Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Comedy drama

2023-09-25T12:41:29Z

DJFARMAN: Genre of theatre, film, and television

{{Short description|Genre of theatre, film, and television}}
'''Comedy drama''', also known as the [[portmanteau]] '''dramedy''',<ref>{{cite web|title=Dramedy|url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/dramedy|website=[[Cambridge Dictionary]]|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|access-date=May 30, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Dramedy|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/dramedy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160926041642/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/dramedy|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 26, 2016|website=[[Oxford Dictionaries (website)|Oxford Dictionaries]]|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|access-date=May 30, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Girls Gone Mild – Ian O'Doherty reviews Girls, Celebrity Big Brother, and Charlie |url=https://www.independent.ie/entertainment/television/tv-reviews/girls-gone-mild-ian-odoherty-reviews-girls-celebrity-big-brother-and-charlie-30911220.html |access-date=April 11, 2022 |website=independent |date=17 January 2015 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=July 1, 2021 |title=Rethinking the Dramedy: What Is It, Anyway? |url=https://www.pastemagazine.com/comedy/dramedy/rethinking-the-dramedy-what-is-it-anyway/ |access-date=April 11, 2022 |website=pastemagazine.com |language=en}}</ref> is a [[genre]] of dramatic works that combines elements of [[comedy]] and [[Drama (film and television)|drama]]. The modern, scripted television examples tend to have more humorous bits than simple [[comic relief]] seen in a typical hour-long legal or medical drama but exhibit far fewer jokes per minute as in a typical half-hour [[sitcom]].

== In the United States ==
Examples from United States television include: ''[[M*A*S*H (TV series)|M*A*S*H]]'', ''[[Moonlighting (TV series)|Moonlighting]]'', ''[[The Days and Nights of Molly Dodd]]'',<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Brinkmoeller|first1=Tom|title=Classic "Molly Dodd" Series Remains Locked Up, Awaiting 'Bail'|url=http://www.tvworthwatching.com/post/Classic-Molly-Dodd-Series-Remains-Locked-Up-Awaiting-Bail.aspx|website=TV Worth Watching|date=September 3, 2010|access-date=August 15, 2018}}</ref> ''[[Northern Exposure]]'', ''[[Ally McBeal]]'', ''[[Sex and the City]]'', ''[[Desperate Housewives]]'',<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Weiner|first=Allison Hope|title=Is 'Desperate Housewives' a comedy?|url=https://ew.com/article/2004/12/20/desperate-housewives-comedy/|magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|date=December 20, 2004|access-date=November 20, 2021}}</ref> and ''[[Scrubs (TV series)|Scrubs]]''. The term "dramedy" was coined to describe the late 1980s wave of shows, including ''[[The Wonder Years]]'', ''[[Hooperman]]'',<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kelley|first1=Bill|title=The Best And The Brightest Abc's Hooperman – The Hands-down Winner Of The Best New Show Of The Year – Introduces A New Format, ''dramedy,'' While Slap Maxwell Reintroduces Dabney Coleman|url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1987-09-23/features/8703150300_1_hooperman-lewis-erlicht-brandon-stoddard|work=[[Sun Sentinel]]|date=September 23, 1987|access-date=September 24, 2017|archive-date=September 24, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170924095527/http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/1987-09-23/features/8703150300_1_hooperman-lewis-erlicht-brandon-stoddard|url-status=dead}}</ref> ''[[Doogie Howser, M.D.]]'', and ''[[Frank's Place]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Hill|first=Michael|title=Bochco gives dramedy another go with 'Doogie Howser, M.D.'|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1989-08-06/news/tv-7_1_doogie-howser|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=August 6, 1989|access-date=August 15, 2018}}</ref>

== In Indonesia ==

Examples from Indonesian television in the month of Ramadan 2023 include: Para Pencari Tuhan Jilid 16.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kamelia |first=Robiatul |title=Nonton Para Pencari Tuhan Jilid 16, Pemain, Jadwal & Jam Tayang |url=https://tirto.id/nonton-para-pencari-tuhan-jilid-16-pemain-jadwal-jam-tayang-gCoq |access-date=April 12, 2023 |website=tirto.id |language=id}}</ref>
==See also==

*[[List of comedy drama television series]]
*[[Black comedy]]
*[[Dramatic structure]]
*[[Melodrama]]
*[[Seriousness]]
*[[Tragicomedy]]
*[[Psychological drama]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}{{Comedy footer}}
{{Dramatic television series}}
{{Film genres}}
{{Television genres}}

[[Category:Comedy drama]]
[[Category:Comedy genres|Drama]]
[[Category:Drama genres]]
[[Category:Film genres]]
[[Category:Television genres]]

{{Film-genre-stub}}

Rahul Bhandari

2023-09-11T14:52:48Z

DJFARMAN: Wrote an inspiring article.

{{Short description|Indian Administrative Service officer}}
{{Infobox person
| name =Rahul Bhandari
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1973|09|13}}
| birth_place = [[Amritsar]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India
| nationality = Indian
| known_for =
| education = [[Electronic engineering]] from [[Punjab Engineering College]]
| alma_mater =
| occupation = IAS officer
| employer = [[Government of India]]
| organization = [[Indian Administrative Service]]
| years_active = 1997–present
| spouse =
| children =
}}
'''Rahul Bhandari''' (born; 13 September 1973) <ref>{{cite news |title=Civil List of IAS Officers |url=https://easy.nic.in/civilListIAS/YrCurr/AgeListCL.asp?Slab=5&Cadre=PB&AsOnDate=01/01/2018 |access-date=10 September 2023 |work=easy.nic.in}}</ref>is an [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS)<ref>{{cite news |title=Punjab: In a major IAS rejig Rahul Bhandari appointed Principal RC |url=https://www.indianmandarins.com/news/punjab-in-a-major-ias-rejig-rahul-bhandari-appointed-principal-rc/26749 |access-date=8 September 2023 |work=IndianMandarins |language=en}}</ref> officer and current Principal Resident Commissioner [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Service |first1=Tribune News |title=Rahul Bhandari replaces Gurkirat Kirpal as Punjab Food and Supplies principal secretary |url=https://tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/rahul-bhandari-replaces-gurkirat-kirpal-as-punjab-food-and-supplies-principal-secretary-435513 |access-date=10 September 2023 |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|Tribune]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=LIST OF ADMINISTRATIVE SECRETARIES OF PUNJAB |url=https://punjab.gov.in/government/whos-who/admin-secretaries/ |access-date=8 September 2023 |work=[[Government of Punjab, India]]}}</ref> He is an 1997 batch IAS. He is husband of IAS [[Rakhee Gupta]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Rahul Bhandari gets additional charge as food, civil supplies secretary, Punjab |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/rahul-bhandari-gets-additional-charge-as-food-civil-supplies-secretary-punjab-101664225870783-amp.html |access-date=8 September 2023 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Network |first1=Elets News |title=Punjab: IAS Rahul Bhandari assumes additional charge as food, civil supplies secretary |url=https://egov.eletsonline.com/2022/09/punjab-ias-rahul-bhandari-assumes-additional-charge-as-food-civil-supplies-secretary/ |access-date=8 September 2023 |work=Elets eGov }}</ref>

==Early life and education==

Rahul Bhandari was born on 13 September 1973 in [[Amritsar]] district of the [[India]]n state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. He completed his [[Electronic engineering|Bachelor of Engineering in Electronics & Electrical Communications]] from [[Punjab Engineering College]], [[Chandigarh]] in 1994. Apart from this, he has also studied [[Master of Arts|M.A (Economics)]] and [[Master of Philosophy|M.Phil]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Rahul Bhandari |url=https://iimamritsar.ac.in/p/rahul-bhandari |access-date=10 September 2023 |work=iimamritsar.ac.in}}</ref>

In 1997 he placed third rank All India in the [[Civil Services Examination|Civil Services Exam]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Universities should be students centric, prosperous educated society should be the aim: Rahul Bhandari, IAS – I.K. Gujral Punjab Technical University Jalandhar – Punjab |url=https://ptu.ac.in/universities-should-be-students-centric-prosperous-educated-society-should-be-the-aim-rahul-bhandari-ias/ |access-date=10 September 2023 |work=ptu.ac.in}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhandari, Rahul}}
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:People from Amritsar]]

{{India-bio-stub}}

Tashkent Agreement

2022-05-28T00:21:35Z

DJFARMAN: Published a captivating piece.

