate charge at Zain-ud-Din. Abdul Ali Khan resolved to make a bold stand once more. He was soon reinforced by Mahdi Nisar Khan, Naqi Ali Khan, Shah Jahan Yar, Raja Sundar Singh, Raham Khan Ruhela, Karam Khan, and Raja Ram Narain, and advanced to oppose Mustafa Khan.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Datta|1939|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279485/page/n151/mode/1up 129]}}</ref>

Mustafa routed the Nawab's vanguard; however, he was immediately struck by a musket ball on his chest and lost his consciousness. He soon regained his senses and renewed his charge against Zain ud-Din. Under the order of Zain ud-Din, Hashim Ali Khan mounted the rebel leader's elephant, beheaded Mustafa Khan, and displayed his head on a spear. The Afghan seeing their general's death collapsed into flight. Rajah Kirat Chand pursued the Afghan soldiers to their camp and captured their tents, horses and baggages. The Afghans retreated to the village of Magror{{Efn|14 miles west of [[Chainpur, Saharsa, Bihar]] on the bank of the [[Karmanasa River]]}} under the command of Mustafa's son, Murtaza Khan, and the surviving officers.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1964|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.43007/page/n97/mode/1up 72]}}{{Break}}{{Harvard citation no brackets|Datta|1939|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279485/page/n151/mode/1up 129]}}{{Break}}{{Harvard citation no brackets|Thakur|1958|p=386}}</ref>

== Aftermath ==
Mustafa Khan's decapitated body was taken to Patna, and was dissected into two halves. The bisected body was hung at the city's western and eastern gates before burial in [[Sher Shah Suri Mosque|Sher Shah's mosque]] compound, on Zainuddin's orders.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Datta|1939|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279485/page/n150/mode/1up 129]}}</ref> This battle decisively ended first Afghan insurrection in Bengal. Zain ud-Din emerging victorious returned to Patna. The news of victory reached to Alivardi.<ref name=":3">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Datta|1939|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279485/page/n151/mode/1up 129]}} "Thus the first Afghan insurrection was fully suppressed and Zainuddin returned triumphantly to Patna."{{Break}}{{Harvard citation no brackets|Thakur|1958|p=386}} "The first Afghan insurrection was thus thoroughly suppressed and Zainuddin triumphantly returned to Patna. He reported about his victory to Alivardi."{{Break}}{{Harvard citation no brackets|Datta|1978|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.149767/page/n208/mode/1up 190]}} "To cheek him in time Zain-ud-din left Patna on 2 Tune 1745 and inflicted a crushing defeat on the Afghans at Jagdishpur (18 miles south-west of Arrah town) on 20 June. Mustafa Khan lost his life and his son. Murtaza Khan fled away with his followers to Magror (14 miles west of Chainpur on the bank of the Karamnasa river)."</ref> In the meantime, [[Raghuji I|Raghuji Bhonsle]] had invaded [[Odisha]], and [[Siege of Barabati (1745)|captured Cuttack]] with its governor Durlabhram.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1943|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.24396/page/n483/mode/1up 462]}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Battle of Patna (1745)]]
* [[Battle of Bhagalpur (1745)]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Datta |first=Kalikinkar |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279485 |title=Alivardi and His Times |date=1939 |publisher=University of Calcutta |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |author-link=Jadunath Sarkar |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.43007 |title=Fall Of The Mughal Empire 1739-1754 |publisher=Orient Longman Ltd |year=1964 |edition=3rd |volume=I |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |author-link=Jadunath Sarkar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DiUKAQAAIAAJ |title=The History of Bengal |date=1943 |publisher=The University of Dhaka |volume=II |location=Ramna, Dhaka |language=en}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Thakur |first=Upendra |date=1958 |title=Alivardi and the Afghans of Tirhut |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44145227 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=21 |pages=376–392 |jstor=44145227 |issn=2249-1937}}
* {{Cite book |last=Datta |first=K. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ggduAAAAMAAJ |title=A Comprehensive History of India: 1712-1772, edited by A. C. Banerjee and D. K. Ghase |date=1978 |publisher=People's Publishing House |editor-last=Banerjee |editor-first=A.C. |language=en |chapter=Bengal Subah (1707-1756) |editor-last2=Ghase |editor-first2=D. K.}}
{{refend}}

[[Category:Battles involving the Bengal Subah]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1745]]

New Kota railway station

2026-04-18T07:06:48Z

DaljeetBhutal: made initial info w/ refs - done

{{short description|Railway station in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|40px]] New Kota
| type = [[Indian Railways]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image_caption =
| address = [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]], [[Kota district]], [[Rajasthan]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.144234|75.865739|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline}}
| line = [[New Delhi–Mumbai main line]]
| other =
| elevation =
| structure = Standard (on-ground station)
| platform = 2
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks = 2
| parking = Yes
| bicycle =
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = NKOT
| zone = [[West Central Railway zone|West Central Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Kota}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[West Central Railway zone|West Central Railway]]
| status = Functioning
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services =
| map_type = India# India Rajasthan
| map_dot_label = New Kota railway station
| map_size = 300
}}

'''New Kota Railway Station''',<ref>{{cite web| url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/new-kota-dakaniya-talav-nkot/890| title=NKOT/New Kota| website=India Rail Info}}</ref> formerly known as '''Dakaniya Talav railway station''',<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!state/rajasthans-kota-dakaniya-talab-railway-station-to-be-renamed-new-kota-enn25051200961| title=Rajasthan's Dakaniya Talab Railway Station Renamed As New Kota}}</ref> is a suburban railway station in [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]] city, [[Rajasthan]]. Its code is '''NKOT'''. It serves the Kota Industrial Area and the coaching hub of [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]] city. The station currently consists of 2 platforms. Passenger, Express, and Superfast trains halt here.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.raildrishti.in/raildrishti/IRDBStationPDF.jsp?stncode=DKNT| title=DKNT:Passenger Amenities Details As on : 31/03/2018, Division : Kota
| website=Raildrishti}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/RAJ-KOT-OMC-mp-in-the-lok-sabha-raised-voice-superfast-trains-stay-on-iknia-5074304-NOR.html|title=सांसद ने लोकसभा में उठाई आवाज, डकनिया तलाव पर हो सुपरफास्ट ट्रेनों का ठहराव|website=Bhaskar|date=5 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.patrika.com/kota-news/this-big-news-for-dakania-and-sogaria-railway-stations-4215717/|title=डकनिया तलाव और सोगरिया रेलवे स्टेशन के लिए आई बड़ी खबर....कोटा आए रेलवे महाप्रबंधक ने ये बोला...|website=Patrika|language=hi}}</ref>

==Background==
New Kota, located on the Delhi-Mumbai rail line, approximately 9 kilometers from Kota Junction, is being developed to decongest the [[Kota Junction railway station]], an important station on the [[New Delhi–Mumbai main line]] and the main railway station serving the city of [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/dakaniya-talav-dknt/890|title=Arrivals at DKNT/Dakaniya Talav|publisher=India Rail Info|access-date=2016-06-05}}</ref> The station is experiencing rapid growth in passenger traffic due to its proximity to the educational coaching hub. Kota city is also served by another railway substation called Sogaria Railway Station (SGAC)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/dakaniya-talav-dknt/890|title=Arrivals at DKNT/Dakaniya Talav|publisher=India Rail Info|access-date=2016-06-05}}</ref>

==Further Development==
A significant redevelopment project, with an investment of about ₹132.20 crores, is currently underway to modernise the station. Upon completion, the station will boast world-class amenities, including a loop line, a new concourse, an enhanced circulating area and parking, lifts, escalators, a solar power plant, digital displays, CCTV surveillance, and coach and train indication boards.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.patrika.com/kota-news/now-dakniya-talab-railway-station-will-be-known-as-new-kota-station-it-is-being-redeveloped-at-a-cost-of-rs-132-20-crore-it-will-get-facilities-like-airport-19591544|title=अब न्यू कोटा स्टेशन के नाम से जाना जाएगा डकनिया तालाब रेलवे स्टेशन, 132.20 करोड़ की लागत से हो रहा है पुनर्विकास, एयरपोर्ट जैसी ये मिलेगी सुविधाएं}}</ref>

A new 36-meter-wide concourse will connect all platforms, enhancing passenger flow. The station will be having 4 platforms post redevelopment. The redevelopment project commenced in November 2022 and has surpassed 83 per cent completion.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.patrika.com/kota-news/dakaniya-talav-83-work-completed-new-kota-railway-station-facilities-will-be-on-line-of-world-class-stations-19795729|title=83% पूरा हुआ ‘न्यू कोटा रेलवे स्टेशन’ का काम, विश्व स्तरीय स्टेशनों की तर्ज पर मिलेंगी सारी सुविधाएं}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Railway stations in Rajasthan}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Kota district]]
[[Category:Kota railway division]]

{{Rajasthan-railstation-stub}}

Kshetrigao Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:34:45Z

DaljeetBhutal: creating initial article and citations

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Manipur State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kshetrigao
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| mla = [[Sheikh Noorul Hassan]]
| party = {{Party index link|National People's Party (India)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| state = [[Manipur]]
| district = [[Imphal East district|Imphal East]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Inner Manipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Inner Manipur]]
| established = 1972
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| electors = {{formatnum:36835}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14166-manipur-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Manipur General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=25 May 2022}}</ref>{{update after|2027|6}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 4
| map_image = File:Map of Kshetrigao AC.png
}}

'''Kshetrigao Legislative Assembly constituency''' is one of the 60 [[Manipur Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Manipur]] state in [[India]].<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/magazine/2019/gels/CEO%20Report%202019%20.pdf |title= Report - General Election to Lok Sabha, 2019|website=ceomanipur.nic.in |date= |author=Chief Electoral Officer, Manipur |accessdate= December 27, 2020}}</ref>

It is part of [[Imphal East district]].

==Extent==
Khetrigao Assembly Constituency is the 4th among 60 constituencies of Manipur Legislative Assembly. It consists of 46 parts, namely - 1. Porompat (A), 2. Porompat (B), 3. Porompat (C), 4. Porompat (D), 5. Kongba Laishram Leikai Makha, 6. Kongba Laishram Leikai Awang, 7. Gangapat (A), 8. Gangapat (B), 9. Thambalkhong Kongba Laishram Leikai, 10. Kongba Chanam Leikai, 11. Thambalkhong North, 12. Thambalkhong Sabal Leikai, 13. Top Naoria (North-A), 14. Top Naoria (North-B), 15. Khaidem Leikai (South-A), 16. Khaidem Leikai (South-B), 17. Khaidem Leikai (North), 18. Top Dusara Imphal (A), 19. Top Dusara Imphal (B), 20. Top Dusara Khabam (A), 21. Top Dusara Khabam (B), 22. Kshetri Bengoon (North-A), 23. Kshetri Bengoon (North-B), 24. Kshetri Bengoon (South-A), 25. Kshetri Bengoon (South-B), 26. Kshetri Awang Leikai (A), 27. Kshetri Awang Leikai (B), 28. Kshetrigao Makha Leikai(A), 29. Kshetrigao Makha Leikai(B), 30. Kshetrigao Awang Sabal Leikai (A), 31. Kshetrigao Awang Sabal Leikai (B), 32. Kshetrigao Makha Leikai, 33. Kshetrigao Awang Leikai, 34. Kshetrigao, 35. Keikhu Muslim Makha Leikai, 36. Keikhu Kabui, 37. Naharup (A), 38. Naharup (B), 39. Makhapat Khongjin Leikai, 40. Makhapat Awang, 41. Thangbrijou Awang Leikai, 42. Thangbrijou Makha Leikai, 43. Bamon Kampu (North-A), 44. Bamon Kampu (North-B), 45. Bamon Kampu (South West), and 46. Bamon Kampu (South East).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chief Electoral |first=Officer Manipur |date=Jan 2023 |title=Electoral Roll SSR 2023 |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/eroll}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Winner !! colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1974 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1974]] || Abdul Wahid || {{Full party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || Muhammaddin || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (U)}}
|-
| [[1984 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1984]] || Muhammddin Shah || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1995 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || [[Basant Kumar Wangkhem]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1998 elections in India#Manipur|1998 by-election]] || Md. Muhammuddin Shah || {{Full party name with color|Manipur State Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2000 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2000]] || Basant Kumar Wangkhem || {{Full party name with color|Samata Party}}
|-
| [[2002 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2002]] || Vivek Raj Wangkhem || {{Full party name with color|Manipur State Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2007 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2007]] || [[Thangjam Nandakishor Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2012]] || [[Amin Shah]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2017]] || Nahakpam Indrajit Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2022]] || [[Sheikh Noorul Hassan]] || {{Full party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}
|}

== Election results ==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2022|2022]]|{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}|38.47}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2017|2017]]|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|34.36}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2012|2012]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|31.31}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2007|2007]]|{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}|29.29}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2002|2002]]|{{party color|Manipur State Congress Party}}|29.44}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2000|2000]]|{{party color|Samata Party}}|48.49}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly By-election 1998|1998 by-election]]|{{party color|Manipur State Congress Party}}|28.44}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1995|1995]]|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|38.20}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1984|1984]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|28.67}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1980|1980]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress (U)}}|19.02}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1974|1974]]|{{party color|Manipur Peoples Party}}|35.29}}

}}

=== 2022 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Kshetrigao<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2022 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form20/form20_2022.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615102703/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form20/form20_2022.htm|archive-date=15 June 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sheikh Noorul Hassan]] |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=13,118 |percentage=38.47% |change={{increase}}37.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nahakpam Indrajit Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=12,376 |percentage=36.29% |change={{increase}}1.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Wahengbam Rojit Singh |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=5,437 |percentage=15.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Amin Shah |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,832 |percentage=8.30% |change={{decrease}}24.80 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=742 |percentage=2.18% |change= {{increase}}0.92 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=34,100 |percentage=92.57% |change= {{increase}}1.01 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 36,835 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.30 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=National People's Party (India) |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}4.11 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Kshetrigao<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2017 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630093109/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-date=30 June 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Nahakpam Indrajit Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=10,411 |percentage=34.36% |change={{increase}}33.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Amin Shah]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,031 |percentage=33.10% |change={{increase}}1.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Thangjam Nandakishor Singh]] |party=Manipur National Democratic Front |votes=9,190 |percentage=30.33% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vivek Raj Wangkhem |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=281 |percentage=0.93% |change={{decrease}}11.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=174 |percentage=0.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=380 |percentage=1.25% |change= {{decrease}}10.49 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=30,303 |percentage=91.56% |change= {{increase}}2.66 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 33,096 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.42 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}3.05 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2012 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Kshetrigao<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2012 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/Vidhan_sabha2012/form20_2012_PDF/form20_2012.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929115647/https://election.uk.gov.in/Vidhan_sabha2012/form20_2012_PDF/form20_2012.htm|archive-date=29 September 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Amin Shah]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,981 |percentage=31.31% |change={{increase}}3.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Thangjam Nandakishor Singh]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=4,987 |percentage=19.56% |change={{decrease}}9.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Athokpam Lala |party=Communist Party of India |votes=4,439 |percentage=17.41% |change={{decrease}}5.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. R. Khan |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=3,278 |percentage=12.86% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pangambam Premananda |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=2,814 |percentage=11.04% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sheikh Noorul Hassan]] |party=Independent politician |votes=1,274 |percentage=5.00% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vivek Raj Wangkhem |party=Manipur State Congress Party |votes=577 |percentage=2.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thingbaijam Ibosana Meitei |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=143 |percentage=0.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,994 |percentage=11.74% |change= {{increase}}10.36 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=25,493 |percentage=88.90% |change= {{decrease}}2.76 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 28,675 |ref = |change= {{increase}}3.05 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{increase}}2.02 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2007 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Kshetrigao<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2007 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114082304/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Thangjam Nandakishor Singh]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=7,470 |percentage=29.29% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohd. Amin Shah |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,116 |percentage=27.90% |change={{increase}}0.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Athokpam Lala |party=Communist Party of India |votes=5,896 |percentage=23.12% |change={{increase}}7.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vivek Raj Wangkhem |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=4,723 |percentage=18.52% |change={{increase}}7.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kshetrimayum Brajamani Singh |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=287 |percentage=1.13% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=354 |percentage=1.39% |change= {{decrease}}0.29 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=25,506 |percentage=91.66% |change= {{increase}}0.71 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 27,827 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.45 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Nationalist Congress Party |loser=Manipur State Congress Party |swing= {{decrease}}0.15 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2002 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Kshetrigao<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114065248/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Vivek Raj Wangkhem |party=Manipur State Congress Party |votes=6,510 |percentage=29.44% |change={{decrease}}3.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahammuddin Shah |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,138 |percentage=27.76% |change={{increase}}25.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Athokpam Lala |party=Communist Party of India |votes=3,352 |percentage=15.16% |change={{increase}}4.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ayekpam Deven Singh |party=Federal Party of Manipur |votes=3,028 |percentage=13.69% |change={{increase}}11.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kshetrimayum Brajamani Singh |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=2,545 |percentage=11.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thoudam Brajamani |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=327 |percentage=1.48% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=372 |percentage=1.68% |change= {{decrease}}13.65 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=22,113 |percentage=90.95% |change= {{decrease}}1.65 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 24,313 |ref = |change= {{increase}}2.96 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Manipur State Congress Party |loser=Samata Party |swing= {{decrease}}19.05 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2000 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Kshetrigao}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Basant Kumar Wangkhem]] |party=Samata Party |votes=10,602 |percentage=48.49% |change={{increase}}22.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Md. Muhammuddin Shah |party=Manipur State Congress Party |votes=7,249 |percentage=33.15% |change={{increase}}4.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Athokpam Lala |party=Communist Party of India |votes=2,254 |percentage=10.31% |change={{decrease}}7.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Md. Rameezuddin |party=Indian National Congress |votes=554 |percentage=2.53% |change={{decrease}}15.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thoudam Brajamani |party=Federal Party of Manipur |votes=495 |percentage=2.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Md. Isha Ahmed |party=Janata Dal (Secular) |votes=389 |percentage=1.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Kala Khetri |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=181 |percentage=0.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,353 |percentage=15.34% |change= {{increase}}12.86 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=21,865 |percentage=92.60% |change= {{increase}}2.51 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 23,613 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.47 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Samata Party |loser=Manipur State Congress Party |swing= {{increase}}20.04 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1998 Assembly by-election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 elections in India#Manipur|1998 Manipur Legislative Assembly by-election]]: Kshetrigao<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/ByeElection/ByeFeb1998/Bye-Feb1998.htm |title=Key Statistics - Bye Elections - Feb. 1998, Election Commission of India |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050208134047/http://www.eci.gov.in:80/ByeElection/ByeFeb1998/Bye-Feb1998.htm |archive-date=8 February 2005|access-date=18 January 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Md. Muhammuddin Shah |party=Manipur State Congress Party |votes=5,630 |percentage=28.44% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Basant Kumar Wangkhem |party=Samata Party |votes=5,140 |percentage=25.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Md. Rameezuddin |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,487 |percentage=17.62% |change={{decrease}}17.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Athokpam Lala |party=Communist Party of India |votes=3,466 |percentage=17.51% |change={{increase}}0.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kshetrimayum Brajamani Singh |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=1,156 |percentage=5.84% |change={{increase}}0.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Irengbam Sanatomba Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=914 |percentage=4.62% |change={{increase}}0.98 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=490 |percentage=2.48% |change= {{decrease}}0.80 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=19,793 |percentage=91.32% |change= {{decrease}}5.47 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 21,972 |ref = |change= {{increase}}0.33 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Manipur State Congress Party |loser=Janata Dal |swing= {{decrease}}9.75 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1995 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1995 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Kshetrigao}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Basant Kumar Wangkhem]] |party=Janata Dal |votes=7,993 |percentage=38.20% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Muhammuddin Shah |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,307 |percentage=34.92% |change={{increase}}6.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Athokpam Lala |party=Communist Party of India |votes=3,493 |percentage=16.69% |change={{increase}}2.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kshetrimayum Brajamani Singh |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=1,129 |percentage=5.40% |change={{decrease}}3.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Irengbam Sanatomba |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=762 |percentage=3.64% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=686 |percentage=3.28% |change= {{decrease}}6.03 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=20,925 |percentage=95.55% |change= {{increase}}11.09 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 21,900 |ref = |change= {{increase}}31.66 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Dal |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}9.53 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1984 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Kshetrigao}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Muhammddin Shah |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,027 |percentage=28.67% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Wangkhem Basantkumar |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes=2,719 |percentage=19.36% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thingbaijam Nongyai |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,948 |percentage=13.87% |change={{decrease}}2.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Haque |party=Independent politician |votes=1,229 |percentage=8.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kshetrimayum Brajamani Singh |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=1,214 |percentage=8.64% |change={{increase}}6.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sougrakpam Ibochou |party=Independent politician |votes=1,155 |percentage=8.22% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Athokpam Budhachandra Luang |party=Independent politician |votes=595 |percentage=4.24% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ali Mohammad Itomba |party=Independent politician |votes=430 |percentage=3.06% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Wahid |party=Lokdal |votes=175 |percentage=1.25% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Hei |party=Janata Party |votes=104 |percentage=0.74% |change={{decrease}}3.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Laitonjam Gyaneshwor |party=Independent politician |votes=76 |percentage=0.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,308 |percentage=9.31% |change= {{increase}}6.77 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=14,048 |percentage=84.45% |change= {{decrease}}0.09 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,634 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.29 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress (U) |swing= {{increase}}9.65 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1980 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Kshetrigao}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Muhammaddin |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes=2,361 |percentage=19.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Moirangthem Ibohal |party=Communist Party of India |votes=2,045 |percentage=16.47% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Huirem Sanatomba |party=Independent politician |votes=1,639 |percentage=13.20% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Haque |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes=1,326 |percentage=10.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kshetrimayum Brajamani Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,127 |percentage=9.08% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nameirakpam Nilo |party=Janata Party (Secular) |votes=979 |percentage=7.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sarangthem Daven |party=Independent politician |votes=694 |percentage=5.59% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Wahid |party=Janata Party |votes=486 |percentage=3.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Seram Babudhon |party=Independent politician |votes=465 |percentage=3.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kshetrimayum Kala |party=Independent politician |votes=450 |percentage=3.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Halim |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=286 |percentage=2.30% |change={{decrease}}32.99 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=316 |percentage=2.55% |change= {{decrease}}1.10 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,413 |percentage=84.54% |change= {{decrease}}3.44 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,683 |ref = |change= {{increase}}21.60 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress (U) |loser=Manipur Peoples Party |swing= {{decrease}}16.27 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1974 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1974 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Kshetrigao}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Wahid |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=3,749 |percentage=35.29% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Haque |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes=3,362 |percentage=31.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Wangkhem Ibhol Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,331 |percentage=31.36% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=387 |percentage=3.64% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,623 |percentage=87.98% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,075 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box win |winner=Manipur Peoples Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Manipur Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Imphal East district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Manipur Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/81-manipur/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Manipur}}
{{coord|24.77|93.96|display=title}}

[[Category:Imphal East district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Manipur]]
[[Category:Politics of Manipur]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Manipur]]

Mahendrasinh Baraiya

2026-04-16T03:48:51Z

DaljeetBhutal: Made A Stub From Scratch

{{Short description|Gujarat politician (born 1978)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mahendrasinh Baraiya
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| office1 = Member of [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 2017 - 2022
| predecessor1 = [[Jay Chauhan]]
| successor = [[Gajendrasinh Parmar]]
| constituency1 = [[Prantij (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Prantij]]
| birth_date = 1978
| birth_place = [[Gujarat]], India
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Gujarat|Bharatiya Janata Party]] (Since 2022 -)
| other_party = [[Indian National Congress]] (Till 2022)
| alma_mater =
| father =
| mother =
| spouse = [[Shobhanaben Baraiya]]
| children =
| website =
| footnotes =
| source =
}}
'''Baraiya Mahendrasinh Kacharsinh''' is an Indian [[politician]] and he was elected as a member of Gujarat Legislative Assembly in 2012 from [[Prantij Assembly constituency]] as a member of [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name="પૂર્વ MLA અને ઉત્તર ગુજરાતના ક્ષત્રિય ઠાકોર આગેવાન મહેન્દ્રસિંહ બારીયાનુ કોંગ્રેસમાંથી રાજીનામુ,સોમવારે ભાજપમાં જોડાશે">{{cite news |last1=TV9 Gujarati |first1= |title=પૂર્વ MLA અને ઉત્તર ગુજરાતના ક્ષત્રિય ઠાકોર આગેવાન મહેન્દ્રસિંહ બારીયાનુ કોંગ્રેસમાંથી રાજીનામુ,સોમવારે ભાજપમાં જોડાશે |url=https://tv9gujarati.com/gujarat/sabarkantha/prantij-former-mla-mahendra-singh-bariya-resigns-from-congress-kshatriya-thakor-leader-will-join-bjp-on-monday-au41-568321.html |access-date=27 July 2024 |date=21 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240727182059/https://tv9gujarati.com/gujarat/sabarkantha/prantij-former-mla-mahendra-singh-bariya-resigns-from-congress-kshatriya-thakor-leader-will-join-bjp-on-monday-au41-568321.html |archive-date=27 July 2024 |language=}}</ref><ref name="Former Congress MLA from Prantij joins BJP">{{cite news |newspaper=The Indian Express |title=Former Congress MLA from Prantij joins BJP |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/gandhinagar/former-congress-mla-from-prantij-joins-bjp-8105820/ |access-date=27 July 2024 |date=23 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240727182353/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/gandhinagar/former-congress-mla-from-prantij-joins-bjp-8105820/ |archive-date=27 July 2024 |language=en}}</ref> He joined [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in 2022.<ref name="गुजरात चुनाव से पहले कांग्रेस को बड़ा झटका, पूर्व विधायक महेंद्र सिंह बारैया ने थामा BJP का दामन">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=गुजरात चुनाव से पहले कांग्रेस को बड़ा झटका, पूर्व विधायक महेंद्र सिंह बारैया ने थामा BJP का दामन |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/gujarat/gujarat-former-congress-mla-mahendra-singh-baraiya-joins-bjp-ahead-of-assembly-elections-2198527 |access-date=27 July 2024 |work= |date=23 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240727182322/https://www.abplive.com/states/gujarat/gujarat-former-congress-mla-mahendra-singh-baraiya-joins-bjp-ahead-of-assembly-elections-2198527 |archive-date=27 July 2024 |language=}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Baraiya, Mahendrasinh}}
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2012–2017]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]

{{Gujarat-INC-politician-stub}}
{{Gujarat-BJP-politician-stub}}

Kana Kanmani (2021 TV series)

2026-04-05T22:49:02Z

DaljeetBhutal: creating first data needs work

{{Short description|Malayalam Language Television show}}
{{About|the 2021 Malayalam soap opera|the 2016 Malayalam soap opera|Kana Kanmani (2016 TV series)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Kana Kanmani 2021 TV series.jpeg
| director = Tanu Balak (Episode 1) G R Krishnan (Episode 2-7) Ruggu Ratheesh (Episode 8-)
| caption =
| camera = [[Multiple camera setup|Multi camera]]
| runtime = 20-22 minutes
| creator = Mahendar Dongari
| developer =
| producer = Baiju Devaraj<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nanaonline.in/tag/vindhuja-vikraman/|title=ഞാനിപ്പോഴും സിംഗിളാണ് -വിന്ദുജാവിക്രമന്‍|work=Mahila Ratnam|access-date=17 January 2022|archive-date=9 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409090540/https://nanaonline.in/tag/vindhuja-vikraman/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| executive_producer =
| writer =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Vindhuja Vikraman]]|Jay Kartik}}
| narrated =
| theme_music_composer = Jithin K Roshan (Music ) Deepak (Lyrics)
| opentheme = "Kannana Kanne" by Gayathri Menon and Sree Shankar
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| network = [[Surya TV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2021|08|23|df=yes}}
| num_episodes = 290
| related = [[Indulekha (TV series)|Indulekha]]
| num_seasons = 1
| genre = [[Soap opera]]
| cinematography = Laiju Aravind
| screenplay = Sreevalsan
| editor = Santhosh Sridhar
| company = Sandra's Communication (P) Ltd
| creative_director =
| last_aired = {{End date|2022|07|23|df=yes}}
| voices = [[Devi S.]]
}}

'''''Kana Kanmani''''' was an Indian [[Malayalam language]] [[Indian soap opera|soap opera]] premiered on 23 August 2021 aired on [[Surya TV]]. It stars [[Vindhuja Vikraman]] and Jay Kartik in lead roles along with [[M. B. Padmakumar]], Ann Mathews and Revathi Krishna in supporting roles.<ref name="Shanavas"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://malayalam.filmibeat.com/television/chandanamazha-serial-fame-vindhuja-vikraman-about-her-famous-work-074203.html|title=നടി മേഘ്ന വിൻസൻറിൽ നിന്ന് വന്ദുജയ്ക്ക് ലഭിച്ച ഭാഗ്യം, തന്റെ ഐഡന്റിറ്റി സെറ്റായ വർക്കാണത്...|date=15 August 2021|work=Filmibeat}}</ref> It is a remake of Telugu television series [[Pournami (TV series)|''Pournami'']] that aired on [[Gemini TV]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/kudumbavilakku-to-mrs-hitler-heres-a-look-at-the-popular-originals-of-these-malayalam-shows/photostory/89432776.cms?picid=89432791|title=Kudumbavilakku to Mrs. Hitler: Here's a look at the popular originals of these Malayalam shows|work=The Times of India|date=8 February 2022|access-date=10 February 2022}}</ref><ref name="Shanavas"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/daya-to-celebrity-kitchen-magic-here-is-a-quick-look-at-the-new-shows-on-malayalam-tv/photostory/83954458.cms?picid=83954507|title=Daya to Celebrity Kitchen Magic: Here is a quick look at the new shows on Malayalam TV|work=The Times of India|date=29 June 2021 }}</ref> The show aired its last episode on 23 July 2022.

==Synopsis==
Meera, a young woman, vies for the love of her father, who blames her for her mother's death. As a result, she does everything in her power to win him over but faces many challenges.

==Cast==
===Lead===
*[[Vindhuja Vikraman]]<ref name="TOI">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/kanakanmani-actress-vindhuja-vikranam-leaves-fans-awed-with-her-onam-special-photoshoot-see-pics/articleshow/85094077.cms|title=Kanakanmani actress Vindhuja Vikraman leaves fans awed with her Onam special photoshoot; see pics|work=The Times of India}}</ref> as Meera Mahadevan Gautham: Radhika and Mahadevan's daughter; Yamuna's step-daughter; Preethi's half-sister; Gautham's wife.
*[[Jay Karthik]] as Gautham Kuberan: Bhagyalakshmi and Kuberan's son; Aparna's cousin; Meera's husband.
*[[M. B. Padmakumar]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/celebrity-news/actor-director-mb-padmakumar-and-wife-chitra-opens-up-about-her-marriage-life/articleshow/86750460.cms|work=Malayalam Samayam|publisher=The Times of India|language=ml|title='ഞങ്ങൾക്ക് പത്തിനടുത്ത് പൊരുത്തമായിരുന്നു, പക്ഷേ ഡിവോഴ്സിന്‍റെ വക്കുവരെയെത്തി'; മനസ്സ് തുറന്ന് എംബി പത്മകുമാർ‍}}</ref> as Mahadevan: Saraswathy's son; Radhika's widower; Yamuna's husband; Meera and Preethi's father; Swapna's arch-rival.

===Recurring===
*Ann Mathews as Yamuna Mahadevan: Chitra Sarojini daughter; Mahadevan's second wife; Preethi's mother; Meera's step-mother.
*Revathi Krishna as Preethi Mahadevan Akin: Mahadevan and Yamuna's daughter; Meera's half-sister; Akin's wife.
*Dr. Aishwarya Warrier / Geetha Nair as Saraswathy: Mahadevan's mother; Meera and Preethi's grandmother.
*Priya Prince as Swapna: A crooked businesswoman; Ishana's mother; Akin's aunt; Mahadevan's arch-rival.
*Akin M. A as Akin Madhav: Swapna's nephew; Preethi's husband.
*[[Mahesh (Malayalam actor)|Mahesh]] as Kuberan: Bhagyalakshmi's husband; Gautham's father.
*Karthika Kannan as Bhagyalakshmi Kuberan: Renu's cousin; Kuberan's wife; Gautham's mother.
*Sreelakshmi Sreekumar as Ishana: Swapna's daughter<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/celebrity-news/kudumbavilakku-new-sheethal-sreelekshmi-sreekumar-open-talk-about-her-starting-stage-in-serial-industry-and-kudumbavilakku-experience/articleshow/86063931.cms|title=കുറെയധികം സ്ട്രഗിൾ ചെയ്താണ് ഇന്ന് ഈ നിലയിൽ എത്തിയത്; ക്യാമറ എന്തെന്നുപോലും അറിയാത്ത ഒരു കാലം ഉണ്ടായിരുന്നുവെനിക്ക്; ശ്രീലക്ഷ്മി ശ്രീകുമാർ പറയുന്നു!|work=Malayalam Samayam|publisher=The Times of India|first=Lakshmi|last=Bala|date=9 September 2021}}</ref>
*Arjun Syam as Appu: An orphan boy adopted by Gautham and shares a sibling-like bond with him.
*Mahima / Sangeetha Sivan as Rajeshwari: Kadambariyamma's younger daughter; Radhika's sister.
*Amboori Jayan as Mani: Domestic help of Puthanmadathil house
*Aravind Bhasker as Vivek: Gautham's best friend who supports him in winning Meera's love.
*Bindu Murali as Sarojini: Chitra's aunt
*Subhash Nair as Bhargavan: Chitra's uncle
*[[Gayathri (Malayalam actress)|Gayathri Varsha]] as Renu: Bhagyalakshmi's cousin; Aparna's mother
*Devika S as Aparna: Renu's daughter; Gautam's cousin

===Guest===
*[[K. R. Vijaya]] as Puthanmadathil Kadambariyamma: Radhika and Rajeshwari's mother; Meera's grandmother. (2021) (Dead)
*[[Abhirami (actress, born 1983)|Abhirami]] as Radhika Mahadevan:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.behindtalkies.com/virumandii-actress-abhirami-re-entry-in-kanakanmani-serial/| title=பல ஆண்டுகளுக்கு பின் ரீ- என்ட்ரி கொடுத்த விருமாண்டி பட நடிகை - இதோ ப்ரோமோ|date=11 May 2021|work=Behind Talkies|language=tamil}}</ref> Kadambariyamma's elder daughter; Rajeshwari's sister; Mahadevan's first wife; Meera's mother. (Dead)
*[[Rahul Ravi]] as Himself (Episode 53)
*[[Haritha G Nair]] as Herself (Episode 113)
*[[Dhanya Mary Varghese]] as Mercy Paul, a famous actress (Mahasangamam episode)
* Arathy Sojan as Kavya, Meera's friend (Mahasangamam episode)
* [[Reneesha Rahiman]] as Anjali, Meera's friend (Mahasangamam and wedding episode)
* Vishnu Nair as Adarsh, Kavya's husband (Mahasangamam episode)
* Jayaprakash as Abhijith, Anjali's husband (Mahasangamam and wedding episode)
* Anna Dona as Anupama (Wedding episode)<ref name="Shanavas"/>
* Krish Menon as Indrajith (Wedding episode)<ref name="Shanavas"/>
* Naveen Arakkal as Rudhra Prakash {{a.k.a}} Rudhran: Rajeshwari's cousin (Wedding episode)<ref name="Shanavas"/>
* [[Shanavas Shanu]] as Dinesh IPS, Mahadevan's friend (Wedding episode)<ref name="Shanavas">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/shanavas-shanu-to-play-a-cameo-in-kanakanmani-watch-the-teaser/articleshow/90224504.cms|title=Shanavas Shanu to play a cameo in 'Kanakanmani'; watch the teaser|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Cross-over episodes==
*From 15 January 2022 to 18 January 2022 it had a Mahasangamam with ''[[Manassinakkare (2021 TV series)|Manassinakkare]]''.

==Adaptations==
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;"
|- style="color:white"
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:15%;"| Language
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:24%;"| Title
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:22%;"| Original release
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:12%;"| Network(s)
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:22%;"| Last aired
! style="background:#7b0c0c; width:5%;"| Notes
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| ''[[Pournami (TV series)|Pournami]]'' పౌర్ణమి
| 12 November 2018
| [[Gemini TV]]
| 27 March 2021
| Original
|-
| [[Kannada]]
| ''[[Manasaare (TV series)|Manasaare]]'' ಮನಸಾರೆ
| 24 February 2020
| [[Udaya TV]]
| 13 November 2021
| rowspan="5" | Remake
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ''[[Kannana Kanne]]'' கண்ணன கண்ணே
| 2 November 2020
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| 4 March 2023
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| ''[[Nayantara (TV series)|Nayantara]]'' নয়নতারা
| 22 March 2021
| [[Sun Bangla]]
| 30 April 2023
|-
| [[Malayalam]]
| ''Kana Kanmani'' കാന കൺമണി
| 23 August 2021
| [[Surya TV]]
| 23 July 2022
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| ''[[Jau Nako Dur... Baba]]'' जाऊ नको दूर... बाबा
| 17 October 2021
| [[Sun Marathi]]
| 4 November 2023
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Sun Surya original programming]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language television shows]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language television series based on Telugu-language television series]]
[[Category:2022 Indian television series endings]]

Shankar Rao (Maoist)

2026-04-01T04:20:40Z

DaljeetBhutal: Stub

{{notability|1=Biographies|date=March 2025}}
{{Short description|Indian Maoist leader (1984–2024)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
'''Shankar Rao''' (1984 – 16 April 2024) was an Indian communist militant, who served as a leader of the [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)]] amid the [[Naxalite–Maoist insurgency]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/several-maoists-killed-in-encounter-with-security-forces-in-chhattisgarh-5455181|title=Top Maoist Leader Among At Least 29 Killed In Big Chhattisgarh Encounter|work=NDTV|first=Anurag|last=Dwary|date=16 April 2024|accessdate=3 August 2024}}</ref>

A resident of [[Warangal]], Rao served as a divisional committee member of the Maoist party. He was killed on 16 April 2024, at the age of 40, during [[2024 Kanker clash|an encounter]] with Border Security Force (BSF) Jawans. Twenty-eight other militants were also killed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.siasat.com/chhattisgarh-naxal-group-releases-statement-gives-names-of-27-of-29-slain-ultras-3011200/|title=Chhattisgarh: Naxal group releases statement, gives names of 27 of 29 slain ultras|work=Siasat.com|date=18 April 2024}}</ref> The police said, he had a reward of 25 Lakhs on his head.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Top Naxal leader among 29 killed during operation in Chhattisgarh's Kanker |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/chhattisgarh-kanker-anti-naxal-operation-dead-bodies-recovered-maoists-police-2527944-2024-04-16 | first1=Sumi|last1=Rajappan|first2=Jitendra Bahadur|last2=Singh | date=16 April 2024 | access-date=2024-08-03 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, Shankar}}
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:Anti-revisionists]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Maoist) politicians]]
[[Category:Deaths by firearm in India]]
[[Category:Indian guerrillas]]
[[Category:Naxalites]]
[[Category:People from Warangal]]
[[Category:People shot dead by law enforcement officers in India]]

{{India-paramilitary-bio-stub}}

Anjan Karmakar

2026-03-29T18:14:31Z

DaljeetBhutal: New New Page

{{Short description|Santali writer and poet}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Anjan Karmakar
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = sat
| birth_place = Dholkata, Purulia district, West Bengal, India
| occupation = Writer, poet, academic
| language = Santali
| nationality = Indian
| genre = Poetry, literary criticism
| notable_works = ''Jangbaha''
| awards = [[Sahitya Akademi Yuva Puraskar]] (2024)
}}

'''Anjan Karmakar''' is an Indian writer, poet and academic who writes in the [[Santali language]]. He received the [[Sahitya Akademi Yuva Puraskar]] in 2024 for his poetry collection ''Jangbaha''.<ref name="PIB-YP2024">{{cite web
|title=Sahitya Akademi Yuva Puraskar 2024
|url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2026192&reg=3&lang=2
|website=Press Information Bureau
|publisher=Government of India
|date=15 June 2024
|access-date=6 March 2026
}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Karmakar was born in Dholkata village in the [[Hura]] block of [[Purulia]] district, [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. His father is Sagar Karmakar and his mother is Balika Karmakar.<ref name="pk">{{cite news |title=अंजन कर्मकार को साहित्य अकादमी युवा पुरस्कार |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/jamshedpur-news-shahitya-academy-award-anjan-karmakar |work=Prabhat Khabar |date=16 June 2024 |access-date=6 March 2026}}</ref>

Although Santali was not his mother tongue, he developed an interest in the language because many people in his village spoke Santali. He later studied Santali as a subject during his undergraduate studies and continued with higher education in the language.<ref name="pk"/>

He completed a master's degree in Santali and received a gold medal from the [[University of Burdwan]] in 2012.<ref name="pk"/>

==Career==
Karmakar began writing literature in 2009. His poems and literary works have appeared in various magazines and journals related to Santali literature.<ref name="pk"/>

In 2015 he joined [[Bankura University]] as an assistant professor in the Santali department.<ref name="pk"/>

His poetry collection ''Jangbaha'' gained national recognition when it was selected for the [[Sahitya Akademi Yuva Puraskar]] in 2024.<ref name="pk" />

==Works==
Karmakar has authored several literary works in Santali, including poetry and literary criticism.

