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The Light: Swami Vivekananda

2026-05-08T15:20:37Z

CynthiaBegg56: added a entry

{{Use British English|date=April 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = The Light: Swami Vivekananda
| image = The Light Swami Vivekananda movie poster.jpg

| alt = The Light Swami Vivekananda movie poster
| caption = Theatrical poster
| director = Utpal (Tutu) Sinha
| producer =
| writer =
| screenplay = J. Misra Ashok Ranjan Chakraborty
| story =
| based_on = Life of [[Swami Vivekananda]]
| narrator =
| starring = Deep Bhattacharya Gargi Roy Choudhury Premankur Chattopadhyay Courtney Stephens Biswajit Chakraborty Piyali Mitra [[Sayak Chakraborty]] [[Archita Sahu]]
| music = Nachiketa and Dr. Haricharan Verma
| cinematography = Utpal (Tutu) Sinha
| editing = Sanjib Dutta
| studio = Tri Colour Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|02|01|Kolkata}}
| runtime = 117 minutes
| country = India
| language = Bengali, Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''The Light: Swami Vivekananda''''' (2013) is a bilingual ([[Bengali language|Bengali]] and [[Hindi]]) film directed by Utpal (Tutu) Sinha<ref name="Cast and crew (Tricolour)">{{cite web|title=Cast and crew |url=http://tricolour.co/cast-crew.html |publisher=Tricolour movies |access-date=1 February 2013 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240526121247/https://www.webcitation.org/6E6tPFFxu?url=http://tricolour.co/cast-crew.html |archive-date=26 May 2024 }}</ref> and produced by Tri Colour productions private limited.<ref name="Cast and Crew Gomolo">{{cite web|title=Cast and Crew|url=http://www.gomolo.com/the-light-swami-vivekananda-movie-cast-crew/45240|publisher=Gomolo|access-date=2 February 2013}}</ref> The film is based on the life and teaching of [[Swami Vivekananda]]. The film was a tribute to Vivekananda on the 150th anniversary of his birth.<ref name="Embrace a good way of living">{{cite news|title=Embrace a good way of living|url=http://portal.thebengalpost.com/index.php/index/newsdetails/Embrace-a-good-way-of-living-419310111357823535|access-date=3 March 2013|newspaper=Bengal Post}}</ref><ref name="I am inspired by Rekhaji: Archita Sahu">{{cite news|title=I am inspired by Rekhaji: Archita Sahu|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/others/news-interviews/I-am-inspired-by-Rekhaji-Archita-Sahu/etarticleshow/13958118.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130808141744/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-09/news-interviews/32140031_1_odia-odisha-mujra|url-status=live|archive-date=8 August 2013|access-date=1 February 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=9 June 2012}}</ref><ref name="TW The Light - Swami Vivekananda">{{cite web|title=The Light – Swami Vivekananda|url=http://tollywoodindustry.com/the-light-swami-vivekananda/|access-date=1 February 2013}}</ref> The film was dubbed in 18 languages.<ref name="I am inspired by Rekhaji: Archita Sahu" /><ref name="Archita in The Light-Swami Vivekananda Hindi and Bengali Movie" />

Deep Bhattacharya played the role of Swami Vivekananda, whom director Tutu Sinha first saw in a Bengali drama. Premankur Chattopadhyay and Gargi Roy Chowdhury played the characters of Ramakrishna Paramahamsa and Sarada Devi respectively.<ref name="I am inspired by Rekhaji: Archita Sahu" />

== Synopsis ==
{{Main|Swami Vivekananda}}
The eventful life of Swami Vivekananda has been captured in this film. The film shows the transition from young Narendra Nath Datta to world preacher Swami Vivekananda. Different events from his life starting from childhood days to meeting with the mystic saint [[Ramakrishna Paramahamsa]] at [[Dakshineswar]], Vivekananda's travel to Northern India, travel to the West (America, Europe), meeting with [[Sister Nivedita]], and his works in India have been captured, thereby building his journey from being Narendranath to Vivekananda in bits and pieces.<ref name="Hindu Business Line">{{cite news|title=New film on Swami Vivekananda's life in making|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/features/new-film-on-swami-vivekanandas-life-in-making/article3514563.ece|access-date=1 February 2013|newspaper=The Hindu Business Line}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* Deep Bhattacharya as Swami Vivekananda
*[[Sayak Chakraborty]] as Swami Vivekananda's childhood (biley)
* Gargi Roy Choudhury as Sarada Devi
* Premankur Chakraborty as Ramakrishna
* Courtney Stephens as Sister Nivedita
* Biswajit Chakraborty as Vishwanath Datta (Vivekananda's father)
* Piyali Mitra as Bhuvaneswari Devi (Vivekananda's mother)
* [[Archita Sahu]] as Moina Bai
* Sofia Mónica Bordalo Furreta Bento as the American wife
* Eduardo Jorge Gonçalves Bento as the police officer
* Stephanie Furreta Bento as the American child
* Kevin Furreta Bento as the American child

== Production ==

=== Background ===
This film was director Tutu Sinha's first work in big screen, before that he mainly worked as an ad filmmaker and television director. In an interview, Sinha told– "I have directed serials like Trishna and Rajmahal. I have also directed the serial Sadhok Bamakhyapa up to its 1000th episode. I always wanted to make a film on Swamiji."<ref name="Embrace a good way of living" />

=== Making ===
The film was shot in different places of [[West Bengal]] like [[Kolkata]] and in [[Odisha]] like [[Rairangpur]], [[Simlipal National Park|Similipal]] etc. Director Tutu Sinha had to travel all over India for the research work of this film. The events of Vivekananda's life in Rajasthan was recreated in [[Odisha]].<ref name="I am inspired by Rekhaji: Archita Sahu" /> The scenes of Vivekananda's lectures at Parliament of World's Religions, Chicago in September 1893 was shot at [[Kolkata Town Hall]].<ref name="Town Hall-e Chicago">{{cite news|title=Town Hall-e Chicago|url=https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/-dhMLrxYsxYU/UQzOt-sUjwI/AAAAAAAAIcc/NPPoFNOGJtc/s512/Aajkaal%2520Television%252016.05.12.jpg|access-date=2 February 2013|newspaper=Aajkal|date=16 May 2012}} {{in lang|bn}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
{{Quote box
|title = Actress speaks
|quote = Sarada Ma was one [of] the most emancipated women of her times. The cinematography by Tutu is awesome and I feel the film will attract viewers not just from Bengal but beyond as well.
|source = Gargi Roy Chowdhury on her character<ref name="Gargi to play Ma Sarada" />
|align = right
|width = 30%
|border = 1px
|fontsize =
|bgcolor =
|title_bg = #fae5b0
|title_fnt =
|quoted = 1
|salign = right
}}
Mainly theatre actors and actresses were taken in this film.<ref name="Archita in The Light-Swami Vivekananda Hindi and Bengali Movie">{{cite web|title=Archita in The Light-Swami Vivekananda Hindi and Bengali Movie|url=http://movies.fullorissa.com/ollywood-gossip/archita-in-the-light-swami-vivekananda-hindi-movie/|publisher=Full Orissa Movies|access-date=1 February 2013}}</ref>
* Deep Bhattacharya played the character of Swami Vivekananda. Director Sinha watched a drama of a Bengali theatre group named ''Sambed'' where he found Bhattacharya.
* Gargi Roy Chowdhury played the role of [[Sarada Devi]] of young age. There was not any image of Swarada Devi available during her youth. The production team used computer applications to back-compose and find out how Sarada Devi might look during her youth. After the study, they found Bengali film and television actress Gargi Roy Chowdhury suitable for the character.<ref name="I am inspired by Rekhaji: Archita Sahu" /> Roy Chowdhury told about acting as Sarada Devi– "I am mighty happy to portray one of the most liberated women of all times"<ref name="Hindu Business Line" /><ref name="Gargi to play Ma Sarada">{{cite news|title=Gargi to play Ma Sarada|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-07/news-interviews/32100377_1_swami-vivekananda-theatre-group-bengal|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130216063300/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-07/news-interviews/32100377_1_swami-vivekananda-theatre-group-bengal|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 February 2013|access-date=2 February 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=7 June 2012}}</ref>
* Premankur Chattopadhyay, who is also a theatre actor, played the role of [[Ramakrishna Paramahamsa]].<ref name="I am inspired by Rekhaji: Archita Sahu" /> Chattopadhyay told he would be indebted to the director forever for giving him opportunity to play the character in this film. He also told– "I can't explain how it all felt as I mouthed lines like 'Truth is one; only It is called by different names. All people are seeking the same Truth.' I am grateful director Tutu Sinha could think of me as Ramakrishna"<ref name="Vivekananda film premiered">{{cite news|title=Vivekananda film premiered|url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMONline.dll/portal/ep/contentView.do?contentId=13352875&tabId=1&programId=11565555&channelId=-1073865026|access-date=2 February 2013|newspaper=Manorama Online}}</ref>
*[[Sayak Chakraborty]] played the role of Vivekananda's childhood. This was Sayak's debut film.
* California based actress Courtney Stephens played the character of [[Sister Nivedita]].<ref name="I am inspired by Rekhaji: Archita Sahu" /><ref name="Gargi to play Ma Sarada" />
* [[Archita Sahu]] played the role of Moina bai, a dancer at the court of [[Ajit Singh of Khetri]]. According to the director, Sahu was "just right" for the role of Moina bai.<ref name="I am inspired by Rekhaji: Archita Sahu" />

== Soundtrack ==
The music launch of the film took place in January 2013 at Rotary Sadan, Kolkata.<ref name="BF Music release">{{cite web|title=Music Release of the New Devotional Film "The Light"|url=http://bengalifilm.com/?p=1334|access-date=2 February 2013}}</ref><ref name="Music launch of Bengali movie 'The Light: Swami Vivekananda'">{{cite web|title=Music launch of Bengali movie 'The Light: Swami Vivekananda'|url=http://www.gomolo.com/696488/photos-music-launch-of-bengali-movie-the-light-swami-vivekananda|publisher=Gomolo|access-date=1 February 2013}}</ref> There were 14 songs in the film's music album. The music of the film was composed by [[Nachiketa Chakraborty]] and Dr. Haricharan Verma and the songs were sung by [[Ajay Chakraborty]], [[Suresh Wadkar]], [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]], [[Nachiketa Chakraborty]], Subhankar Bhaskar, and [[Javed Ali]].<ref name="The Light Swami Vivekananda soundtracks">{{cite web|title=The Light Swami Vivekananda soundtracks|url=http://mymusic.tatadocomo.com/music-album-The%20Light%20Swami%20Vivekananda-424238#tracks|access-date=1 February 2013}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| all_music = Nachiketa Chakraborty and Dr. Haricharan Verma
| title1 = Janani Janmabhumi Swargadapi Gariyashi
| note1 = Sanskrit
| lyrics1 = [[Valmiki]]
| extra1 = Nachiketa Chakraborty and chorus
| length1 =
| title2 = Shree Guru Charan Saroj ([[Hanuman Chalisa]])
| note2 = Awadhi
| extra2 = Nazia Alam
| lyrics2 = [[Tulsidas]]
| length2 =
| title3 = Dui Hridoyer Nodi
| note3 = Bengali
| lyrics3 = [[Rabindranath Tagore]]
| extra3 = Subhankar Bhaskar
| length3 =
| title4 = Dukh Me Sumiran Sab Kare
| note4 = Hindi
| lyrics4 = [[Kabir]]
| extra4 = [[Suresh Wadkar]]
| length4 =
| title5 = Mon Cholo Nijo Niketone I
| note5 = Bengali
| lyrics5 = Ajay Udayanath Pakrashi
| extra5 = Subhankar Bhaskar
| length5 =
| title6 = Maa Korali Kali
| note6 = Bengali
| lyrics6 =
| extra6 = [[Ajay Chakraborty]]
| length6 =
| title7 = Satyer Pother Bijoy Rothe
| note7 = Bengali
| lyrics7 =
| extra7 = Nachiketa Chakraborty
| length7 =
| title8 = Allah Tu Kitna Hai Mehrban
| note8 = Hindi
| lyrics8 =
| extra8 = [[Javed Ali]]
| length8 =
| title9 = Pile Pile Re Mann
| note9 = Hindi
| lyrics9 =
| extra9 = Suresh Wadkar
| length9 =
| title10 = Kaise Kahu Maan Ki Batiya
| note10 = Hindi
| lyrics10=
| extra10 = [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
| length10=
| title11 = Parbhu Ji More Aaugan Chit Na Dharo
| note11 = Hindi
| lyrics11= [[Surdas]]
| extra11 = Kavita Krishnamurthy
| length11=
| title12 = Mon Cholo Nijo Niketone II
| note12 = Bengali
| lyrics12= Ajay Udayanath Pakrashi
| extra12 = Subhankar Bhaskar
| length12=
| title13 = Hey Prabhu Hey Ishwar
| note13 = Hindi
| lyrics13=
| extra13 = Nachiketa Chakraborty
| length13=
| title14 = Nahi Suryo Nahi Jyoti
| note14 = Bengali
| lyrics14= Swami Vivekananda
| extra14 = Nachiketa Chakraborty and chorus
| length14=
}}

== Release ==
Both the director and the producer of the film wanted to release the film in 2012. But, because the post-production word, they could not release it in that year. Next, they targeted to release the film on 11 January 2013, the day before Swami Vivekananda's 150th birth anniversary. But they could not release the film on that day either. Finally, the film was scheduled to release on 23 August 2013.<ref name="The Light Swami Vivekananda">{{cite web|title= The Light Swami Vivekananda|url=http://timescity.com/pune-movie/the-light-swami-vivekananda/4135|access-date=23 August 2013}} {{in lang|bn}}</ref> The film's premier was organised at [[Nandan (Kolkata)|''Nandan'']], Kolkata.<ref name="WBRi premier">{{cite web|title=Swami Vivekananda Biopic The Light (2013) Opens in Kolkata|url=http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/24632413-swami-vivekananda-biopic-light-2013-opens-kolkata|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130206091946/http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/24632413-swami-vivekananda-biopic-light-2013-opens-kolkata|url-status=usurped|archive-date=6 February 2013|publisher=Washington Bangla Radio|access-date=4 February 2013}}</ref> Many state governments have declared this movie as tax free in their states like Maharashtra, Gujarat and West Bengal.

== Reception ==
The film garnered mixed reviews from critics. ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 3 and a half out of 5 stars and stated the film "goes to show again that some films are still made in Tollywood, which do not get any hype, yet are good works of art in their own right." In this review, the acting of Deep Bhattacharya was highly appreciated.<ref name="ToI reviw">{{cite news|title=The Light: Swami Vivekananda review|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-review/18416232.cms|access-date=3 March 2013|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> [[Washington Bangla Radio on Internet]] wrote in their review: "Premankur and Deep have proven in the film that theatrical experience can be a great asset for actors".<ref name="WBRi review">{{cite web|title=WBRi review|url=http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/24632313-light-2013-bio-pic-swami-vivekananda-wbri-bengali-movie-review|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130206085257/http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/24632313-light-2013-bio-pic-swami-vivekananda-wbri-bengali-movie-review|url-status=usurped|archive-date=6 February 2013|publisher=WBRi|access-date=3 March 2013}}</ref>

== See also ==
* ''[[Swami Vivekananda (1998 film)|Swami Vivekananda]]'' (1998 film)

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title}}
* {{Official website}}

{{Swami Vivekananda}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Light: Swami Vivekanada, The}}
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2013 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:2013 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2013 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films about Swami Vivekananda]]
[[Category:Indian biographical films]]
[[Category:Films set in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:2010s biographical films]]
[[Category:2013 multilingual films]]
[[Category:2013 films]]

Chinmaya Vishwa Vidyapeeth

2026-05-07T16:10:37Z

CynthiaBegg56: started new post needs work

{{Short description|Deemed university in Kerala, India}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Chinmaya Vishwa Vidyapeeth
| image =
| image_size = 200px
| other_names = Chinmaya University, CVV
| motto = Global Mind, Indian Heart
| type = [[Deemed University]]
| academic_affiliations = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]], [[AICTE]], [[National Council for Teacher Education|NCTE]], [[Association of Indian Universities|AIU]]
| founder = Pujya Guruji Swami Tejomayananda
| chancellor = Swami Swaroopananda
| vice_chancellor = Prof. Manoj Kumar Arora
| established = 2016
| undergrad =
| campus = Rural
| campus_size = 100 acres
| city = Ernakulam
| state = Kerala and Pune
| country = India
| location = Adi Sankara Nilayam, Veliyanad P.O., Arakunnam Via Ernakulam Dist., Kerala 682313, India
| colors = {{color box|#222759}} [[Midnight blue|Midnight Blue]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.cvv.ac.in/}}
| logo =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Chinmaya Vishwa Vidyapeeth (CVV)''', commonly known as '''Chinmaya University''' or '''CVV''', is the first [[deemed university]] in the 'de novo' category in Kerala, recognised by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]].<ref name=ugcDeemed>{{cite web| url=https://www.ugc.ac.in/deemeduniversitylist.aspx?id=13&Unitype=4| title=Deemed Universities Kerala| publisher=[[University Grants Commission (India)]]| access-date=22 October 2018| archive-date=22 October 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022153448/https://www.ugc.ac.in/deemeduniversitylist.aspx?id=13&Unitype=4| url-status=live}}</ref> Established in 2016 during the centenary year of [[Swami Chinmayananda]]. With its headquarters located at [[Veliyanad]] (near [[Piravom]]), the maternal home of [[Adi Shankara]], in Ernakulam District, [[Kerala]], the
university has two campuses – in [[Ernakulam]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/permanent-campus-of-chinmaya-varsity-to-come-up-near-piravom/articleshow/64769565.cms | title=Permanent campus of Chinmaya varsity to come up near Piravom | publisher=[[The Times of India]] | work=Preetu Nair | date=28 June 2018 | access-date=22 October 2018 | archive-date=23 October 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023192357/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/permanent-campus-of-chinmaya-varsity-to-come-up-near-piravom/articleshow/64769565.cms | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2017/jul/10/chinmaya-vishwavidyapeeth-varsity-launched-1626544.html | title=Chinmaya Vishwavidyapeeth varsity launched | publisher=The New Indian Express | date=10 July 2017 | access-date=22 October 2018 | archive-date=21 October 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181021180923/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2017/jul/10/chinmaya-vishwavidyapeeth-varsity-launched-1626544.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2017/feb/07/chinmaya-vishwavidyapeeth-in-kerala-given-status-of-deemed-to-be--university-1568051.html | title=Chinmaya Vishwavidyapeeth in Kerala given status of 'deemed-to-be- university | publisher=The New Indian Express | date=7 February 2017 | access-date=22 October 2018 | archive-date=22 October 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022232516/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2017/feb/07/chinmaya-vishwavidyapeeth-in-kerala-given-status-of-deemed-to-be--university-1568051.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
and Kolwan, [[Pune]].The headquarters of the university are situated at the maternal home of [[Adi Shankara]] at [[Veliyanad]], (near [[Piravom]]) [[Ernakulam District]], [[Kerala]], [[India]].

The university offers a diverse range of courses with both common streams and
distinctive electives, as well as supplementary subjects. These programs include over 20 options at
the [[undergraduate]], [[postgraduate]], integrated, and doctoral levels that are equipped with traditional
and contemporary knowledge <ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2017/jul/12/bridging-indic-knowledge-with-modern-know-how-need-of-the-hour-1627464.html| title=‘Bridging Indic knowledge with modern know-how need of the hour’| publisher=The New Indian Express| access-date=28 June 2023 }}</ref> and resources in the streams of [[engineering]], [[commerce]],
[[management]], [[psychology]], [[Sanskrit]], and [[education]] (English and Mathematics).

==Affiliations==
Chinmaya Vishwa Vidyapeeth (CVV) is recognised by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (UGC),<ref name=ugcDeemed/> its engineering and management programmes are approved by the [[All India Council for Technical Education]](AICTE),<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-oncampus/chinmaya-vishwa-vidyapeeth-institute-of-science-and-technology-to-launch-b-tech-and-mba-programmes/article67001297.ece| title=Chinmaya Vishwa Vidyapeeth Institute of Science and Technology to launch B Tech and MBA programmes| publisher=The Hindu Businessline| access-date=24 June 2023}}</ref> and education programmes by the [[National Council for Teacher Education]] (NCTE).<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.cvv.ac.in/ncte-recognition| title=NCTE Recognition| publisher=Chinmaya Vishwavidyapeeth Official website| access-date=28 June 2023 }}</ref> CVV is also an active member of the [[Association of Indian Universities]] (AIU).<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.aiu.ac.in/member.php| title=AIU Members| publisher=Association of Indian Universities| access-date=27 June 2023 }}</ref>

== History ==
The University Grants Commission (UGC) declared the institution as "[[deemed to be university]]" under Section 3 of the UGC Act, 1956 with its headquarters in [[Veliyanad]] and off-campus in [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]].