#REDIRECT [[Tashkent Declaration]]

{{Redirect category shell|1=
{{R from alternative name}}
}}

Modern Standard Arabic

2022-03-28T08:26:11Z

DJFARMAN: Generated a fresh page.

{{Short description|Formal literary variety of Arabic}}
{{Redirect|Standard Arabic|the classical language|Classical Arabic|the general article|Arabic}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{More citations needed}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Modern Standard Arabic
| nativename = {{lang|ar|العربية الفصحى}} ''{{transl|ar|ALA|al-ʻArabīyah al-Fuṣḥā}}''{{efn|Spelling for the final letter ''{{transl|ar|ALA|yāʼ}}'' differs in Egypt, Sudan and sometimes other regions as Yemen. It is always undotted <big>{{lang|ar|[[ى]]}}</big>, hence {{lang|ar|عربى فصيح}}.}}
| pronunciation = {{IPA|/al ʕaraˈbijja lˈfusˤħaː/}}, see variations{{efn|Pronunciation varies regionally. The following are examples:
* The [[Levant]]: {{IPA-ar|al ʕaraˈbɪjja lˈfʊsˤħa}}, colloquially: {{IPA-ar|(e)l-}}
* [[Hejaz]]: {{IPA-ar|al ʕaraˈbijjalˈfusˤħa}}
* East central Arabia: {{IPA-ar|æl ʢɑrɑˈbɪjjɐ lˈfʊsˤʜɐ}}, colloquially: {{IPA-ar|el-}}
* Egypt: {{IPA-arz|æl ʕɑɾɑˈbejjɑ lˈfosˤħɑ}}, colloquially: {{IPA-arz|el-}}
* Libya: {{IPA-ar|æl ʕɑrˤɑˈbijjæ lˈfusˤħæ}}, colloquially: {{IPA-ar|əl-}}
* Tunisia: {{IPA-ar|æl ʕɑrˤɑˈbeːjæ lˈfʊsˤħæ}}, colloquially: {{IPA-ar|el-}}
* Algeria, Morocco: {{IPA-ar|æl ʕɑrˤɑbijjæ lfusˤħæ}}, colloquially: {{IPA-ar|l-}}}}
| image = Arabic albayancalligraphy.svg
| imagescale = 0.7
| imagecaption = '''{{transl|ar|ALA|al-ʻArabīyah}}''' written in Arabic ([[Naskh (script)|Naskh]] script)
| region = '''[[Arab world]]''' [[MENA|Middle East and North Africa]] 
| speakers = [[First language|L1]]: 0
| date = 2022
| ref = <ref name=e25>{{e25|arb}}</ref>{{efn|Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) is not used as a native language. Arabic speakers first learn to speak their respective local [[Varieties of Arabic|dialect]]. MSA is acquired through formal education.<ref name=e25/>}}
| speakers2 = [[Second language|L2]]: {{sigfig|273.989700|2}} million (2022)<ref name=e25/>
| speakers_label = Users
| familycolor = Afro-Asiatic
| fam2 = [[Semitic languages|Semitic]]
| fam3 = [[Central Semitic languages|Central Semitic]]
| fam4 = [[Arabic]]
| fam5 = [[Classical Arabic]]
| ancestor = [[Old Arabic]]
| ancestor2 = [[Classical Arabic]]
| script = [[Arabic alphabet]]
| nation = {{Collapsible list | titlestyle = font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left; | title = '''[[List of countries where Arabic is an official language|26 states]]:'''|
|[[Algeria]]
|[[Bahrain]]
|[[Chad]]
|[[Comoros]]
|[[Djibouti]]
|[[Egypt]]
|[[Iraq]]
|[[Jordan]]
|[[Kuwait]]
|[[Lebanon]]
|[[Libya]]
|[[Mauritania]]
|[[Morocco]]
|[[Oman]]
|[[State of Palestine|Palestine]]
|[[Qatar]]
|[[Saudi Arabia]]
|[[Somalia]]
|[[Somaliland]]
|[[Sudan]]
|[[Syria]]
|[[Tunisia]]
|[[United Arab Emirates]]
|[[Yemen]]
|[[Zanzibar]] ([[Tanzania]])
|[[Western Sahara]] (disputed territory)
}}
{{Collapsible list | titlestyle = font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left; | title ='''[[International organization|International Organizations]]:'''|
|[[African Union]]
|[[Arab League]]
|[[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]]
|[[United Nations]]
}}
| minority = {{collapsible list
|[[Israel]]<ref name="israelbasiclaw">{{cite web|url=https://main.knesset.gov.il/EN/activity/Documents/BasicLawsPDF/BasicLawNationState.pdf|title=Basic Law: Israel - The Nation State of the Jewish People|date=2018-07-19|publisher=Knesset|access-date=2021-01-13|archive-date=10 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410191721/http://knesset.gov.il/laws/special/eng/basiclawnationstate.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}
| agency = {{collapsible list|
* [[Supreme Council of the Arabic language in Algeria]]
* [[Academy of the Arabic Language in Cairo]]
* [[Iraqi Academy of Sciences]]
* [[Academy of the Arabic Language in Israel]]
* [[Jordan Academy of Arabic]]
* Academy of the Arabic Language in Libya
* [[Academy of the Arabic Language in Rabat]]
* [[Arab Academy of Damascus]]
* [[Tunisian Academy of Sciences, Letters, and Arts|Bayt al-Hikma Foundation]]
}}
| iso3 = arb
| glotto = stan1318
| glottorefname = Standard Arabic
| linglist = arb-mod
| map = Arabic speaking world.svg
| mapcaption = {{legend|#088A4B|Sole official language, Arab majority}}
{{legend|#16c46d|Sole official language, Arab minority}}
{{legend|#045FB4|Co-official language, Arab majority}}
{{legend|#5599ff|Co-official language, Arab minority}}
| notice = IPA
}}

'''Modern Standard Arabic''' ('''MSA''') and '''Modern Written Arabic''' ('''MWA''')<ref>{{cite book|title=Modern Written Arabic: A Comprehensive Grammar|last1=Gully|first1=Adrian|last2=Carter|first2=Mike|last3=Badawi|first3=Elsaid|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0415667494|edition=2|page=2}}</ref> are terms used mostly by Western linguists<ref>{{Citation |last=Giolfo and |first=Manuela E.B. |title=Orientalism and Neo-Orientalism: Arabic Representations and the Study of Arabic |url=https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004359901/BP000004.xml |work=Middle East Studies after September 11 |pages=81–99 |editor-last=Keskin |editor-first=Tugrul |access-date=2023-06-14 |publisher=BRILL |doi=10.1163/9789004359901_005 |isbn=978-90-04-28153-0 |last2=Sinatora |first2=Francesco L.}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Kamusella|first=Tomasz|title=The Arabic Language: A Latin of Modernity?|url=https://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/10023/12443/_Journal_of_Nationalism_Memory_Language_Politics_The_Arabic_Language_A_Latin_of_Modernity.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|journal=Journal of Nationalism, Memory & Language Politics|volume=11|issue=2|pages=117–145|doi=10.1515/jnmlp-2017-0006|s2cid=158624482|doi-access=free}}</ref> to describe the variety of [[Standard language|standardized]], [[Literary language|literary]] [[Arabic]] that developed in the [[Arab world]] in the late 19th and early 20th centuries; occasionally, it also refers to [[spoken Arabic]] that approximates this written standard.<ref>Alhawary, Mohammad. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=0pogWZpMbNYC&q=%22presence%20of%20two%20MSA%20styles%22 Modern Standard Arabic]''. Wiley-Blackwell, 2011, p. 24.</ref> MSA is the language used in [[literature]], [[academia]], [[print media|print]] and [[mass media]], [[law]] and [[legislation]], though it is generally not spoken as a [[first language]], similar to [[Contemporary Latin]].<ref name=":0" /> It is a [[Pluricentric language|pluricentric]] standard language taught throughout the Arab world in [[formal education]], differing significantly from many [[vernacular]] [[varieties of Arabic]] that are commonly spoken as mother tongues in the area; these are only partially mutually intelligible with both MSA and with each other depending on their proximity in the [[Dialect continuum#Arabic|Arabic]] [[dialect continuum]].

