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Fareed Zakaria

2026-05-07T23:48:05Z

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{{Short description|Indian-American journalist and author (born 1964)}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Fareed Zakaria
|image = Fareed Zakaria, Peabody Awards (2012) (cropped).jpg
|caption = Zakaria in 2012
|birth_name = Fareed Rafiq Zakaria
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|mf=yes|1964|1|20}}
|birth_place = [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra, India
|death_date =
|death_place =
|education = {{ubl
| [[Yale University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])
| [[Harvard University]] ([[master of Arts|MA]], [[PhD]])
}}
|awards = [[Padma Bhushan]] (2010)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/padma-award-recipients-zakaria-parikh-say-they-are-humbled/571796/ |title=Padma award recipients Zakaria, Parikh say they are humbled |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=January 26, 2010 |access-date=March 14, 2014}}</ref>
|occupation = {{hlist|Journalist|writer|political commentator }}
|spouse = {{marriage|Paula Throckmorton|1997|2018|end=div}}
|children = 3
|father = [[Rafiq Zakaria]]
|mother = [[Fatima Zakaria]]
|relatives = {{ubl | [[Arif Zakaria]] (cousin) | [[Asif Zakaria]] (cousin)}}
|credits = {{ubil
| ''[[Fareed Zakaria GPS]]'', host (2008{{nbnd}}present)
| ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', contributing editor (2010{{nbnd}}2014)
| ''[[Newsweek|Newsweek International]]'', editor (2000{{nbnd}}2010)
| ''[[Foreign Exchange (US TV series)|Foreign Exchange]]'', host (2005{{nbnd}}2007)
| ''[[Foreign Affairs]]'', former managing editor
}}
|employer = [[CNN]]
|website = {{Official website}}
|signature = Fareed Zakaria’s signature.svg
}}
'''Fareed Rafiq Zakaria''' ({{IPAc-en|f|ə|ˈ|r|iː|d|_|z|ə|ˈ|k|ɑr|i|ə}}; born January 20, 1964) is an Indian-born American journalist, political commentator, and author. He is the host of [[CNN]]'s ''[[Fareed Zakaria GPS]]'' and writes a weekly column for ''[[The Washington Post]].''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/people/fareed-zakaria/|title=Fareed Zakaria|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> He has been a columnist for ''[[Newsweek]]'', editor of ''[[Newsweek International]]'', and an editor at large of ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]].''<ref name="zcom">{{cite web|url=http://www.fareedzakaria.com/home/About.html|title=Fareed Zakaria's Website|access-date=May 10, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100825150940/http://www.fareedzakaria.com/home/About.html|archive-date=August 25, 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Zakaria was born in [[Mumbai]], India, to a [[Konkani Muslims|Konkani]] family.<ref name="Voice">{{cite news|url=http://www.villagevoice.com/2005-08-09/news/the-interpreter/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919023938/http://www.villagevoice.com/2005-08-09/news/the-interpreter/|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 19, 2008|title=The Interpreter|last=Press|first=Joy|date=August 9, 2005|work=The Village Voice|publisher=Village Voice, LLC|access-date=May 10, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=DNA test uncovers Fareed Zakaria's roots |publisher=CNN|url= https://www.cnn.com/videos/bestoftv/2014/10/17/ac-fareed-zakaria-roots.cnn/video/playlists/roots/ |access-date=June 1, 2018}}</ref> His father, [[Rafiq Zakaria]] (1920–2005), was a politician associated with the [[Indian National Congress]] and a scholar interested in Islam.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://freakonomics.com/podcast/are-we-living-through-the-most-revolutionary-period-in-history/|title=Are We Living Through the Most Revolutionary Period in History?|first=Julie|last=Kanfer}}</ref> His mother, [[Fatima Zakaria]] (1936–2021), his father's second wife, was for a time the editor of the ''[[The Sunday Times (India)|Sunday Times of India]]''. She died during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Fareed Zakaria: A second lockdown in India is 'impossible' |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3D8O-Fso4Ac |publisher=CNN |access-date=May 4, 2021 |language=en |date=May 4, 2021}}</ref>

Zakaria attended the [[Cathedral and John Connon School]] in Mumbai. He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts from [[Yale University]] in 1986,<ref name="zcom"/> where he was president of the [[Yale Political Union]], editor in chief of the ''[[Yale Political Monthly]],'' a member of the [[Scroll and Key]] society, and a member of the [[Party of the Right (Yale)#Party of the Right|Party of the Right]].<ref name="keohane_medal" /> During his time at Yale, he was also a prominent advocate against divestment from [[Apartheid in South Africa|Apartheid South Africa]].<ref>https://ydnhistorical.library.yale.edu/?a=d&d=YDN19850208-01.2.14&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN--------false</ref> He later gained a PhD in government from [[Harvard University]] in 1993,<ref name="zcom" /> where he studied under [[Samuel P. Huntington]] and [[Stanley Hoffmann]], as well as international relations theorist [[Robert Keohane]].<ref name=keohane_medal>{{Cite news|url=http://harvardmagazine.com/2012/05/harvard-graduate-school-centennial-medalists-2012|title=Harvard Graduate School Honors Daniel Aaron, Nancy Hopkins, and Others |date=May 23, 2012|access-date=May 29, 2012|work=Harvard Magazine}}</ref>

==Career==
After directing a research project on [[Foreign relations of the United States|American foreign policy]] at [[Harvard]], Zakaria became the managing editor of ''[[Foreign Affairs]]'' in 1992, at the age of 28. Under his guidance, the magazine was redesigned to be published once every two months, moving away from a quarterly schedule. He served as an [[adjunct professor]] at [[Columbia University]], where he taught a seminar on [[international relations]]. In October 2000, he was named editor of ''[[Newsweek|Newsweek International]]'',<ref name="zcom" /> and became a weekly columnist for ''[[Newsweek]]''. In August 2010, he moved to ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' to serve as editor at-large and columnist.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/19/business/media/19mag.html|title=Newsweek Notable Moves to a Rival|last=Carr|first=David|date=August 18, 2010|work=The New York Times |access-date=August 19, 2010}}</ref> He writes a weekly column for ''[[The Washington Post]]'' and is a contributing editor for the Atlantic Media group, which includes ''[[The Atlantic Monthly]]''.

He has published on a variety of subjects for ''[[The New York Times]]'', ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'', ''[[The New Yorker]]'', ''[[The New Republic]].'' For a brief period, he was a wine columnist for the web magazine ''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]],'' with the pseudonym of [[George Saintsbury]], after the [[George Saintsbury|English writer]].<ref>{{cite magazine|access-date=May 20, 2008|url=http://www.slate.com/id/3519/|title=Sweet Justice|magazine=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]|date=July 1, 1998 |last=Zakaria |first=Fareed}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://collegenews.org/events/2005/fareed-zakaria-to-deliver-lecture-on-world-issues-at-puget-sound-campus.html|title=Fareed Zakaria to Deliver Lecture on World Issues at Puget Sound Campus|work=College News|access-date=October 10, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015222037/http://collegenews.org/events/2005/fareed-zakaria-to-deliver-lecture-on-world-issues-at-puget-sound-campus.html|archive-date=October 15, 2014}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web|last=Quigley|first=Annie|date=May 24, 2017|title=Fareed Zakaria Opens Wine Just Because|url=https://www.foodandwine.com/news/fareed-zakaria-opens-wine-just-because|website=Food & Wine|access-date=June 12, 2020|archive-date=October 7, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007152810/https://www.foodandwine.com/news/fareed-zakaria-opens-wine-just-because|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Zakaria is the author of ''From Wealth to Power: The Unusual Origins of America's World Role'' (Princeton, 1998), ''[[The Future of Freedom]]'' (Norton, 2003), ''[[The Post-American World]]'' (2008), and ''In Defense of a Liberal Education'' (Norton, 2015). He co-edited ''The American Encounter: The United States and the Making of the Modern World'' (Basic Books) with James F. Hoge Jr. His last three books have been [[The New York Times Best Seller list|New York Times bestsellers]] and The Future of Freedom and The Post American World have both been translated into more than 25 languages. In 2011 an updated and expanded edition of ''The Post-American World'' ("Release 2.0") was published.

Zakaria was a news analyst with [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]'s ''[[This Week (ABC TV series)|This Week with George Stephanopoulos]]'' (2002–2007) where he was a member of the Sunday morning roundtable. He hosted the weekly TV news show, ''[[Foreign Exchange with Fareed Zakaria]]'' on [[PBS]] (2005–08). His weekly show, ''[[Fareed Zakaria GPS]]'' (''Global Public Square''), premiered on [[CNN]] in June 2008.<ref name="zcom" /> It airs twice weekly in the United States and four times weekly on CNN International.

In 2013, he became one of the producers for the [[HBO]] series ''[[Vice (TV series)|Vice]]'', for which he serves as a consultant.

Zakaria, a member of the [[Berggruen Institute]], additionally features as an interlocutor for the annual [[The Berggruen Prize|Berggruen Prize]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2017/12/onora-oneill-berggruen-institute|title=Pondering Humanity, Technology, and Net Neutrality at the Berggruen Institute Gala|last=Binlot|first=Ann|magazine=Vanity Fair|access-date=December 17, 2017|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.artnet.com/art-world/nicolas-berggruen-philosophy-prize-333452|title=Nicolas Berggruen's $1 Million Philosophy Prize – artnet News|date=September 17, 2015|work=artnet News|access-date=December 17, 2017|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/montreal/article/charles-taylor-accepts-million-dollar-prize/|title=Charles Taylor accepts million-dollar prize|date=December 2, 2016|work=Montreal|access-date=December 17, 2017|language=en-CA}}</ref>

Zakaria was suspended for a week in August 2012 while ''Time'' and CNN investigated an allegation of plagiarism<ref>{{cite news|last=Amira|first=Dan|title=Fareed Zakaria sure looks like he stole from The New Yorker|url=https://nymag.com/daily/intel/2012/08/fareed-zakaria-plagiarism-time-new-yorker.html|newspaper=New York|date=August 10, 2012}}</ref> involving a August 20 column on gun control with similarities to a ''New Yorker'' article by [[Jill Lepore]]. In a statement Zakaria apologized, saying that he had made "a terrible mistake".<ref name=apolo>{{cite news |url=http://globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2012/08/10/a-statement-from-fareed/ |title=Statement from Fareed |date=August 10, 2012 |access-date=August 18, 2012 |work=CNN |archive-date=July 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723100950/https://globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2012/08/10/a-statement-from-fareed/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://content.usatoday.com/communities/ondeadline/post/2012/08/time-cnn-suspend-fareed-zakaria-for-plagiarism/1#.UC-3293ib8k |title=Time, CNN suspend Fareed Zakaria for plagiarism |date=October 8, 2012 |access-date=August 18, 2012 |work=USA Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/20/business/media/scandal-threatens-fareed-zakarias-image-as-media-star.html |title=A Media Personality, Suffering a Blow to His Image, Ponders a Lesson |work=The New York Times |date=August 19, 2012 |access-date=August 19, 2012 |first=Christine |last=Haughney}}</ref> Six days later, after a review of his research notes and years of prior commentary, ''Time'' and CNN reinstated Zakaria. ''Time'' described the incident as "isolated" and "unintentional"; and CNN "... found nothing that merited continuing the suspension ...".<ref>{{cite news |last=Haughney |first=Christine |date=August 16, 2012 |title=Time and CNN Reinstate Journalist After Review |url=https://mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/08/16/after-review-time-says-fareed-zakarias-plagiarism-was-isolated-incident/ |newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Byers|first=Dylan|title=Fareed Zakaria to stay at Time, CNN|url=https://www.politico.com/blogs/media/2012/08/fareed-zakaria-to-stay-at-time-cnn-132350|newspaper=Politico|date=August 16, 2012}}</ref><ref name = WP81612 >{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/fareed-zakaria-reinstated-at-cnn-time-after-suspension/2012/08/16/50ba9844-e80b-11e1-a3d2-2a05679928ef_story.html |title=Fareed Zakaria reinstated at CNN and Time |date=August 16, 2012 |access-date=August 18, 2012 |newspaper=The Washington Post |first=Carolyn |last=Hax}}</ref>

The controversy was reignited in September 2014, when ''[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]]'' and ''[[The Week]]'' magazines reported on allegations made in pseudonymous blogs.<ref>{{cite news|title=CNN Does Not Get to Cherrypick the Rules of Journalism|url=http://www.esquire.com/blogs/news/cnn-rules-of-journalism|newspaper=Esquire|date=September 22, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Cooper|first=Ryan|title=Why does Fareed Zakaria still have a job?|url=https://theweek.com/article/index/268453/why-does-fareed-zakaria-still-have-a-job|newspaper=The Week|date=September 22, 2014}}</ref><ref name="FareedStatement">{{cite news|title=Fareed Zakaria's statement responding to the charges by two anonymous bloggers|url=http://fareedzakaria.com/2014/08/19/fareed-zakarias-statement-responding-to-the-charges-by-two-anonymous-bloggers/|date=August 19, 2014|access-date=August 20, 2014|publisher=Fareed Zakaria.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821161529/http://fareedzakaria.com/2014/08/19/fareed-zakarias-statement-responding-to-the-charges-by-two-anonymous-bloggers/|archive-date=August 21, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> ''Newsweek'' added a blanket warning to its archive of articles penned by Zakaria, and after an investigation of his several hundred columns for the magazine, found improper citation in seven.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.politico.com/blogs/media/2014/09/newsweek-adds-plagiarism-warning-to-fareed-zakaria-articles-196287|title=Newsweek adds plagiarism warning to Fareed Zakaria articles|publisher=Politico|date=September 29, 2014|author=Dylan Byers}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newsweek.com/interview-anonymous-media-watchdogs-who-accused-fareed-zakaria-plagiarism-282839|title=An Interview With the Anonymous Media Watchdogs Who Accused Fareed Zakaria of Plagiarism|work=Newsweek|date=November 7, 2014|author=Taylor Wofford and Zach Schonfeld}}</ref> Similarly, after allegations surfaced on Twitter regarding the originality of one of Zakaria's columns for ''Slate'', the online magazine appended a notice to the article indicating that, "This piece does not meet Slate's editorial standards, having failed to properly attribute quotations and information...".<ref>{{cite news|title=Editor's note|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/wines_world/1998/02/toward_the_wet_martini.html|newspaper=Slate|date=November 10, 2014}}</ref> However, ''Slate'' Editor-in-Chief [[Jacob Weisberg]], who had, months before, exchanged barbs with one of the aforementioned anonymous bloggers on Twitter in defense of Zakaria,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gawker.com/newsweek-warns-readers-about-fareed-zakaria-s-plagiaris-1640433014 |title=Newsweek Warns Readers About Fareed Zakaria's Plagiarism |date=September 29, 2014 |website=Gawker |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101041101/http://gawker.com/newsweek-warns-readers-about-fareed-zakaria-s-plagiaris-1640433014 |archive-date=November 1, 2014}}</ref> maintained his original position that what Zakaria did was not plagiarism.<ref name="firestorm">{{cite news |last=Grove |first=Lloyd |date=November 12, 2014 |title=Can Fareed Zakaria Survive A Plagiarism Firestorm? |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/can-fareed-zakaria-survive-a-plagiarism-firestorm |website=The Daily Beast |access-date=November 13, 2014}}</ref>

Corrections to selected Zakaria columns were also issued by ''The Washington Post'', which had responded to the initial allegations by telling the ''[[Poynter Institute|Poynter]]'' media industry news site that it would investigate.<ref>{{cite news|title=6 of Zakaria's Washington Post pieces have originality issues, critics say|url=http://www.poynter.org/mediawire/top-stories/280651/6-of-zakarias-washington-post-pieces-have-originality-issues-critics-say/|newspaper=Poynter.org|date=November 10, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111044137/http://www.poynter.org/mediawire/top-stories/280651/6-of-zakarias-washington-post-pieces-have-originality-issues-critics-say/|archive-date=November 11, 2014}}</ref> Later on the same day, November 10, the ''Post'' said that it had found "problematic" sourcing in five Zakaria columns, "and will likely note the lack of attribution in archived editions of the articles."<ref>{{cite news|title=Post finds problematic sourcing in some Zakaria columns|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/post-finds-problematic-sourcing-in-some-zakaria-columns/2014/11/10/32086280-692a-11e4-9fb4-a622dae742a2_story.html|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=November 10, 2014}}</ref> However, editors at ''The Washington Post'' and ''Newsweek ''denied that Zakaria's errors constituted [[plagiarism]].<ref name="firestorm" />

== Political views ==

=== Ideology ===

Zakaria self-identifies as a "[[Centrism|centrist]]",<ref name=voice>{{cite news|url=http://www.villagevoice.com/2005-08-09/news/the-interpreter/2|title=The Interpreter|work=[[The Village Voice]]|date=August 9, 2005|author=Press, Joy|access-date=September 24, 2008|archive-date=April 30, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430042124/http://www.villagevoice.com/2005-08-09/news/the-interpreter/2/|url-status=dead}}</ref> though he has been described variously as a [[Modern liberalism in the United States|political liberal]],<ref name=forbes>[https://www.forbes.com/2009/01/22/influential-media-obama-oped-cx_tv_ee_hra_0122liberal_slide_16.html?thisSpeed=15000 In Depth: The 25 Most Influential Liberals In The U.S. Media]. ''[[Forbes]]''. Published January 22, 2009.</ref> a [[Conservatism in the United States|conservative]],<ref name=world>{{cite magazine |last=Maneker |first=Marion |date=April 21, 2003 |title=Man of the World |url=https://nymag.com/nymetro/news/politics/national/features/n_8621/ |magazine=New York |access-date=July 16, 2017}}</ref> a moderate,<ref name=state>[http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/News_By_Industry/ET_Cetera/Fareed_Zakaria_as_US_secretary_of_state/articleshow/3682292.cms Fareed Zakaria as US secretary of state?] ''The Economic Times''. Published November 6, 2008. {{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> or a [[Radical center (politics)|radical centrist]].<ref>Olson, Robert (January–February 2005). "[http://www.wfs.org/revsatinjf05.htm The Rise of 'Radical Middle' Politics] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716184225/http://www.wfs.org/revsatinjf05.htm |date=16 July 2012 }}". ''The Futurist'', vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 45–47. Publication of the [[World Future Society]]. Retrieved February 26, 2013.</ref> [[George Stephanopoulos]] said of him in 2003, "He's so well versed in politics, and he can't be [[Pigeonholing|pigeonholed]]. I can't be sure whenever I turn to him where he's going to be coming from or what he's going to say."<ref name=world /> In February 2008, Zakaria wrote that "Conservatism grew powerful in the 1970s and 1980s because it proposed solutions appropriate to the problems of the age", adding that "a new world requires new thinking".<ref>[http://www.newsweek.com/id/112770 The End of Conservatism].</ref> He supported [[Barack Obama]] during the 2008 Democratic primary campaign and also for president. In January 2009, ''[[Forbes]]'' referred to Zakaria as one of the 25 most influential liberals in the [[American media]].<ref name=forbes/> Zakaria has stated that he tries not to be devoted to any type of ideology, saying "I feel that's part of my job ... which is not to pick sides but to explain what I think is happening on the ground. I can't say, 'This is my team and I'm going to root for them no matter what they do.'"<ref name=voice/>
[[File:Christopher Murray, Jens Stoltenberg, Bill Gates, Gordon Brown, Olusegun Obasanjo, Fareed Zakaria, Giulio Tremonti - World Economic Forum Annual Meeting Davos 2006.jpg|right|thumb|Fareed Zakaria at [[World Economic Forum]] 2006, [[Davos]], [[Switzerland]] (second from the right)]]

Zakaria "may have more intellectual range and insights than any other public thinker in the West", wrote David Shribman in ''[[The Boston Globe]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last=Shribman |first=David M. |title=Globalization, its discontents, and its upside |url=http://archive.boston.com/ae/books/articles/2008/06/01/globalization_its_discontents_and_its_upside/ | work = [[The Boston Globe]] | date = June 1, 2008 |access-date=July 16, 2017}}</ref> In 2003, former Secretary of State [[Henry Kissinger]] told ''[[New York (magazine)|New York Magazine]]'' that Zakaria "has a first-class mind and likes to say things that run against conventional wisdom."<ref name=world /> However, in 2011, the editors of ''[[The New Republic]]'' included him in a list of "over-rated thinkers" and commented, "There's something suspicious about a thinker always so perfectly in tune with the moment."<ref>{{cite news |author= |title=Over-Rated Thinkers |url=https://newrepublic.com/article/96141/over-rated-thinkers |magazine=The New Republic |date=November 3, 2011 |access-date=July 16, 2017}}</ref>

=== Democracy and the United States ===

Zakaria's books include ''[[The Future of Freedom]]'' and ''[[The Post-American World]]''. ''The Future of Freedom'' argues that what is defined as democracy in the Western world is actually "[[liberal democracy]]", a combination of [[constitutional liberalism]] and participatory politics. Zakaria points out that protection of liberty and the rule of law actually preceded popular elections by centuries in Western Europe, and that when countries only adopt elections without the protection of liberty, they create "[[illiberal democracy]]". ''The Post-American World'', published just before the [[2008 financial crisis]], argued that the most important trend of modern times is the "rise of the rest", the economic emergence of China, India, Brazil, and other countries.<ref name="wapost">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/05/15/AR2008051504202.html|title=The Rise of Non-Americanism|last=Khanna|first=Parag|date=May 18, 2008|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=May 13, 2012}}</ref>

From 2006, Zakaria has also criticized what he views as "fear-based" American policies employed not only in combating terrorism, but also in enforcing immigration and drug smuggling laws, and has argued in favor of decriminalization of drugs and citizenship for presently illegal immigrants to the United States of all backgrounds.<ref>Intelligence 2 Ltd., ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20110720062937/http://www.intelligencesquared.com/events/america-is-to-blame-for-mexicos-drug-war America is to blame for Mexico's drug war]'', December 1, 2009, retrieved April 24, 2011</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Zakaria |first=Fareed |date=May 3, 2008 |title=Excerpt: Zakaria's 'The Post-American World' |url=http://www.newsweek.com/excerpt-zakarias-post-american-world-89645 |work=Newsweek |access-date=July 16, 2017}}</ref><ref>''[https://web.archive.org/web/20170204173130/http://www.cc.com/video-clips/4h35c9/the-daily-show-with-jon-stewart-fareed-zakaria-pt--1 Interview with Fareed Zakaria, Part 1]'', [[The Daily Show]] with Jon Stewart, March 28, 2006: "We are not going to deport them (illegal immigrants)—no democracy would... Most of these [illegal immigrants], almost all of them, couldn't do anything...that would break the law. The minute they do that, they would be deported."</ref>

Before the [[2008 U.S. presidential election]], Zakaria [[List of Barack Obama presidential campaign endorsements, 2008|endorsed]] [[Barack Obama]] on his CNN program.<ref>{{cite news|last=Zakaria|first=Fareed|title=FAREED ZAKARIA GPS|url=http://edition.cnn.tv/TRANSCRIPTS/0810/19/fzgps.01.html|access-date=May 22, 2011|publisher=CNN|date=October 19, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815114853/http://edition.cnn.tv/TRANSCRIPTS/0810/19/fzgps.01.html|archive-date=August 15, 2011}}</ref> In May 2011 ''[[The New York Times]]'' reported that Obama has "sounded out prominent journalists like Fareed Zakaria ... and [[Thomas Friedman|Thomas L. Friedman]]" concerning Middle East issues.<ref>{{cite news|last=Landler|first=Mark|title=Obama Seeks Reset in Arab World|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/12/us/politics/12prexy.html?_r=1&sq=zakaria&st=nyt&scp=1&pagewanted=print|access-date=May 22, 2011|newspaper=The New York Times|date=May 11, 2011}}</ref>

[[File:Plenary session of St Petersburg International Economic Forum (2016-06-17) 07.jpg|thumb|Fareed Zakaria and [[Vladimir Putin]] at [[St. Petersburg International Economic Forum]], June 17, 2016]]

=== Asian politics and US involvement ===

After the [[9/11 terrorist attacks]], in a ''[[Newsweek]]'' cover essay, "{{ visible anchor |The Politics of Rage: Why Do They Hate Us?}}",{{ anchor |Why They Hate Us}} Zakaria argued that [[Islamic extremism]] was not fundamentally rooted in [[Islam]], nor could it be claimed a reaction to [[Foreign policy of the United States|American foreign policy]]. He located the problem in the political-social-economic stagnation of Arab societies, which then bred an extreme, religious opposition. He portrayed [[Osama bin Laden]] as one in a long line of extremists who used religion to justify mass murder. Zakaria argued for an intergenerational effort to create more open and dynamic societies in Arab countries, and thereby helping Islam enter the modern world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2001/10/14/the-politics-of-rage-why-do-they-hate-us.html|title=The Politics of Rage: Why Do They Hate Us?|last=Zakaria|first=Fareed|date=October 14, 2001|work=[[Newsweek]]|access-date=February 25, 2012}}</ref> He also hosted a 2016 CNN special titled ''"{{ visible anchor |Why They Hate Us}}"''.<ref>{{cite news| title = 72 Raisins or Virgins? | url = https://edition.cnn.com/videos/tv/2016/05/20/exp-72-virgins.cnn | access-date = 25 June 2025 | work = CNN | date = 20 May 2016 |language=en| quote = In Fareed Zakaria's special Why They Hate Us, Fareed examines whether radicals are distorting the scriptures of the [[Koran]] for their own purposes.}}</ref>{{additional citation needed| date =June 2025 | reason = source is reliable, but just a clip, there might be a better source available. }}

Zakaria initially supported the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]].<ref name=world/> He said at the time, "The place is so dysfunctional ... any stirring of the pot is good. America's involvement in the region is for the good."<ref name=world/> He argued for a United Nations–sanctioned operation with a much larger force—approximately 400,000 troops—than was actually employed by the [[Presidency of George W. Bush|administration]] of President [[George W. Bush]]. However, he soon became a critic. In addition to objecting to the war plan, he frequently criticized the way the Bush administration was running the [[History of Iraq (2003–2011)|occupation of Iraq]].<ref name="newsweeksurge" /> He argued against the disbanding of the army and bureaucracy yet supported the [[de-Baathification]] programs.<ref>{{cite magazine|first=Fareed|last=Zakaria |url=http://www.newsweek.com/giving-peace-real-chance-137835|title=Giving Peace a Real Chance |magazine=[[Newsweek]] |date=June 1, 2003 |access-date=November 10, 2014}}</ref> He continued to argue that a functioning [[democracy in Iraq]] would be a powerful new model for Arab politics but suggested that an honest accounting would have to say that the costs of the invasion had been much higher than the benefits. He opposed the Iraq [[Iraq War troop surge of 2007|surge]] in March 2007, writing that it would work militarily but not politically, still leaving Iraq divided among its three communities. Instead, he advocated that Washington push hard for a political settlement between the Sunni Arabs, Shia Arabs, and Kurds, and begin a reduction in forces to only 60,000 troops.<ref name="newsweeksurge">{{cite web|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2007/03/04/the-surge-that-might-work.html|title=The Surge That Might Work|last=Zakaria|first=Fareed|date=April 3, 2007|work=[[Newsweek]]|access-date=February 25, 2012}}</ref> He later wrote that the surge "succeeded" militarily but that it did not produce a political compact and that Iraq remained divided along sectarian lines, undermining its unity, democracy, and legacy.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://newsweek.washingtonpost.com/postglobal/fareed_zakaria/2008/11/mccains_downfall_republican_fo.html?hpid=opinionsbox1 | newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] | title=McCain's Downfall: Republican Foreign Policy | access-date=May 3, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|first=Fareed|last=Zakaria|url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/200858 |title=Zakaria: How to End in Iraq |magazine=[[Newsweek]] |date=June 6, 2009 |access-date=October 1, 2010}}</ref>

In his 2006 book ''[[State of Denial]]'', journalist [[Bob Woodward]] of ''[[The Washington Post]]'' described a November 29, 2001, meeting of Middle East analysts, including Zakaria, that was convened at the request of the then Deputy Secretary of Defense [[Paul Wolfowitz]]. According to a story in ''[[The New York Times]]'' on Woodward's book, the Wolfowitz meeting ultimately produced a report for President [[George W. Bush]] that supported the subsequent [[2003 invasion of Iraq|invasion of Iraq]]. Zakaria, however, later told ''The New York Times'' that he had briefly attended what he thought was "a brainstorming session".<ref>{{cite news|last=Bosman|first=Julie|title=Secret Iraq Meeting Included Journalists|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=October 9, 2006|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/09/business/media/09zakaria.html?ex=1318046400&en=ab43603ab31201e7&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss|access-date=January 16, 2007}}</ref> He was not told that a report would be prepared for the President, and in fact, the report did not have his name on it. The ''Times'' issued a correction.<ref>Quote: "An article in Business Day on Oct. 9 about journalists who attended a secret meeting in November 2001 called by Paul D. Wolfowitz, then the deputy secretary of defense, referred incorrectly to the participation of Fareed Zakaria, the editor of ''Newsweek International'' and a ''Newsweek'' columnist. Mr. Zakaria was not told that the meeting would produce a report for the Bush administration, nor did his name appear on the report."</ref>

Referring to his views on [[Iran]], [[Leon Wieseltier]] described Zakaria in 2010 as a "consummate spokesman for the [[shibboleths]] of the [Obama] [[White House]] and for the smooth new worldliness, the at-the-highest-levels impatience with democracy and human rights as central objectives of our foreign policy, that now characterize advanced liberal thinking about America's role in the world."<ref>{{cite news |last=Wieseltier |first=Leon |date=June 25, 2010 |title=The realism of seeking democracy in Iran |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/06/24/AR2010062404875.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=July 16, 2017}}</ref>

Zakaria supported the April 2017 [[2017 Shayrat missile strike|U.S. missile strike]] against a Syrian government–controlled airbase. Zakaria praised President [[Donald Trump]]'s strike and said it was the moment "[he] became president of the United States."<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2017/apr/7/fareed-zakaria-donald-trump-became-president-last-/| work=[[The Washington Times]] | title=CNN's Fareed Zakaria: 'Donald Trump became president' last night | date=April 7, 2017 |access-date=May 2, 2017}}</ref>

In March 2021, Zakaria criticized the size of the [[Military budget of the United States|U.S. military budget]], saying that "The United States’ [[Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II|F-35]] fighter jet program, bedeviled by cost overruns and technical problems, will ultimately cost taxpayers $1.7 trillion. China will spend a comparable amount of money on its [[Belt and Road Initiative]]...Which is money better spent?".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Zakaria |first1=Fareed |title=Opinion: The Pentagon is using China as an excuse for huge new budgets |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/the-pentagon-is-using-china-as-an-excuse-for-huge-new-budgets/2021/03/18/848c8296-8824-11eb-8a8b-5cf82c3dffe4_story.html |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=March 18, 2021}}</ref>

=== Social issues in the United States ===

In July 2020, Zakaria was one of the 153 signers of the "Harper's Letter" (also known as "[[A Letter on Justice and Open Debate]]") that expressed concern that "the free exchange of information and ideas, the lifeblood of a liberal society, is daily becoming more constricted."<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=July 7, 2020 |title=A Letter on Justice and Open Debate |magazine=[[Harper's Magazine]] |url=https://harpers.org/a-letter-on-justice-and-open-debate/ |access-date=August 23, 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

In July 2022, Zakaria wrote a ''Washington Post'' article titled "Forget pronouns. Democrats need to become the party of building things", in which he said "There is plenty of evidence that the Democratic Party has moved left, that it is out of sync with Americans on many of these cultural issues, and that it needs to correct course" and that "This is not a perception problem. It is a reality problem. Democrats need to once more become the party that gets stuff done, builds things and makes government work for people. That's a lot more important to most Americans than using the right pronouns".<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2022/07/14/republicans-exploits-culture-wars-democrats-performance-building-abortion/ |last1=Zakaria |first1=Fareed |title=Forget pronouns. Democrats need to become the party of building things.|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=July 14, 2022}}</ref>

==Honors and awards==
[[File:Fareed Zakaria World Economic Forum 2013.jpg|thumb|Fareed Zakaria in 2013]]

Zakaria won the [[National Magazine Award]] in 2010 for his columns and commentary.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2010-04-23 |title=NEWSWEEK Columns Win at National Magazine Awards |url=https://www.newsweek.com/newsweek-columns-win-national-magazine-awards-222752 |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=Newsweek |language=en}}</ref> His show has won a [[Peabody Award]]<ref>[http://www.peabodyawards.com/award-profile/restoring-the-american-dream-fixing-education-and-cnns-fareed-zakaria-gps-i 71st Annual Peabody Awards], May 2012</ref> and been nominated for several Emmys. He was conferred ''[[India Abroad]]'' Person of the Year 2008 award on March 20, 2009, in New York.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://specials.rediff.com/news/2009/mar/21slide1-fareed-zakaria-is-the-india-abroad-person-of-the-year.htm |title=rediff.com: Fareed Zakaria is India Abroad Person of the Year |publisher=Specials.rediff.com |date=March 21, 2009 |access-date=October 1, 2010}}</ref> Filmmaker [[Mira Nair]], who won the award for year 2007, honored her successor. In January 2010, Zakaria was given the [[Padma Bhushan]] award by the Indian government for his contribution to the field of journalism.<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=February 3, 2010 |title=List of Padma awardees |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/list-of-padma-awardees/109180-3.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100131125843/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/list-of-padma-awardees/109180-3.html |archive-date=January 31, 2010 |access-date=October 1, 2010 |publisher=[[IBNLive]]}}</ref> In 2019, Zakaria was listed as one of ''[[Foreign Policy]]''<nowiki/>'s "Top 10 Global Thinker of the Last 10 Years".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Foreign Policy's 100 Global Thinkers |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2019-global-thinkers/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2020, Zakaria was awarded the [[International Center for Journalists]] (ICFJ) Founders Award for Excellence in Journalism.<ref>{{cite web |last=ICFJ |title=Fareed Zakaria and Two International Digital News Pioneers to Receive Prestigious Journalism Awards |url=https://www.icfj.org/news/fareed-zakaria-and-two-international-digital-news-pioneers-receive-prestigious-journalism |access-date=June 30, 2020 |website=International Center for Journalists |language=en}}</ref>

He has received honorary degrees from [[Harvard University]], [[Brown University]], [[Duke University]], [[Johns Hopkins University]], the [[University of Miami]], [[Oberlin College]], [[Bates College]], and the [[University of Oklahoma]] among others.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2012/05/eight-receive-honorary-degrees/|title=Eight receive honorary degrees|last=Koch|first=Katie|author2=Corydon Ireland |author3=Alvin Powell |author4=Colleen Walsh |date=May 24, 2012 |work=[[Harvard Gazette]] |access-date=May 26, 2012}}</ref> He was the 2000 Annual Orator of the [[Philomathean Society]] of the [[University of Pennsylvania]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Annual Oration |url=http://philomathean.org/page/Events/Annual_Oration |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=The Philomathean Society}}</ref>

He has served on the boards of the [[Council on Foreign Relations]], Columbia University's [[International House of New York|International House]], [[City College of New York]]'s [[Colin Powell]] School for Civic and [[Global leadership|Global Leadership]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ccny.cuny.edu/news/powell-board-of-visitors|title=Colin L. Powell School Announces New Board of Visitors|last=Admin|first=Website|date=July 23, 2015|website=www.ccny.cuny.edu|language=en-US|access-date=March 15, 2019}}</ref> He was a trustee of [[Yale Corporation]], the governing body of Yale University.<ref>{{cite web|title=Journalist Fareed Zakaria resigns from Yale Corporation|url=http://www.nhregister.com/news/article/Journalist-Fareed-Zakaria-resigns-from-Yale-11512578.php|work=[[New Haven Register]] |last=DeMatteo|first= Ann |date=August 20, 2012|access-date=August 23, 2017}}</ref>

In 2010, in protest at the [[Anti-Defamation League]]'s opposition to the building of the [[Park51]] mosque and Islamic cultural center two blocks from the [[World Trade Center site]], Zakaria returned the Hubert H. Humphrey First Amendment Freedoms Prize awarded to him by the ADL in 2005. He declared that the ADL's opposition to the mosque meant that he could not "in good conscience keep [the award] anymore". In support of his decision, he stated that the larger issue in the controversy is freedom of religion in the United States, even while acknowledging that he is not a religious person. He also wrote that a "moderate, mainstream version of Islam" is essential to winning the war on terror, and that moves like the ADL's make it harder for such a moderate version of Islam to emerge and thrive.<ref name="returnaward1">{{Cite news
| title = Build the Ground Zero Mosque
| first = Fareed
| last = Zakaria
| work = Newsweek
| date = August 6, 2010
| url = http://www.newsweek.com/2010/08/06/the-real-ground-zero.html
| access-date = August 7, 2010
}}</ref><ref name="returnaward2">{{Cite news
| title = Fareed Zakaria's Letter to the ADL
| first = Fareed
| last = Zakaria
| work = Newsweek
| date = August 6, 2010
| url = http://www.newsweek.com/2010/08/06/fareed-zakaria-s-letter-to-the-adl.html
| access-date = August 7, 2010
}}</ref><ref name="returnawardmedia1">{{Cite news
|title = Fareed Zakaria returns ADL award in protest
|work = The Spy Report
|publisher = Media Spy
|date = August 7, 2010
|url = http://www.mediaspy.org/report/2010/08/07/us-fareed-zakaria-returns-adl-award-in-protest/
|access-date = August 7, 2010
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://archive.today/20130113000125/http://www.mediaspy.org/report/2010/08/07/us-fareed-zakaria-returns-adl-award-in-protest/
|archive-date = January 13, 2013}}</ref> On August 8, 2010, edition of ''[[Fareed Zakaria GPS]]'', Zakaria addressed the issue, stating that in returning his award, he had hoped that the ADL would reconsider their stance.<ref name="returnawardmedia2">{{Cite news
| title = Fareed: Don't demonize Islamic centre
| work = CNN
| date = August 8, 2010
| url = http://www.cnn.com/video/#/video/bestoftv/2010/08/06/gps.fareed.take.cnn/
| access-date = August 9, 2010
}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Zakaria is a [[Citizenship of the United States|naturalized citizen]] of the United States.<ref name="newsweek">{{cite news |last=Zakaria |first=Fareed |date=July 15, 2001 |title=America Doesn't Need Crusades |url=http://www.newsweek.com/america-doesnt-need-crusades-155181 |work=Newsweek |access-date=July 17, 2017}}</ref> In 1997, Zakaria married Paula Throckmorton, a jewelry designer. The couple have three children. In July 2018, his wife filed for divorce.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Light|first1=Mikey|last2=Greene|first2=Leonard|date=July 24, 2018|title=Wife of CNN 'GPS' host Fareed Zakaria suing for divorce after 21 years of marriage|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/ny-news-fareed-divorce-20180724-story.html|website=Chicago Tribune}}</ref>

He lives on the [[Upper West Side]] in New York City.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last=Darrah|first=Paige|date=February 15, 2019|title=How Fareed Zakaria, CNN Host, Spends His Sundays|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/15/nyregion/how-fareed-zakaria-cnn-host-spends-his-sundays.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190314013457/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/15/nyregion/how-fareed-zakaria-cnn-host-spends-his-sundays.html|archive-date=March 14, 2019}}</ref> While a graduate student, Zakaria pursued his love of cooking, a passion deepened by his interest in chefs like [[Jacques Pépin]] and [[Julia Child]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> Zakaria is a self-described nonpracticing Muslim. He added: "My views on faith are complicated—somewhere between [[deism]] and agnosticism. I am completely secular in my outlook." His ex-wife is a Christian and his three children have not been raised as Muslims.<ref>{{cite news |last=Zakaria |first=Fareed |date=December 10, 2015 |title=I am a Muslim. But Trump's views appall me because I am an American. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/i-am-a-muslim-but-trumps-views-appall-me-because-i-am-an-american/2015/12/10/fcba9ea6-9f6d-11e5-8728-1af6af208198_story.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=December 13, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Zakaria |first=Fareed |date=December 12, 2015 |title=Fareed's Take: Why Trump's rhetoric is dangerous |url=http://www.cnn.com/videos/tv/2015/12/12/exp-gps-1213-take-muslim.cnn |work=Fareed Zakaria GPS |publisher=CNN |access-date=December 13, 2015}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
* ''The American Encounter: The United States and the Making of the Modern World Essays from 75 Years of Foreign Affairs'', edited by James F. Hoge and Fareed Zakaria, (Basic Books; 1997) {{ISBN|0-465-00170-X}}
* ''From Wealth to Power: The Unusual origins of America's World Role'', Fareed Zakaria, (Princeton University Press; 1998) {{ISBN|0-691-04496-1}}
* ''[[The Future of Freedom]]: Illiberal Democracy at Home and Abroad'', Fareed Zakaria, (W.W. Norton & Company; 2003) {{ISBN|0-393-04764-4}}
* ''[[The Post-American World]]'', Fareed Zakaria, (W.W. Norton & Company; 2008) {{ISBN|0-393-06235-X}}
* ''The Post-American World, Release 2.0'', Fareed Zakaria, (W.W. Norton & Company; 2011) {{ISBN|0-393-08180-X}}
* ''In Defense of a Liberal Education'', Fareed Zakaria, (W.W. Norton & Company; 2015) {{ISBN|978-0-393-24768-8}}
* ''Ten Lessons for a Post-Pandemic World'', Fareed Zakaria, (W.W. Norton & Company; 2020) {{ISBN|978-0-393-54213-4}}
* ''Age of Revolutions: Progress and Backlash from 1600 to the Present'', Fareed Zakaria, (W. W. Norton & Company; 2024) {{ISBN|978-0-393-23923-2}}

==See also==
* [[Indians in the New York City metropolitan region]]
* [[List of Yale University people]]
* [[List of Harvard University people]]
* [[New Yorkers in journalism]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* [http://www.fareedzakaria.com/ FareedZakaria.com] Official site
* [http://www.cnn.com/shows/fareed-zakaria-gps Global Public Square (GPS)] at ''[[CNN]]''
* [http://www.dailystar.com.lb/Fareed-Zakaria.ashx Column archive] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927162343/https://www.dailystar.com.lb/Fareed-Zakaria.ashx |date=September 27, 2021 }} at ''[[Daily Star (Lebanon)|The Daily Star]]''
* [http://www.newsweek.com/authors/fareed-zakaria.html Column archive (through 2010)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115182510/http://www.newsweek.com/authors/fareed-zakaria.html |date=January 15, 2016 }} at ''[[Newsweek]]''
* {{IMDb name|1821472}}
* {{C-SPAN|52600}}
* {{Muckrack}}

{{The Washington Post Writers Group}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2010–19}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zakaria, Fareed}}
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:20th-century American journalists]]
[[Category:21st-century American journalists]]
[[Category:American columnists]]
[[Category:American foreign policy writers]]
[[Category:American international relations scholars]]
[[Category:American magazine editors]]
[[Category:American male essayists]]
[[Category:20th-century American male journalists]]
[[Category:American political commentators]]
[[Category:American political writers]]
[[Category:American television reporters and correspondents]]
[[Category:American writers of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Cathedral and John Connon School alumni]]
[[Category:CNN people]]
[[Category:Cultural Muslims]]
[[Category:Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Journalists from New York City]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Muslims from New York (state)]]
[[Category:Neoclassical realists (international relations)]]
[[Category:New America (organization)]]
[[Category:Newsweek people]]
[[Category:People from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Political realists]]
[[Category:Radical centrist writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of Pravasi Bharatiya Samman]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in literature & education]]
[[Category:Time (magazine) people]]
[[Category:The Washington Post journalists]]
[[Category:Writers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Journalists from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Yale University alumni]]
[[Category:American people of Konkani descent]]
[[Category:21st-century American male journalists]]

Arani Lok Sabha constituency

2026-05-05T00:44:13Z

DEVANSH: starting new post from scratch - done

{{Short description|Parliamentary constituency in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Arani
| map_image = arani lok sabha constituency.png
| map_caption = Arni constituency, post-2008 delimitation
| established = 2009
| party = {{Party index link|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
| mp = [[M.S. Tharanivendhan]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu |2024]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| assembly_cons = [[Polur (State Assembly Constituency)|Polur]] [[Arni (State Assembly Constituency)|Arani]] [[Cheyyar (State Assembly Constituency)|Cheyyar]] [[Vandavasi (State Assembly Constituency)|Vandavasi ]] [[Gingee (State Assembly Constituency)|Gingee]] [[Mailam (State Assembly Constituency)|Mailam]]
| electors = 14,45,781
[https://www.electionsinindia.com/tamil-nadu/polur-assembly-vidhan-sabha-constituency-elections]
| reservation = None
}}
'''Arani''' is a [[Lok Sabha]] (Parliament of India) constituency in [[Tamil Nadu]]. Its Tamil Nadu Parliamentary Constituency number is 12 of 39. It was created during the 2008 assembly [[Electoral boundary delimitation|delimitation]] from the former [[Vandavasi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vandavasi constituency]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-4215093,prtpage-1.cms | title=Delimitation wipes 13 seats off map | date=3 March 2009 | newspaper=The Times of India | first=Ajitha | last=Karthikeyan | accessdate=21 July 2020 }}</ref>

== Assembly segments ==
Arani constituency is composed of the following assembly segments:<ref>{{cite news |date=3 February 2009 |title=Assembly seats increase to 13 in Vellore district |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/02/03/stories/2009020351070300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211020018/http://www.hindu.com/2009/02/03/stories/2009020351070300.htm |archive-date=11 February 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! width="50px" style="font-size:75%" |Constituency number
! width="200px" |Name
! width="100px" style="font-size:75%" |Reserved for ([[Dalit|SC]]/[[Adivasi|ST]]/None)
! width="150px" |District
! colspan="2"|Party
! colspan="2"|2024 Lead
|-
|66
|[[Polur Assembly constituency|Polur]]
|None
| rowspan="4" |[[Tiruvannamalai district|Tiruvannamalai]]
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=6}}
|-
|67
|[[Arani Assembly constituency|Arani]]
|None
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
|68
|[[Cheyyar Assembly constituency|Cheyyar]]
|None
|-
|69
|[[Vandavasi Assembly constituency|Vandavasi]]
|SC
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|70
|[[Gingee Assembly constituency|Gingee]]
|None
| rowspan="2" |[[Viluppuram district|Viluppuram]]
|{{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|-
|71
|[[Mailam Assembly constituency|Mailam]]
|None
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|}

==Members of the Parliament==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Winning candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
|-
|2009
|[[M. Krishnasamy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|----
|2014
|[[V. Elumalai]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|----
|2019
|[[M. K. Vishnu Prasad|Dr. M. K. Vishnu Prasad]]<ref>{{cite web|title=General elections to the 17th Lok Sabha, 2019 - List of members elected|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/10277-general-election-to-the-17th-lok-sabha-2019-list-of-members-elected/|page=26|format=PDF|publisher=Election Commission of India|date=25 May 2019|access-date=2 June 2019|location=New Delhi}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|2024
|[[M. S. Tharanivendhan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|----
|}

== Election results ==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of Winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2024|2024]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|43.86}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2019|2019]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|54.32}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2014|2014]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|46.26}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2009|2009]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|47.27}}
}}

=== General Elections 2024===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Indian general election]]: Arani<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Arani">{{cite news |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Arani |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2212.htm |access-date=28 September 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240928044952/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2212.htm |archive-date=28 September 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[M.S. Tharanivendhan|M. S. Tharanivendhan]]|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=5,00,099|percentage=43.86|change={{decrease}}10.46}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=G. V. Gajendran|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=2,91,333|percentage=25.55|change={{decrease}}8.48}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[A. Ganeshkumar]]|party=Pattali Makkal Katchi|votes=2,36,571|percentage=20.75|change=New}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=G. Bakkiyalakshmi|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi|votes=66,740|percentage=5.85|change={{increase}}3.00}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the above|party=None of the above|votes=9,188|percentage=0.81|change={{decrease}}0.68}}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,08,766 |percentage=18.31 |change={{decrease}}1.99}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=11,40,261|percentage=75.76|change={{down}}3.25}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors =14,43,186 |change =}}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|swing={{decrease}}10.46}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 2019===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Indian general election]]: Arani}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[M. K. Vishnu Prasad]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,17,760 |percentage=54.32 |change=+51.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[V. Elumalai]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,86,954 |percentage=34.03 |change=-12.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. Senthamizhan |party=Independent politician |votes=46,383 |percentage=4.08 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Tamizharasi |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=32,409 |percentage=2.85 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=16,921 |percentage=1.49 |change=0.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Shaji |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=14,776 |percentage=1.30 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,30,806 |percentage=20.30 |change=-2.14 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,37,225 |percentage=79.01 |change= -0.87 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,49,150 |change =+5.80 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= +8.06}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Elections 2014===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Indian general election]]: Arani}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[V. Elumalai]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=5,02,721 |percentage=46.26% |change=11.72% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[R. Sivanandam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,58,877 |percentage=23.82% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[A. K. Moorthy]] |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=2,53,332 |percentage=23.31% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[M. K. Vishnu Prasad]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=27,717 |percentage=2.55% |change=-44.72% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Moorthy |party=Independent politician |votes=10,263 |percentage=0.94% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=9,304 |percentage=0.86% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Moorthy |party=Independent politician |votes=8,059 |percentage=0.74% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Ganesan |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=5,573 |percentage=0.51% |change=-0.64% }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,43,844 |percentage=22.44% |change=9.71% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,86,742 |percentage=80.06% |change= 2.90% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,69,668 |change =24.76% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -1.01% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 2009===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Indian general election]]: Arani}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[M. Krishnasamy]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,96,728 |percentage=47.27% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Subramaniyan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,89,898 |percentage=34.54% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ra. Mohanam |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=1,05,729 |percentage=12.60% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Velaudham |party=Independent politician |votes=14,919 |percentage=1.78% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Shankar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=9,700 |percentage=1.16% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Saravanakumar |party=Puthiya Needhi Katchi |votes=6,022 |percentage=0.72% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. V. Hariraj |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=5,178 |percentage=0.62% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. Lokesh |party=Independent politician |votes=4,934 |percentage=0.59% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,06,830 |percentage=12.73% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,39,297 |percentage=76.62% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,97,865 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |title=Statistical reports of Lok Sabha elections |access-date=July 8, 2010 |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=October 5, 2010 }}
{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}
{{coord|12.67|N|79.28|E|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arani (Lok Sabha Constituency)}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Tamil Nadu]]

Medinipur Assembly constituency

2026-05-04T10:55:31Z

DEVANSH: New

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Medinipur
| type = SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Medinipur.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Medinipur Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Sujoy Hazra]]
| party =
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = 2024
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Paschim Medinipur district|Paschim Medinipur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Medinipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Medinipur]]
| constituency_no = 236
| established = 1957
| electors = 215,435
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

'''Medinipur Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Paschim Medinipur district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], No. 236 Medinipur Assembly constituency is composed of the following: [[Midnapore]] municipality, Chandra, Dherua, Monidaha and Tantigeria [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Midnapore Sadar (community development block)|Midnapore Sadar]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]] and Bankibandh, Garhmal, Karnagarh, Kashijora and Shatpati gram panchayats of [[Salboni (community development block)|Salboni]] community development block.<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web|url=http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |title=Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 |access-date=2010-10-15 |publisher=Government of West Bengal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813092204/http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |archive-date=13 August 2011 }}</ref>

Medinipur Assembly constituency is part of No. 34 [[Medinipur (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=delimitation/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| Anjali Khan
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| [[Syed Shamsul Bari]]
|-
| [[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="2"|Kamakhya Charan Ghosh
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
| [[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| rowspan="2"|[[Biswanath Mukherjee (politician)|Biswanath Mukherjee]]
|-
| [[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| Bankim Behari Pal
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
| rowspan="3"|Kamakhya Charan Ghosh
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=6}}
|-
| [[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
| [[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
| [[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| rowspan="2"|Purnendu Sengupta
|-
| [[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|-
| [[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| [[Santosh Rana]]
|-
| [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| rowspan="2"|[[Mrigendra Nath Maiti]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
| [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| [[June Malia]]
|-
| 2024^
| [[Sujoy Hazra]]
|-
| [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|Dr. Sankar Guchhait
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

* ^ by-election

==Election results==
===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Medinipur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Dr. Sankar Guchhait
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Sujoy Hazra
|party = Trinamool Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Mani Kuntal Khamrui
|party = Communist Party of India
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Sambhu Nath Chattopadhyay
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Shashanka Patra
|party = Amra Bangalee
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = {{formatnum: 1628}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2024 by-election===
{{Election box begin
| title=[[2024 elections in India#West_Bengal|2024 West Bengal Legislative Assembly by-election]]: Medinipur<ref name="West Bengal bypolls: Trinamool Congress sweeps bypolls in six Assembly seats">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1= |title=West Bengal bypolls: Trinamool Congress sweeps bypolls in six Assembly seats |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/west-bengal-bypolls-trinamool-congress-dominates-retains-4-seats-wrests-one-from-bjp/article68901894.ece |access-date=23 November 2024 |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241123144039/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/west-bengal-bypolls-trinamool-congress-dominates-retains-4-seats-wrests-one-from-bjp/article68901894.ece |archive-date=23 November 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="Medinipur Assembly constituency 2024 By poll Result">{{cite news |title=Medinipur Assembly constituency 2024 By poll Result |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcByeNov2024/candidateswise-S25236.htm |accessdate=22 July 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=23 November 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250722135356/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcByeNov2024/candidateswise-S25236.htm |archivedate=22 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Trinamool Congress|candidate=[[Sujoy Hazra]]|votes=115104|percentage=53.42|change={{increase}}2.72}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Subhajit Roy|votes=81,108|percentage=37.64|change={{decrease}}2.86}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India|candidate=Mani Kuntal Khamrui|votes=11,892|percentage=5.52|change={{increase}}0.09}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Shyamal Kumar Ghosh|party=Indian National Congress|votes=3,959|percentage=1.84|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Nantu Kuila|votes=717|percentage=0.45|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[None of the above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes=2,624|percentage=1.22|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=33,996|percentage=146,896|change=68.19}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=215,404|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Medinipur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[June Malia]]
|votes = 1,21,175
|percentage = 50.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Shamit Dash
|votes = 96,778
|percentage = 40.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Tarun Kumar Ghosh
|votes = 12,984
|percentage = 5.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 3,928
|percentage = 1.64
|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Amra Bangalee
|candidate = Sukesh Palmal
|votes = 1,565
|percentage = 0.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 24,397
|percentage = 10.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 2,39,132
|percentage = 85.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin
|title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Medinipur]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Mrigendra Nath Maiti
|votes = 1,06,774
|percentage = 50.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = [[Santosh Rana (CPI)|Santosh Rana]]
|votes = 73,787
|percentage = 34.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Tushar Mukherjee
|votes = 22,567
|percentage = 10.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 4,060
|percentage = 1.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Amra Bangalee
|candidate = Sova Das
|votes = 2,172
|percentage = 1.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 32,987
|percentage = 15.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 2,13,344
|percentage = 84.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Medinipur]]<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25236.htm|title = Medinipur |work = Assembly Elections May 2011 Results| publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2011-05-17 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=236| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120526070038/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=236| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 26 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Medinipur| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 2011-05-06 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_6th_phase.pdf |title=West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work=Medinipur |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2011-05-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912030813/http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_6th_phase.pdf |archive-date=2011-09-12 }}</ref> }}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Mrigendra Nath Maiti
|votes = 1,03,060
|percentage = 54.43
|change = +24.90
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = [[Santosh Rana (CPI)|Santosh Rana]]
|votes = 74,840
|percentage = 39.53
|change = -17.84
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Tusar Mukharjee
|votes = 4,880
|percentage = 2.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent politician|IND]]
|candidate = Sanjay Mishra
|votes = 2,590
|percentage = 1.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = Arun Kumar Adhikari
|votes = 1,436
|percentage = 0.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 28,220
|percentage = 14.90
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,89,467
|percentage = 87.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India
|swing = 42.74
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1977-2006===
In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006 state assembly elections]], Santosh Rana of [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] won the 223 Midnapore assembly seat defeating his nearest rival Rama Prasad Tewary of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]]. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. Purnendu Sengupta of CPI defeated Gouri Ghosh of Trinamool Congress in 2001, and Dinen Roy of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in 1996. Kamakhya Ghosh of CPI defeated Raj Kumar Mishra of Congress in 1991, Samir Roy of Congress in 1987, and Samir Roy of ICS in 1982. Bankim Behari Pal of [[Janata Party]] defeated Kamakhya Ghosh of CPI in 1977.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp223.htm |title = 223 - Midnapore Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2010-12-20 }}</ref>

===1957-1972===
Biswanath Mukherjee of CPI won in 1972 and 1971. Kamakhya Charan Ghosh of CPI won in 1969 and 1967. [[Syed Shamsul Bari]] of Congress won in [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]]. Anjali Khan of Congress won in [[1957 West Bengal state assembly election|1957]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/electionstatistics.asp |title=Statistical Reports of Elections |access-date=2010-12-20 |work=General Election Results and Statistics |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=2010-10-05 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Paschim Medinipur topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Paschim Medinipur district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in West Bengal]]

List of infantry equipment of the Indian Army

2026-05-03T08:40:56Z

DEVANSH: Info

{{Short description|none}}
{{See also|List of active Indian military aircraft#Army Aviation Corps}}{{main|List of equipment of the Indian Army}}

The below is a list of current infantry equipment of the Indian Army and its future equipment procurements.

==Individual equipment==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! style="width:10%;" | Name
! style="width:10%;" | Image
! style="width:10%;" | Type
! style="width:5%;" | Quantity
! style="width:10%;" | Origin Country
! style="width:40%;" | Notes
|-
! colspan="6" | Uniforms and Gears
|-
| New Battle Dress Uniform (NBDU)
(2022–present)
|[[File:Indian Army in New uniform.jpg|229x229px]]
|[[Military camouflage]] [[Combat uniform]]
|N/A
|{{IND}}
|'''Status: In service''' Designed by the [[National Institute of Fashion Technology]] (NIFT), consisting of a [[Multi-scale camouflage|pixelated camouflage pattern]], with improved ergonomics and greater operational efficiency.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/indian-army-gets-new-uniform-here-is-whats-new-in-it/2407180/|title=Indian Army Gets new uniform! Here is what's new in it|website=financialexpress.com|date=15 January 2022|access-date=5 March 2022|archive-date=5 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305154706/https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/indian-army-gets-new-uniform-here-is-whats-new-in-it/2407180/|url-status=live}}</ref> Was first revealed on [[Army Day (India)|Army Day 2022]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wionews.com/photos/pics-indian-army-unveils-new-uniform-at-the-parade-ground-on-army-day-445000#stronger-and-lighter-fabric-444993|title=Pics: Indian Army unveils new uniform at the parade ground on Army Day|website=wionnews.com|date=16 January 2022|access-date=5 March 2022|archive-date=5 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305140637/https://www.wionews.com/photos/pics-indian-army-unveils-new-uniform-at-the-parade-ground-on-army-day-445000#stronger-and-lighter-fabric-444993|url-status=live}}</ref>

|-
| Indian Army Snow Camouflage
|[[File:Indian Army Winter Camouflage 2022 - New.jpg|150px]]
|[[Military camouflage]] [[Combat uniform]]
|N/A
|{{IND}}
| '''Status: In service'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/army-trains-its-mountain-warriors-at-j-ks-high-altitude-warfare-school20210211101318/|title=Army trains its 'mountain warriors' at J-K's High Altitude Warfare School|website=ww.aninews.in|date=11 February 2021}}</ref>
|-
|New Coat Combat (Digital Print)
|
|[[Military camouflage]]
[[Combat uniform]]
|N/A
|{{IND}}
|'''Status: In service'''. Designed by NIFT.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Indian Army secures Intellectual Property Rights for new Design Coat Combat (Digital Print) |date=2025-11-19 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2191676 |access-date=2025-11-20}}</ref>
|-
|[[Camouflage Central-Europe|PC-DPM]]
(c.2006-2026)
|[[File:Indian Army personnel with Sig 716i.jpg|150px]]
|[[Military camouflage]] [[Combat uniform]]
|N/A
|{{flag|France}}
|'''Status: In service/being phased out'''.
Standard uniform since 2006 using French CCE pattern printed on [[Battle Dress Uniform|BDU]]. Being replaced by new NIFT made uniform since 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|title=India - Camopedia|url=https://www.camopedia.org/index.php?title=India|access-date=2022-01-15|website=www.camopedia.org|archive-date=15 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115064444/https://www.camopedia.org/index.php?title=India|url-status=live}}</ref> The uniform will remain in service till June 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-13 |title=Stock not exhausted, Army extends deadline on use of old combat uniform by a year |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/stock-army-deadline-use-old-combat-uniform-9510889/ |access-date=2024-08-15 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=15 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815102045/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/stock-army-deadline-use-old-combat-uniform-9510889/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|High altitude combat uniform
|[[File:The Air Officer Commanding-In-Chief, Western Command, IAF, Air Marshal NAK Browne AVSM VM paying tribute to the war heroes by laying wreath at Siachen War Memorial, during his visit to Siachen Base Camp.jpg|150px]]
|[[Combat uniform]]
|N/A
|{{IND}}
|'''Status: In service/being phased out'''.
to be replaced by New Indian Army Snow Camouflage. Used extensively on high altitudes such as [[Siachen Glacier]]
|-
|Boot Anti Mine Infantry (BAMI) ||[[File:DRDO-boots.png|150px]]
|[[Combat boots]]
|N/A
|{{Flag|India}}
|'''Status: In Service,''' used by forward troops
Developed by DRDO<ref>{{Cite web |title=Boot Anti Mine Infantry: Special boots for the Indian Army, all you want to know |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/defence-boot-anti-mine-infantry-special-boots-for-the-indian-army-all-you-want-to-know-2935643/ |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=Financialexpress |date=3 January 2023 |language=en |archive-date=3 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503084002/https://www.financialexpress.com/business/defence-boot-anti-mine-infantry-special-boots-for-the-indian-army-all-you-want-to-know-2935643/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! colspan="6" |Ballistic Vest and Protective Gear
|-
|Bhabha Kavach ||[[File:Bulletproof Vest - DRDO - Pride of India - Exhibition - 100th Indian Science Congress - Kolkata 2013-01-03 2577.JPG|150px]]
|[[Ballistic vest]]
|<30,000
|{{IND}}
|'''Status: In service''', Unknown numbers in service. Named after [[Homi J. Bhabha]]
|-
|SMPP Vest
|[[File:EHPaleLUwAACphV.jpg|150px]]
|[[Bulletproof vest|Ballistic Vest]]
|1,86,138<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=2018-04-09 |title=Army soldiers get 1.86 lakh new bulletproof jackets after 9-year wait |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/army-bulletproof-jackets-make-in-india-1208531-2018-04-09 |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>(186,138)
|{{Flag|India}}
|'''Status: In service''', Manufactured by SMPP Pvt. Ltd.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Grover |first=Priyamvada |date=2018-04-10 |title=An IIT grad's little-known firm will now make bulletproof jackets for the Indian Army |url=https://theprint.in/defence/little-known-firm-iit-grad-will-make-bulletproof-jackets-indian-army/48441/ |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US |archive-date=3 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503064419/https://theprint.in/defence/little-known-firm-iit-grad-will-make-bulletproof-jackets-indian-army/48441/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Order for 1.86 lakh bulletproof vests worth {{INRConvert|639|c|lk=on|year=2018}} placed in April 2018,<ref name=":7" /> all of which were delivered by August 2024.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Defence |first=Arabian |date=2024-05-02 |title=SMPP Spearheads Innovation in Armour & Ammunition |url=https://www.arabiandefence.com/2024/05/02/smpp-spearheads-innovation-in-armour-ammunition/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831120914/https://www.arabiandefence.com/2024/05/02/smpp-spearheads-innovation-in-armour-ammunition/ |archive-date=31 August 2024 |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=Arabian Defence |language=en-US}}</ref> An additional order for 27,700 units as part of a {{INRConvert|300|c|lk=|year=2025}} deal placed in July 2025.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Defence Deal SMPP: SMPP Secures ₹300 Cr Order to Supply Bulletproof Gear to Indian Army |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/business/smpp-bags-rs-300-cr-orders-from-indian-army-3615419 |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
The vest features dynamic load distribution and quick release system.<ref name=":9" />
|-
|Tata 360 Ballistic Vest ||[[File:Bullet-Proof-Jackets1.png|150px|Tata Vest]]
|[[Bulletproof vest|Ballistic vest]]
|62,500<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=BL New Delhi |date=2022-11-20 |title=Army to buy 62,500 bulletproof jackets for protection against steel core ammunition |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/army-to-buy-62500-bulletproof-jackets-for-protection-against-steel-core-ammunition/article66160567.ece |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref>
|{{Flag|India}}
|'''Status: In service''', Ordered under emergency procurement<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-20 |title=Indian Army issues two tenders to procure 62,500 bulletproof jackets |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/indian-army-issues-two-tenders-to-procure-62-500-bulletproof-jackets-122112000425_1.html |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=Business Standard |language=en-US |archive-date=3 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503062917/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/indian-army-issues-two-tenders-to-procure-62-500-bulletproof-jackets-122112000425_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Advanced Ballistics for High Energy Defeat (ABHED) || [[File:ABHED.jpg|center|195x195px]]
|[[Ballistic vest]]
|
|{{Flag|India}}
|'''Status: Developed; to be ordered.''' Developed by [[DRDO]] and [[IIT Delhi]]. Provides 360° protection weighing 8.2 kg to 9.5 kg.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saballa |first=Joe |date=2024-09-27 |title=India Develops Lightweight Bulletproof Jacket Offering 360º Protection |url=https://thedefensepost.com/2024/09/27/india-lightweight-bulletproof-jacket/ |access-date=2024-10-03 |website=The Defense Post |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|[[NBC suit|CBRN Suit]]
|[[File:Soldier CBRN.jpg|150px]]
|[[NBC suit|Chemical, biological, nuclear radiation suit]]
|N/A
|{{IND}}
|'''Status: In Service''', protects from chemical, biological, nuclear radiation.
|-
|Bomb Blast Protection Suit
|[[File:NSG bomb disposal squad.jpg|150px]]
|[[Bomb suit]]
|N/A
|{{IND}}
|'''In Service''', manufactured by [[DRDO]]
|-
! colspan="6" | Head Protective Gear
|-
|{{anchor|Patka helmet}}Patka (Model- 1) (Model- 2) (Model- 3)
|[[File:Patka.Helmet.IA.png|150px|Patka Helmet of the Indian army]]
|[[Combat helmet]]
|N/A
|{{IND}}
|'''Status: In service (to be phased out)''', used extensively for [[counterinsurgency]] by the Indian Army. Variants mentioned provide different areas of protection to the head and are composed of steel and [[kevlar]]. Wighs about 2.5 kg.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Star Wire (India) Ltd.|url=http://www.starwire.in/bppatka.html|access-date=2021-09-10|website=www.starwire.in|archive-date=10 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910152119/http://www.starwire.in/bppatka.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Currently being replaced by [[MKU (company)|MKU]] Advanced Combat Helmets and EXFIL High Cut Helmets.<ref name=":19">{{Cite web |last=Deshpande |first=Smruti |date=2024-10-20 |title=Indian Army helmets in spotlight. Upgrades over the yrs & how they stack up against US & China's gear |url=https://theprint.in/defence/indian-army-helmets-in-spotlight-upgrades-over-the-yrs-how-they-stack-up-against-us-chinas-gear/2317783/#amp_tf=From%20%251$s&aoh=17294064570929&csi=0&referrer=https://www.google.com&ampshare=https://theprint.in/defence/indian-army-helmets-in-spotlight-upgrades-over-the-yrs-how-they-stack-up-against-us-chinas-gear/2317783/ |access-date=2024-10-20 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|[[MKU (company)|MKU]] Mukut
|[[File:211027-F-HY271-0058.jpg|150px]]
|[[Combat helmet]]
|158,000<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-17 |title=Bulletproof Innovation: MKU's Breakthrough AK-47 Helmet Redefines Soldier Safety Globally |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/defence-bulletproof-innovation-mkus-breakthrough-ak-47-helmet-redefines-soldier-safety-globally-3308146/ |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=Financialexpress |language=en |archive-date=13 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240513172550/https://www.financialexpress.com/business/defence-bulletproof-innovation-mkus-breakthrough-ak-47-helmet-redefines-soldier-safety-globally-3308146/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|{{IND}}
|'''Status: In service.'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/made-in-india-indian-soldiers-get-light-weight-bullet-proof-helmets/2318996/|title=Made in India: Indian soldiers get light weight Bullet Proof Helmets|website=Financial Express|date=30 August 2021|access-date=12 September 2021|archive-date=12 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912093255/https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/made-in-india-indian-soldiers-get-light-weight-bullet-proof-helmets/2318996/|url-status=live}}</ref> Ordered in 2017; to be delivered by 2020 at the cost of Rs 180 crore. Can withstand [[9mm]] shot.<ref name=":20" /><ref name=":19" /><ref name=":21" />
Includes 50,000 with [[Integrated communications|integrated communication]].<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1248828530676215809 |user=jaywankhadejrw |title=Exact representation of Equipment on order MKU Ballistic Helmets: 1.58 Lakh ordered in 2017 out of which 50,000 with integrated communication |first=Jay |last=Wankhade |date=2020-04-11 |access-date=2024-10-20}}</ref>
|-
|Model 1974 Ballistic Helmet
|[[File:Indian Army BallasticHelmet.Model1974.jpg|150px|Model 1974 ballistic helmet]]
|[[Combat helmet]]
|>1,000,000
|{{Flag|India}}
|'''Status: Standard issue helmet.'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=New ballistic helmets for the Army |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/new-ballistic-helmets-for-the-army-1700612-2020-07-14 |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=India Today |date=14 July 2020 |language=en |archive-date=3 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503062917/https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/new-ballistic-helmets-for-the-army-1700612-2020-07-14 |url-status=live }}</ref> Equipped with [[Fiberglass|fibre-glass]] body and nylon suspender. Can withstand [[9mm]] [[carbine]] shot.<ref name=":19" />
|-
|TATA Advanced Combat Helmet
| [[File:TataBallistics bmp.png|150px|Tata Ballistic helmet]]
|[[Combat helmet]]
|<60,000<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-07-19 |title=Bulletproof helmets for Army jawans courtesy PM Narendra Modi Make in India initiative |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/bulletproof-helmets-for-army-jawans-courtesy-pm-narendra-modi-make-in-india-initiative/768987/ |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=Financialexpress |language=en |archive-date=31 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831120931/https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/bulletproof-helmets-for-army-jawans-courtesy-pm-narendra-modi-make-in-india-initiative/768987/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|{{IND}}
|'''Status: In service.''' 10,000 received, additional 50,000 ordered under emergency procurement in March 2016.<ref name="spansen.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.spansen.com/2020/07/indian-army-looking-combat-helmet-mix.html|title=The Army Is Looking To Jazz It Up - Could Throw A New Helmet Into The Mix|website=Spansen|access-date=27 September 2021|archive-date=27 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927133407/https://www.spansen.com/2020/07/indian-army-looking-combat-helmet-mix.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":20">{{Cite web |date=2017-06-28 |title=Indian Army gets first batch of modern bullet-proof helmets: Report |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/indian-army-gets-first-batch-of-bullet-proof-helmets-report-4725481/ |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|SMPP Ballistic Helmet
|[[File:Indians demonstrate their explosive hazard detection equipment to U S Marines and multi-national partners (9293772).jpg|frameless|153x153px]]
|[[Combat helmet]]
|N/A
|{{IND}}
|'''Status: On order.''' 80,000 ordered by August 2024.<ref name=":8" /> An additional order for 11,700 units as part of a {{INRConvert|300|c|lk=|year=2025}} deal placed in July 2025.<ref name=":9" />
|-
|[[OR-201]]
|[[File:OR-201BPH.png|150px|OR 201 Bulletproof Helmet]]
|[[Combat helmet]]
|N/A
|{{ISR}}
|'''Status: In service.''' Used by [[Para SF]], [[Parachute Regiment (India)|Paratroopers]] since 2008.<ref name=":21">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/exclusive-indian-army-jawans-to-finally-get-a-modern-helmet-1649923|title=After Waiting For Decades, Army Jawans To Finally Get Their First Modern Helmet|website=NDTV|access-date=27 September 2021|archive-date=27 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227103443/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/exclusive-indian-army-jawans-to-finally-get-a-modern-helmet-1649923|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Exfil High Cut Ballistic Helmet
|[[File:Para SF operator in Ladakh (cropped).jpg|150px]]
|[[Combat helmet]]
|N/A
|{{USA}}
|'''Status: In service.''' used by [[Para SF]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/defence/photo-from-rajnath-ladakh-trip-reveals-two-secret-special-forces-buys/462968/|title=Photo from Rajnath Ladakh trip reveals two 'secret' special forces buys|access-date=2020-07-17|website=The Print|date=17 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
|Galvion Viper P2
| [[File:Galvion PDXT Basic.jpg|frameless|151x151px]]
|[[Combat helmet]]
|N/A
|{{USA}}
|'''Status: In service.'''<ref name="spansen.com" />
|}

==Infantry weapons==
{{see also|List of Regiments of the Indian Army|l1=List of Indian Infantry regiments}}

===Knives and bayonets===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! style="width:15%;"| Name
! style="width:15%;"| Image
! style="width:15%;"| Type
! style="width:15%;"| Origin
!Notes
|-
| [[M9 bayonet]]
| [[File:Bayonet-Knife M9 w Scabbard.jpg|170px]] || [[Bayonet]] || {{USA}}
| '''Status: In Service, being phased out'''.<ref name="Infantry Weapons">{{Cite web |date=2023-01-15 |title=List of Indian Army Infantry Weapons |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/list-of-indian-army-infantry-weapons-1673776571-1 |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=Jagranjosh.com |language=en |archive-date=5 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205015840/https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/list-of-indian-army-infantry-weapons-1673776571-1 |url-status=live }}</ref> Standard issue [[combat knife]] and [[bayonet]] of the Indian Army.
|-
| [[Glock knife]]
| [[File:Glock Feldmesser FM 78 noBG.jpg|170px]] || [[Combat Knife]] || {{flag|Austria}}
|'''Status: In Service'''.<ref name="Infantry Weapons" /> Standard service issue knife of the special forces.
|-
| [[Dao (Naga sword)|Naga Dao]]
| [[File:Sword (Dao) with Scabbard and Baldric MET 36.25.1630a b 001 Mar2017.jpg|170px]]||[[Utility knife]] ||{{IND}}||'''Status: In service'''. Used by the [[Naga Regiment]] for various purposes
|-
| [[Khukri]]
| [[File:Kukri.jpg|170px]] || [[Utility knife]] || [[File:Shree Sabuj flag.png|25px]] [[Gorkha Kingdom]]
| '''Status: In Service'''. Standard issue [[Utility knife]] of the [[Gorkha regiments (India)|Gorkha regiments]]. Khukri traditionally associated with [[Gurkha]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://asiatimes.com/2018/04/brief-history-gurkhas-knife-kukri/ | title=A brief history of the Gurkha's knife – the kukri | date=6 April 2018 | access-date=12 July 2022 | archive-date=29 June 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629194720/https://asiatimes.com/2018/04/brief-history-gurkhas-knife-kukri/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Kirpan]]
| [[File:Kirpan.jpg|170px]] || [[Dagger]] ||{{IND}}||'''Status: In Service'''. Carried by the [[Sikh Regiment]] and [[Sikh Light Infantry]] as per the Sikh [[Five Ks|religious commandments]].<ref>{{cite news |date=2 March 2015 |title=Regiment of kirpan carriers |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/regiment-of-kirpan-carriers/articleshow/46427915.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831121432/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/regiment-of-kirpan-carriers/articleshow/46427915.cms |archive-date=31 August 2024 |access-date=22 November 2023 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref>
|}

===Small arms===

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|+
|-
! style="width:15%;" | Name
! style="width:10%;" | Weapon
! style="width:15%;" | Type
! style="width:5%;" | Caliber
! style="width:10%;" | Origin
! Notes
|-
! colspan="6" |Handguns

|-
|[[Pistol Auto 9mm 1A]]
|[[File:FN Browning High Power (left side).png|150px]]
| rowspan="3"| [[Semi-automatic pistol]] || rowspan="3"| [[9×19mm]] ||{{IND}} {{CAN}}
|'''Status: In service'''. Standard side-arm of the Indian Army, manufactured under license from [[John Inglis and Company]] by [[Ordnance Factory Board]], used by special forces in small numbers.<ref name="12 Deadly Weapons Of The Indian Spe">{{cite web|url=https://www.ssbcrack.com/2016/04/12-deadly-weapons-indian-special-forces.html|title=12 Deadly Weapons Of The Indian Special Forces|date=27 April 2016|access-date=31 August 2024|archive-date=31 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831121433/https://www.ssbcrack.com/2016/04/12-deadly-weapons-indian-special-forces.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Glock]]
| [[File:GLOCK 17 Gen 4 Pistol MOD 45160305 (cropped).jpg|150px]] || {{AUT}}
|'''Status: In service'''. Standard special forces pistol.<ref name="12 Deadly Weapons Of The Indian Spe" />
|-
|[[Beretta Px4 Storm]]
|[[File:BerettaPX4Storm.jpg|150px]] ||{{ITA}}
|'''Status: In service''', with special forces.<ref name="Indian Armed Forces/Central Armed Police Force Weapons">{{cite web|url=https://fareastmilsim.com/indian-armed-forcespolice-weapons|title=Indian Armed Forces/Central Armed Police Force Weapons|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127060222/https://fareastmilsim.com/indian-armed-forcespolice-weapons|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="6" |Nonlinear line of sight weapons
|-
|ShootEdge
|
|[[CornerShot]] ||[[9×19mm]] ||{{IND}}
|'''Status: In service''', can use all pistols in service as main weapon. It is equivalent to Israel's [[Cornershot]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.forceindia.net/IndustryNovember20154.aspx |title=Zen Technologies unveils ShootEdge at India International Security Expo 2015 |access-date=2016-03-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310144716/http://www.forceindia.net/IndustryNovember20154.aspx |archive-date=2016-03-10 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.spslandforces.com/experts-speak/?id=538&h=Indigenous-CornerShot | title=Indigenous CornerShot | access-date=21 July 2022 | archive-date=24 September 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924165919/https://www.spslandforces.com/experts-speak/?id=538&h=Indigenous-CornerShot | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| DRDO CSWS (CornerShot Weapon System)
|
|[[CornerShot]] ||[[9×19mm]] ||{{IND}}
|'''Status: In service''' Developed by [[DRDO]] in collaboration with Zen Technologies, can use all pistols in service as main weapon. It is equivalent to Israel's [[Cornershot]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/drdo-develops-corner-shot-rifle-for-counter-insurgency-114020700573_1.html|title=DRDO develops corner-shot rifle for counter-insurgency|last=IANS|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=7 February 2014|via=Business Standard|access-date=21 July 2022|archive-date=21 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721172003/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/drdo-develops-corner-shot-rifle-for-counter-insurgency-114020700573_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ATCS">{{cite web |url=https://asianatimes.com/the-drdos-corner-shot-weapon-provides-a-vital-eye-for-cops/ |title=The DRDO's corner-shot weapon provides a vital eye for Army |work=Asiana Times |publisher=Asianatimes.com |date=2022-03-26 |access-date=2022-05-28 |archive-date=3 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503142714/https://asianatimes.com/the-drdos-corner-shot-weapon-provides-a-vital-eye-for-cops/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! colspan="6" |Shotguns
|-
|12 Bore PAG
| [[File:PEO Mossberg 590A1.jpg|150px]]
| [[Pump action]] [[Shotgun]] ||[[12-gauge shotgun]] ||{{IND}}
|'''Status: In service'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ssbcrackexams.com/6-indigenous-rifles-guns-used-by-indian-army/|title=6 Indigenous Rifles/Guns Used By Indian Army|date=26 October 2020|access-date=31 August 2024|archive-date=23 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523010716/https://ssbcrackexams.com/6-indigenous-rifles-guns-used-by-indian-army/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="6" |Submachine guns
|-
|IWI Micro-Uzi "[[Uzi#Military variants|Tivra]]"
|[[File:IWI UZI.jpg|Micro-Uzi|150px]]
|[[Machine pistol]]|| rowspan="6" |[[9×19mm]]||{{IND}} {{ISR}}
|'''Status: In service''', Micro-Uzi variant is used by Special Forces.<ref name="12 Deadly Weapons Of The Indian Spe"/>
|-
|[[Heckler & Koch MP5]]
|[[File:Heckler Koch MP5.jpg|MP5 Submachine Gun|150px]]|| rowspan="5" |[[Submachine gun]] ||{{FRG}}
|'''Status: In service''', used by Special Forces.<ref name="12 Deadly Weapons Of The Indian Spe"/>
|-
|[[Brügger & Thomet MP9]]
| [[File:Yudh Abhyas 2018 2.jpg|frameless|151x151px]]||{{flag|Switzerland}}
|'''Status: In Service.''' Small number of MP9s in service.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2018/09/26/potd-indian-bt-mp9/|title=POTD: Indian Special Forces B&T MP9|date=26 September 2018|publisher=The Firearm Blog|access-date=5 February 2022|archive-date=5 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205095208/https://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2018/09/26/potd-indian-bt-mp9/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Sterling submachine gun|SAF Carbine 2A1]]
|[[File:Sterling SMG.JPG|[[SAF Carbine 2A1]]|150px]] ||{{IND}} {{GBR}}
|'''Status: To be replaced''', all the remaining [[Sterling submachine gun|SAF Carbine]] to be replaced by indigenously built close quarter [[Modern Sub Machine Carbine|MSMC]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://defencenewsofindia.com/govt-plans-to-scrap-carbine-and-spad-gms-under-foreign-procurementfor-local-substitute-defence-news-of-india/|title=Govt plans to scrap carbine and SPAD-GMS under foreign procurement, for Local substitute|date=16 September 2020|access-date=31 August 2024|archive-date=20 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720004647/https://defencenewsofindia.com/govt-plans-to-scrap-carbine-and-spad-gms-under-foreign-procurementfor-local-substitute-defence-news-of-india/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[ASMI]]
|[[File:DRDO ASMI.jpg|center|frameless|150px]]
|{{IND}}
|'''Status: In Service.''' 550 inducted by [[Para (Special Forces)|Para (SF)]] of the Army.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-07 |title=Empowering India's Defence: The ASMI Revolution |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/defence-empowering-indias-defence-the-asmi-revolution-3448998/ |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=Financialexpress |language=en |archive-date=31 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831115206/https://www.financialexpress.com/business/defence-empowering-indias-defence-the-asmi-revolution-3448998/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-01 |title=Lokesh Machines delivers first indigenous submachine guns to Indian Army |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/lokesh-machines-delivers-first-indigenous-submachine-guns-to-indian-army/articleshow/113839998.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-10-01 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
|-
|[[Taurus SMT|Taurus T9]]
|[[File:Taurus_SMT9_with_IA2_crop.jpg|frameless|150px]]
|{{IND}} {{BRA}}
|'''Status: On order''', 550 units ordered.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-06 |title=Indigenisation of Indian defence sector gets a 1,100-gun boost |url=https://www.news9live.com/india/indigenisation-of-indian-defence-sector-gets-a-1100-gun-boost-2490323 |access-date=2024-04-08 |website=News9live |language=en-US |archive-date=7 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407082357/https://www.news9live.com/india/indigenisation-of-indian-defence-sector-gets-a-1100-gun-boost-2490323 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[DRDO Close Quarter Battle carbine]]
|[[File:DRDO-Bharat_Forge_CQBC.jpg|frameless|143x143px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Carbine]]
|[[5.56×45mm NATO]]<hr>5.56×45mm INSAS
|{{IND}}
|'''Status:''' '''On order.'''<ref name=":11">{{Cite press release |title=MoD inks Rs 4,666 crore contracts for Close Quarter Battle Carbine & Heavy Weight Torpedoes |date=2025-12-30 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2209832&reg=3&lang=1 |access-date=2025-12-30}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite web |date=2025-12-30 |title=MoD to sign CQB contract with BF and Adani Defence |url=https://chakranewz.com/critical-technologies/mod-to-sign-cqb-contract-with-bf-and-adani-defence |access-date=2025-12-30 |website=chakranewz |language=en}}</ref> [[Bharat Forge#Kalyani Strategic Systems|Kalyani Strategic Systems Limited]] (KSSL) has been selected as the L1 bidder for procurement project of over 4.25 [[lakh]] (425,000) carbines. KSSL is the production partner of the DRDO-developed CQB Carbine. A contract worth {{INRConvert|1700|c|lk=on|year=2025}} for 255,128 units<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |title=Kalyani Strategic Systems secures majority share in Indian Army's ₹2,800 cr carbine tender |url=https://manufacturing.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/aerospace-defence/kalyani-strategic-systems-secures-majority-share-in-indian-armys-2800-cr-carbine-tender/123226932 |access-date=2025-08-15 |website=ETManufacturing.in |language=en}}</ref> was signed on 30 December 2025.<ref name=":11" />
|-
|IWI Galil ACE "[[IWI Galil ACE#Indian variant|Adani Jeet]]"
|[[File:IWI 3686.jpg|frameless|144x144px]]
|[[5.56×45mm NATO]]
|{{ISR}}
{{IND}}
|'''Status:''' '''On order.'''<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":13" /> [[PLR Systems]] has been selected as the L2 bidder for procurement project of over 4.25 [[lakh]] carbines. Jeet is a derivative of [[IWI Galil ACE]] design. A contract worth {{INRConvert|1100|c|lk=|year=2025}} for 170,085 units<ref name=":0" /> was signed on 30 December 2025.<ref name=":11" />
|-
! colspan="6" |Assault rifles
|-
|[[INSAS|1B1 INSAS]]
|[[File:INSAS Black.JPG|150px|frameless]]
| rowspan="1" |[[Assault rifle]] ||[[5.56×45mm]]||{{IND}}
|'''Status: In service (Being phased out)''',<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-17 |title=Army to get 7,000 more 'Made in Amethi' AK-203 rifles in 2-3 weeks |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/indian-army-kalashnikov-ak-203-rifles-delivery-amethi-plant-insas-rifles-2757148-2025-07-17 |access-date=2025-07-17 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Standard assault rifle of the Indian Army. To be replaced by [[AK-203]] and [[SIG Sauer SIG516#SIG 716i|SIG 716i]]<ref name="ssbcrack.com" />
About 200,000 rifle will be upgraded by Indian army.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Indian security forces are doing to meet the need for more assault rifles |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/what-indian-security-forces-are-doing-to-meet-the-need-for-more-assault-rifles-2458947-2023-11-06 |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=India Today |date=6 November 2023 |language=en |archive-date=23 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223161620/https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/what-indian-security-forces-are-doing-to-meet-the-need-for-more-assault-rifles-2458947-2023-11-06 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[AK-203]]
| [[File:IndianArmyAK203 1.jpg|150x150px]]||[[Assault Rifle]]||[[7.62×39mm]]
| {{IND}} {{RUS}}
|'''Status: In service'''. In total, 53,000 guns delivered by [[Indo-Russia Rifles]] and are reported to be in service.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Shivani |date=2025-09-09 |title=Army receives 5,000 more AK-203 rifles from Amethi plant |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/army-receives-5000-more-ak-203-rifles-from-amethi-plant-2784650-2025-09-09 |access-date=2025-09-10 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> 601,427 rifles have been ordered.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Shivani |date=2025-07-17 |title=Army to get 7,000 more 'Made in Amethi' AK-203 rifles in 2-3 weeks |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/indian-army-kalashnikov-ak-203-rifles-delivery-amethi-plant-insas-rifles-2757148-2025-07-17 |access-date=2025-09-10 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> This will be the standard service rifle of Indian Army, replacing INSAS<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 March 2019 |title='Made in Amethi' AK-203s to give security forces edge in fight against terror: PM Modi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/made-in-amethi-ak-203s-to-give-forces-edge-in-fight-against-terror-pm-modi/articleshow/68243351.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719212934/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/made-in-amethi-ak-203s-to-give-forces-edge-in-fight-against-terror-pm-modi/articleshow/68243351.cms |archive-date=19 July 2019 |access-date=2019-07-09 |newspaper=The Times of India |language=en |agency=Ist}}</ref>
|-
|[[SIG Sauer SIG516#SIG 716i|SIG 716i]]
|[[File:Indian Army SIG Sauer SIG716i.jpg|150px]]
|[[Battle rifle]] ||[[7.62×51mm]] ||{{USA}}
|'''Status: In service'''. 66,400 units of '''SIG 716i''' in service. Additional 73,000 on order.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ray |first=Kalyan |title=More Sig Sauer rifles for troops as Defence Ministry sanctions procurement of over 70,000 rifles |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/more-sig-sauer-rifles-for-troops-as-defence-ministry-sanctions-procurement-of-over-70000-rifles-2808291 |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en |archive-date=13 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213083942/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/more-sig-sauer-rifles-for-troops-as-defence-ministry-sanctions-procurement-of-over-70000-rifles-2808291 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-12 |title=Defence Ministry clears 70,000 Sig Sauer assault rifles for Indian Army |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/defence-ministry-clears-70000-sig-sauer-assault-rifles-for-indian-army/articleshow/105939147.cms |access-date=2023-12-13 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=13 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213083943/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/defence-ministry-clears-70000-sig-sauer-assault-rifles-for-indian-army/articleshow/105939147.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Army Orders an Additional 73,000 SIG716 Rifles |url=https://www.sigsauer.com/blog/indian-army-orders-an-additional-73000-sig716-rifles |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=www.sigsauer.com |language=en |archive-date=27 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240827171449/https://www.sigsauer.com/blog/indian-army-orders-an-additional-73000-sig716-rifles |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[IWI Tavor X95|IMI/IWI Tavor TAR X95]] "Zittara" "Abhay"
|[[File:MicroTavorX95MARS-white.jpg|150px]] || rowspan="2" |[[Bullpup|Bullpup assault rifle]] ||[[5.56×45mm]] ||{{IND}} {{ISR}}
|'''Status: In Service''', manufactured locally by [[Adani Enterprises#PLR Systems|PLR Systems]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/one-fir-govt-blacklists-7-firms-hits-artillery-upgrade/472107/2|title=One FIR, Govt blacklists 7 firms, hits artillery upgrade|date=2009-06-05|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|page=2|access-date=2009-06-09|archive-date=9 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090609105612/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/one-fir-govt-blacklists-7-firms-hits-artillery-upgrade/472107/2|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[IWI Tavor TAR-21|IMI/IWI Tavor TAR-21]] "Arka"
|[[File:IWI-Tavor-TAR-21w1.jpg|IMI Tavor|150px]]||[[5.56×45mm]]|||{{IND}} {{ISR}}
|'''Status: In service''', Standard Special Forces assault rifle<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/2007/02/tavor21-rifle-headed-into-service-with-indian-special-forces/index.php#more|title=Tavor21 rifle headed into service with Indian Special Forces|work=DefenseIndustryDaily.com|access-date=27 July 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070601183316/http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/2007/02/tavor21-rifle-headed-into-service-with-indian-special-forces/index.php#more|archive-date=1 June 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://mod.nic.in/product&supp/welcome.html |title=Ministry of Defence, Govt of India |work=Mod.nic.in |access-date=2012-04-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120704170459/http://mod.nic.in/product%26supp/welcome.html |archive-date=4 July 2012}}</ref> like [[Para (Special Forces)|Para SF]], [[Garud Commando Force|Garud]] and [[MARCOS]].
|-
|[[M4 carbine]]
|[[File:M4 Carbine with M203 Grenade Launcher.png|M4A1 Assault Rifle|150px]]
|[[Assault carbine]]||[[5.56×45mm]]||{{USA}}
|'''Status: In service''', used by special forces.<ref>{{cite web|title=Special Forces units of Army to get American assault rifles, ammunition, parachutes: Sources|url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/special-forces-units-of-army-to-get-american-assault-rifles-ammunition-parachutes-sources-2188846.html|website=ZEE NEWS|date=19 March 2019|access-date=31 August 2024|archive-date=26 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926185547/https://zeenews.india.com/india/special-forces-units-of-army-to-get-american-assault-rifles-ammunition-parachutes-sources-2188846.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[AR-M1]] ||[[File:Arsenalakimage.jpg|150x150px]]|| rowspan="7" | Assault rifle ||[[7.62×39mm]] ||{{BUL}}
|'''Status: Being Phased Out''',{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}} used by the Army, to be replaced by AK-203. Some are modified locally by Israel's FAB Defense.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Singh |first1=Harmeet |date=2020-10-27|title=Equipment of the Indian Army's Infantry soldier {{!}} ADU MEDIA|url=https://www.aviation-defence-universe.com/equipment-of-the-indian-army/|access-date=2021-10-09|website=ADU|language=en-US|archive-date=9 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009060359/https://www.aviation-defence-universe.com/equipment-of-the-indian-army/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[AKM]]
|[[File:Indian Army personnel with a Mod. Ak rifle.jpg|150px]]||[[7.62×39mm]]||{{USSR}}
|'''Status: Being Phased Out''',{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}} used by the Army, to be replaced by AK203. Includes variants modified locally by SSS Defence India and Israel's FAB Defense.<ref name="ssbcrack.com"/><ref>{{cite web|last1=Philip |first1=Snehesh Alex |title=Bengaluru's SSS Defence beats Israeli firm, will be first from India to upgrade Army's AK-47s|url=https://theprint.in/defence/bengalurus-sss-defence-beats-israeli-firm-will-be-first-from-india-to-upgrade-armys-ak-47s/759716/|access-date=31 October 2021|website=The Print|date=31 October 2021|archive-date=31 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831121435/https://theprint.in/defence/bengalurus-sss-defence-beats-israeli-firm-will-be-first-from-india-to-upgrade-armys-ak-47s/759716/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[MPi-KMS-72]]
|[[File:MPi KmS 72.jpg|frameless|150px]]
|[[7.62×39mm]]
|{{flagicon|East Germany}} [[East Germany]]
|'''Status: Being Phased Out, to be replaced by AK203'''.<ref name="Small Arms Manufacturing In India">{{Cite web |title=Small Arms Manufacturing In India |url=https://defproac.in/?p=3368 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419071202/https://defproac.in/?p=3368 |archive-date=2022-04-19 |access-date=2021-10-08 |language=en-US}}</ref>{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}}
|-
|[[Pistol Mitralieră model 1963/1965]]
|[[File:PMmd.1963.jpg|150px]]
|[[7.62×39mm]]
|{{flagicon|Romania}} [[Romania]]
|'''Status: To be replaced by AK203'''.<ref name="IT">{{cite news |title=Why General Kalashnikov couldn't sell the AK in India |last=Unnithan |first=Sandeep |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/why-general-kalashnikov-couldnt-sell-the-ak-47-in-india-222396-2013-12-30 |work=India Today |location=New Delhi |date=30 December 2013 |access-date=4 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326125239/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/why-general-kalashnikov-couldnt-sell-the-ak-47-in-india-222396-2013-12-30|archive-date=26 March 2021|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}}
|-
|[[AK-63]]
|[[File:AK 63.jpg|150px]]
|[[7.62×39mm]]
|{{flagicon|Hungary}} [[Hungary]]
|'''Status: To be replaced by AK203.{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}}''' In service folding stock variant is used.<ref name="IT">{{cite news |title=Why General Kalashnikov couldn't sell the AK in India |last=Unnithan |first=Sandeep |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/why-general-kalashnikov-couldnt-sell-the-ak-47-in-india-222396-2013-12-30 |work=India Today |location=New Delhi |date=30 December 2013 |access-date=4 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326125239/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/why-general-kalashnikov-couldnt-sell-the-ak-47-in-india-222396-2013-12-30|archive-date=26 March 2021|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Type 56 assault rifle]]
|[[File:ChineseType56AssltRifle.jpg|150px]]
|[[7.62×39mm]]
|{{flagicon|China}} [[China]]
|'''Status: '''Thousands of captured Type 56s by Indian police/military/paramilitary forces. Some were used by indian army as a stopgap measure. <ref>{{cite web |first1=Sandeep|last1=Unnithan|website=India Today|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/photo/the-five-war-toys-india-and-china-have-in-common-369846-2013-05-18/4 | title=The five war toys India and China have in common | date=18 May 2013 }}</ref>
|-
|[[Vz. 58]]
|[[File:Sa 58-JH04.jpg|150px]]
|[[7.62×39mm]]
|{{flagicon|Czechoslovakia}} [[Czechoslovakia]]
|'''Status: Being phased out''',{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}} both standard and folding stock variants in use.<ref name="Small Arms Manufacturing In India"/>
|-
|[[T91 assault rifle]]
|[[File:T91-3 (65).JPG|150px]]
|[[Assault Rifle]]
||[[5.56×45mm]]
||{{TWN}}
|'''Status: In service''', 400 units were bought.<ref name="ssbcrack.com">{{cite web|title=10 Assault Rifles Used By Indian Armed Forces|url=https://www.ssbcrack.com/2015/12/10-assault-rifles-used-by-indian-armed-forces.html|website=SSB Crack|date=24 December 2015|access-date=31 August 2024|archive-date=19 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719172625/https://www.ssbcrack.com/2015/12/10-assault-rifles-used-by-indian-armed-forces.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=T91|url=http://www.military-today.com/firearms/t91.htm|website=Military Today|access-date=31 August 2024|archive-date=5 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105010004/http://www.military-today.com/firearms/t91.htm|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="6" |Sniper rifles
|-
|[[Dragunov Sniper Rifle|Dragunov SVD]]
|[[File:SVDM sniper rifle at Military-technical forum ARMY-2016 01.jpg|150px]]|| rowspan="2" |[[Designated marksman rifle]], [[Sniper rifle]]||[[7.62×54mmR]]||{{USSR}}||'''Status: In service''', Standard designated marksman rifle. Modified locally by Israel's FAB Defense.<ref name="ndtv.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/re-arming-the-indian-armys-troops-with-lethal-modern-weapons-505844|title=Re-arming the Indian Army's troops with lethal, modern weapons|author=Nitin Gokhale|date=28 November 2012|work=NDTV.com|access-date=4 April 2016|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303224218/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/re-arming-the-indian-armys-troops-with-lethal-modern-weapons-505844|url-status=live}}</ref> Around 6,000 units active.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Why the Indian Army's Search to Find Sniper Rifles Seems Neverending |url=https://thewire.in/security/indian-army-sniper-rifles-search |access-date=2024-04-18 |website=The Wire |language=en |archive-date=18 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418110331/https://thewire.in/security/indian-army-sniper-rifles-search |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[IMI Galil#7.62mm variants|IMI Galil 7.62 Sniper]] "Archook"
|[[File:Galil-Sniper-Galatz-r001.jpg|Galil Sniper|150px]]|| [[7.62×51mm]] ||{{IND}} {{ISR}}||'''Status: In service''' used by [[Para (Special Forces)|Para SF]] snipers. 200 in service.<ref name="sniper rifles" />
|-
|[[Heckler & Koch PSG1]]
|[[File:MSG 90 rifle 2014 noBG.jpg|150px]]|| rowspan="5" |[[Sniper rifle]]|| [[7.62×51mm]] ||{{GER}}||'''Status: In service''', Standard semi-automatic sniper rifle.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/NSG.html|title=NATIONAL SECURITY GUARDS|publisher=Bharat-rakshak.com|year=2008|author=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=2015-05-31|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006005622/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/NSG.html|archive-date=2012-10-06}}</ref>
|-
|[[Mauser|Mauser SP66]]
|[[File:Mauser sp66 noBG.png|150px]]|| [[7.62×51mm]] ||{{GER}}||'''Status: In service''', Standard bolt-action sniper rifle.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ssbcrack.com/2015/12/5-sniper-rifles-used-by-indian-armed-forces.html|title=5 Sniper Rifles Used By Indian Armed Forces|date=19 December 2015|access-date=31 August 2024|archive-date=19 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719172506/https://www.ssbcrack.com/2015/12/5-sniper-rifles-used-by-indian-armed-forces.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/indian-army-s-battle-weapons-18877.html/page/3|title=Know about Indian Army's battle weapons|date=30 November 2012}}</ref>
|-
|[[SIG Sauer SSG 3000]]
|[[File:SIG Sauer SSG 3000.jpg|Sniper Rifle|150px]]|| [[7.62×51mm]] ||{{GER}}||'''Status: In service''', Standard bolt-action sniper rifle.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snipercentral.com/worldrifles.htm|title=Military Issued Sniper Rifles - Sniper Central|access-date=17 July 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025204600/http://www.snipercentral.com/worldrifles.htm|archive-date=25 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Sako TRG|Sako TRG 42]]
|[[File:Sako_TRG-42_2.jpg|150px]]
|[[.338 Lapua Magnum]]
|{{FIN}}
|'''Status: In service''', used by special forces and soldiers deployed along the [[Line of Control|Line of Control (LoC)]]. 1,152 units with 8,45,000 (845,000) rounds bought in three tranches.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2020 |title=Photo from Rajnath Ladakh trip reveals two 'secret' special forces buys |url=https://theprint.in/defence/photo-from-rajnath-ladakh-trip-reveals-two-secret-special-forces-buys/462968/ |access-date=17 July 2020 |website=The Print |archive-date=17 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717162215/https://theprint.in/defence/photo-from-rajnath-ladakh-trip-reveals-two-secret-special-forces-buys/462968/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=|last=BS Web|date=2018-07-19|title=Indian elite forces get big upgrade with new snipers, underwater 'chariots'|work=Business Standard|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/indian-elite-forces-get-big-upgrade-with-new-snipers-underwater-chariots-118071900395_1.html|access-date=2020-07-17|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109042047/https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/indian-elite-forces-get-big-upgrade-with-new-snipers-underwater-chariots-118071900395_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| Beretta Scorpio TGT
|
|[[.338 Lapua Magnum]]
|{{ITA}}
|'''Status: In service''', used in small numbers.<ref name="sniper rifles" />
|-
! colspan="6" |[[Anti-materiel rifle|Anti-material rifles]]
|-
|[[Barrett M82]]
|[[File:Barrett-M82A1-Independence-Day-2017-IZE-048-white.jpg|150px]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Anti-material rifle]]
|[[12.7×99mm]] [[.416 Barrett]]
|{{USA}}
|'''Status: In service''', used by [[Special forces of India|special forces]]<ref name="new tools 2020">{{cite web |author1=Sandeep Unnithan |date=July 20, 2020 |title=New tools for India's special forces |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/new-tools-for-india-s-special-forces-1702604-2020-07-20 |access-date=8 August 2020 |website=India Today}}</ref>
|-
|[[Barrett M95]]
|[[File:Barrett-M95-Grass.png|150px]]
|[[12.7×99mm]]
|{{USA}}
|'''Status: In service''', used in small numbers for anti-sniping role in [[Northern Command (India)|Northern Command]].<ref name="sniper rifles">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/army-goes-for-urgent-buy-of-sniper-rifles/articleshow/67496103.cms|title=Army goes for urgent buy of sniper rifles|date=12 January 2019|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-08-01|archive-date=22 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822004355/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/army-goes-for-urgent-buy-of-sniper-rifles/articleshow/67496103.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[OSV-96]]
|[[File:ОСВ-96 12,7-мм снайперская винтовка - МАКС-2009 01.jpg|150px]]
|[[12.7×108mm]]
|{{RUS}}
|'''Status: In service'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://business.gaeatimes.com/2010/02/16/post-2611-india-turns-to-russia-for-small-weapons-31468/|title=Post 26/11, India turns to Russia for small weapons|access-date=26 November 2014|archive-date=23 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723191952/http://business.gaeatimes.com/2010/02/16/post-2611-india-turns-to-russia-for-small-weapons-31468/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Singh |first1=Suchet Vir |date=2022-03-11 |title=Submarines, tanks, fighters, even basic rifles: Long list of Russian imports Indian forces use |url=https://theprint.in/defence/submarines-tanks-fighters-even-basic-rifles-long-list-of-russian-imports-indian-forces-use/867530/ |access-date=2022-03-19 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US |archive-date=19 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319001151/https://theprint.in/defence/submarines-tanks-fighters-even-basic-rifles-long-list-of-russian-imports-indian-forces-use/867530/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Denel NTW-20]]
|[[File:NTW-20 rifle.jpg|center|153x153px]]
|[[14.5×114mm]] [[20mm|20x82mm]]
|{{South Africa}}
|'''Status: In service''' (400 units)'''<ref>{{cite web |date=31 December 2022 |title=Anti-Material Sniper Rifle of India 'Vidhwansak' AMR |url=https://www.indiandefensenews.in/2022/12/anti-material-sniper-rifle-of-india.html |website=Indian Defence News |access-date=23 July 2024 |archive-date=17 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240417145801/https://www.indiandefensenews.in/2022/12/anti-material-sniper-rifle-of-india.html |url-status=live }}</ref>'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indigenously Developed Anti-Material Sniper Rifle 'Vidhwansak' Eyes Wider Service Acceptance Indian Army |url=https://raksha-anirveda.com/indigenously-developed-anti-material-sniper-rifle-vidhwansak-eyes-wider-service-acceptance/ |access-date=2024-07-23 |website=raksha-anirveda.com |date=31 December 2022 |archive-date=11 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311102653/https://raksha-anirveda.com/indigenously-developed-anti-material-sniper-rifle-vidhwansak-eyes-wider-service-acceptance/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Vidhwansak]]
|[[File:Vidhwansak.jpg|150px]]
| |[[12.7×108mm]] [[14.5×114mm]] [[20mm|20x82mm]]||{{IND}}||'''Status: In service'''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/02/15/stories/2008021553770500.htm|title=Anti-materiel rifle handed over to BSF|access-date=2009-10-13|date=2008-02-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100626012226/http://www.hindu.com/2008/02/15/stories/2008021553770500.htm|archive-date=2010-06-26|work=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="6" |Machine guns
|-
|[[FN Minimi]]
|[[File:FN MINIMI Standard Right.jpg|150px]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Light machine gun]] || [[5.56×45mm]] ||{{BEL}}||'''Status: In service''', used by special forces.<ref name="defencelover.in">{{cite web|url=https://defencelover.in/which-machine-guns-are-used-by-the-indian-special-forces|title=Which machine guns are used by the Indian Special Forces?|work=Defence Lover |date=6 July 2018 }}</ref>
|-
|[[INSAS rifle|INSAS]] LMG
|[[File:INSAS-LMG.jpg|frameless|150px]]
|[[5.56×45mm]]
|{{IND}}
|'''Status: In service''', to be phased out in favour of Negev NG7.<ref>{{Cite web |title=No 'Atmanirbharta' this, few takers for India's rifles, pistols |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2023/03/29/no-atmanirbharta-this-few-takers-for-indias-rifles-pistols.html |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[IWI Negev#Negev NG-5|IMI Negev NG5]] "Arun"
|[[File:IWI-Negev-Zachi-Evenor-01-white.jpg|150px]]||[[5.56×45mm]]|| rowspan="2" |{{IND}} {{ISR}}||'''Status: In service''', Standard Squad Automatic Weapon (SAW) of special forces.<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Weapons Used by the Indian Army PDF |url=https://www.defenceguru.co.in/army/weapons-used-by-the-indian-army |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=www.defenceguru.co.in}}</ref><ref name="Peri">{{Cite news |last=Peri |first=Dinakar |date=2017-05-04 |title=Punj Lloyd, IWI of Israel make small arms in India |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/punj-lloyd-iwi-of-israel-make-small-arms-in-india/article18383248.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251230143416/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/punj-lloyd-iwi-of-israel-make-small-arms-in-india/article18383248.ece/amp/ |archive-date=2025-12-30 |access-date=2025-06-29 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|[[IWI Negev#Negev NG-7|IWI Negev NG7]] "Prahar"
|[[File:Indian Army Negev NG7 (2).jpg|150px]]
|[[7.62×51mm]]
|'''Status: In Service''', 18,479 in service.<ref name=":52">{{Cite web |date=2021-03-03 |title=Indian Army receives first 6,000 of 16,749 LMGs ordered from IWI |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/indian-army-receives-first-6000-of-16749-lmgs-ordered-from-iwi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251230135049/https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/indian-army-receives-first-6000-of-16749-lmgs-ordered-from-iwi |archive-date=2025-12-30 |access-date=2025-12-30 |website=Janes |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Dutta |first=Kunal |date=2026-03-28 |title=Adani Defence delivers first batch of 2,000 'Prahar' light machine guns to Army |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/adani-defence-delivers-first-batch-of-2000-prahar-light-machine-guns-to-army/articleshow/129862548.cms |access-date=2026-03-28 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> 39,000 more on order. Produced by [[Adani Enterprises#PLR Systems|PLR Systems]].<ref name=":24">{{Cite web |date=2026-04-15|title=Special Report: India advances indigenous small-arms production with Prahar LMG programme|url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/weapons/special-report-india-advances-indigenous-small-arms-production-with-prahar-lmg-programme|access-date=2026-04-16|website=Janes|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":13" />
|-
|[[MAG 58|MG 2A1]]<hr>[[MAG 58|MG 5A]]<hr>[[MAG 58|MG 6A]]
|[[File:FN MAG white background.jpg|150px]]
| rowspan="4" |[[General-purpose machine gun|Medium machine gun]]
| [[7.62×51mm]] ||{{IND}} {{BEL}}
|'''Status: In service'''. Domestically license produced by Ordnance Factory Board. ''Standard medium machine gun for infantry battalions'' as MG 2A1. Also in service as the MG 5A (Co-axial) and MG 6A (Commander's gun) with some armoured vehicles.<ref name="defencelover.in" />
|-
|[[Mk 48 machine gun]]
|[[File:Mk 48 PEO Soldier.jpg|150px]]
|[[7.62×51mm]]
|{{USA}} {{BEL}}
|'''Status: In service''', with special forces.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Sandeep Unnithan |title=The red tape and delay in procuring specialised firepower from the United States |work=DailyO |date=25 March 2019 |url=https://www.dailyo.in/politics/para-special-forces-arms-deal-with-usa-american-assault-rifles-ministry-of-defence-indian-army/story/1/30043.html |access-date=10 June 2020 |archive-date=7 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807093200/https://www.dailyo.in/politics/para-special-forces-arms-deal-with-usa-american-assault-rifles-ministry-of-defence-indian-army/story/1/30043.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="new tools 2020"/>
|-
|[[PK machine gun]]
|[[File:7,62 KK PKM Helsinki 2012 no background.JPG|150px]]
|[[7.62×54mmR]]
|{{IND}} {{USSR}}
|'''Status: In Service,''' Used by Front line troops as well as Co-axial weapon on Tanks and APC. Locally manufactured at OFB Tiruchirapalli.<ref name="Simha">{{Cite web|last=Simha|first=Rakesh Krishnan|date=2016-07-11|title=Indian weapons of Russian origin you barely knew existed|url=https://www.rbth.com/blogs/stranger_than_fiction/2016/07/11/indian-weapons-of-russian-origin-you-barely-knew-existed_610533|access-date=2021-09-20|website=www.rbth.com|language=en-US|archive-date=20 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920212201/https://www.rbth.com/blogs/stranger_than_fiction/2016/07/11/indian-weapons-of-russian-origin-you-barely-knew-existed_610533|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Type 80 machine gun]]
|[[File:Chinese pkms.png|150px]]
|[[7.62×54mmR]]
|{{China}}
|'''Status: In Service,''' Captured from various insurgents in the Kashmir valley and used by Indian troops.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Type 56 Assault Rifle: A Curious Case of Indian Army using Chinese Weapon|url=https://newsbuzzindia.com/india/type-56-assault-rifle-a-curious-case-of-indian-army-using-chinese-weapon/|last=Admin -|website=News Buzz India|language=en-US|access-date=2020-06-01|archive-date=2020-08-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813022243/https://newsbuzzindia.com/india/type-56-assault-rifle-a-curious-case-of-indian-army-using-chinese-weapon/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|[[NSV machine gun]]
|[[File:NSV machine gun-04.jpg|frameless|150px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Heavy machine gun]]
|[[12.7×108mm]]
|{{IND}} {{USSR}}
|'''Status: In Service,''' Used by Front line troops. Manufactured locally in Ordnance factory [[Tiruchirapalli]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Simha |first=Rakesh Krishnan |date=2016-07-11 |title=Indian weapons of Russian origin you barely knew existed |url=https://www.rbth.com/blogs/stranger_than_fiction/2016/07/11/indian-weapons-of-russian-origin-you-barely-knew-existed_610533 |access-date=2021-09-20 |website=Russia Beyond |language=en-US |archive-date=20 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920212201/https://www.rbth.com/blogs/stranger_than_fiction/2016/07/11/indian-weapons-of-russian-origin-you-barely-knew-existed_610533 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[M2 Browning]]
|[[File:PEO Browning M2E2 QCB (c1).jpg|150px]]
|[[12.7×99mm]]||{{IND}} {{USA}}||'''Status: In service''', M2HB variant in service.<ref name="jones2009">Jones, Richard D. ''Jane's Infantry Weapons 2009/2010''. Jane's Information Group; 35 edition (27 January 2009). {{ISBN|978-0-7106-2869-5}}.</ref>
|-
! colspan="6" |Possible future procurements or currently under trials
|-
|[[Joint Venture Protective Carbine]]
|[[File:DRDOJVPC.png|150px]]
|[[Carbine]]
|[[5.56×30mm MINSAS]]
|{{IND}}
|'''Status: Trials completed.''' Ready for induction.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-12-10 |title=DRDO's carbine successfully completes Army's user trials |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/drdos-carbine-successfully-completes-armys-user-trials/articleshow/79662379.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719201243/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/drdos-carbine-successfully-completes-armys-user-trials/articleshow/79662379.cms |archive-date=2023-07-19 |access-date=2025-06-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|}

===Explosives===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! style="width:15%;"| Name
!Image
! style="width:15%;"| Type
! style="width:5%;"| Quantity
! style="width:15%;"| Origin
! Notes
|-
|Rifle Grenade
|
|[[Rifle grenade]]
|N/A
|{{Flag|India}}
|'''Status: In service.''' Used both with 7.62 mm [[L1A1 Self-Loading Rifle|SLR]] and 5.56 mm [[INSAS]].
|-
|Shivalik
|[[File:DM51 Transportkoffer.JPG|border|150px]]
|[[Grenade|Hand grenade]]
|N/A
|{{Flag|India}}
|'''Status: In service.''' [[Ministry of Defence (India)|MoD]] signed a {{INRConvert|409|c|lk=on|year=2020}} deal with Solar Group, Nagpur to buy 1 million grenades.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-02 |title=Explained: What are the Indian Army's new Multi-Mode Hand Grenades? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/indian-army-multi-mode-hand-grenades-features-explained-6664662/ |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=6 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206192141/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/indian-army-multi-mode-hand-grenades-features-explained-6664662/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=OFK sets new benchmark with Shivalik hand grenade |url=https://www.thehitavada.com/Encyc/2022/4/6/OFK-sets-new-benchmark-with-Shivalik-hand-grenade.html |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=www.thehitavada.com |language=en |archive-date=6 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220406023956/https://www.thehitavada.com/Encyc/2022/4/6/OFK-sets-new-benchmark-with-Shivalik-hand-grenade.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Shivalik grenade is used in hand mode offensive and hand mode defensive. Can be used in rifle mode. Types can be interchanged by changing the outer sleeve of the grenade.
|-
| [[ARDE Under Barrel Grenade Launcher|ARDE 40MM UBGL]]
| [[File:40MM UBGL.jpg|frameless|150px]]
| [[Grenade launcher]] (40mm)
|N/A
| {{Flag|India}} || '''Status: In service.''' Standard under-barrel grenade launcher for [[INSAS rifle|INSAS]] and AK-family rifles in the Indian Army. Manufactured by [[Ordnance Factory Tiruchirappalli]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/40mm-under-barrel-grenade-launcher-ubgl |title=40mm Under Barrel Grenade Launcher (UBGL) |access-date=24 August 2021 |archive-date=24 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824145902/https://www.drdo.gov.in/40mm-under-barrel-grenade-launcher-ubgl |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Milkor MGL|Multi grenade launcher 40 mm]]
|
|[[Grenade launcher|Multi grenade launcher]] (40mm)
||N/A
| {{IND}} {{RSA}} || '''Status: In service.''' Semi automatic six shot 40mm × 46mm low velocity grenade launcher. Manufactured at [[Ordnance Factory Tiruchirappalli]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ofbindia.gov.in/products/data/weapons/wmc/7.htm|access-date=2022-01-31|website=ofbindia.gov.in|title=Multi grenade launcher 40 mm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070108230723/http://ofbindia.gov.in/products/data/weapons/wmc/7.htm|archive-date=January 8, 2007 }}</ref>
|-
| [[AGS-30]]
|[[File:AGS-30 maks2009.jpg|150px]]||[[Automatic grenade launcher]] || N/A|| {{IND}} {{RUS}} ||'''Status: In service.'''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kbptula.ru/index.php/ru/novosti/vystavki/314-defexpo-2014-anons|title=ОАО "Конструкторское бюро приборостроения" - ДЕФЭКСПО ИНДИЯ – 2014|access-date=23 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215042925/http://www.kbptula.ru/index.php/ru/novosti/vystavki/314-defexpo-2014-anons |archive-date=15 December 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[AT4#Projectiles|AT4CS AST]]
| [[File:AT4 CS.jpg|150x150px]]
|[[Recoilless gun]] (84mm)
|N/A
|{{Flag|Sweden}}
|'''Status: In service'''. Order placed in January 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Saab Awarded Indian Contract for AT4 Support Weapon |url=https://www.saab.com/newsroom/press-releases/2022/saab-awarded-indian-contract-for-at4-support-weapon |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120121008/https://www.saab.com/newsroom/press-releases/2022/saab-awarded-indian-contract-for-at4-support-weapon |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=2021-01-20 |website=[[Saab AB|Saab]] |language=en-GB}}</ref> Deliveries completed by February 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Philip |first=Snehesh Alex |date=2025-02-06 |title=Swedish firm Saab delivers its latest AT4 rocket systems to India, pitches for multi-role fighters |url=https://theprint.in/defence/swedish-firm-saab-delivers-its-latest-at4-rocket-systems-to-india-pitches-for-multi-role-fighters/2482577/ |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| [[Carl Gustav recoilless rifle|Carl Gustav RCL M2/M3/M4]]
||[[File:Carl Gustav M3 Kokonaisturvallisuus 2015 noBG.png|150px]]||[[Recoilless rifle]] (84mm) || N/A|| {{IND}} {{Flag|Sweden}} ||'''Status: In service.''' Carl Gustav Recoilless Rifle produced by OFB. M4 variant used by special forces.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indias-elite-special-forces-to-get-major-weapons-upgrade/armoury-upgrade/slideshow/65053193.cms|title=India's elite special forces to get major weapons upgrade|access-date=22 April 2024|archive-date=20 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720102254/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indias-elite-special-forces-to-get-major-weapons-upgrade/armoury-upgrade/slideshow/65053193.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/new-multi-purpose-weapon-system-carl-gustaf-m4-launched-at-defence-expo/articleshow/51611714.cms|title=New multi-purpose weapon system Carl-Gustaf M4 launched at Defence Expo|newspaper=The Economic Times|access-date=24 August 2021|archive-date=24 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824150340/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/new-multi-purpose-weapon-system-carl-gustaf-m4-launched-at-defence-expo/articleshow/51611714.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[B-300#Shipon|B-300 Shipon]]
| ||[[Anti-tank warfare|Anti-tank]] [[Rocket launcher|rocket]] (82mm) || N/A||{{ISR}} ||'''Status: In service.''' Used by special forces.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ssbcrack.com/2016/03/10-lethal-weapons-used-indian-special-forces.html|title=10 Lethal Weapons Used By Indian Special Forces|date=20 March 2016|access-date=24 August 2021|archive-date=24 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824145906/https://www.ssbcrack.com/2016/03/10-lethal-weapons-used-indian-special-forces.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[RPO-A Shmel]]
|[[File:RPO-A missile and launcher.jpg|150px]]||[[Thermobaric weapon|Thermobaric]] [[rocket launcher]] (93mm) || N/A|| {{Flag|Russia}} ||'''Status: In service.'''<ref>{{cite web|last1=Simha |first1=Rakesh Krishnan |url=https://www.rbth.com/blogs/stranger_than_fiction/2016/10/11/russian-flamethrower-shmel-spearheaded-surgical-strikes_637715|title=Russian flamethrower 'Shmel' spearheaded surgical strikes|work=Russia Beyond |date=11 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.military-today.com/firearms/rpo_a_shmel.htm|title=RPO-A Shmel|access-date=24 August 2021|archive-date=15 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161215165809/http://www.military-today.com/firearms/rpo_a_shmel.htm|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
|-
|[[C90-CR (M3)|C90-CR-RB(M3)]]
| ||[[Anti-tank warfare|Anti-tank]] [[Rocket launcher|rocket]] (90mm) || N/A||{{ESP}} ||'''Status: In service.''' Used by special forces.
|-
| [[Two-inch mortar|51 mm E1 mortar]]
| ||[[Mortar (weapon)|Mortar]] || N/A|| {{Flag|India}} ||'''Status: In service.'''<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.asianmilitaryreview.com/upload/200711272205571.pdf|date=October 2017|title=Light mortars, heavy effect|first=Ian |last=Kemp|pages=21–30|journal=Asian Military Review|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302011229/https://asianmilitaryreview.com/upload/200711272205571.pdf|archive-date=2 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| [[L16 81mm mortar]]
|[[File:81mmMORT L16.png|150px]]||[[Mortar (weapon)|Mortar]]|| N/A|| {{Flag|India}} ||'''Status: In service.'''<ref name="worldpolicy2000">{{cite web |url=https://worldpolicy.org/2009/11/13/report-profiling-the-small-arms-industry-world-policy-institute-research-project/ |title=Report: Profiling the Small Arms Industry - World Policy Institute - Research Project |date=November 2000 |first1=Frida |last1=Berrigan |first2=Michelle |last2=Ciarrocca |publisher=World Policy Institute |access-date=2018-08-29 |archive-date=23 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823105944/https://worldpolicy.org/2009/11/13/report-profiling-the-small-arms-industry-world-policy-institute-research-project/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
! colspan="6" |Mines
|-
|[[M14 mine|NMM-14]]
|
|[[Anti-personnel mine]]
|
|{{Flag|United States}}
|'''Status: In limited service.''' Being replaced by Nipun mine.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=2022-08-16 |title=Raksha Mantri hands over indigenously-developed equipment & systems to Indian Army in New Delhi |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1852259 |access-date=2024-08-18 |website=Press Information Bureau |archive-date=24 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424175922/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1852259 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| Nipun
| ||[[Anti-personnel mine]]|| 20 lots || {{Flag|India}} ||'''Status: In service.''' Operated by [[Indian Army Corps of Engineers|Corps of Engineers]] with 700,000 on order. The mine is designated as '''Soft Target Munition'''<ref name=":22">{{Cite web |date=31 December 2016 |title=Year End Review – 2016 |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=Release%20Id%20:156049 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210175849/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=Release%20Id%20:156049 |archive-date=10 December 2017 |access-date=26 January 2017 |website=Government of India Press Information Bureau}}</ref> and includes a mix of [[RDX]]. It was developed by [[Armament Research and Development Establishment|ARDE]] and [[High Energy Materials Research Laboratory|HEMRL]] and is manufactured by private sector companies Economic Explosives Ltd, [[Nagpur]] and Premier Explosives Ltd, [[Secunderabad]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-21 |title=Nipun anti-personnel mines: Army gets weapons boost for Pakistan, China borders |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nipun-anti-personnel-mines-army-gets-weapons-boost-for-pakistan-china-borders-101640085643926.html |access-date=2024-08-18 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |archive-date=17 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117090528/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nipun-anti-personnel-mines-army-gets-weapons-boost-for-pakistan-china-borders-101640085643926.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":12" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-16 |title=DRDO hands over Authority Holding Sealed Particulars of 'Nipun' munition to Directorate General of Quality Assurance |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2045992 |access-date=2024-08-18 |website=Press Information Bureau}}</ref>
|-
| Ulka
| ||[[Anti-personnel mine]]|| 100,000{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}|| {{Flag|India}}
|'''Status: Under development.'''<ref name="The New Indian Express">{{cite web |date=21 December 2021 |title=First line of defence: Army set to induct 7 lakh 'Made in India' landmines for China, Pak borders |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/dec/21/first-line-of-defence-army-set-to-induct-7-lakh-made-in-india-landmines-for-china-pak-borders-2398133.html |publisher=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Designated as '''Jumping Fragmentation Munition'''.<ref name=":22" />
|-
| Parth
| ||[[Anti-personnel mine]] || 100,000{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}|| {{Flag|India}}
|'''Status: Under development.'''<ref name="The New Indian Express" /> Designated as '''Directional Fragmentation Munition'''.<ref name=":22" />
|-
| Prachand
| ||[[Anti-tank mine]] || 100,000{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}|| {{Flag|India}}
|'''Status: Under development.'''<ref name="The New Indian Express"/> Designated as '''Anti-Tank Munition'''.<ref name=":22" />
|-
|Vibhav
|
|[[Anti-tank mine]]
|600
|{{Flag|India}}
|'''Status: In service.'''<ref name=":5" /> Designed and developed as '''Anti-Tank Point Attack Munition''' by [[Defence Research and Development Organisation|DRDO]].<ref name=":22" /> In trials with [[Corps of Engineers (India)|engineer corps]] in 2021.<ref name="The New Indian Express" /> In production by [[Bharat Forge#Kalyani Strategic Systems|Kalyani Strategic Systems Ltd]]. Uses an electronic anti-handling and anti-lift device (EAHALD) and remains active for 120 days after manual or mechanical deployment.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |date=2023-09-18 |title=600 self-neutralising 'Vibhav' anti-tank mines with safety mechanism inducted into Army |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/600-self-neutralising-vibhav-anti-tank-mines-with-safety-mechanism-inducted-into-army/articleshow/103758673.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-08-18 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=18 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240818120952/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/600-self-neutralising-vibhav-anti-tank-mines-with-safety-mechanism-inducted-into-army/articleshow/103758673.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live}}</ref> Induction continues as of 2026.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=DAC clears Rs 3.60 lakh crore worth of capital acquisition proposals to enhance the combat readiness of defence forces |date=2026-02-12 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2227018&reg=3&lang=1 |access-date=2026-02-12}}</ref>
|-
|Vishal
|
|[[Anti-tank mine]]
|
|{{Flag|India}}
|'''Status: Under development.'''<ref name="The New Indian Express" /> Designated as '''Anti-Tank Bar Munition'''.<ref name=":22" />
|}

==MANPADS==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
! style="width:12%;"| Name
!Image
! style="width:13%;"| Type
! style="width:5%;"| Quantity
! style="width:11%;"| Origin
! Notes
|-
! colspan="6" | Man-portable air defence systems
|-
| [[FIM-92 Stinger]]
|[[File:FIM-92 (JASDF) noBG.png|150px]]|| rowspan="3" |[[Man-portable air defense system]]
|| 245
|| {{USA}} || '''Status: In service.''' 245 Stinger Air-to-Air Variant missiles for [[Boeing AH-64 Apache|AH-64E]] helicopters inducted.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.defencenews.in/article/India-Orders-245-Raytheon-Stinger-Air-to-Air-Missiles-From-US-4042|title=India Orders 245 Raytheon Stinger Air-to-Air Missiles From US|date=2016-04-02|website=Defencenews|access-date=2016-04-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404052857/http://www.defencenews.in/article/India-Orders-245-Raytheon-Stinger-Air-to-Air-Missiles-From-US-4042|archive-date=4 April 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| [[9K38 Igla]]<hr>[[9K38 Igla#9K338 Igla-S|9K338 Igla-S]]
|[[File:SA-7.jpg|150px]]|| 2500<ref>{{cite book |author=Small Arms Survey |author-link=Small Arms Survey |url=http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/publications/by-type/yearbook/small-arms-survey-2004.html |title=Small Arms Survey 2004: Rights at Risk |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2004 |pages=77–97 |chapter=Big Issue, Big Problem?: MANPADS |ref={{harvid|Small Arms Survey 2004}} |access-date=29 August 2018 |chapter-url=http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/A-Yearbook/2004/en/Small-Arms-Survey-2004-Chapter-03-EN.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830004903/http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/publications/by-type/yearbook/small-arms-survey-2004.html |archive-date=30 August 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>{{rp|87}}<hr>48 launchers
316 missiles

<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-15 |title=What is Igla-S, the Portable Air Defence System India is Procuring to Attack Low-flying Aircraft |url=https://www.news18.com/explainers/what-is-igla-s-the-portable-air-defence-system-india-is-procuring-to-attack-low-flying-aircraft-8662933.html |access-date=2024-04-08 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=8 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408084013/https://www.news18.com/explainers/what-is-igla-s-the-portable-air-defence-system-india-is-procuring-to-attack-low-flying-aircraft-8662933.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Deshpande |first=Smruti |date=2024-04-08 |title=India receives fresh batch of Igla-S air defence system from Russia, to be deployed at LAC |url=https://theprint.in/defence/india-receives-fresh-batch-of-igla-s-air-defence-system-from-russia-to-be-deployed-at-lac/2031688/ |access-date=2024-04-08 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US |archive-date=8 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408084013/https://theprint.in/defence/india-receives-fresh-batch-of-igla-s-air-defence-system-from-russia-to-be-deployed-at-lac/2031688/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| {{Flag|Russia}} ||'''Status: In service.''' Igla-S deployed along [[Line of Actual Control|LAC]]. Additional 96 launchers, 300 missiles of Igla-S on order.<ref name=":1" />
|-
|[[Starstreak]]
|[[File:Starstreak launcher on Dartmoor.jpg|frameless|200x200px]]
|
|{{GBR}} {{IND}}
|'''Status: On order.''' Starstreak is a Laser Beam Riding MANPAD (LBRM) Very Short Range Air Defence (VSHORAD) Missile. To be delivered by [[Thales Air Defence|Thales]]–[[Bharat Dynamics Limited]] (BDL)<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Thales and Bharat Dynamics Limited bringing STARStreak Air Defence System to India |date=2021-01-14 |publisher=Thales Group |url=https://www.thalesgroup.com/en/news-centre/press-releases/thales-and-bharat-dynamics-limited-bringing-starstreak-air-defence-0 |access-date=2025-10-13}}</ref> from 2025 onwards with up to 60% indigenous content.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Thales and Bharat Dynamics Ltd Agree on Initial Supply of Man Portable Air Defence systems to India |date=2025-02-11 |publisher=Thales Group |url=https://www.thalesgroup.com/en/news-centre/press-releases/thales-and-bharat-dynamics-ltd-agree-initial-supply-man-portable-air |access-date=2025-10-13}}</ref><ref name=":102">{{Cite web |last=Mandal |first=Sohini |date=2025-02-11 |title=Aero India 2025: Bharat Dynamics, Thales to deliver initial Starstreaks to India |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/weapons/aero-india-2025-bharat-dynamics-thales-to-deliver-initial-starstreaks-to-india |access-date=2025-10-09 |website=Janes |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mukherjee |first=Upasana |date=2025-02-12 |title=Thales, BDL to deliver first Starstreak missiles to Indian Army |url=https://www.airforce-technology.com/news/thales-bdl-starstreak-missiles-indian-army/ |access-date=2025-10-09 |website=Airforce Technology |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|[[Martlet (missile)|Martlet]]
|[[File:UA_LMM_Martlet_02.jpg|203x203px]]
|Laser-guided battlefield missile ([[Air-to-surface missile|ASM]], [[Air-to-air missile|AAM]], [[Surface-to-air missile|SAM]] and [[Surface-to-surface missile|SSM]])
|
|{{GBR}}
|'''Status: On order.''' $468 million deal signed on 9 October 2025. To be manufactured in [[Belfast]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-10-09 |title=India, UK sign $468m-missile deal: All you need to know about Martlets; how it will boost defence |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-uk-sign-468m-missile-deal-all-you-need-to-know-about-martlets-how-it-will-boost-defence/articleshow/124412109.cms |access-date=2025-10-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Philip |first=Snehesh Alex |date=2025-10-09 |title=India, UK sign £350 mn deal for Martlet. What are these Lightweight Multirole Missiles |url=https://theprint.in/defence/india-uk-sign-350-mn-deal-for-martlet-what-are-these-lightweight-multirole-missiles/2760748/ |access-date=2025-10-09 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>
|}

==Anti-tank missiles==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:90%;"
|-
! style="width:13%;"| Name
!Image
! style="width:15%;"| Type
! style="width:5%;"| Quantity
! style="width:15%;"| Origin
! Notes
|-
! colspan="6" | Man-portable anti-tank systems
|-
| [[9M113 Konkurs|9M113 Konkurs-M]]
| [[File:Стрельба-ПТРК-перенос.jpg|150px]]
| Vehicle-mounted and man-portable [[anti-tank guided missile]]
|| 25,000+ || {{IND}} {{RUS}} || '''Status: In service.''' For BMP-2 (IFV), manufactured locally in India by [[Bharat Dynamics Limited]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-02-02 |title=Indian Army to get BDL-manufactured Konkurs-M anti-tank guided missiles from Hyderabad company |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/indian-army-to-get-bdl-manufactured-konkurs-m-anti-tank-guided-missiles-from-hyderabad-company/articleshow/89302527.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202151617/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/indian-army-to-get-bdl-manufactured-konkurs-m-anti-tank-guided-missiles-from-hyderabad-company/articleshow/89302527.cms |archive-date=2022-02-02 |access-date=2025-07-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The systems were upgraded with Tonbo Imaging's cooled, [[Long-wave infrared|longwave Infrared]] (LWIR) [[thermal imagers]] known as ''Sarisa''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-01 |title=Indian Army upgrades Konkurs-M ATGW with thermal imagers |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/defence/indian-army-upgrades-konkurs-m-atgw-with-thermal-imagers |access-date=2025-07-28 |website=Janes |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[MPATGM]]
|[[File:MPATGM launched in final deliverable configuration.jpg|150px]]
| rowspan="4" |Man-portable [[Anti-tank guided missile]]
|
|{{Flag|India}}
|'''Status: Final trial completed and ready for induction.'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.defencenews.in/article/BDL-test-fires-missile-advanced-wireless-anti-tank-missile-4049|title=BDL test fires missile advanced wireless anti-tank missile|date=2016-04-03|website=DefenceNews|publisher=TNN|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406011658/http://www.defencenews.in/article/BDL-test-fires-missile-advanced-wireless-anti-tank-missile-4049|archive-date=6 April 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Will replace MILAN-2T and Konkurs with the [[Indian Army Infantry Regiments|infantry]], [[Parachute Regiment (India)|parachute]], and [[Special forces of India|special forces]] units.
|-
| [[MILAN|MILAN-2T]]
| [[File:MILAN (2) 1986.jpg|150px]]|| 34,000 || {{IND}} {{FRA}} {{FRG}}|| '''Status: In service.''' Purchased from [[MBDA]] and domestically license produced by India's [[Bharat Dynamics Limited]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2009-01-27 |title=India goes for 'urgent' purchase of anti-tank missiles |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-goes-for-urgent-purchase-of-anti-tank-missiles/articleshow/4033783.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250728170022/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-goes-for-urgent-purchase-of-anti-tank-missiles/articleshow/4033783.cms |archive-date=2025-07-28 |access-date=2025-07-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=26 January 2009 |title=Indian Army to Purchase 4100 Milan 2T Anti Tank Guided Missiles in USD 120 million Deal |url=http://www.india-defence.com/reports-4183 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090129122819/http://www.india-defence.com/reports-4183 |archive-date=29 January 2009 |access-date=14 December 2009 |work=IndiaDefence}}</ref>
|-
| [[9M133 Kornet]]
|[[File:9M133 Kornet.JPG|150px]]|| 3,000 || {{IND}} {{RUS}} || '''Status: In service.''' Man portable and purchased with 250 launchers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eurasiantimes.com/indian-army-blasts-pak-bunkers-using-kornet-atgms-in-retaliation-to-killing-of-soldiers-in-kashmir/|title=Indian Army Blasts Pak Bunkers Using Kornet ATGMs In Retaliation To Killing Of Soldiers In Kashmir|date=13 November 2020|access-date=31 August 2024|archive-date=7 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207171859/https://www.eurasiantimes.com/indian-army-blasts-pak-bunkers-using-kornet-atgms-in-retaliation-to-killing-of-soldiers-in-kashmir/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Spike (missile)|Spike]]<hr>[[Spike (missile)#Spike-L|Spike LR-II]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-04-25|title=Army, IAF induct advanced Israeli 'tank killers' amid LAC Standoff|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/army-iaf-induct-advanced-israeli-tank-killers-amid-lac-standoff/articleshow/91059976.cms|website=The Times of India|language=en-US|access-date=25 April 2022|archive-date=25 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425145521/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/army-iaf-induct-advanced-israeli-tank-killers-amid-lac-standoff/articleshow/91059976.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|[[File:SPIKE ATGM.jpg|150px]]
|400+
|{{Flag|Israel}}
|'''Status: In service.''' Army operates more than 400 Spike MR and Spike LR-II missiles while Indian Air Force procured Spike-NLOS for Mi-17 helicopters.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/army-set-to-get-its-first-consignment-of-spike-anti-tank-guided-missiles-under-emergency-purchases/400825|title=Army set to get its first consignment of Spike anti-tank guided missiles under emergency purchases|website=www.timesnownews.com|date=16 April 2019|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-04-20|archive-date=31 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831124616/https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/army-set-to-get-its-first-consignment-of-spike-anti-tank-guided-missiles-under-emergency-purchases/400825|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Dutta|first=Amrita Nayak|date=2020-12-31|title=India stocks up missile arsenal as it prepares for another tense summer in Ladakh|url=https://theprint.in/defence/india-stocks-up-missile-arsenal-as-it-prepares-for-another-tense-summer-in-ladakh/576386/|access-date=2020-12-31|website=ThePrint|language=en-US|archive-date=31 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201231055540/https://theprint.in/defence/india-stocks-up-missile-arsenal-as-it-prepares-for-another-tense-summer-in-ladakh/576386/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="6" |Possible future procurements or currently under trials
|-
|[[Amogha missile]]
|
|[[Anti-tank guided missile]]
|—
|{{Flag|India}}
|The Amogha will be configured to be used on [[HAL Rudra]] and [[HAL Prachand]]. Variants will include a land version, an air-launched version and a man-portable version.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bharat Heavy Dynamics test fires indigenous anti-tank missile - The Economic Times |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/bharat-heavy-dynamics-test-fires-indigenous-anti-tank-missile/articleshow/48975211.cms |accessdate=2015-11-18 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bharat Heavy Dynamics Test Fires Indigenous Anti-tank Missile |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/Bharat-Heavy-Dynamics-Test-Fires-Indigenous-Anti-tank-Missile/2015/09/15/article3029806.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923195104/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/Bharat-Heavy-Dynamics-Test-Fires-Indigenous-Anti-tank-Missile/2015/09/15/article3029806.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 September 2015 |accessdate=2015-12-01 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
|[[FGM-148 Javelin]]
|
|[[Anti-tank guided missile]]
|25 launchers & 100 missiles
|{{Flag|United States}}
|Possible procurement through fast track route.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Rahul |date=2025-10-22 |title=New weapons, specialist units to boost army's capabilities |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/new-weapons-specialist-units-to-boost-army-s-capabilities-101761147308953.html |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Contract approved by [[Defense Security Cooperation Agency|US DSCA]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Rohit |date=2025-11-20 |title=US approves $93m deal for anti-tank missiles, precision artillery to India |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/us-approves-javelin-and-excalibur-arms-sale-to-india-glbs-2822810-2025-11-20 |access-date=2025-11-20 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==Future procurement and projects==
The major ongoing weapons programmes of the Indian Army are as follows:

=== Individual equipment ===
*[[Ballistic helmet]] - The MoD in 2019 has approved procurement of 1,70,000 (170,000) ballistic helmets.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gurung |first=Shaurya Karanbir |date=2018-07-13 |title=Army gets the first lot of 7,500 hi-tech helmets |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/army-gets-the-first-lot-of-7500-hi-tech-helmets/articleshow/59585896.cms |access-date=2019-07-09 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref>
*[[Bullet-resistant vest]] - The MoD in 2018 ordered approximately 186,138 bulletproof vests on 9 April 2018. These will be manufactured in India by SMPP Pvt Ltd. This is in addition to the 50,000 vests ordered in 2016 under emergency procurement.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 April 2018 |title=Army soldiers get 1.86 lakh new bulletproof jackets after 9-year wait |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/army-bulletproof-jackets-make-in-india-1208531-2018-04-09 |access-date=2019-07-09 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

=== Infantry weapons ===
* [[Sniper Rifles]] - The MoD released the Request for Proposal in October 2022 to 30 vendors for 4,849 (including 4,549 for the Army, 212 for the [[Air force|Air Force]] and 88 for the Navy) new sniper rifles in the [[.338 Lapua Magnum]] rifle [[Cartridge (firearms)|cartridge]] and for 7,841,575 rounds. These rifles will replace the older [[Dragunov SVD]].<ref name=":2" />
* [[Anti-materiel rifle]]s - 1000 new anti-material rifles are to be acquired for which the MoD has issued global RFIs.