=== Schools at CVV===
The schools of Chinmaya Vishwa Vidyapeeth are:

* School of Vedic Knowledge Systems (VKS)<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.cvv.ac.in/schools/school-of-vedic-knowledge-systems| title=School of Vedic Knowledge Systems| publisher=Chinmaya Vishwavidyapeeth Official website| access-date=28 June 2023 }}</ref>
* School of Philosophy, Psychology and Scientific Heritage (PPSH)<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.cvv.ac.in/schools/school-of-philosophy-psychology-scientific-heritage| title=School of Philosophy, Psychology and Scientific Heritage| publisher=Chinmaya Vishwavidyapeeth Official website| access-date=28 June 2023 }}</ref>
* School of Contemporary Knowledge Systems (CKS)<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.cvv.ac.in/schools/school-of-contemporary-knowledge-systems| title=School of Contemporary Knowledge Systems| publisher=Chinmaya Vishwavidyapeeth Official website| access-date=28 June 2023 }}</ref>
* School of Ethics, Governance, Culture and Social Systems (EGCS)<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.cvv.ac.in/schools/school-of-ethics-governance-culture-social-systems| title=Ethics, Governance, Culture and Social Systems | publisher=Chinmaya Vishwavidyapeeth Official website| access-date=29 June 2023 }}</ref>
* School of Linguistics and Literary Studies (LLS)<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.cvv.ac.in/schools/school-of-linguistics-literary-studies| title=School of Linguistics & Literary Studies| publisher=Chinmaya Vishwavidyapeeth Official website| access-date=28 June 2023 }}</ref>
* School of Kalayoga<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.cvv.ac.in/schools/school-of-kalayoga| title=School of Kalayoga| publisher=Chinmaya Vishwavidyapeeth Official website| access-date=29 June 2023 }}</ref>
* Institute of Science and Technology (CVV-IST)

The above-mentioned schools offer undergraduate programmes and doctoral programmes ([[Ph.D.]]).

=== Chinmaya Institute of Science and Technology ===
CVV Institute of Science and Technology, launched in June 2023<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-oncampus/chinmaya-vishwa-vidyapeeth-institute-of-science-and-technology-to-launch-b-tech-and-mba-programmes/article67001297.ece| title=Chinmaya Vishwa Vidyapeeth Institute of Science and Technology to launch B Tech and MBA programmes| publisher=The Hindu Businessline| access-date=24 June 2023 }}</ref> is a new venture of the university. It offers an [[MBA]] programme and B.Tech. programmes in [[Computer Science]], [[Data Science]]s, [[Artificial Intelligence]] & [[Machine Learning]], [[Electronics Engineering]], and [[Mechanical Engineering]]. The CVV-IST is located in the [[Onakkoor]] facility of the university's Ernakulam campus.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-oncampus/chinmaya-vishwa-vidyapeeth-institute-of-science-and-technology-to-launch-b-tech-and-mba-programmes/article67001297.ece| title=Chinmaya Vishwa Vidyapeeth Institute of Science and Technology to launch B Tech and MBA programmes| publisher=The Hindu Businessline| access-date=24 June 2023 }}</ref>

== Campuses ==
Chinmaya Vishwa Vidyapeeth (CVV) functions from three campuses:

=== Chinmaya Eswar Gurukula (CEG) ===
Source:<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/permanent-campus-of-chinmaya-varsity-to-come-up-near-piravom/articleshow/64769565.cms | title=Permanent campus of Chinmaya varsity to come up near Piravom | publisher=[[The Times of India]] | work=Preetu Nair | date=28 June 2018 | access-date=22 October 2018 | archive-date=23 October 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023192357/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/permanent-campus-of-chinmaya-varsity-to-come-up-near-piravom/articleshow/64769565.cms | url-status=live }}</ref>

Chinmaya Eswar Gurukula campus is housed in the maternal birth home of Sri Adi Sankaracharya. The headquarters at CEG campus at [[Veliyanad]] Kochi, Kerala is situated 47 km from [[Kochi International Airport]] and 28 km from [[Ernakulam South]] Railway Station. It has three facilities:
* Veliyanad [Headquarters]
* Warriam Road Facility
* [[Onakkoor]] Facility <ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/new-campus-for-chinmaya-vishwavidyapeeth/article65255568.ece| title=New campus for Chinmaya Vishwavidyapeeth| publisher=The Hindu Businessline| access-date=28 June 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2022/mar/26/chinmaya-vidyapeeth-to-set-up-60-acre-campus-2434289.html| title=Chinmaya Vidyapeeth to set up 60-acre campus| publisher=The New Indian Express| access-date=28 June 2023 }}</ref>

=== Chinmaya Naada Bindu Gurukula (CNBG) ===
The Chinmaya Naada Bindu Gurukula (CNBG) campus is near the foothills of the Sahyadri mountain range in [[Kolwan]], near [[Pune]] around 50 km from [[Pune Airport]] and 45 km from [[Pune Railway Station]]. It offers students the opportunity to learn in the traditional Gurukula environment while working towards a university degree in their chosen field of performing arts.

===Chinmaya VishwaVidyapeeth LVP Campus (CVV-LVP)===
'''CVV-LVP''' is the latest campus of Chinmaya Vishwavidyapeeth. The Campus is located near [[Onakkoor]] in the town of [[Piravom]], around 30 km from the [[Vyttila Mobility Hub|Vyttila Hub]] and 14 km from [[Velloor|Velloor Railway Station]]. The Campus offers a large variety of Courses including [[Master of Business Administration|MBA Programmes]], [[Bachelor of Technology|B.Tech]], [[Bachelor of Business Administration|BBA]], [[Bachelor of Education|B.Ed]],[[Bachelor of Commerce|B.Com]] and [[Bachelor of Science|B.Sc]] Programmes. The Onakkoor facility sits on 80-acre facility in the middle of small hills.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Campuses and Facilities |url=https://www.cvv.ac.in/about/#campuses-and-facilities | work = Chinmaya Vishwa Vidyapeeth (CVV)}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of Sanskrit universities in India]]
*[[Sanskrit revival]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Universities in Kerala}}

[[Category:Education in Kochi]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2016]]
[[Category:2016 establishments in Kerala]]

List of Netflix India original films

2026-05-07T16:04:37Z

CynthiaBegg56: adding new data

{{Short description|none}}
{{about|Netflix India original films|Netflix India original television series|List of Netflix India original programming}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
[[File:Netflix 2015 logo.svg|frameless|right|alt=Netflix 2015 logo]]

'''Netflix India''' is the Indian subsidiary of the American streaming service [[Netflix]]. Since its launch in January 2016,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-01-07 |title=Netflix launches in India, plans start at Rs. 500 |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/Netflix-launches-in-India-130-other-countries/article60520052.ece |access-date=2023-06-30 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> it has distributed a number of Indian "originals"—primarily [[feature films]], along with some [[short films]].

Netflix's first original titles for India were the film ''[[Love per Square Foot]]'' and the series ''[[Sacred Games (TV series)|Sacred Games]]'', both released in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/india-big-on-both-growth-and-challenges-for-netflix-11594968034464.html|title=India big on both growth and challenges for Netflix|first=Lata|last=Jha|date=17 July 2020|website=mint}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/entertainment/news/netflix-india-suitable-boy-ludo-torbaaz-raat-akeli-hai-dolly-kitty-ginny-weds-sunny-bombay-rose-mismatched-2263674|title=Netflix Will Release 17 Indian Titles in the 'Coming Months'|website=NDTV Gadgets 360|date=16 July 2020 }}</ref>

This article lists the Indian original films produced or distributed by Netflix.

== List ==

=== Feature films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Title
! Genre
! Premiere
! Runtime
! Language(s)
|-
| ''[[Love per Square Foot]]''
| [[Romantic comedy]]
| {{dts|14 February 2018}}
| {{sort|133|2 hours, 13 min}}
| Hindi
|-
| ''[[Sometimes (film)|Sometimes]]''
| [[Psychological drama]]
| {{dts|1 May 2018}}
| {{sort|092|1 hour, 41 min}}
| Tamil
|-
| ''[[Lust Stories]]''
| [[Anthology film|Anthology]]
| {{dts|15 June 2018}}
| {{sort|120|2 hours}}
| rowspan="5" | Hindi
|-
| ''[[Brij Mohan Amar Rahe]]''
| [[Action comedy film|Action comedy]]
| {{dts|3 August 2018}}
| {{sort|105|1 hour, 45 min}}
|-
| ''[[Rajma Chawal]]''
| [[Comedy drama]]
| {{dts|30 November 2018}}
| {{sort|117|1 hour, 57 min}}
|-
| ''[[Soni (film)|Soni]]''
| [[Crime drama]]
| {{dts|18 January 2019}}
| {{sort|097|1 hour, 37 min}}
|-
| ''[[Music Teacher (film)|Music Teacher]]''
| [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| {{dts|19 April 2019}}
| {{sort|101|1 hour, 41 min}}
|-
| ''[[Chopsticks (film)|Chopsticks]]''
| [[Comedy drama]]
| {{dts|31 May 2019}}
| {{sort|100|1 hour, 40 min}}
| English/Hindi
|-
| ''[[Jaoon Kahan Bata Ae Dil]]''
| [[Romantic drama]]
| {{dts|9 August 2019}}
| {{sort|106|1 hour, 46 min}}
| rowspan="6" | Hindi
|-
| ''[[Upstarts (film)|Upstarts]]''
| [[Comedy drama]]
| {{dts|18 October 2019}}
| {{sort|112|1 hour, 52 min}}
|-
| ''[[Drive (2019 film)|Drive]]''
| [[Heist film]]
| {{dts|1 November 2019}}
| {{sort|119|1 hour, 59 min}}
|-
| ''[[House Arrest (2019 film)|House Arrest]]''
| [[Comedy film|Comedy]]
| {{dts|15 November 2019}}
| {{sort|104|1 hour, 44 min}}
|-
| ''[[Ghost Stories (2020 film)|Ghost Stories]]''
| Horror [[Anthology film|anthology]]
| {{dts|1 January 2020}}
| {{sort|144|2 hours, 24 min}}
|-
| ''[[Yeh Ballet]]''
| Biographical film
| {{dts|21 February 2020}}
| {{sort|117|1 hour, 57 min}}
|-
| ''[[Guilty (2020 film)|Guilty]]''
| [[Romantic thriller]]
| {{dts|6 March 2020}}
| {{sort|119|1 hour, 59 min}}
| rowspan="2" | Hindi/English
|-
| ''[[Maska (2020 film)|Maska]]''
| [[Romantic comedy|Romantic]] [[dramedy]]
| {{dts|27 March 2020}}
| {{sort|112|1 hour, 52 min}}
|-
| ''[[Mrs. Serial Killer]]''
| [[Crime thriller]]
| {{dts|1 May 2020}}
| {{sort|106|1 hour, 46 min}}
| rowspan="7" | Hindi
|-
| ''[[Choked (film)|Choked: Paisa Bolta Hai]]''
| [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| {{dts|5 June 2020}}
| {{sort|114|1 hour, 54 min}}
|-
| ''[[Bulbbul]]''
| [[Period drama|Period]] [[supernatural thriller]]
| {{dts|24 June 2020}}
| {{sort|094|1 hour, 34 min}}
|-
| ''[[Raat Akeli Hai]]''
| [[Police procedural]]
| {{dts|31 July 2020}}
| {{sort|149|2 hours, 29 min}}
|-
| ''[[Gunjan Saxena: The Kargil Girl]]''
| Biographical film
| {{dts|12 August 2020}}
| {{sort|112|1 hour, 52 min}}
|-
| ''[[Class of '83]]''
| [[Police procedural]]
| {{dts|21 August 2020}}
| {{sort|098|1 hour, 38 min}}
|-
| ''[[Dolly Kitty Aur Woh Chamakte Sitare]]''
| [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| {{dts|18 September 2020}}
| {{sort|126|2 hours, 6 min}}
|-
| ''[[Serious Men (film)|Serious Men]]''
| [[Satire (film and television)|Satire]]
| {{dts|2 October 2020}}
| {{sort|114|1 hour, 54 min}}
| Hindi/English
|-
| ''[[Ginny Weds Sunny]]''
| [[Romantic comedy]]
| {{dts|9 October 2020}}
| {{sort|120|2 hours}}
| rowspan="4" | Hindi
|-
| ''[[Kaali Khuhi]]''
| [[Mystery film|Mystery]]-horror
| {{dts|30 October 2020}}
| {{sort|090|1 hour, 30 min}}
|-
| ''[[Ludo (film)|Ludo]]''
| [[Black comedy]]/[[Anthology film|Anthology]]
| {{dts|12 November 2020}}
| {{sort|150|2 hours, 30 min}}
|-
| ''[[AK vs AK]]''
| [[Dark comedy|Dark]] [[comedy thriller]]
| {{dts|24 December 2020}}
| {{sort|108|1 hour, 48 min}}
|-
| ''[[Tribhanga (film)|Tribhanga – Tedhi Medhi Crazy]]''
| [[Family drama]]
| {{dts|15 January 2021}}
| {{sort|95|1 hour, 35 min}}
| Hindi/English/Marathi
|-
| ''[[The Girl on the Train (2021 film)|The Girl on the Train]]''
| [[Mystery film|Mystery]] [[Thriller film|thriller]]
| {{dts|26 February 2021}}
| {{sort|112|1 hour, 52 min}}
| rowspan="3" | Hindi
|-
| ''[[Pagglait]]''
| [[Family drama|Family]] [[dramedy]]
| {{dts|26 March 2021}}
| {{sort|114|1 hour, 54 min}}
|-
| ''[[Ajeeb Daastaans]]''
| [[Romantic drama]]/[[Anthology film|Anthology]]
| {{dts|16 April 2021}}
| {{sort|142|2-hour, 22 min}}
|-
| ''[[The Disciple (2020 film)|The Disciple]]''
| Music [[Drama (film and television)|drama]]
| {{dts|30 April 2021}}
| {{sort|127|2 hours, 7 min}}
| Marathi
|-
| ''[[Meel Patthar|Milestone]]''
| [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| {{dts|7 May 2021}}
| {{sort|098|1 hour, 38 min}}
| Hindi/Punjabi
|-
| ''[[Cinema Bandi]]''{{efn|Labeled as Netflix Film in selected regions}}
| [[Comedy film|Comedy]]
| {{dts|14 May 2021}}
| {{sort|098|1 hour, 38 min}}
| Telugu
|-
| ''[[Sardar Ka Grandson]]''
| [[Family drama|Family]] [[dramedy]]
| {{dts|18 May 2021}}
| {{sort|139|2 hours, 19 min}}
| Hindi
|-
| ''[[Skater Girl]]''
| [[Coming-of-age story|Coming-of-age]] [[sports drama]]
| {{dts|11 June 2021}}
| {{sort|107|1 hour, 49 min}}
| Hindi/English
|-
| ''[[Jagame Thandhiram]]''
| [[Action thriller]]
| {{dts|18 June 2021}}
| {{sort|157|2 hours, 37 min}}
| Tamil
|-
| ''[[Haseen Dillruba]]''
| [[Romantic thriller|Romantic]] [[Mystery film|mystery]] [[Thriller film|thriller]]
| {{dts|2 July 2021}}
| {{sort|135|2 hours, 15 min}}
| rowspan="4" | Hindi
|-
| ''[[Ankahi Kahaniya]]''
| [[Anthology film|Anthology]]
| {{dts|17 September 2021}}
| {{sort|110|1 hour, 50 min}}
|-
| ''[[Meenakshi Sundareshwar]]''
| [[Romantic comedy|Romantic]] [[dramedy]]
| {{dts|5 November 2021}}
| {{sort|110|2 hours, 12 min}}
|-
| ''[[Dhamaka (2021 film)|Dhamaka]]''
| [[Suspense thriller]]
| {{dts|19 November 2021}}
| {{sort|104|1 hour, 44 min}}
|-
| ''[[Minnal Murali]]''
| [[Superhero film|Superhero]]
| {{dts|24 December 2021}}
| {{sort|159|2 hours, 39 min}}
| Malayalam
|-
| ''[[Looop Lapeta]]''
| [[Comedy thriller]]
| {{dts|4 February 2022}}
| {{sort|131|2 hours, 11 min}}
| Hindi
|-
| ''[[Cobalt Blue (film)|Cobalt Blue]]''
| [[Romantic drama]]
| {{dts|2 April 2022}}
| {{sort|112|1 hour, 52 min}}
| Hindi/English
|-
| ''[[Thar (film)|Thar]]''
| [[Dacoit Western|Western]] [[Thriller film|thriller]]
| {{dts|6 May 2022}}
| {{sort|108|1 hour, 48 min}}
| rowspan="11" | Hindi
|-
| ''[[Jaadugar (2022 film)|Jaadugar]]''
| [[Sports drama|Sports]] [[dramedy]]
| {{dts|15 July 2022}}
| {{sort|166|2 hours, 46 min}}
|-
| ''[[Darlings (film)|Darlings]]''
| [[Romantic comedy|Romantic]] [[dark comedy]]
| {{dts|5 August 2022}}
| {{sort|133|2 hours, 13 min}}
|-
| ''[[Jogi (2022 film)|Jogi]]''
| [[Historical drama|Period drama]]
| {{dts|16 September 2022}}
| {{sort|116|1 hour, 56 min}}
|-
| ''[[Plan A Plan B]]''
| [[Romantic comedy]]
| {{dts|30 September 2022}}
| {{sort|106|1 hour, 46 min}}
|-
| ''[[Monica, O My Darling]]''
| [[Neo-noir]] [[comedy thriller]]
| {{dts|11 November 2022}}
| {{sort|130|2 hours, 10 min}}
|-
| ''[[Qala (film)|Qala]]''
| [[Musical film|Musical]]/[[Psychological drama]]
| {{dts|1 December 2022}}
| {{sort|119|1 hour, 59 min}}
|-
| ''[[Mission Majnu]]''
| [[Spy thriller]]
| {{dts|20 January 2023}}
| {{sort|129|2 hours, 9 min}}
|-
| ''[[Chor Nikal Ke Bhaga]]''
| [[Heist film|Heist]] [[Thriller film|thriller]]
| {{dts|24 March 2023}}
| {{sort|110|1 hour, 50 min}}
|-
| ''[[Kathal (film)|Kathal – A Jackfruit Mystery]]''
| [[Satire|Satirical]] [[Mystery film|mystery]] [[comedy drama|comedy]]
| {{dts|19 May 2023}}
| {{sort|115|1 hour, 55 min}}
|-
| ''[[Lust Stories 2]]''
| [[Romantic drama]]/Anthology
| {{dts|29 June 2023}}
| {{sort|132|2 hours, 12 min}}
|-
| ''[[Friday Night Plan]]''
| [[Coming-of-age story|Coming-of-age]] [[comedy drama]]
| {{dts|1 September 2023}}
| {{sort|108|1 hour, 48 min}}
| Hindi/English
|-
| ''[[Jaane Jaan (2023 film)|Jaane Jaan]]''
| [[Romantic thriller|Romantic]] [[Mystery film|mystery]] [[Thriller film|thriller]]
|21 September 2023
|2 hours, 19 min
| rowspan="2" |Hindi
|-
| ''[[Khufiya]]''
| [[Spy thriller]]
| 5 October 2023
| 2 hours, 38 min
|-
| ''[[The Archies (film)|The Archies]]''
| [[Musical film|Musical]]
| 7 December 2023
| 2 hours, 24 min
|Hindi/English
|-
|''[[Kho Gaye Hum Kahan]]''
|[[Romantic comedy]]
|26 December 2023
| 2 hours, 25 min
| rowspan="11" |Hindi
|-
|''[[Bhakshak]]''
|[[Crime fiction|Crime thriller]]
|9 February 2024
|2 hours, 25 min
|-
|''[[Murder Mubarak]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Murder Mubarak: Vijay Varma, Sara Ali Khan & Karishma Kapoor starrer 'Murder Mubarak' directly to release on Netflix skipping theatrical release |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/entertainment/sara-ali-khan-karishma-kapoor-starrer-murder-mubarak-directly-to-release-on-netflix-skipping-theatrical-release |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Mystery film|Mystery]] [[Crime fiction|Crime thriller]]
|15 March 2024
|2 hours, 36 min
|-
| ''[[Amar Singh Chamkila (film)|Amar Singh Chamkila]]''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/amar-singh-chamkila-teaser-out-diljit-dosanjh-is-punjabs-original-rockstar-in-imtiaz-alis-next-2386320-2023-05-30 |title=Amar Singh Chamkila teaser out. Diljit Dosanjh and Parineeti Chopra in Imtiaz Ali's next for Netflix |access-date=12 June 2023 |date=30 May 2023 |work=India Today}}</ref>
| [[Biographical film|Biographical]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]]
| 12 April 2024
|2 hours, 43 minutes
|-
| ''[[Maharaj (2024 film)|Maharaj]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Aamir Khan's son Junaid Khan to debut with Netflix film Maharaj; poster out|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/aamir-khans-son-junaid-khan-to-debut-with-netflix-film-maharaj-poster-out/cid/2003854|website=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]|date=29 February 2024}}</ref>
| [[Historical drama]]
|21 June 2024
|2 hours, 11 minutes
|-
| ''[[Wild Wild Punjab]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Wild Wild Punjab teaser: Varun Sharma, Sunny Singh, Manjot Singh's break-up trip goes awry. Watch|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/wild-wild-punjab-teaser-varun-sharma-sunny-singh-manjot-singhs-break-up-trip-goes-awry-watch-9188007/|website=[[The Indian Express]]|date=29 February 2024}}</ref>
| [[Comedy film|Comedy]]
|10 July 2024
|1 hour, 51 minutes
|-
| ''[[Phir Aayi Hasseen Dillruba]]''<ref>{{cite web |title='Phir Aayi Hasseen Dillruba' announcement teaser: Taapsee Pannu, Sunny Kaushal, and Vikrant Massey reveal|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/phir-aayi-hasseen-dillruba-announcement-teaser-taapsee-pannu-sunny-kaushal-and-vikrant-massey-reveal-the-glimpse/articleshow/108106782.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=29 February 2024}}</ref>
| [[Romantic thriller]]
|9 August 2024
|2 hours, 13 minutes
|-
|''[[Sector 36]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/vikrant-massey-deepak-dobriyal-headline-netflix-maddock-films-crime-thriller-sector-36-set-release-september-13/|title=Vikrant Massey and Deepak Dobriyal to headline Netflix & Maddock Films' crime thriller Sector 36, set to release on September 13|date=12 August 2024|work=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref>
|[[Crime drama]]
|13 September 2024
|2 hours, 4 minutes
|-
|''[[CTRL (film)|CTRL]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ananya Panday and Vihaan Samat to headline Vikramaditya Motwane's cutting-edge thriller CTRL; set to release on Netflix on October 4|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/ananya-panday-vihaan-samat-headline-vikramaditya-motwanes-cutting-edge-thriller-ctrl-set-release-netflix-october-4/|date=5 August 2024|work=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=5 August 2024}}</ref>
|[[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]]
|4 October 2024
|1 hour, 39 minutes
|-
| ''[[Do Patti]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Kajol, Kriti Sanon to star in Netflix film 'Do Patti'|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kajol-kriti-sanon-to-star-in-netflix-film-do-patti/article67044280.ece|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=July 5, 2023}}</ref>
| [[Mystery film|Mystery]] [[Thriller film|thriller]]
| 25 October 2024
| 2 hours, 7 minutes
|-
| ''[[Vijay 69]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Anupam Kher learned swimming, broke shoulder during 'Vijay 69' shoot|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/anupam-kher-learns-swimming-breaks-shoulder-during-vijay-69-shoot/articleshow/108109365.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=29 February 2024}}</ref>
| [[Sports drama]]
|8 November 2024
|1 hour, 52 minutes
|-
| ''[[Sikandar Ka Muqaddar]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Netflix India announces Neeraj Pandey's Sikandar Ka Muqaddar... minutes after Khakee: The Bengal Chapter
|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/netflix-india-announces-neeraj-pandeys-sikandar-ka-muqaddar-minutes-after-khakee-the-bengal-chapter/32df6ce7fe496|website=[[OTT Play]]|date=29 February 2024}}</ref>
| [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]]
|29 November 2024
|2 hours, 38 min
|-
|''[[Dhoom Dhaam (2025 film)|Dhoom Dhaam]]''
|[[Romance film|romantic]] [[action comedy]]
|14 February 2025
|1 hours, 48 min
|-
|''[[Nadaaniyan]]''
|[[romantic comedy]]
|7 March 2025
|1 hours, 59 min
|-
|''[[Jewel Thief (2025 film)|Jewel Thief]]''
|[[Heist film|heist]] [[action thriller]]
|25 April 2025
|1 hours, 58 min
|-
|''[[Inspector Zende]]''
|[[comedy thriller]]
|5 September 2025
|1 hours, 52 min
|-
|''[[Greater Kalesh]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ahsaas Channa to make film debut with Netflix’s Greater Kalesh; streaming from October 17|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/ahsaas-channa-make-film-debut-netflixs-greater-kalesh-streaming-october-17/|access-date=11 October 2025|website=Bollywood Hungama|language=en}}</ref>
|[[Comedy drama]]
|17 October 2025
|52 min
|-
|''[[Baramulla (film)|Baramulla]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/ott/story/baramulla-supernatural-mystery-film-kashmir-netflix-premiere-november-7-2804630-2025-10-17|title=Manav Kaul's supernatural thriller Baramulla to release on November 7|date=17 October 2025|work=India Today|access-date=17 October 2025}}</ref>
|[[Horror (genre)|Horror]]
|7 November 2025
|112 min
|-
|''[[Raat Akeli Hai: The Bansal Murders]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/nawazuddin-siddiqui-feels-stepping-back-into-jatil-yadav-is-like-reconnecting-with-a-part-of-himself/articleshow/125608144.cms|title=Nawazuddin Siddiqui feels stepping back into Jatil Yadav is like reconnecting with a part of himself|date=27 November 2025|work=The Times of India|access-date=27 November 2025}}</ref>
|[[crime thriller]]
|19 December 2025
|136 min
|-
|''[[Accused (2026 film)|Accused]]''<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 February 2026 |title=Konkona Sen Sharma, Pratibha Rannta starrer Accused to start streaming from February 27 on Netflix|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/konkona-sen-sharma-pratibha-rannta-starrer-accused-start-streaming-february-27-netflix/ |access-date=9 February 2026 |work=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>
|[[drama]]
|27 February 2026
|106 min
|-
|''[[Made in Korea (film)|Made in Korea]]''
|[[comedy drama]]
|12 March 2026
|113 min
|Tamil
|-
|''[[Toaster (film)|Toaster]]''
|[[Comedy drama]]
|15 April 2026
|126 min
|Hindi
|-
! colspan="5" | Awaiting release
|-
|''[[Kartavya (2026 film)|Kartavya]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/saif-ali-khans-kartavya-backed-by-shah-rukh-khan-gets-may-15-release-after-three-year-wait/articleshow/130592475.cms|title=Saif Ali Khan's Kartavya backed by Shah Rukh Khan gets May 15 release after three-year wait|work=The Times of India|access-date=7 May 2026}}</ref>
|[[action thriller]]
|15 May 2026
|TBA
|-
| ''Gandhari''<ref>{{cite web|last=Ramachandran|first=Naman|title=Taapsee Pannu and Kanika Dhillon to Redefine Motherhood and Action in Netflix's 'Gandhari': 'The Stakes Are Getting Higher' (EXCLUSIVE)|url=https://variety.com/2024/global/news/taapsee-pannu-kanika-dhillon-interview-netflix-gandhari-1236139238/|website=Variety|language=en|date=11 September 2024|access-date=15 September 2024}}</ref>
| [[Action thriller]]
|{{TableTBA}}
|
|}