Many linguists consider MSA to be distinct from [[Classical Arabic]] (CA; {{lang|ar|اللغة العربية الفصحى التراثية}} {{transl|ar|ALA|al-Lughah al-ʻArabīyah al-Fuṣḥā at-Turāthīyah}}) – the written language prior to the mid-19th century – although there is no agreed moment at which CA turned into MSA.<ref name=Holes>{{cite book | last1=Holes | first1=C. | last2=Allen | first2=R. | title=Modern Arabic: Structures, Functions, and Varieties | publisher=Georgetown University Press | series=Georgetown classics in Arabic language and linguistics | year=2004 | isbn=978-1-58901-022-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8E0Rr1xY4TQC&pg=PA5 | page=5| quote=…there is no chronological point at which CLA turned into MSA, still less any agreed set of linguistic criteria that could differentiate the two. MSA is merely a handy label used in western scholarship to denote the written language from about the middle of the nineteenth century, when concerted efforts began to modernize it lexically and phraseologically. Most western scholars refer to the formal written language before that date, and par excellence before the eclipse of Arab political power in the fifteenth century, as "Classical Arabic".}}</ref> There are also no agreed set of linguistic criteria which distinguish CA from MSA,<ref name=Holes/> however MSA differs most markedly in that it either synthesizes words from Arabic roots (such as {{Lang|ar|سيارة}} ''car'' or {{Lang|ar|باخرة}} ''steamship'') or adapts words from foreign languages (such as {{Lang|ar|ورشة}} ''workshop'' or {{Lang|ar|إنترنت}} ''Internet'') to describe [[Industrial society|industrial]] and [[Post-industrial society|post-industrial]] life.

Native speakers of Arabic generally do not distinguish between "Modern Standard Arabic" and "Classical Arabic" as separate languages; they refer to both as {{transl|ar|ALA|al-ʻArabīyah al-Fuṣḥā}} ({{lang|ar|العربية الفصحى}}) meaning "the eloquent Arabic".<ref name="El-Said M. Badawi 1996. Page 105">Alaa Elgibali and El-Said M. Badawi. ''Understanding Arabic: Essays in Contemporary Arabic Linguistics in Honor of El-Said M. Badawi'', 1996. Page 105.</ref> They consider the two forms to be two historical periods of one language. When the distinction is made, they are referred to as {{lang|ar|فصحى العصر}} ''{{transl|ar|ALA|Fuṣḥā al-ʻAṣr}}'' (MSA) and {{lang|ar|فصحى التراث}} ''{{transl|ar|ALA|Fuṣḥā at-Turāth}}'' (CA).<ref name="El-Said M. Badawi 1996. Page 105" />

== History ==
=== Classical Arabic ===
{{main|Classical Arabic}}
{{Unreferencedsect}}
Classical Arabic, also known as Quranic Arabic (although the term is not entirely accurate), is the language used in the [[Quran]] as well as in numerous literary texts from [[Umayyad]] and [[Abbasid]] times (7th to 9th centuries). Many Muslims study Classical Arabic in order to read the [[Quran]] in its original language. Written Classical Arabic underwent fundamental changes during the early Islamic era, adding dots to distinguish similarly written letters, and adding the [[Arabic diacritics#Tashkil (marks used as phonetic guides)|''tashkīl'']] (diacritical markings that guide pronunciation) by [[Abu al-Aswad al-Du'ali]], [[Al-Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi]], and other scholars. It was the lingua franca across the [[Middle East]], [[North Africa]], and the [[Horn of Africa]] during classic times and in [[Andalusia]] before classic times.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2023 Best Academy To Learn Quran And Arabic Online - Surah Institute |url=https://surahinstitute.com/ |access-date=2023-06-23 |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Emergence of Modern Standard Arabic ===
[[Napoleon]]'s [[French campaign in Egypt and Syria|campaign in Egypt and Syria]] (1798–1801) is generally considered to be the starting point of the modern period of the Arabic language, when the intensity of contacts between the Western world and Arabic culture increased.<ref name="van Mol">{{Cite book |last=van Mol |first=Mark |title=Variation in Modern Standard Arabic in Radio News Broadcasts: A Synchronic Descriptive Investigation Into the Use of Complementary Particles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kai-M4efjDkC |location=Leuven |publisher=Peeters Publishers |pages=25–27 |isbn=9789042911581 |access-date=9 July 2020}}</ref> Napoleon introduced a [[printing press]] in Egypt in 1798; it briefly disappeared after the French departure in 1801, but [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt|Muhammad Ali Pasha]], who also sent students to Italy, France and England to study military and applied sciences in 1809, reintroduced it a few years later in [[Boulaq]], [[Cairo]].<ref name="van Mol"/> (Previously, Arabic-language presses had been introduced locally in [[Lebanon]] in 1610, and in [[Aleppo]], [[Syria]] in 1702<ref name="van Mol"/>). The first Arabic printed newspaper was established in 1828: the bilingual Turkish-Arabic ''[[Al-Waqa'i' al-Misriyya]]'' had great influence in the formation of Modern Standard Arabic.<ref name="van Mol"/> It was followed by ''[[Al-Ahram]]'' (1875) and ''[[al-Muqattam]]'' (1889).<ref name="van Mol"/> The Western–Arabic contacts and technological developments in especially the newspaper industry indirectly caused the revival of Arabic literature, or [[Nahda]], in the late 19th and early 20th century.<ref name="van Mol"/> Another important development was the establishment of Arabic-only schools in reaction against the [[Turkification]] of Arabic-majority areas under [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman rule]].<ref name="van Mol"/>

=== Current situation ===
Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) is the literary standard across the [[Middle East]], [[North Africa]] and [[Horn of Africa]], and is one of the six official languages of the [[United Nations]]. Most printed material by the [[Arab League]]—including most books, newspapers, magazines, official documents, and reading primers for small children—is written in MSA.{{cn}} [[Varieties of Arabic|"Colloquial" Arabic]] refers to the many regional dialects derived from Classical Arabic spoken daily across the region and learned as a [[first language]], and as [[second language]] if people speak other languages native to their particular country. They are not normally written, although a certain amount of literature (particularly plays and poetry, including songs) exists in many of them.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2023 Best Academy To Learn Quran And Arabic Online - Surah Institute |url=https://surahinstitute.com/ |access-date=2023-06-27 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Literary Arabic (MSA) is the official language of all [[Arab League]] countries and is the only form of Arabic taught in schools at all stages.{{Citation needed}} Additionally, some members of religious minorities recite prayers in it, as it is considered the [[literary language]]. Translated versions of the Bible which are used in Arabic-speaking countries are mostly written in MSA, aside from Classical Arabic.{{clarify|Are Bibles written in Classical Arabic?}} Muslims recite prayers in it; revised editions of numerous literary texts from [[Umayyad]] and [[Abbasid]] times are also written in MSA.{{Citation needed}}

The sociolinguistic situation of Arabic in modern times provides a prime example of the linguistic phenomenon of [[diglossia]]{{spaced ndash}}the use of two distinct varieties of the same language, usually in different social contexts.<ref>Farghaly, A., Shaalan, K. [http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=1644879.1644881 Arabic Natural Language Processing: Challenges and Solutions], ACM Transactions on Asian Language Information Processing (TALIP), the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), 8(4)1-22, December 2009.</ref> This diglossic situation facilitates [[code-switching]] in which a speaker switches back and forth between the two dialects of the language, sometimes even within the same sentence. People speak MSA as a [[third language]] if they speak other languages native to a country as their first language and colloquial Arabic dialects as their second language. Modern Standard Arabic is also spoken by people of Arab descent outside the Arab world when people of Arab descent speaking different dialects communicate to each other. As there is a prestige or standard dialect of vernacular Arabic, speakers of standard colloquial dialects code-switch between these particular dialects and MSA.{{Citation needed}}