* ''Jangbaha''
* ''Rindi Lodom''
* ''Sanwhed Reya Hunarteted''
* ''Sawantali Kabitar Gati Pragati''

==Awards==
* [[Sahitya Akademi Yuva Puraskar]] (2024) – for the poetry collection ''Jangbaha''.<ref name="pk" />

==See also==
* [[Santali literature]]
* [[Sahitya Akademi]]
* [[Sahitya Akademi Yuva Puraskar]]
* [[List of Yuva Puraskar winners for Santali]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/Pressrelease_YP-2024.pdf Sahitya Akademi official press release – Yuva Puraskar 2024]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Karmakar, Anjan}}
[[Category:Santali writers]]
[[Category:Indian poets]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Yuva Puraskar]]
[[Category:Writers from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Prafulla Chandra Ray

2026-03-29T01:49:56Z

DaljeetBhutal: enhance content additionally and improved wording

{{short description|Bengali chemist, educationist, nationalist, industrialist and philanthropist}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| honorific_prefix = [[Sir]]
| name = Prafulla Chandra Ray
| honorific_suffix = [[Order of the Indian Empire|CIE]], [[Indian National Science Academy|FNI]], [[The Asiatic Society|FRASB]], [[Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science|FIAS]], [[Chemical Society|FCS]]
| image = আত্মচরিত (প্রফুল্লচন্দ্র রায়) 005.tif
| image_size =
| birth_name = Prafulla Chandra Ray
| birth_date = 2 August 1861
| birth_place = [[Paikgachha Upazila|Paikgacha]], [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1944|6|16|1861|8|2}}
| death_place = [[Calcutta]], Bengal, British India
| fields = {{ublist | [[Inorganic chemistry]] | [[Organic chemistry]] |[[History of chemistry]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[Presidency University, Kolkata|Presidency College, Calcutta]]|[[Calcutta University]] College of Science (also known as [[Rajabazar Science College]]) }}
| alma_mater = [[University of Edinburgh]]
| doctoral_advisor = [[Alexander Crum Brown]]
| thesis_title = Conjugated Sulphates of the Copper-Magnesium Group: A Study of Isomorphous Mixtures and Molecular Combinations
| thesis_url =
| thesis_year = 1887
| notable_students = [[Satyendranath Bose]] [[Meghnad Saha]] [[Jnanendra Nath Mukherjee]] [[Jnan Chandra Ghosh]]
| awards = {{ublist | [[Order of the Indian Empire]] (CIE) | [[Knight Bachelor]]|Fellow of the [[Chemical Society]] (FCS)<ref name="Ray_FCS"/>|Foundation Fellow of the [[Indian National Science Academy|National Institute of Sciences of India]] (FNI)<ref name="INSA" group="note">Prior to 1970, the [[Indian National Science Academy]] was named the "National Institute of Sciences of India", and its fellows bore the post-nominal "FNI". The post-nominal became "FNA" in 1970 when the association adopted its present name.</ref>|Fellow of the [[Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science]] (FIAS) }}
| signature = Prafulla Chandra Ray Signature.svg
}}
Sir '''Prafulla Chandra Ray''' {{small|[[Order of the Indian Empire|CIE]] [[Indian National Science Academy|FNI]] [[The Asiatic Society|FRASB]] [[Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science|FIAS]] [[Chemical Society|FCS]]}} (also spelled '''Prafulla Chandra Roy'''; {{langx|bn|প্রফুল্ল চন্দ্র রায়}} ''Prôphullô Côndrô Rāẏ''; 2 August 1861 – 16 June 1944)<ref name="JICS_Ray_Obit">{{Cite journal |title=Obituary: Sir Prafulla Chandra Ray |journal=Journal of the Indian Chemical Society |volume=XXI |pages=253–260 |year=1944 |ref=JICS_obit}}</ref> was a Bengali [[chemist]], educationist, historian, industrialist and philanthropist.<ref name="JICS_Ray_Obit"/> He established the first modern Indian research school in chemistry (post classical age) and is regarded as the father of Indian chemistry.<ref name="Dasgupta2011">{{cite book |author=Uma Dasgupta |title=Science and Modern India: An Institutional History, C. 1784–1947 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lrx3wLz4itkC&pg=PA137 |year=2011 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-317-2818-5 |pages=137}}</ref>

The [[Royal Society of Chemistry]] honoured his life and work with the first ever chemical landmark plaque outside Europe. He was the founder of [[Bengal Chemicals & Pharmaceuticals]], India's first [[pharmaceutical]] company. He is the author of '' A History of Hindu Chemistry from the Earliest Times to the Middle of the Sixteenth Century'' (1902).

==Biography==
===Family background===
[[File:SIR PC ROY HOUSE 3 copy.jpg|thumb|Prafulla Chandra Ray Ancestral House & Birthplace at Khulna]]
Prafulla Chandra Ray was born in the village of Raruli-Katipara, then in [[Jessore District]] (now [[Paikgachha Upazila|Paikgachha]], [[Khulna Division|Khulna]]), in the eastern region of the [[Bengal Presidency]] of British India (now [[Bangladesh]]) to a [[Bengali Hindu]] family. He was the third child and son of Harish Chandra Raychowdhury (d. 1893), a [[Kayastha]] ''[[zamindar]]'' and his wife Bhubanmohini Devi (d. 1904), the daughter of a local ''[[taluqdar]]''.<ref name="IJHS_Ray_Scientist">{{Cite journal |last1=Majumdar |first1=Sisir K. |url=https://www.insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/IJHS/Vol46_3_6_SKMajumdar.pdf |title=Acharya Prafulla Chandra Ray: A Scientist, Teacher, Author and a Patriotic Entrepreneur |journal=Indian Journal of History of Science |volume=46 |pages=523–533 |year=2011 |issue=3 |access-date=8 July 2018 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201051151/http://insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/IJHS/Vol46_3_6_SKMajumdar.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Acharya_Ray_Growth_Decline">{{Cite journal |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Santimay |title=Acharya Prafulla Chandra Ray: The Growth and Decline of a Legend |journal=Science and Culture |volume=51 |pages=213–227 |year=1985 |issue=7}}</ref> Ray was one of seven siblings, having four brothers – Jnanendra Chandra, Nalini Kanta, Purna Chandra and Buddha Dev – and two sisters, Indumati and Belamati, both born after their brothers. All except Buddha Dev and Belamati survived to adulthood.<ref name="Acharya_Ray_Growth_Decline"/>

Ray's great-grandfather Maniklal had been a ''dewan'' under the British East India Company's district collector of Krishnanagar and Jessore, and had amassed considerable wealth in the service of the company. After succeeding to his father's post, Ray's grandfather Anandlal, a progressive man, sent his son Harish Chandra to receive a modern education at [[Krishnagar Government College]].<ref name="Acharya_Ray_Growth_Decline"/> At the college, Harish Chandra received a thorough grounding in English, Sanskrit and Persian, though he was ultimately forced to end his studies to help support his family. Liberal and cultured, Harish Chandra pioneered English-medium education and women's education in his village, establishing both a middle school for boys and one for girls, and admitting his wife and sister to the latter.<ref name="Acharya_Ray_Growth_Decline"/> Harish Chandra was strongly associated with the [[Brahmo Samaj]],<ref name="Lourdusamy2004"/> and Ray would maintain his connections with the Samaj throughout his life.

===Childhood and early education===
After recovering from an illness, Ray moved to Calcutta in 1876 and was admitted to the Albert School, established by the Brahmo reformer [[Keshub Chandra Sen]]; owing to his concentrated self-study over the preceding two years, his teachers found him to have advanced much further than the rest of the students in his assigned class. During this period, he attended Sen's Sunday evening sermons and was deeply influenced by his ''Sulabha Samachar''.<ref name="Lourdusamy2004"/> In 1878, he passed the school's Entrance Examination (matriculation exams) with a First Division, and was admitted as an FA (First Arts) student to the Metropolitan Institution (later [[Vidyasagar College]]) which was established by Pandit [[Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar]]. The English literature teacher at the Institution was [[Surendranath Banerjee]], the prominent Indian nationalist and future president of the [[Indian National Congress]], whose passionately held ideals, including an emphasis on the value of service and the need to continually strive for India's rejuvenation, left a definite and lasting impression on Ray, who took those values to heart.<ref name="PC_Ray_bio_INSA">{{Cite journal |last1=Ray |first1=Priyadaranjan |url=http://insaindia.res.in/BM/BM1_6606.pdf |title=Prafulla Chandra Ray: 1861–1944 |journal=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy |volume=1 |pages=58–76 |year=1944}}</ref> While deeply influenced by Sen, Ray preferred a more democratic environment than the mainstream Brahmo Samaj under Sen's guidance could provide; consequently, in 1879 he joined the [[Sadharan Brahmo Samaj]], a more flexible offshoot of the original Samaj.<ref name="Acharya_Ray_Study">{{Cite journal |last1=Bose |first1=Debendra Mohan |title=Acharya Prafullachandra Ray: A Study |journal=Science and Culture |volume=28 |pages=493–500 |year=1962 |issue=11}}</ref>

Though Ray had primarily focused on history and literature until this stage, chemistry was then a compulsory subject in the FA degree. As the Metropolitan Institution offered no facilities for science courses at the time, Ray attended physics and chemistry lectures as an external student at the [[Presidency University, Kolkata|Presidency College]].<ref name="PC_Ray_bio_INSA"/> He was especially drawn to the chemistry courses taught by [[Alexander Pedler]], an inspiring lecturer and experimentalist who was among the earliest research chemists in India. Soon captivated by experimental science, Ray decided to make chemistry his career, as he recognized that his country's future would greatly depend on his progress in science.<ref name="JICS_Ray_Obit"/> His passion for experimentation led him to set up a miniature chemistry laboratory at a classmate's lodgings and reproducing some of Pedler's demonstrations; on one occasion, he narrowly escaped injury when a faulty apparatus exploded violently.<ref name="JICS_Ray_Obit"/> He passed the FA exam in 1881 with a second division, and was admitted to the BA (B-course) degree of the University of Calcutta as a chemistry student, with a view towards pursuing higher studies in the field.<ref name="IJHS_Ray_Scientist"/> Having learnt Latin and French in addition to achieving a "fair mastery" of Sanskrit, a compulsory subject at the FA level, Ray applied for a Gilchrist Prize Scholarship while studying for his BA examination; the scholarship required a knowledge of at least four languages. After an all-India competitive examination, Ray won one of the two scholarships, and enrolled as a BSc. student at the [[University of Edinburgh]] without completing his original degree.<ref name="PC_Ray_bio_INSA"/> He sailed for the United Kingdom in August 1882, aged 21.<ref name="IJHS_Ray_Scientist"/>

===Student in Britain (1882–1888)===
At Edinburgh, Ray began his chemistry studies under [[Alexander Crum Brown]] and his demonstrator John Gibson, a former student of Brown's who had also studied under [[Robert Bunsen]] at the [[University of Heidelberg]]. He received his BSc. in 1885.<ref name="Roy_Doctoral_Research">{{Cite journal |last1=Chakravorty |first1=Animesh |url=https://insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/IJHS/Vol50_2015_3_Art04.pdf |title=The Doctoral Research of Acharya Prafulla Chandra Ray |journal=Indian Journal of History of Science |volume=50 |pages=429–437 |year=2015 |issue=3 |doi=10.16943/ijhs/2015/v50i4/48315 |doi-access=free}}</ref> During his student years at Edinburgh, Ray continued to nurture his strong interests in history and political science, reading works by prominent authors including [[Louis Rousselet|Rousselet's]] ''L'Inde des Rajas'', [[Ferdinand de Lanoye|Lanoye's]] ''L'Inde contemporaine'', ''Revue dex deux mondes''. He also read [[Henry Fawcett|Fawcett's]] book on political economy and ''Essays on Indian Finance''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ray |first=Prafulla Chandra |year=1954 |orig-year=First published 1937 |script-title=bn:আত্মচরিত |title=Ātmacaritra |trans-title=Autobiography |language=bn |url=https://archive.org/download/Aatmocharit/Aatmocharit.pdf |location=Calcutta |publisher=Orient Book Company |page=43}}</ref> In 1885, he entered an essay competition held by the university for the best essay on "India before and after [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|the Mutiny]]." His submission, which was strongly critical of the [[British Raj]] and warned the British government of the consequences of its reactionary attitudes, was nonetheless assessed as one of the best entries and was highly praised by [[William Muir]], the recently appointed Principal of the university and a former lieutenant-governor of the [[North-Western Provinces]] in India.<ref name="PC_Ray_bio_INSA"/> Ray's essay was widely publicised in Britain, with ''[[The Scotsman]]'' observing "It contains information in reference to India which will not be found elsewhere, and is deserving of the utmost notice."<ref name="Acharya_Ray_Growth_Decline"/> A copy of the paper was read by the distinguished orator and [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]] [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Birmingham (UK Parliament constituency)|Birmingham]] [[John Bright]]; Bright's sympathetic reply to Ray was published in leading newspapers across Britain under the title "John Bright's Letter to an Indian Student."<ref name="PC_Ray_bio_INSA"/> The following year, Ray published his paper as a booklet entitled "Essay on India," which likewise earned its author wide attention in British political circles.<ref name="PC_Ray_bio_INSA"/>

After obtaining his BSc degree, Ray embarked on his [[doctoral studies]]. Although his thesis advisor Crum Brown was an organic chemist, Ray was drawn towards [[inorganic chemistry]] at a time when research in the field appeared to be making limited progress compared to organic chemistry. Following an extensive review of available inorganic chemistry literature, Ray decided to explore the specific natures of structural affinities in [[double salts]] as the subject of his thesis. Within this area, Ray chose to research metal double sulfates.<ref name="Roy_Doctoral_Research" />

For some years, science had recognised numerous double sulfates (then also known as "vitriols") occurred in nature as mineral salts. The natural combination of sulfates of bivalent metals with monovalent metal sulfates in a 1:1 ratio results in the formation of double sulfates chemically distinct from their original constituent species.<ref name="Roy_Doctoral_Research" /> By the 1850s, a number of double sulfates had been artificially synthesized, including [[ammonium iron(II) sulfate]] or "Mohr's salt" by [[Karl Friedrich Mohr]]. Some chemists, including one Vohl, subsequently claimed to have isolated numerous double-double and multiple-double sulfates including supposed "triple-double," and "quadruple-double" structures. These were purportedly the result of two double sulfates of Type I (differing in the bivalent metal Mb) combining in definite integral proportions to yield new molecular double salts.<ref name="Roy_Doctoral_Research" /> Others who had attempted to reproduce those experiments reported their inability to do so. Prior to Ray's taking up the problem, in 1886, [[Percival Spencer Umfreville Pickering]] and [[Emily Aston]] had concluded in their paper that double-double and higher-order sulfate salts did not exist as definite structures, deeming Vohl's experimental findings inexplicable.<ref name="Roy_Doctoral_Research" /> While Ray noted such findings placed Vohl's research in doubt, he reasoned "the position was unclear and further research was called for."<ref name="Roy_Doctoral_Research" />

Ray was awarded the Hope Prize which allowed him to work on his research for a further period of one year after completion of his doctorate. His thesis title was "Conjugated Sulphates of the Copper-magnesium Group: A Study of Isomorphous Mixtures and Molecular Combinations". While a student he was elected vice-president of the University of Edinburgh Chemical Society in 1888.<ref name="PetitjeanJami1992">{{cite book |author1=Patrick Petitjean |author2=Catherine Jami |author2-link=Catherine Jami |author3=Anne Marie Moulin |title=Science and Empires: Historical Studies about Scientific Development and European Expansion |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JnUeeLgYaowC&pg=PA66 |year=1992 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-7923-1518-6 |pages=66–}}</ref>

==Career==
[[File:Prafulla Chandra Ray bust BITM.JPG|thumb|Bust of Prafulla Chandra Ray which is placed in the garden of [[Birla Industrial & Technological Museum]], Kolkata]]

===Scientific research===
====Mercurous nitrite====
Around 1895 Prafulla Chandra started his work in the field of discovering nitrite chemistry which turned out to be extremely effective. In 1896, he published a paper on preparation of a new stable chemical compound: mercurous nitrite.<ref name="IJC-A">{{Cite journal |last1=Samanta |first1=Subhas |last2=Goswami |first2=Sreebrata |last3=Chakravorty |first3=Animesh |date=February 2011 |title=On mercurous nitrite and a basic mercurous nitrate derivative |url=http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/11011/1/IJCA%2050A(2)%20137-140.pdf |journal=Indian Journal of Chemistry |volume=50A |issue=2 |pages=137–140 |issn=0975-0975}}</ref> This work made way for a large number of investigative papers on nitrites and hyponitrites of different metals, and on nitrites of ammonia and organic amines.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.history-india.in/prafulla-chandra-ray/ |title=29 Interesting Facts about Prafulla Chandra Ray- father of Indian Pharma |date=2018-06-28 |website=History of Indian Subcontinent |language=en |access-date=2019-06-28}}</ref> He and his students had crumbled this field for several years, leading to a long discipline of research laboratories. Prafulla Chandra said that it was a new chapter in life that started with the unanticipated discovery of mercurous nitrite (NOT mercurous nitrate).<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/seta/2002/03/14/stories/2002031400350400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020828212902/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/seta/2002/03/14/stories/2002031400350400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2002-08-28 |work=[[The Hindu]] |title=Acharya P. C. Ray: Father of Indian chemistry |access-date=2019-06-28}}</ref> Prafulla Chandra, in 1896, noticed the formation of a yellow crystalline solid with the reaction of excess [[Mercury (element)|mercury]] and dilute [[nitric acid]].<ref name=":1">{{cite journal |last=Chakravorty |first=Animesh |year=2014 |title=The Chemical Researches of Acharya Prafulla Chandra Ray |url=http://www.insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/IJHS/Vol49_4_3_AChakravorty.pdf |journal=Indian Journal of History of Science |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=361–370 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329123347/http://www.insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/IJHS/Vol49_4_3_AChakravorty.pdf |archive-date=2017-03-29}}</ref><ref name="IJC-A" /> Unfortunately multiple sources wrongly attribute this as mercurous nitrate instead of mercurous nitrite. The ionic reactions involved are<ref name="Das 2020 787–799">{{Cite journal |last=Das |first=Asim K |year=2020 |title=Thermodynamic and Kinetic Aspects of the Stability of Sir P. C. Ray's Mercurous Nitrite Compound |url=https://www.ias.ac.in/article/fulltext/reso/025/06/0787-0799 |journal=Resonance |volume=25 |issue=6 |pages=787–799 |doi=10.1007/s12045-020-0996-9 |s2cid=225851358}}</ref>

<chem>2Hg^0 -> Hg2^2+ + 2e^-</chem> (Net reaction in presence of '''excess mercury''')

<chem>NO3^- + 4H^+ + 3e^- -> NO(g) + 2H2O</chem>

<chem>NO3^- + 2H^+ + 2e^- -> NO2^- + H2O</chem>

<chem>Hg2^2+ + 2NO2^- -> Hg2(NO2)2 (s)</chem> (↓) (yellow crystals)

This result was first published in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. That was forthwith noticed by Nature magazine on 28 May 1896.<ref name=":1" />'''Thermodynamically unstable''' mercurous nitrite survives because of its '''kinetic stability''' under the experimental condition of its preparation.<ref name="Das 2020 787–799"/>

====Ammonium and alkylammonium nitrites====
[[Ammonium nitrite]] synthesis in pure form through double displacement ammonium between chloride and [[silver nitrite]] is one of the notable contributions of P. C. Ray. He proved that the pure ammonium nitrite is indeed stable by bring to pass a lot of experiments and explained then it can be sublimed even at 60 °C without decomposition.<ref name=":1" />

:<chem>NH4Cl + AgNO2 -> NH4NO2 + AgCl</chem>
On a conference of the Chemical Society in London, he submitted the result. Nobel laureate [[William Ramsay]] congratulated him for his achievement. On 15 August 1912 Nature magazine published the news of 'ammonium nitrite in tangible form' and the determination of the vapour density of 'this very fugitive salt'. The Journal of Chemical Society, London published the experimental details in the same year.<ref name=":1" />

He prepared a lot of such compounds by double displacement. After that he worked on mercury alkyl- and mercury alkyl aryl-ammonium nitrites.<ref name=":0" />

:<chem>RNH3Cl + AgNO2 -> RNH3NO2 + AgCl</chem>

He started a new Indian School of Chemistry in 1924. Ray was president of the 1920 session of the [[Indian Science Congress Association#Indian Science Congress sessions|Indian Science Congress]].<ref>{{cite web |title=List of Past General Presidents |url=http://www.sciencecongress.nic.in/past_general_presidents.php |publisher=Indian Science Congress Association |access-date=28 February 2018}}</ref>

He was a synthetic Inorganic chemist with active research in organic molecules and reactions more specifically to thio-organic compounds. The initial work that made him famous was based on the chemistry of inorganic and organic nitrites, he was regarded as "''Master of Nitrites''". British Chemist, Henry H. Armstrong stated: 'The way in which you have gradually made yourself "master of nitrites" is very interesting and the fact that you have established that as a class they are far from being the unstable bodies, chemists had supposed, is an important addition to our knowledge.' <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-25 |title=Master of Nitrites: Acharya Prafulla Chandra Ray by Rajeev Singh |url=https://www.rajeevsingh.org/post/master-of-nitrites-acharya-prafulla-chandra-ray-1 |access-date=2021-08-08 |website=Rajeev Singh |language=en}}</ref>
Prafulla Chandra retired from the Presidency College in 1916, and joined the Calcutta University College of Science (also known as
[[Rajabazar Science College]]) as its first "''Palit Professor of Chemistry''", a chair named after [[Taraknath Palit]]. Here also he got a dedicated team and he started working on compounds of gold, [[platinum]], [[iridium]] etc. with [[mercaptyl]] radicals and organic sulphides. A number of papers were published on this work in the Journal of the Indian Chemical Society.

In 1936, at the age of 75, he retired from active service and became [[professor emeritus]]. Long before that, on the completion of his 60th year in 1921, he made a free gift of his entire salary to the Calcutta University from that date onward, to be spent for the furtherance of chemical research, and the development of the Department of Chemistry in the University College of Science.

He had written 107 papers in all branches of Chemistry by 1920.<ref name="PetitjeanJami1992"/>

== "Revolutionary in the garb of a Scientist" ==
P C Ray was a staunch nationalist who had observed the deterioration that Indian society had undergone due to suppression by the British. He was sympathetic towards the revolutionaries and would make arrangements for their shelter and food at his factories. After his death, many revolutionaries and his colleagues mentioned about his indirect support and help in manufacturing explosives. The government records of that time mention him as a "''Revolutionary in the garb of a Scientist.''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Rajeev |title='Revolutionary in the Garb of a Scientist |journal=Science India |year=2021 |volume=19 |issue=5 |page=48 |url=https://www.rajeevsingh.org/post/revolutionary-in-the-garb-of-a-scientist}}</ref>
[[File:Famous quotes by Indian scientists Prafulla Chandra Ray P C Ray.jpg|thumb]]

===Literary works and interests===
He contributed articles in Bengali to many monthly magazines, particularly on scientific topics. He published the first volume of his autobiography ''Life and Experience of a Bengali Chemist'' in 1932, and dedicated it to the youth of India. The second volume of this work was issued in 1935.

In 1902, he published the first volume of ''A History of Hindu Chemistry from the Earliest Times to the Middle of Sixteenth Century''.<ref>{{cite book |title=A History of Hindu Chemistry |url=https://archive.org/stream/historyofhinduch01rayp#page/n5/mode/2up |publisher=London, Oxford : Williams and Norgate |year=1902}}</ref> The second volume was published in 1909.<ref>{{cite journal |pmc=3336279 |pmid=22557428 |title='The History of Hindu Chemistry' A Critical Review |journal=Ancient Science of Life |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=58–61 |year=2010 |last1=Harsha |first1=N. M. |last2=Nagaraja |first2=T. N.}}</ref> The work was result of many years' search through ancient [[Sanskrit]] manuscripts and through works of [[oriental studies|orientalist]]s.

He donated money regularly towards welfare of [[Sadharan Brahmo Samaj]], [[Brahmo Balika Shikshalaya|Brahmo Girls' School]] and [[Indian Chemical Society]].<ref name="Lourdusamy2004">{{cite book |author=J. Lourdusamy |title=Science and National Consciousness in Bengal: 1870–1930 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xw7Rjy_zRtgC&pg=PA145 |date=2004 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-2674-7 |pages=145–}}</ref> In 1922, he donated money to establish Nagarjuna Prize to be awarded for the best work in chemistry.<ref name="Lourdusamy2004"/> In 1937, another award, named after [[Ashutosh Mukherjee]], to be awarded for the best work in zoology or botany, was established from his donation.<ref name="Lourdusamy2004"/>

==Recognition and honours==
[[File:Signature of Acharya Prafulla Chandra Roy.jpg|thumb|Signature of Acharya Prafulla Chandra Ray]]
[[File:Prafulla Chandra Ray 1961 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|Ray on a 1961 stamp of India]]
[[File:Science City - Prafulla Chandra Ray - Exhibition - Kolkata 2011-08-02 4600.JPG|thumb|An exhibition on Prafulla Chandra Ray was held at the [[Science City Kolkata|Science City]], Kolkata on his 150th birth anniversary (2 August 2011).]]

===Honours and orders===
* Companion of the [[Order of the Indian Empire]] (CIE; [[1912 Birthday Honours]] list)<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=28617 |supp=y|page=4300|date=11 June 1912}}</ref>
* [[Knight Bachelor]] ([[1919 New Year Honours]] list)<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=31099 |supp=y|page=106|date=31 December 1918}}</ref>

===Academic honours and fellowships===
* Faraday Gold Medal of the [[University of Edinburgh]] (1887)<ref name="IJHS_Ray_Scientist"/>
* Fellow of the Royal [[Asiatic Society of Bengal]] (FRASB)<ref name="Foundation_INSA">{{cite web |url=https://insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/PINSA/Vol01_1935_1_Art10.pdf |title=List of Foundation Fellows |year=1935 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=13 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614194609/http://www.insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/PINSA/Vol01_1935_1_Art10.pdf |archive-date=14 June 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Fellow of the [[Chemical Society]] (FCS; 1902)<ref name="Ray_FCS">{{Cite journal |title=A Ballot for the Election of Fellows was held |journal=Proceedings of the Chemical Society |volume=18 |pages=160 |year=1902 |issue=254}}</ref>
* Honorary Member of the [[Deutsche Akademie]], Munich (1919)<ref name="IJHS_Ray_Scientist"/>
* Foundation Fellow of the [[Indian National Science Academy|National Institute of Sciences of India]] (FNI; 1935)<ref name="Foundation_INSA"/><ref name="INSA" group="note"/>
* Fellow of the [[Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science]] (FIAS; 1943)<ref>{{cite book |pages=2 |title=The Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: Annual Report for the Year 1943 |year=1943}}</ref>

===Honorary doctorates===
* Honorary Doctor of Philosophy degree from the [[University of Calcutta]] (1908).<ref>{{cite web |title=Annual Convocation |url=http://www.caluniv.ac.in/convocation-2012/hony_degrees.htm |publisher=[[University of Calcutta]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120528004638/http://caluniv.ac.in/convocation-2012/hony_degrees.htm |archive-date=28 May 2012}}</ref>
* Honorary D.Sc. degree from [[Durham University]] (1912)
* Honorary D.Sc. degree from [[Banaras Hindu University]] (1920)<ref name="IJHS_Ray_Scientist"/>
* Honorary D.Sc. degree from the [[University of Dhaka]] (1920 and 28 July 1936)<ref name="IJHS_Ray_Scientist"/><ref>{{Cite journal |url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Downloads/article_id_005_02_0113_0114_0.pdf |title=University and Educational Intelligence |journal=[[Current Science]] |volume=4 |pages=114 |date=August 1936 |issue=10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.du.ac.bd/main_menu/the_university/honoris_causa |title=University of Dhaka {{!}}{{!}} the highest echelon of academic excellence |website=www.du.ac.bd |access-date=2020-04-08}}</ref>
* Honorary D.Sc. degree from the [[University of Allahabad]] (1937)<ref>{{Cite journal |url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Downloads/article_id_006_06_0311_0316_0.pdf |title=University and Educational Intelligence |journal=[[Current Science]] |volume=6 |pages=313 |date=December 1937 |issue=6}}</ref>

===Other===
* Felicitated by the Corporation of Calcutta on his 70th birthday (1932)<ref name="IJHS_Ray_Scientist"/>
* Felicitated by the Corporation of Karachi (1933)<ref name="IJHS_Ray_Scientist"/>
* Title of ''Jnanabaridi'' from Korotia College, Mymensingh (now the [[Government Saadat College]]) (1936)<ref name="IJHS_Ray_Scientist"/>
* Felicitated by the Corporation of Calcutta on his 80th birthday (1941)<ref name="IJHS_Ray_Scientist"/>
* Chemical Landmark Plaque of the [[Royal Society of Chemistry]] (RSC), the first to be situated outside Europe (2011).<ref>{{cite news |title=Royal society honour for father of Indian chemistry P C Ray |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/nri/other-news/Royal-society-honour-for-father-of-Indian-chemistry-P-C-Ray/articleshow/10183387.cms |access-date=28 February 2018 |agency=Press Trust of India |newspaper=The Times of India |date=30 September 2011}}</ref>
* Indian filmmaker [[Harisadhan Dasgupta]] made ''Acharya Prafulla Chandra Ray'', a documentary film about the chemist in 1961.<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen1999">{{cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofi0000raja |url-access=registration |year=1999 |publisher=British Film Institute |isbn=9780851706696}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book |last=Ray |first=P. C. |title=Essays on India |location=Edinburgh |publisher=University of Edinburgh |year=1886 |author-mask=1}}
* {{cite book |last=Ray |first=P. C. |title=Chemical Research at the Presidency College, Calcutta |location=Calcutta |publisher=Hare Press |year=1895 |author-mask=1}} (reprinted 1897)
* {{cite book |last=Ray |first=P. C. |title=Saral Prani Bijnan (''Simple Science'') |location=Calcutta |publisher=Cherry Press |year=1902 |author-mask=1}}
* {{cite book |last=Ray |first=P. C. |title=[[A History of Hindu Chemistry]], Volume I |location=Calcutta |publisher=Bengal Chemical and Pharmaceutical Works |year=1902 |author-mask=1}}
* {{cite book |last=Ray |first=P. C. |title=A History of Hindu Chemistry, Volume II |location=Calcutta |publisher=Bengal Chemical and Pharmaceutical Works |year=1909 |author-mask=1}}
*: For a complete list of his published scientific papers, see his obituary in the ''Journal of the Indian Chemical Society''.

==See also==
* [[Government P.C. College, Bagerhat]]
* [[Acharya Prafulla Chandra College]]
* [[Prafulla Chandra College]]
* [[Gilchrist Educational Trust]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist|40em}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links| wikt=no | commons=yes | b=no | n=no | q=no | s=Author:Prafulla Chandra Ray | v=no | voy=no | species=no | d=q3351086}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Prafulla Chandra Ray}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190804011939/http://indian-scientists.padakshep.org/modern-forefathers/prafulla-chandra-ray Publications of Prafulla Chandra Ray]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060505225213/http://www.calcuttaweb.com/people/pcroy.shtml A Biography (Calcuttaweb.com)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110721165751/http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/dream/dec2002/english.pdf Article from Vigayanprsar website]

{{Bengal Renaissance}}
{{Scientific Research in West Bengal}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ray, Prafulla Chandra}}
[[Category:1861 births]]
[[Category:1944 deaths]]
[[Category:Brahmos]]
[[Category:Bengali chemists]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian chemists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian chemists]]
[[Category:19th-century Hindus]]
[[Category:20th-century Hindus]]
[[Category:Indian inorganic chemists]]
[[Category:Indian organic chemists]]
[[Category:People from Raruli]]
[[Category:Bengali knights]]
[[Category:Hare School alumni]]
[[Category:Vidyasagar College alumni]]
[[Category:Presidency University, Kolkata alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Presidency University, Kolkata]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Calcutta]]
[[Category:Indian Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Chemical Society]]
[[Category:Scientists from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Scientists from British India]]
[[Category:People from the Bengal Presidency]]
[[Category:Academics from Khulna Division]]
[[Category:Scientists from Khulna Division]]

Ghasjomi (film)

2026-03-28T12:37:54Z

DaljeetBhutal: Put up a page...

{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ghasjomi
| image =
| caption =
| director = Sumantra Roy
| producer = Priyanka More
| screenplay = Sumantra Roy
| starring = Sanjita Suvosmita Mukherjee Sawon Chakraborty Debashish Chatterjee Aarshi Roy
| music = Santajit Chatterjee
| cinematography = Rana Pratap Karforma
| editing = Sumantra Roy
| studio = Mosaic in Films
| released = {{Film date|2023|06|02|ref1={{citation needed|date=September 2023}}|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Ghasjomi''''' ({{Translation|Grassland}}) is a 2023 Indian [[Bengali language]] film directed by Sumantra Roy.<ref>{{Citation|url= https://in.bookmyshow.com/kolkata/movies/ghashjomi/ET00354838|title= Ghasjomi|website= bookmyshow}}</ref> The film addresses a range of previously untouched social taboos, shedding light on issues that have long been brushed under the rug.<ref>{{Cite news|url= https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2023/mar/11/upcoming-bengali-movie-ghasjomi-questions-less-asked-topics-and-societal-taboos-47644.html|title= Upcoming Bengali movie Ghasjomi questions less-asked topics and societal taboos|newspaper= Indulge Express}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
The film follows the story of Barna, a 24-year-old girl who is conducting research in social
anthropology. During her research, she meets Ipsita, who has a very different personality
from her. The film explores the relationship between the two women and the impact they
have on each other.<ref>{{Cite news|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/sumantra-roys-next-ghasjomi-to-address-unspoken-societal-taboos/articleshow/98535615.cms?from=mdr|title= Sumantra Roy's next 'Ghasjomi' to address unspoken societal taboos|newspaper= Times of India}}</ref>

==Cast==
*Sanjita as Ipsita
*Suvosmita Mukherjee as Barna
*Sawon Chakraborty as Joy
*Debashish Chatterjee as Sushovan
*Aarshi Roy as Girl Next Door

==Reception==
Ghasjomi has set a record by winning more than 100 awards in various categories.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/horogouri-pice-hotel-fame-suvosmita-mukherjees-debut-film-succeeds-in-the-festival-rounds/195bc4b792907|title= Horogouri Pice Hotel-fame Suvosmita Mukherjee's debut film succeeds in the festival rounds|newspaper= OTTplay}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2022/jul/20/35205/priyanka-more-s-bengali-film-ghasjomi-to-have-world-premiere-at-19th-indian-film-festival-stuttgart|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531110727/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2022/jul/20/35205/priyanka-more-s-bengali-film-ghasjomi-to-have-world-premiere-at-19th-indian-film-festival-stuttgart|url-status=live|archive-date=31 May 2023|title= Priyanka More's Bengali film Ghasjomi to have world premiere at 19th Indian Film Festival Stuttgart|newspaper= Cinestaan}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|22797186}}

[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:2023 independent films]]
[[Category:Indian independent films]]
[[Category:2023 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language drama films]]

Makkal Needhi Maiam

2026-03-27T06:27:21Z

DaljeetBhutal: added section additionally and fixed typos for accuracy

{{Short description|Indian political party}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian political party
| name = Makkal Needhi Maiam
| flag = [[File:Makkal Needhi Maiam Party Logo.png|Makkal Needhi Maiam Party Logo|150px]]
| colorcode = {{party color|Makkal Needhi Maiam}}
| country = India
| abbreviation = MNM
| founder = [[Kamal Haasan]]
| president = [[Kamal Haasan]]
| general_secretary = A. Arunachalam
| ppchairman = [[Kamal Haasan]]
| loksabha_leader =
| rajyasabha_leader = [[Kamal Haasan]]
| foundation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|p=y|2018|02|21}}
| headquarters = 4, Eldams Road, Vannia Teynampet, [[Alwarpet]], [[Chennai]]-600018, [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| colours = {{colour box|{{party color|Makkal Needhi Maiam}}}} Red
| position = [[Centrism|Centre]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 February 2018 |title=Five key promises Kamal Haasan made at launch of new party Makkal Needhi Maiam |url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/five-key-promises-kamal-haasan-made-at-launch-of-new-party-makkal-needhi-maiam-2513405.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180222230113/http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/five-key-promises-kamal-haasan-made-at-launch-of-new-party-makkal-needhi-maiam-2513405.html |archive-date=22 February 2018 |access-date=22 February 2018 |publisher=Moneycontrol.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 February 2018 |title=Kamal Haasan Names New Political Party Makkal Needhi Maiam; Says 'No Left Or Right, I'm Centre' |url=https://www.ndtv.com/tamil-nadu-news/here-to-stay-kamal-haasans-political-party-is-makkal-needhi-maiam-1815519 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180222223059/https://www.ndtv.com/tamil-nadu-news/here-to-stay-kamal-haasans-political-party-is-makkal-needhi-maiam-1815519 |archive-date=22 February 2018 |access-date=22 February 2018 |publisher=Ndtv.com}}</ref>
| alliance = *[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|I.N.D.I.A.]] (2024–present)
*[[Secular Progressive Alliance|SPA]] (2024–present)
| loksabha_seats = {{Composition bar|0|543|hex={{party color|Makkal Needhi Maiam}}}}
| rajyasabha_seats = {{Composition bar|1|245|hex={{party color|Makkal Needhi Maiam}}}}
| state_seats_name = [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| state_seats = {{Composition bar|0|234|hex={{party color|Makkal Needhi Maiam}}}}
| state2_seats_name = [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]
| state2_seats = {{Composition bar|0|30|hex={{party color|Makkal Needhi Maiam}}}}
| no_states = {{Composition bar|1|31|hex={{party color|Makkal Needhi Maiam}}}}
| symbol = [[File:Indian Election Symbol Battery-Torch.png|90px|Torch Light]]
| website = [https://www.maiam.com/ MAIAM]
}}

The '''Makkal Needhi Maiam''' ({{Translation| Centre for People's Justice}}; {{small|abbr.}} '''MNM''') is an Indian [[Regionalism (politics)|regional]] political party in the state of [[Tamil Nadu]] and the [[union territory]] of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 February 2018 |title=Kamal Haasan party launch: Makkal Needhi Maiam is 'for the people' |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/kamal-haasan-political-party-launched-live-updates-tamil-nadu-politics-madurai-rameswaram-ramanathapuram-5072148/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221160845/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/kamal-haasan-political-party-launched-live-updates-tamil-nadu-politics-madurai-rameswaram-ramanathapuram-5072148/ |archive-date=21 February 2018 |access-date=21 February 2018 |publisher=The Indian Express}}</ref> The party was founded by [[Kamal Haasan]] at [[Madurai]] on 21 February 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 February 2018 |title=Kamal Haasan launches party, calls it Makkal Needhi Maiam |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/live-updates-kamal-haasan-launches-party-calls-it-makkal-needhi-maiam/article22812983.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109020556/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/live-updates-kamal-haasan-launches-party-calls-it-makkal-needhi-maiam/article22812983.ece |archive-date=9 November 2020 |access-date=21 February 2018 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> He also unveiled the party flag.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 February 2018 |title=Kamal Hassan's Political Party and Flag Launch at Madurai on 21st Feb. 2018' |url=http://www.keralanews247.com/kamal-hassans-political-party-launch-today/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402051935/http://www.keralanews247.com/kamal-hassans-political-party-launch-today/ |archive-date=2 April 2019 |access-date=9 March 2018 |publisher=Covers 365}}</ref> The flag is symbolised by six interlocked hands, meant to represent co-operation between the [[South India|Southern states of India]] (five States and one [[Union territory|UT]]). Their election symbol is a battery torchlight.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=March 10, 2019 |title=Kamal Haasan's MNM gets battery torch as party symbol |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha-2019/story/kamal-haasan-mnm-party-symbol-torch-and-battery-election-commission-lok-sabha-elections-1474456-2019-03-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402054557/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha-2019/story/kamal-haasan-mnm-party-symbol-torch-and-battery-election-commission-lok-sabha-elections-1474456-2019-03-10 |archive-date=2 April 2019 |access-date=2 April 2019 |magazine=India Today}}</ref>

MNM has also launched a mobile [[whistleblower]] application named 'Maiam Whistle', open to the public.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kamal Haasan launches Maiam Whistle app to help people bring their issues to govt's notice |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/kamal-haasan-launches-maiam-whistle-app-to-help-people-raise-their-issues/articleshow/63976424.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507192557/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/kamal-haasan-launches-maiam-whistle-app-to-help-people-raise-their-issues/articleshow/63976424.cms |archive-date=7 May 2019 |access-date=10 February 2019 |website=The Times of India|date=30 April 2018 }}</ref>

This party is estimated to have around 5,500 office bearers at present{{When|date=August 2025|reason=Is that until 2019 only? How about now?}}.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kamal Haasan's MNM aims to appoint 23,000 booth committee members | Chennai News |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/kamal-haasans-mnm-aims-to-appoint-23000-booth-committee-members/articleshow/71100562.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210622052043/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/kamal-haasans-mnm-aims-to-appoint-23000-booth-committee-members/articleshow/71100562.cms |archive-date=22 June 2021 |access-date=14 September 2019 |website=The Times of India|date=12 September 2019 }}</ref>

== Vice-President ==
Kamal Haasan, the President of the Makkal Needhi Maiam party, appointed Mr. A.G. Mourya IPS (Retd) and Mr. Thangavelu as Vice-President of Makkal Needhi Maiam party in 2021.