=== Documentaries ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:70%"
|-
! Title
! Premiere
! Runtime
! Language(s)
|-
| ''[[Ladies First (2017 film)|Ladies First]]''
| {{dts|8 March 2018}}
| {{sort|040|40 min.}}
| rowspan="2" | Hindi/English
|-
| ''[[Period. End of Sentence.]]''
| {{dts|19 February 2019}}
| {{sort|025|25 min.}}
|-
| ''[[Rooting for Roona]]''
| {{dts|15 October 2020}}
| {{sort|041|41 min.}}
| Bengali
|-
| ''[[Searching for Sheela]]''
| {{dts|22 April 2021}}
| {{sort|058|58 min.}}
| Hindi
|-
|''[[The Elephant Whisperers]]''
|8 December 2022
|41 min.
|Tamil
|-
|''[[Mumbai Mafia: Police vs Underworld]]''
|6 January 2023
|87 min.
| rowspan="2" |Hindi/English
|-
|''[[Caught Out: Crime. Corruption. Cricket]]''
|17 March 2023
|78 min.
|-
|''[[Curry & Cyanide: The Jolly Joseph Case|Curry & Cyanide – The Jolly Joseph Case]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch Curry & Cyanide – The Jolly Joseph Case {{!}} Netflix Official Site |url=https://www.netflix.com/title/81564452 |access-date=2024-01-30 |website=www.netflix.com |language=en}}</ref>
|22 December 2023
|95 min.
|Malayalam/English
|-
|''[[Modern Masters: S. S. Rajamouli]]''
|2 August 2024
|114 min.
|English
|-
|''[[Nayanthara: Beyond the Fairytale]]''
|18 November 2024
|82 min.
|English
|-
|}

=== Interactive special ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
! Title
! Premiere
! Runtime
! Languages
|-
| ''Ranveer vs Wild with Bear Grylls''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2022-06-10 |title=Ranveer vs Wild: Ranveer Singh and Bear Grylls come together for thrilling adventures on Netflix : Bollywood News – Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/ranveer-vs-wild-ranveer-singh-bear-grylls-come-together-thrilling-adventures-netflix/ |access-date=2022-06-24 |language=en}}</ref>
| 8 July 2022
| 70 min.
| Hindi/English
|}

{{Main|List of Netflix exclusive international distribution films}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;" id="special_upcoming"
|-
! Title
! scope="col" style="width:130px;"| First screening
! Genre
! Runtime
! Netflix exclusive region
! Language
|-
| ''[[Krishna and His Leela]]''
| {{dts|25 June 2020}}
| [[Romantic comedy]]
| {{sort|125|2 hours, 5 min.}}
| Selected territories<ref>{{Cite news|last=Dundoo|first=Sangeetha Devi|date=25 June 2020|title='Krishna and his Leela' movie review: A saga of confused relationships|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/krishna-and-his-leela-review-siddhu-jonnalagadda-shraddha-srinath-seerat-kapoor-and-shalini-vadnikattis-film-is-fun-for-the-most-part/article31913194.ece|access-date=24 October 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Rangan|first=Baradwaj|date=25 June 2020|title=Krishna And His Leela, On Netflix: A Classy, Well-Written Update On The One-Man-Two-Women Premise|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/telugu-review/krishna-and-his-leela-on-netflix-a-classy-well-written-update-on-the-one-man-two-women-premise-baradwaj-rangan-shraddha-srinath-siddhu/|access-date=24 October 2020|website=Film Companion|language=en-US}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" | Telugu
|-
| ''[[Uma Maheswara Ugra Roopasya]]''
| {{dts|30 July 2020}}
| [[Comedy drama]]
| {{sort|105|1 hour, 45 min.}}
| Selected territories
|-
| ''[[Maniyarayile Ashokan]]''
| {{dts|31 August 2020}}
| [[Comedy drama]]
| {{sort|110|1 hour, 50 min.}}
| Selected territories
| Malayalam
|-
| ''[[Miss India (film)|Miss India]]''
| {{dts|3 November 2020}}
| [[Romantic drama]]
| {{sort|136|2 hours, 16 min.}}
| Selected territories<ref>{{cite web|date=24 October 2020|title=Miss India {{!}} Official Trailer {{!}} Keerthy Suresh {{!}} Netflix India|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r5K0bwe5NBc|website=YouTube}}</ref>
| Telugu
|-
| ''[[Andhaghaaram]]''
| {{dts|23 November 2020}}
| [[Supernatural horror film|Supernatural]] [[horror thriller]]
| {{sort|171|2 hours, 51 min.}}
| Selected territories
| Tamil
|-
| ''[[Torbaaz]]''
| {{dts|11 December 2020}}
| [[Action thriller]]
| {{sort|133|2 hours, 13 min.}}
| Selected territories<ref name="india2020">{{cite web|title=Netflix Unveils A Sizzle of 17 Upcoming Originals|url=https://media.netflix.com/en/press-releases/netflix-unveils-a-sizzle-of-17-upcoming-originals|website=Netflix Media Center|accessdate=15 July 2020}}</ref>
| Hindi
|-
| ''[[Aelay]]''
| {{dts|5 March 2021}}
| [[Comedy drama]]
| {{sort|151|2 hours, 31 min.}}
| Selected territories<ref>{{Cite web|last=Thandoratimes.com|title=Netflix announces Samuthirakani's Aelay release date Thandoratimes.com|url=https://www.thandoratimes.com/news-id-netflix-announces-samuthirakanis-aelay-release-date11355.htm|access-date=30 April 2021|website=Thandoratimes.com|language=en}}</ref>
| Tamil
|-
| ''[[Irul (film)|Irul]]''
| {{dts|1 April 2021}}
| [[Mystery film|Mystery]] [[Thriller film|thriller]]
| {{sort|090|1 hour, 30 min.}}
| Selected territories
| Malayalam
|-
| ''[[Mandela (2021 film)|Mandela]]''
| {{dts|5 April 2021}}
| [[Political satire]]
| {{sort|140|2 hours, 20 min.}}
| Selected territories<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mandela: TV, OTT Release date for Yogi Babu's film!|url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/28051/mandela-tv-ott-release-date-for-yogi-babus-film|access-date=30 April 2021|website=www.moviecrow.com}}</ref>
| Tamil
|-
| ''[[Mimi (2021 Hindi film)|Mimi]]''
| {{dts|26 July 2021}}
| [[Comedy drama]]
| {{sort|133|2 hours, 13 min.}}
| Selected territories<ref>{{Cite news|date=10 July 2021|title=Kriti Sanon's Mimi to release on July 30. Film to premiere on Netflix, Jio Cinema|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/kriti-sanon-s-mimi-to-release-on-july-30-film-to-premiere-on-netflix-jio-cinema-1826319-2021-07-10|access-date=10 July 2021|work=India Today}}</ref>
| Hindi
|-
|''[[Boomika]]''
|{{dts|23 August 2021}}
|[[Action thriller]]
|{{sort|122|2 hours, 2 min.}}
|Selected territories<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-31 |title=Aishwarya Rajesh's 'Boomika' gears up for television premiere |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/aishwarya-rajesh-s-boomika-gears-television-premiere-153235 |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-16 |title=Aishwarya Rajesh's Boomika, a horror-thriller that unfolds in a forest, will premiere on August 23. Watch |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/aishwarya-rajesh-s-boomika-a-horror-thriller-that-unfolds-in-a-forest-will-premiere-on-august-23-watch-101629108821312.html |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |Tamil
|-
|''[[Tughlaq Durbar]]''
|{{dts|11 September 2021}}
|[[Political drama]]
|{{sort|145|2 hours, 25 min.}}
|Selected territories<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-27 |title=Vijay Sethupathi and Raashi Khanna's Tughlaq Durbar to stream on Netflix |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vijay-sethupathi-and-raashi-khanna-s-tughlaq-durbar-stream-netflix-154458 |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Dasvi]]''
| {{dts|7 April 2022}}
| [[Comedy of manners|Social comedy]]
| {{sort|125|2 hours, 5 min.}}
| Selected territories<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/abhishek-bachchans-dasvi-to-skip-theatrical-release-and-premiere-on-these-ott-platforms-4871792.html|date=14 March 2022|title=Abhishek Bachchan's Dasvi to Skip Theatrical Release and Premiere on These OTT Platforms|access-date=14 March 2022|work=News18}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" | Hindi
|-
|''[[Toolsidas Junior]]''
|23 May 2022
|[[Sports film|Sport drama]]
| {{sort|130|2 hours, 10 min.}}
|Selected territories<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-09 |title=Rajiv Kapoor's last film Toolsidas Junior gets release date |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/rajiv-kapoors-last-film-toolsidas-junior-gets-release-date-7908512/ |access-date=2022-05-28 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{improve categories|date=December 2024}}

[[Category:Lists of films by studio]]

Baharampur Lok Sabha constituency

2026-05-06T15:14:02Z

CynthiaBegg56: done!

{{short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{distinguish|Berhampur Lok Sabha constituency}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Baharampur {{Small|WB-10}}
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/West Bengal/Baharampur.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Berhampore Lok Sabha Constituency
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Yusuf Pathan.jpg
| mp = [[Yusuf Pathan]]
| party = {{Party index link|Trinamool Congress}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| assembly_cons = [[Burwan Assembly constituency|Burwan]] [[Kandi Assembly constituency|Kandi]] [[Bharatpur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Bharatpur]] [[Rejinagar Assembly constituency|Rejinagar]] [[Beldanga Assembly constituency|Beldanga]] [[Baharampur Assembly constituency|Baharampur]] [[Naoda Assembly constituency|Naoda]]
| electors = 1,453,783<ref name=turnout>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm |title=Parliamentary Constituency Wise Turnout for General Elections 2014 |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=17 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606003137/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm |archive-date=6 June 2014 }}</ref>
}}

'''Baharampur Lok Sabha constituency''' (earlier known as '''Berhampore''') is one of the 543 [[Lok Sabha|parliamentary]] constituencies in India. The constituency centres on [[Baharampur]] in [[West Bengal]]. All the seven assembly segments of No. 10 Baharampur Lok Sabha constituency are in [[Murshidabad district]].
{{Pie chart|value1=61.11|value2=33.33|value3=5.55|label1=[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India) |'''Revolutionary Socialist Party''' (11times)]]|label2=[[Indian National Congress|'''Indian National Congress''' (6 times)]]|label3=[[Trinamool Congress|'''Trinamool Congress''' (1 time)]]|color1={{party color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}|color2={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|color3={{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}|caption=Most Successful parties from Baharampur Lok Sabha
}}

==Assembly segments==
[[File:Westbengalen Wahlkreise Lok Sabha.svg|thumb|350 px|right|'''Parliamentary constituencies in West Bengal''' - 1. Cooch Behar, 2. Alipurduars, 3. Jalpaiguri, 4. Darjeeling, 5. Raiganj, 6. Balurghat, 7. Maldaha Uttar, 8. Maldaha Dakshin, 9. Jangipur, 10. '''Baharampur''', 11. Murshidabad, 12. Krishnanagar, 13. Ranaghat, 14. Bangaon, 15. Barrackpore, 16. Dum Dum, 17. Barasat, 18. Basirhat, 19. Jaynagar, 20. Mathurapur, 21. Diamond Harbour, 22. Jadavpur, 23. Kolkata Dakshin, 24. Kolkata Uttar, 25. Howrah, 26. Uluberia, 27. Serampore, 28. Hooghly, 29. Arambagh, 30. Tamluk, 31, Kanthi, 32. Ghatal, 33. Jhargram, 34. Medinipur, 35. Purulia, 36. Bankura, 37. Bishnupur, 38. Bardhaman Purba, 39. Bardhaman Durgapur, 40. Asansol, 41. Bolpur, 42. Birbhum]]

As per order of the [[Delimitation Commission]] in respect of the [[delimitation of constituencies]] in West Bengal, parliamentary constituency no. 10 Baharampur is composed of the following [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] segments from 2009:<ref name =delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 | access-date = 2009-05-27 | work = Table B – Extent of Parliamentary Constituencies | publisher =Government of West Bengal}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! #
! Name
! District
! Member
! colspan="2" |[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026 Winner]]
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
|67
|[[Burwan Assembly constituency|Burwan]] (SC)
| rowspan="7" |[[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]]
|Sukhen Kumar Bagdi
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 68
|[[Kandi Assembly constituency|Kandi]]
|Gargi Das Ghosh
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|69
|[[Bharatpur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Bharatpur]]
|Mustafijur Rahaman
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|-
|70
|[[Rejinagar Assembly constituency|Rejinagar]]
|[[Humayun Kabir (AJUP politician)|Humayun Kabir]]
|{{Full party name with color|Aam Janata Unnayan Party|color=#8AB800}}
|-
|71
|[[Beldanga Assembly constituency|Beldanga]]
|Bharat Kumar Jhawar
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|72
|[[Baharampur Assembly constituency|Baharampur]]
|[[Subrata Maitra (politician)|Subrata Maitra]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|74
|[[Naoda Assembly constituency|Naoda]]
|[[Humayun Kabir (AJUP politician)|Humayun Kabir]]
|{{Full party name with color|Aam Janata Unnayan Party|color=#8AB800}}
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|-
|}

In 2004 Berhampore Lok Sabha constituency was composed of the following assembly segments:<ref>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/LS_2004/Vol_III_LS_2004.pdf | title = Statistical Report on General Elections, 2004 to the 14th Lok Sabha | access-date = 2010-10-01 | work = Volume III Details For Assembly Segments Of Parliamentary Constituencies | publisher = Election Commission of India | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101006140327/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_III_LS_2004.pdf| archive-date= 6 October 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref>[[Naoda Assembly constituency|Naoda]] (assembly constituency no. 61), [[Baharampur Assembly constituency|Berhampore]] (assembly constituency no. 63), [[Beldanga Assembly constituency|Beldanga]] (assembly constituency no. 64), [[Kandi Assembly constituency|Kandi]] (assembly constituency no. 65), [[Burwan Assembly constituency|Barwan]] (assembly constituency no. 67), [[Bharatpur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Bharatpur]] (assembly constituency no. 68), [[Ketugram Assembly constituency|Ketugram (SC)]] (assembly constituency no. 282)