Classical Arabic is considered normative; a few contemporary authors attempt (with varying degrees of success) to follow the syntactic and grammatical norms laid down by classical grammarians (such as [[Sibawayh]]) and to use the vocabulary defined in classical dictionaries (such as the ''Lisan al-Arab'', {{lang-ar|لِسَان الْعَرَب}}).{{Citation needed}}

However, the exigencies of modernity have led to the adoption of numerous terms which would have been mysterious to a classical author, whether taken from other languages (e. g. {{lang|ar|فيلم}} ''film'') or coined from existing lexical resources (e. g. {{lang|ar|هاتف}} ''hātif''  "caller" > "telephone").{{Citation needed}} Structural influence from foreign languages or from the vernaculars has also affected Modern Standard Arabic: for example, MSA texts sometimes use the format "A, B, C and D" when listing things, whereas Classical Arabic prefers "A and B and C and D", and subject-initial sentences may be more common in MSA than in Classical Arabic.<ref>{{cite journal |author= Alan S. Kaye |year= 1991 |title= The Hamzat al-Waṣl in Contemporary Modern Standard Arabic |journal= Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume= 111 |issue= 3 |pages= 572–574 |doi= 10.2307/604273 |jstor= 604273}}</ref> For these reasons, Modern Standard Arabic is generally treated separately in non-Arab sources.<ref>http://www.londonarabictuition.com/lessons.php?type=2 London Arabic Tuition</ref> Speakers of Modern Standard Arabic do not always observe the intricate rules of Classical Arabic grammar. Modern Standard Arabic principally differs from Classical Arabic in three areas: lexicon, stylistics, and certain innovations on the periphery that are not strictly regulated by the classical authorities. On the whole, Modern Standard Arabic is not homogeneous; there are authors who write in a style very close to the classical models and others who try to create new stylistic patterns.<ref>https://asianabsolute.co.uk/arabic-language-dialects/ Arabic Language Dialects</ref> Add to this regional differences in vocabulary depending upon the influence of the local Arabic varieties and the influences of foreign languages, such as French in Africa and Lebanon or English in Egypt, Jordan, and other countries.<ref>Wolfdietrich Fischer. 1997. "Classical Arabic," ''The Semitic Languages''. London: Routledge. Pg 189.</ref>

As MSA is a revised and simplified form of Classical Arabic, MSA in terms of lexicon omitted the obsolete words used in Classical Arabic. As diglossia is involved, various Arabic dialects freely [[loanword|borrow words]] from MSA. This situation is similar to [[Romance languages]], wherein scores of words were borrowed directly from [[Classical Latin|formal Latin]] (most literate Romance speakers were also literate in Latin); educated speakers of standard colloquial dialects speak in this kind of communication.{{Citation needed}}

Reading out loud in MSA for various reasons is becoming increasingly simpler, using less strict rules compared to CA, notably the [[i`rāb|inflection]] is omitted, making it closer to spoken varieties of Arabic. It depends on the speaker's knowledge and attitude to the grammar of Classical Arabic, as well as the region and the intended audience.{{Citation needed}}

Pronunciation of native words, loanwords, and foreign names in MSA is loose. Names can be pronounced or even spelled differently in different regions and by different speakers. Pronunciation also depends on the person's education, linguistic knowledge, and abilities. There may be sounds used which are missing in Classical Arabic but exist in colloquial varieties. For example, the consonants {{IPAslink|v}}, {{IPAslink|p}}, {{IPAslink|t͡ʃ}} (often realized as {{IPAblink|t}}+{{IPAblink|ʃ}}) (which may or may not be written with special letters) and the vowels {{IPAblink|o}}, {{IPAblink|e}} (both short and long). There are no special letters in Arabic to distinguish between {{IPA|[e~i]}} and {{IPA|[o~u]}} pairs but the sounds o and e (short and long) exist in the colloquial varieties of Arabic and some foreign words in MSA.

== Phonology ==
{{Main|Arabic phonology|l1=Modern Standard Arabic phonology}}

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Modern Standard Arabic consonant phonemes
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Dental consonant|Dental]]
! colspan="2" | [[Denti-alveolar consonant|Denti-alveolar]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Palato-alveolar consonant|Palato- alveolar]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Pharyngeal consonant|Pharyngeal]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|- style="font-size: 80%;"
! plain
! [[Emphatic consonant|emphatic]]
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| {{IPA link|m}} {{angbr|{{lang|ar|م}}}}
|
| {{IPA link|n}} {{angbr|{{lang|ar|ن}}}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Stop consonant|Stop]]
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 80%;" | [[voiceless]]
| {{IPA link|p}}{{efn|name=loanwords|{{IPA|/p, v/}} are foreign consonants used by a number of speakers in loanwords, their usage is not standard, and they can be written with the modified letters <big>{{lang|ar|پ}}</big> {{IPA|/p/}} and <big>{{lang|ar|ڤ}}</big> {{IPA|/v/}} (in some parts of North Africa it is written as {{lang|ar|ڥ}}).}}
|
| {{IPA link|t̪|t}} {{angbr|{{lang|ar|ت}}}}
| {{IPA link|tˤ}} {{angbr|{{lang|ar|ط}}}}
|
|
| {{IPA link|k}} {{angbr|{{lang|ar|ك}}}}
| {{IPA link|q}} {{angbr|{{lang|ar|ق}}}}
|
| {{IPA link|ʔ}} {{angbr|{{lang|ar|ء}}}}
|-
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 80%;" | [[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]
| {{IPA link|b}} {{angbr|{{lang|ar|ب}}}}
|
| {{IPA link|d̪|d}} {{angbr|{{lang|ar|د}}}}
| {{IPA link|dˤ}} {{angbr|{{lang|ar|ض}}}}
| colspan="3" | {{IPA link|d͡ʒ}}{{efn|The standard consonant varies regionally, most prominently {{IPAblink|d͡ʒ}} in the [[Arabian Peninsula]], parts of the [[Levant]], [[Iraq]], and northern [[Algeria]] and [[Sudan]], {{IPAblink|ʒ}} in most of [[Maghreb|Northwest Africa]] and the Levant, {{IPAblink|g}} in [[Egypt]], [[Oman]], and coastal [[Yemen]].}} {{angbr|{{lang|ar|ج}}}}
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Fricative]]
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 80%;" | [[voiceless]]
| {{IPA link|f}} {{angbr|{{lang|ar|ف}}}}
| {{IPA link|θ}} {{angbr|{{lang|ar|ث}}}}
| {{IPA link|s̪|s}} {{angbr|{{lang|ar|س}}}}
| {{IPA link|sˤ}} {{angbr|{{lang|ar|ص}}}}
| {{IPA link|ʃ}} {{angbr|{{lang|ar|ش}}}}
|
| colspan="2" | {{IPA link|x}} ~ {{IPA link|χ}} {{angbr|{{lang|ar|خ}}}}
| {{IPA link|ħ}} {{angbr|{{lang|ar|ح}}}}
| {{IPA link|h}} {{angbr|{{lang|ar|ه}}}}
|-
! style="text-align: left; font-size: 80%;" | [[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]
| {{IPA link|v}}{{efn|name=loanwords}}
| {{IPA link|ð}} {{angbr|{{lang|ar|ذ}}}}
| {{IPA link|z̪|z}} {{angbr|{{lang|ar|ز}}}}
| {{IPA link|ðˤ}} {{angbr|{{lang|ar|ظ}}}}
|
|
| colspan="2" | {{IPA link|ɣ}} ~ {{IPA link|ʁ}} {{angbr|{{lang|ar|غ}}}}
| {{IPA link|ʕ}} {{angbr|{{lang|ar|ع}}}}
|
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
|
| {{IPA link|r}} {{angbr|{{lang|ar|ر}}}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Approximant]]
|
|
| {{IPA link|l}} {{angbr|{{lang|ar|ل}}}}
| {{IPA link|ɫ}}{{efn|The marginal phoneme {{IPAslink|ɫ}} only occurs in the word {{lang|ar|الله}} {{IPA|/aɫ.ɫaːh/}} ('The God') and words derived from it.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Watson|2002|p=16}}</ref>}}
|
| {{IPA link|j}} {{angbr|{{lang|ar|ي}}}}
| {{IPA link|w}} {{angbr|{{lang|ar|و}}}}
|
|
|
|}