== State Secretaries list ==
Kamal Haasan announced new executives of Makkal Needhi Maiam party on 26 June 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MNM chief Kamal Haasan names secretaries, zonal pointsmen to rev up party work |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2019/aug/14/mnm-chief-kamal-haasan-names-secretaries-zonal-pointsmen-to-rev-up-party-work-2018992.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418051027/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2019/aug/14/mnm-chief-kamal-haasan-names-secretaries-zonal-pointsmen-to-rev-up-party-work-2018992.html |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=18 April 2021 |website=The New Indian Express|date=14 August 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Maiam |url=https://www.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=2389918331063884&id=1440041926051534 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418051026/https://www.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=2389918331063884&id=1440041926051534 |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=18 April 2021 |website=www.facebook.com}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Role !! Name
|-
|| State Secretary, HQ || Mr. Senthil Arumugam
|-
|| State Secretary, Press & Media|| Mr. Murali Appas
|-
|| State Secretary, Narpani|| Mr. Moorthi
|-
|| State Organizer, Narpani || Mr. Nagarajan
|-
|| State Secretary, Students Wing || Mr. Rakesh Rajasekaran
|-
|| State Secretary, Organization || NIL
|-
|| State Secretary, Women Wing || Mrs. Mookambika rathinam
|-
|| State Secretary, Engineering Wing || Mr. Vaitheeswaran
|-
|| State Secretary, Agriculture Wing || Mr. Mayilsamy
|-
|| State Secretary, Fisherman Wing || Mr. Preadeep Kumar
|-
|| State Secretary, Youth Wing || Mr. Kavingar Snekan
|-
|}

==Electoral performance==
===Indian general elections===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|+[[Lok Sabha]] Elections
!style="background-color:#D60505;color:white"|Year
!style="background-color:#D60505;color:white"|Lok Sabha
!style="background-color:#D60505;color:white"|Party leader
!style="background-color:#D60505;color:white"|Seats contested
!style="background-color:#D60505;color:white"|Seats won
!style="background-color:#D60505;color:white"|Change in seats
!style="background-color:#D60505;color:white"|Percentage of votes
!style="background-color:#D60505;color:white"|Vote swing
!style="background-color:#D60505;color:white"|Popular vote
!style="background-color:#D60505;color:white"|Outcome
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[17th Lok Sabha|17th]]
|rowspan=2|[[Kamal Haasan]]
|37
|{{Composition bar compact|0|543|{{party color|Makkal Needhi Maiam}}}}
|{{steady}}
|0.40%
|{{steady}}
|1,613,708
|{{lost|Lost}}
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[18th Lok Sabha|18th]]
|colspan=7|Chose not to contest the [[2024 Indian general election|2024 polls]], quoted "Welfare of the nation is more important than our personal welfare" and decided to provide support to the [[DMK-led Alliance]] <ref>{{cite web |title=Press News from Makkal Needhi Maiam |url=https://www.maiam.com/blog/press-release-9/press-news-from-makkal-needhi-maiam-president-kamalhaasan-513 |website=Makkal Needhi Maiam |access-date=27 March 2026 |language=en-IN |date=9 March 2024}}</ref>
|}

===State legislative assembly elections===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] Elections<ref name="TN_Results">{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/90-tamil-nadu/|title=Tamil Nadu Assembly Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=5 April 2022}}</ref>
!style="background-color:#D60505;color:white"|Year
!style="background-color:#D60505;color:white"|Assembly
!style="background-color:#D60505;color:white"|Party leader
!style="background-color:#D60505;color:white"|Seats contested
!style="background-color:#D60505;color:white"|Seats won
!style="background-color:#D60505;color:white"|Change in seats
!style="background-color:#D60505;color:white"|Percentage of votes
!style="background-color:#D60505;color:white"|Vote swing
!style="background-color:#D60505;color:white"|Popular vote
!style="background-color:#D60505;color:white"|Outcome
|-
|[[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|[[16th Tamil Nadu Assembly|16th]]
|rowspan=2|[[Kamal Haasan]]
|180
|{{Composition bar compact|0|234|{{party color|Makkal Needhi Maiam}}}}
|{{steady}}
|2.62%
|{{steady}}
|1,210,667
|{{lost|Lost}}
|-
|[[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|[[17th Tamil Nadu Assembly|17th]]
|colspan=7|Chose not to contest the [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026 polls]], quoted "not okay with the number of seats offered and the condition that its candidates contest on the DMK's symbol" and decided to provide unconditional support to the [[DMK-led Alliance]] <ref>{{cite web |last1=J Sam Daniel Stalin |title=Kamal Haasan's MNM Won't Contest Tamil Nadu Polls, Backs DMK Unconditionally |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260325083747/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/kamal-haasans-mnm-wont-contest-tamil-nadu-polls-backs-dmk-unconditionally-11261719 |website=www.ndtv.com |access-date=27 March 2026 |language=en}}</ref>
|}
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+[[Puducherry Legislative Assembly]] Elections<ref name="PY_Results">{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/87-puducherry/|title=Puducherry Assembly Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=5 April 2022}}</ref>
!style="background-color:#D60505;color:white"|Year
!style="background-color:#D60505;color:white"|Assembly
!style="background-color:#D60505;color:white"|Party leader
!style="background-color:#D60505;color:white"|Seats contested
!style="background-color:#D60505;color:white"|Seats won
!style="background-color:#D60505;color:white"|Change in seats
!style="background-color:#D60505;color:white"|Percentage of votes
!style="background-color:#D60505;color:white"|Vote swing
!style="background-color:#D60505;color:white"|Popular vote
!style="background-color:#D60505;color:white"|Outcome
|-
|[[2021 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|[[15th Puducherry Assembly|15th]]
|[[Kamal Haasan]]
|22
|{{Composition bar compact|0|30|{{party color|Makkal Needhi Maiam}}}}
|{{steady}}
|1.89%
|{{steady}}
|15,835
|{{lost|Lost}}
|}

== 2019 Lok Sabha Election ==
For the [[2019 Indian general election]] he declared to contest on 40 seats included 39 of [[Tamil Nadu]] and 1 of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 February 2019 |title=Makkal Needhi Maiam will contest from all 40 seats, shakes the confidence of all parties: Kamal Haasan |work=[[The Times of India]] |publisher=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/makkal-needhi-maiam-will-contest-from-all-40-seats-shake-the-confidence-of-all-parties/articleshow/67861354.cms |url-status=live |access-date=25 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409104331/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/makkal-needhi-maiam-will-contest-from-all-40-seats-shake-the-confidence-of-all-parties/articleshow/67861354.cms |archive-date=9 April 2019}}</ref>
Initially, there was speculation that Kamal Haasan could ally with the Congress after the state Congress chief had hinted at it. A few days ago, a lesser known Republican Party of India had forged an alliance with the MNM.

Releasing the party manifesto and the second list of candidates of his Makkal Needhi Maiam or MNM at a function in Coimbatore, Mr Haasan said, "All candidates are my faces. I am proud being the chariot puller than being in the chariot".

Makkal Needhi Maiam's vote share in the 2019 Lok Sabha election was 3.72% (in the seats it contested).<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 May 2019 |title=A great beginning, says Kamal Haasan. |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/a-great-beginning-says-kamal-haasan/article27241455.ece |url-status=live |access-date=28 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602183044/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/a-great-beginning-says-kamal-haasan/article27241455.ece |archive-date=2 June 2019}}</ref> Makkal Needhi Maiam secured 1,613,708 votes of the 4,20,83,544 polled in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite news |title=LIVE Tamil Nadu Election Results 2019 |work=NDTV |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/tamil-nadu-lok-sabha-election-results-2019 |url-status=live |access-date=28 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528050459/https://www.ndtv.com/elections/tamil-nadu-lok-sabha-election-results-2019 |archive-date=28 May 2019}}</ref> J. Ebenezer, who contested from the [[Kanniyakumari Lok Sabha constituency|Kanniyakumari]] constituency secured the fewest votes at 8,590 while the MNM vice-president Dr. R.Mahendran contesting from the [[Coimbatore Lok Sabha constituency|Coimbatore]] constituency secured the highest number of votes by the party at 1,45,104.<ref>{{Cite news |date=May 2019 |title=Lok Sabha Election Results 2019 |work=Dinamalar |url=https://election.dinamalar.com/result.html |url-status=live |access-date=28 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528053928/https://election.dinamalar.com/result.html |archive-date=28 May 2019}}</ref> The party performed well in urban areas such as Chennai, Coimbatore and Madurai, where it regularly polled upwards of 8.5% to 12.5% of the vote share and often secured more than one lakh votes, but it performed poorly in rural areas. Despite this, all the candidates lost their deposit.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 May 2019 |title=In poll debut, Kamal Haasan's MNM puts up a fight in urban areas |work=The News Minute |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/poll-debut-kamal-haasan-s-mnm-puts-fight-urban-areas-102364 |url-status=live |access-date=29 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529052109/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/poll-debut-kamal-haasan-s-mnm-puts-fight-urban-areas-102364 |archive-date=29 May 2019}}</ref>

Makkal Needhi Maiam candidates lost their deposit in all the seats it contested in the [[2019 Indian general election]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 May 2019 |title=Candidates of AMMK, MNM, NTK lose deposit in all LS constituencies |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/candidates-of-ammk-mnm-ntk-lose-deposit-in-all-ls-constituencies/article27241174.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213013034/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/candidates-of-ammk-mnm-ntk-lose-deposit-in-all-ls-constituencies/article27241174.ece |archive-date=13 February 2021 |access-date=1 June 2019 |website=Dennis S. Jesudasan |publisher=The Hindu}}</ref> but they came third in many urban constituencies through it fell behind the [[Naam Tamilar Katchi]] in several rural constituencies and [[Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazagam]] in some constituencies<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 May 2019 |title=MNM fares well in urban pockets, NTK in rural areas |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha-2019/mnm-fares-well-in-urban-pockets-ntk-in-rural-areas/article27228396.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213013034/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/candidates-of-ammk-mnm-ntk-lose-deposit-in-all-ls-constituencies/article27241174.ece |archive-date=13 February 2021 |access-date=1 June 2019 |website=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 May 2019 |title=Lok Sabha election results: Kamal Haasan's MNM, Dhinakaran's .AMMK fail to take off |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/lok-sabha-election-results-kamal-haasans-mnm-dhinakarans-ammk-fail-to-take-off/articleshow/69463487.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190614185747/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/lok-sabha-election-results-kamal-haasans-mnm-dhinakarans-ammk-fail-to-take-off/articleshow/69463487.cms |archive-date=14 June 2019 |access-date=1 June 2019 |website=D Govardan |publisher=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> behind the DMK and AIADMK fronts came first or second in all constituencies.

== 2021 Tamil Nadu Assembly Election ==
On 13 December 2020, Haasan launched MNM's election campaign for the [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]], running candidates in 142 assembly constituencies and committing that he would not form an alliance with either DMK or AIADMK.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 2020 |title=Kamal Haasan to launch election campaign for 2021 Tamil Nadu assembly elections |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kamal-haasan-to-launch-election-campaign-for-2021-tamil-nadu-assembly-elections/story-aQnxAeRHo243RPhfwJcEMJ.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201219192526/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kamal-haasan-to-launch-election-campaign-for-2021-tamil-nadu-assembly-elections/story-aQnxAeRHo243RPhfwJcEMJ.html |archive-date=19 December 2020 |access-date=21 December 2020 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kamal Haasan to launch campaign for Tamil Nadu Assembly election on Dec 13 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/chennai/article/kamal-haasan-to-launch-campaign-for-tamil-nadu-assembly-election-on-dec/693206 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201217014106/https://www.timesnownews.com/chennai/article/kamal-haasan-to-launch-campaign-for-tamil-nadu-assembly-election-on-dec/693206 |archive-date=17 December 2020 |access-date=21 December 2020 |website=www.timesnownews.com |date=11 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref> MNM failed to win any seat in the election, with Haasan himself losing to BJP's [[Vanathi Srinivasan]] in the [[Coimbatore South (state assembly constituency)|Coimbatore South]] Assembly constituency by 1728 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=V Mayilvaganan |date=2 May 2021 |title=Kamal Haasan loses to BJP's Vanathi Srinivasan in Coimbatore South |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/kamal-haasan-loses-to-bjps-vanathi-srinivasan-in-coimbatore-south/articleshow/82358931.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502230408/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/kamal-haasan-loses-to-bjps-vanathi-srinivasan-in-coimbatore-south/articleshow/82358931.cms |archive-date=2 May 2021 |access-date=2 May 2021 |website=Times of India}}</ref>

Later on MNM chief Kamal Haasan allies with Congress to support by-election candidate [[E. V. K. S. Elangovan|EVKS Elangovan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=kamal: Tamil Nadu bypolls: MNM chief Kamal Haasan allies with DMK to support Congress candidate EVKS Elangovan {{!}} City - Times of India Videos |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/city/chennai/tamil-nadu-bypolls-mnm-chief-kamal-haasan-allies-with-dmk-to-support-congress-candidate-evks-elangovan/videoshow/97308504.cms |access-date=2023-08-17 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== 2024 Lok Sabha Election ==
The party extended it's support for the [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]] and Kamal Haasan formally joined it by campaigning for the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] alliance in [[Tamil Nadu]]. DMK has agreed to grant one Rajya Sabha seat for the 2025 elections.

==List of party leaders==
===Presidents===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#D60505;color:white"|No.
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#D60505;color:white"|Portrait
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#D60505;color:white"|Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
!colspan=3 style="background-color:#D60505;color:white"|Term in office
|-
!style="background-color:#D60505;color:white"|Assumed office
!style="background-color:#D60505;color:white"|Left office
!style="background-color:#D60505;color:white"|Time in office
|-
!1
|[[File:Kamal Haasan.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Kamal Haasan]]''' ({{Abbr|b.|born in}} 1954)
|21 February 2018
|''Incumbent''
|{{age in years and days|2018|02|21}}
|}

===General Secretaries===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#D60505;color:white"|No.
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#D60505;color:white"|Portrait
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#D60505;color:white"|Name {{small|(LIFE)}}
!colspan=3 style="background-color:#D60505;color:white"|Term in office
|-
!style="background-color:#D60505;color:white"|Assumed office
!style="background-color:#D60505;color:white"|Left office
!style="background-color:#D60505;color:white"|Time in office
|-
!1
|[[File:Blank.svg|50px]]
|'''Arunachalam''' (unknown–)
|21 February 2018
|25 December 2020
|{{age in years and days|2018|02|21|2020|12|25}}
|-
!(1)
|[[File:Blank.svg|50px]]
|'''Arunachalam''' (unknown–)
|26 February 2023
|''Incumbent''
|{{age in years and days|2023|02|26}}
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[List of political parties in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
<references group="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/kamal-haasans-mnm-aims-to-appoint-23000-booth-committee-members/articleshow/71100562.cms" />
* {{URL|maiam.com/}}

{{Portal bar|India|border=no}}
{{Indian political parties}}
{{Kamal Haasan}}

[[Category:Makkal Needhi Maiam| ]]
[[Category:2018 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Centrist parties in India]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 2018]]
[[Category:Political parties in Puducherry]]
[[Category:Political parties in Tamil Nadu]][[Category:Member parties of the Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]]

Project Gyanodaya

2026-03-25T18:35:22Z

DaljeetBhutal: correct content after review and fixed typos

{{Short description|Online tutoring platform}}
'''Gyanodaya''' is an [[e-learning]] platform launched by [[Godda]] District Administration of [[Government of Jharkhand]] in collaboration with Eckovation and [[Adani Foundation]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gyanodaya Godda e-Learning Videos Provided By District Administration {{!}} Godda {{!}} India|url=https://godda.nic.in/gyanodaya-godda/|access-date=2021-06-27|website=[[National Informatics Centre]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Pioneer|first=The|title=Godda DC flags of 'Gyanodaya Rath'|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2020/state-editions/godda-dc-flags-of----gyanodaya-rath---.html|access-date=2021-06-27|website=The Pioneer|language=en}}</ref> Under this program, the state government schools in the tribal areas of [[Jharkhand]] are connected with [[smart classroom]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-11-01|title=How IIT Grads & IAS Officers Joined Hands to Transforms Lives of Girls in Rural Jharkhand!|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/163476/iit-ias-education-eckovation-jharkhand/|access-date=2021-06-27|website=The Better India|language=en-US}}</ref>

== History ==
The project was launched in 2018 to encourage students to attend schools regularly to solve the problem of absenteeism which is a major issue due to onset of [[monsoon]]. This initiative also aims to provide online education in government schools for class 6 to 12 in subjects like [[science]] and [[mathematics]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gyanoday Godda Project, Jharkhand, India|url=https://godda.nic.in/hi/gyanodaya-godda-2/|access-date=2021-06-27|website=[[National Informatics Centre]]|language=hi-IN}}</ref>

=== COVID-19 Disruption ===

During the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Jharkhand|COVID-19]] disruption in 2020 when schools were closed as a part of state's pandemic mitigating guidelines, the online classes model by Gyanodaya was broadcast on [[Doordarshan]]'s [[DD Jharkhand]] channel as a part of [[Government of Jharkhand|state government]]’s efforts to continue education, reaching out to over 5 million students in the state.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pioneer|first=The|title=Govt school students attend classes on DD Jharkhand|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2020/state-editions/govt-school-students-attend-classes-on-dd-jharkhand.html|access-date=2021-06-27|website=The Pioneer|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=ज्ञानोदय ऑनलाइन कक्षा का आज से दूरदर्शन पर प्रसारण|url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/godda-gyanoday-class-20260158.html|access-date=2021-06-27|website=Dainik Jagran|language=hi}}</ref>

During [[COVID-19 pandemic in Jharkhand|COVID-19]] pandemic, the state government distributed 43,977 tablets via Project Gyanodaya to 38,000 state-run schools.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Class-act claim vs cry of disaster|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/class-act-claim-vs-cry-of-disaster-in-jharkhand/cid/1723076|access-date=2021-06-27|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==
In June 2021, the [[United Nations Development Programme]], India's 'Aspirational District Programme: An Appraisal' that measures the impact of flagship programmes making defining difference to sustainable development goals, recognized the Gyanodaya platform for mitigating urban-rural divides through [[digital education]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Aspirational District Programme Appraisal {{!}} UNDP in India|url=https://www.in.undp.org/content/india/en/home/library/poverty/Aspirational_District_Programme_Appraisal.html|access-date=2021-06-27|website=UNDP|language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Project Nanhi Kali]], an Indian non-governmental organisation
* [[Project Sarvoday]]
* [[Khan Academy]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Educational technology non-profits]]
[[Category:Open educational resources]]
[[Category:Indian educational websites]]
[[Category:Online tutoring]]

S. V. Rajashekhar Babu

2026-03-15T04:05:31Z

DaljeetBhutal: made initial details initial version - done

{{Short description|Indian police officer}}
{{Orphan|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = S. V. Rajashekhar Babu
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = India
| occupation = [[IPS officer|IPS Officer]]
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| title =
}}

'''S. V. Rajashekhar Babu''' is an [[Indian Police Service]] officer. He currently serves as the [[Commissioner of Police (India)|Commissioner of Police]] (CP) of [[NTR district]] in [[Vijayawada]]. He succeeded P.H.D. Ramakrishna.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/will-focus-on-womens-safety-missing-cases-cybercrimes-new-vijayawada-commissioner-of-police/article68400005.ece|title=Will focus on women's safety, missing cases, cybercrimes: new Vijayawada Commissioner of Police |author=|date=2024-07-13|website=TheHindu.com|accessdate=2025-02-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/111673684.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst|title=Vijayawada gets new police commissioner |author=|date=2024-07-24|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|accessdate=2025-02-08}}</ref>

==Life and career==

He is a 2006-batch [[State Police Services|SPS]] officer. Before assuming his position as a Commissioner of Police of the [[NTR district|NTR District]], [[Vijayawada]], he was working as a chairman of AP State Level Police Recruitment Board (APSLPRB).<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2024/Jul/14/rajasekhar-babu-takes-charge-as-ntr-cp-vows-to-curb-ganja-menace|title=Rajasekhar Babu takes charge as NTR CP, vows to curb ganja menace |author=|date=2024-07-14|website=NewIndianExpress.com|accessdate=2025-02-08}}</ref>

As an NTR Police Commissionerate, he launched ‘Cloud Patrol’ a drone patrolling initiative to check the consumption of liquor at open places, ganja peddling and consumption, and eve teasing. He also urged the public to dial 100/112 to report crimes against women. Under his guidance, investigation officers seized 1350 kg of ganja, arrested 267 smugglers, and opened 116 NDPS suspect sheets as reported by the [[The Hindu|Hindu Newspaper]] by the end of the year 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/ntr-police-commissionerate-launches-cloud-patrol/article68989136.ece|title=NTR Police Commissionerate launches 'cloud patrol' |author=|date=2024-12-15|website=TheHindu.com|accessdate=2025-02-08}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajashekhar, S. V.}}
[[Category:Indian police officers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Shoma Anand

2026-03-08T03:28:44Z

DaljeetBhutal: add details further and updated info

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2014}}
{{more footnotes|date=October 2013}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shoma Anand
| image = ShomaAnand.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Shoma Anand in 2012
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 16-02-1958
| birth_place = [[Amritsar]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| othername =
| yearsactive = 1976−present
| spouse = {{marriage|Tariq Shah|1997|2021|reason=died}}
| children = 1
| website =
}}

'''Shoma Anand''' is an Indian film and television actress. She started her career opposite [[Rishi Kapoor]] in [[Pramod Chakravorty|Pramod Chakraborty]]'s romantic-crime movie ''[[Barood (1976 film)|Barood]]'', then played a role in ''[[Patita (1980 film)|Patita]]'', produced and directed by the same person. She had a few other films in which she was the lead, such as ''[[Jagir (1984 film)|Jagir]]'' and ''[[Coolie (1983 Hindi film)|Coolie]]'' in the 1980s. From the late 1990s to present, she has played supporting roles in films like ''[[Coolie No. 1 (1995 film)|Coolie]]'', ''[[Hungama (2003 film)|Hungama]]'', ''[[Kyaa Kool Hai Hum]]'' and ''[[Kal Ho Naa Ho]]''.

She also acted in television series like ''[[Bhabhi (TV series)|Bhabhi]]'', [[sitcom]] ''[[Hum Paanch (sitcom)|Hum Paanch]]'' and ''[[Shararat (sitcom)|Shararat]]''. She has also worked in Punjabi movies over the years.

She was married to actor Tariq Shah and they have a daughter, Sarah.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/hum-paanch-fame-shoma-anands-actor-director-husband-tariq-shah-passes-away/articleshow/81888216.cms|title=Hum Paanch fame Shoma Anand's actor-director husband Tariq Shah passes away|newspaper=Times of India|date=3 April 2021 }}</ref>

==Television==
* ''[[Hum Paanch (sitcom)|Hum Paanch]]'' ... as Bina Mathur
* ''[[Maal Hai To Taal Hai]]''
* ''[[Kitne Kool Hai Hum]]''
* ''[[Bhabhi (TV series)|Bhabhi]]'' ... as Reshma
* ''[[Shararat (sitcom)|Shararat]]'' ... as Shanti Saberwal
* ''[[Maayka]]'' ... as Durga Khurana (Jeet & Veer's mother, Soni's mother-in-law)
* ''Gili Gili Gappa'' ... as children's Grand mother
* ''[[Jeannie Aur Juju]]'' ... as Vicky's Mom
* ''[[Khelti Hai Zindagi Aankh Micholi]]'' ... as Prabha
*[[Y.A.R.O Ka Tashan]] as Daadi Cool

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Language
! Notes
|-
|1974
|''[[Dukh Bhanjan Tera Naam]]''
|Rajni's sister
|Punjabi
|
|-
|1976
|''[[Barood (1976 film)|Barood]]''
|Seema Bakshi
|Hindi
|Debut In Lead Role
|-
|1977
|''Videsh''
|
|Hindi
|
|-
|1978
|''[[Azaad (1978 film)|Azaad]]''
|Rekha Sharma
|Hindi
|
|-
|1979
|''[[Prem Jaal]]''
|
|Hindi
|
|-
|1979
|''[[Aarattu (1979 film)|Aarattu]]''
|
|Malayalam
|
|-
|1980
|''[[Patita (1980 film)|Patita]]''
|Rajni
|Hindi
|
|-
|1980
|''[[Aap Ke Deewane]]''
|Meena
|Hindi
|
|-
|1980
|''[[Judaai (1980 film)|Judaai]]''
|Manisha
|Hindi
|
|-
|1981
|''Balbeero Bhabi''
|
|Punjabi
|
|-
|1981
|''[[Kaaran]]''
|
|Hindi
|
|-
|1981
|''[[Khara Khota (film) | Khara Khota ]]''
|Sangeetha
|Hindi
|
|-
|1981
|''Kasam Bhawani Ki''
|
|Hindi
|
|-
|1982
|''[[Jwalaa Dahej Ki]]''
|
|Hindi
|
|-
|1983
|''[[Jeena Hai Pyar Mein]]''
|
|Hindi
|
|-
|1983
|''[[Afsana Do Dil Ka]]''
|
|Hindi
|
|-
|1983
|''[[Himmatwala (1983 film)|Himmatwala]]''
|Champa
|Hindi
|
|-
|1983
|''[[Hum Se Na Jeeta Koi]]''
|Sudha
|Hindi
|
|-
|1983
|''[[Paanchwin Manzil]]''
|Kavita
|Hindi
|
|-
|1983
|''[[Coolie (1983 Hindi film)|Coolie]]''
|Deepa Iyengar
|Hindi
|
|-
|1983
|''[[Main Awara Hoon]]''
|Shabana Raashid
|Hindi
|
|-
|1984
|''[[Bindiya Chamkegi]]''
|
|Hindi
|
|-
|1984
|''[[Ghar Ek Mandir (film)|Ghar Ek Mandir]]''
|Sapna
|Hindi
|
|-
|1984
|''[[Hum Do Hamare Do (1984 film)|Hum Do Hamare Do]]''
|
|Hindi
|
|-
|1984
|''[[Teen Murti (1984 film)|Jagir]]''
|Aasha
|Hindi
|
|-
|1984
|''Do Yaaron Ki Yaari''
|
|Hindi
|
|-
|1984
|''[[Waqt Ki Pukar]]''
|
|Hindi
|
|-
|1984
|''[[All Rounder (1984 film)|All Rounder]]''
|Kalyani
|Hindi
|
|-
|1984
|''[[Teen Murti (1984 film)|Teen Murti]]''
|
|Bengali
|
|-
|1985
|''[[Salma (1985 film)|Salma]]''
|Mumtaz
|Hindi
|
|-
|1985
|''[[Ghar Dwaar|Ghar Dwar]]''
|Chanda
|Hindi
|
|-
|1985
|''[[Pataal Bhairavi]]''
|
|Hindi
|
|-
|1985
|''Mehak''
|
|Hindi
|
|-
|1985
|''[[Aaj Ka Daur]]''
|Sharda Kapoor
|Hindi
|
|-
|1985
|''Pyar Bina Jag Soona''
|
|Hindi
|
|-
|1986
|''[[Qatil Aur Ashiq]]''
|
|Hindi
|
|-
|1986
|''[[Aag Aur Shola]]''
|Lakshmi
|Hindi
|
|-
|1986
|''[[Swarag Se Sunder]]''
|
|Hindi
|
|-
|1986
|''Devar Bhabi''
|
|Hindi
|
|-
|1986
|''[[Mohabbat Ki Kasam]]''
|
|Hindi
|
|-
|1987
|''[[Nafrat (1987 film)|Nafrat]]''
|
|Hindi
|
|-
|1987
|''[[Jaago Hua Savera]]''
|
|Hindi
|
|-
|1987
|''Ghar Ka Sukh''
|
|Hindi
|
|-
|1987
|''[[Sitapur Ki Geeta]]''
|Pinky Srivastav
|Hindi
|
|-
|1987
|''[[Khooni Mahal]]''
|Reena
|Hindi
|
|-
|1987
|''Pati Paisa Aur Pyar''
|
|Hindi
|
|-
|1987
|''Maashuka''
|
|Hindi
|
|-
|1988
|''[[Saat Bijliyan]]''
|
|Hindi
|
|-
|1988
|''[[Aurat Teri Yehi Kahani]]''
|
|Hindi
|
|-
|1988
|''[[Dariya Dil]]''
|Sapna
|Hindi
|
|-
|1988
|''[[Pyaar Ka Mandir]]''
|
|Hindi
|
|-
|1988
|''[[Charanon Ki Saugandh]]''
|Geeta
|Hindi
|
|-
|1989
|''[[Bade Ghar Ki Beti]]''
|Manohar's Wife
|Hindi
|
|-
|1989
|''[[Jaisi Karni Waisi Bharni]]''
|Sapna Kumar
|Hindi
|
|-
|1989
|''[[Daata]]''
|Alka
|Hindi
|
|-
|1989
|''Yaari Dosti''
|
|Hindi
|
|-
|1991
|''[[Insaaf Ka Khoon]]''
|
|Hindi
|
|-
|1991
|''[[Karz Chukana Hai]]''
|
|Hindi
|
|-
|1991
|''[[Ghar Parivar]]''
|
|Hindi
|
|-
|1991
|''Lakhpati''
|
|Hindi
|
|-
|1991
|''Rin Shodh''
|
|Bengali
|
|-
|1992
|''[[Naseeb Wala]]''
|Rita
|Hindi
|
|-
|1992
|''Swarg Se Pyaara Ghar Hamara''
|
|Hindi
|
|-
|1993
|''[[Dhartiputra]]''
|Meenabai
|Hindi
|
|-
|1994
|''[[Professar Ki Padosan]]''
|Professor Menka
|Hindi
|
|-
|1994
|''Dagi''
|
|Bengali
|
|-
|1999
|''[[Pyaar Koi Khel Nahin]]''
|
|Hindi
|
|-
|2002
|''[[Shaadi Karke Phas Gaya Yaar]]''
|Judge
|Hindi
|
|-
|2003
|''[[Hungama (2003 film)|Hungama]]''
|Mrs. Anjali Tiwari
|Hindi
|
|-
|2003
|''[[Kal Ho Naa Ho]]''
|Lajjo Kapur's Sister
|Hindi
|
|-
|2004
|''[[Thoda Tum Badlo Thoda Hum]]''
|
|Hindi
|
|-
|2005
|''[[Kyaa Kool Hai Hum]]''
|Dr. Screwwala's Wife
|Hindi
|
|-
|2005
|''[[Bhaggmati - The Queen Of Fortunes]]''
|
|Hindi
|
|-
|2006
|''[[Love Ke Chakkar Mein]]''
|Kaajal
|Hindi
|
|-
|2009
|''[[Life Partner]]''
|Mrs. Darshan Manibhai Patel
|Hindi
|
|-
|2010
|''[[Lad Geya Pecha]]''
|Teej Kaur (Baljit's Mother)
|Hindi
|
|-
|2013
|''[[Asa Mee Ashi Tee]]''
|
|Marathi
|
|-
|2014
|''Familywala''
|
|Hindi
|
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080214155052/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/filmography/11418/index.html Shoma Anand profile]

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=0025625|name=Shoma Anand}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anand, Shoma}}
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]

Baaz (1953 film)

2026-03-04T04:09:39Z

DaljeetBhutal: updated details

{{short description|1953 film by Guru Dutt}}
{{About||the 1992 film|Baaz (1992 film)|the 2003 film|Baaz: A Bird in Danger}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Baaz
| image = Baaz (1953).jpg
| director = [[Guru Dutt]]
| producer = Haridarshan
| writer = Guru Dutt [[Lalchand Bismil]], [[Sarshar Sailani]]
| cinematography = [[V. K. Murthy]]
| editing = [[Y.G. Chawhan]]
| music = [[O. P. Nayyar]]
| starring = [[Geeta Bali]] [[Guru Dutt]] [[K. N. Singh]] [[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]]
| released = {{Film date|1953}}
| runtime = 150 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}
'''''Baaz''''' ({{lit|Falcon}}) is a 1953 [[Hindi]] [[action film]] directed by [[Guru Dutt]]. This film is Guru Dutt's first starring film, an action film packed with adventure staged mainly on a ship.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cinema Legacy: Guru Dutt’s Influence on Indian Film Noir Turns 100 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/guru-dutt-pioneer-of-indian-film-noir-3626589 |website=Deccan Herald |access-date=2 September 2025 |language=en-In}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Set in the 16th century, the [[Malabar Coast]]. General Barbosa (KN Singh) signs a treaty with the queen (Sulochana) of a small state giving the Portuguese right to trade in exchange for military protection. With the help of the queen's nephew Jaswant (Ramsingh), he begins to meddle in the administration as well. He arrests merchant Ramzan Ali and his friend Narayan Das. Das' daughter Nisha (Geeta Bali) tries to save her father but is caught by Barbosa and both are sold to a cruel Portuguese pirate Cabral. Cabral kills Narayan Das. Nisha rouses her fellow slaves to revolt against Cabral and once Cabral is killed Nisha becomes a pirate queen pillaging all Portuguese ships in sight. One such ship includes heir to the throne Prince Ravi (Guru Dutt), a Portuguese woman Rosita (Kuldip Kaur) and a court astrologer (Johnny Walker). Nisha spares their lives as Ravi had saved her life earlier. They inevitably fall in love. Ravi joins the mutineers without revealing his identity. Back on shore, Ravi learns Jaswant is to be crowned king. Ravi is arrested and sentenced to death. Nisha saves him and they join forces with other local chiefs to defeat Barbosa.

== Cast ==
* [[Guru Dutt]] as Prince Ravi
* [[Geeta Bali]] as Nisha
* [[K. N. Singh]] as General Barborosa
* [[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]] as Court Astrologer
* [[Yashodra Katju]] as Nisha's Friend
* [[Ruby Myers]] as Raj Mata
* [[Kuldip Kaur]] as Rosita
* [[Jankidas]] as Ramzan Ali Saudagar

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[O. P. Nayyar]] and the lyrics were penned by [[Majrooh Sultanpuri]].
{|class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Jo Dil Ki Baat Hoti Hai"
| [[Mohammed Rafi]]
|-
| "Majhi Albele"
| [[Geeta Dutt]]
|-
| "Zara Samne Aa"
| [[Geeta Dutt]]
|-
| "Ae Dil, Ae Deewane"
| [[Geeta Dutt]]
|-
| "Tare Chandni Afsane"
| [[Geeta Dutt]]
|-
| "Jago Jago Savera Hua"
| [[Geeta Dutt]]
|-
| "Ae Watan Ke Naujawan"
| [[Geeta Dutt]]
|-
| "Mujhe Dekho, Hasrat Ki"
| [[Talat Mahmood]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0045529|Baaz aka The Hawk}}

[[Category:1953 films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:1953 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1953 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Guru Dutt]]
[[Category:Films scored by O. P. Nayyar]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:1953 action films]]

{{1950s-Hindi-film-stub}}
[[Category:Films set in the 16th century]]

Shikaar (2004 film)

2026-03-03T11:51:17Z

DaljeetBhutal: New

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Shikaar
| image =
| caption =
| director = Darshan Bagga
| producer = Surjit Pandher
| writer =
| narrator =
| starring = Jas Pandher Kanishka Kapoor
| music = [[Anand Raj Anand]]
| cinematography =
| editing = Sanjay Verma
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2004|07|02|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
}}

'''Shikaar''' is a 2004 [[Bollywood]] [[action thriller]] film directed by Darshan Bagga. The film stars Jaz Pandher and Kanishka Kapoor in lead roles with [[Raj Babbar]], [[Danny Denzongpa]], [[Prem Chopra]], [[Shakti Kapoor]], [[Ashish Vidyarthi]], Tej Sapru, [[Shweta Menon]] and [[Saadhika Randhawa]] in supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/shikaar-2/critic-review/shikaar-2-movie-review/|title = Shikaar Review 1/5 | Shikaar Movie Review | Shikaar 2004 Public Review | Film Review| website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] | date=7 February 2004 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://planetbollywood.com/displayReview.php?id=041706044818|title = Shikaar - movie review by Shruti Bhasin - Planet Bollywood}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{Long plot|date=August 2024}}
Madhu lives a wealthy lifestyle in [[Mussoorie]] and operates Hotel Savoy. She meets with and falls in love with Vijay Sanyal and shortly thereafter both of them get married. After the marriage, her friend, Julie, and her mom notice a change in Vijay but do not tell Madhu about this, leaving Vijay free to get Madhu to sign a Power of Attorney in his favor. He runs the Hotel, but eventually finds that it is not doing too well, and decides to sell it to Darshan Damania and his partners, Mirza Ashraf Baig, Chhadha, Nikhil Chopra and Kanwar Singh much to Madhu's displeasure. The partners, with two of Darshan's girlfriends, Kamya, and Rama in tow, arrive in Mussorie to sign the documents. The only one missing is Mirza, who had stated that he will be arriving later. Instead, however, ACP Sumed Singh arrives to inform them that Mirza has been killed in a car explosion.

Julie witnesses the murder of Mirza and is killed by the murderer for being the witness. Madhu witnesses the murder of Julie but is unable to see the murderer. As Julie is dying, Madhu asks Julie about the killer's name and Julie tells that her that it was Vijay, since Vijay wants to murder Damania and his friends. Sumed inquires Madhu about the killer but she tries to hide the truth from the police officer. Vijay arrives at the spot and argues with Sumed not to torture Madhu, on which Sumed threatens Vijay to call him to the police station. Madhu learns that Vijay has signed a deal to sell the hotel to Damania and his partners on which Madhu argues with Vijay for selling the hotel that had been built by her father but Vijay shuts her up by saying that he is her husband and he has the right to do anything with the hotel.

Sumed finds a document containing a loan of 3 crores given by Mirza but the receiver's name is missing, on which Sumed suspects Damania and his partners. On that night, Kanwar goes to visit Rama at her bedroom where he seduces her and informs her that Mirza had told him that he had given the loan to Rama and decides to threaten her that he will tell Sumed about it if she does not [[sexual intercourse|spend a night]] with him and give him half of the money of the loan. Rama agrees and Kanwar goes to a bar to drink. Wearing a black coat, Vijay hears all the conversation. Kanwar receives a phone call in which he is invited by Rama to her bedroom but as he goes at the bedroom, he is thrown down at the floor by the person in black coat. Rama sees Kanwar's dead body on the next morning and Vijay arrives at the spot. He suspects her of killing him but Rama tries to convince Vijay that she did not kill Kanwar. The two decide to hide his dead body.

However, after a while, Kanwar's dead body is missing and Kamya also disappears. Sumed finds Kanwar's clothes near a lake. Damania and his partners are surprised that Kanwar has been missing for so many days. Vijay visits them with the agreement of the hotel. Sumed arrives and informs them that Kanwar has been killed and suspects that the killer is someone among those four. He leaves. Damania's partners Chopra and Chaddha are afraid for their lives. Chopra packs his clothes and decides to leave the hotel. Chaddha joins him and the two suspect Damania and Rama of killing the rest of the group. Chopra and Chaddha leave the hotel in a car but get stuck in a forest where the killer in black suit attacks them and kills both of them. The police catches the killer but the killer escapes. Vijay is shown running to his hotel room. Meanwhile, Madhu hears the conversation of the policemen that the killer of Damania's partners wears a black coat. As Vijay enters his room, Madhu is shocked to see him in a black coat and argues that he is the killer. Vijay tells her to keep quiet but Sumed Singh arrests Vijay.

Sumed and the policemen beat Vijay in the jail because he refuses to accept that he has killed Damania's partners. Vijay finally agrees that he wanted to kill Damania and his partners and he had invited them to Mussoorie for the same purpose but failed to achieve his mission because whenever he tried to kill Damania's partners, someone else killed them. Sumed refuses to believe Vijay but he receives a phone call that the killer in black suit is going to kill Damania. Vijay is released as he is not the killer. The killer kills Rama at a disco. The killer attacks Damania and Damania is shocked to know that the killer is Kamya. Kamya tells Damania that she is the daughter of bank manager Suraj Nagpal, who used to be Damania's friend. He had given a loan of 10 crores to Damania and his friends but they killed him instead of returning the loan. Kamya's mother died of stress and her younger brother Rohit left the house to avenge the deaths of his parents from Damania. She tells Damania that Rohit is still lost and she has spent her entire life as a [[call girl]] in searching of her lost brother and her father's murderers.

Vijay arrives at the spot and hears the conversation. He learns that Kamya is his sister because he is Rohit Nagpal, the son of Suraj Nagpal and he has also the same mission of killing Damania and his partners as Kamya has. Rohit also wants to avenge the murder of his father. Damania tries to kill Kamya but Vijay fights Damania and almost kills him until Damania breaks a bottle of wine on Vijay's head. He tries to stab Vijay with the broken bottle but Kamya quickly grabs a knife and runs into Damania and as their bodies collide, Kamya stabs Damania in his belly with the knife and at the same time, Damania stabs Kamya in her belly with the broken bottle. Kamya taunts Damania as he dies and later Kamya dies in the arms of Vijay.

== Cast ==
* Jas Pandher as Vijay Sanyal / Rohit Nagpal
* Kanishka Sodhi as Madhu Sanyal
* [[Raj Babbar]] as ACP Sumed Singh
* [[Saadhika Randhawa]] as Kamya Nagpal
* [[Danny ]] as Darshan Damania
* [[Prem Chopra]] as Nikhil Chopra
* [[Shakti Kapoor]] as Chaddha
* [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] as Kanwar Singh
* [[Tej Sapru]] as Mirza Ashraf Baig
* [[Shweta Menon]] as Rama Sahai
* [[Anil Dhawan]] as Suraj Nagpal
* [[Mushtaq Khan]]
* [[Master Rohan]] as Young Rohit Nagpal
* [[Baby Drishti]] as Young Kamya Nagpal
* [[Monicka (actress)|Monicka]] in an item number

== Soundtrack ==
The music of the film has been composed by [[Anand Raj Anand]] and the songs have been written by [[Dev Kohli]].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! # !! Song !! Singers !! Length
|-
| 1. || "Tumpe Marne Lage Hain" || [[Udit Narayan]], [[Alka Yagnik]] || 05:51
|-
| 2. || "Dil Kisi Ka Dil" || [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]] || 04:27
|-
| 3. || "Jitna Bhi Karlo Pyar" || [[Udit Narayan]], [[Alka Yagnik]] || 05:02
|-
| 4. || "Pyar Mein Ai Mere Humdum" || [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya]] || 05:34
|-
| 5. || "Nazron Se Nazron Ko" || [[Alisha Chinai]] || 03:33
|-
| 6. || "Jaane Janna Jaane Jaana" || [[Sunidhi Chauhan]] || 04:56
|-
| 7. || "Nazar Nazar" || [[Sunidhi Chauhan]] || 04:08
|-
| 8. || "O Jiya Kya Kiya" || [[Udit Narayan]], [[Vinod Rathod]], [[Anand Raj Anand]], [[Sunidhi Chauhan]] || 04:40
|-
| 9. || "Sona Sona Dil De" || [[Udit Narayan]] || 04:39
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=0420175|title=Shikaar}}

[[Category:2004 films]]
[[Category:2004 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anand Raj Anand]]

{{2000s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Aarkkariyam

2026-03-03T09:43:33Z

DaljeetBhutal: refined page for accuracy

{{Short description|2021 film by Sanu John Varghese}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aarkkariyam
| image = Aarkkariyam Release Poster.jpeg
| caption = Promotional poster
| director = [[Sanu John Varghese]]
| producer = [[Aashiq Abu]] [[Santhosh T. Kuruvilla]]
| writer = Sanu John Varghese Arun Janardanan Rajesh Ravi
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Biju Menon]]
* [[Sharafudheen]]
* [[Parvathy Thiruvothu]]
}}
| music = Sanjay Divecha
| cinematography = G. Srinivas Reddy
| editing = [[Mahesh Narayanan]]
| studio = [[Aashiq Abu|OPM Cinemas]] Moonshot Entertainments
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2021|04|01}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}
'''''Aarkkariyam''''' ({{translation|Who Knows}}) is a 2021 Indian Malayalam-language [[Mystery film|mystery]] drama film directed and co-written by [[Sanu John Varghese]].<ref>{{cite news |author=TNM Staff |title=Watch: Trailer of Biju Menon and Parvathy 'Aarkkariyam' is intriguing |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/watch-trailer-biju-menon-and-parvathy-aarkkariyam-intriguing-145037 |access-date=1 April 2021 |publisher=The News Minute |date=11 March 2021}}</ref> Co-written by Arun Janardanan and Rajesh Ravi, the film stars [[Biju Menon]], [[Sharafudheen]] and [[Parvathy Thiruvothu]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=M. |first1=Athira |title=I had my doubts about pulling off the role in 'Aarkkariyam': Biju Menon |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/in-conversation-with-actor-biju-menon/article34197978.ece |access-date=1 April 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=30 March 2021}}</ref> Produced by [[Aashiq Abu]] and Santhosh T. Kuruvilla, it was released on 17 May 2021 to highly positive reviews.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Soman |first1=Deepa |title=Aarkkariyam Movie Review: An interesting premise paralyzed by average execution |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/aarkkariyam/movie-review/81839372.cms |access-date=1 April 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=1 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Praveen |first1=S.R. |title='Aarkkariyam' movie review: Biju Menon impresses, but film doesn't fulfill its potential |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/aarkkariyam-movie-review-biju-menon-impresses-but-film-doesnt-fulfill-its-potential/article34215665.ece |access-date=1 April 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=1 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=TNM Staff |title='Aarkkariyam' review: Parvathy, Biju Menon, Sharf U Dheen are great in this slow drama |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/aarkkariyam-review-parvathy-biju-menon-sharf-u-dheen-are-great-slow-drama-146346 |access-date=1 April 2021 |publisher=The News Minute |date=1 April 2021}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The [[COVID lockdown]] of 2020 serves as the backdrop for the narrative. Ittyavira (Itty), a retired math teacher from Kerala, resides alone in Palai, Kottayam. Shirley, his only child, is married to Roy and resides in [[Mumbai]]. A businessman by profession, Roy is having some financial troubles. The slowdown by COVID just makes matters worse. Shirley and Roy visit Pala for a vacation. Itty hears about their financial difficulties while they are at Pala and lets them know that he is prepared to sell his estate, which would be more than enough to take care of Roy's financial issues and leave some money for Itty. Itty also wants to dispose off the large property and live in an apartment due to his age and failing health. However, Itty informs Roy that before selling the property, he wants to dig up the skeleton of a man he had killed and buried at the property as construction by the new owner might lead to the discovery of the skeleton.