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year!!Name<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baharampur Parliamentary Constituency, Winning MP and Party Name |url=https://www.elections.in/west-bengal/parliamentary-constituencies/baharampur.html |access-date= |website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1951–52 Indian general election|1952]]
| rowspan="7" |[[Tridib Chaudhuri]]
| {{Full party name with color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|rowspan=7}}
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|[[Atish Chandra Sinha]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Nani Bhattacharya]]
| {{Full party name with color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Promothes Mukherjee|Pramothes Mukherjee]]
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Yusuf Pathan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
===General election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Baharampur]]<ref name="Baharampur Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2014 - 2024">{{cite news |title=Baharampur Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2014 - 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/west-bengal/baharampur |access-date=8 July 2025 |work= |publisher=The Times of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250708110806/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/west-bengal/baharampur |archive-date=8 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Baharampur">{{cite news |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Baharampur |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2510.htm |access-date=8 July 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250708110853/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2510.htm |archive-date=8 July 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Yusuf Pathan]]|party=All India Trinamool Congress|votes={{formatnum:524516}}|percentage=37.88|change={{decrease}}1.38}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes={{formatnum:439494}}|percentage=31.74|change={{decrease}}13.73}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Nirmal Kumar Saha|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes={{formatnum:371886}}|percentage=26.86|change={{increase}}15.86}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes={{formatnum:7485}}|percentage=0.54|change={{decrease}}0.54}}
{{Election box majority||votes={{formatnum:85022}}|percentage=6.14|change={{down}}0.07}}
{{Election box turnout||votes={{formatnum:1384770}}|percentage=77.54|change={{decrease}}1.87}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Trinamool Congress
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Baharampur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 591,147
|percentage = 45.47
|change = -5.07
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Apurba Sarkar|Apurba Sarkar (David)]]|party=All India Trinamool Congress|votes=510,410|percentage=39.26|change=+19.61}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Krishna Joyardar|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=143,038|percentage=11.00|change=+3.93}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=14,086|percentage=1.08|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=80,696|percentage=6.21|change=-24.64}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,301,033|percentage=79.41|change=+0.02}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 1,638,378
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing = -4.50
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: Baharampur<ref name=loksabha2014>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/33%20-%20Constituency%20wise%20detailed%20result.pdf |title = General Elections 2014 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 21 June 2016 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 583,549
|percentage = 50.54
|change = -6.37
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Indranil Sen]]
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|votes = 226,982
|percentage = 19.69
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Promothes Mukherjee|Pramothes Mukherjee]]
|party = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|votes = 225,699
|percentage = 19.54
|change = -17.73
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Debesh Kumar Adhikary
|votes = 81,656
|percentage = 7.07
|change = +5.07
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Social Democratic Party of India
|candidate = Badrul Sekh
|votes = 11,642
|percentage = 1.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Jamat-e-Seratul Mustakim
|candidate = Md. Ezaruddin
|votes = 4,869
|percentage = 4.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Kushadhwaj Bala
|votes = 4,676
|percentage = 0.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian Union Muslim League
|candidate = Abdus Sukur
|votes = 4,322
|percentage = 0.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 356,567
|percentage = 30.85
|change = +11.22
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 11,54,587
|percentage = 79.42
|change = -1.28
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing = -6.37
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections|General Election, 2009]]: [[Baharampur]]<ref name=loksabha2009>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |title = General Elections, 2009 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 25 May 2014 }}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury]]
|votes = 541,920
|percentage = 56.91
|change = +5.41
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|candidate = [[Promothes Mukherjee|Pramothes Mukherjee]]
|votes = 354,943
|percentage = 37.27
|change = -4.13
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Bidyut Kumar Halder
|votes = 27,619
|percentage = 2.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|candidate = Baidya Nath Mondal
|votes = 9,195
|percentage = 0.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Kushadhwaj Bala
|votes = 8,587
|percentage = 0.90
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Republican Party of India (A)
|candidate = Ghosh Babu Saw
|votes = 3,823
|percentage = 0.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Ashoke Kumar Singha
|votes = 3,076
|percentage = 0.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = RDMP
|candidate = Rabindra Nath Roy
|votes = 3,050
|percentage = 0.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 186,977
|percentage = 19.64
|change = +9.64
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 9,52,213
|percentage = 80.70
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections|General Election, 2004]]: [[Baharampur]]<ref name=loksabha2004/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury]]
|votes = 508,095
|percentage = 51.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|candidate = [[Promothes Mukherjee|Pramothes Mukherjee]]
|votes = 409,194
|percentage = 41.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Tapas Kumar Chatterjee
|votes = 41,490
|percentage = 4.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|candidate = Jyotirmoy Thakur
|votes = 9,672
|percentage = 1.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jharkhand Disom Party
|candidate = Apurba Banerjee
|votes = 6,818
|percentage = 0.70
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sunil Kumar Mandal
|votes = 5,643
|percentage = 0.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Republican Party of India (Athvale)
|candidate = Ashim Roy
|votes = 3,798
|percentage = 0.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|candidate = Krishna Prasad Biswas
|votes = 3,428
|percentage = 0.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Ashok Kumar Singha
|votes = 3,377
|percentage = 0.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 98,901
|percentage = 10.0
|change = -0.20
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 9,87,380
|percentage = 80.9%
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 1999===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Indian general election]]: Behrampore }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury]]
|votes = 434,073
|percentage = 46.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|candidate = [[Promothes Mukherjee|Pramothes Mukherjee]]
|votes = 338,683
|percentage = 36.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Colonel (Retd.) Sabyasachi Bagchi
|votes = 134,569
|percentage = 14.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|candidate = Jyotirmoy Thakur
|votes = 8,948
|percentage = 0.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian Union Muslim League
|candidate = Nurul Islam
|votes = 3,618
|percentage = 0.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Siddhartha Chatterjee
|votes = 2,679
|percentage = 0.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Sunil Kumar Mandal
|votes = 1,066
|percentage = 0.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|candidate = Kanan Kumar Saha
|votes = 911
|percentage = 0.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|candidate = Sadhan Roy
|votes = 881
|percentage = 0.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|candidate = Santosh Majhi
|votes = 745
|percentage = 0.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|candidate = Anarul Haque Malitha
|votes = 203
|percentage = 0.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 95,391
|percentage = 10.20 %
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 9,26,375
|percentage = 77.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 1998===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Indian general election]]: Behrampore }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|candidate = [[Promothes Mukherjee|Pramothes Mukherjee]]
|votes = 385,979
|percentage = 44.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Colonel (Retd.) Sabyasachi Bagchi
|votes = 262,610
|percentage = 30.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Prodip Mazumdar
|votes = 188,985
|percentage = 21.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = MUL
|candidate = Abdus Sukur
|votes = 29,888
|percentage = 3.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Kanan Kumar Saha
|votes = 784
|percentage = 0.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 123,369
|percentage = 14.00 %
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 9,26,375
|percentage = 77.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 1996===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1996 Indian general election]]: Behrampore }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|candidate = [[Promothes Mukherjee|Pramothes Mukherjee]]
|votes = 449,656
|percentage = 48.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Siddhartha Shankar Ray]]
|votes = 405,299
|percentage = 43.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Subhendu Biswas
|votes = 56,073
|percentage = 6.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = Independent
|candidate = Naimul Haque
|votes = 2,886
|percentage = 0.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 44,357
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 9,26,375
|percentage = 77.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1994 By-election===
In the Behrampore seat, the by-election was held due to the death of the sitting [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]]-[[Member of Parliament|MP]] [[Nani Bhattacharya]] on 11 October 1993. The by-election was held on 12 March 1994. Pramothes Mukherjee of [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]] defeated Siddhartha Shankar Ray of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]].
{{Election box begin | title=Indian Parliamentary bye election, 1994: Behrampore constituency}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|candidate = [[Promothes Mukherjee|Pramothes Mukherjee]]
|votes = 387,549
|percentage = 52.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Siddhartha Shankar Ray]]
|votes = 292,262
|percentage = 39.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Mohasin Ali Mondal
|votes = 128,570
|percentage = 19.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian Union Muslim League
|candidate = Abdul Hossain Sekh
|votes = 93,912
|percentage = 12.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)|Independent
|candidate = Arup Chakraborty
|votes = 12,719
|percentage = 1.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 95,287
|percentage = 8.70
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 96,650
|percentage = 47.69
|change = -6.7
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = +21.27
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections 1951-2024===
Most of the contests were multi-cornered. However, only winners and runners-up are mentioned below:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Winner
|
!Runner-up
|-
|
!Candidate
!Party
!Candidate
!Party
|-
|1951
|[[Tridib Chaudhuri]]
|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]]
|A.K.M.Zakariah
|Independent<ref name="loksabha1952">{{cite web |title=General Elections, India, 1951- Constituency Wise Detailed Results |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_1_51_LS.PDF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008191615/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_1_51_LS.PDF |archive-date=8 October 2014 |access-date=25 May 2013 |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission}}</ref>
|-
|1957
|Trdib Chaudhuri
|RSP
|Nazrul Haque Khandoker
|Independent<ref name="loksabha1957">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1957/Vol_I_57_LS.pdf|title=General Elections, India, 1957- Constituency Wise Detailed Results|work=West Bengal|publisher=Election Commission|access-date=25 May 2013}}</ref>
|-
|1962
|Tridib Chaudhuri
|RSP
|Nazrul Haque Khandoker
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<ref name="loksabha1962">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1962/Vol_I_LS_62.pdf|title=General Elections, India, 1962- Constituency Wise Detailed Results|work=West Bengal|publisher=Election Commission|access-date=25 May 2013}}</ref>
|-
|1967
|Tridib Chaudhuri
|RSP
|D.Sinha
|INC<ref name="loksabha1967">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf|title=General Elections, India, 1967 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results|work=West Bengal|publisher=Election Commission|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718185108/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf|archive-date=18 July 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=25 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1971
|Tridib Chaudhuri
|RSP
|Rejaul Karim
|INC<ref name="loksabha1971">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS71.pdf|title=General Elections, India, 1971 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results|work=West Bengal|publisher=Election Commission|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718175452/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS71.pdf|archive-date=18 July 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=25 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1977
|Tridib Chaudhuri
|RSP
|[[Sudip Bandyopadhyay]]
|INC<ref name="loksabha1977">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf|title=General Elections, 1977 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results|work=West Bengal|publisher=Election Commission of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718185438/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf|archive-date=18 July 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=25 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1980
|Tridib Chaudhuri
|RSP
|Jagadish Sinha
|INC<ref name="loksabha1980">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf|title=General Elections, 1980 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results|work=West Bengal|publisher=Election Commission of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718175926/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf|archive-date=18 July 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=25 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1984
|[[Atish Chandra Sinha]]
|INC
|Tridib Chaudhuri
|RSP<ref name="loksabha1984">{{cite web |title=General Elections, 1984 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718184911/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 |access-date=25 May 2014 |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
|-
|1989
|[[Nani Bhattacharya]]
|RSP
|Sankar Das Paul
|INC<ref name="loksabha1989">{{cite web |title=General Elections, 1989 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 |access-date=25 May 2014 |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
|-
|1991
|Nani Bhattacharya
|RSP
|Kumar Dipti Sengupta
|INC<ref name="loksabha1991">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1991/VOL_I_91.pdf|title=General Elections, 1991 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results|work=West Bengal|publisher=Election Commission of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183558/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1991/VOL_I_91.pdf|archive-date=18 July 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=25 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1996
|Promothes Mukherjee
|RSP
|[[Siddhartha Shankar Ray]]
|INC<ref name="loksabha1996">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1996/Vol_I_LS_96.pdf|title=General Elections, 1996 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results|work=West Bengal|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=25 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1998
|Promothes Mukherjee
|RSP
|Sabyasachi Bagchi
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<ref name="loksabha1998">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf|title=General Elections, 1998 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results|work=West Bengal|publisher=Election Commission of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718181833/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf|archive-date=18 July 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=25 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1999
|[[Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury]]
|Indian National Congress|INC
|Pramothes Mukherjee
|RSP<ref name="loksabha1999">{{cite web |title=General Elections, 1999 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 |access-date=25 May 2014 |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
|-
|2004
|[[Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury]]
|Indian National Congress|INC
|Pramothes Mukherjee
|RSP<ref name="loksabha2004">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf|title=General Elections, 2004 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results|work=West Bengal|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=25 May 2014}}</ref>
|-
|2009
|[[Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury]]
|Indian National Congress|INC
|Pramothes Mukherjee
|RSP
|-
|2014
|[[Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury]]
|Indian National Congress|INC
|Indranil Sen
|AITC
|-
|2019
|[[Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury]]
|Indian National Congress|INC
|Apurbo Sarkar
|AITC
|-
|2024
|[[Yusuf Pathan]]
|AITC
|[[Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury]]
|Indian National Congress|INC
|}

==See also==
* [[Baharampur]], also known as Berhampore
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}
{{Murshidabad topics}}

{{Coord|24.1|N|88.25|E|display=title|format=dms|}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Baharampur Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Murshidabad district]]

Indo-Caribbean people

2026-05-05T05:08:00Z

CynthiaBegg56: put up new info

{{Short description|Caribbean people of Indian descent}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Indo-Caribbean people
| native_name = {{hlist|{{native name|hns|इंडो-कैरिबियन • انڈو کیریبین}} {{native name|fr|Indo-Caribéens}} {{native name|nl|Indo-Caraïbiërs • Hindo(e)stanen}}}}
| flag =
| image =
| image_caption =
| population = '''{{circa|2.5 million}}''' (2021 est.)<ref>{{cite web |title=Tracing the Global Footprint of Indo-Caribbean Communities |url=https://www.globalindiannetwork.com/global-footprint-of-indo-caribbean-communities/ |website=Global Indian Network |access-date=2025-05-18}}</ref>
| region1 = [[Trinidad and Tobago]]
| pop1 = 534,000 {{small|(a plurality of the population)}}
| ref1 = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Trinidad and Tobago Population (2025) |url=https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/trinidad-and-tobago-population/ |website=Worldometer |access-date=2025-05-15}}</ref>
| region2 = [[Guyana]]
| pop2 = 297,493 {{small|(a plurality of the population)}}
| ref2 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/final-2012-census-compendium-2|title = Final 2012 Census Compendium 2|date = July 2016}}</ref>
| region3 = [[United States]]
| pop3 = 232,817 {{small|([[Indo-Caribbean Americans]])}}
| ref3 = <ref name="scribd.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/7099691/IndoCaribbean-Times-December-2007|title=Indo-Caribbean Times December 2007 - Kidnapping - Venezuela|website=Scribd|access-date=17 August 2018}}</ref>
| region4 = [[Netherlands]]
| pop4 = 200,000 {{small|([[South Asians in the Netherlands#Indo-Caribbeans|Dutch Indo-Caribbeans]])}}
| ref4 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gopio.net/dutch_suriname_indians.htm|title = Suriname Indians in the Netherlands – the Indian in Them Lives on}}</ref>
| ref5 = <ref>{{cite web |title=Understanding the Indo-Surinamese Community: Challenges in a Multicultural Society |url=https://globalindiannetwork.com/the-indo-surinamese-community/ |website=Global Indian Network |date=28 November 2024 |access-date=2025-05-18}}</ref>
| region6 = [[Canada]]
| pop6 = 100,000 {{small|([[Indo-Canadians#Indians from the Caribbean|Indo-Caribbean Canadians]])}}
| ref6 = <ref name="scribd.com" />
| region5 = [[Suriname]]
| pop5 = 148,443 {{small|(a plurality of the population)}}
| region7 = [[United Kingdom]]
| pop7 = 53,000 {{small|([[British Indo-Caribbean people|British Indo-Caribbeans]])}}
| ref7 = <ref>{{cite web |title=Indo-Caribbeans in the UK: A Hidden Minority |url=https://globalindiannetwork.com/indo-caribbeans-in-the-uk/ |website=Global Indian Network |access-date=2025-05-18}}</ref>
| region8 = [[Martinique]]
| pop8 = 36,123
| ref8 = <ref name="Statistiques ethniques">{{cite web |title=Statistiques ethniques |url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/information/2108548 |website=Insee.fr |publisher=Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques (INSEE) |access-date=24 June 2022}}</ref>
| region9 = [[Guadeloupe]]
| pop9 = 35,617
| ref9 = <ref>{{cite web |title=The Indian Diaspora in the French Caribbean |url=https://www.globalindiannetwork.com/indian-diaspora-in-the-french-caribbean/ |website=Global Indian Network |access-date=2025-05-18}}</ref>
| region10 = [[Jamaica]]
| pop10 = 21,584
| ref10 = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/jamaica/ |title=The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency |publisher=Cia.gov |access-date=2017-09-25 |archive-date=24 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124190707/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/jamaica/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| region11 = [[French Guiana]]
| pop11 = 12,000
| ref11 = <ref>{{cite web |title=Indians in the French Caribbean and Guiana |url=https://www.globalindiannetwork.com/indians-in-the-french-caribbean-and-guiana/ |website=Global Indian Network |access-date=2025-05-18}}</ref>
| region12 = [[Belize]]
| pop12 = 7,600
| ref12 = <ref>{{cite web |title=The Indian Presence in Central America: Belize and Beyond |url=https://www.globalindiannetwork.com/indian-community-in-belize/ |website=Global Indian Network |access-date=2025-05-18}}</ref>
| region13 = [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]]
| pop13 = 5,900
| ref13 = <ref>{{cite web |title=Indians in the Caribbean: The Saint Vincent Experience |url=https://www.globalindiannetwork.com/indians-in-saint-vincent-and-the-grenadines/ |website=Global Indian Network |access-date=2025-05-18}}</ref>
| region14 = [[Saint Lucia]]
| pop14 = 5,200
| ref14 = <ref>{{cite web |title=Indo-Saint Lucians: Preserving Indian Heritage in the Caribbean |url=https://www.globalindiannetwork.com/indo-saint-lucians-preserving-indian-heritage/ |website=Global Indian Network |access-date=2025-05-18}}</ref>
| region15 = [[Sint Maarten]]
| pop15 = 5,170
| ref15 = <ref name="pop1">[https://www.mea.gov.in/population-of-overseas-indians.htm Population of Overseas Indians]</ref>
| region16 = [[Puerto Rico]]
| pop16 = 4,100
| ref16 = <ref>{{cite web |title=The Indian Community in Puerto Rico: A Cultural Bridge |url=https://www.globalindiannetwork.com/indian-community-in-puerto-rico/ |website=Global Indian Network |access-date=2025-05-18}}</ref>
| region17 = [[Barbados]]
| pop17 = 4,000
| ref17 = <ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Heritage in Barbados: A Quiet Legacy |url=https://www.globalindiannetwork.com/indian-heritage-in-barbados/ |website=Global Indian Network |access-date=2025-05-18}}</ref>
| region18 = [[Grenada]]
| pop18 = 3,900
| ref18 = <ref>{{cite web |title=The Indian Community in Grenada: History and Culture |url=https://www.globalindiannetwork.com/indian-community-in-grenada/ |website=Global Indian Network |access-date=2025-05-18}}</ref>
| region19 = [[Collectivity of Saint Martin]]
| pop19 = 1,950
| ref19 = <ref name="pop1"/>
| region20 = [[Saint Kitts and Nevis]]
| pop20 = 1,500
| ref20 = <ref>{{cite web |title=Indians in Saint Kitts and Nevis: A Small but Strong Presence |url=https://www.globalindiannetwork.com/indians-in-saint-kitts-and-nevis/ |website=Global Indian Network |access-date=2025-05-18}}</ref>
| region21 = [[Cayman Islands]]
| pop21 = 1,437
| ref21 = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eso.ky/user_images/census_2021/Section_4.pdf|title=Ethnic Groups - Cayman Islands Headline News |publisher=Cayman Islands Ethnic Groups |date=2022-02-25 |access-date=2022-05-25}}</ref>
| region22 = [[British Virgin Islands]]
| pop22 = 1,100
| ref22 = <ref>{{cite web |title=The Indian Community in the British Virgin Islands |url=https://www.globalindiannetwork.com/indians-in-the-british-virgin-islands/ |website=Global Indian Network |access-date=2025-05-18}}</ref>
| region23 = [[United States Virgin Islands]]
| pop23 = 1,000
| ref23 = <ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Diaspora in the U.S. Virgin Islands |url=https://www.globalindiannetwork.com/indian-diaspora-in-the-us-virgin-islands/ |website=Global Indian Network |access-date=2025-05-18}}</ref>
| region24 = [[Cuba]]
| pop24 = 870
| ref24 = <ref name="pop1"/>
| region25 = [[Aruba]]
| pop25 = 800
| ref25 = <ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.eoicaracas.gov.in/eoi.php?id=ArubaRel#:~:text=There%20are%20about%20800%20Indians,Indian%20community%20on%20the%20island| title=Relationship with India - Bilateral Relations | website=www.eoicaracas.gov.in}}</ref>
| region26 = [[Curacao]]
| pop26 = 700
| ref26 = <ref name="pop1"/>
| region27 = [[Bahamas]]
| pop27 = 300
| ref27 = <ref>[http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Bahamas_Jan2015.pdf Foreign Relation Bahamas]</ref>
| region28 = [[Dominican Republic]]
| pop28 = 54
| ref28 = <ref>{{cite web | url = https://eoi.gov.in/havana/?1673?001| title = Indo-Dominican Republic Relations | publisher = [[Indian Ministry of External Affairs]]}}</ref>
| region29 = [[Haiti]]
| pop29 = 36
| ref29 = <ref name="pop1"/>
| langs = '''Colonial Languages''': {{hlist|[[English language|English]] ([[American English]]|[[Canadian English]]|[[British English]])|[[Dutch language|Standard Dutch]]|[[French language|Standard French]]|[[Spanish language|Standard Spanish]]
}} '''English Creoles and other languages''': {{hlist|
[[Trinidad and Tobago#Trinidad and Tobago Creoles|Trinidadian Creole]]|[[Guyanese Creole]]|[[Sranan Tongo]]|[[Jamaican Patois]]|[[Surinamese Dutch]]|[[Antillean Creole|Antillean French Creole]]|[[Papiamento]]|[[Caribbean Spanish]]
}} '''Indo-Caribbean Languages''': {{hlist|[[Caribbean Hindustani]]|[[Hinglish]]–[[Urdish]]}}
'''Languages spoken by more recent immigrants''': {{hlist|[[Hindustani language|Standard Hindustani]] ([[Hindi]]–[[Urdu]])|[[South Asian English]]|[[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]|[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]|[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]|[[Kutchi language|Kutchi]]|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]|[[Malayalam]]|[[Kannada]]|[[Languages of South Asia|Other South Asian languages]]}}
| rels = '''Majority''': {{hlist|[[Hinduism]]}}
'''Significant Minority''': {{hlist|[[Christianity]] • [[Islam]]}}
'''Other Minority''': {{hlist|[[Sikhism]]|[[Jainism]]|[[Buddhism]]|[[Zoroastrianism]]|[[Baháʼí Faith|Baháʼí]]|Others}}
| related = {{hlist|[[Indian people]]|[[South Asian diaspora]]|[[Indian diaspora]]|[[Indo-Caribbean Americans]]|[[British Indo-Caribbean people]]|[[Indian Americans]]|[[Indo-Canadians]]|[[Indians in the Netherlands]]|[[British Indians]]|[[Indian South Africans]]|[[Indo-Fijians]]|[[Mauritians of Indian origin|Indo-Mauritians]]|[[Indian diaspora in Southeast Africa]]|[[Indian Singaporeans]]|[[Malaysian Indians]]|[[Asian Caribbean people]]}}
| total1_ref =
}}
'''Indo-Caribbean''' or '''Indian-Caribbean people''' are people from the [[Caribbean]] who trace their ancestry to the [[Indian subcontinent]]. They are descendants of the [[Girmityas|Jahazi]] [[Indian indenture system|indentured laborers]]<ref name="Ghosh2014"/><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Binda |first=Shawn |date=2025-05-06 |title=Surviving Colonization and Indentureship - The Caribbean Hindu Story |url=https://cohna.org/surviving-colonization-and-indentureship-the-caribbean-hindu-story/ |access-date=2025-09-29 |website=Coalition of Hindus of North America |language=en-US}}</ref>{{better source|date=February 2026|reason=Unpeer-reviewed personal anecdote.}} from [[British Raj|British India]], who were brought by the [[United Kingdom|British]], [[Netherlands|Dutch]], and [[France|French]] during the colonial era from the mid-19th century to the early 20th century.