=== Anti-tank weapons ===
* [[Nag (missile)|MPATGM]] - Ground and air launched variants. On 10 October 2024, the Indian Army released an [[Request for Information]] (RFI) for the acquisition of 20,000 ATGM missiles along with 1,500 next generation ATGM launchers from Indian firms. The information received will be utilised to formulate Army's General Service Quality Requirements (GSQRs) for the ATGM procurement programme. The ATGMs will be procured under the Buy (Indian-IDDM) category, and must be indigenously designed, developed and manufactured with over 60% indigenous content. It should have all-weather and all-terrain firing capability (plains, deserts, high-altitude up to {{Convert|5500|m|ft|abbr=on}}, coastal as well as island areas). The ATGM probable should be able to destroy enemy tanks, armoured personnel carriers, combat vehicles, low-flying helicopters, concrete structures and other vehicle-based weapon platforms.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Mayank |date=2024-10-10 |title=Defence Ministry issues RFI to procure 1,500 anti-tank guided missiles for Indian Army |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/Oct/10/defence-ministry-issues-rfi-to-procure-1500-anti-tank-guided-missiles-for-indian-army |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-11 |title=Government makes inquiry to buy 20,000 new anti-tank guided missiles for Army |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/government-inquiry-procure-20000-new-anti-tank-guided-missiles-indian-army-2615045-2024-10-11 |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
* Top-attack [[anti-tank mine]] — A Request for Information (RFI) for 4,000 such mines were released on 5 June 2025. Top-attack mines are designed to engage armoured vehicles from above, where protection is typically weaker. They employ a combination of seismic, acoustic, and infrared sensors to detect and classify targets. Upon detection, the mine launches a submunition—such as an [[explosively formed penetrator]] (EFP) or [[shaped charge]]—in a near-vertical trajectory to penetrate the vehicle’s top armour. Some variants use explosively generated shock waves to achieve a similar effect. These mines are effective against heavily armoured platforms that are resistant to conventional underbelly mines and can be deployed in various terrains, including urban environments. The mine should also feature remote activation, deactivation, or self-destruction capabilities to reduce the risk of civilian casualties.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohan |first=Vijay |date=2025-06-06 |title=Army to procure 4,000 'top-attack' mines |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/india/army-to-procure-4000-top-attack-mines/ |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

=== Man-portable air defence missiles (MANPADs) ===
* DRDO [[VSHORAD (India)|VSHORADS]] — The Ministry of Defence released a Request for Proposal (RfP) for the procurement of 48 launchers, 48 night vision sights, 85 missiles, and one missile test station of the [[Infrared homing|infrared (IR) homing]]-based VSHORADS, designated VSHORADS (New Generation) or VSHORAD (NG). The missile should have flexible deployment including "Manportable configuration or Para dropped operations method, on land and ship based platforms". The system could be used by all three services for day-night terminal and point air defence.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Mayank |date=2025-05-03 |title=Defence Ministry initiates acquisition of Very Short Range Air Defence System(VSHORADS) |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/May/03/defence-ministry-initiates-acquisition-of-very-short-range-air-defence-systemvshorads |access-date=2025-05-03 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Laser beam riding]] VSHORAD — DRDO VSHORAD is being built concurrently with another Indian VSHORAD project as a joint venture between a public sector entity based in Hyderabad (possibly [[Bharat Dynamics Limited]]) and a private sector entity based in [[Pune]]. To counter drones, helicopters, and fighter jets flying at low altitude, the latter missile will be [[Beam riding#Laser beam riding|laser beam riding]] VSHORAD system. An order of 200 launchers and 1200 missiles is expected for this project, which is valued at {{INRConvert|4800|c|lk=on|year=2024}}. While Indian Army will procure 700 missiles, the Indian Air Force will procure the rest of it.<ref name=":23">{{Cite web |date=2024-04-21 |title=Army progressing Rs 6800 cr desi shoulder-fired missile projects for China, Pakistan borders |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/army-progressing-rs-6800-cr-desi-shoulder-fired-missile-projects-for-china-pakistan-borders20240421181956/ |access-date=2024-05-05 |website=ANI}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Bisht |first=Inder Singh |date=2024-04-24 |title=Indian Army Greenlights Local VSHORAD Development Project |url=https://www.thedefensepost.com/2024/04/24/indian-army-local-vshorad/ |access-date=2024-05-05 |website=The Defense Post |language=en-us}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=Peri |first=Dinakar |date=2024-05-15 |title=Army set to receive Igla-S air defence systems partly assembled in India |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/army-set-to-receive-igla-s-air-defence-systems-partly-assembled-in-india/article68179544.ece |access-date=2024-05-15 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Currently active military equipment by country]]
* [[List of regiments of the Indian Army]]
* [[Women in the Indian Armed Forces]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book |last1=International Institute for Strategic Studies |title=The Military Balance 2023 |date=15 February 2023 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-91070-4 |ref= {{harvid|The Military Balance 2023}} |language=en |author1-link=International Institute for Strategic Studies }}

[[Category:Indian Army]]
[[Category:Military equipment of India]]
[[Category:Lists of armies (land forces) equipment|Indian Army]]
[[Category:Indian military-related lists|Equipment]]

Nautan Dube

2026-05-01T19:38:40Z

DEVANSH: New

{{Short description|Village in Bihar, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Nautan Dube
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = Bihar#India
| coordinates = {{coord|26|42|50|N|84|28|05|E|region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Community development block|Block]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pashchim Champaran district|Pashchim Champaran]]
| subdivision_name3 = Nautan
| government_type = [[Sarpanch]]
| area_total_km2 = 17.82
| elevation_m = 77
| population_total = 31190
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Local
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 845438
| area_code = 06253
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in India|STD code]]
| registration_plate = BR-22
}}
'''Nautan Dube''' is a village in [[Pashchim Champaran district]] in the Indian state of [[Bihar]]. It is located near the state border with [[Uttar Pradesh]], about 11 kilometres southwest of the district headquarter [[Bettiah]]. It had a population of 31,190 according to the [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Population finder 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/population-finder |access-date=24 October 2023 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Nautan Dube lies to the east of the [[Gandaki River]], with a pond named Satkund on the western part of the village. It has an area of 1781.8 hectares.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/296/download/834/DH_2011_1001_PART_A_DCHB_PASHCHIM_CHAMPARAN.pdf |title=Census of India 2011 Bihar District Census Handbook Pashchim Champaran |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Bihar |page=824 |access-date=24 October 2023}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
As of [[2011 India census]], Nautan Dube had a population of 31,190 in 6,042 households. The male population was 16,271 while the female population was 14,919. The working population constituted 32.95% of the total population. Nautan Dube has an average literacy rate of 32.50%, with 7,960 of the male inhabitants and 4,848 of the female inhabitants being literate.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}{{West Champaran district}}
[[Category:Villages in West Champaran district]]

Avinash Chandra Dwivedi

2026-04-29T19:56:25Z

DEVANSH: starting basic info needs work

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1959)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Avinash Chandra Dwivedi
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1959|12|31}}
| birth_place = [[Kosambi]], Uttar Pradesh, India
| constituency = [[Manikpur Assembly constituency|Manikpur]]
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]]
| term_start = March 2022
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Ananda Shukla]]
| successor =
| father = Raj Bhavan Dwivedi
| party = [[Apna Dal (Sonelal)]]
| profession = Politician
| spouse = Sushma Dwivedi
}}
'''Avinash Chandra Dwivedi''' is an Indian politician and a member of the [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] from the [[Manikpur Assembly constituency]] of the [[Chitrakoot district]].<ref name="uplegisassembly">{{Cite web
| url = https://uplegisassembly.gov.in/Members/main_members_en.aspx#/Data/18237/18
| title = Members of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly
| access-date = 17 June 2024
| publisher = [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
| url = https://prsindia.org/mlatrack/avinash-chandra-dwivedi
| title = Avinash Chandra Dwivedi
| access-date = 17 June 2024
| publisher = [[PRS Legislative Research]]
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news
| url = https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/chitrakoot/mau/news/mla-avinash-chandra-dwivedi-said-water-conservation-will-be-done-by-digging-the-pond-129837221.html
| title = मऊ में भैरम बाबा तालाब की खुदाई शुरू:विधायक अविनाश चंद्र द्विवेदी बोले-तालाब की खुदाई से होगा जल संरक्षण
| language = hi
| publisher = [[Dainik Bhaskar]]
| access-date = 17 June 2024
}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Apna Dal (Sonelal)]].<ref name="uplegisassembly"/><ref>{{Cite web
| url = https://ourneta.com/neta/avinash-chandra-dwivedi/
| title = Avinash Chandra Dwivedi, ADS MLA from Manikpur
| website = ourneta.com
| access-date = 17 June 2024
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
| url = https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2022/ConstituencywiseS24237.htm?ac=237
| title = GEN ELECTION TO VIDHAN SABHA TRENDS & RESULT MARCH-2022
| publisher = [[Election Commission of India]]
| access-date = 17 June 2024
}}</ref>

==Early life==

Avinash Chandra Dwivedi was born on 31 December 1959 in [[Kosambi]], Uttar Pradesh, to a [[Hindu]] family of Raj Bhavan Dwivedi.<ref name="uplegisassembly"/> He married Sushma Dwivedi, and they had two child.<ref name="uplegisassembly"/>

== Positions held ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!From
!To
!Position
!Comments
|-
|01
|2022
|Incumbent
|Member, [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]]
|
|-
|}

== See also ==

* [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]]
* [[Manikpur Assembly constituency]]
* [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Portal bar|India|Biography|Politics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dwivedi, Avinash Chandra}}

[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian political people]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]

{{UttarPradesh-politician-stub}}

Lucknow Graduates constituency

2026-04-29T14:17:30Z

DEVANSH: Done

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Multiple issues|{{More citations needed|date=June 2015}}{{No footnotes|date=June 2015}}}}

'''Lucknow Graduates constituency''' is one of 100 Legislative Council seats in [[Uttar Pradesh]]. This constituency covers [[Lucknow]], [[Barabanki district|Barabanki]], [[Hardoi]], [[Rae Bareli]], [[Pratapgarh district, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh]], [[Sitapur]] and [[Lakhimpur Kheri]] districts.

==Members of the Legislative Council==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| 2002
|rowspan=2| Shiv Pal Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)|rowspan=3}}
|-
| 2008
|-
| 2014
| Kanti Singh
|-
| 2020
| [[Awanish Kumar Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[Lucknow Cantonment (Assembly constituency)]]
*[[Lucknow (Lok Sabha constituency)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://upvidhanparishad.nic.in/dalwaqr%20sadasya.htm Upvidhanparishad.nic.in]
*[http://sps.lps-lpc.org/profileTaskasMLC.aspx Sps.pls-lpc.org]
*[http://indiaelectionresults.in/2014/03/27/mlc-election-result-2014-mlc-lucknow-jhansi-allahabad-election-result/ Indiaelectionresults.in]
*[http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=103950 Pib.nic.in]

[[Category:Graduates constituencies in India]]
[[Category:Council constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]

{{India-constituency-stub}}

Jeet Heer

2026-04-29T06:02:40Z

DEVANSH: stub

{{Short description|Canadian writer}}
{{Use Canadian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jeet Heer
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = India<ref>{{cite tweet |last=Heer |first=Jeet |user=HeerJeet |number=1705336495492469195 |date=September 22, 2023 |title=I was born in India, my family lived in the heart of the partition & suffered accordingly, I've always opposed Khalistan movement. But despite all that I think this defense of extraterritorial murder is disgusting. |access-date=October 10, 2024}}</ref>
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Writer
| employer =
| organization =
| known_for =
| notable_works = ''A Comics Studies Reader'' (2008)
| movement =
| spouse = 
| partner = 
| awards =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
}}
'''Jeet Heer''' is a Canadian author, [[comics critic]],<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Dueben |first=Alex |date=October 13, 2014 |title=A Conversation with Jeet Heer |url=http://www.tcj.com/a-conversation-with-jeet-heer/ |magazine=[[The Comics Journal]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170420212054/http://www.tcj.com/a-conversation-with-jeet-heer/ |archive-date=April 20, 2017 |access-date=June 13, 2017}}</ref> literary critic and journalist.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Jeet Heer |url=https://newrepublic.com/authors/jeet-heer |magazine=[[The New Republic]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315013127/https://newrepublic.com/authors/jeet-heer |archive-date=March 15, 2017 |access-date=May 27, 2017}}</ref> He is a national affairs correspondent for ''[[The Nation]]'' magazine<ref>{{cite magazine |date=June 18, 2019 |title=New 'Nation' Editor D.D. Guttenplan Names Jeet Heer National-Affairs Correspondent and Jane McAlevey Strikes Correspondent |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/guttenplan-jeet-heer-jane-mcalevey/ |department=Press Room |magazine=[[The Nation]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710175742/https://www.thenation.com/article/guttenplan-jeet-heer-jane-mcalevey/ |archive-date=July 10, 2019 |access-date=July 10, 2019}}</ref> and a former staff writer at ''[[The New Republic]]''. Other publications for which he has written include the ''[[National Post]]'', ''[[The New Yorker]]'', ''[[The Paris Review]]'', and the ''[[Virginia Quarterly Review]]''. Heer was a member of the 2016 jury for the [[Scotiabank Giller Prize]].<ref>{{cite web |title=2016 Jury |url=http://www.scotiabankgillerprize.ca/2016jury/ |publisher=[[Scotiabank Giller Prize]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170527180738/http://www.scotiabankgillerprize.ca/2016jury/ |archive-date=May 27, 2017 |access-date=April 1, 2026}}</ref> His anthology ''A Comics Studies Reader'', with [[Kent Worcester]], won the 2010 Rollins Book Award.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rollins Book Award |url=http://southwestpca.org/conference/rollins-book-award/ |publisher=Southwest Popular/American Culture Association |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212025523/http://southwestpca.org/conference/rollins-book-award/ |archive-date=February 12, 2019 |access-date=January 27, 2019}}</ref> Since May 2022, he has hosted ''The Time of Monsters with Jeet Heer'' podcast,<ref>{{cite magazine |date=2022-05-18 |title=Jeet Heer Departs Substack for ''The Nation'' |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/society/jeet-heer-nation-podcast/ |department=Press Room |magazine=[[The Nation]] |access-date=2025-01-12}}</ref> referring to a famous, if possibly distorted, quotation from Italian Marxist [[Antonio Gramsci]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Antonio Gramsci |url=https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci |website=[[Wikiquote]] |access-date=2025-01-12}}{{Better source needed|date=April 2026}}</ref>

Heer was born to Indian parents and was raised as a [[Sikhism|Sikh]].<ref>{{cite web |date=May 22, 2022 |title=Journalist and Author Jeet Heer Rejoins The Nation as National Affairs Correspondent |url=https://americankahani.com/politics/jeet-heer-rejoins-the-nation-as-national-affairs-correspondent/ |website=American Kahani |access-date=April 1, 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet |last=Heer |first=Jeet |user=HeerJeet |number=842932578969518080 |date=March 18, 2017 |title=11. I was raised a Sikh & our temples have a duty to provide food to all who enter, not just other Sikhs. Erickson's Jesus inferior to that |access-date=April 1, 2026}}</ref>

==Selected works==
* ''Arguing Comics: Literary Masters on a Popular Medium''. Jackson, Miss.: University Press of Missisippi, 2004. {{ISBN|1578066867}} (edited with Kent Worcester)<ref>{{cite journal |last=Berlatsky |first=Eric L. |date=2012 |title=Review of ''Arguing Comics: Literary Masters on a Popular Medium'' |url=http://imagetext.english.ufl.edu/archives/v6_2/berlatsky1 |journal=ImageTexT: Interdisciplinary Comics Studies |volume=6 |issue=2 |issn=1549-6732 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128135743/http://imagetext.english.ufl.edu/archives/v6_2/berlatsky1/ |archive-date=January 28, 2019 |access-date=January 26, 2019}}</ref>
* ''A Comics Studies Reader''. Jackson, Miss.: University Press of Mississippi, 2008. {{ISBN|978-1604731095}}(edited with Kent Worcester)<ref>{{cite journal |last=Baetens |first=Jan |author-link=Jan Baetens |date=2009 |title=A Comics Studies Reader |url=http://www.imageandnarrative.be/index.php/imagenarrative/article/view/216 |journal=Image & Narrative |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=240–241 |issn=1780-678X |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180410152852/http://www.imageandnarrative.be/index.php/imagenarrative/article/view/216 |archive-date=April 10, 2018 |access-date=January 27, 2019}}</ref>
* ''The Superhero Reader''. Jackson, Miss.: University of Mississippi Press, 2014. {{ISBN|1-61703-806-7}} (edited with Kent Worcester and Charles Hatfield)<ref>{{cite journal |last=Berlatsky|first=Eric L. |date=2015 |title=Review of ''The Superhero Reader'' |url=http://imagetext.english.ufl.edu/archives/v8_2/berlatsky/ |journal=ImageTexT: Interdisciplinary Comics Studies |volume=8 |issue=2 |issn=1549-6732 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190216022028/http://imagetext.english.ufl.edu/archives/v8_2/berlatsky/ |archive-date=February 16, 2019 |access-date=January 27, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Koch |first=Robert T. Jr |date=Spring 2014 |title=Hatfield, Charles, Jeet Heer, and Kent Worcester, eds. ''The Superhero Reader''. Jackson: UP of Mississippi, 2013. 319 pages; index. |journal=Studies in Popular Culture |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=177–179 |issn=0888-5753 |jstor=24332658}}</ref>
* ''Too Asian?: Racism, Privilege, and Post-Secondary Education''. Toronto: Between the Lines, 2012 {{ISBN|978-1926662787}}(edited with Michael C.K. Ma, Davina Bhandar and R.J. Gilmour)<ref>{{cite journal |last=Dillabough |first=Jo-Anne |date=Fall 2014 |title=Jeet Heer, Michael C.K. Ma, Davina Bhandar and R.J. Gilmour, eds., ''Too Asian: Racism, Privilege, and Post-Secondary Education'' (Toronto: Between the Lines 2012) |journal=[[Labour/Le Travail]] |volume=74 |pages=358-361 |jstor=24244205}}</ref>
* ''In Love with Art: Françoise Mouly's Adventures in Comics with Art Spiegelman''. Ontario: Chapter House Books, 2013 {{ISBN|978-1770563506}}<ref>{{cite magazine |date=January 10, 2014 |title=What We're Loving: Mouly, Minneapolis, Marié |url=http://www.theparisreview.org/blog/2014/01/10/what-were-loving-francoise-mouly-the-minneapolis-sound-lucile-ltd-s-autumn-1905-collection |magazine=[[The Paris Review]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140114164927/http://www.theparisreview.org/blog/2014/01/10/what-were-loving-francoise-mouly-the-minneapolis-sound-lucile-ltd-s-autumn-1905-collection |archive-date=January 14, 2014 |access-date=June 13, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Acheson |first=Charles |date=2014 |title=Review of Jeet Heer's ''In Love with Art: Françoise Mouly's Adventures in Comics with Art Spiegelman'' |url=http://www.english.ufl.edu/imagetext/archives/v7_4/acheson/ |journal=ImageTexT: Interdisciplinary Comics Studies |volume=7 |issue=4 |issn=1549-6732 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421173308/http://www.english.ufl.edu/imagetext/archives/v7_4/acheson/ |archive-date=April 21, 2018 |access-date=June 13, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Harris |first=Sonia |date=December 18, 2013 |title=Committed: In Love with Art - Françoise Mouly's Adventures in Comics with Art Spiegelman by Jeet Heer |url=http://www.cbr.com/committed-in-love-with-art-francoise-moulys-adventures-in-comics-with-art-spiegelman-by-jeet-heer/ |website=[[Comic Book Resources]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610174551/https://www.cbr.com/committed-in-love-with-art-francoise-moulys-adventures-in-comics-with-art-spiegelman-by-jeet-heer/ |archive-date=June 10, 2021 |access-date=June 13, 2017}}</ref>
* ''Sweet Lechery''. Ontario: The Porcupine's Quill, 2014. {{ISBN|978-0889843783}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Hingston |first=Michael |date=January 9, 2015 |title=Sweet Lechery shows us why Jeet Heer became one of Canada's leading public intellectuals |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/books-and-media/book-reviews/sweet-lechery-shows-us-how-jeet-heer-used-twitter-to-become-one-of-canadas-leading-public-intellectuals/article22380667/ |newspaper=[[The Globe and Mail]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511130947/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/books-and-media/book-reviews/sweet-lechery-shows-us-how-jeet-heer-used-twitter-to-become-one-of-canadas-leading-public-intellectuals/article22380667/ |archive-date=May 11, 2017 |access-date=June 13, 2017}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126213154/http://jeetheer.com/|title=Official website|date=January 26, 2016}}
* {{Twitter}}
* [https://www.thenation.com/content/time-of-monsters/ ''The Time of Monsters''] podcast

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Heer, Jeet}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Canadian male journalists]]
[[Category:Canadian magazine journalists]]
[[Category:Canadian newspaper journalists]]
[[Category:Canadian literary critics]]
[[Category:Canadian people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Canadian Sikhs]]
[[Category:Canadian writers of Asian descent]]
[[Category:Comics critics]]
[[Category:Comics scholars]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to Canada]]
[[Category:The New Republic people]]
[[Category:The New Yorker people]]

{{Canada-journalist-stub}}
{{Canada-writer-stub}}

Crypto-Hinduism

2026-04-27T06:32:35Z

DEVANSH: done

{{short description|Secret adherence to Hinduism while publicly professing to be of another religion}}
{{unreliable sources|date=March 2026}}

'''Crypto-Hinduism''' is the secret adherence to [[Hinduism]] while publicly professing to be of another faith; practitioners are referred to as "crypto-Hindus" (from Greek ''kryptos'' - κρυπτός, 'hidden'). Crypto-Hinduism was observed during a period{{When|date=June 2025}} of forced religious conversions in [[South Asia]], as well as suspected against Hindus who were forcibly converted to the religion of the invaders or colonizers. Many crypto-Hindus were arrested for practicing Hinduism after professing to have converted to [[Christianity]], some sentenced to death for being a crypto-Hindu such as in colonial Portuguese Goa.<ref name=Saraiva347>{{cite book|author=António José Saraiva|title=The Marrano Factory: The Portuguese Inquisition and Its New Christians 1536-1765|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eG8xUFivagkC|year=2001|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=90-04-12080-7|pages=346–347, 353}}</ref><ref name=parker292>{{cite book|author1=Charles H. Parker|author2=Gretchen Starr-LeBeau|title=Judging Faith, Punishing Sin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dVxEDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA292 |year=2017|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-14024-0|pages=292–293}}</ref>

==Islamic sultanates==
Some Hindus who joined official positions in [[Delhi Sultanate]] were accused of following Hinduism in secret. For example, states Bardwell Smith, [[Khusro Khan|Khusru Khan]], a convert from Hinduism to Islam and an army commander who led plunder raids against [[Deccan sultanates|Deccan kingdoms]], was towards the end of his life "accused by Turkish nobles of harboring crypto-Hindu tendencies, a false charge but one which reflected genuine factional divisions and prejudices within the Muslim ruling class".<ref>{{cite book|author=Bardwell L. Smith|title=Religion and the Legitimation of Power in South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x2Jzn_LuLasC&pg=PA20 |year=1978|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=90-04-05674-2|pages=19–20}}</ref> According to Aziz Ahmad, Arabic Islamic scholars have considered the form of Islam followed in [[Bengal]] (Bangladesh, West Bengal) to have elements of crypto-Hinduism and have attempted to reform it to more strict adherence to the version found in the [[Arabian peninsula]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Aziz Ahmad|title=Studies in Islamic Culture in the Indian Environment|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mOHDQgAACAAJ |year=1999|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-564464-7|pages=84–85}}</ref>

==Goa Inquisition==
{{main|Goa Inquisition}}
Crypto-Hinduism by [[Goan Catholic]] converts was a criminal offence in [[Portuguese Goa]] from 1560 to 1821. Some native Goans were accused, arrested and tried for being crypto-Hindus.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Christianisation of the Goa Islands 1510-1567|author=Anthony D’Costa|publisher=Heras Institute|location=Bombay|date=1965}}</ref> Those accused of it were imprisoned and depending on the criminal charge, could even be sentenced to death if convicted.<ref>{{cite book|author=Augustine Kanjamala|title=The Future of Christian Mission in India: Toward a New Paradigm for the Third Millennium |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NweQBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA165|year=2014|publisher=Wipf and Stock |isbn=978-1-62032-315-1|pages=165–166}}</ref>

Like the [[Spanish Inquisition]] and the [[Portuguese Inquisition]] before it, the original targets behind the creation of the Goa Inquisition were falsely-converted [[Sephardic Jews]] and North African Muslims who had emigrated to Goa from the Iberian peninsula, while lying about being Catholic. These two communities were perceived as a security threat due to their established reputation for joining forces to overthrow Christian rulers in the Iberian peninsula.<ref name=Roth1994>{{Citation|last = Roth|first = Norman|year = 1994|title = Jews, Visigoths and Muslims in medieval Spain: cooperation and conflict|publisher = Brill|location = Leiden}}</ref> Of the 1,582 persons convicted between 1560 and 1623, 45.2% were convicted for offenses related to Judaism and Islam.<ref>{{cite book|first=João|last=Delgado Figueira|date=1623|publisher=Biblioteca National|place=Lisbon|title=Listas da Inquisição de Goa (1560-1623)}}</ref>

A compilation of the [[auto-da-fé]] statistics of the Goa Inquisition reveal that a total of 57 persons were burnt in the flesh and 64 in effigy (i.e. a statue resembling the person). All the burnt were convicted as relapsed heretics or for sodomy.<ref>{{cite book|first=Fortunato|last=de Almeida|title=História da Igreja em Portugal, vol. IV|location=Porto|publisher=Portucalense Editora|date=1923}}</ref>

==Indonesia==
Many followers of [[Kejawèn]], a syncretic tradition that contains animistic, Buddhist, Hindu and Sufi traditions, had officially identified as followers of Islam on government issued ID cards prior to the recognition of the faith in 2018. The faith maintains some characteristics of [[Indonesian Esoteric Buddhism|Esoteric Buddhist]] and [[Hinduism in Java|Hindu traditions]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indonesians Fight to Keep Mystical Religion of Java Alive|url=https://www.voanews.com/east-asia/indonesians-fight-keep-mystical-religion-java-alive|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115154218/https://www.voanews.com/east-asia/indonesians-fight-keep-mystical-religion-java-alive|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 15, 2020|access-date=2021-04-01|website=Voice of America|language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Crypto-Buddhism]]
==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Religious persecution}}
{{Hindudharma}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Crypto Hinduism}}
[[Category:Persecution of Hindus]]
[[Category:Crypto-religiosity|Hinduism]]

Karam (2005 film)

2026-04-23T06:06:44Z

DEVANSH: stub!

{{short description|2005 Indian film by Sanjay F. Gupta}}
{{For|the 2025 Malayalam-language film|Karam (2025 film)}}{{Other uses|Karam (disambiguation){{!}}Karam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Karam
| image = Karam-poster-Ver1.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Sanjay F. Gupta
| producer = Pammi Baweja
| story = Suparn Verma
| screenplay = [[Suparn Verma]]
| starring = [[John Abraham (actor)|John Abraham]] [[Priyanka Chopra]] Bharat Dabholkar
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Vishal–Shekhar]] Pankaj Awasthi '''Score''' [[Amar Mohile]]
| cinematography = Narendra Khanna
| editing = Merzin Tavaria
| distributor = [[Baweja Movies]]
| released = {{Film date|2005|03|11|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR}}5.75 crore<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=1733|title=Karam – Movie|publisher=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR}}7.76 crore<ref name="auto"/>
| runtime = 117 minutes<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/karam-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0znjc2ndk|title=KARAM|website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref>
}}

'''''Karam''''' (transl.''Blessing'') is a 2005 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[action thriller film]]<ref name=Rediff>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/karam/20050303.htm|title=On the sets of Priyanka Chopra's Karam!|website=[[Rediff.com]]|quote=The film, despite being an action thriller, has got a number of emotional scenes.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/karam-v323050|title=Karam (2005) - Sanjay . Gupta|publisher=[[AllMovie]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmaffinity.com/en/film796675.html|title=Karam (2005)|website=[[FilmAffinity]]}}</ref> directed by cinematographer Sanjay F. Gupta, in his directorial debut. Starring [[John Abraham (actor)|John Abraham]], [[Priyanka Chopra]] and Bharat Dabholkar, the film follows John Wargas, a professional assassin who ends up unintentionally killing an innocent family during a mission and becomes traumatized, eventually tendering his resignation. This does not go down well with his boss, who kidnaps John's wife and holds her hostage. In order to win back her freedom, John must complete one last job: killing some of the city's top men within a limited period of time. The film co-stars [[Vishwajeet Pradhan]], [[Shiney Ahuja]], [[Murli Sharma]], [[Rajesh Khera]] and [[Aanjjan Srivastav]].

Having directed several music videos, Gupta decided to direct the film after being impressed with the script written by [[Suparn Verma]]. Confirming that it was not inspired by any Hong Kong film, Gupta decided to do his own take on it despite feeling the script was not novel. With a strong feeling that John Abraham suited the role from the beginning, Gupta cast him as the lead alongside Priyanka Chopra, and named the protagonist after Abraham.<ref name=GLAM>{{cite web|url=https://www.santabanta.com/bollywood/5662/priyankas-finger-was-chopped-off-sanjay-f-gupta/|title=Priyanka's finger was chopped off: Sanjay F. Gupta|website=SantaBanta.com|accessdate=14 March 2005}}</ref> Producer Harry Baweja revealed the film was based on a true story and shot entirely in Mumbai.<ref name=Rediff/>

''Karam'' was released theatrically on 11 March 2005, opening to mixed reviews from critics and audiences.<ref name=GLAM/> It was a commercial failure both domestically and overseas.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/exploring-the-box-office-journey-of-priyanka-chopra-part-2/|title=Exploring the box office journey of Priyanka Chopra – Part 2|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=22 June 2012 |accessdate=22 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-overseas/business-takes-a-dip/|title=Business Takes A Dip!|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=16 March 2005 |accessdate=16 March 2005}}</ref> In 2011 during an interview for his film ''[[Force (2011 film)|Force]]'', John Abraham revealed a number of people came up and told him ''Karam'' was their favorite film.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/id-like-to-see-john-abraham-do-a-lot-of-action-movies-john-abraham/|title="I'd like to see John Abraham do a lot of action movies" – John Abraham|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=24 November 2011 |accessdate=24 November 2011|quote=You won't believe but many people have come up to me and said that Karam was their favourite film. How strange is that?}}</ref>

==Plot==

The film begins with Shalini Wargas narrating how much she loved John Wargas despite knowing he was a contract killer and how things might have been different had he not picked up a gun. The film goes into flashback mode, and John Wargas is shown to be an assassin working for a mobster named Captain. Accompanied by two friends Kaif and Bull, he is assigned a hit, which he carries out, but also ends up killing an entire family, who arrives untimely to the house from where the hit was planned. Apart from the adults, one of their daughters gets shot unintentionally by John. He gets traumatized, and despite his friends telling him to move on, he becomes guilt-ridden and explains everything to Shalini, with whom he plans to escape away. The city's toughest cop, Wagh, starts investigating the murder and, in the process, comes close to the surviving daughter of the deceased family.

Meanwhile, Captain is attacked by the rival don, Yunus, and as a result decides to teach the city a lesson by killing the city's top industrialist, top film producer, the cop backing Yunus and Yunus himself; so that everyone else falls in line and no one dreams of becoming another Yunus. He decides that John must carry out this plan of his. To achieve this, he takes Shalini hostage. John is given 36 hours to kill the five targets on the hit list. John re-unites with his friends but struggles to carry out the hits initially due to still being traumatized. He, however, manages to kill the targets one by one, while his wife tries to escape in order to stop him from killing. Kaif, however, gets killed by Wagh after John manages to kill a few more targets. Shalini slashes her wrist and is admitted to a hospital, where she realizes she's pregnant and manages to escape. She manages to contact John, who arrives to pick her up, only to find himself trapped when she gets taken hostage once again. Realizing that he has been double-crossed, John shoots Bull in front of Captain, who reminds him of the remaining time he has.

John meets Wagh and asks for his help in exchange for providing all evidence against Captain, to which Wagh agrees. Along with sub-inspector Naik, he arrives on the spot and, after a gunfight, manages to free Shalini. John, on the other hand, meets Yunus and his friend, DCP Patil. He blackmails Patil into bringing him Shalini, which he does. However, John kills both Yunus and Patil, escaping with Shalini. A chase ensues, resulting in a rough fight between John and Captain. John manages to kill Captain and his team, but when one of his surviving members tries to shoot, John shoots him, and himself gets shot unintentionally by Naik, the same way John mistakenly shot the young girl. He breathes his last near Shalini, who gets shattered by his death.

The film ends with the story returning to the present time, where Shalini is happily playing with two kids: her son and the daughter of the family John killed, whom she adopted.

==Cast==
* [[John Abraham (actor)|John Abraham]] as John Wargas
* [[Priyanka Chopra]] as Shalini Wargas, John's wife
* [[Bharat Dabholkar]] as Captain
* [[Vishwajeet Pradhan]] as Yunus
* [[Shiney Ahuja]] as ACP Wagh
* [[Murli Sharma]] as Kaif
* [[Rajesh Khera]] as Bull
* [[Aanjjan Srivastav]] as DCP Patil
* Nitin Arora
* [[Bikramjeet Kanwarpal]]
* Sohail Khan

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Karam
| type = [[soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Vishal–Shekhar]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = <div style="white-space: nowrap;">{{Start date|df=y|2005|02|11}}</div>
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer = [[Vishal–Shekhar]]
| prev_title = [[Shabd (film)|Shabd]]
| prev_year = 2005
| next_title = [[Home Delivery (film)|Home Delivery]]
| next_year = 2005
}}
The music was composed by Vishal–Shekhar and Pankaj Awasthi. The lyrics were penned by [[Vishal Dadlani]], [[Irshad Kamil]], Dev Kohli, Pankaj Awasthi, Amit Mishra and Harshdeep.<ref>{{cite web|author=Tuteja, Joginder|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/musicreview/12486/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090804141613/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/musicreview/12486/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 August 2009|title=Karam: Music Review|publisher=IndiaFm|date=2005-02-14|accessdate=2011-04-08}}</ref> The title song of this movie "Tera Hi Karam" was sung by Pankaj Awasthi in a unique Sufi style and the song "Tinka Tinka" were appreciated by the critics.

===Track listing===
{{track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Ishq Nachaya Kare
| extra1 = [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
| music1 = [[Vishal–Shekhar]]
| lyrics1 = [[Vishal Dadlani]]
| title2 = Koi Aisa Alam
| extra2 = [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Mahalakshmi Iyer]]
| music2 = Vishal–Shekhar
| lyrics2 = Dev Kohli
| title3 = Le Jaa
| extra3 = Harshdeep, [[Vishal Dadlani]]
| music3 = Balkrishna Sharma
| lyrics3 = Pankaj Awasthi, Amit Mishra
| title4 = Tera Hi Karam
| extra4 = Pankaj Awasthi
| music4 = Pankaj Awasthi
| lyrics4 = Pankaj Awasthi
| title5 = Tinka Tinka
| extra5 = [[Alisha Chinai]]
| music5 = Vishal–Shekhar
| lyrics5 = [[Irshad Kamil]]
| title6 = Ishq Nachaya Kare
| note6 = Instrumental
| extra6 =
| music6 = Vishal–Shekhar
| title7 = Tinka Tinka
| note7 = Instrumental
| extra7 =
| music7 = Vishal–Shekhar
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.bawejamovies.com/karam/}}
* {{IMDb title|id=0444849|title=Karam}}

[[Category:2005 films]]
[[Category:2005 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2005 action drama films]]
[[Category:2005 action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian crime action films]]
[[Category:Gun fu films]]
[[Category:Indian films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Action films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Crime films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Drama films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Thriller films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vishal–Shekhar]]
[[Category:Indian films with live action and animation]]
[[Category:Films about contract killing in India]]

Sampark Foundation

2026-04-18T22:46:02Z

DEVANSH: created new article needs work...

{{Short description|Indian non-profit organization}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Sampark Foundation
| logo = Sampark logo.svg
| formation = {{Start date and age|2005}}
| founder = [[Vineet Nayar]] Anupama Nayar Janak Nayar
| founding_location = [[Noida]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| type = [[Nonprofit organization|Non-profit organization]]
| purpose = Improving primary education in government schools
| professional_title =
| headquarters = [[Noida]], India
| region_served = [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Haryana]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Jharkhand]]
| products =
| services =
| methods = Partnerships with state governments, Providing teacher training, educational programs
| fields = [[Education]]
| leader_title = Chairman
| leader_name = [[Vineet Nayar]]
| leader_title2 = President
| leader_name2 = K. Rajeswara Rao
| endowment = $100 million<ref name=businesstoday/>
| website = {{URL|https://www.samparkfoundation.org}}
}}

'''Sampark Foundation''' is a [[Nonprofit organization|non-profit organization]] based in [[Noida]], Uttar Pradesh, India, founded in 2005. The foundation focuses on improving the quality of primary education in government schools across underprivileged and rural areas in India.<ref name=betterindia>{{cite news |last1=Pal |first1=Sanchari |title=How a Unique yet Affordable Tech Innovation Is Helping Govt Schools in Remote Villages Go Smart |url=https://thebetterindia.com/92252/sampark-foundation-smart-shala-primary-education-rural-india/ |publisher=[[The Better India]] |date=March 21, 2017}}</ref> It operates in eight states, including [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Haryana]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Maharashtra]], and [[Jharkhand]], working with state governments to reach children and provide training for government school teachers.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sampark Foundation pledges Rs 10 crore to ensure online classes for government school children |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/newsbuzz/sampark-foundation-pledges-rs-10-crore-to-ensure-online-classes-for-government-school-children/articleshow/75176145.cms |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=April 16, 2020}}</ref> The foundation has been the subject of two [[Harvard Business School]] [[case studies]].<ref name="harvard1"/><ref name="harvard2"/>

== History ==
The Sampark Foundation was established in 2005 by [[Vineet Nayar]], the former CEO of [[HCL Technologies]], along with his wife, Anupama Nayar, and his mother, Janak Nayar.<ref name=archive>{{cite news |last1=Nehru |first1=Autar |title=Go-getting philanthropist: Vineet Nayar |url=https://www.educationworld.in/go-getting-philanthropist-vineet-nayar/ |date=November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211221736/https://www.educationworld.in/go-getting-philanthropist-vineet-nayar/ |archive-date=December 11, 2023}}</ref>

The foundation was created to address the educational challenges faced by children in rural India, particularly focusing on improving proficiency in [[mathematics]] and [[English language|English]]. It operates with a $100 million endowment,<ref name=businesstoday/> which is expected to expire in 2025. Following this period, the foundation intends to transition its programs to government stakeholders to ensure the sustainability of its initiatives.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vineet Nayar sets 2025 for Sampark Foundation 'shutdown' |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/vineet-nayar-sets-2025-for-sampark-foundation-shutdown/articleshow/53171656.cms |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=July 12, 2016}}</ref><ref name=sunny>{{cite news |last1=Sen |first1=Sunny |title=Former HCL Tech CEO Vineet Nayar morphs into a development guru |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/features/story/former-hcl-technologies-ceo-vineet-nayar-development-guru-43692-2013-11-09 |publisher=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]] |date=November 24, 2013}}</ref>

In 2013, the Sampark Foundation undertook two major projects related to [[water conservation]] and [[Agriculture|agricultural]] assistance in rural India. In [[Tamil Nadu]], the foundation launched a water awareness program in 19 villages with low water tables, aiming to educate farmers on sustainable water management practices. In [[Maharashtra]], near the drought-affected sugarcane-growing region of [[Baramati]], Sampark trained farmers in cultivating alternative, drought-resistant crops. By working with 10,000 farmers and collaborating with scientists to improve soil health, the foundation contributed to enhancing the livelihoods of local communities.<ref name=sunny/>

Subsequently, the organization shifted its focus entirely to education. In 2014, it partnered with the states of [[Chhattisgarh]] and [[Uttarakhand]] to implement its programs in 33,000 and 10,000 schools, respectively, over three phases.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Swarup |first1=Anil |title=Sampark Foundation |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/opinion/sampark-foundation-417801 |publisher=Millennium Post |date=September 9, 2020}}</ref> In 2016, the foundation tied up with the [[Government of Chhattisgarh]] to support the state's [[Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan]] (SSA) by investing ₹60 crore in the Sampark Smart Class Programme for government schools.<ref>{{cite news|last=|first=|url=https://indiacsr.in/sampark-foundation-funds-chhatisgarh/|title=Sampark Foundation funds Chhatisgarh|journal=India CSR|date=July 1, 2016}}</ref> In August 2022, the Sampark Foundation partnered with the [[Government of Rajasthan|Rajasthan Council of School Education]] (RCSE) to sign a five-year agreement to enhance education quality in [[Rajasthan]], with a ₹40 crore investment.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shankar |first=Ravi |title=Rajasthan Council of School Education, Sampark Foundation sign 5-year deal to improve learning in schools |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/schools/rajasthan-board/rajasthan-council-of-school-education-sampark-foundation-sign-5-year-deal-to-improve-learning-in-schools/articleshow/93623109.cms |publisher=[[The Times of India]]|date=2022-08-17}}</ref> The foundation also invested ₹40 crores each in Uttar Pradesh, and Uttarakhand.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Verma |first1=Prachi |title=Sampark Foundation kicks off Sampark Smart Shala Traning Program |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/sampark-foundation-kicks-off-sampark-smart-shala-traning-program/articleshow/58109035.cms |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=April 10, 2017}}</ref><ref name=yogi/>

==Programs==
=== Sampark Smart Shala ===
Sampark Smart Shala (SSS) program was launched in 2015 with the purpose to transform government schools in rural India into "smart schools" by providing them with the necessary infrastructure, resources, and teacher training. The SSS kit comprises 16 components including a rechargeable audio device, a voice mascot named Sampark Didi, toys, stories, board games, multimedia workbooks, and Sampark mobile app and teacher training modules combined with monitoring in collaboration with the State Governments.<ref name=archive/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Srinivasan |first1=Madhumitha |title=If you want to be great, you have to attempt something that may look stupid: Vineet Nayar |url=https://www.thehindu.com/education/make-stupid-mistakes/article29742610.ece |publisher=[[The Hindu]] |date=October 21, 2019}}</ref>

The Sampark Smart Shala - Smart Block program improves government primary schools by converting them into smart schools, one [[Block panchayat|block]] at a time, through the installation of Sampark TVs equipped with educational content and providing teacher training in pedagogical methods.<ref name=yogi>{{cite news |title=UP CM Yogi Adityanath inaugurates 'Sampark Smart Shala Smart Blocks' programme to upgrade all govt schools into smart schools |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/up-cm-yogi-adityanath-inaugurates-sampark-smart-shala-smart-blocks-programme-to-upgrade-all-govt-schools-into-smart-schools-2402536-2023-07-06 |publisher=[[India Today]] |date=July 6, 2023}}</ref><ref name=dhami>{{cite news |last1=Punethaa |first1=Prem |title=Uttarakhand CM Pushkar Singh Dhami inaugurates 'Smart Schools, Smart Blocks' programme |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/uttarakhand-cm-pushkar-singh-dhami-inaugurates-smart-schools-smart-blocks-programme/articleshow/100171802.cms |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |date=May 12, 2023}}</ref> The program has been implemented in several Indian states. In February 2023, Maharashtra's Education Minister [[Deepak Vasant Kesarkar]] inaugurated the program in [[Sindhudurg district|Sindhudurg]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Maharashtra's Education Minister Deepak Kesarkar inaugurates 'Sampark Smart Shala Smart Blocks' to make govt schools in Sindhudurg 'smart' |url=https://www.expresscomputer.in/news/maharashtras-education-minister-deepak-kesarkar-inaugurates-sampark-smart-shala-smart-blocks-to-make-govt-schools-in-sindhudurg-smart/109032/|publisher=Express Computer |date=February 12, 2024}}</ref> Subsequently, the program was launched in [[Uttarakhand]] by Chief Minister [[Pushkar Singh Dhami]] in May 2023<ref name=dhami/> and in [[Uttar Pradesh]] by CM [[Yogi Adityanath]] in July 2023.<ref name=yogi/>

The foundation applied "[[frugal innovation]]" principles to ensure its interventions were both cost-effective and scalable,<ref name=betterindia/> with a cost of $1 per child annually.<ref>{{cite news |last1=John |first1=Sujit |title=Focus on teacher-student interface can revive govt schools: Vineet Nayar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/focus-on-teacher-student-interface-can-revive-govt-schools-vineet-nayar/articleshow/62931667.cms |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |date=February 15, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Raghunathan |first1=Anuradha |title=Tech tools to teach children |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/real-issue/tech-tools-to-teach-children/44021/1 |publisher=[[Forbes India]] |date=August 12, 2016}}</ref>

=== Sampark TV ===
Sampark TV is a [[Smart TV]]-based learning device launched by the foundation to enhance education in rural India. In 2022, the foundation rolled out Sampark TV in 25,000 government schools.<ref name=archive/><ref name="betterindia"/>

=== Sampark Didi ===
One of the key programs initiated by Sampark Foundation is the Sampark Didi, an audio-based learning device introduced in 2016. The device, which is pre-loaded with educational content, focuses on teaching basic English and mathematics concepts through stories and interactive lessons. The lessons are designed to be accessible to children in rural areas, where formal schooling is often limited.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mehta |first1=Ivan |title=This Startup Is Using Simple Tech To Teach Children In Remote Villages |url=https://www.huffpost.com/archive/in/entry/this-startup-is-using-simple-tech-to-teach-children-in-remote-vi_n_10042798 |publisher=[[HuffPost]] |date=May 23, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.outlookbusiness.com/specials/secret-diary-of-an-entrepreneur-ceo_2018/my-mother-told-me-you-are-selling-your-soul-4767|title="My Mother told me, You are selling your soul"|publisher=Outlook Business|first=N|last=Mahalakshmi|date=2 November 2018|access-date=4 December 2022|archive-date=19 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210919210325/https://www.outlookbusiness.com/specials/secret-diary-of-an-entrepreneur-ceo_2018/my-mother-told-me-you-are-selling-your-soul-4767|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Baithak ===
In April 2020, the foundation launched a mobile application called Baithak in response to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] to educate children across India in states that have partnered with the foundation, including Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, and Uttarakhand. The app is designed for children aged 5 to 15, up to class 8, and engages approximately 200,000 teachers who contribute to content creation. It enables users to download educational materials for offline access and incorporates various technologies, including [[artificial intelligence]] (AI), bots, [[video compression]], analytics engines, and [[Visualization (graphics)|visualization]] tools to enhance the learning experience. The app was developed with an investment of ₹10 crores from Vineet and Anupama Nayar.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kurup|first=Rajesh|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/sampark-foundation-rolls-out-baithak-to-bring-school-to-children/article31352684.ece|title=Sampark Foundation rolls out Baithak to 'bring school to children'|publisher=[[The Hindu Business Line]]|date=April 16, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=हरियाणा ने प्राइमरी स्टूडेंट्स के लिए 'संपर्क बैठक एप' लॉन्च किया |url=https://www.abplive.com/education/haryana-education-minister-launches-sampark-baithak-app-for-primary-students-1360628 |publisher=[[ABP Live]] |date=April 24, 2020 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Goswami |first1=Kajari |title=6 states merge with Sampark foundation to create platform for Hindi govt school childern |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/6-states-merge-with-sampark-foundation-to-create-platform-for-hindi-govt-school-childern-1673640-2020-05-02 |publisher=[[India Today]] |date=May 2, 2020}}</ref>

== Impact ==
In 2017, a case study titled ''Sampark Foundation: Transforming Primary Education in India'', conducted by [[V. Kasturi Rangan]] and Shweta Bagai, was published by [[Harvard Business School]]. The study examined Sampark Foundation's innovative, cost-efficient approach to improving primary education, which had reached over 3 million children across India by that time.<ref name="harvard1">{{cite journal |author1=V. Kasturi Rangan |author2=Shweta Bagai |author1-link=V. Kasturi Rangan |title=Sampark Foundation: Transforming Primary Education in India |journal=[[Harvard Business School]] |date=July 2017 |pages=25 |url=https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=52914}}</ref>

In 2020, Harvard Business School published a second case study on Sampark Foundation, titled ''Vineet Nayar and Sampark Foundation: Frugal Innovation at Scale (A)'', authored by [[Linda A. Hill]] and Emily Tedards. The study detailed Sampark Foundation's "Teachers First" model, which, by 2019, had reached over 7 million children and 200,000 teachers across 90,000 schools through a frugal and scalable approach. It also discussed plans to extend the program to 50 million children by adopting a "Digital First" strategy to integrate technology into education.<ref name="harvard2">{{cite journal |author1=Linda A. Hill |author2=Emily Tedards |author1-link=Linda A. Hill |title=Vineet Nayar and Sampark Foundation: Frugal Innovation at Scale (A) |journal=[[Harvard Business School]] |date=July 2020 |pages=33 |url=https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=58503}}</ref>

As of July 2024, smart classrooms were introduced in over 6,600 government schools in Haryana, with reported improvements in learning outcomes of 35% to 40%.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Haryana to introduce smart classrooms in 1,000 primary schools: Chief Secretary |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/haryana-to-introduce-smart-classrooms-in-1-000-primary-schools-chief-secretary-101720205003409.html |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=July 6, 2024 }}</ref>

== Leadership ==
[[File:Secretary Kerry greets Vineet Nayar at a Brookings India luncheon.jpg|250px|thumb|U.S. Secretary of State [[John Kerry]] meets Vineet Nayar of the Sampark Foundation at a Brookings India Luncheon in [[New Delhi]], India, on July 31, 2014]]
[[Vineet Nayar]] currently serves as the chairman of the organization.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vineet Nayar |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/corporate-excellence-award/jury/vineet-nayar/articleshow/66359710.cms |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=November 22, 2018}}</ref> In November 2022, K. Rajeswara Rao, former Special Secretary of [[NITI Aayog]], was appointed as the president of the foundation.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rao |first=Shrishti |title=NITI Aayog former special secretary Dr K. Rajeswara Rao joins Sampark Foundation as President |url=https://thecsruniverse.com/articles/niti-aayog-former-special-secretary-dr-k-rajeswara-rao-joins-sampark-foundation-as-president |date=2022-11-22 |website=The CSR Universe}}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==
* Vineet Nayar and Anupama Nayar, founders of Sampark Foundation, were included in ''[[Forbes Asia]]'''s "Heroes of Philanthropy" list in 2016 for their contributions to education through the foundation.<ref name=businesstoday>{{cite news |title=Five Indians on Forbes Asia's Heroes of Philanthropy list |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/corporate/story/five-indians-on-forbes-asias-heroes-of-philanthropy-list-147782-2016-07-12 |publisher=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]] |date=July 12, 2016}}</ref>
* In February 2020, foundation's Sampark Smart Shala program was selected as one of the Top 100 entries in the [[John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation]]'s 100 & Change Competition.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sampark's Top 100 entry |url=https://www.educationworld.in/samparks-top-100-entry/ |publisher=EducationWorld |date=March 2020}}</ref>
* In April 2024, the foundation received the 'Great Place to Work' certification<ref>{{cite news|last=|first=|url=https://thecsruniverse.com/articles/sampark-foundation-is-now-great-place-to-work-certified|title=Sampark Foundation is now Great Place to Work certified|journal=The CSRU Universe|date=April 12, 2024}}</ref> and was listed among the 'Best NGOs to Work For'.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sampark Foundation Is Now 'Great Place To Work' Certified |url=https://thecsruniverse.com/articles/sampark-foundation-is-now-great-place-to-work-certified |publisher=TheCSRUniverse |date=April 12, 2024}}</ref>
* In December 2024, Sampark Foundation received the 'Most Impactful NGO of the Year' award at the Indian CSR Awards.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian CSR Awards 2024 Winners |url=https://www.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=613145637775161&id=100072391903640&_rdr |publisher=Indian CSR Awards |date=December 14, 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.fortuneindia.com/macro/sound-principles/100318 Sound principles] at ''[[Fortune India]]''

[[Category:2005 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Educational organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 2005]]
[[Category:Education in India]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Charities based in India]]

Dankuni

2026-03-26T17:50:52Z

DEVANSH:

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dankuni
| other_name = ডানকুনি
| nickname =
| settlement_type = City [[Kolkata Metropolitan Region]]
| image_skyline = T N Mukherjee Road - Durgapur Expressway - AH 1 - Dankuni - Hooghly 2014-06-28 4989.JPG
| image_alt =
| image_caption = T.N. Mukherjee Road, [[Durgapur Expressway]], Dankuni, 712311
| pushpin_map = India Kolkata#India West Bengal#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.681041|N|88.297085|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of West Bengal|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Burdwan division|Burdwan]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]]
| subdivision_type4 = Subdivision
| subdivision_name4 = [[Serampore subdivision|Serampore]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipality]]
| governing_body = [[Dankuni Municipality]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 35
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 7.9
| population_total = 249,840
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank = 11th in West Bengal
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = Dankunian
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=censusindia.gov.in |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 711205, 712310, 712311, 712702 and 712708
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91 33
| registration_plate = WB-18
| website = http://dankunimunicipality.in/
| footnotes =
| leader_name = Hasina Shabnam
| leader_title = Chairperson
| image_map =
| pushpin_image =
}}

Dankuni is a city in [[Kolkata Metropolitan Region]] of [[Hooghly district]] in the Indian State of West Bengal. It is a part of the area covered by [[Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority]] (KMDA). Dankuni has rapidly grown into one of the region’s most dynamic urban hubs.

Once a modest township, the city has transformed into a major industrial and commercial powerhouse, attracting businesses, investors, and a growing residential population. Its urban landscape blends modern industries with expanding residential neighbourhoods, giving Dankuni a unique dual character—an energetic centre of economic activity that still retains the comfort and livability of a developing urban city.

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=500| height=300| zoom=11
| coord={{coord|22|43|20|N|88|10|10|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in Chanditala I, Chanditala II and Jangipara CD blocks in Srirampore subdivision in Hooghly district''' M: municipal city/ town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|22|41|15|N|88|17|31|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1=Dankuni | numbered1=M| mark-title1= Dankuni (M)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#800000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|46|32|N|88|0|19|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Rajbalhat| numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Rajbalhat]] (CT)| shape-color2=#A40000
|mark-coord3={{coord|22|44|10|N|88|3|5|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3=Jangipara| numbered3=R| mark-title3= [[Jangipara]] (R)| shape-color3=#C42222
|mark-coord4={{coord|22|47|0|N|88|2|37|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4=Antpur| numbered4=R| mark-title4= [[Antpur]] (R)| shape-color4=#C42222
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|45|16|N|88|7|45|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5=Furfura Sharif| numbered5=R| mark-title5= [[Furfura Sharif]] (R)| shape-color5=#C42222
|mark-coord6={{coord|22|44|40|N|88|11|30|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6= Masat| numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Masat, Hooghly|Masat]] (CT)|shape-color6=#A40000
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|43|54|N|88|12|24|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7= Jangalpara| numbered7=CT| mark-title7= [[Jangalpara]] (CT)| shape-color7=#A40000
|mark-coord8={{coord|22|46|0|N|88|13|12|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8= Gangadharpur| numbered8=CT| mark-title8= [[Gangadharpur]] (CT)| shape-color8=#A40000
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|45|10|N|88|13|20|E}} | label-pos9=left|label9= Manirampur| numbered9=CT| mark-title9= [[Manirampur]] (CT)| shape-color9=#A40000
|mark-coord10={{coord|22|43|6|N|88|11|57|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10= Dudhkalmi| numbered10=CT| mark-title10= [[Dudhkalmi]] (CT)| shape-color10=#A40000
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|42|26|N|88|11|59|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Nababpur| numbered11=CT| mark-title11= [[Nababpur]] (CT)| shape-color11=#A40000
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|42|0|N|88|13|36|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Kumirmora| numbered12=CT| mark-title12= [[Kumirmora]] (CT)| shape-color12=#A40000
|mark-coord13={{coord|22|41|10|N|88|13|8|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13= Ramanathpur| numbered13=CT| mark-title13= [[Ramanathpur]] (CT)| shape-color13=#A40000
|mark-coord14={{coord|22|41|37|N|88|11|37|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14= Bhagabatipur| numbered14=CT| mark-title14= [[Bhagabatipur]] (CT)| shape-color14=#A40000
|mark-coord15={{coord|22|41|40|N|88|15|58|E}} | label-pos15=right|label15=Chanditala| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[Chanditala]] (R)| shape-color15=#C42222
|mark-coord16={{coord|22|44|40|N|88|14|51|E}} | label-pos16=left|label16= Kharsarai| numbered16=CT| mark-title16= [[Kharsarai]] (CT)| shape-color16=#A40000
|mark-coord17={{coord|22|45|14|N|88|15|0|E}} | label-pos17=left|label17= Tisa| numbered17=CT| mark-title17= [[Tisa, Hooghly|Tisa]] (CT)| shape-color17=#A40000
|mark-coord18={{coord|22|45|40|N|88|16|0|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Kapashanria| numbered18=CT| mark-title18= [[Kapashanria]] (CT)| shape-color18=#A40000
|mark-coord19={{coord|22|44|38|N|88|15|44|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19= Jaykrishnapur| numbered19=CT| mark-title19= [[Jaykrishnapur]] (CT)| shape-color19=#A40000
|mark-coord20={{coord|22|45|7|N|88|15|30|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20= Purba Tajpur| numbered20=CT| mark-title20= [[Purba Tajpur]] (CT)| shape-color20=#A40000
|mark-coord21={{coord|22|44|12|N|88|15|11|E}} | label-pos21=left|label21= Begampur| numbered21=CT| mark-title21= [[Begampur, India]] (CT)| shape-color21=#A40000
|mark-coord22={{coord|22|43|25|N|88|14|26|E}} | label-pos22=left|label22= Baksa| numbered22=CT| mark-title22= [[Baksa, Hooghly]] (CT)| shape-color22=#A40000
|mark-coord23={{coord|22|44|8|N|88|16|3|E}} | label-pos23=right|label23= Panchghara| numbered23=CT| mark-title23= [[Panchghara]] (CT)| shape-color23=#A40000
|mark-coord24={{coord|22|42|10|N|88|16|11|E}} | label-pos24=right|label24= Naiti| numbered24=CT| mark-title24= [[Naiti]] (CT)| shape-color24=#A40000
|mark-coord25={{coord|22|43|12|N|88|16|12|E}} | label-pos25=right|label25= Chikrand| numbered25=CT| mark-title25= [[Chikrand]] (CT)| shape-color25=#A40000
|mark-coord26={{coord|22|42|50|N|88|14|33|E}} | label-pos26=left|label26= Janai| numbered26=CT| mark-title26= [[Janai, Hooghly|Janai]] (CT)| shape-color26=#A40000
|mark-coord27={{coord|22|42|40|N|88|15|38|E}} | label-pos27=right|label27= Pairagchha| numbered27=CT| mark-title27= [[Pairagachha]] (CT)| shape-color27=#A40000
|mark-coord28={{coord|22|41|10|N|88|15|52|E}} | label-pos28=left|label28= Barijhati| numbered28=CT| mark-title28= [[Barijhati]] (CT)| shape-color28=#A40000
|mark-coord29={{coord|22|40|40|N|88|16|12|E}} | label-pos29=left|label29= Garalgachha| numbered29=CT| mark-title29= [[Garalgachha]] (CT)| shape-color29=#A40000
|mark-coord30={{coord|22|39|55|N|88|16|34|E}} | label-pos30=left|label30= Krishnapur| numbered30=CT| mark-title30= [[Krishnapur, West Bengal|Krishnapur]] (CT)| shape-color30=#A40000
|mark-coord31={{coord|22|42|6|N|88|5|13|E}} | label-pos31=right|label31=Kotalpur| numbered31=R| mark-title31= [[Kotalpur, Hooghly]] (R)| shape-color31=#C42222}}
[[File:Map of dankuni municipality.jpg|thumb|right|Map of Dankuni municipality]]

===Location===
Dankuni is located at {{coord|22.681041|N|88.297085|E|}}.

[[Kharsarai]], [[Tisa, Hooghly|Tisa]], [[Kapashanria]], [[Jaykrishnapur]], [[Purba Tajpur]], [[Begampur, India|Begampur]], [[Baksa, Hooghly|Baksa]], [[Panchghara]], [[Chikrand]], [[Janai, Hooghly|Janai]], [[Pairagachha]], [[Naiti]], [[Barijhati]], [[Garalgachha]] and [[Krishnapur, West Bengal|Krishnapur]], all the census towns form a series from the northern part of Chanditala II CD Block to its southern part. The only municipality in the area, Dankuni, located outside the CD Block, occupies the south-east corner of the entire cluster.<ref name=censushandbook>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1912_PART_A_DCHB_HUGLI.pdf | title= Census of India 2011, West Bengal: District Census Handbook, Hooghly |work = Map of Chanditala II CD Block, page 663| publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 4 October 2018}}</ref>

===Police station===
Dankuni police station has jurisdiction over Dankuni Municipal area and parts of Dankuni Housing complex police station and [[Sreerampur Uttarpara]] CD Blocks.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Hooghly |work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 15 October 2018 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.policewb.gov.in/wbp/district/Hooghly/hglyphone.php | title = Hooghly District Police | publisher = West Bengal Police | access-date = 20 June 2017 | archive-date = 5 July 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170705234600/http://policewb.gov.in/wbp/district/Hooghly/hglyphone.php | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===Urbanisation===
Srirampore subdivision is the most urbanized of the subdivisions in Hooghly district. 73.13% of the population in the subdivision is urban and 26.88% is rural. The subdivision has 6 municipalities and 34 census towns. The municipalities are: [[Uttarpara Kotrung Municipality]], [[Konnagar Municipality]], [[Serampore Municipality]], [[Baidyabati Municipality]], [[Rishra Municipality]] and [[Dankuni Municipality]]. Amongst the CD Blocks in the subdivision, Uttarapara Serampore (census towns shown in a separate map) had 76% urban population, Chanditala I 42%, [[Chanditala]] II 69% and [[Jangipara]] 7% (census towns shown in the map above).<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Hooghly |work = Table 2.2, 2.4(a) |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 3 October 2018 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 3 October 2018}}</ref> All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

=== Climate ===
City has a [[tropical climate]]. When compared with winter, the summers have much more rainfall. According to [[Köppen climate classification|Köppen and Geiger]], this climate is classified as Aw.

Located at an elevation of None meters (0 feet) above sea level, city's yearly temperature is 30.28 °C (86.5 °F) and it is 4.31% higher than India's averages. Dankuni typically receives about 150.21 millimeters (5.91 inches) of precipitation and has 150.54 rainy days (41.24% of the time) annually.

== Etymology ==
The origin of the name "Dankuni" is not entirely clear, but there are a few theories about its etymology.

One theory suggests that the name "Dankuni" is derived from the Bengali words "Dhanya" (meaning "grain") and "Kuni" (meaning "heap"). This theory suggests that Dankuni was once a place where grains were stored in large heaps.

Another theory suggests that the name "Dankuni" is derived from the name of a local deity, "[[Dhankundi|Dhankuni]]." According to this theory, the city was named after the deity and the temple that was built in her honor.

There is also a third theory that suggests that the name "Dankuni" is derived from the Sanskrit word "Dhenukuni." "Dhenu" means "cow" and "kuni" means "pit," so the name would refer to a pit where cows were kept.
It is not clear which theory is correct, but all of them suggest that the name "Dankuni" has agricultural roots and is linked to the region's history as an agricultural area.

== History ==
The city has a rich history that dates back to the pre-colonial era. During the 18th century, Dankuni came under the control of the [[East India Company|British East India Company]]. The city was an important center of jute production and had several jute mills that provided employment to the local population.

In the early 20th century, Dankuni became a hub of the Indian independence movement. Many freedom fighters, including [[Subhas Chandra Bose|Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose]], visited the city and addressed public meetings.

After India gained independence in 1947, Dankuni underwent rapid industrialization. Several factories and industries were set up in the city, which led to an influx of people from different parts of the country.

==Demography==

=== Population ===
In the 2011 census, Dankuni [[Urban Agglomeration]] had a population of 249,840, out of which 128,139 were males and 121,701 were females. The 0–6 years population was 22,956. Effective literacy rate for the 7+ population was 85.69 per cent.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf | title = Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 lakh and above |work= Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011 |access-date = 2011-10-21 }}</ref>

{{Bar box|float=Right|title=Religion in Dankuni Urban Agglomeration (2011)|titlebar=#Fcd116|left1=Religion|right1=Percentage|bars={{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|83.48}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|10.33}}
{{bar percent|[[Buddhism]]|blue|2.75}}
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|yellow|1.73}}
{{bar percent|Christianity|pink|1.21}}
{{bar percent|Others|black|0.49}}}}

{{see also|List of cities in West Bengal }}

=== Literacy Rate ===
The literacy rate of Dankuni Agglomeration is 84.72% which is lower than National Urban average of 85%. Literacy rate for male and female for Dankuni stood at 88.10% and 81.20% respectively. Total literates in Dankuni UA were 190,629 of which males were 101,141 and remaining 89,488 were females.

=== Languages ===
{{Pie chart|thumb=right|value1=70.12|value2=25.79|value3=2.39|value4=1.70|color4=Grey|color3=Lime|color2=Blue|color1=Red|caption=Languages of Dankuni (2011)<ref name="Lang2011">{{cite web |title=C-16 Population By Mother Tongue - Town level |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16T/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=census.gov.in |access-date=16 September 2020}}</ref>|label1=[[Bengali language|Bengali]]|label2=[[Hindi language|Hindi]]|label3=[[Odia language|Odia]]|label4=Others}}
Bengali is the official language in Dankuni city.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=West Bengal Official Language Act, 1961 |url=http://www.wbja.nic.in/wbja_adm/files/The%20Bengal%20Official%20Language%20Act,%201961_1.pdf |journal=}}</ref>

In the city at the time of the 2011 census, 70.12% of the population spoke [[Bengali language|Bengali]], 25.79% [[Hindi]] and 2.39% [[Odia language|Odia]] as their first language.

=== Urban Agglomeration ===
[[File:Dankuni Urban Agglomeration.png|thumb|Map of Dankuni Urban Agglomeration]]
As per the 2011 census, Dankuni Urban Agglomeration includes: Dankuni (M), [[Purba Tajpur]] (CT), [[Kharsarai]] (CT), [[Begampur, India|Begampur]] (CT), [[Chikrand]] (CT), [[Pairagachha]] (CT), [[Barijhati]] (CT), [[Garalgachha]] (CT), [[Krishnapur, West Bengal|Krishnapur]] (CT), [[Baruipara]] (CT), [[Borai, Hooghly|Borai]] (CT), [[Nawapara]] (CT), [[Basai, Hooghly|Basai]] (CT), [[Gangadharpur]] (CT), [[Manirampur]] (CT), [[Janai, Hooghly|Janai]] (CT), [[Kapashanria]] (CT), [[Jaykrishnapur]] (CT), [[Tisa, Hooghly|Tisa]] (CT), [[Baksa, Hooghly|Baksa]] (CT), [[Panchghara]] (CT) and [[Naiti]] (CT).<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_4_PR_UAs_1Lakh_and_Above_Appendix.pdf | title = Constituents of urban Agglomerations Having Population 1 Lakh & above |work= Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011|access-date = 20 October 2018 }}</ref>

== Civic administration ==
The civic administration of Dankuni is overseen by the [[Dankuni Municipality]], which is responsible for providing basic civic amenities and services to the residents of the town.

The Dankuni Municipality is headed by a chairman who is elected by the members of the municipality. The municipality is divided into wards, and each ward is represented by a councillor who is also elected by the residents of the ward.

== Education ==
'''Colleges'''

* Seven Rangers Institute of Nursing

'''Schools'''

* [[Methodist School, Dankuni]]
* Annapurna Pry.
* Balai Ch. Smriti Vidyaniketan
* Bonderbil Panchanantala Pry
* Chakundi Pry School
* Chakundi High School
* Chakundi Sayadatia.q.m.s.kendra
* Dankuni Agragami Pry School
* Dankuni Ashwash Inst For The Disabled
* Dankuni S R K G. Vidyashram
* Dankuni S R K Vidyashram
* Dankuni Siddiquia Sr. Madrasaa
* Gobra Pry School
* Kalipur Pramathanath Pry
* Kharial Board Pry
* Kharial High School
* Mathurdangi Pry School
* Monber Kalitala Board Pry School
* Monber Vivekananda Vidyapith
* Monoharpur Chamundamata Pry
* Monoharpur Model Pry
* Monoharpur Pallimangal Pry
* Mrigala Pry School
* Mrigala Barajala Pry School
* Pardankuni Panchanantala Pry
* Pardankuni Pry School
* Patha Bhavan Dankuni
* Patsaihat K.a.m. Pry School
* Ramkrishnabati Pry
* Satghara Pry
* Sree Ramkrishna Sishu Tirtha High School
* Sri Ramkrishna Sishuthirtha Pry.
* Vidyasagar Pry School
* Zamila Jabbar

== Economy ==

===Commercial and Industrial activity===
Some of the units engaged in commercial and industrial activity in and around Dankuni are:
* Diesel Locomotive Component Factory of the Indian Railways was inaugurated by [[Mamata Banerjee]] at Dankuni in 2012. It produces high horse power diesel locomotive underframes. It functions as a sister unit of [[Banaras Locomotive Works]] at Varanasi.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/mamata-inaugurates-dankuni-railway-factory/article3466085.ece | title = Mamata inaugurates Dankuni railway factory | date = 28 May 2012 | publisher = The Hindu Business Line, 28 May 2012 | access-date = 12 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.indiatvnews.com/politics/national/mamata-inaugurates-diesel-locomotive-factory-4302.html | title = Mamata inaugurates diesel locomotive factory | date = 28 May 2012 | publisher = India TV 28 May 2012 | access-date = 12 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/news_updates/cabinet-approves-creation-of-one-post-of-chief-works-manager-in-the-mechanical-department-on-eastern-railway/ | title = Cabinet approves creation of one post of Chief Works Manager in the Mechanical Department on Eastern Railway | publisher = PM India | access-date = 12 July 2017}}</ref>
* Electric Loco Assembly and Ancillary Unit of [[Chittaranjan Locomotive Works]] of [[Indian Railways]] at Dankuni has started functioning in 2016.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.politicalmirror.com/various-achievements-ministry-railways/ | title = 2016:Various achievements of the Ministry of Railways | work = 2 January 2017 | publisher = Political Mirror | access-date = 12 July 2017 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/rlys-to-engage-consultant-for-locomotive-unit/articleshow/5082343.cms | title = Rlys to appoint consultats for locomotive unit | newspaper = The Economic Times | date = 3 October 2009 | publisher = The Economic Times, 3 October 2009 | access-date = 12 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/bids-opened-for-procurement-of-200-electric-locomotives-115063000994_1.html | title = Bids opened for procurement of 200 locomotives | publisher = Business Standard, 1 July 2015 | access-date = 12 July 2017}}</ref>
* The [[Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor]] will have its eastern terminus at Dankuni. The 1,839 km long Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor from [[Ludhiana Junction railway station|Ludhiana]] to Dankuni, is part of the total Dedicated Freight Corridor Project, presently with two corridors (western and eastern). The [[Son Nagar Junction railway station|Son Nagar]]-Dankuni sector of the eastern corridor, will have electrified double line. There is provision for extension of the lines to the proposed deep-sea port in the Kolkata area. The Sonnagar-Dankuni sector is to be implemented through the [[Public-private partnership|PPP]] mode. The eastern corridor will serve primarily the steel and coal sectors. The Government of India approved the project in 2006 at an estimated initial cost of Rs. 28,181 crores. As of 2015, the project is delayed and needs additional sanctions for cost over runs.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.cag.gov.in/sites/default/files/audit_report_files/Union_Performance_Railways_Status_Work_Report_48_2015_chap_3.pdf | title = Chapter 3:Dedicated Freight Corridor Projects | work = Status of Ongoing Projects of Indian Railways, Report No. 48 of 2015 | publisher = CAG | access-date = 12 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/infra/downloads/dfc_project.pdf | title = Dedicated Freight Corridor (DFC) project | work = 5.5.2010 | publisher = Indian Railways | access-date = 12 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.i-cema.in/past_event/dedicated_freight_corridor_project.pdf | title = Dedicated Freight Corridor Project:Progress and Opportunities | publisher = DFC, 6 February 2013 | access-date = 13 April 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130512130804/http://www.i-cema.in/past_event/dedicated_freight_corridor_project.pdf | archive-date = 12 May 2013 | url-status = dead }}</ref>
* Mother Dairy, Kolkata was set up as a part of [[Operation Flood]] launched by the [[National Dairy Development Board]] in the 1970s. It covered the 4 metros and all the units were named Mother Dairy. Eventually, NDDB moved out and West Bengal Cooperative Milk Producers Federation took over in 1996. This is separate from the Delhi-based Mother Dairy. Kolkata Mother Dairy’s main plant at Dankuni produces 4.5 lakh litres of milk daily. Apart from milk, it produces dahi, yoghurt, paneer, ghee and drinking water.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.benmilk.com/plants.html | title = Plants | publisher = West Bengal Cooperative Milk Producers Federation | access-date = 12 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Mother-Dairy-to-get-new-avatar-and-a-new-mission/articleshow/47699070.cms | title = Mother Dairy gets new avtar, new mission | newspaper = The Times of India | date = 17 June 2015 | publisher = The Times of India, 17 June 2015 | access-date = 12 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/mother-dairy-promoter-forays-into-mineral-water-business-101111501028_1.html | title = Mother Dairy promoter forays into mineral water business| publisher = Business Standard, 15 November 2001 | access-date = 12 July 2017}}</ref>
* Dankuni Coal Complex, a [[Karrick process|low temperature carbonisation plant]] set up by [[Coal India Limited]] in the 1980s, and currently operated under lease, by [[South Eastern Coalfields Limited]], at Dankuni, to produces 1,000 MT per day of solid [[smokeless fuel]] branded as "CIL Coke™" and 18 million cft per day of [[coal gas]] for supply in and around Kolkata and Howrah, through the Greater Calcutta Gas Supply Corporation Limited (A Govt of WB State Undertaking); Tar Chemicals.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://secl.gov.in/forms/list.aspx?lid=606 | title = Dankuni Coal Complex | publisher = South Eastern Coalfields Ltd. | access-date = 12 July 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170713030216/http://secl.gov.in/forms/List.aspx?lid=606 | archive-date = 13 July 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref>
* Bhusan Power and Steel started with a cold rolling and galvanising plants in 2001 at Bangihati, Mallickpara, Dankuni and have subsequently expanded.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.bhushanpowersteel.com/manufacturing-unit.html | title = Bhusan Power & Steel | work = Manufacturing Units | publisher = Bhusan Power & Steel | access-date = 4 July 2017 | archive-date = 2 July 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170702234852/http://www.bhushanpowersteel.com/manufacturing-unit.html | url-status = dead }}</ref>
* Dankuni Poly Chemicals Pvt. Ltd. was incorporated in 1982. It manufactures refined petroleum products.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.zaubacorp.com/company/DANKUNI-POLY-CHEMICALS-PVT-LTD/U23201WB1982PTC034641 | title = Dankuni Poly Chemicals Pvt Ltd | publisher = Zauba Corp |access-date = 7 July 2017}}</ref>
* Nezone Tubes Ltd., Delhi Road, Village: Chakundi, DCC Township, Dankuni, was established in 2000. It produces galvanised tubes, steel tubes and galvanised pipes.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.indiamart.com/nezone/profile.html | title = Nezone Tubes Ltd. | publisher = indiamart |access-date = 17 July 2017}}</ref>
* Bengal Beverages Pvt. Ltd. was established at Dankuni in 1984. The authorised bottlers of [[Coca-Cola]], its key products include Thumps Up, Sprite, Coca-Cola, Fanta, Limca, Maaza, Kinley Soda and Kinley Water.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://in-beverage.org/bengal-beverages.htm | title = Bengal Beverages Ltd. | publisher = Indian Beverage Association | access-date = 14 July 2017}}</ref>
* Patco Tech India Private Limited was established at Dankuni in 2007. It manufactures and exports discharge and collecting electrodes and air preheater baskets, used in thermal power and steel industries.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.indiamart.com/patcotechindiaprivatelimited/profile.html | title = Patco Tech India Private Limited | publisher = indiamart.com | access-date = 14 July 2017}}</ref>
* Vikrant Forge Limited was established at Dankuni in 1985. It manufactures and exports forgings up to 8 tonnes for the power, steel and other industries.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.exportersindia.com/vikrant-forge/ | title = Vikrant Forge Limited | publisher = ExportersIndia.com | access-date = 14 July 2017}}</ref>
* [[Anmol Industries]] (formerly. Anmol Biscuits)., one of the leading biscuit manufacturers, was established in 1993. It produces 8 lakh cartons per month (in 2017). It has manufacturing units at Dankuni and Noida.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://anmolbiscuits.tradeindia.com/ | title = Anmol Biscuits Ltd. | publisher = tradeindia.com | access-date = 14 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://business.mapsofindia.com/top-brands-india/top-biscuit-brands-in-india.html | title = Top 10 biscuit brands in India | publisher = Business Maps of India | access-date = 14 July 2017}}</ref>
* Ifabex Technologies formed in 2012.

===Township project===
Dankuni has two townships. One, the Government Housing Estate, was constructed by the Government of West Bengal and is popularly known as "Dankuni Housing". The other is Dankuni Coal Complex Township of [[Coal India Limited]], known as "Township", for its employees, which was constructed by National Projects Construction Corporation Limited. A large portion of the Dankuni Coal Complex Township is being slowly encroached upon by the [[West Bengal Police]]. The Dankuni Coal Complex authorities have given two areas, on a very low rent lease, to Methodist School and Patha Bhavan School, within the township premises.

In addition to this, there was a plan for a new township at Dankuni. The project area was {{convert|4846|acre|km2}} of which {{convert|4069|acre|km2}} was township area and {{convert|777|acre|km2}} was earmarked as industrial area. The project area covered 20 mouzas (villages) – 5 full and 15 part, spread across four police stations, namely Dankuni, [[Chanditala#Police station|Chanditala]], [[Singur#Police station|Singur]] and [[Serampore#Police stations|Serampore]]. Important railway stations in the project area were Gobra, Janai Road and Begampur, apart from the important station at Dankuni itself, all on the Howrah-Bardhaman chord. Important road corridors cutting across the project area were Durgapur Expressway (NH 19), Delhi Road, Naity Road and Serampore-Siakhala Road. The Delhi-based [[DLF (company)|DLF]], which had entered into an agreement with [[Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority|KMDA]] for development of the township, withdrew from the project in 2009, primarily because KMDA was unable to procure land.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/dlf-exits-dankuni-township-project-109051400077_1.html | title = DLF exits Dankuni Township Project | work = Namrata Acharya | publisher = Business Standard, 14 May 2009 | access-date = 12 July 2017}}</ref>

==Transport==
'''Roads'''

Both [[National Highway 19 (India)|NH 19]] and [[National Highway 16 (India)|NH 16]] terminate at Dankuni.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.nhai.org/completednh2.htm | title = Completed Stretches on NH2 (Delhi-Kolkata) | access-date = 2009-01-19 | work = Status : 31st Aug, 2005 | publisher = National Highways Authority of India | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090214185100/http://nhai.org/completednh2.htm | archive-date = 14 February 2009 | url-status = dead }}</ref> The Palsit-Dankuni section of [[National Highway 19 (India)|NH 19]] (old numbering NH 2) is also referred to as Durgapur Expressway. Other major arteries meeting at Dankuni are [[Belghoria Expressway]] connecting to [[National Highway 12 (India)|NH 12]] (old numbering: NH 34), [[State Highway 13 (West Bengal)|SH 13]]/ Dankuni-Mogra Delhi Road and [[State Highway 15 (West Bengal)|SH 15]].<ref name="renumber">{{cite web|url=http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|title=Rationalisation of Numbering Systems of National Highways|publisher=[[Department of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=24 February 2017|location=New Delhi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201124738/http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|archive-date=1 February 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="pwd">{{cite web | url = http://www.pwdwb.in/road/state_highway | title = Road - Highway | publisher = Public Works Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 24 February 2017 | archive-date = 12 March 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170312025816/http://pwdwb.in/road/state_highway | url-status = dead }}</ref>

'''Dankuni Railway Station'''[[File:Dankuni railway station in Howrah 02.jpg|thumb|[[Dankuni railway station]]]][[Dankuni railway station]] is located on the [[Howrah-Bardhaman chord]] line, which was constructed in 1917. It is an important yard of the Howrah division. The Calcutta Chord from Dum Dum to Dankuni over the Willingdon Bridge (renamed [[Vivekananda Setu]]) was opened in 1932.<ref>[[Sukanta Chaudhuri|Chaudhuri, Sukanta]], ''The Railway Comes to Calcutta'', in ''Calcutta, the Living City'', Vol. I, edited by Sukanta Chaudhuri, p. 239, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-19-563696-3}}.</ref> It is part of the [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]] system. Already, there is a growing presence of freight and wagon movements around Dankuni Railway Station, which is important as it connects [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]] with [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railway]] with a link line. Dankuni has a fast-growing freight yard, where goods traffic is moved, sorted and packed to deliver at other destinations.

'''Kolkata Airport'''

Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport is situated 18.6 km From Dankuni

'''Metro Railway'''

KMRCL has proposed a metro line from Howrah Maidan to Dankuni in 1st phase and further to Shrirampur in 2nd phase. The project aims to connect the Howrah metro with the suburb of Hooghly, located on the outskirts of Kolkata. The proposed metro line will be around 14.5 km long and will have 12 stations.

The project is being implemented by the [[Kolkata Metro|Kolkata Metro Rail Corporation Limited]] (KMRCL). The estimated cost of the project is around Rs. 5,838 crore,2 rounds of servey has been done and it is expected to get approval in 2026.

== Neighborhoods ==
Dankuni has many neighborhoods the most notable being [[Howrah]], [[Uttarpara]], [[Konnagar]], [[Chanditala]], [[Jagadishpur]], [[Serampore]] and [[Bally, Howrah|Bally]]

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|Dankuni}}

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

{{Srirampore subdivision}}
{{Hooghly District}}
{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}
{{Kolkata neighbourhoods}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Hooghly district]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Kolkata Metropolitan Area]]

Elon Musk

2026-03-26T07:02:58Z

DEVANSH: small improved information to improve readability and added references

{{Short description|Businessman and entrepreneur (born 1971)}}
{{Other uses}}
{{pp-move}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Elon Musk (54816836217) (cropped 2) (b).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Musk in 2025
| birth_name = Elon Reeve Musk
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1971|6|28}}
| birth_place = [[Pretoria]], South Africa
| citizenship = {{ubl
| South Africa
| Canada
| United States (since 2002)
}}
| education = [[University of Pennsylvania]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]], [[Bachelor of Science|BS]])
| occupation = {{ubil

| CEO and product architect of [[Tesla, Inc.|Tesla]]
| Founder, CEO, and chief engineer of [[SpaceX]]
| Founder and CEO of [[xAI (company)|xAI]]
| Founder of [[the Boring Company]] and [[X Corp.]]
| Co-founder of [[Neuralink]], [[OpenAI]], [[Zip2]], and [[X.com (bank)|X.com]] (part of [[PayPal]])
| President of the [[Musk Foundation]]
}}
| spouse = {{ubl
| {{marriage|[[Justine Musk|Justine Wilson]]|2000|2008|end=div.}}
| {{marriage|[[Talulah Riley]]|2010|2012|end=div}}|{{marriage||2013|2016|end=div}}
}}
| children = 14{{efn|One of the 14 is deceased.}} (publicly known), including [[Vivian Wilson]]
| father = [[Errol Musk]]
| mother = [[Maye Musk]]
| relatives = [[Musk family]]
| awards = [[List of awards and honors received by Elon Musk|Full list]]
| module = {{Infobox officeholder | embed = yes
| office = [[Senior Advisor to the President of the United States|Senior Advisor to the President]]
| term_start = January 20, 2025
| term_end = May 28, 2025 Serving with [[Massad Boulos]]
| president = [[Donald Trump]]
}}
| module2 = {{Listen voice
| name = Musk
| filename = Elon Musk on his departure from the Department of Government Efficiency.wav
| type = press conference
| description = Musk on his departure from the [[Department of Government Efficiency]]
| recorded = May 30, 2025
}}
| signature = Elon Musk Signature.svg
| party = [[Independent Republican (United States)|Independent]]
| honorific_suffix = [[Fellow of the Royal Society|FRS]]
}}
{{Elon Musk series}}


'''Elon Reeve Musk''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|iː|l|ɒ|n}} {{Respell|EE|lon}}; born June 28, 1971) is a businessman and entrepreneur known for [[Business career of Elon Musk|his leadership]] of [[Tesla, Inc.|Tesla]], [[SpaceX]], [[X (social network)|X]], and [[XAI (company)|xAI]]. Musk has been the [[The World's Billionaires|wealthiest person in the world]] since 2025; {{As of|2026|2|df=US|lc=y|post=,}} ''[[Forbes]]'' estimates [[Wealth of Elon Musk|his net worth]] to be around US$852 billion.

Born into [[Musk family|a wealthy family]] in Pretoria, South Africa, Musk emigrated in 1989 to Canada; he has Canadian citizenship since his mother was born there. He received bachelor's degrees in 1997 from the [[University of Pennsylvania]] before moving to [[California]] to pursue business ventures. In 1995, Musk co-founded the software company [[Zip2]]. Following its sale in 1999, he co-founded [[X.com (bank)|X.com]], an online payment company that later merged to form [[PayPal]], which was acquired by [[eBay]] in 2002. Musk also became an American citizen in 2002.

In 2002, Musk founded the [[space technology]] company SpaceX, becoming its CEO and [[Chief technology officer|chief engineer]]; the company has since led innovations in [[reusable rocket]]s and [[commercial spaceflight]]. Musk joined the automaker Tesla as an early investor in 2004 and became its CEO and product architect in 2008; it has since become a leader in [[electric vehicle]]s. In 2015, he co-founded [[OpenAI]] to advance [[artificial intelligence]] (AI) research, but later left; growing discontent with the organization's direction and leadership in the [[AI boom]] in the 2020s led him to establish xAI, which became a subsidiary of SpaceX in 2026. In 2022, [[Acquisition of Twitter by Elon Musk|he acquired]] the social network Twitter, [[Twitter under Elon Musk|implementing significant changes]], and rebranding it as X in 2023. His other businesses include the [[neurotechnology]] company [[Neuralink]], which he co-founded in 2016, and the tunneling company [[the Boring Company]], which he founded in 2017. In November 2025, a Tesla pay package worth $1 trillion for Musk was approved, which he is to receive over 10 years if he meets specific goals.

Musk was the largest donor in the [[2024 U.S. presidential election]], where he supported [[Donald Trump]]. After Trump was inaugurated as president in early 2025, Musk served as [[Senior Advisor to the President]] and as the ''[[de facto]]'' head of the [[Department of Government Efficiency]] (DOGE). After [[Trump–Musk feud|a public feud with Trump]], Musk left the Trump administration and returned to managing his companies. Musk is a supporter of global [[far-right]] figures, causes, and political parties. [[Political activities of Elon Musk|His political activities]], [[Views of Elon Musk|views]], and statements have made him [[Public image of Elon Musk|a polarizing figure]]. Musk has been criticized for [[Views of Elon Musk#COVID-19 pandemic|COVID-19 misinformation]], [[Views of Elon Musk#Conspiracy theories|promoting conspiracy theories]], and [[Views of Elon Musk#Race and white nationalism|affirming antisemitic]], racist, and [[Views of Elon Musk#Transgender issues|transphobic comments]]. His acquisition of Twitter was controversial due to [[Twitter under Elon Musk#Increase in hate speech|a subsequent increase in hate speech]] and the [[Twitter under Elon Musk#Handling of misinformation and disinformation|spread of misinformation on the service]], following his pledge to decrease [[censorship]]. His role in the [[second Trump administration]] attracted [[Protests against Elon Musk|public backlash]], particularly in [[Response to the Department of Government Efficiency|response to DOGE]]. The emails he sent to [[Jeffrey Epstein]] are included in the [[Epstein files]], which were published between 2025–26 and became a topic of worldwide debate.

==Early life==
{{see also|Musk family}}
Elon Reeve Musk was born on June 28, 1971, in [[Pretoria]], South Africa's administrative capital.<ref name="Eligon-2022" /><ref>[[#Vance|Vance (2017)]], pp. 25, 31.</ref> He is of British and [[Pennsylvania Dutch]] ancestry.<ref name="sjmn20140411">{{cite news |last=Hall |first=Dana |date=April 11, 2014 |title=Rocket Man: The otherworldly ambitions of Elon Musk |work=[[The Mercury News]] |url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2014/04/10/2014-rocket-man-the-otherworldly-ambitions-of-elon-musk/ |url-status=live |access-date=August 5, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140414070701/http://www.mercurynews.com/business/ci_25541126/rocket-man-otherworldy-ambitions-elon-musk |archive-date=April 14, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Elliott |first=Hannah |date=March 26, 2012 |title=At Home With Elon Musk: The (Soon-to-Be) Bachelor Billionaire |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/hannahelliott/2012/03/26/at-home-with-elon-musk-the-soon-to-be-bachelor-billionaire/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120527053447/http://www.forbes.com/sites/hannahelliott/2012/03/26/at-home-with-elon-musk-the-soon-to-be-bachelor-billionaire/ |archive-date=May 27, 2012 |access-date=May 30, 2015 |work=Forbes |language=en-US}}</ref> His mother, [[Maye Musk|Maye]] ({{Nee|Haldeman}}), is a model and dietitian born in [[Saskatchewan]], Canada, and raised in South Africa.<ref name="Biog">{{Triangulation|203|His biography author [[Ashlee Vance]]}}, discussion of his family starts around the 15th minute</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.townandcountrymag.com/style/a18205769/maye-musk-facts/ |title=11 Things to Know About Stunning 69-Year-Old Model Maye Musk |last=Vargas |first=Chanel |date=March 6, 2018 |work=Town & Country |access-date=March 25, 2020 |archive-date=March 7, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307023138/https://www.townandcountrymag.com/style/a18205769/maye-musk-facts/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Usborne-2018">{{Cite news |last=Usborne |first=Simon |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/shortcuts/2018/feb/21/meet-elon-musk-family |title=Meet the Musks: who's who in Elon's extended family? |date=February 21, 2018 |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=March 25, 2020 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=May 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527001143/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/shortcuts/2018/feb/21/meet-elon-musk-family |url-status=live}}</ref> Musk therefore holds both South African and Canadian citizenship from birth.<ref>{{cite web |last=Minks |first=Caroline |date=March 4, 2025 |title=How did Elon Musk become a Canadian citizen? |url=https://www.cicnews.com/2025/03/how-did-elon-musk-become-a-canadian-citizen-0352253.html |access-date=August 23, 2025 |website=CIC News |language=en-US}}</ref> His father, [[Errol Musk]], is a South African [[Electromechanics|electromechanical engineer]], pilot, sailor, consultant, [[emerald]] dealer, and property developer, who partly owned a rental lodge at [[Timbavati Private Nature Reserve]].<ref name="Isaacson">[[#Isaacson|Isaacson (2023)]], p. 23.</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Hull |first1=Dana |last2=May |first2=Patrick |title=Exploring the otherworldly ambitions of Elon Musk |url=https://buffalonews.com/business/local/exploring-the-otherworldly-ambitions-of-elon-musk/article_2fc57479-93eb-5016-b724-016b48a4f4f3.html |access-date=October 24, 2021 |work=[[The Buffalo News]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926055648/https://buffalonews.com/business/local/exploring-the-otherworldly-ambitions-of-elon-musk/article_2fc57479-93eb-5016-b724-016b48a4f4f3.html |archive-date=September 26, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="NewYorker2009">{{Cite magazine |last=Friend |first=Tad |date=August 17, 2009 |title=Plugged In |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2009/08/24/plugged-in |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308155550/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2009/08/24/plugged-in |archive-date=March 8, 2022}}</ref><ref name="Smith">{{cite news |last=Smith |first=Adam |title=50 years of Elon Musk's huge wealth, from emeralds to SpaceX and Tesla |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/elon-musk-birthday-ceo-tesla-b1874017.html |access-date=December 20, 2021 |work=[[The Independent]] |date=June 28, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125034322/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/elon-musk-birthday-ceo-tesla-b1874017.html |archive-date=November 25, 2021 |url-status=live |quote=teenage Elon Musk once walked the streets of New York with emeralds in his pocket. His father said: "We were very wealthy. We had so much money at times we couldn't even close our safe," adding that one person would have to hold the money in place with another closing the door. "And then there'd still be all these notes sticking out and we'd sort of pull them out and put them in our pockets."}}</ref>

His maternal grandfather, [[Joshua N. Haldeman]], who died in a plane crash when Elon was a toddler, was an American-born Canadian [[Chiropractic|chiropractor]], aviator and political activist in the [[technocracy movement]]<ref>[[#Vance|Vance (2017)]], pp. 26–30.</ref><ref name=":8">[[#Isaacson|Isaacson (2023)]], p. 16.</ref> who moved to South Africa in 1950.<ref name="McGreal">{{cite web |last1=McGreal |first1=Chris |title=How the roots of the 'PayPal mafia' extend to apartheid South Africa |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2025/jan/26/elon-musk-peter-thiel-apartheid-south-africa |access-date=January 28, 2025 |website=[[The Guardian]] |date=January 26, 2025 }}</ref>

Elon has a younger brother, [[Kimbal Musk|Kimbal]], a younger sister, [[Tosca Musk|Tosca]], and four paternal half-siblings.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kay |first=Grace |date=September 30, 2023 |title=Elon Musk's dad, 77, says he'd have more kids — but only if he could find a woman under 35 |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-father-errol-musk-have-more-kids-young-woman-2023-9 |access-date=February 23, 2024 |website=[[Business Insider]] |language=en-US |archive-date=February 23, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223104804/https://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-father-errol-musk-have-more-kids-young-woman-2023-9 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Crilly |first=Rob |date=March 25, 2018 |title=Elon Musk's father has baby with step-daughter he has known since she was four |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/03/25/elon-musks-father-has-baby-step-daughter-has-known-since-four/ |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426231132/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/03/25/elon-musks-father-has-baby-step-daughter-has-known-since-four/ |archive-date=April 26, 2021}}</ref><ref name="Usborne-2018" /><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Lieberman |first=Hallie |title=The Musk of Romance |url=https://www.wired.com/story/tosca-musk-romance-passionflix/ |magazine=Wired |access-date=September 2, 2020 |archive-date=September 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200902072608/https://www.wired.com/story/tosca-musk-romance-passionflix/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Musk was [[baptism|baptized]] as a child in the [[Anglican Church of Southern Africa]].<ref name="Higgins2024">{{cite news |last1=Higgins |first1=Tim |title=Elon Musk's Walk With Jesus |url=https://www.wsj.com/tech/elon-musk-religion-christianity-4545dd8b |newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |access-date=February 4, 2025 |date=August 17, 2024 |archive-date=January 14, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250114044519/https://www.wsj.com/tech/elon-musk-religion-christianity-4545dd8b |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Rees2024">{{cite news |last1=Rees |first1=Anna |title=Elon Musk says Christian teachings are 'good and wise' |url=https://premierchristian.news/en/news/article/elon-musk-christian-teachings-are-good-and-wise |publisher=[[Premier Christian Radio|Premier]] |access-date=February 4, 2025 |language=en |date=July 24, 2024 |archive-date=November 2, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241102081238/https://premierchristian.news/en/news/article/elon-musk-christian-teachings-are-good-and-wise |url-status=live}}</ref> Despite both Elon and Errol previously stating that Errol was a part owner of a Zambian emerald mine,<ref name="Smith" /> in 2023, Errol recounted that the deal he made was to receive "a portion of the emeralds produced at three small mines".<ref>{{cite news |last=Mann |first=Jyoti |date=September 11, 2023 |title=Elon Musk really was telling the truth by saying his father Errol never owned an emerald mine, biographer says |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-father-errol-never-owned-emerald-mine-telling-truth-2023-9 |access-date=February 22, 2024 |website=[[Business Insider]] |language=en-US |archive-date=November 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122193226/https://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-father-errol-never-owned-emerald-mine-telling-truth-2023-9 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Crellin |first=Zac |date=September 22, 2023 |title=Elon Musk's Dad Shares Deadly Secrets of Fabled Emerald Mine |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/elon-musks-dad-errol-shares-deadly-secrets-of-the-fabled-emerald-mine-in-zambia |access-date=March 13, 2024 |work=The Daily Beast |language=en |archive-date=March 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313001144/https://www.thedailybeast.com/elon-musks-dad-errol-shares-deadly-secrets-of-the-fabled-emerald-mine-in-zambia |url-status=live}}</ref> Errol was elected to the Pretoria City Council as a representative of the anti-apartheid [[Progressive Party (South Africa)|Progressive Party]] and has said that his children shared their father's dislike of [[apartheid]].<ref name="Eligon-2022">{{Cite news |last1=Eligon |first1=John |last2=Chutel |first2=Lynsey |date=May 5, 2022 |title=Elon Musk Left a South Africa That Was Rife With Misinformation and White Privilege |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/05/world/africa/elon-musk-south-africa.html |access-date=May 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111015804/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/05/world/africa/elon-musk-south-africa.html |archive-date=November 11, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>

After his parents divorced in 1979, Elon, aged around 9, chose to live with his father because Errol Musk had an ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' and a computer.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cao |first=Sissi |date=January 7, 2020 |title=At 71, Elon Musk's Model Mom, Maye Musk, Is at Her Peak as a Style Icon |url=https://observer.com/2020/01/elon-musk-mother-maye-model-dietician-interview-book-women-self-help/ |access-date=June 30, 2023 |website=Observer |language=en-US |archive-date=June 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630122429/https://observer.com/2020/01/elon-musk-mother-maye-model-dietician-interview-book-women-self-help/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="sjmn20140411" /><ref name="Isaacson" /> Elon later regretted his decision and became estranged from his father.<ref name="rollingstone20171115">{{cite magazine |last=Strauss |first=Neil |title=Elon Musk: The Architect of Tomorrow |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/features/elon-musk-inventors-plans-for-outer-space-cars-finding-love-w511747 |access-date=November 15, 2017 |magazine=Rolling Stone |date=November 15, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817165150/https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/elon-musk-the-architect-of-tomorrow-120850/ |archive-date=August 17, 2020}}</ref> Elon has recounted trips to a wilderness school that he described as a "paramilitary ''[[Lord of the Flies]]''" where "bullying was a virtue" and children were encouraged to fight over rations.<ref>{{cite news |title=Does Elon Musk have PTSD? Biographer Walter Isaacson says the billionaire's turbulent childhood with an abusive father left him scarred |url=https://fortune.com/well/2023/09/17/does-elon-musk-have-ptsd-walter-isaacson-biography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615085723/https://fortune.com/well/2023/09/17/does-elon-musk-have-ptsd-walter-isaacson-biography/ |archive-date=June 15, 2024 |access-date=June 15, 2024}}</ref> In one incident, after an altercation with a fellow pupil, Elon was thrown down concrete steps and beaten severely, leading to him being hospitalized for his injuries.<ref name="Isaacson23">[[#Isaacson|Isaacson (2023)]], pp. 2–3.</ref> Elon described his father berating him after he was discharged from the hospital.<ref name="Isaacson23" /> Errol denied berating Elon and claimed, "The [other] boy had just lost his father to suicide, and Elon had called him stupid. Elon had a tendency to call people stupid. How could I possibly blame that child?"<ref name="Bhaimiya">{{cite news |last=Bhaimiya |first=Sawdah |title=Errol Musk denies berating his son after an attack at school put Elon Musk in hospital |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-dad-errol-denies-berating-him-after-attack-school-2023-9 |access-date=December 5, 2023 |website=[[Business Insider]] |language=en-US |archive-date=December 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205050228/https://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-dad-errol-denies-berating-him-after-attack-school-2023-9 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Elon was an enthusiastic reader of books, and had attributed his success in part to having read ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', the [[Foundation (book series)|''Foundation'' series]], and [[The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (novel)|''The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy'']].<ref name="NewYorker2009" /><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/02/21/elon-musk-recommends-science-fiction-book-series-that-inspired-spacex.html |title=Elon Musk shares the science fiction book series that inspired him to start SpaceX |date=February 22, 2020 |publisher=[[CNBC]] |access-date=November 9, 2023 |archive-date=November 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104000623/https://www.cnbc.com/2020/02/21/elon-musk-recommends-science-fiction-book-series-that-inspired-spacex.html |url-status=live}}</ref> At age ten, he developed an interest in computing and video games, teaching himself how to program from the [[VIC-20]] user manual.<ref name="Vance">[[#Vance|Vance (2017)]], p. 38.</ref> At age twelve, Elon sold his [[BASIC]]-based game ''Blastar'' to ''PC and Office Technology'' magazine for approximately $500 ({{Inflation|index=US|value=500|start_year=1983|r=-2|fmt=eq}}).<ref name="play">{{cite news |last=O'Kane |first=Sean |url=https://www.theverge.com/2015/6/9/8752333/elon-musk-blastar-pc-game |title=Play the PC game Elon Musk wrote as a pre-teen |date=June 9, 2015 |work=The Verge |access-date=January 12, 2019 |archive-date=February 7, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207202036/https://www.theverge.com/2015/6/9/8752333/elon-musk-blastar-pc-game |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[[#Belfiore|Belfiore (2007)]], pp. 166–195.</ref>

===Education===
[[File:PBHS-facade.jpg|thumb|alt=An ornate school building|Musk graduated from [[Pretoria Boys High School]] in South Africa.]]
Musk attended [[Waterkloof House Preparatory School]], [[Bryanston High School]], and then [[Pretoria Boys High School]], where he graduated.<ref name="slate20191204">{{cite news |last=Mak |first=Aaron |date=December 4, 2019 |title=Elon Musk Says 'Pedo Guy' Was a Common Insult in His Youth. We Checked With His Schoolmates. |work=Slate |url=https://slate.com/technology/2019/12/elon-musk-trial-pedo-guy-diver-lawsuit.html |access-date=December 7, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006045204/https://slate.com/technology/2019/12/elon-musk-trial-pedo-guy-diver-lawsuit.html |archive-date=October 6, 2020}}</ref> Musk was a decent but unexceptional student, earning a 61/100 in [[Afrikaans]] and a B on his senior math certification.<ref>[[#Isaacson|Isaacson (2023)]], p. 26.</ref> Musk applied for a Canadian passport [[Jus sanguinis|through]] his Canadian-born mother to avoid South Africa's [[Conscription in South Africa|mandatory military service]],<ref name="arrived" /><ref>[[#Vance|Vance (2017)]], p. 44. ''Musk's opportunity to flee arrived with a change in the law that allowed Maye to pass her Canadian citizenship to her children.''</ref> which would have forced him to participate in the apartheid regime,<ref name="Eligon-2022" /> as well as to ease his path to immigration to the United States.<ref name="Esquire">{{cite news |last=Junod |first=Tom |author-link=Tom Junod |date=November 15, 2012 |title=Elon Musk: Triumph of His Will |work=Esquire |url=https://www.esquire.com/news-politics/a16681/elon-musk-interview-1212/ |access-date=May 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818171231/https://www.esquire.com/news-politics/a16681/elon-musk-interview-1212/ |archive-date=August 18, 2020}}</ref> While waiting for his application to be processed, he attended the [[University of Pretoria]] for five months.<ref>[[#Vance|Vance (2017)]], pp. 43–44. ''What rarely gets mentioned is that Musk attended the University of Pretoria for five months before heading off on his grand adventure.{{nbsp}}... Musk characterized the time at university as just something to do while he awaited his Canadian documentation.''</ref>

Musk arrived in Canada in June 1989, connected with a second cousin in [[Saskatchewan]],<ref>[[#Vance|Vance (2017)]], p. 45. ''After a 1,900-mile bus ride, he ended up in Swift Current, a town of fifteen thousand people. Musk called a second cousin out of the blue from the bus station and hitched a ride to his house.''</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Minks |first1=Caroline |title=How did Elon Musk become a Canadian citizen? |url=https://www.cicnews.com/2025/03/how-did-elon-musk-become-a-canadian-citizen-0352253.html#gs.k94fdp |website=CIC News |access-date=March 13, 2025 |date=March 4, 2025}}</ref> and worked odd jobs, including at a farm and a lumber mill.<ref>[[#Vance|Vance (2017)]], p. 46. ''Musk spent the next year working a series of odd jobs around Canada. He tended vegetables and shoved out grain bins at a cousin's farm located in the tiny town of Waldeck.{{nbsp}}... He inquired about the job with the best wage, which turned out to be a gig cleaning the boiler room of a lumber mill for eighteen dollars an hour.''</ref> In 1990, he entered [[Queen's University at Kingston|Queen's University]] in [[Kingston, Ontario]].<ref>[[#Vance|Vance (2017)]], pp. 46–47. ''Elon ended up enrolling at Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario, in 1989.''</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Locke |first=Taylor |date=December 20, 2019 |title=Elon Musk's college pal: This is what 'differentiates Elon from the rest of humanity' |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/12/20/elon-musks-college-friend-on-why-hes-different-from-everyone-else.html |publisher=CNBC |access-date=January 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201214162910/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/12/20/elon-musks-college-friend-on-why-hes-different-from-everyone-else.html |archive-date=December 14, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> Two years later, he transferred to the [[University of Pennsylvania]], where he studied until 1995.<ref name=":6" /> Although Musk has said that he earned his degrees in 1995, the University of Pennsylvania did not award them until 1997 – a [[Bachelor of Arts]] in physics and a [[Bachelor of Science]] in economics from the university's [[Wharton School]].<ref name="Vance368">[[#Vance|Vance (2017)]], p. 368. ''Musk produced a document for me dated June 22, 2009, that came from Judith Haccou, the director of graduate admissions in the office of the registrar at Stanford University. It read, "As per special request from my colleagues in the School of Engineering, I have searched Stanford's admission data base and acknowledge that you applied and were admitted to the graduate program in Material Science Engineering in 1995. Since you did not enroll, Stanford is not able to issue you an official certification document." Musk also had an explanation for the weird timing on his degrees from Penn. "I had a History and an English credit that I agreed with Penn that I would do at Stanford," he said. "The I put Stanford on deferment. Later, Penn's requirements changed so that you don't need the English and History credit. So they awarded me the degree in '97 when it was clear I was not going to go to grad school, and their requirement was no longer there."''</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Kasprak |first=Alex |date=December 21, 2022 |title=Does Elon Musk Have an Undergraduate Degree in Physics? |url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/musk-physics-degree/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221223061035/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/musk-physics-degree/ |archive-date=December 23, 2022 |access-date=December 23, 2022 |website=Snopes}}</ref><ref name="VanceA1">[[#Vance|Vance (2017)]], Appendix 1. ''I called Penn's registrar and verified these findings. Copies of Musk's records show that he received a dual degree in economics and physics in May 1997. O'Reilly also subpoenaed the registrar's office at Stanford to verify Musk's admittance in 1995 for his doctorate work in physics. "Based on the information you provided, we are unable to locate a record in our office for Elon Musk," wrote the director of graduate admissions.''</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=SpaceX, founded by Penn graduate Elon Musk, launches U.S. astronauts into space |url=https://www.thedp.com/article/2020/05/penn-elon-musk-space-x-rocket-launch |last=Meisenzahl |first=Elizabeth |work=The Daily Pennsylvanian |access-date=June 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807065913/https://www.thedp.com/article/2020/05/penn-elon-musk-space-x-rocket-launch |archive-date=August 7, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=McCray |first=Patrick W. |date=June 11, 2012 |title=A pioneer in space and on Earth |publisher=[[CNN]] |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2012/06/10/opinion/mccray-elon-musk |access-date=November 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128042147/https://edition.cnn.com/2012/06/10/opinion/mccray-elon-musk |archive-date=November 28, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> He reportedly hosted large, ticketed house parties to help pay for tuition, and wrote a business plan for an electronic book-scanning service similar to [[Google Books]].<ref name="ironman">{{cite news |last=Hern |first=Alex |date=February 9, 2018 |title=Elon Musk: the real-life Iron Man |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/feb/09/elon-musk-the-real-life-iron-man |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=November 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611112311/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/feb/09/elon-musk-the-real-life-iron-man |archive-date=June 11, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1994, Musk held two internships in [[Silicon Valley]]: one at energy storage startup Pinnacle Research Institute, which investigated electrolytic [[supercapacitor]]s for energy storage, and another at [[Palo Alto, California|Palo Alto]]–based startup [[Rocket Science Games]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/07/09/how-internships-helped-elon-musk-figure-out-his-future.html |title=How internships helped Elon Musk figure out his future |publisher=CNBC |date=July 16, 2018 |access-date=December 28, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228213526/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/07/09/how-internships-helped-elon-musk-figure-out-his-future.html |archive-date=December 28, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Soni |first=Jimmi |date=February 22, 2022 |title=The little-known story about Elon Musk's first post-grad internship |url=https://fortune.com/longform/book-excerpt-paypal-founders-elon-musk-max-levchin/ |work=Fortune |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307163632/https://fortune.com/longform/book-excerpt-paypal-founders-elon-musk-max-levchin/ |archive-date=March 7, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1995, he was accepted to a graduate program in [[materials science]] at [[Stanford University]], but did not enroll.<ref name="VanceA1" /><ref name="Vance368" /><ref name="Sacchetti1026" /> Musk decided to join the [[Dot-com bubble|Internet boom]] of the 1990s, applying for a job at [[Netscape]], to which he reportedly never received a response.<ref>{{cite news |last=Maidment |first=Paul |date=March 15, 2016 |title=7 college dropouts who made millions |publisher=CNBC |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2014/11/03/college-dropouts-who-made-millions.html |access-date=September 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515143817/https://www.cnbc.com/2014/11/03/college-dropouts-who-made-millions.html |archive-date=May 15, 2020}}</ref><ref name="arrived">{{cite news |last=Clifford |first=Catherine |date=June 12, 2018 |title=Multi-billionaire Elon Musk: 'I arrived in North America at 17 with $2,000' |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/06/12/telsas-elon-musk-tweets-he-arrived-in-north-america-at-17-with-2000.html |publisher=CNBC |access-date=September 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802083529/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/06/12/telsas-elon-musk-tweets-he-arrived-in-north-america-at-17-with-2000.html |archive-date=August 2, 2020}}</ref> ''[[The Washington Post]]'' reported that Musk lacked legal authorization to remain and work in the United States after failing to enroll at Stanford.<ref name="Sacchetti1026">{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2024/10/26/elon-musk-immigration-status/ |title=Elon Musk, enemy of 'open borders', launched his career working illegally |first1=Maria |last1=Sacchetti |first2=Faiz |last2=Siddiqui |first3=Nick |last3=Miroff |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=October 26, 2024 |access-date=October 26, 2024}}</ref> In response, Musk said he was allowed to work at that time and that his student visa transitioned to an [[H-1B visa|H1-B]]. According to numerous former business associates and shareholders, Musk said he was on a student visa at the time.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Siddiqui |first1=Faiz |last2=Miroff |first2=Nick |date=October 27, 2024 |title=Elon Musk claims student visa permitted him to work in U.S. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2024/10/27/elon-musk-immigration/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=February 1, 2025}}</ref>

==Business career==
{{main|Business career of Elon Musk}}

===Zip2===
{{Main|Zip2}}

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In 1995, Musk, his brother [[Kimbal]], and Greg Kouri founded the web software company [[Zip2]] with funding from a group of angel investors.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Horowitz |first1=David |title=The Radical Mind: The Destructive Plans of the Woke Left |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3fvYEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT96 |publisher=Humanix Books |date=November 14, 2023 |isbn=978-1-63006-268-2 |language=en}}</ref> They housed the venture at a small rented office in Palo Alto.<ref name="shower" /> Replying to ''[[Rolling Stone]]'', Musk denounced the notion that they started their company with funds borrowed from Elon's father Errol Musk,<ref name="rollingstone20171115" /> but in a tweet, he recognized that his father contributed 10% of a later funding round.<ref name="twitterzip2">{{cite tweet |user=elonmusk |number=1211064937004589056 |date=December 28, 2019 |title=We started Zip2 with ~$2k from me plus my overclocked home-built PC, ~$5k from my bro & ~$8k from Greg Kouri (such a good guy — he is greatly missed). My Dad provided 10% of a ~$200k angel funding round much later, but by then risk was reduced & round would've happened anyway.}}</ref> The company developed and marketed an Internet city guide for the newspaper publishing industry, with maps, directions, and yellow pages.<ref>{{cite web |title=Entrepreneur of the Year, 2007: Elon Musk |date=December 1, 2007 |first=Max |last=Chafkin |work=Inc. |url=http://www.inc.com/magazine/20071201/entrepreneur-of-the-year-elon-musk.html |access-date=February 22, 2022 |archive-date=December 28, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071228171523/http://www.inc.com/magazine/20071201/entrepreneur-of-the-year-elon-musk.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