Roy is shocked at the revelation. The dead man is none other than Shirley's wayward first husband Augustine. The incident happens when Shirley was in hospital after the birth of her daughter and Augustine comes home after months of disappearance and is amused that she was pregnant and had a baby. Itty lets Roy know the circumstances of the crime. Itty also doesn't disclose the crime to his daughter as he believes that everything happens due to God's will.

The crime was never discovered as Augustine used to disappear for long periods and a decomposing body was identified as Augustine's body by his mother and Shirley. Roy is in anguish, he doesn't want to be an abettor in the crime but finally helps Itty dig up the bones and burn it. Old Itty moves into his new apartment and begins to shows signs of dementia.

In the last scene of the movie, Shirley narrates how she was haunted by the pity of the people after Augustine's disappearance and how as a young and dependent mother, she wanted a closure of the events. She admits that she never identified the body as Augustine's mother has identified it. Roy is left with the sinking realization that he would forever carry this secret like a cross to his grave.

== Cast ==
* [[Biju Menon]] as Ittyavira
* [[Sharaf U Dheen]] as Roy
* [[Parvathy Thiruvothu]] as Shirley
* [[Saiju Kurup]] as Vyshak
* [[Arya Salim]] as Sheeja
* Rahul Reghu as Sundaran
* Jacob George James as Augustin
* Thejaswini Praveen as Sophie
* [[Shobha Mohan]] as Sr. Alphonsa
* Prasant Murali as Sajan
* Pramod Velliyanad as Bhasi
* Hareesh Pengan

==Marketing and release==
''Aarkkariyam'' was released on 1 April. Later it was streaming on [[Amazon Prime Video]], Koode OTT, Neestream, Roots Video and Cave OTT platforms from 19 May.<ref>{{Cite web|date=18 May 2021|title=Parvathy-Biju Menon starrer 'Aarkkariyam' to stream on OTT|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/parvathy-biju-menon-starrer-aarkkariyam-stream-ott-149063|access-date=2021-05-19|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref>

== Music ==
The music for the film is composed by [[Neha Nair]] and Yakzan Gary Periera with lyrics penned by [[Anwar Ali (poet)|Anwar Ali]].
{{Infobox album
| name = Aarkkariyam<ref>{{cite web | url=https://open.spotify.com/album/4dzRktjsLqoIWfiZQTibMr | title=Aarkkariyam | website=[[Spotify]] | date=April 2021 }}</ref>
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Yakzan Gary Pereira and [[Neha Nair]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1 April 2021
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 10:24
| label = 123 Musix Entertainments Pvt. Ltd.
| producer = Yakzan Gary Pereira and [[Neha Nair]]
| prev_title = [[Love (2020 film)|Love]]
| prev_year = 2020
| next_title = [[Tsunami (2021 film)|Tsunami]]
| next_year = 2021
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|bXNY9ewSlDU|Audio Jukebox}}}}
}}
{{track listing
| headline = ''Aarkkariyam''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://open.spotify.com/album/4dzRktjsLqoIWfiZQTibMr | title=Aarkkariyam | website=[[Spotify]] | date=April 2021 }}</ref>
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| title1 = Chiramabhayame
| length1 = 3:46
| extra1 = Madhuvanthi Narayan
| title2 = Doore Maari
| length2 = 2:43
| extra2 = G. Sreeram, [[Vaikom Vijayalakshmi]], Prasanth Prabhakar
| title3 = Kinarilu
| length3 = 3:54
| extra3 = Pushpavathy Poypadathu
| total_length = 10:24
}}

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Winner
!Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021
| rowspan="2" |[[Kerala State Film Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 May 2022 |title=52nd Kerala State Film Awards: The complete winners list |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/52nd-kerala-state-film-awards-the-full-winners-list-live-updates-7939205/ |access-date=2022-06-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|[[Biju Menon]]
|
|-
|Best Makeup Artist
|Ranjith Ambady
|
|-
| rowspan="1" |2022
| rowspan="1" |[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.deccanherald.com/dh-galleries/photos/siima-2022-check-full-list-of-winners-1144404#1|title= SIIMA 2022: Check full list of winners
|publisher= Deccan Herald |date=19 September 2022|access-date=24 December 2022}}</ref>
|Critics Choice Award for Best Actor (Malayalam)
|[[Biju Menon]]
|
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|13342406}}

[[Category:2021 films]]
[[Category:2021 drama films]]
[[Category:Indian mystery drama films]]
[[Category:2020s mystery drama films]]
[[Category:2021 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2021 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Neha Nair]]
[[Category:Films produced by Santhosh T. Kuruvilla]]

Gurusamy

2026-03-03T03:26:37Z

DaljeetBhutal: creating basic info added tags

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Gurusamy
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name = 
| director = K. R. Vishnaanth
| writer = K. R. Vishnaanth
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = Thulasimaran
| starring = [[Manikandan]] [[Udhayathara]] [[Delhi Ganesh]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = K. G. Srinivasan
| editing = Priyan
| music = Vasanthamani
| studio = Channel R Five Production
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2011|12|2}}
| runtime = 120 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Gurusamy''''' is a 2011 Indian Tamil-language [[Hindu mythological film]] directed by K. R. Vishnaanth and starring [[Manikandan]], [[Udhayathara]] and [[Delhi Ganesh]] in the titular role. The movie is based on the devotees of [[Ayyappan]].<ref name="D">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/2010/dec/15/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF-283175.html|title=குருசாமி|date=15 December 2010|work=[[Dinamani]]|language=ta}}</ref>

==Plot==
Gurusamy narrates several small stories to his followers. He tells them of Subramani, a religious follower of [[Ayyappan]], and his father, a loan shark. In an attempt to change his father's greed, Subramani climbs a mountain and puts a garland of flowers on it. Ayyappan protects people who were tricked by loan sharks and unable to pay the loan.

He also tells them how Ayyappan reunited Poongodi and her abusive husband, Vembu. Vembu becomes a Ayyappan devotee and reforms, solving the couple's problems.<ref name="K">{{Cite web|url=http://kungumam.co.in/VArticalinnerdetail.aspx?id=1067&id1=45&issue=20111212|title=குருசாமி|date=12 December 2011|work=[[Kungumam (magazine)|Kungumam]]|language=ta}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Manikandan]] as Subramani
*[[Udhayathara]] as Poongodi
*[[Delhi Ganesh]] as Gurusamy a.k.a. [[Ayyappan]]
*[[Prem Kumar (Tamil actor)|Prem Kumar]] as Vembu
*[[Vadivukkarasi]] as the evil priest
*[[Alex (actor)|Alex]] as an Ayyappan devotee
*[[Bava Lakshmanan]] as the cook
*[[Nellai Siva]] as a police officer
*[[Scissor Manohar]] as a kid's father
*[[Bonda Mani]]
*Vijay Ganesh as a kid's father
*Kambam Meena as the drunkard's wife
*[[Suryakanth]]
*[[Kottachi]] as the drunkard
*[[Veeramanidasan]] as the religious man
*[[Vellai Subbaiah]]
*Kallukkul Eeram Ramanathan
*Nambirajan
*Sugothevan
}}
=== Special appearances ===
*[[Saravanan (actor)|Saravanan]] as [[Karuppu Sami]]
*[[Vidharth]] as an Ayyappan devotee (in the song "Thengaayil Nei")
*[[Soori (actor)|Soori]] as an Ayyappan devotee (in the song "Thengaayil Nei")
*[[Shankar–Ganesh]] as himself (in the song "Thengaayil Nei")
*[[K. Sivasankar]] as himself (in the song "Sabarimalai Yaathirai")

== Production ==
The film began production in late 2010.<ref name="D"/>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by Vasanthamani.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://isaiminisong.com/gurusamy-songs/|title=Gurusamy Tamil Mp3 Songs Download|website=isaiminisong.com}}</ref> The lyrics were written by [[Yugabharathi]] and Annamalai.<ref name="D"/>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Thengaaiyil Nei
| extra1 = [[Velmurugan]]
| length1 = 4:31
| title2 = Sabarimalai Yaathirai
| extra2 = [[Manikka Vinayagam]]
| length2 = 4:41
| title3 = Punniyam Thedi
| extra3 = Anbulla Maran
| length3 = 4:26
| title4 = Naanga Banthatta
| extra4 = [[Mukesh Mohamed|Mukesh]]
| length4 = 4:40
| title5 = Imaigaail Moodi
| extra5 = [[Veeramanidasan]], Narve Jayaraj
| length5 = 5:26
| title6 = Eli Varuthu
| extra6 = Veeramanidasan
| length6 = 3:32
| total_length = 27:06
}}

==Reception==
A critic from ''[[Dinamalar]]'' wrote that the film "is a lively collection of stories and lessons taught by Ayyappan Swami to his devotees".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.dinamalar.com/vimar-detail.php?id=625|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106065859/https://m.dinamalar.com/vimar-detail.php?id=625|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 November 2023|title=குருசாமி|date=6 December 2011|work=[[Dinamalar]]|language=ta}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Kungumam (magazine)|Kungumam]]'' wrote that "After a long gap, this film tells about the glory of Swami Ayyappan".<ref name="K"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Hindu devotional films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2011 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2011 Indian films]]

Chari-Dhand Wetland Conservation Reserve

2026-03-02T12:51:59Z

DaljeetBhutal: slightly add citations after review further

{{Short description|Protected area in Gujarat, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Chari-Dhand Wetland Conservation reserve
| iucn_category =
| map = Gujarat#India
| relief = 1
| map_width =
| label = Chari-Dhand Wetland Conservation reserve
| label_position = right
| location = [[Kutch district]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|23|33|45.8|N|69|24|46.8|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| nearest_city = [[Bhuj]]
| area_km2 =
| established =
| governing_body = Forest Department, Government of Gujarat
}}

The '''Chari-Dhand [[wetland conservation]] reserve''' is located on the edge of arid [[Banni grasslands]]<ref name="Maheshwari-1">{{Cite news|author=Maheshwari, D. V.|title=Chari-Dhand wetland yet to get conservation reserve tag|date=15 June 2008|newspaper=The Indian Express|url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/charidhand-wetland-yet-to-get-conservation-reserve-tag/322938/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121002130103/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/charidhand-wetland-yet-to-get-conservation-reserve-tag/322938/|archivedate=2 October 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Maheshwari-2">{{Cite news|author=Maheshwari, D. V.|date=24 June 2008|title=Bhuj wetland to be turned into a tourist hot spot|newspaper=The Indian Express|url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/bhuj-wetland-to-be-turned-into-a-tourist-hot-spot/326671/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121002130048/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/bhuj-wetland-to-be-turned-into-a-tourist-hot-spot/326671/|archivedate=2 October 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Maheshwari-3">{{Cite news |author=Maheshwari, D. V. |date=22 August 2008 |title=Migratory birds come flocking as Chari-Dhand gains 'wet' |newspaper=The Indian Express |url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/migratory-birds-come-flocking-as-charidhand-gains-wet/351919/ |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214002112/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Migratory-birds-come-flocking-as-ChariDhand-gains-wet/351919/ |archivedate=14 February 2009 }}</ref> and the marshy [[Salt pan (geology)|salt flats]] of the [[Rann of Kutch]] in [[Kutch district]], [[Gujarat State]] in [[India]]. It is currently legally protected under the status of a [[Reserved forests and protected forests of India|Protected or Reserve Forest in India]].<ref name="Maheshwari-3" /> Chari means salt affected and Dhand means shallow wetland, Dhand is a [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] word for a shallow saucer shaped depression.<ref name="Chhari-Dhand Conservation Reserve; Wetlands Forever website">[http://www.wetlandwithketantatu.com/2008/12/article.html Chhari-Dhand Conservation Reserve] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815053113/http://www.wetlandwithketantatu.com/2008/12/article.html |date=15 August 2016 }}; Article by Jugal Kishore Tiwari; Wetlands Forever website</ref> This is a seasonal desert wetland and only gets swampy during a good monsoon, receiving water from the north flowing rivers as well as from the huge catchment areas of many surrounding big hills.<ref name="Maheshwari-1" /> It is spread over an area of 80 km2.<ref name="Maheshwari-1" /><ref name="Maheshwari-2" /> It is in [[Nakhtrana Taluka]], 80 km south west to the city of Bhuj, about 7 or 8 km from Fulary village<ref name="Maheshwari-1" /><ref name="Maheshwari-3" /> and 30 km from Nakhtrana town.<ref name="Chhari-Dhand Conservation Reserve; Wetlands Forever website"/> It is home to nearly two lakh birds with migratory and endangered species of birds flocking into the area in thousands during monsoon and winters.<ref name="Maheshwari-2" />

==Legal protected status==

===Originally proposed as a "Bird Sanctuary"===
{{Expand section|More history|date=January 2011}}

The Gujarat State forest department had originally proposed that Chari Dhandh be declared as the "''Kutch bird sanctuary''" because its much bigger in size than the famous [[Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary]] in neighbouring state of [[Rajasthan]]. The Gujarat state Wildlife Board agreed to the demand on 26 June 2002, but later it was decided to accord Chari-Dhand wetland the status of a "''conservation forest''", as it would be of greater benefit to the local populace.<ref name="Maheshwari-3" />

===Currently granted lower level protection as a "Protected or Reserve Forest"===

The wetland was originally spread over 22,700 hectares (227 km2), out of which 80 km2<ref name="Maheshwari-1" /> was the water filled area.<ref name="Maheshwari-3" /> Gujarat State Forest Department has accorded it the legal status of a ''"Protected or Reserve Forest"'' in 2008<ref name="Maheshwari-3" /> after 20 year lobbying by local conservationists.<ref name="Maheshwari-1" /><ref name="India's riches unprotected; BirdLife International & Ramsar Convention on Wetlands">[http://www.birdlife.org/news/news/2008/07/indian_wetlands.html India's riches unprotected]; Credits: BNHS, RSPB; 25-07-2008; BirdLife International, Also posted on The [[Ramsar Convention on Wetlands]] of International Importance website [http://www.ramsar.org/cda/ramsar/display/main/main.jsp?zn=ramsar&cp=1-26-45-85^16890_4000_0__]</ref>

===Ramsar Convention site===

Along with [[Banni Grasslands Reserve]] it is a proposed "[[List of Ramsar wetlands of international importance|Ramsar Convention site – Wetland of International importance]]" and listed on its website.<ref name="Maheshwari-1" /><ref name="Maheshwari-2" /><ref name="Maheshwari-3" /><ref name="India's riches unprotected; BirdLife International & Ramsar Convention on Wetlands"/><ref>[http://nspc.gujaratdesertecology.com/NSPC.GUIDE.Ecological.Sites.pdf Ecological Sites; NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PROSOPIS: ECOLOGICAL, ECONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE AND MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711133207/http://nspc.gujaratdesertecology.com/NSPC.GUIDE.Ecological.Sites.pdf |date=11 July 2011 }}; 20–21 February 2009, Bhuj; URL: nspc.gujaratdesertecology.com</ref><ref>[http://www.birdlife.org/action/change/ramsar/ibas_ramsar_asia/11_India.pdf Ramsar designation of IBA lacking (159 IBAs); Important Bird Areas and potential Ramsar Sites in Asia – India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103223724/http://www.birdlife.org/action/change/ramsar/ibas_ramsar_asia/11_India.pdf |date=3 January 2009 }}; 31 August 2005; birdlife.org</ref><ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110811033743/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-02-17/ahmedabad/27137251_1_nal-sarovar-ramsar-wetland-sites Ramsar site status sought for Nal Sarovar]; By Sajid Shaikh, TNN, 17 February 2002, Times of India</ref> It was declared Ramsar site on 3 February 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-31 |title=Chhari-Dhand Bird Sanctuary in Kutch becomes Gujarat’s 5th Ramsar site |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/kutch-chhari-dhand-bird-sanctuary-becomes-5th-ramsar-site-gujarat-10505904/ |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Wetland==

===Flora===
There are also efforts to replace alien invasive Gando Bawal thorn tree ''([[Prosopis juliflora]])'' with useful trees like Khara ''([[Salvadora oleoides]])'' and Mitha pilus ''([[Salvadora persica]])'' on the periphery of the Chari lake as part of the new conservation measures.<ref name="Maheshwari-3" />

===Fauna===
The abundance of water during the monsoons attracts birds to this, one of India's unique wetlands. Thousands of flamingos in their mating plumage, common cranes and other wetland birds including hundreds of painted storks and spoonbills among others can be spotted here.<ref name="Maheshwari-3" /> The wetland also attracts chinkara, wolves, caracal, desert cats and desert foxes besides endangered birds.<ref name="Maheshwari-1" />

===Chir Batti===

In dark nights an unexplained strange dancing light phenomena known locally as [[Chir Batti]] (Ghost lights) is known to occur here, in the banni grasslands and its seasonal marshy wetlands<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=253114 |title=Ghost lights that dance on Banni grasslands when it’s very dark; by D V Maheshwari; 28 August 2007; The Indian Express Newspaper |access-date=24 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114034106/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=253114 |archive-date=14 January 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and in the adjoining [[desert]] of the marshy [[Salt pan (geology)|salt flats]] of [[Rann of Kutch]].<ref>[http://www.intoday.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&issueid=&id=313&Itemid=&sectionid=8&secid=48&completeview=1 Stark beauty (Rann of Kutch); Bharati Motwani; 23 September 2008; India Today Magazine], Cached: Page 2 of 3 page article with these search terms highlighted: cheer batti ghost lights rann kutch [https://www.intoday.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=313&Itemid=1&issueid=&sectionid=8&secid=48&limit=1&limitstart=1]{{dead link|date=November 2016|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}, Cached: Complete View – 3 page article seen as a single page [https://archive.today/20120803102541/http://www.intoday.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&issueid=&id=313&Itemid=&sectionid=8&secid=48&completeview=1]</ref>

==Conservation ==

===Research and education===

[[Bombay Natural History Society]] (BNHS) had its field station at Chhari-Dhand in Banni grasslands from Jan 1990 to 1995 for the Bird Migration study project (S.A. Hussain) and grassland ecology project headed by Dr. Asad Rahmani. It now organizes ''Nature Education Camps'' here.<ref name="Chhari-Dhand Conservation Reserve; Wetlands Forever website"/>

===Eco tourism development===

The district administration has chosen the Chari Dhandh wetland to create basic facilities for tourists.<ref name="Maheshwari-2" /> The Gujarat State forest department is preparing a project for Chari Dhandh development<ref name="Maheshwari-2" /> along with [[Dhinodhar hills]] in Nakhatrana taluka to make a circuit comprising Dhorado in interior Banni, Chari Dhandh and Dhinodhar to be a scenic route for nature lovers.<ref name="Maheshwari-2" /> As it is shallow water body, it could be used to promote boating providing employment to the local people, whose main activity has been restricted to fishing till now. There is also a suggestion to set up a Nature Interpretation Centre at the nearby Fulary village, the centre will provide knowledge of the wetland to the tourists.<ref name="Maheshwari-3" /><ref name="Basu-1">{{Cite news|author1=Basu, Debarati |author2=Shukla, Shubhlakshmi|date=26 August 2008|title=[Gujarat] State thinks green, banks on eco-tourism|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/state-thinks-green-banks-on-ecotourism/353282/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080912124021/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/State-thinks-green-banks-on-ecotourism/353282/|archivedate=12 September 2008|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Arid Forest Research Institute]] (AFRI)
* [[Banni grasslands]]
* [[Chhir Batti]] (Ghost lights) from Banni grasslands, its seasonal wetlands and the adjoining Rann of Kutch
* [[List of national parks and wildlife sanctuaries of Gujarat, India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://groups.google.com/group/delhibirdpix/browse_thread/thread/cc96c272c4e98b03/42f0a5bcb9bbcfff?#42f0a5bcb9bbcfff Chhari-Dhand finally declared Bird conservation reserve – Kutch, Gujarat; by Jugal Tiwari; 15 July 2008; delhibirdpix Google Group]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160815053113/http://www.wetlandwithketantatu.com/2008/12/article.html Chhari-Dhand Conservation Reserve; Article by Jugal Kishore Tiwari; Wetlands Forever website]
* [http://www.panda.org/who_we_are/wwf_offices/pakistan/news/?uNewsID=5741 Desert (Rann of Kutch) wetlands; 6 February 2003; WWF Global website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100103043848/http://gujenvfor.gswan.gov.in/wildlife/wildlife-wetland-intro.htm Wetlands; FORESTS & ENVIRONMENT DEPARTMENT; Government of Gujarat State, India]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110721162346/http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/portal/page?_pageid=127,693641&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL KACHCHH PENINSULA AND THE GREAT RANN; The Geological Survey of India, Ministry of Mines, Government of India]

[[Category:Flooded grasslands and savannas]]
[[Category:Grasslands of India]]
[[Category:Ramsar sites in India]]
[[Category:Reserved forests of India]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 2008]]
[[Category:Wetlands of India]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Kutch district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Gujarat]]

Tikdam

2026-03-02T04:39:37Z

DaljeetBhutal: New

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Tikdam film poster.jpg
| caption = Official release poster
| director = Vivek Anchalia
| writer = {{ubl|Pankaj Nihalani|Vivek Anchalia}}
| story = Animesh Verma
| producer = [[Jyoti Deshpande]] Parth Gajjar Poonam Shroff Savio Shenoy Shweta Sharma Anchalia
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Amit Sial]]
* Arisht Jain
* Aarohi Saud
* Divyansh Dwivedi
* Nayan Bhatt
}}
| cinematography = Parth Sayani
| editing = Satya Sharma
| music = Daniel B. George
| studio = [[Jio Studios]]
| distributor = [[JioCinema]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|8|23}}
| runtime = 118 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Tikdam''''' ({{Translation|Trickeries}}) is a 2024 Indian Hindi-language [[children's film|film]] directed by Vivek Anchalia.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Chronicle |first1=Deccan |title=DC in conversation with Amit Sial and the director of Tikdam which premiered today |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/videos/dc-in-conversation-with-amit-sial-and-the-director-of-tikdam-which-premiered-today-1818239 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en |date=22 August 2024}}</ref> Produced by [[Jio Studios]], it stars [[Amit Sial]], Arisht Jain, Aarohi Saud, Divyansh Dwivedi and Nayan Bhatt.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Varma |first1=Lipika |title=Tikdam is clean family film suitable for community viewing |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/ott/tikdam-is-clean-family-film-suitable-for-community-viewing-1818531 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en |date=23 August 2024}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Amit Sial]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Web |first1=Statesman |title=Amit Sial talks about his role in family drama 'Tikdam' |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/ott/amit-sial-talks-about-his-role-in-family-drama-tikdam-1503333715.html |website=The Statesman |language=en |date=20 August 2024}}</ref> as Prakash
* Divyansh Dwivedi as Bhanu<ref name=":1" />
* Aarohi Saud as Cheeni<ref name=":1" />
* Arisht Jain as Samay<ref name=":1" />
* Nayan Bhatt as Daadi<ref name=":1" />
* Ajit Sarwotam Kelkar as Dadu<ref name=":1" />
*[[Jeniffer Piccinato]] as Rose

== Production ==
The film was announced on [[JioCinema]].<ref name=":1" >{{cite web |title=Tikdam: Release date, trailer, plot, cast, OTT platform and more about Amit Sial's family drama |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/tikdam-release-date-trailer-plot-cast-ott-platform-and-more/25c0cb81d3266 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> The filming took place in [[Ramnagar, Nainital]], [[Uttarakhand]].<ref>{{cite web | last=Saxena | first=Deep | title=Amit Sial: I'm categorically exploring different shades | website=Hindustan Times | date=13 August 2023 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/amit-sial-takes-a-break-from-negative-roles-explores-different-shades-in-upcoming-projects-101691932461869.html | access-date=25 August 2024}}</ref>

== Release ==
The film was screened at the ''Indian Film Festival of Houston''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chron.com/culture/tv/article/indian-film-festival-17799422.php|title=Houston's Indian Film Festival looks beyond Bollywood|first=Chris|last=Vognar|date=February 22, 2023|website=Chron.com|access-date=August 25, 2024}}</ref> on 24 February, 2023.<ref>{{cite web |title=Programs 2023 |url=https://iffhinc.org/programs-2023/ |website=Indian Film Festival Houston}}</ref> It premiered on [[JioCinema]] on 23 August 2024.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tikdam OTT release date Jio Cinema: When to watch Amit Sial's family drama |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/binge/tikdam-ott-release-date-jio-cinema-when-to-watch-amit-sials-family-drama-639545.html |website=Indiatimes |language=en-IN |date=8 August 2024}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Tikdam
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Daniel B. George
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|2024|8|10}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Tikdam (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) by Daniel B. George & Vivek Anchalia on Apple Music |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/tikdam-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1760335002 |date=10 August 2024}}</ref>
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=19|s=05}}
| label = [[Times Music]]
| language = Hindi
| producer =
| misc =
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 19:05
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Zindagi Hai Yeh
| extra1 = [[Swanand Kirkire]]
| length1 = 01:12
| title2 = Teen Tigada
| extra2 = [[Brijesh Shandilya]]
| length2 = 03:05
| title3 = Gubbare
| extra3 = [[Mohit Chauhan]]
| length3 = 02:45
| title4 = Jhundh
| extra4 = Brijesh Shandilya
| length4 = 02:46
| title5 = Jee Na Sake Hum Jiske Bina
| extra5 = Mohit Chauhan
| length5 = 03:14
| title6 = Lori
| extra6 = Ujjwal Kashyap
| length6 = 03:57
| title7 = Gubbare (Slow Version)
| extra7 = Mohit Chauhan
| length7 = 02:06
}}

== Reception ==
Zinia Bandyopadhyay of ''[[India Today]]'' awarded the film 3.5/5 stars.<ref>{{cite web |title='Tikdam' Review: Amit Sial film is a good watch for kids and adults alike |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/tikdam-review-amit-sial-jiocinema-2586866-2024-08-23 |website=India Today |language=en |date=23 August 2024}}</ref> Mimansa Shekhar of ''[[Times Now]]'' rated the film 3.5 out of 5 stars.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tikdam Movie Review: Amit Sial And Kids Present Heart-Touching Tale Of Small-Town Familial Bond |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/web-series/tikdam-movie-review-amit-sial-and-kids-present-heart-touching-tale-of-small-town-familial-bond-review-112759731 |website=Times Now |language=en |date=23 August 2024}}</ref> Abhishek Srivastava of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film 4/5 stars.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tikdam Review : A refreshing and charming ode to small-town life and family ties |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/tikdam/ottmoviereview/112728364.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt33095240}}
* [https://www.jiocinema.com/movies/tikdam/4008201 ''Tikdam''] on [[JioCinema]]

{{Portal bar|India|Film|Bollywood}}

[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films set in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Films shot in Uttarakhand]]
{{2020s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Mayur Verma

2026-02-28T19:43:50Z

DaljeetBhutal: Made Basic Article Basic Info

{{short description|Indian television actor (born 1991)}}
{{COI|date=July 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mayur Verma
| image = MayurVerma.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Mayur Verma in 2018
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1991|10|06}}<ref name="official website">{{cite web | title= Date of Birth According to Official Website | url= http://www.mayurverma.co.in/ | access-date= 9 March 2015 | archive-date= 12 May 2015 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150512155312/http://www.mayurverma.co.in/ | url-status= dead }}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Ludhiana]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India
| citizenship = Indian
| occupation = Actor
| years active = 2012–present
}}

'''Mayur Verma''' (born 6 October 1991)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.india.com/showbiz/exclusive-swaragini-actor-mayur-verma-to-enter-bigg-boss-season-10-is-most-excited-to-meet-om-swami-1698902/|title=Swarigini actor Mayur Verma to enter Bigg Boss 10 is most excited to meet Om Swami|publisher=www.india.com|author=India News|access-date=9 December 2016}}</ref> is an Indian [[television actor]] known for playing Bunny in ''[[Jeannie Aur Juju]]''. He worked serials such as ''[[Janbaaz Sindbad]]'' as a Pathan and ''[[Swaragini - Jodein Rishton Ke Sur]]'' as Kartik Malhotra. He participated in the reality show ''[[Mujhse Shaadi Karoge]]''.

==Career==
Mayur began his acting career with a role in the episodic ''[[Emotional Atyachar]]''. He did a continuity role in ''[[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain]]'' and ''[[Kya Huaa Tera Vaada]]''. However, his big break came in ''[[Jeannie Aur Juju]]''<ref>{{cite web| title=I want to become superstar| url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/i-want-become-superstar-mayur-verma-041|publisher=www.tellychakkar.com|author=TellyChakkar}}</ref> on [[SAB TV]]. He plays Yo Yo Bunny Singh.

Mayur Verma has also done an episodic for the show ''[[Emotional Atyachar]]'' Season 4 on [[Bindass]], where he played the role. He also appeared in Telugu TV commercials for [[Keline]] (home appliances) by Dream Merchants Ad Film Production House<ref name="youtube by production house Dream Merchants">{{cite web| title=Keeline Home Appliances With Ramya Krishna (Telugu Ad Film)|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jy0dru4p3YI}}</ref> and has done print advertisements for various brands. In late 2014, he appeared in the highest TRP show ''[[CID (Indian TV series)|CID]]''.<ref name="prsync">{{cite web | title=Press Release Mayur Verma | url=http://prsync.com/mayur-verma/mayur-verma-premium-and-talented-model-and-actor-654718 | access-date=9 March 2015 | archive-date=14 July 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714122326/http://prsync.com/mayur-verma/mayur-verma-premium-and-talented-model-and-actor-654718/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> He was also selected for the reality show ''Bigg Boss'' Season 10,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood-bigg-boss-10-contestants-confirmed-mayur-verma-348915|title=Bigg Boss 10 contestants confirmed Mayur Verma|publisher=www.indiatvnews.com|author=India TV News}}</ref> but he opted out because of other professional commitments.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/swarigini-actor-mayur-verma-to-participate-in-bigg-boss-10/story-DL6IUwkZTH4O4msXrTJECM.html|title=Swarigini actor Mayur Verma to participate in Bigg Boss 10|date=2016-09-21|work=hindustantimes.com|access-date=2017-07-04|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jansatta.com/entertainment/mayur-verma-from-swaragni-jodein-rishton-ke-sur-will-be-seen-in-bigg-boss-10/146945/|title=Bigg Boss 10 में नजर आएंगे 'स्वरागिनी – जोड़े रिश्तों के सुर' के यह अभिनेता|website=Jansatta|language=hi-IN|access-date=2017-07-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/bigg-boss-10-this-swaragini-actor-confirms-his-participation-salman-khans-show-694374|title=Bigg Boss 10: This Swaragini actor confirms his participation in Salman Khan's show|last=Goswami|first=Parismita|work=International Business Times, India Edition|access-date=2017-07-04|language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Year
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Film
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Role
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Language
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2019 ||''Zindagi Tumse''|| Vansh ||Hindi<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/tv-actor-mayur-verma-is-all-set-to-make-his-bollywood-debut/1246237|title=TV actor Mayur Verma is all set to make his Bollywood debut|publisher=www.freepressjournal.in|access-date=28 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/mayur-verma-shifting-from-one-character-to-another-was-difficult/19442167|title=Mayur Verma shifting from one character to another was difficult|publisher=www.mid-day.com|author=Mid Day|access-date=20 May 2018}}</ref>
||Released
|-
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:100%"
|- style="background:#b0c4de; text-align:center;"
! Year !! Title !! Role
|-
|2020
|''Innocent The Bhola''
|Bhavesh
|-
|2020
|''[[Mujhse Shaadi Karoge]]''
|Mayur Verma
|-
|2019
|''The Anti Social Network''
|Mayur Verma
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Swaragini]]'' || Kartik Malhotra
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Janbaaz Sindbad]]'' || Pathan
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Jeannie Aur Juju]]'' || Bunny
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Aahat (Indian TV series)|Aahat]]'' ||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[CID (Indian TV series)|CID]]'' ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain]]'' ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Kya Huaa Tera Vaada]]'' || Shyam
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Emotional Atyachar]]'' ||
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.mayurverma.co.in Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512155312/http://www.mayurverma.co.in/ |date=12 May 2015 }}
* {{IMDb name|id=7114294|name=Mayur Verma}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Verma, Mayur}}
[[Category:1991 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]

Mani Kaul

2026-02-24T08:54:56Z

DaljeetBhutal: updated lead per sources for clarity

{{short description|Indian film director}}
{{Distinguish|text = [[Mahesh Kaul]] (1911-1972), Bollywood film director}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mani Kaul
| image = Mani Kaul.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Rabindranath Kaul<ref name=guard/>
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1944|12|25}}
| birth_place = [[Jodhpur]], [[Rajputana Agency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2011|07|06|1944|12|25}}
| death_place = [[Gurgaon]], [[Haryana]], India
| other_names =
| known_for = ''[[Uski Roti]]'', ''[[Duvidha]]'', [[Siddheshwari|''Siddeshwari'']]
| occupation = Film director, film academic
}}

'''Mani Kaul''' (25 December 1944 – 6 July 2011) was an Indian director of [[Hindi film]]s and a figure in Indian [[parallel cinema]].<ref name=guard/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://caravanmagazine.in/reviews-essays/mani-kaul-cinema-come|title=Mani Kaul and the cinema to come|last=Mukim|first=Mantra|date=September 2017|website=[[The Caravan]]|language=en|access-date=2019-12-30}}</ref> He graduated from the [[Film and Television Institute of India]] (FTII) where he was a student of [[Ritwik Ghatak]] and later became a teacher. Starting his career with ''[[Uski Roti]]'' (1969), which won him the [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Movie]], he went on to win four of them in all. He won the [[National Film Award for Best Direction]] in 1974 for ''[[Duvidha]]'' and later the National Film Award for his documentary film ''[[Siddheshwari]]'' in 1989.<ref name=cnn>{{cite news |title=Noted filmmaker Mani Kaul dead |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/noted-filmmaker-mani-kaul-dead/165336-8-66.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708224902/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/noted-filmmaker-mani-kaul-dead/165336-8-66.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 July 2011 |publisher=[[CNN-IBN]] |date=6 July 2011}}</ref>

==Early life and background==
Born in [[Jodhpur]], [[Rajasthan]] in a [[Kashmiri Pandits|Kashmiri]] family,<ref name=guard>{{cite web| title = Mani Kaul obituary|work= The Guardian|author=Derek Malcolm|author-link=Derek Malcolm|date=14 July 2011|url = https://www.theguardian.com/film/2011/jul/14/mani-kaul-obituary| access-date = 8 October 2013}}</ref><ref name=jag>{{cite web| title = Filmmaker Mani Kaul passes away after prolonged illness| url = http://post.jagran.com/filmmaker-mani-kaul-passes-away-after-prolonged-illness-1309944386|publisher=[[Dainik Jagran]], Jagran Post|date=6 July 2011| access-date = 8 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708224526/http://post.jagran.com/filmmaker-mani-kaul-passes-away-after-prolonged-illness-1309944386 |archive-date=8 July 2017}}</ref> Kaul first joined FTII, Pune as an Yearbook photographer and later shifted to the acting course, where noted film director Ritwik Ghatak was a teacher, graduating in 1966.<ref name=upst>{{cite web |title=Profile |date=7 July 2011 |url=http://www.upperstall.com/people/mani-kaul |publisher=upperstall.com}}</ref>{{dubious|date=January 2012}}

He was a nephew of the actor-director [[Mahesh Kaul]], who made films like [[Raj Kapoor]] starrer ''[[Sapno Ka Saudagar]]'' (1968).<ref name=upst/>

==Career==
His first film ''[[Uski Roti]]'' (1969) has been described as "one of the key films of the New Indian Cinema or the Indian New Wave".<ref name=upst/><ref>{{cite web| title = 'Mani Kaul's films didn't come to you, you had to go to them'|publisher=Indian Express| url = http://www.indianexpress.com/news/-Mani-Kaul-s-films-didn-t-come-to-you--you-had-to-go-to-them-/817832/|date=16 July 2011| access-date = 8 October 2013}}</ref> It marked a drastic departure from earlier Indian cinema technique, form and narrative. It was one of the early formal experimental films in Indian cinema.

''[[Ashadh Ka Ek Din]]'' (1971), his next film, was based on a play by [[Mohan Rakesh]].

''[[Duvidha]]'', his third film, was his first in colour. It grew out of a short story by [[Vijaydan Detha]] and tells the story of a merchant's son, who returns with his new bride. When he departs on a business trip, a ghost falls in love with the wife. It was widely shown across Europe. He was awarded the prestigious [[Jawaharlal Nehru Fellowship]] in 1974.<ref>{{cite web| title = Official list of Jawaharlal Nehru Fellows (1969-present)|work = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund]] | url = http://www.jnmf.in/flist.html }}</ref>

Kaul was one of the co-founders of the Yukt Film Co-operative (Union of Kinematograph Technicians) in 1976, leading to avant-garde films. Critics<ref name=upst/> opined in "Mani Kaul's cinematic conception, fiction and documentary films have no clear demarcated dividing line." He also taught music in the Netherlands, and was Creative Director of the film house at Osian's Connoisseurs of Art, Mumbai.

In 1971, he was a member of the jury at the [[21st Berlin International Film Festival]].<ref name="berlinale 1971">{{cite web |url=http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1971/04_jury_1971/04_Jury_1971.html |title=Berlinale 1971: Juries |access-date=13 March 2010 |work=berlinale.de}}</ref>

He was a visiting lecturer at [[Harvard University]] for the 2000–2001 school year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=103655|title=The Harvard Crimson:: Indie Film Director to Teach VES Course}}</ref>

==Death==
Mani Kaul died on 6 July 2011 at his home in [[Gurgaon]], near Delhi, after prolonged battle with cancer.<ref name=jag/><ref>{{cite news |title=Filmmaker Mani Kaul dead |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2163928.ece |work=The Hindu |location=India |date=6 July 2011}}</ref> He is survived by two sons and two daughters.<ref name=guard/>

==Tribute==
Mani Kaul's significant body of work included both feature films and documentaries. In an interview Mani stated: "The dividing line from my films and documentaries is thin. Some of my films like ''[[Siddheshwari]]'' are like poetic documentaries." Mani Kaul's fellow alumni from [[Film and Television Institute of India|FTII]] intend to put together a collective tribute to Mani Kaul and his work, and interested persons were invited to send in their thoughts on Mani as a film maker, teacher/ mentor, colleague, and as a person.

Indian film critic [[Khalid Mohamed]] commented,<ref name="Deccan Chronicle - 07Jul2011 - Mani Kaul no more">{{cite news|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/editorial/dc-comment/determined-outsider-183|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710035847/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/editorial/dc-comment/determined-outsider-183|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 July 2011|title=The determined outsider|date=7 July 2011|work=Deccan Chronicle |location=India|access-date=6 July 2011}}</ref> "As a film director, he discussed the status of women (''[[Uski Roti]]'', ''[[Duvidha]]''), crafted visually seductive documentaries (''Arrival'', ''Before My Eyes'', ''A Desert of a Thousand Lines'') and went through a spell of interpreting [[Fyodor Dostoevsky]]'s masterworks. The Russian writer's short story ''A Gentle Creature'' inspired ''[[Nazar (1991 film)|Nazar]]'', shot in low, chiaroscuro lighting."

Filmmaker [[Sameer Wadhwa]], in his obituary of Mani Kaul published in [[Hindustan Times]] writes: "Mani Kaul had perfected the art of deeply moving his audience cerebrally by meticulous philosophical exposition. His films effortlessly employed temporality to create a deep spatial landscape in which human emotions oscillated with an incendiary provocation. This cinematic gesture was so subtle that if one were not attentive the meaning would be lost."<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/kaul-delved-into-world-of-traditional-philosophy/story-Mpd7BVgkd0hgcZb0RhYS7M.html|title= Kaul delved into world of traditional philosophy|date=7 July 2011|publisher=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

==Filmography==
*''Yatrik'' (1966) - Student diploma film<ref>{{Cite news|title = Yatrik (1966) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1vPpUBuXNP0|publisher=FTII Official | date = 27 March 2025}}</ref>
*''[[Uski Roti]]'' (1969)
*''[[Sara Aakash]]'' (1969) - as actor
*''[[Ashadh Ka Ek Din (1971 film)|Ashadh Ka Ek Din]]'' (1971)
*''[[Duvidha]]'' (1973)
*''Puppeteers of Rajasthan'' (Documentary) (1974)
*''A Historical Sketch of Indian Women'' (Documentary) (1975)
*''[[Ghashiram Kotwal (film)|Ghashiram Kotwal]]'' (1976)
*''Chitrakathi'' (Documentary) (1977)
*''Arrival'' (Documentary) (1980)
*''[[Satah Se Uthata Admi]]'' (1980)<ref>[http://www.festival-cannes.fr/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/1768/year/1981.html Satah Se Uthata Admi at Cannes] [[Cannes Film Festival]]</ref>
*''[[Dhrupad (film)|Dhrupad]]'' (1982)
*''[[Mati Manas]]'' (Documentary) (1984)
*''A Desert of a Thousand Lines'' (Documentary) (1986)
*''Before My Eyes'' (Documentary)(1989)
*''[[Siddheshwari]]'' (Documentary) (1989)
*''[[Nazar (1991 film)|Nazar]]'' (1991)
*''[[Idiot (1992 film)|Idiot]]'' (1992)
*''[[The Cloud Door]]'' (1995)
*''[[Naukar Ki Kameez]]'' (The Servant's Shirt) (1999)<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090906003604/http://movies.nytimes.com/person/191072/Mani-Kaul/filmography Mani Kaul Filmography] [[New York Times]].</ref>
*''[[Bojh]]'' (Burden) (2000)
*''[[Ik Ben Geen Ander]]'' (I Am No Other) (Netherlands) (2002)
*''A Monkey's Raincoat'' (Netherlands) (2005)
*''Signature Film'' (for [[Osian's Cinefan Festival of Asian and Arab Cinema]]) (2006)

==Awards==

===National Film Awards===
* 1974: [[National Film Award for Best Direction|Best Direction]]: ''[[Duvidha]]''
* 1989: [[National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film|Best Documentary Film]]: [[Siddheshwari]]<ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1310/is_1995_July-August/ai_17382423 Interview with Mani Kaul] UNESCO Courier, July–August 1995.</ref>

===Filmfare Awards===
Mani Kaul won [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Movie]] four times.