Indo-Caribbean people largely trace their ancestry back to the [[Bhojpuri region|Bhojpur]] and [[Awadh]] regions of the [[Hindi Belt]] and the [[Bengal region]] in [[North India]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dabydeen |first=David |date=1995-04-01 |title=A Passage From India |url=https://www.caribbean-beat.com/issue-14/passage-india#axzz8yBLsBdYp |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=Caribbean Beat Magazine |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Misleide migranten |url=https://werkgroepcaraibischeletteren.nl/misleide-migranten/ |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=Caraïbisch Uitzicht |language=nl |trans-quote=''Most Hindustani indentured laborers in Suriname came from the north of British India, especially from (modern) Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Bengal.''}}</ref> in the present-day states of [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Bihar]], [[Bengal state|Bengal]] and [[Jharkhand]], with a significant minority coming from the [[Madras Presidency]] in [[South India]], especially present-day [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]]. Other notable regions of origin include [[Western Uttar Pradesh]], [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]], [[Magahi culture|Magadh]], [[Chota Nagpur Plateau|Chota Nagpur]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Haryana]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Pashtunistan]], [[Punjab]], [[Sindh]], [[Kutch district|Kutch]], [[Gujarat]], [[Maharashtra]], and [[Kashmir]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=HISTORY OF MY PEOPLE: The Afghan Muslims of Guyana |url=https://www.islamawareness.net/LatinAmerica/Guyana/afghan_guyana.html |access-date=2024-05-22 |website=www.islamawareness.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chickrie |first=Raymond |date=2007-08-17 |title=The Afghan Muslims of Guyana and Suriname - Caribbean Muslims |url=https://www.caribbeanmuslims.com/the-afghan-muslims-of-guyana-and-suriname/.,%20https://www.caribbeanmuslims.com/the-afghan-muslims-of-guyana-and-suriname/ |access-date=2024-05-22 |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Most Indians in the [[French West Indies]] are of South Indian origin and Indians in Barbados are mostly of Bengali and Gujarati origin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=who are the indo-caribbeans |url=http://rajkumari.weebly.com/who-are-the-indo-caribbeans.html |access-date=2024-05-22 |website=Rajkumari Cultural Center |language=en}}</ref>

Most Indo-Caribbean people live in the [[English language|English]]-speaking Caribbean nations of [[Trinidad and Tobago]], [[Guyana]], the Dutch-speaking [[Suriname]] and the French overseas departments of [[Guadeloupe]], [[Martinique]] and [[French Guiana]]. With smaller numbers in other Caribbean countries including [[Jamaica]], [[Belize]] and the islands of the [[Lesser Antilles]]. Large Indo-Caribbean immigrant populations are found in [[North America]] and [[Europe]], specifically in the [[United States]], the [[Netherlands]], [[Canada]], and the [[United Kingdom]]. These countries have some of the largest Indo-Caribbean populations in the world, and Indo-Caribbeans in these countries have largely congregated in urban areas such as [[New York City]], [[The Hague]], [[Toronto]], [[Rotterdam]], [[London]], [[Amsterdam]], [[Miami metropolitan area|Miami/Ft. Lauderdale/West Palm Beach]], [[Greater Orlando|Orlando]]/[[Ocala, Florida|Ocala]], [[Tampa Bay area|Tampa]], [[Houston, Texas|Houston]], [[Birmingham]], [[Winnipeg]], [[Vancouver]], [[Montreal]], [[Schenectady, New York|Schenectady]]/[[Albany, New York|Albany]], [[Minneapolis–Saint Paul|Minneapolis/Saint Paul]], [[Manchester]], [[Washington, D.C.|Washington D.C.]], [[Leicester]], and [[Paris]].<ref name=":1" />{{failed verification|date=February 2026|reason=Unsupported by this personal history.}}

Indo-Caribbean people may also be referred to as '''Caribbean Indians''', '''[[East Indian people (disambiguation)|East Indian West Indians]]''',{{efn|Many Indo-Caribbean people refer to themselves as East Indian West Indians, Indo-West Indians, or East and West Indians, especially in the diaspora, and many name their businesses that cater to the community as such.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.browardpalmbeach.com/location/bedessee-east-west-indian-foods-6370885 |title = Bedessee East West Indian Foods|website=[[New Times Broward-Palm Beach]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.visitlauderdale.com/listing/silars-east-and-west-fashions/10823/|title=SILAR'S EAST AND WEST FASHIONS|website=Visit Fort Lauderdale}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/fl-xpm-1987-02-24-8701120382-story.html| title=TRINIDAD NATIVE'S GROCERY STORE CATERS TO HIS CUSTOMERS' CULTURES | website=[[Sun-Sentinel]] | date=24 February 1987 | last1=Wallace | first1=David }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.yellowpages.com/south-richmond-hill-ny/mip/new-east-west-fashion-9388312|title=New East & West Fashion|website=[[Yellowpages.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chamberofcommerce.com/united-states/new-jersey/jersey-city/grocery-store/2015137555-d-pokhai-american-east-and-west-indian-grocery|title=D. Pokhai American East and West Indian Grocery|website=Chamberofcommerce.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.yelp.ca/biz/homeland-east-and-west-indian-supermarket-york|title=Homeland East & West Indian Supermarket|website=[[Yelp]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.looktamil.com/biz/priyas-east-west-indian-and-sri-lankan-grocery.html|title=Priyas East West Indian & Sri Lankan Grocery|website=Looktamil}}</ref>}} '''Caribbean Hindustanis''', '''South Asian Caribbean people''',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/brown-desi-south-asian-diaspora-reflects-terms-represent-erase-rcna1886|title=Brown, Desi, South Asian: Diaspora reflects on the terms that represent, erase them|website=[[NBC News]]|date=6 October 2021 |last1=Venkatraman |first1=Sakshi}}</ref> or '''Caribbean Desis''',<ref>{{cite web | url=http://sepiamutiny.com/blog/2004/12/17/caribbean_desis/ | title=Caribbean desis aren't feelin' the love | Sepia Mutiny | date=17 December 2004 }}</ref> while [[Immigrant generations|first-generation]] Indo-Caribbean people were called '''[[Girmityas|Girmitya]]''', '''[[Desi]]''', '''[[Hindustan|Hindustani]]''', '''Kantraki''', '''Mulki''' (m.) / '''Mulkin''' (f.),<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3brHAAAAQBAJ&q=Mulki&pg=PA134 | title=Post-Colonial Trinidad: An Ethnographic Journal | isbn=9780230106857 | last1=Clarke | first1=C. | date=24 May 2010 | publisher=Springer }}</ref> or '''Jahazi''' (m.) / '''Jahazin''' (f.).{{efn-ua|In [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indic (Indo-Aryan) languages]] such as [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], the word ''Jahāz'' ({{lang|hi|जहाज़}}), which is sometimes pronounced as ''Jahāj'' in certain languages such as [[Maithili language|Maithili]], means 'ship' (from the Arabic/Persian ''Jahāz/'' جهاز), with ''Jahazi'' (or ''Jahaji'') implying 'people of ship' or 'people coming via ship'.<ref name="Ghosh2014"/><ref name="KellyKaplan2001"/>}}<ref name="Ghosh2014">{{cite book |last1=Ghosh |first1=Papiya |title=Partition and the South Asian Diaspora: Extending the Subcontinent |date=21 March 2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-80965-4 |language=en |quote=... even as he writes about the bonds of ''jahazi bhais'' (ship brothers) being strong among the descendants of the ''girmitiyas'' (Mishra 2001b: 327).}}</ref><ref name="KellyKaplan2001">{{cite book |last1=Kelly |first1=John D. |last2=Kaplan |first2=Martha |title=Represented Communities: Fiji and World Decolonization |date=September 2001 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-42990-8 |page=87 |language=en |quote=''Jahazi bhais'', ship brothers and sisters, had social relationships persisting long after ''girmit'' itself.}}</ref> ''[[Coolie]]'', meaning hired laborer, was used in the plantation society of the late 19th to early 20th century, however in the present-day it is considered a derogatory way to refer to Indo-Caribbean people and is considered a [[pejorative]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2013/11/25/247166284/a-history-of-indentured-labor-gives-coolie-its-sting | title=A History of Indentured Labor Gives 'Coolie' Its Sting | website=NPR | date=25 November 2013 | last1=Gandhi | first1=Lakshmi }}</ref>

==Sub-groups==
'''Bold''' indicates major Indo-Caribbean subgroups. 
'''Caribbean Islands'''
* [[Indian Antiguans and Barbudans]]
* [[Indians in Barbados|Indo-Bajans]]
* [[Cayman Islands–India relations#Indians in the Cayman Islands|Indians in the Cayman Islands]]
*[[Cuba–India relations#Indians in Cuba|Indians in Cuba]]
* [[Indians in the Dominican Republic]]
* [[Indo-Grenadians]]
* '''[[Indo-Guadeloupeans]]'''
* [[Indo-Haitians]]
* '''[[Indo-Jamaicans]]'''
* '''[[Indo-Martiniquais]]'''
* [[Indians in Saint Kitts and Nevis]]
* [[Indo-Saint Lucian]]
* '''[[Indo–Trinidadians and Tobagonians]]'''
* [[Indians in the United States Virgin Islands]]
* [[Indo-Vincentian]]

'''Mainland Caribbean'''
*[[Indo-Belizeans]]
* '''[[Indo-Guyanese]]'''
* '''[[Indo-Surinamese]]'''
*[[Indians in French Guiana]]

'''Primary Indo-Caribbean Diaspora'''
* '''[[Indo-Caribbean Americans]]'''
*'''[[Indo-Canadians#Indians from the Caribbean|Indo-Caribbean Canadians]]'''
* '''[[British Indo-Caribbean people]]'''
*'''[[South Asians in the Netherlands#Indo-Caribbeans|Indo-Caribbean people in the Netherlands]]'''

'''Secondary/Migrant Workers Indo-Caribbean Diaspora'''
* [[Indians in Venezuela]]
* [[Indians in Panama]]
* [[Indian immigration to Brazil]]
* [[Indians in Argentina]]
* [[Indian Colombians]]

'''Mixed Ethnicities of Partial Indo-Caribbean origin'''
* [[Anglo-Indian]] (mixed Indian and British)
* [[Asian Latin Americans]] (a.k.a. Tegli; mixed Indian and Hispanic/Latino)
**[[Asian Hispanic and Latino Americans]] (mixed Indian and Hispanic/Latino in the U.S.)
* [[Chindians|'''Chindian''']] (mixed Indian and Chinese)
* [[Dougla people|'''Dougla''']] (mixed Indian and African)
* Eurasian (mixed Indian and European)
* [[Luso-Indian]] (mixed Indian and Portuguese)
* Indo-Amerindian (mixed Indian and [[Amerindian]])

==Migration history==
[[File:East Indian Coolies in Trinidad - Project Gutenberg eText 16035.jpg|left|thumb|Indo-Caribbean people in the 19th century celebrating the [[Culture of India|Indian culture]] in West Indies through dance and music.]]
From 1838 to 1917, over half a million Indians from the former [[British Raj]] or [[British India]] and [[Colonial India]], were taken to thirteen mainland and island nations in the [[Caribbean]] as [[indentured worker]]s to address the demand for sugar cane plantation labour following the [[Abolitionism in the United Kingdom|abolition of slavery]].

===Sugarcane plantations in the 19th century===
[[File:Tropenmuseum Royal Tropical Institute Objectnumber 3581-33h Ingekleurde litho voorstellende de oo.jpg|thumb|left|A 19th-century lithograph by Theodore Bray showing workers harvesting sugarcane on a Caribbean plantation; on the right is the European overseer.]]
Much like [[cotton]], [[sugarcane]] plantations motivated large-scale near-enslavement and forced migrations in the 19th and early 20th century.<ref name=britain1>{{cite web|title=Forced Labour|year=2010|publisher=The National Archives, Government of the United Kingdom|url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/blackhistory/india/forced.htm}}</ref>

Following the passage of the [[Slavery Abolition Act 1833|1833 Slavery Abolition Act]], many formerly enslaved people left their enslavers. This created an economic chaos for European planters in the Caribbean and Indian Ocean. The hard work in hot, humid farms required a regular, docile and low-waged labour force, and India’s excess labor created a strong foundation to fix this problem,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roopnarine |first=Lomarsh |title=The Indian Caribbean: migration and identity in the diaspora |date=2018 |publisher=University Press of Mississippi |others=American Council of Learned Societies |isbn=978-1-4968-1442-5 |series=Caribbean studies series |location=Jackson |pages=22}}</ref> which led to the creation of the [[Indian indenture system]]. Poor economic conditions in India led to many Indians to look for sources of work. In this system, Indians were taken to British, French and Dutch colonies around the world, including in the Caribbean, to work on [[cash crop]] plantations.<ref>{{cite book|title=New System of Slavery|author=Hugh Tinker|year=1993|isbn=978-1-870518-18-5|publisher=Hansib Publishing, London}}</ref><ref name=britain1/>

Many indentured Indians opposed migration to the Caribbean. It was believed that crossing the sea would remove one's caste, something that was greatly valued by poor indentures. Rumor spread through Indian villages that laborers were forced to convert to Christianity when they reached Caribbean soil.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roopnarine |first=Lomarsh |title=The Indian Caribbean: migration and identity in the diaspora |date=2018 |publisher=University Press of Mississippi |others=American Council of Learned Societies |isbn=978-1-4968-1442-5 |series=Caribbean studies series |location=Jackson |pages=24-25}}</ref>

For some Indians, however, emigration to the Caribbean meant escaping problems they faced in India such as family conflict, economic hardship, poor living conditions, or trouble with the law.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roopnarine |first=Lomarsh |title=The Indian Caribbean: migration and identity in the diaspora |date=2018 |publisher=University Press of Mississippi |others=American Council of Learned Societies |isbn=978-1-4968-1442-5 |series=Caribbean studies series |location=Jackson |pages=26}}</ref>

Whether indentured Indians wanted to work on Caribbean plantations or not, recruiters would use pressure, force, and manipulation to get Indians to emigrate. Pressure stemmed from the fact that some Indians believed that they owed their recruiters for providing them their basic needs. Some were told romanticized stories about living and working conditions in the Caribbean, or were told lies about the destination of their travels, leading them to believe they were going to lands deemed holy.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roopnarine |first=Lomarsh |title=The Indian Caribbean: migration and identity in the diaspora |date=2018 |publisher=University Press of Mississippi |others=American Council of Learned Societies |isbn=978-1-4968-1442-5 |series=Caribbean studies series |location=Jackson |pages=30-31}}</ref>

The first ships carrying indentured labourers for sugarcane plantations left India in 1838 for the Caribbean region. In fact, the first two shiploads of Indians arrived in [[British Guiana]] (modern-day [[Guyana]]) on May 5, 1838, on board the Whitby and Hesperus.
These ships had sailed from [[Kolkata|Calcutta]]. In the early decades of the sugarcane-driven migrations, the working conditions for the indentured Indian workers were abysmal, due in large part to the lack of care among the planters.. They were confined to their estates and paid a pitiful salary. Any breach of contract brought automatic criminal penalties and imprisonment. Many of these were brought away from their homelands deceptively. Many from inland regions over a thousand kilometers from seaports were promised jobs, were not told the work they were being hired for, or that they would leave their homeland and communities. They were hustled aboard the waiting ships, unprepared for the long and arduous four-month sea journey. Charles Anderson, a special magistrate investigating these sugarcane plantations, wrote to the [[Secretary of State for the Colonies|Colonial Secretary]] declaring that with few exceptions, the indentured labourers are treated with great and unjust severity; European planters enforced work in sugarcane farms so harshly, that the decaying remains of immigrants were frequently discovered in sugarcane fields. If indentured labourers protested and refused to work, they were not paid or fed by the planters.<ref name=britain1/>

The sugarcane plantation-driven migrations led to ethnically significant presence of Indians in Caribbean.<ref>{{cite book|title=A Question of Labour: Indentured Immigration Into Trinidad & British Guiana, 1875-1917|author=K Laurence|publisher=St Martin's Press|year=1994|isbn=978-0-312-12172-3}}</ref> In some islands and countries, these Indo-Caribbean migrants now constitute a significant proportion of the population. Sugarcane plantations and citizens of Indian origin continue to thrive in countries such as [[Guyana]], formerly, [[British Guiana]], [[Jamaica]], [[Trinidad and Tobago]], [[Martinique]], [[French Guiana]], [[Guadeloupe]], [[Grenada]], [[St. Lucia]], [[Saint Vincent (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines)|St. Vincent]], [[St. Kitts]], [[St. Croix]], [[Suriname]] and [[Nevis]].<ref name=britain1/><ref name=sl1>{{cite web|title=St. Lucia's Indian Arrival Day|year=2009|publisher=Caribbean Repeating Islands|url=http://repeatingislands.com/2009/05/07/st-lucia%E2%80%99s-indian-arrival-day/|access-date=2012-02-08|archive-date=2017-04-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424085806/https://repeatingislands.com/2009/05/07/st-lucia%E2%80%99s-indian-arrival-day/|url-status=dead}}</ref> By some estimates, over 2.5 million people in the Caribbean are of Indian origin. Many have ethnically blended with migrants from other parts of the world, creating a unique syncretic culture.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}}

Though production was centered in the Caribbean, sugarcane production played a significant role in pre-World War II global politics and population movements. France, for example, negotiated with Britain leading to Act XLVI of 1860, whereby large numbers of [[India]]n indentured labourers were brought for sugarcane plantation work in [[French colonial empire|French colonies]] in the Caribbean region.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian indentured labourers|publisher=The National Archives, Government of the United Kingdom|year=2010|url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/records/research-guides/indian-indentured-labour.htm}}</ref> The Caribbean colonies of the Netherlands too benefitted from the indentured laborers from India.

=== Arrival of Indian women in the Caribbean ===
The ratio of female to male Indians coming to the Caribbean was for many years extremely low, 3:100 in 1938. The Indian government and the Colonial Office set up a quota system that dictated how many Indian women came to the Caribbean. In 1870, the quota called for 40 Indian women for every 100 Indian men, a quota that often was not met. In total, only 25% of all Indians who emigrated to the Caribbean were women. There were several reasons for fewer Indian women than men emigrating.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Roopnarine|first=Lomarsh|title=Indo-Caribbean Indenture: Resistance And Accommodation, 1838-1920|publisher=University of the West Indies Press|year=2007|isbn=978-976-640-185-6|location=Canada|pages=91–96}}</ref>

It was more expensive for agents to recruit Indian women than men, because not many Indian women wanted to leave India. It was more socially acceptable in India for men to emigrate and seek work. Women were not encouraged to do the same. Another factor dissuading Indian women from going to the Caribbean was the invasive medical examination administered upon arrival, which involved inspection of genitals. Many women did not want to have to undergo this examination and many men would not have wanted this to happen to their wives.<ref name=":0" />

Additionally, the colonial powers present in the Caribbean were not initially interested in convincing Indian women to immigrate. Colonialists saw indentureship as a temporary replacement for the labor that had previously been done by enslaved African people. Their goal was to use Indian men for labor. They did not want Indian people to start families in the Caribbean, which would establish Indian culture and people as a lasting presence in the Caribbean, undermining the power of the indenture system to control all aspects of the laborer's lives and force them into subjugation.<ref name=":0" />

In the late 1800s, there was a change in policy. The late 1880s saw competition in the sugar industry from European beet sugar, and the colonial government knew that having a settled, immobile group of Indian people to exploit for labor would be highly profitable and advantageous in the competition to dominate the sugar industry. Encouraging Indian people to stay in the Caribbean also cut the costs required to bring Indian people back to India. As indentureships ended, the Indian men who had come to work as indentured laborers were given small parcels of land to encourage settlement. Another method of encouraging settlement was to encourage more Indian women to immigrate, since permanent settlement was no longer being discouraged by the colonial powers.<ref name=":0" />

Indian women who were recruited and immigrated to the Caribbean were for the most part married women joining their husbands, single women, women who had been widowed, women trying to escape poverty, and women prostitutes from the cities of Calcutta and Chennai, then called Madras. Under the indenture system, married Indian women were excused from work on the plantations and planters were required to give them medical care and rations. However, the colonial government did not recognize Hindu or Muslim marriages until the 1940s, so many married women were categorized as single and did not receive the few privileges given to married women. Married women who did not have to work in the fields took care of children and expenses. Women who worked were paid less than men.<ref name=":0" />

===Post World War II trends===
[[File:Tropenmuseum Royal Tropical Institute Objectnumber 20007183 De woning van de werktuigkundige op d.jpg|thumb|Indian indentured laborers worked for decades for meagre wages in sugar cane plantations of the Dutch East Indies. This image from Tropenmuseum Royal Tropical Institute shows two Indo-Caribbean people walking towards the house of a Dutch engineer in a Caribbean sugar cane plantation.]]{{Unreferenced section|date=November 2022}}
The majority of the Indians living in the [[Anglophone Caribbean|English-speaking Caribbean]] came from eastern [[Uttar Pradesh]] and western [[Bihar]] which are mostly speakers of [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Hindi languages|Hindi]], and [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]], while those brought to [[Guadeloupe]] and [[Martinique]] were largely from [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Tamil Nadu]]. About twenty percent (20%) of the indentured were [[Tamils]] and [[Telugus]] particularly in [[Trinidad and Tobago]] and [[Guyana]].