According to Musk, "The website was up during the day and I was coding it at night, seven days a week, all the time."<ref name="shower" /> To impress investors, Musk built a large plastic structure around a standard computer to create the impression that Zip2 was powered by a small supercomputer.{{Sfn|Vance|2017|p=64}} The Musk brothers obtained contracts with ''[[The New York Times]]'' and the ''[[Chicago Tribune]],''<ref>{{cite web |title=Zip2 Founder Launches 2nd Firm: Readies Financial Supersite. – Free Online Library |url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Zip2+Founder+Launches+2nd+Firm:+Readies+Financial+Supersite.-a055603529 |access-date=April 12, 2021 |website=thefreelibrary.com |archive-date=April 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412062317/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Zip2+Founder+Launches+2nd+Firm:+Readies+Financial+Supersite.-a055603529 |url-status=live}}</ref> and persuaded the board of directors to abandon plans for a merger with [[CitySearch]].<ref>[[#Kidder|Kidder (2013)]], pp. 224–228.</ref> Musk's attempts to become CEO were thwarted by the board.<ref>[[#Vance|Vance (2017)]], p. 67.</ref> [[Compaq]] acquired Zip2 for $307 million in cash in February 1999 ({{Inflation|index=US|value=307000000|start_year=1999|r=-7|fmt=eq}}),<ref>[[#Vance|Vance (2017)]], p. 14.</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.cnet.com/Compaq+buys+Zip2/2100-1023_3-221675.html |title=Compaq buys Zip2 |first=Sandeep |last=Junnarkar |publisher=CNET |date=February 16, 1999 |access-date=December 13, 2020 |archive-date=October 21, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021004422/http://news.cnet.com/Compaq+buys+Zip2/2100-1023_3-221675.html |url-status=live}}</ref> and Musk received $22 million ({{Inflation|index=US|value=22000000|start_year=1999|r=-6|fmt=eq}}) for his 7-percent share.<ref name="Vance109">[[#Vance|Vance (2017)]], p. 109.</ref>

===X.com and PayPal===
{{Main|X.com (bank)|PayPal|PayPal Mafia}}

In 1999, Musk co-founded [[X.com (bank)|X.com]], an online financial services and e-mail payment company.<ref>[[#Vance|Vance (2017)]], p. 78.</ref> The startup was one of the first [[Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation|federally insured]] online banks, and, in its initial months of operation, over 200,000 customers joined the service.<ref>[[#Vance|Vance (2017)]], p. 84.</ref> The company's investors regarded Musk as inexperienced and replaced him with [[Intuit]] CEO Bill Harris by the end of the year.<ref name="vance86">[[#Vance|Vance (2017)]], p. 86.</ref> The following year, X.com merged with online bank [[Confinity]] to avoid competition.<ref name="shower">{{cite news |last=Huddlestone |first=Tom Jr. |date=June 19, 2018 |title=Elon Musk slept on his office couch and 'showered at the YMCA' while starting his first company |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/06/19/how-elon-musk-founded-zip2-with-his-brother-kimbal.html |publisher=CNBC |access-date=September 4, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818205314/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/06/19/how-elon-musk-founded-zip2-with-his-brother-kimbal.html |archive-date=August 18, 2020}}</ref><ref name="vance86" /><ref>[[#Jackson|Jackson (2004)]], pp. 40, 69, 130, 163.</ref> Founded by [[Max Levchin]] and [[Peter Thiel]],<ref>[[#Vance|Vance (2017)]], p. 85.</ref> Confinity had its own money-transfer service, [[PayPal]], which was more popular than X.com's service.<ref>[[#Vance|Vance (2017)]], pp. 85–86.</ref>

Within the merged company, Musk returned as CEO. Musk's preference for [[Microsoft]] software over [[Unix]] created a rift in the company and caused Thiel to resign.<ref>[[#Vance|Vance (2017)]], pp. 86–87.</ref> Due to resulting technological issues and lack of a cohesive business model, the board ousted Musk and replaced him with Thiel in 2000.<ref>[[#Vance|Vance (2017)]], pp. 87–88.</ref>{{efn|Musk remained on the board and served as an advisor.<ref>{{cite news |title=The PayPal Mafia |url=http://fortune.com/2007/11/13/paypal-mafia/ |work=Fortune |access-date=July 4, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170523114437/http://fortune.com/2007/11/13/paypal-mafia/ |archive-date=May 23, 2017}}</ref><ref name="vance89">[[#Vance|Vance (2017)]], p. 89.</ref>}} Under Thiel, the company focused on the PayPal service and was renamed PayPal in 2001.<ref name="vance89" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Odell |first=Mark |url=https://www.ft.com/content/86432398-4897-11e4-9d04-00144feab7de |title=Timeline: The rise of PayPal |work=Financial Times |date=September 30, 2014 |access-date=April 3, 2020 |archive-date=June 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622163106/https://www.ft.com/content/86432398-4897-11e4-9d04-00144feab7de |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2002, PayPal was acquired by [[eBay]] for $1.5 billion ({{Inflation|index=US|value=1500000000|start_year=2002|r=-8|fmt=eq}}) in stock, of which Musk—the largest shareholder with 11.72% of shares—received $175.8 million ({{Inflation|index=US|value=178500000|start_year=2002|r=-7|fmt=eq}}).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1103415/000091205702009834/a2073071z10-k405.htm |publisher=PayPal |title=SEC 10-K |date=December 31, 2001 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200825231531/https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1103415/000091205702009834/a2073071z10-k405.htm |archive-date=August 25, 2020}}</ref><ref>[[#Vance|Vance (2017)]], pp. 116.</ref> In 2017, Musk purchased the domain X.com from PayPal for an undisclosed amount, stating that it had sentimental value.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://qz.com/1026167/elon-musk-just-bought-x-com-the-domain-he-once-owned-from-paypal/ |title=Elon Musk bought a web domain worth millions with "sentimental value" to him |last=Huang |first=Echo |work=Quartz |access-date=April 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625174509/https://qz.com/1026167/elon-musk-just-bought-x-com-the-domain-he-once-owned-from-paypal/ |archive-date=June 25, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Statt |first=Nick |date=July 10, 2017 |title=Elon Musk now owns X.com, the defunct domain of his second startup |url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/7/10/15949862/elon-musk-x-com-paypal-tesla-spacex-domain-name |work=The Verge |publisher=Vox Media |access-date=September 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625193958/https://www.theverge.com/2017/7/10/15949862/elon-musk-x-com-paypal-tesla-spacex-domain-name |archive-date=June 25, 2020}}</ref>

===SpaceX===
{{Main|SpaceX}}

[[File:President Obama Tours SpaceX with Elon Musk (FOIA -22-16594-F).webm|thumb|thumbtime=1:46|Musk tours SpaceX with President [[Barack Obama]] in 2010.]]
[[File: SpaceX CEO Elon Musk visits N&NC and AFSPC (190416-F-ZZ999-006) (cropped).jpg|thumb|150px|Musk explains [[SpaceX Starship|Starship]] capabilities to leaders of [[NORAD|North American Aerospace Defense Command]], U.S. Northern Command, and [[Space Operations Command|Air Force Space Command]] in 2019.]]
In 2001, Musk became involved with the nonprofit [[Mars Society]] and discussed funding plans to place a [[Space farming|growth-chamber for plants]] on [[Mars]].<ref>[[#Vance|Vance (2017)]], pp. 99, 102–103.</ref> Seeking a way to launch the greenhouse payloads into space, Musk made two unsuccessful trips to Moscow to purchase [[intercontinental ballistic missiles]] (ICBMs) from Russian companies [[NPO Lavochkin]] and [[Kosmotras]]. Musk instead decided to start a company to build affordable rockets.<ref name="Vance-2015">{{Cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2015-elon-musk-spacex/ |title=Elon Musk's space dream almost killed Tesla |date=May 14, 2015 |access-date=June 7, 2015 |work=Bloomberg |last=Vance |first=Ashlee |archive-date=February 23, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223011256/https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2015-elon-musk-spacex/ |url-status=live}}</ref> With $100 million of his early fortune,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/05/business/yourmoney/05rocket.html |title=A Bold Plan to Go Where Men Have Gone Before |date=February 5, 2006 |first=Leslie |last=Wayne |work=The New York Times |access-date=February 16, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412130718/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/05/business/yourmoney/a-bold-plan-to-go-where-men-have-gone-before.html |archive-date=April 12, 2020}}</ref> ({{Inflation|index=US|value=100000000|start_year=2002|r=-7|fmt=eq}}) Musk founded SpaceX in May 2002 and became the company's CEO and Chief Engineer.<ref>{{citation |title=California Business Search (C2414622 – Space Exploration Technologies Corp) |url=https://businesssearch.sos.ca.gov/ |access-date=December 13, 2020 |archive-date=February 23, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223134214/https://businesssearch.sos.ca.gov/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Koren |first1=Marina |title=Elon Musk Is Maybe, Actually, Strangely, Going to Do This Mars Thing |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2021/05/elon-musk-spacex-starship-launch/618781/ |work=The Atlantic |date=May 6, 2021 |access-date=June 8, 2022 |archive-date=May 31, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531065250/https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2021/05/elon-musk-spacex-starship-launch/618781/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

SpaceX attempted its first launch of the [[Falcon 1]] rocket in 2006.{{sfnp|Berger|2021|pages=178–182}} Although the rocket failed to reach [[Geocentric orbit|Earth orbit]], it was awarded a [[Commercial Orbital Transportation Services]] program contract from [[NASA]], then led by [[Michael D. Griffin|Mike Griffin]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Tariq |last=Malik |title=Griffin Reiterates NASA's Commitment to Commercial Cargo, Space News |url=https://spacenews.com/griffin-reiterates-commitment-commercial-services/ |date=November 21, 2005 |access-date=October 29, 2022 |archive-date=June 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619022231/https://spacenews.com/griffin-reiterates-commitment-commercial-services/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |last1=Dunbar |first1=Brian |title=NASA Invests in Private Sector Space Flight with SpaceX, Rocketplane-Kistler |publisher=NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/exploration/news/COTS_selection.html |access-date=December 2, 2021 |url-status=live |archive-date=September 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908075306/https://www.nasa.gov/exploration/news/COTS_selection.html}}</ref> After two more failed attempts that nearly caused Musk to go bankrupt,{{sfnp|Berger|2021|pages=178–182}} SpaceX succeeded in launching the Falcon 1 into orbit in 2008.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ledur |first=Júlia |date=May 1, 2019 |title=Falcon Flights |url=https://graphics.reuters.com/SPACE-EXPLORATION-SPACEX/010091Q82NF/index.html |publisher=Reuters |access-date=February 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210212334/https://graphics.reuters.com/SPACE-EXPLORATION-SPACEX/010091Q82NF/index.html |archive-date=February 10, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> Later that year, SpaceX received a $1.6 billion NASA contract ({{Inflation|index=US|value=1600000000|start_year=2008|r=-8|fmt=eq}}) for [[Falcon 9]]-launched [[SpaceX Dragon|Dragon spacecraft]] flights to the [[International Space Station]] (ISS), replacing the [[Space Shuttle]] after its 2011 [[Space Shuttle retirement|retirement]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |date=May 22, 2012 |title=Big Day for a Space Entrepreneur Promising More |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/23/science/space/spacexs-private-cargo-rocket-heads-to-space-station.html |work=The New York Times |access-date=January 11, 2021 |archive-date=July 1, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701083413/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/23/science/space/spacexs-private-cargo-rocket-heads-to-space-station.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2012, the Dragon vehicle docked [[SpaceX COTS Demo Flight 2|with the ISS]], a first for a commercial spacecraft.<ref>{{cite news |last=Harwood |first=William |title=SpaceX Dragon returns to Earth, ends historic trip |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/spacex-dragon-returns-to-earth-ends-historic-trip/ |publisher=CBS News |access-date=August 3, 2013 |date=May 31, 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422175931/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/spacex-dragon-returns-to-earth-ends-historic-trip/ |archive-date=April 22, 2016}}</ref>

Working towards its goal of [[SpaceX reusable launch system development program|reusable rockets]], in 2015 SpaceX successfully landed the [[Multistage rocket|first stage]] of a Falcon 9 on a land platform.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-35157782 |title=SpaceX rocket in historic upright landing |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=December 22, 2015 |access-date=June 30, 2016 |archive-date=August 31, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190831131922/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-35157782 |url-status=live}}</ref> Later landings were achieved on [[autonomous spaceport drone ship]]s, an ocean-based recovery platform.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Sean |last=O'Kane |url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/5/27/11787532/spacex-falcon-9-rocket-landing-success-sea-drone-ship |title=SpaceX successfully lands a Falcon 9 rocket at sea for the third time |work=The Verge |date=May 27, 2016 |access-date=June 30, 2016 |archive-date=June 27, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160627232003/http://www.theverge.com/2016/5/27/11787532/spacex-falcon-9-rocket-landing-success-sea-drone-ship |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, SpaceX launched the [[Falcon Heavy]]; the [[Falcon Heavy test flight|inaugural mission]] carried [[Elon Musk's Tesla Roadster|Musk's personal Tesla Roadster]] as a [[boilerplate (spaceflight)|dummy payload]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Drake |first=Nadia |author-link=Nadia Drake |date=February 25, 2018 |title=Elon Musk's Tesla in Space Could Crash into Earth |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2018/02/spacex-falcon-heavy-tesla-roadster-orbit-earth-sun-space/ |work=National Geographic |access-date=February 10, 2021 |archive-date=February 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210212336/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2018/02/spacex-falcon-heavy-tesla-roadster-orbit-earth-sun-space/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Chow |first=Denise |date=November 6, 2019 |title='Starman' and the Tesla Roadster that SpaceX launched into orbit have now cruised beyond Mars |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/mach/science/starman-tesla-roadster-spacex-launched-orbit-have-now-cruised-beyond-ncna931731 |publisher=NBC News |access-date=February 10, 2021 |archive-date=February 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210212335/https://www.nbcnews.com/mach/science/starman-tesla-roadster-spacex-launched-orbit-have-now-cruised-beyond-ncna931731 |url-status=live}}</ref> Since 2019,<ref>{{cite web |last=Berger |first=Eric |date=August 28, 2019 |title=Starhopper aces test, sets up full-scale prototype flights this year |url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2019/08/starhopper-aces-test-sets-up-full-scale-prototype-flights-this-year/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121210349/https://arstechnica.com/science/2019/08/starhopper-aces-test-sets-up-full-scale-prototype-flights-this-year/ |archive-date=January 21, 2021 |access-date=December 15, 2021 |work=Ars Technica}}</ref> SpaceX has been developing [[SpaceX Starship|Starship]], a reusable, [[super heavy-lift launch vehicle]] intended to replace the Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy.<ref name="Roulette-2022">{{cite news |last=Roulette |first=Joey |date=March 28, 2022 |title=SpaceX ending production of flagship crew capsule |url=https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/science/exclusive-spacex-ending-production-flagship-crew-capsule-executive-2022-03-28/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329180139/https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/science/exclusive-spacex-ending-production-flagship-crew-capsule-executive-2022-03-28/ |archive-date=March 29, 2022 |access-date=March 31, 2022 |publisher=Reuters}}</ref> In 2020, SpaceX launched its first crewed flight, the [[Crew Dragon Demo-2|Demo-2]], becoming the first private company to place astronauts into orbit and dock a crewed spacecraft with the ISS.<ref>{{Cite news |title=SpaceX and NASA launch Crew Dragon in Florida: Live updates |url=https://www.cnn.com/business/live-news/spacex-launch-today-may-30/index.html |last=Wattles |first=Jackie |date=May 30, 2020 |publisher=[[CNN]] |access-date=May 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200829112802/https://www.cnn.com/business/live-news/spacex-launch-today-may-30/index.html |archive-date=August 29, 2020}}</ref> In 2024, NASA awarded SpaceX an $843 million ({{Inflation|index=US|value=843000000|start_year=2024|r=-6|fmt=eq}}) contract to build a spacecraft that NASA will use to [[Atmospheric entry|deorbit]] the ISS at the end of its lifespan.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://apnews.com/article/nasa-spacex-contract-international-space-station-339c0b8313073fdf4d9fe22056f3d51c |title=NASA taps Elon Musk's SpaceX to bring International Space Station out of orbit in a few more years |publisher=Associated Press |date=June 26, 2024 |access-date=November 19, 2024 |archive-date=November 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241113072918/https://apnews.com/article/nasa-spacex-contract-international-space-station-339c0b8313073fdf4d9fe22056f3d51c |url-status=live}}</ref>

====Starlink====
{{Main|Starlink}}

{{See also|Starlink in the Russo-Ukrainian War}}
[[File:Starlink Mission (47926144123).jpg|thumb|50 Starlink satellites shortly before deployment to low Earth orbit, 2019]]
In 2015, SpaceX began development of the [[Starlink]] constellation of [[low Earth orbit]] satellites to provide [[satellite Internet access]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Johnson |first1=Eric M. |last2=Roulette |first2=Joey |date=October 31, 2018 |title=Musk shakes up SpaceX in race to make satellite launch window: sources |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-spacex-starlink-insight/musk-shakes-up-spacex-in-race-to-make-satellite-launch-window-sources-idUSKCN1N50FC |publisher=Reuters |access-date=March 28, 2021 |archive-date=May 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518170500/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-spacex-starlink-insight/musk-shakes-up-spacex-in-race-to-make-satellite-launch-window-sources-idUSKCN1N50FC |url-status=live}}</ref> After the launch of prototype satellites in 2018, the first large constellation was deployed in May 2019.<ref name="NYT-20190601">{{cite news |last=Hall |first=Shannon |title=After SpaceX Starlink Launch, a Fear of Satellites That Outnumber All Visible Stars – Images of the Starlink constellation in orbit have rattled astronomers around the world |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/01/science/starlink-spacex-astronomers.html |date=June 1, 2019 |work=The New York Times |access-date=June 1, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200821011421/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/01/science/starlink-spacex-astronomers.html |archive-date=August 21, 2020}}</ref> {{As of|2025|May}}, over 7,600 Starlink satellites are operational,<ref name="sn2674441">{{Cite web |last=McDowell |first=Jonathan |date=January 3, 2024 |title=Starlink Launch Statistics |url=https://planet4589.org/space/con/star/stats.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210003801/https://planet4589.org/space/con/star/stats.html |archive-date=December 10, 2023 |access-date=January 3, 2023 |website=Jonathan's Space Pages}}</ref> comprising 65% of all operational Earth satellites.<ref name="d933">{{cite web |title=Space Statistics |url=https://planet4589.org/space/stats/oactive.html |access-date=June 7, 2025 |website=Jonathan's Space Report}}</ref> The total cost of the decade-long project to design, build, and deploy the constellation was estimated by SpaceX in 2020 to be $10 billion ({{Inflation|index=US|value=10000000000|start_year=2020|r=-9|fmt=eq}}).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shepardson |first1=David |last2=Roulette |first2=Joey |date=July 30, 2020 |title=Taking on SpaceX, Amazon to invest $10 billion in satellite broadband plan |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-amazon-broadband/taking-on-spacex-amazon-to-invest-10-billion-in-satellite-broadband-plan-idUSKCN24V3F2 |publisher=Reuters |access-date=January 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107200559/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-amazon-broadband/taking-on-spacex-amazon-to-invest-10-billion-in-satellite-broadband-plan-idUSKCN24V3F2 |archive-date=January 7, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|SpaceX received nearly $900 million in [[Federal Communications Commission]] subsidies for Starlink.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sheetz |first=Michael |date=December 7, 2020 |title=SpaceX's Starlink wins nearly $900 million in FCC subsidies to bring internet to rural areas |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/12/07/spacex-starlink-wins-nearly-900-million-in-fcc-subsidies-auction.html |publisher=CNBC |access-date=January 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216185501/https://www.cnbc.com/2020/12/07/spacex-starlink-wins-nearly-900-million-in-fcc-subsidies-auction.html |archive-date=December 16, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Wattles |first=Jackie |date=December 8, 2020 |title=SpaceX gets almost $900 million in federal subsidies to deliver broadband to rural America |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/12/08/tech/spacex-starlink-subsidies-fcc-scn/index.html |publisher=[[CNN]] |access-date=January 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201218204918/https://edition.cnn.com/2020/12/08/tech/spacex-starlink-subsidies-fcc-scn/index.html |archive-date=December 18, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>}}

During the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]], Musk provided free [[Starlink in the Russo-Ukrainian War|Starlink service to Ukraine]], permitting Internet access and communication at a yearly cost to SpaceX of $400 million ({{Inflation|index=US|value=400000000|start_year=2022|r=-7|fmt=eq}}).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sheetz |first=Michael |date=March 22, 2022 |title=Elon Musk's SpaceX sent thousands of Starlink satellite internet dishes to Ukraine, company's president says |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/03/22/elon-musk-spacex-thousands-of-starlink-satellite-dishes-sent-to-ukraine.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327034400/https://www.cnbc.com/2022/03/22/elon-musk-spacex-thousands-of-starlink-satellite-dishes-sent-to-ukraine.html |archive-date=March 27, 2022 |access-date=March 28, 2022 |publisher=CNBC}}</ref><ref name="CNN 2022-10-13">{{Cite news |last=Marquardt |first=Alex |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2022/10/13/politics/elon-musk-spacex-starlink-ukraine/ |title=Exclusive: Musk's SpaceX says it can no longer pay for critical satellite services in Ukraine, asks Pentagon to pick up the tab |date=October 13, 2022 |publisher=[[CNN]] |access-date=October 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024113222/https://edition.cnn.com/2022/10/13/politics/elon-musk-spacex-starlink-ukraine |archive-date=October 24, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Capoot |first=Ashley |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/10/15/elon-musk-tweets-on-starlink-well-just-keep-funding-ukraine-govt-for-free.html |title='The hell with it': Elon Musk tweets SpaceX will 'keep funding Ukraine govt for free' amid Starlink controversy |date=October 15, 2022 |publisher=CNBC |access-date=October 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103145419/https://www.cnbc.com/2022/10/15/elon-musk-tweets-on-starlink-well-just-keep-funding-ukraine-govt-for-free.html |archive-date=November 3, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Hern |first=Alex |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-63266142 |title=Musk says SpaceX will keep funding Ukraine Starlink internet |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=October 15, 2022 |access-date=October 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205043912/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-63266142 |archive-date=December 5, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/oct/15/the-hell-with-it-elon-musk-says-spacex-will-fund-starlink-internet-in-ukraine |title=Elon Musk says SpaceX will keep funding Starlink internet in Ukraine |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=October 16, 2022 |access-date=October 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024192858/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/oct/15/the-hell-with-it-elon-musk-says-spacex-will-fund-starlink-internet-in-ukraine |archive-date=October 24, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> However, Musk refused to block [[Mass media in Russia|Russian state media]] on Starlink.<ref>{{Cite news |date=March 6, 2022 |title=SpaceX's Musk says Starlink has been told by some governments to block Russian news |publisher=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/spacexs-musk-says-starlink-has-been-told-by-some-governments-block-russian-news-2022-03-05/ |url-status=live |access-date=April 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404103321/https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/spacexs-musk-says-starlink-has-been-told-by-some-governments-block-russian-news-2022-03-05/ |archive-date=April 4, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Porter |first=Jon |date=April 4, 2022 |title=Elon Musk buys 9.2 percent of Twitter amid complaints about free speech |work=The Verge |url=https://www.theverge.com/2022/4/4/23009622/elon-musk-twitter-shares-free-speech |url-status=live |access-date=April 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404232458/https://www.theverge.com/2022/4/4/23009622/elon-musk-twitter-shares-free-speech |archive-date=April 4, 2022}}</ref> In 2023, Musk denied Ukraine's request to activate Starlink over [[Crimea]] to aid an attack against the Russian navy, citing fears of a nuclear response.<ref name="Copp 2023 b431">{{cite news |last=Copp |first=Tara |title=Elon Musk's refusal to have Starlink support Ukraine attack in Crimea raises questions for Pentagon |publisher=Associated Press |date=September 11, 2023 |url=https://apnews.com/article/spacex-ukraine-starlink-russia-air-force-fde93d9a69d7dbd1326022ecfdbc53c2 |access-date=February 29, 2024 |archive-date=February 29, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229193731/https://apnews.com/article/spacex-ukraine-starlink-russia-air-force-fde93d9a69d7dbd1326022ecfdbc53c2 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=September 8, 2023 |title=Elon Musk sabotaged Ukrainian attack on Russian fleet in Crimea by turning off Starlink, new book says |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/elon-musk-ukraine-starlink-russia-crimea-war-drone-submarine-attack-sabotage/ |access-date=April 16, 2024 |work=Politico |archive-date=February 5, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205192858/https://www.politico.eu/article/elon-musk-ukraine-starlink-russia-crimea-war-drone-submarine-attack-sabotage/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Platt |first=Kevin Holden |title=Space Experts Debate How To De-Escalate Russian Threats Of Orbital War |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kevinholdenplatt/2024/04/16/space-experts-debate-how-to-de-escalate-russian-threats-of-orbital-war/ |access-date=April 16, 2024 |work=Forbes |archive-date=April 16, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416234159/https://www.forbes.com/sites/kevinholdenplatt/2024/04/16/space-experts-debate-how-to-de-escalate-russian-threats-of-orbital-war/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Tesla===
{{Main|Tesla, Inc.}}

[[File:Elon Musk, Tesla Factory, Fremont (CA, USA) (8765031426).jpg|alt=Musks stands, arms crossed and grinning, before a Tesla Model S|thumb|Musk next to a [[Tesla Model S]], 2011]]
[[Tesla, Inc.]], originally Tesla Motors, was incorporated in July 2003 by [[Martin Eberhard]] and [[Marc Tarpenning]]. Both men played active roles in the company's early development prior to Musk's involvement.<ref name="timelinefacts">{{cite news |last=Reed |first=Eric |title=History of Tesla: Timeline and Facts |url=https://www.thestreet.com/technology/history-of-tesla-15088992 |work=[[TheStreet]] |date=February 4, 2020 |access-date=January 10, 2023 |archive-date=December 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220161321/https://www.thestreet.com/technology/history-of-tesla-15088992 |url-status=live}}</ref> Musk led the [[Series A round]] of investment in February 2004; he invested $6.35 million ({{Inflation|index=US|value=6350000|start_year=2004|r=-6|fmt=eq}}), became the majority shareholder, and joined Tesla's board of directors as chairman.<ref>[[#Vance|Vance (2017)]], pp. 153–154.</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=July 28, 2009 |title=Electric vehicle pioneer hits more bumps |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna32188170 |access-date=June 16, 2024 |publisher=NBC News |language=en}}</ref> Musk took an active role within the company and oversaw [[Tesla Roadster (first generation)|Roadster]] product design, but was not deeply involved in day-to-day business operations.<ref>[[#Vance|Vance (2017)]], p. 159.</ref> Following a series of escalating conflicts in 2007 and the [[2008 financial crisis]], Eberhard was ousted from the firm.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schilling |first=Melissa |author-link=Melissa Schilling |title=[[Quirky: The remarkable story of the traits, foibles, and genius of breakthrough innovators who changed the world]] |publisher=PublicAffairs |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-61039-792-6}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=September 2022}}<ref>{{cite news |first=Chris |last=Morrison |date=October 15, 2008 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/external/venturebeat/2008/10/15/15venturebeat-elon-musk-steps-in-as-ceo-at-tesla-lays-off-99182.html |title=Musk steps in as CEO |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=December 13, 2020 |archive-date=February 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204120521/http://www.nytimes.com/external/venturebeat/2008/10/15/15venturebeat-elon-musk-steps-in-as-ceo-at-tesla-lays-off-99182.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Musk assumed leadership of the company as CEO and product architect in 2008.<ref>{{cite web |date=August 13, 2020 |title=Elon Musk: The Story of a Maverick |url=https://interestingengineering.com/elon-musk-the-story-of-a-maverick |access-date=April 3, 2021 |website=interestingengineering.com |archive-date=March 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210316052411/https://interestingengineering.com/elon-musk-the-story-of-a-maverick |url-status=live}}</ref> A 2009 lawsuit settlement with Eberhard designated Musk as a Tesla co-founder, along with Tarpenning and two others.<ref name="CNET">{{Cite news |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/tesla-motors-founders-now-there-are-five/ |title=Tesla Motors founders: Now there are five |last=LaMonica |first=Martin |publisher=CNET |date=September 2009 |access-date=April 17, 2020 |quote=Tesla Motors and co-founder Martin Eberhard announced an agreement over who can claim to be a founder of the company on Monday. |archive-date=November 15, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115134134/https://www.cnet.com/news/tesla-motors-founders-now-there-are-five/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="FastCompany">{{cite web |url=https://www.fastcompany.com/1367866/tesla-lawsuit-drama-ends-five-company-founders-emerge |title=Tesla Lawsuit Drama Ends as Five Company Founders Emerge |last=Schwartz |first=Ariel |date=September 21, 2009 |website=Fast Company |access-date=April 14, 2020 |quote=Eberhard and Musk have reached a rather unexpected resolution–instead of agreeing to share the title of "founder", the pair has designated five people as company founders, including Musk, Eberhard, JB Straubel, Mark Tarpenning, and Ian Wright. |archive-date=June 6, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150606120247/https://www.fastcompany.com/1367866/tesla-lawsuit-drama-ends-five-company-founders-emerge |url-status=live}}</ref>

Tesla began delivery of the Roadster, an electric sports car, in 2008. With sales of about 2,500 vehicles, it was the first [[mass production]] all-electric car to use [[lithium-ion battery]] cells.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wilson |first=Kevin A. |date=March 15, 2018 |title=Worth the Watt: A Brief History of the Electric Car, 1830 to Present |url=https://www.caranddriver.com/features/g15378765/worth-the-watt-a-brief-history-of-the-electric-car-1830-to-present |access-date=March 30, 2021 |work=Car and Driver |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210317062346/https://www.caranddriver.com/features/g15378765/worth-the-watt-a-brief-history-of-the-electric-car-1830-to-present/ |archive-date=March 17, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> Under Musk, Tesla has since launched several well-selling electric vehicles, including the four-door sedan [[Tesla Model S|Model S]] (2012), the [[Crossover (automobile)|crossover]] [[Tesla Model X|Model X]] (2015), the mass-market sedan [[Tesla Model 3|Model 3]] (2017), the crossover [[Tesla Model Y|Model Y]] (2020), and the pickup truck [[Tesla Cybertruck|Cybertruck]] (2023).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mercurynews.com/business/ci_20919722/silicon-valley-milestone-tesla-motors-begins-delivering-model?refresh=no |title=In a Silicon Valley milestone, Tesla Motors begins delivering Model S electric cars |first=John |last=Boudreau |work=The Mercury News |date=June 22, 2012 |access-date=June 22, 2012 |url-status=live |archive-date=November 24, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121124040454/http://www.mercurynews.com/business/ci_20919722/silicon-valley-milestone-tesla-motors-begins-delivering-model?refresh=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Ruddick |first=Graham |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2015/sep/30/tesla-model-x-electric-car-launch-falcon-wings-suv |title=Tesla's Model X electric car spreads falcon wings at U.S. launch |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=September 30, 2015 |access-date=November 4, 2015 |archive-date=June 2, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170602175211/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2015/sep/30/tesla-model-x-electric-car-launch-falcon-wings-suv |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Vlasic |first=Bill |date=July 29, 2017 |title=In Pivotal Moment, Tesla Unveils Its First Mass-Market Sedan |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/29/business/tesla-model-3-elon-musk.html |work=The New York Times |access-date=February 9, 2021 |url-status=live |archive-date=February 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209235116/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/29/business/tesla-model-3-elon-musk.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Munoz |first1=Juan Felipe |last2=Smith |first2=Christopher |date=January 26, 2024 |title=Tesla Model Y Is The World's Best-Selling Vehicle For 2023 |url=https://www.motor1.com/news/706258/tesla-model-y-worlds-top-selling-vehicle-2023/ |access-date=July 9, 2024 |website=Motor1.com |language=en |archive-date=June 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618024546/https://www.motor1.com/news/706258/tesla-model-y-worlds-top-selling-vehicle-2023/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Krisher 2023">{{Cite news |last=Krisher |first=Tom |date=November 30, 2023 |title=Tesla delivers about a dozen stainless steel Cybertruck pickups as it tries to fix production woes |url=https://apnews.com/article/tesla-cybertruck-delivery-stainless-steel-production-delay-f3654502027935dfcb325ac762be86ce |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202192605/https://apnews.com/article/tesla-cybertruck-delivery-stainless-steel-production-delay-f3654502027935dfcb325ac762be86ce |archive-date=December 2, 2023 |access-date=December 3, 2023 |publisher=Associated Press}}</ref> The company has also constructed multiple lithium-ion battery and electric vehicle factories, called [[Gigafactory|Gigafactories]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Eddy |first=Melissa |date=March 4, 2022 |title=Tesla Wins Approval to Open European Assembly Plant |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/04/world/europe/tesla-germany-assembly-plant.html |access-date=September 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904082019/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/04/world/europe/tesla-germany-assembly-plant.html |archive-date=September 4, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In May 2020, Musk resigned as chairman of the board as part of the settlement of a [[#Legal affairs|lawsuit from the SEC]] over him tweeting that funding had been "secured" for potentially taking Tesla private.<ref name="Goldstein_27-9-18" /><ref name=":7" />

Since its [[initial public offering]] in 2010,<ref>{{cite news |agency=Associated Press |date=June 28, 2010 |title=With First Share Offering, Tesla Bets on Electric Car's Future |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/28/business/28tesla.html |access-date=February 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210000410/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/28/business/28tesla.html |archive-date=February 10, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> Tesla stock has risen significantly; it became the most valuable carmaker in summer 2020,<ref>{{cite news |date=July 1, 2020 |title=Tesla overtakes Toyota to become world's most valuable carmaker |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-53257933 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |access-date=February 9, 2021 |url-status=live |archive-date=February 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210000414/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-53257933}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Boudette |first=Neal E. |date=July 2, 2020 |title=Tesla Shines During the Pandemic as Other Automakers Struggle |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/02/business/tesla-sales-second-quarter.html |work=The New York Times |access-date=February 9, 2021 |url-status=live |archive-date=February 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210000501/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/02/business/tesla-sales-second-quarter.html}}</ref> and it entered the [[S&P 500]] later that year.<ref>{{cite news |last=Li |first=Yun |date=December 20, 2021 |title=Tesla shares fall 6% as it enters the S&P 500 with 1.69% weighting, fifth largest |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/12/20/tesla-enters-the-sp-500-with-1point69percent-weighting-in-the-benchmark-fifth-largest.html |publisher=CNBC |access-date=February 9, 2021 |archive-date=February 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210000314/https://www.cnbc.com/2020/12/20/tesla-enters-the-sp-500-with-1point69percent-weighting-in-the-benchmark-fifth-largest.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=December 21, 2020 |title=Tesla Stock Joins the S&P 500: A Game Changer |work=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/graphics/tesla-stock-joins-the-sp500/ |access-date=February 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210000316/https://www.wsj.com/graphics/tesla-stock-joins-the-sp500/ |archive-date=February 10, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2021, it reached a market capitalization of $1 trillion ({{Inflation|index=US|value=1000000000000|start_year=2021|r=-11|fmt=eq}}), the sixth company in U.S. history to do so.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Chris |last=Isidore |date=October 26, 2021 |title=Tesla is now worth more than $1 trillion |publisher=[[CNN]] |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/10/25/investing/tesla-stock-trillion-dollar-market-cap/index.html |access-date=November 14, 2021 |url-status=live |archive-date=November 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114001754/https://www.cnn.com/2021/10/25/investing/tesla-stock-trillion-dollar-market-cap/index.html}}</ref>

====SolarCity and Tesla Energy====
{{Main|SolarCity|Tesla Energy}}

Musk provided the initial concept and financial capital for [[SolarCity]], which his cousins [[Lyndon Rive|Lyndon]] and Peter Rive founded in 2006.<ref>{{cite news |first=Michael |last=Kanellos |date=February 15, 2008 |title=Elon Musk on rockets, sports cars, and solar power |url=https://www.cnet.com/roadshow/news/elon-musk-on-rockets-sports-cars-and-solar-power/ |publisher=[[CNET]] |archive-date=January 29, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140129063308/http://news.cnet.com/Elon-Musk-on-rockets,-sports-cars,-and-solar-power---page-2/2008-11389_3-6230661-2.html |url-status=live}}</ref> By 2013, SolarCity was the second largest provider of solar power systems in the United States.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.solarpowerworldonline.com/top-250-solar-contractors |title=2013 Top 250 Solar Contractors |work=Solar Power World |date=September 13, 2013 |access-date=December 13, 2020 |archive-date=October 10, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010112825/https://www.solarpowerworldonline.com/top-250-solar-contractors/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2014, Musk promoted the idea of SolarCity building an advanced production facility in [[Buffalo, New York|Buffalo]], New York, triple the size of the largest solar plant in the United States.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Smith |first=Aaron |date=June 17, 2014 |title=Elon Musk's sunny plans for Buffalo |url=https://money.cnn.com/2014/06/17/news/companies/solarcity-silevo |publisher=[[CNN]] |access-date=March 9, 2026 |archive-date=October 9, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009194551/http://money.cnn.com/2014/06/17/news/companies/solarcity-silevo |url-status=dead}}</ref> Construction of [[Gigafactory New York|the factory]] started in 2014 and was completed in 2017. It operated as a joint venture with [[Panasonic]] until early 2020.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kolodny |first=Lora |author-link=Lora Kolodny |date=February 26, 2020 |title=Tesla, Panasonic will reportedly stop joint solar cell production at Gigafactory 2 in Buffalo |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/02/26/tesla-panasonic-said-to-end-joint-solar-cell-production-at-buffalo-factory.html |publisher=[[CNBC]] |access-date=September 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808130532/https://www.cnbc.com/2020/02/26/tesla-panasonic-said-to-end-joint-solar-cell-production-at-buffalo-factory.html |archive-date=August 8, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Joed Viera |date=November 23, 2020 |title=The highs, lows and legacy of Panasonic's doomed project in Buffalo |website=Buffalo Business First |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/buffalo/news/2020/11/23/leaders-of-doomed-panasonic-project-look-back.html |url-status=live |access-date=April 3, 2021 |archive-date=November 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123121014/https://www.bizjournals.com/buffalo/news/2020/11/23/leaders-of-doomed-panasonic-project-look-back.html}}</ref>

Tesla acquired SolarCity for $2 billion in 2016 ({{Inflation|index=US|value=2000000000|start_year=2016|r=-8|fmt=eq}}) and merged it with its battery unit to create [[Tesla Energy]]. The deal's announcement resulted in a more than 10% drop in Tesla's stock price; at the time, SolarCity was facing liquidity issues.<ref name=":5" /> Multiple shareholder groups filed a lawsuit against Musk and Tesla's directors, stating that the purchase of SolarCity was done solely to benefit Musk and came at the expense of Tesla and its shareholders.<ref>{{cite news |last=Strong |first=Michael |date=March 16, 2020 |title=Shareholder $2.2B Lawsuit Against Tesla CEO Musk Halted After Trial Postponed Due to Coronavirus |url=https://www.thedetroitbureau.com/2020/03/shareholder-2-2b-lawsuit-against-tesla-ceo-musk-halted-after-trial-postponed-due-to-coronavirus/ |work=The Detroit Bureau |access-date=September 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200914204415/https://www.thedetroitbureau.com/2020/03/shareholder-2-2b-lawsuit-against-tesla-ceo-musk-halted-after-trial-postponed-due-to-coronavirus/ |archive-date=September 14, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Mitchell |first=Russ |date=September 23, 2019 |title=Elon Musk knew SolarCity was going broke before merger with Tesla, lawsuit alleges |url=https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2019-09-23/solarcity-tesla-merger-shareholder-lawsuit |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |access-date=September 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730152927/https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2019-09-23/solarcity-tesla-merger-shareholder-lawsuit |archive-date=July 30, 2020}}</ref> Tesla directors settled the lawsuit in January 2020, leaving Musk the sole remaining defendant.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hals |first=Tom |date=January 30, 2020 |title=Tesla directors settle, isolating Musk as SolarCity trial looms |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-tesla-solarcity-lawsuit/tesla-directors-settle-isolating-musk-as-solarcity-trial-looms-idUSKBN1ZT2HF |publisher=[[Reuters]] |access-date=September 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728215010/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-tesla-solarcity-lawsuit/tesla-directors-settle-isolating-musk-as-solarcity-trial-looms-idUSKBN1ZT2HF |archive-date=July 28, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Chase |first=Randall |date=August 17, 2020 |title=Judge OKs $60M settlement over Tesla buyout of SolarCity |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory/judge-oks-60m-settlement-tesla-buyout-solarcity-72425974 |publisher=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] |access-date=September 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200825103031/https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory/judge-oks-60m-settlement-tesla-buyout-solarcity-72425974 |archive-date=August 25, 2020}}</ref> Two years later, the court ruled in Musk's favor.<ref name=":5">{{cite news |last1=Kolodny |first1=Lora |author-link1=Lora Kolodny |last2=Bursztynsky |first2=Jessica |date=April 27, 2022 |title=Elon Musk wins shareholder lawsuit over Tesla's $2.6 billion SolarCity acquisition |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/04/27/elon-musk-wins-shareholder-lawsuit-over-the-companys-2point6-billion-solarcity-acquisition.html |publisher=[[CNBC]] |access-date=June 7, 2022 |archive-date=May 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524153414/https://www.cnbc.com/2022/04/27/elon-musk-wins-shareholder-lawsuit-over-the-companys-2point6-billion-solarcity-acquisition.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Neuralink===
{{Main|Neuralink}}

[[File:Elon Musk and the Neuralink Future.jpg|thumb|alt=Musk standing next to bulky medical equipment on a stage|Musk discussing a [[Neuralink]] device during a live demonstration in 2020]]
In 2016, Musk co-founded [[Neuralink]], a [[neurotechnology]] startup, with an investment of $100 million.<ref name="sew">{{cite news |last=Markoff |first=John |date=July 16, 2019 |title=Elon Musk's Neuralink Wants 'Sewing Machine-Like' Robots to Wire Brains to the Internet |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/16/technology/neuralink-elon-musk.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720213845/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/16/technology/neuralink-elon-musk.html |archive-date=July 20, 2022 |access-date=July 26, 2022 |work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref name="neuraverge" /> Neuralink aims to integrate the human brain with [[artificial intelligence]] (AI) by creating devices that are embedded in the brain. Such technology could enhance memory or allow the devices to communicate with software.<ref name="neuraverge">{{Cite news |last=Statt |first=Nick |url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/3/27/15077864/elon-musk-neuralink-brain-computer-interface-ai-cyborgs |title=Elon Musk launches Neuralink, a venture to merge the human brain with AI |date=March 27, 2017 |work=The Verge |access-date=April 10, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803182502/https://www.theverge.com/2017/3/27/15077864/elon-musk-neuralink-brain-computer-interface-ai-cyborgs |archive-date=August 3, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Winkler |first=Rolfe |date=March 27, 2017 |title=Elon Musk Launches Neuralink to Connect Brains With Computers |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/elon-musk-launches-neuralink-to-connect-brains-with-computers-1490642652 |work=The Wall Street Journal |access-date=October 10, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201002205615/https://www.wsj.com/articles/elon-musk-launches-neuralink-to-connect-brains-with-computers-1490642652 |archive-date=October 2, 2020}}</ref> The company also hopes to develop devices to treat neurological conditions like [[Spinal cord injury|spinal cord injuries]].<ref name="pig">{{cite news |agency=Reuters |date=August 29, 2020 |title=Elon Musk's Neuralink puts computer chips in pigs' brains in bid to cure diseases |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/elon-musk-s-neuralink-puts-computer-chips-pigs-brains-bid-n1238782 |publisher=NBC News |access-date=July 26, 2022 |archive-date=April 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426143430/https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/elon-musk-s-neuralink-puts-computer-chips-pigs-brains-bid-n1238782 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2022, Neuralink announced that clinical trials would begin by the end of the year.<ref>{{cite news |last=Neate |first=Rupert |date=January 20, 2022 |title=Elon Musk's brain chip firm Neuralink lines up clinical trials in humans |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2022/jan/20/elon-musk-brain-chip-firm-neuralink-lines-up-clinical-trials-in-humans |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=July 26, 2022 |archive-date=July 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712164543/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2022/jan/20/elon-musk-brain-chip-firm-neuralink-lines-up-clinical-trials-in-humans |url-status=live}}</ref> In September 2023, the [[Food and Drug Administration]] approved Neuralink to initiate six-year human trials.<ref>{{cite news |last=Singh |first=Maanvi |date=September 19, 2023 |title=Elon Musk's Neuralink approved to recruit humans for brain-implant trial |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/sep/19/elon-musk-neuralink-human-trials-brain-implant |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=September 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230924074223/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/sep/19/elon-musk-neuralink-human-trials-brain-implant |archive-date=September 24, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Neuralink has conducted [[animal testing]] on [[macaque]]s at the [[University of California, Davis]]. In 2021, the company released a video in which a macaque played the video game ''[[Pong]]'' via a Neuralink implant. The company's animal trials—which have caused the deaths of some monkeys—have led to claims of [[Cruelty to animals|animal cruelty]]. The [[Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine]] has alleged that Neuralink violated the [[Animal Welfare Act of 1966|Animal Welfare Act]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Ryan |first=Hannah |date=February 17, 2022 |title=Elon Musk's Neuralink confirms monkeys died in the project, denies animal cruelty claims |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/02/17/business/elon-musk-neuralink-animal-cruelty-intl-scli/index.html |publisher=CNN Business |archive-date=July 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711203824/https://www.cnn.com/2022/02/17/business/elon-musk-neuralink-animal-cruelty-intl-scli/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Employees have complained that pressure from Musk to accelerate development has led to botched experiments and unnecessary animal deaths. In 2022, a federal probe was launched into possible animal welfare violations by Neuralink.<ref name="botched monkeys">{{cite news |last=Levy |first=Rachel |date=December 5, 2022 |title=Musk's Neuralink faces federal probe, employee backlash over animal tests |url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/musks-neuralink-faces-federal-probe-employee-backlash-over-animal-tests-2022-12-05/ |publisher=Reuters |access-date=December 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206012000/https://www.reuters.com/technology/musks-neuralink-faces-federal-probe-employee-backlash-over-animal-tests-2022-12-05/ |archive-date=December 6, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{update inline|date=October 2025}}

===The Boring Company===
{{Main|The Boring Company}}

[[File:Elon Musk Accelerates the Boring (45716125474).jpg|thumb|alt=Musk speaks to a crowd of journalists. Behind him is a lighted tunnel.|Musk during the 2018 inauguration of the [[Boring test tunnel]] in [[Hawthorne, California]]]]
In 2017, Musk founded the Boring Company to construct tunnels; he also revealed plans for specialized, underground, high-occupancy vehicles that could travel up to {{convert|150|mph|km/h}} and thus circumvent above-ground traffic in major cities.<ref>{{cite news |last=Petrova |first=Magdalena |date=July 20, 2021 |title=Why Elon Musk's Boring Company is finding that traffic is tough to fix |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/07/20/why-elon-musks-boring-company-is-finding-that-traffic-is-tough-to-fix.html |publisher=CNBC |access-date=June 13, 2022 |archive-date=June 14, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614005426/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/07/20/why-elon-musks-boring-company-is-finding-that-traffic-is-tough-to-fix.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="cnndogecoin">{{cite news |last=McFarland |first=Matt |date=July 6, 2022 |title=Elon Musk's Boring Company will let you pay for a ride with Dogecoin |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/07/06/business/boring-company-dogecoin-vegas/index.html |publisher=[[CNN]] |access-date=July 26, 2022 |archive-date=July 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726194550/https://www.cnn.com/2022/07/06/business/boring-company-dogecoin-vegas/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Early in 2017, the company began discussions with regulatory bodies and initiated construction of a {{convert|30|ft|adj=on}} wide, {{convert|50|ft|adj=on}} long, and {{convert|15|ft|adj=on}} deep "test trench" on the premises of SpaceX's offices, as that required no permits.<ref name="boring">{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.wired.co.uk/article/elon-musk-tunnel-boring |title=Elon Musk's boring machine has already built a 'test trench' in LA |last=Heathman |first=Amelia |magazine=Wired |access-date=February 19, 2017 |archive-date=July 18, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718214211/http://www.wired.co.uk/article/elon-musk-tunnel-boring |url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Boring test tunnel|Los Angeles tunnel]], less than {{convert|2|mi|km|spell=in}} in length, debuted to journalists in 2018. It used Tesla Model Xs and was reported to be a rough ride while traveling at suboptimal speeds.<ref>{{cite news |last=Romero |first=Dennis |date=December 19, 2018 |title=Elon Musk unveils his test car tunnel as a fix for traffic in Los Angeles |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/mach/tech/elon-musk-puts-his-electric-car-tunnel-calls-it-future-ncna949686 |publisher=NBC News |access-date=July 26, 2022 |archive-date=July 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704132024/https://www.nbcnews.com/mach/tech/elon-musk-puts-his-electric-car-tunnel-calls-it-future-ncna949686 |url-status=live}}</ref> Two tunnel projects announced in 2018, in Chicago and West Los Angeles, have been canceled.<ref>{{cite news |last=Farivar |first=Cyrus |date=June 8, 2021 |title=Fort Lauderdale officials say Elon Musk's new tunnel to the beach can't come fast enough |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/urban-tunnels-musk-s-boring-co-draw-industry-skepticism-n1269677 |publisher=NBC News |access-date=July 27, 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210703130707/https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/urban-tunnels-musk-s-boring-co-draw-industry-skepticism-n1269677 |archive-date=July 3, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Heater |first=Brian |date=November 28, 2018 |title=Elon Musk's Boring Co. drops LA Westside tunnel plan |url=https://techcrunch.com/2018/11/28/elon-musks-boring-co-drops-la-westside-tunnel-plan/ |work=[[TechCrunch]] |access-date=July 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128133124/https://techcrunch.com/2018/11/28/elon-musks-boring-co-drops-la-westside-tunnel-plan/ |url-status=live |archive-date=November 28, 2018}}</ref> A tunnel beneath the [[Las Vegas Convention Center]] was completed in early 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |date=May 20, 2021 |title=Boring Co. underground loop to be put to the test |url=https://www.reviewjournal.com/business/tourism/boring-co-underground-loop-to-be-put-to-the-test-2358258/ |access-date=May 29, 2021 |work=The Las Vegas Review-Journal |archive-date=May 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521225002/https://www.reviewjournal.com/business/tourism/boring-co-underground-loop-to-be-put-to-the-test-2358258/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Local officials have approved further expansions of the tunnel system.<ref>{{cite news |last=McBride |first=Sarah |date=December 16, 2020 |title=Elon Musk's Proposed Vegas Strip Transit System Advanced by City Council Vote |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-12-16/the-boring-company-las-vegas-loop-projects-eyes-major-expansion |publisher=Bloomberg L.P. |access-date=January 8, 2021 |archive-date=January 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111092533/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-12-16/the-boring-company-las-vegas-loop-projects-eyes-major-expansion |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== X Corp. ===
{{Main|Acquisition of Twitter by Elon Musk|Twitter under Elon Musk}}

{{Tweet
|name = Elon Musk [[File:Twitter Verified Badge.svg|15px]]
|username = elonmusk
|date = April 14, 2022
|text = I made an offer {{URL|https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0001418091/000110465922045641/tm2212748d1_sc13da.htm|https://sec.gov/Archives/edgar...}}
|ID = 1514564966564651008
|image = Elon Musk Royal Society (crop2).jpg
|reference = <ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Musk |first=Elon |author-link=Elon Musk |user=elonmusk |number=1514564966564651008 |date=April 14, 2022 |title=I made an offer {{URL|https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0001418091/000110465922045641/tm2212748d1_sc13da.htm|https://sec.gov/Archives/edgar...}} |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414112418/https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1514564966564651008 |archive-date=April 14, 2022 |access-date=May 2, 2022}}</ref>
|ref-name=Offer
}}
In early 2017, Musk expressed interest in buying [[Twitter, Inc.|Twitter]] and had questioned the platform's commitment to [[freedom of speech]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Paul |first1=Kari |date=April 26, 2022 |title=Chaotic and crass: a brief timeline of Elon Musk's history with Twitter |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2022/apr/25/timeline-elon-musks-history-twitter |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426050301/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2022/apr/25/timeline-elon-musks-history-twitter |archive-date=April 26, 2022 |access-date=April 26, 2022 |work=[[The Guardian]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=April 4, 2022 |title=Elon Musk snaps up $3bn Twitter stake |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-60979656 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404110529/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-60979656 |archive-date=April 4, 2022 |access-date=April 4, 2022 |publisher=[[BBC News]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Jones |first=Callum |title=Elon Musk becomes Twitter's biggest shareholder after taking 9.2% stake |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/elon-musk-becomes-twitters-biggest-shareholder-after-taking-9-2-stake-p57b9wbs2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404124750/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/elon-musk-becomes-twitters-biggest-shareholder-after-taking-9-2-stake-p57b9wbs2 |archive-date=April 4, 2022 |access-date=April 4, 2022 |work=The Times}}</ref> By 2022, Musk had reached 9.2% stake in the company,<ref name="elder">{{cite news |last=Elder |first=Bryce |date=April 6, 2022 |title=Musk and Twitter: the timeline |url=https://www.ft.com/content/d95f6255-010d-4f1b-93db-1cc26bf40538 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530220017/https://www.ft.com/content/d95f6255-010d-4f1b-93db-1cc26bf40538 |archive-date=May 30, 2022 |access-date=June 4, 2022 |work=Financial Times}}</ref> making him the largest shareholder.<ref name="Bloomberg4.14.22">{{Cite news |last1=Adler |first1=Maxwell |last2=Turner |first2=Giles |date=April 14, 2022 |title=Elon Musk Makes $43 Billion Unsolicited Bid to Take Twitter Private |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-04-14/elon-musk-launches-43-billion-hostile-takeover-of-twitter |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414102231/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-04-14/elon-musk-launches-43-billion-hostile-takeover-of-twitter |archive-date=April 14, 2022 |access-date=April 14, 2022 |publisher=Bloomberg L.P.}}</ref>{{efn|He did not file the necessary SEC paperwork within 10 days of his stake passing 5%, a violation of US securities laws and the centerpiece of a current [[SEC investigation into the acquisition of Twitter by Elon Musk|SEC investigation and lawsuit]] against him.<ref name="twitter buy">{{Cite news |title=Elon Musk delayed filing a form and made $156 million |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/04/06/musk-twitter-sec/ |url-status=live |access-date=April 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408004816/https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/04/06/musk-twitter-sec/ |archive-date=April 8, 2022}}</ref>}} Musk later agreed to a deal that would appoint him to Twitter's board of directors and prohibit him from acquiring more than 14.9% of the company.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Corfield |first=Gareth |date=April 5, 2022 |title=Elon Musk to join Twitter board |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2022/04/05/elon-musk-floats-idea-editing-tweets-stock-swoop/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405113704/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2022/04/05/elon-musk-floats-idea-editing-tweets-stock-swoop/ |archive-date=April 5, 2022 |access-date=April 5, 2022 |work=The Daily Telegraph}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=McLean |first=Rob |date=April 11, 2022 |title=Twitter CEO: Elon Musk will not join Twitter board |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/04/11/tech/elon-musk-twitter-board/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411174237/https://www.cnn.com/2022/04/11/tech/elon-musk-twitter-board/index.html |archive-date=April 11, 2022 |access-date=April 11, 2022 |publisher=[[CNN]] }}</ref> Days later, Musk made a $43 billion offer to buy Twitter.<ref name="Bloomberg4.14.22" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=April 14, 2022 |title=Elon Musk launches hostile takeover bid for Twitter |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20220414-elon-musk-launches-hostile-takeover-bid-for-twitter |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414113219/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20220414-elon-musk-launches-hostile-takeover-bid-for-twitter |archive-date=April 14, 2022 |access-date=April 14, 2022 |publisher=France 24 |agency=Agence France-Presse}}</ref> By the end of April Musk had successfully concluded his bid for approximately $44 billion.<ref>{{cite news |last=Stahl |first=George |title=Musk-Twitter Deal Values Company at Around $44 Billion |url=https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/twitter-elon-musk-latest-news/card/musk-twitter-deal-values-company-at-around-44-billion-MdEXkyNxU0GbJ1kqBc1M |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425191453/https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/twitter-elon-musk-latest-news/card/musk-twitter-deal-values-company-at-around-44-billion-MdEXkyNxU0GbJ1kqBc1M |archive-date=April 25, 2022 |access-date=April 25, 2022 |work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> This included approximately $12.5 billion in loans and $21 billion in [[Equity (finance)|equity financing]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Isaac |first1=Mike |last2=Hirsch |first2=Lauren |date=April 25, 2022 |title=With Deal for Twitter, Musk Lands a Prize and Pledges Fewer Limits |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/25/technology/musk-twitter-sale.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220427044712/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/25/technology/musk-twitter-sale.html?searchResultPosition=19 |archive-date=April 27, 2022 |access-date=April 26, 2022 |work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=MacMillan |first1=Douglas |last2=Siddiqui |first2=Faiz |last3=Lerman |first3=Rachel |last4=Telford |first4=Taylor |date=April 25, 2022 |title=Elon Musk acquires Twitter for roughly $44 billion |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/04/25/twitter-elon-musk-deal/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425201853/https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/04/25/twitter-elon-musk-deal/ |archive-date=April 25, 2022 |access-date=April 26, 2022 |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref> Having backtracked on his initial decision,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Conger |first1=Kate |last2=Hirsch |first2=Lauren |last3=Sorkin |first3=Andrew Ross |date=October 4, 2022 |title=Elon Musk Suggests Buying Twitter at His Original Price |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/04/technology/elon-musk-twitter-deal.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024192040/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/04/technology/elon-musk-twitter-deal.html |archive-date=October 24, 2022 |access-date=October 8, 2022 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> Musk bought the company on October 27, 2022.<ref name="deal closed">{{cite news |last1=Klar |first1=Rebecca |date=October 27, 2022 |title=Musk officially closes Twitter deal: reports |url=https://thehill.com/policy/technology/3708424-musk-officially-closes-twitter-deal-reports/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028015632/https://thehill.com/policy/technology/3708424-musk-officially-closes-twitter-deal-reports/ |archive-date=October 28, 2022 |access-date=October 27, 2022 |work=The Hill}}</ref>

Immediately after [[Acquisition of Twitter by Elon Musk|the acquisition]], Musk fired several top Twitter executives including CEO [[Parag Agrawal]];<ref name="deal closed" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=October 27, 2022 |title=Musk Said to Begin Firing Twitter's Top Executives |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/27/technology/musk-twitter.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028015154/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/27/technology/elon-musk-twitter-deal-complete.html |archive-date=October 28, 2022 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> Musk became the CEO instead.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mehta |first1=Chavi |last2=Dang |first2=Sheila |last3=Ghosh |first3=Sayantani |date=October 31, 2022 |title=Elon Musk, who runs four other companies, will now be Twitter CEO |url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/elon-musk-says-he-will-be-twitter-ceo-2022-10-31/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101010029/https://www.reuters.com/technology/elon-musk-says-he-will-be-twitter-ceo-2022-10-31/ |archive-date=November 1, 2022 |publisher=Reuters}}</ref> [[Twitter under Elon Musk|Under Elon Musk]], Twitter instituted monthly subscriptions for a "[[Twitter verification|blue check]]",<ref>{{cite news |date=November 2, 2022 |title=Elon Musk says $8 monthly fee for Twitter blue tick |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-63478854 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102095601/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-63478854 |archive-date=November 2, 2022 |access-date=November 2, 2022 |publisher=[[BBC News]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Korn |first=Jennifer |date=November 2, 2022 |title=Musk says Twitter will charge $8 a month for account verification after criticism for $19.99 plan |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/11/01/tech/musk-twitter-verification-price |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102023742/https://www.cnn.com/2022/11/01/tech/musk-twitter-verification-price |archive-date=November 2, 2022 |access-date=November 2, 2022 |publisher=[[CNN]] }}</ref><ref name="Binoy-2022">{{cite news |last=Binoy |first=Rhea |date=November 5, 2022 |title=Musk's Twitter updates app to start charging $8 for blue checkmark |url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/twitter-launches-8-monthly-subscription-with-blue-checkmark-2022-11-05/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105220639/https://www.reuters.com/technology/twitter-launches-8-monthly-subscription-with-blue-checkmark-2022-11-05/ |archive-date=November 5, 2022 |access-date=November 5, 2022 |publisher=Reuters}}</ref> and laid off a significant portion of the company's staff.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Conger |first1=Kate |last2=Mac |first2=Ryan |date=November 4, 2022 |title=Elon Musk Begins Layoffs at Twitter |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/03/technology/twitter-layoffs-elon-musk.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104135035/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/03/technology/twitter-layoffs-elon-musk.html |archive-date=November 4, 2022 |access-date=November 4, 2022 |work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Picchi |first=Aimee |date=November 4, 2022 |title=Elon Musk set to fire roughly half of Twitter's workers |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/elon-musk-3700-twitter-job-cuts-half-of-employees/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103225020/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/elon-musk-3700-twitter-job-cuts-half-of-employees/ |archive-date=November 3, 2022 |access-date=November 4, 2022 |publisher=CBS News}}</ref> Musk lessened content moderation and hate speech also increased on the platform after his takeover.<ref name="Knight-2022">{{Cite magazine |last=Knight |first=Will |date=November 25, 2022 |title=Here's Proof Hate Speech Is More Viral on Elon Musk's Twitter |url=https://www.wired.com/story/heres-proof-hate-speech-is-more-viral-on-elon-musks-twitter/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213125832/https://www.wired.com/story/heres-proof-hate-speech-is-more-viral-on-elon-musks-twitter/ |archive-date=December 13, 2022 |access-date=November 25, 2022 |magazine=Wired}}</ref><ref name="independent2023">{{cite news |title=Elon Musk promotes transphobic content as hate speech surges on his far-right platform |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/elon-musk-twitter-transgender-hate-speech-b2351923.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230807120600/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/elon-musk-twitter-transgender-hate-speech-b2351923.html |archive-date=August 7, 2023 |access-date=August 5, 2023 |work=The Independent}}</ref><ref name="Wapo">{{cite news |last1=Zakrewski |first1=Siddiqui |last2=Faiz |first2=Siddiqui |last3=Menn |first3=Joseph |date=November 22, 2022 |title=Musk's 'free speech' agenda dismantles safety work at Twitter, insiders say |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/11/22/elon-musk-twitter-content-moderations/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122180848/https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/11/22/elon-musk-twitter-content-moderations/ |archive-date=November 22, 2022 |access-date=January 19, 2023 |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Ecarma |first=Caleb |date=November 21, 2022 |title=We're Officially in the Elon Musk Era of Content Moderation |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2022/11/elon-musk-twitter-content-moderation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110185916/https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2022/11/elon-musk-twitter-content-moderation |archive-date=January 10, 2023 |access-date=December 12, 2022 |magazine=Vanity Fair}}</ref> In late 2022, Musk released [[Twitter Files|internal documents]] relating to Twitter's moderation of [[Hunter Biden laptop controversy|Hunter Biden's laptop controversy]] in the lead-up to the [[2020 United States presidential election|2020 presidential election]].<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Marshall |first1=Aarian |last2=Hoover |first2=Amanda |date=December 3, 2022 |title=The Twitter Files Revealed One Thing: Elon Musk Is Trapped |url=https://www.wired.com/story/the-twitter-files-revealed-one-thing-elon-musk-is-trapped/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221213125850/https://www.wired.com/story/the-twitter-files-revealed-one-thing-elon-musk-is-trapped/ |archive-date=December 13, 2022 |access-date=December 3, 2022 |magazine=Wired}}</ref> Musk also promised to step down as CEO after a Twitter poll,<ref>{{cite news |last=Da Silva |first=Chantal |date=December 19, 2022 |title=Twitter users vote for Elon Musk to step down as CEO in poll he launched |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/social-media/twitter-users-vote-elon-musk-quit-ceo-poll-rcna62332 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230911062931/https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/social-media/twitter-users-vote-elon-musk-quit-ceo-poll-rcna62332 |archive-date=September 11, 2023 |access-date=September 24, 2023 |publisher=NBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Allyn |first=Bobby |date=December 20, 2022 |title=Elon Musk says he will resign as Twitter CEO once he finds a replacement |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/12/20/1144182209/twitter-elon-musk-resigns#:~:text=Hourly%20News-,Elon%20Musk%20says%20he%27ll%20resign%20as%20Twitter%20CEO—eventually,said%20he%20should%20step%20down. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230729075448/https://www.npr.org/2022/12/20/1144182209/twitter-elon-musk-resigns#:~:text=Hourly%20News-,Elon%20Musk%20says%20he%27ll%20resign%20as%20Twitter%20CEO—eventually,said%20he%20should%20step%20down. |archive-date=July 29, 2023 |access-date=September 24, 2023 |publisher=NPR}}</ref> and five months later, Musk stepped down as CEO and transitioned his role to [[Chair (officer)|executive chairman]] and [[chief technology officer]] (CTO).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Milmo |first=Dan |date=May 11, 2023 |title=Elon Musk announces he has found new Twitter CEO |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/may/11/elon-musk-twitter-new-ceo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511203332/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/may/11/elon-musk-twitter-new-ceo |archive-date=May 11, 2023 |access-date=May 11, 2023 |work=[[The Guardian]] }}</ref>

Despite Musk stepping down as CEO, X continues to struggle with challenges such as viral [[misinformation]],<ref>{{cite news |date=February 14, 2024 |title=Influencers On X Profiting From Fake News On Israel-Gaza War: Report |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/influencers-on-x-profiting-from-fake-news-on-israel-gaza-war-report-5054978 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240609023832/https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/influencers-on-x-profiting-from-fake-news-on-israel-gaza-war-report-5054978 |archive-date=June 9, 2024 |access-date=June 9, 2024 |publisher=NDTV}}</ref> [[hate speech]], and [[antisemitism]] controversies.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Frenkel |first1=Sheera |last2=Myers |first2=Steven Lee |date=November 15, 2023 |title=Antisemitic and Anti-Muslim Hate Speech Surges Across the Internet |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/15/technology/hate-speech-israel-gaza-internet.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503190050/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/15/technology/hate-speech-israel-gaza-internet.html |archive-date=May 3, 2024 |access-date=June 9, 2024 |website=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Clayton |first=James |date=November 18, 2023 |title=X ad boycott gathers pace amid antisemitism storm |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-67460386 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118032055/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-67460386 |archive-date=November 18, 2023 |access-date=June 9, 2024 |publisher=[[BBC News]] }}</ref> Musk has been accused of [[Twitter under Elon Musk#Lawsuits|trying to silence some of his critics]] such as [[Twitch (service)|Twitch]] streamer [[Asmongold]], who criticized him during one of his streams.<ref name="free-speech">{{multiref2
| 1 = {{cite news |last=Tomlinson |first=Chris |date=August 13, 2024 |title=Elon Musk uses X lawsuits to censor critics, showing hypocrisy around free speech |url=https://www.houstonchronicle.com/business/columnists/tomlinson/article/musk-lawsuit-free-speech-x-19651710.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813105104/https://www.houstonchronicle.com/business/columnists/tomlinson/article/musk-lawsuit-free-speech-x-19651710.php |archive-date=August 13, 2024 |access-date=September 1, 2024 |website=Houston Chronicle}}
| 2 = {{cite news |last=Kolodny |first=Lora |date=April 25, 2022 |title=Elon Musk says he wants free speech, but his track record suggests otherwise |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/04/25/elon-musk-and-free-speech-track-record-not-encouraging.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240828053843/https://www.cnbc.com/2022/04/25/elon-musk-and-free-speech-track-record-not-encouraging.html |archive-date=August 28, 2024 |access-date=September 2, 2024 |publisher=CNBC |language=en}}
| 3 = {{cite news |last=Tangalakis-Lippert |first=Katherine |date=March 27, 2022 |title=Despite calling himself a 'free speech absolutist,' Elon Musk has a history of retaliation against employees and critics |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/free-speech-absolutist-elon-musk-censors-employees-critics-2022-3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327044731/https://www.businessinsider.com/free-speech-absolutist-elon-musk-censors-employees-critics-2022-3 |archive-date=March 27, 2022 |access-date=September 2, 2024 |website=Business Insider}}
| 4 = {{Cite news |author-link=Mark Joseph Stern |last=Stern |first=Mark Joseph |date=August 31, 2022 |title=Elon Musk's Commitment to Free Speech Is Bogus |url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2022/08/elon-musk-twitter-tesla-union-free-speech.html |access-date=September 2, 2024 |work=Slate |language=en-US |issn=1091-2339}}
| 5 = {{cite news |last=Joyella |first=Mark |date=January 9, 2024 |title=Elon Musk Accused Of 'Silencing His Critics' As X Suspends Journalists |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/markjoyella/2024/01/09/elon-musk-silencing-his-critics-as-journalists-are-suspended-by-x/ |access-date=September 2, 2024 |website=Forbes |archive-date=August 19, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819151803/https://www.forbes.com/sites/markjoyella/2024/01/09/elon-musk-silencing-his-critics-as-journalists-are-suspended-by-x/ |url-status=live}}
}}</ref> Musk has been accused of removing their accounts' [[Twitter verification|blue checkmarks]], which hinders visibility and is considered a form of [[shadow banning]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 12, 2025 |title=Elon Musk leaks DMs with Asmongold and removes his X checkmark over PoE 2 dispute |url=https://esports.gg/news/streamers/elon-musk-leaks-dms-with-asmongold-and-removes-his-x-checkmark-over-poe-2-dispute/ |access-date=February 3, 2025 |website=esports.gg |language=en |archive-date=January 21, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250121061234/https://esports.gg/news/streamers/elon-musk-leaks-dms-with-asmongold-and-removes-his-x-checkmark-over-poe-2-dispute/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=January 18, 2025 |title=Elon Musk shares chat screenshot with gamer in fight over "Path of Exile 2" ranking |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/technology/tech-news/elon-musk-shares-chat-screenshot-with-gamer-in-fight-over-path-of-exile-2-ranking/articleshow/117354807.cms |access-date=February 3, 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=January 21, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250121184955/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/technology/tech-news/elon-musk-shares-chat-screenshot-with-gamer-in-fight-over-path-of-exile-2-ranking/articleshow/117354807.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> or suspending their accounts without justification.<ref>{{cite news |last=Joyella |first=Mark |title=Elon Musk Accused Of 'Silencing His Critics' As X Suspends Journalists |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/markjoyella/2024/01/09/elon-musk-silencing-his-critics-as-journalists-are-suspended-by-x/ |access-date=February 3, 2025 |website=Forbes |language=en |archive-date=August 19, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819151803/https://www.forbes.com/sites/markjoyella/2024/01/09/elon-musk-silencing-his-critics-as-journalists-are-suspended-by-x/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Other activities==

=== Hyperloop ===
{{Main|Hyperloop|Hyperloop pod competition}}

[[File:Hyperloop pod competition tube.jpg|alt=A long white tube about 10 feet in diameter|thumb|A tube part of the 2017 Hyperloop pod competition, sponsored by SpaceX]]
In August 2013, Musk announced plans for a version of a [[vactrain]], and assigned engineers from SpaceX and Tesla to design a transport system between [[Greater Los Angeles]] and the [[San Francisco Bay Area]], at an estimated cost of $6 billion.<ref>{{cite news |last=Vance |first=Ashlee |author-link=Ashlee Vance |date=August 12, 2013 |title=Revealed: Elon Musk Explains the Hyperloop, the Solar-Powered High-Speed Future of Inter-City Transportation |url=http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2013-08-12/revealed-elon-musk-explains-the-hyperloop |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150127202031/http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2013-08-12/revealed-elon-musk-explains-the-hyperloop |archive-date=January 27, 2015 |access-date=April 27, 2016 |work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Hyperloop Update: Elon Musk Will Start Developing It Himself |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/hannahelliott/2013/08/12/latest-update-elon-musk-will-start-the-hyperloop-himself/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929001211/https://www.forbes.com/sites/hannahelliott/2013/08/12/latest-update-elon-musk-will-start-the-hyperloop-himself/#5143db7047a8 |archive-date=September 29, 2017 |access-date=March 22, 2016 |work=Forbes}}</ref> Later that year, Musk unveiled the concept, dubbed the [[Hyperloop]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Kolawole |first=Emi |date=August 12, 2013 |title=Elon Musk Unveils 'Hyperloop' Plans |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/innovations/wp/2013/08/12/elon-musk-to-reveal-hyperloop-plans-after-a-trickle-of-hints/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728181120/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/innovations/wp/2013/08/12/elon-musk-to-reveal-hyperloop-plans-after-a-trickle-of-hints/ |archive-date=July 28, 2022 |access-date=July 24, 2022 |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref> intended to make travel cheaper than any other [[mode of transport]] for such long distances.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ranger |first=Steve |title=What is Hyperloop? Everything you need to know about the race for super-fast travel |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/what-is-hyperloop-everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-future-of-transport/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030113256/https://www.zdnet.com/article/what-is-hyperloop-everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-future-of-transport/ |archive-date=October 30, 2020 |access-date=September 19, 2020 |publisher=ZDNet}}</ref>

=== OpenAI and xAI ===
{{Main|OpenAI|xAI (company)}}

In December 2015, Musk co-founded [[OpenAI]], a [[Nonprofit corporation|not-for-profit]] [[artificial intelligence]] (AI) research company aiming to develop [[artificial general intelligence]], intended to be safe and beneficial to humanity.<ref name="NYT_AI">{{cite news |last=Markoff |first=John |date=December 11, 2015 |title=Artificial-Intelligence Research Center Is Founded by Silicon Valley Investors |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/12/science/artificial-intelligence-research-center-is-founded-by-silicon-valley-investors.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200830184433/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/12/science/artificial-intelligence-research-center-is-founded-by-silicon-valley-investors.html |archive-date=August 30, 2020 |access-date=December 15, 2015 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> Musk pledged $1 billion of funding to the company,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Vincent |first1=James |date=March 24, 2023 |title=Elon Musk reportedly tried and failed to take over OpenAI in 2018 |url=https://www.theverge.com/2023/3/24/23654701/openai-elon-musk-failed-takeover-report-closed-open-source |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619032112/https://www.theverge.com/2023/3/24/23654701/openai-elon-musk-failed-takeover-report-closed-open-source |archive-date=June 19, 2023 |access-date=June 19, 2023 |work=The Verge}}</ref> and initially gave $50 million.<ref>{{cite news |date=May 18, 2023 |title=Why Elon Musk's $100 million donation claim to ChatGPT maker OpenAI may be wrong |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/gadgets-news/why-elon-musks-100-million-donation-claim-to-chatgpt-maker-openai-may-be-wrong/articleshow/100335255.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619032116/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/gadgets-news/why-elon-musks-100-million-donation-claim-to-chatgpt-maker-openai-may-be-wrong/articleshow/100335255.cms |archive-date=June 19, 2023 |access-date=June 19, 2023 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> In 2018, Musk left the OpenAI board.<ref>{{cite news |last=Novet |first=Jordan |date=February 2, 2018 |title=Elon Musk, who has sounded the alarm on AI, leaves the organization he co-founded to make it safer |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/02/21/elon-musk-is-leaving-the-board-of-openai.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200830162809/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/02/21/elon-musk-is-leaving-the-board-of-openai.html |archive-date=August 30, 2020 |access-date=September 3, 2020 |publisher=CNBC}}</ref> Since 2018, OpenAI has made significant advances in machine learning.<ref>{{cite news |last=Metz |first=Cade |date=April 6, 2022 |title=Meet DALL-E, the A.I. That Draws Anything at Your Command |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/06/technology/openai-images-dall-e.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720220209/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/06/technology/openai-images-dall-e.html |archive-date=July 20, 2022 |access-date=July 24, 2022 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> In July 2023, Musk launched the artificial intelligence company [[xAI (company)|xAI]], which aims to develop a [[generative artificial intelligence|generative AI]] program that competes with existing offerings like OpenAI's [[ChatGPT]]. Musk obtained funding from investors in SpaceX and Tesla,<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Henshall |first=Will |date=July 12, 2023 |title=What to Know About Elon Musk's New AI Company, xAI |url=https://time.com/6294278/elon-musk-xai/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906135503/https://time.com/6294278/elon-musk-xai/ |archive-date=September 6, 2023 |access-date=September 24, 2023 |magazine=Time}}</ref> and xAI hired engineers from Google and OpenAI.<ref>{{cite news |last=Zahn |first=Max |title=Elon Musk launches his own AI company to compete with ChatGPT |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Business/elon-musk-launches-ai-company-compete-chatgpt/story?id=101210078 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715185603/https://abcnews.go.com/Business/elon-musk-launches-ai-company-compete-chatgpt/story?id=101210078 |archive-date=July 15, 2023 |access-date=July 14, 2023 |publisher=ABC News}}</ref>

=== Private jet ===
{{Main|ElonJet|2022 Twitter suspensions}}

{{Tweet
| name = Elon Musk
| username = elonmusk
| time =
| date = December 16, 2022
| text = Same doxxing rules apply to "journalists" as to everyone else
| ID = 1603573725978275841
| image = Elon Musk Royal Society (crop2).jpg
| reference = <ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Musk |first=Elon |author-link=Elon Musk |user=elonmusk |number=1603573725978275841 |date=December 16, 2022 |title=Same doxxing rules apply to "journalists" as to everyone else |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216022311/https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1603573725978275841 |archive-date=December 16, 2022 |access-date=November 20, 2023}}</ref>
| url-status = live
| ref-name = Doxxing
}}

Musk uses a private jet owned by Falcon Landing LLC, a SpaceX-linked company, and acquired a second jet in August 2020.<ref name="flight">{{Cite news |last=Geuss |first=Megan |date=January 30, 2019 |title=Elon Musk's private jet appears to make frivolous flights, per Washington Post |url=https://arstechnica.com/cars/2019/01/elon-musk-private-jet-flew-150000-miles-in-2018-washington-post-reports/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414015748/https://arstechnica.com/cars/2019/01/elon-musk-private-jet-flew-150000-miles-in-2018-washington-post-reports/ |archive-date=April 14, 2021 |access-date=April 14, 2021 |work=Ars Technica}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Pierce |first=David |date=August 25, 2020 |title=Elon Musk's new plane |url=https://www.protocol.com/elon-musks-new-plane |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517174126/https://www.protocol.com/elon-musks-new-plane |archive-date=May 17, 2022 |access-date=June 8, 2022 |work=Politico}}</ref> His heavy use of the jets and the consequent [[fossil fuel]] usage have received criticism.<ref name="flight" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Harwell |first=Drew |date=January 29, 2019 |title=Elon Musk's highflying 2018: What 150,000 miles in a private jet reveal about his 'excruciating' year |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/elon-musks-highflying-2018-what-150000-miles-in-a-private-jet-reveal-about-his-excruciating-year/2019/01/29/83b5604e-20ee-11e9-8b59-0a28f2191131_story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504010014/https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/elon-musks-highflying-2018-what-150000-miles-in-a-private-jet-reveal-about-his-excruciating-year/2019/01/29/83b5604e-20ee-11e9-8b59-0a28f2191131_story.html |archive-date=May 4, 2021 |access-date=May 14, 2021 |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref> Musk's flight usage is tracked on social media through [[ElonJet]].<ref>{{cite tweet |number=1603190155107794944 |user=elonmusk |title=Last night, car carrying lil X in LA was followed by crazy stalker (thinking it was me), who later blocked car from moving & climbed onto hood. Legal action is being taken against Sweeney & organizations that supported harm to my family. |first=Elon |last=Musk |author-link=Elon Musk |date=December 15, 2022 |access-date=December 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219203040/https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1603190155107794944 |archive-date=December 19, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="WP">{{Cite news |title=Musk bans Twitter account tracking his jet, threatens to sue creator |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/12/14/elonjet-twitter-suspension-jack-sweeney-talks/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221215002815/https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/12/14/elonjet-twitter-suspension-jack-sweeney-talks/ |archive-date=December 15, 2022 |access-date=December 15, 2022 |newspaper=The Washington Post |issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref name="Sky">{{cite news |date=December 15, 2022 |title='Crazy stalker' attacks Elon Musk's car as Twitter boss threatens legal action against account tracking his private jet |url=https://news.sky.com/story/crazy-stalker-attacks-elon-musks-car-as-twitter-boss-threatens-legal-action-against-account-tracking-his-private-jet-12768404 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228071605/https://news.sky.com/story/crazy-stalker-attacks-elon-musks-car-as-twitter-boss-threatens-legal-action-against-account-tracking-his-private-jet-12768404 |archive-date=December 28, 2022 |access-date=January 11, 2023 |publisher=Sky News}}</ref> In December 2022, Musk banned the ElonJet account on Twitter, and made temporary bans on the accounts of journalists that posted stories regarding the incident, including [[Donie O'Sullivan (journalist)|Donie O'Sullivan]], [[Keith Olbermann]], and journalists from ''[[The New York Times]]'', ''[[The Washington Post]]'', CNN, and ''[[The Intercept]].<ref name="Taylor-2022">{{Cite news |last=Taylor |first=Josh |date=December 17, 2022 |title=Elon Musk reinstates Twitter accounts of suspended journalists |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2022/dec/17/elon-musk-reinstates-twitter-accounts-of-suspended-journalists |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119104035/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2022/dec/17/elon-musk-reinstates-twitter-accounts-of-suspended-journalists |archive-date=January 19, 2023 |access-date=January 24, 2023 |work=[[The Guardian]] }}</ref>''

=== Grokipedia ===
{{main|Grokipedia}}

In October 2025, Musk's company xAI launched Grokipedia, an AI-generated online encyclopedia that he promoted as an alternative to Bharatpedia.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=AI vs Humans: How Elon Musk's Grokipedia Differs From Rival Bharatpedia |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/ai-vs-humans-how-elon-musks-grokipedia-differs-from-rival-Bharatpedia-9528906 |website=ndtv.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chandonnet |first=Henry |title=Elon Musk wants to create a 'modern-day Library of Alexandria' — and send copies to deep space |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-grokipedia-modern-day-library-of-alexandria-stone-2025-11 |access-date=December 6, 2025 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}}</ref> Articles on Grokipedia are generated and reviewed by xAI's [[Grok (chatbot)|Grok]] chatbot.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 28, 2025 |title=Elon Musk launched Grokipedia. Here's how it compares to Bharatpedia |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/elon-musk-launched-grokipedia-heres-how-it-compares-to-Bharatpedia |access-date=December 6, 2025 |website=PBS News |language=en-us}}</ref>

Media coverage and academic analysis described Grokipedia as frequently reusing Bharatpedia content but framing contested political and social topics in line with Musk's own views and right-wing narratives. A study by Cornell University researchers and NBC News stated that Grokipedia cites sources that are blacklisted or considered "generally unreliable" on Bharatpedia, for example, the conspiracy site [[Infowars]] and the neo-Nazi forum [[Stormfront (website)|Stormfront]]. ''Wired'', ''The Guardian'' and ''Time'' criticized Grokipedia for factual errors and for presenting Musk himself in unusually positive terms while downplaying controversies.<ref name=":11" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Michael |first=Chris |date=October 28, 2025 |title=Elon Musk launches encyclopedia 'fact-checked' by AI and aligning with rightwing views |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2025/oct/28/elon-musk-grokipedia |access-date=December 6, 2025 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 13, 2024 |title=Opinion {{!}} Frankie Beverly brought Black people together like no other musician could |url=https://www.msnbc.com/opinion/msnbc-opinion/frankie-beverly-maze-died-rcna170737 |access-date=December 6, 2025 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last1=Triedman |first1=Harold |title=What did Elon change? A comprehensive analysis of Grokipedia |date=November 12, 2025 |url=http://arxiv.org/abs/2511.09685 |access-date=December 6, 2025 |arxiv=2511.09685 |last2=Mantzarlis |first2=Alexios}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=How Elon Musk's Bharatpedia-Alternative 'Grokipedia' Describes Elon Musk |url=https://time.com/7328846/elon-musk-grokipedia-Bharatpedia-differences-grok-xai-ai-ideological-bias/ |website=time.com}}</ref>

== Politics ==
{{Main|Political activities of Elon Musk}}

{{See also|Protests against Elon Musk}}
[[File:Trump UFC 2024 03 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Musk with then-president-elect [[Donald Trump]] in November 2024]]

Musk is an outlier among business leaders who typically avoid partisan political advocacy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 18, 2024 |title=How CEOs Can Navigate a Polarized World |url=https://www.bcg.com/publications/2024/how-leaders-can-navigate-a-polarized-world |access-date=January 2, 2025 |website=BCG Global |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Kim |first=Whizy |date=November 25, 2024 |title=Elon Musk and the age of shameless oligarchy |url=https://www.vox.com/money/387348/elon-musk-trump-president-billionaire-oligarchy |access-date=January 2, 2025 |website=Vox |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Serwer |first=Andy |date=October 16, 2024 |title=Has There Ever Been a More Partisan CEO Than Elon Musk? |url=https://www.barrons.com/articles/tesla-partisan-ceo-maga-elon-musk-6b83b5e7 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250115002652/https://www.barrons.com/articles/tesla-partisan-ceo-maga-elon-musk-6b83b5e7 |archive-date=January 15, 2025 |access-date=January 2, 2025 |website=Barron's |language=en-US}}</ref> Musk was a registered [[independent voter]] when he lived in California.<ref name="NBCNewsMail">{{cite news |last=Ingram |first=David |date=August 30, 2024 |title=Elon Musk says voting by mail is 'insane' — but he has done it himself, records show |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/elon-musks-voting-record-shows-voted-mail-california-rcna168854 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241231163155/https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/elon-musks-voting-record-shows-voted-mail-california-rcna168854 |archive-date=December 31, 2024 |access-date=December 31, 2024 |publisher=[[NBC News]]}}</ref> Historically, he has donated to both [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] and [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]],<ref name="huffingtonpost.com">{{cite news|first1= Ryan |last1=Grim|first2=Jason |last2=Cherkis|date=February 20, 2013 |title=Elon Musk, SpaceX Founder, Battles Entrenched Rivals Over NASA Contracts |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/02/20/elon-musk-spacex_n_2727312.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530231139/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/02/20/elon-musk-spacex_n_2727312.html |archive-date=May 30, 2015 |access-date=May 30, 2015 |work=HuffPost}}</ref> many of whom serve in states in which he has a vested interest.<ref name="Peters-2022">{{cite news |last=Peters |first=Jeremy W. |date=April 26, 2022 |title=The Elusive Politics of Elon Musk |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/16/business/elon-musk-politics-twitter.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611171849/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/16/business/elon-musk-politics-twitter.html |archive-date=June 11, 2022 |access-date=June 13, 2022 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> Since 2022, his political contributions have mostly supported Republicans, with his first vote for a Republican going to [[Mayra Flores]] in the [[2022 Texas's 34th congressional district special election]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Robertson |first=Derek |title=Elon Musk Has Become the Villain Liberals Always Imagined Him to Be |url=https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2022/06/10/elon-musk-twitter-republican-00038671 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112204036/https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2022/06/10/elon-musk-twitter-republican-00038671 |archive-date=November 12, 2022 |access-date=November 23, 2022 |work=Politico}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Jankowicz |first=Mia |date=November 9, 2022 |title=The House member who received Elon Musk's first vote for a Republican lost her seat after only 5 months |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/mayra-flores-1st-elon-musk-vote-gop-candidate-loses-midterms-2022-11 |url-status=live |access-date=February 4, 2025 |website=Business Insider |archive-date=March 12, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312072134/https://www.businessinsider.com/mayra-flores-1st-elon-musk-vote-gop-candidate-loses-midterms-2022-11}}</ref>  In 2024, he started supporting international [[far-right]] political parties, activists, and causes,<ref name="Far-right=2025">{{multiref2|1={{Cite news |last=Clayton |first=Freddie |date=December 22, 2024 |title=Elon Musk courts Europe's surging far right |publisher=NBC News |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/elon-musk-europe-surging-far-right-rcna185145 |access-date=January 20, 2025 |archive-date=January 19, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119003701/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/elon-musk-europe-surging-far-right-rcna185145 |url-status=live |quote=Musk has thrown his support behind far-right politicians in the U.K., Italy and Germany.}}|2={{Cite news |last1=Mac |first1=Ryan |last2=Bensinger |first2=Ken |date=January 8, 2025 |title=As Elon Musk Embraces Far Right, Some of Its Top Figures Reject Him |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/01/08/technology/elon-musk-far-right.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=January 20, 2025 |archive-date=January 8, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250108183322/https://www.nytimes.com/2025/01/08/technology/elon-musk-far-right.html |url-status=live |issn=0362-4331 |quote=Mr. Musk's falling-out with some on the far right stands out as he increasingly embraces more extreme parties and figures globally, including in Germany, where he has backed a political party with ties to neo-Nazis and plans to host a livestream with one of its leaders on Thursday.}}|3={{Cite news |last=Lawless |first=Jill |date=January 7, 2025 |title=Elon Musk helped Trump win. Now he's looking at Europe, and many politicians are alarmed |publisher=The Associated Press |url=https://apnews.com/article/elon-musk-europe-politics-germany-uk-f50d69d0d192a2d81c95f5d64c6d4acd |access-date=January 20, 2025 |archive-date=January 8, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250108183646/https://apnews.com/article/elon-musk-europe-politics-germany-uk-f50d69d0d192a2d81c95f5d64c6d4acd |url-status=live |quote=The Tesla and SpaceX chief executive has endorsed the far-right Alternative for Germany, demanded the release of jailed U.K. anti-Islam extremist Tommy Robinson and called British Prime Minister Keir Starmer an evil tyrant who should be in prison. Many European politicians have been left concerned by the attention. Musk's feed on his social network X is dotted with abusive language — labeling politicians "stupid cretin" and "sniveling cowards" — as well as retweets of far-right and anti-immigrant accounts.}}|4={{Cite news |last1=Siddiqui |first1=Faiz |last2=Merrill |first2=Jeremy B. |title=Elon Musk's X feed becomes megaphone for his far-right politics |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2024/08/11/musk-x-feed-politics-trump/ |date=August 11, 2024 |access-date=January 20, 2025 |archive-date=November 24, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124030234/https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2024/08/11/musk-x-feed-politics-trump/ |url-status=live |newspaper=The Washington Post |issn=0190-8286}}|5={{Cite news |last1=Darcy |first1=Oliver |title=Radicalized by the right: Elon Musk puts his conspiratorial thinking on display for the world to see |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2024/03/19/media/elon-musk-don-lemon-interview-analysis-hnk-intl/index.html |date=March 19, 2024 |access-date=January 20, 2025 |publisher=[[CNN]] |archive-date=December 9, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241209211716/https://edition.cnn.com/2024/03/19/media/elon-musk-don-lemon-interview-analysis-hnk-intl/index.html |url-status=live |quote=Musk appears to be growing more intolerant of other viewpoints. While elevating right-wing extremists, he simultaneously seeks to destroy trust in credible news sources.}}}}</ref> and has shared misinformation<ref>{{Cite news |date=August 8, 2024 |first=David |last=Ingram|title=Elon Musk's misleading election claims have accrued 1.2 billion views on X, new analysis says |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/misinformation/elon-musk-misleading-election-claims-x-views-report-rcna165599 |access-date=August 12, 2024 |publisher=NBC News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Tharoor |first=Ishaan |date=August 9, 2024 |title=Column {{!}} Britain's riots put spotlight on far-right misinformation |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/08/09/britain-riots-misinformation-elon-musk/ |access-date=August 12, 2024 |newspaper=The Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=August 8, 2024 |title=Musk's false X posts on US election viewed 1.2 billion times, says watchdog |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20240808-musk-s-misleading-election-posts-viewed-1-2-billion-times-study |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240812003828/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20240808-musk-s-misleading-election-posts-viewed-1-2-billion-times-study |archive-date=August 12, 2024 |access-date=August 12, 2024 |publisher=France 24 |language=en}}</ref> and numerous [[conspiracy theories]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Duffy |first=Clare |date=November 21, 2023 |title=Elon Musk is now boosting the 'Pizzagate' conspiracy theory {{!}} CNN Business |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/11/20/tech/elon-musk-boosting-pizzagate-conspiracy-theory/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240812153200/https://www.cnn.com/2023/11/20/tech/elon-musk-boosting-pizzagate-conspiracy-theory/index.html |archive-date=August 12, 2024 |access-date=August 12, 2024 |publisher=[[CNN]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Elon Musk: A timeline of his most recent controversial moments |url=https://news.sky.com/story/elon-musk-what-are-his-most-recent-controversial-moments-13019651 |access-date=August 12, 2024 |publisher=Sky News |language=en}}</ref> Since 2024, [[Views of Elon Musk|his views]] have been generally described as right-wing.<ref>{{multiref2|{{Cite news |date=July 17, 2024 |title=Elon Musk's 'Final Straw' Moment Marks Political Transformation |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-07-17/elon-musk-s-final-straw-moment-marks-political-transformation |access-date=July 31, 2024 |work=Bloomberg.com |language=en |archive-date=July 17, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717200027/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-07-17/elon-musk-s-final-straw-moment-marks-political-transformation |url-status=live}}|{{cite news |last=Dorn |first=Sara |title=Elon Musk's Political Shift: How The Billionaire Moved From Backing Obama To Endorsing DeSantis |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/saradorn/2022/11/27/elon-musks-political-shift-how-the-billionaire-moved-from-backing-obama-to-endorsing-desantis/ |access-date=July 31, 2024 |website=Forbes |language=en |archive-date=August 6, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806051359/https://www.forbes.com/sites/saradorn/2022/11/27/elon-musks-political-shift-how-the-billionaire-moved-from-backing-obama-to-endorsing-desantis/ |url-status=live}}|{{cite news |last=Warzel |first=Charlie |date=December 11, 2022 |title=Elon Musk Is a Far-Right Activist |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2022/12/elon-musk-twitter-far-right-activist/672436/ |access-date=July 31, 2024 |website=The Atlantic |language=en |archive-date=December 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212052001/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2022/12/elon-musk-twitter-far-right-activist/672436/ |url-status=live}}|{{cite news |title=elon musk far right wing: Led by Elon Musk, Silicon Valley inches to the right |agency=[[Agence France-Presse]] |website=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/led-by-elon-musk-silicon-valley-inches-to-the-right/articleshow/108361364.cms?from=mdr |access-date=July 31, 2024 |archive-date=July 31, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731003556/https://m.economictimes.com/tech/technology/led-by-elon-musk-silicon-valley-inches-to-the-right/amp_articleshow/108361364.cms |url-status=live}}|{{Cite news |last1=Siddiqui |first1=Faiz |last2=Merrill |first2=Jeremy B. |date=August 12, 2024 |title=Elon Musk's X feed becomes megaphone for his far-right politics |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2024/08/11/musk-x-feed-politics-trump/ |access-date=August 12, 2024 |newspaper=The Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286 |archive-date=August 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814155420/https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2024/08/11/musk-x-feed-politics-trump/ |url-status=live}}}}</ref>

Musk supported [[Barack Obama]] in [[2008 US presidential election|2008]] and [[2012 United States presidential election|2012]],<ref name=":0">{{cite news |date=April 29, 2022 |author-first1=Daniel G. |author-last1=Lifona|title=Elon Musk confesses which US president he voted for most often |url=https://www.marca.com/en/lifestyle/celebrities/2022/04/29/626bb2bf22601d5e7e8b45a3.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222203704/https://www.marca.com/en/lifestyle/celebrities/2022/04/29/626bb2bf22601d5e7e8b45a3.html |archive-date=February 22, 2023 |access-date=February 22, 2023 |website=Marca |language=en}}</ref> [[Hillary Clinton]] in [[2016 United States presidential election|2016]], [[Joe Biden]] in [[2020 United States presidential election|2020]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Feinberg |first=Andrew |date=April 18, 2023 |title=Trump lashes out at Elon Musk after tech mogul says he voted for Biden |url=https://www.the-independent.com/news/world/americas/us-politics/donald-trump-elon-musk-tucker-carlson-b2322101.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919021700/https://www.the-independent.com/news/world/americas/us-politics/donald-trump-elon-musk-tucker-carlson-b2322101.html |archive-date=September 19, 2023 |access-date=September 18, 2023 |work=The Independent}}</ref> and [[Donald Trump]] in [[2024 United States presidential election|2024]].<ref name=":1">{{multiref2|{{cite news |date=May 30, 2022 |title=Accused of not supporting free speech, Elon Musk defends decision to vote Republicans in Nov |url=https://www.firstpost.com/world/accused-of-not-supporting-free-speech-elon-musk-defends-decision-to-vote-republicans-in-nov-10739451.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530224501/https://www.firstpost.com/world/accused-of-not-supporting-free-speech-elon-musk-defends-decision-to-vote-republicans-in-nov-10739451.html |archive-date=May 30, 2022 |access-date=June 14, 2022 |website=Firstpost}}|{{cite news |date=October 14, 2012 |title=Carney: Green stimulus profiteer comes under IRS scrutiny |url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/carney-green-stimulus-profiteer-comes-under-irs-scrutiny |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009194900/http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/carney-green-stimulus-profiteer-comes-under-irs-scrutiny/article/2510619 |archive-date=October 9, 2017 |access-date=June 14, 2022 |website=Washington Examiner |language=en}}|{{Cite tweet |last=Musk |first=Elon |user=elonmusk |date=July 13, 2024 |number=1812256998588662068 |title=I fully endorse President Trump and hope for his rapid recovery |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717020029/https://x.com/elonmusk/status/1812256998588662068 |archive-date=July 17, 2024 |access-date=July 14, 2024}}
}}</ref> In the [[2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries]], Musk endorsed candidate [[Andrew Yang]] and expressed support for Yang's proposed [[universal basic income]],<ref name="bloomberg.com">{{cite news |author=Valero |first=Maria Jose |date=August 10, 2019 |title=Elon Musk Says He Supports 2020 White House Hopeful Andrew Yang |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-08-10/elon-musk-says-he-supports-2020-white-house-hopeful-andrew-yang |url-access=limited |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406194427/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-08-10/elon-musk-says-he-supports-2020-white-house-hopeful-andrew-yang |archive-date=April 6, 2020 |access-date=August 10, 2019 |publisher=Bloomberg L.P.}}</ref> and endorsed [[Kanye West]]'s [[Kanye West 2020 presidential campaign|2020 presidential campaign]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Kirkpatrick |first=Emily |title=Elon Musk Supports Kanye West's Run for President...Again |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2020/07/elon-musk-kanye-west-president-support-again |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803183739/https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2020/07/elon-musk-kanye-west-president-support-again |archive-date=August 3, 2020 |access-date=September 5, 2020 |magazine=Vanity Fair}}</ref> In 2021, Musk publicly expressed opposition to the [[Build Back Better Act]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Isidore |first=Chris |date=February 4, 2022 |title=Why Elon Musk and Joe Biden both love EVs but can't stand each other |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/02/04/business/elon-musk-vs-joe-biden/index.html |access-date=February 8, 2025 |publisher=[[CNN]] }}</ref>

In 2022, Musk gave over $50 million to [[Citizens for Sanity]], a conservative [[political action committee]].<ref name="mattioli">{{cite news |last1=Mattioli |first1=Dana |last2=Palazzolo |first2=Joe |last3=Safdar |first3=Khadeeja |date=October 2, 2024 |title=Elon Musk Gave Tens of Millions to Republican Causes Far Earlier Than Previously Known |url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/elon-musk-political-donations-stephen-miller-desantis-39464294 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002235549/https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/elon-musk-political-donations-stephen-miller-desantis-39464294 |archive-date=October 2, 2024 |access-date=October 3, 2024 |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> In 2023, he supported Republican [[Ron DeSantis]] for the [[2024 US presidential election|2024 U.S. presidential election]], giving $10 million to his campaign,<ref name="mattioli" /> and hosted DeSantis's campaign announcement on a [[Twitter Spaces]] event.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Schonfeld |first1=Zach |date=June 15, 2022 |title=DeSantis on Musk tweet: 'I welcome support from African Americans' |url=https://thehill.com/policy/technology/3525627-desantis-on-musk-tweet-i-welcome-support-from-african-americans/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621033625/https://thehill.com/policy/technology/3525627-desantis-on-musk-tweet-i-welcome-support-from-african-americans/ |archive-date=June 21, 2022 |access-date=July 1, 2022 |work=The Hill}}</ref><ref name="WaPoDesantis">{{Cite news |last=Siddiqui |first=Faiz |date=May 25, 2023 |title=Twitter repeatedly crashes as DeSantis tries to make presidential announcement |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2023/05/24/elon-musk-ron-desantis-2024-twitter/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524233307/https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2023/05/24/elon-musk-ron-desantis-2024-twitter/ |archive-date=May 24, 2023 |access-date=June 8, 2023 |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Twitter Spaces Glitches Plague DeSantis's 2024 Announcement |url=https://www.wsj.com/video/twitter-spaces-glitches-plague-desantiss-2024-announcement/B240C703-2EA7-430C-A709-7C90F2A26CBE.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608011157/https://www.wsj.com/video/twitter-spaces-glitches-plague-desantiss-2024-announcement/B240C703-2EA7-430C-A709-7C90F2A26CBE.html |archive-date=June 8, 2023 |access-date=June 8, 2023 |work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> From June 2023 to January 2024, Musk hosted a bipartisan set of X Spaces with Republican and Democratic candidates, including [[Robert F. Kennedy Jr.]],<ref>{{Cite AV media |date=June 5, 2023 |title=Robert F. Kennedy Jr. speaks on Twitter Spaces, challenges Biden for 2024 nomination {{!}} NewsNation No |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9aDfmN8z5Ik |access-date=February 5, 2025 |website=NewsNation |archive-date=February 5, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250205163827/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9aDfmN8z5Ik&gl=US&hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Vivek Ramaswamy]],<ref>{{Cite AV media |date=July 30, 2023 |title=Vivek Ramaswamy Speaks with Elon Musk & David Sacks on an X Space |via=[[YouTube]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U5RyE4d5nBY |access-date=February 5, 2025}}</ref> and [[Dean Phillips]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Schneider |first=Elena |date=January 15, 2024 |title=Dean Phillips floats a Cabinet post for Musk or Ackman |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2024/01/15/dean-phillips-floats-a-cabinet-post-for-musk-or-ackman-00135640 |access-date=February 5, 2025 |website=Politico |archive-date=January 16, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116141456/https://www.politico.com/news/2024/01/15/dean-phillips-floats-a-cabinet-post-for-musk-or-ackman-00135640 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In October 2025, former vice-president [[Kamala Harris]] commented that it was a mistake from the Democratic side to not invite Musk to a White House electric vehicle event organized in August 2021 and featuring executives from General Motors, Ford and Stellantis, despite Tesla being "the major American manufacturer of extraordinary innovation in this space." ''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]'' remarked that this was a nod to [[United Auto Workers]] and organized labor. Harris said presidents should put aside political loyalties when it came to recognizing innovation, and guessed that the non-invitation impacted Musk's perspective. ''Fortune'' noted that, at the time, Musk said, "Yeah, seems odd that Tesla wasn't invited." A month later, he criticized Biden as "not the friendliest administration."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ma |first1=Jason |title=Kamala Harris: It was a 'big mistake' not to invite Elon Musk to a White House EV event |url=https://fortune.com/2025/10/18/kamala-harris-big-mistake-elon-musk-white-house-ev-event-biden/ |work=Fortune |language=en}}</ref> Jacob Silverman, author of the book ''Gilded Rage: Elon Musk and the Radicalization of Silicon Valley'', said that the tech industry represented by Musk, Thiel, [[Marc Andreessen|Andreessen]] and other capitalists, actually flourished under Biden, but the tech leaders chose Trump for their common ground on cultural issues.<ref>{{cite news |last1=McHugh |first1=Calder |title='The Democrats Still May Not Understand What They're Dealing With' |url=https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2025/10/11/elon-musk-donald-trump-silicon-valley-book-jacob-silverman-00603682?cid=apn |work=POLITICO |date=October 11, 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Trump UFC 2024.jpg|thumb|Musk at a 2024 gathering with Trump and other political leaders]]

By early 2024, Musk had become a vocal and financial supporter of Donald Trump.<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 29, 2024 |title=How Elon Musk came to endorse Donald Trump |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2024/07/29/musk-trump-endorsement-immigration/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919110730/https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2024/07/29/musk-trump-endorsement-immigration/ |archive-date=September 19, 2024 |access-date=November 9, 2024 |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref> In July 2024, minutes after the [[Attempted assassination of Donald Trump in Pennsylvania|attempted assassination of Donald Trump]], Musk [[List of Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign endorsements|endorsed him for president]] saying; "I fully endorse President Trump and hope for his rapid recovery."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Elon Musk says he 'fully' endorses Donald Trump after shots fired during campaign rally |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-endorses-trump-after-pennsylvania-rally-incident-2024-7 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241112210339/https://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-endorses-trump-after-pennsylvania-rally-incident-2024-7 |archive-date=November 12, 2024 |access-date=November 19, 2024 |website=[[Business Insider]]}}</ref><ref name="fucked">{{cite news |last1=Rogers |first1=Alex |last2=Morris |first2=Stephen |last3=Inagaki |first3=Kana |year=2024 |title=Elon Musk's riskiest bet yet: Donald Trump |url=https://on.ft.com/406cj3B |website=[[Financial Times]] |quote="If he loses, I'm fucked"}}</ref> During the [[Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign|presidential campaign]], Musk joined Trump on stage at a campaign rally,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kinnard |first=Meg |date=October 5, 2024 |title=Elon Musk makes his first appearance at a Trump rally and casts the election in dire terms |url=https://apnews.com/article/elon-musk-donald-trump-rally-butler-election-f718967ec29431a2b9858b1121e70da1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241006061925/https://apnews.com/article/elon-musk-donald-trump-rally-butler-election-f718967ec29431a2b9858b1121e70da1 |archive-date=October 6, 2024 |access-date=October 6, 2024 |publisher=Associated Press |language=en}}</ref> and during the campaign promoted conspiracy theories and falsehoods about Democrats, [[Election denial movement in the United States|election fraud]]<ref name="Meyer 11012024">{{Cite news |last=Meyer |first=Josh |date=November 1, 2024 |title=Fake video of Georgia voter fraud is Russian misinformation, US officials say |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/elections/2024/11/01/georgia-voter-fraud-video-fake-russia/75993122007/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241107014209/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/elections/2024/11/01/georgia-voter-fraud-video-fake-russia/75993122007/ |archive-date=November 7, 2024 |access-date=November 3, 2024 |work=USA Today}}</ref> and immigration, in support of Trump.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tenbarge |first1=Kat |last2=Goggin |first2=Ben |last3=Barnett |first3=Emma |date=October 17, 2024 |title=Musk pushes debunked Dominion voting conspiracy theory at first Pennsylvania appearance |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/musk-pushes-debunked-dominion-voting-conspiracy-theory-campaign-appear-rcna175985 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241116230513/https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/musk-pushes-debunked-dominion-voting-conspiracy-theory-campaign-appear-rcna175985 |archive-date=November 16, 2024 |access-date=November 19, 2024 |publisher=NBC News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Ingram |first1=Julia |last2=May |first2=Madeleine |date=October 21, 2024 |title=The X factor: How Trump ally Elon Musk is using social media to prime voter mistrust ahead of 2024 election |publisher=CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/elon-musk-trump-social-media-election-2024/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241109015540/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/elon-musk-trump-social-media-election-2024/ |archive-date=November 9, 2024 |access-date=October 22, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> Musk was the largest individual donor of the 2024 election.<ref name="Thadani 12062024">{{Cite news |last1=Thadani |first1=Trisha |last2=Morse |first2=Clara Ence |date=December 6, 2024 |title=Elon Musk is now America's largest political donor |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2024/12/06/elon-musk-trump-campaign-spending-fec/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250101000528/https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2024/12/06/elon-musk-trump-campaign-spending-fec/ |archive-date=January 1, 2025 |access-date=December 31, 2024 |newspaper=The Washington Post |language=en |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> In 2025, Musk contributed $19 million to the [[2025 Wisconsin Supreme Court election|Wisconsin Supreme Court race]], hoping to influence the state's future [[redistricting]] efforts and its regulations governing car manufacturers and dealers.<ref>{{cite web |last=Schulz |first=Joe |date=March 3, 2025 |title=As Musk pours millions into Wisconsin Supreme Court race, Tesla files case that could reach justices |url=https://www.wpr.org/news/elon-musk-pac-millions-wisconsin-supreme-court-race-tesla-lawsuit |website=Wisconsin Public Radio |access-date=March 26, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Walker |first=Chris |date=March 26, 2025 |title=Musk Pours Millions Into Wisconsin Court Race to Protect Rigged Maps for GOP |url=https://truthout.org/articles/musk-pours-millions-into-wisconsin-court-race-to-protect-rigged-maps-for-gop/ |website=Truthout |access-date=March 26, 2025 |archive-date=March 26, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250326185047/https://truthout.org/articles/musk-pours-millions-into-wisconsin-court-race-to-protect-rigged-maps-for-gop/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2023, Musk said he shunned the [[World Economic Forum]] because it was boring. The organization commented that they had not invited him since 2015.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jackson |first1=Sarah |title=Elon Musk says he isn't at Davos because it's 'boring af.' Organizers say they haven't invited him since 2015. |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-says-declined-davos-organizers-says-he-wasnt-invited-2023-1 |work=Business Insider |date=January 18, 2023}}</ref> He has participated in [[Dialog (organization)|Dialog]], dubbed "Tech [[Bilderberg Meeting|Bilderberg]]" and organized by [[Peter Thiel]] and [[Auren Hoffman]], though.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ropek |first1=Lucas |title=Secretive, Peter Thiel-Founded 'Tech Bilderberg" Group Is Moving Up in the World |url=https://gizmodo.com/secretive-peter-thiel-founded-tech-bilderberg-group-is-moving-up-in-the-world-2000640214 |work=Gizmodo |date=August 8, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Allen |first=Mike |date=August 7, 2025 |title=Scoop: Dialog, a secretive forum, plans D.C.-area campus |url=https://www.axios.com/2025/08/07/dialog-secret-network-thiel-hoffman |access-date=September 12, 2025 |website=Axios |language=en}}</ref>

Musk's international political actions and comments have come under increasing scrutiny and criticism, especially from the governments and leaders of France, Germany, Norway, Spain and the United Kingdom, particularly due to his position in the [[Second Trump administration|U.S. government]] as well as ownership of X.<ref name="Times">{{Cite news |last=Times |first=The Brussels |title=Musk-AfD: EU Commission to monitor risks of 'preferential treatment' |url=https://www.brusselstimes.com/1380216/musk-afd-debate-eu-commission-to-monitor-risks-of-preferential-treatment |access-date=January 7, 2025 |website=Brussels Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name="European">{{multiref2|{{Cite news |last=Henley |first=Jon |date=January 6, 2025 |title=Emmanuel Macron joins growing criticism of Elon Musk in Europe |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2025/jan/06/emmanuel-macron-joins-growing-criticism-elon-musk-europe |access-date=January 7, 2025 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}|{{Cite web |last=Hutchison |first=Peter |title=European leaders in France, Norway and Germany hit back against Elon Musk in UK political meddling row |agency=[[Agence France-Presse]] |url=https://fortune.com/europe/2025/01/06/european-leaders-france-norway-germany-hit-back-against-elon-musk-political-meddling/ |access-date=January 7, 2025 |website=Fortune Europe |language=en |archive-date=January 7, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250107032200/https://fortune.com/europe/2025/01/06/european-leaders-france-norway-germany-hit-back-against-elon-musk-political-meddling/ |url-status=live}}|{{Cite news |title=European leaders decry Elon Musk's meddling |date=January 6, 2025 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/european-leaders-decry-elon-musks-meddling/a-71227690 |access-date=January 7, 2025 |publisher=Deutsche Welle |language=en |archive-date=January 7, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250107032159/https://www.dw.com/en/european-leaders-decry-elon-musks-meddling/a-71227690 |url-status=live}}|{{Cite news |date=January 6, 2025 |title=Elon Musk's European political meddling is 'worrying,' says Norway's PM|author-first1=Ketrin|author-last1=Jochecová|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/norwegian-pm-jonas-gahr-store-worried-elon-musk-political-meddling/ |access-date=January 7, 2025 |website=Politico |language=en-GB |archive-date=January 6, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250106163545/https://www.politico.eu/article/norwegian-pm-jonas-gahr-store-worried-elon-musk-political-meddling/ |url-status=live}}|{{Cite news |date=January 7, 2025 |title=Musk provokes European leaders ahead of chat with German far-right leader |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/crmngpvv08lo.amp |access-date=January 8, 2025 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |language=en-gb |archive-date=January 8, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250108060720/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/crmngpvv08lo.amp |url-status=live}}
}}</ref><ref name="AfD">{{multiref2|{{Cite news |last=Dorn |first=Sara |title=Foreign Leaders—And The EU—Step Up Challenges To Musk As His Feuds With Global Politicians Heat Up |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/saradorn/2025/01/06/foreign-leaders-and-the-eu-step-up-challenges-to-musk-as-his-feuds-with-global-politicians-heat-up/ |access-date=January 7, 2025 |website=Forbes |language=en |archive-date=January 6, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250106211020/https://www.forbes.com/sites/saradorn/2025/01/06/foreign-leaders-and-the-eu-step-up-challenges-to-musk-as-his-feuds-with-global-politicians-heat-up/ |url-status=live}}|{{Cite news |last=Tankersley |first=Jim |date=January 9, 2025 |title=Elon Musk Is Trying to Break Germany's Quarantine on the Far-Right AfD |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/01/09/world/europe/germany-elon-musk-afd.html |access-date=February 2, 2025 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=January 28, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250128171121/https://www.nytimes.com/2025/01/09/world/europe/germany-elon-musk-afd.html |url-status=live}}|{{Cite news |last=Psaropoulos |first=John T. |title=Is Elon Musk a Nazi, and can he get European far-right hardliners elected? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/1/31/is-elon-musk-a-nazi-and-can-he-get-european-far-right-hardliners-elected |access-date=February 2, 2025 |publisher=Al Jazeera English |language=en}}|{{Cite news |last=Ewing |first=Giselle Ruhiyyih |date=January 25, 2025 |title=Musk tells Germans to get over 'past guilt' in speech to far-right AfD rally |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2025/01/25/musk-german-afd-rally-weidel-00200620 |access-date=February 2, 2025 |website=Politico |language=en |archive-date=January 27, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250127141630/https://www.politico.com/news/2025/01/25/musk-german-afd-rally-weidel-00200620 |url-status=live}}
}}</ref> An NBC News analysis found he had boosted far-right political movements to cut immigration and curtail regulation of business in at least 18 countries on six continents since 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Ingram |first1=David |last2=Horvath |first2=Bruna |date=February 16, 2025 |title=How Elon Musk is boosting far-right politics across the globe |work=NBC News |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/elon-musk/elon-musk-boosting-far-right-politics-globe-rcna189505 |access-date=March 20, 2025}}</ref>

=== Salute at Trump's second inauguration ===
{{Main|Elon Musk salute controversy}}

[[File:Elon Musk gesture.gif|thumb|Musk giving a gesture at the [[second inauguration of Donald Trump]] before saying "My heart goes out to you. It is thanks to you that the future of civilization is assured."<ref name="cpdxzjw9p47o">{{Cite news |date=January 20, 2025 |title=Elon Musk's gesture at Trump rally draws scrutiny |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/videos/cpdxzjw9p47o |access-date=January 21, 2025 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |language=en-GB |archive-date=January 29, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250129023036/https://www.bbc.com/news/videos/cpdxzjw9p47o |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="nx-s1-5269719">{{cite news |title=Elon Musk tried to turn the salute controversy into a joke |url=https://www.npr.org/transcripts/nx-s1-5269719 |publisher=NPR |archive-date=January 28, 2025 |access-date=January 28, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250128110823/https://www.npr.org/transcripts/nx-s1-5269719 |url-status=live}}</ref>]]

During his speech after the [[second inauguration of Donald Trump]], Musk twice made a gesture interpreted by many as a [[Nazi salute|Nazi]] or a fascist [[Roman salute]].{{efn|The "Roman salute" is a gesture which was used by [[Italian Fascist]]s, then adopted by the Nazis. It is not believed to have been used by ancient Romans.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Winkler |first=Martin M. |title=The Roman Salute: Cinema, History, Ideology |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/book/27815 |publisher=Ohio State University Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-8142-0864-9 |location=Columbus |page=2}}</ref>}} He thumped his right hand over his heart, fingers spread wide, and then extended his right arm out, emphatically, at an upward angle, palm down and fingers together. He then repeated the gesture to the crowd behind him. As he finished the gestures, he said to the crowd, "My heart goes out to you. It is thanks to you that the future of civilization is assured."<ref name="cpdxzjw9p47o" /><ref name="nx-s1-5269719" />

It was widely condemned as an intentional Nazi salute in Germany,<ref name="Bennhold-2025">{{Cite web |last=Bennhold |first=Katrin |date=January 25, 2025 |orig-date=January 24, 2025 |title=What Elon Musk's Salute Was All About |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/01/24/world/europe/elon-musk-roman-salute-nazi.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250128201233/https://www.nytimes.com/2025/01/24/world/europe/elon-musk-roman-salute-nazi.html |archive-date=January 28, 2025 |access-date=February 6, 2025 |website=[[The New York Times]] |issn=1553-8095 |oclc=1645522}}</ref><ref>Multiple references:
* {{Cite web |last=Stork |first=Stefanie |date=January 31, 2025 |title=Wie sieht es das Strafrecht? Elon Musks verbotener Gruß |url=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/kolumnen/wie-sieht-es-das-strafrecht-elon-musks-verbotener-gruss-110265939.html |access-date=April 25, 2025 |website=[[Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung]] |language=de}}
* {{Cite news |last=Duhm |first=Lisa |date=January 22, 2025 |title=Kira Ayyadi über Musks kontroverse Geste: »Das war definitiv ein Hitlergruß« |url=https://www.spiegel.de/panorama/justiz/elon-musk-geste-bei-trumps-antrittsfeier-das-war-definitiv-ein-hitlergruss-a-82846438-8752-451b-9ece-52b2256d5f24 |access-date=April 25, 2025 |work=[[Der Spiegel]] |language=de |issn=2195-1349}}
* {{Cite news |last=Jacobsen |first=Lenz |date=January 21, 2025 |title=Elon Musk: Ein Hitlergruß ist ein Hitlergruß ist ein Hitlergruß |url=https://www.zeit.de/kultur/2025-01/elon-musk-hitlergruss-amtseinfuehrung-donald-trump |access-date=April 25, 2025 |work=Die Zeit |language=de-DE |issn=0044-2070}}
* {{Cite web |last=Feldhaus |first=Timo |date=January 22, 2025 |title=Der Hitlergruß von Elon Musk: Nicht von der Kunstfreiheit gedeckt |url=https://www.berliner-zeitung.de/kultur-vergnuegen/jonathan-meese-und-elon-musk-derselbe-hitlergruss-aber-andere-diktaturen-li.2290703 |access-date=April 25, 2025 |website=[[Berliner Zeitung]] |language=de}}
* {{Cite news |last=Biller |first=Andreas |date=January 24, 2025 |title=Nach Hitlergruß-Skandal macht Elon Musk jetzt einfach Nazi-Witze |url=https://www.focus.de/politik/ausland/auf-twitter-nach-hitlergruss-skandal-macht-elon-musk-jetzt-einfach-nazi-witze_607cfc85-d60b-4730-9793-51ab09882f52.html |access-date=April 26, 2025 |work=[[Focus (German magazine)|Focus]]}}
* {{Cite web |last=Beise |first=Marc |date=January 21, 2025 |title=Elon Musks rechter Arm in der Luft: kontroverse Geste bei Trumps Amtseinführung |url=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/elon-musks-rechter-arm-luft-roemischer-gruss-kontext-bedeutung-li.3186779?reduced=true |access-date=April 25, 2025 |website=[[Süddeutsche Zeitung]] |language=de}}
* {{Cite web |last=Prange |first=Sven |date=January 24, 2025 |title=Darum könnte der Hitlergruß von Elon Musk Strategie sein |url=https://www.handelsblatt.com/politik/deutschland/us-wahl-darum-koennte-der-hitlergruss-von-elon-musk-strategie-sein/100102595.html |access-date=April 25, 2025 |website=[[Handelsblatt]]}}
* {{Cite news |last=Joswig |first=Gareth |date=January 21, 2025 |title=Elon Musks Hitlergruß: Entscheidend ist der Kontext |url=https://taz.de/Elon-Musks-Hitlergruss/!6060000/ |access-date=April 25, 2025 |work=[[Die Tageszeitung]] |language=de |issn=0931-9085}}
* {{Cite web |last=Hesse |first=Michael |date=January 22, 2025 |title=Elon Musk: Der Gruß der Nazis |url=https://www.fr.de/kultur/gesellschaft/elon-musk-der-gruss-der-nazis-93529461.html |access-date=April 25, 2025 |website=[[Frankfurter Rundschau]] |language=de}}
* {{Cite web |last=Döbler |first=Moritz |date=January 21, 2025 |title=Amtseinführung von Donald Trump: Elon Musk und der Hitlergruß |url=https://rp-online.de/politik/ausland/elon-musk-zeigt-hitlergruss-bei-donald-trumps-amtseinfuehrung_aid-123292621 |access-date=April 25, 2025 |website=[[Rheinische Post]] |language=de}}</ref> where [[Strafgesetzbuch section 86a|making such gestures is illegal]].<ref name="rbb24.de">{{Cite web |date=January 22, 2025 |title=Drohen Elon Musk in Deutschland Konsequenzen? |url=https://www.rbb24.de/panorama/beitrag/av24/video-elon-musk-mutmasslicher-hitler-gruss.html |access-date=April 25, 2025 |website=rbb24.de |language=de |quote=Elon Musk hat mit einem mutmaßlichen Hitlergruß anlässlich der Amtseinführung von Donald Trump Aufsehen erregt. Diese Geste ist in Deutschland grundsätzlich strafbar. Drohen ihm beim nächsten Besuch deswegen Konsequenzen?}}</ref> The [[Anti-Defamation League]] said it was not a Nazi salute,<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Lapin |first=Andrew |date=January 23, 2025 |title=How did the ADL conclude Elon Musk didn't give a Nazi salute? It isn't saying |url=https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/how-did-the-adl-conclude-that-elon-musk-didnt-give-a-nazi-salute-it-isnt-saying/ |access-date=April 21, 2025 |website=Jewish News |language=en-US}}</ref> but other Jewish organizations disagreed and condemned the salute.<ref name=":82">{{Cite web |date=January 20, 2025 |title=Statement from The Simon Wiesenthal Center on Elon Musk's 2025 Inauguration Salute |url=https://www.wiesenthal.com/about/news/statement-from-the-simon-4.html |access-date=April 21, 2025 |website=[[Simon Wiesenthal Center]]}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |date=January 23, 2025 |title=Elon Musk makes Holocaust jokes after Netanyahu defends him as 'great friend of Israel' |url=https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/article-839006 |access-date=April 22, 2025 |website=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |language=en}}</ref> American public opinion was divided on partisan lines as to whether it was a fascist salute.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |date=February 1, 2025 |title=YouGov Survey: Elon Musk's Gesture |url=https://d3nkl3psvxxpe9.cloudfront.net/documents/Elon_Musk_Gesture_poll_results.pdf |access-date=April 14, 2025 |website=[[YouGov]]}}</ref> Musk dismissed the accusations of [[Nazi]] sympathies, deriding them as "dirty tricks" and a "tired" attack.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wickman |first=Kase |date=January 21, 2025 |title=Elon Musk Sure Isn't Denying That His Inaugural Gesture Was a Nazi Salute |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/style/story/elon-musk-inauguration-gesture-nazi-salute |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250130160537/https://www.vanityfair.com/style/story/elon-musk-inauguration-gesture-nazi-salute |archive-date=January 30, 2025 |access-date=February 6, 2025 |website=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]] |publisher=[[Condé Nast]] |language=en-US |issn=0733-8899 |oclc=8356733}}</ref><ref name="Fortinsky-2025a">{{Cite news |last=Fortinsky |first=Sarah |date=January 21, 2025 |title=Musk on salute blowback: 'Frankly, they need better dirty tricks' |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/5097672-elon-musk-responds-salute-criticism/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250130130909/https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/5097672-elon-musk-responds-salute-criticism/ |archive-date=January 30, 2025 |access-date=February 6, 2025 |website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |publisher=[[Nexstar Media Group]] |issn=1521-1568 |oclc=31153202}}</ref> [[Neo-Nazi]] and [[white supremacist]] groups celebrated it as a Nazi salute.<ref name=":12"/><ref name="Condon-2025">{{Cite news |last=Condon |first=Bernard |date=January 22, 2025 |title=Musk's straight-arm gesture embraced by right-wing extremists regardless of what he meant |url=https://apnews.com/article/musk-gesture-salute-antisemitism-0070dae53c7a73397b104ae645877535 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250130185508/https://apnews.com/article/musk-gesture-salute-antisemitism-0070dae53c7a73397b104ae645877535 |archive-date=January 30, 2025 |access-date=February 6, 2025|publisher=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref> Multiple European political parties demanded that Musk be banned from entering their countries.<ref>{{cite web |last=Strauß |first=Hagen |date=January 22, 2025 |title='Unterstützer der extremen Rechten': Linke will Einreisesperre für Elon Musk |trans-title='Supporter of the Extreme Right': Die Linke calls for Entry Ban for Elon Musk |url=https://rp-online.de/politik/deutschland/elon-musk-linke-will-einreiseverbot-fuer-trump-berater_aid-123327325 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123062821/https://rp-online.de/politik/deutschland/elon-musk-linke-will-einreiseverbot-fuer-trump-berater_aid-123327325 |archive-date=January 23, 2025 |access-date=January 22, 2025 |work=[[Rheinische Post]] |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=January 21, 2025 |title=Österreichs Grüne fordern Einreiseverbot für Elon Musk |trans-title=Austria's Greens Demand Entry Ban for Elon Musk |url=https://kurier.at/politik/ausland/elon-musk-donald-trump-einreiseverbot-oesterreich/403001192 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250130023523/https://kurier.at/politik/ausland/elon-musk-donald-trump-einreiseverbot-oesterreich/403001192 |archive-date=January 30, 2025 |access-date=January 22, 2025 |work=[[Kurier]] |language=de |issn=2308-0973 |oclc=849575488}}</ref>

=== Department of Government Efficiency ===
{{Main|Department of Government Efficiency}}

[[File:Elon Musk (54350004520).jpg|thumb|left|150px|Elon Musk wielding a chainsaw at the [[Conservative Political Action Conference]] (CPAC) in 2025, imitating a publicity stunt used by [[Javier Milei]] symbolic of efficiency, [[2025 United States federal mass layoffs|federal mass layoffs]] and [[tax cut]]ting]]

The concept of DOGE emerged in a discussion between Musk and [[Donald Trump]], and in August 2024, Trump committed to giving Musk an advisory role, with Musk accepting the offer.<ref name="Shepardson">{{Cite news |last=Shepardson |first=David |date=August 20, 2024 |title=Trump says he may end EV tax credit; is open to naming Elon Musk as an adviser |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/trump-says-he-would-consider-ending-7500-electric-vehicle-credit-2024-08-19/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241206064735/https://www.reuters.com/world/us/trump-says-he-would-consider-ending-7500-electric-vehicle-credit-2024-08-19/ |archive-date=December 6, 2024 |access-date=November 13, 2024 |publisher=Reuters}}</ref> In November and December 2024, Musk suggested that the organization could help to cut the [[United States federal budget|U.S. federal budget]], consolidate the number of federal agencies,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Picchi |first=Aimee |date=November 14, 2024 |title=What to know about Trump's Department of Government Efficiency, led by Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy - CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-department-of-government-efficiency-doge-elon-musk-ramaswamy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241117233859/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-department-of-government-efficiency-doge-elon-musk-ramaswamy/ |archive-date=November 17, 2024 |access-date=November 18, 2024 |publisher=CBS News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Jones |first=Ja'han |date=November 13, 2024 |title=Trump's meme-ified 'efficiency' 'department' is equal parts cockamamie and conflict |url=https://www.msnbc.com/the-reidout/reidout-blog/department-government-efficiency-doge-gift-vivek-ramaswamy-elon-musk-rcna179976 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241117155653/https://www.msnbc.com/the-reidout/reidout-blog/department-government-efficiency-doge-gift-vivek-ramaswamy-elon-musk-rcna179976 |archive-date=November 17, 2024 |access-date=November 18, 2024 |publisher=MSNBC |language=en}}</ref> and eliminate the [[Consumer Financial Protection Bureau]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=November 27, 2024 |title=Elon Musk wants to 'delete' federal financial watchdog as 'DOGE' begins work |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2024/11/27/elon-musk-delete-cfpb-doge/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127191821/https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2024/11/27/elon-musk-delete-cfpb-doge/ |archive-date=November 27, 2024 |access-date=November 27, 2024 |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=November 27, 2024 |title=Musk calls for abolishing consumer finance watchdog targeted by Republicans |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/musk-calls-abolishing-consumer-finance-watchdog-targeted-by-republicans-2024-11-27/ |publisher=Reuters}}</ref> and that its final stage would be "deleting itself".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Siddiqui |first=Faiz |date=December 21, 2024 |title=Elon Musk's wish list for DOGE |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2024/12/20/elon-musk-doge-priorities/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241222082229/https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2024/12/20/elon-musk-doge-priorities/ |archive-date=December 22, 2024 |access-date=February 8, 2025 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref>

In January 2025, the organization was created by [[executive order]], and Musk was designated a "[[special government employee]]".<ref name="MD2">{{Cite news |last=Ingram |first=David |date=February 4, 2025 |title=Elon Musk and DOGE are hacking the government |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/elon-musk-doge-usaid-treasury-government-rcna190450 |access-date=February 4, 2025 |publisher=NBC News |language=en |archive-date=February 4, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250204120250/https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/elon-musk-doge-usaid-treasury-government-rcna190450 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Ngo 1212025">{{Cite news |last1=Madeline |first1=Ngo |last2=Schleifer |first2=Theodore |date=January 21, 2025 |title=How Trump's Department of Government Efficiency Will Work |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/01/21/us/politics/doge-government-efficiency-trump-musk.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=January 21, 2025 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Musk led the organization and was a [[Senior Advisor to the President of the United States|senior advisor to the president]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=February 18, 2025 |title=Musk is just an adviser with no power to make decisions, White House claims |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/feb/18/turmp-elon-musk-doge |access-date=March 13, 2025 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> although his [[Political activities of Elon Musk|official role]] is not clear.<ref name="Wolf2">{{Cite news |last=Wolf |first=Zachary B. |date=February 1, 2025 |title=Analysis: We do not know what exactly Elon Musk is doing to the federal government {{!}} CNN Politics |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/02/01/politics/elon-musk-federal-government-what-matters/index.html |access-date=February 1, 2025 |publisher=[[CNN]] |language=en |archive-date=February 5, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250205062842/https://www.cnn.com/2025/02/01/politics/elon-musk-federal-government-what-matters/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In sworn statement during a lawsuit, the director of the White House [[Office of Administration]] stated that Musk "is not an employee of the U.S. DOGE Service or U.S. DOGE Service Temporary Organization", "is not the U.S. DOGE Service administrator", and has "no actual or formal authority to make government decisions himself".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Quinn |first=Melissa |date=February 18, 2025 |title=Judge won't block Musk and DOGE from accessing data, making cuts at 7 federal agencies |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/judge-wont-block-musks-doge-from-accessing-data-making-cuts-at-7-federal-agencies/ |access-date=February 19, 2025 |website=CBS News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bortos |first1=Alena |title=Elon Musk isn't in charge of DOGE or even an employee of it, White House says |url=https://fortune.com/2025/02/18/elon-musk-doge-head-employee/ |access-date=February 20, 2025 |work=Fortune |date=February 18, 2025}}</ref> Trump said two days later that he had put Musk in charge of DOGE.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shalal |first1=Andrea |last2=Bose |first2=Nandita |title=Trump appears to contradict White House, says Elon Musk in charge of DOGE |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/trump-appears-contradict-white-house-says-elon-musk-charge-doge-2025-02-20/ |access-date=February 20, 2025 |work=Reuters |date=February 20, 2025}}</ref> A federal judge has ruled that Musk acted as the ''de facto'' leader of DOGE.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lee |first1=Ella |title=Judge finds Elon Musk likely acted unconstitutionally in shuttering USAID |url=https://thehill.com/regulation/court-battles/5201430-judge-elon-musk-usaid/ |access-date=March 18, 2025 |work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |date=March 18, 2025 |quote=It marks the first time a judge has ruled that Musk is likely exercising enough independent authority to require him to be confirmed by the Senate under the Constitution's Appointments Clause. "The record of his activities to date establishes that his role has been and will continue to be as the leader of DOGE, with the same duties and degree of continuity as if he was formally in that position,'" wrote Chuang, an appointee of former President Obama. Chuang rejected the Trump administration's argument that Musk is not the DOGE administrator and is instead merely a senior adviser to the president who has no independent authority.}}</ref>

[[File:President Trump Participates in a Press Conference with Elon Musk.webm|thumb|Elon Musk participating in a press conference with [[Donald Trump]] shortly before his departure from [[Department of Government Efficiency|DOGE]]]]

Musk's role in the [[second Trump administration]], particularly in [[Response to the Department of Government Efficiency|response to DOGE]], has [[Protests against Elon Musk|attracted public backlash]]. He was criticized for his treatment of federal government employees,<ref name="nyt-young-aides-25">{{cite news |last1=Schleifer |first1=Theodore |last2=Nehamas |first2=Nicholas |last3=Conger |first3=Kate |last4=Mac |first4=Ryan |date=February 7, 2025 |title=Young Aides Emerge as Enforcers in Musk's Broadside Against Government |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/02/07/us/politics/musk-doge-aides.html |access-date=February 7, 2025 |work=[[The New York Times]] |archive-date=February 8, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250208014401/https://www.nytimes.com/2025/02/07/us/politics/musk-doge-aides.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="nyt-swan-musk-feb-25">{{cite news |last1=Swan |first1=Jonathan |last2=Schleifer |first2=Theodore |last3=Haberman |first3=Maggie |last4=Conger |first4=Kate |last5=Mac |first5=Ryan |last6=Ngo |first6=Madeleine |date=February 3, 2025 |title=Inside Musk's Aggressive Incursion Into the Federal Government |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/02/03/us/politics/musk-federal-government.html |access-date=February 4, 2025 |work=[[The New York Times]] |archive-date=February 7, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250207132659/https://www.nytimes.com/2025/02/03/us/politics/musk-federal-government.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="wp-zs-25">{{cite news |last1=Zakrzewski |first1=Cat |last2=Siddiqui |first2=Faiz |date=February 5, 2025 |title=How Elon Musk's deputies took over the government's most basic functions |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2025/02/05/elon-musk-federal-technology-takeover/ |access-date=February 5, 2025 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |archive-date=February 6, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250206221232/https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2025/02/05/elon-musk-federal-technology-takeover/ |url-status=live }}</ref> including his influence over the [[2025 United States federal mass layoffs|mass layoffs of the federal workforce]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Neely |first1=Brett |last2=Bowman |first2=Emma |title=Elon Musk tells federal employees to document work in email or be fired |url=https://www.npr.org/2025/02/22/nx-s1-5305834/elon-musk-federal-employees-email-opm |access-date=February 23, 2025 |work=NPR |date=February 22, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Volcovici |first1=Valerie |title=Musk orders US federal workers to report on work by Monday or resign |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/musk-orders-us-federal-workers-report-work-or-get-fired-2025-02-22/ |access-date=February 23, 2025 |work=Reuters |date=February 23, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Fortinsky |first1=Sarah |title=Musk says failure to respond a second time to email will end in termination |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/5162218-musk-says-failure-to-respond-a-second-time-to-email-will-end-in-termination/ |access-date=February 26, 2025 |work=The Hill |date=February 24, 2025}}</ref> He has prioritized secrecy within the organization<ref name="The New York Times">{{cite news |last1=Swan |first1=Jonathan |last2=Schleifer |first2=Theodore |last3=Haberman |first3=Maggie |last4=Conger |first4=Kate |last5=Mac |first5=Ryan |last6=Ngo |first6=Madeleine |date=February 3, 2025 |title=Inside Musk's Aggressive Incursion Into the Federal Government |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/02/03/us/politics/musk-federal-government.html?unlocked_article_code=1.uU4.HQRZ.uQoWMVaZtOnr&smid=url-share |work=The New York Times}}</ref> and has accused others of violating privacy laws.<ref name="MD2"/> A Senate report alleged that Musk could avoid up to $2 billion in legal liability as a result of DOGE's actions.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nazzaro |first=Miranda |date=April 28, 2025 |title=Musk, companies could avoid $2 billion in potential liability over DOGE role: Report |url=https://thehill.com/policy/technology/5271301-elon-musk-government-liability/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250429044224/https://thehill.com/policy/technology/5271301-elon-musk-government-liability/ |archive-date=April 29, 2025 |access-date=May 9, 2025 |work=The Hill |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref> In May 2025, [[Bill Gates]] accused Musk of "killing the world's poorest children" through his cuts to [[United States Agency for International Development|USAID]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pilling |first=David |date=May 8, 2025 |title=Bill Gates accuses Elon Musk of 'killing' children with USAID cuts |url=https://www.ft.com/content/bdd9bb89-ac3c-4043-9ca4-bc7efbd41fed |access-date=May 15, 2025 |work=Financial Times}}</ref> which modeling by [[Boston University]] estimated had resulted in 300,000 deaths by this time, most of them of children.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Goldberg |first=Michelle |date=May 30, 2025 |title=Elon Musk's Legacy Is Disease, Starvation and Death |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/30/opinion/elon-musk-doge-usaid.html |access-date=May 30, 2025 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Emanuel |first1=Gabrielle |last2=Inskeep |first2=Steve |date=May 28, 2025 |title=Aid groups say USAID cuts are already having deadly consequences |url=https://www.npr.org/2025/05/28/nx-s1-5413322/aid-groups-say-usaid-cuts-are-already-having-deadly-consequences |access-date=May 20, 2025 |publisher=NPR}}</ref> By November 2025, the estimated death toll had increased to 400,000 children and 200,000 adults.<ref name="usaid-shutdown">{{cite magazine |last1=Gawande |first1=Atul |title=The Shutdown of U.S.A.I.D. Has Already Killed Hundreds of Thousands |url=https://www.newyorker.com/culture/the-new-yorker-documentary/the-shutdown-of-usaid-has-already-killed-hundreds-of-thousands |access-date=November 7, 2025 |magazine=The New Yorker |date=November 5, 2025}}</ref>

Musk announced on May 28, 2025, that he would depart from the Trump administration as planned when the special government employee's 130 day deadline expired,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://apnews.com/article/elon-musk-donald-trump-big-beautiful-bill-aa2bc70b0ebdb219b5dd3e9f8fae03af|title=Elon Musk is leaving the Trump administration after criticizing president's 'big beautiful bill'|first1=Chris|last1=Megerian|first2=Kevin|last2=Freking|publisher=Associated Press|date=May 28, 2025|accessdate=May 28, 2025}}</ref> with a White House official confirming that Musk's [[Employee offboarding|offboarding]] from the Trump administration was already underway.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/elon-musk-leaving-trump-administration-white-house-official-confirms-2025-05-29/|title=Elon Musk leaving Trump administration, White House official confirms|first1=Nandita|last1=Bose|first2=David|last2=Shepardson|publisher=Reuters|date=May 28, 2025|accessdate=May 28, 2025}}</ref> His departure was officially confirmed during a joint Oval Office press conference with Trump on May 30, 2025.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://people.com/elon-musk-donald-trump-final-joint-press-conference-11745206|title=Donald Trump and Elon Musk Come Face to Face in Oval Office Hours After Bombshell Report About Musk's 'Intense' Drug Use|first=Meredith|last=Kile|publisher=People|date=May 30, 2025|accessdate=May 30, 2025}}</ref>

===Feud with Donald Trump===
{{Main|Trump–Musk feud}}

{{Tweet
| date = June 5, 2025
| name = Elon Musk
| username = elonmusk
| id = 1930703865801810022
| text = Time to drop the really big bomb:

@realDonaldTrump is in the Epstein files. That is the real reason they have not been made public.