=== Vowels ===
Modern Standard Arabic, like Classical Arabic before it, has three pairs of long and short vowels: {{IPA|/a/}}, {{IPA|/i/}}, and {{IPA|/u/}}:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Modern Standard Arabic vowel phonemes
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Short
! colspan="2" |Long
|-
! [[Front vowel|Front]]
! [[Back vowel|Back]]
! [[Front vowel|Front]]
! [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|i}}
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|u}}
| {{IPA link|iː}}
| {{IPA link|uː}}
|-
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|({{IPA|eː}})*
|({{IPA|oː}})*
|-
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|a}}
| colspan="2" | {{IPA link|aː}}
|}

''*'' ''Footnote:'' although not part of Standard Arabic phonology the vowels {{IPA|/eː/}} and {{IPA|/oː/}} are perceived as separate phonemes in most of modern Arabic dialects and they are used when speaking Modern Standard Arabic as part of foreign words or when speaking it with a colloquial tone.

* Across North Africa and West Asia, short {{IPA|/i/}} may be realized as {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|ɪ}} ~ {{IPAplink|e}} ~ {{IPAplink|ɨ}}]}} before or adjacent to emphatic consonants and {{IPAblink|q}}, {{IPAblink|r}}, {{IPAblink|ħ}}, {{IPAblink|ʕ}} depending on the accent.
* Short {{IPA|/u/}} can also have different realizations, i.e. {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|ʊ}} ~ {{IPAplink|o}} ~ {{IPAplink|ʉ}}]}}. Sometimes with one value for each vowel in both short and long [[Vowel length|lengths]] or two different values for each short and long lengths.
* In Egypt, close vowels have different values; short initial or medial: {{IPAblink|e}}, {{IPAblink|o}} ← instead of {{IPA|/i, u/}}.
* In some other particular dialects {{IPA|/i~ɪ/}} and {{IPA|/u~ʊ/}} completely become {{IPA|/e/}} and {{IPA|/o/}} respectively.
* Allophones of {{IPA|/a/}} and {{IPA|/aː/}} include {{IPAblink|ɑ}} and {{IPAblink|ɑː}} before or adjacent to emphatic consonants and {{IPAblink|q}}, {{IPAblink|r}}; and {{IPAblink|æ}} and {{IPAblink|æː}} elsewhere.
* Allophones of {{IPA|/iː/}} include {{IPAblink|ɪː}}~{{IPAblink|ɨː}} before or adjacent to emphatic consonants and {{IPAblink|q}}, {{IPAblink|r}}, {{IPAblink|ħ}}, {{IPAblink|ʕ}}.
* Allophones of {{IPA|/uː/}} include {{IPAblink|ʊː}}~{{IPAblink|ɤː}}~{{IPAblink|oː}} before or adjacent to emphatic consonants and {{IPAblink|q}}, {{IPAblink|r}}, {{IPAblink|ħ}}, {{IPAblink|ʕ}}.
* Unstressed final long {{IPA|/aː, iː, uː/}} are most often shortened or reduced: {{IPA|/aː/}} → {{IPA|[æ ~ ɑ]}}, {{IPA|/iː/}} → {{IPA|/i/}}, {{IPA|/uː/}} → {{IPA|[o~u]}}.

== Differences between Modern Standard Arabic and Classical Arabic ==
While there are differences between Modern Standard Arabic and Classical Arabic, Arabic speakers tend to find these differences unimportant, and generally refer to both by the same name: ''al-ʻArabīyah al-Fuṣḥā'' ('the eloquent Arabic').{{Citation needed}}

=== Differences in syntax ===
MSA tends to use simplified sentence structures and drop more complicated ones commonly used in Classical Arabic. Some examples include reliance on verb sentences{{clarify}} instead of noun phrases and semi-sentences, as well as avoiding phrasal adjectives and accommodating feminine forms of ranks and job titles.{{citation needed}}

=== Differences in terminology ===
Because MSA speech occurs in fields with novel concepts, including technical literature and scientific domains, the need for terms that did not exist in the time of CA has led to coining new terms. Arabic Language Academies had attempted to fulfill this role during the second half of the 20th century with neologisms with Arab roots, but MSA typically borrows terms from other languages to coin new terminology.<ref name="Arabic">{{Cite web|url=http://msarabic.com/index.php/en/paper|title=White Paper|last=Arabic|first=AL|website=msarabic.com|access-date=2016-08-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223214727/http://www.msarabic.com/index.php/en/paper|archive-date=2018-02-23|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Differences in pronunciation ===
MSA includes two sounds not present in CA, particularly {{IPAslink|p}} and {{IPAslink|v}}, which occur in loanwords. In addition, MSA normally does not use diacritics ([[tashkīl]]) unless there is a need for disambiguation or instruction, unlike the CA found in [[Quran]] and [[Hadith]] scriptures, which are texts that demand strict adherence to exact wording.<ref name="Arabic"/> MSA also has taken on some punctuation marking from other languages.{{Citation needed}}

== Regional variants ==
MSA is loosely uniform across the Middle East as it is based on the convention of Arabic speakers rather than being a regulated language which rules are followed (that is despite the number of academies regulating Arabic). It can be thought of as being in a continuum between CA (the regulated language described in grammar books) and the [[varieties of Arabic|spoken vernaculars]] while leaning much more to CA in its written form than its spoken form.{{Citation needed}}

Regional variations exist due to influence from [[Varieties of Arabic|the spoken vernaculars]]. TV hosts who read prepared MSA scripts, for example in [[Al Jazeera]], are ordered to give up national or ethnic pronunciations by changing their pronunciation of certain phonemes (e.g. the realization of the Classical ''{{transl|ar|ALA|jīm}}'' {{lang|ar|[[ج]]}} as {{IPAblink|ɡ}} by Egyptians), though other traits may show the speaker's region, such as the [[stress (linguistics)|stress]] and the exact value of vowels and the pronunciation of other consonants. People who speak MSA also mix vernacular and Classical in pronunciation, words, and grammatical forms. Classical/vernacular mixing in formal writing can also be found (e.g., in some Egyptian newspaper editorials); others are written in Modern Standard/vernacular mixing, including entertainment news.{{Citation needed}}

== Speakers ==
{{see also|Arab League#Literacy in Arab league countries}}
The Egyptian writer and journalist, Cherif Choubachy wrote in a critical book, that more than half of the Arabic speaking world are not Arabs and that more than 50% of Arabs in the Arabic speaking world use Literary Arabic.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Choubachy |first1=Cherif |title=لتحيا اللغة العربية: يسقط سيبويه |publisher=الهيئة المصرية العامة للكتب |isbn=977-01-9069-1 |pages=125–126 |language=ar |chapter=4}}</ref>

According to [[Ethnologue]] there are no native speakers of Modern Standard Arabic, but a total of 273,989,700 [[second language]] speakers in the world. They add that: "In most Arab countries only the well-educated have adequate proficiency in Modern Standard Arabic."<ref name="Ethnologue24">[https://www.ethnologue.com/language/arb Arabic, Standard], 24th Edition, [[Ethnologue]]</ref> {{citation needed span|People who are literate in Modern Standard Arabic are primarily found in countries of the [[Arab League]]. It is compulsory in schools of most of the Arab League to learn Modern Standard Arabic. People who are literate in the language are usually more so [[passive speaker (language)|passively]], as they mostly use the language in reading and writing, not in speaking.}} In Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia, French is the language of [[higher education]] in [[science, technology, engineering, and mathematics]] (STEM),<ref>[https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/07/30/en-algerie-polemique-linguistique-sur-fond-de-crise-politique_5495014_3212.html Remplacer le français par l’anglais à l’université ? Polémique linguistique en Algérie], Madjid Zerrouky, Le Monde, 30 July 2019</ref> while in the Gulf region it's English.<ref name="minnpost2010"/>