A minority emigrated from other parts of [[South Asia]], including present-day [[Pakistan]] and [[Bangladesh]].

Indo-Caribbean people comprise the largest ethnic group in Guyana, Trinidad and Tobago, and [[Suriname]]. They are the second largest group in [[Jamaica]], Grenada, [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]], [[Saint Lucia]], [[Martinique]] and [[Guadeloupe]].

There are also small communities in [[Anguilla]], [[Antigua and Barbuda]], [[The Bahamas]], [[Barbados]], [[Belize]], [[French Guiana]], [[Panama]], [[Dominican Republic]], [[Puerto Rico]], the [[Netherlands Antilles]] and [[Venezuela]]. Small groups also exist in Haiti, where they are sometimes mistakenly referred to as "mulattos".

===Contemporary migration===
Modern-day immigrants from India (mostly [[Sindhi people|Sindhi]] merchants) are to be found on [[Saint Martin (France)|Saint-Martin]] / [[Sint Maarten]], [[Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands|St. Thomas]], [[Curaçao]] and other islands with duty-free commercial capabilities, where they are active in business. Other Indo-Caribbean people descend from later migrants, including Indian doctors, [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] businessmen and migrants from [[Kenya]] and [[Uganda]].

===Diaspora===
{{Main|Category:Indo-Caribbean diaspora}}

Indo-Caribbean people have migrated to the [[United States]], [[Canada]], the [[Netherlands]], [[France]], the [[United Kingdom]], [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]], and to other parts of the [[Caribbean]] and [[Latin America]], including [[Venezuela]], Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic, Panama, and Cuba.

==Culture==
[[File:Divalinagar.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.63|Many Caribbean islands celebrate traditional Indian festivals, such as [[Diwali]], as shown in this [[Divali Nagar]] decorations from Trinidad and Tobago.]]
[[File:Waterloo Temple, Trinidad.jpg|thumb|[[Temple in the Sea]]]]
[[File:TnT Hanuman Statue 1.jpg|thumb|150px|The 26-meter [[Hanuman]] murti in [[Carapichaima]], a noted centre of Hindu and Indo-Trinidadian culture; it is the largest statue of Hanuman outside of [[India]]]]
[[File:Central Vaidik Mandir, Georgetown, Guyana..jpg|thumb|Central Vaidic Mandir in Georgetown, Guyana]]
[[File:Moschee-Keizerstraat-Suriname.jpg|thumb|left|[[Mosque Keizerstraat]]]]
{{See also|Hinduism in the West Indies|List of Hindu temples in Trinidad and Tobago|Indo-Caribbean music|Indian indenture system#Culture}}

The indentured Indians and their descendants have actively contributed to the evolution of their adopted lands in spite of many difficulties, particularly through the development of Caribbean cuisine and music.

The initial generations of indentured Indians brought several [[Traditional games of India|traditional Indian games]] to the region, though most of these are no longer played.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mahabir |first=Dr Kumar |title=Disappearing Ancient Games In The Caribbean |url=https://www.academia.edu/20217968}}</ref>

==Commemoration==
In recent years, attempts to commemorate the Indian presence and contributions to the Caribbean have come to fruition:

[[Indian Arrival Day]] is a [[holiday]] celebrated on [[May 30]] in [[Trinidad and Tobago]] each year since the 1990s. It was first celebrated in [[Trinidad and Tobago]] and then other countries with significant [[Indian people]] whose ancestors came as [[Indian indenture system|indentured laborers]]. It commemorates the first arrivals from [[India]] to [[Trinidad and Tobago]], on May 30, 1845, on the ship ''[[Fatel Razack]]''

In 1995, Jamaica started to celebrate the arrival of Indians in Old Harbour Bay, [[St. Catherine Parish]] on May 13.

In 2003, Martinique celebrated the 150th anniversary of Indian arrival. Guadeloupe did the same in 2004. These celebrations were not the fact of just the Indian minority, but the official recognition by the French and local authorities of their integration and their wide-scale contributions in various fields including agriculture, education, and politics, and to the diversification of the culture of the [[Creole peoples]]. Thus, the noted participation of the whole multi-ethnic population of the two islands were in these events.

St. Lucia and many Caribbean countries have dedicated commemorative days to acknowledge the arrival and important contributions of their Indo-Caribbean populations. St. Lucia celebrates its Indo-Caribbean heritage on May 6. Other dates when India Arrival Day is celebrated in the Caribbean include May 5 (Guyana), May 10 (Jamaica), May 30 (Trinidad and Tobago), June 1 (St. Vincent), and June 5 (Suriname).<ref name=sl1/>

==See also==
{{Portal|Caribbean|India}}
* [[Anglophone Caribbean]]
* [[Awadhi people]]
* [[Bhojpuri people]]
* [[Bombay (mango)]]
* [[Caribbean Hindustani]]
* [[Caribbean Shaktism]]
* [[Dhantal]]
* [[Hinduism in the West Indies]]
* [[Indian Caribbean Museum of Trinidad and Tobago]]
* [[Indian diaspora]]
* [[Indian people]]
* [[Indians in the Netherlands]]
* [[Indo-Caribbean music]]
* [[Lalla Rookh Museum]]
* [[South Asian diaspora]]
* [[Tamil diaspora]]
* [[Tassa]]

== References ==
===Notes===
{{Reflist|group=upper-alpha}}
{{Notes}}

===Citations===
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite journal|last=Gupta|first=Bashabi|date=2011|title=Indian Diaspora in the United States: Brain Drain or Gain?|journal=Diaspora Studies|volume=5|issue=1|pages=139–154|issn=0973-9572}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Indian diaspora in the Caribbean}}
* [http://www.indocaribbean.org Indo-Caribbean Alliance, Inc.] - a 501(c)3 non-profit organization providing services and advocacy to New York City's growing Indo-Caribbean community
* [http://www.jahajeesisters.org Jahajee Sisters: Empowering Indo-Caribbean Women] - a movement-building organization, led by Indo-Caribbean women, committed to fighting gender-based violence and advocating for reproductive justice. Jahajee Sisters fosters solidarity and empowerment through dialogue, arts, leadership development and grassroots organizing.
* [https://www.patreon.com/sail_oar South Asian Indentured Labor - Online Archive of Research and Resources] - an online archive and living syllabus of text-based resources related to Indian indentureship, with country-specific resources related to Indians indentured to the Caribbean and the Indo-Caribbean diaspora

{{Indian diaspora}}
{{Overseas Asians}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Caribbean people of Indian descent| ]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in the Caribbean]]
[[Category:Indian diaspora in the Caribbean| ]]

R. Venkataramani

2026-04-23T09:30:08Z

CynthiaBegg56: creating new details w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian lawyer and Attourney-General (born 1950)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = R. Venkataramani
| office = 14th [[Attorney General of India|Attorney-General for India]]
| image = R. Venkataramani.jpg
| caption =
| term_start = 1 October 2022
| term_end =
| appointer = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| predecessor = [[K. K. Venugopal]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1950|4|13|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Puducherry (city)|Puducherry]], [[French India]]
| alma_mater = Loyola College [[Madras University]]
| spouse = Vijayalakshmi Venkataramani
}}
'''R. Venkataramani''' (born 13 April 1950) is an Indian constitutional lawyer and a [[Senior Advocate]] in the [[Supreme Court of India]]. He is currently serving as the 16th [[Attorney-General for India]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 September 2022 |title=Senior advocate R. Venkataramani is the new Attorney General of India |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/senior-advocate-r-venkataramani-is-the-new-attorney-general/article65947809.ece/ |access-date=29 September 2022}}</ref> He has served as a Member, Law Commission of India in 2010 and 2013.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Mohit |date=2025-10-27 |title=R Venkatramani |url=https://onelawstreet.com/r-venkatramani/ |access-date=2025-10-27 |website=One Law Street |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Early life and career ==
Venkataramani was born on 13 April 1950 in [[Puducherry (city)|Puducherry]]. He studied at [[Petit Seminaire Higher Secondary School]] in [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]. He graduated in [[Physics]] from [[Loyola College, Chennai]]. He then studied [[Law]] at Dr. Ambedkar Govt. Law College, Puducherry.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sinha |first1=Bhadra |title=Lawyer, scholar, author, poet — why R. Venkataramani is an 'out of the box' pick to be new AG |url=https://theprint.in/judiciary/lawyer-scholar-author-poet-why-r-venkataramani-is-an-out-of-the-box-pick-to-be-new-ag/1148402/ |work=ThePrint |date=30 September 2022}}</ref>

Venkataramani became a registered lawyer with the Bar Council of Tamil Nadu in 1977 and later moved to the Supreme Court in 1979. At the Supreme Court of India, he worked at the chambers of [[Pavani Parameswara Rao|P.P. Rao]], Senior Advocate.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-28 |title=Who is R Venkataramani, the new Attorney General for India? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/who-is-the-new-ag-r-venkataramani-8179075/ |access-date=2025-08-20 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He qualified as an [[Advocate-on-Record]] at the Supreme Court of India in March 1982.<ref name=":0" /> In 1997, he was designated as a Senior Advocate by the Supreme Court. Throughout his career, he represented various clients, including the central government, state governments, universities, and public sector entities, in both the Supreme Court and High Court. Additionally, he was a member of the Law Commission of India in both 2010 and 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Attorney General Of India Is Senior Advocate R Venkataramani |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/new-attorney-general-of-india-is-senior-advocate-r-venkatramani-3386462 |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

He has been appearing for the State of Tamil Nadu as a Special Senior Counsel for the past 12 years and also acting as Special Senior Counsel for the State of Andhra Pradesh.

Venkataramani acted as the receiver in the Amrapali case and also represented parties in the hijab row case in the [[Supreme Court of India]]. He has appeared as counsel for the Supreme Court in cases concerning the service conditions of court employees.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Livemint |date=2022-09-28 |title=R Venkataramani is the new Attorney General for India: 5 facts |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/r-venkataramani-is-the-new-attorney-general-of-india-5-facts-11664381360875.html |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

=== As Attorney General for India ===
He was appointed as Attorney General for India by the President of India by a notification dated 28 September 2022, where his term would begin after the completion of the term of the then Attorney General for India, [[K. K. Venugopal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Attorney General Of India Is Senior Advocate R Venkataramani |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/new-attorney-general-of-india-is-senior-advocate-r-venkatramani-3386462 |access-date=2025-02-25 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>

On 26 September 2025, the President of India extended his term as the Attorney General for India for a further period of two years till 30 September 2027.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gazette Notification dated 26.09.2025 re-appointment of Shri R. Venkataramani, Senior Advocate as Attorney General for India w.e.f 01.10.2025. {{!}} Department of Legal Affairs, MoL &J, GoI |url=https://legalaffairs.gov.in/empanelled-advocates/gazette-notification-dated-26092025-re-appointment-shri-r-venkataramani-senior |access-date=2025-09-30 |website=legalaffairs.gov.in}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Venataramani, R}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Attorneys general of India]]
[[Category:Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:People from Puducherry]]

M. K. Somashekar

2026-04-20T01:28:10Z

CynthiaBegg56: adding a post

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = M. K. Somashekhar
| successor1 = [[S. A. Ramadas]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| successor2 = [[S. A. Ramadas]]
| predecessor2 = [[S. A. Ramadas]]
| term_end2 = 2008
| term_start2 = 2004
| office2 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| constituency2 = [[Krishnaraja (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Krishnaraja]]
| predecessor1 = [[S. A. Ramadas]]
| term_end1 = 2018
| term_start1 = 2013
| office1 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| constituency1 = [[Krishnaraja (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Krishnaraja]]
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| occupation = [[Politician]]
}}

'''M. K. Somashekar'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=M.K. Somashekar - MLA from Krishnaraja (216) Assembly Constituency |url=https://www.elections.in/karnataka/mla/m.k.-somashekar.html |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=www.elections.in}}</ref> is a politician from [[Karnataka]] state. He is a leader of [[Indian National Congress]] . He was elected twice<ref>{{Cite web |title=Krishnaraja Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/karnataka/assembly-constituencies/krishnaraja.html |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=Elections in India}}</ref> as MLA from [[Krishnaraja (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Krishnaraja]] Constituency.

== Political career ==

He won twice as MLA from Krishnaraja constituency in 2004<ref>{{Cite web |title=Krishnaraja Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/krishnaraja-karnataka-assembly-constituency |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref> and 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-14 |title=Krishnaraja 2013 Assembly MLA Election Karnataka {{!}} ENTRANCEINDIA |url=https://entranceindia.com/election-and-politics/krishnaraja-constituency-karnataka-assembly-election-2013-results-mla-voters-political-parties-data/ |access-date=2022-03-06 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Karnataka Elections 2018: Krishnaraja Assembly Constituency - Past Results, Demographics and Latest News |url=https://www.news18.com/election-result-2013/karnataka/krishnaraja-assembly-elections-results-2013/ |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=News18}}</ref> But in 2018 elections he was defeated<ref>{{Cite web |title=Krishnaraja Election Result 2018 Live: Krishnaraja Assembly Elections Results (Vidhan Sabha Polls Result) |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2018/karnataka/krishnaraja-election-result/ |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=News18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Krishnaraja Election Result 2018 LIVE: Krishnaraja MLA Election Result & Vote Share - Oneindia |url=https://www.oneindia.com/krishnaraja-assembly-elections-ka-216/ |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=www.oneindia.com |language=en}}</ref> by S.A. Ramadas of Bharatiya Janata party. M.K. Somashekar has been appointed as Chairman for Karnataka Silk Development Corporation in 2016.<ref name="21 MLAs to head boards, corporations">{{cite news |date=2 November 2016 |title=21 MLAs to head boards, corporations |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/21-MLAs-to-head-boards-corporations/article16091341.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250423075123/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/21-MLAs-to-head-boards-corporations/article16091341.ece |archive-date=23 April 2025 |access-date=23 April 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Somashekar, M.K.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kannada people]]
[[Category:Politicians from Mysore]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2004–2007]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2013–2018]]

{{Karnataka-INC-politician-stub}}

Star Sports (India)

2026-04-13T14:37:32Z

CynthiaBegg56: added a data

{{short description|Indian television sports channel}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox television channel
| name = Star Sports Network
| logo = Star Sports Network logo.png
| logo_caption = Logo used since 2017
| image =
| image_size = 1000px
| launch_date = {{Start date and age|28 October 1996}}
| owner = [[JioStar]]
| type = [[Sports]]
| picture_format = [[1080i]] [[HDTV]] (downscaled to [[letterboxed]] [[576i]] for the [[SDTV]] feed)
| country = [[India]]
| area = [[Indian subcontinent]]
| language = [[English language|English]] [[Hindi]] [[Tamil language|Tamil]] [[Telugu language|Telugu]] [[Kannada language|Kannada]] 

| key_people = [[Nita Ambani]] 
[[Uday Shankar (businessman)|Uday Shankar]]
| sister_channels = [[Jio Star#Owned channels|JioStar Channels]]
| headquarters = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| website = {{URL|https://hotstar.com}}
| online_serv_1 = JioHotstar
| online_chan_1 = [[India]]
}}
The '''Star Sports Network''' is a group of Indian [[pay television]] [[List of sports television channels|sports channels]] owned by [[JioStar]], a joint venture between [[Viacom18]] and [[Disney India]], The network currently holds rights of flagship tournaments like [[International Cricket Council]] events, [[Indian Premier League]], [[Premier League]], [[ONE Championship]], [[Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon]] etc.

The networks were initially formed in 1991 as a joint venture between [[Disney Branded Television|Star TV]] and [[Tele-Communications Inc.]] (TCI) known as '''Prime Sports''', taking their name from TCI's [[Prime Sports|U.S. regional sports networks of the same name]]. In 1996, Star agreed to merge its sports networks in Asia with those of its rival [[ESPN International|ESPN]], forming [[Fox Sports (Asian TV network)|ESPN Star Sports]]. In June 2012, [[News Corporation]] acquired ESPN's stake in the joint venture; its corporate successor [[21st Century Fox]] was, in turn, acquired by ESPN's majority-owner [[the Walt Disney Company]] in 2019.

Star Sports is a major broadcaster of [[cricket in India]], holding the pay television rights to domestic national team matches, the Indian Premier League, and International Cricket Council tournaments. Streaming rights to many Star Sports properties are held in India by sister streaming service JioHotstar.

== History ==
[[Hong Kong]]-based [[Disney Networks Group Asia Pacific|Star TV]] launched Prime Sports (later renamed Star Sports) in partnership with American company [[Tele-Communications Inc.|TCI]], which owned [[Prime Sports|Prime-branded regional sports channels]]. The channel was broadcast across Asia, including India, as with the footprint of [[AsiaSat 7]]. Star TV has since regionalized the channel with several versions. Later, ESPN joined the region as a competitor to Star Sports.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fabrikant |first1=Geraldine |date=4 March 1996 |title=Broadcasters Bet on Sports As First Step In New Markets |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/03/04/business/broadcasters-bet-on-sports-as-first-step-in-new-markets.html |url-status=live |access-date=10 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427161343/https://www.nytimes.com/1996/03/04/business/broadcasters-bet-on-sports-as-first-step-in-new-markets.html |archive-date=27 April 2019}}</ref>

In October 1996, Star Sports announced an agreement to merge its operations with those of [[ESPN International]] in the region, forming a Singapore-based joint venture known as [[Fox Sports (Asian TV network)|ESPN Star Sports]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sullivan |first1=Maureen |title=Asian TV team christens venture ESPN Star Sports |url=https://variety.com/1997/scene/vpage/asian-tv-team-christens-venture-espn-star-sports-1117433553/ |access-date=11 January 2019 |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=15 January 1997 |archive-date=11 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190111232707/https://variety.com/1997/scene/vpage/asian-tv-team-christens-venture-espn-star-sports-1117433553/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=9 October 1996 |title=Rival sport channels ESPN, Star TV team up together |work=[[Advertising Age]] |url=https://adage.com/article/news/rival-sport-channels-espn-star-tv-team/11852/ |url-status=live |access-date=11 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190111190333/https://adage.com/article/news/rival-sport-channels-espn-star-tv-team/11852/ |archive-date=11 January 2019}}</ref>