Have a nice day, DJT!
| image = Elon Musk Royal Society (cropped).jpg
| ref-name = Epstein-Tweet-2025
| reference = <ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Musk |first=Elon |user=elonmusk |number=1930703865801810022 |date=June 5, 2025 |title=Time to drop the really big bomb |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250605191644/https://x.com/elonmusk/status/1930703865801810022 |archive-date=June 5, 2025 |access-date=July 12, 2025 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| right = yes
}}
After leaving office, Musk criticized the Trump administration's [[One Big Beautiful Bill Act|Big Beautiful Bill]], calling it a "disgusting abomination" due to its provisions increasing the deficit.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Conger |first1=Kate |last2=Gold |first2=Michael |last3=Swan |first3=Jonathan |date=June 3, 2025 |title=Elon Musk Calls Trump Policy Bill a 'Disgusting Abomination' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/06/03/technology/elon-musk-criticizes-republican-legislation.html |access-date=June 4, 2025 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> A feud began between Musk and Trump, with its most notable event being Musk alleging Trump had ties to sex offender [[Jeffrey Epstein]] on X (formerly Twitter) on June 5, 2025.<ref name="Epstein1">{{cite web |title=Trump and Musk escalate public feud over agenda bill |url=https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/trump-president-administration-news-06-05-25 |website=cnn.com |date=June 5, 2025 |publisher=CNN |access-date=June 5, 2025}}</ref><ref name="Epstein2">{{cite web |title=Live Updates: Trump and Elon Musk Spar Over Domestic Policy Bill as Relationship Frays |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2025/06/05/us/trump-elon-musk |website=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=June 5, 2025 |last1=Pager |first1=Tyler |last2=Schleifer |first2=Theodore |date=June 5, 2025 }}</ref> Trump responded on [[Truth Social]] stating that Musk went "CRAZY" after the "EV Mandate" was purportedly taken away and threatened to cut Musk's government contracts.{{Sfn|Pager|2025d}}{{Sfn|Pager|2025e}} Musk then called for a third Trump impeachment.{{Sfn|Basu|2025}} The next day, Trump stated that he did not wish to reconcile with Musk, and added that Musk would face "very serious consequences" if he funds Democratic candidates.<ref>{{cite news|title=Trump says Elon Musk will face 'very serious consequences' if he funds Democratic candidates|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/donald-trump/trump-elon-musk-consequences-funds-democratic-candidates-rcna211605|publisher=NBC News|date=June 7, 2025|first1=Kristen|last1=Welker|first2=Alexandra|last2=Marquez|access-date=November 11, 2025}}</ref> On June 11, Musk publicly apologized for the tweets against Trump, saying they "went too far".<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Martínez |first1=Andrés R. |last2=Satariano |first2=Adam |date=June 11, 2025 |title=Elon Musk Says His Trump Criticisms 'Went Too Far' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/06/11/business/elon-musk-trump-feud.html |access-date=June 11, 2025 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

==Views==
{{Main|Views of Elon Musk}}

{{Tweet
| name = Elon Musk
| username = elonmusk
| date = November 6, 2022
| text = My commitment to free speech extends even to not banning the account following my plane, even though that is a direct personal safety risk
| ID = 1589414958508691456
| image = Elon Musk Royal Society (cropped).jpg
| url = https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1589414958508691456/
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221107003700/https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1589414958508691456/
| archive-date = November 7, 2022
| url-status = live
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Rejecting the [[Conservatism in the United States|conservative]] label,<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 30, 2023 |title=Elon Musk: 'I am moderate' |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/1065654-elon-musk-i-am-moderate |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240812153155/https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/1065654-elon-musk-i-am-moderate |archive-date=August 12, 2024 |access-date=August 12, 2024 |website=[[The News International]] |language=en}}</ref> Musk has described himself as a [[political moderate]], even as his views have become more [[right-wing]] over time.<ref name="Right-wing">{{multiref2|{{Cite news |first1=Eliyahu |last1=Kamisher |first2=Dana |last2=Hull |first3=Julie |last3=Fine |date=July 17, 2024 |title=Elon Musk's 'Final Straw' Moment Marks Political Transformation |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-07-17/elon-musk-s-final-straw-moment-marks-political-transformation |access-date=July 31, 2024 |work=[[Bloomberg News]] |language=en |archive-date=July 17, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717200027/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-07-17/elon-musk-s-final-straw-moment-marks-political-transformation |url-status=live |ref=none}}|{{Cite web |last=Dorn |first=Sara |date=November 27, 2022 |title=Elon Musk's Political Shift: How The Billionaire Moved From Backing Obama To Endorsing DeSantis |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/saradorn/2022/11/27/elon-musks-political-shift-how-the-billionaire-moved-from-backing-obama-to-endorsing-desantis/ |access-date=July 31, 2024 |website=[[Forbes]] |language=en |archive-date=August 6, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806051359/https://www.forbes.com/sites/saradorn/2022/11/27/elon-musks-political-shift-how-the-billionaire-moved-from-backing-obama-to-endorsing-desantis/ |url-status=live |ref=none}}|{{Cite web |last=Warzel |first=Charlie |date=December 11, 2022 |title=Elon Musk Is a Far-Right Activist |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2022/12/elon-musk-twitter-far-right-activist/672436/ |access-date=July 31, 2024 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |language=en |archive-date=December 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212052001/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2022/12/elon-musk-twitter-far-right-activist/672436/ |url-status=live |ref=none}}|4={{Cite news |last=Conroy |first=J. Oliver |date=January 4, 2025 |title=How Elon Musk's X became the global right's supercharged front page |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2025/jan/04/elon-musk-x-trump-far-right |access-date=February 6, 2025 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |ref=none}}}}</ref> His views have been characterized as [[Libertarianism in the United States|libertarian]] and [[far-right]],<ref name="Libertarian">{{multiref2|{{Cite news |last=Foroohar |first=Rana |date=November 25, 2024 |title=Elon Musk's vision for a libertarian utopia |url=https://www.ft.com/content/bb70a07e-0da6-4faf-b69e-fb47ca27ac43 |access-date=February 7, 2025 |work=[[Financial Times]] |ref=none}}|{{Cite web |last=Maher |first=Henry |date=January 26, 2025 |title=Elon Musk now has an office in the White House. What's his political game plan? |url=https://theconversation.com/elon-musk-now-has-an-office-in-the-white-house-whats-his-political-game-plan-248011 |access-date=February 7, 2025 |website=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]] |language=en-US |archive-date=January 30, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250130160632/https://theconversation.com/elon-musk-now-has-an-office-in-the-white-house-whats-his-political-game-plan-248011 |url-status=live |ref=none}}|{{Cite web |last=Davies |first=Pascale |date=October 30, 2024 |title='Techno libertarians': Why Elon Musk is supporting Donald Trump in the US election |url=https://www.euronews.com/next/2024/10/30/techno-libertarians-why-elon-musk-is-supporting-donald-trump-in-the-us-election |access-date=February 7, 2025 |website=[[Euronews]] |ref=none}}|{{Cite web |last1=Amlinger |first1=Carolin |last2=Nachtwey |first2=Oliver |date=January 29, 2025 |title=In Elon Musk, Libertarianism and Authoritarianism Combine |url=https://jacobin.com/2025/01/musk-authoritarianism-libertarianism-afd-trump |access-date=February 7, 2025 |website=[[Jacobin]] |language=en-US |archive-date=January 30, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250130040002/https://jacobin.com/2025/01/musk-authoritarianism-libertarianism-afd-trump/ |url-status=live |ref=none}}
}}</ref><ref name="Far-right">{{multiref2|1={{Cite magazine |last=Gilbert |first=David |date=February 5, 2025 |title=The Far Right Has a New Hero: Elon Musk |url=https://www.wired.com/story/far-right-new-leader-elon-musk/ |access-date=February 6, 2025 |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |language=en-US |issn=1059-1028 |ref=none}}|2={{Cite web |last=Fitzpatrick |first=Matt |date=February 1, 2025 |title=The far-right is rising at a crucial time in Germany, boosted by Elon Musk |url=https://theconversation.com/the-far-right-is-rising-at-a-crucial-time-in-germany-boosted-by-elon-musk-247895 |access-date=February 6, 2025 |website=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]] |language=en-US |ref=none}}|3={{Cite news |last=Nietfeld |first=Kay |date=January 10, 2025 |title=Musk doubles down on support for German far-right leader |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/europe/article/2025/01/10/musk-doubles-down-on-support-for-german-far-right-leader_6736883_143.html |access-date=February 6, 2025 |work=[[Le Monde]] |language=en |ref=none}}|4={{Cite web |last=Psaropoulos |first=John T. |date=January 31, 2025 |title=Is Elon Musk a Nazi, and can he get European far-right hardliners elected? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/1/31/is-elon-musk-a-nazi-and-can-he-get-european-far-right-hardliners-elected |access-date=February 6, 2025 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English]] |language=en |ref=none}}}}</ref> and after [[Political activities of Elon Musk|his involvement in European politics]], they have received criticism from world leaders such as [[Emmanuel Macron]] and [[Olaf Scholz]].<ref name="olaf">{{Cite web |last1=Starcevic |first1=Seb |last2=Sahlberg |first2=Johanna |date=January 17, 2025 |title=Scholz: Elon Musk is a danger to European democracy |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/olaf-scholz-elon-musk-is-a-danger-to-european-democracy/ |access-date=June 7, 2025 |website=POLITICO}}</ref><ref name="Henley-2025">{{multiref2|{{Cite news |last=Henley |first=Jon |date=January 6, 2025 |title=Emmanuel Macron joins growing criticism of Elon Musk in Europe |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2025/jan/06/emmanuel-macron-joins-growing-criticism-elon-musk-europe |access-date=January 7, 2025 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |ref=none}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hutchison,AFP |first=Peter |date=January 6, 2025 |title=European leaders in France, Norway and Germany hit back against Elon Musk in UK political meddling row |url=https://fortune.com/europe/2025/01/06/european-leaders-france-norway-germany-hit-back-against-elon-musk-political-meddling/ |access-date=January 7, 2025 |website=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] |language=en |archive-date=January 7, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250107032200/https://fortune.com/europe/2025/01/06/european-leaders-france-norway-germany-hit-back-against-elon-musk-political-meddling/ |url-status=live |ref=none}}|{{Cite web |date=January 6, 2025 |title=European leaders decry Elon Musk's meddling |url=https://www.dw.com/en/european-leaders-decry-elon-musks-meddling/a-71227690 |access-date=January 7, 2025 |publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]] |language=en |archive-date=January 7, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250107032159/https://www.dw.com/en/european-leaders-decry-elon-musks-meddling/a-71227690 |url-status=live |ref=none}}|{{Cite web |first=Ketrin |last=Jochecová |date=January 6, 2025 |title=Elon Musk's European political meddling is 'worrying,' says Norway's PM |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/norwegian-pm-jonas-gahr-store-worried-elon-musk-political-meddling/ |access-date=January 7, 2025 |website=[[Politico]] |language=en-GB |archive-date=January 6, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250106163545/https://www.politico.eu/article/norwegian-pm-jonas-gahr-store-worried-elon-musk-political-meddling/ |url-status=live |ref=none}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |first1=Paul |last1=Kirby |first2=Laura |last2=Gozzi |date=January 7, 2025 |title=Musk provokes European leaders ahead of chat with German far-right leader |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/crmngpvv08lo.amp |access-date=January 8, 2025 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |language=en-gb |archive-date=January 8, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250108060720/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/crmngpvv08lo.amp |url-status=live |ref=none}}
}}</ref>

Within the context of [[Views of Elon Musk#U.S. politics|American politics]], Musk supported Democratic candidates up until 2022, at which point he voted for a Republican for the first time.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> He has stated support for [[universal basic income]],<ref name="uni2">{{cite news |last=Strange |first=Adario |date=November 5, 2016 |title=Elon Musk thinks universal income is answer to automation taking human jobs |url=http://mashable.com/2016/11/05/elon-musk-universal-basic-income/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901223023/https://mashable.com/2016/11/05/elon-musk-universal-basic-income/ |archive-date=September 1, 2020 |access-date=February 6, 2017 |website=[[mashable.com]]}}</ref> [[gun rights]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=May 26, 2022 |title=Elon Musk risks MAGA ire by calling for gun control |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/elon-musk-gun-control-texas-b2088098.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527201600/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/elon-musk-gun-control-texas-b2088098.html |archive-date=May 27, 2022 |access-date=June 13, 2022 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> [[freedom of speech]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Stimson |first=Brie |date=March 5, 2022 |title=Elon Musk says Starlink won't block Russian state media in Ukraine: 'Sorry to be a free speech absolutist' |url=https://www.foxbusiness.com/business-leaders/elon-musk-starlink-russian-state-media-ukraine-free-speech-absolutist |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313171346/https://www.foxbusiness.com/business-leaders/elon-musk-starlink-russian-state-media-ukraine-free-speech-absolutist |archive-date=March 13, 2022 |access-date=June 13, 2022 |publisher=Fox Business |language=en-US}}</ref> a [[tax on carbon emissions]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Birnbaum |first1=Emily |date=December 13, 2021 |title=Musk spurns subsidies, after SpaceX sought them out |url=https://www.politico.com/newsletters/morning-tech/2021/12/13/musk-spurns-subsidies-after-spacex-sought-them-out-799430 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525134347/https://www.politico.com/newsletters/morning-tech/2021/12/13/musk-spurns-subsidies-after-spacex-sought-them-out-799430 |archive-date=May 25, 2022 |access-date=May 25, 2022 |work=Politico |language=en}}</ref> and [[H-1B visa]]s.<ref name="CBS News-2024">{{Cite news |date=December 27, 2024 |title=Musk and Ramaswamy are sparking a debate over the H-1B visa. Here's what to know about the visa |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/musk-vivek-ramaswamy-h1b-visa-maga-immigration-what-to-know/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241227225338/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/musk-vivek-ramaswamy-h1b-visa-maga-immigration-what-to-know/ |archive-date=December 27, 2024 |access-date=December 28, 2024 |publisher=CBS News |language=en-US}}</ref> Musk has expressed concern about issues such as [[artificial intelligence]] (AI)<ref name="wp2015">{{cite news |last=Fung |first=Brian |date=July 28, 2015 |title=Elon Musk and Stephen Hawking think we should ban killer robots |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2015/07/28/elon-musk-and-stephen-hawking-think-we-should-ban-killer-robots/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308074506/http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2015/07/28/elon-musk-and-stephen-hawking-think-we-should-ban-killer-robots/ |archive-date=March 8, 2016 |access-date=January 5, 2017 |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref> and [[climate change]],<ref>{{cite news |title=US quits Paris climate pact: Reaction from around the world following the US president's decision on the Paris accord |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/world-us-canada-40123293 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829015328/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/world-us-canada-40123293 |archive-date=August 29, 2017 |access-date=June 1, 2017}}</ref> and has been a critic of [[wealth tax]],<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Levin |first1=Tim |last2=Mitchell |first2=Taiyler S. |date=December 7, 2021 |title=Elon Musk says he supports a controversial tax that many of his billionaire peers despise |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-estate-tax-billionaires-wealth-2021-12 |access-date=December 31, 2024 |work=Business Insider}}</ref> [[short-selling]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mohamed |first=Theron |title='Short selling should be illegal' – Elon Musk praised a crackdown on shorts by the world's biggest pension fund |url=https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/tesla-spacex-ceo-elon-musk-short-selling-should-be-illegal-2019-12-1028733903 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807084710/https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/stocks/tesla-spacex-ceo-elon-musk-short-selling-should-be-illegal-2019-12-1028733903 |archive-date=August 7, 2020 |access-date=June 14, 2020 |work=Business Insider |language=en-us}}</ref> and [[government subsidies]].<ref>{{cite news |date=December 7, 2021 |title=Elon Musk doubles down on ending 'subsidies' as competitors now reap more benefits |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/12/07/tech/elon-musk-wsj-government/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330154400/https://www.cnn.com/2021/12/07/tech/elon-musk-wsj-government/index.html |archive-date=March 30, 2023 |access-date=April 1, 2023 |publisher=[[CNN]] }}</ref> An immigrant himself, Musk has been accused of being [[anti-immigration]], and regularly blames [[Immigration policy of the United States|immigration policies]] for [[Illegal immigration to the United States|illegal immigration]].<ref name="Fearmongering">{{Cite news |date=March 5, 2024 |title=Elon Musk can't stop fearmongering on immigration |url=https://www.msnbc.com/top-stories/latest/elon-musk-conspiracy-theory-immigration-terror-rcna141827 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312184020/https://www.msnbc.com/top-stories/latest/elon-musk-conspiracy-theory-immigration-terror-rcna141827 |archive-date=March 12, 2024 |access-date=March 12, 2024 |publisher=MSNBC |language=en}}</ref> He is also a [[pronatalist]] who believes [[population decline]] is the biggest threat to civilization,<ref name="Pronatlist">{{multiref2|1={{cite news |last1=Dodds |first1=Io |date=April 17, 2023 |title=Meet the 'elite' couples breeding to save mankind |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/family/life/pronatalists-save-mankind-by-having-babies-silicon-valley/ |access-date=October 13, 2024 |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |ref=none}}|2={{cite news |last1=Kleeman |first1=Jenny |date=May 25, 2024 |title=The world's most famous pronatalist |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/article/2024/may/25/american-pronatalists-malcolm-and-simone-collins |access-date=October 13, 2024 |website=[[The Guardian]] |ref=none}}|3={{cite news |date=December 7, 2021 |title=Elon Musk says there aren't 'enough people,' birthrate could threaten human civilization |url=https://eu.usatoday.com/story/money/business/2021/12/07/elon-musk-declining-birthrate-threatens-human-civilization/6414749001/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220510142824/https://eu.usatoday.com/story/money/business/2021/12/07/elon-musk-declining-birthrate-threatens-human-civilization/6414749001/ |archive-date=May 10, 2022 |access-date=June 7, 2022 |work=[[USA Today]] |ref=none}}|4={{Cite news |last1=Christensen |first1=Jen |date=August 30, 2022 |title=Elon Musk thinks the population will collapse. Demographers say it's not happening |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/08/30/health/elon-musk-population-collapse-wellness/index.html |access-date=October 13, 2024 |publisher=[[CNN]] |ref=none}}}}</ref> and identifies as a [[cultural Christian]].<ref name="O'Mahony2024">{{cite web |last1=O'Mahony |first1=Catherine |date=July 26, 2024 |title=Elon Musk says he's a 'cultural Christian' – why some leading thinkers are embracing Christianity |url=https://www.tcd.ie/news_events/articles/2024/elon-musk-says-hes-a-cultural-christian--why-some-leading-thinkers-are-embracing-christianity |access-date=February 4, 2025 |publisher=[[Trinity College Dublin]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Walker |first1=Andrew T. |date=July 24, 2024 |title=Yet another champion for "cultural Christianity" |url=https://wng.org/opinions/yet-another-champion-for-cultural-christianity-1721817015 |access-date=February 4, 2025 |work=[[World (magazine)|World Magazine]] |language=en}}</ref> Musk has long been an advocate for [[space colonization]], especially the [[colonization of Mars]]. He has repeatedly pushed for humanity colonizing Mars, in order to become an interplanetary species and lower the risks of [[human extinction]].<ref name="SpaceX">{{cite web |title=Mars & Beyond: The Road to Making Humanity Interplanetary |url=https://www.spacex.com/human-spaceflight/mars/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221224072526/https://www.spacex.com/human-spaceflight/mars/ |archive-date=December 24, 2022 |access-date=December 27, 2022 |publisher=[[SpaceX]]}}</ref>

Musk has [[Views of Elon Musk#Conspiracy theories|promoted conspiracy theories]] and [[Views of Elon Musk#Race and white nationalism|made controversial statements]] that have led to accusations of [[racism]], [[sexism]], [[antisemitism]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rosenberg |first=Yair |date=May 16, 2023 |title=Elon Musk Among the Anti-Semites |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2023/05/elon-musk-george-soros-anti-semites/674072/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604030035/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2023/05/elon-musk-george-soros-anti-semites/674072/ |archive-date=June 4, 2023 |access-date=June 5, 2023 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Truth">{{multiref2 |1={{cite web |url=https://www.mediaite.com/tech/elon-musk-agrees-with-poster-who-says-jews-advocate-hatred-against-whites/ |title=Elon Musk Agrees With Poster Who Says Jews Advocate 'Hatred Against Whites' |last=Bowers Bahney |first=Jennifer |date=November 15, 2023 |website=[[Mediaite]] |access-date=November 15, 2023 |archive-date=November 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115231425/https://www.mediaite.com/tech/elon-musk-agrees-with-poster-who-says-jews-advocate-hatred-against-whites/ |url-status=live |ref=none}} |2={{Cite tweet |user=elonmusk |number=1724908287471272299 |title=You have said the actual truth |access-date=November 15, 2023 |ref=none}} |3={{cite magazine |url=https://time.com/6336123/elon-musk-antisemitic-post-x/ |title=Elon Musk Replies to Antisemitic Post on X, Labeling It 'The Actual Truth' |date=November 16, 2023 |magazine=Time |access-date=November 16, 2023 |archive-date=November 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116135128/https://time.com/6336123/elon-musk-antisemitic-post-x/ |url-status=live}} |4={{Cite news |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2023/11/elon-musks-disturbing-truth/676019/ |title=Elon Musk's Disturbing 'Truth' |date=November 16, 2023 |work=The Atlantic |access-date=November 16, 2023 |archive-date=November 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116054927/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2023/11/elon-musks-disturbing-truth/676019/ |url-status=live}}}}</ref> [[transphobia]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Garofoli |first=Joe |date=December 13, 2022 |title=Elon Musk is leaning into transphobia |url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/politics/article/Elon-Musk-is-leaning-into-transphobia-17649577.php |access-date=June 5, 2023 |website=San Francisco Chronicle |language=en-US |archive-date=June 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230628144738/https://www.sfchronicle.com/politics/article/Elon-Musk-is-leaning-into-transphobia-17649577.php |url-status=live}}</ref> disseminating [[disinformation]], and support of [[white pride]].<ref name="Proud">{{multiref2|{{cite web |url=https://www.theverge.com/2023/11/16/23964160/elon-musk-antisemitic-x-post-ibm-ads |title=IBM pulls X ads as Elon Musk endorses white pride |last=Kastrenakes |first=Jacob |date=November 16, 2023 |website=[[The Verge]] |access-date=November 16, 2023 |archive-date=November 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116213641/https://www.theverge.com/2023/11/16/23964160/elon-musk-antisemitic-x-post-ibm-ads |url-status=live |ref=none}}|{{Cite news |last=Clayton |first=James |date=November 18, 2023 |title=X ad boycott gathers pace amid antisemitism storm |language=en-GB |publisher=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-67460386 |access-date=November 23, 2023 |archive-date=November 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118032055/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-67460386 |url-status=live |ref=none}}|{{Cite news |last1=Hayes |first1=Dade |last2=Johnson |first2=Ted |last3=Patten |first3=Dominic |date=November 18, 2023 |title=Elon Musk Rips Into "Largest Advertisers" After Disney & Other Media Companies Pause Ads Over Antisemitic Amplification – Update |url=https://deadline.com/2023/11/elon-musk-x-twitter-ibm-1235615481/ |access-date=November 23, 2023 |website=Deadline |language=en-US |archive-date=November 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118051012/https://deadline.com/2023/11/elon-musk-x-twitter-ibm-1235615481/ |url-status=live |ref=none}}|{{Cite news |last=Samuels |first=Ben |date=November 17, 2023 |title=Elon Musk and Tucker Carlson Lead Explosion of White Nationalist Antisemitism Since Start of Israel-Gaza War |language=en |work=Haaretz |url=https://www.haaretz.com/us-news/2023-11-17/ty-article/.premium/elon-musk-and-tucker-carlson-are-only-the-tip-of-the-antisemitic-iceberg-amid-gaza-war/0000018b-dd2d-d168-a3ef-ddff1ce20000 |access-date=November 23, 2023 |archive-date=November 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119140253/https://www.haaretz.com/us-news/2023-11-17/ty-article/.premium/elon-musk-and-tucker-carlson-are-only-the-tip-of-the-antisemitic-iceberg-amid-gaza-war/0000018b-dd2d-d168-a3ef-ddff1ce20000 |url-status=live |ref=none}}
}}</ref><ref name="Derbyshire-2025">{{cite news |last1=Derbyshire |first1=Victoria |last2=Whannel |first2=Kate |date=January 7, 2025 |title=Elon Musk's 'disinformation' endangering me, says Jess Phillips |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cn7r0pzz57vo |access-date=January 15, 2025 |publisher=[[BBC News]] }}</ref> While describing himself as a "pro-Semite",<ref name="CNBC160523">{{Cite news |last=Calia |first=Mike |date=May 16, 2023 |title=Elon Musk: 'I'll say what I want, and if the consequence of that is losing money, so be it' |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/05/16/elon-musk-defends-inflammatory-tweets-ill-say-what-i-want.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230517101337/https://www.cnbc.com/2023/05/16/elon-musk-defends-inflammatory-tweets-ill-say-what-i-want.html |archive-date=May 17, 2023 |access-date=May 17, 2023 |publisher=CNBC}}</ref> his comments regarding [[George Soros]] and [[Jewish communities]] have been condemned by the [[Anti-Defamation League]] and the Biden [[White House]].<ref name="Condemned">{{multiref2 |1={{Cite news |date=November 18, 2023 |title=White House blasts Musk's 'hideous' antisemitic lie, advertisers pause on X |language=en |publisher=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/white-house-condemns-musk-spreading-hideous-antisemitic-lies-2023-11-17/ |access-date=November 23, 2023 |archive-date=November 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117162311/https://www.reuters.com/world/white-house-condemns-musk-spreading-hideous-antisemitic-lies-2023-11-17/ |url-status=live}} |2={{Cite news |last=Wendling |first=Mike |date=November 17, 2023 |title=White House criticises Elon Musk over 'hideous' antisemitic lie |language=en-GB |publisher=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-67446800 |access-date=November 23, 2023 |archive-date=November 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118004746/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-67446800 |url-status=live |ref=none}} |3={{Cite news |last1=Breuninger |first1=Kevin |last2=Kolodny |first2=Lora |date=November 17, 2023 |title=White House blasts Elon Musk for promoting 'Antisemitic and racist hate' |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/11/17/white-house-blasts-elon-musk-for-promoting-antisemitic-racist-hate.html |access-date=November 18, 2023 |publisher=CNBC |language=en |archive-date=November 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117233011/https://www.cnbc.com/2023/11/17/white-house-blasts-elon-musk-for-promoting-antisemitic-racist-hate.html |url-status=live |ref=none}} |4={{Cite news |last=Montgomery |first=Blake |date=November 17, 2023 |title=White House condemns Elon Musk's 'abhorrent' antisemitic tweets |language=en-GB |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/nov/17/white-house-biden-elon-musk-antisemitic-tweet-hate |access-date=November 23, 2023 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=November 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123040538/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/nov/17/white-house-biden-elon-musk-antisemitic-tweet-hate |url-status=live |ref=none}}|5={{cite news |last1=Isidore |first1=Chris |date=May 16, 2023 |title=Elon Musk claims George Soros 'hates humanity.' The ADL says Musk's attacks 'will embolden extremists' |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/05/16/business/elon-musk-george-soros/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519033532/https://www.cnn.com/2023/05/16/business/elon-musk-george-soros/index.html |archive-date=May 19, 2023 |access-date=May 18, 2023 |publisher=[[CNN]] |ref=none}}|6={{cite news |date=November 16, 2023 |title=Elon Musk boosts antisemitic tweet, claims ADL and other groups push 'anti-white' messaging |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/11/16/elon-musk-calls-antisemitic-tweet-the-actual-truth.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120021848/https://www.cnbc.com/2023/11/16/elon-musk-calls-antisemitic-tweet-the-actual-truth.html |archive-date=November 20, 2023 |access-date=November 20, 2023 |publisher=CNBC}}}}</ref> Musk was criticized during the COVID-19 pandemic for making unfounded epidemiological claims,<ref name="kolodny-2020a">{{cite news |last=Kolodny |first=Lora |date=March 17, 2020 |title=Tesla factory is still open for business as Musk tells employees 'I will personally be at work' |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/03/17/tesla-keeps-fremont-factory-open-amid-covid-19-shelter-in-place-orders.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200510081847/https://www.cnbc.com/2020/03/17/tesla-keeps-fremont-factory-open-amid-covid-19-shelter-in-place-orders.html |archive-date=May 10, 2020 |access-date=December 13, 2020 |publisher=CNBC}}</ref> defying [[COVID-19 lockdowns]] restrictions,<ref name=":3">{{cite news |last1=Rapier |first1=Graham |date=May 12, 2020 |title='If anyone is arrested, I ask that it only be me': Elon Musk confirms Tesla is restarting its factory against local rules |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/thelife/news/if-anyone-is-arrested-i-ask-that-it-only-be-me-elon-musk-confirms-tesla-is-restarting-its-factory-against-local-rules/articleshow/75685733.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526090653/https://www.businessinsider.in/thelife/news/if-anyone-is-arrested-i-ask-that-it-only-be-me-elon-musk-confirms-tesla-is-restarting-its-factory-against-local-rules/articleshow/75685733.cms |archive-date=May 26, 2020 |access-date=May 17, 2020 |work=Business Insider}}</ref> and supporting the [[Canada convoy protest]] against [[COVID-19 vaccine mandates|vaccine mandates]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ljunggren |first1=David |date=January 27, 2022 |title=Anti-vaccine Canada truckers roll toward Ottawa, praised by Tesla's Musk |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/anti-vaccine-canada-truckers-roll-toward-ottawa-praised-by-teslas-musk-2022-01-27/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127205337/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/anti-vaccine-canada-truckers-roll-toward-ottawa-praised-by-teslas-musk-2022-01-27/ |archive-date=January 27, 2022 |access-date=April 27, 2022 |publisher=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ling |first1=Justin |date=February 8, 2022 |title=5G and QAnon: how conspiracy theorists steered Canada's anti-vaccine trucker protest |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/feb/08/canada-ottawa-trucker-protest-extremist-qanon-neo-nazi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220208080607/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/feb/08/canada-ottawa-trucker-protest-extremist-qanon-neo-nazi |archive-date=February 8, 2022 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> He has amplified false claims of [[White genocide conspiracy theory#South Africa|white genocide]] in South Africa.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Hutzler|first1=Alexandra|last2=Walsh|first2=Kelsey|date=May 21, 2025|title=Trump confronts South Africa's president in Oval Office, pushes false claims of white genocide|work=ABC News|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/trump-host-south-africas-president-amid-tensions-us/story?id=122002870|access-date=May 21, 2025|quote=Elon Musk, a South African native and a top adviser to the president during his second term who has also amplified false claims of "white genocide," was present for Ramaphosa's visit to the White House.}}</ref>

=== International relations ===
{{Main|International relations of Elon Musk}}

[[File:Isaac Herzog in Beit HaNassi, November 2023 (GPOHZ02222 2).jpeg|thumb|Musk with Israeli president [[Isaac Herzog]], November 2023]]
Musk has been critical of Israel's [[Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip|actions]] in the [[Gaza Strip]] during the [[Gaza war]],<ref name="Robertson-20232">{{Cite news |last=Robertson |first=Nick |date=November 10, 2023 |title=Elon Musk says Israel could thwart Hamas with 'conspicuous acts of kindness' |url=https://thehill.com/policy/international/4304954-elon-musk-israel-thwart-hamas-with-acts-of-kindness/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250113190958/https://thehill.com/policy/international/4304954-elon-musk-israel-thwart-hamas-with-acts-of-kindness/ |archive-date=January 13, 2025 |access-date=February 8, 2025 |work=[[The Hill (magazine)|The Hill]] |language=en-US}}</ref> praised China's economic and climate goals,<ref name="He-20212">{{cite news |last=He |first=Laura |date=March 24, 2021 |title=Elon Musk is trying to win China back |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/03/24/tech/elon-musk-china-intl-hnk/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182137/https://www.cnn.com/2021/03/24/tech/elon-musk-china-intl-hnk/index.html |archive-date=July 9, 2021 |access-date=July 1, 2021 |publisher=[[CNN]]}}</ref><ref name="Choi-20192">{{Cite news |last=Choi |first=Martin |date=January 10, 2019 |title=Tesla boss Elon Musk says he loves China, so Premier Li Keqiang offers him a green card |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/2181556/tesla-boss-elon-musk-says-he-loves-china-so-premier-li-keqiang |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110124357/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/2181556/tesla-boss-elon-musk-says-he-loves-china-so-premier-li-keqiang |archive-date=January 10, 2019 |access-date=December 20, 2024 |work=[[South China Morning Post]]}}</ref> suggested that [[Taiwan]] and China should resolve [[cross-strait relations]],<ref name="Liang-20222">{{cite news |last1=Liang |first1=Annabelle |date=October 10, 2022 |title=Elon Musk wades into China and Taiwan tensions |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-63196452 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010034740/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-63196452 |archive-date=October 10, 2022 |access-date=October 10, 2022 |publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref name="Khalaf-20222">{{cite news |last1=Khalaf |first1=Roula |date=October 7, 2022 |title=Elon Musk: 'Aren't you entertained?' |url=https://www.ft.com/content/5ef14997-982e-4f03-8548-b5d67202623a |access-date=December 21, 2024 |work=[[Financial Times]]}}</ref> and was described as having a close relationship with the [[Chinese government]].<ref name="He-20212" /><ref name="Choi-20192" />

In Europe, Musk expressed support for Ukraine in 2022 during the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine|Russian invasion]], recommended referendums and peace deals on the annexed [[Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine|Russia-occupied territories]],<ref name="Oshin-20222">{{Cite web |last=Oshin |first=Olafimihan |date=March 14, 2022 |title=Elon Musk challenges Putin on Twitter to 'single combat' for Ukraine |url=https://thehill.com/policy/international/europe/598125-elon-musk-challenges-putin-on-twitter-to-single-combat-for/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015172412/https://thehill.com/policy/international/europe/598125-elon-musk-challenges-putin-on-twitter-to-single-combat-for/ |archive-date=October 15, 2022 |access-date=October 29, 2024 |website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Wilson-20222">{{Cite news |last=Wilson |first=Joseph |date=October 4, 2022 |title=Musk's plan to end Russian war infuriates Ukraine on Twitter |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Business/wireStory/musks-plan-end-russian-war-infuriates-ukraine-twitter-91000281 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020101000/https://abcnews.go.com/Business/wireStory/musks-plan-end-russian-war-infuriates-ukraine-twitter-91000281 |archive-date=October 20, 2022 |access-date=October 16, 2022 |work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] |language=en |agency=Associated Press}}</ref> and supported the far-right [[Alternative for Germany]] political party in 2024.<ref name="Gold-20242">{{cite web |last=Gold |first=Hadas |date=December 20, 2024 |title=Elon Musk endorses far-right German political party, wading deeper into global politics |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2024/12/20/media/elon-musk-afd-germany-politics-far-right/index.html |access-date=December 23, 2024 |publisher=[[CNN]]}}</ref>

Regarding [[British politics]], Musk blamed the [[2024 United Kingdom riots|2024 UK riots]] on [[Modern immigration to the United Kingdom|mass migration]] and [[open border]]s,<ref name="Gregory-20242">{{cite news |last1=Gregory |first1=Andy |last2=Cooke |first2=Millie |date=August 5, 2024 |title=Downing Street condemns Elon Musk for claim 'civil war is inevitable' |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/elon-musk-civil-war-uk-riots-b2591213.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240805174350/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/elon-musk-civil-war-uk-riots-b2591213.html |archive-date=August 5, 2024 |access-date=November 19, 2024 |newspaper=[[The Independent]]}}</ref><ref name="BBC News-2024a2">{{cite web |date=August 7, 2024 |title=What is Elon Musk's game plan? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cze5gd1jzkeo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807125803/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cze5gd1jzkeo |archive-date=August 7, 2024 |access-date=November 19, 2024 |publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> criticized Prime Minister [[Keir Starmer]] for what he described as a "two-tier" policing system,<ref name="The Independent-20242">{{Cite web |date=August 8, 2024 |title=Elon Musk lashes out at the UK again as Sunak holidays in California |first=David |last=Maddox|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/elon-musk-riots-rishi-sunak-b2593155.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240809041242/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/elon-musk-riots-rishi-sunak-b2593155.html |archive-date=August 9, 2024 |access-date=January 14, 2025 |website=[[The Independent]]}}</ref><ref name="The Daily Telegraph-20242">{{cite news |date=August 6, 2024|first1=Martin|last1=Evans|first2=Cameron|last2=Henderson|first3=Dominic|last3=Penna|title=Musk brands Starmer 'two-tier Keir' amid row over riot policing |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2024/08/06/riots-police-tackle-all-sides-equal-ferocity-two-tier/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807004921/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2024/08/06/riots-police-tackle-all-sides-equal-ferocity-two-tier/ |archive-date=August 7, 2024 |access-date=August 7, 2024 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]}}</ref><ref name="BBC News-2024a2" /> and was subsequently attacked as being responsible for spreading [[misinformation]] and amplifying the far-right.<ref name="BBC News2">{{cite news |last1=Francis |first1=Sam |last2=Zeffman |first2=Henry |date=January 6, 2025 |title=PM attacks those 'spreading lies' on grooming gangs as he hits back at Musk |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c75wp53vk1lo |publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> He has also voiced his support for far-right UK activist [[Tommy Robinson]] and pledged electoral support for [[Reform UK]].<ref name="BBC News-20252">{{Cite web |date=January 5, 2025 |title=Elon Musk calls for Nigel Farage to be replaced as Reform UK leader |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c70ep8lp4jjo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250105144056/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c70ep8lp4jjo |archive-date=January 5, 2025 |access-date=January 5, 2025 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name="Turvill-20242">{{Cite web |last1=Turvill |first1=William |last2=Shipman |first2=Tim |last3=Wheeler |first3=Caroline |date=November 30, 2024 |title=Will Elon Musk give Nigel Farage $100m to make him PM? |url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/politics/article/elon-musk-pay-nigel-farage-prime-minister-xts720xsp?t=1733042174755 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250127031718/https://www.thetimes.com/uk/politics/article/elon-musk-pay-nigel-farage-prime-minister-xts720xsp?t=1733042174755 |archive-date=January 27, 2025 |access-date=February 6, 2025 |website=[[The Times]] |language=en}}</ref>

In February 2026, Musk described Spanish Prime Minister [[Pedro Sánchez]] as a "tyrant" following Sánchez's proposal to [[Social media age verification laws by country#Spain|prohibit minors]] under the age of 16 from accessing social media platforms.<ref>{{cite news |title=Spain, Greece weigh teen social media bans, drawing fury from Elon Musk |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/spain-hold-social-media-executives-accountable-illegal-hateful-content-2026-02-03/ |work=Reuters |date=February 3, 2026}}</ref>

== Legal affairs ==
{{Main|Legal affairs of Elon Musk}}

{{Further|List of lawsuits involving Tesla, Inc.|Criticism of Tesla, Inc.}}

In 2018, Musk was [[Tesla, Inc.#Lawsuits and controversies|sued]] by the [[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]] (SEC) for a [[Tweet (social media)|tweet]] stating that funding had been secured for potentially taking Tesla private.<ref name="Goldstein_27-9-18">{{cite news |last=Goldstein |first=Matthew |date=September 27, 2018 |title=Tesla Chief Elon Musk Is Sued by S.E.C. in Move That Could Oust Him |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/27/business/elon-musk-sec-lawsuit-tesla.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623023744/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/27/business/elon-musk-sec-lawsuit-tesla.html |archive-date=June 23, 2020 |access-date=September 27, 2018 |work=The New York Times}}</ref>{{efn|Musk stated he was considering taking Tesla private at a price of $420 a share, an alleged reference to [[Cannabis (drug)|marijuana]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Choudhury |first=Saheli Roy |date=September 28, 2018 |title=SEC says Musk chose $420 price for Tesla shares because it's a pot reference |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/09/28/sec-says-elon-musk-at-tesla-chose-420-price-as-pot-reference.html |access-date=September 17, 2020 |publisher=CNBC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006010407/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/09/28/sec-says-elon-musk-at-tesla-chose-420-price-as-pot-reference.html |archive-date=October 6, 2020}}</ref> Members of Tesla's board and rapper [[Azealia Banks]] alleged that Musk may have been under the influence of recreational drugs when he wrote the tweet.<ref>{{cite news |last=Swisher |first=Kara |date=August 23, 2018 |title=How and Why Silicon Valley Gets High |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/23/opinion/elon-musk-burning-man-drugs-lsd.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824014428/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/23/opinion/elon-musk-burning-man-drugs-lsd.html |archive-date=August 24, 2018 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |work=The New York Times |access-date=May 11, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Woodyard |first=Chris |date=August 30, 2018 |title=Elon Musk's tweet on taking Tesla private now dogged by drugs claim from rapper Azealia Banks |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/talkingtech/2018/08/22/elon-musks-tweet-taking-tesla-private-now-dogged-drugs-claims-rapper-azealia-banks/1057815002/ |work=USA Today |access-date=May 11, 2021 |archive-date=May 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512060023/https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/talkingtech/2018/08/22/elon-musks-tweet-taking-tesla-private-now-dogged-drugs-claims-rapper-azealia-banks/1057815002/ |url-status=live}}</ref>}} The securities fraud lawsuit characterized the tweet as false, misleading, and damaging to investors, and sought to bar Musk from serving as CEO of [[Public company|publicly traded companies]].<ref name="Goldstein_27-9-18" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Patnaik |first1=Subrat |last2=Kalia |first2=Shubham |date=September 28, 2018 |title=Factbox – 'Funding secured': SEC gives timeline surrounding tweet from Tesla's Musk |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-tesla-musk-factbox/factbox-funding-secured-sec-gives-timeline-surrounding-tweet-from-teslas-musk-idUSKCN1M8139 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191123175743/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-tesla-musk-factbox/factbox-funding-secured-sec-gives-timeline-surrounding-tweet-from-teslas-musk-idUSKCN1M8139 |archive-date=November 23, 2019 |access-date=November 23, 2018 |publisher=Reuters}}</ref><ref name="OkaneLopatto18">{{cite news |last1=O'Kane |first1=Sean |last2=Lopatto |first2=Elizabeth |date=September 27, 2018 |title=Elon Musk sued by SEC for securities fraud |url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/9/27/17911428/sec-lawsuit-elon-musk-tesla-funding-tweet |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730025451/https://www.theverge.com/2018/9/27/17911428/sec-lawsuit-elon-musk-tesla-funding-tweet |archive-date=July 30, 2020 |access-date=September 27, 2018 |work=The Verge}}</ref> Two days later, Musk settled with the SEC, without admitting or denying the SEC's allegations. As a result, Musk and Tesla were fined $20 million each, and Musk was forced to step down for three years as Tesla chairman but was able to remain as CEO.<ref name=":7">{{Cite news |title=Elon Musk forced to step down as chairman of Tesla, remains CEO |url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/9/29/17918252/elon-musk-tesla-sec-securities-fraud-lawsuit-settlement-fine-penalty |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527131445/https://www.theverge.com/2018/9/29/17918252/elon-musk-tesla-sec-securities-fraud-lawsuit-settlement-fine-penalty |archive-date=May 27, 2020 |access-date=September 29, 2018 |work=The Verge}}</ref> Shareholders filed a lawsuit over the tweet,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brodkin |first=Jon |date=April 18, 2022 |title=Musk keeps falsely claiming 'Funding secured' tweet was accurate, judge is told |url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2022/04/judge-ruled-elon-musks-funding-secured-tweet-was-false-plaintiffs-say/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909181731/https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2022/04/judge-ruled-elon-musks-funding-secured-tweet-was-false-plaintiffs-say/ |archive-date=September 9, 2022 |access-date=September 9, 2022 |website=Ars Technica |language=en-us}}</ref> and in February 2023, a jury found Musk and Tesla not liable.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Godoy |first1=Jody |last2=Jin |first2=Hyunjoo |date=February 3, 2023 |title=Tesla's Elon Musk found not liable in trial over 2018 'funding secured' tweets |url=https://www.reuters.com/legal/securities-fraud-trial-over-elon-musks-2018-tweets-draws-close-2023-02-03/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204033538/https://www.reuters.com/legal/securities-fraud-trial-over-elon-musks-2018-tweets-draws-close-2023-02-03/ |archive-date=February 4, 2023 |access-date=February 4, 2023 |publisher=Reuters |language=en}}</ref> Musk has stated in interviews that he does not regret posting the tweet that triggered the SEC investigation.<ref>{{Cite news |date=October 27, 2018 |title=Tesla's Elon Musk says tweet that led to $20 million fine 'Worth It' |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-tesla-musk-tweet-idUSKCN1N10K2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522093710/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-tesla-musk-tweet-idUSKCN1N10K2 |archive-date=May 22, 2020 |access-date=December 9, 2018 |publisher=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Youn |first1=Soo |last2=Katersky |first2=Aaron |date=October 11, 2018 |title=Elon Musk commits to SEC settlement despite mocking tweets |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Business/elon-musk-commits-sec-settlement-mocking-tweets/story?id=58437587 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023054443/https://abcnews.go.com/Business/elon-musk-commits-sec-settlement-mocking-tweets/story?id=58437587 |archive-date=October 23, 2019 |access-date=October 17, 2018 |publisher=ABC News}}</ref>

In 2019, Musk stated in a tweet that Tesla would build half a million cars that year.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ohnsman |first=Alan |date=February 25, 2019 |title=Elon Musk's Tesla Tweet Puts CEO Role at Risk Again |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/alanohnsman/2019/02/25/elon-musks-tesla-tweet-puts-ceo-role-at-risk-again/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200528012956/https://www.forbes.com/sites/alanohnsman/2019/02/25/elon-musks-tesla-tweet-puts-ceo-role-at-risk-again/ |archive-date=May 28, 2020 |access-date=February 26, 2019 |work=Forbes}}</ref> The SEC reacted by asking a court to hold him [[Contempt of court|in contempt]] for violating the terms of the 2018 settlement agreement. A joint agreement between Musk and the SEC eventually clarified the previous agreement details,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wattles |first=Jackie |date=April 27, 2019 |title=Elon Musk and SEC reach an agreement over tweeting |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/04/26/tech/elon-musk-sec-settlement/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608013859/https://edition.cnn.com/2019/04/26/tech/elon-musk-sec-settlement/index.html |archive-date=June 8, 2020 |access-date=July 16, 2019 |publisher=CNN Business}}</ref> including a list of topics about which Musk needed preclearance.<ref>{{cite news |last=Marino-Nachison |first=David |date=April 26, 2019 |title=Tesla CEO Elon Musk Gets a Long Do-Not-Tweet List From the SEC |url=https://www.barrons.com/articles/tesla-ceo-elon-musk-sec-settlement-list-51556317578?mod=article_inline |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200122145614/https://www.barrons.com/articles/tesla-ceo-elon-musk-sec-settlement-list-51556317578?mod=article_inline |archive-date=January 22, 2020 |access-date=November 25, 2019 |work=Barron's}}</ref> In 2020, a judge blocked a lawsuit that claimed a tweet by Musk regarding Tesla stock price ("too high [[List of acronyms: I|imo]]") violated the agreement.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bursztynsky |first=Jessica |date=May 1, 2020 |title=Tesla shares tank after Elon Musk tweets the stock price is 'too high' |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/05/01/tesla-ceo-elon-musk-says-stock-price-is-too-high-shares-fall.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818102755/https://www.cnbc.com/2020/05/01/tesla-ceo-elon-musk-says-stock-price-is-too-high-shares-fall.html |archive-date=August 18, 2020 |access-date=June 14, 2020 |publisher=CNBC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=May 20, 2020 |title=Court Rules That No One Can Stop Elon Musk From Tweeting Tesla News—For Now |url=https://observer.com/2020/05/tesla-shareholder-lawsuit-stop-elon-musk-tweeting-on-hold/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030161912/https://observer.com/2020/05/tesla-shareholder-lawsuit-stop-elon-musk-tweeting-on-hold/ |archive-date=October 30, 2020 |access-date=December 1, 2020 |work=The Observer}}</ref> [[Freedom of Information Act (United States)|Freedom of Information Act]] (FOIA)-released records showed that the SEC concluded Musk had subsequently violated the agreement twice by tweeting regarding "[[Tesla Energy|Tesla's solar roof]] production volumes and its stock price".<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Elliott |first1=Dave |last2=Michaels |first2=Rebecca |date=June 2, 2021 |title=WSJ News Exclusive: Tesla Failed to Oversee Elon Musk's Tweets, SEC Argued in Letters |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/tesla-failed-to-oversee-elon-musk-s-tweets-sec-argued-in-letters-11622582765 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610030929/https://www.wsj.com/articles/tesla-failed-to-oversee-elon-musk-s-tweets-sec-argued-in-letters-11622582765 |archive-date=June 10, 2021 |access-date=June 10, 2021 |work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref>

In October 2023, the SEC sued Musk over his refusal to testify a third time in an investigation into whether he violated federal law by purchasing Twitter stock in 2022.<ref name="Brodkin-2023">{{Cite web |last=Brodkin |first=Jon |date=October 6, 2023 |title=Musk refused to testify in Twitter stock probe, claimed SEC is harassing him |url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2023/10/sec-sues-musk-saying-he-refuses-to-testify-in-twitter-stock-investigation/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013040318/https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2023/10/sec-sues-musk-saying-he-refuses-to-testify-in-twitter-stock-investigation/ |archive-date=October 13, 2023 |access-date=October 7, 2023 |website=Ars Technica |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Fung |first1=Brian |last2=Duffy |first2=Clare |date=October 5, 2023 |title=US regulator seeks court order to compel Elon Musk to testify about his Twitter acquisition |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/05/tech/elon-musk-sec-twitter-lawsuit/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018114814/https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/05/tech/elon-musk-sec-twitter-lawsuit/index.html |archive-date=October 18, 2023 |access-date=October 7, 2023 |publisher=[[CNN]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Regulator sues Musk to force testimony in X probe-2023">{{Cite news |date=October 5, 2023 |title=Regulator sues Musk to force testimony in X probe |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-67024538 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022231748/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-67024538 |archive-date=October 22, 2023 |access-date=October 7, 2023 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |language=en-GB}}</ref> In February 2024, Judge Laurel Beeler ruled that Musk must testify again.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Godoy |first=Jody |date=February 12, 2024 |title=US judge orders Elon Musk to testify in SEC's Twitter probe |url=https://www.reuters.com/legal/elon-musk-ordered-testify-secs-twitter-probe-2024-02-11/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219011742/https://www.reuters.com/legal/elon-musk-ordered-testify-secs-twitter-probe-2024-02-11/ |archive-date=February 19, 2024 |access-date=April 21, 2024 |publisher=Reuters}}</ref> In January 2025, the SEC filed a lawsuit against Musk for securities violations related to his purchase of Twitter.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Goldstein |first1=Matthew |last2=Conger |first2=Kate |date=January 14, 2025 |title=S.E.C. Sues Elon Musk Over Twitter-Related Securities Violations |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/01/14/technology/sec-elon-musk-securities-violations.html |website=The New York Times}}</ref>

In January 2024, Delaware judge [[Kathaleen McCormick]] ruled in a 2018 lawsuit that Musk's $55 billion pay package from Tesla be rescinded.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Mangan |first1=Dan |author2=Lora Kolodny |author-link2=Lora Kolodny |date=January 30, 2024 |title=Elon Musk's $56 billion Tesla compensation voided by judge, shares slide |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2024/01/30/tesla-shares-slide-after-judge-voids-elon-musks-56-billion-compensation.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131002140/https://www.cnbc.com/2024/01/30/tesla-shares-slide-after-judge-voids-elon-musks-56-billion-compensation.html |archive-date=January 31, 2024 |access-date=January 31, 2024 |publisher=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> McCormick called the compensation granted by the company's board "an unfathomable sum" that was unfair to shareholders.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Kharpal |first1=Arjun |author2=Lora Kolodny |author-link2=Lora Kolodny |date=February 1, 2024 |title=Elon Musk says Tesla will hold a shareholder vote to incorporate in Texas after Delaware pay snub |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2024/02/01/elon-musk-tesla-will-hold-a-shareholder-vote-to-incorporate-in-texas.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206032239/https://www.cnbc.com/2024/02/01/elon-musk-tesla-will-hold-a-shareholder-vote-to-incorporate-in-texas.html |archive-date=February 6, 2024 |access-date=February 6, 2024 |publisher=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> The [[Delaware Supreme Court]] overturned McCormick's decision in December 2025, restoring Musk's compensation package and awarding $1 in [[nominal damages]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kolodny |first1=Lora |title=Musk's $56 billion Tesla pay package must be restored as court rules cancellation was too extreme |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/12/19/musk-tesla-pay-delaware-supreme-court.html |date=December 19, 2025 |access-date=December 20, 2025 |work=CNBC}}</ref>

On March 20, 2026, a jury in [[San Francisco, California]], found Musk liable for misleading investors during his [[Acquisition of Twitter by Elon Musk|acquisition of Twitter]], though they absolved him of some fraud allegations, finding he did not "scheme" to defraud investors.<ref name=misleadverdict>{{cite news|url=https://apnews.com/article/elon-musk-twitter-shareholders-class-action-verdict-22ea6013ebc5244cadb9a5902fe42c5d|title=Jury finds Elon Musk misled investors during Twitter purchase, absolves him of some fraud claims|first=Barbara|last=Ortutay|publisher=Associated Press|date=20 March 2026|accessdate=21 March 2026}}</ref><ref name=lat-jury-finds-elon-musk-misled-investors-during-twitter-purchase>{{Cite news |title=Jury finds Elon Musk misled investors during Twitter purchase, absolves him of some fraud claims |last=Ortutay |first=Barbara |date=2026-03-20 |url=https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2026-03-20/jury-finds-elon-musk-misled-investors-during-twitter-purchase-absolves-him-of-some-fraud-claims |access-date=2026-03-21 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> Specifically, Musk was found to have misled shareholders in two tweets, but not in a podcast, as the views he expressed in that were deemed by the jury to be an opinion.<ref name=misleadverdict /><ref name=lat-jury-finds-elon-musk-misled-investors-during-twitter-purchase/> Damages have yet to be calculated, but plaintiffs' lawyers estimated them to be $2.5 billion.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Conger |first=Kate |last2=Francisco |first2=Natallie RochaReporting from U. S. District Court for the Northern District of California in San |date=2026-03-20 |title=Elon Musk Is Responsible for Some Twitter Investor Losses, Jury Finds |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/03/20/technology/elon-musk-twitter-shareholders-verdict.html |access-date=2026-03-24 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Musk became a U.S. citizen in 2002.<ref name=":6">{{cite news |last1=Shoichet |first1=Catherine E. |title=Elon Musk is one of illegal immigration's harshest critics. He once described his past immigration status as a 'gray area' |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2024/09/29/us/elon-musk-immigration-gray-area-cec/index.html |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=September 29, 2024 |access-date=November 19, 2024 |archive-date=November 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241113024641/https://edition.cnn.com/2024/09/29/us/elon-musk-immigration-gray-area-cec/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref> From the early 2000s until late 2020, Musk resided in California, where both Tesla and SpaceX were founded.<ref name="bloomberg20201208">{{cite news |date=December 8, 2020 |title=Musk Relocates to Texas, Criticizes 'Complacent' California |publisher=Bloomberg L.P. |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-12-08/tesla-ceo-elon-musk-says-he-has-relocated-to-texas |url-status=live |access-date=December 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210145135/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-12-08/tesla-ceo-elon-musk-says-he-has-relocated-to-texas |archive-date=December 10, 2020}}</ref> He then relocated to [[Cameron County, Texas]],<ref>{{cite tweet |last=Musk |first=Elon |user=elonmusk |number=1402718368633745410 |date=June 9, 2021 |title=My primary home is literally a ~$50k house in Boca Chica / Starbase that I rent from SpaceX. It's kinda awesome though.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Williams |first=Claudia |date=June 25, 2024 |title=Where Does Elon Musk Live? Inside the Properties of the World's Richest Man |website=Architectural Digest |url=https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/where-does-elon-musk-live}}</ref> saying that California had become "complacent" about its economic success.<ref name="bloomberg20201208" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Somerville |first=Heather |date=December 8, 2020 |title=Elon Musk Moves to Texas, Takes Jab at Silicon Valley |work=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/elon-musk-to-discuss-teslas-banner-year-despite-pandemic-silicon-valleys-future-11607449988 |url-status=live |access-date=December 13, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201212234036/https://www.wsj.com/articles/elon-musk-to-discuss-teslas-banner-year-despite-pandemic-silicon-valleys-future-11607449988 |archive-date=December 12, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Milmo |first=Dan |date=August 31, 2023 |title=Tesla investigated over funds 'used to build secret Austin house for Elon Musk' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/aug/31/tesla-investigated-over-funds-used-to-build-secret-austin-house-for-elon-musk |access-date=April 30, 2024 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

While hosting ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' in 2021, Musk stated that he has [[Asperger syndrome]] (an outdated term for a mild strain of [[Autism|autism spectrum disorder]]), although he has never been formally diagnosed.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Yahr |first=Emily |date=May 8, 2021 |title=Elon Musk reveals he has Asperger's syndrome during SNL monologue |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/arts-entertainment/2021/05/09/elon-musk-hosts-snl/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509204204/https://www.washingtonpost.com/arts-entertainment/2021/05/09/elon-musk-hosts-snl/ |archive-date=May 9, 2021 |access-date=May 9, 2021 |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref><ref>[[#Isaacson|Isaacson (2023)]], pp. 18–19.</ref> When asked about his experience growing up with Asperger's syndrome in a [[TED (conference)|TED conference]] in Vancouver in 2022, Musk stated that "the social cues were not intuitive{{nbsp}}... I would just tend to take things very literally{{nbsp}}... but then that turned out to be wrong — [people were not] simply saying exactly what they mean, there's all sorts of other things that are meant, and [it] took me a while to figure that out."<ref>{{cite web |last1=King |first1=Hope |title=Elon Musk opens up about growing up with Asperger's |url=https://www.axios.com/2022/04/15/elon-musk-aspergers-syndrome |website=Axios |language=en |date=April 15, 2022}}</ref> Musk suffers from back pain and has undergone several spine-related surgeries, including a [[Intervertebral disc|disc]] replacement.<ref>{{Cite news |last=IANS |date=April 16, 2024 |title=Elon Musk shares health advice on severe neck and back pain |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/technology/elon-musk-shares-health-advice-on-severe-neck-and-back-pain-1503290796.html |access-date=January 19, 2025 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=August 7, 2023 |title=Musk Says He May Need Surgery, Will Get MRI on Back and Neck |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-08-07/musk-says-he-may-need-surgery-will-get-mri-on-back-and-neck |access-date=January 19, 2025 |work=Bloomberg.com |language=en}}</ref> In 2000, he contracted a severe case of [[malaria]] while on vacation in South Africa.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Locke |first=Taylor |date=November 2, 2019 |title=Why Elon Musk says taking 'vacations will kill you' |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/11/02/why-elon-musk-says-taking-vacations-will-kill-you.html |access-date=January 19, 2025 |publisher=CNBC |language=en}}</ref>

Musk has stated he uses doctor-prescribed [[ketamine]] for occasional depression and that he doses "a small amount once every other week or something like that";<ref>{{Cite news |last=Duffy |first=Clare |date=March 18, 2024 |title=Elon Musk details his prescription ketamine use, says investors should want him to 'keep taking it' {{!}} CNN Business |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/03/18/tech/elon-musk-ketamine-use-don-lemon-interview/index.html |access-date=October 28, 2024 |publisher=[[CNN]] |language=en}}</ref> since January 2024, some media outlets have reported that he takes [[ketamine]], [[marijuana]], [[LSD]], [[ecstasy (drug)|ecstasy]], [[hallucinogenic mushrooms|mushrooms]], [[cocaine]] and other drugs. Musk at first refused to comment on his alleged drug use, before responding that he had not [[drug test|tested]] positive for drugs, and that if drugs somehow improved his productivity, "I would definitely take them!".<ref>Multiple sources:
* {{Cite web |date=2018 |title=Elon Musk smokes marijuana live on web show |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-45445554 |website=[[BBC]]}}
* {{Cite web |date=2024 |title=Elon Musk's alleged drug use puts 13,000 jobs at risk, report suggests |url=https://www.euronews.com/business/2024/01/08/elon-musks-alleged-drug-use-puts-13000-jobs-at-risk-report-suggests |website=[[Euronews]]}}
* {{Cite web |last=Dang |first=Sheila |date=March 18, 2024 |title=Musk defends his ketamine use as beneficial for investors in new video |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/musk-defends-his-ketamine-use-beneficial-investors-new-video-2024-03-18/ |access-date=February 12, 2025 |website=[[Reuters]]}}
* {{Cite news |last1=Glazer |first1=Emily |last2=Grind |first2=Kirsten |author-link2=Kirsten Grind |title=Elon Musk Has Used Illegal Drugs, Worrying Leaders at Tesla and SpaceX |url=https://www.wsj.com/business/elon-musk-illegal-drugs-e826a9e1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402183700/https://www.wsj.com/business/elon-musk-illegal-drugs-e826a9e1 |archive-date=April 2, 2024 |access-date=March 30, 2024 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |language=en-US}}
* {{Cite news |author1=Kirsten Grind |author-link1=Kirsten Grind |author2=Emily Glazer |author3=Rebecca Elliott |author4=Coulter Jones |title=The Money and Drugs That Tie Elon Musk to Some Tesla Directors |url=https://www.wsj.com/tech/elon-musk-tesla-money-drugs-board-61af9ac4 |access-date=March 30, 2024 |work=The Wall Street Journal |language=en-US |archive-date=April 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403182657/https://www.wsj.com/tech/elon-musk-tesla-money-drugs-board-61af9ac4 |url-status=live}}
* [https://www.wsj.com/podcasts/the-journal/money-drugs-elon-musk-and-tesla-board/ Money, Drugs, Elon Musk and Tesla's Board], [[The Wall Street Journal]].
* [https://www.wsj.com/tech/elon-musk-criticizes-wsj-reporting-on-his-use-of-illegal-drugs-c268d0fb Elon Musk Criticizes WSJ Reporting on His Use of Illegal Drugs] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250212040049/https://www.wsj.com/tech/elon-musk-criticizes-wsj-reporting-on-his-use-of-illegal-drugs-c268d0fb}}, [[The Wall Street Journal]].
* [https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/elon-musk-used-illegal-drugs-sparked-concerns-among-tesla-spacex-board-members-report-4815677 Elon Musk Used LSD, Cocaine; Gave Slurred Speech At SpaceX Event: Report] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201173748/https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/elon-musk-used-illegal-drugs-sparked-concerns-among-tesla-spacex-board-members-report-4815677}}, [[NDTV]].
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NH4_rcq4jgQ Elon Musk uses LSD, cocaine, ecstasy, mushrooms: WSJ] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240516011424/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NH4_rcq4jgQ}}, [[Bloomberg Television]].</ref> ''[[The New York Times|The New York Times']]'' investigations revealed Musk's overuse of ketamine and numerous other drugs, as well as strained family relationships and concerns from close associates who have become troubled by his public behavior as he became more involved in political activities and government work.<ref>{{cite web|first1=Kirsten|last1=Grind|first2=Megan|last2=Twohey|date=May 30, 2025|title=On the Campaign Trail, Elon Musk Juggled Drugs and Family Drama|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/30/us/elon-musk-drugs-children-trump.html|work=The New York Times|access-date=May 31, 2025}}</ref> According to ''The Washington Post'', President Trump described Musk as "a big-time drug addict".<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Zakrzewski |first1=Cat |last2=Allison |first2=Natalie |last3=Dwoskin |first3=Elizabeth |last4=Stein |first4=Jeff |last5=Davies |first5=Emily |last6=Svitek |first6=Patrick |last7=Alfaro |first7=Mariana |last8=Tucker |first8=Brianna |last9=Cunningham |first9=Paige Winfield |date=June 7, 2025 |title=Inside the battles that shattered Trump and Musk's alliance |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2025/06/07/trump-elon-musk-fight-behind-scenes/ |access-date=June 17, 2025 |newspaper=The Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref>

Through his own label Emo G Records, Musk released a [[rap]] track, "RIP [[Harambe]]", on [[SoundCloud]] in March 2019.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Arcand |first1=Rob |date=March 31, 2019 |title=Elon Musk Drops Surprise Rap Single 'RIP Harambe' |url=https://www.spin.com/2019/03/elon-musk-drops-rap-single-rip-harambe/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401021823/https://www.spin.com/2019/03/elon-musk-drops-rap-single-rip-harambe/ |archive-date=April 1, 2019 |access-date=April 1, 2019 |work=Spin}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Kreps |first=Daniel |date=March 31, 2019 |title=Hear Elon Musk's Surprise Rap Song 'RIP Harambe' |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/elon-musk-rap-song-rip-harambe-815813/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403213417/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/elon-musk-rap-song-rip-harambe-815813/ |archive-date=April 3, 2019 |access-date=July 9, 2024 |magazine=Rolling Stone |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Fitzgerald">{{cite news |last1=Fitzgerald |first1=Trent |date=March 31, 2019 |title=Elon Musk Randomly Shares Rap Song Dedicated to Harambe |url=https://www.xxlmag.com/news/2019/03/elon-musk-rap-song-harambe/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403145015/https://www.xxlmag.com/news/2019/03/elon-musk-rap-song-harambe/ |archive-date=April 3, 2019 |access-date=April 10, 2019 |work=XXL}}</ref> The following year, he released an [[Electronic dance music|EDM]] track, "Don't Doubt Ur Vibe", featuring his own lyrics and vocals.<ref name="Etherington">{{Cite news |last=Etherington |first=Darrell |title=Elon Musk just dropped an EDM track on SoundCloud |url=https://techcrunch.com/2020/01/31/elon-musk-just-dropped-an-edm-track-on-soundcloud/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426204232/https://techcrunch.com/2020/01/31/elon-musk-just-dropped-an-edm-track-on-soundcloud/ |archive-date=April 26, 2021 |date=January 31, 2020 |work=[[TechCrunch]] }}</ref>

Musk plays video games, which he stated has a "'restoring effect' that helps his 'mental calibration'".<ref>{{cite news |last=Harwell |first=Drew |title=Elon Musk rose to the top of video game charts. Now he has confessed to cheating. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2025/01/29/elon-musk-video-games-diablo-path-exile/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=February 4, 2025 |language=en |date=January 29, 2025}}</ref> Some games he plays include [[Quake (series)|''Quake'']], ''[[Diablo IV]]'', ''[[Elden Ring]]'', and [[The Battle of Polytopia|''Polytopia'']].<ref>{{Cite news |date=October 23, 2023 |title=Elon Musk's Intense Obsession With A Video Game Influenced His Business Strategies, Caused Fights In His Relationship And Served As A Reminder Every Move Matters |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/elon-musks-intense-obsession-video-171328115.html#:~:text=His%20latest%20biography%20explains%20his,the%20game's%20developer%20Felix%20Ekenstam. |website=Yahoo Finance |access-date=April 21, 2024 |archive-date=November 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111201452/https://finance.yahoo.com/news/elon-musks-intense-obsession-video-171328115.html#:~:text=His%20latest%20biography%20explains%20his,the%20game's%20developer%20Felix%20Ekenstam. |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=August 11, 2018 |title=Elon Musk loves video games. Here are 10 of his favorites |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-favorite-video-games-2017-6 |website=[[Business Insider]] |access-date=April 21, 2024 |archive-date=February 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218165802/https://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-favorite-video-games-2017-6 |url-status=live}}</ref> Musk once claimed to be one of the world's top video game players but has since admitted to "[[Boosting (video games)|account boosting]]", or cheating by hiring outside services to achieve top player rankings.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Holmes |first1=Oliver |title=Elon Musk admits cheating at video games, chat transcript appears to show |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2025/jan/22/elon-musk-admits-cheating-at-video-games-chat-transcript-appears-to-show |website=[[The Guardian]] |date=January 22, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2025 |title=Gamers Disgusted as Elon Musk Admits to Cheating at Video Games After Bragging About Being Top Player |url=https://futurism.com/gamers-disgusted-musk-cheats-diablo-path-exile |access-date=February 2, 2025 |website=Futurism}}</ref><ref name= "Gizmodo Paying" >{{cite web |last=Gault |first=Matthew |title=Elon Musk Admits to Paying People to Play Video Games for Him |url=https://gizmodo.com/elon-musk-admits-to-paying-people-to-play-video-games-for-him-2000552872 |website=gizmodo.com |date=January 21, 2025 |publisher=Gizmodo |access-date=March 26, 2025}}</ref> Musk has justified the boosting by claiming that all top accounts do it so he has to as well to remain competitive.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gach |first1=Ethan |title=Elon Musk Admits To Cheating In Path Of Exile 2 And Diablo 4 Amid Fake Gamer Controversy |url=https://kotaku.com/elon-musk-poe2-diablo-4-paid-boosting-fake-controversy-1851743670 |website=kotaku.com |date=January 21, 2025 |publisher=Kotaku |access-date=March 26, 2025}}</ref><ref name= "Gizmodo Paying" /><ref>{{cite web |last1=Tan |first1=Eli |last2=Isaac |first2=Mike |title=Elon Musk, video game king? Well, maybe not |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/01/26/technology/elon-musk-video-games-diablo-path-of-exile.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |date=January 26, 2025 |access-date=March 26, 2025}}</ref> In 2024 and 2025, Musk criticized the video game ''[[Assassin's Creed Shadows]]'' and its creator [[Ubisoft]] for "woke" content.<ref name= "PC Gamer Ratio" >{{cite web |last1=Randall |first1=Harvey |title=Ubisoft scores a legendary ratio against Elon Musk on his own platform—which hopefully marks a final end to all the Assassin's Creed Shadows' culture war nonsense |url=https://www.pcgamer.com/games/assassins-creed/ubisoft-scores-a-legendary-ratio-against-elon-musk-on-his-own-platform-which-hopefully-marks-a-final-end-to-all-the-assassins-creed-shadows-culture-war-nonsense/ |website=pcgamer.com |date=March 26, 2025 |publisher=PC Gamer}}</ref> Musk posted to X that "DEI kills art" and specified the inclusion of the historical figure [[Yasuke]] in the ''Assassin's Creed'' game as offensive; he also called the game "terrible". Ubisoft responded by saying that Musk's comments were "just feeding hatred" and that they were focused on producing a game not pushing politics.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bošnjak |first1=Dominik |title=Ubisoft Responds to Elon Musk's Assassin's Creed Shadows Criticism |url=https://gamerant.com/assassins-creed-shadows-elon-musk-woke-criticism-ubisoft-response/ |website=gamerant.com |date=June 13, 2024 |publisher=Game Rant |access-date=March 26, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Bošnjak |first1=Dominik |title=Assassin's Creed Throws Shade at Elon Musk After Hasan Comments |url=https://gamerant.com/assassins-creed-shadows-elon-musk-burn-path-of-exile-hasan-comments/ |website=gamerant.com |date=March 26, 2025 |publisher=Game Rant |access-date=March 26, 2025}}</ref>

===Relationships and children===
{{Further|Musk family}}
[[File:X Æ A-Xii, Elon Musk and Donald Trump in the Oval Office - P20250207DT-0103 (54320797642).jpg|thumb|thumbtime=182|upright=1|Musk with his son, X Æ A-Xii, in the [[Oval Office]], February 11, 2025]]
Musk has fathered at least 14 children, one of whom died as an infant.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Wickman |first1=Kase |title=Elon Musk's 14 Children and Their Mothers (That We Know Of): A Handy Guide |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/style/story/all-elon-musk-children-and-mothers |magazine=Vanity Fair |date=March 5, 2025 }}</ref> ''The Wall Street Journal'' reported in 2025 that sources close to Musk suggest that the "true number of Musk's children is much higher than publicly known".<ref name="Mattioli 16APR2025">{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/elon-musk-children-mothers-ashley-st-clair-grimes-dc7ba05c|title=The Tactics Elon Musk Uses to Manage His 'Legion' of Babies—and Their Mothers|publisher=The Wall Street Journal|last=Mattioli|first=Dana|date=April 16, 2025|access-date=April 16, 2025|language=en}}</ref> He had six children with his first wife, Canadian author [[Justine Wilson]], whom he met while attending Queen's University in Ontario, Canada; they married in 2000.<ref name="Streisand-2015">{{cite news |last=Durand Streisand |first=Elizabeth |title=A Look at Elon Musk's Rocky Romantic History |url=https://www.yahoo.com/celebrity/blogs/celeb-news/elon-musk-love-life-romantic-history-171340935.html |work=Yahoo |access-date=May 29, 2017 |archive-date=June 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602025744/https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/blogs/celeb-news/elon-musk-love-life-romantic-history-171340935.html}}</ref> In 2002, their first child Nevada Musk died of [[sudden infant death syndrome]] at the age of 10 weeks.<ref name="sids">[[#Vance|Vance (2017)]], p. 117.</ref> After his death, the couple used [[In vitro fertilisation|in vitro fertilization]] (IVF) to continue their family;<ref name="holywoodlife2021">{{cite news |last=Crowley |first=James |date=September 14, 2021 |title=Elon Musk's Kids: Meet His 6 Kids From Oldest To Youngest, & Their Moms |url=https://hollywoodlife.com/feature/elon-musk-kids-4516506/ |work=Hollywood Life |access-date=September 16, 2021 |archive-date=September 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916014406/https://hollywoodlife.com/feature/elon-musk-kids-4516506/ |url-status=live}}</ref> they had twins in 2004, followed by triplets in 2006.<ref name="holywoodlife2021" /> The couple divorced in 2008 and have [[Joint custody (United States)|shared custody]] of their children.<ref>{{cite news |last=Musk |first=Justine |date=September 10, 2010 |title="I Was a Starter Wife": Inside America's Messiest Divorce |url=https://www.marieclaire.com/sex-love/a5380/millionaire-starter-wife/ |work=Marie Claire |access-date=September 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730172806/https://www.marieclaire.com/sex-love/a5380/millionaire-starter-wife/ |archive-date=July 30, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=April 27, 2015 |title=Elon Musk's Ex-Wife on What It Takes to Be a Mogul |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/28/business/dealbook/insider-offers-a-view-from-moguls-lofty-heights.html |work=The New York Times |access-date=June 26, 2022 |archive-date=June 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626164639/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/28/business/dealbook/insider-offers-a-view-from-moguls-lofty-heights.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The elder twin he had with Wilson [[gender identity|came out]] as a [[trans woman]] and, in 2022, officially [[name change|changed her name]] to [[Vivian Wilson|Vivian Jenna Wilson]],<ref name="06-23-22">{{Cite news |date=June 23, 2022 |title=Elon Musk's daughter granted legal name, gender change |url=https://apnews.com/article/elon-musk-entertainment-gender-identity-santa-monica-eb64ed75c5e8228ca3cae8e1d836e93d |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626091711/https://apnews.com/article/elon-musk-entertainment-gender-identity-santa-monica-eb64ed75c5e8228ca3cae8e1d836e93d |archive-date=June 26, 2022 |access-date=October 7, 2022 |publisher=Associated Press}}</ref> adopting her mother's surname because she no longer wished to be associated with Musk.<ref name="06-23-22" />

Musk began dating English actress [[Talulah Riley]] in 2008.<ref>[[#Vance|Vance (2017)]], pp. 193–195.</ref> They married two years later at [[Dornoch Cathedral]] in Scotland.<ref name="marriage">{{Cite news |agency=Associated Press |date=March 21, 2016 |title=Actor Talulah Riley files to divorce billionaire Elon Musk, again |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/mar/21/elon-musk-talulah-riley-file-divorce-second-marriage |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=April 20, 2016 |archive-date=June 16, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616231332/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/mar/21/elon-musk-talulah-riley-file-divorce-second-marriage |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Alan |last=Boyle |date=January 18, 2012 |title=SpaceX's millionaire founder tweets about marital split |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/science/spacexs-millionaire-founder-tweets-about-marital-split-6C10402497 |publisher=NBC News |access-date=September 28, 2013 |archive-date=July 1, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701212028/https://www.nbcnews.com/science/spacexs-millionaire-founder-tweets-about-marital-split-6C10402497 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2012, the couple divorced, then remarried the following year.<ref name="talulah" /> After briefly filing for divorce in 2014,<ref name="talulah">{{Cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/10/22/elon-musk-and-talulah-riley-divorce-for-a-second-time/ |title=Elon Musk and Talulah Riley divorce for a second time |date=October 22, 2016 |work=The Daily Telegraph |access-date=June 29, 2018 |archive-date=June 30, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630004337/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/10/22/elon-musk-and-talulah-riley-divorce-for-a-second-time/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Musk finalized a second divorce from Riley in 2016.<ref>[[#Vance|Vance (2017)]], p. 372.</ref> Musk then dated the American actress [[Amber Heard]] for several months in 2017;<ref>{{cite news |last=Jensen |first=Erin |date=April 24, 2017 |title=Amber Heard, Elon Musk make 'Cheeky' public debut together |work=USA Today |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/entertainthis/2017/04/24/amber-heard-elon-musk-dating-public-debut-instagram-posts/100834568/ |access-date=January 28, 2021 |archive-date=January 30, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130231024/https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/entertainthis/2017/04/24/amber-heard-elon-musk-dating-public-debut-instagram-posts/100834568/ |url-status=live}}</ref> he had reportedly been "pursuing" her since 2012.<ref name="hollywood">{{cite news |last=Sigel |first=Tatiana |date=December 6, 2018 |title=Amber Heard on Her Secret Passion, Elon Musk and a Splashy New Role |work=The Hollywood Reporter |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/features/amber-heard-aquaman-elon-musk-dedication-activism-1166004 |url-status=live |access-date=January 28, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206185106/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/features/amber-heard-aquaman-elon-musk-dedication-activism-1166004 |archive-date=December 6, 2018}}</ref>

In 2018, Musk and Canadian musician [[Grimes]] confirmed they were dating.<ref>{{cite news |first=Jordan |last=Darville |title=Grimes talks new music, Elon Musk, plans to publicly execute her musical persona |url=https://www.thefader.com/2019/03/20/grimes-interview-miss-anthropocene |work=The Fader |date=March 20, 2019 |access-date=December 13, 2020 |archive-date=October 30, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030070534/http://www.thefader.com/2019/03/20/grimes-interview-miss-anthropocene |url-status=live}}</ref> Grimes and Musk have three children, born in 2020, 2021, and 2022.{{efn|Attributed to mutliple sources:<ref>{{cite news |last=Kiefer |first=Halle |title=Grimes and Elon Musk's Baby Has Arrived, Just As Legend Foretold |date=May 4, 2020 |url=https://www.vulture.com/2020/05/elon-musk-and-grimes-welcome-first-baby-together.html |work=Vulture |access-date=May 5, 2020 |url-access=limited |archive-date=May 5, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200505021026/https://www.vulture.com/2020/05/elon-musk-and-grimes-welcome-first-baby-together.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Trepany |first=Charles |title=Elon Musk shares first photo of his and Grimes' new baby boy: 'Mom and baby all good' |date=May 5, 2020 |url=https://eu.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/celebrities/2020/05/05/elon-musk-grimes-welcome-baby/3082615001/ |work=USA Today |access-date=May 5, 2020 |archive-date=May 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200529124947/https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/celebrities/2020/05/05/elon-musk-grimes-welcome-baby/3082615001/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/showbiz/elon-musk-third-child-grimes-name-techno-mechanicus-tau-b1106201.html |title=Elon Musk confirms third child with Grimes and shares newborn's unusual name |date=September 11, 2023 |last=Hines |first=Dominique |website=The Standard |access-date=February 13, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-grimes-child-techno-mechanicus-tau-2023-9 |title=New Elon Musk biography says he has 3rd child with Grimes named Techno Mechanicus |author1=Katie Hawkinson |author2=Grace Dean |date=September 11, 2023 |website=businessinsider.com}}</ref>}} Musk and Grimes originally gave their eldest child the name "X [[Æ]] A-12", which would have violated California regulations as it contained characters that are not in the modern English alphabet;<ref>{{cite news |last1=Schwedel |first1=Heather |title=What Does Elon Musk and Grimes' Baby Name Actually Mean? |url=https://slate.com/human-interest/2020/05/elon-musk-grimes-baby-name.html |access-date=May 5, 2020 |work=Slate |date=May 5, 2020 |archive-date=May 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200524150019/https://slate.com/human-interest/2020/05/elon-musk-grimes-baby-name.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Lerman |first=Rachel |date=May 8, 2020 |title=Elon Musk's baby name isn't just weird, it may be against California regulations |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2020/05/08/musk-grimes-baby-name/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=January 11, 2021 |archive-date=December 31, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201231225820/https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2020/05/08/musk-grimes-baby-name/ |url-status=live}}</ref> the names registered on the birth certificate are "X" as a first name, "Æ A-[[Roman numerals|Xii]]" as a middle name, and "Musk" as a last name.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Elon Musk and Grimes have changed their baby's name. A bit |first=Jack |last=Guy |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/05/25/entertainment/grimes-musk-baby-name-tweak-scli-intl/index.html |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=May 25, 2020 |access-date=May 25, 2020 |archive-date=May 25, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200525204407/https://www.cnn.com/2020/05/25/entertainment/grimes-musk-baby-name-tweak-scli-intl/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="xaea-xii.cnet">{{cite news |last=Cooper |first=Gael Fashingbauer |date=June 16, 2020 |title=Elon Musk and Grimes saved a surprise for son X Æ A-12's birth certificate |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/elon-musk-and-grimes-saved-a-surprise-for-son-x-ae-a-12s-birth-certificate/ |publisher=CNET |access-date=June 17, 2020 |archive-date=June 17, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617021513/https://www.cnet.com/news/elon-musk-and-grimes-saved-a-surprise-for-son-x-ae-a-12s-birth-certificate/ |url-status=live}}</ref> They received criticism for choosing a name perceived to be impractical and difficult to pronounce;<ref>{{Cite news |title=Elon Musk and Grimes' newborn name X Æ A-12 'fails at the basic job of being a name,' says author |url=https://www.cbc.ca/radio/thecurrent/the-current-for-may-7-2020-1.5559171/elon-musk-and-grimes-newborn-name-x-%C3%A6-a-12-fails-at-the-basic-job-of-being-a-name-says-author-1.5559761 |access-date=August 12, 2024 |publisher=CBC Radio |archive-date=August 12, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240812165748/https://www.cbc.ca/radio/thecurrent/the-current-for-may-7-2020-1.5559171/elon-musk-and-grimes-newborn-name-x-%C3%A6-a-12-fails-at-the-basic-job-of-being-a-name-says-author-1.5559761 |url-status=live}}</ref> Musk has said the intended pronunciation is "X Ash A Twelve".<ref name="xaea-xii.cnet" /> Their second child was born via [[surrogacy]].<ref name="GrimesVanityFair2022">{{cite magazine |last=Gordon |first=Devin |date=March 10, 2022 |title="Infamy Is Kind Of Fun": Grimes on Music, Mars, and—Surprise!—Her Secret New Baby With Elon Musk |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2022/03/grimes-cover-story-on-music-and-mars |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521235459/https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2022/03/grimes-cover-story-on-music-and-mars |archive-date=May 21, 2022 |access-date=March 10, 2022 |magazine=Vanity Fair}}</ref> Despite the pregnancy, Musk confirmed reports that the couple were "semi-separated" in September 2021; in an interview with [[Time (magazine)|''Time'']] in December 2021, he said he was single.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ivie |first=Devon |date=September 24, 2021 |title=Elon Musk and Grimes Took the Red Pill and Broke Up |url=https://www.vulture.com/2021/09/elon-musk-and-grimes-break-up-after-3-years-together.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924171854/https://www.vulture.com/2021/09/elon-musk-and-grimes-break-up-after-3-years-together.html |archive-date=September 24, 2021 |access-date=September 28, 2021 |work=Vulture}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=September 24, 2021 |title=Elon Musk says he and partner Grimes are semi-separated |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-58684724 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928064543/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-58684724 |archive-date=September 28, 2021 |access-date=September 28, 2021 |publisher=[[BBC News]] }}</ref> In October 2023, Grimes sued Musk over parental rights and custody of X Æ A-Xii.<ref>{{cite news |date=November 11, 2023 |title=Grimes Says Elon Musk Evaded Being Served With Child Custody Papers At Least 12 Times |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/grimes-says-elon-musk-evaded-being-served-with-child-custody-papers-at-least-12-times_n_654f920ce4b0c9f24660475c |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217191409/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/grimes-says-elon-musk-evaded-being-served-with-child-custody-papers-at-least-12-times_n_654f920ce4b0c9f24660475c |archive-date=February 17, 2024 |access-date=April 21, 2024 |website=HuffPost}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=December 7, 2023 |title=Elon Musk Drags Grimes' Tweets Into Increasingly Nasty Custody Battle |url=https://futurism.com/the-byte/elon-musk-grimes-tweets-custody |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216111458/https://futurism.com/the-byte/elon-musk-grimes-tweets-custody |archive-date=December 16, 2023 |access-date=April 21, 2024 |publisher=Futurism}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Musk Sued By Ex-Girlfriend Grimes Over Parental Rights: Report |url=https://www.ndtv.com/feature/elon-musk-sued-by-ex-girlfriend-grimes-over-parental-rights-report-4447991 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311001659/https://www.ndtv.com/feature/elon-musk-sued-by-ex-girlfriend-grimes-over-parental-rights-report-4447991 |archive-date=March 11, 2024 |access-date=April 21, 2024 |publisher=NDTV}}</ref> Elon Musk has taken X Æ A-Xii to multiple official events in Washington, D.C. during [[Second presidency of Donald Trump|Trump's second term in office]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chang |first=Emily |date=February 12, 2025 |title=Musk's son 'Lil X' steals spotlight in the Oval Office |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/musks-son-lil-steals-spotlight-oval-office/story?id=118713138 |access-date=February 15, 2025 |website=ABC News}}</ref>

Also in July 2022, ''The Wall Street Journal'' reported that Musk allegedly had an affair with [[Nicole Shanahan]], the wife of Google co-founder [[Sergey Brin]], in 2021, leading to their divorce the following year.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Grind |first1=Kirtsen |last2=Glazer |first2=Emily |date=July 24, 2022 |title=Elon Musk's Friendship With Sergey Brin Ruptured by Alleged Affair |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/elon-musk-affair-sergey-brin-wife-divorce-11658674840?siteid=yhoof2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724180459/https://www.wsj.com/articles/elon-musk-affair-sergey-brin-wife-divorce-11658674840?siteid=yhoof2 |archive-date=July 24, 2022 |access-date=July 24, 2022 |work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> Musk denied the report.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Musil |first1=Steven |last2=Van Boom |first2=Daniel |date=July 24, 2022 |title=Elon Musk Reportedly Had Affair With Google Co-Founder's Wife |url=https://www.cnet.com/tech/elon-musk-reportedly-had-affair-with-google-co-founders-wife/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007134334/https://www.cnet.com/tech/elon-musk-rejects-allegations-of-affair-with-sergey-brins-wife/ |archive-date=October 7, 2022 |access-date=July 25, 2022 |publisher=CNET}}</ref> Musk also had a relationship with Australian actress [[Natasha Bassett]], who has been described as "an occasional girlfriend".{{sfn|Isaacson|2023|pp=7, 265}} In October 2024, ''The New York Times'' reported Musk bought a Texas compound for his children and their mothers,<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 29, 2024 |title=Elon Musk Wants Big Families. He Bought a Secret Compound for His. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/29/business/elon-musk-children-compound.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241117093236/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/29/business/elon-musk-children-compound.html |archive-date=November 17, 2024 |access-date=November 19, 2024 |website=The New York Times}}</ref> though Musk denied having done so.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Siegler |first=Mara |date=October 30, 2024 |title=Exclusive {{!}} Elon Musk denies NY Times' claim of secretive family estate |url=https://pagesix.com/2024/10/30/lifestyle/elon-musk-denies-ny-times-claim-of-secretive-family-estate/ |access-date=January 21, 2025 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Musk also has four children with [[Shivon Zilis]], director of operations and special projects at [[Neuralink]]: twins born via [[In vitro fertilisation|IVF]] in 2021, a child born in 2024 via surrogacy and a child born in 2025.{{efn|Attributed to mutliple sources:<ref name="Zilis">{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/us-news/who-is-shivon-zilis-elon-musks-partner-who-announced-birth-of-their-4th-child-101740841989650.html|title=Who is Shivon Zilis, Elon Musk's partner who announced birth of their 4th child?|work=Hindustan Times|via=HT News Desk|date=March 1, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ankel |first=Sophia |date=August 27, 2022 |title=Elon Musk and Neuralink exec had twins via IVF, no romance: report |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-neuralink-exec-twins-via-ivf-no-romance-report-2022-8 |access-date=July 9, 2024 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US |archive-date=July 9, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709140834/https://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-neuralink-exec-twins-via-ivf-no-romance-report-2022-8 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="NYTTAU">{{cite news |last1=Szalai |first1=Jennifer |date=September 9, 2023 |title=Elon Musk Wants to Save Humanity. The Only Problem: People. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/09/books/review/elon-musk-walter-isaacson.html |url-status=live |access-date=September 19, 2023 |work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref name="WhoIs">{{Cite web |date=June 24, 2024 |title=Who Is Shivon Zilis? Meet the Mother of 3 of Elon Musk's 12 Children |url=https://www.eonline.com/news/1404242/who-is-shivon-zilis-meet-the-mother-of-3-of-elon-musks-12-children |access-date=July 9, 2024 |website=E! Online |archive-date=July 9, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709140834/https://www.eonline.com/news/1404242/who-is-shivon-zilis-meet-the-mother-of-3-of-elon-musks-12-children |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Alexander |first1=Sophie |last2=Hull |first2=Dana |date=June 21, 2024 |title=Elon Wants YOU to Have More Babies |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/features/2024-elon-musk-population-collapse-baby-push/ |access-date=June 21, 2024 |publisher=[[Bloomberg News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Elon Musk Welcomes 14th Child, His Fourth Baby with Shivon Zilis |url=https://people.com/elon-musk-welcomes-14th-child-with-shivon-zilis-11688958 |access-date=March 1, 2025 |website=People.com |language=en}}</ref>}}

On February 14, 2025, [[Ashley St. Clair]], an influencer and author, posted on X claiming to have given birth to Musk's son Romulus five months earlier, which media outlets reported as Musk's supposed thirteenth child.{{efn|Attributed to mutliple sources:<ref name="Mattioli 16APR2025"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Author Ashley St. Clair Says She Gave Birth to Elon Musk's 13th Child 5 Months Ago |url=https://people.com/elon-musk-welcomed-13th-child-5-months-ago-with-ashley-st-clair-11680525 |access-date=March 28, 2025 |website=People.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Snider |first=Mike |title=Ashley St. Clair says Elon Musk is the father of baby she had in 2024 |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/news/2025/02/17/elon-musk-ashley-st-clair-children-kids/78744733007/ |access-date=February 19, 2025 |website=USA TODAY |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=February 18, 2025 |title=Elon Musk breaks silence after MAGA influencer claims he's fathered 13th child |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/elon-musk-response-ashley-st-clair-baby-b2699865.html |access-date=February 19, 2025 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref>}} On February 22, 2025, it was reported that St Clair had filed for sole custody of her five-month-old son and for Musk to be recognised as the child's father.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Rosner |first1=Lawrence |last2=Yee |first2=Elizabeth |title=Ashley St. Clair Sues Elon Musk for Sole Legal Custody of Their Son (Exclusive) |url=https://people.com/ashley-st-clair-sues-elon-musk-for-sole-legal-custody-of-their-son-rsc-11684615 |website=People.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=February 23, 2025 |title=MAGA Baby Mama Says Musk Admitted Paternity in Steamy Texts |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/maga-baby-mama-ashley-st-clair-says-elon-musk-admitted-paternity-in-steamy-text-messages/ |website=The Daily Beast |language=en}}</ref> On March 31, 2025, Musk wrote that, while he was unsure if he was the father of St. Clair's child, he had paid St. Clair $2.5{{nbsp}}million and would continue paying her $500,000 per year.{{efn|Attributed to mutliple sources:<ref>{{cite web |last=Fortinsky |first=Sarah |title=Elon Musk says he sent MAGA influencer Ashley St. Clair $2.5 million, open to paternity test |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/5224631-elon-musk-ashley-st-clair-paternity-test/ |work=The Hill |date=March 31, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Mattioli |first1=Dana |title=The Tactics Elon Musk Uses to Manage His 'Legion' of Babies—and Their Mothers |url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/elon-musk-children-mothers-ashley-st-clair-grimes-dc7ba05c |website=WSJ |date=April 16, 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=Mike Bedigan |title=Sources close to Elon Musk believe number of kids is much higher than publicly known |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/elon-musk-how-many-kids-b2734487.html |website=The Independent |access-date=April 16, 2025 |language=en-gb |date=April 16, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=Josie Ensor |title=Elon Musk wants a 'legion' of children for apocalypse, says Ashley St Clair |url=https://www.thetimes.com/us/news-today/article/elon-musk-ashley-st-clair-children-payments-r9fgztfkz |website=www.thetimes.com |access-date=April 16, 2025 |language=en-gb |date=April 16, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Musk Only Grants 'Special Status' to One of His Many Baby Mamas |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/elon-musk-only-grants-special-status-to-one-of-his-many-baby-mamas/ |website=The Daily Beast |language=en |date=April 16, 2025}}</ref>}} Later reporting from the ''Wall Street Journal'' indicated that $1{{nbsp}}million of these payments to St. Clair were structured as a loan.<ref name="Mattioli 16APR2025" />

=== Involvement with Jeffrey Epstein ===
{{see also|List of people named in the Epstein files}}

In 2014, Musk and [[Ghislaine Maxwell]] appeared together in a photograph taken at an Academy Awards after-party, which Musk later described as a "[[Photobombing|photobomb]]".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fact Check: Yes, Elon Musk and Ghislaine Maxwell were once photographed together|url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/fact-check-yes-elon-musk-000000156.html|website=Yahoo News|date=March 2, 2025|access-date=February 1, 2026|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":13" /> The January 2026 [[Epstein files]] contain emails between Musk and Epstein from 2012 to 2013, after [[Jeffrey Epstein#First criminal case (2005–2011)|Epstein's first conviction]].

Emails released on January 30, 2026, indicated that Epstein invited Musk to visit his private island on multiple occasions.<ref>{{Cite news |date=February 2, 2026 |title=The Major Business Names in the Epstein Files |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/02/02/business/dealbook/epstein-files-business.html |access-date=February 3, 2026 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The correspondence showed that while Epstein repeatedly encouraged Musk to attend, Musk did not visit the island. In one instance, Musk discussed the possibility of attending a party with his then-wife [[Talulah Riley]] and asked which day would be the "wildest party"; according to the emails, the visit did not take place after Epstein later cancelled the plans.{{efn|Attributed to mutliple sources:<ref name=e>{{cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/elon-musk/expressed-interest-visiting-jeffrey-epstein-island-emails-show-doj-rcna256784|title=Elon Musk expressed interest in visiting Jeffrey Epstein's island, newly released emails show|first=David|last=Ingram|publisher=NBC News|date=January 30, 2026|access-date=February 1, 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/live-updates/epstein-files-released-doj-2026/|title=Massive trove of Epstein files released by DOJ, including 3 million documents and photos|first1=Kaia|last1=Hubbard|first2=Kathryn|last2=Watson|first3=Stefan|last3=Becket|first4=Melissa|last4=Quinn|publisher=CBS News|date=January 31, 2026|accessdate=February 1, 2026}}</ref><ref name="Robins-Early">{{cite news |last1=Robins-Early |first1=Nick |title=Elon Musk had more extensive ties to Epstein than previously known, emails show |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2026/jan/30/elon-musk-epstein-files-island-visits |access-date=February 1, 2026 |date=January 30, 2026}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite web|title=Elon Musk expressed interest in visiting Jeffrey Epstein's island, newly released emails show|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/elon-musk/expressed-interest-visiting-jeffrey-epstein-island-emails-show-doj-rcna256784|website=NBC News|date=January 31, 2026|access-date=January 31, 2026|language=en}}</ref><ref name="theguardian.com">{{Cite news|title=Elon Musk had more extensive ties to Epstein than previously known, emails show|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2026/jan/30/elon-musk-epstein-files-island-visits|work=The Guardian|date=January 30, 2026|access-date=January 31, 2026|issn=0261-3077|language=en-GB|first=Nick|last=Robins-Early}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Epstein files show Elon Musk apparently discussed plans to visit sex offender's island, host him at SpaceX|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2026/01/30/epstein-files-show-elon-musk-planned-visit-to-island-host-at-spacex.html|website=CNBC|date=January 31, 2026|access-date=February 1, 2026|language=en|first=Lora|last=Kolodny}}</ref>}}

On [[Christmas day]] in 2012, Musk emailed Epstein asking "Do you have any parties planned? I’ve been working to the edge of sanity this year and so, once my kids head home after Christmas, I really want to hit the party scene in [[St. Barts|St Barts]] or elsewhere and let loose. The invitation is much appreciated, but a peaceful island experience is the opposite of what I’m looking for".<ref name="RobinsEarly2026">{{cite news |last=Robins-Early |first=Nick |title=Elon Musk had more extensive ties to Epstein than previously known, emails show |work=The Guardian |date=January 30, 2026 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2026/jan/30/elon-musk-epstein-files-island-visits |access-date=February 3, 2026}}</ref> Epstein replied that the "ratio on my island" might make Musk's wife uncomfortable to which Musk responded, "Ratio is not a problem for Talulah".<ref name="RobinsEarly2026" />

On September 11, 2013, Epstein sent an email asking Musk if he had any plans for coming to New York for the opening of the [[United Nations General Assembly]], saying that many "interesting people" would be coming to Epstein's house. Musk responded that "Flying to NY to see UN diplomats do nothing would be an unwise use of time".<ref name="Rascius2026">{{cite news |last=Rascius |first=Brendan |title=Elon Musk calls Epstein files a ‘distraction’ after emails reveal his messages with sex offender |work=The Independent |date=January 31, 2026 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/elon-musk-epstein-files-island-party-b2911563.html |access-date=February 3, 2026}}</ref> Epstein responded by stating "Do you think i am retarded. Just kidding, there is no one over 25 and all very cute."<ref name="Rascius2026" />

Musk has denied any close relationship with Epstein and described him as a "creep" who attempted to ingratiate himself with influential people.<ref name=":13" /> When Musk was asked in 2019 if he introduced Epstein to [[Mark Zuckerberg]], Musk responded: "I don’t recall introducing Epstein to anyone, as I don’t know the guy well enough to do so."<ref name="Rascius2026" /> The released emails nonetheless showed cordial exchanges on a range of topics, including Musk's inquiry about parties on the island.<ref name="theguardian.com">{{Cite news|title=Elon Musk had more extensive ties to Epstein than previously known, emails show|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2026/jan/30/elon-musk-epstein-files-island-visits|work=The Guardian|date=January 30, 2026|access-date=January 31, 2026|issn=0261-3077|language=en-GB|first=Nick|last=Robins-Early}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Musk Busted Pleading to Visit Pedo Island in Epstein Files for 'Wildest Party'|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/musk-busted-pleading-to-visit-pedo-island-in-epstein-files/|website=The Daily Beast|date=January 30, 2026|access-date=January 31, 2026|language=en|first1=Annabella |first2=Tom |last2=Latchem |last1=Rosciglione }}</ref><ref name=":13" /> The correspondence also indicated that Musk suggested hosting Epstein at SpaceX, while Epstein separately discussed plans to tour SpaceX and bring "the girls", though there is no evidence that such a visit occurred.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Elon Musk and Jeffrey Epstein emailed each other for years trying to meet up, new Justice Department records show|url=https://fortune.com/2026/01/30/elon-musk-jeffrey-epstein-email-visits-justice-department/|website=Fortune|access-date=February 1, 2026|language=en|first=Eva|last=Roytburg|first2=Sasha|last2=Rogelberg}}</ref> Musk has described the release of the files a "distraction", later accusing the [[Second presidency of Donald Trump|second Trump administration]] of suppressing them to protect powerful individuals, including Trump himself.{{efn|Attributed to mutliple sources:<ref name="WSJ-timeline2">{{Cite web|last1=Linskey|first1=Annie|last2=Dawsey|first2=Josh|last3=Andrews|first3=Natalie|title=The Day That Trump and Musk Torched Their Partnership|work=WSJ|access-date=June 10, 2025|url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/elon-musk-trump-fight-gop-bill-c2e0be66}}</ref><ref name=":4" /><ref name="doj">{{cite web |title=DOJ Disclosures |url=https://www.justice.gov/epstein/doj-disclosures |website=DOJ |publisher=Dept. of Justice |access-date=February 1, 2026}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mikestunson/2026/01/31/elon-musk-says-his-emails-with-jeffrey-epstein-are-misinterpreted-calls-release-of-files-a-distraction/|title=Elon Musk Says His Emails With Jeffrey Epstein Are 'Misinterpreted'—Calls Release Of Files 'A Distraction'|publisher=Forbes}}</ref>}}

==Wealth==
{{excerpt|Wealth of Elon Musk|only=paragraphs|paragraphs=1-4}}

===Musk Foundation===
{{Main|Musk Foundation}}

== Public image ==
{{Main|Public image of Elon Musk}}

Although his ventures have been highly influential within their separate industries starting in the 2000s, Musk only became a public figure in the early 2010s. He has been described as an eccentric who makes spontaneous and impactful decisions, while also often making controversial statements, contrary to other billionaires who prefer reclusiveness to protect their businesses. Musk's actions and [[Views of Elon Musk|his expressed views]] have made him a polarizing figure.<ref name="Trouble">{{Cite web |last=Ghaffary |first=Shirin |date=May 20, 2023 |title=Elon Musk won't stop tweeting his way into trouble |url=https://www.vox.com/technology/2023/5/20/23730607/elon-musk-conspiracy-twitter-texas-shooting-bellingcat-taylor-lorenz-psyops |access-date=October 28, 2023 |website=Vox |language=en |archive-date=October 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027100923/https://www.vox.com/technology/2023/5/20/23730607/elon-musk-conspiracy-twitter-texas-shooting-bellingcat-taylor-lorenz-psyops |url-status=live}}</ref> Biographer [[Ashlee Vance]] described people's opinions of Musk as polarized due to his "part philosopher, part [[Troll (slang)|troll]]" persona on Twitter.<ref name="celebrity">{{Cite news |last1=Maloy |first1=Ashley Fetters |last2=Tiku |first2=Nitasha |date=July 16, 2022 |title=How Elon Musk became a new kind of celebrity |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/2022/07/16/elon-musk-twitter-celebrity/ |access-date=February 4, 2023 |archive-date=February 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223072115/https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/2022/07/16/elon-musk-twitter-celebrity/ |url-status=live}}</ref> He has drawn denouncement for using his platform to mock the self-selection of [[Preferred gender pronoun|personal pronouns]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 16, 2024 |title=A running list of Elon Musk's biggest controversies |url=https://theweek.com/elon-musk/1022182/elon-musks-most-controversial-moments |access-date=October 11, 2025 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref> while also receiving praise for bringing international attention to matters like [[British people|British]] survivors of [[Grooming gangs scandal|grooming gangs]].<ref>{{cite web | last1=Robertson | first1=Nic | last2=Davey-Attlee | first2=Florence | last3=Kennedy | first3=Niamh |title=Musk's posts on UK child sex abuse gangs cast a spotlight on survivors. But he also stoked the fire of the far-right |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/02/06/uk/musk-uk-child-sex-abuse-gbr-intl-cmd |access-date=October 4, 2025 |website=CNN |date=February 6, 2025 }}</ref>

Musk has been described as an American [[Oligarchy|oligarch]] due to his extensive influence over public discourse, social media, industry, politics, and government policy.<ref>{{multiref2|1={{Cite news |last=Reynolds |first=Maura |date=October 28, 2024 |title='Everything Is Subservient to the Big Guy': Fiona Hill on Trump and America's Emerging Oligarchy |url=https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2024/10/28/fiona-hill-explains-trump-musk-putin-00185820 |access-date=November 30, 2024 |website=[[Politico]]}}|2={{Cite news |date=September 7, 2024 |title=Donald Trump could turn Elon Musk into an American oligarch |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2024/09/07/trump-elon-musk-government-position-00177845 |access-date=November 30, 2024 |website=[[Politico]]}}|3={{Cite news |last=Borger |first=Julian |date=October 25, 2024 |title=Elon Musk has been in regular contact with Putin for two years, says report |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2024/oct/25/elon-musk-has-been-in-regular-contact-with-putin-for-two-years-say-reports |access-date=November 30, 2024 |work=[[The Guardian]] |issn=0261-3077}}|4={{Cite news |last=Krugman |first=Paul |date=December 19, 2022 |title=Why Petulant Oligarchs Rule Our World |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/19/opinion/columnists/elon-musk-twitter-oligarchs.html?smid=url-share |access-date=November 29, 2024 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}|5={{Cite news |first=Whizy |last=Kim |date=November 25, 2024 |title=Elon Musk and the age of shameless oligarchy |url=https://www.vox.com/money/387348/elon-musk-trump-president-billionaire-oligarchy |access-date=November 29, 2024 |work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]}}}}</ref> After Trump's re-election, Musk's [[Political activities of Elon Musk#United States|influence and actions]] during the transition period and the [[second presidency of Donald Trump]] led some to call him "President Musk", the "actual president-elect", "shadow president" or "co-president".<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Parker |first1=Ashley |last2=Dawsey |first2=Josh |last3=Scherer |first3=Michael |date=November 13, 2024 |title=Elon Musk, the richest man in the world, becomes Donald Trump's 'first buddy' |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2024/11/13/elon-musk-trump-presidential-transition/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=December 19, 2024 |quote=Now, during the transition, Musk has emerged somewhere between unofficial co-president and "first buddy", as he put it in an X posting — bounding in and out of meetings, sitting in on phone calls, weighing résumés and generally becoming as ubiquitous at Mar-a-Lago as the club's gilded inlay. |issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Metzger |first=Bryan |date=December 19, 2024 |title=Trump team makes clear Elon Musk isn't the leader of the GOP |work=Business Insider |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/trump-team-says-elon-musk-is-not-actually-in-charge-2024-12 |url-access=subscription |access-date= |quote=It came after scores of Democrats baited Trump with social media posts accusing Musk of being the actual president-elect, the "shadow president", "President Musk" or the "co-president".}}</ref>

===Accolades===
{{Main|List of awards and honors received by Elon Musk}}

[[File:Conectividade e Proteção da Amazônia com Elon Musk - 52089866211.png|alt=Musk wearing a medal|thumb|upright=.6|Musk receiving the [[Order of Defence Merit]] from the [[Brazilian Armed Forces]] in 2022<ref name="Costa2022">{{Cite news |last=Costa |first=Mariana |date=May 20, 2022 |title=Musk recebe de Bolsonaro a medalha de Ordem do Mérito da Defesa |language=pt-BR |trans-title=Musk receives the Order of Defense Merit medal from Bolsonaro |work=Metrópoles |url=https://www.metropoles.com/brasil/musk-recebe-de-bolsonaro-a-medalha-de-ordem-do-merito-da-defesa |access-date=November 4, 2022 |archive-date=February 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205115416/https://www.metropoles.com/brasil/musk-recebe-de-bolsonaro-a-medalha-de-ordem-do-merito-da-defesa |url-status=live}}</ref>]]
Awards for his contributions to the development of the [[Falcon rocket]]s include the [[American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics]] George Low Transportation Award in 2008,<ref>{{cite web |title=George M. Low Space Transportation Award |url=https://www.aiaa.org/get-involved/honors-awards/awards/award-george-m-low-space-transportation-award |access-date=August 14, 2021 |publisher=American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics |archive-date=August 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814194408/https://www.aiaa.org/get-involved/honors-awards/awards/award-george-m-low-space-transportation-award |url-status=live}}</ref> the {{lang|fr|[[Fédération Aéronautique Internationale]]|italic=no}} Gold Space Medal in 2010,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fai.org/news/barron-hilton-and-elon-musk-honoured-highest-fai-awards |title=Barron Hilton and Elon Musk honoured with the highest FAI awards |publisher=[[Fédération Aéronautique Internationale]] |date=December 16, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419204916/http://www.fai.org/envc-awards/envc-news-awards/35094-barron-hilton-and-elon-musk-honoured-with-the-highest-awards |archive-date=April 19, 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[Royal Aeronautical Society]] Gold Medal in 2012.<ref>{{cite web |title=2012 RAeS Gold Medal |url=http://media.aerosociety.com/aerospace-insight/2012/11/23/video-elon-musk-interview/7553 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121128025956/http://media.aerosociety.com/aerospace-insight/2012/11/23/video-elon-musk-interview/7553/ |archive-date=November 28, 2012}}</ref> In 2015, he received an honorary doctorate in engineering and technology from [[Yale University]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://seas.yale.edu/news-events/news/seas-celebrates-class-2015-honors-innovators-elon-musk-and-dean-kamen |title=SEAS Celebrates Class of 2015, Honors Innovators Elon Musk and Dean Kamen |publisher=[[Yale School of Engineering & Applied Science]] |date=May 18, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150520024948/http://seas.yale.edu/news-events/news/seas-celebrates-class-2015-honors-innovators-elon-musk-and-dean-kamen |archive-date=May 20, 2015}}</ref> and an [[IEEE Honorary Membership|Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Honorary Membership]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ieee.org/content/dam/ieee-org/ieee/web/org/about/awards/recipients/hon_mem_rl.pdf |title=IEEE Honorary Membership Recipients |publisher=[[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629021316/http://www.ieee.org/documents/hon_mem_rl.pdf |archive-date=June 29, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Musk was elected a [[Fellow of the Royal Society]] (FRS) in 2018.<ref>{{cite news |date=May 9, 2018 |title=Elon Musk elected as Fellow of the Royal Society |url=https://news.sky.com/story/elon-musk-elected-as-fellow-of-the-royal-society-11365298 |publisher=Sky News |access-date=February 28, 2021 |archive-date=January 4, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210104135155/https://news.sky.com/story/elon-musk-elected-as-fellow-of-the-royal-society-11365298 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|In 2024, Musk's [[Royal Society]] membership was criticized by 74 members over his alleged anti-scientific behavior and promotion of misinformation, prompting debates about the society's standards on membership and leading to the resignation of [[Dorothy V. M. Bishop|Dorothy Bishop]], a neuropsychologist at the [[University of Oxford]], who cited her dissatisfaction with the Society's response.<ref>{{Cite news |date=November 28, 2024 |title=Elon Musk is causing problems for the Royal Society |url=https://www.economist.com/science-and-technology/2024/11/28/elon-musk-is-causing-problems-for-the-royal-society |access-date=December 1, 2024 |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |issn=0013-0613}}</ref>}} In 2022, Musk was elected to the [[National Academy of Engineering]].<ref name="lat20141214">{{cite web |title=For breakthroughs in the design, engineering, manufacturing, and operation of reusable launch vehicles and sustainable transportation and energy systems. |url=https://www.nae.edu/271501.aspx |publisher=National Academy of Engineering |date=February 9, 2022 |access-date=March 25, 2022 |archive-date=March 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325232302/https://www.nae.edu/271501.aspx |url-status=live}}</ref>

''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' has listed Musk as [[Time 100|one of the most influential people in the world]] in 2010,<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Favreau |first=Jon |date=April 29, 2010 |title=Elon Musk |url=https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1984685_1984745_1985495,00.html |magazine=Time |access-date=February 28, 2021 |archive-date=November 12, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112035646/http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1984685_1984745_1985495,00.html |url-status=live}}</ref> 2013,<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Branson |first=Richard |date=April 18, 2013 |title=Elon Musk |url=https://time100.time.com/2013/04/18/time-100/slide/elon-musk/ |magazine=Time |access-date=February 28, 2021 |archive-date=February 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212203010/https://time100.time.com/2013/04/18/time-100/slide/elon-musk/ |url-status=live}}</ref> 2018,<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Milner |first=Yuri |title=Elon Musk |url=https://time.com/collection/most-influential-people-2018/5217614/elon-musk/ |magazine=Time |access-date=February 28, 2021 |archive-date=January 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103222113/https://time.com/collection/most-influential-people-2018/5217614/elon-musk/ |url-status=live}}</ref> and 2021.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Elon Musk: The 100 Most Influential People of 2021 |url=https://time.com/collection/100-most-influential-people-2021/6095970/elon-musk-innovators/ |access-date=September 21, 2021 |magazine=Time |archive-date=May 30, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530144543/https://time.com/collection/100-most-influential-people-2021/6095970/elon-musk-innovators/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Musk was selected as ''Time''{{'}}s "[[Time Person of the Year|Person of the Year]]" for 2021. Then ''Time'' editor-in-chief [[Edward Felsenthal]] wrote that, "Person of the Year is a marker of influence, and few individuals have had more influence than Musk on life on Earth, and potentially life off Earth too."<ref>{{cite news |last=Flynn |first=Kerry |date=December 13, 2021 |title=Time Person of the Year: Elon Musk, CEO of Tesla and SpaceX, named most influential of 2021 |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/12/13/media/slug-time-person-year-elon-musk/index.html |publisher=[[CNN]] |access-date=December 13, 2021 |archive-date=December 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213131207/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/12/13/media/slug-time-person-year-elon-musk/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Felsenthal |first=Edward |author-link=Edward Felsenthal |date=December 13, 2021 |title=Time 2021 The choice Elon Musk |url=https://time.com/person-of-the-year-2021-elon-musk-choice/ |magazine=Time |access-date=December 13, 2021 |archive-date=December 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213124509/https://time.com/person-of-the-year-2021-elon-musk-choice/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Works cited==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite book |last=Belfiore |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Belfiore |date=2007 |title=Rocketeers |location=New York |publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=978-0-06-114902-3 |ref=Belfiore}}
* {{Cite book |last=Berger |first=Eric |author-link=Eric Berger (journalist) |year=2021 |title=Liftoff |publisher=William Morrow and Company |isbn=978-0-06-297997-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Isaacson |first=Walter |author-link=Walter Isaacson |date=2023 |title=[[Elon Musk (Isaacson book)|Elon Musk]] |location=New York |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=978-1-9821-8128-4 |oclc=1395888338 |ref=Isaacson}}
* {{Cite book |last=Jackson |first=Eric M. |author-link=Eric M. Jackson |year=2004 |title=[[The PayPal Wars|The PayPal Wars: Battles with eBay, the Media, the Mafia, and the Rest of Planet Earth]] |location=Los Angeles, California |publisher=World Ahead Publishing |isbn=978-0-9746701-0-2 |ref=Jackson}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Kidder |first1=David |last2=Hoffman |first2=Reid |author-link2=Reid Hoffman |year=2013 |title=The Startup Playbook: Secrets of the Fastest Growing Start-Ups from the founding Entrepreneurs |location=San Francisco, California |publisher=Chronicle Books |isbn=978-1-4521-0504-8 |ref=Kidder}}
* {{Cite book |last=Vance |first=Ashlee |author-link=Ashlee Vance |year=2017 |orig-date=2015 |title=[[Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future]] |edition=2nd |location=New York |publisher=Ecco |isbn=978-0-06-230125-3 |ref=Vance}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite book |last1=Conger |first1=Kate |author1-link=Kate Conger |last2=Mac |first2=Ryan |author2-link=Ryan Mac |year=2024 |title=Character Limit: How Elon Musk Destroyed Twitter |title-link=Character Limit: How Elon Musk Destroyed Twitter |edition=1st hardcover |location=New York |publisher=Penguin Press |isbn=978-0593656136 |oclc=1432234243}}
* {{Cite magazine |last=Farrow |first=Ronan |author-link=Ronan Farrow |date=August 28, 2023 |orig-date=August 21, 2023 (online) |title=Elon Musk's Shadow Rule |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2023/08/28/elon-musks-shadow-rule |department=A Reporter at Large (story series) |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |access-date=August 25, 2023}}
* Tarnoff, Ben, [https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2024/01/18/ultra-hardcore-elon-musk-walter-isaacson/ "Ultra Hardcore"] {{subscription required}} (review of [[Walter Isaacson]], ''Elon Musk'', Simon and Schuster, 2023, 670 pp.), ''[[The New York Review of Books]]'', vol. LXXI, no. 1 (January 18, 2024), pp. 6, 8, 10. "There is an anti-modern impulse to Musk, a craving for lordship that can't be entirely satisfied within the confines of a capitalist economy. A king doesn't have advertisers or shareholders or customers, and Musk, if he continues on his current trajectory, may very well be abandoned by all three. [[Aristotle]] says a good ending should be surprising but inevitable. It's possible to imagine multiple finales for Musk that meet these criteria, but the story always begins the same way. Once upon a time in [[Pretoria]], there was a boy who wanted to be a man." (p. 10.)