Several reports mentioned that the use of Modern Standard Arabic was on the decline in the Arab world,<ref name="atlanticcouncildecline">[https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/menasource/standard-arabic-is-on-the-decline-here-s-what-s-worrying-about-that/ Standard Arabic is on the decline: Here’s what’s worrying about that], May 21, 2018, Hossam Abouzahr, [[Atlantic Council]]</ref> especially in [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf|Gulf countries]] such as the [[United Arab Emirates]] where foreign workers make up more than 80% of the population and where English has become the [[lingua franca]] of commerce, media, and education.<ref name="minnpost2010">[https://www.minnpost.com/global-post/2010/02/arabic-dying-language/ Is Arabic a dying language?], Tom Hundley, Feb. 24, 2010, [[MinnPost]]</ref> Content in Modern Standard Arabic is also under-represented online and in literature.<ref>[https://en.qantara.de/content/the-uncertain-future-of-modern-standard-arabic-a-language-in-decline A language in decline: The uncertain future of Modern Standard Arabic], Sawsan Khalaf, 2018, [[Qantara.de]]</ref><ref name="atlanticcouncildecline"/><ref>Sabbah, Sabah. (2015). Is Standard Arabic Dying?. Arab World English Journal. 6. 54-65. 10.24093/awej/vol6no2.4.</ref>

According to the 2017 [[PSB Insights#Arab Youth Survey|Arab Youth Survey]] done by polling firm [[PSB Insights]], 54% of respondents (young urban Arabs aged 18 to 24) agreed with the statement: "On a daily basis, I use English more than Arabic." They were 68% in [[Gulf Cooperation Council|GCC countries]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.arabyouthsurvey.com/pdf/whitepaper/en/2017-AYS-White-Paper.pdf |title=Arab Youth Survey 2017 |access-date=10 July 2021 |archive-date=10 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710100615/https://www.arabyouthsurvey.com/pdf/whitepaper/en/2017-AYS-White-Paper.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[https://www.arabnews.com/node/1564296 Education in the Arab world needs more Arab culture], RYM TINA GHAZAL, October 05, 2019, [[Arab News]]</ref> The ''[[New York Times]]'' reported that most Arab students of [[Northwestern University in Qatar]] and [[Georgetown University in Qatar]] did not have "professional proficiency" in Modern Standard Arabic.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/11/world/middleeast/11iht-educlede11.html Battling to Preserve Arabic From English's Onslaught], D. D. Guttenplan, June 11, 2012, New York Times</ref>

== Grammar ==
{{main|Arabic grammar}}

== Common phrases ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! align=left | Translation
! align=left | Phrase
! align=left | [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
! align=left | [[Romanization of Arabic|Romanization]] ([[ALA-LC]])
|- valign=top
|-
| Arabic || align="right" style="padding: 0 10px" | {{lang|ar|العربية}} || {{IPA|/alʕaraˈbij.ja/}} || {{transl|ar|ALA|al-ʻArabīyah}}
|-
| English || align="right" style="padding: 0 10px" | {{lang|ar|الإنجليزية}}/{{lang|ar|الإنكليزية}} || (varies) {{IPA|/alʔing(i)li(ː)ˈzij.ja/}} || (may vary) {{transl|ar|ALA|al-inglīzīyah}}
|-
| Hello || align="right" style="padding: 0 10px" | {{lang|ar|مرحباً}} || {{IPA|/marħaban/}} || {{transl|ar|ALA|marḥaban}}
|-
| Peace [be] with you (lit. upon you) || align="right" style="padding: 0 10px" | {{lang|ar|السلام عليكم}} || {{IPA|/assaˈlaːmu ʕaˈlajkum/}} || {{transl|ar|ALA|as-salāmu ʻalaykum}}
|-
| What is your name? || align="right" style="padding: 0 10px" | {{lang|ar|ما اسمك؟}} || {{IPA|/masmuk, -ki/}}
|| {{transl|ar|ALA|masmuka / -ki?}}
|-
| How are you? || align="right" style="padding: 0 10px" | {{lang|ar|كيف حالك؟}}||{{IPA|/ˈkajfa ˈħaːluk, -luki/}} || {{transl|ar|ALA|kayfa ḥāluk, ḥāluki}}
|-
| Thanks|| align="right" style="padding: 0 10px" | {{lang|ar|شكراً}} || {{IPA|/ˈʃukran/}} || {{transl|ar|ALA|shukran}}
|-
| Welcome|| align="right" style="padding: 0 10px" | {{lang|ar|أهلاً وسهلاً}} || {{IPA|/ʔahlan wa sahlan/}} || {{transl|ar|ALA|ahlan wa-sahlan}}
|-
| See you|| align="right" style="padding: 0 10px" | {{lang|ar|إلى اللقاء}} || {{IPA|/ʔila l.liqaːʔ/}} || {{transl|ar|ALA|ila al-liqāʼ}}
|-
| Goodbye || align="right" style="padding: 0 10px" | {{lang|ar|مع السلامة}} || {{IPA|/maʕa s.saˈlaːma/}} || {{transl|ar|ALA|maʻa as-salāmah}}
|-
| Please || align="right" style="padding: 0 10px" | {{lang|ar|من فضلك}} || {{IPA|/min ˈfadˤlik/}} || {{transl|ar|ALA|min faḍlik}}
|-
| I don't know || align="right" style="padding: 0 10px" | {{lang|ar|لا أعرف}} || {{IPA|/laː ˈʔaʕrif/}} || {{transl|ar|ALA|lā aʻrif}}
|-
| That (one) || align="right" style="padding: 0 10px" | {{lang|ar|ذلك}} || {{IPA|/ˈðaːlik/}} || {{transl|ar|ALA|dhālik}}
|-
| How much/How many? || align="right" style="padding: 0 10px" | {{lang|ar|كم؟}} || {{IPA|/kam/}} || {{transl|ar|ALA|kam?}}
|-
| What? || align="right" style="padding: 0 10px" | {{lang|ar|ماذا؟}} || {{IPA|/maː.ðaː/}} || {{transl|ar|ALA|māḏā?}}
|-
| Yes || align="right" style="padding: 0 10px" | {{lang|ar|نعم}} || {{IPA|/na.ʕam/}} || {{transl|ar|ALA|naʿam}}
|-
| No || align="right" style="padding: 0 10px" | {{lang|ar|لا}} || {{IPA|/laː/}} || {{transl|ar|ALA|lā}}
|}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Asia|Africa|Languages}}
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Arabic]]
* [[Varieties of Arabic]]
* [[Arabic literature]]
* [[Arab League]]
* [[List of countries and territories where Arabic is an official language]]
* [[Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic]]
* [[Arabic–English Lexicon]]
* [[Diglossia]]
* [[Arabic phonology]]
* [[Help:IPA/Arabic]]
* [[Pluricentric language]]
{{div col end}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite book |last=van Mol |first=Mark |title=Variation in Modern Standard Arabic in Radio News Broadcasts: A Synchronic Descriptive Investigation Into the Use of Complementary Particles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kai-M4efjDkC |location=Leuven |publisher=Peeters Publishers |isbn=9789042911581}}
* Holes, Clive (2004). ''Modern Arabic: Structures, Functions, and Varieties''. Georgetown University Press. {{ISBN|1-58901-022-1}}
* {{citation
| last = Watson
| first= Janet C. E.
| year= 2002
| title= The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic
| place=New York
| publisher= Oxford University Press
}}

==External links==
* [http://www.msarabic.com Modern Standard Arabic]
* [http://www.80percentwords.com/ Online Classical Arabic Reader]
* [[Wikibooks:en:Arabic|Learn Arabic WikiBook]]
* [http://www.yamli.com/editor/ Yamli Editor - The Smart Arabic Keyboard (with automatic conversions and dictionary for better selections)]
* [http://sites.google.com/site/khaledshaalan/publications/journal-papers/Rules_based_NLP.pdf?attredirects=0 Rule-based analysis and generation of Modern Standard Arabic]