* 1971: ''[[Uski Roti]]'' (1970)
* 1972: ''[[Ashadh Ka Ek Din (film)|Ashad Ka Ek Din]]'' (1971)
* 1974: ''[[Duvidha]]'' (1973)
* 1993: ''[[Idiot (1992 film)|Idiot]]'' (1992)

==References==
{{reflist|40em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0002411}}
* [https://www.csfd.cz/tvurce/45753-mani-kaul/oceneni/ Mani Kaul] at {{ill|ČSFD|cs}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110713012027/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-06/news-interviews/29742602_1_indian-cinema-original-filmmaker-impatience-with-conventional-narrative Avijit Ghosh, "He was, by far, our most original filmmaker"] ''The Times of India''.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110707053929/http://www.indianauteur.com/?p=550 Mani Kaul on Cinematography and Time] at ''Indian Auteur''
* [http://theseventhart.info/2011/06/19/the-films-of-mani-kaul/ The Films of Mani Kaul]

{{Mani Kaul}}
{{NationalFilmAwardBestDirection}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kaul, Mani}}
[[Category:Film directors from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:2011 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Jodhpur]]
[[Category:Kashmiri people]]
[[Category:Kashmiri Pandits]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Film and Television Institute of India alumni]]
[[Category:Indian documentary filmmakers]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:Best Director National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Indian film educators]]
[[Category:Deaths from cancer in India]]
[[Category:Jawaharlal Nehru Fellows]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]

Adra, Hooghly

2026-02-12T13:34:50Z

DaljeetBhutal: New Post

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Adra
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22|57|02|N|87|45|21|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]]
| established_title = 
| established_date = -
| founder = -
| named_for = -
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)]]
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1.35
| area_total_ha = 123
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 481(as2011)
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = Bengali
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 712 602
| registration_plate = WB18
| website = {{URL|wb.gov.in}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-WB]]
| footnotes =
| area_rural_sq_mi = 1.35
| area_rural_km2 = 1.35
}}
'''Adra''' is a village in the Bhadur Gram Panchayat in the [[Goghat I]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Arambag subdivision]] of the [[Hooghly district]] in the [[India]]n state of [[West Bengal]].

== Demographics ==

=== Religion and language ===
{{bar box|title=Religion in Adra (2011)<ref name="religion"/>|titlebar=#FCD116|left1=|float=left|bars={{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|100}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0}}}}
As per the 2011 census, majority of the population of the district belong to the Hindu community with a population share of 100%. The percentage of the Hindu population of the district has followed a decreasing trend from 87.1% in 1961 to 82.9% in the latest census 2011. On the other hand, the percentage of Muslim population has increased from 12.7% in 1961 to 15.8% in 2011 census.<ref name="census2">{{cite web |title=District Census Handbook: Hugli, Series-20, Part XIIA |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1912_PART_A_DCHB_HUGLI.pdf |access-date=1 June 2017 |work=Religion, Mother-tongue Pages 50-51 |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011}}</ref>

In the 2011 census Hindus numbered 125,620 and formed 89.71% of the population in Goghat I CD Block. Muslims numbered 13,655 and formed 9.75% of the population. Others numbered 755 and formed 0.54% of the population.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
{{Pie chart|caption=Languages of Adra (2011)<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>|label1=[[Bengali language|Bengali]]|value1=100|color1=orchid|label2=|value2=0|color2=mediumturquoise|label3=Others|value3=0|color3=grey}}
At the time of the 2011 census, 100% of population spoke [[Bengali language|Bengali]] language in the village.

{{historical populations|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|11=1951|12=155|align=center|13=1961|14=218|15=1971|16=281|17=1981|18=335|19=1991|20=375|21=2001|22=418|23=2011|24=481|25=2020|26=533}}

== Area overview ==
The [[Arambag subdivision|Arambagh subdivision]], presented in the map alongside, is divided into two physiographic parts – the [[Dwarakeswar River]] being the dividing line. The western part is upland and rocky – it is extension of the terrain of neighbouring [[Bankura district]]. The eastern part is flat alluvial plain area. The railways, the roads and flood-control measures have had an impact on the area.<ref>{{cite web |title=District Census Handbook: Hugli, Series-20, Part XIIA |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1912_PART_A_DCHB_HUGLI.pdf |access-date=25 September 2020 |work=Physiography, Page 17-19 |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011}}</ref> The area is overwhelmingly rural with 94.77% of the population living in rural areas and 5.23% of the population living in urban areas.

<ref>{{cite web |title=District Statistical Handbook 2014 Hooghly |url=http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |access-date=25 September 2020 |work=Table 2.2, 2.4(a) |publisher=Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |archive-date=21 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[Arambagh]] is the nearest town. Arambagh is also a sub-divisional headquarter of [[Arambag subdivision]].

The village also have a large forest which is 41.3 hectare of land area of the village. One-third area of the village total area.

It is located on the bank of the [[Dwarakeswar River]]. It bounded by villages -[[Surjyapur]], [[Pyarinagar]], [[Bhadur]], Birampur, [[Mandalganthi]], Sekati & [[Par Adra]].

The village is well connected with road network, there is many other roads which passing through the village. The Adra Road and Senkati Road are the most prominent one which are pakka road, there are many kachcha and concrete roads. There is no school in the village, Bagharbad High School at Mandalganthi village is nearest school.

The CD block headquarters and police station is 9km away from the village. And the district headquarters is about 70km away.

== Economics ==
This is a rice and potato agricultural area. and many other cultivation are also done here this area is a dwarkeshwar river basin.

== Civic administration ==

=== Police station ===
Goghat police station has jurisdiction over [[Goghat I|Goghat-I CD block]].<ref>{{cite web |title=District Statistical Handbook 2014 Hooghly |url=http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date=21 January 2019 |access-date=15 October 2018 |work=Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher=Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Hooghly District Police |url=http://www.policewb.gov.in/wbp/district/Hooghly/hglyphone.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705234600/http://policewb.gov.in/wbp/district/Hooghly/hglyphone.php |archive-date=5 July 2017 |access-date=20 June 2017 |publisher=West Bengal Police}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Hooghly district]]

Bhagat Ki Kothi–Bilaspur Express

2026-02-05T04:15:41Z

DaljeetBhutal: fixed issues

{{short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Bhagat Ki Kothi–Bilaspur Superfast Express
| image =
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Superfast]]
| locale = [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] & [[Rajasthan]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2016|02|01}}
| last =
| operator = [[South East Central Railway zone|South East Central Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Bilaspur Junction}} (BSP)
| stops = 31
| end = {{stnlnk|Bhagat Ki Kothi}} (BGKT)
| distance = {{convert|1820|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 34 hours 40 minutes
| frequency = Bi-weekly
| class = AC First class, AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering, E-catering
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = No
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 20843 / 20844
| sharing = Rakesh sharing with 20845/20846 [[Bilaspur-Bikaner Express]].
| speed = {{convert|130|km/h|0|abbr=on}} maximum, 
{{convert|52|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map = [[File:(Bhagat Ki Kothi - Bilaspur) Express route map.png|250px|(Bhagat Ki Kothi–Bilaspur) Express route map]]
| map_state =
}}
The 20843 / 20844 '''Bhagat Ki Kothi–Bilaspur Superfast Express''' is one of the [[Express trains in India|superfast]] trains of [[South East Central Railway zone]] which runs between [[Bilaspur Junction railway station]] of [[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]], city of [[Chhattisgarh]] and [[Bhagat Ki Kothi railway station]], a suburban railway station in [[Jodhpur]], [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.naidunia.com/chhattisgarh/modern-facility-in-the-old-system-680102#sthash.OU37WIfo.dpuf| title=पुराने सिस्टम में आधुनिक सुविधा, नतीजा तकनीकी खामियां| date=1 March 2016| website=Jagran.com| language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.wr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=3058&did=14544180827981DDA9411E37ED411FD2A114473498ECD.web91| title=Additional One AC Coach in 4 pairs of trains| date=2 February 2016| website=Western Railway}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.patrika.com/news/bilaspur/railways-minister-has-regular-remote-press-of-bhagat-s-kothi-1168755/| title=रेलमंत्री के रिमोट दबाते ही भगत की कोठी हुई नियमित| trans-title=Railways Minister has regular remote press of Bhagat's Kothi| language=hi| date=2 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=135989| title=Minister of Railways Flagged off Bilaspur–Bhagat Ki Kothi Express| agency=Press Information Bureau| date=1 February 2016}}</ref>

==Arrival and departure==

Train number 20843 departs from Bilaspur Junction on Monday and Tuesday at 18:20, reaching Bhagat Ki Kothi the next day at 05:00. Train number 20844 departs from Bhagat Ki Kothi on Thursday and Sunday at 00:05, reaching Bilaspur Junction the next day at 12:45.

==Routes and halts==
The important halts of the train are:

*'''{{stnlnk|Bilaspur Junction}}'''
* [[Bhatapara]]
* {{stnlnk|Raipur Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Bhilai Power House}}
* {{stnlnk|Durg Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Rajnandgaon}}
* {{stnlnk|Gondia Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Nagpur Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Itarsi Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Bhopal Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Sehore}}
* {{stnlnk|Shujalpur}}
* {{stnlnk|Ujjain Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Nagda Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Kota Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Sawai Madhopur Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Durgapura}}
* {{stnlnk|Jaipur Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Phulera Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Makrana Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Degana Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Merta Road Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Jodhpur Junction}}
*'''{{stnlnk|Bhagat Ki Kothi}}'''

==Traction==

As the route is fully electrified, it is hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Bhilai|Bhilai Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive from Bilaspur Junction up to {{stnlnk|Sawai Madhopur Junction}} handing over to a [[Diesel Loco Shed, Bhagat Ki Kothi|Bhagat Ki Kothi Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive for the remainder of the journey until Bhagat Ki Kothi.

==Direction reversal==
This train reverses its direction 3 times,

* {{stnlnk|Nagpur Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Nagda Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Sawai Madhopur Junction}}.

== Coach composition ==
This service has six GS coaches, seven Sleeper coaches, three B1, B2, B3 coaches, three AC coaches, and two End on Generation (EOG) coaches.

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| Loco
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 1
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 2
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 3
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 4
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 5
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 6
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 7
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 8
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 9
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 10
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 11
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 12
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 13
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 14
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 15
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 16
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 17
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 18
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 19
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 20
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 21
|-
|[[File:BSicon LDER.svg|25px]]|| EOG || GS || GS || GS || GS || GS || GS || S1 || S2 || S3 || S4 || S5 || S6 || S7 || B1 || B2 || B3 || A1 || A2 || A3 || EOG
|}

==Speed and frequency==
The train runs with a top speed of 130 km/h and an average speed of 55 km/h.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-bhagat-ki-kothi-jodhpur-bilaspur-express-18244/22002/2268/182|title = 20844/Bhagat Ki Kothi - Bilaspur SF Express - Bhagat ki Kothi to Bilaspur SECR/South East Central Zone - Railway Enquiry}}</ref>

* Train number 20843 Bilaspur - Bhagat Ki Kothi SF Express (PT) departs from Bilaspur junction (BSP) on Monday and Tuesday. and the last stop (station) of this train is Bhagat Ki Kothi (BGKT).

* Train number 20844 Bhagat Ki Kothi - Bilaspur Express departs from Bhagat Ki Kothi (BGKT) on Thursday and Saturday. and the last stop (station) of this train is Bilaspur junction (BSP). The total distance covered by this train is 1820 km.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.railyatri.in/trains/route-18244-bhagat-ki-kothi-bilaspur-express|title = 18244 Bhagat Ki Kothi Bilaspur Express Train Schedule & Route Details - RailYatri}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links==
* [http://indiarailinfo.com/search/2268/0/182 India Rail Info]

{{Railways in Northern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhagat Ki Kothi-Bilaspur Express}}
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Transport in Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Transport in Jodhpur]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2016]]
[[Category:2016 establishments in India]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Alex (actor)

2026-02-04T20:45:49Z

DaljeetBhutal: expanded page

{{Short description|Indian actor and magician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Alex
| image = Alex (actor).jpg
| imagesize = 220px
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1959
| birth_place = India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2011|05|01|1959||}}
| othername =
| occupation = Actor, magician
| yearsactive = 1993–2011
| spouse =
| children = 2 (daughters)
| website =
}}

'''Alex''' (1959 – 1 May 2011) was an Indian actor and magician. He appeared in over 100 Tamil films after making his debut in [[Rajinikanth]]'s production ''[[Valli (film)|Valli]]'' (1993) and won awards for his portrayal of characters in ''[[Mitta Miraasu]]'' and ''[[Kovilpatti Veeralakshmi]]''.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Tamil-actor-Alex-dies/articleshow/8137672.cms | title=Tamil actor Alex dies | date=2 May 2011 | newspaper=The Times of India | accessdate=10 July 2018 }}</ref><ref>[http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/may-11-01/alex-02-05-11.html Noted Actor-magician Dead - Alex - Tamil Movie News - Behindwoods.com]</ref>

== Career ==
The state government had conferred the [[Kalaimamani]] award on the actor, who also received the state award for the best character award for his performance in ''[[Mitta Miraasu]]'' (2001).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110505191330/http://www.sify.com/movies/actor-alex-passes-away-news-tamil-lfcjizgdfje.html Actor Alex passes away]</ref> Alex had also worked as an office-bearer of the [[Nadigar Sangam|South Indian Film Artistes' Association]]. He was in [[Guinness World Records|The Guinness Book of World Records]] and the [[Limca Book of Records]] for performing magic non-stop for 24 hours.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110503043149/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/66312.html Alex passes away – Tamil Movie News]</ref><ref>[http://www.behindwoods.com/features/News/News25/6-8-05/tamil-movies-news-alex.html Behindwoods : Alex - actor magician]</ref>

He died at a private hospital in Chennai on 1 May 2011 following a brief illness aged 52. He was survived by his wife and two daughters.<ref>[https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/news/2011/alex-died-liver-problems-020511-aid0062.html Actor-cum-magician Alex dies of liver problems - Oneindia Entertainment]</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Valli (film)|Valli]]'' || Wrestler ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1994 || ''[[Seevalaperi Pandi]]'' || Sivankalai ||
|-
| ''[[Aranmanai Kaavalan]]'' || || Uncredited role
|-
| ''[[Thamarai (film)|Thamarai]]'' || Parisal ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1995 || ''[[Avatharam (1995 film)|Avatharam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Maa Manithan (1995 film)|Maa Manithan]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="6" | 1996 || ''[[Kizhakku Mugam]]'' || Kannapan ||
|-
| ''[[Musthaffaa]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Summa Irunga Machan]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[En Aasai Thangachi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Andha Naal (1996 film)|Andha Naal]]'' || Bar owner ||
|-
| ''[[Thuraimugam]]'' || Ethiraj ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1997 || ''[[Pasamulla Pandiyare]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Thadayam]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1998 || ''[[Sundara Pandian]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Guru Paarvai]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Bhagavath Singh (film)|Bhagavath Singh]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Sivappu Nila (1998 film)|Sivappu Nila]]'' || Maruthu ||
|-
| ''[[Kumbakonam Gopalu]]'' || Kannappan Nadar ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1999 || ''[[Kudumba Sangili]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Poomaname Vaa]]'' || ||
|-
|''Mr. Kokila''|| ||Kannada film
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2000 || ''[[Thirunelveli (film)|Thirunelveli]]'' || Aranmanai ||
|-
| ''[[Athey Manithan]]'' || Appusamy ||
|-
| ''[[Kadhal Rojavae]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2001 || ''[[Super Kudumbam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ponnana Neram]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Krishna Krishna]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Mitta Miraasu]]'' || Masilamani || [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Villain]]
|-
| ''[[Seerivarum Kaalai]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Thaalikaatha Kaaliamman]]'' || Nattamai ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2002 || ''[[Enge Enadhu Kavithai]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Andipatti Arasampatti]]'' || Walter Pichamuthu ||
|-
| ''[[I Love You Da]]'' || Inspector Pandiyan ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2003 || ''Ilasu Pudhusu Ravusu'' || PT Master ||
|-
| ''[[Kovilpatti Veeralakshmi]]'' || || [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Character Artiste (Male)|Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Male Character Artiste]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2004 || ''En Purushan Ethir Veetu Ponnu'' || Manikkam ||
|-
| ''[[Mahanadigan]]'' || Pollachiyar||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2005 || ''[[Mannin Maindhan]]'' || Kasi ||
|-
| ''[[Padhavi Paduthum Paadu]]'' || ||
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Thalaimagan]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2007 || ''[[Adavadi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kodaikanal (film)|Kodaikanal]]'' || Police inspector ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2008 || ''[[Pazhani (2008 film)|Pazhani]]'' || Arivu ||
|-
| ''[[Nenjathai Killadhe (2008 film)|Nenjathai Killadhe]]'' || Waiter ||
|-
| ''[[Vasool]]'' || Geetha's father ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2009 || ''[[Aadhavan]]'' || Vasudevan ||
|-
| ''[[Jaganmohini (2009 film)|Jaganmohini]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kanthaswamy]]'' || Pichumani ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2010 || ''[[Sivappu Mazhai]]'' || Mukundan ||
|-
| ''[[Kutti Pisasu]]'' || Horserider ||
|-
| ''[[Pollachi Mappillai]]'' || Virudhagiri ||
|-
| ''[[Baana Kaathadi]]'' || Councillor ||
|-
| ''[[Agam Puram]]'' || Thiru's uncle ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2011 || ''[[Ilaignan]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Sattapadi Kutram]]'' || Politician ||
|-
| ''[[Karungali (film)|Karungali]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Singam Puli]]'' || Bujji Babu's uncle ||
|-
| ''[[Gurusamy]]'' || Ayyappan devotee || rowspan="4" | Posthumous release
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Aathi Narayana]]'' || Roadside shop owner
|-
| 2017 || ''Unnai Thottu Kolla Vaa'' || Priest
|-
| 2023 || ''Moondram Pournami'' ||
|}

== References ==
{{portal|Biography}}
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Alex}}
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Television personalities from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:2011 deaths]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu State Film Awards winners]]
[[Category:Male actors from Tiruchirappalli]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]

J. P. Cross

2026-01-24T23:59:03Z

DaljeetBhutal: minor rework layout and updated info based on references

{{Short description|Former British Army officer (born 1925)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{BLP sources|date=July 2022}}
Lt. Col. '''John Philip Cross''' [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]] (born 21 June 1925)<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=trWJZlPPnRA |title=Britain Nepal Bicentenary Stories: Col JP Cross and Nepal |language=en |access-date=2024-05-11 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref> is a former [[British Army]] officer and now a writer who currently lives in [[Nepal]]. He was educated at [[Shrewsbury School|Shrewsbury]] and served in the [[Brigade of Gurkhas]] in the [[British Indian Army]] and (after Indian independence) the [[British Army]] from 1943 to 1982, most of that time in Asia. His first active service was in the [[Burma Campaign]] of [[World War II]], against the Japanese. After the Second World War he became heavily involved in counter-insurgency during the [[Malayan Emergency]] and the [[Borneo Confrontation]], and later training and recruiting.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.paradata.org.uk/people/john-p-cross|title = John P Cross | ParaData}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2006/05/colonel-cross-of-the-gurkhas/304810/|title = Colonel Cross of the Gurkhas|website = [[The Atlantic]]|date = May 2006}}</ref> He is fluent in [[Nepali language|Nepali]].

==Works==
Cross first published ''English For Gurkha Soldiers'' in Singapore in 1955. This and the 1957 second printing were privately published, but in 1962 it was finally made an official HMSO publication and printed again.<ref>Cross, J. P. ''The Call of Nepal'' London 1996 p.78 {{ISBN|1858450489}}</ref> In 1966 he published ''Gurkha - The Legendary Soldier'', again in Singapore.

Cross has published a number of historical and biographical works.

*''English for Gurkha Soldiers'', Editions a and 2: Marican Singapore 1956, Edition 3: HMSO 1962
*''Gurkha-The Legendary Soldier'', (English and Nepali Edition) Donald Moore 1985, for Asia Pacific Press Pte Ltd Singapore [out of print]
*''Gurkhas'', Donald Moore 1985, Hamish Hamilton, London 1985 [out of print]
*''In Gurkha Company, The British Army Gurkhas, 1948 to the present, 31/12/82'', Arms and Armour, London 1986 {{ISBN|0853688656}}
*''Jungle Warfare, Experiences and Encounters'', London 1986 {{ISBN|085368913X}}
*''Whatabouts and Whereabouts in Asia'', Serendipity, UK 2003

Autobiographical Trilogy:
*''First In, Last Out, An Unconventional British Officer in Indo-China(1945-46 and 1972-76)'', London 1992 {{ISBN|0080417876}}
*''The Call of Nepal'', London 1996 {{ISBN|1858450489}}; Kindle 2007 (Nimble Books) ASIN B003N3V88E
*'''A Face Like a Chicken's Backside' : An Unconventional Soldier in South East Asia, 1948-1971'', London 1996 {{ISBN|1853672394}}
*''Gurkhas at War: The Gurkha Experience in their Own Words: World War II to the Present [1999]'', (with Buddhiman Gurung) Greenhill Books 2002 {{ISBN|1-85367-494-X}}

Historical Novels:
*''The Throne of Stone: 1479-1559'', Munal Press, Pokhara, Nepal 2000
*''The Restless Quest: 1746-1815'', Blenheim Press, UK 2011 {{ISBN|978-1-906302-20-7}}[out of print]
*''The Crown of Renown: 1819-1857-8'', Hallmark International Press, UK 2009 {{ISBN|978-1-906459-33-8}} [out of print]
*''The Fame of the Name: 1857-1947'', Blenheim Press, UK 2010 {{ISBN|978-1-906302-22-1}} [out of print]
*''The Age of Rage: 1947-2008'', Blenheim Press, UK 2013 {{ISBN|978-1-906302-24-5}} [out of print]
*''OPERATION 4 RINGS'', Munal Press, Pokhara, Nepal 2012, Hallmark International Press, UK 2017, Now published by Monsoon Books in two volumes
*''OPERATION STEALTH'', Monsoon Press, UK, 2018 {{ISBN|978-1-91-204-9783}}, Monsoon Press, UK, 2018
*''OPERATION JANUS'', Monsoon Press, UK 2017 {{ISBN|978-1-9120491-41}}, -58 e-book
*''OPERATION BLIND SPOT'', Monsoon Press, UK 2018 {{ISBN|978-1-91204-932-5}}
*''OPERATION BLACK ROSE'', Monsoon Press, UK 2018, Monsoon Press, UK, 2018
*''OPERATION RED TIDINGS'', Monsoon Press, UK 2021, Monsoon Press, UK 2021
*''OPERATION BLOWPIPE'', Monsoon Press, UK, 2022, Monsoon Press, UK, 2022
*''Gurkha Tales: From Peace and War, 1945-2011'', Frontline Books, London 2012 {{ISBN| 978-1-84832-690-3}}
*''It Happens with the Gurkhas Tales from an English Nepali, 1944-2015'', The History Press, UK 2016 {{ISBN| 978-0-7509-6636-8}}

==Personal life==
Cross was born in London in 1925 and was educated in [[Shrewsbury School|Shrewsbury]], Shropshire.

He has been tee-total since 1960.

Cross struggled with his eyesight losing his sight almost entirely in the early 1980s. He believed that it was as a result of working on short commons with the Temiar Tribe in Malay for such a long period that made him go blind. In 1981 he worked with only one eye for three months until two hours of the other eye not being of any use when he went to Hong Kong to be successfully operated on but warned that his eyesight might be permanently impaired if he hit his head.

Cross is a Christian, and considers himself an honorary Hindu, and an honorary Buddhist, although he put he was an animist on his Nepalese citizenship papers.

A Nepali priest says he is due to live for 110 years because, in 1964, he was twice publicly announced as dead, once by Indonesian Radio 'Pontianak', which also demoted him from Lt Col to Capt, and once by the Sarawak Gazette.

==Military service==
From 1943 to 1982 (39 years and 80 days), Cross served in the British Army, of which 37 years 324 days were in Asia, mostly with the Gurkhas. He held the rank of major for over twelve years and of lieutenant colonel for over fifteen years and, receiving an MBE, OBE, and appearing on the Army short list three times, of which one appearance is still classified.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.paradata.org.uk/people/john-p-cross|title = John P Cross | ParaData}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2006/05/colonel-cross-of-the-gurkhas/304810/|title = Colonel Cross of the Gurkhas|website = [[The Atlantic]]|date = May 2006}}</ref>

==Training==
In 1943, Cross joined the British Army as private soldier and was promoted to lance-corporal in the [[Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry]] and chosen to go to India for officer training.

In 1944, Cross trained at the [[Indian Military Academy]] in Dehra Dun until December of that year when he commissioned as an officer into the Somerset Light Infantry but attached for service with the First Gurkha Rifles. In 1946, after serving in the Anglo-Japanese war, Cross attended and passed a board in Singapore for a regular commission in the British Army.

In 1945, Cross trained for [[jungle warfare]] in India and, six weeks before the end of the war, went to a battalion in Burma (1/1 Gurkha Rifles).

1957 Cross took Staff College Entrance Examination and failed (49.8% with a 50% pass mark). The next year he failed again as he drank too much beer before the exam, while on the staff.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.paradata.org.uk/people/john-p-cross|title = John P Cross | ParaData}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2006/05/colonel-cross-of-the-gurkhas/304810/|title = Colonel Cross of the Gurkhas|website = [[The Atlantic]]|date = May 2006}}</ref>

==Burma Campaign==
After seeing the tail end of war in Burma Cross was sent to Cochin-China to disarm the Japanese. In one action he commanded a battalion (Yamagishi Butai) of surrendered Japanese troops against the Vietminh and the Vietminh CO personally surrendered his 300-year-old sword and blade damaged in five places, to him.

Until partition in August, in 1947, Cross operated to keep hostile tribesmen off the government road and preventing them from attacking the army. After partition he moved back into India and was deployed over the Jammu/Kashmir border until December when went to Burma to join British Army Gurkhas.

==Malayan Emergency==
In 1948 Cross moved from Burma to Malaya where he was until 1959. During this time, he was the chief instructor at the Army School of Education (Gurkhas) in Malaya as which he discovered a Communist-inspired plot to penetrate Gurkhas and disseminate anti-British propaganda from the school.

Between 1951 and 1956, except for one period of UK leave, Cross was commanding a rifle company against the Communist Terrorists on operations in the jungle during this time during which he was recommended for a Military Cross twice and received a Mention-in-Dispatches twice.

He then went to Hong Kong for a 2-year tour. This was the first time there was no need for loaded weapons to be carried (at one time or another during the year) since 1944. In 1959 Cross went around the world on leave travelling in Assam and Nepal before returning to Hong Kong.

Towards the end of 1960 Cross returned to Malaya and started on an unusually demanding series of military operations against the rump of the Malayan Communist Terrorists on the Malay/Thai border. During this time, Cross used a weapon 'for real' every year up till 1976.

Between 1961 and 1963 Cross managed to nullify the effects of what the great Spencer Chapman had instituted with the Chinese Communists 20 years beforehand in relation to the aboriginal population near the Malay/Thai border. With ten Gurkhas, he lived on 1 kg of rations every 5¾ days for 52 days and carried up to 128 lbs. Cross personally managed to win over the Temiar tribe from the Chinese communist guerrillas after the third long operation (the second of 70 days and the third of 80). He was given the name of 'Tata', 'Old Man', an accolade in their society. He accepted for a Malayan decoration by Malayan PM (Ali Menku Negara – the Most Exalted Order of the Realm) but the British Army awarded Cross an MBE instead for his work with the Temiar. Following this, Cross returned to England to recuperate on leave.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.paradata.org.uk/people/john-p-cross|title = John P Cross | ParaData}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2006/05/colonel-cross-of-the-gurkhas/304810/|title = Colonel Cross of the Gurkhas|website = [[The Atlantic]]|date = May 2006}}</ref>

==Borneo Confrontation==
In 1968, whilst in England, Cross was recalled early to be the commandant of the [Borneo] Border Scouts during the Confrontation of Malay/si/a by Indonesia. This too was a most taxing task. Cross was unique as he was a Lt Col in two armies (British and Malaysian) and a Superintendent of three Police Forces (Sarawak Constabulary, Sabah Police Force and the Royal Malaysian Police). He was very nearly decapitated by Iban head-hunters and only narrowly escaped death on a number other of occasions. He was then earmarked to command the Gurkha Independent Parachute Company so, after another spell of leave, he became a parachutist (nearer 40 than 39 years old).

Between 1965 and 1968 Cross commanded the Gurkha Independent Parachute Company and operated over the border of Borneo/ Indonesia during Confrontation (in what is now known as 'in an SAS role'). He was sent on a mission to Sarawak, on the orders of the British PM, with the mother of a dead Marine who was convinced that he was alive. He was then secretly sent up to the area of the aborigines by the Malaysian Police who did not believe what their army told them about the terrorist situation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.the/|title=John P Cross | ParaData|access-date=28 February 2024|archive-date=3 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151103233744/http://the/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2006/05/colonel-cross-of-the-gurkhas/304810/|title = Colonel Cross of the Gurkhas|website = [[The Atlantic]]|date = May 2006}}</ref>

==Jungle Warfare School==
Cross was appointed chief instructor of Jungle Warfare School in 1968 and then commandant for the next until 1971. He ran training for a five-nation exercise that tested the UK, Australia, New Zealand, Singapore and Malaysia how to react to a hostile threat from out of country. Much media coverage ensued, and he was the 'personality spokesman' for the Anglia feature on Jungle Warfare, called The Jungle Fighters for which he was the best-known lieutenant colonel in the British Army at this time, according to the Army Board in the Ministry of Defence.

1971 saw the pull-out from 'East of Suez'. The Jungle Warfare School was to be changed into a five-nation [Australia, New Zealand, Malaysia, Singapore and United Kingdom] Commonwealth Jungle Warfare Centre of which Cross was to have been the senior Briton and the chief instructor. It fell through and he was asked by the Thais to be a major general in their army as the adviser on jungle warfare. The Foreign Office in London had a scheme whereby he was an adviser on jungle warfare to the Thais and the South Vietnamese for six alternating months of each year and the Singapore government put out feelers that Cross raise, train and command a battalion of their commandos. In the event he was warned that he would be an attaché in an Asian country.

In 1972 Cross was warned that he would be the next defence military attaché, with naval representation, in Laos, so he returned to England from Nepal for training, which included 160 hours of French language and 60 hours of [[Lao language]] training. At the end of the year he went to Vientiane and took up his duties, which resulted in watching the defeat of the Royalists by the Communists between 1972 and 1976. This was a period quite unlike any Cross had ever witnessed before, despite having been operating against the Malayan Communists (and against the Indonesians whose tactics were similarly based), and teaching about them virtually non-stop since 1948, resulting in him having spent ten years in the jungle. Cross lectured the Royal Lao Army Staff College in Lao and was asked for advice by the minister of defence. For work in Laos, Cross was awarded an OBE, a most unusual event for an attaché, made even more unusual as his assistant was also made MBE. Cross was suggested as attaché to Vietnam or consul in Shanghai however neither eventuated.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.paradata.org.uk/people/john-p-cross|title = John P Cross | ParaData}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2006/05/colonel-cross-of-the-gurkhas/304810/|title = Colonel Cross of the Gurkhas|website = [[The Atlantic]]|date = May 2006}}</ref>

==Deputy recruiting officer==
Between 1976 and 1982 Cross was responsible for recruiting one quarter of the strength of the Brigade of Gurkhas (50% of the western content) and moving the camp from Paklihawa, 200 yards from the Nepal/India border, to the centre of Western Nepal at Pokhara.

Reaching 55 years of age, in 1980 Cross should have retired but was, most unusually, given a 2-year extension. HRH The Prince of Wales visited the recruiting depot in December 1980 and asked Cross what he intended to do after retirement and, on saying he had no idea, HRH said that he would have to find him a job. Cross was offered both CO Gurkha Contingent (Polis Republic Singapura) and Head of Intelligence, Brunei: but declined both.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.paradata.org.uk/people/john-p-cross|title = John P Cross | ParaData}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2006/05/colonel-cross-of-the-gurkhas/304810/|title = Colonel Cross of the Gurkhas|website = [[The Atlantic]]|date = May 2006}}</ref>

==Later career==
In 1982, after an adult lifetime in the Gurkhas, Cross went on pension. Between 1982 and 1986 he attempted his first research project, Nepal's Contribution to The British Army. It was assessed by two Nepalese of a political persuasion that disliked the idea of British Gurkhas and their verdict was that his work was 'without value'. This shattered any hopes of being considered a suitable subject for 'academic' recognition.

Cross was made the official adviser to the International Affairs Section of where he worked (the Research Centre for Nepal and Asian Studies) on the cold war between USSR and PRC in Asia. He has since been a university researcher in Kathmandu (history - British Army Gurkhas and linguistic - comparison of Nepali of today with that of 60+ years ago, for 43 months and 5 days; Cross is the only foreigner ever to be asked for by name and permission given to reside in the country by the king of Nepal.

He is an official historian for the Royal Nepal Army, a title that he was given in 1987, after being asked by the chief of the Army Staff, Royal Nepal Army, to be the director of the Military Boys Campus near Kathmandu.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.sms.cam.ac.uk/media/1386215 Interviewed by Alan Macfarlane 16 April 1991 (video)]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cross, J. P.}}
[[Category:Royal Gurkha Rifles officers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:Officers_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire]]

Architecture of Chennai

2026-01-23T11:55:01Z

DaljeetBhutal: New A Data

{{Short description|Architectural style}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}

[[Image:Ripon Building panorama.jpg|400px|thumb|The Ripon Building, Chennai, an example of the [[Indo-Saracenic]] architectural style found in the city.]]
'''[[Chennai]] architecture''' is a confluence of many [[architecture|architectural]] styles. From ancient [[Tamil architecture|Tamil temples]] built by the [[Pallava]]s, to the [[Indo-Saracenic]] style (pioneered in Madras) of the [[British Raj|colonial era]], to 20th-century steel and chrome of [[skyscrapers]]. Chennai has a colonial core in the port area, surrounded by progressively newer areas as one travels away from the port, punctuated with old [[temple]]s, [[church (building)|churches]] and [[mosque]]s.

As of 2014, Chennai city, within its corporation limits covering 426 sq km, has about 625,000 buildings, of which about 35,000 are multi-storied (with four and more floors). Of these, nearly 19,000 are designated as commercial ones.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Lakshmi
| first = K.
| title = RWH: Metrowater cracks the whip
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 28 June 2014
| url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-infra/rwh-metrowater-cracks-the-whip/article6156085.ece
| access-date = 10 August 2014}}</ref>

==Brief history==
The European architectural styles, such as [[Neoclassical architecture|Neo-Classical]], [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]], [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] and [[Renaissance architecture|Renaissance]], were brought to India by European colonists. Chennai, being the first major British settlement in the [[Indian subcontinent]], witnessed several of the earliest constructions built in these styles. The initial structures were utilitarian warehouses and walled trading posts, giving way to fortified towns along the coastline. Although several European colonists, namely, Portuguese, Danish and French, initially influenced the architectural style of the region, it was chiefly the British who left a lasting impact on the city's architecture succeeding the [[Mughals]] in the country. They followed various architectural styles, with [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic]], Imperial, [[Christian architecture|Christian]], [[English Renaissance]] and [[Victorian architecture|Victorian]] being the essentials.<ref name="Culturopedia_ColonialArchitecture">{{cite web
| title = Colonial Architecture
| work = Architecture of India
| publisher = Culturopedia.com
| url = http://www.culturopedia.com/architecture/colonialarchitecture.html
| access-date = 30 September 2012
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121016045832/http://culturopedia.com/Architecture/colonialarchitecture.html
| archive-date = 16 October 2012
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>

Starting with factories, several types of buildings such as courts, educational institutions, municipal halls, and [[dak bungalows]] were built, most of which were ordinary structures built by garrison engineers. Churches and other public buildings displayed a more nuanced architecture. Most of the buildings were adaptations of the buildings designed by leading British architects of that time like Wren, Adam, Nash and others in London and other places. For instance, the Pachaiyappa's Hall in Chennai was modelled on the [[Temple of Hephaestus|Athenium Temple]] of [[Theseus]]. Unlike [[Europe]], these buildings were built mostly of brick and stuccoed with lime, with "facades" sometimes incised to resemble stones. Some later buildings, however, were built with stones. Several churches were built based on London prototypes, with variations as highly original works. The earliest example is the St. Mary's Church in [[Fort St. George]].<ref name="Culturopedia_ColonialArchitecture"/>

[[File:The Senate House, Madras.jpg|250px|thumb|The Senate House at the University of Madras.]]
The transfer of power to the British Crown from the [[English East India Company]], the rise of [[Indian nationalism]] and the introduction of [[Indian Railways|railways]] marked several milestones in the history of British Colonial Indian architecture. New materials like concrete, glass, wrought and cast iron were being increasingly used in construction, which opened up new architectural possibilities. Native Indian styles were assimilated and adopted in the architecture. All these factors led to the development of [[Indo-Saracenic architecture]] towards the end of the 19th century. Victorian in essence, it borrowed heavily from the Islamic style of Mughal and Afghan rulers, and was primarily a hybrid style that combined diverse architectural elements of Hindu and Mughal with gothic cusped arches, domes, spires, tracery, minarets and stained glass. F. S. Growse, Sir Swinton Jacob, R. F. Chisholm and H. Irwin were the pioneers of this style of architecture, of whom the latter two designed several buildings in Chennai. The Chepauk Palace, designed by Paul Benfield, is said to be the first Indo-Saracenic building in India. Other outstanding examples of this style of architecture include the Law Courts, Victoria Memorial Hall, Presidency College and the Senate House of the University of Madras.<ref name="Culturopedia_ColonialArchitecture"/>

==Styles of architecture==
[[File:CONNEMARA PUBLIC LIBRARY 05.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Interior of the [[Connemara Public Library]]]]
[[Image:Musee madras.jpg|250px|thumb|The Government Museum, [[Egmore]], in the Indo-Saracenic style.]]
The Indo-Saracenic style of architecture dominated Chennai's building style just as Gothic style dominated Mumbai's building style, before the advent of Art Deco style. After the Indo-Saracenic, the Art Deco was the next great design movement to impact the city's skyline and it made way for the international and modern styles. Just as Bombay developed an intermediary style that combined both the Gothic and Art Deco, so too did Chennai with a combination of Indo-Saracenic and Art Deco in the University Examination Hall, the Hindu High School and Kingston House (Seetha Kingston School). However, many buildings are either being defaced by modern ornamentation or being completely demolished to make way for new constructions. An example is the Oceanic Hotel which was classic Art Deco and which has since been razed to the ground for an IT park. The language department of the [[University of Madras]] is another.<ref name="ChennaiArtDecoHaveAFuture"/>

===Indo-Saracenic and colonial style===
[[File:Victoria Public Hall, Chennai.JPG|thumb|250px|Victoria Public Hall, Chennai]]
In the city, one can notice the British influence in the form of old cathedrals and the mix of [[Hindu]], [[Islamic]] and [[Gothic revival]] styles that resulted in the [[Indo-Saracenic]] style of architecture.<ref>{{cite journal
| last = Metcalfe
| first = Thomas R.
| title = A Tradition Created: Indo-Saracenic Architecture under the Raj
| journal = History Today
| volume = 32
| issue = 9
| url = https://www.historytoday.com/thomas-r-metcalfe/tradition-created-indo-saracenic-architecture-under-raj
| access-date = 14 September 2012}}</ref> Many of the colonial era buildings are designed in this style. The colonial legacy of Chennai is most apparent in the vicinity of the [[Chennai Port|port]]. South of the port is [[Fort St George]]. The stretch between the fort and the port is occupied mostly by the [[Madras High Court|High Court]] buildings and several clubs, some of which have existed since the British era. A little south of the fort, across the [[Cooum River]], is the [[M.A.Chidambaram Stadium|Chepauk cricket stadium]], another British staple, dating from 1916. North and west of the port is [[George Town, Chennai|George Town]], where [[dockyard]] workers and other manual labourers used to live. George Town is now a bustling commercial centre, but its architecture is significantly different from areas closer to the fort, with narrower roads and tightly packed buildings. Most of the colonial-style buildings are concentrated in the area around the port and Fort St George. The remaining parts of the city consist of primarily modern architecture in concrete, glass and steel.