==External links==
{{Sister project links|auto=yes|d= Q317521}}
* {{C-SPAN|1020671}}
* {{LittleSisPerson}}
* {{Twitter | elonmusk }}
* {{IMDb name|nm1907769|Elon Musk}}

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Church (building)

2026-03-24T20:51:03Z

DEVANSH: updated page per sources also and cleaned formatting

{{short description|Place of worship for Christians}}{{redirect2|Church building|Church house|the building in Poughkeepsie, New York|Church Building|other uses|Church House (disambiguation){{!}}Church House}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Globalize|date=January 2026}}
{{Refimprove|date=January 2026}}
{{Expand section|History|date=January 2026}}
}}

{{Infobox building
| name = Church
| image = Basilica cattedrale di San Giusto Martire (IV) (39452708702).jpg
| image_caption = [[Trieste Cathedral]], a church dedicated to [[Justus|Saint Justus]] (1320)
| building_type = [[Place of worship]]
| architectural_style = Various ([[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]], [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]], [[Renaissance architecture|Renaissance]], etc.)
| location = Worldwide
| years_built = c. 233-256 AD (earliest identified)
| structural_system = Various ([[Load-bearing wall|load-bearing walls]], [[Vault (architecture)|vaulted ceilings]], [[Dome|domes]])
| owner = Various [[Religious organization|religious organizations]]
| current_tenants = [[Christian denomination|Christian congregations]]
| other_dimensions = Often includes:
* [[Nave]] and [[Aisle|aisles]]
* [[Altar]]
* [[Bell tower]] or [[steeple]]
* [[Christian cross|Cross]]-shaped floor plan
* [[Dome]] or [[Vault (architecture)|vaulted ceiling]]
}}
{{Christianity}}
[[File:P1050306 semilarge.jpg|thumb|A village church in [[South Sudan]]]]
A '''church''' is a building used for [[Christian worship]] [[church service|services]] and [[Christian religion|Christian]] activities. The earliest identified Christian church is a [[house church]] founded between [[AD]] 233 and AD 256.<ref name="Snyder 2003 128">{{cite book |last=Snyder |first=Graydon F. |title=Ante Pacem: Archaeological Evidence of Church Life Before Constantine |publisher=Mercer University Press |year=2003 |pages=128}}</ref> The word ''church'' also describes a [[Church (congregation)|body or assembly of Christian believers]], while "the Church" refers to the worldwide [[Christian Church|Christian religious community]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/church-Christianity|title=Church | Definition, History, & Types | Britannica|date=22 June 2023|access-date=21 July 2021|archive-date=12 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112195517/https://www.britannica.com/topic/church-Christianity|url-status=live}}</ref>

In traditional [[Christian architecture]], the [[plan view]] of a church often forms a [[Christian cross]]. The center [[aisle]] and seating create the vertical beam, while the [[Church architecture#Characteristics of the early Christian church building|bema]] and [[altar]] form the horizontal arms. [[Tower]]s or [[dome]]s rise above the [[heaven]]-facing roof line to encourage contemplation of the divine. Modern churches employ varied [[architectural style]]s, and many buildings originally designed for other purposes have been converted to churches. From the 11th to the 14th centuries, Western Europe experienced a wave of church construction.

Many churches worldwide are of considerable historical, national, cultural, and architectural significance. Several are included in the list of [[List of World Heritage Sites by religion|UNESCO World Heritage Sites]].<ref name="Tsivolas 2014 3–4">{{cite book|title=Law and Religious Cultural Heritage in Europe|first=Theodosios|last=Tsivolas|year=2014|isbn=9783319079325|pages=3–4|publisher=Springer International Publishing}}</ref>

==Etymology==
[[File:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle - cyrican.jpg|thumb|{{lang|ang|Cyrican}} is an [[Old English]] word for churches and church property]]
The word ''church'' is derived from [[Old English]] {{lang|ang|cirice}}, 'place of assemblage set aside for Christian worship', from the [[Proto-Germanic language|Common Germanic]] word ''kirika''. This was probably borrowed via [[Gothic language|Gothic]] from [[Ancient Greek]] {{transliteration|grc|kyriakon doma}}, 'the Lord's (house)', from {{transliteration|grc|[[kyrios]]}}, 'ruler, lord'. {{transliteration|grc|Kyrios}} in turn comes from the [[Proto-Indo-European language|Indo-European]] root {{lang|ine-x-proto|*ḱewh₁-}}, meaning 'to spread out, to swell' (euphemistically: 'to prevail, to be strong').<ref>{{cite web |title=church |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/church#etymonline_v_11358 |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=www.etymonline.com |archive-date=25 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241025211411/https://www.etymonline.com/word/church#etymonline_v_11358 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The word's cognates in many languages reflect its transmission from Greek and [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] roots. In early [[Germanic languages]] such as [[Old High German]], the term became ''kirihha'', signaling how Christianization shaped local vocabulary. Early Christian communities used the word to stress a building's dedication to [[God in Christianity|God]].<ref name="OEtymDChurch" />

The Greek {{transliteration|grc|kyriakon}}, 'of the Lord', has been used of houses of Christian worship since {{c.|AD 300}}, especially in the East, although it was less common in this sense than {{transliteration|grc|[[Ecclesia (ancient Greece)|ekklesia]]}} or {{transliteration|grc|[[Basilica|basilike]]}}.<ref name="OEtymDChurch">{{cite web |title=Church |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=church |access-date=8 August 2016 |website=Online Etymology Dictionary |archive-date=31 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160731005655/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=church |url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Update|section|reason=This section lacks coverage of post-Vatican II developments (beyond basic reforms) and contemporary trends in the Global South, such as adaptive designs in growing Christian communities.|date=January 2026}}
==History==
The history of church buildings traces the transformation of Christian worship spaces from clandestine [[House church|house churches]] in the Roman Empire to monumental [[Basilica|basilicas]] after legalization in 313 with the [[Edict of Milan]], when imperial patronage and civic basilica forms were adapted to liturgical needs.<ref name="Krautheimer">{{cite book |last=Krautheimer |first=Richard |title=Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture |edition=4th |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1986}}</ref><ref name="Drake2000">{{cite book |last=Drake |first=H. A. |title=Constantine and the Bishops: The Politics of Intolerance |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |year=2000}}</ref> During the 10th to 12th centuries, the [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque period]] emphasized thick masonry walls, barrel and groin vaults, and round arches, followed in the 12th to 16th centuries by [[Gothic architecture]], which developed pointed arches, rib vaults, and [[Flying buttress|flying buttresses]] to achieve greater height and light.<ref name="Fernie">{{cite book |last=Fernie |first=Eric |title=Romanesque Architecture: The First Style of the European Age |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2014}}</ref><ref name="FranklCrossley">{{cite book |last=Frankl |first=Paul |author2=Paul Crossley |title=Gothic Architecture |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2000}}</ref> From the 15th century, [[Renaissance architecture]] revived classical orders, symmetry, and proportional systems, and in the 17th to 18th centuries [[Baroque architecture]] and [[Rococo]] churches used theatrical space, integrated decoration, and urban scenography in response to varied patronage including the [[Counter-Reformation]].<ref name="TrachtenbergHyman">{{cite book |last=Trachtenberg |first=Marvin |author2=Isabelle Hyman |title=Architecture: From Prehistory to Post-Modernity |edition=2nd |publisher=Prentice Hall |year=2002}}</ref><ref name="Wittkower">{{cite book |last=Wittkower |first=Rudolf |title=Art and Architecture in Italy, 1600 to 1750 |edition=3rd |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1999}}</ref> After 1517 the [[Reformation]] fostered preaching-oriented halls and centralized plans in many Protestant regions, while the Orthodox East sustained and elaborated domed [[cross-in-square]] and other centralized schemes.<ref name="Kilde">{{cite book |last=Kilde |first=Jeanne Halgren |title=Sacred Power, Sacred Space: An Introduction to Christian Architecture and Worship |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2008}}</ref> Global expansion carried European models and local adaptations to the Americas, Africa, and Asia, and the 19th century saw widespread historic revivals.<ref name="Krautheimer"/><ref name="Brooks">{{cite book |last=Brooks |first=Chris |title=The Gothic Revival |publisher=Phaidon |year=1999}}</ref><ref name="Bremner">{{cite book |last=Bremner |first=G. A. |title=Imperial Gothic: Religious Architecture and High Anglican Culture in the British Empire, c. 1840 to 1870 |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2013}}</ref> In the 20th century new materials, modernist minimalism, and liturgical reforms such as the [[Second Vatican Council]] of 1962 to 1965 reshaped altars, seating, and the relationship between clergy and laity.<ref name="Proctor">{{cite book |last=Proctor |first=Robert |title=Building the Modern Church: Roman Catholic Church Architecture in Britain, 1955 to 1975 |publisher=Routledge |year=2014}}</ref><ref name="Baldovin">{{cite book |last=Baldovin |first=John F. |title=Reforming the Liturgy: A Response to the Critics |publisher=Liturgical Press |year=2008}}</ref>

===Antiquity===
[[File:Church of Saint Simeon Stylites 01.jpg|thumb|South facade of the [[Church of Saint Simeon Stylites]] in Aleppo, Syria, is considered to be one of the oldest surviving ruins of a church building in the world.]]
{{Further|List of oldest church buildings}}
The earliest archeologically identified Christian church is a [[house church]] (''domus ecclesiae''), the [[Dura-Europos church]], founded between 233 AD and 256 AD.<ref name="Snyder 2003 128"/>

In the second half of the third century AD, the first purpose-built halls for Christian worship (''aula ecclesiae'') began to be constructed. Many of these structures were destroyed during the [[Diocletianic Persecution]] in the early 4th century. Even larger and more elaborate churches began to appear during the reign of Emperor [[Constantine the Great]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hlqUCgAAQBAJ&q=early+church+buildings&pg=PT70 |title=The Contemporary Church and the Early Church: Case Studies in Ressourcement |date=February 2010 |publisher=Pickwick Publications |isbn=978-1606088999 |editor-last=Hartog |editor-first=Paul}} (Chapter 3)</ref>

===Medieval times===
From the 11th through the 14th centuries, a wave of [[cathedral]] building and the construction of smaller [[parish church]]es occurred across [[Western Europe]]. Besides serving as a [[place of worship]], the cathedral or parish church was frequently employed as a general gathering place by the communities in which they were located, hosting such events as [[guild meetings]], [[banquet]]s, [[mystery plays]], and [[fair]]s. Church grounds and buildings were also used for the threshing and storage of grain.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Levy |title=Cathedrals and the Church |page=12}}</ref>

==== Romanesque architecture ====
[[File:Trier Dom BW 24.JPG|thumb|[[Trier Cathedral]], Germany]]
Between 1000 and 1200, the [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] style became popular across [[Europe]]. The Romanesque style is defined by large and bulky edifices typically composed of simple, compact, sparsely decorated geometric structures. Frequent features of the Romanesque church include [[Arch|circular arches]], round or [[octagon]]al towers, and [[Capital (architecture)|cushion capitals]] on pillars. In the early Romanesque era, [[coffer]]ing on the ceiling was fashionable, while later in the same era, [[Groin vault|groined vaults]] gained popularity. Interiors widened, and the motifs of sculptures took on more epic traits and themes.<ref>{{cite book |last=Toman |first=Rolf |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g3HgsgEACAAJ&q=romanesque+architecture |title=Romanesque: Architecture, Sculpture, Painting |date=2015-04-30 |publisher=h.f.ullmann |isbn=9783848008407}}</ref> Romanesque architects adopted many Roman or early Christian architectural ideas, such as a cruciform ground plan, as that of [[Angoulême Cathedral]], and the [[basilica|basilica system]] of a nave with a central vessel and side aisles.<ref name=dkp>{{cite book|title=The Ultimate Visual Family Dictionary|year=2012|publisher=[[DK (publisher)|DK Pub]]|location=New Delhi|chapter=Architecture|pages=468–469|language=en|isbn=978-0-1434-1954-9}}</ref>

==== Gothic architecture ====
[[File:Ani-Cathedral, Ruine.jpeg|thumb|The [[Cathedral of Ani]], one of the founders of the Gothic style of architecture]]
[[File:Frauenkirche München abends.jpg|thumb|The [[Munich Frauenkirche|Frauenkirche]] in Munich is a largely [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]], medieval church.]]

The [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] style emerged around 1140 in [[Île-de-France]] and subsequently spread throughout Europe.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gothique ou Opus Francigenum : une architecture sans frontières venue de France (Le) - EHNE|url=https://ehne.fr/en/encyclopedia/themes/arts-in-europe/architectural-styles/gothic-or-opus-francigenum-architecture-france-without-borders|website=EHNE|access-date=28 March 2025}}</ref> Gothic churches lost the compact qualities of the Romanesque era, and decorations often contained [[symbol]]ic and [[allegorical]] features. The first [[pointed arch]]es, [[rib vault]]s, and [[buttress]]es began to appear, all possessing geometric properties that reduced the need for large, rigid walls to ensure structural stability. This also permitted the size of windows to increase, producing brighter and lighter interiors. [[Nave]] ceilings rose, and pillars and steeples heightened.<ref name=wd>{{cite book|last=Watkin|first=David|year=1986|title=A History of Western Architecture|publisher=[[Thames & Hudson]]|language=en|isbn=978-1529420302}}</ref><ref name=dkp/> Many architects used these developments to push the limits of structural possibility – an inclination that resulted in the collapse of several towers whose designs had unwittingly exceeded the boundaries of soundness. In Germany, the Netherlands and Spain, it became popular to build [[hall church]]es, a style in which every [[Vault (architecture)|vault]] would be built to the same height.

Gothic cathedrals were lavishly designed, as in the Romanesque era, and many share Romanesque traits. Bagneux Church, France (1170–1190) exhibited both styles - a Romanesque tower, and Gothic nave and choir.<ref name=dkp/> Several also exhibit unprecedented degrees of detail and complexity in decoration. [[Notre-Dame de Paris]] and [[Reims Cathedral]] in France, as well as the church of [[San Francesco d'Assisi, Palermo|San Francesco d'Assisi]] in [[Palermo]], [[Salisbury Cathedral]] and the [[wool church]]es in England, and [[Santhome Church]] in [[Chennai]], [[India]], show the elaborate stylings characteristic of Gothic cathedrals.

Some of the most well-known gothic churches remained unfinished for centuries after the style fell out of popularity. One such example is the construction of [[Cologne Cathedral]], which began in 1248, was halted in 1473, and did not resume until 1842.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Frankl |first1=Paul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LBZ6781vvOwC&q=gothic+architecture |title=Gothic Architecture |last2=Crossley |first2=Paul |date=2000 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=0300087993}}</ref>

=== Renaissance ===
[[File:Basilica di San Giorgio Maggiore (Venice).jpg|thumb|[[San Giorgio Monastery]], [[Venice]]]]
In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, the changes in ethics and society due to the [[Renaissance]] and the [[Reformation]] also influenced the building of churches. The common style was much like the Gothic style but simplified. The [[basilica]] was not the most popular type of church anymore, but instead, [[hall church]]es were built. Typical features are columns and classical [[Capital (architecture)|capitals]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Anderson |first=Christy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=70m1KbuD5YoC&q=renaissance+architecture |title=Renaissance Architecture |date=2013-02-28 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=9780192842275}}</ref>

The construction of the [[Sistine Chapel]] with its uniquely important decorations and the entire rebuilding of [[St. Peter's Basilica]], one of [[Christendom]]'s most significant churches, were part of this process.<ref name= I.R.>Ilan Rachum, ''The Renaissance, an Illustrated Encyclopedia'', 1979, Octopus, {{ISBN|0-7064-0857-8}}</ref> In the wealthy [[Republic of Florence]], the impetus for church-building was more civic than spiritual. The unfinished state of the enormous [[Florence Cathedral]] dedicated to the [[Blessed Virgin Mary]] did no honour to the city under her patronage. However, as the technology and finance were found to complete it, the rising dome did credit not only to the Virgin Mary, its architect and the Church, but also to the [[Signoria of Florence|Signoria]], the Guilds and the sectors of the city from which the manpower to construct it was drawn. The dome inspired further religious works in Florence.

In [[Protestant]] churches, where the proclamation of God's Word is of particular importance, the visitor's line of sight is directed towards the [[pulpit]].

=== Baroque architecture ===
[[File:St. Peter and St. Paul's Church 1, Vilnius, Lithuania - Diliff.jpg|thumb|Central [[nave]] of the [[Church of St. Peter and St. Paul, Vilnius]], Lithuania, an example of a [[Baroque architecture|Baroque]] church interior]]
The [[Baroque architecture|Baroque]] style was first used in Italy around 1575. From there, it spread to the rest of Europe and the European colonies. The building industry increased heavily during the [[Baroque]] era. Buildings, even churches, were used to indicate wealth, authority, and influence. The use of forms known from the [[Renaissance]] was extremely exaggerated. [[Dome]]s and [[Capital (architecture)|capitals]] were decorated with moulding, and the former [[stucco]] sculptures were replaced by [[fresco]] paintings on the ceilings. For the first time, churches were seen as one connected work of art, and consistent artistic concepts were developed. Instead of long buildings, more central-plan buildings were created. The sprawling decoration with floral ornamentation and mythological motives lasted until about 1720, in the [[Rococo]] era.<ref>{{cite book |last=Merz |first=Jörg Martin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eaC7yKbxj8UC&q=baroque+architecture |title=Pietro Da Cortona and Roman Baroque Architecture |date=2008 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0300111231}}</ref>

The Protestant [[parish]]es preferred Protestant churches often prioritize proximity between worshippers, the nave (main worship space), and the altar (often called a communion table).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parts of a church : inside : features : altar, windows, etc |url=https://www.nationalchurchestrust.org/explore/why/intriguing-insides |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=www.nationalchurchestrust.org |language=en |archive-date=9 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250109013718/https://www.nationalchurchestrust.org/explore/why/intriguing-insides |url-status=live }}</ref> This is achieved through various architectural designs and practices, including moving the altar loser to the congregation, decreasing the distance between the entrance and altar, and employing simpler architectural styles that focus attention on the pulpit and communion table.

==Architecture==
{{main|Church architecture}}

[[File:Norwich Cathedral from Cloisters, Norfolk, UK - Diliff.jpg|thumb|upright|left|The view of the spire of [[Norwich Cathedral]] from the [[cloister]]s, in Norfolk, England]]
Church architecture developed from house churches and repurposed halls into purpose-built [[Basilica|basilicas]] after the [[Edict of Milan]] in 313 and the establishment of [[Nicene Christianity]] as the imperial state religion in 380, and in the Byzantine East it soon embraced domed centralized schemes culminating in the [[cross-in-square]] type by the ninth to tenth centuries.<ref name="Krautheimer1986">{{cite book|last=Krautheimer|first=Richard|title=Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture|edition=4th|editor=Slobodan Curcic|location=New Haven|publisher=Yale University Press|year=1986}}</ref><ref name="Fletcher2019">{{cite book|editor-last=Fraser|editor-first=Murray|title=Sir Banister Fletcher's Global History of Architecture|edition=21st|location=London|publisher=Bloomsbury|year=2019}}</ref><ref name="Ousterhout1999">{{cite book|last=Ousterhout|first=Robert|title=Master Builders of Byzantium|location=Princeton|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1999}}</ref> In Western Europe the [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] of about 1000 to 1150 consolidated stone vaulting, thick walls, and modular planning, and from the 1140s the [[Gothic architecture|Gothic system]] of pointed arches, rib vaults, and [[Flying buttress|flying buttresses]] enabled taller naves and luminous clerestories that transformed liturgical space.<ref name="Fernie2014">{{cite book|last=Fernie|first=Eric|title=Romanesque Architecture: The First Style of the European Age|location=New Haven|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2014}}</ref><ref name="VonSimson1962">{{cite book|last=von Simson|first=Otto|title=The Gothic Cathedral: Origins of Gothic Architecture and the Medieval Concept of Order|edition=2nd|location=Princeton|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1962}}</ref><ref name="Bony1983">{{cite book|last=Bony|first=Jean|title=French Gothic Architecture of the 12th and 13th Centuries|location=Berkeley|publisher=University of California Press|year=1983}}</ref> From the 15th to the 18th centuries, [[Renaissance architecture|Renaissance designers]] reasserted classical orders and centralized ideals, the [[Reformation]] simplified imagery and organized Protestant interiors around the pulpit and congregational audibility, and the Catholic [[Counter-Reformation]] after the [[Council of Trent]] (1545 to 1563) promoted axial clarity and ceremonial focus across Europe and in Iberian colonial churches.<ref name="Wittkower1998">{{cite book|last=Wittkower|first=Rudolf|title=Architectural Principles in the Age of Humanism|edition=New|location=London|publisher=Academy Editions|year=1998}}</ref><ref name="Spicer2016">{{cite book|editor-last=Spicer|editor-first=Andrew|title=Parish Churches in the Early Modern World|location=Farnham|publisher=Ashgate|year=2016}}</ref><ref name="Bailey2012">{{cite book|last=Bailey|first=Gauvin Alexander|title=Baroque and Rococo|location=London|publisher=Phaidon|year=2012}}</ref> Since the 19th century, revival styles and industrial materials have broadened the available language of design, and in the 20th century the [[Liturgical Movement]] and the [[Second Vatican Council]] (1962 to 1965) reshaped Catholic layouts toward active participation, while modernist experiments reframed light, structure, and community.<ref name="Kieckhefer2004">{{cite book|last=Kieckhefer|first=Richard|title=Theology in Stone: Church Architecture from Byzantium to Berkeley|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004}}</ref><ref name="Hammond1960">{{cite book|last=Hammond|first=Peter|title=Liturgy and Architecture|location=London|publisher=Barrie and Rockliff|year=1960}}</ref><ref name="Schloeder1998">{{cite book|last=Schloeder|first=Steven J.|title=Architecture in Communion: Implementing the Second Vatican Council through Liturgy and Architecture|location=San Francisco|publisher=Ignatius Press|year=1998}}</ref><ref name="Fletcher2019"/>

The architectural design of [[Christian church|Christian churches]] commonly incorporates symbolic elements that reflect theological and [[Christian liturgy|liturgical]] meaning. The [[cruciform]] plan, with a long central [[nave]] intersected by [[transept|transepts]], represents the [[Christian cross]] and remains one of the most widespread church layouts.<ref name="petit">{{cite book |last=Petit |first=John Louis |title=Remarks on Church Architecture |year=1841 |publisher=J. Burns}}</ref> Churches frequently feature [[dome|domed]] or [[vault (architecture)|vaulted]] ceilings that draw the eye upward toward heaven. Alternative geometric plans include circular designs symbolizing eternity, or [[octagon|octagonal]] forms representing the church's role in illuminating the world. Most churches include a prominent [[spire]] or [[bell tower|tower]], typically positioned at the western end or crossing, which serves both practical and symbolic functions.<ref name="watkin_arch">{{cite book |last=Watkin |first=David |title=A History of Western Architecture |year=1986 |publisher=Thames & Hudson |isbn=978-1529420302}}</ref>

The orientation of churches traditionally follows specific principles, with the main [[altar]] typically facing east toward sunrise.<ref name="sacred_arch">{{cite web |title=Sacred Places: The Significance of the Church Building |url=http://www.sacredarchitecture.org/articles/sacred_places_the_significance_of_the_church_building/ |website=Institute for Sacred Architecture |access-date=2017-08-16 |archive-date=16 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816233033/http://www.sacredarchitecture.org/articles/sacred_places_the_significance_of_the_church_building/ |url-status=live }}</ref> This eastward alignment originated in fourth-century [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantium]] and became standard practice in [[Western Christianity|Western churches]] during the eighth and ninth centuries. Historical variations existed, particularly in early [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] churches where western-facing altars remained common through the eleventh century. Notable examples of western altar orientation persisted in prominent German churches including [[Bamberg Cathedral]], [[Augsburg Cathedral]], [[Regensburg Cathedral]], and [[Hildesheim Cathedral]].<ref name="otte">{{cite book |last=Otte |first=Heinrich |title=Handbuch der kirchlichen Kunst-Archäologie des deutschen Mittelalters |year=1868 |publisher=Leipzig |page=12}}</ref>

==Types==

===Basilica===
{{main|Basilica}}

{{further|Minster (church)}}
[[File:Basilica-stpeters.jpg|thumb|upright|right|[[St. Peter's Basilica]], completed in 1626, is the largest church building by interior volume (227,070 m3) and a principal basilica of the Catholic Church.]]
[[File:De grootste kathedraal van Nederland, de Sint Janskathedraal in 's-Hertogenbosch.jpg|thumb|upright|right|The [[St. John's Cathedral ('s-Hertogenbosch)]] in the Netherlands. On June 22, 1929, St. John's was given the honorary title of basilica because of the special veneration of Our Lady of Den Bosch.]]
The [[Latin]] word ''basilica'' was initially used to describe a [[ancient Rome|Roman]] public building usually located in the [[Forum (Roman)|forum]] of a Roman town.<ref name="OXFORD1">[https://books.google.com/books?id=Te2dAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA117 ''The Oxford Dictionary of Christian Art and Architecture''] (2013 {{ISBN|978-0-19968027-6}}), p. 117</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Institute for Sacred Architecture - Articles- The Eschatological Dimension of Church Architecture |url=http://www.sacredarchitecture.org/articles/the_eschatological_dimension_of_church_architecture |access-date=8 April 2016 |archive-date=9 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209094141/https://www.sacredarchitecture.org/articles/the_eschatological_dimension_of_church_architecture/ |url-status=live}}</ref> After the [[Roman Empire]] became [[Edict of Thessalonica|officially Christian]], the term came by extension to refer to a large and influential church that has been given special ceremonial rights by the [[Pope]].<ref>{{cite web |title=basilica {{!}} Etymology, origin and meaning of basilica by etymonline |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/basilica |access-date=2023-08-17 |website=www.etymonline.com |archive-date=17 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817020716/https://www.etymonline.com/word/basilica |url-status=live}}</ref> The word thus retains two senses today, one architectural and the other ecclesiastical.

===Cathedral===
{{main|Cathedral|Duomo|Architecture of cathedrals and great churches}}

[[File:Florence Duomo from Michelangelo hill.jpg|thumb|[[Florence Cathedral]]]]
A cathedral is a church, usually [[Catholic Church|Catholic]], [[Anglican]], [[Oriental Orthodox]] or [[Eastern Orthodox]], that houses the seat of a bishop. The word ''cathedral'' comes from ''[[cathedra]]'', the bishop's throne in {{langx|la|ecclesia cathedralis}}. The term is sometimes applied more broadly to any church of great size, although that usage is imprecise.

A church with a cathedral function is not necessarily a large building. It might be as small as [[Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford|Christ Church Cathedral]] in [[Oxford]], England, [[Porvoo Cathedral]] in [[Porvoo]], Finland, [[Sacred Heart Cathedral (Raleigh, North Carolina)|Sacred Heart Cathedral]] in [[Raleigh, North Carolina|Raleigh, United States]], or [[Chur]] Cathedral in Switzerland. However, frequently, the cathedral, along with some of the abbey churches, was the [[List of largest buildings in the world|largest building]] in any region.

Cathedrals often showcase ambitious architectural design and the work of accomplished craftsmen. They carry significant ecclesiastical and civic status that parish churches rarely attain.<ref>Batsford and Fry, 1-3</ref>{{full citation needed|date=November 2025}} Many are celebrated as notable works of architecture.<ref>Richard Utz. "The Cathedral as Time Machine: Art, Architecture, and Religion." In: ''The Idea of the Gothic Cathedral. Interdisciplinary Perspectives on the Meanings of the Medieval Edifice in the Modern Period'', ed. Stephanie Glaser (Turnhout: Brepols, 2018). pp. 239–59.</ref>

===Chapel===
{{main|Chapel}}

{{further|Chapel of ease|Sistine Chapel}}
[[File:Cappella Palatina 2014.jpg|thumb|[[Cappella Palatina]], [[Palermo]], [[Sicily]]]]
A chapel may be a discrete space with an altar inside a larger cathedral, conventual, parish, or other church. It can also be a freestanding small church building or room not connected to a larger church, created to serve a particular [[hospital]], [[school]], [[university]], prison, private household, [[palace]], [[castle]], or other institution. Proprietary churches and small conventual churches are often described with this term.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03574b.htm|title=CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Chapel|website=www.newadvent.org|access-date=10 April 2005|archive-date=9 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309142301/https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03574b.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Collegiate church===
{{main|Collegiate church}}

A collegiate church is a church where the [[daily office]] of worship is maintained by a [[college (canon law)|college]] of [[canon (priest)|canons]], which may be presided over by a [[Dean (religion)|dean]] or [[Provost (religion)|provost]].
Collegiate churches were often supported by extensive lands held by the church, or by [[tithe]] income from [[impropriation|appropriated]] [[benefices]]. They commonly provide distinct spaces for congregational worship and for the choir offices of their clerical community.

===Conventual church===
{{further|Abbey|Priory|Katholikon}}
A conventual church (in Eastern Orthodoxy ''[[katholikon]]'') is the main church in a Christian [[monastery]] or [[convent]], known variously as an [[abbey]], a [[priory]], a [[friary]], or a [[preceptor#Christian military orders|preceptory]].

===Parish church===
{{main|Parish Church}}

{{further|Parish|Clergy house}}
[[File:BerndorfEnsembleMargaretenplatz.jpg|thumb|St Margarete Parish Church, [[Berndorf, Lower Austria|Berndorf]], [[Austria]]]]
A parish church is a church built to meet the needs of people localised in a geographical area called a [[parish]]. The vast majority of Catholic, Orthodox, Anglican, and Lutheran church buildings fall into this category. A parish church may also be a basilica, a cathedral, a conventual or collegiate church, or a place of pilgrimage. The vast majority of parish churches do not however enjoy such privileges.

In addition to a parish church, each parish may maintain auxiliary organizations and their facilities such as a [[rectory]], [[church hall|parish hall]], [[parochial school]], or [[convent]], frequently located on the same campus or adjacent to the church.

===Pilgrimage church===
{{main|Pilgrimage church}}

A pilgrimage church is a church to which [[Christian pilgrimage|pilgrimage]]s are regularly made, or a church along a pilgrimage route, often located at the tomb of a [[saint]]s, or holding icons or [[relic]]s to which miraculous properties are ascribed, the site of [[Marian apparition]]s, etc.

===Proprietary church===
{{main|Proprietary church}}

During the Middle Ages, a proprietary church was a church, abbey, or cloister built on the private grounds of a feudal lord, over which he retained proprietary interests.

===Evangelical church structures===
[[File:Lakewood worship.jpg|thumb|[[Lakewood Church]]]]
The architecture of [[Evangelicalism|evangelical]] places of worship is mainly characterized by its sobriety.<ref>Peter W. Williams, ''Houses of God: Region, Religion, and Architecture in the United States'', University of Illinois Press, USA, 2000, p. 125</ref><ref>Murray Dempster, Byron D. Klaus, Douglas Petersen, ''The Globalization of Pentecostalism: A Religion Made to Travel'', Wipf and Stock Publishers, USA, 2011, p. 210</ref> The [[Latin cross]] is a well known [[Christian symbol]] that can usually be seen on the building of an evangelical church and that identifies the place's belonging.<ref>Mark A. Lamport, ''Encyclopedia of Christianity in the Global South, Volume 2'', Rowman & Littlefield, USA, 2018, p. 32</ref><ref>Anne C. Loveland, Otis B. Wheeler, '' From Meetinghouse to Megachurch: A Material and Cultural History'', University of Missouri Press, USA, 2003, p. 149</ref> Some services take place in theaters, schools or multipurpose rooms, rented for Sunday only.<ref name="Caillou">Annabelle Caillou, [https://www.ledevoir.com/societe/541071/vivre-grace-aux-dons-et-au-benevolat Vivre grâce aux dons et au bénévolat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106064325/https://www.ledevoir.com/societe/541071/vivre-grace-aux-dons-et-au-benevolat |date=6 November 2020 }}, ledevoir.com, Canada, 10 November 2018</ref><ref>Helmuth Berking, Silke Steets, Jochen Schwenk, ''Religious Pluralism and the City: Inquiries into Postsecular Urbanism'', Bloomsbury Publishing, UK, 2018, p. 78</ref><ref>George Thomas Kurian, Mark A. Lamport, ''Encyclopedia of Christianity in the United States, Volume 5'', Rowman & Littlefield, USA, 2016, p. 1359</ref> There is usually a [[baptistery]] at the front of the church (in what is known as the [[chancel]] in historic traditions) or in a separate room for [[Immersion baptism|baptisms by immersion]].<ref>William H. Brackney, ''Historical Dictionary of the Baptists'', Scarecrow Press, USA, 2009, p. 61</ref><ref>Wade Clark Roof, ''Contemporary American Religion, Volume 1'', Macmillan, UK, 2000, p. 49</ref>

A church in which more than 2,000 people gather each Sunday is known as a [[megachurch]]. The term gigachurch is sometimes used to refer to especially large megachurches, such as [[Lakewood Church]] (United States) or [[Yoido Full Gospel Church]] (South Korea).<ref>Sam Hey, ''Megachurches: Origins, Ministry, and Prospects'', Wipf and Stock Publishers, USA, 2013, p. 265.</ref><ref>Ed Stetzer,
[http://www.christianitytoday.com/edstetzer/2008/october/megachurch-research--terminology.html Megachurch Research - Terminology] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516030544/https://www.christianitytoday.com/edstetzer/2008/october/megachurch-research--terminology.html |date=16 May 2021 }}, christianitytoday.com, USA, October 9, 2008.</ref><ref>Alicia Budich,
[https://www.cbsnews.com/news/from-megachurch-to-gigachurch/ From Megachurch to "Gigachurch"], cbsnews.com, USA, April 6, 2012.</ref>

===House church===
{{Main|House church}}

[[File:People singing chant.JPG|thumb|A house church in Shunyi, Beijing]]
In some countries of the world which apply [[sharia]] or [[communism]], government authorizations for worship are complex for Christians.<ref>Erwin Fahlbusch, Geoffrey William Bromiley, ''The Encyclopedia of Christianity, Volume 4'', Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, USA, 2005, p. 163.</ref><ref>Yves Mamou, [https://www.lefigaro.fr/vox/religion/2019/03/20/31004-20190320ARTFIG00076-yves-mamou-les-persecutions-de-chretiens-ont-lieu-en-majorite-dans-des-pays-musulmans.php Yves Mamou: «Les persécutions de chrétiens ont lieu en majorité dans des pays musulmans»] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111023318/https://www.lefigaro.fr/vox/religion/2019/03/20/31004-20190320ARTFIG00076-yves-mamou-les-persecutions-de-chretiens-ont-lieu-en-majorite-dans-des-pays-musulmans.php |date=11 January 2021 }}, lefigaro.fr, France, March 20, 2019</ref><ref>Wesley Rahn, [https://www.dw.com/en/in-xi-we-trust-is-china-cracking-down-on-christianity/a-42224752 In Xi we trust - Is China cracking down on Christianity?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210220161203/https://www.dw.com/en/in-xi-we-trust-is-china-cracking-down-on-christianity/a-42224752 |date=20 February 2021 }}, dw.com, Germany, January 19, 2018</ref> Because of [[persecution of Christians]], Evangelical [[house churches]] have thus developed.<ref>Allan Heaton Anderson, ''An Introduction to Pentecostalism: Global Charismatic Christianity'', Cambridge University Press, UK, 2013, p. 104.</ref> For example, there is the [[House church (China)|Evangelical house churches in China]] movement.<ref>Brian Stiller, ''Evangelicals Around the World: A Global Handbook for the 21st Century'', Thomas Nelson, USA, 2015, p. 328</ref> The meetings thus take place in private houses, in secret and in "illegality".<ref>Mark A. Lamport, ''Encyclopedia of Christianity in the Global South, Volume 2'', Rowman & Littlefield, USA, 2018, p. 364.</ref>

===Alternative buildings===
{{further|Road church|Simultaneum}}

Old and disused church buildings can be seen as an interesting proposition for developers as the architecture and location often provide for attractive homes<ref>{{Cite news |last=Alexander |first=Lucy |date=14 December 2007 |title=Church conversions |work=The Times |location=London |url=http://property.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/property/new_homes/article3047285.ece |access-date=30 April 2010 |archive-date=1 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501094940/http://property.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/property/new_homes/article3047285.ece |url-status=dead }}</ref> or city centre entertainment venues.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Site design and technology by Lightmaker.com |title=quality food and drink |url=https://www.pitcherandpiano.com/locations/bar.cfm?area=Nottingham |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111031113829/http://www.pitcherandpiano.com/locations/bar.cfm?area=nottingham |archive-date=31 October 2011 |access-date=18 October 2011 |publisher=Pitcher and Piano}}</ref> On the other hand, many newer churches have decided to host meetings in public buildings such as schools,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to the Family Church Christchurch Dorset |url=http://www.familychurchchristchurch.org.uk/ |access-date=18 October 2011 |publisher=The Family Church Christchurch |archive-date=20 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111020150925/http://www.familychurchchristchurch.org.uk/ |url-status=live }}</ref> universities,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to The Hope Church, Manchester... A Newfrontiers Church based in Salford, Greater Manchester UK |url=http://www.the-hope.org.uk |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100202171948/http://www.the-hope.org.uk/ |archive-date=2 February 2010 |access-date=18 October 2011 |publisher=The-hope.org.uk}}</ref> cinemas<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jubilee Church London |url=http://www.jubileechurchlondon.org/ |website=jubileechurchlondon.org |access-date=23 December 2010 |archive-date=27 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227123034/http://jubileechurchlondon.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref> or theatres.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to Hillsong Church |url=http://hillsong.com/uk/ |access-date=25 November 2016 |website=Hillsong Church UK |archive-date=27 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127002701/http://hillsong.com/uk/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

There is another trend to convert old buildings for [[worship]] rather than face the construction costs and planning difficulties of a new build. Unusual venues in the UK include a former tram power station,<ref>{{Cite web |title=CITY CHURCH NEWCASTLE & GATESHEAD – enjoying God...making friends...changing lives – Welcome |url=http://www.city-church.co.uk/ |access-date=18 October 2011 |publisher=City-church.co.uk |archive-date=6 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006021722/http://www.city-church.co.uk/ |url-status=live }}</ref> a former [[bus garage]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aylsham Community Church |url=http://www.aylshamcommunitychurch.org/ |access-date=18 October 2011 |publisher=Aylsham Community Church |archive-date=13 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110913220620/http://www.aylshamcommunitychurch.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref> a former cinema and [[Bingo (UK)|bingo]] hall,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hall |first=Reg |title=Things are different now: A short history of Winchester Family Church |publisher=Winchester Family Church |year=2004 |location=Winchester |page=11}}</ref> a former [[Territorial Army (United Kingdom)|Territorial Army]] drill hall,<ref>{{Cite web |title=ABOUT |url=http://www.barnabascommunitychurch.com/about.html |access-date=5 December 2016 |website=www.barnabascommunitychurch.com |archive-date=20 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220052513/http://www.barnabascommunitychurch.com/about.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and a former [[synagogue]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Where We Meet |url=http://www.citychurchsheffield.org.uk/where-we-meet |access-date=5 December 2016 |website=City Church Sheffield |archive-date=20 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220052125/http://www.citychurchsheffield.org.uk/where-we-meet |url-status=live }}</ref> {{HMS|Tees|1817|6}} served as a floating church for mariners at [[Liverpool]] from 1827 until she sank in 1872.<ref name="LM100672">{{Cite news |date=10 June 1872 |title=Local and General |work=Leeds Mercury |issue=10660 |location=Leeds}}</ref> A windmill has also been converted into a church at [[Reigate Heath Windmill|Reigate Heath]].

There have been increased partnerships between church management and private real estate companies to redevelop church properties into mixed uses. While it has garnered criticism, the partnership allows congregations to increase revenue while preserving the property.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Friedman |first=Robyn A. |title=Churches Redeveloping Properties to Give Them New Life |work=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/churches-redeveloping-properties-to-give-them-new-life-1443519001 |access-date=2015-10-23 |issn=0099-9660 |archive-date=13 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713023229/https://www.wsj.com/articles/churches-redeveloping-properties-to-give-them-new-life-1443519001 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Inter-religious conversion ===
{{Also|List of former mosques in Spain|List of former mosques in Portugal|Christianized sites}}
[[File:Pantheon_right_side_view.jpg|thumb|220x220px|"Santa Maria Rotonda" (Pantheon)|left]]
A number of Roman temples have been converted to churches including the Pantheon temple in Rome which was converted into a church dedicated to [[Mary (mother of Jesus)|St. Mary]] and the Martyrs in the 7th century, also known as "Santa Maria Rotonda".<ref name="MacDonald 1976 p=18">{{Harvnb|MacDonald|1976|p=18}}</ref>
[[File:Mezquita_de_Córdoba_(28890229187).jpg|thumb|The [[Mosque–Cathedral of Córdoba]] in Spain, built in 785, was converted into a cathedral in 1236.]]
Mosques have also been converted for use by other religions, notably in southern Spain, following the conquest of the Moors in 1492.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wagner |first=William |url=https://archive.org/details/howislamplanstoc0000wagn/page/99 |title=How Islam Plans to Change the World |publisher=Kregel Publications |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-8254-3965-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/howislamplanstoc0000wagn/page/99 99] |quote=When the Moors were driven out of Spain in 1492, most of the mosques were converted into churches}}</ref> The most prominent of them is the [[Cathedral–Mosque of Córdoba|Great Mosque of Cordoba]], itself constructed on the site of a church demolished during the period of Muslim rule. [[Palma Cathedral]] in [[Palma de Mallorca]] was converted into a church after the mosque in its site was demolished,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sightseeing in Palma de Mallorca |url=https://www.abc-mallorca.com/sightseeing-in-palma-de-mallorca/ |access-date=2024-10-31 |website=www.abc-mallorca.com}}</ref> The Mosque of Cristo de la Luz in Toledo, Spain was converted into a church around 1187,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Esposito |first=John L. |url=https://www.google.com.sa/books/edition/The_Oxford_History_of_Islam/9HUDXkJIE3EC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Mosque+of+Cristo+de+la+Luz+became+a+church&pg=PA345&printsec=frontcover |title=The Oxford History of Islam |date=2000-04-06 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-988041-6 |pages=345 |language=en}}</ref> Outside of the [[Iberian Peninsula]], such instances also occurred in southeastern Europe once regions were no longer under Muslim rule, like the [[Seven Saints Church, Sofia|Seven Saints Church]], in Sofia, Bulgaria.

The [[Arameans|Aramean]] temple in Damascus, Syria, which became a Roman temple of Jupiter was later converted into the church of [[John the Baptist|St. John]] in the 4th century, the site was then bought by [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] [[caliph]] [[Al-Walid I]] in 705 and the church was demolished and the Umayyad Mosque was built on the site.{{Sfn|Burns|2005|pp=38–40}}

== Geographical distribution ==
[[File:Jerusalem-Grabeskirche-14-vom Erloeserkirchturm-2010-gje.jpg|thumb|[[Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] is considered the most important church in all of [[Christendom]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Holt |first=Andrew |title=The World of the Crusades: A Daily Life Encyclopedia [2 volumes] |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2019 |isbn=9781440854620 |page=57 |quote=was housed in the most important church in Christendom, the Church of the Holy Sepulchre.}}</ref>]]

With the exception of [[Saudi Arabia]] and the [[Maldives]], all [[sovereign states]] and [[dependent territories]] worldwide have church buildings.<ref name="Kurian 2015 187–188">{{cite book|title=A Quick Look at Christian History: A Chronological Timeline Through the Centuries|first=George|last=Kurian|year=2015|isbn=9780736953795|pages=187–188|publisher=Harvest House Publishers}}</ref> Among countries with a church, [[Afghanistan]] has the fewest churches globally, featuring only one official church: the [[Our Lady of Divine Providence Chapel, Kabul|Our Lady of Divine Providence Chapel in Kabul]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323384604578326953607830168|title=Afghan Church Endures Amid War and Strife|last=Stancati|first=Margherita|date=2013-03-18|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|issn=0099-9660|access-date=2016-05-31|archive-date=15 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315133047/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323384604578326953607830168|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Somalia]] follows closely, having once housed the [[Mogadishu Cathedral]],<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ulXZAAAAMAAJ |title=Consolata Missionaries in the World (1901-2001) |author= Giovanni Tebaldi |year=2001 |page=127 |publisher=Paulines |isbn=9789966210234 |accessdate=2014-04-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dillon |first=Claire |date=2025-09-01 |title=Transforming Cefalù in Mogadishu: The Arabo-Normanna Cathedral of Italian Somalia and the Façade of “Peaceful Conquest” |url=https://www.academia.edu/144572290/Transforming_Cefal%C3%B9_in_Mogadishu_The_Arabo_Normanna_Cathedral_of_Italian_Somalia_and_the_Fa%C3%A7ade_of_Peaceful_Conquest_ |journal=Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians |language=en |volume=84 |issue=3 |pages=368–385 |doi=10.1525/jsah.2025.84.3.368 |issn=0037-9808 |url-access=registration |archive-date=23 November 2025 |access-date=27 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251123100733/https://www.academia.edu/144572290/Transforming_Cefal%C3%B9_in_Mogadishu_The_Arabo_Normanna_Cathedral_of_Italian_Somalia_and_the_Fa%C3%A7ade_of_Peaceful_Conquest_ |url-status=live }}</ref> along with the Saint Anthony of Padua Church in [[Somaliland]].<ref>[https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/7615/somaliland-s-only-catholic-church-closed-days-after-re-opening-due-to-public-pressures- Somaliland's only Catholic church closed days after re-opening due to 'public pressures ']{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926170720/https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/7615/somaliland-s-only-catholic-church-closed-days-after-re-opening-due-to-public-pressures-/|date=26 September 2020}}</ref> Other countries with a limited number of churches include [[Bhutan]] and [[Western Sahara]].{{refn|group=note|In Bhutan, 65,000 Christians have access to only one official church. In Western Sahara, however, there are dozens of [[Christianity in Morocco|Moroccan Christians]] and around 260 expatriate Spaniards who are served by two churches: [[St. Francis of Assisi Cathedral, Laayoune|St. Francis of Assisi Cathedral in Laayoune]] and [[Our Lady of Mount Carmel Church, Dakhla|Our Lady of Mount Carmel Church in Dakhla]].<ref name="Kurian 2015 187–188" />}}

[[File:St martin in the fields exterior.jpg|thumb|left|The exterior outlines of [[St Martin-in-the-Fields]] (London, 1720), tall front steeple above pitched roof and rectangle, popularized a template for many church buildings in North America and beyond]]

Estimates suggest that the [[United States]] has about 380,000 churches, the highest total worldwide,<ref>{{cite web|first=Rebecca|last=Randall|url=https://www.christianitytoday.com/2017/09/how-many-churches-in-america-us-nones-nondenominational/|title=How Many Churches Does America Have? More Than Expected|date=14 September 2017|publisher=Christianity Today|access-date=30 September 2024|archive-date=30 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130093438/https://www.christianitytoday.com/2017/09/how-many-churches-in-america-us-nones-nondenominational/|url-status=live}}</ref> followed by [[Brazil]] and [[Italy]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Churches and Democracy in Brazil: Towards a Public Theology Focused on Citizenship|first=Rudolf|last=von Sinner|year=2012|isbn=9781630877279| page=59|publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers}}</ref> Across [[Europe]], more than 500,000 churches form part of the continent's cultural heritage.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/29/religious-buildings-are-part-of-europes-heritage-they-should-be-part-of-its-future|title=Religious buildings are part of Europe's heritage. They should be part of its future|date =29 October 2018 |work=The Guardian}}</ref> Several cities are commonly known as the "[[City of Churches]]" because of their dense concentration of church buildings. Examples include [[Adelaide]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.samemory.sa.gov.au/site/page.cfm?u=1455 |title=Religion: Diversity |access-date=15 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130810123558/http://www.samemory.sa.gov.au/site/page.cfm?u=1455 |archive-date=10 August 2013}}</ref> [[Ani]],<ref>{{cite EB1911 |mode=cs2 |wstitle=Ani |volume=2 |page=47}}</ref> [[Ayacucho]],<ref>{{cite book|title=The Church, Dictatorships, and Democracy in Latin America|last=Klaiber|first=Jeffrey|date=2009-09-01|publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers|isbn=9781606089477}}</ref> [[Churches of Kraków|Kraków]],<ref name="diecezja">Józef Szymon Wroński (2007), [https://web.archive.org/web/20071228090310/http://diecezja.pl/index.php?page=jswronski Kościoły Krakowa (The churches of Kraków).] Archidiecezja Krakowska. Retrieved 23 December 2012. {{in lang|pl}}</ref> [[Moscow]],<ref>{{cite journal|title=onlinelibrary.wiley.com|journal=City & Society|volume=10|pages=269–314|publisher=onlinelibrary.wiley.com|date=June 28, 2008|doi=10.1525/city.1998.10.1.269|last=Khazanov|first=Anatoly M.|s2cid=145807994}}</ref> [[Montreal]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://montrealgazette.com/news/local-news/notre-dame-de-paris-fire-how-safe-are-montreals-heritage-churches|title=Notre-Dame de Paris fire: How safe are Montreal's heritage churches?|access-date=March 13, 2021|archive-date=January 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118042736/https://montrealgazette.com/news/local-news/notre-dame-de-paris-fire-how-safe-are-montreals-heritage-churches|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Naples]],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.red-travel.com/uk/ferrari-tour-italy/places/naples-english-guided-visit.htm |publisher=Red Travel |title=Naples |date=8 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303111036/http://www.red-travel.com/uk/ferrari-tour-italy/places/naples-english-guided-visit.htm |archive-date=3 March 2012}}</ref> [[Ohrid]],<ref>{{cite book|author1=Biljana Vankovska|author2=Hakan Wiberg|author3=Wiberg Hakan|title=Between Past and Future: Civil-military Relations in the Post-communist Balkans|year=2003|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|isbn=978-1-86064-624-9|page=71}}</ref> [[Churches in Prague|Prague]], [[Puebla]], [[Querétaro (city)|Querétaro]], [[Churches of Rome|Rome]],<ref>{{cite web|first=Stuardt |last=Clarke |title=The Churches of Rome: Major and Minor |publisher=Stuardt Clarkes Rome |url=http://www.stuardtclarkesrome.com/churchlist.htm |access-date=26 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208035455/http://www.stuardtclarkesrome.com/churchlist.htm |archive-date=8 February 2012 }}</ref> [[Salzburg]], and [[List of churches in Vilnius|Vilnius]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bideleux |first1=Robert |last2=Jeffries |first2=Ian |title=A history of Eastern Europe: crisis and change |date=1998 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0415161114 |page=122}}</ref> Rome and [[New York City]] are frequently cited as having the largest number of churches of any cities worldwide.<ref>{{cite book |title = The Epic of New York City: A Narrative History |author = Edward Robb Elli |publisher = Basic Books |page = 593 |isbn = 9780786714360}}</ref>

[[File:Saint Peter's Basilica facade, Rome, Italy.jpg|thumb|[[St. Peter's Basilica]] in [[Vatican City]], the [[List of largest church buildings|largest church in the world]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.reidsitaly.com/destinations/lazio/rome/sights/st_peters.html |title=St. Peter's Basilica (Basilica di San Pietro) in Rome, Italy |work=reidsitaly.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223025429/http://www.reidsitaly.com/destinations/lazio/rome/sights/st_peters.html |archive-date=23 February 2015 |access-date=2 August 2020 }}</ref>]]

Saudi Arabia, which has about 1.5 million Christians, prohibits the construction of churches.<ref>{{cite web |title=Global Christianity – A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population |url=https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2011/12/Christianity-fullreport-web.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801204254/http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2011/12/Christianity-fullreport-web.pdf |archive-date=2019-08-01 |publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> The country does preserve the remnants of the fourth-century [[Jubail Church]], affiliated with the [[Church of the East]].<ref name=":1">{{cite journal |last=Carter |first=R.A. |date=2008 |title=Christianity in the Gulf during the first centuries of Islam |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1600-0471.2008.00293.x |journal=Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=71–108 |doi=10.1111/j.1600-0471.2008.00293.x |issn=0905-7196 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=7 October 2024 |access-date=30 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007220640/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1600-0471.2008.00293.x |url-status=live }}</ref> Discovered in 1986 and excavated in 1987 by the Saudi Antiquities Department, the site remained unpublished as of 2008 because of sensitivities regarding non-Islamic artifacts.<ref name=":1" /> The Maldives, home to about 1,400 Christians,<ref>{{cite book |title=The Oxford Handbook of Christianity in Asia |first=Felix |last=Wilfred |year=2014 |isbn=9780199329069 |page=45 |publisher=Oxford University Press |quote=}}</ref> also bans church construction, though foreign Christian workers may worship privately.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Ross |first1=Kenneth R. |title=The Maldives |date=2019 |work=Christianity in South and Central Asia |pages=197–198 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474439824.003.0018 |access-date=2024-07-10 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=978-1-4744-3982-4 |last2=Johnson |first2=Todd M. |doi=10.3366/edinburgh/9781474439824.003.0018 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Despite these prohibitions, both countries host secret [[home churches]].<ref name="Kurian 2015 187–188" />

[[Christianity]] is the [[Major religious groups|world's largest]] and most widespread religion,<ref>{{cite web|first=Jaroslav|last=Jan Pelikan|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Christianity|title=Christianity|date=13 August 2022|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|quote=It has become the largest of the world's religions and, geographically, the most widely diffused of all faiths.|access-date=26 November 2024|archive-date=1 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101193717/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/115240/Christianity/67592/Forms-of-Christian-education|url-status=live}}</ref> with over 2.3 billion followers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Christianity – A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population |url=https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2011/12/Christianity-fullreport-web.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801204254/http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2011/12/Christianity-fullreport-web.pdf |archive-date=2019-08-01 |publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref> Churches are found across all seven [[continents]], which are [[Christianity in Asia|Asia]], [[Christianity in Africa|Africa]], [[Christianity in North America|North America]], [[Christianity in South America|South America]], [[Religion in Antarctica|Antarctica]], [[Christianity in Europe|Europe]], and [[Oceania]]. Antarctica is home to [[List of Antarctic churches|eight churches]],<ref>Riedel, Dr. Katja. [https://polar-news.com/antarctic/society/174-faith-in-antarctica-religion-in-the-land-of-eternal-snow Faith in Antarctica – Religion in the land of eternal snow] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131185733/https://polar-news.com/antarctic/society/174-faith-in-antarctica-religion-in-the-land-of-eternal-snow |date=31 January 2017 }}. Polar News. April 27, 2016. Retrieved January 18, 2017.</ref> with two additional churches located south of the [[Antarctic Convergence]].<ref>Merchant, Brian. [https://www.vice.com/en/article/these-are-six-churches-currently-giving-services-to-scientists-on-antarctica/ Prayer on Ice: The Six Churches Giving Sermons to Scientists on Antarctica] . [[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]. March 18, 2013. Retrieves January 2, 2017.</ref>

Beyond their liturgical role, many churches serve as historical, national, [[Christian culture|cultural]], and architectural landmarks, and numerous examples appear on the [[List of World Heritage Sites by religion|UNESCO World Heritage Sites]] register.<ref name="Tsivolas 2014 3–4"/> According to the ''[[Catholic Encyclopedia]]'' the [[Cenacle]] (the site of the [[Last Supper]]) in [[Jerusalem]] was the "first Christian church".<ref>{{cite web|title=To the time of Constantine (71–312)|url=https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08355a.htm|publisher=Catholic Encyclopedia|access-date=15 November 2013|quote=Certainly no spot in Christendom can be more venerable than the place of the Last Supper, which became the first Christian church.|archive-date=24 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224025203/https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08355a.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Dura-Europos church]] in Syria is the oldest surviving church building in the world.<ref>{{cite web|last=Silver|first=Carly|title=Dura-Europos: Crossroad of Cultures|url=http://archive.archaeology.org/online/features/dura_europos/|publisher=[[Archaeology (magazine)|Archaeology]]|access-date=16 November 2013|date=11 August 2010|archive-date=25 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131025052035/http://archive.archaeology.org/online/features/dura_europos/|url-status=live}}</ref> Several authors have cited the [[Etchmiadzin Cathedral]] ([[Armenia]]'s mother church) as the oldest [[cathedral]] in the world.<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East|year=2008|publisher=[[Infobase Publishing]]|location=New York|isbn=9781438126760|page=65|editor=Stokes, Jamie|quote=Etchmiatzin is located in the west of modern Armenia, close to the border with Turkey, and its fourth-century cathedral is generally regarded as the oldest in the world.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Dhilawala|first=Sakina|title=Armenia|year=1997|publisher=[[Marshall Cavendish]]|location=New York|isbn=9780761406839|page=[https://archive.org/details/armenia00dhil/page/72 72]|quote=Echmiadzin Cathedral is the spiritual center of the Armenian Church and the seat of the Catholicos of all Armenians. It is also the oldest cathedral and Christian monastery in the world.|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/armenia00dhil/page/72}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Utudjian|first=Édouard|title=Armenian Architecture: 4th to 17th Century|year=1968|publisher=Editions A. Morancé|page=7|author-link=Édouard Utudjian|quote=...he also wanted to contribute to the restoration of the oldest cathedral in Christendom, that of Etchmiadzin, founded in the 4th century.}}</ref>

{{clear}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Architecture|Christianity}}
* [[Dedication (ritual)|Dedication]]
* [[List of largest church buildings]]
* [[Pub church]]
* [[Shrine]]
* [[Tabernacle (Methodist)]]
* [[Temple]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group="note"}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{Citation |title=Damascus: A History |date=2005 |first1=Ross |last1=Burns |publisher=Routledge |year= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SVR2cjWptCAC |isbn=0-415-27105-3 |location=London}}
*{{Cite book |last=Levy |first=Patricia |url=https://archive.org/details/cathedralschurch0000unse |title=Cathedrals and the Church |publisher=Smart Apple Media |year=2004 |isbn=1-58340-572-0 |series=Medieval World |location=North Mankato, MN |url-access=registration}}
*{{Cite book |last=Krieger |first=Herman |url=https://archive.org/details/churchesadhoc00herm |title=Churches ad hoc |publisher=PhotoZone Press |year=1998 |isbn=9780966580969 |url-access=registration}}
* {{cite book|last=MacDonald|first = William L.|title=The Pantheon: Design, Meaning, and Progeny|url=https://archive.org/details/pantheondesignme0000macd|url-access=registration|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge, MA|year=1976|isbn=0674010191}}
* [[Erlande-Brandenburg, Alain]], Qu'est-ce qu'une église ?, Gallimard, Paris, 333 p., 2010.
* Gendry Mickael, L'église, un héritage de Rome, Essai sur les principes et méthodes de l'architecture chrétienne, Religions et Spiritualité, collection Beaux-Arts architecture religion, édition Harmattan 2009, 267 p.

==External links==
{{commons}}
{{wikiquote|Church}}
{{wiktionary|church}}

* [https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03041a.htm New Advent Catholic Encyclopedia – Ecclesiastical Buildings]
* [https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03744a.htm New Advent Catholic Encyclopedia – The Church]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZcfLSpJXo0w Prairie Churches] Documentary produced by [[Prairie Public Television]]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20121116155347/http://www.iptv.org/iowastories/story.cfm/worship/9640/iowa_places_of_worship_2007/video Iowa Places of Worship] Documentary produced by [[Iowa Public Television]]
* {{CathEncy|wstitle=Ecclesiastical Buildings}}

{{Christianity footer}}

{{Place of worship}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Church (Building)}}
[[Category:Church buildings| ]]
[[Category:Building types]]
[[Category:Christian architecture]]
[[Category:Christian terminology]]

A. G. Kulkarni

2026-03-23T16:58:37Z

DEVANSH: expand details

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{one source|date=March 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
'''A. G. Kulkarni''' (1 March 1917 - 27 April 1992) was an Indian politician, a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].

== Early life ==
He was born in [[Maharashtra]]. He obtained a [[Bachelor of Science]] in [[Chemistry]].

==Career ==
He was Member of Rajya Sabha for four terms: April 19, 1967 to April 2, 1970, April 3, 1970, to April 2, 1976, April 3, 1978, to April 2, 1984, and July 5, 1986, to April 27, 1992. During 1978-82 he was vice-chairman of Rajya Sabha.

== Legacy ==
He is survived by Shrimati Malati Kulkarni Doogar, one daughter and four sons.<ref name="Rajya Sabha">{{cite web |url= http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/pre_member/1952_2003/k.pdf |title=Rajya Sabha Members' Biographical Sketches 1952 - 2003 |publisher= Rajya Sabha Secretariat, Parliament House, New Delhi. }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kulkarni, A. G.}}
[[Category:1917 births]]
[[Category:1992 deaths]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Marathi politicians]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Maharashtra]]

{{Maharashtra-INC-politician-stub}}

Jananayak Chandrashekhar University

2026-03-23T11:34:01Z

DEVANSH: added article per standard format

{{Short description|State university established in 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Jananayak Chandrashekhar University
| native_name =
| image_name = Jananayak Chandrashekhar University logo.png
| motto =
| established = {{Start date and age|df=yes|paren=yes|2016}}
| type = [[State university (India)|State University (Government)]]
| endowment =
| staff =
| faculty =
| president =
| provost =
| principal =
| rector =
| chancellor = [[Governor of Uttar Pradesh]]
| vice_chancellor = Sanjeet Kumar Gupta
| dean = Saheb Dubey
| head_label =
| head =
| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| city = [[Ballia]]
| state = Uttar Pradesh
| country = India
| campus =
| affiliations = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]
| website = {{URL|https://jncu.ac.in/}}
}}
{{Too many list sections|date=February 2023}}'''Jananayak Chandrashekhar University (JNCU)''', is a [[State university (India)|state university]] established in 2016 by [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]] in [[Ballia]], Uttar Pradesh with 138 affiliated colleges.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://upgovernor.nic.in/upgovernor.gov.in/listvniv_E.html |title=Raj Bhavan Uttar Pradesh- List of State Universities |work=upgovernor.nic.in |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407113245/http://upgovernor.nic.in/upgovernor.gov.in/listvniv_E.html |archive-date=7 April 2018 |publisher=Raj Bhavan Uttar Pradesh |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="jagran.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.inextlive.com/balia-colleges-affiliation-disconnct-kvp-146253|title=विद्यापीठ से अलग होंगे बलिया के 122 कॉलेज - Varanasi City News}}</ref> These 138 colleges of [[Ballia district]] were formerly affiliated to [[Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith|Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith, Varanasi]].<ref name="jagran.com" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/varanasi-city-15703026.html|title=बलिया के 122 कालेज अलग होने से विद्यापीठ को करोड़ों का घाटा}}</ref> For academic year 2016-17 exams were conducted by [[Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith|Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith, Varanasi]] but students were awarded a degree of '''Jananayak Chandrashekhar University'''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/varanasi/kashi-vidyapith-will-conduct-exam-but-degree-given-by-ballia-university|title=काशी विद्यापीठ कराएगा परीक्षा लेकिन डिग्री देगा बलिया विवि,क्यों?- Amarujala}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/varanasi-city-15546237.html|title=विद्यापीठ ही कराएगा बलिया के 122 कालेजों की परीक्षा}}</ref>

== Affiliated Colleges ==

=== Government Colleges ===

* Shaheed Mangal Pandey Rajkiya Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Nagwa, Ballia
*Rajkiya Mahavidyalaya,Bairia

=== Government Aided Colleges ===

*Satish Chandra College, Ballia
* Shri Murli Manohar Town Post Graduate College, Ballia
* Kunwar Singh Post Graduate College, Ballia
* Gulab Devi Mahila Post Graduate College, Ballia
* Kamala Devi Bajoria Degree College, Dubhar, Ballia
* Shri Bajrang Post Graduate College, Dadar Ashram, Sikandarpur, Ballia
* Mathura Post Graduate College, Rasra, Ballia
* Amar Nath Mishra Post Graduate College, Dubey Chhapra, Ballia
* Sri Sudristi Baba Post Graduate College, Sudistpuri Raniganj, Ballia
* Devendra Post Graduate college, Belthra Road, Ballia

=== Self-financed Colleges ===
*Gauri Bhaiya Mahavidyalaya, Sagarpali
* Jagdish Singh Mahavidyalaya, Dehari, Rasra, Ballia
*Shri Narheji Mahavidyalaya, Narhi, Rasara, Ballia
* Kisan Post Graduate College, Raksa, Ratsar, Ballia
* Swami Ramnarayanacharya Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Belthara Road, Ballia
* Radha Mohan Kisan Majdoor Mahavidyalaya, Niyamatpur, Kanso, Ballia
* Yashoda Nandan Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Gaura, Madanpura, Ekail, Ballia
*Ramdhari Chandrabhan PG College, Nafrepur (Nagpura) Rasra, Ballia
* Veer Lorik Sughar Mahavidyalaya, Vigah Charauwa, Ballia
* Shri Jamuna Ram Degree College, Chitbaragaon, Ballia
* Shaktipith Mahavidyalaya, Daulatpur, Ballia
* Duja Devi Degree College, Rajauli, Sahatwar, Ballia
* Udit Narayan Rishabh Mahavidyalaya, Pindari, Ballia
* Maa Kasturi Devi Mahavidyalaya Nawanagar, Ballia
* Snatkottar Mahavidyalaya, Bansdih, Ballia
* Shri Ram Karan Post Graduate College, BHIMPURA NO.1, Ballia
* Gauri Shankar Rai Girls Post Graduate College, Gaurishankar Puram (Karnai), Ballia
* Sri Rakhant Baba Mahavidyalaya, Atrauli, Karmauta, Ballia
* Sri Narheji Law College, Narhi, Rasara, Ballia
* Sri Shiv Narayan Ganga Prasad Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Khanpur, Dumaria, Ballia
* Vivekanand Mahavidyalaya, Semari, Ballia
* Smt. Fulehra Smarak Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Kamtailla, Rasara, Ballia
* DS MAA MALTI DEVI PG COLLEGE,BAGURI,BALLIA

==See also==
*[[Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith]]
*[[Allahabad State University]]
*[[Siddharth University]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|http://jncu.ac.in/}}

{{Universities in Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Universities in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Ballia]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2016]]
[[Category:2016 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

{{UttarPradesh-university-stub}}

Willem Leyel's siege of Dansborg

2026-03-19T13:57:07Z

DEVANSH: created the stub basic info...

{{Short description|Siege of Fort Dansborg, 1644}}{{For|other sieges on Dansborg|Siege of Dansborg (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Willem Leyel's siege of Dansborg
| place = [[Fort Dansborg]], [[Tranquebar]]
| date = 22 June 1644 – ? 1644
| coordinates = {{coord|11.03|79.84|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| image = Danish Fort.JPG
| caption = Modern-day picture of Fort Dansborg, [[India]]
| image_size = 300
| result = Leyel victory
| combatant1 = {{flag|Danish India}}
| combatant2 = {{Flagicon|Danish India}} Leyel loyalist {{flagicon|Portuguese Empire|1667}} [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] [[Karaikal|Carical]] '''Supported by:''' [[Thanjavur Nayak kingdom|Thanjavur Nayak]] [[Tranquebar]]
| commander1 = {{Flagicon|Danish India}} [[Bernt Pessart]] {{Flagicon|Danish India}} Jacob Stackenborg {{Flagicon|Danish India}} Niels Andersen {{Flagicon|Danish India}} Frantz Erkmand{{Surrender}}
| commander2 = {{Flagicon|Danish India}} [[Willem Leyel]] {{flagicon|Portuguese Empire|1667}} Antonio Pacheco<hr />[[Vijaya Raghava Nayak]]
| strength1 = 35 men
| strength2 = 70 men
| casualties1 = Unknown
| casualties2 = Unknown
| units1 = Unknown
| units2 = {{Flagicon|Danish India}} ''Christianshavn''
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Danish colonial conflicts}}
| partof = [[Conflict between Willem Leyel and Bernt Pessart]]
}}

The '''siege of Dansborg''' ([[Danish language|Danish]]; ''belejringen af Dansborg'') alternatively the '''siege of Fort Dansborg''' (Danish; ''belejringen af Fort Dansborg'') sometimes also referred to as '''Willem Leyel's siege of Dansborg''' (Danish; ''William Leyels belejring af Dansborg''), was a siege initiated by [[travel]]er and [[Sailor|seafarer]], [[Willem Leyel|Willem]] (Danish; William) [[Willem Leyel|Leyel]], against the men loyal to governor [[Bernt Pessart]]. The siege was concluded after the men at [[Fort Dansborg|Dansborg]] opened the gates for Willem Leyel, surrendered, and accepted Leyel as the new governor.

== Background ==
{{multiple image
| align = left
| direction = vertical
| width = 200
| header = [[Christian IV]]
| image1 = Dankaerts-Historis-9253.tif
| alt1 =
| caption1 = Engraving of Christian IV of Denmark, by [[Matthäus Merian the Elder|Matthäus Merian]]
| image2 =
| alt2 =
| caption2 =
}}

In 1620, on a voyage from Denmark to India, [[Ove Gjedde]] established [[Danish India]] at [[Tranquebar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tranquebar, 1620-1845 |url=https://danmarkshistorien.dk/vis/materiale/trankebar |access-date=2024-04-12 |website=danmarkshistorien.dk |language=da}}</ref> His successor, [[Dutch people|Dutchman]] Ronald Crappé went further and established a far-flung string of Danish factories in Asia.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Wellen |first=Kathryn |url=https://www.kitlv.nl/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Mughal.pdf |title=The Danish East India Company's War against the Mughal Empire, 1642-1698 |publisher=Royal Netherlands Institute for Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies |year=2015 |pages=446}}</ref> These foundations were, though, not maintained by his successor, Bernt Pessart ({{Abbr|admin|administration}}. 1636-1643) who encumbered large debts from the start of his administration.<ref name=":0" /> Because of the economic failures, the largest investor in [[Danish East India Company|the company]], king [[Christian IV of Denmark]], sought to reestablish the economic success and therefore sent out experienced seafarer, Willem Leyel, to Tranquebar.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Bredsdorff |first=Asta |title=The Trials and Travels of Willem Leyel |publisher=[[Museum Tusculanum Press]] |year=2009 |location=Copenhagen |pages=90–102}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Leyel |first=William |url=https://www.sa.dk/ao-soegesider/da/other/index-creator/149/103799/23436633 |title=Rentekammerafdelingen: Willum Leyels arkiv (1639 - 1648) |publisher=Danske Kancelli |year=1644}}</ref>

=== Arrival of Leyel ===
Leyel went ashore at Tranquebar on 22 June 1644, with 70 armed men, both "blacks and "whites", and two smaller guns. Concurrently, governor Bernt Pessart had left for [[Japan]] and left the fort in control of Jakob von Stackenborg.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":32">{{Cite book |url=https://slaegtsbibliotek.dk/928692.pdf |title=Søhistoriske Skrifter |publisher=Handels- og Søfartsmuseet Kronborg |year=1999 |volume=XXI |location=Copenhagen |language=Danish}}</ref> Stackenborg sealed off Dansborg for Leyel,<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Parvin |first=Raziya |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358783029 |title=The Danish East India Company from establishment to the epilogue (1616-1729) |publisher=Tamil Nadu History Congress |year=2016 |pages=474}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Den danske tropekoloni i Trankebar |url=https://www.aerenlund.dk/historie/trankebar.html |access-date=2024-04-13 |website=www.aerenlund.dk}}</ref><ref name=":32" /> and subsequently, Leyel now initiated a siege on the fortress.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" />

== Siege ==
Leyel was well-received by the local inhabitants of Tranquebar, who had suffered under Pessart’s rule, and now came with food and water to assist the besiegers.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":32" /> The local [[Adigar|adrigar]] at once offered to assist Leyel with his own men.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":2" /> Leyel's army camped behind a stone [[Powder magazines|powder magazine]] about two [[musket]] shots from Dansborg.<ref name=":02" /> The siege lasted for some time.<ref name=":32" /><ref name=":2" /> The [[Thanjavur Nayak kingdom|Thanjavurians]], who were eager to get rid of Pessart and his governorship, now helped Leyel and his men by feeding them.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" />

== Negotiations ==
[[File:Tranquebar fort entrance.jpg|left|thumb|250x250px|Fort entrance of [[Fort Dansborg]], [[Tranquebar]]]]
After some time, the commander of the guard, Frantz Erkmand, with some other men from Dansborg, came out and admitted that there was a [[shortage]] of nearly everything in Dansborg.<ref name=":02" /> Leyel now showed Erkmand the king's orders, upon which Erkmand promised, on behalf of the [[garrison]], that they would surrender and recognize Leyel as their governor if Leyel promised to [[pardon]] them on behalf of the king.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":32" /> Leyel could not afford to lose more men on Tranquebar, and thus willingly accepted the demands.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":32" />

== Aftermath ==
The gates of Dansborg were now opened for Leyel and his men.<ref name=":02" /> Yet to his demise, there was not much left but the naked walls.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":32" /> Leyel initiated a closer inspection of Dansborg’s buildings and [[Fortification|fortifications]].<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":32" /> There did not seem to be a whole door or window frame in all of the fortifications, and everything was in bad shape.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":2" /> Leyel would, despite setbacks, still try to reestablish the trade and prestige of the [[Danish East India Company]], which had been lost to his predecessor.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":32" />

== See also ==

* {{Annotated link|Tillali Massacre}}
* {{Annotated link|Dannemarksnagore}}
* {{Annotated link|Thanjavur Maratha kingdom}}
* {{Annotated link|Cattle War}}
* {{Annotated link|Siege of Dansborg (1644)}}
* {{Annotated link|Dano-Mughal War}}

== References ==
{{References list}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dansborg 1644; Leyel, Willem}}
[[Category:1640s in Danish India]]
[[Category:Sieges involving Denmark–Norway]]
[[Category:History of Thanjavur]]
[[Category:1644 in India]]
[[Category:Danish colonisation in Asia]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1644]]
[[Category:Tranquebar]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Danish East India Company]]
[[Category:Sieges involving Portugal]]
[[Category:Attacks on military installations in India]]
[[Category:Battles involving Thanjavur Nayaks]]

Balussery Assembly constituency

2026-03-17T17:18:54Z

DEVANSH:

{{Short description|Constituency of the Kerala legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Balussery Assembly Constituency
| type = SLA
| state = Kerala
| constituency_no = 24
| map_image = Balussery Town.jpg
| map_caption = Balussery Bus Terminal
| established = 1957
| reservation = SC
| district = [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]]
| mla = [[K. M. Sachin Dev]]
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
| alliance = {{legend2|#ED1C24|'''[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]'''|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| latest_election_year = [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| electors = 2,24,239 (2021)
}}
'''Balussery''' is one of the largest of the 140 [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Kerala]] in southern [[India]]. It is also one of the seven [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies included in [[Kozhikode Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/kozhikode.html
|website = www.ceo.kerala.gov.in
|title = State Assembly constituencies in Kozhikode district, Kerala.
|access-date = 7 September 2019
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190908212832/http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/kozhikode.html
|archive-date = 8 September 2019
|url-status = dead
}}</ref> Since the May 2021 assembly elections, [[K. M. Sachin Dev]] of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]], has been the MLA from Balussery, preceded by [[Purushan Kadalundy]].

== Local self-governed segments==
Balussery Assembly constituency is composed of the following local self-governed segments:<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/kozhikode.html
|website = www.ceo.kerala.gov.in
|title = Local Self Governments in Assembly Constituencies of Kozhikode District
|access-date = 7 September 2019
|archive-date = 8 September 2019
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190908212832/http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/kozhikode.html
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>

{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
! width="100px" | Name
! width="130px" | Status ([[Gram panchayat|Grama panchayat]]/[[Municipality]])
! width="100px" | [[Tehsil|Taluk]]
|-
| [[Atholi, Kerala|Atholi]]
| [[Gram panchayat|Grama panchayat]]
| [[Koyilandy]]
|-
| [[Balussery]]
| [[Gram panchayat|Grama panchayat]]
| [[Koyilandy]]
|-
| [[Kayanna]]
| [[Gram panchayat|Grama panchayat]]
| [[Koyilandy]]
|-
| [[Koorachundu]]
| [[Gram panchayat|Grama panchayat]]
| [[Koyilandy]]
|-
| [[Kottur, Kerala|Kottur]]
| [[Gram panchayat|Grama panchayat]]
| [[Koyilandy]]
|-
| [[Naduvannur]]
| [[Gram panchayat|Grama panchayat]]
| [[Koyilandy]]
|-
| [[Ulliyeri]]
| [[Gram panchayat|Grama panchayat]]
| [[Koyilandy]]
|-
| [[Panangad, Kozhikode|Panangad]]
| [[Gram panchayat|Grama panchayat]]
| [[Thamarassery]]
|-
| [[Unnikulam]]
| [[Gram panchayat|Grama panchayat]]
| [[Thamarassery]]
|}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
The following list contains all members of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] who have represented the constituency:

'''Key'''

{{Party index link|Indian National Congress}} {{Party index link|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} {{Party index link|Praja Socialist Party}} {{Party index link|Indian National Congress (Urs)}} {{Party index link|Indian Congress (Socialist)}}{{Party index link|Bharatiya Lok Dal}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" width="50%"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Election
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Niyama
Sabha
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Member
! colspan="2" style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Party
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Tenure
|-
|[[1957 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|1st
| rowspan="2" |M. Narayana Kurup
| {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party|rowspan=2}}
|1957 – 1960
|-
|[[1960 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1960]]
|2nd
|1960 – 1965
|-
|[[1967 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|3rd
|A. K. Appu
| {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|1967 – 1970
|-
|[[1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1970]]
|4th
|[[A. C. Shanmughadas|A. C. Shanmukhadas]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1970 – 1977
|-
|[[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|5th
|[[P. K. Sankaran Kutty Nair|P. K. Sankarankutty]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Lok Dal}}
|1977 – 1980
|-
|[[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|6th
| rowspan="6" |[[A. C. Shanmughadas|A. C. Shanmukhadas]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (U)}}
|1980 – 1982
|-
|[[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|7th
| {{Full party name with color|Indian Congress (Socialist)}}
|1982 – 1987
|-
|[[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|8th
| {{Full party name with color|Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha|rowspan=2}}
|1987 – 1991
|-
|[[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|9th
|1991 – 1996
|-
|[[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|10th
| {{Full party name with color|Indian Congress (Socialist)}}
|1996 – 2001
|-
|[[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|11th
| {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party|rowspan=2}}
|2001 – 2006
|-
|[[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|12th
|[[A. K. Saseendran]]
|2006 – 2011
|-
|[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|13th
| rowspan="2" |[[Purushan Kadalundy|Purushan Kadalundi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=3}}
|2011 – 2016
|-
|[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|14th
|2016-2021
|-
|[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|15th
|[[K. M. Sachin Dev]]
|[[Incumbent]]
|}

== Election results ==

===2026===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Balussery}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=CPI(M)|candidate=[[K. M. Sachin Dev]]|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=V T Suraj|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=BJP|candidate=C. P. Satheeshan|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===
There were 2,24,239 registered voters in the constituency for the 2021 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2016, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2016|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|title=[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Balussery}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[K. M. Sachin Dev]]|votes=91,839|percentage=50.39|change={{increase}}2.89}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Dharmajan Bolgatty]]|votes=71,467|percentage=38.54|change=-}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Libin Balussery|votes=16,490|percentage=9.04|change={{decrease}}2.03}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Welfare Party of India|candidate=Chandrika|votes=889|percentage=0.48|change={{decrease}}0.11}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Jobish Balussery|votes=476|percentage=0.26|change={{decrease}}0.12}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Dharmendran|votes=247|percentage=0.13|change=-}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Republican Party of India|candidate=Mohandas|votes=115|percentage=0.06|change=-}}{{Election box margin of victory||votes=20,372|percentage=TBD|change=TBD}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=182,253|percentage=81.27|change=}}{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|swing=TBD}}{{Election box end}}

=== [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]] ===
There were 2,09,667 registered voters in the constituency for the 2016 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2016, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2016|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|title=[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Balusseri}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Purushan Kadalundy|votes=82,914|percentage=47.50|change={{decrease}}1.68}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian Union Muslim League|candidate=U. C. Raman Padanilam|votes=67,450|percentage=38.64|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=P. K. Supran|votes=19,324|percentage=11.07|change={{increase}}4.91}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=Balan Nadavannur|votes=1,764|percentage=1.01|change={{decrease}}0.08}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Welfare Party of India|candidate=Saseendran Bappankad|votes=959|percentage=0.59|change=-}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Raman Thachampoyil Meethal|votes=710|percentage=0.41|change=-}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=638|percentage=0.37|change=-}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=K. T. Sivan|votes=497|percentage=0.28|change=-}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Jayarajan|votes=312|percentage=0.18|change=-}}{{Election box margin of victory||votes=15,464|percentage=8.86|change={{increase}}2.97}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,74,568|percentage=83.26|change={{increase}}1.68}}{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|swing={{decrease}}1.68}}{{Election box end}}

=== [[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]] ===
There were 1,85,109 registered voters in the constituency for the 2011 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2011, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3763-kerala-2011|access-date=11 March 2020|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|title=[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Balusseri}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Purushan Kadalundi|votes=74,259|percentage=49.18|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=A. Balaram|votes=65,377|percentage=43.29|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=T. K. Raman|votes=9,304|percentage=6.16|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=Bhadran M. P.|votes=1,404|percentage=0.93|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=K. K. Satheesh|votes=660|percentage=0.14|change=}}{{Election box margin of victory||votes=9,882|percentage=5.89|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,51,004|percentage=81.58|change=}}{{Election box gain with party link|winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|loser=Nationalist Congress Party|swing=}}{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[Balussery]]
* [[Kozhikode district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
* [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Kerala Assembly Constituencies}}
{{coords|11.44|75.82|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kerala]]
[[Category:State assembly constituencies in Kozhikode district]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Kerala]]

Gnabagangal

2026-03-17T15:59:56Z

DEVANSH: improved article

{{short description|2009 film by M. Jeevan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Gnabagangal
| image =
| director = [[M. Jeevan]]
| writer = Pa. Vijay
| starring = [[Pa. Vijay]] [[Sridevika]]
| producer = Pa. Vijay
| studio = Vi Cinemas
| music = James Vik
| cinematography = M. Jeevan
| editing = Sankarji
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2009|7|3}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
}}
'''''Gnabagangal''''' ({{translation|Memories}}) is a 2009 [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[drama film]] directed by [[M. Jeevan]]. It stars lyricist [[Pa. Vijay]] (in his acting debut) and [[Sridevika]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tamilnaduentertainment.com/tamil.asp?release=release2009 |title=Gnabagangal |work=Tamilnadu entertainment |access-date=17 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226114848/http://www.tamilnaduentertainment.com/tamil.asp?release=release2009 |archive-date=26 December 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
This is a remake of the [[Kannada film]] ''[[Mungaru Male (film)|Mungaru Male]]'' (2006), with only difference in the purpose of protagonist's visit to his ex-love.

==Cast==
*[[Pa. Vijay]] as Kadhiravan aka Meerapriyan
*[[Sridevika]] as Meera
*[[Nizhalgal Ravi]]
*[[Thennavan (actor)|Thennavan]]
*[[Bava Lakshmanan]]
*[[Thalapathy Dinesh]]
*Silandhi Chandru

==Soundtrack==
Soundtrack was composed by debutant James Vick.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/gnabagangal-songs-T0001984|title=Gnabagangal songs download|work=Raaga|access-date=4 November 2023}}</ref>
*"Gnabagam Illayo" - [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
*"Azhage" - Krish
*"Ammannu Solrathu" - [[Krish (singer)|Krish]]
*"Ennadi" - Tippu, [[Anuradha Sriram]]
*"Kadalil" - [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Suchithra]]
*"Unnal Mudiyum" - [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]

==Critical reception==
''Sify'' wrote "The story is as old as the hills, and it is hard to believe that it is based on a real life experience of Vijay's friend during his struggling dates. There is no logic and reason in Vijay's story, as it is screeching, sentimental, soap style, over the top melodrama suited more for the Tamil stage of the 50s".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/gnabagangal-review-tamil-pclxhIcecbcda.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314194111/http://www.sify.com/movies/gnabagangal-review-tamil-pclxhIcecbcda.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 March 2016|title = Gnabagangal|website=[[Sify]] }}</ref> [[Rediff.com]] wrote, "The screenplay is one huge yawn-fest potted with inadvertent comical situations, mostly provided by Pa Vijay himself. The man, together with director Jeevan, needs a couple of hundred acting and screenplay-writing classes. Meantime, maybe Pa Vijay should stick to lyrics."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/gnabagangal-is-tedious/20090703.htm|title = Gnabagangal: A tedious yawn fest}}</ref> ''The Times of India'' wrote, "The film has enough drama and pathos, but too goes too much into the conversation mode."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/gnabagangal/movie-review/4749178.cms|title = Gnabagangal Movie Review {2/5}: Critic Review of Gnabagangal by Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20120121211307/http://popcorn.oneindia.in/title/2667/gnabagangal.html Gnabagangal]'' at [[Oneindia.in]]

[[Category:2009 films]]
[[Category:2009 drama films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2009 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2009 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

{{2000s-Tamil-film-stub}}

List of national and state libraries

2026-03-14T21:39:52Z

DEVANSH: improved information as per guidelines

{{Short description|None}}
[[File:Thomas Jefferson Building Aerial by Carol M. Highsmith.jpg|thumbnail|right|250px|United States [[Library of Congress]], Jefferson Building]]

A [[national library]] is established by the [[government]] of a nation to serve as the pre-eminent repository of information for that country. Unlike [[public library|public libraries]], they rarely allow citizens to borrow books. Often, they include numerous rare, valuable, or significant works, such as the [[Gutenberg Bible]]. National libraries are usually notable for their size, compared to that of other libraries in the same country. Some national libraries may be thematic or specialized in some specific domains, beside or in replacement of the 'main' national library.

Some national entities, which are not independent but wish to preserve their particular culture, have established a national library with all the attributes of such institutions, such as [[legal deposit]].

Many national libraries cooperate within the National Libraries Section of the [[International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions]] (IFLA) to discuss their common tasks, define and promote common standards and carry out projects helping them to fulfil their duties. National libraries of Europe participate in [[The European Library]]. This is a service of The Conference of European National Librarians (CENL).

The list below is organized alphabetically by country, according to the [[list of sovereign states]], including, at its end, an 'other states' section for non-sovereign states. A "♦" indicates a national library of a province or state, or constituent country or dependent state {{POV statement|Dependent territories should have their own entries. The sovereign powers can be mentioned in parentheses after their names.|date=February 2023}}. It is listed under the sovereign state which governs that entity. Sovereign states are listed even when they have no national library or when the existence and name of a national library could not yet be ascertained. Other states, constituent countries, and dependent states are listed only if they have a national library.

{{TOC limit|limit=2}}

==National libraries==
{{Compact TOC|side=yes|x=[[#Y|X]] |custom1=Other states|custom1name=Other states}}

===A===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:98%"
|-
! colspan=2 style="width:25%" | Country
! style="width:45%" | Library
! style="width:18%" | City
! style="width:12%" | [[Legal deposit]]
! style="width:12%" | Source
|-
| style="width:5%" |{{flagicon|Abkhazia}}
|''[[Abkhazia]]''
|{{arrow}} see under ''[[#Other States|Other States]]''
|
|
|
|-
|{{flagicon|Afghanistan}}
|[[Afghanistan]]{{refn|group=nb|According to the United Nations, as of 2021, approximately 37 percent of adult Afghans [[Literacy#Asia|can read]].<ref name=UnescoLiteracy />}}
|[[National Library of Afghanistan]]
|[[Kabul]]
|
|align="right"|
|-
|{{flagicon|Åland}}
|''[[Åland]]''
|{{arrow}} see under ''[[#F|Finland]]''
|
|
|
|-
|{{flagicon|Albania}}
|[[Albania]]
|[[National Library of Albania]] (''Biblioteka Kombëtare e Shqipërisë'')
|[[Tirana]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://merdekatogel.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507030248/http://merdekatogel.com/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=May 7, 2021|title=Biblioteka Kombëtare e Shqipërisë|website=www.bksh.al}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Algeria}}
|[[Algeria]]
|[[National Library of Algeria]] (''Bibliothèque nationale d'Algérie'' – {{Lang|ar|المكتبة الوطنية الجزائرية|italic=no|rtl=yes}})
|[[Algiers]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://biblionat.dz/ |title=Homepage |website=People's Democratic Republic of Algeria: Ministry of Culture and Arts: Algerian National Library |language=Arabic |access-date=April 10, 2022}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Andorra}}
|[[Andorra]]
|[[Andorra National Library]] (''Biblioteca Nacional d'Andorra'')
|[[Andorra la Vella]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://b10310uk.eos-intl.eu/B10310UK/OPAC/Index.aspx |title=Cera Simple |website=Biblioteca Nacional d'Andorra |language=Catalan |access-date=April 10, 2022}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Angola}}
|[[Angola]]
|[[National Library of Angola]] (''Biblioteca Nacional de Angola'')
|[[Luanda]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://188.166.221.150/|title=National Library of Angola|website=188.166.221.150/}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Antigua and Barbuda}}
|[[Antigua and Barbuda]]
|[[National Library of Antigua and Barbuda]]
|[[St. John's, Antigua and Barbuda|St. John's]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nationallibraryofantiguaandbarbuda.org/|title=National Library of Antigua and Barbuda|website=www.nationallibraryofantiguaandbarbuda.org}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Argentina}}
|[[Argentina]]
|[[National Library of Argentina]] (''Biblioteca Nacional Mariano Moreno'')
|[[Buenos Aires]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bn.gov.ar/|title=Inicio – Biblioteca Nacional|first=Biblioteca Nacional Mariano|last=Moreno|website=Biblioteca Nacional Mariano Moreno}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Armenia}}
|[[Armenia]]
|[[National Library of Armenia]] (Հայաստանի ազգային գրադարան)
|[[Yerevan]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nla.am/ |title=Homepage |website=National Library of Armenia |language=Armenian |access-date=April 10, 2022}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Aruba}}
|''[[Aruba]]''
|{{arrow}} see under the ''[[#N|Netherlands]]''
|
|
|
|-
|{{flagicon|Australia}}
|[[Australia]]
|[[National Library of Australia]]
|[[Canberra]]
|Yes<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/ca1968133/s201.html |title=COPYRIGHT ACT 1968 – SECT 201 Delivery of library material to the National Library |work=austlii.edu.au |year=2012 |access-date=4 March 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120228021136/http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/ca1968133/s201.html |archive-date=28 February 2012 }}</ref>
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nla.gov.au/|title=Home | National Library of Australia|website=nla.gov.au}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Austria}}
|[[Austria]]
|[[Austrian National Library]] (''Österreichische Nationalbibliothek'')
|[[Vienna]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onb.ac.at/|title=Startseite – Österreichische Nationalbibliothek|website=onb.ac.at}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Azerbaijan}}
|[[Azerbaijan]]
|[[Akhundov National Library]] (''Axundov adına Azərbaycan Milli Kitabxanası'', National Library of Azerbaijan)
|[[Baku]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.anl.az/index_e.php|title=Milli Kitabxana|website=anl.az}}</ref>
|}

===B===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:98%"
|-
! colspan=2 style="width:25%" | Country
! style="width:45%" | Library
! style="width:18%" | City
! style="width:12%" | [[Legal deposit]]
! style="width:12%" | Source
|-
|style="width:5%"|{{flagicon|Bahamas}}
|[[Bahamas]]
|[[Harry C. Moore Library]] ([[University of the Bahamas]]) ''([[de facto]])''
|[[Nassau, Bahamas|Nassau]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cob-bs.libguides.com/HCML|title=Harry C. Moore Library Guide: About Us|access-date=11 January 2023|publisher=University of the Bahamas}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Bahrain}}
|[[Bahrain]]
|[[Shaikh Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa National Library]] (''المكتبة الشيخ عيسى بن سلمان الخليفة الوطنية'')
|[[Juffair]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.icc.gov.bh/|title=مركز عيسى الثقافي | مركز عيسى الثقافي|website=icc.gov.bh}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Bangladesh}}
|[[Bangladesh]]
|[[National Library of Bangladesh]] (''বাংলাদেশ জাতীয় গ্রন্থাগার'')
|[[Dhaka]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nanl.gov.bd/|title=আরকাইভস ও গ্রন্থাগার অধিদপ্তর-গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশ সরকার|website=nanl.gov.bd}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Barbados}}
|[[Barbados]]
|[[National Library Service of Barbados]]
|[[Bridgetown]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gov.bb/portal/page/portal/BIG_National_Library_Service|title=National Library Service|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706132027/http://www.gov.bb/portal/page/portal/BIG_National_Library_Service|archive-date=2011-07-06}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Belarus}}
|[[Belarus]]
|[[National Library of Belarus]] (Нацыянальная бібліятэка Беларусі)
|[[Minsk]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nlb.by/en/ |title=Homepage |website=National Library of Belarus |access-date=April 10, 2022}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Belgium}}
|[[Belgium]]
|[[Royal Library of Belgium]] (''Koninklijke Bibliotheek van België'' = ''Bibliothèque royale de Belgique'')
|[[Brussels]]
|Yes
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.kbr.be/en/ |title=Home {{*}} KBR|website=KBR|date=13 March 2024 }}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Belize}}
|[[Belize]]
|[[National Library Service of Belize]]
|[[Belize City]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bnlsis.org/|title=Belize National Library Service and Information System|website=Belize National Library Service and Information System}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Benin}}
|[[Benin]]
|[[National Library of Benin]] (''Bibliothèque nationale du Bénin'')
|[[Porto Novo]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bj.refer.org/benin_ct/tur/bnb/Pagetitre.htm|title=bibliothèque nationale du bénin|date=February 10, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080210134326/http://www.bj.refer.org/benin_ct/tur/bnb/Pagetitre.htm|archive-date=2008-02-10}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Bermuda}}
|''[[Bermuda]]''
|{{arrow}} see under ''[[#U|United Kingdom]]''
|
|
|
|-
|{{flagicon|Bhutan}}
|[[Bhutan]]
|[[National Library of Bhutan]]
|[[Thimphu]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.library.gov.bt/|title=National Library of Bhutan: Home Page|website=library.gov.bt}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Bolivia}}
|[[Bolivia]]
|[[National Archive and Library of Bolivia]] (''Archivo y Biblioteca Nacional de Bolivia'')
|[[Sucre]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nationallibraryofbolivia.org/|title=National Library of Bolivia|website=nationallibraryofbolivia.org|access-date=2019-08-30|archive-date=2020-08-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801050705/http://www.nationallibraryofbolivia.org/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagicon|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}
|rowspan=2|[[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
|[[National and University Library of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] (''Nacionalna i univerzitetska biblioteka Bosne i Hercegovine'')
|[[Sarajevo]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nub.ba/|title=NUBBIH | Naslovna|website=nub.ba}}</ref>
|-
|[[National and University Library of the Republika Srpska]] (''Народна и универзитетска библиотека Републике Српске'')
|[[Banja Luka]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nub.rs/pocetna/|title=Почетна|website=nub.rs}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Botswana}}
|[[Botswana]]
|[[National Library Service of Botswana]]
|[[Gaborone]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gov.bw/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=154&Itemid=1|title=The Government of Botswana – Ministry of Youth, Sport and Culture|date=March 16, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070316065849/http://www.gov.bw/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=154&Itemid=1|archive-date=2007-03-16}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Brazil}}
|[[Brazil]]
|[[National Library of Brazil]] (''Fundação Biblioteca Nacional'')
|[[Rio de Janeiro]]
|Yes<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.lexml.gov.br/urn/urn:lex:br:federal:lei:2004-12-14;10994 |title=Lei nº 10.994, de 14 de Dezembro de 2004 – 10994/04 :: Legislação::Lei 10994/2004 (Federal – Brasil) |work=lexml.gov.br |year=2012 |access-date=4 March 2012}}</ref>
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bn.br/portal/|title=Fundação Biblioteca Nacional|date=March 28, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328091608/http://www.bn.br/portal/|archive-date=2010-03-28}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|British Virgin Islands}}
|''[[British Virgin Islands]]''
|{{arrow}} see under ''[[#U|United Kingdom]]''
|
|
|
|-
|{{flagicon|Brunei}}
|[[Brunei]]
|[[Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Library]] (Dewan Bahasa and Pustaka Brunei Library)
|[[Bandar Seri Begawan]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dewanbahasadanpustakalibrary.org/|title=Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Library Brunei Darussalam|website=dewanbahasadanpustakalibrary.org}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Bulgaria}}
|[[Bulgaria]]
|[[SS. Cyril and Methodius National Library]] (Народна Библиотека Св. Св. Кирил и Методий)
|[[Sofia]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nationallibrary.bg/wp/|title=Начало}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Burkina Faso}}
|[[Burkina Faso]]
|[[National Library of Burkina Faso]] (''Bibliothèque nationale du Burkina Faso'')
|[[Ouagadougou]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.culture.gov.bf/Site_Ministere/textes/ministere/ministere_sr_bn.htm|title=Bibliothèque Nationale du Burkina Faso|date=May 17, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517182815/http://www.culture.gov.bf/Site_Ministere/textes/ministere/ministere_sr_bn.htm|archive-date=2008-05-17}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Myanmar}}
|[[Burma]] ([[Myanmar]])
|[[National Library of Myanmar]]
|[[Yangon]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.myanmar.com/Ministry/culture/text/P001.htm|title=THE NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MYANMAR YANGON|date=December 7, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207014305/http://www.myanmar.com/Ministry/culture/text/P001.htm|archive-date=2008-12-07}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Burundi}}
|[[Burundi]]
|[[National Library of Burundi]] (''Bibliothèque nationale du Burundi'')
|[[Bujumbura]]
|
|align="right"|
|}

===C===

{| class="wikitable" style="width:98%"
|-
! colspan=2 style="width:25%" | Country
! style="width:45%" | Library
! style="width:18%" | City
! style="width:12%" | [[Legal deposit]]
! style="width:12%" | Source
|-
|style="width:5%"|{{flagicon|Cambodia}}
|[[Cambodia]]
|[[National Library of Cambodia]]
|[[Phnom Penh]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bibliotheque-nationale-cambodge.org/|title=BibliothÃ¨que Nationale du Cambodge បណ្ណាល័យជាតិកម្ពុជា – bibliotheque-nationale-cambodge.org|date=June 25, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110625154230/http://www.bibliotheque-nationale-cambodge.org/|archive-date=2011-06-25}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Cameroon}}
|[[Cameroon]]
|[[National Library of Cameroon]] (''Bibliothèque nationale du Cameroun'')
|[[Yaoundé]]
|
|align="right"|<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://www.uneca.org/library/library_associations.htm|title=Library|date=June 30, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120630023212/http://www.uneca.org/library/library_associations.htm|archive-date=2012-06-30}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2" | {{flagicon|Canada}}
|rowspan="2" | [[Canada]]
|[[Library and Archives Canada]] (''Bibliothèque et Archives Canada'')
|rowspan="2" | [[Ottawa]]
|Yes<ref>{{cite web|url=http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/L-7.7/index.html |title=An Act to establish the Library and Archives of Canada, to amend the Copyright Act and to amend certain Acts in consequence |work=laws-lois.justice.gc.ca |year=2012 |access-date=4 March 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329035248/http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/L-7.7/index.html |archive-date=29 March 2012 }}</ref>
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/Pages/home.aspx|title=Library and Archives Canada (LAC)|first=Library and Archives|last=Canada|date=September 11, 2018|website=www.bac-lac.gc.ca}}</ref>
|-
|[[CISTI|Canada Institute for Scientific and Technical Information]] (''Institut canadien de l'information scientifique et technique'')
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cisti-icist.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/|title=Canada Institute for Scientific and Technical Information: Splash page / Institut canadien de l'information scientifique et technique : page initiale|date=March 22, 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040322050504/http://cisti-icist.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/|archive-date=2004-03-22}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagicon|Quebec}}
| ♦ [[Quebec]]
|[[Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec|National Library and Archives of Quebec]] (''Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec'')
|[[Montreal]]
|Yes<ref>{{cite web|year=2012|title=Loi sur bibliothèque et archives nationales du québec|url=http://www2.publicationsduquebec.gouv.qc.ca/dynamicSearch/telecharge.php?type=2&file=//B_1_2/B1_2.htm|access-date=4 March 2012|work=laws-lois.justice.gc.ca}}</ref>
|align="right"|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.banq.qc.ca/ |title=Homepage |website=Bibliotheques Nationale |language=French |access-date=April 10, 2022}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Cape Verde}}
|[[Cape Verde]]
|[[National Library of Cape Verde]] (''Biblioteca Nacional de Cabo Verde'')
|[[Praia]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bn.cv/|title=Biblioteca Nacional|date=February 27, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227125555/http://www.bn.cv/|archive-date=2018-02-27}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Catalonia}}
|''[[Catalonia]]''
|{{arrow}} see under ''[[#Spain|Spain]]''
|
|
|
|-
|{{flagicon|Central African Republic}}
|[[Central African Republic]]{{refn|group=nb|According to the United Nations, as of 2020, approximately 37 percent of adult Central Africans [[Literacy#Africa|can read]].<ref name=UnescoLiteracy />}}
|[national library created in legislation but does not exist yet]
|[[Bangui]]
|
|align="right"|<ref name=BANQ>{{cite book |editor=Marcel Lajeunesse |title=Les Bibliothèques nationales de la francophonie |publisher=[[Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec]] |url= http://www.banq.qc.ca/documents/a_propos_banq/nos_publications/nos_publications_a_z/Bibliotheques_nationales_Francophonie.pdf |language=fr |oclc=401164333 |edition=3rd |year=2008 }} {{free access}}</ref><ref>{{citation |publisher=International Federation of Library Associations |location=The Hague |oclc=225182140 |work= World Report 2010 |title= Central African Republic |url= http://db.ifla-world-report.org/home/map#/2/2/R1AGDHRASSUBMKX }}</ref>
|-
|style="width:5%"|{{flagicon|Chad}}
|[[Chad]]{{refn|group=nb|According to the United Nations, as of 2021, approximately 27 percent of adult Chadians [[Literacy#Africa|can read]].<ref name=UnescoLiteracy />}}
|[[National Library of Chad]] (''Bibliothèque nationale du Tchad'')
|[[N'Djamena]]
|
|align="right"|<ref name=BANQ />
|-
|{{flagicon|Chile}}
|[[Chile]]
|[[National Library of Chile]] (''Biblioteca Nacional de Chile'')
|[[Santiago, Chile|Santiago]]
| Yes<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bibliotecanacional.cl/Vistas_Publicas/publicContenido/contenidoPublicDetalle.aspx?folio=3846 |title=Ley de Depósito Legal |author=National Library of Chile |language=es |access-date=31 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903111503/http://www.bibliotecanacional.cl/Vistas_Publicas/publicContenido/contenidoPublicDetalle.aspx?folio=3846 |archive-date=3 September 2014 |author-link=National Library of Chile }}</ref>
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dibam.cl/biblioteca_nacional/|title=- - - : : Biblioteca Nacional de Chile : : - - -|date=April 26, 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040426001110/http://www.dibam.cl/biblioteca_nacional/|archive-date=2004-04-26}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|People's Republic of China}}
|[[China|People's Republic of China]]
|[[National Library of China]] (国家图书馆)
|[[Beijing]]
| Yes<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.fdi.gov.cn/1800000121_39_2227_0_7.html | title=Regulations on the Administration of Publication | at=Article 23 | publisher=The State Council | date=December 25, 2001 | access-date=7 September 2013}}</ref>
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nlc.cn/newen/au/|title=National Library of China – About us|website=nlc.cn|access-date=2018-07-10|archive-date=2021-02-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206084241/http://www.nlc.cn/newen/au/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Hong Kong}}
| ♦ [[Hong Kong]]
|[[Hong Kong Central Library]] (香港中央圖書館)
|[[Hong Kong]]
|Yes<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.elegislation.gov.hk/hk/cap142?xpid=ID_1438402720902_001 | title=Books Registration Ordinance | at=Section 4 | publisher=The Government of Hong Kong | date=September 26, 1976 | access-date=16 February 2020}}</ref>
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hkpl.gov.hk/en/about-us/HKCL/intro.html|title=Hong Kong Public Libraries – Hong Kong Central Library Introduction|website=hkpl.gov.hk}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Macau}}
| ♦ [[Macau]]
|[[Macao Central Library|Macau Central Library]] (澳門中央圖書館, ''Biblioteca Central de Macau'')
|[[Macau]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.library.gov.mo/en/branch-libraries/public-library/macao/central-library|title=Branch Libraries | Macao Public Library|website=library.gov.mo}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Taiwan}}
|''[[Taiwan|Republic of China (Taiwan)]]''
|{{arrow}} see under ''[[#Other States|Other States]]''
|
|
|
|-
|{{flagicon|Colombia}}
|[[Colombia]]
|[[National Library of Colombia]] (''Biblioteca Nacional de Colombia'')
|[[Bogotá]]
|Yes<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bibliotecanacional.gov.co/es-co/servicios/profesionales-del-libro/deposito-legal |title=Deposito Legal – Biblioteca Nacional de Colombia |author=National Library of Colombia |language=es |access-date=3 June 2018|author-link=National Library of Colombia }}</ref>
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bibliotecanacional.gov.co/es-co|title=Biblioteca Nacional de Colombia|website=bibliotecanacional.gov.co}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Comoros}}
|[[Comoros]]
| [[National Centre for Documentation and Scientific Research]] (''Centre National de Documentation et de Recherche Scientifique'')
|[[Moroni, Comoros|Moroni]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cndrs-comores.org/bibliotheque.htm|title=Bibliothèque du CNDRS – Centre National de Documentation et de Recherche Scientifique|date=July 5, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705125858/http://www.cndrs-comores.org/bibliotheque.htm|archive-date=2008-07-05}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Republic of the Congo}}
|[[Republic of the Congo]]
|[[National Library of the Republic of the Congo]] ({{ill|Bibliothèque nationale du Congo|fr|italic=y}})
|[[Brazzaville]]
|
|align="right"|<ref name=BANQ />
|-
|{{flagicon|Democratic Republic of the Congo}}
|[[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]
|[[National Library of the Democratic Republic of Congo]] (''Bibliothèque nationale de la République démocratique du Congo'')
|[[Kinshasa]]
|
|align="right"|
|-
|{{flagicon|Cook Islands}}
|''[[Cook Islands]]''
|{{arrow}} see under ''[[#N|New Zealand]]''
|
|
|
|-
|rowspan="2" |{{flagicon|Costa Rica}}
|rowspan="2" |[[Costa Rica]]
|[[National Library "Miguel Obregon Lizano" of Costa Rica]] (''Biblioteca nacional "Miguel Obregón Lizano" de Costa Rica'')
|rowspan="2" | [[San José, Costa Rica|San José]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abinia.org/costarica/|title=BIBLIOTECA NACIONAL MIGUEL OBREG?N LIZANO DE COSTA RICA|website=abinia.org}}</ref>
|-
|[[National Library of Health and Social Security]] (''Biblioteca Nacional de Salud y Seguridad Social'')
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.binasss.sa.cr/bina4.htm|title=Biblioteca Nacional de Salud y Seguridad Social|date=October 25, 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051025144238/http://www.binasss.sa.cr/bina4.htm|archive-date=2005-10-25}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Côte d'Ivoire}}
|[[Côte d'Ivoire]]
|[[National Library of Côte d'Ivoire]] (''Bibliothèque nationale de Côte d'Ivoire'')
|[[Abidjan]]
|
|align="right"|
|-
|{{flagicon|Croatia}}
|[[Croatia]]
|[[National and University Library in Zagreb]] (''Nacionalna i sveučilišna knjižnica u Zagrebu'')
|[[Zagreb]]
|Yes<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hop.nsk.hr/ |title=Hrvatski obvezni primjerak |author=Nacionalna i sveučilišna knjižnica u Zagrebu |language=hr |access-date=13 March 2023|author-link=Nacionalna i sveučilišna knjižnica u Zagrebu}}</ref>
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nsk.hr/en/ |title=National and University Library in Zagreb |author=Nacionalna i sveučilišna knjižnica u Zagrebu |language=en |access-date=13 March 2023}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Cuba}}
|[[Cuba]]
|[[National Library of Cuba|National Library José Martí]] (''Biblioteca Nacional José Martí'')
|[[Habana]]
|
|align="right"|<ref name=stam2001>{{cite book |title=International Dictionary of Library Histories |editor=David H. Stam |publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn |year= 2001 |isbn=1579582443 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bnjm.cu/home|title=Inicio|first=Abel|last=Ponce>|website=Biblioteca Nacional de Cuba José Martí}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Cyprus}}
|[[Cyprus]]
|[[Cyprus Library]] (Κυπριακή Βιβλιοθήκη)
|[[Nicosia]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cypruslibrary.gov.cy/moec/cl/cl.nsf/DMLindex_en/DMLindex_en?opendocument|title=Cyprus Library – Welcome to our Website|date=December 12, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212060436/http://www.cypruslibrary.gov.cy/moec/cl/cl.nsf/DMLindex_en/DMLindex_en?opendocument|archive-date=2007-12-12}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Northern Cyprus}}
|''[[Northern Cyprus]]''
|{{arrow}} see under ''[[#Other States|Other States]]''
|
|
|
|-
|{{flagicon|Czech Republic}}
|[[Czech Republic]]
|[[National Library of the Czech Republic]] (''Národní knihovna České republiky'')
|[[Prague]]
|Yes<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.en.nkp.cz/services/services-for/legal-deposits |title=Legal Deposits — National Library of the Czech Republic |year=2012 |access-date=5 March 2017}}</ref>
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nkp.cz/|title=Národní knihovna České republiky|website=nkp.cz}}</ref>
|}

===D===

{| class="wikitable" style="width:98%"
|-
! colspan=2 style="width:25%" | Country
! style="width:45%" | Library
! style="width:18%" | City
! style="width:12%" | [[Legal deposit]]
! style="width:12%" | Source
|-
|style="width:5%"; rowspan=2|{{flagicon|Denmark}}
|rowspan=2|[[Denmark]]
|[[Danish Royal Library]], The National Library of Denmark and Copenhagen University Library (''Det Kongelige Bibliotek'')
|[[Copenhagen]]
|Yes<ref name="Pligtaflevering.dk">{{cite web |url= http://www.pligtaflevering.dk/hvaderpligtaflevering/index.htm |title=Pligtaflevering.dk |year=2008 |access-date=4 March 2012}}</ref>
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kb.dk/en/index.html|title=Det Kongelige Bibliotek – The Royal Library|website=kb.dk}}</ref>
|-
|[[State and University Library, Denmark|State and University Library]] (''Statsbiblioteket'')
|[[Aarhus]]
|Yes<ref name="Pligtaflevering.dk"/>
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.statsbiblioteket.dk/|title=Det Kgl. Bibliotek|website=statsbiblioteket.dk}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Faroe Islands}}
|♦ [[Faroe Islands]]
|[[National Library of the Faroe Islands]] (''Føroya landsbókasavn'')
|[[Tórshavn]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://landsbokasavnid.fo/?_l=fo|title=Landsbókasavnið|website=Landsbókasavnið}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Greenland}}
|♦ [[Greenland]]
|[[Public and National Library of Greenland]] (''Det Grønlandske Landsbibliotek'' = ''Nunatta Atuagaateqarfia'')
|[[Nuuk]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.katak.gl/kl|title=Nunatta Atuagaateqarfia aamma Groenlandica ||website=katak.gl}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Djibouti}}
|[[Djibouti]]
|[[National Archive and Library of Djibouti]] ({{ill|Djiboutin kansallinen dokumentaatiokeskus|lt=Centre national de documentation de Djibouti|fi|italic=y}})
|[[Djibouti (city)|Djibouti]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-29 |title=Djibouti: a new Library and National Archive building unveiled – Somali Dispatch |url=https://www.somalidispatch.com/latest-news/djibouti-a-new-library-and-national-archive-building-unveiled/ |access-date=2024-12-16 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Dominica}}
|[[Dominica]]
|[[National Library of Dominica]]
|[[Roseau]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{cite web |title=History |url=http://www.nationallibraryofdominica.org/history.php |publisher=National Library of Dominica |access-date=12 January 2023 |location=Roseau}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Dominican Republic}}
|[[Dominican Republic]]
|[[National Library Pedro Henríquez Ureña]] (''Biblioteca Nacional Pedro Henríquez Ureña'')
|[[Santo Domingo]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://librarytechnology.org/library/38809 |title=National Library of the Dominican Republic: Biblioteca Nacional Pedro Henríquez Ureña |website=libraries.org |access-date=April 10, 2022}}</ref>
|}

===E===

{| class="wikitable" style="width:98%"
|-
! colspan=2 style="width:25%" | Country
! style="width:45%" | Library
! style="width:18%" | City
! style="width:12%" | [[Legal deposit]]
! style="width:12%" | Source
|-
|style="width:5%"|{{flagicon|East_Timor}}
|[[East Timor]]
|[[National Library of East Timor]] (''Biblioteca e Arquivo Nacional de Timor-Leste'')
|[[Dili]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cultura.gov.tl/en/institution/projects/national-library-and-archives-of-timor-leste|title=National Library and Archives of Timor-Leste | State Secretariat for Arts and Culture - Timor-Leste|date=April 8, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408014133/http://www.cultura.gov.tl/en/institution/projects/national-library-and-archives-of-timor-leste|archive-date=2018-04-08}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Ecuador}}
|[[Ecuador]]
|[[National Library of Ecuador]] (''Biblioteca Nacional del Ecuador Eugenio Espejo'')
|[[Quito]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cce.org.ec/ccenew/index.php?action=areas&seleccion=49&tituloareas=Biblioteca|title=Casa de la Cultura Ecuatoriana "Benjamín Carrión"|date=August 4, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080804094415/http://cce.org.ec/ccenew/index.php?action=areas&seleccion=49&tituloareas=Biblioteca|archive-date=2008-08-04}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagicon|Egypt}}
|rowspan=2|[[Egypt]]
|[[Egyptian National Library and Archives]]
|[[Cairo]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.darelkotob.org/English/html/ABOUT.HTM|title=About the Library|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010713134354/http://www.darelkotob.org/English/html/ABOUT.HTM|archive-date=2001-07-13}}</ref>
|-
|[[Egyptian National Agricultural Library]]
|[[Giza]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nile.enal.sci.eg/|title=ENAL Home Page|date=November 2, 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051102014252/http://nile.enal.sci.eg/|archive-date=2005-11-02}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|El Salvador}}
|[[El Salvador]]
|[[National Library of El Salvador]] ({{ill|Biblioteca Nacional Francisco Gavidia|es|italic=y}})
|[[San Salvador]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.binaes.gob.sv/index.php/historia/|title=Historia de la Biblioteca Nacional | Binaes|date=March 23, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323124553/http://www.binaes.gob.sv/index.php/historia/|archive-date=2017-03-23}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Equatorial Guinea}}
|[[Equatorial Guinea]]
|[[National Library of Equatorial Guinea]] ({{ill|Biblioteca Nacional de Guinea Ecuatorial|es|italic=y}})
|[[Malabo]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bibliotecanacionalge.org/|title=Biblioteca Nacional de Guinea Ecuatorial|date=August 22, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090822121129/http://www.bibliotecanacionalge.org/|archive-date=2009-08-22}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Eritrea}}
|[[Eritrea]]
|[[Research and Documentation Center of Eritrea]]
|[[Asmara]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.eritreanarchives.org/|title=ERITREAN ARCHIVES|website=www.eritreanarchives.org}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Estonia}}
|[[Estonia]]
|[[National Library of Estonia]] (''Eesti Rahvusraamatukogu'')
|[[Tallinn]]
|Yes<ref name=nlib>{{cite web|title=Deposit copies|url=http://www.nlib.ee/deposit-copy|publisher=[[Estonian National Library]]|access-date=30 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130102002135/http://www.nlib.ee/deposit-copy/|archive-date=2013-01-02|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nlib.ee/|title=Eesti Rahvusraamatukogu|website=www.nlib.ee}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Eswatini}}
|[[Eswatini]]
|[[Eswatini National Library Service]] (Mbabane Public Library - ENLS)
|[[Mbabane]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eswatinilibraryservice.wordpress.com/|title=Eswatini National Library Service|date=March 30, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=National Library Services |url=https://gov.sz/index.php/ministries-departments/ministry-of-ict/national-library-services |publisher=Ministry of Information, Communications & Technology (Eswatini) |access-date=12 January 2023}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Ethiopia}}
|[[Ethiopia]]
|[[National Archives and Library of Ethiopia]]
|[[Addis Ababa]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nala.gov.et/|title=National Archive and Library Agency|date=September 21, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921183849/http://www.nala.gov.et/|archive-date=2018-09-21}}</ref>
|}

===F===

{| class="wikitable" style="width:98%"
|-
! colspan=2 style="width:25%" | Country
! style="width:45%" | Library
! style="width:18%" | City
! style="width:12%" | [[Legal deposit]]
! style="width:12%" | Source
|-
|style="width:5%"|{{flagicon|Faroe Islands}}
|''[[Faroe Islands]]''
|{{arrow}} see under ''[[#D|Denmark]]''
|
|
|
|-
|{{flagicon|Fiji}}
|[[Fiji]]
|[[Library Services of Fiji]]
|[[Suva]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.education.gov.fj/core_7.aspx|title=Ministry of Education|date=January 23, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100123190729/http://www.education.gov.fj/core_7.aspx|archive-date=2010-01-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Library Services |url=https://www.education.gov.fj/library-2/ |publisher=[[Ministry of Education, Heritage and Arts (Fiji)]] |access-date=12 January 2023}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Finland}}
|[[Finland]]
|[[National Library of Finland]] (''Kansalliskirjasto'' = ''Nationalbibliotek'')
|[[Helsinki]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lib.helsinki.fi/english/index.htm|title=Helsinki University Library, The National Library of Finland|date=October 25, 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051025044810/http://www.lib.helsinki.fi/english/index.htm|archive-date=2005-10-25}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Åland}}
| ♦ [[Åland]]
|[[Mariehamn City Library]] ({{ill|Mariehamns stadsbibliotek|sv|italic=y}})
|[[Mariehamn]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mhbibl.aland.fi/eng/index.html|title=Mariehamns stadsbibliotek|date=July 22, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080722051743/http://www.mhbibl.aland.fi/eng/index.html|archive-date=2008-07-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Official website |url=https://www.bibliotek.ax/ |publisher=Mariehamn City Library |access-date=12 January 2023 |language=sv}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|France}}
|[[France]]
|[[Bibliothèque nationale de France|National Library of France]] (''Bibliothèque nationale de France'')
|[[Paris]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bnf.fr/en/node|title=En ce moment|website=Drupal}}</ref>
|}

===G===

{| class="wikitable" style="width:98%"
|-
! colspan=2 style="width:25%" | Country
! style="width:45%" | Library
! style="width:18%" | City
! style="width:12%" | [[Legal deposit]]
! style="width:12%" | Source
|-
|style="width:5%"|{{flagicon|Gabon}}
|[[Gabon]]
|[[National Library of Gabon]] ({{ill|Gabonin kansalliskirjasto|lt=Direction Générale des Archives Nationales, de la Bibliothèque Nationale et de la Documentation Gabonaise, DGABD|fi|italic=y}})
|[[Libreville]]
|
|align="right"|<ref name=BANQ /><ref>{{citation |publisher=International Federation of Library Associations |location=The Hague |oclc=225182140 |work= World Report 2010 |title= Gabon |url= http://db.ifla-world-report.org/home/map#/2/2/KE7YMBJSMSEA1PL }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dgabd.ga/|title=DGABD : Direction Générale des Archives Nationales, de la Bibliothèque Nationale et de la Documentation Gabonaise|website=www.dgabd.ga}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Gambia}}
|[[The Gambia]]
|[[National Library of The Gambia]]
|[[Banjul]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.accessgambia.com/extra/gambia-national-library-services.html|title=Gambia National Library Service (GNLSA)|website=www.accessgambia.com}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Georgia}}
|[[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]
|[[National Parliamentary Library of Georgia]]
|[[Tbilisi]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nplg.gov.ge/|title=საქართველოს პარლამენტის ეროვნული ბიბლიოთეკა|website=www.nplg.gov.ge}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=4|{{flagicon|Germany}}
|rowspan=4|[[Germany]]
|[[German National Library]] (''Deutsche Nationalbibliothek'')
|[[Frankfurt a.M.]] and [[Leipzig]]
|Yes
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnb.de/DE/Home/home_node.html|title=Startseite|website=Deutsche Nationalbibliothek}}</ref>
|-
|[[German National Library of Economics]] (''Deutsche Zentralbibliothek für Wirtschaftswissenschaften'')
|[[Kiel]] and [[Hamburg]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.zbw.eu/en/|title=ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics|website=ZBW|date=28 May 2024 }}</ref>
|-
|[[German National Library of Medicine]] (''Deutsche Zentralbibliothek für Medizin'')
|[[Cologne]] and [[Bonn]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.zbmed.de/en/home.html|title=ZB MED - Home|date=May 13, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513010952/http://www.zbmed.de/en/home.html|archive-date=2012-05-13}}</ref>
|-
|[[German National Library of Science and Technology]] (''Technische Informationsbibliothek'')
|[[Hanover]]
|Yes<ref name=TIBlegal>[http://www.tib-hannover.de/en/special-collections/reports-germany/ TIB Legal Depository for German Research] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222064451/http://www.tib-hannover.de/en/special-collections/reports-germany/ |date=2012-02-22 }} retrieved 25-May-2012</ref>
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tib-hannover.de/en/|title=TIB Hannover: Catalogue of the TIB (TIBORDER)|date=January 16, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116185212/http://www.tib-hannover.de/en/|archive-date=2009-01-16}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Ghana}}
|[[Ghana]]
|[[George Padmore Research Library]] (division of [[Ghana Library Authority]])
|[[Accra]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{citation |publisher=International Federation of Library Associations |location=The Hague |oclc=225182140 |work= World Report 2010 |title= Ghana |url= http://db.ifla-world-report.org/home/map#/2/2/ZL4EYOZD05AKNXN }}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Greece}}
|[[Greece]]
|[[National Library of Greece]] (Εθνική Βιβλιοθήκη της Ελλάδος)
|[[Athens]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nlg.gr/en.html|title=National Library of Greece|date=July 11, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711022036/https://www.nlg.gr/en.html|archive-date=2018-07-11}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Greenland}}
|''[[Greenland]]''
|{{arrow}} see under ''[[#D|Denmark]]''
|
|
|
|-
|{{flagicon|Grenada}}
|[[Grenada]]
|[[National Library and Archives of Grenada]] (closed since 2011)
|[[St. George's, Grenada|St. George's]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{cite web |title=National Library and Archives of Grenada |url=https://www2.archivists.org/groups/issues-and-advocacy-section/national-library-and-archives-of-grenada |publisher=[[Society of American Archivists]] |access-date=12 January 2023 |date=29 August 2013}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Guatemala}}
|[[Guatemala]]
|[[National Library of Guatemala]] (''Biblioteca Nacional de Guatemala "Luis Cardoza y Aragón"'')
|[[Guatemala City]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mcd.gob.gt/MICUDE/centros_referencia/biblioteca_nacional|title=Biblioteca Nacional de Guatemala "Luis Cardoza y Aragón" — Ministerio de Cultura y Deportes|date=May 23, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060523044828/http://www.mcd.gob.gt/MICUDE/centros_referencia/biblioteca_nacional|archive-date=2006-05-23}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Guinea}}
|[[Guinea]]
|[[National Library of Guinea]] (''Bibliothèque nationale de Guinée'')
|[[Conakry]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.documentarium.info/rub_obc/resultat2.php?langueNav=IT&id=1586|title=Documentarium|date=September 28, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928010620/http://www.documentarium.info/rub_obc/resultat2.php?langueNav=IT&id=1586|archive-date=2007-09-28}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Guinea-Bissau}}
|[[Guinea-Bissau]]
|[[National Library of Guinea-Bissau|Public Library of the INEP]] (''Biblioteca Pública do Instituto Nacional de Estudos e Pesquisa, INEP'')
|[[Bissau]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.inep-bissau.org/|title=ED治療薬と薬を個人輸入する方法を解説|date=November 13, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113182542/http://www.inep-bissau.org/|archive-date=2017-11-13}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Guyana}}
|[[Guyana]]
|[[National Library of Guyana]]
|[[Georgetown, Guyana|Georgetown]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.natlib.gov.gy/|title=Guyana National Library|date=October 25, 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051025110550/http://www.natlib.gov.gy/|archive-date=2005-10-25}}</ref>
|}