{{Arabic language}}
{{Semitic languages}}

[[Category:Standard languages]]
[[Category:Arabic languages]]
[[Category:Diglossia]]
[[Category:Verb–subject–object languages]]

Draft:DJ FARMAN

2021-06-12T05:21:19Z

DJFARMAN:

{{short description|Indian record producer}}
{{use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = DJ FARMAN
| background = on_vocal_instrumentalist
| image = DJ_FARMAN_Delhi.jpg
| alt =
| caption = DJ FARMAN in [[Delhi]] in February 2020
| birth_name = Farman Alam
| birth_date = 15 August 2002
| birth_place = [[Motihari]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| genre = {{flatlist|
* [[Electronic dance music|EDM]]
* [[Trap music (EDM)|trap]]
* [[ hip hop | Hip-Hop/Rap]]
}}
| occupation = {{flatlist|
* Music Producer
* YouTuber
}}

| instrument = {{flatlist|
* Keyboards
* turntables
* piano
}}

| years_active = 2015–present
| label = {{flatlist|
* [[DJ FARMAN Records]]
}}

| website = {{URL|lyricsread.in}}
}}

'''Farman Alam''' known professionally as DJ FARMAN, is an independent Musical artist and music producer. He has been associated with music since his school time. He was just a kick start to his career at the age of 15 Year's old.

==Early life==
DJ FARMAN <ref>{{cite news|title=DJ FARMAN, a known Indian Artist and Music Producer.|url=https://www.issuewire.com/dj-farman-a-known-indian-artist-and-music-producer-1697229662484557|date=Apr 16, 2021|work=Issuewire}}</ref>was a student at [[Laxmi Narayan Dubey College]]<ref>{{cite news|title=LND Collage, Students are getting digital certificate|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/motihari/story-lnd-college-students-are-getting-digital-certificate-3423222.html|date=20 Oct 2020|work=Hindustan|access-date=16 Aug 2020}}</ref>. From childhood, he wanted to do something different. He has been associated with music since his school time. He was just a kick start to his career at the age of 15 Year's old. Since then he started to working as a child musical artist. He has been brought up in the midst of songs and music since childhood.

==Career==
[[File:DJ_FARMAN.jpg|200px|thumb|left|DJ FARMAN]] He realized his bite; Capabilities; Decided to learn "Music" and is now able to establish himself as a professional DJ. Learning new skills is not only an option, but a habit.

They can produce top genres like progressive [[Electronic dance music|EDM]], [[Trap music (EDM)|trap]], [[ hip hop | Hip-Hop/Rap]], [[Band]], [[Hardstyle]], [[trance]] and more. Undoubtedly, DJ FARMAN is a golden genius from Bihar. He believes in reaching greater heights as he sees himself roaming all over the world and makes everyone dance to his tunes.

DJ FARMAN created a [[YouTube]] channel [[YouTube]] in 2017, uploading the song that was the first remix song on that channel. But after some time, he made Muharram's music, the audience liked that music very much.

Now, if you search for him on [[YouTube]], you will see that his channel is verified as a music artist. Now you might wonder why did YouTube verify its channel as a music artist or give it a music note verification badge?

Originally, DJ FARMAN released its first soundtrack on [[SoundCloud]] in 2020, but after some time it officially released that track on [[Google]] Play Music, [[Hungama]], [[Apple Music]], [[YouTube Music]], [[Spotify]], [[JioSaavn]], [[Napster]], [[Deezar]], [[Tidal]] , Released on music streaming platforms such as [[Resso]], [[Boomplay]], [[Amazon Music]], [[Musixmatch]], and many more. This is why YouTube has officially verified its channel as a music artist and has got verified badges on all popular music streaming platforms.

==Discography==
===Singles and Albums===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|- style="background:#adffe1; text-align:center;"
| '''Year'''
| '''Song'''
|'''Featured artist(s)'''
| '''Composer(s)'''
| '''Genre'''
| '''Language(s)'''
| '''Ref'''
|-
| rowspan=1|2017
| "Julush E Karbala"
| rowspan="2" | N/A
| rowspan="3" | DJ FARMAN
| Muharram Naara
|Hindi
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Julush E Karbla|url=https://g.co/kgs/NCy8xh|date=2020|work=Worldwide}}</ref>

|-
| rowspan=3|2020
|"Nagin Dance Music"
|Dance Music
|Instrumental
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Nagin Dance Music|url=https://g.co/kgs/i8UzcX|date=2020|work=Worldwide}}</ref>

|-
|"Power of Bihar (Vol.07)"
| rowspan="2" | N/A
|Albums
|Bhojpuri
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Power of Bihar (Vol.07)|url=https://g.co/kgs/pV7wJA|date=2020|work=Worldwide}}</ref>
|}

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
*[https://g.co/kgs/3mLALP/ DJ FARMAN] at [[Google]]
*[https://www.youtube.com/djfarman/ DJ FARMAN] at [[YouTube]]
*[https://www.facebook.com/djfarmann/ DJ FARMAN] at [[Facebook]]
*[https://www.instagram.com/djfarmann/ DJ FARMAN] at [[Instagram]]
*[https://twitter.com/djfarmann/ DJ FARMAN] at [[Twitter]]
*[https://digsty.com/djfarman/ DJ FARMAN] at [[Digsty]]
*[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm12299744/ DJ Farman] at [[IMDb]]
*[https://www.kooapp.com/profile/djfarman/ DJ FARMAN] at [[KooApp]]
*[https://t.me/djfarman/ DJ FARMAN] at [[Telegram]]
*[https://www.bing.com/public/farmanrezza/ DJ FARMAN] at [[Bing Page]]
*[https://in.pinterest.com/djfarman/ DJ FARMAN] at [[Pinterest]]
*[https://www.linkedin.com/in/djfarman/ DJ FARMAN] at [[Linkedln]]
*[https://djfarman.tumblr.com/ DJ FARMAN] at [[Tumblr]]
===Available on Music===
*[https://www.jiosaavn.com/artist/dj-farman/mF,gpWhaMFw_/ DJ FARMAN] at [[JioSaavn]]
*[https://open.spotify.com/artist/0t3F02nEjP5Pax2ZpDAygJ/ DJ FARMAN] at [[Spotify]]
*[https://www.hungama.com/artist/dj-farman/274752481/ DJ FARMAN] at [[Hungama]]
*[https://music.apple.com/in/artist/dj-farman/1532630398/ DJ FARMAN] at [[Apple Music]]
*[https://itunes.apple.com/in/artist/dj-farman/1532630398/ DJ FARMAN] at [[iTunes]]
*[https://www.shazam.com/artist/209157163/dj-farman/ DJ FARMAN] at [[Shazam]]
*[https://www.boomplay.com/artists/21721651/ DJ FARMAN] at [[Boomplay]]
*[https://www.musixmatch.com/artist/DJ-FARMAN/ DJ FARMAN] at [[Musixmatch]]
*[https://music.youtube.com/channel/UCYf7sOGtDhphDXZ8iN-sHPQ/ DJ FARMAN] at [[YouTube Music]]
*[https://music.amazon.in/artists/B08JKBT9FD/dj-farman/ DJ FARMAN] at [[Amazon Music]]
*[https://tidal.com/browse/artist/21406847/ DJ FARMAN] at [[Tidal]]
*[https://us.napster.com/artist/dj-farman/ DJ FARMAN] at [[Napster]]
*[https://soundcloud.com/djfarman/ DJ FARMAN] at [[SoundCloud]]
*[https://www.kkbox.com/sg/en/artist/fwdKXG8jkpCTs0F01S-hL08L-index-1.html/ DJ FARMAN] at [[KKBox]]
*[https://www.deezer.com/en/artist/107701302/ DJ FARMAN] at [[Deezer]]
===Download Music===
*[https://audiomack.com/djfarman/ DJ FARMAN] at [[Audiomack]]
*[https://hearthis.at/djfarman/ DJ FARMAN] at [[Hearthis.at]]

[[Category:Living people]]

Draft:DJ FARMAN

2021-06-12T05:20:03Z

DJFARMAN: +Category:Music articles with topics of unclear notability:

Draft:DJ FARMAN

2021-06-12T05:18:55Z

DJFARMAN:

Draft:DJ FARMAN

2021-06-12T05:16:11Z

DJFARMAN: Created page with "{{short description|Indian record producer}} {{use dmy dates|date=July 2020}} {{Infobox musical artist | name = DJ FARMAN | background = on_vocal_instrumenta..."