The [[Chepauk Palace]], designed by Paul Benfield, is said to be the first Indo-Saracenic building in India.<ref>{{cite web
| title = Indo-saracenic Architecture
| work = Henry Irwin, Architect in India, 1841 - 1922
| publisher = higman.de
| url = https://www.higman.de/Henry%20Irwin/indo-saracenic.htm
| access-date = 15 September 2012}}</ref> However, most of the Indo-Saracenic structures in the city were designed by English architects [[Robert Fellowes Chisholm]] and [[Henry Irwin]] and can be seen across the city, especially in areas such as [[Esplanade, Chennai|Esplanade]], [[Chepauk]], [[Anna Salai]], [[Egmore]], [[Guindy]], [[Aminjikarai]] and [[Park Town, Chennai|Park Town]]. Prominent structures in the Esplanade region include the [[Madras High Court]] (built in 1892), the [[General Post Office, Chennai|General Post Office]], State Bank of India building, Metropolitan Magistrate Courts, YMCA building, and the Law College. Chepauk area is equally dense with these structures with Senate House and library of the [[University of Madras]], [[Chepauk Palace]], PWD Buildings, Oriental Research Institute and the Victoria Hostel. [[Southern Railway headquarters, Chennai|Southern Railway headquarters]], [[Ripon Building]], the [[Victoria Public Hall]], and the Madras Medical College's anatomy block are examples of Indo-Saracenic-style structures found in Park Town. Structures such as [[Bharat Insurance Building]], Agurchand Mansion and the Poombhuhar Showroom are found along the Anna Salai, and [[Amir Mahal]] is in [[Triplicane]]. Structure found in Guindy include [[College of Engineering, Guindy|College of Engineering]] and Old Mowbrays Boat Club. Egmore is dotted with several such structures including the [[Government Museum, Chennai|Government Museum]], Metropolitan Magistrate Court, Veterinary College, State Archives building, National Art Gallery, and College of Arts and Crafts. St. George's School Chapel and the Southern Railway Offices in Aminjikarai are other examples of the Indo-Saracenic structures in the city.<ref>{{cite web
| last = Jeyaraj
| first = George J.
| title = Indo Saracenic Architecture in Channai
| publisher = CMDA
| url = http://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/pdfs/seminar_heritage_buildings/Indo_Saracenic_Architecture_in_Chennai.pdf
| access-date = 14 September 2012}}</ref>

===Art Deco===
[[File:Parrys Corner, Chennai, India.jpg|thumb|250px|Art Deco buildings in Parrys Corner]]
[[File:Chennai Citi Centre.jpg|thumb|250px|A Neo Classical architecture example of Citi Centre Mall]]
In the early 20th century, several major modern institutions such as banking and commerce, railways, press and education were established in the city, mostly through colonial rule. The architecture for these institutions followed the earlier directions of the Neo-Classical and the Indo-Saracenic. The residential architecture was based on the bungalow or the continuous row house prototypes. From 1930s onwards, many buildings in [[George Town, Chennai|George Town]] were built in the [[Art Deco]] style of architecture.<ref name="ArtDecoInChennai"/> Art Deco, a popular international design movement that flourished between the 1920s and 1940s, was adapted by cities such as [[Bombay]] and Madras almost immediately.<ref name="ChennaiArtDecoHaveAFuture"/>

Although Chennai does not have a uniform art deco skyline like the way Mumbai does, the city has significant pockets that are clearly completely art deco. A long stretch along NSC Bose Road beginning from EID Parry and a similar stretch along the Esplanade used to have several examples of public buildings in the art deco style. Yet another instance is along the stretch of Poonamallee High Road between [[Chennai Central]] and [[Chennai Egmore]] railway stations. Similarly there are many areas in south Chennai with bungalows designed in similar fashion.<ref name="ChennaiArtDecoHaveAFuture">{{cite journal
| title = Do Chennai's art deco buildings have a future?
| journal = Madras Musings
| volume = XIX
| issue = 6
| date = 1–15 July 2009
| url = https://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2019%20No%206/do_chennais_art_deco_buildings_have_a_future.html
| access-date = 23 September 2012}}</ref> Some early examples are the United India building (presently housing LIC) and the Burma Shell building (presently the Chennai House), both built in the 1930s along Esplanade. The Dare House, the most famous landmark at the junction of NSC Bose Road and First Line Beach Road, was built in 1940 as the office of the [[EID Parry|Parry's]] company. It is after which the area is named [[Parry's Corner]]. These buildings were departures from earlier models in that they were planned without external verandahs and incorporated new technology such as the lift. Cantilevered porches that showcases the potential of concrete are also seen in some structures. Externally, the stylistic devices such as stepped motifs and sweeping curves used in areas like grilles, parapet walls along with vertically proportioned windows impart a coherent appearance. Attempts to Indianise Art Deco also led to elegant, decorative buildings like the Oriental Insurance building of the 1930s. Situated at one of the corners of Armenian Street, it imposes delicately with its chattri (domed pavilion) and projecting ornamented balconies. Such a direction is sometimes termed the 'Indo-Deco'. Art Deco continued into the 1950s too, with the Bombay Mutual building (presently housing LIC) along NSC Bose Road and the South Indian Chamber of Commerce building on Esplanade being built during this period.<ref name="ArtDecoInChennai">{{cite news
| last = Sitalakshmi
| first = K. R.
| title = Art Deco buildings in Chennai
| location = Chennai
| date = 5 August 2006
| url = http://www.hindu.com/pp/2006/08/05/stories/2006080500190400.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081204104825/http://www.hindu.com/pp/2006/08/05/stories/2006080500190400.htm
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 4 December 2008
| newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
| access-date = 23 September 2012}}</ref>

Art Deco buildings located at road junctions had curvilinear profiles. This approach is sometimes considered a separate style, the Streamline Moderne, inspired by the streamlining of aeroplanes, bullets, ships, and the like, due to principles such as aerodynamics. Apart from the Dare House, other buildings that portraits these characteristics are those along the junctions of [[Mount Road]] like the Bharath Insurance building of the 1930s and shops such as the current Bata showroom. Also along Mount Road and adjoining areas are other types of Art Deco buildings, [[The Hindu]] office with its stepped form and [[Connemara Hotel]] built between 1934 and 1937 are city landmarks.<ref name="ChennaiArtDecoHaveAFuture"/><ref name="ArtDecoInChennai"/> While cinema had come to Chennai in the early 20th century, the later cinema buildings offered yet another platform for the exposition of Art Deco. Casino Theatre and Kamadhenu Theatre of the 1950s stand testimony to this era. The Art Deco house in the city features sweeping porches, stepped corner windows, circular windows and rooms, and projecting staircase areas, with the furniture within the houses having motifs in order to resonate with the larger theme. Houses of the middle and lower income group too aspired towards such expressions as is evident in the City Improvement Trust project of Mambalam and the houses at Gandhinagar. Art Deco continued in the city into the late 1950s, when [[modernism]] had started gradually rooting itself. Art Deco served as the base from which modernism took off.<ref name="ArtDecoInChennai"/>

===Agraharam architecture===
[[File:Agraharam.jpg|thumb|180px|The agraharam architecture]]
[[File:Tamil house inside view.jpg|thumb|180px|Inside an agraharam house]]
Some residential areas like Tiruvallikeni ([[Triplicane]]) and [[Mylapore]] have several houses dating from the early 20th century, especially those far removed from arterial roads. Known as the ''Agraharam'', this style consists of traditional row houses usually surrounding a temple.<ref name="Agraharam_TimeVirtuallyStandsStill">{{cite news
| last = Sujatha
| first = R.
| title = Agraharam — time virtually stands still here
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 29 April 2012
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/arts/history-and-culture/article3367816.ece
| access-date = 9 September 2012
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120705142259/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/history-and-culture/article3367816.ece
| archive-date = 5 July 2012
| url-status = dead
}}</ref> Many of them were built in the traditional Tamil style, with four wings surrounding a square [[courtyard]], and tiled sloping roofs. In sharp contrast, the apartment buildings along the larger roads in the same areas were built in 1990 or later.

Typically, agraharams can be seen where an entire street is occupied by Brahmins, particularly surrounding a temple. The architecture is distinctive with Madras terraces, country tile roofing, Burma teak rafters and lime plastering. The longish homes consisted of the ''mudhal kattu'' (receiving quarters), ''irandaam kattu'' (living quarters), ''moondram kattu'' (kitchen and backyard) and so on. Most houses had an open to sky space in the centre called the ''mitham'', large platforms lining the outside of the house called the ''thinnai'' and a private well in the backyard. The floors were often coated with red oxide and sometimes the roofs had glass tiles to let in light.<ref name="VanishingAgraharams"/> The agraharam quadrangle seen in Triplicane is around the Parthasarathy Temple and its tank, while that of Mylapore is centred around the Kapaleeshwarar Temple and its tank. About 50 families continue to live in the agraharams in Triplicane.<ref name="Agraharam_TimeVirtuallyStandsStill"/> However, many of these houses are being replaced with modern multi-storied apartments, resulting in a reduction in their numbers.<ref name="VanishingAgraharams">{{cite news
| last = Iyer
| first = Aruna V.
| title = Chennai's vanishing agraharams
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 7 October 2011
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/homes-and-gardens/article2518383.ece
| access-date = 9 September 2012
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120430024916/http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/homes-and-gardens/article2518383.ece
| archive-date = 30 April 2012
| url-status = dead
}}</ref> Traditional vernacular architecture can be found in some of the Agraharam houses in Mylapore, Triplicane, and [[Tiruvanmiyur]].<ref name="Hindu_MadrasInherited">{{cite news
| last = Lakshmi
| first = K.
| title = Madras Inherited to unravel city's architectural treasures
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| publisher = Kasturi & Sons
| date = 15 June 2018
| url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/madras-inherited-to-unravel-citys-architectural-treasures/article24167335.ece
| access-date = 17 October 2018}}</ref> As of 2018, a team of architects and volunteers has documented traditional vernacular architectural designs of about 50 houses in Mylapore.<ref name="Hindu_MadrasInherited"/>

===Post-Independence===
[[File:LIC building, Chennai.jpg|thumb|upright=0.80|right|LIC Building, the first skyscraper of Chennai]]
After [[Partition of India|Independence]], the city witnessed a rise in the [[Modernism]] style of architecture.<ref name="ArtDecoInChennai"/> The completion of the [[LIC Building]] in 1959, the tallest building in the country at that time,<ref name="ReachingTheSky">{{Cite news
| last = Srivathsan
| first = A.
| title = Reaching the sky
| location = Chennai
| date = 14 July 2007
| url = http://www.hindu.com/pp/2007/07/14/stories/2007071450191100.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070918053410/http://www.hindu.com/pp/2007/07/14/stories/2007071450191100.htm
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 18 September 2007
| newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
| access-date = 8 October 2011}}</ref> marked the transition from lime-and-brick construction to concrete columns in the region.<ref>{{Cite news
| last = Kannan
| first = Shanthi
| title = GREEN buildings
| location = Chennai
| date = 19 March 2005
| url = http://www.hindu.com/pp/2005/03/19/stories/2005031900110100.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050507154431/http://www.hindu.com/pp/2005/03/19/stories/2005031900110100.htm
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 7 May 2005
| newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
| access-date = 8 October 2011}}</ref> The presence of the [[Doppler weather radar|weather radar]] at the [[Chennai Port]], however, prohibited the construction of buildings taller than 60 m around a radius of 10 km.<ref>{{Cite news
| last = Koshy
| first = Jacob P.
| title = Doppler radar may put cap on building heights
| newspaper = Livemint.com
| location = New Delhi
| publisher = Live Mint and the Wall Street Journal
| date = 13 December 2007
| url = https://www.livemint.com/Industry/OODRIEHbh9UFiYHBvNgaJP/Doppler-radar-may-put-cap-on-building-heights.html
| access-date = 14 September 2012}}</ref> The floor-area ratio (FAR) in the central business district was also 1.5 at that time, much less than that of smaller cities of the country.<ref>
{{cite web
| last = Brueckner
| first = Jan K.
| author2 = Kala Seetharam Sridhar
| title = Measuring Welfare Gains from Relaxation of Land-Use Restrictions: The Case of India's Building-Height Limits
| year = 2012
| url = http://www.socsci.uci.edu/~jkbrueck/india.pdf
| access-date = 30 September 2012
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121004095254/http://www.socsci.uci.edu/~jkbrueck/india.pdf
| archive-date = 4 October 2012
| url-status = dead
}}
</ref> This resulted in the city expanding horizontally, unlike other metropolitan cities where vertical growth is prominent. On the contrary, the peripheral regions, especially on the southern and south-western sides, are experiencing vertical growth with the construction of buildings up to 50 floors. Within the downtown area, the 48-storied [[Highliving District Tower H]] remains the tallest building at 161 meters.<ref name="TOI_CityWithinACity">{{cite news
| title = Living in a city within a city: How is SPR City redefining the residential market?
| newspaper = The Times of India
| location = Chennai
| publisher = The Times Group
| date = 30 May 2019
| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/living-in-a-city-within-a-city-how-is-spr-city-redefining-the-residential-market/articleshow/67414866.cms
| access-date = 9 September 2020}}</ref>

==Notable buildings==
{{Main|Heritage structures in Chennai}}
[[Image:Chennai Central (Front Entrance - Evening 2024).jpg|220px|thumb|[[Chennai Central|M.G.R. Chennai Central Station]]]]
[[File:WTC Taller tower 01.jpg|thumb|[[World Trade Center Chennai|World Trade Center]] buildings]]
Many historic buildings are still fully functional and host government, business or educational establishments. Chennai is home to the second largest collection of heritage buildings in the country, after Kolkata.<ref name = "Heritagebuildingsinchennai">{{cite news
| last = Ravishankar
| first = Sandhya
| title = No fire safety norms at Chennai heritage buildings
| newspaper = IBN Live
| location = Chennai
| publisher = CNN IBN
| date = 6 September 2007
| url = http://ibnlive.in.com/news/no-fire-safety-norms-at-chennai-heritage-buildings/48155-3-1.html
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130103111402/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/no-fire-safety-norms-at-chennai-heritage-buildings/48155-3-1.html
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 3 January 2013
| access-date = 20 November 2012}}</ref>
[[File:SANTHOME CATHEDRAL.jpg|thumb|200px|The [[St. Thomas Cathedral Basilica, Chennai|Santhome Cathedral]], built in 1523 by Portuguese and rebuilt in 1893 by British, is an example for [[Neo-Gothic]] architecture in the city.]]

===Santhome Church===
Built in 1523 by Portuguese explorers over the tomb of [[Saint Thomas the Apostle]] and rebuild in 1896 by [[British people|British]] in the style of [[Gothic revival architecture]] with big tower and a second tower mark's the tomb of [[Apostles in the New Testament|Apostle]]. It is known as '''National Shrine of Saint Thomas Cathedral Basilica''' in [[Chennai]].

===Fort St. George===
Built in 1639, [[Fort St George]], used to house the [[Tamil Nadu]] Legislative Assembly and Secretariat. [[Tipu Sultan]]'s cannons decorate the ramparts of the Fort's museum. The Fort has the country's tallest flagstaff at a height of 150 feet.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/chennai/places-of-interest/famous-monuments/fort-st-george.html |title=Fort St. George, Chennai |publisher=Mapsofindia.com |access-date=2013-01-25}}</ref> The fort is one of the 163 notified areas (megalithic sites) in the state of Tamil Nadu.

===Madras High Court===
The [[Madras High Court]] is the second largest judicial building in the world next only to the Courts of London. It is a good example of the Indo-Saracenic style and was completed in 1892.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chennai-directory.com/tourist/touristplaces.php?places=highcourtbuilding.html&menu=23 |title=chennai tourism | chennai tourist | chennai tourist places | chennai tourist spots | tourist spots in chennai | highcourtbuilding.html |publisher=Chennai-directory |access-date=2013-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605225809/http://www.chennai-directory.com/tourist/touristplaces.php?places=highcourtbuilding.html&menu=23 |archive-date=5 June 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[Image:Valluvar Kottam terrace.jpg|200px|thumb|Valluvar Kottam from the terrace of the exhibition hall.]]

===Valluvar Kottam===
The [[Valluvar Kottam]], constructed in 1976, is an auditorium in memory of the poet-saint [[Thiruvalluvar]]. All 1,330 verses of the poet's epic, the [[Thirukkural]], are inscribed on the granite pillars that surround the auditorium. There is a 101-feet high [[Temple car|temple chariot]] structure with a life-size image of the poet in it. The base of the chariot shows in bas-relief the 133 chapters of the Thirukkural.

===Railway stations===
There are a number of railway stations of interest in Chennai, primarily built throughout the colonial era. These include the [[Chennai Egmore|Egmore station]], the [[Royapuram Railway Station|Royapuram station]] dating from 1856, the [[Chennai Central|Chennai Central station]] dating from 1873 and the [[Southern Railway headquarters, Chennai|Southern Railway Headquarters]] built in 1922.

===Other interesting buildings===
The [[Government Museum, Chennai|Government Museum]] (designed by [[Henry Irwin]] and completed in 1896), the Senate House of the Madras University and the [[College of Engineering, Guindy]] are some more examples of the Indo-Saracenic style of architecture.

Other buildings of architectural significance are the Presidency College, built in 1840, the [[Ripon Building]] (now housing the [[Chennai Corporation]]) dating from 1913, The War Memorial, [[Vivekanandar Illam]], The Museum Theatre and the [[Ramakrishna Math]] temple. Adjoining the Governor's residence ([[Raj Bhavan, Chennai|Raj Bhavan]]) at Guindy, there are five ''mandapams'' (or memorials) dedicated to [[Mahatma Gandhi]], the first Indian Governor General [[C Rajagopalachari]], former Chief Ministers of the state [[Kamaraj]] and [[Bhaktavatsalam]] and one to Martyrs in general.

==Urban planning==
Chennai city is arranged in a grid pattern running north–south and east–west. Roads and localities have undergone significant change in the late 20th century. Many areas along the western stretch of the city were [[urban planning|planned development]] efforts, such as Ashok Nagar, KK Nagar and Anna Nagar. Several areas south of the Adyar River, including [[Kotturpuram]], [[Besant Nagar]] and [[Adyar (Chennai)|Adyar]] itself, have been developed only since the mid-1960s. Characteristic features of all these localities are their unusually wide roads and [[Cartesian coordinate system|Cartesian grid]] layouts. Many of these places were remote suburbs when they were first developed.

Current urban development efforts are concentrated along the southern and western suburbs, largely seeking to benefit from the growing ''[[information technology|IT]] corridor'' in the southeast and the new ring roads in the west. The [[National Maritime Complex]] (NMC) is a proposed facility to be built in Chennai. The extent of the city's [[urban sprawl]] is indicated by the fact that the area administered by Chennai Corporation is 174 km2,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chennaicorporation.com/general_stats.htm |title=Chennaicorporation.com |publisher=Chennaicorporation.com |access-date=2013-01-25}}</ref> while the total urbanized area is estimated to be over 1,100 km2.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gisdevelopment.net/application/Utility/transport/utilitytr0001.htm |title=GIS datatbase for Chennai city roads and strategies for improvement |publisher=Gisdevelopment.net |access-date=2012-02-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717045706/http://www.gisdevelopment.net/application/Utility/transport/utilitytr0001.htm |archive-date=17 July 2012}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of tallest buildings in Chennai]]
* [[Heritage structures in Chennai]]
{{Portal bar|India|Architecture}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Chennai Topics}}
{{Architecture of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Architecture of Chennai}}
[[Category:Culture of Chennai]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Chennai| ]]
[[Category:Architecture in India by city|Chennai]]

Patakaniya, Ghazipur

2026-01-23T06:46:18Z

DaljeetBhutal: made new stub v1 - done

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Patakaniya
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 5709
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| unit_pref = Metric
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|UP]]
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name =
| area_total_acre =
| area_footnotes =
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| native_name =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| coordinates =
| government_type =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ghazipur district|Ghazipur]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date = {{start date and age|1650}}
| founder =
| named_for =
| area_total_ha = 1883.23
}}
'''Patakaniaya''' is a [[village]] in [[Ghazipur District]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Patakaniya Village in zamania|url=https://www.censusindia2011.com/uttar-pradesh/ghazipur/zamania/patkania-population.html|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=2011 Census of India|url=https://www.censusindia2011.com/uttar-pradesh/ghazipur/zamania-population.html|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Bhulekh|url=http://upbhulekh.gov.in/public/public_ror/Public_ROR.jsp|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Ghazipur district]]

{{Ghazipur-geo-stub}}

Highwavys

2026-01-21T11:51:06Z

DaljeetBhutal: creating first article added tags...

{{short description|Town in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{one source|date=May 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
[[File:Magamalai panoramic view.jpg|thumb|Highwavys]]
'''Highwavys''' is a Town Panchayat located in the Western Ghats near [[Chinnamanur]], [[Theni District]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]], at an altitude of 1500 meters above sea level. The villages under this Town Panchayat are [[Meghamalai]], Manalaru, Uppermanalaru, Venniaru, Maharajanmettu, Iravangalaru.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.townpanchayat.in/highwavys/town_profile | title=Highwavys Town Panchayat }}</ref>
Cash crops such as tea, coffee and pepper are cultivated in this area. More than 10 thousand plantation workers live in these areas. A mountain road with 18 needle bends was built during the British period from Thenpalani to Highwavys village located at its foothills.

==Demography==
The Town Panchayat, as per the 2011 census, has a population of 4,882, an area of 46.82 km2, 15 wards and 15 streets. The municipality falls under [[Andipatti Assembly constituency]] and [[Theni Lok Sabha constituency]].
Transport facilities
Buses are available from Theni via Chinnamanur, Meghamalai to Highwavys which is 55 km from Theni.

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Theni district}}

{{Coord|9|38|0|N|77|21|0|E|region:IN|display=title}}
[[Category:Cities and towns in Theni district]]

Super Singer 2

2026-01-16T23:16:35Z

DaljeetBhutal: New

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox television season
| image = Airtel Super Singer 2008.jpg
| caption = Logo
| module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season
| presenter = {{Plainlist|
* [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]
* Hayma Malini
* [[Yugendran]]
}}
| judges = {{Plainlist|
* [[Sujatha Mohan]]
* [[P. Unnikrishnan]]
* [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]]
}}
}}
| network = [[STAR Vijay]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2008|7|7|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2009|6|3|df=y}}
| num_episodes =
}}

'''''Airtel Super Singer 2''''', the second season of the music competition reality show [[Super Singer (Tamil reality show)|Airtel Super Singer]], premiered on 7 July 2008. Episodes were telecasted on [[Star Vijay]] between Monday and Wednesday. Judges for the show were [[Sujatha Mohan]], [[P. Unnikrishnan]] and [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]]. [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]] was the host of the show until January 2009 and was followed by Malini Yugendran (Hayma Malini) and Yugendran Vasudevan Nair. The voice trainer was [[Ananth Vaidyanathan]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/A-musical-search/article15384214.ece | newspaper=The Hindu | title=A musical search | date=30 June 2008 | accessdate=15 January 2020 }}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090318235628/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2009/03/13/stories/2009031350241400.htm The Hindu - SERIALS - Super Singer 2008]</ref>

The Grand Finale was held on 3 June 2009 at YMCA Royapettah, Chennai. At the finals, [[Ajeesh]] won the competition. Ravi and Renu took the second and third positions respectively. Ajeesh was chosen by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] to sing the song ''[[Idhu Varai]]'' for the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] movie, [[Goa (2010 film)|Goa]]. The audio for the movie for released in December 2009.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090418073843/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/musicreview/10958.html IndiaGlitz - Goa Music Review]</ref>

==Grand Finale 3 June 2009==
* ''' Ravi '''
# "Kanmuney" (film: [[Thulluvadho Ilamai]], singer: [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]])
# "[[Kallai Mattum]]" (film: [[Dasavathaaram]], singer: [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]])

* ''' Renu '''
# "Hai rama oru vaarama" ([[Swarnalatha]])(film: [[Rangeela (1995 film)|Rangeela]])
# "Nenjodu Kalanthidu" (Sujatha)(film: [[7G Rainbow Colony]])

* ''' [[Ajeesh]]'''
# "Sangeetha Jaathi Mullai Kanavillai" (singer:[[S.P.B]])(film: [[Kadhal Oviyam]])
# "Ninaithu Ninaithu" (singer: [[KK (singer)|KK]])(film: [[7G Rainbow Colony]])

==Finalists==
* '''Ravi'''
#"Oru naal podhuma" ([[M. Balamuralikrishna]], [[K. V. Mahadevan]])
#"Ooh Mama" ([[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], [[Harris Jayaraj]] from [[Minnale]])
#"[[In the End]]" ([[Linkin Park]])
#"Unakkenna Mele Nindrai" (from [[Simla Special]])
* '''Ranjani'''
#"Porale ponnuthaayi" [[Swarnalatha]]
#"Kannodu Kaanbathellam" ([[Nithyashree]], [[A. R. Rahman]] from [[Jeans (film)|Jeans]])
#"Paalvadiyum Mugam" ([[Maharajapuram Santhanam]], [[Oothukkadu Venkata Subbaier]])
#"Jill Endru Oru Kaadhal" ([[Tanvi]], [[A. R. Rahman]] from [[Sillunu Oru Kaadhal]])
#"[[The Winner Takes It All]]" ([[ABBA]])
* '''Ajesh'''
#"Adal Kalaye" ([[K. J. Yesudas]], [[Illayaraja]] from [[Sri Raghavendra]])
#"Muralidara Gopala" ([[M. L. Vasanthakumari]])
#"Girlfriend" ([[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]] and [[Timmy (singer)|Timmy]], [[A. R. Rahman]] from [[Boys (2003 film)|Boys]])
#"[[One Love (Blue song)|One Love]]" ([[Blue]])
#"Kaatukuyile" (from [[Thalapathi]])
* '''Renu'''
#"Kanda Naal Mudhalai" ([[Subhiksha (singer)|Subhiksha]] and [[Pooja (singer)|Pooja]], [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] from [[Kanda Naal Mudhal]])
#"Mudhal Naal" ([[K. K. Mahalakshmi]] and [[Shalini (actress)|Shalini]], [[Harris Jayaraj]] from [[Unnale Unnale]])
#"[[Unfaithful (song)|Unfaithful]]" ([[Rihanna]])
* '''Prasanna'''
#"Sangeetha Jaathimullai Kaanavillai" ([[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Illayaraja]] from [[Kadhal Oviyam]])
#"Venkatachala Nilayam" ([[Purandara Dasa]])
#"Something Something" ([[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], [[Devi Sri Prasad]] from [[Unakkum Enakkum|Something Something... Unnakum Ennakum]])
#"[[Bailamos]]" ([[Enrique Iglesias]])

==Semi finals==
* '''[[Ajeesh]]'''
# "Thoongatha Vizhigal" ([[K. J. Yesudas]], from [[Agni Nakshatram]])
# "Elangaathu Veesudhey" ([[Sriram Parthasarathy]], from [[Pithamagan]])
* '''Ravi'''
#"Rasathi Unna" ([[P. Jayachandran|Jayachandran]], from [[Vaidehi Kaathirundaal]])
#"Kalaivaniye" ([[K. J. Yesudas]], from [[Sindhu Bhairavi (film)|Sindhu Bhairavi]])
* '''Renu'''
# "Edhedho Ennam Valarthen" ([[K. S. Chithra]], from [[Punnagai Mannan]])
# "Anandha raagam" ([[Uma Ramanan]])
# "Unna Vida" ([[Shreya Ghoshal]], from [[Virumaandi]])
* '''Vijay Narayan'''
#"Isayil Thodanguthamma" ([[Ajay Chakraborthy]], [[Illayaraja]] from [[Hey Ram]])
#"Sadho Sadho" (Hindustani)
#"Uyirin Uyirae" ([[Kay Kay]], [[Suchitra]], [[Harris Jayaraj]] from [[Kaakha Kaakha]])
#"[[Hotel California]]" ([[Eagles (band)|Eagles]])
* '''Raginisri'''
#"Ellam Enbamayam" ([[M. L. Vasanthakumari]] and [[P. Leela]] from )
#"Unakkena Naan" ([[Ramya NSK]], [[Vijay Antony]] from [[Kadhalil Vizhundhen]])
#"I attempt from love's sickness to fly" ([[Henry Purcell]])
#"Vegam Vegam" ([[Usha Uthup]] from [[Anjali (1990 film)|Anjali]])

==Elimination chart==
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|-
|+ '''Legend'''
|-
| style="background:#FFEBCD;" width="15%" | Did Not Perform
| style="background:orange;foreground:white;" width="15%" | Female
| style="background:gray;" width="15%" | Male
| style="background:lime;" width="15%" | Airtel Super Singer 2008
|}

{| border="2" style="margin:1em auto; border:1px solid gray; border-collapse:collapse;"
| style="background:white; padding-left: 1em;" width="10%" | Safe
| style="background:peachpuff; padding-left: 1em;" width="10%"| Spot selected (Spot)
| style="background:yellow; padding-left: 1em;" width="10%" | Wait listed (WL)
| style="background:red; padding-left: 1em;" width="10%" | Eliminated (Elim)
| style="background:#FBF373; padding-left: 1em;" width="10%" | Promoted by judges (P)
| style="background:palegreen; padding-left: 1em;" width="10%"| Immunity (I)
|}

{|class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto;"
|colspan=2 align="right"|''Stage:''
|colspan=21 bgcolor="palegoldenrod" align="center"|'''Finals'''
|-
|colspan=2 align="right"|''Genre:''
|colspan=3 bgcolor="#CCBBAA" align="center"|'''Emotions Round'''
|colspan=3 bgcolor="#AAAAAA" align="center"|'''Singing with Legends'''
|colspan=3 bgcolor="#CBACAB" align="center"|'''Unplugged Fusion'''
|colspan=3 bgcolor="#ABCABC" align="center"|'''Kaviyin Kural'''
|colspan=3 bgcolor="#BCABCA" align="center"|'''Patriotic Songs of AR Rahman'''
|colspan=3 bgcolor="#CABCAB" align="center"|'''Recall Round #1'''
|colspan=3 bgcolor="#BACBAC" align="center"|'''Recall Round #2'''
|colspan=3 bgcolor="#ACBACB" align="center"|'''Disco'''
|colspan=3 bgcolor="#CBACBA" align="center"|'''Folk'''
|colspan=3 bgcolor="#ABCBCA" align="center"|'''Black & White'''
|colspan=3 bgcolor="#CBCABA" align="center"|'''Classical'''
|colspan=3 bgcolor="#ABCCBA" align="center"|'''Western'''
|colspan=3 bgcolor="#BCAABC" align="center"|'''Relationships'''
|colspan=3 bgcolor="#CCABBC" align="center"|'''Quarter Final: Unplugged Strings'''
|colspan=3 bgcolor="#CCABBC" align="center"|'''Semi Final: Songs of Ilaiyaraja'''
|colspan=3 bgcolor="#CCABBC" align="center"|'''WildCard Round'''
|-
|colspan=2 align="right"|''Week:''
!width=35 bgcolor="#FFEB00" align="center"|'''12/29'''
!width=35 bgcolor="#FFEB00" align="center"|'''12/30'''
!width=35 bgcolor="#FFEB00" align="center"|'''12/31'''
!width=35 bgcolor="#FFEB00" align="center"|'''1/5'''
!width=35 bgcolor="#FFEB00" align="center"|'''1/6'''
!width=35 bgcolor="#FFEB00" align="center"|'''1/7'''
!width=35 align="center"|1/12
!width=35 align="center"|1/13
!width=35 align="center"|1/14
!width=35 align="center"|1/19
!width=35 align="center"|1/20
!width=35 align="center"|1/21
!width=35 align="center"|1/26
!width=35 align="center"|1/27
!width=35 align="center"|1/28
!width=35 align="center"|2/2
!width=35 align="center"|2/3
!width=35 align="center"|2/4
!width=35 align="center"|2/9
!width=35 align="center"|2/10
!width=35 align="center"|2/11
!width=35 align="center"|2/16
!width=35 align="center"|2/17
!width=35 align="center"|2/18
!width=35 align="center"|2/23
!width=35 align="center"|2/24
!width=35 align="center"|2/25
!width=35 align="center"|3/2
!width=35 align="center"|3/3
!width=35 align="center"|3/4
!width=35 align="center"|3/9
!width=35 align="center"|3/10
!width=35 align="center"|3/11
!width=35 align="center"|3/16
!width=35 align="center"|3/17
!width=35 align="center"|3/18
!width=35 align="center"|3/23
!width=35 align="center"|3/24
!width=35 align="center"|3/25
!width=35 align="center"|3/30
!width=35 align="center"|3/31
!width=35 align="center"|4/1
!width=35 align="center"|4/6
!width=35 align="center"|4/7
!width=35 align="center"|4/8
!width=35 align="center"|4/13
!width=35 align="center"|4/14
!width=35 align="center"|4/15
|-
!Place
!Contestant
!colspan=36|Result
|-
|bgcolor="palegoldenrod" align="center"| {{nowrap|1}}
|bgcolor="lime"|Ajesh
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="green" align="center"| {{nowrap|Spot}}
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="palegreen" align="center"| {{nowrap|P}}
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="palegreen" align="center"| {{nowrap|P}}
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="palegreen" align="center"| {{nowrap|P}}
|bgcolor="white"|
|bgcolor="white"|
|bgcolor="white"|
|bgcolor="white"|
|bgcolor="white"|
|bgcolor="white"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="green" align="center"| {{nowrap|Spot}}
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="yellow" align="center"| {{nowrap|WL}}
|bgcolor="palegreen" align="center"| {{nowrap|P}}
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="yellow" align="center"| {{nowrap|WL}}
|bgcolor="palegreen" align="center"| {{nowrap|P}}
|bgcolor="yellow" align="center"| {{nowrap|WL}}
|bgcolor="palegreen" align="center"| {{nowrap|P}}
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="yellow" align="center"| {{nowrap|WL}}
|bgcolor="yellow" align="center"| {{nowrap|WL}}
|bgcolor="palegreen" align="center"| {{nowrap|P}}
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="green" align="center"| {{nowrap|Finalist}}
|bgcolor="white"|
|bgcolor="white"|
|bgcolor="white"|
|-
|bgcolor="palegoldenrod" align="center"| {{nowrap|2}}
|bgcolor="gray"|Ravi
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="palegreen" align="center"| {{nowrap|P}}
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="palegreen" align="center"| {{nowrap|P}}
|bgcolor="green" align="center"| {{nowrap|I}}
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="palegreen" align="center"| {{nowrap|P}}
|bgcolor="white"|
|bgcolor="white"|
|bgcolor="white"|
|bgcolor="white"|
|bgcolor="white"|
|bgcolor="white"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="green" align="center"| {{nowrap|Spot}}
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="green" align="center"| {{nowrap|Spot}}
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="green" align="center"| {{nowrap|Spot}}
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="peachpuff"|
|bgcolor="yellow" align="center"| {{nowrap|WL}}
|bgcolor="palegreen" align="center"| {{nowrap|P}}
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="green" align="center"| {{nowrap|I}}
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="green" align="center"| {{nowrap|Finalist}}
|bgcolor="white"|
|bgcolor="white"|
|bgcolor="white"|
|-
|bgcolor="palegoldenrod" align="center"| {{nowrap|3}}
|bgcolor="orange"|Renu
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="palegreen" align="center"| {{nowrap|P}}
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="palegreen" align="center"| {{nowrap|P}}
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="palegreen" align="center"| {{nowrap|P}}
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="palegreen" align="center"| {{nowrap|P}}
|bgcolor="white"|
|bgcolor="white"|
|bgcolor="white"|
|bgcolor="white"|
|bgcolor="white"|
|bgcolor="white"|
|bgcolor="yellow" align="center"| {{nowrap|WL}}
|bgcolor="palegreen" align="center"| {{nowrap|P}}
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="green" align="center"| {{nowrap|Spot}}
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="green" align="center"| {{nowrap|Spot}}
|bgcolor="peachpuff"|
|bgcolor="yellow" align="center"| {{nowrap|WL}}
|bgcolor="yellow" align="center"| {{nowrap|WL}}
|bgcolor="palegreen" align="center"| {{nowrap|P}}
|bgcolor="green" align="center"| {{nowrap|I}}
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="green" align="center"| {{nowrap|Finalist}}
|bgcolor="white"|
|bgcolor="white"|
|bgcolor="white"|
|-
|bgcolor="palegoldenrod" align="center"| {{nowrap|4}}
|bgcolor="orange" fgcolor="white"|Ranjani
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="palegreen" align="center"| {{nowrap|P}}
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="palegreen" align="center"| {{nowrap|P}}
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="green" align="center"| {{nowrap|I/P}}
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="palegreen" align="center"| {{nowrap|P}}
|bgcolor="white"|
|bgcolor="white"|
|bgcolor="white"|
|bgcolor="white"|
|bgcolor="white"|
|bgcolor="white"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="palegreen" align="center"| {{nowrap|WL/P}}
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="yellow" align="center"| {{nowrap|WL}}
|bgcolor="palegreen" align="center"| {{nowrap|P}}
|bgcolor="green" align="center"| {{nowrap|Spot}}
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="peachpuff"|
|bgcolor="yellow" align="center"| {{nowrap|WL}}
|bgcolor="yellow" align="center"| {{nowrap|WL}}
|bgcolor="palegreen" align="center"| {{nowrap|P}}
|bgcolor="yellow" align="center"| {{nowrap|WL}}
|bgcolor="green" align="center"| {{nowrap|P}}
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="red" align="center"| {{nowrap|Elim}}
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|-
|bgcolor="palegoldenrod" align="center"| {{nowrap|5}}
|bgcolor="gray"|Vijay Narayan
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="green" align="center"| {{nowrap|Spot}}
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="palegreen" align="center"| {{nowrap|P}}
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="red" align="center"| {{nowrap|Elim}}
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="yellow" align="center"| {{nowrap|WL}}
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="palegreen" align="center"| {{nowrap|P}}
|bgcolor="yellow" align="center"| {{nowrap|WL}}
|bgcolor="palegreen" align="center"| {{nowrap|P}}
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="yellow" align="center"| {{nowrap|WL}}
|bgcolor="palegreen" align="center"| {{nowrap|P}}
|bgcolor="green" align="center"| {{nowrap|Spot}}
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="peachpuff"|
|bgcolor="yellow" align="center"| {{nowrap|WL}}
|bgcolor="yellow" align="center"| {{nowrap|WL}}
|bgcolor="palegreen" align="center"| {{nowrap|P}}
|bgcolor="yellow" align="center"| {{nowrap|WL}}
|bgcolor="yellow" align="center"| {{nowrap|WL}}
|bgcolor="palegreen" align="center"| {{nowrap|P}}
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="red" align="center"| {{nowrap|Elim}}
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|-
|bgcolor="palegoldenrod" align="center"| {{nowrap|6}}
|bgcolor="orange"|RaginiSri
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="red" align="center"| {{nowrap|Elim}}
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="yellow" align="center"| {{nowrap|WL}}
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="palegreen" align="center"| {{nowrap|P}}
|bgcolor="yellow" align="center"| {{nowrap|WL}}
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="palegreen" align="center"| {{nowrap|P}}
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="green" align="center"| {{nowrap|Spot}}
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="green" align="center"| {{nowrap|Spot}}
|bgcolor="peachpuff"|
|bgcolor="green" align="center"| {{nowrap|I}}
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="yellow" align="center"| {{nowrap|WL}}
|bgcolor="yellow" align="center"| {{nowrap|WL}}
|bgcolor="red" align="center"| {{nowrap|Elim}}
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|-
|bgcolor="palegoldenrod" align="center"| {{nowrap|7}}
|bgcolor="gray"|Prasanna
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="palegreen" align="center"| {{nowrap|P}}
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="palegreen" align="center"| {{nowrap|P}}
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="palegreen" align="center"| {{nowrap|P}}
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="palegreen" align="center"| {{nowrap|P}}
|bgcolor="white"|
|bgcolor="white"|
|bgcolor="white"|
|bgcolor="white"|
|bgcolor="white"|
|bgcolor="white"|
|bgcolor="green" align="center"| {{nowrap|Spot}}
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="yellow" align="center"| {{nowrap|WL}}
|bgcolor="palegreen" align="center"| {{nowrap|P}}
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="green" align="center"| {{nowrap|Spot}}
|bgcolor="peachpuff"|
|bgcolor="yellow" align="center"| {{nowrap|WL}}
|bgcolor="yellow" align="center"| {{nowrap|WL}}
|bgcolor="red" align="center"| {{nowrap|Elim}}
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|-
|bgcolor="palegoldenrod" align="center"| {{nowrap|8}}
|bgcolor="gray"|Rohit
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="palegreen" align="center"| {{nowrap|P}}
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="palegreen" align="center"| {{nowrap|P}}
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="green" align="center"| {{nowrap|I}}
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="palegreen" align="center"| {{nowrap|P}}
|bgcolor="white"|
|bgcolor="white"|
|bgcolor="white"|
|bgcolor="white"|
|bgcolor="white"|
|bgcolor="white"|
|bgcolor="yellow" align="center"| {{nowrap|WL}}
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="palegreen" align="center"| {{nowrap|P}}
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="palered" align="center"| {{nowrap|A}}
|bgcolor="palered" align="center"| {{nowrap|A}}
|bgcolor="red" align="center"| {{nowrap|Elim}}
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|-
|bgcolor="palegoldenrod" align="center"| {{nowrap|9}}
|bgcolor="orange"|Aruna
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="palegreen" align="center"| {{nowrap|P}}
|bgcolor="white"|
|bgcolor="white"|
|bgcolor="white"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="yellow" align="center"| {{nowrap|WL}}
|bgcolor="palegreen" align="center"| {{nowrap|P}}
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="red" align="center"| {{nowrap|Elim}}
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|-
|bgcolor="palegoldenrod" align="center"| {{nowrap|10}}
|bgcolor="gray"|Aravind N.V
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="yellow" align="center"| {{nowrap|WL}}
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="palegreen" align="center"| {{nowrap|P}}
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="yellow" align="center"| {{nowrap|WL}}
|bgcolor="red" align="center"| {{nowrap|Elim}}
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|-
|bgcolor="palegoldenrod" align="center"| {{nowrap|11}}
|bgcolor="orange"|Aishwarya
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="yellow" align="center"| {{nowrap|WL}}
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="#FFEBCD"|
|bgcolor="red" align="center"| {{nowrap|Elim}}
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
|bgcolor="black"|
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|bgcolor="orange"|Madhumitha.R
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|bgcolor="orange"|Madhumitha.S
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|}{{Clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|10793832}}

{{Airtel Super Singer}}
{{STAR Vijay TV shows}}

[[Category:Star Vijay original programming]]
[[Category:2008 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:2008 Tamil-language television seasons]]
[[Category:Tamil-language singing talent shows]]
[[Category:Tamil-language reality television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:2009 Tamil-language television series endings]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Super Singer seasons]]

Lodi Fort

2025-12-24T05:14:42Z

DaljeetBhutal: Made New Entry From Scratch - done

{{Short description|Citadel in Ludhiana, Punjab, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Distinguish|Purana Qila|text=[[Purana Qila]], another fort in Delhi}}

The '''Lodi Fort''' ({{langx|pa|ਪੁਰਾਣਾ ਕਿਲਾ|lit=Old Fort|translit=Purāṇā Kila}}), also spelt as '''Lodhi Fort''', is a [[citadel]] in the city of [[Ludhiana]], [[Punjab, India]]. The fortress is located on the banks of the river [[Sutlej]] and contains a tunnel to leading to the neighboring town of [[Phillaur]].

== History ==
It was built over 500 years ago during the reign of the [[Sikandar Khan Lodi]] and was well-maintained under the reign of [[Ranjit Singh]] and the British after him, but then fell into disrepair. It was declared a state-protected monument in December 2013.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MhrzDwAAQBAJ|title=Know Your State Punjab|date=2019-06-04|publisher=Arihant Publications India limited|isbn=978-93-131-6766-2|location=|pages=184|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=|first=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oecSAQAAMAAJ|title=The City Skyline of India, 2006: Top 100 Cities to Reside, Earn & Invest in|date=2006|publisher=Indicus Analytics|isbn=978-81-8015-030-2|location=|pages=85|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=27 September 2014|first=Aditi|last=Gyanesh|title=Major monuments given a miss on Punjab tourism's website|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Major-monuments-given-a-miss-on-Punjab-tourisms-website/articleshow/43571742.cms|access-date=2021-02-12|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-31|title=Ripe with history, Ludhiana's Lodi Fort lies forgotten without ASI protection|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ludhiana/ripe-with-history-ludhianas-lodi-fort-lies-forgotten-without-asi-protection-6192424/|access-date=2021-02-12|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=जिस धरोहर ने दिया शहर को बड़ा नाम, आज वही ढूंढ रही खुद के निशां Ludhiana News|url=https://www.jagran.com/punjab/ludhiana-lodi-fort-in-converting-to-ruins-to-careless-19576429.html|access-date=2021-02-12|website=Dainik Jagran|language=hi}}</ref>

The [[Government Institute of Textile Chemistry and Knitting Technology]] was initially based in the fort campus which is now shifted to the new address at Z - Block, Rishi Nagar, Ludhiana.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Punjab (India)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WTFuAAAAMAAJ|title=Punjab District Gazetteers: Ludhiana. Supplement|date=1970|publisher=Controller of Print. and Stationery|isbn=|location=|pages=554|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=About Institute – gitcktpolyldh.ac.in|url=https://www.gitcktpolyldh.ac.in/about-institute/|access-date=2021-02-12|language=en-US}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Lodi dynasty]]
* [[Phillaur Fort]]
* [[Sikandar Khan Lodi]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Punjab (India)}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Ludhiana]]
[[Category:Forts in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Fortifications]]

Geeta Nagar metro station

2025-12-19T18:20:22Z

DaljeetBhutal: Put up a details...