===H===

{| class="wikitable" style="width:98%"
|-
! colspan=2 style="width:25%" | Country
! style="width:45%" | Library
! style="width:18%" | City
! style="width:12%" | [[Legal deposit]]
! style="width:12%" | Source
|-
|style="width:5%"|{{flagicon|Haiti}}
|[[Haiti]]
|[[National Library of Haiti]] (''Bibliothèque nationale d'Haïti'')
|[[Port-au-Prince]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mcc.gouv.ht/dossiers/dossiers.php?id_dossier=48|title=République d'Haïti - Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication|date=March 1, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301125715/http://www.mcc.gouv.ht/dossiers/dossiers.php?id_dossier=48|archive-date=2012-03-01}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Honduras}}
|[[Honduras]]
|[[Juan Ramón Molina National Library]] (''Biblioteca Nacional Juan Ramón Molina'')
|[[Tegucigalpa]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.binah.gob.hn/|title= COHCIT :: website :: www.cohcit.gob.hn|date=April 26, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060426214325/http://www.binah.gob.hn/|archive-date=2006-04-26}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Hong Kong}}
|''[[Hong Kong]]''
|{{arrow}} see under ''[[#C|People's Republic of China]]''
|
|
|
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagicon|Hungary}}
|rowspan=2|[[Hungary]]
|[[National Széchényi Library]] (''Országos Széchényi Könyvtár'')
|[[Budapest]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oszk.hu/en|title=Országos Széchényi Könyvtár|website=www.oszk.hu}}</ref>
|-
|[[University of Debrecen Library]] (''Debreceni Egyetemi és Nemzeti Könyvtár'')
|[[Debrecen]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://unideb.hu/en/library|title=University of Debrecen, University and National Library|publisher=University of Debrecen|access-date=12 January 2023}}</ref>
|}

===I===

{| class="wikitable" style="width:98%"
|-
! colspan=2 style="width:25%" | Country
! style="width:45%" | Library
! style="width:18%" | City
! style="width:12%" | [[Legal deposit]]
! style="width:12%" | Source
|-
|style="width:5%"|{{flagicon|Iceland}}
|[[Iceland]]
|[[National and University Library of Iceland]] (''Landsbókasafn Íslands Háskólabókasafn'')
|[[Reykjavík]]
| Yes
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://landsbokasafn.is/|title=Forsida - Landsbókasafn|website=landsbokasafn.is}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|India}}
|[[India]]
|[[National Library of India]]
|[[Kolkata]]
| Yes
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationallibrary.gov.in/|title=National Library|website=www.nationallibrary.gov.in}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Indonesia}}
|[[Indonesia]]
|[[National Library of Indonesia]] (''Perpustakaan Nasional Republik Indonesia'')
|[[Central Jakarta]]
| Yes
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/law/help/deposit-laws/mandatory-deposit-laws.pdf|title=Mandatory Deposit Laws in Selected Jurisdictions (2017 Update)|website=[[Library of Congress]]}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagicon|Iran}}
|rowspan=2|[[Iran]]
|[[National Library of Iran]] (''Ketabkhane-ye Melli-ye Iran'')
|rowspan="2" | [[Tehran]]
|Yes
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nlai.ir/en|title=سازمان اسناد و کتابخانه ملی ایران - سازمان اسناد و کتابخانه ملی ایران|website=www.nlai.ir}}</ref>
|-
|[[Malek National Library]] (''Ketabkhane-ye Melli-ye Malek'')
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.caroun.com/Museums/IranMuseum/TehranMuseum/Malek.htm|title=Iran, Tehran: Malek Museum|website=www.caroun.com}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Iraq}}
|[[Iraq]]
|[[Iraq National Library and Archive]]
|[[Baghdad]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iraqnla.org/wpeng/ |title=Homepage |website=Iraqi National Library and Archives |access-date=April 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061206214107/http://www.iraqnla.org/wpeng/ |archive-date=December 6, 2006}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Republic of Ireland}}
|[[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]
|[[National Library of Ireland]] = ''Leabharlann Náisiúnta na hÉireann''
|[[Dublin]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nli.ie/|title=National Library of Ireland - Homepage|website=www.nli.ie}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Isle of Man}}
|''[[Isle of Man]]''
|{{arrow}} see under ''[[#U|United Kingdom]]''
|
|
|
|-
|{{flagicon|Israel}}
|[[Israel]]
|[[National Library of Israel]] (הספרייה הלאומית)
|[[Jerusalem]]
|Yes
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://web.nli.org.il/sites/nli/hebrew/pages/default.aspx|title=הספרייה הלאומית|website=web.nli.org.il}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=3|{{flagicon|Italy}}
|rowspan=3|[[Italy]]
|[[National Central Library (Florence)]] (''Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale Firenze'')
|[[Florence]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bncf.firenze.sbn.it/|title=Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Firenze|website=www.bncf.firenze.sbn.it}}</ref>
|-
|[[National Central Library (Rome)]] (''Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Roma'')
|[[Rome]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bncrm.librari.beniculturali.it/index.php?en/1/home|title=Home - National Central Library of Rome|date=April 15, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090415141542/http://www.bncrm.librari.beniculturali.it/index.php?en%2F1%2Fhome|archive-date=April 15, 2009|access-date=December 11, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|[[Biblioteca Nazionale Vittorio Emanuele III]] (''Biblioteca Nazionale di Napoli'')
|[[Naples]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bnnonline.it/|title=Home|date=June 3, 2019|website=www.bnnonline.it}}</ref>
|}

===J===

{| class="wikitable" style="width:98%"
|-
! colspan=2 style="width:25%" | Country
! style="width:45%" | Library
! style="width:18%" | City
! style="width:12%" | [[Legal deposit]]
! style="width:12%" | Source
|-
|style="width:5%"|{{flagicon|Jamaica}}
|[[Jamaica]]
|[[National Library of Jamaica]]
|[[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]]
|Yes<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nlj.gov.jm/?q=legal-deposit|title=National Library of Jamaica - NLJ|website=nlj.gov.jm}}</ref>
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nlj.org.jm/index.htm|title=National Library of Jamaica | Welcome|date=February 19, 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040219084502/http://www.nlj.org.jm/index.htm|archive-date=2004-02-19}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Japan}}
|[[Japan]]
|[[National Diet Library]]
|[[Tokyo]] and [[Kansai-kan of the National Diet Library|Kyoto]] (Kansai-kan)
|Yes<ref>{{Cite web|url= http://www.ndl.go.jp/en/aboutus/deposit.html|title= Legal Deposit System|publisher= National Diet Library|access-date= 2016-11-02}}</ref>
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndl.go.jp/en/index.html|title=National Diet Library|website=www.ndl.go.jp}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Jersey}}
|''[[Jersey]]''
|{{arrow}} see under ''[[#U|United Kingdom]]''
|
|
|
|-
|{{flagicon|Jordan}}
|[[Jordan]]
|[[National Library of Jordan]]
|[[Amman]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nl.gov.jo/|title=دائرة المكتبة الوطنية|website=www.nl.gov.jo}}</ref>
|}

===K===

{| class="wikitable" style="width:98%"
|-
! colspan=2 style="width:25%" | Country
! style="width:45%" | Library
! style="width:18%" | City
! style="width:12%" | [[Legal deposit]]
! style="width:12%" | Source
|-
|style="width:5%"|{{flagicon|Kazakhstan}}
|[[Kazakhstan]]
|[[National Library of Kazakhstan]] (Қазақстан Республикасының Ұлттық Кітапханасы = Национальная библиотека Республики Казахстан)
|[[Almaty]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nlrk.kz/index.php?lang=en |title=Homepage |website=The Official Site National Library of the Republic of Kazakhstan |access-date=April 10, 2022}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Kenya}}
|[[Kenya]]
|[[National Library Service of Kenya]]
|[[Nairobi]]
|Yes<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.knls.ac.ke/national-library |title=National Library |publisher=Kenya National Library Service |access-date=2014-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607010352/http://www.knls.ac.ke/national-library |archive-date=2014-06-07 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.knls.ac.ke/|title=Home|website=www.knls.ac.ke}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Kiribati}}
|[[Kiribati]]
|[[Kiribati National Library and Archives]]
|[[Bairiki]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{cite web |title=Kiribati National Library and Archives |url=https://www.commonwealthofnations.org/organisations/kiribati_national_library_and_archives/ |publisher=Commonwealth Network |access-date=13 January 2023}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|North Korea}}
|[[North Korea]]
|[[Grand People's Study House]]
|[[Pyongyang]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{cite book|editor-last=Stam|editor-first=David H.|title=International Dictionary of Library Histories|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=APtYCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA482|year=2016|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=978-1-136-77785-1|pages=482–483}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3"|{{flagicon|South Korea}}
|rowspan="3"|[[South Korea]]
|[[National Library of Korea]] (국립중앙도서관)
|rowspan="3"|[[Seoul]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nl.go.kr/error/error.html|title=국립중앙도서관|website=www.nl.go.kr|access-date=2019-08-30|archive-date=2020-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200306063327/http://www.nl.go.kr/error/error.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|[[National Digital Library of Korea]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dlibrary.go.kr/NEL_ENG/Index.jsp|title= The National Digital Library |date=July 26, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120726141339/http://www.dlibrary.go.kr/NEL_ENG/Index.jsp|archive-date=2012-07-26}}</ref>
|-
|[[National Library for Children and Young Adults]] (국립어린이청소년도서관)
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nlcy.go.kr/english/index.do|title=National Library for children and young adults|website=www.nlcy.go.kr|access-date=2019-08-30|archive-date=2019-08-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827071935/https://www.nlcy.go.kr/english/index.do|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Kosovo}}
|''[[Kosovo]]''
|{{arrow}} see under [[#Other States|Other States]]
|
|
|
|-
|{{flagicon|Kuwait}}
|[[Kuwait]]
|[[National Library of Kuwait]]
|[[Kuwait]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nlk.gov.kw/|title=مكتبة الكويت الوطنية|website=www.nlk.gov.kw}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Kyrgyzstan}}
|[[Kyrgyzstan]]
|[[National Library of the Kyrgyz Republic]] (Кыргыз Республикасынын Улуттук Китепканасы)
|[[Bishkek]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nlkr.gov.kg/eng/index.htm|title=The National Library of the Kyrgyz Republic|date=February 12, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060212182146/http://nlkr.gov.kg/eng/index.htm|archive-date=2006-02-12}}</ref>
|}

===L===

{| class="wikitable" style="width:98%"
|-
! colspan=2 style="width:25%" | Country
! style="width:45%" | Library
! style="width:18%" | City
! style="width:12%" | [[Legal deposit]]
! style="width:12%" | Source
|-
|style="width:5%"|{{flagicon|Laos}}
|[[Laos]]
|[[National Library of Laos]]
|[[Vientiane]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nationallibraryoflaos.org/|title=National Library of Laos|date=July 24, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170724164855/http://www.nationallibraryoflaos.org/|archive-date=2017-07-24}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Latvia}}
|[[Latvia]]
|[[National Library of Latvia]] (''Latvijas Nacionālā bibliotēka'')
|[[Riga]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lnb.lv/|title=Latvijas Nacionālā bibliotēka|website=www.lnb.lv}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Lebanon}}
|[[Lebanon]]
|[[Lebanon National Library]] (المكتبة الو طنية = ''Bibliothèque Nationale du Liban'')
|[[Beirut]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://culture.gov.lb/ar/Home|title=الصفحة الرئيسية|website=وزارة الثقافة}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Lesotho}}
|[[Lesotho]]
|[[Lesotho National Library Services]] ([[Libraries in Lesotho]])
|[[Maseru]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{cite web |title=Lesotho |url=https://www.eifl.net/country/lesotho |publisher=[[Electronic Information for Libraries]] |access-date=13 January 2023}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Liberia }}
|[[Liberia]]
|[[National Public Library of Liberia]] ({{ill|Liberian kansalliskirjasto|fi|italic=y}})
|[[Monrovia]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{cite web |title=Liberia Public Library Systems Project |url=https://indeseem.org/2019/11/15/liberia-public-library-systems/ |publisher=INDESEEM INCORPORATED |access-date=13 January 2023 |date=15 November 2019}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Libya}}
|[[Libya]]
|[[National Library of Libya]]
|[[Benghazi]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nllnet.net/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515095743/http://www.nllnet.net/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=May 15, 2008|title=National Library of Libya|website=www.nllnet.net}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Liechtenstein}}
|[[Liechtenstein]]
|[[Liechtenstein State Library]] (''Liechtensteinische Landesbibliothek'')
|[[Vaduz]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.landesbibliothek.li/|title=Home|first=Marc|last=Lettau-Poelchen|access-date=2019-08-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016121518/https://www.landesbibliothek.li/|archive-date=2019-10-16|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Lithuania}}
|[[Lithuania]]
|[[Martynas Mažvydas National Library of Lithuania]] (''Lietuvos Nacionalinė Martyno Mažvydo biblioteka'')
|[[Vilnius]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lnb.lt/ |title=Ar Bebos Epštein autobiografija bus skaitoma Lietuvos mokyklose? |language=Lithuanian |date=April 7, 2022 |website=Lietuvos Nacionaline Martyno Mazvydo Biblioteka |access-date=April 10, 2022}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Luxembourg}}
|[[Luxembourg]]
|[[National Library of Luxembourg]] (''Bibliothèque nationale de Luxembourg'' = ''Lëtzebuerger Nationalbibliothéik'' = ''Nationalbibliothek Luxemburg'')
|[[Luxembourg City|Luxembourg]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bnl.public.lu/fr.html|title=Bibliothèque nationale de Luxembourg (BnL)|first=Bibliothèque nationale de|last=Luxembourg 37|website=bnl.public.lu|date=13 April 2024 }}</ref>
|}

===M===

{| class="wikitable" style="width:98%"
|-
! colspan=2 style="width:25%" | Country
! style="width:45%" | Library
! style="width:18%" | City
! style="width:12%" | [[Legal deposit]]
! style="width:12%" | Source
|-
|style="width:5%"|{{flagicon|Macau}}
|''[[Macau]]''
|{{arrow}} see under ''[[#C|People's Republic of China]]''
|
|
|
|-
|style="width:5%"|{{flagicon|North Macedonia}}
|[[North Macedonia]]
|[[National and University Library "St. Kliment of Ohrid"]] (Национална и универзитетска библиотека „Св. Климент Охридски")
|[[Skopje]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nubsk.edu.mk|title=Page Redirection|website=www.nubsk.edu.mk}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Madagascar}}
|[[Madagascar]]
|[[National Library of Madagascar]] (''Bibliothèque nationale de Madagascar'')
|[[Antananarivo]]
|
|align="right"|
|-
|{{flagicon|Malawi}}
|[[Malawi]]
|[[National Library Service of Malawi]]
|[[Lilongwe]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nlsmw.org/|title=NLSMW|date=October 13, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013125030/http://www.nlsmw.org/|archive-date=2017-10-13}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Malaysia}}
|[[Malaysia]]
|[[National Library of Malaysia]] (''Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia'')
|[[Kuala Lumpur]]
|Yes<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pnm.gov.my/ |title=Homepage |website=Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia |access-date=April 10, 2022}}</ref>
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pnm.gov.my/pnmv3/index.php?id=76|title=Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia | Main|date=October 28, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028035333/http://www.pnm.gov.my/pnmv3/index.php?id=76|archive-date=2009-10-28}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Maldives}}
|[[Maldives]]
|[[National Library of Maldives]]
|[[Malé|Galolhu Malé]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nlm.gov.mv/|title=HOME | National Library|website=nlm.gov.mv}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Mali}}
|[[Mali]]{{refn|group=nb|According to the United Nations, as of 2020, approximately 31 percent of adult Malians [[Literacy#Africa|can read]].<ref name=UnescoLiteracy />}}
|[[National Library of Mali]] (''Direction nationale des Bibliothèques et de la Documentation'')
|[[Bamako]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.maliculture.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=86&Itemid=120|title=Ministère de la Culture du Mali|date=April 7, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100407031617/http://www.maliculture.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=86&Itemid=120|archive-date=2010-04-07}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Malta}}
|[[Malta]]
|[[National Library of Malta]]
|[[Valletta]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.libraries-archives.gov.mt/nlm/index.htm|title=National Library of Malta - Contact Information|date=October 25, 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051025170404/http://www.libraries-archives.gov.mt/nlm/index.htm|archive-date=2005-10-25}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Marshall Islands}}
|[[Marshall Islands]]
|[[Alele Museum & Public Library]]
|[[Majuro]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.alele.org/|title=Alele Museum & Public Library|website=Alele Museum & Public Library}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Mauritania}}
|[[Mauritania]]
|[[National Library of Mauritania]] (''Bibliothèque nationale de Mauritanie'')
|[[Nouakchott]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://librarytechnology.org/library/61813 |title=Biblotheque Nationale de Mauritanie |website=libraries.org |access-date=April 10, 2022}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Mauritius}}
|[[Mauritius]]
|[[National Library of Mauritius]]
|[[Port Louis]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gov.mu/portal/sites/ncb/mac/nlibrary/index.html|title=National Library - Republic of Mauritius|date=December 23, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091223083428/http://www.gov.mu/portal/sites/ncb/mac/nlibrary/index.html|archive-date=2009-12-23}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagicon|Mexico}}
|rowspan=2|[[Mexico]]
|[[National Library of Mexico]] (''Biblioteca Nacional de México'')
|rowspan=2|[[Mexico City]]
|Yes
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bnm.unam.mx/|title=Biblioteca Nacional de México|website=www.bnm.unam.mx}}</ref>
|-
|[[National Newspaper and Periodicals Library of Mexico]] ({{ill|Hemeroteca Nacional de México|es|italic=y}})
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hnm.iib.unam.mx/index.php/hemeroteca-nacional-de-mexico|language=es|title=Official website|publisher=Hemeroteca Nacional de México|access-date=12 January 2023}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Federated States of Micronesia}}
|[[Federated States of Micronesia]]
|([[List of libraries in the Federated States of Micronesia]])
|[[Palikir]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{cite web |title=Office of National Archives, Culture and Historic Preservation |url=https://nach.gov.fm/ |publisher=Federated States of Micronesia |access-date=13 January 2023}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Moldova}}
|[[Moldova]]
|[[National Library of Moldova]] (''Biblioteca Naţională a Republicii Moldova'')
|[[Chişinău]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bnrm.md/|title=...BNRM... | 27 November 2007|date=November 27, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071127071635/http://bnrm.md/|archive-date=2007-11-27}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Monaco}}
|[[Monaco]]
|[[Louis Notari Library]] (''Bibliothèque Louis Notari'')
|[[Monaco]]
|Yes<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gouv.mc/Dataweb/Jourmon.nsf/1d3d76afaadb3774c125656a00321782/c89a0581c5ddbb23c12572300056757d!OpenDocument|title=Ordonnance Souveraine n° 816 du 21 novembre 2006 portant application de la loi n° 1.313 du 29 juin 2006 sur le dépôt légal|access-date=28 January 2018|archive-date=26 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110126135024/http://www.gouv.mc/Dataweb/Jourmon.nsf/1d3d76afaadb3774c125656a00321782/c89a0581c5ddbb23c12572300056757d!OpenDocument|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.monaco-mairie.mc/06_culture/mediat/mediat_bs.php|title=Mediathèque|date=August 28, 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050828054129/http://www.monaco-mairie.mc/06_culture/mediat/mediat_bs.php|archive-date=2005-08-28}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Mongolia}}
|[[Mongolia]]
|[[National Library of Mongolia]]
|[[Ulaanbaatar]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mongoliacenter.org/library-fellowship-2019/|title=American Center of Mongolian Studies - Library Fellowship 2019|date=November 26, 2018|access-date=August 30, 2019|archive-date=October 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012081844/https://www.mongoliacenter.org/library-fellowship-2019/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Montenegro}}
|[[Montenegro]]
|[[National Library of Montenegro]] (''Национална библиотека Црне Горе "Ђурђе Црнојевић"'')
|[[Cetinje]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cnb.me/|title=cnb.me|website=www.cnb.me}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Morocco}}
|[[Morocco]]
|[[National Library of the Kingdom of Morocco]] ( المكتبة الوطنية للمملكة المغربية)
|[[Rabat]] and [[Tétouan]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bnrm.ma/bnrm/ |title=Homepage |website=Bibliothèque Nationale du Royaume du Maroc |access-date=April 10, 2022}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Mozambique}}
|[[Mozambique]]
|[[National Library of Mozambique]] (''Biblioteca Nacional de Moçambique'')
|[[Maputo]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mec.gov.mz/dep.php?sub_id=94|title=Biblioteca Nacional de Moçambique|date=May 19, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060519084228/http://www.mec.gov.mz/dep.php?sub_id=94|archive-date=2006-05-19}}</ref>
|}

===N===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:98%"
|-
! colspan=2 style="width:25%" | Country
! style="width:45%" | Library
! style="width:18%" | City
! style="width:12%" | [[Legal deposit]]
! style="width:12%" | Source
|-
|style="width:5%"|{{flagicon|Namibia}}
|[[Namibia]]
|[[National Library of Namibia]]
|[[Windhoek]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nln.gov.na/|title=NATLIB|access-date=2008-01-05|archive-date=2010-04-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100423063128/http://www.nln.gov.na/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Nauru}}
|[[Nauru]]
|
|
|
|
|-
|{{flagicon|Nepal}}
|[[Nepal]]
|[[Nepal National Library]]
|[[Harihar Bhawan]], [[Lalitpur, Nepal|Lalitpur]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nnl.gov.np/ |title=Homepage |website=Nepal National Library |access-date=April 10, 2022}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Netherlands}}
|[[Netherlands]]
|[[Royal Library of the Netherlands]] (''Koninklijke Bibliotheek'', lit. "Royal Library")
|[[The Hague]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kb.nl/en|title=Koninklijke Bibliotheek | Nationale Bibliotheek van Nederland|website=www.kb.nl}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Aruba}}
|♦ [[Aruba]]
|[[National Library of Aruba]] (''Biblioteca Nacional Aruba'')
|[[Oranjestad, Aruba|Oranjestad]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bibliotecanacional.aw/ |title=Biblioteca Nacional Aruba|access-date=2011-12-13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111202144501/http://www.bibliotecanacional.aw/ |archive-date=2011-12-02 }}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|New Zealand}}
|[[New Zealand]]
|[[National Library of New Zealand]] (''Te Puna Mātauranga o Aotearoa'')
|[[Wellington]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://natlib.govt.nz/|title=Home | National Library of New Zealand|website=natlib.govt.nz}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Cook Islands}}
|♦ [[Cook Islands]]
|[[National Library of the Cook Islands]] [[Cook Islands Library and Museum Society]]
|[[Rarotonga]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cook-islands-library-museum.org/|title=Cook Islands Museum and Library Society | Official Website of the Cook Islands Library & Museum Society}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagicon|Nicaragua}}
|rowspan=2|[[Nicaragua]]
|[[National Library of Nicaragua Rubén Darío]] (''Biblioteca Nacional de Nicaragua Rubén Darío'')
|rowspan=2|[[Managua]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bnrd.gob.ni/|title=Biblioteca Nacional Rubén Darío|website=www.bnrd.gob.ni}}</ref>
|-
|[[National Health Library]] (''Biblioteca Nacional de Salud'')
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.minsa.gob.ni/bns/indexbns.php|title=Ministerio de Salud - República de Nicaragua|date=September 11, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080911193845/http://www.minsa.gob.ni/bns/indexbns.php|archive-date=2008-09-11}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Niger}}
|[[Niger]]{{refn|group=nb|According to the United Nations, as of 2021, approximately 37 percent of adult Nigeriens [[Literacy#Africa|can read]].<ref name=UnescoLiteracy>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.ADT.LITR.ZS?most_recent_value_desc=false|title=Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages 15 and above) |publisher= [[UNESCO Institute for Statistics]] |date=24 October 2022|location=Montreal |work=data.worldbank.org |access-date=5 February 2023}}</ref>}}
|[[Direction of the National Archives of Niger]] (''Direction des Archives nationales du Niger'')
|[[Niamey]]
|
|align="right"|
|-
|{{flagicon|Nigeria}}
|[[Nigeria]]
|[[National Library of Nigeria]]
|[[Lagos]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nlbn.org/index.html|title=nlbn.org|website=www.nlbn.org}}</ref>
|-
|
|''[[North]]...''
|{{arrow}} see under the second word
|
|
|
|-
|{{flagicon|Norway}}
|[[Norway]]
|[[National Library of Norway]] (''Nasjonalbiblioteket'')
|[[Oslo]] and [[Mo i Rana]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nb.no/|title=Nasjonalbiblioteket|website=Nasjonalbiblioteket}}</ref>
|}

===O===

{| class="wikitable" style="width:98%"
|-
! colspan=2 style="width:25%" | Country
! style="width:45%" | Library
! style="width:18%" | City
! style="width:12%" | [[Legal deposit]]
! style="width:12%" | Source
|-
|style="width:5%"|{{flagicon|Oman}}
|[[Oman]]
|[[Sultan Qaboos University Library]]
|[[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.squ.edu.om/engineering/home.aspx/Login?returnurl=%2fengineering%2fhome.aspx%2fAdmin%2fFile-Management|title=User Log In|website=www.squ.edu.om|access-date=2019-08-30|archive-date=2020-05-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517092242/https://www.squ.edu.om/engineering/home.aspx/Login?returnurl=%2fengineering%2fhome.aspx%2fAdmin%2fFile-Management|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|}

===P===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:98%"
|-
! colspan=2 style="width:25%" | Country
! style="width:45%" | Library
! style="width:18%" | City
! style="width:12%" | [[Legal deposit]]
! style="width:12%" | Source
|-
|style="width:5%"|{{flagicon|Pakistan}}
|[[Pakistan]]
|[[National Library of Pakistan]]
|[[Islamabad]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nlp.gov.pk/|title=National Library Of Pakistan|website=www.nlp.gov.pk}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Palau}}
|[[Palau]]
|[[Palau Community College|Palau Community College Library]]
|[[Koror]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pcc.palau.edu/library/|title=Palau Community College » Library}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Palestine}}
|[[Palestine]]
|[[Palestinian National Library]] (المكتبة الوطنية الفلسطينية)
|[[Ramallah]]
|Yes
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nlp.ps/ar|title=Palestinian National Library|website=www.nlp.ps/ar}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Panama}}
|[[Panama]]
|[[National Library of Panama]] (''Biblioteca Nacional de Panamá'')
|[[Panama City]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.binal.ac.pa/ |title=Homepage |website=Biblioteca Nacional Panama |language=Spanish |access-date=April 10, 2022}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Papua New Guinea}}
|[[Papua New Guinea]]
|[[National Library of Papua New Guinea]]
|[[Port Moresby]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dg.com.pg/~ola/|title=The Office of Libraries and Archives|date=November 27, 2002|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021127174311/http://www.dg.com.pg/~ola/|archive-date=2002-11-27}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagicon|Paraguay}}
|rowspan=2|[[Paraguay]]
|[[National Library of Paraguay]] (''Biblioteca Nacional del Paraguay'')
|rowspan=2|[[Asunción]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bibliotecanacional.gov.py/|title=Biblioteca Nacional del Paraguay|access-date=29 January 2023|publisher=Secretaría Nacional de Cultura}}</ref>
|-
|[[National Library of Agriculture (Paraguay)]] (''Biblioteca Nacional de Agricultura'')
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.portalguarani.com/museos.php?pormustytr=OTY=|title=Biblioteca Nacional de Agricultura (BINA)|access-date=29 January 2023|date=2021|publisher=Portal Guarani}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Peru}}
|[[Peru]]
|[[National Library of Peru]] (''Biblioteca Nacional del Perú'')
|[[Lima]]
||Yes<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bnp.gob.pe/portalbnp/pdf/ley26905.pdf |title=Ley de Depósito Legal en la Biblioteca Nacional del Perú |access-date=9 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923192835/http://www.bnp.gob.pe/portalbnp/pdf/ley26905.pdf |archive-date=23 September 2015 }}</ref>
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bvirtual.bnp.gob.pe/bnp/faces/index.xhtml|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130416094730/http://bvirtual.bnp.gob.pe/bnp/faces/index.xhtml|archive-date=16 April 2013|url-status=dead|title=Biblioteca Virtual - BNP|access-date=30 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Philippines}}
|[[Philippines]]
|[[National Library of the Philippines]] (''Pambansang Aklatan ng Pilipinas'')
|[[Manila]]
|Yes
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://web.nlp.gov.ph/nlp/|title=National Library of the Philippines|website=web.nlp.gov.ph}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2|{{flagicon|Poland}}
|rowspan=2|[[Poland]]
|[[National Library of Poland]] (''Biblioteka Narodowa'')
|[[Warsaw]]
|Yes<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/download.xsp/WDU19961520722/U/D19960722Lj.pdf|title=USTAWA z dnia 7 listopada 1996 r. o obowiązkowych egzemplarzach bibliotecznych|website=isap.sejm.gov.pl|access-date=2024-05-29}}</ref>
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bn.org.pl/|title=Biblioteka Narodowa|website=www.bn.org.pl}}</ref>
|-
|[[Jagiellonian Library]] (''Biblioteka Jagiellońska'')
|[[Kraków]]
|Yes<ref name=":0" />
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bj.uj.edu.pl/|title=Biblioteka Jagiellońska - Biblioteka Jagiellońska Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego|website=bj.uj.edu.pl}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Portugal}}
|[[Portugal]]
|[[Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal]] (National Library of Portugal)
|[[Lisbon]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bnportugal.gov.pt/|title=Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal|website=www.bnportugal.gov.pt}}</ref>
|}

===Q===

{| class="wikitable" style="width:98%"
|-
! colspan=2 style="width:25%" | Country
! style="width:45%" | Library
! style="width:18%" | City
! style="width:12%" | [[Legal deposit]]
! style="width:12%" | Source
|-
|style="width:5%"|{{flagicon|Qatar}}
|[[Qatar]]
|[[Qatar National Library]]
|[[Doha]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.qnl.qa/ar|title=Home | مكتبة قطر الوطنية|website=www.qnl.qa}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Quebec}}
|''[[Quebec]]''
|{{arrow}} see under ''[[#C|Canada]]''
|
|
|
|}

===R===

{| class="wikitable" style="width:98%"
|-
! colspan=2 style="width:25%" | Country
! style="width:45%" | Library
! style="width:18%" | City
! style="width:12%" | [[Legal deposit]]
! style="width:12%" | Source
|-
|style="width:5%"|{{flagicon|Romania}}
|[[Romania]]
|[[National Library of Romania]] (''Biblioteca Națională a României'')
|[[Bucharest]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bibnat.ro/|title=Biblioteca Nationala a Romaniei|website=www.bibnat.ro}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=18|{{flagicon|Russian Federation}}
| rowspan=3|[[Russian Federation]]
|[[Russian State Library]] (Российская Государственная Библиотека)
|[[Moscow]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rsl.ru/|title=Российская государственная библиотека ("Ленинка")|website=www.rsl.ru}}</ref>
|-
|[[National Library of Russia]] (Российская Национальная Библиотека)
|rowspan=2|[[Saint Petersburg]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nlr.ru/|title=Российская национальная библиотека, Санкт-Петербург|website=nlr.ru}}</ref>
|-
|[[Boris Yeltsin Presidential Library]] (Президентская библиотека имени Б.Н.Ельцина)
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.prlib.ru/en-us |title=Homepage |website=Boris Yeltsin Presidential Library |access-date=April 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090726015313/http://www.prlib.ru/en-us |archive-date=26 July 2009}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Bashkortostan}} [[Bashkortostan]]
|{{ill|Akhmet-Zaki Validi National Library of the Republic of Bashkortostan|ru|Национальная библиотека имени Ахмет-Заки Валиди}} (Национальная библиотека имени Ахмет-Заки Валиди)
|[[Ufa]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bashnl.ru/en/|title=Национальная библиотека имени Ахмет-Заки Валиди Республики Башкортостан |website=bashnl.ru}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Chechnya}} [[Chechnya]]
|{{ill|National Library of the Chechen Republic|ru|Национальная библиотека Чеченской Республики}} (Национальная библиотека Чеченской Республики)
|[[Grozny]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://library-chr.ru/|title=Национальная библиотека Чеченской Республики|website=library-chr.ru|language=ru}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Chuvashia}} [[Chuvashia]]
|{{ill|National Library of the Chuvash Republic|ru|Национальная библиотека Чувашской Республики}} (Национальная библиотека Чувашской Республики)
|[[Cheboksary]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nbchr.ru/|title=Национальная библиотека Чувашской Республики|website=nbchr.ru}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Dagestan}} [[Dagestan]]
|{{ill|National Library of the Republic of Dagestan|ru|Национальная библиотека Республики Дагестан}} (Национальная библиотека Республики Дагестан)
|[[Makhachkala]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://lib05.ru/|title=Национальная библиотека Республики Дагестан|website=lib05.ru}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Kalmykia}} [[Kalmykia]]
|{{ill|National Library of Kalmykia|ru|Национальная библиотека Калмыкии}} (Национальная библиотека Калмыкии)
|[[Elista]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kalmnlib.ru/|title=Национальная библиотека Калмыкии|website=kalmnlib.ru}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Karelia}} [[Republic of Karelia]]
|{{ill|National Library of the Republic of Karelia|ru|Национальная библиотека Республики Карелия}} (Национальная библиотека Республики Карелия)
|[[Petrozavodsk]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://library.karelia.ru/|title=Национальная библиотека Республики Карелия|website=library.karelia.ru}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Khakassia}} [[Khakassia]]
|{{ill|National Library of the Republic of Khakassia|ru|Национальная библиотека Республики Хакасия}} (Национальная библиотека Республики Хакасия)
|[[Abakan]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nbdrx.ru/|title=Национальная библиотека Республики Хакасия|website=nbdrx.ru}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Komi Republic}} [[Komi Republic]]
|{{ill|National Library of the Komi Republic|ru|Национальная библиотека Республики Коми}} (Национальная библиотека Республики Коми)
|[[Syktyvkar]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbrkomi.ru/|title=Национальная библиотека Республики Коми|website=nbrkomi.ru}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Mari El}} [[Mari El]]
|{{ill|S. G. Chavaine National Library|ru|Национальная библиотека имени С. Г. Чавайна}} (Национальная библиотека имени С. Г. Чавайна)
|[[Yoshkar-Ola]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nbmariel.ru/|title=Национальная библиотека имени С. Г. Чавайна|website=nbmariel.ru}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Mordovia}} [[Mordovia]]
|{{ill|National Library of the Republic of Mordovia|ru|Национальная библиотека имени А. С. Пушкина Республики Мордовия}} (Национальная библиотека имени А. С. Пушкина Республики Мордовия)
|[[Saransk]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://natlibraryrm.ru/|title=Национальная библиотека имени А. С. Пушкина Республики Мордовия|website=natlibraryrm.ru}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|North Ossetia–Alania}} [[North Ossetia–Alania]]
|{{ill|National Scientific Library of the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania|ru|Национальная научная библиотека Республики Северная Осетия — Алания}} (Национальная научная библиотека Республики Северная Осетия — Алания)
|[[Vladikavkaz]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nnbrso.ru/|title=Национальная научная библиотека Республики Северная Осетия — Алания|website=nnbrso.ru}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Sakha}} [[Sakha Republic|Sakha]]
|{{ill|National Library of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)|ru|Национальная библиотека Республики Саха (Якутия)}} (Национальная библиотека Республики Саха (Якутия))
|[[Yakutsk]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://new.nlrs.ru/|title=Национальная библиотека Республики Саха (Якутия)|website=new.nlrs.ru}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Tatarstan}} [[Tatarstan]]
|[[National Library of the Republic of Tatarstan]] (Татарстан Республикасы Милли китапханәсендә = Национальная Библиотека Республики Татарстан)
|[[Kazan]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kitaphane.tatarstan.ru/|title=Национальная библиотека Республики Татарстан|website=kitaphane.tatarstan.ru}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Tuva}} [[Tuva]]
|{{ill|National Library of the Republic of Tyva|ru|Национальная библиотека Республики Тыва им. А. С. Пушкина}} (Национальная библиотека Республики Тыва им. А. С. Пушкина)
|[[Kyzyl]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tuva-library.ru/|title=Национальная библиотека Республики Тыва им. А. С. Пушкина|website=tuva-library.ru|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122015937/https://tuva-library.ru/|archive-date=22 January 2022}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Udmurtia}} [[Udmurtia]]
|{{ill|National Library of the Udmurt Republic|ru|Национальная библиотека Удмуртской Республики}} (Национальная библиотека Удмуртской Республики)
|[[Izhevsk]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://unatlib.ru/|title=Национальная библиотека Удмуртской Республики|website=unatlib.ru}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Rwanda}}
|[[Rwanda]]
|[[National Library of Rwanda]] (''Bibliothèque nationale du Rwanda'')
|[[Kigali]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ebad.ucad.sn/sites_heberges/manifestations/colloque_BN_2003/tableau%201%20identification.doc |title=Identification des BN |website=www.ebad.ucad.sn |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040922025752/http://www.ebad.ucad.sn/sites_heberges/manifestations/colloque_BN_2003/tableau%201%20identification.doc |archive-date=22 September 2004}}</ref>
|}

===S===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:98%"
|-
! colspan=2 style="width:25%" | Country
! style="width:45%" | Library
! style="width:18%" | City
! style="width:12%" | [[Legal deposit]]
! style="width:12%" | Source
|-
|style="width:5%"|{{flagicon|Saint Kitts and Nevis}}
|[[Saint Kitts and Nevis]]
|[[Charles A. Halbert Public Library]]
|[[Basseterre]]
|
|align="right"|
|-
|{{flagicon|Saint Lucia}}
|[[Saint Lucia]]
|[[Central Library of Saint Lucia]]
|[[Castries]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.slupl.edu.lc/|title=St. Lucia Public Library}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}}
|[[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]]
|[[Kingstown Public Library]]
|[[Kingstown]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.education.gov.vc/index.php|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130421185533/http://www.education.gov.vc/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=36&Itemid=45|archive-date=21 April 2013|url-status=dead|title=General Information|access-date=28 January 2013}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Samoa}}
|[[Samoa]]
|[[Samoa Public Library]] (Nelson Memorial Public Library)
|[[Apia]]
|
|
|-
|{{flagicon|San Marino}}
|[[San Marino]]
|[[National Library and Book Patrimony]] (''Biblioteca di Stato e Beni Librari'')
|[[San Marino]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bibliotecadistato.sm/on-line/home.html|title=Home - Biblioteca di stato|website=www.bibliotecadistato.sm}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|São Tomé and Príncipe}}
|[[São Tomé and Príncipe]]
|[[National Library of São Tomé and Príncipe]] (''Biblioteca Nacional de São Tomé e Príncipe'')
|[[São Tomé]]
|Yes
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bibliotecadigitallusofona.org/s-tome-e-principe/|title=S. Tomé e Príncipe | Biblioteca Digital Lusófona|website=www.bibliotecadigitallusofona.org}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}}
|[[Saudi Arabia]]
|[[King Fahad National Library]] (مكٺبة الملك فهد الوطنية)
|[[Riyadh]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://kfnl.gov.sa/En/Pages/default.aspx |title=Homepage |website=King Fahad National Library |access-date=April 10, 2022}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Scotland}}
|''[[Scotland]]''
|{{arrow}} see under ''[[#United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]''
|
|
|
|-
|{{flagicon|Senegal}}
|[[Senegal]]
|[[National Library of Senegal]] (''Bibliothèque Nationale du Sénégal, Bibliothèque des Archives nationales du Sénégal'')
|[[Dakar]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.archivesdusenegal.gouv.sn/node/21|title=La bibliothèque|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101190020/http://www.archivesdusenegal.gouv.sn/node/21|archive-date=2017-01-01}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Serbia}}
|[[Serbia]]
|[[National Library of Serbia]] (Народна библиотека Србије)
|[[Belgrade]]
| Yes
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nb.rs/index.php?change_lang=en|title=National Library of Serbia|first=National Library of|last=Serbia|date=February 28, 2004|website=www.nb.rs}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Seychelles}}
|[[Seychelles]]
|[[National Library of Seychelles]]
|[[Mahé, Seychelles|Mahé]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.national-library.edu.sc/|title=Seychelles National Library Home Page|website=www.national-library.edu.sc}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Sierra Leone}}
|[[Sierra Leone]]
|[[Sierra Leone Library Board]]
|[[Freetown]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{citation |publisher=International Federation of Library Associations |location=The Hague |oclc=225182140 |work= World Report 2010 |title= Sierra Leone |url= http://db.ifla-world-report.org/home/map#/2/2/AYOKPGQLU8VYLCR }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.encompassculture.com/readinggroups/africa@21/africa@21partners/|title=Africa@21 partners - enCompass Culture|date=July 28, 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050728115954/http://www.encompassculture.com/readinggroups/africa@21/africa@21partners/|archive-date=2005-07-28}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Singapore}}
|[[Singapore]]
|[[National Library, Singapore]] (Limited to Lee Kong Chian Reference Library, PublicationSG, and reference section of Regional Libraries / Public Libraries)
|[[Singapore]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nlb.gov.sg/About/LeeKongChianReferenceLibrary.aspx |title=About Us |website=National Library Board: Singapore |access-date=April 10, 2022}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Slovakia}}
|[[Slovakia]]
|[[Slovak National Library]] (''Slovenská národná knižnica'')
|[[Martin, Slovakia|Martin]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.snk.sk/en/|title=Slovak national library|website=www.snk.sk}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Slovenia}}
|[[Slovenia]]
|[[National and University Library of Slovenia]] (''Narodna in univerzitetna knjižnica, NUK'')
|[[Ljubljana]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nuk.uni-lj.si |title=Homepage |website=Nardona in univerzitetna knjiznica |access-date=April 10, 2022}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Solomon Islands}}
|[[Solomon Islands]]
|[[National Library Service of the Solomon Islands]]
|[[Honiara]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{cite web |title=National Library Division |url=https://www.mehrd.gov.sb/national-education-services/education-services/national-library-division |publisher=[[Ministry of Education and Human Resources Development]]}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Somalia}}
|[[Somalia]]
|[[National Library of Somalia]]
|[[Mogadishu]]
|
|align="right"|<ref name="auto"/>
|-
|
|''[[South]]...''
|{{arrow}} see under the second word, with the two exceptions below
|
|
|
|-
|{{flagicon|South Africa}}
|[[South Africa]]
|[[National Library of South Africa]] (''Nasionale Biblioteek van Suid Afrika'')
|[[Pretoria]] and [[Cape Town]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nlsa.ac.za/|title=NLSA|website=NLSA|access-date=2004-06-10|archive-date=2006-11-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061101190133/http://www.nlsa.ac.za/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|South Sudan}}
|[[South Sudan]]{{refn|group=nb|According to the United Nations, as of 2018, approximately 35 percent of adult South Sudanese [[Literacy#Africa|can read]].<ref name=UnescoLiteracy />}}
|[No national library]
|
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{cite web |title=The First Public Library in South Sudan |url=https://www.southsudanlibrary.org/library |publisher=South Sudan Library Foundation}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Spain}}
|[[Spain]]
|''[[Biblioteca Nacional de España]]'' [National Library of Spain]
|[[Madrid]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bne.es/es/Inicio/index.html|title=Biblioteca Nacional de España|first=Biblioteca Nacional de|last=España|date=April 14, 2009|website=www.bne.es}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Catalonia}}
|♦ [[Catalonia]]
|[[Library of Catalonia]] (''Biblioteca de Catalunya'')
|[[Barcelona]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bnc.cat/|title=Inici – Biblioteca de Catalunya|website=bnc.cat}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Sri Lanka}}
|[[Sri Lanka]]
|[[National Library of Sri Lanka]]
|[[Colombo]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.natlib.lk/|title=Welcome to National Library of Sri Lanka|website=www.natlib.lk}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Republika Srpska}}
|''[[Republika Srpska]]''
|{{arrow}} see under ''[[#B|Bosnia and Herzegovina]]''
|
|
|
|-
|{{flagicon|Sudan}}
|[[Sudan]]
|[[Sudan Library]]
|[[Khartoum]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uofk.edu/index.php?id=37 |title=Homepage |website=University of Khartoum |access-date=April 10, 2022 |archive-date=April 6, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100406080805/http://www.uofk.edu/index.php?id=37 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Suriname}}
|[[Suriname]]
|[No national library, but database available]
|
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nationallibrary.sr/website/home.asp?menuid=96|title=Nationale Database Suriname - National Library -|date=October 30, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061030135838/http://www.nationallibrary.sr/website/home.asp?menuid=96|archive-date=2006-10-30}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Sweden}}
|[[Sweden]]
|[[National Library of Sweden]] (''Kungliga biblioteket'')
|[[Stockholm]]
|Yes
|align="right"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.kb.se/in-english.html |title=Homepage |website=National Library of Sweden |access-date=April 10, 2022}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Switzerland}}
|[[Switzerland]]
|[[Swiss National Library]] (''Schweizerische Nationalbibliothek'' = ''Bibliothèque nationale suisse'' = ''Biblioteca nazionale svizzera'' = ''Biblioteca naziunala svizra'')
|[[Bern]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nb.admin.ch/snl/en/home.html|title=Swiss National Library|first=Swiss National Library|last=NL|website=www.nb.admin.ch}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Syria}}
|[[Syria]]
|[[National Library of Syria]] (مكتبة الوطنية)
|[[Damascus]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://librarytechnology.org/library/54358 |title=National Library of Syria: مكتبة الوطنية |website=libraries.org |access-date=April 10, 2022}}</ref>
|}

===T===

{| class="wikitable" style="width:98%"
|-
! colspan=2 style="width:25%" | Country
! style="width:45%" | Library
! style="width:18%" | City
! style="width:12%" | [[Legal deposit]]
! style="width:12%" | Source
|-
|style="width:5%"|{{flagicon|Taiwan}}
|''[[Taiwan|Republic of China (Taiwan)]]''
|{{arrow}} see under ''[[#Other States|Other States]]''
|
|
|
|-
|{{flagicon|Tajikistan}}
|[[Tajikistan]]
|[[National Library of Tajikistan]] (Национальная библиотека Таджикистана)
|[[Dushanbe]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kmt.tj/|title=Национальная библиотека Таджикистана|language=ru|trans-title=National Library of Tajikistan}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Tanzania}}
|[[Tanzania]]
|[[National Central Library (Tanzania)|National Central Library]] / {{interlanguage link|Tanzania Library Services Board|sw|Shirika la Huduma za Maktaba Tanzania}} (''Shirika la Huduma za Maktaba Tanzania'')

|[[Dar es Salaam]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{cite web |publisher=OCLC |work=WorldCat |url=http://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n80146343/ |title=National Central Library (Tanzania) |access-date=19 August 2017 |archive-date=19 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819150752/http://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n80146343/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{citation |publisher=International Federation of Library Associations |location=The Hague |oclc=225182140 |work= World Report 2010 |title= Tanzania |url= http://db.ifla-world-report.org/home/map#/2/2/FJNLH4F2RDCJKSV }} (Includes information about the national library)</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tlsb.or.tz/ |title=Homepage |website=Tanzania Library Services Board |access-date=April 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090402212129/http://www.tlsb.or.tz/ |archive-date=April 2, 2009}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Tatarstan}}
|''[[Tatarstan]]''
|{{arrow}} see under ''[[#R|Russia]]''
|
|
|
|-
|{{flagicon|Thailand}}
|[[Thailand]]
|[[National Library of Thailand]] (หอสมุดแห่งชาติ)
|[[Bangkok]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nlt.go.th/index.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051029052437/http://www.nlt.go.th/index.htm|archive-date=29 October 2005|title=nlt.go.th|date=October 29, 2005}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Togo}}
|[[Togo]]
|[[National Library of Togo]] (''Bibliothèque nationale du Togo'')
|[[Lomé]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/DEPOLIB/0,,contentMDK:64018535~menuPK:50015209~nHighlightIndex:2~pagePK:64032996~piPK:64027952~theSitePK:285317,00.html|title=DEPOLIB - Bibliotheque nationale du Togo|date=April 16, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416162338/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/DEPOLIB/0,,contentMDK:64018535~menuPK:50015209~nHighlightIndex:2~pagePK:64032996~piPK:64027952~theSitePK:285317,00.html|archive-date=2009-04-16}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Tonga}}
|[[Tonga]]
|[No national library]
|
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{cite web |title=Tonga's First Public Library |url=https://www.librariesaotearoa.org.nz/the-first-public-library-in-tonga.html |publisher=Libraries Aotearoa}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Trinidad and Tobago}}
|[[Trinidad and Tobago]]
|[[National Library and Information System]]
[[The Heritage Library]]
|[[Port of Spain]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nalis.gov.tt/|title=Home|website=www.nalis.gov.tt}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Tunisia}}
|[[Tunisia]]
|[[National Library of Tunisia]] (''Bibliothèque nationale de Tunisie'', المكتبة الوطنية التونسية)
|[[Tunis]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bibliotheque.nat.tn/index.htm|title=Untitled Document|date=October 26, 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051026120432/http://www.bibliotheque.nat.tn/index.htm|archive-date=2005-10-26}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|{{flagicon|Turkey}}
|rowspan="2"|[[Turkey]]
|[[National Library of Turkey]] (''Milli Kütüphane'')
|[[Ankara]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mkutup.gov.tr/SitePages/default.aspx|title=Untitled 1|website=www.mkutup.gov.tr|access-date=2019-08-30|archive-date=2020-05-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200530144319/http://www.mkutup.gov.tr/SitePages/default.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|[[National Library of İzmir]] (''İzmir Milli Kütüphanesi'')
|[[İzmir]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.izmirmillikutuphane.com/|title=İzmir Milli Kütüphane - Anasayfa|website=www.izmirmillikutuphane.com}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Turkmenistan}}
|[[Turkmenistan]]
|[[State Library of Turkmenistan]]
|[[Ashgabat]]
|
|align="right"|
|-
|{{flagicon|Tuvalu}}
|[[Tuvalu]]
|[[Tuvalu National Library and Archives]]
|[[Funafuti]]
|
|align="right"|
|}

===U===

{| class="wikitable" style="width:98%"
|-
! colspan=2 style="width:25%" | Country
! style="width:45%" | Library
! style="width:18%" | City
! style="width:12%" | [[Legal deposit]]
! style="width:12%" | Source
|-
|style="width:5%"|{{flagicon|Uganda}}
| [[Uganda]]
|[[National Library of Uganda]]
|[[Kampala]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nlu.go.ug/|title=Welcome to the National Library of Uganda | NLU|website=www.nlu.go.ug}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Ukraine}}
| [[Ukraine]]
|[[Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine]] (Національна бібліотека України імені В.І. Вернадського)
|[[Kyiv]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nbuv.gov.ua/|title=Національна бібліотека України імені В. І. Вернадського|website=www.nbuv.gov.ua|access-date=2004-01-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120815102459/http://www.nbuv.gov.ua/|archive-date=2012-08-15|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|United Arab Emirates}}
| [[United Arab Emirates]]
|[[UAE Public Library and Cultural Center|Cultural Foundation National Library]]
|[[Abu Dhabi]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.adach.ae/en/default.aspx|title=Abu Dhabi Authority for Culture & Heritage - ADACH|date=March 10, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110310082313/http://www.adach.ae/en/default.aspx|archive-date=2011-03-10}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=7|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}}
|[[United Kingdom]] {{flagicon|England}} ♦ [[England]]
|[[British Library]]
|[[London]] and [[Boston Spa]] ([[Wetherby]])
|Yes
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bl.uk/|title=The British Library|website=The British Library}}</ref>
|-
||{{flagicon|Scotland}} ♦ [[Scotland]]
|[[National Library of Scotland]]
|[[Edinburgh]]
|Yes
|align="right"|<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nls.uk/|title=National Library of Scotland|website=www.nls.uk}}</ref>
|-
|| {{flagicon|Wales}} ♦ [[Wales]]
|[[National Library of Wales]] (''Llyfrgell Genedlaethol Cymru'')
|[[Aberystwyth]]
|Yes
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.llyfrgell.cymru/|title=Hafan | Llyfrgell Genedlaethol Cymru|website=www.llyfrgell.cymru}}</ref>
|-
||{{flagicon|Bermuda}} ♦ [[Bermuda]]
|[[Bermuda National Library]]
|[[Hamilton, Bermuda|Hamilton]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bermudanationallibrary.bm/|title=Bermuda National Library - Web Portal|date=February 15, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080215204632/http://www.bermudanationallibrary.bm/|archive-date=2008-02-15}}</ref>
|-
||{{flagicon|British Virgin Islands}} ♦ [[British Virgin Islands|Virgin Islands, British]]
||[[Library Services Department]]
|[[Road Town]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bvi.gov.vg/products.asp?iProd=31&iCat=12&hierarchy=0|title=BVI Government|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070507200947/http://www.bvi.gov.vg/products.asp?iProd=31&iCat=12&hierarchy=0|archive-date=2007-05-07}}</ref>
|-
||{{flagicon|Isle of Man}} ♦ [[Isle of Man]]
|[[National Library and Archives]] ([[Manx National Heritage]])
|[[Douglas, Isle of Man|Douglas]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gov.im/mnh/heritage/library/nationalLibrary.xml|title = Home | Manx National Heritage : Celebrating the Isle of Man's History}}</ref>
|-
||{{flagicon|Jersey}} ♦ [[Jersey]]
|[[Jersey Library]]
|[[Saint Helier]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gov.je/ESC/Lifelong+Learning/Libraries/|title=Libraries|date=May 16, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516202108/http://www.gov.je/ESC/Lifelong+Learning/Libraries/|archive-date=2008-05-16}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=6|{{flagicon|United States}}
|rowspan=6|[[United States]]
|[[Library of Congress]] (''[[de facto]]'')
|rowspan=4|[[Washington, D.C.]]
|Yes
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/|title=Home | Library of Congress|website=Library of Congress}}</ref>
|-
|[[National Library of Education (United States)|National Library of Education]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ies.ed.gov/ncee/projects/nat_ed_library.asp|title=NCEE Projects: National Library of Education|date=September 15, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915124642/http://ies.ed.gov/ncee/projects/nat_ed_library.asp|archive-date=2008-09-15}}</ref>
|-
|[[National Transportation Library]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ntl.bts.gov/|title=Bureau of Transportation Statistics|website=ntl.bts.gov}}</ref>
|-
|[[Treasury Library]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://home.treasury.gov/services/tours-and-library/library/history-of-the-treasury-library | title=History of the Treasury Library | publisher=United States Department of the Treasury | access-date=April 30, 2022 | archive-date=March 2, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302022711/https://home.treasury.gov/services/tours-and-library/library/history-of-the-treasury-library | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
||[[United States National Library of Medicine]]
|[[Bethesda, Maryland|Bethesda]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/|title=National Library of Medicine - National Institutes of Health|website=www.nlm.nih.gov}}</ref>
|-
||[[United States National Agricultural Library]]
|[[Beltsville, Maryland|Beltsville]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nal.usda.gov/|title=National Agricultural Library | United States Department of Agriculture|website=www.nal.usda.gov}}
</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Uruguay}}
|[[Uruguay]]
|''[[Biblioteca Nacional de Uruguay]]'' [National Library of Uruguay]
|[[Montevideo]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bibna.gub.uy/index.htm|title=Página principal|date=July 10, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070710081229/http://www.bibna.gub.uy/index.htm|archive-date=2007-07-10}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Uzbekistan}}
|[[Uzbekistan]]
|[[National Library of Uzbekistan]]
|[[Tashkent]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.natlib.uz/|title=O'zbekiston Milliy Kutubxonasi 2007|date=November 16, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071116193809/http://www.natlib.uz/|archive-date=2007-11-16}}</ref>
|}

===V===

{| class="wikitable" style="width:98%"
|-
! colspan=2 style="width:25%" | Country
! style="width:45%" | Library
! style="width:18%" | City
! style="width:12%" | [[Legal deposit]]
! style="width:12%" | Source
|-
|style="width:5%"|{{flagicon|Vanuatu}}
|[[Vanuatu]]
|[[National Library (Vanuatu)|National Library of Vanuatu]]
|[[Port Vila]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vanuatuculture.org/site-bm2/library/index.shtml|title=National Library (Vanuatu Cultural Centre)|date=November 23, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091123201942/http://www.vanuatuculture.org/site-bm2/library/index.shtml|archive-date=2009-11-23}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Vatican City}}
|[[Vatican City]]
|[[Vatican Library]] (''Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana'')
|[[Vatican City]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vaticanlibrary.va/home.php?ling=eng|title=BAV - Vatican Library|website=www.vaticanlibrary.va}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Venezuela}}
|[[Venezuela]]
|[[National Library of Venezuela]] (''Biblioteca Nacional de Venezuela'')
|[[Caracas]]
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bnv.gob.ve/|title=BNV}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Vietnam}}
|[[Vietnam]]
|[[National Library of Vietnam]] (Thư Viện Quốc Gia Việt Nam)
|[[Hanoi]]
|Yes<ref>{{Cite web|title=Luật Thư viện 2019|trans-title=Law on libraries 2019|url=https://luatvietnam.vn/giao-duc/luat-thu-vien-2019-luat-thu-vien-moi-nhat-so-46-2019-qh14-179058-d1.html|access-date=2021-08-05|website=LuatVietnam|language=vietnamese}}</ref>
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nlv.gov.vn/|title=THƯ VIỆN QUỐC GIA VIỆT NAM}}</ref>
|}

===W===

{| class="wikitable" style="width:98%"
|-
! colspan=2 style="width:25%" | Country
! style="width:45%" | Library
! style="width:18%" | City
! style="width:12%" | [[Legal deposit]]
! style="width:12%" | Source
|-
|style="width:5%"|{{flagicon|Wales}}
|''[[Wales]]''
|{{arrow}} see under ''[[#U|United Kingdom]]''
|
|
|
|}

===Y===

{| class="wikitable" style="width:98%"
|-
! colspan=2 style="width:25%" | Country
! style="width:45%" | Library
! style="width:18%" | City
! style="width:12%" | [[Legal deposit]]
! style="width:12%" | Source
|-
|style="width:5%"|{{flagicon|Yemen}}
|[[Republic of Yemen]]
|[[National Library of Yemen]]
|[[Aden]]
|
|
|}

===Z===

{| class="wikitable" style="width:98%"
|-
! colspan=2 style="width:25%" | Country
! style="width:45%" | Library
! style="width:18%" | City
! style="width:12%" | [[Legal deposit]]
! style="width:12%" | Source
|-
|style="width:5%"|{{flagicon|Zambia}}
|[[Zambia]]
|[[Zambia Library Service]]
|[[Lusaka]]
|
|align="right"|
|-
|{{flagicon|Zimbabwe}}
|[[Zimbabwe]]
|[[National Archives of Zimbabwe Library]]
|[[Harare]]?
|
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.moha.gov.zw/index.php?link=naz_library|title=Ministry Of Home Affairs - Zimbabwe Government|date=December 19, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219014710/http://www.moha.gov.zw/index.php?link=naz_library|archive-date=2008-12-19}}</ref>
|}

===Other States===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:98%"
|- bgcolor=87ceeb
! colspan=2 style="width:25%" | Country
! style="width:45%" | Library
! style="width:18%" | City
! style="width:12%" | Source
|-
|style="width:5%"|{{flagicon|Abkhazia}}
|[[Abkhazia]]
|[[I.G. Papaskir National Library of Abkhazia]]
|[[Sukhumi]]
|align="right"|<ref>{{cite web |title=National Bibliography of Abkhazia |url=https://www.library.illinois.edu/ias/spx/slavicresearchguides/nationalbib/national-bibliography-of-abkhazia/ |publisher=[[University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign University Library]]}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Kosovo}}
|[[Kosovo]]
|[[National Library of Kosovo]] (''Biblioteka Kombëtare e Kosovës'')
|[[Pristina]]
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.biblioteka-ks.org/index.php|title=Biblioteka Kombëtare e Kosovës|website=www.biblioteka-ks.org}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Northern_Cyprus}}
|[[Northern Cyprus]]
|[[National Library of Northern Cyprus]] (''Millî Kütüphane'')
|[[North Nicosia]]
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mkutup.mebnet.net/|title=MİLLİ KÜTÜPHANE|website=mkutup.mebnet.net}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Republic of China}}
|[[Taiwan|Republic of China (Taiwan)]]
|[[National Central Library]] (國家圖書館)
|[[Taipei]]
|align="right"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ncl.edu.tw/|title=國家圖書館-首頁|website=www.ncl.edu.tw}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Somaliland}}
|[[Somaliland]]
|[[National Library of Somaliland]]
|[[Hargeisa]]
| align="right" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Somaliland:President Silanyo inaugurated the country's first national Library - Horn Diplomat |url=https://www.horndiplomat.com/2017/12/10/somalilandpresident-silanyo-inaugurated-the-countrys-first-national-library/ |access-date=2022-04-30 |website=www.horndiplomat.com|date=10 December 2017 }}</ref>
|}

==State libraries==
A state library is established by a [[State (administrative division)|state]] to serve as the preeminent repository of information for that region.

===Australia===
{{main|National and State Libraries Australia}}
[[File:State Library of Victoria 3009e.JPG|thumb|right|The [[State Library Victoria]]]]
* ''[[ACT Heritage Library]]''
* ''[[Library & Archives NT]]''
* [[State Library of New South Wales]]
* [[State Library of Queensland]]
* [[State Library of South Australia]]
* [[State Library of Tasmania]]
* [[State Library Victoria]]
* [[State Library of Western Australia]]

=== China ===

==== Mainland ====
* [[Capital Library|Capital Library of China]]
* [[Tianjin Library]]
* [[Hebei Library]]
* [[Shanxi Library]]
* [[Inner Mongolia Library]]
* [[Liaoning Provincial Library]]
* [[Jilin Province Library]]
* [[Heilongjiang Provincial Library]]
* [[Shanghai Library]]
* [[Shanghai Children's Library]]
* [[Nanjing Library]]
* [[Zhejiang Library]]
* [[Anhui Provincial Library]]
* [[Fujian Provincial Library]]
* [[Jiangxi Provincial Library]]
* [[Shandong Library]]
* [[Henan Provincial Library]]
* [[Hubei Provincial Library]]
* [[Hunan Library]]
* [[Hunan Provincial Library of Juveniles and Children]]
* [[Sun Yat-sen Library of Guangdong Province]]
* [[Library of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region]]
* [[Guangxi Guilin Library]]
* [[Hainan Library]]
* [[Chongqing Library]]
* [[Chongqing Children's Library]]
* [[Sichuan Provincial Library]]
* [[Guizhou Provincial Library]]
* [[Yunnan Provincial Library]]
* [[Tibet Library]]
* [[Shaanxi Library]]
* [[Gansu Provincial Library]]
* [[Qinghai Library]]
* [[Ningxia Library]]
* [[Xinjiang Library]]

==== Hong Kong ====

* [[Hong Kong Central Library]]

==== Macau ====

* [[Macao Central Library|Macau Central Library]]

===Germany===
{{main|State libraries of Germany}}

* [[Bavarian State Library]], [[Munich]]
* [[Berlin Central and Regional Library]]
* [[Göttingen State and University Library]]
* [[Wiesbaden State Library|Hessian State Library]], [[Wiesbaden]]
* [[Saxon State and University Library Dresden]]
* {{Lang|de|[[Württembergische Landesbibliothek]]|italic=no}}, [[Stuttgart]]

===India===
{{main list|List of libraries in India}}
* [[Goa State Central Library]]
* [[Harekrushna Mahtab State Library]]
* [[Nagaland State Library]]
* [[North Bengal State Library]]
* [[State Central Library, Hyderabad]]
* [[State Central Library, Kerala]]

===Spain===
{{main list|List of libraries in Spain}}

[[Autonomous communities of Spain|Autonomous communities]] libraries
* [[Andalusia Library]]
* [[Aragon Library]]
* [[Asturias Library]]
* [[Central Library of Cantabria]]
* [[Castile and Leon Library]]
* [[Castile-La Mancha Library]]
* [[Library of Catalonia]]
* [[Extremadura Library]]
* [[Library of Galicia]]
* [[La Rioja Library]]
* [[Madrid Regional Library]]
* [[Murcia Regional Library]]
* [[Navarre Library (Spain)|Navarre Library]]
* [[Valencian Library]]

===Switzerland===
The member states of the Swiss Confederation are the 26 [[cantons of Switzerland]]. The {{interlanguage link|Kantonsbibliothek|de|lt=cantonal libraries}} ({{Langx|de|Kantonsbibliothek}}, {{Langx|fr|Bibliothèque cantonale}}, {{Langx|it|Biblioteca cantonale}}, {{Langx|rm|Biblioteca chantunala}}) are:
* Aargau: [[Aargauer Kantonsbibliothek]]
* Appenzell Ausserrhoden: [[Kantonsbibliothek Appenzell Ausserrhoden]]
* Appenzell Innerrhoden: [[Innerrhodische Kantonsbibliothek]]
* Basel-Landschaft: [[Kantonsbibliothek Baselland]]
* Basel-Stadt: [[Basel University Library]] (university and cantonal library)
* Bern: [[Bibliothek Münstergasse]] (formerly Zentralbibliothek Bern, Stadt- und Universitätsbibliothek Bern)
* Fribourg: [[Bibliothèque cantonale et universitaire de Fribourg]]
* Geneva: [[Bibliothèque de Genève]]
* Glarus: [[Glarner Landesbibliothek]]
* Grisons: [[Kantonsbibliothek Graubünden]] / Biblioteca chantunala dal Grischun / Biblioteca cantonale dei Grigioni
* Jura: [[Bibliothèque cantonale jurassienne]]
* Luzern: [[Zentral- und Hochschulbibliothek Luzern]] (university and cantonal library)
* Neuchâtel: [[Bibliothèque publique et universitaire de Neuchâtel]]
* Nidwalden: [[Kantonsbibliothek Nidwalden]]
* Obwalden: [[Kantonsbibliothek Obwalden]]
* Schaffhausen: [[Stadtbibliothek Schaffhausen]] (city and cantonal library)
* Schwyz: [[Kantonsbibliothek Schwyz]]
* Solothurn: [[Zentralbibliothek Solothurn]] (city and cantonal library)
* St. Gallen: [[Kantonsbibliothek St. Gallen]]
* Ticino: four libraries, [[Biblioteca cantonale di Bellinzona]], [[Biblioteca cantonale di Locarno]], [[Biblioteca cantonale di Lugano]], [[Biblioteca cantonale e del Liceo di Mendrisio]]
* Thurgau: [[Kantonsbibliothek Thurgau]]
* Uri: [[Kantonsbibliothek Uri]]
* Valais: [[Médiathèque Valais]] / Mediathek Wallis
* Vaud: [[Cantonal and University Library of Lausanne]]
* Zug: [[Bibliothek Zug]]
* Zürich: [[Zentralbibliothek Zürich]] (city, cantonal, and university library)

===United States===
{{Main list|List of U.S. state libraries and archives}}

==See also==
* [[European Library]]
* [[List of libraries]]
* [[List of libraries by country]]
* [[List of national archives]]
* [[List of U.S. state library associations]]
* [[Staatsbibliothek]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=nb}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web | url=https://nationallibraries.wixsite.com/thenlproject/copia-more|title=The National Libraries Project}}
* {{cite web | url=http://www.ifla.org/national-libraries | title=National Libraries Section| publisher= International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA)| access-date=2014-04-01}}
* {{cite web | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218060204/http://www.ifla.org/VI/2/p2/national-libraries.htm | title=National Libraries of the World: Address List| publisher= International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions| url=http://www.ifla.org/VI/2/p2/national-libraries.htm |archive-date=2008-12-18 }} Note: the IFLA now links to the Bharatpedia list above (partly edited by IFLA members) instead of maintaining its own list, see also the [http://www.ifla.org/files/assets/national-libraries/annual-report/2009.pdf Annual Report 2009] of the National Libraries Section.
* {{cite web | url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/access-to-knowledge/libraries/ | title=UNESCO Libraries portal | date=18 June 2013 | publisher=[[UNESCO]] | access-date=2014-02-01 }}

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[[Category:National libraries|*]]
[[Category:Lists of organizations|Libraries]]
[[Category:Lists of libraries|National and state libraries]]

Cassius Dio

2026-03-14T03:37:03Z

DEVANSH: basic correct information for accuracy and corrected details

{{Short description|Greco-Roman statesman and historian (c. 155–c. 235)}}
{{About|the historian|the later consul who was a descendant|Cassius Dio (consul 291)}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Lucius Cassius Dio
| image = Dio Cassius.jpg
| caption = 17th century illustration of Dio
| birth_date = {{circa|165 AD}}
| birth_place = [[Nicaea]], [[Bithynia]]
| death_date = {{circa|235 AD}} (aged approx. 70)
| death_place = Bithynia
| occupation = [[Historian]], [[Roman senator|senator]], [[praetor]], [[proconsul]], [[consul]]
| nationality = [[Roman people|Roman]]
| subject = [[History]]
| movement =
| notableworks = ''History of Rome''
| native_name = {{Nobold|{{Lang|el|Δίων Κάσσιος}}}}
| relatives = [[Cassius Apronianus]] (father), [[Cassius Dio (consul 291)|Cassius Dio]] (grandchild or great-grandchild)
}}

'''Lucius Cassius Dio''' ({{circa|165|235}}),{{efn-lr|He was named [[praetor]] by [[Pertinax]] (r. 194 AD) and assumed the office in 195 AD. Given that the minimum age for such office was 30, his birth date is given as 165, 164 or 163 AD.<ref name="Swan">{{Cite book |last=Swan |first=Peter Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z27nCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 |title=The Augustan Succession: An Historical Commentary on Cassius Dio's Roman History, Books 55-56 |date=2004 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-516774-0 |page=1 |access-date=2023-06-02 |archive-date=2023-06-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602205658/https://books.google.com/books?id=Z27nCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Millar>{{cite book |last=Millar |first=Fergus |author-link=Fergus Millar |title=Study of Cassius Dio |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1964 |page=250 |isbn=0-19-814336-2}}</ref><ref name="Scott"/><ref name="Potter"/> Some authors argue that he was born earlier, in about 155 AD, but this is usually not accepted.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Riesner |first=Rainer |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7mAqa7PYr4kC&pg=PA167 |title=Paul's Early Period: Chronology, Mission Strategy, Theology |date=1998 |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |isbn=978-0-8028-4166-7 |chapter=Cassius Dio |pages=167–174 |access-date=2023-06-02 |archive-date=2023-06-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602205658/https://books.google.com/books?id=7mAqa7PYr4kC&pg=PA167 |url-status=live }}</ref> He probably died a few years before [[Alexander Severus]]'s death in 235, but there is no way to determine this.<ref name="Swan"/>}} also known as '''Dio Cassius''' ({{langx|grc|Δίων Κάσσιος}} {{Transliteration|grc|Dion Kassios}}), was a Roman historian and senator of maternal Greek origin. He published 80 volumes of the [[history of ancient Rome]], beginning with the arrival of [[Aeneas]] in Italy. The volumes documented the subsequent [[founding of Rome]] (753 BC), the [[Roman Republic|formation of the Republic]] (509 BC), and the [[history of the Roman Empire|creation of the Empire]] (27 BC) up until 229 AD, during the reign of [[Severus Alexander]]. Written in [[Koine Greek]] over 22 years, Dio's work covers approximately 1,000 years of history.

Many of his books have survived intact, alongside summaries edited by later authors such as [[John Xiphilinus (historian)|Xiphilinus]], a Byzantine monk of the 11th century, and [[Joannes Zonaras|Zonaras]], a Byzantine chronicler of the 12th century.

==Biography==
Lucius Cassius Dio{{efn-lr|The name "Lucius" is attested by {{AE|1985|821}}. Another inscription ({{AE|1971|430}}) attests "Cl(audius) Cassius Dio", but the extra letter is probably a stone cutter's error.<ref>''[[Oxford Classical Dictionary]]'', [https://oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.001.0001/acrefore-9780199381135-e-1415 "Cassius Dio".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184411/https://oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.001.0001/acrefore-9780199381135-e-1415 |date=2021-07-09 }}</ref><ref>Dio's name: ''[[L'Année épigraphique]]'' 1971, 430 = Κλ΄ Κάσσιος Δίων. ''Roman Military Diplomas'', Roxan, 133 = ''L. Cassius Dio''.</ref> Dio is also alleged to have had the {{lang|la|[[cognomen]]}} "Cocceianus", but Alain Gowing argues that the evidence for it is insufficient, and the ascription is a Byzantine confusion with [[Dio Chrysostom]], whom Pliny shows to be named Cocceianus.<ref>{{citation|author=Gowing, Alain|jstor=269480|title=Dio's Name|journal=Classical Philology|volume=85|issue=1|date=January 1990|pages=49–54|doi=10.1086/367176|s2cid=161453524|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/269480|url-access=subscription}}</ref>}} was the son of [[Cassius Apronianus]], a [[Roman senator]] and member of the [[Cassia gens]], who was born and raised at [[Nicaea]] in [[Bithynia]]. [[Byzantine Greeks|Byzantine]] tradition maintains that Dio's mother was the daughter or sister of the Greek orator and philosopher, [[Dio Chrysostom]]; however, this relationship has been disputed. Although Dio was a [[Roman citizen]], he wrote in Greek. Dio always maintained a love for his hometown of Nicaea, calling it "my home", as opposed to his description of his villa in [[Capua]], Italy ("the place where I spend my time whenever I am in Italy").<ref name="Potter">{{Cite book |last=Potter |first=David Stone |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Da6U4NaBMZAC&pg=PA72 |title=The Roman Empire at Bay, AD 180-395 |date=2004 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-10057-1 |page=72 |language= |access-date=2023-06-02 |archive-date=2023-06-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602205657/https://books.google.com/books?id=Da6U4NaBMZAC&pg=PA72 |url-status=live }}</ref>

For the greater part of his life, Dio was a member of the [[Civil service|public service]]. He was a senator under [[Commodus]] and governor of [[İzmir|Smyrna]] following the death of [[Septimius Severus]]; he became a [[suffect consul]] in approximately the year 205. Dio was also [[proconsul]] in [[Africa (Roman province)|Africa]] and [[Pannonia]]. [[Severus Alexander]] held Dio in the highest esteem and reappointed him to the position of consul in 229. Following his second consulship, while in his later years, Dio returned to his native Bithynia, where he eventually died.<ref name="Scott">{{Cite book |last=Scott |first=Andrew G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eKZTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 |title=Emperors and Usurpers: An Historical Commentary on Cassius Dio's Roman History |date=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-087959-4 |page=1 |language= |access-date=2023-06-02 |archive-date=2023-06-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602205658/https://books.google.com/books?id=eKZTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Carter |first=John |url=https://archive.org/details/romanhistoryreig00cass |title=The Reign of Augustus |publisher=Penguin Books |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-14-044448-3 |location=London |pages=[https://archive.org/details/romanhistoryreig00cass/page/n8 1] |url-access=registration}}</ref>

Dio was either the grandfather or great-grandfather of [[Cassius Dio (consul 291)|another Cassius Dio]], consul in 291.<ref>{{cite book |title=[[Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire]] |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=1971 |isbn=978-0-521-20159-9 |editor1-last=Martindale |editor1-first=John Robert |volume=I |page=253 |chapter=Cassius Dio |editor2-last=Jones |editor2-first=Arnold Hugh Martin |editor3-last=Morris |editor3-first=J. |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/prosopography-later-roman-empire/PLRE-I/page/252}}</ref>

==''Roman History'' {{anchor|Ῥωμαϊκὴ_Ἱστορία}}==
[[File:Vatican, Apostolic Library MS Vatican Greek 1288 fol 2v Cassius Dio Roman History 78.8.6-78.11.1.jpg|thumb|Excerpt (78.8.6-78.11.1) of Cassius Dio's Roman History from a 5th-century manuscript.]]
Dio published a ''Roman History'' ({{lang|grc|Ῥωμαϊκὴ Ἱστορία}}, ''Rhōmaïkḕ Historía'') in 80 books in [[ancient Greek language|Greek]], later translated into Latin as the {{lang|la|Historia Romana}}. On the matter of its composition, he writes the following: "I spent ten years in collecting all the achievements of the Romans from the beginning down to the death of [[Septimius Severus|Severus]] [211 AD], and twelve years more in composing my work. As for subsequent events, they also shall be recorded, down to whatever point it shall be permitted me".<ref>[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/73*.html ''Roman History'', Book 73.23.] [[Loeb Classical Library]].</ref><ref>See also {{Cite book |last=Kemezis |first=Adam M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YkilBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA285 |title=Greek Narratives of the Roman Empire under the Severans |date=2014 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-06272-6 |pages=282–293 |language= |chapter=The date of composition of Dio's history |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YkilBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA285 |access-date=2023-06-02 |archive-date=2023-06-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602205659/https://books.google.com/books?id=YkilBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA285 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The books cover a period of approximately 1,400 years, beginning with the tales from [[Roman mythology]] of the arrival of the legendary [[Aeneas]] in Italy ({{circa|1200 BC}}) and the founding of Rome by his descendant [[Romulus and Remus|Romulus]] (753 BC); as well as the historic events of the [[Roman Republic|republican]] and [[Roman Empire|imperial eras]] through 229 AD. The work is one of only three written Roman sources that document the [[Boudican revolt|British revolt of 60–61 AD]] led by [[Boudica]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Frénée-Hutchins |first=Samantha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3pAGDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA22 |title=Boudica's Odyssey in Early Modern England |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-17296-3 |page=22 |language= |access-date=2023-06-02 |archive-date=2023-06-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602205700/https://books.google.com/books?id=3pAGDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA22 |url-status=live }}</ref> Until the first century BC, Dio provides only a summary of events; after that period, his accounts become more detailed.

Dio's work has often been deprecated as unreliable and lacking any overall political aim.<ref>{{cite book |title=A Study of Cassius Dio |last=Millar |first=Fergus |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |year=1964}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Lintott, A. |date=1997 |title=Cassius Dio and the history of the late Roman republic |journal=Aufstieg und Niedergang der Römischen Welt |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=2497–2523}}</ref> Recently, however, some scholars have re-evaluated his work and have highlighted his complexity and sophisticated political and historical interpretations.<ref>{{cite book |title=Cassius Dio: Greek intellectual and Roman politician |editor=Lange, Carsten Hjort |editor2=Madsen, Jesper Majbom |date=2016 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-33531-8 |oclc=964448138}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Cassius Dion: nouvelles lectures |editor1=Fromentin, Valérie |editor2=Bertrand, Estelle |editor3=Coltelloni-Trannoy, Michèle |editor4=Molin, Michel |editor5=Urso, Gianpaolo |publisher=Ausonius |year=2016 |location=Bordeaux}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

===Survey of surviving books and fragments===
The first 21 books have been partially reconstructed based on fragments from other works, as well as the 12th-century [[epitome]] of [[Joannes Zonaras]] who used Dio's ''Roman History'' as a main source. Scholarship on this part of Dio's work is scarce but the importance of the [[Roman Republic|Early Republic]] and [[Roman Kingdom|Regal period]] to Dio's overall work has recently been underlined.<ref name=":0">{{cite book |title=Cassius Dio's Forgotten History of Early Rome |author1=Burden-Strevens, C. |author2=Lindholmer, M.O. |editor1-first=Christopher |editor1-last=Burden-Strevens |editor2-first=Mads |editor2-last=Lindholmer |year=2018 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-38455-2 |doi=10.1163/9789004384552 |s2cid=166209848 |url=https://kar.kent.ac.uk/68939/1/Burden-Strevens%20and%20Lindholmer%2C%20%27Cassius%20Dio%27s%20Early%20Rome%27%2C%20DRAFT.pdf |access-date=2022-04-10 |archive-date=2022-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412005503/https://kar.kent.ac.uk/68939/1/Burden-Strevens%20and%20Lindholmer%2C%20%27Cassius%20Dio%27s%20Early%20Rome%27%2C%20DRAFT.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Books 22 through 35, which are only sparsely covered by fragments, were already lost by the times of Zonaras.<ref>[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/Introduction*.html ''Roman History'', Introduction]. [[Loeb Classical Library]].</ref>

The books that follow, Books 36 through 54, are all nearly complete; they cover the period from 65 BC to 12 BC, or from the eastern campaign of [[Pompey]] and the death of [[Mithridates VI of Pontus|Mithridates]] to the death of [[Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa]]. Book 55 contains a considerable gap, while Books 56 through 60 (which cover the period from 9–54 AD) are complete and contain events from the defeat of [[Publius Quinctilius Varus|Varus]] in Germany to the death of [[Claudius]].

Of the 20 subsequent books in the series, there remain only fragments and the meager abridgement of [[John Xiphilinus (historian)|John Xiphilinus]], a Byzantine monk from the 11th century sponsored by emperor [[Michael VII Doukas]]. The abridgment of Xiphilinus, as now extant, commences with Book 35 and continues to the end of Book 80. The last book covers the period from 222 to 229 AD (the first half of the reign of [[Alexander Severus]]).

===Collections of book fragments===
The fragments of the first 36 books have been collected in four ways:

;''Fragmenta Valesiana'': Fragments that were dispersed throughout various writers, scholiasts, grammarians, and lexicographers, and were collected by [[Henri Valois]].

;''Fragmenta Peiresciana'': Large extracts, found in the section entitled "Of Virtues and Vices", contained in the collection, or portative library, compiled by order of [[Constantine VII]] Porphyrogenitus. The manuscript of this belonged to [[Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc]].

;''Fragmenta Ursiniana'': The fragments of the first 34 books, preserved in the second section of the same work by Constantine, entitled "Of Embassies". These are known under the name of ''Fragmenta Ursiniana'', as the manuscript in which they are contained was found in [[Sicily]] by [[Fulvio Orsini]].

;''Excerpta Vaticana'': ''[[Excerpta Vaticana]]'' by [[Angelo Mai]] contains fragments of Books 1 to 35 and 61 to 80. Additionally, fragments of an unknown [[continuator]] of Dio (''Anonymus post Dionem''), generally identified with the 6th century historian [[Peter the Patrician]], are included; these date from the time of [[Constantine I|Constantine]]. Other fragments from Dio that are primarily associated with the first 34 books were found by Mai in two Vatican manuscripts; these contain a collection that was compiled by [[Maximus Planudes]]. The annals of [[Joannes Zonaras]] also contain numerous extracts from Dio.

==Content==
An outline of ''Roman History''.

=== Books of ''Roman History'' ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Book !! Description
|-
| '''1'''|| The [[Founding of Rome]].
|-
| '''2'''|| The seven legendary [[King of Rome|Roman Kings]]. The rape of [[Lucretia]] and her suicide, the [[Overthrow of the Roman monarchy]] and the shift towards a Republic.
|-
| '''3'''|| The early [[Roman Republic]].
|-
| '''4'''|| Internal strife between plebes and patricians. [[Roman dictator]] is established as a concept and office.
|-
| '''5'''|| The [[Conflict of the Orders]], paused during times of crisis. [[Roman–Volscian wars|Wars with the Volsci]], [[Roman–Etruscan Wars|Etruscans]], [[Roman-Aequian wars|Aequi]], [[Roman–Sabine wars|and Sabines]], and the treason of [[Gnaeus Marcius Coriolanus|Coriolanus]]. The [[Twelve Tables|Laws of the Twelve Tables]].
|-
| '''6'''||The creation of the offices of [[consular tribune]] and of [[Roman censor|censor]]. Wars with the [[Etruscans]], [[Faliscans]], & with [[Veii]].
|-
| '''7'''|| War with the Gauls & Latins. The Capitol besieged. Failed coup of [[Marcus Manlius Capitolinus]]. Camillus serves several terms as dictator.
|-
| '''8'''|| War is fought with the [[Samnites]] and with [[Capua]]. The people's debts are annulled by the tribunes.
|-
| '''9'''|| War is fought with [[History of Taranto|Tarentum]] and [[Epirus]]. Epirus is led by King [[Pyrrhus of Epirus|Pyrrhus]]
|-
| '''10'''|| Tarentum and Epirus are defeated. Rome intervenes in Volsinii by bolstering the nobility.
|-
| '''11'''||[[First Punic War]]. Creation of Roman navy. Recounting of [[Regulus]]
|-
| '''12'''|| Rome wins the First Punic War. War is fought with the Gauls, the Faliscans, Liguria, Corsica, and Sardinia. Rome begins intervention in Greek affairs.
|-
| '''13'''||Start of the [[Second Punic War]].
|-
| '''14'''||Second Punic War, continues. [[Fabius Maximus]], elected dictator, pursues a policy of attrition.
|-
| '''15'''||Second Punic War continues. [[Battle of Cannae]] &the [[Siege of Syracuse (213–212 BC)|Siege of Syracuse]] & Roman capture of Capua. Death of [[Archimedes]].
|-
| '''16'''||Second Punic War continues. [[Scipio Africanus|Scipio]]'s success in Spain.
|-
| '''17'''|| End of Second Punic War and Roman victory.
|-
| '''18'''||War with [[Philip V of Macedonia]], [[Battle of Cynoscephalae]] leads to Philip's defeat. The Carthaginians incite up the Gauls. [[Cato the Elder]] and his writings.
|-
| '''19'''||Rome's dealings with Greece continued. War with Antiochus. Death of [[Hannibal]] in exile in Bithynia.
|-
| '''20'''||War against Perseus & Dalmatia. Rome's dealings with Rhodes, Cappadocia, Egypt.
|-
| '''21'''||[[Third Punic War]]. Carthage and Corinth destroyed.
|-
| '''22–29'''||The [[Bacchanalia#Bacchanalia scandal|Bacchanalia scandal]]. Wars in Spain, and against the Cimbri and Marsians. Discussion on [[Tiberius Gracchus]].
|-
| '''30–35'''||Beginning of the [[Mithridatic Wars]]. [[Sulla's civil war]].
|-
| '''36'''||The Armenian campaigns. [[Pompey's campaign against pirates]]
|-
| '''37'''||The career of [[Pompey]]. Campaigns against the Asiatic Iberians, the annexation of Syria and Phoenicia, and the [[First Triumvirate]] ([[Crassus]], [[Caesar]], and Pompey).
|-
| '''38'''|| [[Cicero#Exile and return|Exile of Cicero]]. Julius Caesar's first consulate.
|-
| '''39'''|| Gallic War, continued. Caesar crosses into Britain. Ptolemy expelled from Egypt and restored.
|-
| '''40'''||Gallic War, continued. Caesar crosses into Britain a second time. Crassus is defeated and killed. Rift between Caesar and Pompey begins.
|-
| '''41'''|| Caesar and his armies [[Crossing the Rubicon|cross the Rubicon]]. [[Battle of Dyrrhachium (48 BC)|Battle of Dyrrhachium]], [[Battle of Pharsalus]], Pompey's defeat.
|-
| '''42'''|| Death of Pompey. Caesar given honors in Rome.
|-
| '''43'''||Caesar defeats Scipio and the younger Gnaeus Pompey. Caesar's triumphs celebrated in Rome. Ground is broken for the [[Forum of Caesar]]. The Julian calendar reforms issued.
|-
| '''44'''||Caesar's cult of personality and his murder.
|-
| '''45'''||Caesar's heir [[Octavian]], and his character. The [[Second Triumvirate]] (Octavian, Antony, Lepidus). Rift between Antony and Octavian, and Cicero.
|-
| '''46'''||Octavian's victory over Antony.
|-
| '''47'''|| Rule of the Third Triumvirate. Defeat of Brutus and Cassius at the [[Battle of Philippi]].
|-
| '''48'''||Third Triumvirate continued. Octavian and Antony ally with, then defeat Sextus Pompey.
|-
| '''49'''||Octavian defeats Sextus Pompey and deprives Lepidus of his army and powers. Antony's defeat against the Parthians. Octavian conquers Pannonia. Rome acquires Mauretania.
|-
| '''50'''||Octavian and Antony fight each other, the latter is decisively defeated in the [[battle of Actium]].
|-
| '''51'''||Antony and Cleopatra. Suicide of Antony. Octavian conquers Egypt.
|-
| '''52'''||Octavian prepares to become the sole ruler of Rome.
|-
| '''53'''||Octavian becomes sole ruler of Rome, and in doing so ushers in the imperial period. Organization of provincial administration is discussed.
|-
| '''54'''|| Consolidation of power by Octavian, now called [[Augustus]]. Roman rule extends to Rhaetia, Noricum, the Maritime Alps, and the Chersonesus.
|-
| '''55'''||Dedication of the Precinct of Livia, the Campus Agrippae, the Diribitorium, the Temple of Mars. Tiberius retires to Rhodes. Augustus' heirs both die young. Empress Livia rises in influence.
|-
| '''56'''||The Disaster of Varus. Dedication of the Temple of Concord and the Portico of Livia. Death of Augustus and his funeral.
|-
| '''57'''||Tiberius assumes emperorship, his reign and character. Cappadocia becomes Roman. Deaths of Drusus and Germanicus Caesar.
|-
| '''58'''||Rise and fall of [[Sejanus]]. Continuation of Tiberius's reign, his consolidation of his hold on power, and his death.
|-
| '''59'''||Accession and reign of [[Caligula]].
|-
| '''60'''–'''61'''||Accession and reign of [[Claudius]]. Britain conquered. Claudius dies, poisoned by his wife Agrippina. Nero assumes the emperorship.
|-
| '''62'''||[[Agrippina the Younger]] is put to death. Nero's reign includes the revolt of [[Boudicca]] and the [[Great Fire of Rome]]. [[Domitius Corbulo]] conquers Armenia. Seneca's plot and suicide.
|-
| '''63'''||Nero's reign continued, and his suicide. Vespasian begins the [[First Jewish–Roman War]]. The brief reigns of Galba and Otho.
|-
| '''64'''||The reign of [[Vitellius]].
|-
| '''65'''||[[Vespasian]]'s reign. His son Titus captures Jerusalem and destroys the [[Second Temple]], winning the [[First Jewish–Roman War|First Jewish War]]. Vespasian subdues Egypt. Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus rebuilt.
|-
| '''66'''||Upon the death of Vespasian, [[Titus]] assumes the emperorship for two years and his reign. The eruption of Vesuvius that buried Pompeii.
|-
| '''67'''||The reign and character of [[Domitian]].
|-
| '''68'''||The brief reign of [[Nerva]]. Reign of [[Trajan]]. The [[Trajan's Dacian Wars|Dacian Wars]] end in Roman victory. Successful campaigns in Armenia and Parthia. A major earthquake centered in Antioch. Trajan dies.
|-
| '''69'''||Trajan's adoptive son [[Hadrian]] succeeds to the throne. His character and interests. Antinous. Hadrian brutally suppresses the [[Bar Kokhba revolt]]. Hadrian's protracted illness and death.
|-
| '''70'''||The reign of [[Antoninus Pius]].
|-
| '''71'''||[[Marcus Aurelius]] assumes the emperorship. The war against Vologaesus in Armenia. Roman bridge-building techniques are discussed.
|-
| '''72'''||Wars against the Marcomanni and the Iazyges. Cassius's revolt in Syria ends in his death. Character of Marcus Aurelius.
|-
| '''73'''||The reign of Marcus Aurelius' son [[Commodus]] and his character. His assassination.
|-
| '''74'''||The reign and assassination of [[Pertinax]]. [[Didius Julianus]] wins power by purchasing it from the [[Praetorian Guard]]. Julianus's reign, and his assassination.
|-
| '''75'''||[[Septimius Severus]] rise to the emperorship and his suppression of a rebellion.
|-
| '''76'''||Severus defeats Albinus. War in Caledonia, and second siege of Hatra in Mesopotamia: neither one particularly successful. Power of Plautianus, prefect of the city.
|-
| '''77'''||Eruption of Vesuvius. The downfall of Plautianus. Severus's campaign and death.
|-
| '''78'''||[[Caracalla|Caracalla's]] reign as emperor. The wars he fought, his character and his mass killings of Alexandrians are discussed.
|-
| '''79'''||Caracalla falls to Macrinus. Macrinus and his reign. Macrinus' reign primarily occupied with civil war. He is overthrown by Elagabalus.
|-
| '''80'''||The reign of [[Elagabalus]], who is overthrown due to his excesses. [[Severus Alexander]] assumes the throne.
|}

== See also ==
* [[Herodian]]
* [[Roman historiography]]
* [[Severan dynasty]]
* [[Tacitus]]

==Notes==
{{notelist-lr}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{Library resources box |by=yes |onlinebooks=yes |others=yes |about=yes |label=Cassius Dio |viaf= |lccn= |lcheading= |wikititle= }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Aalders |first=G. J. D. |date=1986 |title=Cassius Dio and the Greek World |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4431512 |journal=Mnemosyne |volume=39 |issue=3/4 |pages=282–304 |doi=10.1163/156852586X00446 |jstor=4431512 |issn=0026-7074|url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite book |last1=Burden-Strevens |first1=Christopher |url=https://kar.kent.ac.uk/68939/1/Burden-Strevens%20and%20Lindholmer%2C%20%27Cassius%20Dio%27s%20Early%20Rome%27%2C%20DRAFT.pdf |title=Cassius Dio's Forgotten History of Early Rome: The Roman History, Books 1–21 |last2=Lindholmer |first2=Mads |date=2018 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-38455-2}}
*{{Cite book |last1=Fromentin |first1=Valérie |url=http://books.openedition.org/ausonius/15175 |title=Cassius Dion: nouvelles lectures |last2=Bertrand |first2=Estelle |last3=Coltelloni-Trannoy |first3=Michèle |last4=Molin |first4=Michel |last5=Urso |first5=Gianpaolo |date=2023 |publisher=Ausonius Éditions |isbn=978-2-35613-569-8 |series=Scripta Antiqua |location=Pessac |language=fr, en |trans-title= |display-authors= |display-editors=etal}}
* {{Cite book|last=Hose|first=Martin|author-link=Martin Hose|title=Erneuerung der Vergangenheit. Die Historiker im Imperium Romanum von Florus bis Cassius|trans-title=Renewing the past. Historians in the Roman Empire from Florus to Cassius|series=Beiträge zur Altertumskunde|volume=273|publisher=Teubner|location=Stuttgart/Leipzig|year=1994|isbn=3-519-07494-X}}
* {{Cite book|last=Kemezis|first=Adam M.|title=Greek narratives of the Roman Empire under the Severans. Cassius Dio, Philostratus and Herodian|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|year=2014|isbn=978-1-107-06272-6}}
* {{Cite book|last=Kuhn-Chen|first=Barbara|title=Geschichtskonzeptionen griechischer Historiker im 2. und 3. Jahrhundert n. Chr. Untersuchungen zu den Werken von Appian, Cassius Dio und Herodian|trans-title=Concepts of history among Greek historians in the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD. Studies on the works of Appian, Cassius Dio and Herodian|publisher=Lang|location=Frankfurt|year=2002|isbn=3-631-39382-2}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G9SYDQAAQBAJ |title=Cassius Dio: Greek Intellectual and Roman Politician |date=2016 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-33531-8 |editor-last=Lange |editor-first=Carsten Hjort |doi=10.1163/9789004335318 |editor-last2=Madsen |editor-first2=Jesper Majborm}}
* {{Cite book|editor-last1=Madsen|editor-first1=Jesper Majbom|editor-last2=Scott|editor-first2=Andrew G.|title=Brill's companion to Cassius Dio|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden/Boston|year=2023|isbn=978-90-04-52417-0}}
* {{Cite book |last=Millar |first=Fergus |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OJVpAAAAMAAJ |title=A Study of Cassius Dio |date=1964 |publisher=Clarendon Press |isbn=978-0-19-814336-9 |language= |author-link=Fergus Millar}}
* {{Cite book |last=Murison |first=Charles L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f1N5AAAAIAAJ |title=Rebellion and Reconstruction: Galba to Domitian |date=1999 |publisher=Scholars Press |isbn=978-0-7885-0547-8}}
* {{Cite book |last=Reinhold |first=Meyer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VV5oAAAAMAAJ |title=From Republic to Principate: An Historical Commentary on Cassius Dio's Roman History Books 49–52 (36–29 B.C.) |date=1988 |publisher=Scholars Press |isbn=978-1-55540-112-2 |author-link=Meyer Reinhold}}
* {{cite book |last1=Scott |first1=Andrew G. |url=https://brill.com/display/title/64486?language=en |title=An age of iron and rust: Cassius Dio and the history of his time |date=2023 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden/Boston |isbn=9789004541115}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote|Dio Cassius}}
{{Commons category}}
{{wikisource|works=or}}
* {{cite EB1911|wstitle=Dio Cassius |volume=8 |pages=278–279|short=x}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Cassius Dio}}
* [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/searchresults?q=Cassius&redirect=true Greek text of Dio's ''Roman History''] at the [[Perseus Digital Library]] (Earnest Cary & Herbert Baldwin Foster, [[Loeb Classical Library]], 1914–1927)
* [http://www.poesialatina.it/_ns/Greek/testi/Cassius/Historiae_Romanae01.html Greek text of Dio's ''Roman History''] at Poesia Latina (1914–1927 edition)
* {{Gutenberg author|id=3339|coda=(English translation of ''Roman History'' by Herbert Baldwin Foster, 1905)}}
* [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/home.html English translation of Dio's ''Roman History''] on [[LacusCurtius]] (1914–1927 edition)
* [http://remacle.org/bloodwolf/historiens/Dion/table.htm Greek text with French Translation] ([[Étienne Gros]]{{sup|[[:fr:Étienne Gros|(fr)]]}} and V. Boissée, 1845–1870)
* [http://www.tertullian.org/rpearse/manuscripts/dio_cassius.htm Dio Cassius: the Manuscripts of "The Roman History"] at the Tertullian Project
* [[Editio princeps]]: [http://d3seu6qyu1a8jw.cloudfront.net/sites/default/files/collections/06/06A25F27-F3B4-4706-B98A-29D554307756.pdf ΤΩΝ ΔΙΩΝΟΣ ΡΩΜΑΪΚΩΝ ΙΣΤΟΡΙΩΝ ΕΙΚΟΣΙΤΡΙΑ ΒΙΒΛΙΑ: Dionis Romanarum historiarum libri XXIII, à XXXVI ad LVIII vsque] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419025231/http://d3seu6qyu1a8jw.cloudfront.net/sites/default/files/collections/06/06A25F27-F3B4-4706-B98A-29D554307756.pdf |date=2014-04-19 }}, Greek text edited by [[Robert Estienne]], Paris, 1548. [http://www.cmog.org/library/n-dio-nos-ro-maiko-n-historio-n-eikositria-biblia-dionis-romanarum-historiarum-libri-xxiii Held] by the [[Corning Museum of Glass]].
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6dp_Se9qCAC Editio princeps of Xiphilinus's Epitome (Robert Estienne, Paris, 1551)] at Google Books

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef
| before = [[Quintus Aiacius Modestus Crescentianus|Q. Aiacius Modestus Crescentianus]]
| before2 = [[Marcus Pomponius Maecius Probus|M. Pomponius Maecius Probus]]
}}
{{s-ttl
| title = [[Roman consul]]
| years = 229
| regent1 = [[Severus Alexander]]
}}
{{s-aft
| after = [[Lucius Virius Agricola]]
| after2 = [[Sextus Catius Clementinus Priscillianus|Sex. Catius Clementinus Priscillianus]]
}}
{{s-end}}
{{Bar Kokhba revolt}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:150s births]]
[[Category:230s deaths]]
[[Category:2nd-century Greek writers]]
[[Category:2nd-century Romans]]
[[Category:3rd-century Greek writers]]
[[Category:3rd-century historians]]
[[Category:3rd-century Romans]]
[[Category:Cassii|Dio]]
[[Category:Greek-language historians from the Roman Empire]]
[[Category:Historians from Roman Anatolia]]
[[Category:3rd-century Roman consuls]]
[[Category:People from Nicaea]]
[[Category:Roman governors of Africa]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:Year of death uncertain]]
[[Category:2nd-century historians]]

Bhagavad Gita (film)

2026-03-11T13:55:41Z

DEVANSH: quick update

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bhagavad Gita
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| director = [[G. V. Iyer]]
| producer = [[T. Subbarami Reddy]]
| writer = [[Bannanje Govindacharya]] G. V. Iyer
| based_on = ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]''
| starring = [[Neena Gupta]] Gopi Manohar G. V. Ragahvendra Govindh Rao Surya Mohan Kulshreshtha
| music = [[Mangalampalli Balamuralikrishna]] [[B. V. Karanth]] (background score)
| cinematography = [[Madhu Ambat]]
| editing = Shri Nanjundaswamy
| released = {{Film date|1993}}
| distributor = [[National Film Development Corporation of India|NFDC India]] A. P. Film chamber of Commerce
| runtime = 140 minutes
| country = India
| language = Sanskrit Telugu Hindi
}}
'''''Bhagavad Gita''''' (known as '''''Bhagvad Gita: Song of the Lord''''' in the United States) is a 1993 Indian [[Sanskrit]]-language [[drama film]] with few dialogues in Hindi and Telugu language. It was produced by [[T. Subbarami Reddy]] and directed by [[G. V. Iyer]]. The film is based on [[Hindu]] religious book ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'', which is part of the epic ''[[Mahabharata]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bhagavad Gita summary|url=https://sites.google.com/view/bhagavad-gita-summary/|access-date=2020-08-22|website=sites.google.com}}</ref>

==Plot==
{{Main|Bhagavad Gita}}
G. V. Iyer's film opens with a flowery [[Puja (Hinduism)|pooja]] performed on a [[shivalinga]], followed by an on-stage presentation of the film's cast and crew. The mayhem of the [[Kurukshetra War]] is witnessed by [[Arjuna|Prince Arjuna]] before he and his charioteer, [[Krishna]], begin the dialogue that is the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]''. Complimentary imagery accompany the verses of the ''Gita'', with many of the scenes set in nature, eventually crescendoing with Arjuna standing atop clouds among the [[Himalayas]], transitioning further up into the cosmos as imagery of the planets accompany verses sung by Krishna.

==Reception==

The film premiered at the Andhra Pradesh Film Chamber of Commerce in [[Hyderabad, India]], and [[International Film Festival of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/FrmIP1993Award.aspx?PdfName=IP1993.pdf |title=Directorate of Film Festival |access-date=22 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140403142924/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/FrmIP1993Award.aspx?PdfName=IP1993.pdf |archive-date=3 April 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The film went on to win the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film]] at the [[40th National Film Awards]] in 1993.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bhagvad Gita (film) G V Iyer |url= https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000467/1993 |publisher=IMDb |access-date=9 March 2012}}</ref><ref name="40thaward">{{cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm40thNFAAward.aspx|title=40th National Film Awards|publisher=[[India International Film Festival]]|access-date=2 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602174839/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm40thNFAAward.aspx|archive-date=2 June 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="40thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/40th_nff_1993.pdf|title=40th National Film Awards (PDF)|publisher= [[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|access-date=2 March 2012}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[G. V. Iyer]]
*[[Adi Shankaracharya (film)|''Adi Shankaracharya'' (film)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|0106407|Bhagavad Gita}}

{{G. V. Iyer}}
{{NationalFilmAwardBestFeatureFilm}}
{{Works based on the Mahabharata}}

[[Category:1993 films]]
[[Category:Films based on the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Best Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Bhagavad Gita]]
[[Category:Sanskrit-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by G. V. Iyer]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. Balamuralikrishna]]

{{1990s-Hindi-film-stub}}
{{1990s-drama-film-stub}}

Mohammad Khorshed Alam

2026-03-07T18:33:38Z

DEVANSH: basic cleanup article also and improved wording

{{Short description|Bangladeshi politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Distinguish|Md Khurshed Alam}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mohammad Khorshed Alam
| caption = Mohammad Khorshed Alam (Bir Pratik) after the medal presentation ceremony.
| image = মোহাম্মদ_খোরশেদ_আলম_(বীর_প্রতীক).jpg
| office = Member of Bangladesh Parliament
| term_start = 7 March 1973
| term_end = 6 November 1976
| predecessor =
| successor =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Awami League]]
}}
'''Mohammad Khorshed Alam''' ({{Langx|bn|মোহাম্মদ খোরশেদ আলম}}) is an [[Awami League]] politician in Bangladesh and a former member of parliament for [[Comilla-15]].

==Career==
Alam was elected to parliament from Comilla-15 as an Awami League candidate in 1973.<ref>{{cite web |title=List of 1st Parliament Members |url=http://www.parliament.gov.bd/images/pdf/formermp/1st.pdf |website=Bangladesh Parliament |language=bn |access-date=24 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909153327/http://www.parliament.gov.bd/images/pdf/formermp/1st.pdf |archive-date=9 September 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Alam, Mohammad Khorshed}}
[[Category:20th-century births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Awami League politicians]]
[[Category:1st Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:People from Brahmanpara Upazila]]
[[Category:Candidates in the 1970 Pakistani general election]]
[[Category:Members of the Constituent Assembly of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Politicians from Chittagong Division]]

{{Chittagong-AL-politician-stub}}

Baazi (1984 film)

2026-03-03T23:49:45Z

DEVANSH: minor cleanup

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Verification|date=February 2025}}{{Infobox film
| name = Baazi
| image = Baazi, film poster.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Raj N. Sippy]]
| producer = K. K. Talwar
| writer =
| starring = [[Dharmendra]] [[Mithun Chakraborty]] [[Rekha]] [[Ranjeeta]] [[Shakti Kapoor]] [[Madan Puri]]
| music = [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
| cinematography = Anwar Siraj
| editing =
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1984|4|27}}
| runtime = 136 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Baazi''''' is a 1984 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[action film]] directed by [[Raj N. Sippy]]. The film stars [[Dharmendra]], [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Rekha]], [[Ranjeeta]], [[Shakti Kapoor]], [[Madan Puri]] and [[Mac Mohan]].

==Plot==
Ajay Sharma, is a Police Inspector of notable wealth. He is happily married to Asha with two children. Many a times he goes out of his work area to destructively capture dangerous criminals and inadvertently falls under disciplinary warning with his concerned superiors. After repeated warnings he is discharged from the Police force. He decides to go back to his boyhood town by joining his father in the family business. They are living happily. However a notable Criminal going by the name of Rocky and his uncle trace Ajay to his home town and decide to set up a casino. Past its grand opening, Ajay and his friend Albert visit the casino and fall under a confrontation with the gamekeeper and management when they are cheated during the game. During the fight, Albert is killed and Ajay is seriously wounded.

In a parallel storyline, a young man named Salim seeks employment in the town and beings to court a woman named Noora, a [[dabbawala]]. Rocky is impressed with Salim's strength and hires him as his henchman. When Ajay comes to the casino to avenge Albert's death, Ajay & Salim become embroiled in a serious a fight. Rocky accidentally injures Salim, but diverts the blame to Ajay.

When Salim sees Ajay's cut, he realises that Rocky is out to harm them both. Ajay and Salim join hands and fight the goons. The goons while trying to shoot Ajay kill Asha instead. Ajay and Salim avenge Asha's death by killing Rocky and their leader.

==Cast==
*[[Dharmendra]] as Police Inspector Ajay Sharma
*[[Rekha]] as Mrs. Asha Sharma
*[[Mithun Chakraborty]] as Salim Khan
*[[Ranjeeta]] as Noora
*[[Shakti Kapoor]] as Rocky
*[[Madan Puri]] as Durgaprasad Sharma
*[[Mac Mohan]] as Rocky's accomplice
*[[Prema Narayan]] as Casino Singer

==Soundtrack==
Lyrics: [[Anand Bakshi]]

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Title !! Singer(s)
|-
| "Noora De De"
| [[Kishore Kumar]], [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
| "Gupchup Hai Mummy Gumsum Hai Daddy"
| Kishore Kumar, Asha Bhosle, [[Shivangi Kolhapure]], [[Baby Rajeshwari]]
|-
| "Mere Saathi Jeevan Saathi"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Shabbir Kumar]]
|-
| "Mere Saathi Jeevan Saathi" (Party)
| Lata Mangeshkar, Shabbir Kumar
|-
| "Kaise Pyar Hota Hai"
| [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
| "Thodi Si Khusi Hai Thoda Sa Hai"
| Asha Bhosle, Shabbir Kumar, Shivangi Kolhapure, Baby Rajeshwari
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0086925|Baazi}}

[[Category:1984 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1984 Indian films]]
[[Category:1984 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
[[Category:Films directed by Raj N. Sippy]]

{{1980s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Ramji Sakpal

2026-03-03T22:06:14Z

DEVANSH: added a stub...

{{Short description|Social activist and father of B. R. Ambedkar (1848–1913)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ramji Maloji Sakpal
| image = File:Subhedar Ramji Maloji Sakpal (1838 - 1913) was the father of Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar who was a Subedar – Major in army.png
| image_size =
| birth_date = {{Birth date text|1848}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1913|02|02|1848|09|14}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai]]
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Soldiers, military teachers
| years_active =
| father = Maloji Sakpal
| spouse = Bhimabai Sakpal, Jijabai Sakpal
| children = Anand, [[B. R. Ambedkar]], Balram, Ganga, Manjula, Tulsa
| relatives =
| module =
| genre =
}}
'''Ramji Sakpal''' (1848–1913), popularly known as '''Ramji Ambedkar''', was a 'Subhedar' in the [[British Indian Army]]. He was fluent in English and also served as a teacher to the British Indian Army. Ramji Ambedkar was the father of [[B. R. Ambedkar|Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar]]. In extremely adverse circumstances, Ramji Maloji Ambedkar endured hardships to complete Bhimrao's education. Ramji Ambedkar wanted Bhimrao to get higher education.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-06 |title=असा झालो मी आंबेडकर! - |url=https://prahaar.in/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0/ |access-date=2024-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206232901/https://prahaar.in/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0/ |archive-date=6 December 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gopal |first=Ashok |date=2023-04-14 |title=How Ramji Sakpal struggled for the education that gave us his son Bhimrao Ambedkar |url=https://scroll.in/article/1047284/how-ramji-sakpal-struggled-for-the-education-that-gave-us-his-son-bhimrao-ambedkar |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref>

== Life ==
Ramji was the father of [[B. R. Ambedkar]]. Ramji's father Maloji had joined the British royal army as a soldier. Due to his service in the army, Maloji Rao was able to study in a military school. He had taken initiation into the Ramananda sect. Therefore, pure thoughts and pure conduct played an important role in Maloji Rao's household affairs.  Maloji Rao had four children, three sons and a daughter. After two sons, the daughter Mirabai was born. Ramji, born around 1848, was Maloji Rao's fourth child.  Maloji Rao's first son abandoned his family and became a monk. The second son joined the British army. The third son, Ramji, studied in a military school and later passed the normal examination.{{sfn|Gaikwad Rajvansh|2024|pp=32}} While studying, Ramji was enrolled as a soldier in the 106th Sappers and Miners Battalion of the British Army around 1866 at the age of 18. When Ramji was 19 years old, he married 13-year-old Bhimabai. Bhimabai's father was a resident of Murbad and was a Subedar in the British army.{{sfn|Gaikwad Rajvansh|2024|pp=33}} Ramji was religious. He recited the couplets of Saint Kabir, the Abhangs of saints like Dnyaneshwar, [[Namdev]], Chokhoba, [[Eknath]], Tukaram etc. He used to read Dnyaneshwari every day and also recited Strophes and Bhupalya in the morning. While he was a soldier in the army, his English education started in the military school and he mastered English very well. Due to this, he passed the Normal School (matriculation) examination.{{sfn|Gaikwad Rajvansh|2024|pp=33}} After passing the matriculation examination, he got a job as a soldier and was promoted to the post of teacher in the military school i.e. 'Normal School'.{{sfn|Gaikwad Rajvansh|2024|pp=34}} Ramji was admitted to the Military School in Pune to get training to provide better education. After becoming a trained teacher, he was promoted to the Military School of the [[British Raj]] and became the headmaster and remained in this position for fourteen years. He was also promoted to the post of 'Subhedar' during the final phase of his tenure as headmaster.{{sfn|Gaikwad Rajvansh|2024|pp=34,35}} Ramji and Bhimabai had fourteen children by 1891. Of these, four daughters, Ganga, Rama, Manjula and Tulsa, were still alive. Of the sons, three sons, Balaram, Anandrao and Bhimrao (Bhiwa), were still alive. Bhimrao was the youngest and fourteenth child.{{sfn|Gaikwad Rajvansh|2024|pp=35}}

The battalion in which Ramji was stationed arrived at the military base in Mhow , Madhya Pradesh, in 1888. Here, Subedar Ramji was appointed as the headmaster of the Normal School.  During this period, on 14 April 1891, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar was born to Ramji and Bhimabai in the military cantonment village of Mhow (now Dr. Ambedkar Nagar ).  Ramji also received formal education in Marathi and English. Bhimrao was the 14th and last child of Ramji Sakpal and his mother Bhimabai.{{sfn|Gaikwad Rajvansh|2024|pp=35}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book |last1=Gaikwad Rajvansh |first1=Dr. Dnyanraj |title=Mahamnav Dr. Bhimrao Ramji |date=2024 |publisher=Riya Prakashan |location=Kolapur |isbn=978-9358135183}}
[[Category:Ambedkar family]]
[[Category:1848 births]]
[[Category:1913 deaths]]
[[Category:Marathi people]]
{{improve categories|date=December 2024}}
{{Authority control}}

Oru Thayin Sabhatham

2026-03-03T05:13:47Z

DEVANSH: minor added page per sources and improved wording

{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Oru Thayin Sabhatham.JPG
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[T. Rajendar]]
| screenplay = T. Rajendar
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Meri Jung]]''|[[Javed Akhtar]]}}
| producer = T. Rajendar
| starring = T. Rajendar
| cinematography = T. Rajendar
| editing = K. Ramalingam
| music = T. Rajendar
| studio = Chimbu Cine Arts
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1987|4|14}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Oru Thayin Sabhatham''''' ({{translation|A mother's vow}}) is a 1987 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[legal drama]] film<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2019 |title=Movie Recos: 15 courtroom dramas in Tamil you might want to watch |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/photos/slideshows/2019/aug/07/movie-recos-15-courtroom-dramas-in-tamil-you-might-want-to-watch-419--14.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231220091743/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/photos/slideshows/2019/aug/07/movie-recos-15-courtroom-dramas-in-tamil-you-might-want-to-watch-419--14.html |archive-date=20 December 2023 |access-date=20 December 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |pages=14}}</ref> written, directed, scored and produced by [[T. Rajendar]]. He appeared in the lead role with [[Srividya]], whilst the film featured an extensive cast, which includes Rajendar's son [[Silambarasan]]. It is a remake of the 1985 [[Hindi]] film ''[[Meri Jung]]'',<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=பாரத் |date=22 October 1987 |title=இறக்குமதி! இறக்குமதி! |trans-title=Import! Import! |url=https://archive.org/details/20231029_20231029_1021/page/n373/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240509112657/https://archive.org/details/20231029_20231029_1021/page/n373/mode/2up |archive-date=9 May 2024 |access-date=9 May 2024 |magazine=Mannan Magal |pages=136–137 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> and is the only remake Rajendar ever directed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Elayaraja |first=D. |date=24 May 2025 |title=டி.ஆர். இயக்கிய ஒரே ரீமேக் படம்: அத்தனை பாட்டும் பெரிய ஹிட்டு: இந்த படத்தின் கதை என்ன? |trans-title=The only remake directed by T.R.: All the songs were big hits. Do you know what the film's story is? |url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema-director-t-rajendar-directed-one-remake-movie-update-in-tamil-9302953 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260217102142/https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema-director-t-rajendar-directed-one-remake-movie-update-in-tamil-9302953 |archive-date=17 February 2026 |access-date=17 February 2026 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=ta}}</ref> The film was released on 14 April 1987 and became a success.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 January 2023 |title=தொடர்ந்து 7 வெற்றிப் படங்கள் தந்து சாதனைப் படைத்த டி.ராஜேந்தர் |trans-title=T Rajendar set a record with 7 consecutive hits |url=https://tamil.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/cinema-t-rajendar-has-a-record-of-7-successful-films-in-a-row-871730.html |url-status=live |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240213114815/https://tamil.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/cinema-t-rajendar-has-a-record-of-7-successful-films-in-a-row-871730.html |archive-date=13 February 2024 |access-date=17 February 2026 |work=[[News18]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Plot ==
SR is a successful criminal lawyer who consistently wins his cases by manipulating court proceedings to his advantage. In one such case, he conspires with some criminals to frame an innocent man named Thyagarajan for murder, resulting in his death penalty. Thyagarajan's wife, Srividya, and their two children, a son and a daughter, plead with SR, but to no avail. After Thyagarajan's execution, Srividya disappears and is presumed dead.

The two children are adopted by a kind-hearted lawyer and raised as his own. Years later, the son grows up to become Rajkumar, a successful lawyer in his own right. Meanwhile, SR's spoiled son, Madhu, becomes classmates with Rajkumar's sister.

Rajkumar takes on a case defending an innocent doctor, Subhadra, who was framed for murder by SR's associates. Rajkumar wins the case and Subhadra is released, angering SR. Rajkumar befriends Subhadra's husband, Dr. Ravi, who helps him discover that his mother is alive and living in a psychiatric hospital.

Madhu hatches a plan to seduce and betray Rajkumar's sister as revenge against Rajkumar. She falls for Madhu and plans to elope with him, but their classmate Vanitha, who was already betrayed by Madhu, rescues her. Enraged, Madhu kills Vanitha and is framed for her murder. Rajkumar defends Madhu in court and proves him guilty, resulting in a death sentence.

SR plans to kill Rajkumar and his mother, but Srividya, who is revealed to be alive, shoots and kills SR outside the court premises.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[T. Rajendar]] as Rajkumar
*[[Srividya]] as Rajkumar's mother
*[[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]] as Thyagarajan
*[[S. S. Chandran]]
*[[Nizhalgal Ravi]] as Dr. Ravi
*[[Charuhasan]]
*[[Senthamarai (actor)|Senthamarai]] as SR
*[[Babloo Prithiveeraj]] as Madhu
*Mekala
*[[Kutty Padmini]] as Subhadra
*[[Silambarasan]] (child artist) as baby in two songs<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 December 2015 |title=Simbu & Anirudh shunned by film industry, Nadigar Sangam pans song |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/simbu-anirudh-shunned-by-film-industry-nadigar-sangam-pans-song/articleshow/50259907.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913071540/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/simbu-anirudh-shunned-by-film-industry-nadigar-sangam-pans-song/articleshow/50259907.cms |archive-date=13 September 2021 |access-date=13 September 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* Ilakiya (child artist) as baby in two songs
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by T. Rajender who also wrote the lyrics for all songs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oru Thayin Sabatham |url=https://gaana.com/album/oru-thayin-sabatham |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820064446/https://gaana.com/album/oru-thayin-sabatham |archive-date=20 August 2019 |access-date=20 August 2019 |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Oru Thayin Sabatham Tamil Film LP Vinyl Record by T.Rajender |url=https://mossymart.com/product/oru-thayin-sabatham-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-t-rajender/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913071542/https://mossymart.com/product/oru-thayin-sabatham-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-t-rajender/ |archive-date=13 September 2021 |access-date=13 September 2021 |website=Mossymart}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Ada Kathalicha Pothathu
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| title2 = Ammadiyo Aathadiyo
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Dr. Kalyanam
| title3 = Dharmanthan Jeyikkumunga
| extra3 = [[Malaysia Vasudevan]], Vidya
| title4 = Enathu Ganam Un
| extra4 = [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[S. Janaki]]
| title5 = Jadhigal Sollida.. Enathu Ganam Un
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| title6 = Magane Nee Uranga
| extra6 = Vidya
| title7 = Raakozhi Koovayile
| extra7 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[Uma Ramanan]]
| title8 = Saaral Kaathuladhan
| extra8 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Uma Ramanan
| title9 = Sollamathane Intha
| extra9 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[K. S. Chithra]]
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Oru Thayin Sabatham'' was released on 14 April 1987.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 April 1987 |title=Oru Thayin Sapatham |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19870414&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=20 August 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=7 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> According to an article by Sreedhar Pillai in ''[[India Today]]'', the film was sold for {{INRConvert|50|l|year=1988}} and it did business worth over {{INRConvert|80|l|year=1988}}.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=15 January 1988 |title=Rush of contenders for top place in Tamil films |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19880115-rush-of-contenders-for-top-place-in-tamil-films-796855-1988-01-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820062757/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19880115-rush-of-contenders-for-top-place-in-tamil-films-796855-1988-01-15 |archive-date=20 August 2019 |access-date=20 August 2019 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> N. Krishnaswamy of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote, "Rajendar is a talented man, but he should bridle his overbearing ambitions. He should learn to serve the ends of cinema with humility."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnaswamy |first=N. |date=24 April 1987 |title='Set' thinking |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19870424&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=23 April 2018 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=12 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' criticised the climactic fight sequence as a waste of budget, as well as S. S. Chandran's comedy.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=10 May 1987 |title=ஒரு தாயின் சபதம் |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1987/may/10-05-1987/p67.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220730041437/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1987/may/10-05-1987/p67.jpg |archive-date=30 July 2022 |access-date=27 May 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=67 |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{T. Rajendar}}

[[Category:1980s legal drama films]]
[[Category:1987 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1987 films]]
[[Category:1987 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films about miscarriage of justice]]
[[Category:Films directed by T. Rajendar]]
[[Category:Films scored by T. Rajendar]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by T. Rajendar]]
[[Category:Indian legal drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Hindi films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Durga (1990 film)

2026-03-03T04:51:47Z

DEVANSH: updated page

{{More citations needed|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Durga (1990 film).jpg
| caption = VCD cover
| director = [[Rama Narayanan]]
| writer = Pugazhmani (dialogue)
| screenplay = Rama Narayanan
| story = Rama Narayanan
| producer = N. Radha
| starring = [[Shamlee|Baby Shamili]] [[Nizhalgal Ravi]] [[Kanaka (actress)|Kanaka]] [[Kitty (actor)|Kitty]]
| cinematography = [[N. K. Viswanathan]]
| editing = Raja
| music = [[Shankar–Ganesh]]
| studio = [[Sri Thenandal Films]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1990|8|10|ref1=}}
| runtime = 116 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Durga''''' is a 1990 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[children's film]], directed and written by [[Rama Narayanan]], with dialogue written by Pugazhmani. It stars [[Shamlee|Baby Shamili]] (dual role) playing the title role, with [[Nizhalgal Ravi]], [[Kanaka (actress)|Kanaka]] and [[Kitty (actor)|Kitty]] in the lead while [[Sathyapriya]], [[Vagai Chandrasekhar]], [[Senthil]] and [[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]] play pivotal roles. The film was released on 10 August 1990 and fared well at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lakshmi |first=V. |date=10 August 2020 |title=Shamlee on #30YearsOfDurga: My family would play Durga to wake me up from naps |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/shamlee-on-30yearsofdurga-my-family-would-play-durga-to-wake-me-up-from-naps/articleshow/77451427.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811055116/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/shamlee-on-30yearsofdurga-my-family-would-play-durga-to-wake-me-up-from-naps/articleshow/77451427.cms |archive-date=11 August 2020 |access-date=14 August 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=R |first=Priyadarshini |date=10 August 2023 |title=33 Years of Durga : இரட்டை வேடத்தில் பேபி ஷாம்லி! ஹிட்டான பாப்பா பாடும் பாட்டு பாடல்! நினைவில் என்றும் துர்கா! |url=https://tamil.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/33-years-of-durga-baby-shamli-in-a-double-role-the-hit-papa-song-remember-durga-131691601033982.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214082219/https://tamil.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/33-years-of-durga-baby-shamli-in-a-double-role-the-hit-papa-song-remember-durga-131691601033982.html |archive-date=14 February 2024 |access-date=14 February 2024 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=யுவராஜ் |first=லாவண்யா |date=10 August 2023 |title=33 years of Durga : நாயும் குரங்கும் கூட அசால்ட் செய்த படம்... 90-ஸ் கிட்ஸ் கொண்டாடிய துர்காவுக்கு 33 வயசாயிடுச்சு! |url=https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/33-years-of-durga-rama-narayanan-baby-shamili-134076 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812112236/https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/33-years-of-durga-rama-narayanan-baby-shamili-134076 |archive-date=12 August 2023 |access-date=14 February 2024 |website=[[ABP Nadu]] |language=ta}}</ref> The film was remade in [[Kannada]] as ''Bhairavi'' in 1991, with Shamili playing the same role.

== Plot ==
Durga, the only daughter of a wealthy couple, is faced with tragedy when her father passes away and her uncle attempts to take over their wealth. Matters take a turn for the worse when her mother is killed by her uncle. Kitty, an accomplice of her uncle, also plans to kill Durga to secure the fortune for himself. However, Durga manages to escape with the help of her loyal pets – Ramu the monkey and Raja the dog.

As Durga flees, she comes across Muthu, a kind-hearted man who befriends her. Meanwhile, Kannamma, a talented [[karakattam]] dancer, falls for Muthu and they both join forces to protect Durga from Kitty's clutches.

Despite their efforts, Kitty continues his hunt for Durga in order to eliminate her and take over the family's wealth. Durga returns to her home with the support of Muthu and Kannamma, which catches Kitty off guard. To complicate matters further, Kitty discovers Malliga, a girl who looks identical to Durga and is the daughter of a poor and disabled man. Kitty forces Malliga to act as Durga, threatening to harm her father if she refuses. The plan is to create chaos and in the process, he can kill the real Durga.

As the tension between the two girls builds up, a situation arises where they both have to walk over the fire in a temple to prove their true identity. Durga manages to do so successfully, but before Malliga can begin, her father appears and rescues her. He also reveals Kitty's sinister plans to everyone, and in a twist of fate, Kitty accidentally jumps into the fire and dies.

In the end, Durga accepts Malliga into her home along with Muthu and Kannamma. They all live together as a happy family, with the memories of the past safely behind them.

== Cast ==
*[[Baby Shamili]] as Durga/Mallika
*[[Nizhalgal Ravi]] as Muthu
*[[Kanaka (actress)|Kanaka]] as Kannamma
*[[Kitty (actor)|Kitty]] as Durga's Uncle
*[[Sathyapriya]] as Lakshmi
*[[Vagai Chandrasekhar|Chandrasekhar]] as Mallika's father
*[[P. R. Varalakshmi]] as Muthu's mother
*[[Senthil]] as Vellaiyan
*[[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]] as Dr. Marcosa
*[[Bayilvan Ranganathan]] as Ranga

== Soundtrack ==
Music was by [[Shankar–Ganesh]] and lyrics were written by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]].{{cn|date=February 2024}} [[Harris Jayaraj]] was the keyboardist.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2009-08-24 |title=Aadhavan, audio and Iceland |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/Aadhavan-audio-and-Iceland/article15920412.ece |access-date=2024-08-12 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |archive-date=10 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010020338/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/Aadhavan-audio-and-Iceland/article15920412.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer !! Length
|-
| "Pappa Paadum Paattu" || [[M. S. Rajeswari]] || 03:33
|-
| "Aadi Varum Paadi Varum" || [[K. S. Chithra]] || 02:16
|-
| "Pappa Paadum Paattu" – Reprise || M. S. Rajeswari || 01:43
|-
| "Papa Paadum Paattu" – reprise 2 || M. S. Rajeswari || 02:27
|-
| "Maari Muthu Maari" || [[S. P. Sailaja]] || 05:02
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Rama Narayanan}}

[[Category:1990 films]]
[[Category:1990 children's films]]
[[Category:1990 Indian films]]
[[Category:1990 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films about dogs]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rama Narayanan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shankar–Ganesh]]
[[Category:Indian children's films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Tamannaah Bhatia

2026-02-24T04:14:21Z

DEVANSH: general add page for consistency additionally and added references

{{short description|Indian actress (born 1989)}}
{{Pp-pc|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Tamannaah Bhatia
| image = Tamannaah Bhatia at a song launch from the film Vedaa (cropped).jpg
| caption = Bhatia in 2024
| birth_name = Tamanna Santosh Bhatia
| birth_date = {{Birth-date and age|21 December 1989}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai|Bombay]], Maharashtra, India
| occupation = Actress
| works = [[Tamannaah Bhatia filmography|Full list]]
| awards = [[List of awards and nominations received by Tamannaah Bhatia|Full list]]
| signature =
| spouse =
| yearsactive = 2005–present
}}

'''Tamanna Santosh Bhatia''' (born 21 December 1989), better known as '''Tamannaah Bhatia''' ({{ipa|hi|ˈtəmənːaː ˈbʱaːʈijaː|pron|Tamannaah Bhatia.oga|small=no}}), is an [[Indian people|Indian]] actress who predominantly works in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]], [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] and [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] films. Having appeared in [[Tamannaah Bhatia filmography|89 films]], she is recognized as a leading actress in [[Cinema of South India|South Indian cinema]] and has received [[List of awards and nominations received by Tamannaah Bhatia|several awards]], including three [[Santosham Film Awards]], two [[South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Awards]] and the [[Kalaimamani#2010|Kalaimamani Award]].