In June 2012, it was announced that Star TV, by then owned by [[News Corporation]], would acquire ESPN's share in ESPN Star Sports.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Szalai |first1=Georg |title=News Corp. to Buy Out ESPN's Stake in Asian TV Venture |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/news-corp-buy-espn-asia-stake-334177 |access-date=8 January 2019 |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=6 June 2012 |archive-date=8 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108200807/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/news-corp-buy-espn-asia-stake-334177 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Steel |first1=Emily |title=News Corp to take over ESPN Star Sports |url=https://www.ft.com/content/2d4428ce-affa-11e1-ad0b-00144feabdc0 |access-date=8 January 2019 |work=[[Financial Times]] |date=7 June 2012 |archive-date=8 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108200820/https://www.ft.com/content/2d4428ce-affa-11e1-ad0b-00144feabdc0 |url-status=live }}</ref> The sale was completed in January 2013.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Engineer |first1=Tariq |title=As ESPN turns to Fox, expect more local Indian sports programming |url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/as-espn-turns-to-fox-expect-more-local-indian-sports-programming-608585.html |access-date=8 January 2019 |work=Firstpost |date=31 January 2013 |archive-date=8 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108202856/https://www.firstpost.com/sports/as-espn-turns-to-fox-expect-more-local-indian-sports-programming-608585.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=28 January 2013 |title=ESPN STAR Sports to be under STAR in India |work=[[Business Standard]] |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/espn-star-sports-to-be-under-star-in-india-113012800056_1.html |access-date=8 January 2019 |archive-date=8 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108201238/https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/espn-star-sports-to-be-under-star-in-india-113012800056_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> On 11 March 2013, Star Sports 2, a Hindi-language sports channel, was launched as a sister channel to Star Sports, Star Cricket and ESPN.<ref>{{cite news |title=ESPN Star Sports launches new channel |url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/7IEVw8wGZQb6BtCS0U8bvK/ESPN-Star-Sports-launches-new-channel.html |access-date=10 January 2019 |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |date=7 March 2013 |via=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |archive-date=10 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110183652/https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/7IEVw8wGZQb6BtCS0U8bvK/ESPN-Star-Sports-launches-new-channel.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 6 November 2013, Star Sports introduced a new brand identity and re-aligned its channels in India;<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 November 2013 |title=STAR India rebrands; sheds 'ESPN' branding |url=http://www.afaqs.com/news/story/39137_STAR-India-rebrands-sheds-ESPN-branding |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314042411/http://www.afaqs.com/news/story/39137_STAR-India-rebrands-sheds-ESPN-branding |archive-date=14 March 2018 |access-date=13 March 2018 |website=www.afaqs.com |language=en}}</ref> Star Sports became Star Sports 1; Star Cricket became Star Sports 3, a Hindi language channel; ESPN became Star Sports 4 and on 28 May 2017 Star Sports 4 became Star Sports 1 Tamil a Tamil language Sports channel, and Star Cricket HD and ESPN HD became Star Sports HD1 and HD2 respectively.<ref>{{cite news |title=Star Sports: A new logo, packaging & brand identity |url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/mam/media-and-advertising/ad-campaigns/star-sports-a-new-logo-packaging-brand-identity |access-date=10 January 2019 |work=Indian Television |date=8 November 2013 |archive-date=10 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110184426/http://www.indiantelevision.com/mam/media-and-advertising/ad-campaigns/star-sports-a-new-logo-packaging-brand-identity |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Star junks ESPN brand, launches Star Sports with 6 channels and website |url=http://www.mxmindia.com/2013/11/star-junks-espn-brand-launches-star-sports-with-6-channels-and-website/ |access-date=10 January 2019 |work=MxM |date=6 November 2013 |archive-date=12 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312160738/https://www.mxmindia.com/2013/11/star-junks-espn-brand-launches-star-sports-with-6-channels-and-website/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In Hong Kong, Taiwan and Southeast Asia, the ESPN Star Sports channels were relaunched by [[Disney Branded Television|Fox International Channels Asia Pacific]] as [[Fox Sports (Asian TV network)|Fox Sports]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Terrado |first1=Reuben |title=ESPN fades off in Asia as Fox takes over |url=https://www.spin.ph/multisport/espn-fades-off-in-asia-as-fox-sports-takes-over |access-date=8 January 2019 |work=Spin.ph |date=9 January 2013 |archive-date=8 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108200822/https://www.spin.ph/multisport/espn-fades-off-in-asia-as-fox-sports-takes-over |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Chan |first1=U-Gene |title=ESPN network to be renamed FOX Sports in Singapore, Asia |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/sport/espn-network-to-be-renamed-fox-sports-in-singapore-asia |access-date=8 January 2019 |work=[[The Straits Times]] |date=24 January 2013 |archive-date=8 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108200636/https://www.straitstimes.com/sport/espn-network-to-be-renamed-fox-sports-in-singapore-asia |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Christensen |first1=Nic |title=Fox to reorganises its sports channels |url=https://www.mumbrella.asia/2014/07/fox-reorganises-sports-channels |access-date=8 January 2019 |work=[[Mumbrella|Mumbrella Asia]] |date=4 July 2014 |archive-date=8 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108200942/https://www.mumbrella.asia/2014/07/fox-reorganises-sports-channels |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Valisno |first1=Jeffrey O. |title=Fox completes rebranding of sports channels |url=http://www.bworldonline.com/content.php?section=Arts&Leisure&title=fox-completes-rebranding-of-sports-channels&id=93364 |access-date=8 January 2019 |work=[[BusinessWorld]] |date=26 August 2014 |archive-date=8 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108201242/http://www.bworldonline.com/content.php?section=Arts&Leisure&title=fox-completes-rebranding-of-sports-channels&id=93364 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ESPN International later established a partnership with [[Sony Sports Network|Multi-Screen Media]] in October 2015, which rebranded Sony Kix as [[Sony ESPN]] in January 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SONY ESPN, SONY ESPN HD to launch on Jan 17th |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/sony-espnsony-espn-hd-to-launch-on-jan-17th-62958.html |access-date=2022-10-31 |website=Exchange4media |language=en |archive-date=31 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031002111/https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/sony-espnsony-espn-hd-to-launch-on-jan-17th-62958.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Star India planned to replace the troubled [[Channel V India|Channel V]] with Star Sports 1 Kannada on 16 November 2017, but the delay in regulatory approval meant the plan was postponed. Later, Star India replaced Channel V into the current iteration of Star Sports 3 on 15 September 2018,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bansal |first1=Shuchi |title=Star India tuning out of Channel V |url=https://www.livemint.com/Opinion/IbmvKfRcewrLcKYCEEla1O/Star-India-tuning-out-of-Channel-V.html |access-date=10 January 2019 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date=16 November 2017 |archive-date=3 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403110411/https://www.livemint.com/Opinion/IbmvKfRcewrLcKYCEEla1O/Star-India-tuning-out-of-Channel-V.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhagia |first1=Raushni |title=Star India to replace Channel V with Star Sports 3 |url=http://bestmediainfo.com/2018/08/star-india-to-replace-channel-v-with-star-sports-3/ |access-date=10 January 2019 |work=Best Media Info |date=23 August 2018 |archive-date=25 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825043535/http://bestmediainfo.com/2018/08/star-india-to-replace-channel-v-with-star-sports-3/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Star to launch Star Sports 3, continue sports investments: Gautam Thakar |url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/sports/star-to-re-launch-star-sports-3-continue-sports-investments-gautam-thakar-180824 |access-date=10 January 2019 |work=Indian Television |date=24 August 2018 |archive-date=10 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110235207/http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/sports/star-to-re-launch-star-sports-3-continue-sports-investments-gautam-thakar-180824 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Star India to launch multi-lingual channel Star Sports 3 on 15 Sep |url=https://www.televisionpost.com/star-india-to-launch-multi-lingual-channel-star-sports-3-on-15-sep/ |access-date=10 January 2019 |work=Television Post |date=24 August 2018 |archive-date=10 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110234958/https://www.televisionpost.com/star-india-to-launch-multi-lingual-channel-star-sports-3-on-15-sep/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and launched Star Sports 1 Telugu and Star Sports 1 Kannada as new channels on 7 and 29 December 2018, respectively.<ref>{{cite news |title=Star Sports 1 Kannada to launch on 29 Dec |url=https://www.televisionpost.com/star-sports-1-kannada-to-launch-on-29-dec/ |access-date=10 January 2019 |work=Television Post |date=21 December 2018 |archive-date=11 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190111054839/https://www.televisionpost.com/star-sports-1-kannada-to-launch-on-29-dec/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Harsh |title=Star Sports Kannada all set for December 29 launch |url=https://www.insidesport.co/star-sports-kannada-all-set-for-december-29-launch/ |access-date=10 January 2019 |work=InsideSport |date=21 December 2018 |archive-date=5 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805212645/https://www.insidesport.co/star-sports-kannada-all-set-for-december-29-launch/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In the meantime, Kannada commentary of Star Sports' coverage of the [[Indian Premier League]] was broadcast on [[Star Suvarna]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Rajender |title=Star Sports Kannada licence awaits clearance; IPL live on Survana |url=https://www.insidesport.co/star-sports-kannada-licence-awaits-clearance-ipl-live-survana-316032018/ |access-date=10 January 2019 |work=InsideSport |date=16 March 2018 |archive-date=3 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003080058/https://www.insidesport.co/star-sports-kannada-licence-awaits-clearance-ipl-live-survana-316032018/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[21st Century Fox]] was acquired by Disney on 19 March 2019, giving it ownership of Star Sports.<ref name="Szalai">{{Cite web |last1=Szalai |first1=Georg |last2=Bond |first2=Paul |date=20 March 2019 |title=Disney Closes $71.3 Billion Fox Deal, Creating Global Content Powerhouse |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/disney-closes-fox-deal-creating-global-content-powerhouse-1174498 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320064742/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/disney-closes-fox-deal-creating-global-content-powerhouse-1174498 |archive-date=20 March 2019 |access-date=20 March 2019 |website=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref>

Ahead of the [[2023 Indian Premier League]]—whose streaming rights would now be owned by [[JioCinema]]—Star Sports announced that it would launch feeds of Star Sports 1 Tamil and Telugu in HD on 15 March 2023. Concurrently, the Bangla and Marathi feeds were discontinued.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Das |first=Gourab |date=2023-03-03 |title=Star Sports isn't going to let Reliance take a 'free hit' in the galactic IPL viewership battle |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/media/star-sports-isnt-going-to-let-reliance-take-a-free-hit-in-the-galactic-ipl-viewership-battle/articleshow/98383524.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-03-13 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> In June 2023, in response to JioCinema's decision to stream every IPL 2023 match for free, Star Sports and Disney+ Hotstar announced that the [[2023 Asia Cup]] and [[2023 Cricket World Cup|2023 Men's Cricket World Cup]] would stream for free on mobile devices.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Livemint |date=2023-06-09 |title=Disney+ Hotstar allows free streaming of ICC World Cup 2023, Asia Cup |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/disney-hotstar-allows-free-streaming-of-icc-cricket-world-cup-2023-asia-cup-to-mobile-users-jio-cinema-11686291274143.html |access-date=2023-06-13 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>
== Channels ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="border-collapse:collapse; font-size: 90%; text-align:center"
!Channel
!Launched
!Language
!Availability
!Notes
|-
|Star Sports Select 1
| rowspan="2" |10 August 2016
| rowspan="4" |[[English language|English]]
| rowspan="2" |SD+HD
| rowspan="8" |
|-
|Star Sports Select 2
|-
|Star Sports 1
|6 November 2013
| rowspan="2" |SD+HD
|-
|Star Sports 2
|11 March 2013
|-
|Star Sports 3
|15 September 2018
| rowspan="1" |[[Hindi]]
|SD
|-
|-
|Star Sports 1 Kannada
|29 December 2018
| rowspan="2" |[[Kannada]]
| rowspan="2" |SD
|-
|Star Sports 2 Kannada
|15 March 2025
|-
|Star Sports 1 Hindi
|28 May 2017
| rowspan="2" |[[Hindi]]
| rowspan="2" |SD+HD
|
|-
|Star Sports 2 Hindi
| rowspan="2" |15 March 2025
|Replaced Sports18 1
|-
|Star Sports Khel
|[[Hindi]] ,
[[English language|English]]
|SD
|Replaced Sports18 Khel
|-
|Star Sports 1 Tamil
|28 May 2017
| rowspan="2" |[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| rowspan="2" |SD+HD
|
|-
|Star Sports 2 Tamil
|15 March 2025
|Replaced Sports18 3
|-
|Star Sports 1 Telugu
|7 December 2018
| rowspan="2" |[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| rowspan="2" |SD+HD
|
|-
|Star Sports 2 Telugu
|15 March 2025
|Replaced Sports18 2
|}

== See also ==
* [[Fox Sports (Asian TV network)]]
* [[Star Sports (East Asian TV channel)]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website}}

{{Star Sports}}
{{Disney Star}}
{{Sports Television in India}}

[[Category:Star Sports]]
[[Category:Prime Sports]]
[[Category:Disney Star]]
[[Category:Cable television in India]]
[[Category:Sports television networks in India]]
[[Category:English-language television stations in India]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 1996]]
[[Category:Indian Premier League on television]]

Namita Toppo

2026-04-13T03:44:54Z

CynthiaBegg56: adding new data.

{{Short description|Indian field hockey player (born 1995)}}
{{Prose|date=August 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox field hockey player
| name = Namita Toppo
| image =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1995|6|4|df=y}}
| birth_place = Jaurumal, [[Sundergarh district|Sundergarh]], [[Odisha]], India
| height = 1.63 m
| weight = 53 kg
| position = Midfielder
| currentclub = Odisha Mining Corporation
| years1 =
| clubs1 = [[Hockey Odisha]]
| caps1 =
| goals1 =
| years2 =
| clubs2 = [[Railways Sports Promotion Board|Railways]]
| caps2 =
| goals2 =
| years3 =
| clubs3 = Odisha Mining Corporation
| caps3 =
| goals3 =
| nationalyears1 = 2012–2022
| nationalteam1 = [[India women's national field hockey team|India]]
| nationalcaps1 = 168
| nationalgoals1 = 6
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport|Women's [[field hockey]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Field hockey at the Asian Games|Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[Field hockey at the 2018 Asian Games|2018 Jakarta]]|[[Field hockey at the 2018 Asian Games – Women|Team]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[Field hockey at the 2014 Asian Games|2014 Incheon]]|[[Field hockey at the 2014 Asian Games – Women|Team]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Women's Hockey Asia Cup|Asia Cup]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2017 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|2017 Gifu]]|}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2013 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|2013 Kuala Lumpur]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Women's Asian Champions Trophy|Asian Champions Trophy]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2016 Women's Asian Champions Trophy|2016 Singapore]]|}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2013 Women's Asian Champions Trophy|2013 Kakamigahara]]|}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2018 Asian Women's Hockey Champions Trophy|2018 Donghae]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Women's Hockey Junior World Cup|Junior World Cup]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2013 Women's Hockey Junior World Cup|2013 Mönchengladbach]]|}}
}}

'''Namita Toppo''' (born 4 June 1995) is an Indian former [[field hockey]] player.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Namita Toppo Profile|url=https://www.hockeyindia.org/players/namita-toppo-profile-274|access-date=2020-12-28|website=Hockey India|language=en|archive-date=21 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221171703/https://www.hockeyindia.org/players/namita-toppo-profile-274|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=SPORTS ODISHA : sportsodisha.com |url=https://www.sportsodisha.com/NewsOpen/6551/News |access-date=2026-04-07 |website=www.sportsodisha.com}}</ref> She hails from [[Sundargarh District]] of [[Odisha]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=PERSONALITIES |url=http://orisports.com/PersonDetails.aspx?pId=NTk1 |website=orisports.com |accessdate=31 July 2016}}</ref> On 27 December 2020, she was conferred with the 28th [[Ekalavya Award|Eklavya award]]. Toppo was honoured for her performance from April 1, 2018, to March 31, 2020, at both national and international levels.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-27|title=Hockey star Namita Toppo honoured with Ekalavya Puraskar|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/other-sports/hockey-star-namita-toppo-honoured-with-ekalavya-puraskar/story-WbWNQSbVXzGBJoZFaqB38J.html|access-date=2020-12-28|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
Namita Toppo, born on 4 June 1995, is a midfielder and a product of Sports Hostel, [[Panposh]], [[Rourkela]], [[Odisha]].<ref name=":0" /> Toppo made her state debut in 2007 and was then selected for Girls U-18 Asia Cup in [[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]] where she was part of Bronze medal-winning squad.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |url=http://hockeyindia.org/news/hockey-india-congratulates-namita-toppo-on-completing-150-international-caps.html |title=Hockey India Congratulates Namita Toppo On Completing 150 International Caps |website=Hockey India |date=21 July 2018 |access-date=28 July 2018 |archive-date=24 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724223037/http://hockeyindia.org/news/hockey-india-congratulates-namita-toppo-on-completing-150-international-caps.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Toppo represented the senior team for the first time in 2012 in the FIH champions challenge in Dublin.<ref name=":1" /> Namita was felicitated with Asuntra Lakra Award for the upcoming player of the year Award for 2014 by Hockey India.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fih.ch/news/the-first-ever-hockey-india-annual-awards/ |title=The first ever Hockey India annual Award |access-date=28 July 2018}}</ref> She made her 150th appearance for the national team against [[England]] in 2018 women's hockey world cup in [[London]].<ref name=":1" /> Namita was part of Olympic squad which represented India in the summer Olympics after 36 years. Namita Toppo, was one of the four players, who were made to sit on the floor of the train while returning to their home from Rio Olympics.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/olympics-2016/indian-women-s-hockey-team-players-made-to-sit-on-train-floor-probe-demanded-1480211 |title=Indian Women's Hockey Team Players Made to Sit on Train Floor, Probe Demanded |date=29 August 2018 |access-date=28 July 2018}}</ref>

==Awards and achievements==
Namita has represented National Hockey team of India in more than 150 matches.<ref name=":1" /> On 27 December 2020, she was conferred with the prestigious 28th [[Ekalavya Award]] for her contribution to the game. Toppo was honoured for her performance from April 1, 2018, to March 31, 2020, at both national and international levels.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hockey star Namita Toppo honoured with Ekalabya Puraskar|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/others/article/hockey-star-namita-toppo-honoured-with-ekalabya-puraskar/699753|access-date=2020-12-28|website=www.timesnownews.com|date=28 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

* Namita was felicitated by Mahanadi Coalfields limited in August 2014, with a cash award of Rs 1 lakh for helping India win bronze medal in the 2013 Junior women Hockey World Cup in Germany.
* Odisha government announced a cash award of Rs 75,000 for Namita for helping India win women's bronze medal in the 17th Asian Games at Incheon.
* She was felicitated with the Asunta Lakra Award for Upcoming Player of the Year 2014 (Women Under-21) and a purse of Rs

10 lakh by Hockey India in its annual award function at New Delhi on 28 March 2015.

* Received a special incentive of Rs 10 Lakh by Odisha Mining Corporation in 2016, for her participation in Rio Olympic Games.<ref name=":0" />

===International===
* Helped India win the bronze medal in the Girls U-18 Asia Cup Hockey Championship at [[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]] (25 September 2011).<ref>{{cite web |title=Bronze for India in the U-18 Girls Asia Cup |url=http://thefansofhockey.com/2011/09/25/bronze-for-india-in-the-u-18-girls-asia-cup/id-2339.html#.V556_6x36x4 |website=thefansofhockey.com |date=25 September 2011 |accessdate=31 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=India Get Bronze Medal in u-18 Asia Cup Women's Hockey |url=http://www.bharatiyahockey.org/2011/oct2011.html |website=bharatiyahockey.org |accessdate=31 July 2016}}</ref>
* Represented Indian senior women's hockey team in the [[FIH World League]] (Round 2) at [[New Delhi]] from 18 to 24 February 2013.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ritu Rani to Lead Indian Women's Team at World Hockey League Round 2 in Delhi |url=http://thefansofhockey.com/2013/02/05/ritu-rani-to-lead-indian-womens-team-at-world-hockey-league-round-2-in-delhi/id-9207.html#.V558w6x36x4 |website=thefansofhockey.com |date=5 February 2013 |accessdate=31 July 2016}}</ref>
* She was a part of the Indian team that won the bronze medal for the first time in Women's Junior Hockey World Cup at Monchengladbach in [[Germany]] on 4 July 2013.<ref>{{cite web |title=India win historic bronze at junior women hockey World Cup |url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/hockey/india-win-historic-bronze-at-junior-women-hockey-world-cup/article4988796.ece |website=thehindu.com |date=4 August 2013 |accessdate=31 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sushila to Lead India at Junior Women's Hockey World Cup in Mönchengladbach |url=http://thefansofhockey.com/2013/06/30/sushila-to-lead-india-at-junior-womens-hockey-world-cup-in-monchengladbach/id-11328.html#.V55_TKx36x4 |website=thefansofhockey.com |accessdate=31 July 2016}}</ref>
* Represented the country in the 3rd Women's Asian Champions Trophy in [[Japan]] in 2013.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hockey India names women's team for 3rd Asian Champions Trophy |url=http://sports.ndtv.com/hockey/news/216087-hockey-india-names-india-womens-team-for-3rd-asian-champions-trophy |website=sports.ndtv.com |accessdate=31 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160825190907/http://sports.ndtv.com/hockey/news/216087-hockey-india-names-india-womens-team-for-3rd-asian-champions-trophy |archive-date=25 August 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Represented the country in the 8th Women's Asia Cup in [[Malaysia]] in 2013.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Senior Women Hockey Team Announced For 8th Women's Asia Cup At Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia |url=http://hockeyindia.org/news/indian-senior-women-hockey-team-announced-for-8th-womens-asia-cup-at-kuala-lumpur-malaysia.html |website=hockeyindia.org |accessdate=31 July 2016 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* Represented the country in the FIH Champions Challenge 1 in [[Glasgow]] in 2014.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Women Team departs for Champions Challenge 1 |url=http://thefansofhockey.com/2014/04/09/indian-women-team-departs-champions-challenge-1/id-13543.html#.V56CiKx36x4 |website=thefansofhockey.com |accessdate=31 July 2016}}</ref>
* She was a part of the Indian team that won the women's hockey test series 6–0 against Malaysia held at [[Kualalumpur]]
from 9 to 17 June 2014.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ritu Rani to lead Indian Women Team for Malaysia Tour |url=http://thefansofhockey.com/2014/06/06/ritu-rani-lead-indian-women-team-malaysia-tour/id-13838.html#.V56EFqx36x4 |website=thefansofhockey.com |accessdate=31 July 2016}}</ref>

* She was a member of the Indian women hockey team that won the bronze medal in the 17th Asian Games at [[Incheon]] (South Korea) on 1 October 2014.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Players at Incheon Asian games 2014 |url=http://sports.mapsofindia.com/asian-games/indian-players.html |website=sports.mapsofindia.com |accessdate=30 July 2016}}</ref>

===National===
* Represented Orissa in the Women's National Games in 2010 (Runners up)
* Represented Orissa in the Sub-junior National Championships in 2008 (3rd position).
* Represented Orissa in the National Inter-School Games in 2008 (3rd) and 2011 (Champion).
* Represented Orissa in the National School Games in 2009 (Champion) and 2011
* Represented Orissa in the National Rural Games in 2009 (Champion).
* Participated in the Junior Nehru Cup Tournament in 2007, 2008, 2009 (Champions), 2010 (3rd position).
* Represented Orissa in the Senior National Championship in 2011 (3rd position).