{{short description|Kanpur Metro's Orange Line metro station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File: Lucknow_Metro.jpg|30px]] Geeta Nagar
| style = Kanpur Metro
| type = {{Kanpur Metro Infobox station line|line = Orange}}
| image = Geeta Nagar metro station.jpg
| image_caption =
| address = Chhapeda Pulia, Nawabganj, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208025
| coordinates = {{coord|26.487200|80.292078|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| owned = [[Kanpur Metro]]
| operator = [[Uttar Pradesh Metro Rail Corporation]]
| line = {{rcb|Kanpur Metro|Orange|croute}}
| platform = [[Side platform]] Platform-1 → [[Kanpur Central metro station|Kanpur Central]] Platform-2 → [[IIT Kanpur metro station|IIT Kanpur]]
| tracks = 2
| other =
| structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double-track railway|Double track]]
| depth =
| levels = 2
| parking = Two Wheeler - Yes Four Wheeler - No
| bicycle =
| accessible =
| code =
| zone =
| opened = {{start date and age|df=yes|2021|12|28}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = 750 V DC [[third rail]]
| former =
| mpassengers =
| passengers =
| pass_system =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Kanpur Metro|line=Orange|left=Gurudev Chauraha|right=Rawatpur|to-left=IIT Kanpur|to-right=Kanpur Central}}
| route_map = {{Kanpur Metro Orange Line Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Kanpur Metro|Orange}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}
'''Geeta Nagar''' is a metro station on the East-West corridor of the [[Orange Line (Kanpur Metro)|Orange Line]] of [[Kanpur Metro]] station in [[Kanpur]], India. The station was opened on 28 December 2021 as part of the inaugural section of Kanpur Metro, between [[IIT Kanpur metro station|IIT Kanpur]] and [[Moti Jheel metro station|Moti Jheel]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sabarwal |first1=Harshit |title=Memorable experience, says PM Modi after riding new section of Kanpur Metro |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-modi-inaugurates-completed-section-of-kanpur-metro-rail-project-101640677868513.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=28 December 2021}}</ref><ref name="urbanrail">{{cite web |last1=Schwandl |first1=Robert |title=Kanpur |url=https://www.urbanrail.net/as/in/kanpur/kanpur.htm |publisher=urbanrail}}</ref>

== Station layout ==
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Geeta Nagar track layout
| title-color = white
| title bg color = #FF6000
| collapsible = no
| legend = track
| footnote = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and two side platforms</div>
| map = vCONTgfa
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to [[Gurudev Chauraha metro station|Gurudev Chauraha]]
*'''P2'''\cPLT\vSTR\cPLT\*'''P1'''
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to [[Rawatpur metro station|Rawatpur]]
vCONTgfe
}}}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Mezzanine
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover 
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100|'''Platform 1''' '''Eastbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|Towards → [[Moti Jheel metro station|Moti Jheel]] '''Next Station:''' [[Rawatpur metro station|Rawatpur]]
|-
|'''Platform 2''' '''Westbound'''
|Towards ← [[IIT Kanpur metro station|IIT Kanpur]] '''Next Station:''' [[Gurudev Chauraha metro station|Gurudev Chauraha]]
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" colspan=2 align=center|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 rowspan=2 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100|
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500|
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[Kanpur]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[List of Kanpur Metro stations]]
*[[List of metro systems]]
*[[Rapid transit in India|List of rapid transit systems in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://www.lmrcl.com/kanpur-metro/station-info|name=Kanpur Metro Station information}}

{{Kanpur Metro stations}}

[[Category:Kanpur Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2021]]
[[Category:2021 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

{{UttarPradesh-railstation-stub}}
__FORCETOC__

Sukumar Ray

2025-12-12T12:48:13Z

DaljeetBhutal: improved citations for accuracy

{{short description|Bengali poet, writer, and editor (1887–1923)}}
{{redirect|Sukumar Roy|the West Bengal politician|Sukumar Roy (politician)}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox writer
| image = Sukumar Ray.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1887|10|30|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Calcutta, [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], [[British Raj|British India]]<ref name="ODNB">{{Cite ODNB |id=107500 |title=Ray, Sukumar}}</ref><ref name="BP">{{Banglapedia|Roy,_Sukumar|Roy, Sukumar}}. "Roy, Sukumar (1887-1923) children's writer, was born in Kolkata on 30 October 1887.".</ref>
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1923|09|10|1887|10|30|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| period = [[Bengal Renaissance]]
| occupation = Writer, poet, editor
| subject =
| notable_works = {{Unbulleted list|''[[Abol Tabol]]''|''[[Pagla Dashu]]''|''[[HaJaBaRaLa]]''}}
| alma_mater = {{ubl|[[Presidency University, Kolkata]]|[[London College of Communication]]}}
| relatives = {{ubl|[[Dwarkanath Ganguly]]|[[Kadambini Ganguly]]}}
| spouse = Suprabha Devi
| children = [[Satyajit Ray]] (son)
| awards =
| signature =
| parents = [[Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury]] (father)
}}

'''Sukumar Ray''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|FRPS}} ({{Audio|Bn-সুকুমার রায়.oga|''Sukumār Rāẏ''}}; 30 October 1887 – 10 September 1923)<ref name="RayChatterjee">{{cite book |author1=Ray |author2=Sukumar (tr. Chatterjee |author3=Sampurna) |title=Wordygurdyboom! |date=September 2016 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ohsA1rdovbwC&pg=PA177 |access-date=3 October 2012 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-333078-3 |pages=177–}}</ref> was a [[Bengali people|Bengali]] writer and poet from [[British Raj|British India]]. He is remembered mainly for his writings for children. He was the son of children's story writer [[Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury]] and the father of Indian filmmaker [[Satyajit Ray]].

==Family history==
According to the history of the Ray family, one of their ancestors, Ramsunder Deo (Deb), was a native of [[Chakdaha|Chakdah]] village in [[Nadia district]] of present-day [[West Bengal]], India. In search of fortune, he migrated to the town of [[Sherpur Upazila|Sherpur]], Sherpur district, in East Bengal. There he met Raja Gunichandra, the zamindar of Jashodal, at the zamindar house of Sherpur. King Gunichandra was immediately impressed by Ramsunder's stately appearance and sharp intellect and took Ramsunder with him to his zamindari estate. He made Ramsunder his son-in-law and granted him some property in Jashodal. From then on, Ramsunder started living in Jashodal. His descendants migrated from there and settled down in the village of Masua in what is now [[Katiadi Upazila]] of [[Kishoreganj District]].<ref name = "sukumar1">''Sukumar Samagra Rachanabali 1'', 1960, Asia Publishing Company, p 1</ref><ref>''Sukumar Ray: Jibankatha (Bengali Ed.)'', Hemanta Kumar Adhya, Pustak Bipani, Kolkata, 1990, p. 6</ref>
[[File:Sukumar Ray Bengali writer and poet.jpg|thumb|Sukumar Ray, Bengali writer and poet]]

==Early years==
[[File:Upendrakishore Ray Chauduri, His wife and six childrens.jpg|thumb|left|Sukumar Ray with his father, [[Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury|Upendrakishore Ray]], mother Bidhumukhi, and five siblings]]
Sukumar Ray was born into a [[Brahmo]] family in [[Calcutta]] on 30 October 1887.<ref name="ODNB"/><ref name="BP"/> His family hailed from Masua village of [[Kishorganj]] division of Eastern Bengal in British India (presently in [[Bangladesh]]).<ref name="birthdate">{{cite book |last1=Raychowdhury |first1=Hitendra Kishore |title=Upendra Kishore O Moshua - Ray Poribaarer Golposholpo |date=1984 |publisher=Firma KLM Private Limited |page=1}}</ref> Sukumar's father, [[Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury|Upendrakishore Ray]], was a famous [[Bengali language|Bengali]] writer, painter, violinist, and composer, technologist, amateur astronomer, and entrepreneur.<ref name="satyajit">{{cite book |year=1987 |editor1-first=Satyajit |editor1-last=Ray |editor2-first=Partha |editor2-last=Basu |title=Sukumar Sahitya Samagra Centenary Edition |publisher=Ananda Publishers Ltd.}}</ref> Sukumar's mother, Bidhumukhi Devi, was the daughter of reformer [[Dwarkanath Ganguly]].<ref name= sangsad >{{cite book |editor-last1=Sengupta |editor-first1=Subodh Chandra |editor-last2=Basu |editor-first2=Anjali |date=1998 |orig-year=First published 1976 |edition=4th |title=Sangsad Bāṅgālī Charitābhidhāna |type=Biographical dictionary |language=bn |page=67 |publisher=Sahitya Samsad |isbn=81-85626-65-0}}</ref>

Born in the era that can be called the pinnacle of the [[Bengal Renaissance]], he grew up in an environment that fostered his literary talents. He befriended the likes of Jagdish Chandra Bose, Acharya Prafulla Chandra Ray, and one of his biggest influencers, his father's friend, Rabindranath Tagore.[https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/sukumar-ray-life-1079327-2017-10-30] His father was a writer of stories and popular science; painter and illustrator; musician and composer of songs; a technologist and hobbyist astronomer. Upendrakishore was also a close friend of [[Rabindranath Tagore]], who directly influenced Sukumar. Among other family friends were scientists [[Jagadish Chandra Bose]], [[Prafulla Chandra Ray]], composer [[Atul Prasad Sen]] etc. Upendrakishore studied the technology of blockmaking, conducted experiments, and set up a business of making blocks. The firm M/s U. Ray & Sons, where Sukumar and his younger brother Subinay were involved. His sister, [[Shukhalata Rao]], became a social worker and children's book author. Like his father, Ray also had a close acquaintance with Rabindranath Tagore.<ref name="bpedia">{{cite book |last=Sarker |first=Sushanta |year=2012 |chapter=Rao, Shukhalata |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Rao,_Shukhalata |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref>

==Education and profession==
[[File:Atul Prasad Sen a group photo.jpg|thumb|A group photo of the Monday Club, founded by [[Sukumar Roy]] First row sitting from left: Subinoy Ray, [[Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis]], [[Atul Prasad Sen]], Shishir Kumar Datta, Sukumar Ray Middle row from left: [[Bagha Jatin|Jatindranath Mukhopadhyay]], Amal Home, [[Suniti Kumar Chatterji|Suniti Kumar Chattopadhyay]], Jibanmoy Roy Standing from left: Hiran Sanyal, Ajit Kumar Chakrabarty, [[Kalidas Nag]], Pravat Chandra Gangopadhyay, Dr. Dwijendranath Maitra, Satish Chandra Chattopadhyay, Shrish Chandra Sen, Girija Shankar Roy Choudhury]]
[[File:Sukumar Ray and his wife.jpg|223x223px|thumb|Sukumar Ray with his wife Suprabha Ray (1914)|alt=|left]]In 1906, Ray graduated with double Honours in physics and chemistry from the [[Presidency College, Kolkata|Presidency College]], then affiliated with the [[University of Calcutta]]. Before that, he attended City College School, Surya Sen Street along with his classmate who inspired his famous funny character "Pagla Dashu", which appeared in several of his penned stories. He was trained in photography and printing technology in England at the [[London College of Communication|School of Photo-Engraving and Lithography, London]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www8.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/sukumar-ray |title=Sukumar Ray | |publisher=.open.ac.uk |access-date=3 October 2012}}</ref> and was a pioneer of photography and [[lithography]] in India. While in England, he also delivered lectures about the songs of Rabindranath before Tagore won the Nobel Prize. Meanwhile, Sukumar had also drawn acclaim as an illustrator. As a technologist, he also developed new methods of halftone blockmaking, and technical articles about this were published in journals in England. The ''Penrose Annual'' published two articles by Ray. While in the United Kingdom, he joined the [[Royal Photographic Society]] in 1912 and remained a member until his death, gaining his Fellowship in 1922.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}

Upendrakishore started a publishing firm, ''U. Ray and Sons'', which Sukumar and Subinay helped to run. While Sukumar went to England to learn printing technology, Upendrakishore purchased land, constructed a building, and set up a printing press with facilities for high-quality halftone color blockmaking and printing. He launched the children's magazine, ''[[Sandesh (magazine)|Sandesh]]'', in May 1913.<ref name="RayChatterjee" /> Very soon after Sukumar's return from England, his writings and sketches started appearing in Sandesh. After Upendrakishore died on 20 December 1915, Sukumar ran the printing and publishing businesses and the ''Sandesh'' for about eight years. His younger brother Subinoy helped him, and many relatives pitched in writing for "Sandesh".<ref name="satyajit" />

[[File:100 A Garpar Road Kolkata Heritage Building Tag by KMC.jpg|thumb|House Sukumar Ray at 100 A, Garpar Road, Kolkata - Heritage Building Tag by KMC]]

==Contribution in literature==
Sukumar Ray pioneered the genre of [[literary nonsense]] in [[Bengali literature]]. His works appealed to both children and adults, because of their sense of humor, keen observational skills, sharp wit, and command of word selection. His son Satyajit Ray, in the preface of the first edition of the compilation of Sukumar Ray's complete works in his centenary year, ''Sukumar Sahitya Samagra'', wrote: {{blockquote|"উপেন্দ্রকিশোরের সম্পাদনাকালে সন্দেশে প্রকাশিত সুকুমারের কয়েকটি রচনায় তাঁর সাহিত্যিক বৈশিষ্ট্যের স্পষ্ট ইঙ্গিত পাওয়া যায়। ১৯১৪ সালে বেরোল আবোল তাবোল শ্রেনীর প্রথম কবিতা "খিচুড়ি"। এই প্রথম সুকুমার সাহিত্যে উদ্ভট প্রানীর আবির্ভাব। এখানে প্রানীর সৃষ্টি হয়েছে ভাষার কারসাজিতে -
হাঁস ছিল সজারুও, (ব্যাকরণ মানিনা) 
হয়ে গেল '''হাঁসজারু''' কেমনে তা জানিনা।

এই উদ্ভট সন্ধির নিযমেই সৃষ্টি হল বকচ্ছপ, মোরগরু,গিরগিটিয়া, সিংহরিণ, হাতিমি।<ref name=satyajit />"

'''English Translation:''' "During Upendrakishore's editorial tenure, in several writings of Sukumar published in Sandesh, clear indications of his literary characteristics can be found. In 1914, the first poem of the Berol Abol Tabol series, "Khichuri," was released. Here, for the first time, the appearance of strange creatures in Sukumar's literature occurs. Here, the creatures are created through the tricks of language—

The goose was sojaru,
it became hansjaru, how that happened, I do not know.

In accordance with this strange evening's rules, Bakchhop, Morgoru, Girgitiya, Singhorin, Hatimi were created."
}}

After his father's death in 1915, Sukumar had to take over responsibility for the publication of "''Sandesh''", and his creativity reached its pinnacle. The 45 limericks in ''Abol Tabol'' and many other creations published in ''Sandesh'' still amuse the readers of all ages. He created many characters in his prose and poems. Kaath Buro, Tash Goru, Huko Mukho Hangla, Kumro Potash, etc. were fictitious characters, though they were very close to our known world. He himself described his works as the product of ''Kheyal Ros''<ref name=satyajit /> (হঠাৎ ইচ্ছা;ঝোঁক/Wish; Whims; Freak; Fancy).

==Gallery==
Sketches of characters created by Roy.

<gallery mode="nolines">
File:Kumropatash.gif|Kumropatash in ''Abol Tabol''
File:Dashurkirti.gif|''Dashur Kirti''
File:Hukumukho hangla.PNG|''Huko Mukho Hangla''
File:Buro1.PNG|Kaath Buro
File:Abujh1.jpg|Abujh
File:Nbtjk.gif|The King
</gallery>
<gallery mode="nolines">
File:Hajabarala4.gif| Hijibijbij in ''HaJaBaRaLa''
File:Hajabarala6.gif| Nyara in ''HaJaBaRaLa''
File:Hajabarala3.gif| Udo in ''HaJaBaRaLa''
File:Hajabarala7.gif| The Court Room in ''HaJaBaRaLa''
File:Hajabarala2.gif| Shri Kakeswar Kuchkuche in ''HaJaBaRaLa''
File:Hajabarala1.gif| The CAT in ''HaJaBaRaLa''
</gallery>

==Bibliography==
* ''[[Abol Tabol]]'' (The Weird and the Absurd)
* ''[[Pagla Dashu]]'' (Crazy Dashu)<ref name="Datta1987">{{cite book |author=Amaresh Datta |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: A-Devo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC&pg=PA694 |access-date=3 October 2012 |year=1987 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-260-1803-1 |pages=694–}}</ref>
[[File:পাগলা দাশু.jpg|thumb|Pagla Dashu]]
* ''Khai-Khai'' (Eat-Eat)
* ''Heshoram Hushiyarer Diary'' (The diary of Heshoram Hushiyar) (early science fiction parody)<ref>[http://www.lehigh.edu/~amsp/2006/05/early-bengali-science-fiction.html Early Bengali science fiction], ''''Amardeep Singh,'''' lehigh.edu</ref>
* ''[[HaJaBaRaLa]]'' (Mumbo-Jumbo)
* ''Jhalapala O Onanyo Natok'' (Cacophony and Other Plays)
* ''Lokkhoner Shoktishel'' (Lokkhon Shellshocked)
* ''Chalachittachanchari''
* ''Shabdakalpadrum''
* ''Bohurupi'' (Chameleon)
* ''Abak Jalpan'' (A Strange Drink of Water 1914)
* ''Bhasar Atyachar'' (Torture of Language 1915)
* ''Barnamalatatva'' (Theory of Alphabet)
* ''Desh-Bidesher Golpo'' (Tales from Many Lands)
* ''Jiboner Hisab'' (Bidye bojhai babumoshai)

==See also==
* [[List of Indian writers]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Internet Archive author}}
* [http://sukumarray.freehostia.com/ Complete Sukumar Ray]
* [http://cafeirreal.alicewhittenburg.com/sukumar_ray.htm "Drighangchu" by Sukumar Ray] translation of short story in ''[[The Cafe Irreal]]''

{{commons category|Sukumar Ray}}
{{Bengal Renaissance}}
{{Ray family}}
{{Dwarkanath Ganguly family}}
{{Portal bar|Biography|India|Literature|Poetry}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ray, Sukumar}}
[[Category:Sukumar Ray| ]]
[[Category:1887 births]]
[[Category:1923 deaths]]
[[Category:Alumni of the London College of Printing]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:20th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:19th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:20th-century Bengali poets]]
[[Category:Bengali male poets]]
[[Category:Writers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Bengali-language writers]]
[[Category:Bengali-language science fiction writers]]
[[Category:Bengali zamindars]]
[[Category:Culture of Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian children's writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian illustrators]]
[[Category:Indian children's book illustrators]]
[[Category:Brahmos]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian photographers]]
[[Category:Presidency University, Kolkata alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Deaths from leishmaniasis]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Indian humorous poets]]
[[Category:Indian novelists]]
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[[Category:Poets from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian science fiction writers]]
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[[Category:Indian male dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Indian male essayists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian essayists]]
[[Category:Indian lithographers]]
[[Category:Indian printers]]
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[[Category:20th-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:Indian publishers (people)]]
[[Category:Indian book publishers (people)]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male artists]]
[[Category:Satyajit Ray]]

National Highway 365BB (India)

2025-11-20T17:01:58Z

DaljeetBhutal: added a info basic info!

{{short description|National highway in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}

{{Infobox road
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 365BB
| length_km = 254.4
|map ={{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=290|frame-height=220|frame-align=center|type=line
|id=Q59204198|stroke-width=3|title=National Highway 365BB}}
|map_custom=yes
|map_notes=Map of the National Highway in red
| direction_a = West
| direction_b = East
| terminus_a = [[Suryapet]]
| terminus_b = [[Kovvur, West Godavari district|Kovvur]] ([[Rajamahendravaram]])
| junction =
| spur_type = NH
| spur_of = 65
| previous_type = NH
| next_type = NH
| previous_route = 65
| next_route = 16
| states = [[Telangana]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| destinations = [[Suryapet]], [[Khammam]]
}}

'''National Highway 365BB''' is a [[National Highway (India)|national highway]] in [[India]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2017/175663.pdf|title=New highways notification dated May, 2017|website=[[The Gazette of India]] - [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=8 Oct 2018}}</ref> It is a [[Spur route|secondary route]] of [[National Highway 65 (India)|National Highway 65]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2011/E_574_2012_016.pdf|title=New National Highways notification - Government of India|website=[[The Gazette of India]]|access-date=8 Oct 2018}}</ref> NH-365BB traverses the states of [[Telangana]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]] in India.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=http://morth.nic.in/showfile.asp?lid=2924|title=State-wise length of National Highways (NH) in India|website=[[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=8 Oct 2018}}</ref> It starts at [[Suryapet]] and ends at [[Kovvur]]([[Rajamahendravaram]]).Major cities on this route are [[Suryapet]], [[Khammam]] and [[Rajamahendravaram]].

== Route ==
;Telangana
[[Suryapet]], [[Chivvemla]], [[Mothey]], [[Kusumanchi]], [[Khammam]], [[Wyra]], [[Thallada]], Mittapalli, [[Kalluru]], [[Sathupalli|Sattupalli]], [[Ashwaraopeta]] - Andhra Pradesh Border.<ref name=":0" />
;Andhra Pradesh
Telangana border - [[Chintalapudi, Eluru district|Chintalapudi]], T. Narasapuram, [[Jangareddigudem]], [[Koyyalagudem, West Godavari district|Koyyalagudem]], [[Gopalapuram, West Godavari|Gopalapuram]], Devarapalli Mandals ([[Rajamahendravaram]]).

== Project details ==
The National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) has proposed to construct the four-lane access controlled greenfield highway of a length of little over 162 km connecting Khammam of Telangana with Andhra Pradesh’s Devarapalli at an estimated cost of ₹4,609 crore.

The project was approved under the centrally-sponsored Bharatmala Pariyojana’s economic corridor development initiative more than one-and-a-half years ago.
[[File:Khammam suryapet highway.jpg|thumb|New Khammam - Suryapet highway as part of National Highway 365BB]]
The project involves acquisition of about 1,996 acres of agricultural lands spread in 31 villages of ten mandals of the district. The proposed greenfield express highway is likely to extend a distance of 96 km in Khammam district.

The project was inaugurated on 1 October, 2023 by PM Modi.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-modi-to-launch-projects-worth-rs-13-500-crore-in-telangana-today-101696130318734-amp.html | title=PM Modi to launch projects worth ₹13,500 crore in Telangana today | date=October 2023 }}</ref>

== Junctions ==
{{RJL|date=November 2021}}

: {{jct|NH|65|country=IND}} Terminal near Suryapet.<ref name=":0" />
: {{jct|NH|365A|country=IND}} near Khammam
: {{jct|NH|563|country=IND}} near Khammam
: {{jct|NH|30|country=IND}} near Tiruvuru
: {{jct|NH|516D|country=IND}} near Jeelugumilli
: {{jct|NH|16|country=IND}} Terminal near Kovvur(Rajamahendravaram).<ref name=":02" />

== See also ==
* [[List of national highways in India]]
* [[List of national highways in India by state]]

== Sources ==
https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/survey-for-4-lane-greenfield-highway-begins/article31996962.ece

https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/280219/khammam-greenfield-highway-project-stalled-due-to-land-problems.html

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/11592202 NH 365BB on OpenStreetMap]

{{Indian Highways Network}}
{{IND NH65 sr}}

[[Category:National highways of India]]
[[Category:National highways in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:National highways in Telangana]]

Nexus Indore Central Mall

2025-11-13T06:34:32Z

DaljeetBhutal: made the details w/ sources - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox shopping mall
| name = Nexus Indore Central Mall
| logo =
| logo_width =
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| location = Indore, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22|43|05|N|75|52|17|E}}
| address = 170, RNT Marg, Opp. Ravindra Natya Grah, Indore, M.P – 452001
| opening_date = 20 June 2009 (as Indore Central)
| closing_date =
| developer = Treasure Group
| manager =
| owner = Nexus Select Trust
| architect =
| number_of_stores = 26
| number_of_anchors = 06
| floor_area = 250,000 sq.ft.
| floors = 6
| parking = Multilevel
| publictransit =
| website = https://www.nexusselecttrust.com/nexus-indore-central
| footnotes =
| embedded =
}}

'''Nexus Indore Central Mall''' (earlier '''Treasure Island Next''', '''TI Next Mall''', '''Central Mall''') is a shopping mall in the city of Indore in India. It was officially opened in June 2009 as Central Mall but it underwent renovations and some parts were re-organised in 2017 and was re-branded and re-launched on 26 February 2018.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Bhargava|first1=Latika|title='A Bigger and Grander' Central HD Re-Launches in Indore|url=https://www.newsbarons.com/retail/bigger-grander-central-hd-re-launches-indore/|website=newsbarons.com|accessdate=27 May 2018}}{{dead link|date=March 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
It is owned by the Nexus Select Trust and they operate 17 malls across 13 cities of India.<ref>{{cite news |title=Blackstone 'desperate' for a large mall presence; may pay more than market value for Delhi's Select Citywalk |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy/story/blackstone-desperate-for-a-large-mall-presence-may-pay-more-than-market-value-for-delhis-select-citywalk-345223-2022-08-22 |access-date=31 December 2022 |work=Business Today |date=22 August 2022}}</ref>

==Facilities==
*[[H&M]] opened its first store in Indore here.<ref>{{cite web|title=H&M opens first store in Indore|url=https://www.indiaretailing.com/2017/09/17/fashion/hm-opens-first-store-indore/|website=indiaretailing.com|accessdate=27 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=H&M launches its first store in Indore at Treasure Island Next|url=http://in.fashionnetwork.com/news/H-M-launches-its-first-store-in-Indore-at-Treasure-Island-Next,869156.html|website=fashionnetwork.com|accessdate=27 May 2018}}</ref> The largest Central Departmental Store of Central India is also situated in the mall. Recently Pantaloons has also opened here.<ref>{{cite news |title=Treasure Island & Nexus Indore Central offers |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2022/state-editions/treasure-island---nexus-indore-central-offers.html |access-date=31 December 2022 |work=The Pioneer |date=13 August 2022 |location=Indore, MP |language=English}}</ref>
* The mall features an [[INOX Leisure Limited|INOX]] [[Multiplex (movie theater)|multiplex]] along with its premium offering Insignia.
* Play In, a Trampoline Park is situated at level five.

==See also==
*[[The Blackstone Group]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Further reading===
*https://starofmysore.com/nexus-mall-ties-up-with-cred-to-kick-off-festive-season/

{{Shopping malls in India}}
{{Indore Topics}}
{{Portal bar|India|Asia}}

[[Category:Shopping malls in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Shopping malls established in 2018]]
[[Category:2018 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]

Santhāgāra

2025-10-18T09:07:37Z

DaljeetBhutal: Done

{{more footnotes needed|date=June 2010}}
'''Santhagara''' is a [[Pali]] word derived from combination of '''Santha''' or '''Sanstha''' in [[Sanskrit]] (group) and '''Agara''' (house or assembly point) and was used for the general assembly hall of a particular [[Gaṇasaṅgha|{{Transliteration|sa|Gaṇasaṅgha}}]] kshatriya clan of ancient northern [[India]] where the old and younger of the same clan meets to decide on the general and state affairs. Santhagara was associated with [[republic]]an states and its history traces back to 600 B.C. The republican states were known as [[Gana|{{Transliteration|sa|gaṇa}}]] or [[Sangha (Buddhism)|{{Transliteration|sa|saṅgha}}]]. Buddhist literatures show that Santhagara of republic states used to control foreign affairs, entertaining foreign [[Ambassador]]s and princes, and deciding on peace and war proposals. The history of democracy in India is believed to be starting from Santhagara and India derives its official name {{Transliteration|sa|Bhārat Gaṇarājya}}, the [[Republic of India]], from the {{Transliteration|sa|Gaṇa}}. Other evidences of this period identifies {{Transliteration|sa|saṅgha}}s or {{Transliteration|sa|gaṇa}}s as not completely democracies but sort of corporations and also not as republics but oligarchies, where power was exercised by groups of people.

==Origin of Santhagara==

Buddhist and Jain literatures gives references about Santhagara with non-monarchial states like [[Shakya]]s of [[Kapilavastu (ancient city)|Kapilvastu]], the [[Malla (tribe)|Mallaka]]s of [[Pava]] and [[Kusinara]], the [[Licchavi (tribe)|Licchavika]]s or [[Licchavi (kingdom)]] of [[Vaisali]], the [[Videha|Vaideha]]s of [[Mithila (ancient)|Mithila]], the [[Koliya]]s of [[Parasi, Nepal|Ramagrama]] and [[Devadaha]] ([[Nawalparasi]]), the [[Moriya (tribe)|Moriya]]s of Pipphalvana, and the [[Bhagga]]s with their capital on Sumsumara Hill. Maha-Govinda Suttanta [http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-ENG/gic.htm] gives references about Sakya's heaven which was modeled on Santhagara of Sakya. The Lichchhavi santhagara is mentioned in detail in The Ekpanna Jataka, Chullakalinga Jataka ([[Jataka tales]])and [[Mahāvastu]].

==Functioning of Santhagara==

The minimum age to become member of [[Shakya]] Santhagara was twenty years. The assembly had strong sentiments against hereditary privileges and supported the principle of free election by the {{Transliteration|sa|Gaṇa}} to all-important posts, including that of Commander-in-chief known as Ganapati, Ganajyestha, Ganaraja, or Sanghamukhya which was the highest authority in state.

In the assembly, there were different posts known as Vargya, Grihya and Pakshya who clashed from time to time for power. The term [[Dvandva]] was used to denote the rival parties and the term Vyutkramana to their rivalry. Transaction of the Assembly business strictly required a [[Quorum]] without which it was considered invalid. Panini refers to {{Transliteration|sa|gaṇa-titha}} as the person whose attendance completed the quorum in a {{Transliteration|sa|Gaṇa}} and to {{Transliteration|sa|saṅgha-titha}} as one who completed the quorum of the Sangha. The person who acted as a “whip” [[Whip (politics)]] to secure the “quorum” was known as {{Transliteration|sa|gaṇa-pūraka}}. The seat regulator whose main job was to allot the seats to persons on [[dais]], front seats and other places depending on their position was known as “Asanapannapaka”. Voting was done with pieces of wood known as [[Shit stick#Chou or Ch.C5.AB|''salaka'']]. The collector of votes was the Salaka-Grahapaka, chosen for this job on account of his reputation of his honesty and impartiality. The word used for votes was “Chhanda” which meant free choice. The president of the state who was known as “Samghyamukhya” was responsible for presiding the assembly and regulating the debates. He was expected to observe strict impartiality and if he failed, he was furiously criticized. The voting methodology was of three types – by Guthaka (secret method), by Sakarnajapakam (whispering method) and by Vivatakam (Open method). Generally the assembly contains four to twenty executive members. The [[Raja]] (King), Upa-Raja (Sub-ordinate king), [[Senapati]] (military commanders) and Bhandagarika (treasurers) seem to be the designation of four executive members.

The [[Malla (tribe)|Mall]]a state, which was small, had an executive of four members only in their Santhagara, all of them have taken a prominent part in the funeral of Buddha. On the other hand, Lichchhavis had nine Executive officers (kings) in their assembly. The confederations of Lichchhavis and Videhas had Executive of Eighteen members. According to Buddhist literatures, the Lichchhavis formed a league with Videha and together they were called as “Vajjis”. Lichchhavis had once formed a federation with their neighbor, The Malla. The federal council was composed of eighteen members, nine Lichchhavis and nine Malla. The president of federation was known as {{Transliteration|sa|gaṇa-rāja}}. In a federation, both parties were having equal rights even though Malla were not a great power as Lichchhavis.

==Events associated with Santhagara==

#Siddhārtha Gautama, [[Gautama Buddha]] was initiated as member of Shakya Santhagara when he turned twenty. When he was twenty eight years old, a major clash took place between [[Koliya]] and Sakya over water of [[Rohini River]]. Shakya military commander decided to start a war on [[Koliya]] and Siddhartha opposed it. Siddhartha brought peace proposal in front of Santhagara which failed miserably during voting. As a consequence Siddhartha has to go in exile, [[Pabbajja]]
#According to Ambattha sutta [https://www.sacred-texts.com/bud/dob/dob-03tx.htm], of the [[Digha Nikaya]], when the Brahmana Ambattha visited Kapilvastu, members of the Shakya assembly are said to have laughed at him, treating him with scant respect.
#Shakyans who were proud of superiority of their blood, decided not give a Shakyan girl to [[Pasenadi]], King of [[Kosala]] in their Santhagara and instead gave slave girl as Shakyan girl. This resulted in mass scale massacre of Shakyas and demolition of santhagara by [[Virudhaka (raja)|Virudhaka]], son of Prasenjit after knowing the truth.
#Lichchhavis honored the beautiful courtesan [[Ambapali]] as [[Nagarvadhu]] in one of their annual meetings.
#Malla and Lichchhavis as per Buddhist literatures, requested lord [[Gautama Buddha]] to perform the opening ceremonies of their Santhagar by first using them for delivering a sermon to a congregation assembled therein.
#[[Gautama Buddha]] was very pleased to see the functioning of Lichchhavi Santhagara and he directed his pupils to pattern the Buddhist monastic order (Buddhist [[Sangha (Buddhism)|sangha]]) on the Lichchhavis sangha polities.
#The Malla of Kusinara, [[Kushinagar]] discussed the problems related to funeral of Buddha and disposal of his ashes in their Santhagara.

==Fall of Santhagara==

Santhagara started to disappear with the fall of republican states like Malla, Shakya, and Lichchhavis. Malla lost their independence to [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] Empire soon after Buddha’s death. Magadha King Ajatshatru conquered Lichchhavis after a prolonged battle which continued for 16 years. Later on [[Samudragupta]]s military campaign finished the Lichchhavis states.

==References==
<references/>

*Faces of the feminine in ancient, medieval, and modern India – By Mandakranta Bose (Page 80-81)
*Lord Mahavira and His times – By Kailash Chand Jain (page 233-249)[https://books.google.com/books?id=8-TxcO9dfrcC&dq=santhagara&pg=PA231]
*A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone age to 12th Century – By Upinder Singh (Pages 267-269)[https://books.google.com/books?id=GW5Gx0HSXKUC&dq=the+ancient+indian+ganas+were+not%2C+however%2C+democracies&pg=PA267]
*Dialogues of the Buddha, volume 2- By Thomas William Rhys Davids (page 113)[https://books.google.com/books?id=p2MzyLggg9wC&dq=thus+did+the+young+brahman+ambattha+for+the+third&pg=PA101]
*Ancient India – By [[R. C. Majumdar]] (pages 157-158)[https://books.google.com/books?id=XNxiN5tzKOgC&dq=unfortunately%2C+very+few+details+with+regard+to+the+constitution&pg=PA157]

[[Category:Vedic period]]

Vivek Dahiya

2025-10-04T07:53:20Z

DaljeetBhutal: cleanup

'''Vivek Dahiya''' may refer to:

* [[Vivek Dahiya (admiral)]], Rear Admiral in the Indian Navy
* [[Vivek Dahiya (actor)]], Indian television actor

{{hndis|Dahiya, Vivek}}

2021 Simlipal forest fires

2025-09-17T12:24:48Z

DaljeetBhutal: New Post

{{Short description|2021 forest fire in India}}
The '''2021 Simplipal forest fires''' occurred in the Indian state of Odisha in March and April 2021. The fires have affected the ecologically sensitive Simplipal [[Biosphere Reserve]], and caused widespread damage to the local environment as well as property and livelihoods.

== Background ==
The Simlipal Biosphere Reserve is located in the Indian state of [[Odisha]] and encompasses several state and national wildlife parks and sanctuaries, including the [[Simlipal National Park]], the [[Hadgarh Wildlife Sanctuary]] and [[Kuldiha Wildlife Sanctuary]], as well as buffer zones of forested areas including the adjoining Nato and [[Satkosia Tiger Reserve|Satkoshia Tiger Reserve]] and forest.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Wild Life Conservation in Odisha: Simlipal Biosphere Reserve|url=http://odishawildlife.org/similipalbiosphere.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-22|website=Government of Odisha|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127101208/http://www.odishawildlife.org:80/similipalbiosphere.html |archive-date=2013-01-27 }}</ref> The Biosphere was declared as such in 1994 by the Indian Government, and in 2009, UNESCO recognized the Simlipal Biosphere Reserve as part of the [[World Network of Biosphere Reserves]], which are areas designated for balanced relationships between people and nature. Following this, the Regional Plant Resource Centre in Odisha launched a project to identify and catalogue the varieties of flora and fauna in the reserve.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Unesco includes Similipal in biosphere reserve|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2009/dec/04/unesco-includes-similipal-in-biosphere-reserve-109927.html|access-date=2021-03-22|website=The New Indian Express |date=15 May 2012 }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Similipal |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/ecological-sciences/biosphere-reserves/asia-and-the-pacific/india/similipal/|access-date=2021-03-22|website=www.unesco.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Saranya|first1=K. R. L.|last2=Reddy|first2=C. Sudhakar|date=2016-04-01|title=Long term changes in forest cover and land use of Similipal Biosphere Reserve of India using satellite remote sensing data|journal=Journal of Earth System Science|language=en|volume=125|issue=3|pages=559–569|doi=10.1007/s12040-016-0685-y|bibcode=2016JESS..125..559S|s2cid=130522135|issn=0973-774X|doi-access=free}}</ref> The Reserve is home to a vast number of rare and endangered species of flora and fauna, including forests of [[Sal tree|sal]] trees, 93 varieties of orchids and 52 species of endangered flora, as well as the [[Bengal tiger|Royal Bengal tiger]] (''Panthera tigris tigris''), the [[gaur]], or Indian bison, the [[Asian elephant|Asiatic Elephant]] (''Elephas maximus''), several varieties of wild cats, including the [[fishing cat]], [[jungle cat]], and [[leopard cat]]; the four-horned antelope or [[Four-horned antelope|chowsingha]], and many rare birds, including the red-breasted falconet, grey-headed fishing eagle, slender billed scimitar babbler, white eared bulbul, east-Himalayan long-tailed minivet and common sand piper.<ref name=":0" /> Documentation of endemic species within the Biosphere is not yet complete and is ongoing, and in 2019, researchers discovered a tenth species of vine snake, which added to the existing documentation of nine species of vine snakes after a gap of more than 100 years.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Barik|first=Satyasundar|date=2019-05-25|title=New vine snake discovered in Odisha biosphere reserve|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/new-vine-snake-discovered-in-odisha-biosphere-reserve/article27249009.ece|access-date=2021-03-22|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The Simlipal National Park is an area that has received funds under India's [[Project Tiger]], aimed at tiger conservation, to ensure the maintenance of viable Bengal tiger populations in the reserve.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2017-06-24|title=Plan for overall development of Similipal Biosphere Reserve|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-plan-for-overall-development-of-similipal-biosphere-reserve-2482811|access-date=2021-03-22|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref>

In addition, the Simlipal Biosphere Reserve is home to several villages and populations of native and aboriginal tribes from India, including the Erenga [[Kharia people|Kharia]] people and the [[Mankidia]] people, who live in villages within the reserve and practice traditional harvesting activities for subsistence in the reserve, including collecting wild honey, gum, arrowroot, wild mushrooms, tree bark, flowers and seeds.<ref name=":1" /> Several communities inside the reserve have been granted community forest rights under Indian law, which grants them protections to "...protect, manage, regenerate or conserve any traditional community forest resource which they have been traditionally protecting and conserving for sustainable use."<ref>{{Cite web|title=21 villages inside Simlipal Tiger Reserve granted community forest rights|url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/forests/21-villages-inside-simlipal-tiger-reserve-granted-community-forest-rights-53296|access-date=2021-03-22|website=www.downtoearth.org.in|date=25 March 2016 |language=en}}</ref> However, communities have previously reported difficulties in exercising these rights, and in 2017, many were subject to forcible relocations outside the reserve, resulting in damage to traditional lifestyles, cultures, and occupations.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-30|title=Relocation of tribal people living around Similipal Tiger Reserve forceful, claim locals|url=https://india.mongabay.com/2020/03/relocation-of-tribal-people-living-around-similipal-tiger-reserve-forceful-claim-locals/|access-date=2021-03-22|website=Mongabay-India|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Remaining tribals in Simlipal tiger reserve to be displaced|url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/remaining-tribals-in-simlipal-tiger-reserve-to-be-displaced--44475|access-date=2021-03-22|website=www.downtoearth.org.in|language=en}}</ref> In 2018, the [[Mankidia]] people, designated a 'particularly vulnerable tribe' by the Odisha government, were denied permission to continue living in their ancestral homes within the biosphere reserve.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-01-07|title=Mankidia denied habitat in Simlipal|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/mankidia-denied-habitat-in-simlipal/article22392195.ece|access-date=2021-03-22|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Poaching has been an ongoing problem within the reserve and the Odisha state government has attempted to launch a program that attempts to recruit former poachers to act as conservationists, training them to work with the Odisha State Forest Department.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Basu|first=Moushumi|title=In an Odisha reserve, poachers who turned protectors are threatening to go back to killing animals|url=https://scroll.in/magazine/841182/in-an-odisha-reserve-poachers-who-turned-protectors-are-threatening-to-go-back-to-killing-animals|access-date=2021-03-22|website=Scroll.in|date=11 July 2017 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|agency=PTI|date=2010-03-18|title=Similipal Tiger Reserve faces poaching threat|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/Similipal-Tiger-Reserve-faces-poaching-threat/article16573384.ece|access-date=2021-03-22|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In 2018, a fire suspected to have been caused by poachers, damaged large parts of the Simlipal National Park.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Despite preventive steps, fire continues to raze in Similipal|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2018/mar/17/despite-preventive-steps-fire-continues-to-raze-in-similipal-1788380.html|access-date=2021-03-22|website=The New Indian Express |date=17 March 2018 }}</ref> In addition the construction of highways inside the Simlipal Biosphere Reserve has threatened endemic species and biodiversity.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gandhi|first=Divya|date=2019-09-07|title=A wild, wild road|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/a-wild-wild-road/article29360610.ece|access-date=2021-03-22|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> A previous major forest fire occurred in 2015.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Odisha's Simlipal Forest Fire: Why It Is A Matter Of Concern|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-the-simlipal-forest-fire-why-it-is-a-matter-of-concern/376492|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-22|website=Outlook India|date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308050503/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-the-simlipal-forest-fire-why-it-is-a-matter-of-concern/376492 |archive-date=2021-03-08 }}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web|date=2021-03-07|title=Early summer, lack of rain spark fires at reserve, Odisha on edge|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/odisha-forest-fires-summer-rain-7217555/|access-date=2021-03-22|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> The state of Odisha has one of the highest rates of forest fire incidents in India.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Odisha's Simlipal Is Up In Flames. Why's No One Talking About It?|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-a-raging-forest-fire-that-no-one-talks-about/376412|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-22|website=Outlook India|date=7 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307044020/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-a-raging-forest-fire-that-no-one-talks-about/376412 |archive-date=2021-03-07 }}</ref> Fires are also a recurrent natural phenomenon in the reserve and are usually brought under control by rainfall that commonly occurs in the region in January and February.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=2021-03-11|title=Explained: Why the Simlipal forest fire is a matter of concern|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/simplipal-forest-fire-explained-7213375/|access-date=2021-03-22|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> The Odisha Forest Department has also stated many fires are caused by humans, either by indigenous tribes engaging in traditional ground-clearing methods, or by poachers who attempt to trap animals fleeing the fires.<ref name=":12" />