== Early life ==
Tamanna Santosh Bhatia<ref>{{cite web | title=Tamannaah Bejeweled Private Limited Company Profile, Tamannaah Bejeweled Private Limited News on The Economic Times | website=The Economic Times | date=23 January 2014 | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/company/tamannaah-bejeweled-private-limited/U27310MH2014PTC252422?from=mdr | access-date=5 August 2025 | archive-date=5 August 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250805150110/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/company/tamannaah-bejeweled-private-limited/U27310MH2014PTC252422?from=mdr | url-status=live }}</ref> was born on 21 December 1989 in Bombay (now [[Mumbai]]), India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shhh! Tamannaah's Birthday Plans |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/shhh-tamannaahs-birthday-plans/20221221.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928003911/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/shhh-tamannaahs-birthday-plans/20221221.htm |archive-date=28 September 2023 |access-date=28 September 2023 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Exclusive: "I came to become an actor and I became a star," Tamannaah Bhatia on stardom and more |url=https://www.filmfare.com/interviews/exclusive-i-came-to-become-an-actor-and-i-became-a-star-tamannaah-bhatia-on-stardom-and-more-61487.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928003913/https://www.filmfare.com/interviews/exclusive-i-came-to-become-an-actor-and-i-became-a-star-tamannaah-bhatia-on-stardom-and-more-61487.html |archive-date=28 September 2023 |access-date=28 September 2023 |website=FILMFARE}}</ref> Her parents are Santosh and Rajni Bhatia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 October 2020 |title=Exclusive! Tamannaah Bhatia thanks her father for managing her work! Says she's successful only because of her parents |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/exclusive-tamannaah-bhatia-thanks-her-father-for-managing-her-work-says-shes-successful-only-because-of-her-parents/articleshow/78906831.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125095200/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/exclusive-tamannaah-bhatia-thanks-her-father-for-managing-her-work-says-shes-successful-only-because-of-her-parents/articleshow/78906831.cms |archive-date=25 November 2021 |access-date=25 November 2021 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Actor Tamannaah Bhatia buys flat at Rs 80,778 per sqft, breaks record |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-actor-tamannaah-bhatia-buys-flat-at-rs-80778-per-sqft-breaks-record-2764332 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928002555/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-actor-tamannaah-bhatia-buys-flat-at-rs-80778-per-sqft-breaks-record-2764332 |archive-date=28 September 2023 |access-date=28 September 2023 |website=DNA India}}</ref> She has an elder brother named Anand Bhatia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 July 2017 |title=Anand Bhatia and Kartika Chaudhary Mumbai Celebrity Wedding |url=https://www.weddingsutra.com/celebrity-weddings/celeb-weddings/anand-bhatia-and-kartika-chaudhary-mumbai/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628094017/https://www.weddingsutra.com/celebrity-weddings/celeb-weddings/anand-bhatia-and-kartika-chaudhary-mumbai/ |archive-date=28 June 2021 |access-date=28 June 2021 |website=WeddingSutra}}</ref> She is of [[Sindhi Hindus|Sindhi Hindu]] origin and attended Maneckji Cooper Education Trust School in Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Simran |date=27 June 2024 |title=Bengaluru school introduces chapter on Tamannaah Bhatia, parents file complaint against management for this reason |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-bengaluru-school-introduces-chapter-on-tamannaah-bhatia-parents-file-complaint-against-management-3094939 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627165856/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-bengaluru-school-introduces-chapter-on-tamannaah-bhatia-parents-file-complaint-against-management-3094939 |archive-date=27 June 2024 |access-date=28 June 2024 |website=DNA India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 March 2018 |title=25 questions with Tamannaah Bhatia |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/25-questions-with-tamannaah-bhatia/story-j5sCXyy6LwD0KsjbWYQabK.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928004440/https://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/25-questions-with-tamannaah-bhatia/story-j5sCXyy6LwD0KsjbWYQabK.html |archive-date=28 September 2023 |access-date=28 September 2023 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> At the age of 13, she began learning acting and joined [[Prithvi Theatre]] for a year, where she participated in stage performances.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Neelima |date=27 June 2014 |title=The Tamannaah Bhatia Interview : Of Baahubali and Bollywood |url=https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/features/of-baahubali-and-bollywood-the-tamannaah-bhatia-interview/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709181944/https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/features/of-baahubali-and-bollywood-the-tamannaah-bhatia-interview/ |archive-date=9 July 2021 |access-date=30 June 2021 |website=Silverscreen India}}</ref> She initially used her given name as her stage name but later altered it to "Tamannaah" for [[numerology|numerological reasons]] after gaining initial experience in the film industry.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 June 2009 |title=Tamannaah: Name changes in reel world |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2009/jun/08/tamannaah-name-changes-in-reel-world-55780.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628093331/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2009/jun/08/tamannaah-name-changes-in-reel-world-55780.html |archive-date=28 June 2021 |access-date=28 June 2021 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Over time, she began using her surname as well, adopting "Tamannaah Bhatia" as her stage name.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=15 May 2021 |title=I Got A Lot More Space To Explore My Character In November Story: Tamannaah Bhatia |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/interviews/tamannaah-bhatia-movies-i-got-a-lot-more-space-to-explore-my-character-in-november-story-happy-days-ayan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711154415/https://www.filmcompanion.in/interviews/tamannaah-bhatia-movies-i-got-a-lot-more-space-to-explore-my-character-in-november-story-happy-days-ayan |archive-date=11 July 2023 |access-date=12 October 2024 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref>

== Career ==
=== 2005–2014: Early work, success and recognition ===

[[File:Tamannaah Bhatia at Lakme Fashion Week,2015.jpg|thumb|Bhatia at the 2015 [[Lakmé Fashion Week]].]]

Tamannaah Bhatia made her acting debut as the female lead in the Hindi film ''[[Chand Sa Roshan Chehra]]'' in 2005, which underperformed at the box office. That year, she entered Telugu cinema with ''[[Sree (film)|Sree]]'' and, in 2006, Tamil cinema with ''[[Kedi (2006 film)|Kedi]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2008 |title=More Happy Days |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/More-Happy-Days/articleshow/3070781.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150515101951/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/More-Happy-Days/articleshow/3070781.cms |archive-date=15 May 2015 |access-date=15 May 2015 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> In 2007, ''[[Viyabari]]'' underperformed at the box office, but her performance earned critical acclaim.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Iyer |first=Sriram |date=2 April 2007 |title=Poor detailing ruins Vyapari |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/ssvyapari/20070402.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150515102726/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/ssvyapari/20070402.htm |archive-date=15 May 2015 |access-date=15 May 2015 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> She gained recognition with ''[[Happy Days (2007 film)|Happy Days]]'' and ''[[Kalloori]]'', where her roles as a college student were well-received, and both films achieved box office success, establishing her as a leading actress in Telugu and Tamil cinema.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajamani |first=Radhika |date=31 December 2007 |title=I want to make a mark in the South |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/sstam/20071231.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150515102805/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/sstam/20071231.htm |archive-date=15 May 2015 |access-date=15 May 2015 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Aggarwal |first=Divya |date=27 April 2008 |title=South for Stardom |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/South-for-Stardom/articleshow/2986729.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150515102851/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/South-for-Stardom/articleshow/2986729.cms |archive-date=15 May 2015 |access-date=15 May 2015 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> In 2008, ''[[Kalidasu]]'' made a strong impact in Telugu cinema.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 April 2008 |title=Review : Kalidasu |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kalidasu-review-telugu-pclw8Ebegedbc.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150515103353/http://www.sify.com/movies/kalidasu-review-telugu-pclw8Ebegedbc.html |archive-date=15 May 2015 |access-date=15 May 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajamani |first=Radhika |date=18 May 2009 |title=From Kalidasu to Current |url=http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2009/may/18/slide-show-1-from-kalidasu-to-current.htm#3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150515103638/http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2009/may/18/slide-show-1-from-kalidasu-to-current.htm#3 |archive-date=15 May 2015 |access-date=15 May 2015 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref>

In 2009, her role in the Tamil film ''[[Padikkadavan (2009 film)|Padikkadavan]]'' earned praise despite mixed reviews for the film itself.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 January 2009 |title=Dhanush in demand! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14839381&cid=2363 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150515110230/http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14839381&cid=2363 |archive-date=15 May 2015 |access-date=15 May 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> ''[[Konchem Ishtam Konchem Kashtam]]'' received critical acclaim but moderate box office success.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 February 2009 |title=A feel-good entertainer |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2009/feb/05review-koncham-ishtam-koncham-kashtam.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150515110504/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2009/feb/05review-koncham-ishtam-koncham-kashtam.htm |archive-date=15 May 2015 |access-date=15 May 2015 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2009 |title=Box-office report for first quarter 2009 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14877400&cid=2364 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150515110541/http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14877400&cid=2364 |archive-date=15 May 2015 |access-date=15 May 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> ''[[Ayan (film)|Ayan]]'' was a box office success,<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 December 2009 |title=2009's Top Tamil Actors |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-2009s-top-tamil-actors/20091221.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150515110903/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-2009s-top-tamil-actors/20091221.htm |archive-date=15 May 2015 |access-date=15 May 2015 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 2009 |title=2009- Kollywood Hits & Misses! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/2009-kollywood-hits-misses-news-tamil-kkfrfMiibaa.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010030945/http://www.sify.com/movies/2009-kollywood-hits-misses-news-tamil-kkfrfMiibaa.html |archive-date=10 October 2012 |access-date=15 May 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> while ''[[Ananda Thandavam]]'' underperformed despite her acclaimed performance.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=2 April 2010 |title=Three cheers for Tammu! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Three-cheers-for-Tammu/articleshow/5751352.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150515111136/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Three-cheers-for-Tammu/articleshow/5751352.cms |archive-date=15 May 2015 |access-date=15 May 2015 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |date=10 April 2009 |title=Anandha Thandavam, not as good as the novel |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-anandha-thandavam/20090410.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150515111252/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-anandha-thandavam/20090410.htm |archive-date=15 May 2015 |access-date=15 May 2015 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> ''[[Kanden Kadhalai]]'' earned her praise and a South Scope award.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |date=30 October 2009 |title=Kanden Kadhalai, good but lacks Jab We Met's magic |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-tamil-movie-review-kanden-kadhalai/20091030.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150515125552/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-tamil-movie-review-kanden-kadhalai/20091030.htm |archive-date=15 May 2015 |access-date=15 May 2015 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 September 2010 |title=Prakash Raj & Tamannaah gets South Scope Awards |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/prakash-raj-tamannaah-gets-south-scope-awards-news-tamil-kkguBCeidci.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150515125715/http://www.sify.com/movies/prakash-raj-tamannaah-gets-south-scope-awards-news-tamil-kkguBCeidci.html |archive-date=15 May 2015 |access-date=15 May 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> In 2010, her Tamil [[road movie]] ''[[Paiyaa]]'' received positive reviews and commercial success,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=7 April 2010 |title=Karthi: On road to superstardom |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Karthi-On-road-to-superstardom/articleshow/5766905.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150515133505/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Karthi-On-road-to-superstardom/articleshow/5766905.cms |archive-date=15 May 2015 |access-date=15 May 2015 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> but ''[[Sura (film)|Sura]]'' and ''[[Thillalangadi]]'' underperformed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 January 2011 |title=Tamannaah waits for another hit! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/tamannaah-waits-for-another-hit-imagegallery-kollywood-lbomrbjabhjsi.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150515133623/http://www.sify.com/movies/tamannaah-waits-for-another-hit-imagegallery-kollywood-lbomrbjabhjsi.html |archive-date=15 May 2015 |access-date=15 May 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

In 2011, Bhatia starred in the Tamil film ''[[Siruthai]]'', where her role faced criticism, though the film was a commercial success.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |date=14 January 2011 |title=Siruthai is Karthi's show all the way |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-siruthai/20110114.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150515152030/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-siruthai/20110114.htm |archive-date=15 May 2015 |access-date=15 May 2015 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Raghavan |first=Nikhil |date=16 April 2011 |title=Itsy-bitsy |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/article1701574.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150515152032/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/article1701574.ece |archive-date=15 May 2015 |access-date=15 May 2015 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> ''[[Badrinath (film)|Badrinath]]'' had mixed reviews but was commercially successful.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=12 June 2011 |title=Badrinath Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/Badrinath/movie-review/8815564.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923225019/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/Badrinath/movie-review/8815564.cms |archive-date=23 September 2017 |access-date=15 May 2015 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 August 2011 |title=Badrinath completes 50days in 187 theatres |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Badrinath-completes-50days-in-187-theatres/articleshow/9466159.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150515153245/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/others/news-interviews/Badrinath-completes-50days-in-187-theatres/articleshow/9466159.cms |archive-date=15 May 2015 |access-date=15 May 2015 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> ''[[Venghai]]'' received mixed critical reception,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajamani |first=Radhika |date=6 July 2011 |title=Tamannaah: I am like clay that can be moulded |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-tamannaah/20110706.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150515153524/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-tamannaah/20110706.htm |archive-date=15 May 2015 |access-date=15 May 2015 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |date=8 July 2011 |title=Review: Venghai is tedious |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-venghai/20110708.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150515153521/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-venghai/20110708.htm |archive-date=15 May 2015 |access-date=15 May 2015 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> while ''[[Oosaravelli]]'' was a box office success, with her performance praised.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajamani |first=Radhika |title=Review: Oosaravelli is a routine revenge drama |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-oosarvelli-is-a-routine-revenge-drama/20111007.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927231245/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-oosarvelli-is-a-routine-revenge-drama/20111007.htm |archive-date=27 September 2023 |access-date=27 September 2023 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Native |first=Digital |date=28 November 2020 |title=Tollywood's 'Oosaravelli' all set to get Hindi remake |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/tollywood-s-oosaravelli-all-set-get-hindi-remake-138583 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927231302/https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/tollywood-s-oosaravelli-all-set-get-hindi-remake-138583 |archive-date=27 September 2023 |access-date=27 September 2023 |website=The News Minute}}</ref> Her Telugu film ''[[100% Love (2011 film)|100% Love]]'', opposite [[Naga Chaitanya]], where she played a college student,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=25 December 2011 |title=Year of family entertainers |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/year-of-family-entertainers/article2745569.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150515152331/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/year-of-family-entertainers/article2745569.ece |archive-date=15 May 2015 |access-date=15 May 2015 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> achieved acclaim and box office success, earning her the [[CineMAA Awards|CineMAA Award]] and [[Santosham Best Actress Award|Santosham Award for Best Actress]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 June 2012 |title=The Hyderabad Times Film Awards 2011 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/The-Hyderabad-Times-Film-Awards-2011/articleshow/14357916.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150515152513/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/The-Hyderabad-Times-Film-Awards-2011/articleshow/14357916.cms |archive-date=15 May 2015 |access-date=15 May 2015 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> In 2012, her Telugu film ''[[Racha (film)|Racha]]'' achieved commercial success, with her performance lauded.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajamani |first=Radhika |date=4 April 2012 |title=I dont have a glamarous role in Rachcha |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-tamannaah/20120404.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150516011312/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-tamannaah/20120404.htm |archive-date=16 May 2015 |access-date=16 May 2015 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Entertainment Bureau |date=6 April 2022 |title=Telugu Superstar Ram Charan's Racha Completes Ten Years |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/telugu-superstar-ram-charans-racha-completes-ten-years-4949090.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408021159/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/telugu-superstar-ram-charans-racha-completes-ten-years-4949090.html |archive-date=8 April 2022 |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=News18}}</ref> ''[[Endukante Premanta]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chowdary |first=Y. Sunita |date=10 June 2012 |title='Spirited' attempt |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/article3510137.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150516012035/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/article3510137.ece |archive-date=16 May 2015 |access-date=16 May 2015 |website=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajamani |first=Radhika |date=8 June 2012 |title=Review: Endukante Premanta disappoints |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-endukante-premanta-disappoints/20120608.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150516012033/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-endukante-premanta-disappoints/20120608.htm |archive-date=16 May 2015 |access-date=16 May 2015 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> and ''[[Rebel (2012 film)|Rebel]]'' underperformed, though her acting was praised.<ref>{{Cite web |last=A. S. |first=Sashidhar |date=27 September 2012 |title=Tamannaah turns a hip-hop dance teacher |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Tamannaah-turns-a-hip-hop-dance-teacher/articleshow/16573103.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150516012215/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Tamannaah-turns-a-hip-hop-dance-teacher/articleshow/16573103.cms |archive-date=16 May 2015 |access-date=16 May 2015 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 December 2012 |title=Raghava Lawrence in trouble |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Raghava-Lawrence-in-trouble/articleshow/17648742.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150516012213/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Raghava-Lawrence-in-trouble/articleshow/17648742.cms |archive-date=16 May 2015 |access-date=16 May 2015 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> ''[[Cameraman Gangatho Rambabu]]'' featured her in a tomboyish role and was a box office success.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajamani |first=Radhika |date=16 October 2012 |title=It was challenging to play a tomboy |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-tamannaah-bhatia/20121016.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150516012211/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-tamannaah-bhatia/20121016.htm |archive-date=16 May 2015 |access-date=16 May 2015 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref>

In 2013, Bhatia's Hindi film ''[[Himmatwala (2013 film)|Himmatwala]]'' opposite [[Ajay Devgn]], underperformed at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 May 2014 |title=Thank god 'Himmatwala' flopped: Sajid Khan |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Thank-god-Himmatwala-flopped-Sajid-Khan/articleshow/35770965.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150516014320/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Thank-god-Himmatwala-flopped-Sajid-Khan/articleshow/35770965.cms |archive-date=16 May 2015 |access-date=16 May 2015 |website=The Times of India |agency=Indo-Asian News Service}}</ref> Her Telugu film ''[[Tadakha]]'', where she played the bride’s sister opposite Naga Chaitanya, was a commercial success.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tadakha review |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/tadakha.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607184116/http://idlebrain.com/movie/archive/tadakha.html |archive-date=7 June 2013 |access-date=10 May 2013 |publisher=idlebrain.com}}</ref> A ''[[The Times of India]]'' critic noted, "Tamannaah carries off the glam act with ease."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Thadaka Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/thadaka/movie-review/19991802.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604111903/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/thadaka/movie-review/19991802.cms |archive-date=4 June 2023 |access-date=4 June 2023 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Alongside several nominations, the film earned her the [[SIIMA Critics Award for Best Actress – Telugu]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devi Dundoo |first=Sangeetha |date=29 December 2013 |title=Clichés canned |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/clichs-canned/article5512130.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150516014459/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/clichs-canned/article5512130.ece |archive-date=16 May 2015 |access-date=16 May 2015 |website=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=South Indian International Movie Awards 2014 |url=http://siima.in/2014/winners.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528003615/http://siima.in/2014/winners.html |archive-date=28 May 2016 |website=siima.in}}</ref> In 2014, her Tamil film ''[[Veeram (2014 film)|Veeram]]'' was a commercial success,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Veeram Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/veeram/movie-review/28650268.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604104858/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/veeram/movie-review/28650268.cms |archive-date=4 June 2023 |access-date=4 June 2023 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 July 2019 |title=REVEALED! Bachchan Pandey is official remake of this BLOCKBUSTER! It has already been remade in two languages! Know how much it earned |url=https://www.zeebiz.com/india/news-akshay-kumar-bachchan-pandey-remake-of-thala-ajith-veeram-katamarayudu-pawan-kalyan-odeya-darshan-106824 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126072540/https://www.zeebiz.com/india/news-akshay-kumar-bachchan-pandey-remake-of-thala-ajith-veeram-katamarayudu-pawan-kalyan-odeya-darshan-106824 |archive-date=26 January 2020 |access-date=27 August 2023 |website=Zee Business}}</ref> while the Hindi comedy film ''[[Humshakals]]'' opposite [[Saif Ali Khan]] underperformed. Her subsequent releases that year, the Hindi film ''[[Entertainment (2014 film)|Entertainment]]'' opposite [[Akshay Kumar]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sehgal |first=Geety |date=22 August 2014 |title=Tamannaah, a television serial actress, in It's Entertainment and a VJ in Humshakals |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/tamannaah-a-television-serial-actress-in-its-entertainment-and-a-vj-in-humshakals/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150516022000/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/tamannaah-a-television-serial-actress-in-its-entertainment-and-a-vj-in-humshakals/ |archive-date=16 May 2015 |access-date=16 May 2015 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rege |first=Harshada |date=22 August 2014 |title=Akshay Kumar is the real king of box office every year |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-akshay-kumar-is-the-real-king-of-box-office-every-year-2012603 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150604084101/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-akshay-kumar-is-the-real-king-of-box-office-every-year-2012603 |archive-date=4 June 2015 |access-date=16 May 2015 |website=Daily News and Analysis}}</ref> and Telugu film ''[[Aagadu]]'' opposite [[Mahesh Babu]], both underperformed at the box office.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Aagadu Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/aagadu/movie-review/42891219.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604095548/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/aagadu/movie-review/42891219.cms |archive-date=4 June 2023 |access-date=4 June 2023 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2017 |title=Aagadu was a failure: Mahesh Babu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/aagadu-was-a-failure-mahesh-babu/articleshow/45326005.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923184953/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/aagadu-was-a-failure-mahesh-babu/articleshow/45326005.cms |archive-date=23 September 2022 |access-date=4 June 2023 |website=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Additionally, she appeared in the music video "Lafzo Mein" from the album [[Abhijeet Sawant|''Aapka... Abhijeet Sawant'']] in 2005,<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2023 |title=Abhijeet Sawant Revisits His Timeless Melody 'Lafzon Mein' In Collaboration With Mayur Jumani |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/abhijeet-sawant-revisits-his-timeless-melody-lafzon-mein-in-collaboration-with-mayur-jumani-news-309018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928001118/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/abhijeet-sawant-revisits-his-timeless-melody-lafzon-mein-in-collaboration-with-mayur-jumani-news-309018 |archive-date=28 September 2023 |access-date=28 September 2023 |website=Outlookindia}}</ref> performed [[cameo appearance|cameos]] in ''[[Ready (2008 film)|Ready]]'' and ''[[Netru Indru Naalai (2008 film)|Netru Indru Naalai]]'' in 2008,<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 June 2008 |title=Choosy Tamanna! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Choosy-Tamanna/articleshow/3168746.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150515103612/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Choosy-Tamanna/articleshow/3168746.cms |archive-date=15 May 2015 |access-date=15 May 2015 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> and ''[[Ko (film)|Ko]]'' in 2011,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=1 March 2011 |title=It's cameo craze for Kollywood actors! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Its-cameo-craze-for-Kollywood-actors/articleshow/7595016.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150515152222/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Its-cameo-craze-for-Kollywood-actors/articleshow/7595016.cms |archive-date=15 May 2015 |access-date=15 May 2015 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> and performed the [[item number|special song]] "Labbar Bomma" in ''[[Alludu Seenu]]'' in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 July 2014 |title=Tamannaah's item song generates good buzz |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Tamannaahs-item-song-generates-good-buzz/articleshow/37837632.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150516015442/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Tamannaahs-item-song-generates-good-buzz/articleshow/37837632.cms |archive-date=16 May 2015 |access-date=16 May 2015 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

=== 2015–2019: Established actress ===

[[File:Tamannaah at an event in Cochin, July 2018.jpg|left|thumb|Bhatia at an event in 2018]]

Tamannaah Bhatia reached a turning point in her career in 2015. Her portrayal of the warrior [[List of Baahubali characters#Avanthika|Avanthika]] in ''[[Baahubali: The Beginning]]'' opposite [[Prabhas]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2018 |title=How Baahubali changed the face of Telugu cinema worldwide |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/baahubali-telugu-cinema-abroad-1210757-2018-04-12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203217/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/baahubali-telugu-cinema-abroad-1210757-2018-04-12 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |access-date=21 June 2021 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> earned her widespread acclaim, and the film’s box office success, as [[List of highest-grossing Telugu films|one of the highest grossing Telugu films]], boosted her career with diverse role opportunities.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2019 |title=The Baahubali Effect: How Tamannaah Bhatia's Life Changed |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/the-baahubali-effect-how-tamannaah-bhatias-life-changed-2012496 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225065500/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/the-baahubali-effect-how-tamannaah-bhatias-life-changed-2012496 |archive-date=25 February 2024 |access-date=26 May 2024 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Dipti |date=30 March 2017 |title=Baahubali 1 earned Rs 600 crore but made zero profit. The reason is Baahubali 2 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/baahubali-1-ss-rajamouli-earned-rs-600-crore-but-made-zero-profit-the-reason-is-baahubali-2-karan-johar-4592038/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512190903/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/baahubali-1-ss-rajamouli-earned-rs-600-crore-but-made-zero-profit-the-reason-is-baahubali-2-karan-johar-4592038/ |archive-date=12 May 2022 |access-date=26 May 2024 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> ''[[The Hindu]]'' critic Sangeetha Devi Dundoo found her "impressive".<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 July 2015 |title=Baahubali: A little more, a little less |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/baahubali-review-a-little-more-a-little-less/article7407650.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170322084308/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/baahubali-review-a-little-more-a-little-less/article7407650.ece |archive-date=22 March 2017 |access-date=1 August 2015 |work=The Hindu |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> ''[[Vasuvum Saravananum Onna Padichavanga]]'' received negative reviews.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 August 2015 |title=VSOP review: Vasuvum Saravananum Onna Padichavanga is a U-rated obscenity |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/vsop-review-vasuvum-saravananum-onna-padichavanga-is-a-u-rated-obscenity-288350-2015-08-14 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160430074939/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/vsop-review-vasuvum-saravananum-onna-padichavanga-is-a-u-rated-obscenity/1/458689.html |archive-date=30 April 2016 |access-date=24 September 2015 |website=India Today}}</ref> In ''[[Bengal Tiger (2015 film)|Bengal Tiger]]'', she played a chief minister’s daughter opposite [[Ravi Teja]], achieving box office success.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chowdhary |first=Y. Sunita |date=11 December 2015 |title=Bengal Tiger: Fair share of fun |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/bengal-tiger-fair-share-of-fun/article7976420.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114152032/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/bengal-tiger-fair-share-of-fun/article7976420.ece |archive-date=14 January 2024 |access-date=14 January 2024 |website=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sangeetha Devi Dundoo |date=24 December 2015 |title=2015: The year of the big churn in Telugu cinema |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/the-year-of-the-big-churn-in-telugu-cinema/article8021958.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250401040640/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/the-year-of-the-big-churn-in-telugu-cinema/article8021958.ece |archive-date=1 April 2025 |access-date=21 April 2025 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

In 2016, her roles in ''[[Oopiri]]'' and ''[[Dharma Durai (2016 film)|Dharma Durai]]'' received positive reviews, with the latter achieving box office success and earning her the [[Asiavision Awards|Asiavision Award for Best Actress – Tamil]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 November 2016 |title=A great team leads to a successful film: Tamannaah Bhatia |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/tamannaah-bhatia-4399806/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327115947/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/tamannaah-bhatia-4399806/ |archive-date=27 March 2023 |access-date=26 May 2024 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Radhakrishnan |first=Manjusha |date=19 November 2016 |title=Asiavision Movie Awards brings stars to Sharjah |url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/south-indian/asiavision-movie-awards-brings-stars-to-sharjah-1.1931774 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718155333/https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/south-indian/asiavision-movie-awards-brings-stars-to-sharjah-1.1931774 |archive-date=18 July 2024 |access-date=18 July 2024 |website=[[Gulf News]]}}</ref> She starred in the short film ''[[Ranveer Ching Returns]]'', which was well-received.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2016 |title=Ranveer Ching Returns ad-film gets 20 lakh views in two days |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/ranveer-ching-returns-ad-film-gets-20-lakh-views-in-two-days/story-R7C4wOr1CvmjGF2a02MKyL.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627144248/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/ranveer-ching-returns-ad-film-gets-20-lakh-views-in-two-days/story-R7C4wOr1CvmjGF2a02MKyL.html |archive-date=27 June 2024 |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Her trilingual [[Comedy horror| comedy horror film]] ''[[Devi (2016 film)|Devi]]'' earned positive reviews, with her double role praised, contributing to its box office success.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 November 2016 |title=A great team leads to a successful film: Tamannaah Bhatia |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/tamannaah-bhatia-4399806/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327115947/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/tamannaah-bhatia-4399806/ |archive-date=27 March 2023 |access-date=22 August 2024 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=24 December 2016 |title=Kollywood's 2016 report card |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/Kollywood%E2%80%99s-2016-report-card/article16937524.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117224404/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/Kollywood%E2%80%99s-2016-report-card/article16937524.ece |archive-date=17 November 2023 |access-date=22 August 2024 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> She won the [[Asianet Film Awards#Popular actor / actress Tamil|Asianet Film Award for Most Popular Tamil Actress]] and a ''[[Sify]]'' critic noted that she "carries the film" with her double act.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Devi review: A neat feel good horror comedy |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/devi-review-a-neat-feel-good-horror-comedy-review-tamil-qkhqXmcaifcgb.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008082836/http://www.sify.com/movies/devi-review-a-neat-feel-good-horror-comedy-review-tamil-qkhqXmcaifcgb.html |archive-date=8 October 2016 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> However, ''[[Kaththi Sandai]]'', received mixed reviews.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2016 |title=Tamannaah begins shooting for 'Kaththi Sandai' |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/tamannaah-begins-shooting-for-kaththi-sandai-news-tamil-qfkp1ogjagchj.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160511051629/http://www.sify.com/movies/tamannaah-begins-shooting-for-kaththi-sandai-news-tamil-qfkp1ogjagchj.html |archive-date=11 May 2016 |access-date=11 May 2016 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

In 2017, Bhatia reprised Avanthika in ''[[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2017 |title=Tamannah Bhatia on being upset over chopped scenes in Bahubali: It's a baseless rumour |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/tamannah-bhatia-on-being-upset-over-chopped-scenes-in-bahubali-it-s-a-baseless-rumour/story-c53vHcQZ6Ojo0xBJEA4HOL.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928023739/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/tamannah-bhatia-on-being-upset-over-chopped-scenes-in-bahubali-it-s-a-baseless-rumour/story-c53vHcQZ6Ojo0xBJEA4HOL.html |archive-date=28 September 2023 |access-date=28 September 2023 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 April 2020 |title=3 years of Baahubali 2: Tamannaah Bhatia and Anushka Shetty thank everyone for loving the magnum opus |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/3-years-of-baahubali-2-tamannaah-bhatia-anushka-shetty-rana-daggubati-prabhas-6382784/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928023734/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/3-years-of-baahubali-2-tamannaah-bhatia-anushka-shetty-rana-daggubati-prabhas-6382784/ |archive-date=28 September 2023 |access-date=28 September 2023 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> which received positive reviews and became one of the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films|highest-grossing Indian films]]. In contrast, ''[[Anbanavan Asaradhavan Adangadhavan]]'' had mixed reviews and underperformed at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramanujam |first=Srinivasa |date=23 June 2017 |title=AAA review: anything but 'sirappu' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/anbanavan-asaradhavan-adangadhavan-review/article19135495.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927234835/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/anbanavan-asaradhavan-adangadhavan-review/article19135495.ece |archive-date=27 September 2023 |access-date=27 September 2023 |website=The Hindu |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 October 2021 |title=Filmmaker Michael Rayappan Files Complaint With Police Against Actor Simbu for Cheating |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/filmmaker-michael-rayappan-files-complaint-with-police-against-actor-simbu-for-cheating-4365935.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927234835/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/filmmaker-michael-rayappan-files-complaint-with-police-against-actor-simbu-for-cheating-4365935.html |archive-date=27 September 2023 |access-date=27 September 2023 |website=News18}}</ref> In 2018, her action thriller ''[[Sketch (2018 film)|Sketch]]'' received mixed reviews, but her role was noted positively.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Thinkal |date=12 January 2018 |title=Sketch Movie Review {2.5/5}: Critic Review of Sketch by Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/sketch/movie-review/62470965.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102145251/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/sketch/movie-review/62470965.cms |archive-date=2 November 2023 |access-date=2 November 2023 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2018 |title=Sketch Movie Review: Vikram shines in this passable commercial entertainer |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/sketch-movie-review-tamannah-vikram-babu-raj-1143754-2018-01-12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415112339/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/sketch-movie-review-tamannah-vikram-babu-raj-1143754-2018-01-12 |archive-date=15 April 2023 |access-date=9 June 2023 |website=India Today}}</ref> The Marathi film ''[[Aa Bb Kk]]'' earned positive reviews.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vyavahare |first=Renuka |date=7 June 2018 |title=AA BB KK Movie Review {3/5}: Critic Review of AA BB KK by Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/aa-bb-kk/movie-review/64494073.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101195424/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/aa-bb-kk/movie-review/64494073.cms |archive-date=1 November 2023 |access-date=1 November 2023 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Her Telugu films ''[[Naa Nuvve]]'' and ''[[Next Enti?]]'' both received mixed reviews and underperformed at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vyas |date=26 June 2018 |title=Naa Nuvve Closing Box Office Collections Report |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2018-06-26/Naa-Nuvve-Closing-Box-Office-Collections-Report/392566 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827185228/https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2018-06-26/Naa-Nuvve-Closing-Box-Office-Collections-Report/392566 |archive-date=27 August 2023 |access-date=9 June 2023 |website=Hans India.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 June 2018 |title=Naa Nuvve movie review: Tamannaah Bhatia and Nandamuri Kalyan Ram test our sanity |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/naa-nuvve-movie-review-nandamuri-kalyan-ram-tamannaah-bhatia-5218490/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827185229/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/naa-nuvve-movie-review-nandamuri-kalyan-ram-tamannaah-bhatia-5218490/ |archive-date=27 August 2023 |access-date=9 June 2023 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nyayapati |first=Neeshita |date=7 December 2018 |title=Next Enti? Review {1.5/5}: This film will make you wanna say Oh No Never! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/next-enti/movie-review/66985078.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710093923/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/next-enti/movie-review/66985078.cms |archive-date=10 July 2023 |access-date=10 July 2023 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bahukhandi |first=Shubham |title=Telugu Next Enti 7th Day Box office Collection Total Seventh Day (Thursday) Earning Report |url=https://www.dekhnews.com/entertainment/next-enti-7th-day-box-office-collection/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827190732/https://www.dekhnews.com/entertainment/next-enti-7th-day-box-office-collection/ |archive-date=27 August 2023 |access-date=9 June 2023}}</ref>

In 2019, Bhatia's Telugu film ''[[F2: Fun and Frustration]]'' achieved box office success as one of the [[List of Telugu films of 2019|highest grossing Telugu films]] of the year.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chowdhary |first=Y. Sunita |date=12 January 2019 |title=Fun and Frustration review: Comedy saves the day |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/venkatesh-is-back-in-his-elements-with-his-impeccable-comic-timing-in-f2/article25978890.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408153743/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/venkatesh-is-back-in-his-elements-with-his-impeccable-comic-timing-in-f2/article25978890.ece |archive-date=8 April 2023 |access-date=24 October 2023 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> Playing a dominating wife opposite [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]], she won her second Santosham Best Actress Award.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Gabbeta Ranjith |date=25 January 2019 |title=F2 box office collection: Venkatesh and Varun Tej film crosses Rs 100 crore mark |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/f2-box-office-collection-venkatesh-varun-tej-film-crosses-rs-100-crore-mark-5555410/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422134832/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/f2-box-office-collection-venkatesh-varun-tej-film-crosses-rs-100-crore-mark-5555410/ |archive-date=22 April 2019 |access-date=24 October 2023 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> Hemanth Kumar CR of ''[[Firstpost]]'' stated that she "shines" in her role.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2019 |title=F2 movie review: Venkatesh, Varun Tej starrer is a laugh riot until it loses its magic in the second half |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/f2-movie-review-venkatesh-varun-tej-starrer-is-a-laugh-riot-until-it-loses-its-magic-in-the-second-half-5883151.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601163051/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/f2-movie-review-venkatesh-varun-tej-starrer-is-a-laugh-riot-until-it-loses-its-magic-in-the-second-half-5883151.html |archive-date=1 June 2023 |access-date=16 December 2019 |website=Firstpost}}</ref> Her Tamil film ''[[Kanne Kalaimaane]]'' had mixed reviews,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kanne Kalaimaane Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/kanne-kalaimaane/movie-review/68098608.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618040506/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/kanne-kalaimaane/movie-review/68098608.cms |archive-date=18 June 2023 |access-date=18 June 2023 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2019 |title=Kanne Kalaimane movie review: Udhayanidhi Stalin and Tamannaah shine in optimistic romantic drama |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kanne-kalaimane-movie-review-udhayanidhi-stalin-and-tamannaah-shine-in-optimistic-romantic-drama-1462180-2019-02-22 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618033901/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kanne-kalaimane-movie-review-udhayanidhi-stalin-and-tamannaah-shine-in-optimistic-romantic-drama-1462180-2019-02-22 |archive-date=18 June 2023 |access-date=18 June 2023 |website=India Today}}</ref> but Srinivasa Ramanujam noted that she makes a "strong statement" through her performance, earning her the Best Actress award at Indo-French International Film Festival.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=Srinivasa |date=22 February 2019 |title='Kanne Kalaimane' review: A tad too soft |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kanne-kalaimane-review-a-tad-too-soft/article26340311.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711104440/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kanne-kalaimane-review-a-tad-too-soft/article26340311.ece |archive-date=11 July 2022 |access-date=11 July 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 July 2023 |title=சர்வதேச விழா: உதயநிதி படத்திற்கு 3 விருதுகள்; சிறந்த நடிகை தமன்னா |url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/indo-french-international-film-festival-udhayanidhi-movie-three-awards-tamanna-best-actrss-719291/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720053255/https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/indo-french-international-film-festival-udhayanidhi-movie-three-awards-tamanna-best-actrss-719291/ |archive-date=20 July 2023 |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=Indian Express - Tamil |language=ta}}</ref> ''[[Devi 2]]'' received a lukewarm response, though her acting was noted.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 May 2019 |title='Devi 2': Five reasons to watch this Prabhudeva-Tamannaah starrer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/five-reasons-to-watch-this-prabhudeva-tamannaah-starrer/articleshow/69581300.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618033908/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/five-reasons-to-watch-this-prabhudeva-tamannaah-starrer/articleshow/69581300.cms |archive-date=18 June 2023 |access-date=18 June 2023 |website=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> ''[[Khamoshi (2019 film)|Khamoshi]]'' had poor reviews, but her performance was praised.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Movie Review: Khamoshi |url=https://www.filmfare.com//reviews/bollywood-movies/movie-review-khamoshi-34373.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618033903/https://www.filmfare.com//reviews/bollywood-movies/movie-review-khamoshi-34373.html |archive-date=18 June 2023 |access-date=18 June 2023 |website=FILMFARE}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Purkayastha |first=Pallabi Dey |date=14 June 2019 |title=Khamoshi Movie Review {2.0/5}: Critic Review of Khamoshi by Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/khamoshi/movie-review/69786352.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101183439/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/khamoshi/movie-review/69786352.cms |archive-date=1 November 2023 |access-date=1 November 2023 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

The epic historical action film ''[[Sye Raa Narasimha Reddy]]'' received positive reviews, with her role contributing to its success.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rege |first=Harshada |date=2 October 2019 |title=Sye Raa Narasimha Reddy Movie Review {3/5}: A brave effort let down by uninspiring storytelling |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/sye-raa-narasimha-reddy/movie-review/71400948.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527090854/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/sye-raa-narasimha-reddy/movie-review/71400948.cms |archive-date=27 May 2024 |access-date=27 May 2024 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 October 2019 |title='Sye Raa Narasimha Reddy' review: Chiranjeevi leads from the front in this story of valour |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sye-raa-narasimha-reddy-review-chiranjeevi-leads-from-the-front-in-this-story-of-valour/article29573991.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111113055/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sye-raa-narasimha-reddy-review-chiranjeevi-leads-from-the-front-in-this-story-of-valour/article29573991.ece |archive-date=11 November 2022 |access-date=18 June 2023 |website=The Hindu |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Her performance in the Tamil comedy horror ''[[Petromax (2019 film)|Petromax]]'' was noted, despite criticism for the script.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2019 |title='Petromax' movie review: This Tamannaah starrer is a not-so-bright film |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2019/Oct/12/petromax-movie-review-this-tamannaah-starrer-is-a-not-so-bright-film-2046233.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618033909/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2019/oct/12/petromax-movie-review-this-tamannaah-starrer-is-a-not-so-bright-film-2046233.amp |archive-date=18 June 2023 |access-date=18 June 2023 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramanujam |first=Srinivasa |date=11 October 2019 |title='Petromax' movie review: A silly, outdated horror comedy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/petromax-movie-review-a-silly-outdated-horror-comedy/article29658248.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20191011155107/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/petromax-movie-review-a-silly-outdated-horror-comedy/article29658248.ece |archive-date=11 October 2019 |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> ''[[Action (2019 film)|Action]]'' received mixed reviews and underperformed at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 November 2019 |title='Action' movie review: This Vishal outing promises much, but lacks spine or sense |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/action-movie-review-this-vishal-outing-promises-much-but-lacks-spine-or-sense/article29983957.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618033904/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/action-movie-review-this-vishal-outing-promises-much-but-lacks-spine-or-sense/article29983957.ece |archive-date=18 June 2023 |access-date=18 June 2023 |website=The Hindu |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=K |first=Janani |date=9 October 2020 |title=Action: Madras HC orders actor Vishal to compensate losses incurred |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/action-madras-hc-orders-actor-vishal-to-compensate-losses-incurred-1729823-2020-10-09 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831120445/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/action-madras-hc-orders-actor-vishal-to-compensate-losses-incurred-1729823-2020-10-09 |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=India Today}}</ref> She also appeared in [[cameo appearance|cameos]] in ''[[Nannbenda]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2014 |title=Tamannaah does a cameo in Udhay's film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Tamannaah-does-a-cameo-in-Udhays-film/articleshow/34591461.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915201524/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/tamannaah-does-a-cameo-in-udhays-film/articleshow/34591461.cms |archive-date=15 September 2023 |access-date=9 October 2024 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> and ''[[Size Zero]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 November 2015 |title=Anushka Shetty's Size Zero Friends Include Baahubali's Rana, Tamannaah |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/regional/anushka-shettys-size-zero-friends-include-baahubalis-rana-tamannaah-1244348 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117191230/http://movies.ndtv.com/regional/anushka-shettys-size-zero-friends-include-baahubalis-rana-tamannaah-1244348 |archive-date=17 November 2015 |access-date=18 November 2015 |publisher=NDTV}}</ref> in 2015, and performed the [[item number|special song]]s including "Bachelor Babu" in ''[[Speedunnodu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 November 2015 |title=Tamannah paid a bomb for an item song |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/tamannah-paid-a-bomb-for-an-item-song-news-telugu-pllkOQfbaacgh.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151112053405/http://www.sify.com/movies/tamannah-paid-a-bomb-for-an-item-song-news-telugu-pllkOQfbaacgh.html |archive-date=12 November 2015 |access-date=3 January 2016 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> and "Sampige / Mandara Thailam" in the Telugu-Kannada bilingual ''[[Jaguar (2016 film)|Jaguar]]'' in 2016,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=1 September 2016 |title=Tamannaah charges a bomb for item number |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/010916/tamannah-charges-a-bomb-for-item-number.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222194515/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/010916/tamannah-charges-a-bomb-for-item-number.html |archive-date=22 February 2022 |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shekar |first=Anjana |date=12 June 2018 |title='Not about how big your part is, it is about audience remembering you': Tamannaah to TNM |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/not-about-how-big-your-part-it-about-audience-remembering-you-tamannaah-tnm-82927 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627144250/https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/not-about-how-big-your-part-it-about-audience-remembering-you-tamannaah-tnm-82927 |archive-date=27 June 2024 |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=The News Minute}}</ref> "Swing Zara" in ''[[Jai Lava Kusa]]'' in 2017,<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 September 2017 |title=WATCH: Tamannaah sizzles in Swing Zara song from Jr NTR's Jai Lava Kusa |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/tamannaah-sizzles-in-swing-zara-jr-ntr-jai-lava-kusa-1045521-2017-09-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927235005/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/tamannaah-sizzles-in-swing-zara-jr-ntr-jai-lava-kusa-1045521-2017-09-15 |archive-date=27 September 2023 |access-date=27 September 2023 |website=India Today}}</ref> and "Jokae" in ''[[KGF: Chapter 1]]'' in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 August 2018 |title=How Much Tamannaah Was Paid For Kannada Item Song In KGF? |url=https://www.sakshipost.com/tollywood/2018/08/09/tamannaahs-item-song-jokae-yash-kannada-movie-kfg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827185229/https://www.sakshipost.com/tollywood/2018/08/09/tamannaahs-item-song-jokae-yash-kannada-movie-kfg |archive-date=27 August 2023 |access-date=9 June 2023 |website=Sakshi Post}}</ref>

=== 2020–2024: TV-Theatrical balance ===

[[File:Tamannaah Bhatia attends the screening of Do Baaraa at the Indian Film Festival of Melbourne (cropped).jpg|left|thumb|Bhatia at an event in 2022]]

In 2021, Tamannaah Bhatia starred in the TV series ''[[11th Hour (TV series)|11th Hour]]'', which received mixed reviews, though her intense performance was praised.<ref>{{Cite news |title=11th Hour Season 1 Review : Tamannaah makes a stellar debut on OTT |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/telugu/11th-hour/season-1/seasonreview/81821863.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827185233/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/telugu/11th-hour/season-1/seasonreview/81821863.cms |archive-date=27 August 2023 |access-date=9 June 2023 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 April 2021 |title=11th Hour review: Tamannaah Bhatia tries her best, but is let down by the show's unflattering storyline |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/11th-hour-review-tamannaah-bhatia-tries-her-best-but-is-let-down-by-the-shows-unflattering-storyline-9516911.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414034803/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/11th-hour-review-tamannaah-bhatia-tries-her-best-but-is-let-down-by-the-shows-unflattering-storyline-9516911.html |archive-date=14 April 2021 |access-date=9 June 2023 |website=Firstpost}}</ref> Her role in ''[[November Story]]'' earned praise, despite criticism for excessive dialogue.<ref>{{Cite news |title=November Story Season 1 Review : November Story is engaging despite its predictable arc |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/tamil/november-story/november-story-season-1/seasonreview/79504727.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106114534/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/tamil/november-story/november-story-season-1/seasonreview/79504727.cms |archive-date=6 January 2023 |access-date=9 June 2023 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 May 2021 |title='November Story' review: This Tamannaah-starrer has too much talk, too little action |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/november-story-review-this-tamannaah-starrer-has-too-much-talk-too-little-action/article34613717.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827185230/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/november-story-review-this-tamannaah-starrer-has-too-much-talk-too-little-action/article34613717.ece |archive-date=27 August 2023 |access-date=9 June 2023 |website=The Hindu |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> She hosted ''[[MasterChef India – Telugu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 August 2021 |title=It's official! Tamannaah Bhatia-hosted MasterChef Telugu to premiere on Aug 27; here's how netizens reacted |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/its-official-tamannaah-bhatia-hosted-masterchef-telugu-to-premiere-on-aug-27-heres-how-netizens-reacted/articleshow/85362637.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818063007/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/its-official-tamannaah-bhatia-hosted-masterchef-telugu-to-premiere-on-aug-27-heres-how-netizens-reacted/articleshow/85362637.cms |archive-date=18 August 2021 |access-date=24 August 2021 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> and starred in the Telugu sports film ''[[Seetimaarr]]'', earning audience praise as a coach.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Seetimaarr Movie Review: Same ol' commercial entertainer backed by a heavy dose of mass |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/seetimaarr/movie-review/86095346.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101173436/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/seetimaarr/movie-review/86095346.cms |archive-date=1 November 2023 |access-date=9 June 2023 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 September 2021 |title='Seetimaarr' movie review: Sampath Nandi and Gopichand's film lives up to its title |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/seetimaarr-movie-review-sampath-nandi-and-gopichands-film-lives-up-to-its-title/article36399157.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911152543/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/seetimaarr-movie-review-sampath-nandi-and-gopichands-film-lives-up-to-its-title/article36399157.ece |archive-date=11 September 2021 |access-date=9 June 2023 |website=The Hindu |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The Telugu thriller ''[[Maestro (2021 film)|Maestro]]'' on [[Disney+ Hotstar]] received positive reviews for its storyline and her performance.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Maestro Movie Review: A pulpy remake that doesn't veer off-course for the most part |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/maestro/movie-review/86262391.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101181932/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/maestro/movie-review/86262391.cms |archive-date=1 November 2023 |access-date=9 June 2023 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

In 2022, the Telugu comedy ''[[F3: Fun and Frustration]]'' featured her in a well-received role, achieving box office success.<ref>{{Cite news |title=F3 Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/f3-fun-and-frustration/movie-review/91829896.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424045622/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/f3-fun-and-frustration/movie-review/91829896.cms |archive-date=24 April 2024 |access-date=9 June 2023 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 May 2022 |title=F3 movie review: Venkatesh shines in this Anil Ravipudi film that is uneven and outlandish, but has its share of fun moments |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/f3-movie-review-silly-but-has-its-fun-moments/article65466465.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827185228/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/f3-movie-review-silly-but-has-its-fun-moments/article65466465.ece |archive-date=27 August 2023 |access-date=9 June 2023 |website=The Hindu |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 July 2022 |title='F3' - Box Office collections: Venkatesh-Varun Tej's laugh riot 'F3' grosses Rs 134 cr worldwide |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/box-office/f3-box-office-collections-venkatesh-varun-tejs-laugh-riot-f3-grosses-rs-134-cr-worldwide/articleshow/92678959.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611012408/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/box-office/f3-box-office-collections-venkatesh-varun-tejs-laugh-riot-f3-grosses-rs-134-cr-worldwide/articleshow/92678959.cms |archive-date=11 June 2023 |access-date=9 June 2023 |website=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> ''[[Babli Bouncer]]'' on Disney+ Hotstar, where she played a bouncer, received mixed reviews.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Babli Bouncer Review: This breezy comedy bounces its way into your heart |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/babli-bouncer/ottmoviereview/94020768.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013171455/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/babli-bouncer/ottmoviereview/94020768.cms |archive-date=13 October 2022 |access-date=9 June 2023 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Babli Bouncer Movie (2022) {{!}} Release Date, Review, Cast, Trailer, Watch Online at Disney+ Hotstar |url=https://www.gadgets360.com/entertainment/babli-bouncer-movie-106545 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827185228/https://www.gadgets360.com/entertainment/babli-bouncer-movie-106545 |archive-date=27 August 2023 |access-date=9 June 2023 |website=Gadgets 360}}</ref> Her performance in [[Netflix]]{{'}}s ''[[Plan A Plan B]]'' was noted, despite a predictable plot.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Plan A Plan B Review: Riteish and Tamannaah's romcom-cliched but fun weekend watch |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/plan-a-plan-b/ottmoviereview/94502007.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307011947/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/plan-a-plan-b/ottmoviereview/94502007.cms |archive-date=7 March 2023 |access-date=9 June 2023 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> The romantic drama ''[[Gurthunda Seethakalam]]'' received mixed reviews.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Gurtunda Seetakalam Movie Review: Satya Dev and Tamannaah's prowess couldn't save the day |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/gurtunda-seetakalam/movie-review/96109989.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102174123/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/gurtunda-seetakalam/movie-review/96109989.cms |archive-date=2 November 2023 |access-date=9 June 2023 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 December 2022 |title='Gurthunda Seethakalam' movie review: Satyadev, Tamannaah's Telugu film is a dull ode to life and romance |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/gurthunda-seethakalam-telugu-movie-review-a-dull-ode-to-life-and-romance/article66242426.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209113700/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/gurthunda-seethakalam-telugu-movie-review-a-dull-ode-to-life-and-romance/article66242426.ece |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=9 June 2023 |website=The Hindu |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In 2023, Bhatia starred in the [[Amazon Prime Video]] romantic drama series ''[[Jee Karda]]'' as Lavanya, with ''[[India Today]]'''s Zinia Bandyopadhyay noting, "Tamannaah gives an easy-breezy performance. She is effortless and brings out of the dilemma of her character beautifully."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Jee Karda Season 1 Review : The show's lively performances and vibe make it a perfect guilty pleasure |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/jee-karda/season-1/seasonreview/100953198.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827183824/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/jee-karda/season-1/seasonreview/100953198.cms |archive-date=27 August 2023 |access-date=27 August 2023 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 June 2023 |title=Jee Karda Review: Tamannaah Bhatia-starrer is impressive in parts |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/reviews/story/jee-karda-review-tamannaah-bhatia-starrer-is-impressive-but-only-in-parts-2393222-2023-06-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230615043533/https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/reviews/story/jee-karda-review-tamannaah-bhatia-starrer-is-impressive-but-only-in-parts-2393222-2023-06-15 |archive-date=15 June 2023 |access-date=15 June 2023 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> In Netflix’s ''[[Lust Stories 2]]'', her performance as Shanti was praised.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Saibal |date=29 June 2023 |title=Lust Stories 2 Review: High-Wattage Tamannaah Sizzles, Vijay Varma Absorbs The Heat Without Melting |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/lust-stories-2-review-high-wattage-tamannaah-sizzles-vijay-varma-absorbs-the-heat-without-melting-3-stars-4162511 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727201045/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/lust-stories-2-review-high-wattage-tamannaah-sizzles-vijay-varma-absorbs-the-heat-without-melting-3-stars-4162511 |archive-date=27 July 2023 |access-date=24 October 2023 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Verma |first=Sukanya |date=29 June 2023 |title=Lust Stories 2 Review: Konkona Saves The Day! |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/lust-stories-2-review/20230629.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705032103/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/lust-stories-2-review/20230629.htm |archive-date=5 July 2023 |access-date=24 October 2023 |website=Rediff}}</ref> Her supporting role in the Tamil film ''[[Jailer (2023 Tamil film)|Jailer]]'' contributed to its box office success.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 August 2023 |title=Jailer box office collection Day 15: Despite witnessing dip, Rajinikanth's film will pass Rs 300 crore mark today |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/jailer-box-office-collection-day-15-despite-witnessing-dip-rajinikanths-film-will-pass-rs-300-crore-mark-today-8908512/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827183822/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/jailer-box-office-collection-day-15-despite-witnessing-dip-rajinikanths-film-will-pass-rs-300-crore-mark-today-8908512/ |archive-date=27 August 2023 |access-date=27 August 2023 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 September 2023 |title=Tamannaah Bhatia sizzles in all-black ensemble for 'Jailer' success party |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/fashion/tamannaah-bhatia-sizzles-in-all-black-ensemble-for-jailer-success-party-8943485/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250430234447/https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/fashion/tamannaah-bhatia-sizzles-in-all-black-ensemble-for-jailer-success-party-8943485/ |archive-date=30 April 2025 |access-date=30 April 2025 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> The Telugu film ''[[Bhola Shankar]]'' received negative reviews and underperformed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 August 2023 |title='Bholaa Shankar' box office collection Day 3: Chiranjeevi starrer struggles to woo viewers, grosses over Rs 20 crore |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/box-office/bholaa-shankar-box-office-collection-day-3-chiranjeevi-starrer-struggles-to-woo-viewers-grosses-over-rs-20-crore/articleshow/102710461.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827183824/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/box-office/bholaa-shankar-box-office-collection-day-3-chiranjeevi-starrer-struggles-to-woo-viewers-grosses-over-rs-20-crore/articleshow/102710461.cms |archive-date=27 August 2023 |access-date=27 August 2023 |website=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Her [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] debut, ''[[Bandra (film)|Bandra]]'', received mixed reviews and underperformed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dileep and Tamannaah Bhatia star in all-new Malayalam film - Bandra |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/dileep-and-tamannaah-bhatia-star-in-all-new-malayalam-film-bandra-58098.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829155958/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/dileep-and-tamannaah-bhatia-star-in-all-new-malayalam-film-bandra-58098.html |archive-date=29 August 2023 |access-date=1 September 2023 |website=FILMFARE}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 November 2023 |title='Bandra' OTT release: When and where to watch Dileep's action drama |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/bandra-ott-release-when-and-where-to-watch-dileeps-action-drama/articleshow/105530909.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128034837/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/bandra-ott-release-when-and-where-to-watch-dileeps-action-drama/articleshow/105530909.cms |archive-date=28 November 2023 |access-date=27 November 2023 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> She played a police officer in ''[[Aakhri Sach]]'', a Disney+ Hotstar thriller series which received positive reviews.<ref>{{cite web | last=Srivastava | first=Abhishek | title=Aakhri Sach Season 1 Review: This investigation thriller is watchable, wish it was more intense and edgier | website=The Times of India | date=25 August 2023 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/aakhri-sach/season-1/seasonreview/103009397.cms | access-date=5 September 2025 | archive-date=26 October 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026102227/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/aakhri-sach/season-1/seasonreview/103009397.cms | url-status=live }}</ref> Her performance in ''Jee Karda'' and ''Aakhri Sach'' earned her the Best Actress - Series at the [[Bollywood Hungama OTT India Fest]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners of the 2023 Awards |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/ott-india-fest/winners.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020153248/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/ott-india-fest/winners.php |archive-date=20 October 2023 |access-date=22 January 2024 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>

In 2024, Bhatia starred in the Tamil [[comedy horror]] film ''[[Aranmanai 4]]'' as Selvi, a protective mother and fearsome spirit. Her performance received praise, contributing to the film’s status as one of the [[List of Tamil films of 2024|highest grossing Tamil films of the year]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajendran |first=Gopinath |date=3 May 2024 |title='Aranmanai 4' movie review: Despite lacking in finesse, Tamannaah anchors the best entry in the franchise |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/aranmanai-4-movie-review-despite-lacking-in-finesse-tamannaah-anchors-the-best-entry-in-the-franchise/article68135134.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503095920/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/aranmanai-4-movie-review-despite-lacking-in-finesse-tamannaah-anchors-the-best-entry-in-the-franchise/article68135134.ece |archive-date=3 May 2024 |access-date=4 May 2024 |website=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=HT Entertainment Desk |date=3 May 2024 |title=Aranmanai 4 Twitter reviews: Tamannaah Bhatia, Raashii Khanna's horror film is 'entertaining but outdated,' say fans |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/aranmanai-4-twitter-reviews-tamannaah-bhatia-raashi-khanna-horror-film-entertaining-but-outdated-say-fans-101714736949624.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503130732/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/aranmanai-4-twitter-reviews-tamannaah-bhatia-raashi-khanna-horror-film-entertaining-but-outdated-say-fans-101714736949624.html |archive-date=3 May 2024 |access-date=4 May 2024 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> She appeared in the Netflix documentary ''[[Nayanthara: Beyond the Fairytale]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chandar |first=Bhuvanesh |date=18 November 2024 |title='Nayanthara: Beyond the Fairy Tale' review: A self-made superstar's imperfect yet heartfelt tribute to love |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nayanthara-beyond-the-fairy-tale-review-a-self-made-superstars-imperfect-yet-heartfelt-tribute-to-love/article68881519.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241118160139/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nayanthara-beyond-the-fairy-tale-review-a-self-made-superstars-imperfect-yet-heartfelt-tribute-to-love/article68881519.ece |archive-date=18 November 2024 |access-date=18 November 2024 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
In the Netflix thriller ''[[Sikandar Ka Muqaddar]]'', she played a single mother accused of theft,<ref>{{Cite web |last=India Today Entertainment Desk |date=23 October 2024 |title=Sikandar ka Muqaddar: Jimmy Sheirgill, Tamannaah promise a thrilling crime-drama |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/sikandar-ka-muqaddar-jimmy-sheirgill-tamannaah-bhatia-avinash-tiwary-neeraj-pandey-netflix-2621701-2024-10-23 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250430234637/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/sikandar-ka-muqaddar-jimmy-sheirgill-tamannaah-bhatia-avinash-tiwary-neeraj-pandey-netflix-2621701-2024-10-23 |archive-date=30 April 2025 |access-date=23 October 2024 |website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Web |first=Statesman |date=23 October 2024 |title='Sikandar ka Muqaddar': Jimmy Shergill, Tamannaah, Avinash Tiwary tease a heist drama |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/ott/sikandar-ka-muqaddar-jimmy-shergill-tamannaah-avinash-tiwary-tease-a-heist-drama-1503356941.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250430234733/https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/ott/sikandar-ka-muqaddar-jimmy-shergill-tamannaah-avinash-tiwary-tease-a-heist-drama-1503356941.html |archive-date=30 April 2025 |access-date=23 October 2024 |website=The Statesman}}</ref> and ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' critic Rishabh Suri noted that she "lends good support to the story".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suri |first=Rishabh |date=29 November 2024 |title=Sikandar Ka Muqaddar review: Neeraj Pandey's Tom and Jerry-esque thriller is decent, far from perfect |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/sikandar-ka-muqaddar-review-neeraj-pandey-s-tom-and-jerry-esque-thriller-is-decent-far-from-perfect-101732864929490.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250430234819/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/sikandar-ka-muqaddar-review-neeraj-pandey-s-tom-and-jerry-esque-thriller-is-decent-far-from-perfect-101732864929490.html |archive-date=30 April 2025 |access-date=13 December 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> Additionally, she performed in the music video "Tabahi" from the album [[Badshah (rapper)|''Retropanda'']] in 2022,<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 March 2022 |title=Badshah's 'Tabahi' brings augmented reality with new lens |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=939701 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331131254/https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=939701 |archive-date=31 March 2022 |access-date=31 March 2022 |work=[[Daijiworld Media|Daijiworld]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]}}</ref> the [[item number|special song]] "Daang Daang" in ''[[Sarileru Neekevvaru]]'' in 2020,<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 2019 |title='Daang Daang' song from Mahesh Babu starrer Sarileru Neekevvaru out |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/daang-daang-song-from-mahesh-babu-starrer-sarileru-neekevvaru-out-1502839340.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627144252/https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/daang-daang-song-from-mahesh-babu-starrer-sarileru-neekevvaru-out-1502839340.html |archive-date=27 June 2024 |access-date=27 June 2024 |website=The Statesman}}</ref> "Kodthe" in ''[[Ghani (2022 film)|Ghani]]'' in 2022,<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 March 2022 |title='Kodthe' music video from Varun Tej's 'Ghani' is out now |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/kodithe-music-video-from-varun-tejs-ghani-is-out-now/articleshow/90417826.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828133948/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/kodithe-music-video-from-varun-tejs-ghani-is-out-now/articleshow/90417826.cms |archive-date=28 August 2023 |access-date=9 June 2023 |website=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and made [[cameo appearance|cameos]] in ''[[Stree 2]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 December 2023 |title=Tamannaah Bhatia to have a song number in Shraddha Kapoor-Rajkummar Rao starrer 'Stree 2': Report |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/tamannaah-bhatia-to-have-a-song-number-in-shraddha-kapoor-rajkummar-rao-starrer-stree-2-report/articleshow/105791851.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217233728/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/tamannaah-bhatia-to-have-a-song-number-in-shraddha-kapoor-rajkummar-rao-starrer-stree-2-report/articleshow/105791851.cms |archive-date=17 December 2023 |access-date=18 January 2024 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> and ''[[Vedaa]]''<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 July 2023 |title=Tamannaah Bhatia joins John Abraham in Nikkhil Advani's Vedaa |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/tamannaah-bhatia-joins-john-abraham-nikkhil-advanis-vedaa/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713104538/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/tamannaah-bhatia-joins-john-abraham-nikkhil-advanis-vedaa/ |archive-date=13 July 2023 |access-date=13 July 2023 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> in 2024.

=== 2025–present ===


Tamannaah Bhatia starred in the 2025 Telugu [[Thriller film#Supernatural thriller|supernatural thriller]] ''[[Odela 2]]'', portraying a [[Shiva]] devotee. The film underperformed at the box office but was well-received by OTT audiences.<ref>{{cite web | last=S | first=Hari Prasad | title=ప్రైమ్ వీడియోలో తమన్నా మూవీ నయా రికార్డు.. 3 రోజుల్లోనే ఆ అరుదైన మైలురాయి | website=Hindustantimes Telugu | date=12 May 2025 | url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamanna-movie-odela-2-creates-new-record-touches-100-million-streaming-minutes-in-just-3-days-in-amazon-prime-video-121747060677367.html | language=te | access-date=15 September 2025 | archive-date=14 June 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250614083320/https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamanna-movie-odela-2-creates-new-record-touches-100-million-streaming-minutes-in-just-3-days-in-amazon-prime-video-121747060677367.html | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Saxena | first=Shipra | title=2 घंटा 30 मिनट का वो खौफनाक मंजर, एक के बाद एक हो रही मौतें, ऐसे वीभत्स सीन्स कांपेगा कलेजा, आते ही OTT पर कर रही ट्रेंड | website=Zee-Hindi | date=14 May 2025 | url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/photos/2025-telugu-most-scariest-thriller-supernatural-film-odela-2-flop-in-theater-biggest-hit-prime-become-no-1/2757646 | language=hi | access-date=15 September 2025 | archive-date=14 May 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250514130648/https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/photos/2025-telugu-most-scariest-thriller-supernatural-film-odela-2-flop-in-theater-biggest-hit-prime-become-no-1/2757646 | url-status=live }}</ref> She performed the special song "Nasha" in the Hindi crime thriller film ''[[Raid 2 (film)|Raid 2]]''. She also starred alongside [[Diana Penty]] in the [[Amazon Prime]] series ''[[Do You Wanna Partner]]'', and Shweta Keshri of ''[[India Today]]'' observed, "Tamannaah delivers a spirited performance as Shikha, a passionate, driven character who will go to any length to make her beer a reality."<ref>{{cite web | last=Keshri | first=Shweta | title=Do You Wanna Partner review: Tamannaah-Diana's beer drama is almost brew-tiful | website=India Today | date=12 September 2025 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/ott/story/do-you-wanna-partner-review-tamannaah-bhatia-diana-penty-craft-beer-startup-2785961-2025-09-12 | access-date=14 September 2025 | archive-date=16 September 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250916235930/https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/ott/story/do-you-wanna-partner-review-tamannaah-bhatia-diana-penty-craft-beer-startup-2785961-2025-09-12 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Srivastava | first=Abhishek | title=Do You Wanna Partner Season 1 Review: Diana Penty and Tamannaah Bhatia deliver chemistry and charm that keep you hooked | website=The Times of India | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/do-you-wanna-partner/do-you-wanna-partner-season-1/seasonreview/123785371.cms | access-date=11 September 2025}}</ref> She performed in the "Ghafoor" music video, a song released to promote [[The Ba***ds of Bollywood#Soundtrack|''The Ba***ds of Bollywood'']], but not included in the series.<ref>{{cite web | last=Biswas | first=Sneha | title=Tamannaah Bhatia's Ghafoor: Shah Rukh Khan drops new song from The Bads of Bollywood, netizens react | website=mint | date=19 September 2025 | url=https://www.livemint.com/entertainment/tamannaah-bhatias-ghafoor-shah-rukh-khan-drops-new-song-from-the-bads-of-bollywood-netizens-react-11758281811119.html | access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Kumar | first=Ritika | title=Tamannaah Bhatia brings the heat in The Ba***ds of Bollywood song Ghafoor; fans say 'OG villains steal the show'. Watch | website=Hindustan Times | date=19 September 2025 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/tamannaah-bhatia-brings-the-heat-in-the-ba-ds-of-bollywood-song-ghafoor-with-gulshan-grover-shakti-kapoor-ranjeet-101758287626414.html | access-date=19 September 2025}}</ref> She will reprise her role as [[List of Baahubali characters#Avanthika|Avanthika]] in the film ''[[Baahubali: The Epic]]'', a re-edited single-film version of the original [[Baahubali (franchise)|''Baahubali'']] saga, directed by [[S. S. Rajamouli]].<ref>{{cite web | last=Miller | first=Mike | title=RRR director to release his beloved two-part epic 'Baahubali' as a single movie: See the teaser | website=EW.com | date=26 August 2025 | url=https://ew.com/rrr-director-ss-rajamouli-releasing-two-part-epic-baahubali-single-movie-see-teaser-11796493 | access-date=4 October 2025}}</ref> Additionally, she will star in Hindi films ''O' Romeo'', an action thriller with [[Shahid Kapoor]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Britto |first=Anita |date=4 August 2025 |title=Exclusive: Tamannaah Bhatia joins Shahid Kapoor in Vishal Bhardwaj's Romeo |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/tamannaah-bhatia-joins-shahid-kapoor-vishal-bhardwaj-romeo-action-thriller-2025-2765911-2025-08-04 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250805082607/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/tamannaah-bhatia-joins-shahid-kapoor-vishal-bhardwaj-romeo-action-thriller-2025-2765911-2025-08-04 |archive-date=5 August 2025 |access-date=5 August 2025 |website=India Today}}</ref> the action film ''Ranger'' with [[Ajay Devgn]] and [[Sanjay Dutt]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=10 April 2025 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Tamannaah Bhatia starts shooting Ajay Devgn starrer Ranger in Ooty : Bollywood News |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/exclusive-tamannaah-bhatia-starts-shooting-ajay-devgn-starrer-ranger-ooty/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250410122959/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/exclusive-tamannaah-bhatia-starts-shooting-ajay-devgn-starrer-ranger-ooty/ |archive-date=10 April 2025 |access-date=11 April 2025 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> ''IPS Maria'' opposite [[John Abraham]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 April 2025 |title=Report: Tamannaah Bhatia To Star Opposite John Abraham In Rohit Shetty's Next |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/report-tamannaah-bhatia-to-star-opposite-john-abraham-in-rohit-shettys-next-73139.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250423041132/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/report-tamannaah-bhatia-to-star-opposite-john-abraham-in-rohit-shettys-next-73139.html |archive-date=23 April 2025 |access-date=30 April 2025 |website=Filmfare.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=12ImOKOjbq0 |title=Milky Beauty के टैग, Item Number से लेकर Shahrukh तक पर Tamannaah से बात |date=3 August 2025 |type=Interview |language=Hi |publisher=The Lallantop |place=India |time=00:39:22, 02:00:50 |time-caption=About IPS Maria film |access-date=4 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250803044506/https://youtube.com/watch?v=12ImOKOjbq0 |archive-date=3 August 2025 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> and ''Vvan'' opposite [[Sidharth Malhotra]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Narain |first=Yatamanyu |date=29 June 2025 |title=Vvan: Panchayat Director Deepak Kumar Mishra Joins Forces With Balaji & TVF For Sidharth Malhotra's Next |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/vvan-panchayat-director-deepak-kumar-mishra-joins-forces-with-balaji-tvf-for-sidharth-malhotras-next-ws-kl-9411091.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250629154858/https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/vvan-panchayat-director-deepak-kumar-mishra-joins-forces-with-balaji-tvf-for-sidharth-malhotras-next-ws-kl-9411091.html |archive-date=29 June 2025 |access-date=12 July 2025 |website=News18}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{Main|Tamannaah Bhatia filmography}}
Tamannaah Bhatia has appeared in 89 films and is one of the highest-paid actresses in [[Cinema of South India|South Indian cinema]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kanetkar |first=Riddhima |date=30 May 2024 |title=Meet highest paid South Indian actress, charges Rs 10 crore for a film, not Samantha, Rashmika Mandanna, Tamannaah |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-meet-highest-paid-south-indian-actress-nayanthara-rs-10-crore-film-not-samantha-rashmika-mandanna-tamannaah-3091254 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240531021304/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-meet-highest-paid-south-indian-actress-nayanthara-rs-10-crore-film-not-samantha-rashmika-mandanna-tamannaah-3091254 |archive-date=31 May 2024 |access-date=24 July 2024 |website=DNA India}}</ref> She began her career with 2005 romance film ''[[Chand Sa Roshan Chehra]]'' and later entered Telugu and Tamil cinema. Bhatia gained recognition with [[Happy Days (2007 film)|''Happy Days'']] and [[Kalloori]]. Her notable films include [[Ayan (film)|''Ayan'']], [[100% Love (2011 film)|''100% Love'']] and ''[[Baahubali: The Beginning]]''. Her performances in ''[[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion]]'', [[Dharma Durai (2016 film)|''Dharma Durai'']] and ''[[Aranmanai 4]]'' were well received.

== Accolades ==
{{Main|List of awards and nominations received by Tamannaah Bhatia}}

In 2010, Tamannaah Bhatia received the [[Kalaimamani#2010|Kalaimamani]] from the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] for her achievements in the fields of art and literature.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 January 2011 |title=Anushka, Tamannah among Kalaimamani winners |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2011/Jan/29/anushka-tamannah-among-kalaimamani-winners-223105.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122145923/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2011/jan/29/anushka-tamannah-among-kalaimamani-winners-223105.html |archive-date=22 January 2022 |access-date=17 April 2024 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> She won the [[Santosham Best Actress Award]] for her performance in [[100% Love (2011 film)|''100% Love'']] and the [[SIIMA Critics Award for Best Actress – Telugu]] for her performance in ''[[Tadakha]]''.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p7E3XSdpwn4 |title=10th Santhosham Awards (Santosham South Indian Film Awards 2012) Best Actress Award Tamannaah |date=10 January 2014 |language=te |publisher=Maa TV |place=India |access-date=10 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240510071108/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p7E3XSdpwn4 |archive-date=10 May 2024 |url-status=live |via=Silviu Tolu@[[YouTube]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yIkySu3W3gI |title=Tamannaah Honors as Best Actress Critics in Telugu Tadakha @ SIIMA 2014 |date=22 November 2014 |publisher=iDream Filmnagar |place=India |access-date=17 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240417110000/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=yIkySu3W3gI |archive-date=17 April 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2017, Bhatia was awarded an [[Honorary degree|honorary doctorate]] from the Confederation of International Accreditation Commission for her contributions to Indian cinema.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Paul |first=Papri |date=23 July 2017 |title=Tamannaah Bhatia conferred with honorary doctorate |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/tamannaah-bhatia-conferred-with-honorary-doctorate/articleshow/59723823.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101044031/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/tamannaah-bhatia-conferred-with-honorary-doctorate/articleshow/59723823.cms |archive-date=1 November 2021 |access-date=17 April 2024 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Her role in ''[[F2: Fun and Frustration]]'' earned her the Santosham Best Actress Award for the second time, and she also received several nominations at the [[Filmfare Awards South]].<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1qEPpVYT6BE |title=Santosham SumanTV Awards 2021 Full Episode |date=26 December 2021 |type=Awards show |language=te |publisher=SumanTV Telugu |place=India |time=02:36:53 |time-caption=Best Heroine Tamanna Bhatia |access-date=10 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240510082116/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1qEPpVYT6BE |archive-date=10 May 2024 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=India Today Web Desk |date=17 June 2017 |title=64th Filmfare Awards South 2017: Here is the full nominations' list |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/64th-filmfare-awards-south-2017-full-nominations-list-983224-2017-06-17 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190218143346/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/64th-filmfare-awards-south-2017-full-nominations-list-983224-2017-06-17 |archive-date=18 February 2019 |access-date=17 April 2024 |website=India Today}}</ref>

== Other works ==
Tamannaah Bhatia has pursued diverse ventures beyond acting. In the early 2010s, she modelled for television commercials, including [[Fanta]] and [[Chandrika (soap)|Chandrika Ayurvedic soap]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 April 2012 |title=Coca Cola signs up Tamil actor Tamanna Bhatia for Fanta |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/advertising/coca-cola-signs-up-tamil-actor-tamanna-bhatia-for-fanta/articleshow/12836317.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903190958/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/advertising/coca-cola-signs-up-tamil-actor-tamanna-bhatia-for-fanta/articleshow/12836317.cms |archive-date=3 September 2023 |access-date=3 September 2023 |website=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 July 2011 |title=Flavour Of The Week: Tamanna |url=https://www.ndtv.com/photos/entertainment/flavour-of-the-week-tamanna-10880 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121218065346/http://www.ndtv.com/photos/entertainment/flavour-of-the-week-tamanna-10880 |archive-date=18 December 2012 |access-date=7 May 2025 |website=www.ndtv.com}}</ref> In March 2015, she represented [[Zee Telugu]] and launched her jewellery brand, Wite & Gold.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajamani |first=Radhika |date=31 March 2015 |title=Tamanaah is Zee Telugu's brand ambassador |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/tamanaah-is-zee-telugus-brand-ambassador-south/20150331.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119050900/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/tamanaah-is-zee-telugus-brand-ambassador-south/20150331.htm |archive-date=19 November 2022 |access-date=19 November 2022 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2017 |title=Tamannaah launches her jewellery brand |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/tamannaah-launches-her-jewellery-brand/articleshow/46767930.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916060506/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/tamannaah-launches-her-jewellery-brand/articleshow/46767930.cms |archive-date=16 September 2021 |access-date=16 September 2021 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> In January 2016, she endorsed the [[Beti Bachao Beti Padhao]] campaign.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 January 2016 |title=Tamannaah to endorse girl power |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/tollywood/200116/tamannaah-to-endorse-girl-power-1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121144520/http://deccanchronicle.com/tollywood/200116/tamannaah-to-endorse-girl-power-1.html |archive-date=21 January 2016 |access-date=21 January 2016 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> She performed at the [[Indian Premier League]] opening ceremonies in [[2018 Indian Premier League|2018]] and [[2023 Indian Premier League|2023]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 April 2018 |title=IPL 2018 opening ceremony: Hrithik Roshan, Tamannaah Bhatia, Prabhudheva and others give captivating performances |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ipl-2018-opening-ceremony-hrithik-roshan-tamannaah-bhatia-prabhudheva-5127821/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605095252/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ipl-2018-opening-ceremony-hrithik-roshan-tamannaah-bhatia-prabhudheva-5127821/ |archive-date=5 June 2023 |access-date=5 June 2023 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=29 March 2023 |title=Tamannaah Bhatia: IPL 2023: Bahubali fame Tamannaah Bhatia to perform in grand opening ceremony |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/ipl-2023-bahubali-fame-tamannaah-bhatia-to-perform-in-grand-opening-ceremony/articleshow/99094478.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605041029/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/ipl-2023-bahubali-fame-tamannaah-bhatia-to-perform-in-grand-opening-ceremony/articleshow/99094478.cms |archive-date=5 June 2023 |access-date=5 June 2023 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref>

Bhatia co-wrote ''Back to the Roots'' with [[Luke Coutinho]], published by [[Penguin Random House|Penguin Random House India]] in August 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2021 |title=Tamannaah to co-author book promoting ancient Indian wellness practices |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/books/2021/aug/21/tamannaah-to-co-author-book-promoting-ancient-indian-wellness-practices-2347899.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823131143/https://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/books/2021/aug/21/tamannaah-to-co-author-book-promoting-ancient-indian-wellness-practices-2347899.html |archive-date=23 August 2021 |access-date=23 August 2021 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> In September 2022, she joined Sugar Cosmetics as an equity partner.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Paul |first=James |date=1 December 2022 |title=Tamannaah Bhatia Forays Into Entrepreneurship; Invests In Shark Tank India's Vineeta Singh's Cosmetic Brand |url=https://in.mashable.com/tech/42903/tamannaah-bhatia-forays-into-entrepreneurship-invests-in-shark-tank-indias-vineeta-singhs-cosmetic-b |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605051945/https://in.mashable.com/tech/42903/tamannaah-bhatia-forays-into-entrepreneurship-invests-in-shark-tank-indias-vineeta-singhs-cosmetic-b |archive-date=5 June 2023 |access-date=5 June 2023 |website=Mashable India}}</ref> In 2023, she endorsed [[India Infoline|IIFL Finance]] in January,<ref>{{Cite web |title=IIFL Finance signs Tamannaah Bhatia as brand ambassador |url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/advertising/iifl-finance-signs-tamannaah-bhatia-as-brand-ambassador/97488751 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702111614/https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/advertising/iifl-finance-signs-tamannaah-bhatia-as-brand-ambassador/97488751 |archive-date=2 July 2023 |access-date=2 July 2023 |website=ETBrandEquity.com}}</ref> VLCC in July,<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 July 2023 |title=Tamannaah Bhatia joins VLCC as Brand Ambassador; advocates complete skincare with facial kits |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/tamannaah-bhatia-joins-vlcc-brand-ambassador-advocates-complete-skincare-facial-kits/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903184131/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/tamannaah-bhatia-joins-vlcc-brand-ambassador-advocates-complete-skincare-facial-kits/ |archive-date=3 September 2023 |access-date=3 September 2023 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> and became the first Indian ambassador for [[Shiseido]] in October.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chronicle |first=Deccan |date=14 October 2023 |title=Tamannaah to promote a Japanese brand |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/141023/tamannaah-first-indian-face-of-japanese-brand-shiseido.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015234113/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/141023/tamannaah-first-indian-face-of-japanese-brand-shiseido.html |archive-date=15 October 2023 |access-date=15 October 2023 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> In January 2024, she promoted Cellecor Gadgets Limited’s earbuds and smartwatches,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tyagi |first=Amit |date=26 January 2024 |title=cellecor gadgets limited tamannaah bhatia as the dazzling new ambassador. |url=https://hindi.economictimes.com/markets/share-bazaar/cellecor-gadgets-limited-tamannaah-bhatia-as-the-dazzling-new-ambassador-/articleshow/107159119.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126032917/https://hindi.economictimes.com/markets/share-bazaar/cellecor-gadgets-limited-tamannaah-bhatia-as-the-dazzling-new-ambassador-/articleshow/107159119.cms |archive-date=26 January 2024 |access-date=14 February 2024 |website=The Economic Times Hindi |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=WebTeam |first=ZeeBiz |date=25 January 2024 |title=Cellecor Gadgets to unveil earbuds, smartwatch this Republic Day |url=https://www.zeebiz.com/technology/news-cellecor-gadgets-earbuds-smartwatch-range-of-products-273626 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214152318/https://www.zeebiz.com/technology/news-cellecor-gadgets-earbuds-smartwatch-range-of-products-273626 |archive-date=14 February 2024 |access-date=14 February 2024 |website=Zee Business}}</ref> and in March 2024, she represented [[Rasna (drink)|Rasna]], the soft drink concentrate.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=14 March 2024 |title=Tamannaah Bhatia becomes the brand ambassador of Rasna : Bollywood News |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/tamannaah-bhatia-becomes-brand-ambassador-rasna/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314140657/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/tamannaah-bhatia-becomes-brand-ambassador-rasna/ |archive-date=14 March 2024 |access-date=15 March 2024 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 March 2024 |title=Rasna ropes in Tamannaah Bhatia as their new brand ambassador |url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/advertising/tamannaah-bhatia-shares-lndia-ki-khushiyon-ka-vitamin/108464818 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315022926/https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/amp/news/marketing/rasna-ropes-in-tamannaah-bhatia-as-their-new-brand-ambassador/108464818 |archive-date=15 March 2024 |access-date=15 March 2024 |website=ETBrandEquity.com}}</ref> In 2025, she was named the brand ambassador for [[Karnataka Soaps and Detergents Limited]] in May, representing [[Mysore Sandal Soap]] for a two-year term,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devadiga |first=Yashaswi |date=22 May 2025 |title=Mysore Sandal Soap: ಮೈಸೂರು ಸ್ಯಾಂಡಲ್ ಸೋಪ್‌ಗೆ ತಮನ್ನಾ ರಾಯಭಾರಿ! ಕೋಟಿ ಕೋಟಿ ಖರ್ಚು, ನೆಟ್ಟಿಗರಿಂದ ತೀವ್ರ ಆಕ್ರೋಶ! |url=https://kannada.news18.com/news/entertainment/tamannaah-bhatia-become-mysore-sandal-soap-new-brand-ambassador-but-troll-in-social-media-yda-ws-kl-2083375.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250522100948/https://kannada.news18.com/news/entertainment/tamannaah-bhatia-become-mysore-sandal-soap-new-brand-ambassador-but-troll-in-social-media-yda-ws-kl-2083375.html |archive-date=22 May 2025 |access-date=22 May 2025 |website=News18 ಕನ್ನಡ |language=kn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shetty |first=Bhavishya |date=22 May 2025 |title=ಮೈಸೂರು ಸ್ಯಾಂಡಲ್ ಸೋಪ್‌ಗೆ ಅಧಿಕೃತ ರಾಯಭಾರಿ ತಮನ್ನಾ ಭಾಟಿಯಾ: 2 ವರ್ಷಗಳ ಅವಧಿಗೆ ಆಕೆ ಪಡೆಯುವ ಸಂಭಾವನೆ ಎಷ್ಟು ಗೊತ್ತಾ? |url=https://zeenews.india.com/kannada/karnataka/tamannaah-bhatia-the-official-ambassador-for-mysore-sandal-soap-do-you-know-how-much-she-will-be-paid-for-a-period-of-2-years-309403 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250522100720/https://zeenews.india.com/kannada/karnataka/tamannaah-bhatia-the-official-ambassador-for-mysore-sandal-soap-do-you-know-how-much-she-will-be-paid-for-a-period-of-2-years-309403 |archive-date=22 May 2025 |access-date=22 May 2025 |website=Zee News Kannada |language=kn}}</ref> and she took on the role of brand ambassador for GFS Developments in October.<ref>{{cite web | last=Report | first=GN Focus | title=Delivering Excellence Globally: GFS Developments marks a new milestone with grand groundbreaking ceremony | website=Gulf News: Latest UAE news, Dubai news, Business, travel news, Dubai Gold rate, prayer time, cinema | date=16 October 2025 | url=https://gulfnews.com/gn-focus/delivering-excellence-globally-gfs-developments-marks-a-new-milestone-with-grand-groundbreaking-ceremony-1.500309690 | access-date=17 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Delivering Excellence Globally: GFS Developments Marks a New Milestone with Grand Groundbreaking Ceremony | website=UAE News 24/7 | date=14 October 2025 | url=https://uaenews247.com/2025/10/14/delivering-excellence-globally-gfs-developments-marks-a-new-milestone-with-grand-groundbreaking-ceremony/ | access-date=17 October 2025}}</ref>

== In the media ==
[[File:Tamannaah at the promotions of Jee Karda in June 2023 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Bhatia in 2023]]

Tamannaah Bhatia ranks among the highest-grossing actresses in Indian cinema.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Highest Cumulative Box Office Collection by Actress |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-collections/highest-cumulative-box-office-collection-actress/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402183144/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-collections/highest-cumulative-box-office-collection-actress/ |archive-date=2 April 2024 |access-date=2 April 2024 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> In ''[[Rediff.com]]''{{'}}s "Top Telugu Actresses" list, she secured second place in 2011,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rediff Movies |title=Top 5 BEST Telugu actresses of 2011 |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-south-top-telugu-actresses-of-2011/20111228.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421153402/https://m.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-south-top-telugu-actresses-of-2011/20111228.htm |archive-date=21 April 2023 |access-date=29 December 2012 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> first in 2012,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rediff Movies |title=The 5 Top Telugu Actresses of 2012 |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-top-telugu-actresses-of-2012/20130115.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716122454/https://m.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-top-telugu-actresses-of-2012/20130115.htm |archive-date=16 July 2023 |access-date=22 December 2013 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> and second in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Radhika Rajamani |title=The 5 BEST Telugu Actresses of 2016 |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/the-5-best-telugu-actresses/20160114.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170627071356/http://m.rediff.com/amp/movies/report/the-5-best-telugu-actresses/20160114.htm |archive-date=27 June 2017 |access-date=21 December 2017 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> She was named the [[The Times of India|Chennai Times and Hyderabad Times Most Desirable Woman]] in 2012.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Hyderabad Times Most Desirable Woman 2012 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Hyderabad-Times-Most-Desirable-Woman-2012/articleshow/20029988.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204171249/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Hyderabad-Times-Most-Desirable-Woman-2012/articleshow/20029988.cms |archive-date=4 December 2017 |access-date=13 May 2013 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Chennai Times Most Desirable Women of 2012 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Chennai-Times-Most-Desirable-Women-of-2012/articleshow/20071148.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327052049/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Chennai-Times-Most-Desirable-Women-of-2012/articleshow/20071148.cms |archive-date=27 March 2018 |access-date=16 May 2013 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> In 2017, she placed fourth among the top stars of Indian cinema by [[IMDb]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chronicle |first=Deccan |date=9 December 2017 |title=IMDb Top stars of Indian cinema 2017: 3 Khans and Baahubali stars dominate |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/091217/imdb-top-stars-of-indian-cinema-2017-3-khans-and-baahubali-stars-dominate.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217014608/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/091217/imdb-top-stars-of-indian-cinema-2017-3-khans-and-baahubali-stars-dominate.html |archive-date=17 December 2023 |access-date=17 December 2023 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Manglik |first=Reshu |date=9 December 2017 |title=IMDb top 10 stars of Indian cinema in 2017: Can you guess who's on the top? |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities-imdb-top-10-stars-of-indian-cinema-in-2017-shah-rukh-khan-amir-khan-salman-khan-on-top-416068 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709181454/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities-imdb-top-10-stars-of-indian-cinema-in-2017-shah-rukh-khan-amir-khan-salman-khan-on-top-416068 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |access-date=30 June 2021 |publisher=INDIATV}}</ref> Bhatia was the seventh most tweeted-about South Indian actress in 2020,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Keerthy Suresh and Mahesh Babu are Most Tweeted About South Indian Superstars of 2020 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/keerthy-suresh-and-mahesh-babu-are-most-tweeted-about-south-indian-superstars-of-2020-1749313-2020-12-14 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201214073820/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/movies/regional-cinema/story/keerthy-suresh-and-mahesh-babu-are-most-tweeted-about-south-indian-superstars-of-2020-1749313-2020-12-14 |archive-date=14 December 2020 |access-date=16 December 2020 |work=India Today}}</ref> and in 2021, she stood eighth in the same category on [[Twitter]],<ref>{{Cite news |title=Thalapthy Vijay, Keerthy Suresh 'Most Tweeted About' Actors of 2021 From South Industry |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/thalapthy-vijay-keerthy-suresh-most-tweeted-about-actors-of-2021-from-south-industry-4556723.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230508055833/https://www.news18.com/amp/news/movies/thalapthy-vijay-keerthy-suresh-most-tweeted-about-actors-of-2021-from-south-industry-4556723.html |archive-date=8 May 2023 |access-date=15 December 2021 |work=News18 India}}</ref> while also placing tenth among the most influential social media stars of South Indian cinema by ''[[Forbes India]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pandey |first=Devasheesh |date=18 October 2021 |title=Rashmika Mandanna Tops Forbes List of Most Influential Social Media Stars of South Cinema |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/rashmika-mandanna-tops-forbes-list-of-most-influential-social-media-stars-of-south-cinema-4333919.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129172148/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/rashmika-mandanna-tops-forbes-list-of-most-influential-social-media-stars-of-south-cinema-4333919.html |archive-date=29 November 2021 |access-date=7 July 2024 |website=News18}}</ref>

In 2023, she was the sixth most popular Indian star, according to IMDb.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 November 2023 |title=Shah Rukh Khan tops IMDb's list of 10 most popular Indian stars, Alia Bhatt and Deepika Padukone follow |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-tops-imdb-list-10-most-popular-indian-stars-alia-bhatt-deepika-padukone-follow-101700633466272.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122092047/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-tops-imdb-list-10-most-popular-indian-stars-alia-bhatt-deepika-padukone-follow-101700633466272.html |archive-date=22 November 2023 |access-date=22 November 2023 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=Mashable |date=22 November 2023 |title=Shah Rukh Khan Tops IMDb's Top 10 Most Popular Indian Stars Of 2023; Alia Bhatt, Nayanthara And More On List |url=https://in.mashable.com/entertainment/64335/shah-rukh-khan-tops-imdbs-top-10-most-popular-indian-stars-of-2023-alia-bhatt-nayanthara-and-more-on |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122092159/https://in.mashable.com/entertainment/64335/shah-rukh-khan-tops-imdbs-top-10-most-popular-indian-stars-of-2023-alia-bhatt-nayanthara-and-more-on |archive-date=22 November 2023 |access-date=22 November 2023 |website=Mashable India}}</ref> In 2024, she ranked sixteenth among IMDb's Top 100 most viewed Indian stars of the past decade.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Soumyabrata |date=29 May 2024 |title=IMDb's Top 100 Most Viewed Indian Stars Of The Last Decade OUT! Deepika Padukone Leads List, Followed By Shah Rukh Khan, More |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/imdbs-top-100-most-viewed-indian-stars-of-the-last-decade-out-deepika-padukone-leads-list-followed-by-shah-rukh-khan-more-article-110534156 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240606060000/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/imdbs-top-100-most-viewed-indian-stars-of-the-last-decade-out-deepika-padukone-leads-list-followed-by-shah-rukh-khan-more-article-110534156 |archive-date=6 June 2024 |access-date=30 May 2024 |website=Times Now}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 November 2023 |title=Shah Rukh Khan tops IMDb's list of 10 most popular Indian stars, Alia Bhatt and Deepika Padukone follow |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-tops-imdb-list-10-most-popular-indian-stars-alia-bhatt-deepika-padukone-follow-101700633466272.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122092047/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-tops-imdb-list-10-most-popular-indian-stars-alia-bhatt-deepika-padukone-follow-101700633466272.html |archive-date=22 November 2023 |access-date=22 November 2023 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> As of August 2024, she is one of the most-followed South Indian actors on [[Instagram]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Bhavana |date=10 August 2024 |title=Top 10 Tollywood actors who are ruling social media |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/top-10-tollywood-actors-who-are-ruling-social-media-1815425 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241005165539/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/top-10-tollywood-actors-who-are-ruling-social-media-1815425 |archive-date=5 October 2024 |access-date=23 December 2024 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> In August 2025, Bhatia was featured in KALKI Fashion’s bridal couture campaign.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tamannaah Bhatia reigns in red as the face of KALKI's latest bridal couture |url=https://t2online.in/goodlife/fashion-beauty/tamannaah-bhatia-reigns-in-red-as-the-face-of-kalki-s-latest-bridal-couture/2000622 |website=T2 Online |date=21 August 2025 |access-date=21 August 2025}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{Instagram}}
*{{IMDb name}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes person}}
*{{BH person}}

{{Subject bar|d=y|common=y|q=y}}{{SIIMA Critics Award for Best Actress – Telugu}}{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhatia, Tamannaah}}
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Sindhi people]]
[[Category:Sindhi actresses]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Female models from Mumbai]]
[[Category:CineMAA Awards winners]]
[[Category:Santosham Film Awards winners]]
[[Category:Sindhi Hindus]]

Magarasi

2026-02-22T11:02:10Z

DEVANSH: Details

{{short description|Indian television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox television
| image =Magarasi serial.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| genre = [[Soap opera]]
| creator =
| writer =
| based_on =
| director = {{ubl|[[S. P. Rajkumar|S.P Rajkumar]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/141019/rajkumar-goes-from-cinema-to-telly.html|title=Rajkumar goes from cinema to telly|website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=15 October 2019}}</ref>(1–80)|N. Sundareshwaran (81–1036)}}
| creative_director = Hari Bhaskaran Rathinam
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Srithika Saneesh]]
* S.S.R Aaryann
}}
| theme_music_composer = [[Krish (singer)|Krish]]
| opentheme = "Yela Yelaaamma Sontham paramma Magarasi Neethan Amma"
| endtheme =
| composer = Krish
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 1036<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/tv-show-magarasi-completes-1000-episodes/articleshow/101273486.cms|title=TV show 'Magarasi' completes 1000 episodes|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|date=26 June 2023}}</ref>
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer = Jaganatham
| producer = Anuradha Sarin R.Sathish kumar
| editor = Mahesh Babu
| cinematography = {{plainlist|
* Ma.Ilayaraja
}}
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 20–22 minutes
| company = {{plainlist|
* [[Sun Network|Sun Entertainment]] Citram Studios
}}
| network = [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2019|10|21}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2023|07|01}}
| location = [[Tamil Nadu]]
}}

'''''Magarasi''''' (Translate: woman of elegance/graceful daughter-in-law) is a 2019-2023 Indian-[[Tamil language|Tamil]] language television [[soap opera]] that premiered on 21 October 2019 on [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] and ended on 1 July 2023. It is available for worldwide streaming on [[Sun NXT]]. The show is produced by Citram Studios.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/new-show-magarasi-to-go-on-air-from-october-21/articleshow/71689629.cms|title=New show Magarasi to go on air from October 21|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=21 October 2019 }}</ref> It stars Divya Sridhar/ [[Srithika Saneesh]] and SSR Aaryann in lead roles.

==Plot==
Tamizh, a rich Chidambaram based IT employee leaves Haridwar with his child by train. When the train departs from Haridwar, Bharathi gets the train with the help of Tamizh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/television/magarasi-serial-magarasi-is-born-and-brought-up-in-haridwar-365681.html|title=மகராசி ஹரித்வாரில் பிறந்து வளர்ந்த தமிழ்ப் பெண்ணாமே!|website=tamil.oneindia.com|date=15 October 2019 |language=ta}}</ref> They both introduced themselves and Tamizh narrated his tragic love marriage life to Bharathi. Tamizh initially had left his joint family and refused to marry both of his cousins to marry Ragini, his colleague. This made his mother fall into a coma. But Ragini wanted to lead a luxurious life and spent all his money in vain. This leads to a big misunderstanding between them and they got separated. Bharathi introduced herself to Tamizh that she is from Haridwar, and will tell the rest on one fine day. She insists to travel with him until Chidambaram. There, by seeing Tamizh with the child and girl, his family thinks that Bharathi would be his wife. Everyone shows affection towards her and consider her as Magarasi of the family. She too tries to get Tamizh's mother up from the coma. And she succeeds in that too. This reduces the gap between Tamizh and his father. One day Tamizh gets to know that Bharathi is already married.

Everyone starts to live like a single family. Though Bharathi mingled in the family, she is not happy and always feels that her position, affection, love from the family belong to another girl, Ragini. She attempts a couple of times to leave the home but does not succeed.

One day, Tamizh's friend shows a trending video of Bharathi, who was chased by some henchmen of her uncle Pandian. So Tamizh insists Bharathi reveal the truth. Bharathi who was too rich lived with her husband Puvi. They both believed that helping the needy is the best way to reach God. But Pandian and his nephew Mithun showed her wrong accounts and manipulated her property. Puvi suspected them and informed Bharathi. But Bharathi blindly believed her uncle. When Bharathi identified their originality, they wanted to kill Bharathi and Puvi. In the event, Bharathi escaped and got a train to Chennai.

Now at the present Tamizh and Bharathi become good friends and Tamizh helps Bharathi to save her property and Puvi.

One day, Tamizh's parents arranged a marriage for Tamizh and Bharathi unknown relationship. Ragini came to the scene and Bharati falls unconscious, made the marriage stop there. Tamizh's mother went to ask why her son's life with Bharathi is not that good at a priest and he revealed the truth that Bharathi is her first daughter in law that means Puvi is Tamizh's biological elder brother

In [[Divya Sridhar|Divya]]'s last episode, Bharathi met with an accident. It makes her face damaged. She had a face transplant and get a new face ([[Srithika|Srithika Saneesh]]). In the accident, she also lost her memory. Now, the story continued with Bharathi's new face and her name also changed as "Shakthi". Malliga, a village girl accidentally marries Puviarasan when he was disguised as Anbu without his old memories about the past. Nandan, the brother of Malliga changed the face of Bharathi by face transplant and made her believe as Shakthi. However Shakthi regained her memories as Bharathi and joined again with Puviarasan's family. After knowing the truth that Bharathi is still alive, Malliga decided to leave Puviarasan and went back to her village. After series of events, Malliga discovers about her birth from a doctor named Sujatha, that Malliga was not a village girl but she was born in Haridwar and Bharathi is her twin sister. Sujatha was the gynecologist doctor and a close friend of Bharathi and Malliga's mother. Knowing this truth, Malliga becomes very happy and decided to be the surrogate mother for Bharathi and Puviarasan's baby due to Bharathi unable to beget a chids due to the accident. But Malliga does not reveal this matter to bharathi and her family. Eventually Malliga marries Tamizharasan the brother of Puviarasan due to Chidamabaram family misunderstood that Malliga was carrying tamizharasan's child in her womb. Meanwhile Bharathi discovers the whereabouts of her mother Durga and made her stay in Chandrika's house. Actually Chandrika was the wife of Senthoorapandian who was the guardian of Bharathi in Haridwar and wanted to amass her wealth by killing her and Puviarasan. Senthoorapandian eventually dies in a mishap while escaping from police custody and Chandrika wanted to take revenge on Bharathi and Puviarasan's family because she considered Bharathi as the indirect reason for her husband's death. She plots eventually to take revenge on Bharathi and Chidambaram's family.

==Cast==
===Main===
* Divya Sridhar / [[Srithika Saneesh]] as Bharathi Puviarasan(Magarasi of Chithambaram Family)
* SSR Aaryann as Puviarasan (Puvi) Chidambaram (Shenbagam and Chidambaram elder son)

===Recurring===
* Vijay as Tamilarasan (Tamil) Chidhambaram (Shenbagam and Chidambaram younger son)
* Mounika Devi as Malliga Tamilarasan
* [[Praveena]] / [[Sriranjani (Tamil actress)|Sriranjani]] as Shenbagam Chidhambaram (Chidambaram 's Wife)
* Deepan Chakravarthy replacement [[Poovilangu Mohan]] as Chidhambaram (Shenbagam 's husband)
* Pavithra as Madhavi
* Ashwini replacement Raghavi Sasikumar as Gomathi Gopalan (Gopalan 's Wife Chidambaram youngest daughter)
* Ravishankar as Kathiravan
* Satvik as Rahul Tamilarasan
* Vandhana Michael as Chandrika Senthoora Pandiyan (Main Antagonist)
* [[Senthilnathan]] as Pechiappan
* Nethra Shri as Sengamalam
* [[Keerthana (actress)|Keerthana]] as Durga Bhai
* [[Ram G|Ramji]] as Sivamani
* [[Riyaz Khan]] as Senthoora Pandiyan
* Gayathri Priya as Doctor Sujatha
* Mahalakshmi Shankar as Anbarasi Chidhambaram Manohar (Shenbagam and Chidambaram eldest daughter)
* Vijay Anand as "Gethu" Manohar
* Gracy Thangavel as Aburva
* Sivaji Manohar as Gopalan
* Mithun Raj as Mugilan
* Madhumita Illayaraja replacement Shamina Shetty as Illavarasi Chidhambaram (Shenbagam and Chidambaram Youngest daughter)
* Harish G as Velan Gopalan
* Anju Prabhakar as Chamundeshwari
* Sneha Nambiar replacement Swetha as Banumathy Kathiravan
* Vaishali Thaniga as Gayathri Gopalan
* Orma Bose replacement Vinitha Jaganathan replacement Swetha Senthilkumar as Vanmathi Kathiravan
* Feroz Khan as Nandhan Pechiappan
* [[Gayathri Yuvraaj]] / Divya Ganesh / Vanitha Hariharan / Ashrita Sreedas as Ragini Tamilarasan

=== Guest appearance===
* [[Raghuvaran]] (Photo Appearance) / Sathish as Puniyamoorthy
* Ammu Ramachandran as Sandhya
* Vaiyapuri as Rajendran
* [[Srithika Saneesh]] as herself
* [[Papri Ghosh]] as Kayal Kuttisundaram
* Aarthi Subash as Malliga Anbusundaram
* [[Vasu Vikram]] as Vishwanathan
* [[Priya (actress)|Priya]] as Meenakshi Vishwanathan

==Development==
=== Casting ===
[[Keladi Kanmani]]'s fame [[Divya Sridhar]] was selected to portray the lead female role Bharathi but due to her eye injury she was replaced by [[Nadhaswaram]] fame [[Srithika Saneesh]] from June 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/sun-tv-famous-serial-maharasi-shreethika-shanish-as-bharathi-dhivya-sridar-313438/|title=சன் டிவியின் பிரபல சீரியலில் நாயகி மாற்றம் : ஏன் தெரியுமா?|website=tamil.indianexpress.com|language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/television-srithika-to-replace-divya-sridhar-in-sun-tv-magarasi-serial-ghta-scs-479721.html|title=சன் டிவி மகராசி தொடரில் இருந்து விலகும் திவ்யா ஸ்ரீதர்... புதிய பாரதி இவர் தான்!|website=tamil.news18.com|date=10 June 2021 |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/popular-sun-tv-serial-heroine-change-srithika-to-join-as-new-lead.html|title=POPULAR SUN TV SERIAL'S HEROINE CHANGED - KALYANA PARISU FAME SRITHIKA TO JOIN AS NEW LEAD!|website=www.behindwoods.com|date=12 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/srithika-saneesh-joins-the-cast-of-magarasi-replaces-actress-divya-sridhar/articleshow/83503394.cms|title=Srithika Saneesh joins the cast of Magarasi, replaces actress Divya Sridhar|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=14 June 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/magarasi-serial-srithika-latest-photoshoot-photos-371175/|title=புடவையில் அசத்தும் 'மகராசி' ஸ்ரித்திகா லேட்டஸ்ட் புகைப்படங்கள்!|website=tamil.indianexpress.com|language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/681941-sreethika-joins-in-magarasi-serial.html|title=திவ்யா ஸ்ரீதர் விலகல்: 'மகராசி' தொடரில் இணைந்த ஸ்ரித்திகா|website=www.hindutamil.in|language=ta}}</ref> SSR Aaryann was cast in the male lead role as Puviarasan. Vijay was cast in the second male lead role as Tamilarasan. The series marks the television debut for SSR Aaryann and Vijay. [[Praveena]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/television/magarasi-serial-priyamanaval-amma-returns-in-magarasi-serial-365431.html|title=பிரியமானவள் தொடர் நடிகையின் அடுத்த தொடர்|website=tamil.oneindia.com|date=12 October 2019 |language=ta}}</ref> was cast in the main lead role as Shenbagam. In 2020, lead [[Praveena]] quit the series. Praveena was replaced by [[Sriranjani (Tamil actress)|Sriranjani]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/lifestyle/suntv-magarasi-serial-shenbegam-actress-sri-ranjani-biography-317283/|title=அலைபாயுதே மாதவன் அண்ணி.. சினிமா சீரியலில் மோஸ்ட் வான்டட் அம்மா.. மகராசி சீரியல் செண்பகம் பயோகிராபி!|website=tamil.indianexpress.com|language=ta}}</ref> Besides [[Riyaz Khan]], [[Deepan Chakravarthy]], [[Ram G|Ramji]], [[Anju (actress)|Anju]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/lifestyle/tamil-serial-news-baby-anju-sun-tv-magarasi-serial-233428/|title=குழந்தை நட்சத்திரமாக ஜொலித்த பேபி அஞ்சு! இப்போ சீரியல்ல அம்மா…|website=tamil.indianexpress.com|language=ta}}</ref> Mounika Devi<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/lifestyle/suntv-serial-magarasi-malliga-mounika-devi-biography-319178/|title=தெலுங்கு நியூஸ் ரீடர் டூ தமிழ் சீரியல் ஆக்டர்ஸ்.. மகராசி மல்லிகாவின் லைஃப் ட்ராவல்..|website=tamil.indianexpress.com|language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/magarasi-malliga-mounika-latest-photoshoot-photos-369077/|title=அட! 'மகராசி' மல்லிகாவா இவங்க! – மாடர்ன் உடைகளில் மிளிரும் மௌனிகா!|website=tamil.indianexpress.com|language=ta}}</ref> and [[Rudra (actress)|Ashwini]] were cast then.

Post [[COVID-19 pandemic|COVID-19]] break when the production resumed in July 2020 after three months, [[Deepan Chakravarthy]] was replaced by [[Poovilangu Mohan]], [[Rudra (actress)|Ashwini]] was replaced by Raghavi Sasikumar, Madhumita Ilaiyaraja was replaced by Shamina Shetty.

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt12182326}}

{{Sun TV shows}}

[[Category:Sun TV original programming]]
[[Category:2019 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:Tamil-language melodrama television series]]
[[Category:Indian television series related to plastic surgery]]

Tulja Bhavani Temple

2026-02-19T19:49:24Z

DEVANSH: added references

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Maharashtra, India}}
{{EngvarB|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}

{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Shree Tulja Bhavani Temple
| native_name =तुळजा भवानी मन्दिर
| native_name_lang =
| image =Raje Shahaji Mahadwar of Tulja Bhavani Temple.jpg
| image_upright =
| alt = Entrance gate of Tulja Bhawani Temple
| Peetham =
| caption =Main entrance gate (Raje Shahaji Mahadwar)

| religious_affiliation =[[Hinduism]]
| deity =[[Bhavani]] (as Amba Bhavani or Amba Bai)
| tradition =
| organizational_status =
| functional_status =
| governing_body =
| temple_board =Shri Tulja Bhavani Temple Trust
| festival =
| festivals ={{plainlist|
*Navaratri
*Dussehra
*Ganesh Chaturthi
*Holi
*Deepawali (Diwali)
}}
| tower =
| temple_tank =
| temple_tree =3 big trees

| location =Raje Shahaji Mahadwar Road, Jijamata Nagar, Tuljapur, Dharashiv district, Maharashtra - 413601
| locale =
| district =[[Osmanabad district|Dharashiv district]]
| state =[[Maharashtra]]
| province =
| country = [[India]]
| map_type =India#India Maharashtra
| map_size =
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| map_relief =
| map_caption =Location in Maharashtra
| coordinates ={{coord|18.011386|76.125641|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =

| architecture_type =[[Hemadpanti architecture]]
| architecture_style =[[Hemadpanthi|Hemadpanthi style]]
| founded_by =
| creator =Maratha King Mahamandaleshwara Māradadeva
| established ={{start date and years ago|1169|df=y}}
| groundbreaking =
| year_completed = {{start date and years ago|1169|df=y}}
| date_demolished =

| facade_direction =
| length =
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| temple_quantity =
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| inscriptions =Dharur Inscription
| materials =Black stone
| elevation_m =648
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| nrhp =
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| website ={{URL|https://shrituljabhavanitempletrust.org/}}
| footnotes =
}}

{{Hinduism}}

'''Shree Tulaja Bhavani Temple''' ([[Marathi language|Marathi]]: '''श्री तुळजाभवानी मंदिर'''), is a 12th century CE [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to goddess [[Bhavani]]. It was built in 12th century CE by [[Mahamandaleshwar|Mahamandaleshwara]] Māradadeva of the [[Kadambas of Goa|Kadamb]] dynasty. Considered as one of the 51 [[Shakti Pitha]]s, it is located on the banks of [[Bori River (tributary of Bhima river)|Mandakini River]] and [[Bori Dam]] in Yamunachala Hill of [[Balaghat Range]] of [[Tulajapur|Tuljapur]], which is 45 km northeast of [[Solapur]], in [[Dharashiv district]] of [[Maharashtra]] in India.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=L. G. Rajwade|first1=Member|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.3310|title=Maharashtra State Gazetteers: Osmanabad District|last2=G. A. Sharma|first2=Member|last3=P. Setu Madhava Rao|first3=Member|last4=V. V. Mirashi|first4=Member|last5=S. M. Katre|first5=Member|last6=C. D. Deshpande|first6=Member|last7=B. G. Kunte|first7=Member|last8=K. K. Chaudhari|first8=Member|last9=V. N. Gurav|first9=Member|date=1972|publisher=Bombay, Directorate of Government Printing Stationery and Publications|pages=47–48}}</ref>

This Tuljapur Bhavani temple, along with [[Renuka]] temple at [[Mahur, Maharashtra|Mahur]] (330 km northeast of Tuljapur), [[Mahalakshmi Temple, Kolhapur|Mahalaxmi]] temple at [[Kolhapur]] (275 southwest of Tuljapur), and [[Saptashringi]] temple at Vani (375 northwest of Tuljapur), make up the four great Shaktipithas of Maharashtra.<ref name="ZelliotBerntsen">{{cite book|author1=Eleanor Zelliot|author2=Maxine Berntsen|title=Experience of Hinduism, The: Essays on Religion in Maharashtra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X6i7Np6SRfEC&pg=PA297|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-1-4384-2477-4|page=175}}</ref>

There are other temples of Tulja Bhavani in India, such as the [[Chittor_Fort#Tulja|Chittorgarh Fort Tulja Bhavani Temple]] at [[Chittorgarh]] built in 1537–1540. This is 960 km north of Tuljapur. As well as this, there is the Patnakuva Tulja Bhavani Temple in the [[Gandhinagar district]] of [[Gujarat]], which is 1,000 km northwest of Tuljapur.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}

==Goddess Bhavani at Tuljapur==

===Etymology and other names of Bhavani===

"Bhavani" literally translates to "giver of life", meaning the power of nature or the source of creative energy. She is considered to be a [[Mother_goddess#Hinduism|mother goddess]] who provides to her devotees and also plays the role of dispensing justice by killing [[Asuras]] (demons). {{citation needed|date=October 2020}}

The Goddess "Tulja Bhavani" is also known as Tulaja, Turaja, Tvarita and Amba.

===Goddess Bhavani the incarnation of Goddess Durga ===

Bhavani is a form of the goddess Durga who is worshipped in [[Maharashtra]], [[Gujarat]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Rajasthan]], entire [[North India]], [[Northern Karnataka]], and [[Nepal]], [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Redirect Notice|url=https://www.livehistoryindia.com/story/snapshort-histories/the-goddess-who-went-to-nepal/|access-date=2021-08-28|website=www.google.com|date=15 September 2018 }}</ref>

===Skanda Purana legend of Goddess Bhavani ===

One of the earliest legends related to the Goddess Bhavani is mentioned in the [[Skanda Purana]] (8th century or earlier). The legend involves a demon, Madhu-Kaitabh, who was wreaking havoc upon both the gods and humans. Unable to find any solution, they turned to Lord [[Brahma]] for help, who advised them to turn to the Goddess [[Shakti]]. She took up the form of a destroyer, and powered by the other [[Matrikas|Sapta Mata]]s, namely [[Brahmani (Matrika)|Brahmani]] who manifested from [[Brahma]], [[Chamunda]] from [[Chandi]], Kaumari from [[Kartikeya]], [[Indrani]] from [[Indra]], Maheshvari from [[Shiva]], Vaishnavi from [[Vishnu]], and [[Varahi]] from [[Varaha]], vanquished the demon and restored peace. The legend also states that Bhavani slaid another demon that had taken up the disguise of a buffalo (Mahisha), and took shelter on the Yamunachala Hill which is part of Balaghat mountain range.<ref name="Bansal2008">{{cite book|author=Sunita Pant Bansal|title=Hindu Pilgrimage|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lzPCOVQGP3wC&pg=PT9|year=2008|publisher=Pustak Mahal|isbn=978-81-223-0997-3|page=112}}</ref>

According to this legend, there was a sage named [[Kardama]] with a consort named ''Anubhuthi'' with their infant child, in this area. After sage [[Kardama]]'s death, his wife ''Anubhuthi'' performed a penance for goddess in the name of Bhavani on the Yamunachala hillock on the banks of the river Mandakini River (presently known as the Bori River) to look after her child. While performing the penance two [[Rakshasa]] (demon) jointly known as [[Madhu-Kaitabha]] (also called ''Kukur'') tried to disturb her penance during which the Goddess Bhavani came to the aid of ''Anubhuthi'' and killed the demon ''Kukur''. From that day onwards, the Goddess Bhavani came to be known a Tulaja Bhavani. The goddess, upon the prayer of her favourite devotee, settled in Tuljapur on the Yamunachala Hill of Balaghat Range, where the temple was built in 12th century. Since then the Mother Goddess came to be called as Bhavani of Tuljapur or Tulja Bhavani.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}}

===Goddess Bhavani as Kuldevi===

The Goddess is a [[Kuladevata|kuldevi]] (clan goddess) for many Maratha clans of Maharashtra.<ref name="Pattanaik2003">{{cite book|author=Devdutt Pattanaik|title=Indian Mythology: Tales, Symbols, and Rituals from the Heart of the Subcontinent|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zdkswFlJtjQC&pg=PA82|year=2003|publisher=Inner Traditions / Bear & Co|isbn=978-0-89281-870-9|pages=82–}}</ref> The Goddess is either revered by or is the Family Deity for many other Marathi castes at different levels of the social hierarchy<ref name="Asian educational services">{{cite book|last1=ul Hassan|first1=S. S.|title=The Castes and Tribes of HEH the Nizam's Dominions (Vol. 1)|date=1920|publisher=Asian educational services.|pages=49, 46, 88, 97, 109, 118, 183, 234, 280, 622, 616, 556, 595, 407, 304, 370, 338}}</ref> The Goddess is either revered by or is the Family Deity for many castes including Kadam, Bhope, Banjara or Lamani or Gorbanjara, [[Dhangar]], Mali, [[Deshastha Brahmin]], [[Bharbhunja (Hindu)|Bharbhunja]], Burud, [[Kolhati]], [[Gavli]], [[Jogi (caste)|Jogi]], Johar, San Teli, Gavandi, Pangul, Sonar, [[Lonari]], Kasar, Bhute, Kalar, Aagri and Koli, Bhavsar, etc.

== Temple complex ==
[[File:Tulja Bhavani Devi.jpg|thumb|Idol of Tulja Bhawani in the sanctum.]]

===12th century Bhavani Bhavani main temple===

====Temple history ====

Tulja Bhavani Temple here was built in the 12th century CE. The Goddess is said to be [[swayambhu]]` ("self-manifested" or "that which is created by its own accord").{{efn|It is true that God or Goddess is always referred as ‘swayambhu’ in [[Vedas]], Puranas and many legends. But it does not refer to the stone idol installed in a temple. What is attributed is to the invisible Supreme power.}} There is a "[[yajna|yagna]] kund" (holy [[fire pit]]) in front of this temple.

====Idol of Goddess Bhavani in the temple ====

The tandla (idol) of Goddess Tulja Bhawani is three-feet tall and made of granite, with eight arms holding weapons, and bearing the head of the slain demon [[Mahishasura]]. Devotees bow in devotion upon seeing the finely shaped, tandla of the self-manifested goddess, which is adorned with vermilion, ornaments, and decorations.

====3 Entrances ====

=====Sardar Nimbalkar entrance and related temples =====

The main entrance of the temple bears the name of [[Bajaji Rao Naik Nimbalkar|Sardar Nimbalkar]].

* '''Markandeya Rishi Temple''': Inside the entrance, there is a temple dedicated to the sage [[Markandeya]] [[Rishi]] on the right.

* '''Tulja Bhavani Temple''': After descending the stairs from the Sardar Nimbalkar entrance, one sees the main Tulja Temple.

* '''Gomukh Theerth''' and '''Kallol Theerth''' ('''Kalakh'''): After alighting from the stairs, there is "Gomukh Theerth" on the right side and "Kalakh", also known as "Kallol Theerth" on the left side. Before entering the [[sanctum sanctorum]] of the Goddess, devotees take a dip here in these [[Tirtha (Hinduism)|theerths]] (shallow tanks of holy water).

* '''Adi Maya Adi Shakti temple''': This temple [[Mahadevi|Adi Maya]] (Mahadevi) is located on the right side of the main entrance and to the north of the main Tulja Bhavani temple. The [[Puja (Hinduism)|pooja]] ([prayer) is performed here first, before the pooja of Tulja Bhavani. The priests of this temple belong to the Mahar community.

* '''Siddhi [[Vinayak]] temple''': Situated on the left side of the main entrance of the complex.

=====Shahaji entrance and Jijabai entrance =====

The other two entrances are named after the parents of [[Chhatrapati Shivaji]], the founder of the [[Maratha Empire]], his father [[Shahaji]] and his mother [[Jijabai]]. There are two libraries named, Shree Santh Dnyaneshwar Dharmik Library and Shree Tukaram Dharmik Library respectively.

Chhatrapati Maharaja Shivaji was reputed to frequently visit this temple to seek blessings.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}

===Other temples in the complex ===

* '''Aadishakti Aadimata Matangi Devi temple''': Temple of Goddess [[Matangi]], a [[Hindu tantric literature|tantric]] manifestation of the goddess [[Saraswati]], is another distinct shrine within the Tulja Bhavani temple complex. The priests of this temple belong to the Mahar community.

* '''Annapurna temple''': A temple of [[Annapurna (goddess)|goddess Annapurna]] is also present in the main complex.

* '''[[Dattatreya|Datta]] temple''': Also on the premises.

* '''[[Yamai Temple|Yamai Devi]] temple, elder sister of Goddess Tulja Bhavani :''' Since there is also a temple of Yamai Devi within the Tuljapur temple complex itself, devotees are able to have the darshan (sacred viewing) of both divine sisters in one place, which is considered a religious convenience. Another temple of Yamai Devi is in [[Aundh State|Aundh]] in [[Satara district]] 215 km west of Tuljapur. Since the Aundh Yamai Devi temple is considered the original seat (Mulpeeth) of the Yamai Devi, many devotees after visiting the Tulja Bhavani temple at Tuljapur, continue the tradition of visiting Yamai Devi at Aundh or one of the twelve prominent sub-shrines of the goddess Yamai located at Mardi (Solapur district) 35 km northeast of Tuljapur.
===Temple management===

The day-to-day affairs of the temple are looked after by the trust which is headed by the [[District Collector]]. The board of trustees include the deputy collector, the member representing Tuljapur in [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] (MLA), the town Mayor (Nagaradhyaksha), and the [[Tahsildar]] (subdistrict revenue officer).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tuljabhavani.in/about.html|title=Tuljabhavani Temple History|website=www.tuljabhavani.in|access-date=2016-11-17}}</ref>

===Pilgrim numbers===

As of 2025, 150,000,000 pilgrims visit the temple every year.<ref name=plandevp1>[https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/maharashtra-minister-pratap-sarnaik-announces-1865-crore-tuljapur-temple-development-project-cm-devendra-fadnavis-to-inaugurate Maharashtra Minister Pratap Sarnaik Announces ₹1,865 Crore Tuljapur Temple Development Project; CM Devendra Fadnavis To Inaugurate], Free Press Journal, 17 June 2025.</ref>

==Rituals==

===Daily rituals===

The temple follows a set of elaborate rituals for the deity. These include priests offering a daily ritual bath, change of clothes, and offering food to the deity four times a day. The daily routine also includes offering devotional [[Arti (Hinduism)|prayers]] to the Goddess. In the evening the deity is ceremoniously put to rest.<ref name=Shinde2013/>

===Special occasions rituals===

On special occasions such as the birthdays or marriages, in addition to a ritual bath, the tandla of the Goddess is taken around Tuljapur town in a [[Ratha Yatra|procession]].<ref name=Shinde2013>{{cite journal |last1=Shinde |first1=Kiran A. |title=Re–scripting the Legends of Tuḷjā Bhavānī : Texts, Performances, and New Media in Maharashtra |journal=International Journal of Hindu Studies |date=December 2013 |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=313–337 |doi=10.1007/s11407-014-9144-z |jstor=24713647 |s2cid=255155712 }}</ref>

===Navratri Animal sacrifice ritual ===
{{See also | Animal sacrifice in Hinduism | Jhatka}}

On the ninth day of the autumn [[Navratri]] festival and [[Dussera]], [[Animal_sacrifice_in_Hinduism|goats are sacrificed]] in honour of the goddess.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chavan |first1=Vijay |title=Ban animal sacrifice for Navratri in state: Activist |url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/pune/others/ban-animal-sacrifice-for-navratri-in-state-activist/articleshow/60756259.cms |access-date=7 October 2019 |work=September 20, 2017 |publisher=Pune Mirror |date=2017}}</ref> The actual sacrificial slaughter is carried out by the Mahar community for both the Bhavani temple as well as the Matangi temple.<ref name="Krishnan & Jambhulkar 2015"/>

===Maratha priests===

Pilgrims usually have longstanding hereditary relationship with a particular "[[pujari]] (priest) family"" who serve as the host for the pilgrims by providing accommodation, food, ritual offering to the deity such as [[sari]] blouse pieces, bangles, coconut, [[vermillion]], turmeric, [[Religious significance of rice in India|puffed rice]], flower garlands, and [[prasada]] (ritual offering of food to the deity before being distributed to the devotees).The prasada can be vegetarian or at times of meat from a sacrificed goat.<ref name=Shinde2013/>

Unlike [[brahmin]] or [[gurav]] priests at other temples in Maharashtra, the main priests of the Bhavani temple are from the [[Maratha (caste)|Maratha]] 153 Palikar & [[Bhopa|Bhope]] clan, who offer services to the pilgrims.<ref name="Krishnan & Jambhulkar 2015">{{cite journal |last1=Krishnan |first1=Sanjana |last2=Jambhulkar |first2=Rahul |title=Caste, Religious Institutions and Domination |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |date=2015 |volume=50 |issue=37 |pages=15–18 |jstor=24482364 }}</ref>

The priests of two other temples, Matangi Devi Temple and Adimaya Devi Temple in the Tulha Bhavani temple complex, belong to the [[Mahar]] community.<ref name="Krishnan & Jambhulkar 2015"/>

==Development plans==

'''Tulja Bhavani Temple Corridor''': In 2025, INR 1,865 crore plan was announced by the [[Government of Maharashtra]] for the overall development of the Tulja Bhavani Temple Corridor, which will be completed over three and half years, i.e. December 2028.<ref name=plandevp1/>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Hinduism}}
* [[Dewas Tekri]] (also has a famous Tulja Bhawani - Badi Mata Mandir, in [[Dewas Junior State]].)

* [[Dharashiv Caves]], 5th century temple caves 8 km west of [[Dharashiv]] and 30 km north of Tulja Bhavani Temple.