{{short description|Indian record producer}}
{{use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = DJ FARMAN
| background = on_vocal_instrumentalist
| image = DJ_FARMAN_Delhi.jpg
| alt =
| caption = DJ FARMAN in [[Delhi]] in February 2020
| birth_name = Motab Alam
| birth_date = 15 August 2002
| birth_place = [[Motihari]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| genre = {{flatlist|
* [[Electronic dance music|EDM]]
* [[Trap music (EDM)|trap]]
* [[ hip hop | Hip-Hop/Rap]]
}}
| occupation = {{flatlist|
* Music Producer
* YouTuber
}}

| instrument = {{flatlist|
* Keyboards
* turntables
* piano
}}

| years_active = 2015–present
| label = {{flatlist|
* [[DJ FARMAN Records]]
}}

| website = {{URL|lyricsread.in}}
}}

'''Farman Alam''' known professionally as DJ FARMAN, is an independent Musical artist and music producer. He has been associated with music since his school time. He was just a kick start to his career at the age of 15 Year's old.

==Early life==
DJ FARMAN <ref>{{cite news|title=DJ FARMAN, a known Indian Artist and Music Producer.|url=https://www.issuewire.com/dj-farman-a-known-indian-artist-and-music-producer-1697229662484557|date=Apr 16, 2021|work=Issuewire}}</ref>was a student at [[Laxmi Narayan Dubey College]]<ref>{{cite news|title=LND Collage, Students are getting digital certificate|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/motihari/story-lnd-college-students-are-getting-digital-certificate-3423222.html|date=20 Oct 2020|work=Hindustan|access-date=16 Aug 2020}}</ref>. From childhood, he wanted to do something different. He has been associated with music since his school time. He was just a kick start to his career at the age of 15 Year's old. Since then he started to working as a child musical artist. He has been brought up in the midst of songs and music since childhood.

==Career==
[[File:DJ_FARMAN.jpg|200px|thumb|left|DJ FARMAN]] He realized his bite; Capabilities; Decided to learn "Music" and is now able to establish himself as a professional DJ. Learning new skills is not only an option, but a habit.

They can produce top genres like progressive [[Electronic dance music|EDM]], [[Trap music (EDM)|trap]], [[ hip hop | Hip-Hop/Rap]], [[Band]], [[Hardstyle]], [[trance]] and more. Undoubtedly, DJ FARMAN is a golden genius from Bihar. He believes in reaching greater heights as he sees himself roaming all over the world and makes everyone dance to his tunes.

DJ FARMAN created a [[YouTube]] channel [[YouTube]] in 2017, uploading the song that was the first remix song on that channel. But after some time, he made Muharram's music, the audience liked that music very much.

Now, if you search for him on [[YouTube]], you will see that his channel is verified as a music artist. Now you might wonder why did YouTube verify its channel as a music artist or give it a music note verification badge?

Originally, DJ FARMAN released its first soundtrack on [[SoundCloud]] in 2020, but after some time it officially released that track on [[Google]] Play Music, [[Hungama]], [[Apple Music]], [[YouTube Music]], [[Spotify]], [[JioSaavn]], [[Napster]], [[Deezar]], [[Tidal]] , Released on music streaming platforms such as [[Resso]], [[Boomplay]], [[Amazon Music]], [[Musixmatch]], and many more. This is why YouTube has officially verified its channel as a music artist and has got verified badges on all popular music streaming platforms.

==Discography==
===Singles and Albums===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|- style="background:#adffe1; text-align:center;"
| '''Year'''
| '''Song'''
|'''Featured artist(s)'''
| '''Composer(s)'''
| '''Genre'''
| '''Language(s)'''
| '''Ref'''
|-
| rowspan=1|2017
| "Julush E Karbala"
| rowspan="2" | N/A
| rowspan="3" | DJ FARMAN
| Muharram Naara
|Hindi
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Julush E Karbla|url=https://g.co/kgs/NCy8xh|date=2020|work=Worldwide}}</ref>

|-
| rowspan=3|2020
|"Nagin Dance Music"
|Dance Music
|Instrumental
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Nagin Dance Music|url=https://g.co/kgs/i8UzcX|date=2020|work=Worldwide}}</ref>

|-
|"Power of Bihar (Vol.07)"
| rowspan="2" | N/A
|Albums
|Bhojpuri
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Power of Bihar (Vol.07)|url=https://g.co/kgs/pV7wJA|date=2020|work=Worldwide}}</ref>
|}

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
*[https://g.co/kgs/3mLALP/ DJ FARMAN] at [[Google]]
*[https://www.youtube.com/djfarman/ DJ FARMAN] at [[YouTube]]
*[https://www.facebook.com/djfarmann/ DJ FARMAN] at [[Facebook]]
*[https://www.instagram.com/djfarmann/ DJ FARMAN] at [[Instagram]]
*[https://twitter.com/djfarmann/ DJ FARMAN] at [[Twitter]]
*[https://digsty.com/djfarman/ DJ FARMAN] at [[Digsty]]
*[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm12299744/ DJ Farman] at [[IMDb]]
*[https://www.kooapp.com/profile/djfarman/ DJ FARMAN] at [[KooApp]]
*[https://t.me/djfarman/ DJ FARMAN] at [[Telegram]]
*[https://www.bing.com/public/farmanrezza/ DJ FARMAN] at [[Bing Page]]
*[https://in.pinterest.com/djfarman/ DJ FARMAN] at [[Pinterest]]
*[https://www.linkedin.com/in/djfarman/ DJ FARMAN] at [[Linkedln]]
*[https://djfarman.tumblr.com/ DJ FARMAN] at [[Tumblr]]
===Available on Music===
*[https://www.jiosaavn.com/artist/dj-farman/mF,gpWhaMFw_/ DJ FARMAN] at [[JioSaavn]]
*[https://open.spotify.com/artist/0t3F02nEjP5Pax2ZpDAygJ/ DJ FARMAN] at [[Spotify]]
*[https://www.hungama.com/artist/dj-farman/274752481/ DJ FARMAN] at [[Hungama]]
*[https://music.apple.com/in/artist/dj-farman/1532630398/ DJ FARMAN] at [[Apple Music]]
*[https://itunes.apple.com/in/artist/dj-farman/1532630398/ DJ FARMAN] at [[iTunes]]
*[https://www.shazam.com/artist/209157163/dj-farman/ DJ FARMAN] at [[Shazam]]
*[https://www.boomplay.com/artists/21721651/ DJ FARMAN] at [[Boomplay]]
*[https://www.musixmatch.com/artist/DJ-FARMAN/ DJ FARMAN] at [[Musixmatch]]
*[https://music.youtube.com/channel/UCYf7sOGtDhphDXZ8iN-sHPQ/ DJ FARMAN] at [[YouTube Music]]
*[https://music.amazon.in/artists/B08JKBT9FD/dj-farman/ DJ FARMAN] at [[Amazon Music]]
*[https://tidal.com/browse/artist/21406847/ DJ FARMAN] at [[Tidal]]
*[https://us.napster.com/artist/dj-farman/ DJ FARMAN] at [[Napster]]
*[https://soundcloud.com/djfarman/ DJ FARMAN] at [[SoundCloud]]
*[https://www.kkbox.com/sg/en/artist/fwdKXG8jkpCTs0F01S-hL08L-index-1.html/ DJ FARMAN] at [[KKBox]]
*[https://www.deezer.com/en/artist/107701302/ DJ FARMAN] at [[Deezer]]
===Download Music===
*[https://audiomack.com/djfarman/ DJ FARMAN] at [[Audiomack]]
*[https://hearthis.at/djfarman/ DJ FARMAN] at [[Hearthis.at]]

[[Category:Living people]]