To control fires, the Odisha State government is reported to have budgeted {{INRConvert|50|c|year=2021}} and established fire squads equipped with air blowers, fire tenders and safety equipment, and instituted a toll-free number to report fires. However, the reporting network remains inaccessible to most of the indigenous communities that live within the biosphere, making reporting inconsistent.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Similipal forest fire: It is time to act|url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/natural-disasters/similipal-forest-fire-it-is-time-to-act-75780|access-date=2021-03-22|website=www.downtoearth.org.in|date=5 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

== Spread and Control ==
In 2021, the Simlipal Biosphere Reserve experienced a prolonged dry spell, exacerbated by a below-average monsoon in the previous year, accompanied by widespread fires within the reserve. The specific cause of the fires that occurred in early 2021 has not been yet established.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5" /> Local residents stated to ''The Wire'' that forest fires are an annual phenomenon in the region but that in 2021, the scale of fire and extent of the spread were unprecedented.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-04|title=Hot Weather Causes Intense Forest Fire in Simlipal, Govt Claims No Lives Lost|url=https://science.thewire.in/environment/hot-climate-raises-intensity-of-simlipal-forest-fire-govt-claims-no-lives-lost/|access-date=2021-03-22|website=The Wire Science|language=en-GB}}</ref>

Since early February, officials reported more than 3400 small-scale fires in the biosphere reserve, with 350 of these occurring inside the tiger reserve.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|date=2021-03-20|title=Leaf blowers and beating branches: the fight to stop India's forest fires|url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/mar/20/battle-against-indias-forest-fires-similipal-aoe|access-date=2021-03-22|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref> Not all these fires were immediately extinguished, and in late February 2021, they began to spread rapidly at the northern and southern ends of the reserve, with wildlife authorities identifying over 300 individual fire points that were burning.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite web|date=2021-03-05|title=NASA satellites show fires still raging over Similipal, rest of Odisha|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nasa-satellites-show-fires-still-raging-over-similipal-rest-of-odisha-101614927032452.html|access-date=2021-03-22|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> On social media, a 'Save Simlipal' campaign started by local environmental activists documented fire damage caused to the reserve.<ref name=":6" />

By 4 March 2021, fires had been burning for over 10 days, and the Odisha state government announced a response, deploying over 1000 persons include fire and forest guards as well as 40 fire tenders and blower machines to control the fire.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite web|title=Similipal fires threaten fauna, could cause human-wildlife conflicts: Experts|url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/natural-disasters/similipal-fires-threaten-fauna-could-cause-human-wildlife-conflicts-experts-75766|access-date=2021-03-22|website=www.downtoearth.org.in|date=4 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Simlipal is divided into 21 'ranges' for the purpose of forest patrols and by this time, 8 of these ranges were affected by the fire.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|title=Odisha Chief Minister Reviews Similipal Forest Fire, Says No Damage To Big Trees|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/odisha-chief-minister-reviews-simlipal-forest-fire-says-no-damage-damage-to-big-trees-2383143|access-date=2021-03-22|website=NDTV.com}}</ref> Forest department officials stated that very high temperatures exacerbated the situation.<ref name=":9" /> Access to fire points in deeply-forested areas also caused challenges in bringing the fires under control.<ref name=":6" /> Attempts to control the fire were aided by volunteers from civil society and non-governmental organisations, who used branches and clothes to extinguish small fire points.<ref name=":6" />

On 5 March 2021, Odisha state government officials stated that the fires had been brought under control. However, images accessed from NASA's Fire Information for Resource Management System showed that fires were still spreading in the biosphere reserve.<ref name=":7" /> This was confirmed by the [[Forest Survey of India]] which had recorded 233 active forest fires in the Simlipal Biosphere Reserve as of 5 March 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Odisha: Similipal Tiger Reserve burning for more than a week now|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/travel-news/odisha-similipal-tiger-reserve-burning-for-more-than-a-week-now/as81372008.cms|access-date=2021-03-22|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref>

On 9 March 2021, a task force constituted by the Odisha State government confirmed that forest fires had spread to 26 out of the state's 30 districts, but that the fires were "almost contained."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-09|title=Similipal National Park forest fire 'almost contained', core area with wildlife not impacted by blaze|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/similipal-national-park-forest-fire-almost-contained-core-area-with-wildlife-not-impacted-by-blaze-9393941.html|access-date=2021-03-22|website=Firstpost}}</ref> Several news sources including ''[[India Today]]'' reported that the fire had been controlled by 9 March 2021, aided in part by rainfall in the region.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|date=March 9, 2021|first1=Mohammad|last1=Suffian|title=Similipal forest fire brought under control after 2 weeks|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/simlipal-forest-fire-brought-under-control-after-2-weeks-1777102-2021-03-09|access-date=2021-03-22|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Simlipal Fire Contained, Odisha Forms Task Force For Forest Fires|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/environment/simlipal-fire-contained-odisha-forms-task-force-for-forest-fires-6628011.html|access-date=2021-03-22|website=Moneycontrol|date=10 March 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-09|title=Odisha claims Similipal fire under control, deploys special fire fighting squads|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/odisha-claims-similipal-fire-under-control-deploys-special-fire-fighting-squads-101615303066039.html|access-date=2021-03-22|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> However, on 14 March 2021, news channel [[Odisha TV]] reported that fires were still ongoing in parts of the biosphere reserve.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-14|title=Simlipal Forest Fire: 1 Large Fire Still Rages On, NGOs put the Loss at 25%|url=https://odishatv.in/odisha-news/simlipal-forest-fire-1-large-fire-still-rages-on-ngos-put-the-loss-at-25-526356|access-date=2021-03-22|website=OTV News|language=en-US}}</ref>

On 1 April 2021, the Regional Chief Conservator of Forests in Simlipal reported that fires had broken out again in 50 different places inside the Simlipal Biosphere Reserve, chiefly in the Simlipal Tiger Reserve area. Forest officials confirmed that nine persons had been arrested for poaching and intentionally causing fires.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fire erupts in Similipal again|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2021/apr/01/fire-erupts-in-similipal-again-2284316.html|access-date=2021-04-07|website=The New Indian Express |date=April 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-04|title=Odisha: Wildfire Continues To Rage In Similipal Forest Park|url=https://odishatv.in/news/odisha-wildfire-continues-to-rage-in-similipal-forest-park-532127|access-date=2021-04-07|website=OTV News|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Impact ==
Odisha's Principal Chief Conservator of Forest and Wildlife stated in March 2021 that the fire did not cause any loss of wildlife and had not affected the core area of the tiger reserves.<ref name=":4" /> The statement was reiterated by Odisha Chief Minister [[Naveen Patnaik]] who stated in March that the fire had not caused loss of life to people or fauna.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|title=Simlipal forest fire raging for 10 days in Odisha contained, CM claims no damage to big trees|url=https://scroll.in/latest/988734/simlipal-forest-fire-raging-for-10-days-in-odisha-contained-cm-claims-no-damage-to-big-trees|access-date=2021-03-22|website=Scroll.in|date=5 March 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref> This was disputed by a local educational and research institution, the [[Kalinga Institute of Social Sciences]], which stated that the fire had "....endangered flora and fauna, decimating medicinal plants and displacing countless wildlife & [[adivasi]] communities..."<ref name=":11" /> In addition, local indigenous communities living within the biosphere reserve, as well as environmental activists, described the spread of the fire as unprecedented and causing loss to many native species of flora and fauna.<ref name=":6" /> The Wildlife Society of Odisha described the state's claim that no serious damage had occurred as "...ridiculous." pointing particularly to the effect on many native lizard and orchid species.<ref name=":6" /> Conservationists have also questioned whether this claim about the impact on fauna can be made before the government undertakes surveys to examine the impact of the fire on local flora and fauna.<ref name=":7" />

The ''Financial Express'' has reported that forest fires have destroyed nearly a third of the Simlipal National Park.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-05|title=Burning Issue: Simlipal forest fire is yet another reminder of the urgent need to act on climate, at the global level|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/burning-issue-simlipal-forest-fire-is-yet-another-reminder-of-the-urgent-need-to-act-on-climate-at-the-global-level/2206567/|access-date=2021-03-22|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-03|title=Odisha Forest Fire: Similipal Tiger Reserve Burns As Fire Devours One Third Of The Park |url=https://odishatv.in/odisha-news/odisha-forest-fire-similipal-tiger-reserve-burns-as-fire-devours-one-third-of-the-park-522943|access-date=2021-04-07|website=OTV News|language=en-US}}</ref>

Forest officials have expressed concerns that already-high temperatures will be exacerbated by the rise in temperature during the summer months of April and May, which may lead to risks of more fires.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":8" /> After the fire was brought under control, the Odisha state government has constituted a 'Forest Fire Management Task Force to address future forest fire issues.<ref name=":10" /> A committee of experts delegated from the Indian federal government has also been sent to the state of Odisha to assist in fire control.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Simlipal Forest Fire: Experts To Help Odisha Government, Says Minister|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/simlipal-forest-fire-experts-to-help-odisha-government-says-prakash-javadekar-2387842|access-date=2021-03-22|website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

The prolonged fires and higher temperatures are likely to affect the wild honey output in Simlipal, which would have consequences for the local tribal populations that collected and sold wild honey for their livelihood.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Forest fires, soaring heat to affect honey output from Similipal|url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/economy/forest-fires-soaring-heat-to-affect-honey-output-from-similipal-76273|access-date=2021-04-07|website=www.downtoearth.org.in|date=2 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2021 wildfires]]
[[Category:2021 natural disasters]]

Narendra Prasad Misra

2025-09-15T12:08:29Z

DaljeetBhutal: Made Basic Info W/ Infobox

{{Short description|Indian physician (1932–2021)}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
[[File:Narendra Prasad Misra portrait.jpg|thumb|DR NP Misra]]
'''Narendra Prasad Misra''' (10 July 1932 – 5 September 2021)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Staff Reporter |title=Bhopal: Senior doctor NP Mishra passes away at 90 |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/bhopal/bhopal-senior-doctor-np-mishra-passes-away-at-90 |access-date=16 March 2022 |website=The Free Press Journal}}</ref> was an Indian physician known for his pivotal role during the [[Bhopal gas tragedy]] and his contributions to medical education. Originally from [[Gwalior]], he lived in [[Bhopal]] in the Indian state of [[Madhya Pradesh]].

==Early life and education==
{{unreferenced section|date=December 2024}}
Misra was born in [[Vidisha]] in 1932. He completed his B.Sc. with first rank in university. He received his [[MBBS]] and [[Doctor of Medicine|MD]] degrees from [[Gajra Raja Medical College]], Gwalior. He obtained his [[Member of the Royal College of Physicians|MRCP]] in 1967 and became a [[Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians|FRCP]] in 1973.

As a Commonwealth Scholar at the University of London, he trained in gastroenterology, cardiology, chest diseases, neurology and advanced medicine at Royal Post Graduate Medical School (Hammersmith Hospital). He also trained at the National Institute of Health, Washington.

==Career==
Misra joined Gandhi Medical College, Bhopal as a lecturer in January 1960. In 1972, he became the head of the department of medicine, a department which has since been named in his honor. After a distinguished career spanning over three decades, he retired as the Dean of the college on October 31, 1992. His work and expertise were recognized internationally, including being interviewed by Ed Bradley for CBS's 60 Minutes about the long-term health impacts of the disaster. In that interview, he estimated that approximately 40,000 people had suffered permanent lung damage from the gas leak and warned about potential genetic damage that could lead to increased cancer risks and birth defects in future generations.<ref name="CBS">{{cite web |title=The broken promises to the victims of Bhopal |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/bhopal-anniversary-60-minutes-ed-bradley/ |website=CBS News |date=2 December 2014 |access-date=29 November 2024}}</ref>

===Response to Bhopal disaster===
The disaster was caused by a [[gas leak]] accident on the night of 2–3 December 1984 at the [[Union Carbide India Limited]] (UCIL) [[pesticide]] plant in Bhopal. It is considered among [[List of accidents and disasters by death toll#Industrial disasters|the world's worst]] [[List of industrial disasters|industrial disasters]].<ref name="convictions">{{cite news |date=7 June 2010 |title=Bhopal trial: Eight convicted over India gas disaster |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8725140.stm |url-status=live |access-date=7 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100607185745/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/8725140.stm |archive-date=7 June 2010}}</ref>

During the Bhopal gas tragedy, Misra played a crucial role in organizing the medical response at Hamidia Hospital. When the disaster struck, he quickly established a system to handle more than ten thousand victims. As documented in Dominique LaPierre's book "Five Past Midnight in Bhopal", Misra recognized early that the toxic cloud's impact was just beginning and took immediate action to transform the campus between the Medical College and Hamidia into a field hospital.<ref>{{cite book |last1=LaPierre |first1=Dominique |title=Five Past Midnight in Bhopal: The Epic Story of the World's Deadliest Industrial Disaster |year=2002 |publisher=Warner Books |isbn=0-446-53088-3}}</ref>

His immediate response included coordinating with pharmacists to collect bronchodilators, antispasmodics, eye-lotions, heart tonics, and other medical supplies; contacting medical faculty in Indore and Gwalior to arrange emergency medicine transfers; organizing oxygen supplies from local firms; and mobilizing medical students from their hostels for emergency response. <ref>{{cite book |last1=LaPierre |first1=Dominique |title=Five Past Midnight in Bhopal: The Epic Story of the World's Deadliest Industrial Disaster |year=2002 |publisher=Warner Books |isbn=0-446-53088-3}}</ref>

His team treated 170,000 patients in one day. He stated: "The first problem was that of numbers. My team treated 170,000 patients in one day. The second problem was lack of information. UCC informed us that the gas was not toxic. They insisted that most of the casualties were result of panic created by people running and inhaling gas. I tried to organize bulk supplies of medicines. I rang up colleagues and civil surgeon friends in neighboring towns like Sehore, Raisen, Hosangabad (Narmadapuram), and Vidisha and asked them to send supply of medicines and necessary staff like nurses and ward boys. I called up local chemists and asked them to pool in their stocks . . ."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Suroopa Mukherjee |url=https://vdoc.pub/documents/surviving-bhopal-dancing-bodies-written-texts-and-oral-testimonials-of-women-in-the-wake-of-an-industrial-disaster-nev66e7tb3o0 |title=Surviving Bhopal: Dancing Bodies, Written Texts, And Oral Testimonials Of Women In The Wake Of An Industrial Disaster |date=2010 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan in the United States |isbn=978-0-230-10632-1 |page=139 |access-date=18 March 2022}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Misra was married to Maya Misra (14 June 1938 - 17 December 1986). He had three sons, including [[Vishal Misra]].

==Recognition==
*In 2022 the [[Government of India]] posthumously conferred the [[Padma Shri]] award upon him, the third-highest award in the Padma series of awards.<ref name="PadmaShri2022">{{cite web |title=Padma Awards 2022 |url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/padmaawardees2022.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125143803/https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/padmaawardees2022.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2022 |url-status=live|website=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt of India |access-date=11 February 2022}}</ref> The award named him "Bhopal's Senior Most Doctor known for developing [[Medical guideline|treatment protocols]] for victims of [[Bhopal Gas Tragedy]] as well as Covid."<ref name="PadmaShri2022Images">{{cite web |title=Padma Awards 2022 |url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/AwardeeTickets2022.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129172910/https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/AwardeeTickets2022.aspx |archive-date=29 January 2022 |url-status=live|website=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt of India |access-date=11 February 2022}}</ref>

*"[[Dr. B. C. Roy Award|Dr B C Roy Award]]" by [[Medical Council of India]] (1992)
*"Gifted Teacher Award" by the Association of Physicians of India (1995)

==Books==
Misra authored a book on [[cardiology]] which is popular among cardiology students. The book titled ''Progress in Cardiology'' was released by the then [[President of India]] [[Shankar Dayal Sharma]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=N P Misra |title=Progress in Cardiology |date=1981 |publisher=Arnold-Heinemann |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4HZUtwAACAAJ |access-date=16 March 2022}}</ref>

==Research publications==
*{{cite journal |last1=N P Misra|display-authors=etal|title=Early Observations on lung function studies in symptomatic "gas" exposed population of Bhopal |journal=Indian Journal of Medical Research |date=1987 |volume=86 (Supplement) |pages=1–10 |url=https://ijmr.icmr.org.in/ijmr/supplement/Scientific%20Studies%20on%20bhopal%20Gas%20Victims%20(Pt.A).pdf |access-date=16 March 2022}}
*{{cite journal |last1=N P Misra|display-authors=etal|title=Clinical profile of gas leak victims in acute phase after Bhopal episode |journal=Indian Journal of Medical Research |date=1987 |volume=86 (Supplement) |pages=11–19 |url=https://ijmr.icmr.org.in/ijmr/supplement/Scientific%20Studies%20on%20bhopal%20Gas%20Victims%20(Pt.A).pdf |access-date=16 March 2022}}
*{{cite journal |last1=N P Misra|display-authors=etal|title=Bhopal tragedy - A year later |journal=Journal of the Associations of the Physicians of India |date=1986 |volume=34 |issue=4 |page=307|pmid=3759842 }}
*{{cite journal |last1=N P Misra|display-authors=etal|title=A clinical study of toxic gas poisoning in Bhopal, India |journal=Indian Journal of Experimental Biology |date=1988 |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=201–204|pmid=3397126 }}
*{{cite journal |last1=N P Misra|display-authors=etal|title=Bronchoalveolar lavage study in victims of toxic gas leak at Bhopal |journal=Indian Journal of Medical Research |date=1989 |volume=90 |pages=407–414|pmid=2628309 |url=https://eprints.nirt.res.in/268/1/198932.pdf|access-date=16 January 2022}}
*{{cite journal |last1=N P Misra|display-authors=etal|title=Chronic lung inflammation in victims of toxic gas leak at Bhopal |journal=Respiratory Medicine |date=1995 |volume=89 |issue=2 |pages=105–11|doi=10.1016/0954-6111(95)90192-2 |pmid=7708994 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0954611195901922/pdf?md5=bf753c430a100c7719b58c4b86d3209b&pid=1-s2.0-0954611195901922-main.pdf|access-date=16 March 2022}}

==See also==
*[[List of Padma Shri award recipients (2020–2029)#Padma Shri Award recipients in the year 2022|Padma Shri Award recipients in the year 2022]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Medicine}}

[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine]]
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Vidisha]]
[[Category:Indian medical academics]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Madhya Pradesh]]

George Kellner

2025-08-25T10:21:49Z

DaljeetBhutal: typo fix

{{short description|British colonial administrator}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2018}}
[[File:George Kellner, Kensal Green Cemetery.jpg|thumb|Monument, Kensal Green Cemetery]]

'''Sir George Francis Welsh Kellner''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KCMG|CSI}} (baptised 15 May 1825 – 10 June 1886) was a British colonial administrator.

George Welsh Kellner was born in Calcutta, the son of Francis Daniel Kellner and Anne Henrietta Welsh. He was educated there at Doveton College.<ref>{{cite book|title=Dictionary of Indian Biography|year = 1971|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8AKI2nqPBQC&pg=PA232|access-date=5 July 2015|publisher=Ardent Media|page=232|id=GGKEY:BDL52T227UN}}</ref>

Sir George Francis Kellner held various posts in India and later served in Cyprus. In 1884, he was appointed Assistant Paymaster-General in the Court of Chancery. Both he and his brother Edwin were accountants in the service of the East India Company and later in various governmental departments.<ref name=PBenyon>{{cite web|title=Extracts from Late 19th Century and Early 20th Century Newspapers Obituaries - various|url=http://www.pbenyon.plus.com/RN/Obits.html|website=PBenyon|access-date=5 July 2015|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924105609/http://www.pbenyon.plus.com/RN/Obits.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Sir George married Ann Caroline Gardiner (1830-1872) in Calcutta (Kolkata) in 1846. The couple had eight children.

His second wife was Jane Carter (1850-1926) of Dublin, Ireland, whom he married in London and with whom he had three children.

Some wrongly believe that Kellner and his brother Edwin Welsh Kellner had the franchise ("G. F. Kellner, and Co") for running European-style restaurants at the major railway stations in India. This misinformation is even included in books.<ref name="Blackford2000">{{cite book|author=Stan Blackford|title=One Hell of a Life: An Anglo-Indian Wallah's Memoir from the Last Decades of the Raj|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b5GcvYse7vYC&pg=PA58|year=2000|publisher=Stan Blackford|isbn=978-0-646-39104-5|page=58}}</ref> However, this is not true. The confusion probably arose because the man who founded the company that had the railway franchise, George Ferdinand Kellner (G. F. Kellner), shared initials and a surname with Sir George Francis Kellner (G. F. Kellner). Moreover, the two men were contemporaries and both lived and worked in Calcutta, but were not related. {{citation needed|date=November 2016}}

G.F.Kellner and Co. Ltd, the company started by George Ferdinand Kellner, survives as wine merchants in Kolkata.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kellner, George}}
[[Category:Military personnel from Kolkata]]
[[Category:1825 births]]
[[Category:1886 deaths]]
[[Category:Burials at Kensal Green Cemetery]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George]]

Lakshmipuram, Theni

2025-08-06T21:53:35Z

DaljeetBhutal:

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Lakshmipuram
| other_name = L.Pudupatti
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline = Lakshmipuram.jpg
| image_caption = Aerial view of Lakshmipuram Village from Western Ghats
| coordinates = {{Coord|10|4|38.55|N|77|31|11.41|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Theni district|Theni]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Periyakulam]]
| subdivision_name3 =
| unit_pref = Metric
| population_total = 10000+
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
}}
[[File:Western Ghats Lakshmipuram.jpg|thumb|Morning view of Western Ghats from Lakshmipuram Village.]]

'''Latchumipuram''' (L.Pudhupatti) is a village in south [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. It is situated at the foothills of the [[Western Ghats]], {{convert|9|km}} from the city of [[Theni]]. It is {{convert|7|km}} from [[Periyakulam]] on [[National Highway 183 (India)|NH 183]]. The population of this village is over 10,000.
This village is also known for its various small water falls . where the water comes from the hills are seen beautifully. One of the beautiful place in Theni district

Latchumipuram is surrounded by [[Kodaikanal taluk|Kodaikanal Taluk]] to the north, [[Andipatti taluk|Andipatti Taluk]] to the south, [[Theni taluk|Theni Taluk]] to the south, and [[Batlagundu block|Batlagundu Taluk]] to the east. Latchumipuram village is Located in [[Periyakulam taluk|Periyakulam Taluk]], [[Theni district]], Madurai Region, State Of Tamil Nadu in South India. It is 489 km from the state capital [[Chennai]].

Lakshmipuram village panchayat has set a role model in greening the district and disposing of waste generated from the panchayat. The village won the Nirmal Puraskar award<ref>[http://www.mdws.gov.in/nirmal-gram-puraskar Nirmal Puraskar]</ref> on two occasions from The [[Government of India]], The village is famous for cultivation of sugarcane mainly and various other seasoned crops like [[Cotton]], [[Maize]], [[Rice]], [[Mango]], [[Banana]] and [[Coconut]]. Several sugarcane auction markets are located near by the village.

The Theni district court is located in this village.

== Famous Festivals ==

[[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]] festival is the famous religious festival observed by the locals in early or later school holidays depends on village organising committee decision. It is a week-long celebration starting at the Karupasamy Kovil temple in [[Madurai]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karupasamy Kovil - Hindu temple - Madurai - Tamil Nadu {{!}} Yappe.in |url=https://yappe.in/tamil-nadu/madurai/karupasamy-kovil/2435297 |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=yappe.in}}</ref> Pongal starts on Wednesday and lasts until Sunday in which most of villagers also take part.

== Transport ==
There is a railway station at Theni recently, this train runs from Chennai Central to Bodinayyakur on Monday, Wednesday and Friday. It is 10 km from Theni railway station to Lakshmipuram.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Theni district}}

[[Category:Villages in Theni district]]

Warana Raja Maha Vihara

2025-07-31T18:12:46Z

DaljeetBhutal: added basic details from scratch!

{{Short description|Sri Lanka Buddhist temple}}
{{Infobox religious building
| building_name = Warana Raja Maha Vihara
| native_name = වාරණ රජ මහා විහාරය
| infobox_width =
| image = වාරණ රජමහා විහාරය 1.PNG
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Ancient Stupa at middle ground
| map_type =
| map_size =
| location = [[Warana, Sri Lanka|Warana]], [[Thihariya]], [[Sri Lanka]]
| coordinates = {{coord|07|06|15.3|N|80|04|28.9|E|display=inline,title}}
| religious_affiliation = [[Buddhism]]
| rite =
| region =
| state =
| province =[[Western Province, Sri Lanka|Western Province]]
| territory =
| prefecture =
| sector =
| district =[[Gampaha District|Gampaha]]
| cercle =
| municipality =
| consecration_year =
| status =
| functional_status =
| heritage_designation = [[List of Archaeological Protected Monuments in Sri Lanka|Archaeological protected monument]]<ref name="Archaeological">{{cite web|url=http://www.archaeology.gov.lk/web/images/pdf/protected%20monument%20list%202012-12-12.pdf|date=12 December 2012|title=Protercted Monument List 2012-12-12|publisher=[[Department of Archaeology (Sri Lanka)|Department of Archaeology]]|accessdate=27 March 2016|archive-date=2018-11-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123073223/http://www.archaeology.gov.lk/web/images/pdf/protected%20monument%20list%202012-12-12.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> (01 November 1996)
| leadership =
| website =
| architecture = yes
| architect =
| architecture_type = [[Buddhist Temple]]
| architecture_style = [[Architecture of ancient Sri Lanka#Cave temples|Cave temple]]
| founded_by = [[Devanampiya Tissa of Anuradhapura|King Devanampiyathissa]] (307–267 BC)
| general_contractor =
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'''Warana Raja Maha Vihara''' ([[Sinhalese language|Sinhala]]ː වාරණ රජ මහා විහාරය) is an ancient [[Buddhist temple]] situated in [[Thihariya]], [[Gampaha District]], [[Sri Lanka]]. The temple is located approximately {{convert|5|km|abbr=on}} away from the [[Colombo]] - [[Kandy]] highway. Currently this temple has been recognized as an [[List of Archaeological Protected Monuments in Sri Lanka|archaeological protected site in Gampaha]] District by [[Department of Archaeology (Sri Lanka)|Archaeological department]].<ref name="Archaeological" />

==History==
Warana Raja Maha Vihara is believed to have been built during the reign of [[Devanampiya Tissa of Anuradhapura|King Devanampiyathissa]] (307–267 BC)<ref name="tlc.lk">{{cite web| url=http://tlc.lk/index.php/listings/225| title=Warana Rajamaha Viharaya, Gampaha| publisher=tlc.lk| date=| accessdate=16 March 2016| archive-date=21 March 2016| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160321014505/http://tlc.lk/index.php/listings/225| url-status=dead}}</ref> and according to the temple chronicles preserved at the Vihara, later renovations haven been undertaken by [[Valagamba of Anuradhapura|King Valagamba]] (103 BCE and c.89–77 BCE), [[Nissanka Malla of Polonnaruwa|Nissanka Malla]] (1187–1196), [[Kirti Sri Rajasinha of Kandy|Kirti Sri Rajasinha]] (1747–1782) and [[Parakramabahu VI of Kotte|Parakramabahu VI]].<ref name="srilankaheritages.com">{{cite web| url=http://www.srilankaheritages.com/warana.html| title=WARANA RAJAMAHA VIHARA| publisher=srilankaheritages.com| date=| accessdate=16 March 2016| archive-date=22 July 2016| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160722095236/http://www.srilankaheritages.com/warana.html| url-status=dead}}</ref>

According to the Dr. [[Senarath Paranavithana]]'s book ''Inscriptions of Ceylon, Part I'', a [[Brahmi script|Brahmin]] inscription, found in the vihara premises, has been interpreted as follows:.<ref name="ic">{{cite book|last=Paranavitana|first=S.|title=Inscriptions of Ceylon; Volume I | publisher=[[Department of Archaeology (Sri Lanka)|Department of Archaeology]]| year=1970|page=83}}</ref>
{{blockquote|Bata-Majhimasa batika bata-Tisadatasa dane. (In [[English language|English]]: "The gift of Lord Tissadatta, brother of Lord Magjihima)}}

[[Uruwala Walagamba Raja Maha Vihara|Uruwala]], [[Maligatenna Raja Maha Vihara|Maligatenna]], [[Pilikuththuwa Raja Maha Vihara|Pilikuththuwa]], Miriswatta and [[Koskandawala Sri Sunandarama Piriven Raja Maha Vihara|Koskandawala]] cave temples, situated in the vicinity of the Warana temple are said to have been formed from one major temple complex in the early [[Anuradhapura period]].<ref name="lp">{{cite news|url=https://www.lankapradeepa.com/2021/02/varana-viharaya.html| title=Varana Raja Maha Viharaya (Gampaha)|publisher=Lankapradeepa| date=7 February 2021| access-date=18 November 2023}}</ref>

==The temple==
[[File:Warana Raja Maha Vihara.jpg|thumb|200px|A scene of the temple]]
The temple is mainly consist of three levels as Pahala maluwa, Meda maluwa and Ihala maluwa. On the first level, the Sangawasaya and the Dharma Hall are located and on the middle level, the drip-led cave temple with its ancient [[Stupa]] can be seen. It is said that the stupa is around 800 years old. Inside the cave temple, many of Buddha statues and paintings are found. The canopy of the cave has been decorated with [[Nelumbo nucifera|lotus]] flowers and with various other flower designs. In the top level, another [[Stupa]] and Cave temple can be seen.

==See also==
* [[List of Archaeological Protected Monuments in Gampaha District]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Buddhist temples in Gampaha District]]
[[Category:Buddhist caves in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Archaeological protected monuments in Gampaha District]]

Panadhro

2025-07-29T08:37:33Z

DaljeetBhutal: minor adjusted structure per sources and updated info as per guidelines

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Panadhro
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline = Panadhro Coal Mines Kutch Gujarat.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Panadhro Coal Mines
| pushpin_map = India Gujarat#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Gujarat, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.684|N|68.751|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Gujarat]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kachchh District|Kachchh]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =GJ
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest Town
| blank1_info_sec1 = Varmanagar
| website = {{URL|gujaratindia.com}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Panadhro''' is a village located in [[Lakhpat]] Taluka of [[Kutch]] District of [[Gujarat]] State in [[India]].

Panadhro is famous for its Lignite mines, which were developed in early 1970s and are run by [[Gujarat Mineral Development Corporation]] Limited.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Panandhro|url = http://www.gmdcltd.com/projects/lignite-projects/panandhro.aspx|website = www.gmdcltd.com|accessdate = 2015-09-14|archive-date = 4 March 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304032808/http://www.gmdcltd.com/projects/lignite-projects/panandhro.aspx|url-status = dead}}</ref>

Recently, Panadhro was in the news when a 9 Metre Crocodilian skeleton fossil was dug out of the Panadhro Lignite mine, which was about 90 million years old.<ref>[http://zinken.typepad.com/palaeo/2003/10/fodspor.html Palaeolithic foot prints]</ref>

The town of [[S. K. Varmanagar]] developed after Panadhro mines were discovered is just a few kilometers away and fulfills the daily needs of mining community.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Kutch district]]
[[Category:Coal mines in India]]
[[Category:Economy of Gujarat]]

E. A. S. Prasanna

2025-07-17T01:30:45Z

DaljeetBhutal: edit

{{Short description|Indian Cricketer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2013}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = E. A. S. Prasanna
| image = File:E A S Prasanna.jpg
| caption = Erapalli Anantharao Srinivas Prasanna
| full_name = Erapalli Anantharao Srinivas Prasanna
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1940|05|22|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Kingdom of Mysore]], [[British India]]
| height = 161 cm
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm [[off-break]]
| role = [[Bowling (cricket)|Bowler]]
| columns = 3
| column1 = [[Test cricket|Test]]
| matches1 = 49
| runs1 = 735
| bat avg1 = 11.48
| 100s/50s1 = 0/0
| top score1 = 37
| deliveries1 = 14,353
| wickets1 = 189
| bowl avg1 = 30.38
| fivefor1 = 10
| tenfor1 = 2
| best bowling1 = 8/76
| catches/stumpings1= 18/–
| column2 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches2 = 235
| runs2 = 2,476
| bat avg2 = 11.90
| 100s/50s2 = 0/2
| top score2 = 81
| deliveries2 = 54,823
| wickets2 = 957
| bowl avg2 = 23.45
| fivefor2 = 56
| tenfor2 = 9
| best bowling2 = 8/50
| catches/stumpings2= 127/–
| column3 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| matches3 = 9
| runs3 = 33
| bat avg3 = 16.5
| 100s/50s3 = 0/0
| top score3 = 22
| deliveries3 = 586
| wickets3 = 17
| bowl avg3 = 18.7
| fivefor3 = 0
| tenfor3 = 0
| best bowling3 = 3/29
| catches/stumpings3= 3/–
| international = true
| country = India
| testcap = 105
| testdebutagainst = England
| testdebutdate = 10 January
| testdebutyear = 1962
| lasttestdate = 27 October
| lasttestagainst = Pakistan
| lasttestyear = 1978
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/32357.html ESPNcricinfo
| date = 9 November
| year = 2014
}}

'''Erapalli Anantharao Srinivas Prasanna''' {{audio|E._A._S._Prasanna.ogg|pronunciation}} (born 22 May 1940) is a former Indian [[cricket]] player. He was a [[spin bowling|spin bowler]], specialising in [[off spin]] and a member of the [[Indian spin quartet]]. He is an alumnus of the [[National Institute of Engineering]], [[Mysore]]. He received the [[C. K. Nayudu Lifetime Achievement Award]] in 2004, the highest honour bestowed by [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]] on a former player.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |date=18 December 2013 |title=C.K. Nayudu award for Kapil Dev |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/ck-nayudu-award-for-kapil-dev/article5474173.ece |access-date=25 April 2023 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Career==
Prasanna played his debut [[Test cricket]] match at [[Madras]] against [[England cricket team|England]] in 1961. His first overseas tour to the [[West Indies]] was a tough one and he did not play another Test for five years. He left the sport for a period to finish his engineering degree, returning in 1967. He gained a regular place in the side following his excellent performances in [[England]] in 1967.

He retired in 1978, after a tour of [[Pakistan]] which also signaled the decline of [[Bishen Singh Bedi]] and [[Bhagwat Chandrasekhar]]. He twice led [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]] to the [[Ranji Trophy]], the first time ending [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]]'s 15-year reign. Prasanna was highly successful not only on Indian turning wickets, but on foreign pitches too. He achieved the record of fastest 100 wickets in Tests for an Indian Bowler (in 20 Tests) at his time. His record was broken by [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] .

Widely respected and feared in domestic cricket as well, he enjoyed bowling to batsmen that were willing to try to hit him. He had a neat, brisk, high action and marvellous control of line, length, and flight. He spun the ball in a classic high loop towards the batsman, increasing his chances of beating his adversary in the air. As a result, he made the ball bounce higher than expected. A bowler with an attacking mindset, he was also patient, and would bait a batsman for over after over, attempting to induce a mistake.

He has written an autobiography, ''One More Over''.

==Awards and achievements==
* 1970 – [[Padma Shri]] Award<ref>{{cite web|title=Padma Awards Directory |url=http://www.mha.nic.in/pdfs/PadmaAwards1954-2007.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs |access-date=26 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410024701/http://www.mha.nic.in/pdfs/PadmaAwards1954-2007.pdf |archive-date=10 April 2009 }}</ref>
* 2004 – [[C. K. Nayudu Lifetime Achievement Award]]
* 2006 – [[Castrol Awards for Cricketing Excellence|Castrol Lifetime Achievement award]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iloveindia.com/sports/cricket/cricketers/prasanna.html|title=E Prasanna Profile|access-date=24 May 2012|archive-date=12 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212151659/http://www.iloveindia.com/sports/cricket/cricketers/prasanna.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* 2012 – Award from [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] for playing more than 50 Test matches.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iloveindia.com/sports/cricket/cricketers/prasanna.html|title=E Prasanna: A mystery spinner|access-date=24 May 2012|archive-date=12 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212151659/http://www.iloveindia.com/sports/cricket/cricketers/prasanna.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sportstaronnet.com/tss2538/25380590.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021204114616/http://www.sportstaronnet.com/tss2538/25380590.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 December 2002|title=Making the ball talk}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2000/04/30/stories/0730028a.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411021223/http://www.hindu.com/2000/04/30/stories/0730028a.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 April 2013|title=Master of flight and turn|location=Chennai, India|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=30 April 2000}}</ref>
* 3rd Cross Road in Dommaluru, Bengaluru has been respectfully named as EAS Prasanna Road[[File:EAS Prasanna Cross, ESI Hospital Road, Dommaluru Ward, Bengaluru.jpg|thumb|EAS Prasanna Cross, ESI Hospital Road, Dommaluru Ward, Bengaluru|236x236px]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cricinfo |id=32357 |name=Erapalli Prasanna }}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Sports}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prasanna, EAS}}
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:India Test cricketers]]
[[Category:Karnataka cricketers]]
[[Category:South Zone cricketers]]
[[Category:Indian Universities cricketers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in sports]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]

Kabini bridge

2025-07-12T18:45:33Z

DaljeetBhutal: slightly enhance layout for accuracy

{{Short description|Historic bridge in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
[[File:Nanjangud Oldest Bridge.jpg|thumb|The Kabini Bridge]]
'''Kabini Bridge''' is a historic bridge in [[Karnataka]], India constructed by local [[chieftain]] Dalvoy Devraj in 1730, spanning the [[Kabini river|Kabini River]]. It was laid over with a [[Metre-gauge railway|metre-gauge]] link connecting [[Mysore]] to [[Nanjangud]] in 1899. The bridge is 225 meters long with 56 piers and is built in Gothic style. The last metre gauge train to run over it was on January 17, 2007, after which the bridge was closed to traffic.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-04|title=285-year-old Kabini rail-cum-road bridge near Nanjangud to get facelift|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/285-year-old-kabini-rail-cum-road-bridge-near-nanjangud-to-get-facelift-897276.html|access-date=2021-06-04|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref> The Mysore division of the [[South Western Railway (India)|South Western Railway]] has stated that they will renovate the bridge.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|date=2020-10-04|title=Railways to give facelift to historic Kabini Bridge in Nanjangud|url=https://starofmysore.com/railways-to-give-facelift-to-historic-kabini-bridge-in-nanjangud/|access-date=2021-06-04|website=Star of Mysore|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-10-02|title=Heritage bridge across Kapila to be conserved|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/heritage-bridge-across-kapila-to-be-conserved/article32755224.ece|access-date=2021-06-04|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== History ==
The Kabini Bridge was commissioned in 1735 by ''Dalvoy Devraj'', then commander under the [[Wadiyar dynasty|Wadiyar rulers]] of Mysore. It was constructed using locally sourced brick, sand, and stone arranged in a medieval [[Gothic Revival architecture]] to carry bullock carts and carriages across the [[Kabini River|Kabini]] (Kapila) River near [[Nanjangud]].<ref name= "TOI">{{Cite news |date=2016-08-11 |title=281-yr-old bridge in troubled waters |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mysuru/281-yr-old-bridge-in-troubled-waters/articleshow/53645438.cms |access-date=2025-07-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> More than a century and a half later, on 12 July 1899, the [[Mysore]] Nanjangud [[Metre-gauge railway|metre‑gauge]] railway line was extended over the existing structure, integrating rail traffic without major alterations to the original masonry. The bridge continued to serve mixed road‑and‑rail traffic until 2007, when India’s blanket conversion from metre gauge to broad gauge led to the withdrawal of all metre‑gauge services and the subsequent closure of the deck to trains.<ref name="Navrang">{{Cite web |title=The oldest railway bridge across the Kabini river Nanjangud, KA - Will it be conserved and opened to traffic? |url=http://www.navrangindia.in/2023/07/the-oldest-railway-bridge-across-kabini.html |website=navrangindia.in |access-date=2025-07-08}}</ref> In October 2020, the [[Mysore railway division|Mysuru Division]] of [[South Western Railway]] proposed a ₹50 lakh conservation project- clearing vegetation, repairing damaged piers, and installing interpretive signage to preserve the bridge as a protected heritage landmark during the annual Dasara festival.<ref name="Star">{{Cite web |last=Vattam |first=Shyam Sundar|date=2020-10-04 |title=Railways to give facelift to historic Kabini Bridge in Nanjangud |url=https://starofmysore.com/railways-to-give-facelift-to-historic-kabini-bridge-in-nanjangud/ |access-date=2025-07-08 |website=Star of Mysore |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Structure ==
The Kabini River Bridge spans approximately 225 metres on a gentle horizontal curve that follows the natural riverbank alignment, minimizing disruption to the flow and adjacent terrain. Its superstructure is carried on 56 robust stone [[pier (architecture)|piers]], which in turn form 55 regular [[Gothic arch|Gothic‑style arches]], each with a clear span of about 10 feet (3 metres) and intervening piers roughly 8 feet (2.4 metres) wide, creating the bridge’s characteristic rhythmic silhouette against the water.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-20 |title=Atrractions of Kabini: Heritage site over 280 years old Kabini Bridge |url=https://redearth.in/blog/2021/08/20/atrractions-of-kabini-heritage-site-over-280-years-old-kabini-bridge/ |access-date=2025-07-08 |website=Red Earth |language=en-US}}</ref> Beneath the crowns of these arches lies a compacted earth cushion approximately 5 feet (1.5 metres) thick, engineered to evenly distribute both static and live loads across the masonry beneath.<ref name="Star"/>

The voussoirs themselves are dressed stone voussoirs, cut to tight tolerances and bonded with lime mortar around rubble infill, a technique that has enabled the structure to withstand centuries of monsoon-driven load cycles without significant settling or deformation.<ref name="Navrang"/> The bridge’s foundations rest directly upon the river’s [[bedrock]], set in traditional lime concrete that conforms to the bedrock’s irregularities and offers long‑term resistance to [[Bridge scour|scouring]].<ref name="Star"/> Above water, locally quarried grey‑stone masonry was chosen for its compressive strength and its visual harmony with the [[Western Ghats]]' monsoon‑fed foliage. The vertical profile clears known seasonal high‑water marks, while the gentle banking and curvature channel floodwaters to reduce lateral pressures on piers, demonstrating an early but sophisticated grasp of landscape‑responsive [[civil engineering]].<ref name="Navrang"/>

== See also ==
* [[List of bridges in India]]
* [[List of bridges in India#Karnataka|List of bridges in Karnataka]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|11.971888|N|76.357605|E|type:landmark|display=inline}}

[[Category:Bridges in Karnataka]]