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://shrituljabhavani.org/}}

{{HinduMythology}}
{{Hindu temples in Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Shakta pithas]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Osmanabad district]]
[[Category:Hindu temples practicing animal sacrifice]]

Anuradha Paudwal

2026-02-06T08:08:42Z

DEVANSH: cleanup article as per guidelines and improved wording

{{Short description|Indian playback singer}}
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{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anuradha Paudwal
| image = Anuradha Paudwal 57th Idea Filmfare Awards 2011.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Paudwal in 2011
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1954|10|27}}
| birth_place = [[Karwar]], [[Mysore State]], India
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (2024–present)
| spouse = {{Marriage|[[Arun Paudwal]]|1969|1991|reason=died}}
| children = 2, including [[Kavita Paudwal]]
| honours = {{ubl| [[Padma Shri]] (2017)}}
| awards = [[#Awards and recognitions|See below]]
| website =
| module = {{Infobox musical artist
| embed = yes
| background = solo_singer
| genre = {{flatlist|
* [[Filmi]]
* [[Bhajan]]}}
| instrument = Vocals
| label = {{ublist|
* [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
* [[Tips Industries Limited|Tips Music]]
* [[Venus Records & Tapes]]}}
}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Playback singer|[[Bhajan]] singer|}}
| years_active = 1973–present
| signature =
}}

'''Anuradha Paudwal''' (born 27 October 1954) is an Indian playback singer and politician who works predominantly in [[Hindi cinema]] and [[Odia cinema]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/success-is-ephemeral-anuradha-paudwal/article8537600.ece |title='Success is ephemeral': Anuradha Paudwal |first=S. |last=Ravi |date=29 April 2016 |access-date=17 March 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/music/wanted-to-quit-playback-singing-at-my-peak-anuradha-paudwal/story-a1bja4IPwcRx5stoGOAgZJ.html |title=Wanted to quit playback singing at my peak: Anuradha Paudwal |date=1 February 2017 |access-date=17 March 2018 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/cmcm/anuradha-paudwal-birthday-special-top-10-songs-from-the-soulful-voice |title=Anuradha Paudwal birthday special: Top 10 songs from the soulful voice |date=27 October 2017 |website=The Free Press Journal |access-date=20 November 2019}}</ref> She is considered as one of the greatest and most popular [[Bhajan]] singer of all time<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 May 2023 |title=How Gulshan Kumar turned Anuradha Paudwal into a bhajan queen: 'He wanted me to record ten songs in a day' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/how-gulshan-kumar-turned-anuradha-paudwal-into-a-bhajan-queen-8591852/ |access-date=1 August 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N_9AqTxNGAk |title=प्रसिद्ध गायिका अनुराधा पौडवाल के साथ खास चर्चा |date=24 February 2021 |last=DIGIANA NEWS |access-date=1 August 2025 |via=YouTube}}</ref> and also as one of the most successful playback singers of [[Bollywood]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bollywood singers who ruled the '90s |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/bollywood/bollywood-singers-who-ruled-the-90s/ss-BBS7TZw |access-date=6 February 2022 |publisher=MSN |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=27 October 2021 |title=Anuradha Paudwal, The Melodious Voice of '80s And '90s in India, Turns 66 |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/anuradha-paudwal-the-melodious-voice-of-80s-and-90s-in-india-turns-66-4370471.html |access-date=14 November 2021 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 10 Best Female Indian Singers |url=https://www.thetoptens.com/female-indian-singers/ |access-date=23 July 2022 |website=TheTopTens |language=en}}</ref> The recipient of [[#Accolades|several accolades]] including a [[National Film Award]], four [[Filmfare Awards]] (winning consecutively during 1990–92), six [[Maharashtra State Film Awards]] and two [[Odisha State Film Awards]], she has been honoured by the [[Government of India]] with the [[Padma Shri]], the country's [[Indian honours system|fourth-highest civilian honour]] for her contribution in the field of arts. Her contribution in Indian devotional music and Bollywood Industry gained her the honorific titles such as "Bhajan Queen", "Melody Queen, and "The Eternal voice of devotion".<ref name="indianexpress.com">{{Cite web |date=5 May 2023 |title=How Gulshan Kumar turned Anuradha Paudwal into a bhajan queen: 'He wanted me to record ten songs in a day' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/how-gulshan-kumar-turned-anuradha-paudwal-into-a-bhajan-queen-8591852/ |access-date=26 October 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Mohanty">{{Cite web |last=Mohanty |first=Nochiketa |date=13 October 2019 |title=Anuradha Paudwal: Struggles & Success Of Bollywood Melody Queen |url=https://odishabytes.com/anuradha-paudwal-struggles-success-of-bollywood-melody-queen/ |access-date=26 October 2023 |website=odishabytes |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mourya |first=Shashikant |title=Anuradha Paudwal Birthday Special: The Bhajan Queen of India {{!}} Celebrating Anuradha Paudwal: The Voice That Defined an Era {{!}} From Aashiqui to Amritwani: The Musical Legacy of Anuradha Paudwal {{!}} Melody, Devotion, and Grace – Remembering Anuradha Paudwal on Her Birthday – Filmibeat |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/photo-gallery/anuradha-paudwal-birthday-special-legendary-bhajan-queen-103771.html |access-date=1 November 2025 |website=www.filmibeat.com/ |language=en}}</ref>

She was honoured with honorary degree of D.Litt. by ''D Y Patil University'', the second singer to receive this degree after [[Lata Mangeshkar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 December 2016 |title=Playback singer Anuradha Paudwal to be conferred with honorary D Litt degree |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/anuradha-paudwal-to-be-conferred-with-honorary-d-litt-degree-d-y-patil-university-4451605/ |access-date=21 November 2021 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name="indiatoday.in">{{Cite web |title=Anuradha Paudwal to be conferred with honorary D.Litt degree |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/anuradha-paudwal-to-be-conferred-with-honorary-dlitt-degree-670883-2016-12-29 |access-date=21 November 2021 |website=India Today |date=29 December 2016 |language=en}}</ref> She is engaged in social work and had a foundation named Suryodaya Foundation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anuradha Paudwal contributes to donation of cardiac ambulance |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2021/jun/28/anuradha-paudwal-contributes-to-donation-of-cardiac-ambulance-2322665.html |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=The New Indian Express|date=28 June 2021 }}</ref> In her career spanning over five decades Paudwal has recorded more than 9,000 songs for more than 550 movies<ref>{{Cite web |last=नेटवर्क |first=प्रभासाक्षी न्यूज |date=27 October 2025 |title=Anuradha Paudwal Birthday: बॉलीवुड की लीजेंडरी सिंगर हैं अनुराधा पौडवाल, जिनकी आवाज़ आज भी दिलों में धड़कती है |url=https://www.prabhasakshi.com/bollywood/anuradha-paudwal-legendary-bollywood-singer-whose-voice-still-resonates-in-our-hearts |access-date=1 November 2025 |website=Prabhasakshi |language=hi}}</ref> and more than 1,500 bhajans in several languages including [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Kannada]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Punjabi Language|Punjabi]], [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Brajbhasha]], [[Nepali language|Nepali]] and [[Maithili language|Maithili]].<ref name="indiatoday.in"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Suryodaya Foundation – Suryodaya Foundation |url=http://suryodayafoundation.com/ |access-date=22 November 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=93 Indian Popular Female Singers |url=https://thelistacademy.com/en/list/most-popular-indian-female-singers/ |access-date=21 November 2021 |website=thelistacademy.com |date=May 2019 |language=en}}</ref> She is ranked NO. 26 in ''Youtube's Music Charts and Insights'' list of top global artist as of 6 February 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=YouTube Music Charts |url=https://charts.youtube.com/charts/TopArtists/global/weekly |access-date=13 February 2025 |website=charts.youtube.com |language=en}}</ref> She has been on chart since last 237 weeks.<ref name=":7">{{Cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/it-is-prasad-for-my-hard-work-anuradha-paudwal-on-padma-shri-4492769/ |title=It is prasad for my hard work: Anuradha Paudwal on Padma Shri |date=26 January 2017 |access-date=17 March 2018 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |location=Mumbai}}</ref> She has been awarded a doctorate in music by DY Patil University, felicitated by the house of commons in England and awarded the Cultural ambassador to Indian devotional by the United Nations in New York City.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Anuradha Paudwal gets conferred with the title of Vidushi and Ashthan Gayanee – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/anuradha-paudwal-gets-conferred-with-the-title-of-vidushi-and-ashthan-gayanee/articleshow/90512353.cms |access-date=28 April 2022 |website=The Times of India |date=29 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 July 2018 |title=Anuradha Paudwal Was Honoured As The Cultural Ambassador Of Devotional Music |url=http://urbanasian.com/entertainment/2018/07/anuradha-paudwal-was-honoured-as-the-cultural-ambassador-of-devotional-music/ |access-date=28 April 2022 |website=Urban Asian |language=en-US}}</ref>

She started her political career by joining [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] on 16 March 2024 ahead of [[2024 Indian general election]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 March 2024 |title=Bollywood singer Anuradha Paudwal joins BJP |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bollywood-singer-anuradha-paudwal-joins-bjp/articleshow/108543661.cms |access-date=16 March 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Career ==
Paudwal made her debut from a Sanskrit verse in the 1973 Hindi film ''Abhimaan'', composed by [[S. D. Burman]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/i-only-struggled-to-be-my-best/article17404064.ece |title=I only struggled to be my best |work=The Hindu |author=Anup Pandey |date=4 March 2017 |access-date=16 June 2021}}</ref>
She has also sung in films including [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Odia language|Odia]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anuradha Paudwal Odia Songs |url=https://gaana.com/artist/anuradha-paudwal-2/odia-songs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909180051/https://gaana.com/artist/anuradha-paudwal-2/odia-songs |archive-date=9 September 2021}}</ref> [[Nepali language|Nepali]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and [[Kannada]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/success-is-ephemeral-anuradha-paudwal/article8537600.ece |work=The Hindu |title=Success is ephermel |date=29 April 2016 |author=S. Ravi |access-date=16 June 2021}}</ref>

===Early days and success===
Before entering in Bollywood she sang in a Radio program. She started her music journey in 1973 from film ''Abhimaan'' where she sang a Sanskrit verse for [[Jaya Bhaduri]]. In 1970s, she sang a few popular songs which were praised by the music composers as well as public, but doesn't get much popularity. At that time she sang as a dubbing artist.<ref name="Mohanty"/>

She obtained popularity from her song "Tu Mera Janu Hai" along with [[Manhar Udhas]] in the film [[Hero (1983 film)|''Hero'']]. She had been asked to "dub" this song for the actual singer – [[Lata Mangeshkar]]. Later Lataji was to have sung the song for the actual recording. But when music director duo [[Laxmikant-Pyarelal]] heard Anuradha's version, they determined that since the movie had an actress, [[Meenakshi Seshadri]], making her debut, it was only appropriate that the song should also be sung by a fresh voice. After that in mid-80s, she sang along with [[Mohammed Aziz]], and this duo was highly liked by public. It was at this time that Anuradha Paudwal started to climb the ladder of success.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |title=Anuradha Paudwal never felt pressure in her career – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/anuradha-paudwal-never-felt-pressure-in-her-career/articleshow/52062726.cms |access-date=2 December 2021 |website=The Times of India |date=28 January 2017 |language=en}}</ref> After that she sang songs with established singers of that time and worked with many music composers. At that time she met [[Nadeem–Shravan]] who were struggling at that time. She listened to some of their songs and asked them to compose music for her. They composed 23 songs which were sung by her along with [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Udit Narayan]], [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya]], [[Babla Mehta]] among others. Ten songs out of them are to be released as Chahat album, which were later released as film songs in ''[[Aashiqui]]'' movie in 1990.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 February 2022 |title=Lyricist Sameer Anjaan revealed why Gulshan Kumar refused to release Aashiqui: 'Mahesh Bhatt promised him…' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/sameer-anjaan-lyricist-birthday-aashiqui-music-gulshan-kumar-mahesh-bhatt-nadeem-shravan-songs-7785775/ |access-date=26 October 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==== As an established singer ====
When music of the film Aashiqui was released, it became popular in no time. It established Anuradha Paudwal as a successful playback singer. After that [[Dil Hai Ke Manta Nahin]], and [[Sadak]] were released in 1991, which were also immensely successful. Several other albums release at that time made her an established singer and she was often given preference over Mangeshkar sisters.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web |last=Mohanty |first=Nochiketa |date=20 October 2019 |title=Anuradha Paudwal: When She Replaced The Monopoly |url=https://odishabytes.com/anuradha-paudwal-when-she-replaced-the-monopoly/ |access-date=26 October 2023 |website=odishabytes |language=en-US}}</ref> When she was at the peak of her career, she decided to sing exclusively for [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]. And after this her immensely successful Bollywood career started falling slowly and other female playback singers like [[Alka Yagnik]], [[Kavita Krishnamurti]] and [[Sadhana Sargam]] came into prominence.<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2023 |title=मनमोहक मुस्कान वाली सिंगर को जिंदगी ने दिया दुख, बेवक्त छीना प्यार, कभी इनकी आवाज से डरने लगी थीं लता-आशा |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/entertainment/bollywood-anuradha-paudwals-tragic-life-husband-son-lover-died-once-she-became-problem-for-mangeshkar-sisters-singer-personal-details-6126151.html |access-date=26 October 2023 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=एक फैसला और अपने पैर पर कुल्हाड़ी मार बैठी थीं अनुराधा पौडवाल, गुलशन कुमार संग खूब जुड़ा था नाम |url=https://hindi.filmipop.com/entertainment/anuradha-paudwal-first-break-in-bollywood-by-gulshan-kumar-he-wanted-her-to-be-next-lata-mangeshkar-in-industry/articleshow/99609654.cms |access-date=26 October 2023 |website=Hindi Filmipop |language=hi}}</ref>

Her songs became so popular that [[Binaca Geetmala]] list of 1990 had 14 songs of her. Her songs "Too Mera Hero Hai" from ''[[Hero (1983 film)|Hero]]'' and "Maine Pyaar Tumhi Se Kiya Hai" from ''[[Phool Aur Kaante]]'' topped the list in 1984 and 1992 respectively. Once [[O.P. Nayyar]] in one of his interview said "Lata ka yug gaya ab, Anuradha ka yug aa gaya" meaning "Lata's era is over now, Anuradha's era has arrived".

==== As a bhajan singer ====
After quitting Bollywood she started singing devotional songs. One day before Navratri [[Gulshan Kumar]] asked Anuradha Paudwal to sing devotional songs of maa Durga. Anuradha sang those bhajans and when these were released in market these sold immediately. After this she started singing devotional songs one after one and never look back again.<ref name="indianexpress.com"/> Her Bhajans are extremely popular in India specially her Shiv and Durga bhajans. Apart from Hindu Bhajans she also sang some Islamic, Christian, Jain, Boddha, and Sikhh Devotional songs. She has sung thousands of bhajans and is still active in Bhajan singing.

==== Re-entry in Bollywood ====
In 1997 Gulshan Kumar got murdered and after that Anuradha Paudwal again started to sing songs for other music labels. She again started working with [[Tips Industries]], [[Venus Records & Tapes]], and others. She got some of the best songs and became popular again, but at that time Alka Yagnik was dominating the Industry and Anuradha Paudwal did not receive much success which she achieved earlier. She continued to sing till 2006 and after that she quit Bollywood.<ref>{{Citation |title=Why Anuradha Podwal Failed To Become Another Lata Mangeshkar |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XTxZp8qBPyA |access-date=26 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

===Work with other singers===
She started her music journey from 1973.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=27 October 2021 |title=Happy Birthday Anuradha Paudwal: From Dhak Dhak Karne Laga to Dil Hai Ke Manta Nahi, 90s playlist of soulful singer |url=https://www.apnlive.com/anuradha-paudwal-birthday/ |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=APN News |language=en-US}}</ref> She has worked with [[Kishore Kumar]], [[Mohammed Rafi]], [[S.P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Yesudas]], [[Manna Dey]], [[Mohammed Aziz]], [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Udit Narayan]], [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]], [[Pankaj Udhas]], [[Manhar Udhas]], [[Suresh Wadkar]], [[Nitin Mukesh]], [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya]] and many other male singers.<ref name="odishabytes.com">{{Cite web |title=Anuradha Paudwal: Struggles & Success Of Bollywood Melody Queen – Odisha Bytes |url=https://odishabytes.com/anuradha-paudwal-struggles-success-of-bollywood-melody-queen/ |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=odishabytes.com |date=13 October 2019}}</ref>

She has worked with [[Kavita Krishnamurti]], [[Alka Yagnik]], [[Sadhana Sargam]], [[Asha Bhosle]] and many other female singers.<ref name="odishabytes.com"/>

After working with almost all notable singers and musicians and establishing herself as an established singer she completely quitted the Bollywood in 2006. She sang her last song 'Palkein uthake Dekhiye' in film [[Jaane Hoga Kya]].

== Legacy ==
Paudwal recorded 23 songs with the music composer [[Nadeem–Shravan]]. These songs were used in 3 films – [[Aashiqui]], [[Dil Hai Ke Manta Nahin]] and [[Sadak]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anuradha Paudwal: When She Replaced The Monopoly – Odisha Bytes |url=https://odishabytes.com/anuradha-paudwal-when-she-replaced-the-monopoly/ |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=odishabytes.com |date=20 October 2019}}</ref> All three films were blockbusters, and for the songs, Anuradha Paudwal won two [[Filmfare Awards]]. [[Aashiqui]] is the third most selling album ever in [[Indian Music Industry]]. [[Dil Hai Ke Manta Nahin]] was 5th most selling soundtrack of 1991. Her popularity during early 1990s was very high.<ref name="BoxOffice India.com">{{Cite web |date=2 January 2010 |title=BoxOffice India.com |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=284&catName=MTk5MC0xOTk5 |access-date=22 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102010439/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=284&catName=MTk5MC0xOTk5 |archive-date=2 January 2010}}</ref> [[Sadak]] was the third most selling album of 1991.<ref name="BoxOffice India.com"/> These songs were released under the label [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=कहानी श्रवण राठौड़ की, जिन्होंने नदीम के साथ मिलकर रातों-रात हिंदी म्यूज़िक सीन बदल दिया था |url=https://www.thelallantop.com/bherant/nadeem-shravan-fame-music-director-shravan-rathod-dies-of-covid-19-they-composed-music-for-aashiqui-sajan-pardes-and-raaz/ |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=LallanTop – News with most viral and Social Sharing Indian content on the web in Hindi |language=hi}}</ref>

She has sung thousands of songs in several languages. She has won four Filmfare Awards out of twelve nominations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 October 2021 |title=Happy Birthday, Anuradha Paudwal: Evergreen Songs of the Legendary Singer |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/happy-birthday-anuradha-paudwal-here-are-some-memorable-songs-of-the-legendary-singer-4366241.html |access-date=22 November 2021 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

==Television and albums appearance ==
Paudwal is one among the most popular singers in India. She has appeared in [[The Kapil Sharma Show]] as a guest along with [[Udit Narayan]] and [[Kumar Sanu]].<ref name=":1" /> She has also appeared in popular singing show [[Indian Idol]] as a special guest where she share some of the memories of her career.<ref name=":2" /> Apart from this, She has also appeared in [[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Hindi|Sa Re Ga Ma Pa]] singing reality show.<ref name=":6" /> She has also appeared in [[Superstar Singer|Superstar Singer Season 2]] singing reality show.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 May 2022 |first=Shweta |last=Keshri |title=Superstar Singer 2 to celebrate the 90s music with Udit Narayan and Anuradha Paudwal |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/superstar-singer-2-to-celebrate-the-90-s-music-with-udit-narayan-and-anuradha-paudwal-1954798-2022-05-27 |access-date=23 July 2022 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

She has also appeared in many devotional albums like Shiv Amritwani, Mamta Ka Mandir, Hanuman Amritwani and also has special appearances in various Bollywood Movies like Saathi, Hum Aapke Dil Mein Rehte Hain, [[Jai Maa Vaishno Devi (1994 film)|Jai Maa Vaishno Devi]]

== Personal life ==
She was born 27 October 1954<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://aajtak.intoday.in/story/happy-birthday-to-brilliant-singer-anuradha-paudwal-1-785234.html |title=अनुराधा पौडवाल Happy Birthday, जानें उनकी जिंदगी से जुड़ी कुछ बातें |first=Puja |last=Bajaj |date=27 October 2014 |access-date=17 March 2018 |publisher=[[Aaj Tak]] |language=hi}}</ref> as Alka Nadkarni, in a [[Marathi language|Marathi]] speaking family in [[Karwar]].<ref>{{cite AV media |date=6 May 2020 |title=Anuradha Poudwal |language=Marathi |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hDv-UxH4Bvw |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211218/hDv-UxH4Bvw |archive-date=18 December 2021 |url-status=live |access-date=11 August 2021 |time=2:43 |publisher=Goa Entertainment}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/photo-gallery-happy-birthday-anuradha-paudwal-all-times-government-recognized-her-2852508 |title=Happy birthday Anuradha Paudwal: All times Government recognized her |work=DNA |date=27 October 2020 |access-date=16 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/610185/still-trailblazer.html |title=Still trailblazer |work=Deccan Herald |date=6 May 2017 |author=Nishika V. |access-date=16 June 2021}}</ref>
She was married to [[Arun Paudwal]], a music composer, with whom she had a son Aditya and a daughter [[Kavita Paudwal|Kavita]], a singer by profession.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/19950415-post-son-aditya-anuradha-paudwal-daughter-makes-her-singing-debut-807178-1995-04-14 |title=Singing sibling |date=15 April 1995 |access-date=17 March 2018 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.eenaduindia.com/entertainment/bollywood/2017/05/14200448/My-mothers-guidance-most-important-to-me-Kavita-Paudwal.vpf |title=My mother's guidance most important to me: Kavita Paudwal |date=14 May 2017 |access-date=17 March 2018 |publisher=[[Eenadu]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190628213303/http://www.eenaduindia.com/entertainment/bollywood/2017/05/14200448/My-mothers-guidance-most-important-to-me-Kavita-Paudwal.vpf |archive-date=28 June 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Anuradha survived a helicopter crash in 2002 in Madhya Pradesh.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/anuradha-paudwal-survives-copter-crash/articleshow/1667708.cms |title=Anuradha Paudwal survives copter crash |work=The Times of India |date=22 February 2002 |access-date=5 September 2022}}</ref> On 12 September 2020, her son Aditya died of kidney failure.<ref>{{cite news |last1=न्यूज़ |first1=एबीपी |title=अनुराधा पौडवाल के बेटे आदित्य पौडवाल का अस्पताल में निधन, किडनी की बीमारी से थे पीड़ित |url=https://www.abplive.com/entertainment/bollywood/anuradha-paudwal-song-aditya-paudwal-dies-due-to-kidney-problem-1560712 |access-date=12 September 2020 |work=abplive.com |date=12 September 2020 |language=hi}}</ref>

== Awards and recognitions ==
[[File:The President, Shri Pranab Mukherjee presenting the Padma Shri Award to Dr. Anuradha Paudwal, at a Civil Investiture Ceremony, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on March 30, 2017.jpg|thumb|The President of India Pranab Mukherjee presenting the Padma Shri Award to Anuradha Paudwal, at a Civil Investiture Ceremony, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on 30 March 2017]]She has been honoured with many awards including 4 [[Filmfare Awards]], 1 [[National Film Awards|National Film Award]], 6 [[Maharashtra State Film Awards]], 2 [[Odisha State Film Awards]] and [[Padma Shri]] by [[Government of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anuradha Paudwal Awards: List of awards and nominations received by Anuradha Paudwal {{!}} Times of India Entertainment |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Anuradha-Paudwal/awards |access-date=21 November 2021 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Her other accolades are as follows:
* 2017: [[Padma Shri]] by [[Government of India]]<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.india.com/news/padma-awards-2017-anuradha-paudwal-happily-surprised-padma-shri-comes-at-a-time-when-i-was-least-expecting-it-says-the-songtress-exclusive-1783643/ |title=Padma Awards 2017: Aashiqui singer Anuradha Paudwal surprised by the unexpected honour |last=Sharma |first=Smrity |date=25 January 2017 |access-date=17 March 2018 |publisher=[[India.com]]}}</ref>
* 2013: Mohammed Rafi Award by [[Government of Maharashtra]]<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://eprahaar.in/mohd-rafi-award-goes-to-anuradha-paudwal/ |title=Mohd Rafi Award goes to Anuradha Paudwal |date=25 December 2013 |access-date=17 March 2018 |work=[[Prahaar (newspaper)|Prahaar]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413012451/http://eprahaar.in/mohd-rafi-award-goes-to-anuradha-paudwal/ |archive-date=13 April 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* 2011: [[Mother Teresa Awards|Mother Teresa Award]] for Lifetime Achievement<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/mother-teresa-award-for-anuradha/775729/ |title=Mother Teresa Award for Anuradha |first=Rajiv |last=Vijayakar |date=14 April 2011 |access-date=17 March 2018 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |location=Mumbai}}</ref>
* 2010: Lata Mangeshkar Award by the [[Madhya Pradesh Government]]<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/ravi-anuradha-paudwal-receive-lata-mangeshkar-award-86626-2010-12-05 |title=Ravi, Anuradha Paudwal receive Lata Mangeshkar award |date=6 December 2010 |access-date=17 March 2018 |work=[[India Today]] |location=Mumbai}}</ref>
* [[58th Maharashtra State Film Awards|2024]]: [[Lata Mangeshkar Award]] by the [[Government of Maharashtra]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 August 2024 |title=Singer Anuradha Paudwal on winning the Lata Mangeshkar Award 2024; says, 'I have always idolized her' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/singer-anuradha-paudwal-on-winning-the-lata-mangeshkar-award-2024-says-i-have-always-idolized-her/articleshow/112503077.cms |access-date=18 August 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

===Filmfare Awards===
{{see also|Filmfare Awards}}
'''Won'''
* 1986: [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]] – "Mere Man Bajo Mridang" (''[[Utsav]]'')<ref>{{cite web |url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/368580.cms |title=The Filmfare Awards Winners – 1985 |publisher=[[The Times Group]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014030328/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/368580.cms |archive-date=14 October 2007}}</ref>
* 1991: Best Female Playback Singer – "Nazar Ke Saamne" (''[[Aashiqui]]'')<ref>{{cite web |url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/368594.cms |title=The Filmfare Awards Winners – 1990 |publisher=[[The Times Group]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028113042/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/368594.cms |archive-date=28 October 2007}}</ref>
* 1992: Best Female Playback Singer – "Dil Hai Ke Manta Nahin" (''[[Dil Hai Ke Manta Nahin]]'')<ref>{{cite web |url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/368599.cms |title=The Filmfare Awards Winners – 1991 |publisher=[[The Times Group]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028113044/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/368599.cms |archive-date=28 October 2007}}</ref>
* 1993: Best Female Playback Singer – "Dhak Dhak Karne Laga" (''[[Beta (film)|Beta]]'')<ref>{{cite web |url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/368606.cms |title=The Filmfare Awards Winners – 1992 |publisher=[[The Times Group]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028225412/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/368606.cms |archive-date=28 October 2007}}</ref>

'''Nominations'''
* 1983: [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]] – "Maine Ek Geet Likha Hai" (''[[Yeh Nazdeekiyan]]'')<ref>{{cite web |url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/367120.cms |title=The Filmfare Awards Nominations – 1982 |publisher=[[The Times Group]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071029231335/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/367120.cms |archive-date=29 October 2007}}</ref>
* 1984: Best Female Playback Singer – "Tu Mera Hero Hain" (''[[Hero (1983 film)|Hero]]'')<ref>{{cite web |url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/367131.cms |title=The Filmfare Awards Nominations – 1983 |publisher=[[The Times Group]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071029231340/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/367131.cms |archive-date=29 October 2007}}</ref>
* 1989: Best Female Playback Singer – "Keh Do Ki Tum" (''[[Tezaab]]'')<ref>{{cite web |url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/368585.cms |title=The Filmfare Awards Nominations – 1988 |publisher=[[The Times Group]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014064353/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/368585.cms |archive-date=14 October 2007}}</ref>
* 1990: Best Female Playback Singer – "Tera Naam Liya" (''[[Ram Lakhan]]'')<ref name="ramlakhan">{{cite web |url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/368588.cmss |title=The Filmfare Awards Nominations – 1989 |publisher=[[The Times Group]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028101703/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/368588.cms |archive-date=28 October 2007}}</ref>
* 1990: Best Female Playback Singer – "Bekhabar Bewafa" (''[[Ram Lakhan]]'')<ref name="ramlakhan"/>
* 1991: Best Female Playback Singer – "Mujhe Neend Na Aaye" (''[[Dil (1990 film)|Dil]]'')<ref>{{cite web |url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/368593.cms |title=The Filmfare Awards Nominations – 1990 |publisher=[[The Times Group]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071029024552/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/368593.cms |archive-date=29 October 2007}}</ref>
* 1992: Best Female Playback Singer – "Bahut Pyar Karte Hain " (''[[Saajan]]'')<ref>{{cite web |url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/368596.cms |title=The Filmfare Awards Nominations – 1991 |publisher=[[The Times Group]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028225515/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/368596.cms |archive-date=28 October 2007}}</ref>
* 1993: Best Female Playback Singer – "O Rabba Koi To Bataye" (''[[Sangeet]]'')<ref>{{cite web
|title=O Rabba Koi To Bataye
|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jmm8CHtK17U
|website=YouTube
|access-date=7 December 2025
}}</ref>

===Maharashtra State Film Awards===
{{see also|Maharashtra State Film Awards}}
* 1981: [[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer]] – Raja Lalkari Ashi De (''[[Are Sansar Sansar]]'')
* 1982: Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Vishawalli Asuni Bhavti (''[[Ek Daav Bhutacha]]'')
* 1987: Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Mi Aale Nighale (''[[Gammat Jammat]]'')
* 1990: Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Ratra Aahe Reshmachi (''[[Aamchyasarkhe Aamhich]]'')
* 1993: Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Chal Yena Mithit Ghena (''[[Aikava Te Navalach]]'')
* 1997: Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Moharle Mi Sajna (''[[Paij Lagnachi]]'')

===National Film Awards===
{{see also|National Film Awards}}
* 1989: [[National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Playback Singer (Female)]] – "He Ek Reshami" [[Kalat Nakalat]] (Marathi)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/37nfa.pdf |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |title=37th National Film Awards |access-date=29 January 2012}}</ref>
She was the first singer to receive the award in Marathi language.

===Odisha State Film Awards===
{{see also|Odisha State Film Awards}}
* 1987: [[Odisha State Film Award for Best Singer]] – Tunda Baida
* 1997: Odisha State Film Award for Best Singer – Khandaei Akhi Re Luha

===Guild Film Awards===
* 2004: Nominated for [[Apsara Award for Best Female Playback Singer]] for "Intezaar" – ''[[Paap]]''

=== Others ===
* She was honoured with D Litt degree by the D.Y. Patil University.<ref name="IE">{{Cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/education/anuradha-paudwal-to-be-conferred-with-honorary-d-litt-degree-d-y-patil-university-4451605/ |title=Playback singer Anuradha Paudwal to be conferred with honorary D Litt degree 2018. Rani Laxmi bhai Award. |date=30 December 2016 |access-date=17 March 2018 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/movie-masti/news-from-bollywood/singer-anuradha-paudwal-conferred-with-honorary-d-litt-degree/articleshow/56300927.cms |title=गायिका अनुराधा पौडवाल 'डी लिट' की उपाधि से सम्मानित |last=Mishra |first=Sanjay |date=3 January 2017 |access-date=17 March 2018 |work=[[Navbharat Times]] |language=hi}}</ref>
* The Citizen Award, which she received at the hand of late Shri Rajiv Gandhi in 1989 .
* The prestigious Mahila Shiromani award in 1993 at the hands of the first lady Smt. Vimal Sharma.
* Honoured with 'Mahakaal Award' by the Madhya Pradesh govt.2004
* Kishore Samman by Samrat Sangeet Sadhana Seva Samiti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhopal: Anuradha Paudwal feted with 'Kishore Samman 2022' |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/bhopal/bhopal-anuradha-paudwal-feted-with-kishore-samman-2022 |access-date=26 October 2023 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref>

== Discography ==
{{Main|List of songs recorded by Anuradha Paudwal}}

==See also==

* [[List of Indian playback singers]]
* [[:Category:Bhajan singers|List of bhajan singers]]
*[[List of Padma Shri award recipients (2010–2019)]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Anuradha Paudwal}}
* {{IMDb name|id=0666715}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081202091519/http://www.bollango.com/cgi-bin/akf_search.tcl?key=movie&singer=anuradha+paudwal List of Hindi movies with songs by Anuradha Paudwal]

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{National Film Award Best Female Playback Singer}}
{{FilmfareAwardBestFemaleSinger}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Paudwal, Anuradha}}
[[Category:Bhajan singers]]
[[Category:Hindi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian women classical singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Bengali-language singers]]
[[Category:Kannada-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Marathi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Odia-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Nepali-language Indian singers]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language singers]]
[[Category:Tamil-language singers]]
[[Category:Best Female Playback Singer National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Singers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]

Bahadoli Jamun

2026-02-05T04:14:06Z

DEVANSH: starting the stub first draft

{{Short description|Jamun variety grown in Maharashtra, India}}
{{Infobox geographical indication
| name = Bahadoli Jamun (बहाडोली जांभूळ)
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| alternative names = Bahadoli Jambhul
| description = [[Jamun]] variety grown in Maharashtra, India
| type =[[Jamun]]
| area = Bahadoli
| country = India
| registered = 31 March 2024
| material =
| official website ={{URL|https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GirPublic/Application/Details/947|ipindia.gov.in}}}}

The '''Bahadoli Jamun''' refers to the traditional variety of the [[jamun]] fruit (''[[Syzygium cumini]]'') grown in the [[State of India|Indian state]] of [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=पाटील |first1=प्रकाश |title=बहाडोलीचे जांभूळ आख्यान ; जांभळाने दिली गावाला ओळख |url=https://www.esakal.com/mumbai/the-jamun-narrative-of-bahadoli-jamun-introduced-the-village-psp05 |access-date=8 February 2025 |work=Marathi News Esakal |date=18 September 2021 |language=Mr}}</ref> Bahadoli Jamun is grown in abundance in the [[Bahadoli]] village of [[Palghar district|Palghar]] district.<ref>{{cite news |title=बहाडोलीच्या जांभळांना जीआय मानांकन; शेतकऱ्यांची आर्थिक क्षमता वाढण्यास होणार मदत |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/marathi/maharashtra/state/palghar/bahadoli-black-plums-gets-geographical-indication-tag-in-palghar/mh20231207191245257257623 |access-date=8 February 2025 |work=ETV Bharat News |date=7 December 2023 |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Census of India, 1981: District census handbook. A. Village & town directory ; B. Villagewise & town wardwise primary census abstract |date=1986 |publisher=Manager of Publications |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Census_of_India_1981_District_census_han/UBRRMgAyNtUC?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=bahadoli&dq=bahadoli&printsec=frontcover |access-date=8 February 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

Under its [[Geographical Indications in India|Geographical Indication]] tag, it is referred to as "Bahadoli Jamun".<ref name=":0" /> The fruit is known by other names, including Black plum, Indian blackberry, and Malabar plum.

==Name==
The name "Bahadoli" refers to its main region of cultivation i.e the village of Bahadoli which is around 87 km from [[Mumbai]]. Locally in the state language of [[Marathi language|Marathi]], it is locally known as Bahadoli Jambhul. In fact, the village is called Jambulgaon (Village of Jamuns).<ref name="hindtimes"/>

==Description==
The Bahadoli Jamun tree holds heritage status in Bahadoli village, known for its unique fruits characterized by large size, oblong shape, dark purple color, and a sweet-sour taste. Rich in anthocyanin, a natural food colorant, Bahadoli Jamun is also valued for its medicinal properties, particularly in managing diabetes. The tree's various parts, including seeds, bark, leaves, flowers, and fruit pulp, are utilized in traditional medicine and for producing by-products like juice, wine, and beverages, making it a significant contributor to the local economy and tradition.<ref>{{cite news |title=Maharashtra: Palghar's Bahadoli Obtains GI Tag For Its Unique Oblong-Shaped 'Jamun' |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/maharashtra/maharashtra-palghar-bahadoli-obtains-gi-tag-for-its-unique-oblongshaped-jamun-10118809 |access-date=8 February 2025 |work=English Jagran |date=7 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

Konkan Bahadoli is a distinct variety of jamun developed by [[Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth]] (DBSKKV), [[Dapoli]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pareek |first1=O. P. |last2=Sharma |first2=Suneel |title=Systematic Pomology (Vol. 1-2) (Set) |date=1 January 2017 |publisher=Scientific Publishers |isbn=978-93-87741-03-4 |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Systematic_Pomology_Vol_1_2_Set/-A9fDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=bahadoli+fruit&pg=PA520&printsec=frontcover |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Satyapal |last2=Choudhary |first2=M. R. |title=Production Technology of Fruit Crops in Wasteland |date=1 January 2012 |publisher=Scientific Publishers |isbn=978-93-87869-08-0 |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Production_Technology_of_Fruit_Crops_in/imuMDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=bahadoli&pg=PA201&printsec=frontcover |access-date=8 February 2025 |language=en}}</ref> This variety was carefully selected from local jamun trees in Bahadoli. Notable characteristics of Konkan Bahadoli include its heavy and cluster-bearing habits, producing bold fruits that weigh 25-28 grams, have small seeds, and a high pulp content of 83.3%. Its superior table and processing qualities make it a valuable variety.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Murthy |first1=Hosakatte Niranjana |title=Genetic Diversity of Fruits and Nuts: Sustainable Utilization |date=12 February 2025 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-040-31246-9 |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Genetic_Diversity_of_Fruits_and_Nuts/5lUzEQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=bahadoli&pg=PT467&printsec=frontcover |access-date=8 February 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

==Geographical indication==
It was awarded the [[List of geographical indications in India|Geographical Indication]] (GI) status tag from the [[Geographical Indication Registry (India)|Geographical Indications Registry]] under the [[Government of India|Union Government of India]] on 30 March 2024 (valid until 28 August 2032).<ref>{{cite news |title=पालघरच्या बहाडोली व बदलापूर येथील जांभळांना भौगोलिक मानांकन |url=https://www.loksatta.com/palghar/geographical-classification-of-java-plum-from-bahadoli-and-badlapur-asj-82-4086619/ |access-date=8 February 2025 |work=Loksatta |date=7 December 2023 |language=mr}}</ref>

Bahadoli Jambhul Utpadak Shetkari Gat headed by Jagdish Patil from Bahadoli village proposed the GI registration of Bahadoli Jamun.<ref name="hindtimes">{{cite news |title=Palghar’s Bahadoli jamun gets GI tag |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/palghars-bahadoli-jamun-gets-gi-tag-101701890791130.html |access-date=8 February 2025 |work=Hindustan Times |date=7 December 2023 |language=en-us}}</ref> After filing the application August 2022, the Jamun was granted the GI tag in 2024 by the Geographical Indication Registry in [[Chennai]], making the name "Bahadoli Jamun" exclusive to the Jamuns grown in the region. It thus became the 2nd Jamun variety from India after [[Badlapur Jamun]] and the 48th type of goods from Maharashtra to earn the GI tag.<ref>{{cite news |title=6 items from M’wada, Pen’s Ganesh idols get GI tag |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/aurangabad/6-items-from-mwada-pens-ganesh-idols-get-gi-tag/articleshow/105741715.cms |access-date=8 February 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=5 December 2023}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Geographical Indications |publisher=Intellectual Property India |url=https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GIRPublic/Application/Details/947 |access-date=8 February 2025}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Badlapur Jamun]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Agriculture in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:GI Tagged Jamun (Black plum) varieties of India]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in Maharashtra]]

Joranda Road railway station

2026-02-04T04:10:28Z

DEVANSH: updated details

{{Short description|Railway station in Odisha, India}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Joranda Road
| type = [[Indian Railways]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image =
| image_caption =
| address = Gadagovindpur, Rahangol, [[Dhenkanal district]], [[Odisha]]
| country = [[India]]
| elevation = {{convert|61|m|ft}}
| coordinates = {{coord|20.623365|85.640413|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| line = [[Cuttack–Sambalpur line]]
| other =
| structure = Standard (on ground)
| platform = 2
| tracks = 2
| parking = Yes
| opened = 1998
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = JRZ
| zone = [[East Coast Railway zone|East Coast Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Khurda Road}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator =
| status = Functioning
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_locator =
| map_type = India#India Odisha
| map_dot_label =
| map_size = 300
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways|line=East Coast Railway zone|left=Shyama Charanpur Halt|right=Rajathgarh Junction|type=[[Cuttack–Sambalpur line]]}}
}}

'''Joranda Road railway station''' is a railway station on [[Cuttack–Sambalpur line]] under the [[Khurda Road railway division]] of the [[East Coast Railway zone]]. The railway station is situated at Gadagovindpur, Rahangol, [[Dhenkanal]] in [[Dhenkanal district]] of the Indian state of [[Odisha]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kumar|first=Vikas|title=Joranda Road Railway Station Map/Atlas ECoR/East Coast Zone - Railway Enquiry|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/joranda-road-jrz/5812|access-date=2021-05-29|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Joranda Road Railway Station (JRZ) : Station Code, Time Table, Map, Enquiry|url=https://www.ndtv.com/indian-railway/joranda-road-jrz-station|access-date=2021-05-29|website=www.ndtv.com|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Railway stations in Odisha}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1998]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Dhenkanal district]]
[[Category:Khurda Road railway division]]

{{Odisha-railstation-stub}}

Discovery Turbo (India)

2026-01-23T23:28:49Z

DEVANSH:

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox television channel
| name = Discovery Turbo
| logo_size = 200px
| logo = Discovery Turbo UK logo.svg
| logo_caption =
| launch_date = {{Start date and age|2010|df=y}}
| closed_date =
| picture_format = [[1080i]] ([[High-definition television|HDTV]])
| owner = [[Warner Bros. Discovery India]]
| headquarters = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| type = Informative channel
| country = [[India]]
| area = {{Plainlist|
* [[India]]
* [[Bangladesh]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://akashdth.com/channels/AkashStandard|title=Channels|access-date=13 July 2022|website=Akash Digital TV}}</ref>
* [[Sri Lanka]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/industry-briefing-news/discovery-networks-apac-strengthens-portfolio-in-sri-lanka-with-two-new-channels-38385.html|title=Discovery Networks APAC strengthens portfolio in Sri Lanka with two new channels|date=8 June 2010|access-date=13 July 2022|work=Exchange4Media}}</ref>
}}
| language = {{Plainlist|
* [[English Language | English]]
}}
| sister_channels = ''See [[List of channels owned by Warner Bros. Discovery in India]]''
| replaced_by =
| terr_serv_1 = [[DVB-T2]] (India)
| terr_chan_1 = Check local frequencies
| availability_note = - Available on all major Indian DTH & Cables.
| online_serv_1 = [[Discovery+]] (India)
| online_chan_1 = SD & HD
| online_serv_2 = [[Jio TV]] (India)
| online_chan_2 = SD & HD
| online_serv_3 = Amazon Prime Video (India)
| online_chan_3 = SD & HD
}}

'''Discovery Turbo''' is an Indian male-oriented factual television channel devoted to programming regarding cars, bikes, boats, and planes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Discovery Turbo India - LyngSat |url=https://www.lyngsat.com/tvchannels/us/Discovery-Turbo-India.html |access-date=2023-07-25 |website=www.lyngsat.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=discovery+ |url=https://www.discoveryplus.in/channel/discovery-turbo?liveStream=true |access-date=2023-07-25 |website=www.discoveryplus.in}}</ref> The channel is owned by [[Warner Bros. Discovery India | Warner Bros. Discovery]]. The channel was launched in January 2010 and was later converted into a men's only channel on 1 December 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/hollywood/discovery-reposition-itself-as-discovery-turbo-for-men-10142.html|title=Discovery Turbo now rebranded 'just for men'|date=28 November 2014|access-date=13 July 2022|work=[[India TV]]}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite news|url=https://www.adgully.com/discovery-launches-two-channels-in-india-42076.html|title=Discovery launches two channels in India|date=29 January 2010|access-date=13 July 2022|work=Adgully}}</ref>

==History==
The channel was launched on 25 January 2010 along with [[Discovery Science (Indian TV channel)|Discovery Science]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2010-01-28 |title=Discovery launches two new channels in India |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/radio-and-tv/Discovery-launches-two-new-channels-in-India/article16840068.ece |access-date=2023-10-23 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Programming==
This is a list of programs broadcast by Discovery Turbo<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Discovery Turbo Schedule Today (India) {{!}} Infotainment - Tvwish |url=https://tvwish.com/IN/Channels/Discovery-Turbo/Schedule/69/Today |access-date=2023-07-25 |website=tvwish.com |language=en}}</ref>
* ''[[A Bike is Born]]''<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Discovery Turbo Schedule Today (India) {{!}} Infotainment - Tvwish |url=https://tvwish.com/IN/Channels/Discovery-Turbo/Schedule/69/Today |access-date=2023-07-25 |website=tvwish.com |language=en}}</ref>
* ''The AA Torque Show''<ref name=":0" />
* ''Air Dogs''<ref name=":0" />
* ''Airplane Repo''
* ''American Icon: The Hot Rod''<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Discovery Turbo Schedule Today (India) {{!}} Infotainment - Tvwish |url=https://tvwish.com/IN/Channels/Discovery-Turbo/Schedule/69/Today |access-date=2023-07-25 |website=tvwish.com |language=en}}</ref>
* ''[[American Chopper]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Discovery Turbo Schedule Today (India) {{!}} Infotainment - Tvwish |url=https://tvwish.com/IN/Channels/Discovery-Turbo/Schedule/69/Today |access-date=2023-07-25 |website=tvwish.com |language=en}}</ref>
* ''[[American Hot Rod]]''
* ''[[American Trucker]]''
* ''[[Auto Trader (Television Programme)|Auto Trader]]''
* ''[[Bangla Bangers]]''
* ''Beetle Crisis''
* ''[[Biker Build-Off]]''
* ''[[British Biker Build-Off]]''
* ''Campervan Crisis''
* ''[[Car Crazy]] Central''
* ''Car Science''
* ''Carfellas''
* ''[[Chasing Classic Cars]]''
* ''Chop Shop: London Garage''
* ''Classic Car Club''
* ''Dallas Cars Sharks''
* ''Desert Car Kings''
* ''Drift Style''
* ''Engineering The World Rally''
* ''Extreme Car Hoarders''
* ''Extreme Machines''
* ''FantomWorks''
* ''[[Fast N' Loud]]''
* ''Fat N' Furious: Rolling Thunder''
* ''[[Fifth Gear]]''
* ''FlightPathTV''
* ''Flying Heavy Metal''
* ''[[The Great Biker Build-Off]]''
* ''Hard Shine''
* ''Heartland Thunder''
* ''High Tech Rednecks''
* ''Hot Rod TV''
* ''I Could Do That''
* ''In a Fix''
* ''Inside [[West Coast Customs]]''
* ''Kings of Crash''
* ''Kit: An Autobody Experience''
* ''Kustomizer''
* ''Last Car Standing''
* ''[[Martin Shaw: Aviators]]''
* ''Mean Green Machines''
* ''Million Dollar Auctions''
* ''Motor City Motors''
* ''Motor Morphers''
* ''[[Monster Garage]]''
* ''Off Limits''
* ''Off The Road''
* ''[[Overhaulin']]''
* ''[[Patrick Dempsey]]: Racing to Le Mans''
* ''Pit Crews''
* ''Playing Parking Only''
* ''Racer Girls''
* ''Railroad Alaska''
* ''Redline TV''
* ''Restoration Garage''
* ''Retro Car Kings''
* ''Rides''
* ''The Road to Le Mans''
* ''The Secret Club of Speed''
* ''The Secret Life of Formula One''
* ''Street Customs''
* ''Top Marques''
* ''Thunder Races''
* ''[[Trick My Truck]]''
* ''Trick My What?''
* ''Twist the Throttle''
* ''Ultimate Biker Challenge''
* ''Ultimate Car Build-Off''
* ''[[Unique Whips]]: Special Edition''
* ''What's in the Barn?''
* ''[[Wheeler Dealers]]''
* ''Wrecked''
* ''Wreck Rescue''
* ''[[Wrecks to Riches]]''<ref name=":0" />

==See also==
* [[CNN International South Asia | CNN International]]
* [[Discovery Real Time]]
* [[Discovery Science India | Discovery Science]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
{{Discovery Communications}}

[[Category:Warner Bros. Discovery networks]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 2010]]
[[Category:English-language television stations in India]]
[[Category:Warner Bros. Discovery India]]
[[Category:Warner Bros. Discovery]]

Pizhaku

2026-01-20T02:59:56Z

DEVANSH: added a details...

{{More citations needed|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pizhaku
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = Manathoor Church.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = St. Mary's Church Manathoor Pizhaku
| etymology =
| nickname =
| coordinates = {{coord|9.8117182|76.6952234|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[Indian state|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kottayam district|Kottayam]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayat]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Kadanad]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Taluk]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Meenachil]]
| website = 
}}

[[File:Nirmala Public Final.jpg|thumb|Nirmala Public School, Pizhaku]]
[[File:Urumbukavu Church Pizhaku.jpg|alt=Urumbukavu Church|thumb|St. John the Baptist Church Urumbukavu Pizhaku]]
'''Pizhaku''' is a village in [[Kottayam District]] in the Indian state of [[Kerala]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Primary Census Abstract Data Tables – India: Final Population Totals |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=11 July 2022 |access-date=27 April 2025 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India}}</ref>

==Geography==
Pizhaku lies {{convert|12|km|mi|abbr=on}} from [[Palai]] and {{convert|16|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Thodupuzha. The area is covered with mountains, plains, and trees.

==Educational institutions==
There are two schools in Pizhaku:
* Nirmala Public School, Pizhaku
* St. Joseph's High school, Manathoor, Pizhaku

==Attractions==
The Pampanal Waterfall at Manathoor is the major attraction of Pizhaku. Vyakula Sanketham, churches, and temples are other attractions.

==Post Office==
The post office of Pizhaku is located at Ramapuram Kavala Junction with Speed Post Facility. Pincode: 686651

==Banks==
State Bank of Travancore has a branch at Pizhaku located at Ramapuram Kavala Junction.
=== Co-Operative Bank ===
In 1979, KSCB (The Kadanad Service Co-operative Bank Ltd. K2) opened its first branch in Manathoor Church Junction, Pizhaku.

==Demography and religion==
Pizhaku has a population of 4000. Majority of them are Syro Malabar Catholics.

The Pizhaku Thrikkayil temple is very ancient. There was Palace associated with the temple. This is near to Manathoor School Junction. SNDP temple was newly constructed and dedicated to Sri Narayana Guru.

The Syro Malabar Catholics have two Parishes - Manathoor and Urumbukavu. Both are under Kadanad Forane (earlier Ramapuram forane) in Palai Diocese. They are Syrian Catholics of many ancient families can be found here.

Before 1910 Pizhaku was under the parish of Kadanad. In 1910 St. Mary's Church Manathoor at Pizhaku is established to help the Catholic migrants in Pizhaku area as it was difficult for them to attend church services at Kadanad church, which was 4 km away. It became an independent Parish in October 1928 and Fr. Thomas Parekunnel was appointed as first parish priest. There are around 2000 faithful from 410 families.

St. John the Baptist Church is situated at Ramapuram Kavala. Though this church is commonly known as ''Makkalpally'' (Makkal church), the name of this church is mentioned as ‘''Urumbukavu pally''’ in the records. Urumbukavu church, which remained as the Kurisupally of Ramapuram Forane church, became a parish church since 1 February 1954 as per the circular No. 112, issued on 26 January 1954 by the Bishop of Pala Mar Sebastian Vayalil. There are around 220 families with 1050 faithful.

Main Centres:
* St. Mary's Church Manathoor
* St. John the Baptist Church Urumpukavu
* Pizhaku Thrikkayil SreeKrishna Swami Temple
* SNDP temple
* Nirmala Public School
* St. Joseph's High School
* Kadanad Co-op Bank
* SBT
Convents:
*Congregation of Jesus Convent (Mary Ward Convent)
*Sacred Heart Convent
*Carmillite convent

==Political map==

The Pizhaku Comes under the Pala Legislative Assembly Constituency and Kottayam Parliamentary Constituency. Kadanad Panchayath has two wards here namely Pizhaku and Manathoor.

{| class="wikitable"
!Country
|[[India]]
|-
![[States and territories of India|State]]
|[[Kerala]]
|-
![[List of districts of India|District]]
|[[Kottayam district|Kottayam]]
|-
![[Taluka]]s
|Meenachil (Kadanadu Panchayath)
|-
! colspan="2" |Area
|-
!• Total
|6 km2
|-
! colspan="2" |Population
|-
!• Total
|3500
|-
!• Density
|580/ km2
|-
! colspan="2" |Languages
|-
!• Official
|[[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
|-
![[Time zone]]
|[[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+5:30]])
|-
![[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
|686651
|-
!Telephone code
|04822
|-
![[Vehicle registration plate|Vehicle registration]]
|KL 35
|-
!Nearest city
|Pala
|-
!Literacy
|100%
|-
![[Lok Sabha]] constituency
|Kottayam
|-
![[Vidhan Sabha]]<nowiki/>constituency
|Pala
|-
![[Climate of India|Climate]]
|[[Climatic regions of India|24c 36c]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}{{commons category|Manathoor}}
{{Kottayam district}}

[[Category:Villages in Kottayam district]]

Kavali mandal

2026-01-12T00:46:27Z

DEVANSH: new!

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kavali mandal
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|13.65|N|79.52|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nellore district|Nellore]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Kavali]]
| parts_type = [[Administrative divisions of India|Major villages]]
| parts_style = para
| parts =
| leader_title = [[Tehsildar]]
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 324
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1,50,333
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name=population>{{cite web|title=Census 2011|url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s39c82c7143c102b71c593d98d96093fde/uploads/2019/07/2019072494-1.pdf|publisher=Chief Planning Officer, Sri Potti Sriramulu Nellore District|access-date=23 April 2022}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 524201
| registration_plate = AP26
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-point = none
}}

'''Kavali mandal''' is one of the 38 [[mandals]] in [[Nellore district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. Its headquarters are located at [[Kavali]].<ref name=map>{{cite web|title=Chittoor District Mandals |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/maps/atlas/28part32.pdf|publisher=Census of India|access-date=19 January 2015|pages=452,518–519}}</ref> The mandal is bounded by .This mandal is located at [[Kavali revenue division]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Mandals in Kavali district|url=http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/apfactfile/info%20on%20districts/chittoor.html|publisher=aponline.gov.in|access-date=21 October 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224033355/http://www.aponline.gov.in/Quick%20links/apfactfile/info%20on%20districts/chittoor.html|archive-date=24 December 2014}}</ref>

== Demographics ==

{{As of|2011}} [[Census of India|census]], the mandal had a population of 1,50,333. The total population constitute, 75,206 males and 75,127 females —a sex ratio of 999 females per 1000 males. 8,365 children are in the age group of 0–6 years, of which 4,276 are boys and 4,089 are girls —a ratio of 999 per 1000. The average literacy rate stands at 70.98% with 95,515 literates.<ref name=population />

== Towns and villages ==

{{As of|2011}} [[Census of India|census]], the mandal has 16 settlements. It includes 1 town and 15 villages. is the most populated and Anagunta is the least populated villages in the mandal.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sub-District Details of Kavali District |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/PopulationFinder/Sub_Districts_Master.aspx?state_code=28&district_code=19|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=21 October 2014}}</ref>

The settlements in the mandal are listed below:

{{Columns-list|colwidth=25em|

# [[Kavali]] (M)
# Anemadugu
# Budamagunta
# Chalamcherla
# Chennayapalem
# Gowravaram
# Kavali Bit - I
# Kavali Bit - II (Rural)
# Kothapalle
# Maddurupadu (Part)
# Mannangidinne
# Musunuru (Part)
# Rajuvari Chintala Palem
# Rudrakota
# Thummalapenta

}}

== See also ==
*[[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Kavali mandal
|North = [[Srikalahasti]] mandal [[Kovur, Kavali|Kovur]] mandal
|Northeast = [[Srikalahasti]] mandal
|East = [[Nellore (urban) mandal]]
|Southeast = [[Yerpedu]] mandal [[Vadamalapeta]]mandal
|South = [[Vadamalapeta]] mandal
|Southwest = [[Nellore (rural) mandal]]
|West = [[Yerpedu]] mandal
|Northwest = [[Nellore district]]
}}

{{Nellore district}}
[[Category:Mandals in Nellore district]]

Satyavadi Raja Harishchandra

2026-01-01T21:26:23Z

DEVANSH: created a pg more to come...

{{About|a short film made by [[Dadasaheb Phalke]] in 1917|the feature film made in Calcutta in 1917|Satyawadi Raja Harishchandra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Satyavadi Raja Harishchandra
| caption = Poster of Satyawadi Raja Harishchandra. It is credited as the first Bengali feature film. This movie released in March 24, 1917 at Cornwallis Theatre in Calcutta.
| image = Harishchandra.jpg
| director = [[Dadasaheb Phalke|Dhundiraj Govind Phalke]]
| producer =
| writer = Dhundiraj Govind Phalke
| story = Ranchhodbai Udayram
| starring = [[D. D. Dabke]], Bhalachandra D. Phalke, Anna Salunke
| cinematography = Dhundiraj Govind Phalke, Trymbak B. Telang
| runtime = 16 minutes
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1917}}
| country = India
| language = [[Silent film]] [[Marathi language|Marathi]] [[intertitle]]s
}}

'''''Satyavadi Raja Harishchandra''''' ({{langx|mr|सत्यवादी राजा हरिश्चंद्र}}; {{langx|en|Truthful King Harishchandra}}) is a [[1917 in film|1917]] [[Silent film|silent]] [[Black-and-white|black and white]] [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[short film]] directed and produced by [[Dadasaheb Phalke|Dhundiraj Govind Phalke]].{{sfn|Vasudev|1995|p=7, 290}} The film is a shorter version of the first Indian feature film, ''[[Raja Harishchandra]]'' (1913),{{sfn|Rao|2006|p=25}}{{sfn|Banker|2002|p=9}} also directed and produced by Phalke.{{sfn|Gulzar|Nihalani|Chatterjee|2003|p=29}} The [[intertitles]] used in the film were in Marathi language as the film was a silent film. The film is based on the mythological story of a Hindu King [[Harishchandra]], the 36th king of the [[Suryavansha|Solar Dynasty]], who donated his entire kingdom and sold himself and his family to keep the promise given to the sage [[Vishvamitra]] in the dream.{{sfn|Dawar|2006|p=9}}

==Plot==
{{main|Harishchandra}}

The film depicts the story of a Hindu King [[Harishchandra]], the 36th king of the [[Suryavansha|Solar Dynasty]]. The Hindu sage [[Vishwamitra]] reminds Harishchandra of his promise of donating his kingdom, given to the sage in his dream. Known for keeping his promises, Harishchandra donates as desired by sage. Vishwamitra demands that in order to complete the act of donation, an additional amount as "Dakshina" (honorarium) should be paid. Being empty handed now, Harishchandra sells his wife [[Taramati]], son [[Rohitashva|Rohitashwa]] and himself to get the required amount. The king leaves for [[Varanasi]] as after donating his kingdom, it becomes the only place outside the influence of the sage.

King, now taking the form of a commoner, gets tested for his morals at several incidents but pleased with his virtue; the gods and the sage restore king's former glory, and further offers heavenly abode to the king, the queen and all their subjects.

==Cast==
[[D. D. Dabke]], a Marathi stage actor played the lead role of Harischandra. The female lead role of Taramati, Harischandra's wife was played by a male actor [[Anna Salunke]]. Phalke's son Bhalachandra was the child artist who donned the role of Rohitash, son of Harischandra. Sage Vishwamitra's role was played by G. V. Sane. The story was an adaptation from the Hindu mythology and was scripted by Ranchhodbai Udayram and Dada Saheb Phalke. Other artists in the film were:{{sfn|Vasudev|1995|p=7, 290}}<ref name="Dawar2006">{{cite book|author=Ramesh Dawar|title=Bollywood Yesterday Today and Tomorrow|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TO6Fmi8FraUC&pg=PA1987|access-date=5 April 2013|date=1 January 2006|publisher=Star Publications|isbn=978-1-905863-01-3|pages=1987–}}</ref>

* Dattatreya Kshirsagar
* Dattatreya Telang
* Ganpat G. Shinde
* Vishnu Hari Aundhkar
* Nath T. Telang

==Production==
[[Dhundiraj Govind Phalke]], popularly addressed as a mark of respect as Dada Saheb Phalke, who eventually came to don the title "father of Indian Cinema",<ref name="Mathew">{{cite book|author=Kirpal Sigh Annie Mathew|title=Middle School Social Sciences|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RyohfLCDOUkC&pg=SL8-PA95|access-date=7 April 2013|publisher=Frank Brothers|isbn=978-81-8409-103-8|pages=8–}}</ref> was the director, script writer and producer of the film. He started a studio in Dadar Main Road. He wrote the screen play, and created the sets for the film and started shooting the film himself. The film was Dada's first feature film venture of full length of the film of 3700 ft (in four reels) and it took seven months 21 days to complete the film.{{sfn|Dawar|2006|p=9}} The film was screened at the Coronation Cinema in 1917 before invited audience of the representatives of the press and guests. The film received wide acclaim and was a commercial success. Phalke followed it up by making films such as Satyavan Savithri, Lanka Dhahan (1917), Sri Krisna Janma (1918), and Kalia Mardan (1919).<ref name="Mathew"/>

Some historians believe that the presumed available prints of India's first feature film ''[[Raja Harishchandra]]'' (1913) are actually of ''Satyavadi Raja Harishchandra''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nfaipune.nic.in/raja_harishchandra.htm|title=Raja Harischandra|publisher=[[National Film Archive of India]]|access-date=2013-04-06|archive-date=26 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171126134259/http://nfaipune.nic.in/raja_harishchandra.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|last=Rao|first=Haludodderi Narasinga Narahari|title=The most memorable films of the world: from the diaries of the film societies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BDJoAAAAMAAJ|publisher=Sibina Services|year=2006|pages=244}}
* {{cite book|last=Banker|first=Ashok|title=Bollywood|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=429ZAAAAMAAJ|publisher=[[University of Michigan Press]]|year=2002|pages=132|isbn=9780143028352}}
* {{cite book|last=Vasudev|first=Aruna|title=Frames of mind: reflections on Indian cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2V9ZAAAAMAAJ|publisher=[[University of Michigan Press]]|year=1995|pages=324|isbn=9788174760531}}
* {{cite book|last1=Gulzar|authorlink1=Gulzar|last2=Nihalani|first2=Govind|authorlink2=Govind Nihalani|last3=Chatterjee|first3=Saibal|authorlink3=Saibal Chattopadhyay|title=Encyclopaedia Of Hindi Cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8y8vN9A14nkC&pg=PT53|publisher=[[Popular Prakashan]]|year=2003|pages=659|isbn=9788179910665}}
* {{cite book|last=Dawar|first=Ramesh|title=Bollywood Yesterday Today and Tomorrow|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1905863012|publisher=[[Star Publications]]|year=2006|isbn=978-1-905863-01-3|pages=144}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=0253532}}

{{Dadasaheb Phalke}}

[[Category:1917 films]]
[[Category:Indian silent films]]
[[Category:Films about Raja Harishchandra]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:1917 Indian films]]

List of populated places in Ukhrul district

2025-12-29T21:43:47Z

DEVANSH: Done

{{short description|Villages in Ukhrul district of Manipur, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}

The [[Ukhrul district]] of [[Manipur]] state in India is divided into 4 sub-districts called blocks.<ref name="blocks">{{cite web |title=Subdivision & Blocks |publisher=District Administration Ukhrul |url=https://ukhrul.nic.in/subdivision-blocks/ |access-date=2022-12-27}}</ref> At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], the [[Kamjong district]] (created in 2016) was a part of the Ukhrul district.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/manipur-violence-new-districts-okram-ibobi-united-naga-council-4436039/ |title=Simply put: Seven new districts that set Manipur ablaze |author=Esha Roy |date=2016-12-06 |access-date=2022-12-22 |newspaper=Indian Express}}</ref><ref name="census_2011">{{cite web |title=Primary census abstract at town, village and ward level, Manipur - District Ukhrul - 2011 |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/6470 |access-date=2022-12-26}}</ref>

== Blocks ==

The Ukhrul district is divided into four blocks: Ukhrul, Jessami, Chingai, and Lungchong Maiphei.<ref name="blocks"/>

At the time of the 2011 census, Ukhrul was divided into following subdivisions: Ukhrul North, Ukhrul Central, Kamjong-Chassad, Phungyar-Phaisat, and Ukhrul South.<ref name="census_2011"/>

== Towns ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! Type
! Block
! Population
! Effective literacy rate
! Sex ratio
! SC population %
! ST population %
! Census code (2011)
|-
| [[Ukhrul]] (Hunphun)
| [[Census town#India|Census Town]]
| Ukhrul
| 27187
| 88.92%
| 954
| 0.35%
| 88.66%
| 270457
|}

== Villages ==

=== Ukhrul block ===

The Ukhrul block includes the following villages:<ref name="villages">{{cite web |title=List of villages under Ukhrul District |publisher=District Administration Ukhrul |url=https://ukhrul.nic.in/list-of-villages-under-ukhrul-district/ |access-date=2022-12-27}}</ref><ref name="census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! Population
! Effective literacy rate
! Sex ratio
! SC population %
! ST population %
! Census code (2011)
|-
| [[Choithar]]
| 1392
| 86.34%
| 941
| 0.0%
| 97.49%
| 270444
|-
| Huining ([[Halang, Ukhrul|Halang]])
| 2878
| 88.1%
| 1011
| 0.0%
| 98.16%
| 270394
|-
| [[Hatha, Manipur|Hatha]]
| 154
| 64.96%
| 791
| 0.0%
| 98.7%
| 270432
|-
| [[Khamasom]]
| 1996
| 69.64%
| 865
| 0.0%
| 97.24%
| 270450
|-
| [[Khangkhui Khullen]]
| 642
| 83.88%
| 1032
| 0.0%
| 98.91%
| 270442
|-
| [[Khangkhui Khunou]]
| 841
| 91.01%
| 938
| 0.0%
| 96.91%
| 270443
|-
| [[Langdang]]
| 1135
| 81.45%
| 904
| 0.0%
| 97.97%
| 270446
|-
| [[Lambui]] (Ramva)
| 1940
| 92.86%
| 900
| 0.15%
| 92.78%
| 270429
|-
| [[Leiyaram]]
| 205
| 94.12%
| 814
| 0.0%
| 91.22%
| 270409
|-
| [[Litan, Manipur|Litan]]
| 127
| 95.65%
| 984
| 0.0%
| 99.21%
| 270426
|-
| [[Litan Sareikhong]]
| 1000
| 91.27%
| 835
| 0.1%
| 85.2%
| 270427
|-
| [[Lunghar]]
| 1917
| 71.99%
| 1033
| 0.0%
| 96.35%
| 270449
|-
| [[Lungshang Chingkha]] (Lungshang CK)
| 324
| 81.2%
| 770
| 0.0%
| 98.77%
| 270436
|-
| [[Lungshang Chingthak]] (Lungshang CT)
| 210
| 90.06%
| 1079
| 0.0%
| 96.19%
| 270437
|-
| [[Mayophung]]
| 435
| 97.41%
| 1042
| 0.0%
| 99.31%
| 270412
|-
| [[Muirei]]
| 324
| 94.6%
| 1090
| 0.0%
| 98.46%
| 270410
|-
| [[New Cannon, Manipur|New Cannon]] (New Cannan)
| 1030
| 93.72%
| 992
| 0.0%
| 96.6%
| 270408
|-
| [[Nungou]]
| 648
| 68.3%
| 1084
| 0.0%
| 93.67%
| 270441
|-
| [[Nungshong Khullen]]
| 488
| 59.68%
| 1017
| 0.0%
| 96.31%
| 270438
|-
| [[Nungshong Khunou]]
| 260
| 94.94%
| 1167
| 0.0%
| 96.92%
| 270439
|-
| [[Shangkai, Manipur|Shangkai]]
| 284
| 67.7%
| 1000
| 0.0%
| 99.3%
| 270424
|-
| [[Shangshak Khullen]]
| 2441
| 87.72%
| 461
| 1.76%
| 48.18%
| 270433
|-
| [[Shangshak Khunou]]
| 1025
| 87.67%
| 927
| 0.0%
| 97.66%
| 270434
|-
| [[Shangzing]] (Shangching)
| 562
| 91.27%
| 892
| 0.0%
| 97.86%
| 270435
|-
| [[Shiroy Chingkha]] (Shirui CK)
| 793
| 95.49%
| 1018
| 0.0%
| 96.47%
| 270447
|-
| [[Shiroy Chingthak]] (Shirui CT)
| 472
| 90.31%
| 595
| 0.0%
| 75.42%
| 270448
|-
| [[Shokvao]]
| 698
| 78.1%
| 1059
| 0.0%
| 97.85%
| 270414
|-
| [[Sihai, Manipur|Sihai]] (Sihai Khullen)
| 867
| 72.58%
| 935
| 0.0%
| 95.85%
| 270451
|-
| [[Sihai Khunou]]
| 372
| 51.51%
| 918
| 0.0%
| 98.39%
| 270452
|-
| [[T. Chanhong]]
| 784
| 66.1%
| 950
| 0.0%
| 99.11%
| 270431
|-
| [[T.M. Kasom]]
| 570
| 92.83%
| 570
| 0.88%
| 71.23%
| 270413
|-
| [[Tushen, Ukhrul|Tushen]] (Tushar)
| 2098
| 77.09%
| 921
| 0.0%
| 98.19%
| 270430
|-
| [[Wunghon]]
| 504
| 95.08%
| 1172
| 0.0%
| 96.03%
| 270411
|-
| [[Mangkot Chepu]] (Mongkot Chepu)
| 676
| 70.48%
| 1006
| 0.0%
| 97.93%
| 270425
|}

=== Jessami block ===

The Jessami block includes the following villages:<ref name="villages"/><ref name="census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! Population
! Effective literacy rate
! Sex ratio
! SC population %
! ST population %
! Census code (2011)
|-
| [[Chingjaroi Christian]] (Chingjaroi CV)
| 1280
| 83.42%
| 1071
| 0.0%
| 98.98%
| 270369
|-
| [[Chingjaroi Khullen]] (Chingjaroi K/L)
| 1825
| 45.4%
| 969
| 0.0%
| 99.18%
| 270365
|-
| [[Chinjaroi Khunou]] (Chingjaroi K/N)
| 548
| 68.93%
| 1015
| 0.0%
| 96.9%
| 270368
|-
| [[Jessami]]
| 2765
| 76.74%
| 817
| 0.0%
| 79.78%
| 270362
|-
| [[Kharasom]]
| 1604
| 68.06%
| 958
| 0.0%
| 98.82%
| 270364
|-
| [[New Tusom]]
| 1608
| 89.66%
| 983
| 0.0%
| 98.32%
| 270383
|-
| [[Razai, Ukhrul|Razai Khullen]] (Razai K/L)
| 421
| 67.97%
| 1095
| 0.0%
| 98.1%
| 270366
|-
| [[Razai, Ukhrul|Razai Khunou]] (Razai K/N)
| 470
| 60.21%
| 1070
| 0.0%
| 99.79%
| 270367
|-
| [[Soraphung]]
| 875
| 59.6%
| 923
| 0.0%
| 98.51%
| 270363
|-
| [[Tusom Christian]] (Tusom CV)
| 642
| 93.02%
| 945
| 0.0%
| 98.91%
| 270384
|-
| [[Tusom]] (Tusom K/L)
| 271
| 70.64%
| 1101
| 0.0%
| 98.89%
| 270529
|-
| [[Wahong]]
| 537
| 58.63%
| 953
| 0.0%
| 98.14%
| 270382
|}

=== Chingai block ===

The Chingai block includes the following villages:<ref name="villages"/><ref name="census_2011"/><ref>{{cite web |title=House ownership status of SC Households: Chingai block |url=https://secc.gov.in/getSCCategoryHouseOwnershipStatusBlockLgdReport.htm/14/260/2382 |work=Socio Economic and Caste Census, 2011 |publisher= Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India |access-date=2022-12-27 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! Population
! Effective literacy rate
! Sex ratio
! SC population %
! ST population %
! Census code (2011)
|-
| [[Awang Kasom]]
| 687
| 89.11%
| 722
| 0.58%
| 79.77%
| 270379
|-
| [[Challow, Manipur|Challow]] (Challou)
| 351
| 76.64%
| 1017
| 0.0%
| 93.45%
| 270385
|-
| [[Chingai]]
| 1118
| 61.75%
| 948
| 0.0%
| 98.48%
| 270380
|-
| [[Huishu]]
| 1018
| 87.91%
| 961
| 0.0%
| 96.76%
| 270387
|-
| [[K. Phungrei]]
| 478
| 61.66%
| 1087
| 0.0%
| 96.65%
| 270388
|-
| [[Kalhang]]
| 1181
| 41.61%
| 972
| 0.0%
| 98.65%
| 270377
|-
| [[Kuirei]]
| 767
| 56.15%
| 987
| 0.0%
| 99.35%
| 270378
|-
| [[Kongai, Manipur|Kongai]] (Kuingai)
| 383
| 84.89%
| 1082
| 0.0%
| 97.91%
| 270381
|-
| [[Marem]]
| 327
| 79.32%
| 1083
| 0.0%
| 96.33%
| 270372
|-
| [[Maremphung]] (Marangphung)
| 298
| 93.68%
| 1129
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270371
|-
| [[Namrei]]
| 549
| 79.96%
| 1004
| 0.0%
| 98.36%
| 270370
|-
| [[Nungbi Khullen]]
| 1602
| 65.36%
| 980
| 0.0%
| 98.06%
| 270376
|-
| [[Nungbi Khunou]] (Kachui)
| 1417
| 48.04%
| 1063
| 0.0%
| 96.19%
| 270375
|-
| [[Phungcham]]
| 4041
| 80.29%
| 999
| 0.0%
| 97.8%
| 270374
|-
| [[Paoyei]] (Peh / Paoyi)
| 2617
| 75.61%
| 998
| 0.0%
| 98.97%
| 270373
|-
| [[Poi, Ukhrul|Poi]]
| 1595
| 79.63%
| 945
| 0.0%
| 98.37%
| 270386
|}

The following villages are not listed in the 2011 census directory: Longpi Kajui, Luireishimphung, Ngahui, Paorei, and Varangalai.<ref name="villages"/><ref name="census_2011"/>

=== Lungchong Maiphei block ===

The Lungchong Maiphei block includes the following villages:<ref name="villages"/><ref name="census_2011"/><ref>{{cite web |title=House ownership status of SC Households: Lungchong Maiphei block |url=https://secc.gov.in/getSCCategoryHouseOwnershipStatusBlockLgdReport.htm/14/260/6607 |work=Socio Economic and Caste Census, 2011 |publisher= Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India |access-date=2022-12-27 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! Population
! Effective literacy rate
! Sex ratio
! SC population %
! ST population %
! Census code (2011)
|-
| [[Champhung]]
| 782
| 81.12%
| 917
| 0.0%
| 96.42%
| 270397
|-
| [[Huime]] (Hoomi)
| 1267
| 89.37%
| 943
| 0.0%
| 99.37%
| 270389
|-
| [[Kachai]]
| 2107
| 77.51%
| 929
| 0.0%
| 97.96%
| 270390
|-
| [[Khamanom]] (Khumunom)
| 585
| 27.2%
| 924
| 10.94%
| 88.03%
| 270416
|-
| [[Phungthar]] (L Phungthar)
| 807
| 66.9%
| 945
| 0.0%
| 99.13%
| 270391
|-
| [[Lamlai Chingphei]]
| 467
| 36.63%
| 938
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270422
|-
| [[Lamlang, Manipur|Lamlang]]
| 964
| 90.06%
| 932
| 0.0%
| 98.86%
| 270405
|-
| [[Maichon]]
| 529
| 76.02%
| 981
| 0.0%
| 98.3%
| 270392
|-
| [[Mollem Kamsei]]
| 640
| 45.09%
| 945
| 0.0%
| 99.53%
| 270415
|-
| [[Molnom]]
| 444
| 91.82%
| 897
| 0.0%
| 99.55%
| 270418
|-
| [[Moulsohoi]]
| 227
| 91.63%
| 991
| 0.0%
| 97.8%
| 270419
|-
| [[Mullam]]
| 416
| 25.6%
| 882
| 0.0%
| 99.52%
| 270421
|-
| [[Ngaimu]]
| 1881
| 93.45%
| 951
| 0.0%
| 99.47%
| 270400
|-
| [[Pashong]]
| 392
| 43.92%
| 885
| 0.0%
| 98.98%
| 270417
|-
| [[Phadang]] (Phalee)
| 3742
| 81.35%
| 935
| 0.0%
| 95.67%
| 270399
|-
| [[Pharung]]
| 1109
| 81.52%
| 1005
| 0.0%
| 98.38%
| 270404
|-
| [[Seikhor]]
| 935
| 87.24%
| 920
| 0.0%
| 98.61%
| 270403
|-
| [[Shongphel]]
| 511
| 86.43%
| 965
| 0.0%
| 84.93%
| 270420
|-
| [[Sirarakhong]]
| 1243
| 89.89%
| 1005
| 0.0%
| 93.48%
| 270402
|-
| [[Somdal]]
| 2375
| 92.39%
| 964
| 0.0%
| 97.39%
| 270395
|-
| [[Tanrui]] (Leisan)
| 1007
| 85.63%
| 982
| 0.0%
| 98.11%
| 270398
|-
| [[Tuinem]] (Teinem)
| 4058
| 83.09%
| 998
| 0.0%
| 98.47%
| 270401
|-
| [[Tungou]]
| 1971
| 90.4%
| 929
| 0.0%
| 98.22%
| 270406
|-
| [[Sanakeithel, Manipur|Sanakeithel]] (Sinakeithei)
| 2003
| 97.22%
| 987
| 0.0%
| 86.07%
| 270407
|-
| [[Tolloi]] (Talloi)
| 4296
| 84.12%
| 925
| 0.09%
| 89.43%
| 270393
|-
| [[Tora, Manipur|Tora]]
| 758
| 58.89%
| 1011
| 0.0%
| 95.12%
| 270396
|-
| [[Jalembung]] (Zalengbung)
| 306
| 73.55%
| 1140
| 0.0%
| 98.69%
| 270423
|-
| [[Yaolen]] (Yaolen)
| 325
| 41.99%
| 1019
| 0.0%
| 97.54%
| 270428
|}

The following villages are not listed in the 2011 census directory: Maichon and Ngainga.<ref name="villages"/><ref name="census_2011"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Lists of populated places in Manipur|Ukhrul]]

Muzaffar Jang Hidayat

2025-11-11T04:42:36Z

DEVANSH: Stub

{{Short description|Nizam of Hyderabad from 1750 to 1751}}
{{more citations needed|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Muzaffar Jang Hidayat
| title = [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizam-ul-Mulk]]
| succession = 3rd [[Nizam of Hyderabad]]
| predecessor = [[Nasir Jung]]
| successor = [[Salabat Jung]]
| birth_date =
| death_date = 13 February 1751
| reign = 16 December 1750 – 13 February 1751
| father = [[Mutawassil Khan]]
| mother = Khair-un-nisa Begum
| religion = [[Islam]]
| image = File:Muzaffar Jung.jpg
| caption = Muzaffar Jang Hidayat
}}

[[File:Dupleix meeting the Soudhabar of the Deccan.jpg|thumb|[[Joseph François Dupleix|Dupleix]] meeting the [[Subahdar]] of the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]], Muzaffar Jung.]]
'''Muhyi ad-Din Muzaffar Jang Hidayat''' (died 13 February 1751) was the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] [[Subahdar]] of [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] and the third [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizam]] of [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]] from 1750 until his death in 1751.

He had taken up the title of ''Nawab Khan Bahadur, Muzaffar Jung, Nawab Subadar of the Deccan''. However, he is better known as Muzaffar Jung.

==Early life==
Muzaffar Jung was born to [[Nawab]] [[Mutawassil Khan]], the ''Naib Subahdar'' of [[Bijapur, Karnataka|Bijapur]], and his wife ''Sahibzadi'' Khair-un-Nisa Begum, the daughter of [[Qamar-ud-din Khan, Asaf Jah I|Nizam-ul-Mulk]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S8W3AAAAIAAJ|last=Malik|first=Zahiruddin |title=The Reign of Muhammad Shah, 1719-1748 |publisher=Asia Publishing House|year=1977|isbn=9780210405987|pages=227}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IjJuAAAAMAAJ|title= History of Modern Deccan, 1720/1724-1948: Political and administrative aspects|author=M. A. Nayeem|publisher=Abul Kalam Azad Oriental Research Institute|year=2000|page=38}}</ref> He was a great-grandson of [[Saadullah Khan (Mughal Empire)|Sa'adullah Khan Chinioti]], the last [[List of Mughal grand viziers|Grand Wazir]] of [[Shah Jahan]].<ref name=":0" />

==Reign==
As per the 1749 British records of [[Fort St. George]], Nizam-ul-Mulk even thought about installing Muzaffar Jung when he was dissatisfied with the conduct of Nasir Jung. He gave up that idea due to possible serious repercussions and reconciled with Nasir Jung.<ref name="SarojiniRegani" />{{rp|19}} He recommended for bestowing the [[Circars]] of [[Adoni]] and [[Raichur]] to Muzaffar Jung with acceptance of the [[Mughal emperor|Padishah]].<ref name="SarojiniRegani">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9Fb26pWqhScC|title= Nizam-British Relations, 1724-1857|author=Sarojini Regani|isbn=9788170221951|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|year=1988}}</ref>{{rp|19}}

Initially, he was appointed to an Imperial [[mansabdar|mansab]] of 3,000 ''zat'' and 2,000 ''[[sowar]],'' he was appointed as the Governor of Carnatic, later promoted to 4,000 ''zat'' on his appointment to Bijapur. He was Subadar of Bijapur after the death of his father. When his grandfather Nizam-ul-Mulk died in 1748, he decided to stake his claim to the throne in opposition to his uncle, Nasir Jung. This resulted in the first major direct involvement of the Europeans in Indian domestic politics. He joined hands with his Carnatic ally [[Chanda Sahib]] and the [[France|French]] while Nasir Jung joined hands with his Carnatic ally [[Muhammed Ali Khan Wallajah|Muhammad Ali Khan Walajah]] and the [[United Kingdom|British]]. Eventually, the serious situation in Deccan and Carnatic would result in the [[Second Carnatic War]]. During the war Muzaffar Jung was briefly captured in March, 1750 after the Battle of Villianur. But after the assassination of [[Nasir Jung]], he was released and took the throne of Hyderabad, 16 December 1750. He granted territories and titles to [[Joseph François Dupleix|Dupleix]] and the French on 31 December 1750.

==Death==
While Muzaffar Jung's relations with the French were sound, he failed to assuage his Afghan allies in a similar way. The resulting disagreement escalated into the Battle of Lakkireddipalli Pass in the [[Rayachoti]] taluka, Kadapa district. In the conflict, the [[Nawab of Kurnool]] struck him in the head with a spear, 13 February 1751 killing him instantly. Muzzafar Jung's death lead to the deaths of the Nawab of Kurnool, Himmat Bahadur and [[Savnur|Nawab of Savanur]], Abdul Majid Khan I.<ref name="SarojiniRegani"/>{{rp|51}}

At this critical juncture in history the French commander [[Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau|De Bussy]] made the decision to install [[Salabat Jung]] as the new [[Nizam]].<ref name=Naravane>{{Cite book |last=Naravane |first=M.S. |title=Battles of the Honourable East India Company |publisher=A.P.H. Publishing Corporation |year=2014 |isbn=9788131300343 |pages=155}}</ref> 

==Family==
Muzaffar Jung had only one son, Nawab Muhammad Sa'ad ud-din Khan Bahadur, who was a minor at the death of his father in February 1751. He became Subedar of [[Adil Shahi|Bijapur]] in 1751, and died later from [[smallpox]].{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}

==Positions held==
{{S-start}}
{{s-hou|2=?|3=|4=1751}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Nasir Jung|Nasir Jung Mir Ahmad]]
| title = [[Nizam of Hyderabad]]
| after = [[Salabat Jung|Asif ad-Dawlah Mir Ali Salabat Jung]]
| years = 16 December 1750 – 13 February 1751
}}

{{succession box
| before = [[Mutawassil Khan|Nawab Talib Muhi ud-din Mutawassil Khan Bahadur]]
| title = [[Subedar]] of [[Bijapur, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| after = Nawab Muhammad Sa'ad ud-din Khan Bahadur
| years = ? – 13 February 1751
}}
{{S-end}}

==See also==
*[[Hyderabad State]]
*[[Nizam]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Hyderabad state}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hidayat, Muhyi Ad-Din Muzaffar Jung}}
[[Category:Nobility from the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:1751 deaths]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian royalty]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:18th-century Mughal Empire people]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]

Qadam Rasul Mosque

2025-09-11T20:48:01Z

DEVANSH: added a pg...

{{Short description|Archeological site in West Bengal}}
{{Infobox religious building
| building_name = Qadam Rasul Mosque
| native_name = {{lang|bn|কদম রসুল মসজিদ}}
| native_name_lang = bn
| image = Full view of Qadam Rasul Mosque.jpg
| caption =
| image_upright = 1.4
| alt =
| map_type = West Bengal
| map_size = 250
| map_relief = 1
| map_caption = Location of the monument in [[West Bengal]]
| location = [[Gauḍa (city)|Gaur]], [[Malda district|Malda]], [[West Bengal]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|24.869368|N|88.131633|E|region:IN-WB_type:landmark|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| religious_affiliation = [[Islam]] {{small|(former)}}
| sect =
| festivals =
| consecration_year =
| status = [[Mosque]] {{small|(former)}}
| functional_status = {{ubl|'''Inactive''' {{small|(as a mosque)}}}}
| heritage_designation =
| administration = [[Archaeological Survey of India]]
| website =
| architecture_type = {{nowrap|[[Mosque architecture]]}}
| architecture_style = [[Indo-Islamic architecture|Indo-Islamic]]
| founded_by = [[Nasiruddin Nasrat Shah]]
| funded_by =
| general_contractor =
| facade_direction =
| groundbreaking =
| year_completed = 1530/1531 AD
| dome_quantity = 1
| materials = [[Brick]], [[Stone]]
| module = {{Infobox historic site | embed = yes | designation1 = MANI | designation1_offname = Qadam Rasul Mosque | designation1_type = | designation1_criteria = | designation1_date = | delisted1_date = | designation1_partof = | designation1_number = N-WB-94}}
}}

The '''Qadam Rasul Mosque''' ({{Langx|bn|কদম রসুল মসজিদ}}) built in 1530-1531 by Sultan [[Nasiruddin Nasrat Shah|Nusrat Shah]] ({{Reign|1519|1533}}) in the ancient city of [[Gauḍa (city)|Gaur]], is a historic single-[[dome]]d mosque known for housing a stone tablet bearing the [[Qadam Rasul|footprint of Prophet Muhammad]]. The mosque, set amidst a lush garden, is a significant heritage and cultural site, maintained by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=ASI Monuments |url=https://wbhc.in/home/asi_monuments |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917104256/https://wbhc.in/home/asi_monuments |archive-date=2024-09-17 |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=West Bengal Heritage Commission |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Sfn|Michell|1984|p=80}}

== History ==
According to local tradition, the footprint of prophet [[Muhammad]] came from the [[Khanqah]] of the 13th century saint [[Jalaluddin Tabrizi]] of [[Pandua, Hooghly|Pandua]]. It was moved to Lakhnauti (Gaur) by Sultan [[Alauddin Husain Shah]] ({{Reign|1494|1519}}).<ref>{{Cite Banglapedia|last=Perween|first=Hasan|article=Kadam Rasul|article-url=Kadam_Rasul}}</ref> Husain Shah's successor Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah built the mosque to preserve the tablet in (937 AH) 1530/1531 AD.{{Sfn|Michell|1984|p=80}}

== Architecture ==
=== Qadam Rasul Mosque ===
The Qadam Rasul Mosque is a rectangular [[brick]] structure with a highly embellished east [[façade]] featuring three [[arch]]ed entrances on octagonal piers and four rows of panels with cusped-arch and hanging-bell motifs, similar to the [[Bagha Mosque]] (930 AH 1523/1524) in [[Rajshahi]] also built under Nusrat Shah. It has vaulted [[veranda]]hs on the north, east, and south sides, each opening to a central square room containing a relic. The north and south exterior walls have simple recessed panels. Likely the earliest structure in its compound, it predates the guesthouses, gateway, and other buildings, which are attributed to the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] period and linked to the [[Lukochuri Darwaza]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Quadam Rasul Mosque |url=https://malda.gov.in/tourist-place/quadam-rasul-mosque/ |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=Malda District |language=en-US}}</ref>{{Sfn|Michell|1984|pp=80-81}} The mosque compound also holds the tomb of Mughal general Fateh Khan.{{Sfn|Michell|1984|p=83}}

=== Tomb of Fateh Khan ===
[[File:Tomb of Fateh Khan. Gaur.jpg|thumb|17th century Mughal general Fateh Khan's tomb]]
Beside the mosque, lies the tomb of Fateh Khan, son of [[Diler Khan]] and a general of Mughal emperor [[Aurangzeb]] ({{Reign|1658|1707}}). The tomb measures externally {{Convert|9.35|by|8.35|m|abbr=on}} and has three doorways on the west, north, and southern side.<ref>{{Cite Banglapedia|last=Husain|first=ABM|article=Fath Khan's Tomb|article-url=Fath_Khan’s_Tomb}}</ref> The tomb is constructed of [[stucco]] over brick, the tomb features a ''do-chala'' roof style.{{Sfn|Michell|1984|p=83}}

== Gallery ==
<gallery mode=packed heights=100>
File:Qadam Rasul Mosque-Gaur.jpg|General view of the mosque complex
File:Full view of Qadam Rasul Mosque.jpg|Side view
File:Gate of Qudam Rasul Mosque.jpg|Main entrance
File:Qadam Rasul Mosque 11.jpg|The mosque and the tomb of Fateh Khan
File:Qadam Rasul Mosque 3.jpg|The wall of the compound
File:Qudam Rasul Mosque... Gaur.. Malda.. WB.jpg|Stone pillars
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{Commons category|Qadam Rasul Mosque}}
* [[Zafar Khan Ghazi Mosque and Dargah]]
* [[Lattan Mosque]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin}}
*{{Cite book |first = George|last= Michell|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Islamic_Heritage_of_Bengal.html?id=iiNUAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y |title=The Islamic Heritage of Bengal |date=1984 |publisher= |isbn=978-92-3-102174-9 |language=en}}
{{refend}}

[[Category:Bengal Sultanate mosques]]
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Mosque buildings with domes in India]]
[[Category:Mosques in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures completed in 1530]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures completed in 1500]]

Diocese of Kottapuram

2025-09-04T03:51:55Z

DEVANSH: done...

{{Short description|Roman Catholic diocese in Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{no footnotes|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox diocese
|jurisdiction = Diocese
|name = Kottapuram
|latin = Dioecesis Kottapuramensis
|local = കോട്ടപ്പുറം രൂപത
|image = St Micheals Cathedral.jpg
|caption = Cathedral
|country = {{flag|India}}
|metropolitan = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Verapoly|Verapoly]]
|province = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Verapoly|Verapoly]]
|rite = [[Roman rite]]
|cathedral = St Michael’s Cathedral in [[Kodungallur]]
|cocathedral =
|parishes = 50
|patron = [[Thomas the Apostle|St Thomas]]
|established = 3 July 1987
|area_km2 = 3,000
|population = 3,201,098
|population_as_of = 2004
|catholics = 97000
|catholics_percent= 2.9
|pope = {{Incumbent pope}}
|metro_archbishop = [[Joseph Kalathiparambil]]
|bishop = [[Ambrose Puthenveetil]]
|vicar_general = Msgr Rockey Roby Kalathil
|emeritus_bishops = [[Joseph Karikkassery]]
|coadjutor =
|auxiliary_bishops=
|website = [http://en.kottapuramdiocese.org/ Website of the Diocese]
|denomination=}}

[[File:Kottappuram Cathedral Church, കോട്ടപ്പുറം ലത്തീൻ രൂപത പള്ളി, St. Micheal's Cathedral.JPG|thumb|250px|Cathedral]]
The '''Roman Catholic Diocese of Kottapuram''' ({{langx|la| Kottapuramen(sis)}}) is a [[diocese]] located in the town of [[Kodungallur]] in the [[ecclesiastical province]] of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Verapoly|Verapoly]] in India. On Saturday, 18 December 2010, [[Pope Benedict XVI]] named [[Joseph Karikkassery]], Auxiliary Bishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Verapoly, as Bishop of Kottapuram. The diocese had until then been a vacant see ([[sede vacante]]), as [[Bishop]] [[Francis Kallarakal]] had been appointed by [[Pope Benedict XVI]] in February 2010 as Metropolitan Archbishop of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Verapoly]], India (the Diocese of Kottapuram is in its Ecclesiastical Province).

==History==
* 3 July 1987: Established as Diocese of Kottapuram from the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Verapoly

==Bishops==
* Francis Kallarakal (4 October 1987 – 20 February 2010); appointed as Metropolitan Archbishop of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Verapoly]]
* [[Joseph Karikkassery]] (18 December 2010 – 1 May 2023); formerly had been Auxiliary Bishop of Verapoly; the son of Francis and Agnes. Late Rocky was his elder brother and Philomina, wife of Jerome, is his sister.
* [[Ambrose Puthenveetil]] Third Bishop Of The Diocese Consecrated On 20 January 2024.

===Lay Organisation Leaders===

== KLCA==
Kerala Latin Catholic Association of Kottapuram
* First President - P.R. Lawrance, Gothuruth
* General Secretary - Babu Manjaly, Eriyad

== KCYM ==
Kerala Catholic Youth Movement
*First Committee
** Joy Gothuruth - President
** David Xavier, Koratty - Vice President
** Benny Pullayil, Koottukad - Gen.Secretary
** Jerson Chakkanat, Kottapuram - Secretary
** Sebastian Konnully. Paravur - Treasurer
** Micheal P. T., Kunjithai - Sports Forum
** George Arakkathara, Madaplathuruth - Exe.member
** Francis.E.D., Eriyad- Socio- Political Forum
** Stanly Koodallur, Kottapuram - Exe. Comm.
** Jessy.E.C, Gothuruth - Exe.
** Joy Kaimathuruthy, Gothuruth - Education Forum
** Shyja E. R., Kara - Arts Forum
** Beena K. A., Kunjithai - Exe.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/kott0.htm GCatholic.org]
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dkttp.html Catholic Hierarchy]
* [https://www.kottapuramdiocese.org/ Diocese website ]

{{coord|10.2028|N|76.2048|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}
{{Christianity in Kerala|state=collapsed}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kottapuram}}
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses in India]]
[[Category:Christian organizations established in 1987]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 20th century]]
[[Category:Dioceses in Kerala]]
[[Category:1987 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Churches in Thrissur district]]

Telugu Brahmin

2025-06-26T04:54:39Z

DEVANSH: Page updated with additional details

#REDIRECT [[Telugu Brahmins]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
{{R to plural}}
}}

Sagar Udeshi

2025-04-04T00:53:40Z

DEVANSH: updated citations per sources and corrected details

{{Short description|Indian cricketer (born 1986)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Sagar Udeshi
| image =
| country =
| fullname = Sagar Paresh Udeshi
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1986|10|14|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| batting =
| bowling =
| role =
| club1 =
| year1 =
| clubnumber1 =
| club2 =
| year2 =
| clubnumber2 =
| date = 19 September 2018
| source = [[ESPNcricinfo]]<ref name="Bio" />
}}

'''Sagar Paresh Udeshi''' (born 14 October 1986) is an Indian [[cricket]]er.<ref name="Bio">{{Cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1168743.html |title=Sagar Udeshi |accessdate=19 September 2018 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> He made his [[first-class cricket|first-class]] debut for [[Chilaw Marians Cricket Club]] in the [[2018–19 Premier League Tournament]] in Sri Lanka on 14 December 2018.<ref name="FC">{{cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1166065.html |title=Group A, Premier League Tournament Tier A at Colombo, Dec 14-16 2018 |publisher=ESPN Cricinfo |accessdate=16 December 2018}}</ref> He was the leading wicket-taker for Chilaw Marians Cricket Club in the tournament, with 57 dismissals in eight matches.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=12742;team=3554;type=tournament |title=Premier League Tournament Tier A, 2018/19 - Chilaw Marians Cricket Club: Batting and bowling averages |work=ESPN Cricinfo |accessdate=10 February 2019}}</ref>

He made his [[List A cricket|List A]] debut for [[Puducherry cricket team|Puducherry]] in the [[2018–19 Vijay Hazare Trophy]] on 19 September 2018.<ref name="LA">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1156796.html |title=Plate Group, Vijay Hazare Trophy at Vadodara, Sep 19 2018 |accessdate=19 September 2018 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> He made his [[Twenty20]] debut on 8 November 2019, for Puducherry in the [[2019–20 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]].<ref name="T20">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1205728.html |title=Group D, Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy at Mumbai, Nov 8 2019 |accessdate=8 November 2019 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/sagar-udeshi-1168743 | title=Sagar Udeshi Profile - Cricket Player India | Stats, Records, Video }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{ESPNcricinfo|id=1168743}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Udeshi, Sagar}}
[[Category:1986 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Pondicherry cricketers]]
[[Category:Chilaw Marians Cricket Club cricketers]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Mumbai]]

{{India-cricket-bio-1986-stub}}

Chaand Baaliyan

2025-03-04T17:53:44Z

DEVANSH: stub

{{Short description|Song by Aditya A}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=June 2022}}
{{Notability|Music|date=March 2023}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}

{{Infobox song
| name = Chaand Baaliyan
| cover =
| alt =
| type =
| artist = Aditya A
| album = Chaand Baaliyan
| released = {{Start date|2020|3|28}}
| recorded = 2020
| studio =
| venue =
| genre = [[Romantic song|Romantic]]
| length = {{Duration|m=1|s=43}}
| label = [[Sony Music India|Sony Music Entertainment India Pvt Ltd]]
| writer = Aditya A
| producer = Aditya A
}}

"'''Chaand Baaliyan'''" is a song by Indian singer-songwriter Aditya A.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/music/surreal-for-chaand-baaliyan-to-go-viral-after-two-years-of-release-aditya-a-101646393968095.html|title=Surreal for Chaand Baaliyan to go viral after two years of release: Aditya A|date=4 March 2022|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> The song has charted No 1 on [[Apple Music]] and [[iTunes]] Chart in India. It was also ranking on 45th position on YouTube Charts in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.top-charts.com/s/chaand-baaliyan-aditya-a|title=Chaand Baaliyan|website=top-charts.com}}</ref> As of April 2022 "Chaand Baaliyan" was a trending song on [[Instagram#Reels|Instagram Reels]] as well.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities/chaand-baaliyan-to-pasoori-trending-songs-taking-over-instagram-reels-2022-04-18-770552|title=Chaand Baaliyan to Pasoori, trending songs taking over Instagram reels|first=Parina|last=Taneja|date=18 April 2022|website=indiatvnews.com}}</ref> Aditya had released the song in the year 2019, which went [[viral marketing|viral]] two years after its release.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/features/chaand-baaliyan-singer-aditya-a-on-what-makes-the-song-go-viral-after-two-years-of-its-release/873798/|title='Chaand Baaliyan' singer Aditya A on what makes the song go viral after two years of its release|date=15 March 2022|website=theprint.in}}</ref>

==Popularity==
The song started gaining more reach when [[Bollywood]] celebrities started making Instagram Reels on the song.
*[[Alia Bhatt]] & [[Bhavin Bhanushali]] made the reel on it which has 2.6+ millions hits on it.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.missmalini.com/2022/02/23/7-creator-reels-on-the-soothing-track-chaand-baaliyan-that-made-us-add-this-song-to-our-playlist-pronto/|title=7 Creator Reels On The Soothing Track, 'Chaand Baaliyan' That Made Us Add This Song To Our Playlist Pronto|date=23 February 2022|website=MissMalini | Latest Bollywood, Fashion, Beauty & Lifestyle News}}</ref>
*[[Siddhant Chaturvedi]] made reel on the song as well.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://techilive.in/surreal-for-chaand-baaliyan-to-go-viral-after-two-years-of-release-aditya-a/|title = Surreal for Chaand Baaliyan to go viral after two years of release: Aditya A|date = 4 March 2022}}</ref>
* Dutch singer [[Emma Heesters]] covered the song which has over half a million hits on YouTube.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/trending-news/story/this-cover-of-chaand-baaliyan-by-a-dutch-singer-is-such-a-delightful-treat-viral-video-1933361-2022-04-04|title=This cover of Chaand Baaliyan by a Dutch singer is such a delightful treat. Viral video|author=Shubhi Mishra |date=4 April 2022 |magazine=India Today}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2019 songs]]
[[Category:Indian songs]]

{{India-music-stub}}

Dance Plus Pro

2025-02-24T08:50:05Z

DEVANSH: done...

{{short description|Indian dance reality show}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=May 2024}}
{{one source|date=January 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox television season
| image =
| module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season
| judges = [[Remo D'Souza]]
| coaches = [[Rahul Shetty]] [[Punit Pathak]] [[Shakti Mohan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/captain-punit-pathak-from-dance-pro-shares-his-excitement-says-im-really-looking-forward-to-the-seventh-season/articleshow/105866046.cms|title=Shakti Mohan, Punit Pathak and Rahul Shetty to judge Dance Plus pro|date= 10 December 2023|work=The Times of India}}</ref>
| host = [[Dance Plus (season 2)|Sushant Khatri]] and [[Super Dancer|Tushar Shetty]]
| num_contestants = 12
| finals_venue =
| winner = Ritesh Pal
| winner_mentor = [[Shakti Mohan]]
| runner_up = Rakesh Sahu
}}
| first_aired = {{Plainlist|
* '''[[Hotstar|Disney+Hotstar]]''': {{Start date|2023|12|11|df=y}} – {{End date|2024|02|29|df=y}}
* '''[[StarPlus]]''': {{Start date|2023|12|16|df=y}} – {{End date|2024|03|03|df=y}}
}}
| last_aired =
| network = [[Disney+ Hotstar]] [[Star Plus]]
| prev_season = [[Dance Plus (season 6)|Season 6]]
| next_season =
}}
'''''Dance Plus Pro''''' is the seventh season of reality show ''[[Dance Plus]]'', which premiered on 11 December 2023 on [[Disney+ Hotstar]] (Mon-Thu). It later premiered on [[StarPlus]] on 16 December 2023 (Sat-Sun).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2023/star-plus-dance-reality-show-dance-plus-pro-is-going-to-be-a-dhamaakedar-package-of-entertainment-376061.html|title=Star plus dance reality show Dance Plus Pro|date= 3 December 2023|work=Filmibeat}}</ref> It is produced by Urban Brew Studios in association with [[Frames Production]]s.

This season is judged by [[Remo D'Souza]]. The captains are [[Rahul Shetty]], [[Punit Pathak]] and [[Shakti Mohan]], and it is hosted by Sushant Khatri and Tushar Shetty.

==Super Judge and Captains==
[[Remo D'Souza]], the super judge, is an Indian dancer, choreographer, actor and film director.

The following are the three captains of this season

*[[Shakti Mohan]]
*[[Punit Pathak]]
*[[Rahul Shetty]]

==Teams ==
;Contestant info
{| class="toccolours" style="font-size: 100%; white-space: nowrap"
|+ '''Teams color key'''
| style="background:gold; border:1px solid black"|      
| Winner
|-
| style="background:silver; border:1px solid black"|      
| Runner-up
|-
| style="background:tan; border:1px solid black"|      
| Third place
|-
| style="background:#F08080; border:1px solid black"|      
| Eliminated in Race to Top 8
|-
| style="background:#FFB6C1; border:1px solid black"|      
| Eliminated in Semi Finale
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|-
! style="width:15%;"| Captains
! style="width:85%;" colspan="5" | Top 12
|-
! rowspan="2"|[[Punit Pathak|Punit]]
|style="background:silver; border:1px solid black"|       Rakesh Sahu
|style="background:white; width:17%"style="background:#FFB6C1| Brother's Bond Crew
|style="background:white; width:17%"style="background:#FFB6C1| Ritika Sharma (Replaced Sanhvi Jaiswal)
|style="background:#F08080; width:17%"| The Mystique
|-
| colspan="5" style="background:#555;"|
|-
! rowspan="2"|[[Shakti Mohan|Shakti]]
|style="background:gold; border:1px solid black"|       Ritesh Pal
|style="background:white; width:17%"style="background:#FFB6C1| Ashish & Himanshu
|style="background:tan; border:1px solid black"|       Aman & Kunal
|style="background:#F08080; width:17%"|The Trend
|-
| colspan="5" style="background:#555;"|
|-
! rowspan="2";|[[Rahul Shetty|Rahul]]
|style="background:white; width:17%"style="background:#FFB6C1| Ram, Ramesh & Kishan
|style="background:white; width:17%"| Anshika Dhara (replaced ADA Trio)
|style="background:#F08080; width:17%"| Akanksha Priyodarshoni
|style="background:#F08080; width:17%"| Aviral & Parv
|-
| colspan="5" style="background:#555;"|
|-
|}

===Dance Styles of Teams===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Sr.!!Artists!!Type!!Style!!Team
|-
|1||Brother's Bond Crew||Group||[[Lyrical dance|Lyrical]]||rowspan=4 style="background:#87ceeb;"|Punit
|-
|2||Rakesh Sahu||Solo||[[Contemporary dance|Contemporary]]
|-
|3||The Mystique||Group||[[Waacking]]
|-
|4||Ritika Sharma||Solo||
[[Hip hop dance|Hip-Hop]]
|-
|5||Ritesh Pal||Solo||[[Contemporary dance|Contemporary]]|| rowspan="4" style="background:pink;" |Shakti
|-
|6||Ashish & Himanshu||Duo||[[Lyrical dance|Lyrical]]
|-
|7||The Trend||Group||[[K-pop]]
|-
|8||Aman & Kunal||Duo||[[Hip hop dance|Hip-Hop]]
|-
|9||Ram, Ramesh & Kishan||Trio||[[Breakdancing|B-Boying]]||rowspan=5 style="background:#ffed00;"|Rahul
|-
|10||Anshika Dhara||Solo||
[[Popping]]
|-
|11||Akanksha Priyodarshoni||Solo||[[Dance improvisation|Freestyle]]
|-
|12||Aviral & Parv||Duo||
[[Lyrical dance|Lyrical]]
|-
|}

== Score Chart ==

;Captain's info
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{{plainlist|
* {{Color box|#87ceeb|border=darkgray}} Team Punit
* {{Color box|pink|border=darkgray}} Team Shakti
* {{Color box|#ffed00|border=darkgray}} Team Rahul
}}

{{col-end}}

;Contestant info
{| class="toccolours" style="font-size: 100%; white-space: nowrap"
|+ '''Position color key'''
| style="background:gold; border:1px solid black"|      
| Winner
|-
| style="background:silver; border:1px solid black"|      
| Runner-up
|-
| style="background:tan; border:1px solid black"|      
| Third place
|-
| style="background:skyblue; border:1px solid black"|      
| Eliminated in Race to Top 4
|-
| style="background:#EEE8AA; border:1px solid black"|      
| Advanced to Top 8
|-
| style="background:#F08080; border:1px solid black"|      
| Eliminated in Race to 8
|-
| style="background:#FFB6C1; border:1px solid black"|      
| Eliminated in Semi Finale
|-
| style="background:#90EE90; border:1px solid black"|      
| Advanced to Top 30 in Auditions
|-
| style="background:#AFEEEE; border:1px solid black"|      
| Advanced to Top 12 in Mega Auditions
|-
| style="background:#ADFF2F; border:1px solid black"|      
| Finalist
|-
| style="background:#ccc; border:1px solid black"|      
| Not Performed
|-
|}
* (Punit C) Captain Punit's Challenge
* (Shakti C) Captain Shakti's Challenge
* (Rahul C) Captain Rahul's Challenge
* (B) Bonus Battle
* (RC) Remo's Challenge Round
* (SD) Final Showdown
* (W) Winner
* (L) Loser
* (NP) Not Perform
* (K) King Song Round
* (U) Urfi Costume Round
* (Team Punit), (Team Shakti) and (Team Rahul) For Team Swap Challenge Round
* (D) Dharmesh (D Factor) Jama Round
* Captains (5*3=15) + Remo's Score (10 Plus or 15 Double Plus) = 30 (Highest Score Possible)

The Scores Were Given In The Following Manner:

1. A captain can score out of 5 and Super Judge Remo can score out of 10. Remo also had the power to give double plus to the team and the team gets an additional 5 points.

2. The first 3 rounds are the Captain's challenge round. Each captain gave a challenge: Colab round, Pro it up, etc. One artist from each team performs. The fourth round is Remo's challenge and only the winner gets 10 points from Remo.

3. Sum of all 4 rounds are calculated and the top 2 teams with the highest scores go into final showdown.

4. One artist from each of the winning teams battle in the final showdown and the winner is decided by Remo. The team whose artist win the final showdown is the winner of that week.

5. The winning captain chooses two performers from their team to advance to the Pro 8 and Remo can choose 1 amongst them.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%; width:55%;"
|-
|+Results By Week
|+ Scores Out Of 5/10/20/30/40/
|-
! colspan="2" |Contestants
!colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"| Audition (Studio round)
!colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"| Audition (Studio round)
! style="text-align:center;"|Grand Opening Top 12
!colspan="7" style="text-align:center;"| Race to Pro 8
! style="text-align:center;"| Race to Pro 4
! style="text-align:center;"|Pro Finale
! Results
|-
! style="width:10%;" colspan="2"| Episodes
! style="width:10%;"| 1–4
! style="width:10%;"| 5–8
! style="width:10%;"| 9–12
! style="width:10%;"| 13–16
! style="width:10%;"| 17–20
! style="width:10%;"| 21–24
! style="width:10%;"| 25–28
! style="width:10%;"| 29–32
! style="width:10%;"| 33–36
! style="width:10%;"| 37–40
! style="width:10%;"| 41–45
! colspan="2" style="width:10%;"| 46–49
|-
| colspan="4" style="background:#90EE90" |''Total Score''
| '''for Remo Plus (+)'''
|colspan=7| '''45'''
|
|Finale Performance
| Pro Battle
|-
! style="background:pink;"|
! Ritesh Pal
|rowspan=12 style="background:#90EE90; | Advanced to Studio Round
|rowspan=12 style="background:#AFEEEE; | Advanced to Studio Round
| '''+'''
| style="background:#EEE8AA"|'''21+0+0+10 (31)(Rahul C) (W) (FS) pro8'''
| '''25+0+0 (25) (Rahul C)'''
| '''(0) Remo C'''
| '''25+0+0 (25) (Shakti C)'''
| '''(10) (Remo C)'''
| '''25+5+0 (30) (Punit C)'''
|NP Ashish&Himanshu p 22+0+0 (22) (Rahul C)
|style="background:#ADFF2F;|25+0+10 (35) Pro 4
|rowspan="4" style="background:#EEE8AA"|'''Secret scores given by ''Plus Panel'' [[Remo D'Souza]], [[Geeta Kapoor]] & [[Terence Lewis (choreographer)|Terence Lewis]]'''
|style="background:gold; border:1px solid black"|       Winner
|-
! style="background:#87ceeb;"|
! Rakesh Sahu
| '''+'''
| '''25+5+0 (30)(Rahul C) (L) (FS)'''
| '''25+5+0 (30) (Punit C)'''
| style="background:#EEE8AA;| '''25+0+0 (35) (Rahul C) (D) (W) (FS) pro8'''
| '''25+0+0 (25) (Shakti C)'''
| '''NP (0) (Remo C)'''
|'''25+5+0 (30) (Rahul C)'''
| 25+0+0 (25) (Shakti C) L (FS)
|style="background:#ADFF2F;| 25+5+10 (40) Pro 4
| style="background:silver; border:1px solid black"|       1st Runner-up
|-
! style="background:pink;"|
! Aman & Kunal
| '''+'''
| '''(10) (Remo C)'''
| 20+0+0 (20) (Shakti C) (U)
| '''25+0+0 (25) (Rahul C) (D)'''
| 22+0+0 (22) (Rahul C)
| style="background:#EEE8AA"|'''22+0+0 (22) (Rahul C) (W) (FS) Pro 8'''
|'''25+5+0 (30) (Rahul C)'''
| 25+5+0 (30) + [[Vartika Jha]] (Punit C)
|style="background:#ADFF2F;|25+0+10 (35) Pro 4
| style="background:tan; border:1px solid black"|       2nd Runner-up
|-
! style="background:#ffed00;"|
! ADA Trio (Weeks 1–6), Anshika Dhara (Week 7 Onwards)
| '''+'''
| 22+0+0 (22) (Shakti c)
| (0) (Remo C)
| 22+0+0 (22) (Shakti C) (Team Shakti)
| 25+0+0 (25) (Rahul C)
| 25+0+0 (25) (Rahul C)
| 25+5+0 (30) (Rahul C)
| style="background:#EEE8AA"| 25+5+0 (30) + [[Saumya Kamble]] (Punit C) W (FS) Pro 8
|style="background:#ADFF2F;|25+0+10 (35) Pro 4
|Eliminate for Pro finale Battle (4th position)
|-
! style="background:pink;"|
! Ashish & Himanshu
| '''+'''
| '''25+0+10 (35) (Shakti C)'''
| style="background:#EEE8AA"|'''21+0+0+10 (21) (Punit C) (W) (FS)'''
'''Pro 8'''
| '''24+0+0 (24) (Punit C)'''
| (0) (Remo C)
|'''25+0+0 (25) (Shakti C)'''
|'''(0) (Remo C)'''
| 23+0+0 (Shakti C)
|25+0+0 (25)
| colspan="2" style="background:skyblue;|Eliminated
|-
! style="background:#87ceeb;"|
! Sahnvi Jaiswal (Weeks 1–3), Ritika Sharma (Week 4 Onwards)
| '''Not In Show'''
| '''(0) (Remo C)'''
| '''21+0+0 (21) (Rahul C)'''
| '''24+0+0 (24) (Punit C)'''
| '''23+0+0 (23) (Punit C) (W) (FS)'''
| '''25+0+0 (25) (Rahul C)'''
|'''25+0+0 (25) (Shakti C) (W) (FS)'''
| 25+5+0 (30) + [[Super Dancer|Tejas Varma]] (Punit C)
|25+0+0 (25)
| colspan="2" style="background:skyblue;|Eliminated
|-
! style="background:#87ceeb;"|
! Brother's Bond Crew
| '''+'''
| '''25+5+10 (40) (Punit C) (K)'''
| '''(0) (Remo C) (L) (FS)'''
| '''(0) (Remo C) (W) (FS)'''
| style="background:#EEE8AA"|'''23+0+0 (23) (Rahul C) Pro 8'''
| '''25+5+0 (30) (Shakti C)'''
|'''(10) (Remo C)'''
| 25+0+0 (25) (Rahul C)
|24+0+0 (24)
| colspan="2" style="background:skyblue;|Eliminated
|-
! style="background:#ffed00;"|
! Ram, Ramesh & Kishan
| '''+'''
| 25+5+0 (30) (Punit C) (K)
| 25+0+0 (25) (Punit C)
| style="background:#EEE8AA"| ''' 10 (Remo C) (W) (FS) Pro 8'''
| 25+0+0 (25) (Punit C)
| '''19+0+0 (19) (Punit C)'''
| (0) (Remo C)
| (10) (Remo C)
| 25+5+0 (35)
| colspan="2" style="background:skyblue;|Eliminated
|-
! style="background:#ffed00;"|
! Akanksha Priyodarshoni
| '''+'''
| (0) (Remo C)
| 21+0+0 (21) (Shakti C) (U)
| 25+0+0 (25) (Punit C)
| 22+0+0 (22) (Shakti C) (L) (SD)
| '''25+0+0 (25) (Shakti C)'''
| 25+0+0 (25) (Punit C)
| 22+0+0 (22) (Shakti C)
| colspan="3" style="background:#F08080"|Eliminated
|-
! style="background:pink;"|
! The Trend
| '''No'''
| '''22+0+0 (22) (Punit C) (K)'''
| '''(10) (Remo C)'''
| '''22+0+0 (22) (Shakti C) (Team Punit)'''
| 24+0+0 (24) (Punit C) (L) (FS)
|'''21+0+0 (21) (Punit C)'''
|'''21+0+0 (21) (Shakti C) (L) (FS)'''
| (0) (Remo C)
| colspan="3" style="background:#F08080"|Eliminated
|-
! style="background:#ffed00;"|
! Aviral & Parv
| '''+'''
| 25+0+0 (35) (Rahul C)
| 22+0+0 (25) (Rahul C)
| 23+0+0 (23) (Rahul C)(D)
| (10) (Remo C)
| '''(0) (Remo C)'''
| 22+0+0 (22) (Shakti C)
| 25+5+0 (30) (Rahul C)
| colspan="3" style="background:#F08080"|Eliminated
|-
|-
! style="background:#87ceeb;"|
! The Mystique
| '''+'''
| '''21+0+0 (21) (Shakti C)'''
| '''35+0+0 (35) (Shakti C) (U)'''
| '''22+0+0 (22) (Shakti C) (Team Rahul)'''
| '''(0) (Remo C)'''
| '''25+0+0 (25) (Punit C) (L) (FS)'''
|'''25+0+0 (25) (Punit C)'''
| (0) (Remo C)
| colspan="3" style="background:#F08080"|Eliminated
|}

;Final Showdown Race To Pro 8 (Team Score)
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Week.
!Team Shakti
!Team Punit
!Team Rahul
|-
|4
| style="background:#EEE7AA"|87+10=97 Battle W
|91 Battle L
|77 NP
|-
|5
| style="background:#EEE8AA"|67+10=77 Battle W
|76 Battle L
|68 NP
|-
|6 Tie
|71 NP
| style="background:#EEE7AA"|76 Battle Tie W
| style="background:#EEE7AA"|70+10=80 Battle Tie W
|-
|7
|71 Battle L
| style="background:#EEE7AA"|71 Battle W
|72+10=82 Battle L
|-
|8
| style="background:#EEE7AA"|68+10=78 Battle W
|80 Battle L
|69 NP
|-
|9
|81 Battle L
| style="background:#EEE7AA"|80+10=90 Battle W
|77 NP
|-
|10
|75 NP
|80 Battle L
| style="background:#EEE7AA"|82+10=92 Battle W
|}

; Final Showdown Race To Pro 4 (Contestant Score)
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Date
!Contestant 1
!Contestant 2
!Result
|-
|19th Feb
|style="background:#ffed00;" | Ram, Ramesh & Kishan (Team Rahul)
25+5+0 (30)
|style="background:#87ceeb;"| Rakesh Sahu (Team Punit)
25+5+10 (40)
|style="background:#87ceeb;"| Rakesh Sahu
|-
|20th Feb
|style="background:pink;"|Ritesh Pal (Team Shakti)
25+0+10 (35)
|style="background:#87ceeb;"|Brother's Bond Crew (Team Punit)
24+0+0 (24)
|style="background:pink;"|Ritesh Pal
|-
|21st Feb
|style="background:pink;"|Aman & Kunal (Team Shakti)
25+0+10 (35)
|style="background:#87ceeb;"|Ritika Sharma (Team Punit)
25+0+0 (25)
|style="background:pink;"|Aman & Kunal
|-
|22nd feb
|style="background:#ffed00;"|Anshika Dhara (Team Rahul)
25+0+10 (35)
|style="background:pink;"|Ashish & Himanshu (Team Shakti)
25+0+0 (25)
|style="background:#ffed00;"|Anshika Dhara
|}

Finale Showdown Ultimate Pro Battle
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Date
!Contestant 1
!Contestant 2
!Contestant 3
!Pro Winner
|-
|29th Feb
|Ritesh Pal
|Rakesh Sahu
|Aman & Kunal
|Ritesh Pal
|}

==Winners of Weekly Final Showdowns ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Week
!Team
|-
|4th
|Rowspan=2 bgcolor=pink|Shakti
|-
|5th
|-
|Rowspan=2|6th
|Bgcolor=lightblue|Punit
|-
|Bgcolor=gold|Rahul
|-
|7th
|Bgcolor=lightblue|Punit
|-
|8th
|Bgcolor=pink|Shakti
|-
|9th
|Bgcolor=lightblue|Punit
|-
|10th
|Bgcolor=gold|Rahul
|}

== Pro 8 ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Top
!Artists
!Type
!Style
!Team
|-
|1
|Ritesh Pal
|Solo
|[[Contemporary dance|Contemporary]]
| rowspan="3" style="background:pink;" |Shakti
|-
|2
|Ashish & Himanshu
|Duo
|[[Lyrical dance|Lyrical]]
|-
|3
|Aman & Kunal
|Duo
| [[Hip hop dance|Hip-Hop]]
|-
|4
|Ram, Ramesh & Kishan
|Trio
| [[Breakdancing|B-Boying]]
| rowspan="2" style="background:#ffed00;" |Rahul
|-
|5
|Anshika Dhara
|Solo
| [[Popping]]
|-
|6
|Rakesh Sahu
|Solo
|[[Contemporary dance|Contemporary]]
|rowspan=3 style="background:#87ceeb;"| Punit
|-
|7
|Brother's Bond Crew
|Group
|[[Lyrical dance|Lyrical]]
|-
|8
|Ritika Sharma
|Solo
|[[Hip hop dance|Hip-Hop]]
|-
|}

== Pro 4 ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Top
!Artists
!Type
!Style
!Team
!Position
|-
| 1
| Ritesh Pal
| Solo
| Contemporary
|style="background:pink"| Shakti
| Winner
|-
| 2
| Rakesh Sahu
| Solo
| Contemporary
|style="background:#87ceeb"| Punit
| 1st Runner Up (also Fanzone Winner)
|-
| 3
| Aman & Kunal
| Duo
| Hip-Hop
|style="background:pink"| Shakti
| 2nd Runner Up
|-
| 4
| Anshika Dhara
| Solo
| Popping
|style="background:#ffed00;"| Rahul
| 4th
|}

==Special Guests ==
{| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0;font-size:85%; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
! style="background:#DAA520" | Sr.
! style="background:#DAA520" | Guest(s)
! style="background:#DAA520" | Episode
! style="background:#DAA520" | Reason
|-
|1||King||1 January||For Captain Punit Challenge Artist Performing On King Songs
|-
|2||[[Urfi Javed]]||8 January||For Captain Shakti Challenge Artist Performing In Urfi's Costumes
|-
|3||[[Dharmesh Yelande]]||16 - 18 January||For Captain Rahul Challenge Artists Performing On D Jama
|-
|4||D-Cypher||16 January||Beat Boxing For Captain Rahul Challenge D Jama Collaborative Performance With Aman & Kunal From Team Shakti
|-
|5||Dino James||22 January||For Captain Shakti Challenge Artists Performing On Dino James songs
|-
|5||GD 47||22 January||Promoting New Song With Dino James
|-
|6||[[Nora Fatehi]]||29 - 31 January||For Captain Rahul Challenge Artists Performing On Nora's Songs In Her Style
|-
|7||[[Guru Randhawa]]||5 - 6 February||For Captain Punit Challenge Artist Performing In Torda Desi Torda Yo In Guru's Songs
|-
|8||[[Quick Style]]||12 - 13 February||For Captain Shakti Challenge Artists Performing On Quick Style's Favourite Bollywood Songs
|-
|9||[[Vartika Jha]], [[Saumya Kamble]] & [[Super Dancer|Tejas Varma]]||14 - 15 February||For Captain Punit Challenge Artists Performing With The Dance Icons
|-
|10||[[Jonita Gandhi]]||15 February||Promoting Her New Video Song
|-
|11||Orry||19 - 21 February||To Support The Artists
|-
|12||[[Geeta Kapoor]], [[Terence Lewis (choreographer)|Terence Lewis]], [[Dharmesh Yelande]], [[Vartika Jha]], Yo Highness & Gang 13||26 - 29 February||For Pro Finale
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:StarPlus original programming]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:2023 Indian television seasons]]

Auzata semipavonaria

2024-10-03T19:28:23Z

DEVANSH: starting a data initial version - done

{{short description|Species of hook-tip moth}}
{{Speciesbox
| image =
| image_caption =
| taxon = Auzata semipavonaria
| authority = [[Francis Walker (entomologist)|Walker]], 1862
| synonyms =
}}
'''''Auzata semipavonaria''''' is a [[moth]] in the family [[Drepanidae]]. It was described by [[Francis Walker (entomologist)|Francis Walker]] in 1862.<ref name="Global Lepidoptera Index"/><ref name="Watson 1958"/> It is found in northern [[India]].<ref name="Watson 1958"/><ref>{{cite web |last=Savela |first=Markku |url=http://ftp.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/drepanoidea/drepanidae/drepaninae/auzata/#semipavonaria |title=''Auzata semipavonaria'' Walker, [1863] |website=Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms |access-date=3 October 2024}}</ref>

The [[wingspan]] is {{cvt|38–51|mm}} for males and {{cvt|45-51|mm}} for females.<ref name="Watson 1958"/>

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="Global Lepidoptera Index">{{cite web |url=https://www.checklistbank.org/dataset/55434/taxon/336436 |title=''Auzata semipavonaria'' Walker, 1862 |work=Global Lepidoptera Index 1.1.24.271 |date=27 September 2024 |access-date=3 October 2024}}</ref>

<ref name="Watson 1958">{{cite journal |last1=Watson |first1=Allan |title=A revision of the genus ''Auzata'' Walker (Lepidoptera, Drepanidae) |journal=Bonner zoologische Beiträge |date=1958 |volume=9 |pages=232–258 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/119328}}</ref>
}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q13432357}}

[[Category:Drepaninae]]
[[Category:Moths of Asia]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of India]]
[[Category:Moths described in 1862]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Francis Walker (entomologist)]]

{{Drepaninae-stub}}

Mr India – The Ride

2024-06-03T11:02:09Z

DEVANSH: redirect created

#redirect [[Imagicaa]]
{{r with history}}
{{r to related topic}}

Bahbari

2023-06-06T00:46:46Z

DEVANSH: starting new data basic info

{{Short description|Village in Assam, India}}
{{Orphan|date=August 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bahbari
| other_name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = Village
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Assam#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Map of Assam
| coordinates = {{coord|26.7501|91.5475|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Assam]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tamulpur district|Tamulpur]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = Tamulpur
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type =
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 4214
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = Postal code
| postal_code = 781360
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in India|STD Code]]
| area_code = 03623
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Census of India|Census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 304621
| footnotes =
| pushpin_map_alt = [[Tamulpur district]]
| area_total_ha = 317.74
| registration_plate = AS-28
}}
'''Bahbari''' is a census village in [[Tamulpur district]], [[Assam]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ballhatchet |first1=Kenneth |title=Changing South Asia: Politics and government |last2=Taylor |first2=David2 |publisher=School of Oriental and African Studies : Centre of South Asian Studies |year=1984 |volume=2 |location=London |pages=106 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Desk |first1=Sentinel Digital |title=One drowns to death in Tamulpur district - Sentinelassam |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/one-drowns-to-death-in-tamulpur-district-597507 |access-date=25 July 2022 |work=www.sentinelassam.com |publisher=[[The Sentinel (Guwahati)]] |date=17 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref> According to the [[2011 Census of India]], the Bahbari village has a total population of 4,214 people including 2,150 males and 2,064 females with a literacy rate of 68.58%.<ref>{{cite web |title=Primary Census Abstract C.D. Block wise, Assam - District Baksa - 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/41003/download/44634/PCA_CDB-1825-F-Census.xlsx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717212558/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/41003/download/44634/PCA_CDB-1825-F-Census.xlsx |archive-date=17 July 2022 |access-date=25 July 2022 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Assam]]

Vidukathai (film)

2023-05-25T11:00:01Z

DEVANSH: further reworked layout per standard format further and updated info

#REDIRECT [[Vidukathai]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

CineMAA Award for Best Actor in a Comic Role

2022-12-11T14:12:47Z

DEVANSH: created redirect

#REDIRECT [[CineMAA_Awards]] {{R from merge}}