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{sports links}}
*[https://www.hockeyindia.org/players/namita-toppo-profile-274 Namita Toppo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221171703/https://www.hockeyindia.org/players/namita-toppo-profile-274 |date=21 February 2022 }} at [[Hockey India]]

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LSD: Laal Suitcase Ta Dekhechen?

2026-04-01T20:22:37Z

CynthiaBegg56: created redirect

#REDIRECT [[List of Indian Bengali films of 2023#January – March]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R from film|year=2023}}
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Hemu

2026-03-29T02:47:40Z

CynthiaBegg56: enhance content per sources to improve readability

{{short description|General, Wazir and King (1501–1556)}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Hemu
| regnal name = Vikramaditya
| title = Maharaja Hemchandra Vikramaditya
| | image = Hemu captured by Akbar's forces in 1556.jpg
| caption = Hemu captured by [[Akbar]]'s forces, painted by Shankar, {{circa|1603–05}}
| reign = 7 October 1556– 5 November 1556
| reign-type = Rule
| coronation = 7 October 1556
| birth_date = 1501
| birth_place = [[Alwar]], Rajasthan
| death_date = 5 November 1556
| death_place = [[Panipat]], Haryana
| place of burial =
| predecessor = [[Adil Shah Suri]]
| successor = [[Akbar]]
| father = Rai Puran Das
| mother =
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
}}

'''Hemu''' ({{IPAc-en|'|h|eː|ˌ|m|uː}}; also known as '''Hemu Vikramaditya''' and '''Hemchandra Vikramaditya'''; died 5 November 1556) was an Indian emperor who previously served as a general and [[Vizier|Wazir]] of [[Muhammad Adil Shah (died 1557)|Adil Shah Suri]] of [[Sur Empire]] during a period in Indian history when [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] and [[Sur Empire|Afghans]] were vying for power across North India. He fought Afghan rebels across North India from [[Punjab region|Punjab]] to [[Bengal]] and [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] forces of [[Humayun]] and [[Akbar]] in [[Agra]] and [[Delhi]], winning 22 battles for [[Adil Shah Suri]].

Hemu claimed royal status after defeating Akbar's Mughal forces on 7 October 1556 in the [[Battle of Tughlaqabad|Battle of Delhi]] and assumed the title of Vikramaditya that had been adopted by many Indian kings and emperors in the past. A month later, Hemu was wounded by a chance arrow and captured unconscious during the [[Second Battle of Panipat]] and was subsequently beheaded by [[Akbar]], who took the title of [[Ghazi (warrior)|Ghazi]].

[[File:Akbar’s victory over Hemu at the Second Battle of Panipat. Mughal-style at Kishangarh, North India, circa early 18th century.jpg|thumb|Hemu has his hands bound is being crushed by the elephant, which is ridden by Akbar. Mughal style painting, circa 18th century]]

==Early life==

Contemporary accounts of Hemu's early life are fragmentary, due to his humble background, and often biased, because they were written by Mughal historians such as [[`Abd al-Qadir Bada'uni|Bada'uni]] and [[Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak|Abu'l-Fazl]] who served in the court of Akbar. Modern historians differ on his family's ancestral home and caste,{{sfn|Richards|1995|p=13|ps=: Richards states that Hemu was a [[Vaishya]]. Others name him a Gaur Brahmin,{{sfn|Sarkar|1960|p=66}} a Dhūsar Bhargav{{sfn|Majumdar|1984|pp=94, 97}} a Dhusar,{{sfn|Tripathi|1960|p=158}} a "Dhusar or Bhargava, who claim to be Gaur Brahmins",{{sfn|Chandra|2004|p=91}} a Dhusar, a "caste of the Vaish or Baniyas, who now claim to be Bharagava Brahmins",{{sfn|Qanungo|1965|p=448}} etc.}} and the place and year of his birth. What is generally accepted is that he was born in a Hindu family of limited means, and that he spent his childhood in the town of [[Rewari]] south-west of Delhi. Most historians believe that Hemu belonged to the Dhusar (also spelled, Dhansar) section of the Baqqal or [[Vaishya]] caste and Quanungo glosses that while Hemu was born a Dhusar Baniya, the community now regards itself to be [[Bhargava|Bhargava Brahmins]]. His father Puran Das, was spiritually minded, a follower of [[Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu|Hith Harivansh]], and frequently absent from home while touring to spread Harivansh's teachings . Due to his family's financial condition, Hemu at a young age started working as a tradesman,either as a green-grocer or selling saltpeter .{{sfnm|Tripathi|1960|1p=158|Sarkar|1960|2p=66|Majumdar|1984|3p=94}}<ref name="Smith">{{cite book |last=Smith |first=Vincent Arthur |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=y_BBAAAAIAAJ&pg=FA34& |title=Akbar, the great Mughal 1542-1605 |publisher=Clarendon Press |year=1919 |page=34-35 |authorlink=Vincent Arthur Smith}}</ref><ref name="Erskine">{{cite book |last=Erskine |first=William |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=1bYoAAAAYAAJ&pg=FA490& |title=A History of India Under the Two First Sovereigns of the House of Taimur, Báber and Humáyun, Volume 2 |publisher=Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans |year=1854 |page=490-493 |authorlink=William Erskine (historian)}}</ref><ref name="Sarker">{{cite book |last=Sarker |first=Sunil Kumar |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=H8GH0MBWfcoC&pg=FA36& |title=Himu, the Hindu "Hero" of Medieval India: Against the Background of Afghan-Mughal Conflicts |date=1 January 1994 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |isbn=978-81-7156-483-5 |pages=36–56}}</ref>

==Rise to prominence==
Details of Hemu's early career are vague and involve much speculation. Following his start as a seller of saltpetre, he is said to have been a trader or a weighman in the market. After [[Sher Shah Suri]]'s death in 1545, his son [[Islam Shah]] became the ruler of the [[Sur Empire]] and during his rule, Hemu rose to become the superintendent of the market in Delhi with some military experience under his belt.{{sfn|Chandra|2004|p=92}}{{sfn|Qanungo|1965|p=448}} Hemu is subsequently said to have been appointed the Chief of Intelligence and Superintendent of Posts.{{sfn|Qanungo|1965|p=448}} Other sources also place him as a surveyor of the imperial kitchens.{{sfn|Tripathi|1960|p=158}}

Islam Shah, who liked to place Hindus in command alongside Afghan officers so that they could spy on each other, recognised Hemu's soldierly qualities and assigned him responsibilities equivalent to those of a high-ranking officer.{{sfn|Qanungo|1965|loc=p. 448|ps=: Qanungo states that Islam Shah raised Hemu to the position that Brahmjit Gaur held under Sher Shah Suri. Brahmjit Gaur has been described as a "fort general".{{sfn|Myer|1995|p=48}}}} Hemu was then dispatched to monitor the movements of Humayun's half-brother, [[Kamran Mirza]], in the neighbourhood of [[Mankot]].{{sfn|Qanungo|1965|p=448}}

Islam Shah died on 30 October 1553{{sfn|Tripathi|1960|p=170}} and was succeeded by his 12-year-old son, [[Firuz Shah Suri|Firoz Khan]], who was killed within three days of his accession by his uncle, [[Muhammad Adil Shah (died 1557)|Adil Shah Suri]]. The new ruler was however more interested in the pursuit of pleasure than affairs of the state.{{sfn|Sarkar|1960|p=66}} But Hemu threw in his lot with Adil Shah and his military successes led him to being elevated to the position of Chief Minister and the general supervisor of the state.{{sfn|Tripathi|1960|p=158}} According to Abu'l-Fazl, Hemu "undertook all appointments and dismissals, and the distribution of justice" in the Shah's court.{{sfn|Qanungo|1965|p=448}}

== Military career ==

[[File:Fort Gwalior.jpg|thumb|[[Gwalior Fort]], the base for many of Hemu's campaigns.]]

Hemu, besides being a highly capable civil administrator, was also the finest military mind on the Afghan side after the demise of Sher Shah Suri.{{sfn|Sarkar|1960|p=66}} He is reputed to have waged and won as many as 22 battles against the opponents of Adil Shah.{{sfn|Chandra|2004|p=92}} Many of these battles were against Afghans who had rebelled against Adil Shah. One of these was [[Taj Khan Karrani]], a member of Islam Shah's court who, rather than serving Adil Shah, decided to flee with his followers from [[Gwalior]] towards the east. He was overtaken by Hemu at Chibramau and defeated, but somehow managed to escape and plundered and robbed his way to [[Chunar]]. Hemu gave chase again and fought Karrani at Chunar and was victorious once more. However, just as at Chibramau, Karrani gave him the slip again. Hemu asked Adil Shah—who had accompanied him—to remain at Chunar and proceeded to chase Karrani all the way to Bengal.{{sfn|Tripathi|1960|p=159}}

[[File:Agra 03-2016 16 Agra Fort.jpg|thumb|[[Agra Fort]], captured by Hemu before the Battle of Tughlaqabad.]]
After the victory of Humayun over Adil Shah's brother-in-law, [[Sikandar Shah Suri]], on 23 July 1555, the Mughals finally recovered Delhi and Agra. Hemu was in Bengal when Humayun died on 26 January 1556. His death gave Hemu an ideal opportunity to defeat the Mughals. He started a rapid march from Bengal and drove the Mughals out of Bayana, Etawah, Sambhal, Kalpi, and Narnaul.{{sfn|Chandra|2004|p=91}} In Agra, the governor evacuated the city and fled without a fight upon hearing of Hemu's invasion.{{sfn|Sarkar|1960|p=67}}

Hemu's most notable victory took place shortly thereafter against the Mughals at Tughlaqabad.

=== Battle of Tughlaqabad ===
{{Main article|Battle of Tughlaqabad}}

[[Tardi Beg Khan]], who was Akbar's governor in Delhi, wrote to his masters who were camped at [[Jalandhar]], that Hemu had captured Agra and intended to attack the capital Delhi which could not be defended without reinforcements. While the main army could not be spared due to the belligerent presence of Sikandar Shah Suri, Akbar's regent, Bairam Khan, realising the gravity of the situation, sent his most capable lieutenant, Pir Muhammad Sharwani, to Delhi. Meanwhile, Tardi Beg Khan had also ordered all the Mughal nobles in the vicinity to muster their forces at Delhi. A council of war was convened where it was decided that the Mughals would stand and fight Hemu, and plans were made accordingly.{{sfn|Tripathi|1960|p=174}}

After winning Agra, Hemu, who had set off in pursuit of the city's governor, reached [[Tughlaqabad]], a village just outside Delhi where he ran into Tardi Beg Khan's forces. The Mughals while outnumbered, put up a gallant fight against Hemu's forces which, according to Bada'uni,{{sfn|Chandra|2004|p=91}} included 1000 [[war elephants]], 50,000 cavalry, 51 cannons and 500 [[Falconet (cannon)|falconets]].{{sfn|Sarkar|1960|p=67}} [[Jadunath Sarkar]] describes the battle thus:{{sfn|Sarkar|1960|p=67}}

{{quote|The Mughal army was thus drawn up: Abdullah Uzbeg commanded the Van, Haidar Muhammad the right wing, Iskandar Beg the left, and Tardi Beg himself the centre. The choice Turki cavalry in the van and left wing attacked and drove back the enemy forces before them, and followed far in pursuit. In this assault the victors captured 400 elephants and slew 3,000 men of the Afghan army. Imagining victory already gained, many of Tardi Beg's followers dispersed to plunder the enemy camp, and he was left in the field very thinly guarded. All this time Hemu had been holding 300 choice elephants and a force of select horsemen as a reserve in the centre. He promptly seized the opportunity and made a sudden charge upon Tardi Beg with this reserve. At the impetuous advance of the huge beasts and the dense cavalry behind them, many of the Mughal officers fled away in terror without waiting to offer a defence. At last Tardi Beg himself took the same course.}}

Hemu's push was also bolstered by the timely arrival of fresh reinforcements from Alwar under the command of Haji Khan.{{sfn|Tripathi|1960|p=174}} When the previously victorious Mughal vanguard and left wing returned from their pursuit, they realised that the day was lost and dispersed without offering a fight. Hemu took possession of Delhi after a day's battle on 7 October 1556.{{sfn|Sarkar|1960|p=67}}

=== As Raja Vikramaditya ===

[[File:Maharaja Hemu Bhargava - Victor of Twenty Two Pitched Battles, 1910s.jpg|{{Circa|1910s}} portrayal of Hemu Vikramaditya|thumb]]
After taking control of Delhi, Hemu claimed imperial status{{sfn|Richards|1995}} and assumed the title of [[Vikramaditya]] (or ''Bikramjit''), an appellation used by a number of Hindu kings and emperors in India's ancient past. What this signifies is, however, a subject of speculation among historians.

Historians such as [[Satish Chandra]] do not believe that this implies that Hemu had declared himself to be an ''independent'' emperor. He reasons that, for one, none of the Mughal authors of the time explicitly say so in their histories. In the Akbarnama, Abu'l-Fazl writes that after Hemu's victory at Tughlaqabad, "the ambition of sovereignty" was stirring within him. According to Bada'uni, Hemu took on the title of ''Bikramjit'' like a great Raja of Hindustan. Another contemporary historian named [[Nizamuddin Ahmad]] merely states that Hemu took on said title, but refrains from saying anything more. Secondly, it would have been an ill-advised move as Hemu's military force was composed almost entirely of Afghans. According to Bada'uni, there were also some murmurings against Hemu amongst the Afghans who were "sick of his usurpation … prayed for his downfall".{{sfn|Chandra|2004|p=92}}

Other historians describe Hemu's claim to be an attempt to set himself up as an independent ruler,{{sfn|Wink|2012}} throwing off the yoke of Adil Shah's authority.{{sfn|Roy|2004|p=73}} [[Abraham Eraly]] quotes [[Ahmad Yadgar]]{{sfn|Hadi|1994|ps=: Modern critical scholarship however believes Yadgar's book to be of questionable authenticity.}} who states in his history of the Afghans that Hemu "raised the imperial canopy over him, and ordered coin to be struck in his name". This was done in connivance with the Afghans to whom he had liberally distributed the spoils. But Eraly notes that Hemu continued to humour Adil Shah with professions of fealty.{{sfn|Eraly|2000|p=120}}

Whether he had set himself up as an independent emperor or not, Hemu Vikramaditya's reign was to be short-lived as he would again clash with the Mughals only a month later. This time the battlefield would be at [[Panipat]], not far from the site where Akbar's grandfather, [[Babur]], had [[First Battle of Panipat|been victorious]] against the [[Lodi Empire|Lodis]] 30 years earlier.

=== Second Battle of Panipat ===
{{Main article|Second Battle of Panipat}}

[[File:The defeat of Hemu, Akbarnama.jpg|thumb|''The defeat of Hemu'', a {{circa|1590s}} painting by Kankar from the [[Akbarnama]]. Neither Hemu nor Akbar are depicted here suggesting that this might be part of a double-page composition.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mughal Painting Under Akbar: the Melbourne Hamza-nama and Akbar-nama paintings|url=http://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/essay/mughal-painting-under-akbar-the-melbourne-hamza-nama-and-akbar-nama-paintings/|website=www.ngv.vic.gov.au|access-date=18 July 2016}}</ref>]]
On hearing the disastrous news from Tughlaqabad, Akbar immediately set off for Delhi. Ali Quli Khan Shaibani who had been sent ahead with 10,000-strong cavalry force chanced upon Hemu's artillery which was being transported under a weak guard. He was easily able to capture the entire train of artillery. This would prove to be a costly loss for Hemu.{{sfn|Sarkar|1960|p=68}}{{sfn|Tripathi|1960|p=175}}

On 5 November 1556, the Mughal army met Hemu's army at the historic battlefield of Panipat. Akbar and Bairam Khan stayed in the rear, eight miles from the battleground.{{sfn|Sarkar|1960|p=69}} The Mughal army was led by Ali Quli Khan Shaibani in the centre with Sikandar Khan Uzbak on the right and Abdulla Khan Uzbak towards the left and the vanguard led by Husain Quli Beg and Shah Quli Mahram. Hemu led his army himself into battle, atop an elephant named ''Hawai''.{{sfn|Roy|2004|p=76}} His left was led by his sister's son, Ramya, and the right by Shadi Khan Kakkar.{{sfn|Sarkar|1960|p=68}} It was a desperately contested battle but the advantage tilted in favour of Hemu. Both the wings of the Mughal army had been driven back and Hemu moved his contingent of war elephants and cavalry forward to crush their centre. Hemu was on the cusp of victory when he was wounded in the eye by a Mughal arrow and collapsed unconscious. This triggered a panic in his army which broke formation and fled.{{sfn|Tripathi|1960|p=176}}{{sfn|Chandra|2004|p=93}} The battle was lost; 5000 dead lay on the field of battle and many more were killed while fleeing.{{sfn|Sarkar|1960|p=69}}

==Death==

The elephant carrying the wounded Hemu was captured and led to the Mughal camp. Bairam Khan asked the 13-year-old Akbar to behead Hemu. According to Akbar's later courtier [[Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak]], he refused to take the sword to a dead man. However, this is not attested by contemporary chronicler Muhammad Arif Qandhari who composed the "Tarikh-i-Akbari" states that Akbar followed Bairam Khan's advice and himself beheaded Hemu and took the title of [[Ghazi (warrior)|Ghazi]].<ref>{{Cite book |author=Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/837892 |title=Akbar the Great. |date=1962 |publisher=Shiva Lal Agarwala|page=10|quote=Bairam Khan asked his royal ward to earn the title of ghazi by slaying the infidel Hemu, with his own hands. We are told by a contemporary writer, Muhammad Arif Qandh that he complied with the request and severed Hemu’s head from his body. Abul Fazl’s statement that he refused to kill a dying man is obviously wrong|language=English |oclc=837892}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Kishori Saran Lal|author-link=K. S. Lal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HmBuAAAAMAAJ|title=Theory and Practice of Muslim State in India |date=1999|publisher=Aditya Prakashan|page=67|quote=It may be recalled that as an adolescent, Akbar had earned the title of Ghazi by beheading the defenseless infidel Himu|isbn=978-81-86471-72-2 |language=en}}</ref>{{sfn|Chandra|2004|p=93}} The account of Akbar's refusal to behead Hemu is probably a later invention of his courtiers.<ref>{{Cite book|author=S. Roy|chapter=AKBAR|editor=R.C. Majumdar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kHpDAAAAYAAJ |title=The History and Culture of the Indian People: The Mughal empire |date=1974 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan|page=106|quote=Bairam Khan begged him to slay Himu with his own hands in order to gain the reward of Jihad (crusade against infidels) and the title of Ghazi (hero combating infiedels). Akbar accordingly struck Himu with his sword. The story of Akbar's magnanimity and refusal to kill a fallen foe seems to be a later courtly invention|language=en}}</ref> Hemu's head was sent to [[Kabul]] while his body was [[gibbet]]ed on a gate in Delhi.{{sfn|Tripathi|1960|p=176}} A minaret was subsequently constructed of the heads of the other dead.{{sfn|Chandra|2004|p=93}}

===Aftermath===
[[File:Mughal miniature painting from an Akbarnama manuscript depicting a tower of skulls being built with the remains of Hemu's soldiers and supporters, circa 1590.webp|thumb|Mughal miniature painting from an Akbarnama manuscript depicting a tower of skulls being built with the remains of Hemu's soldiers and supporters, circa 1590]]
Hemu's family who lived in Machari (near [[Alwar]]) was captured by Pir Muhammad, a Mughal officer who had fought at Panipat. Pir Muhammad offered to spare the life of Hemu's elderly father if he converted to Islam. When the old man refused, he was executed.{{sfn|Tripathi|1960|loc=p. 177|ps=: Tripathi quotes from the [[Akbarnama]]:<ref>{{cite book|author1=Abu'l-Fazl|author-link1=Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak|title=Akbarnama|url=http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D00701022%26ct%3D18|access-date=8 July 2016|chapter=Vol II, Chapter XI|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815184219/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D00701022%26ct%3D18|archive-date=15 August 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
{{quote|The place was strong and there was much fighting, and the father of Hemū was captured and brought alive before the Nāṣir-al-mulk. The latter called upon him to change his religion. The old man answered, "for eighty years I've worshipped my God, according to this religion. Why should I change it at this time, and why should I, merely from fear of my life, and without understanding it come into your way of worship."

Pir Muḥammad treated his words as if he heard them not, and answered him with the tongue of the sword.}}}} However, Hemu's wife did manage to escape.{{sfn|Chandra|2004|p=93}}{{sfn|Tripathi|1960|p=177}}

With the passing of Hemu, Adil Shah's fortunes also took a turn for the worse. He was defeated and killed by [[Ghiyasuddin Bahadur Shah II|Khizr Khan]], son of Muhammad Shah of Bengal, in April 1557.{{sfn|Chandra|2004|p=93}}{{sfn|Tripathi|1960|p=177}}

The spoils from the battle at Panipat included 120 of Hemu's war elephants whose destructive rampages so impressed the Mughals that the animals soon became an integral part of their military strategies.{{sfn|Roy|2013|p=47}}

==Legacy==
[[File:Statue of Hem Chandra Vikramaditya at Panipat.JPG|thumb|A statue of Hemu at Panipat in modern [[Haryana]]]]
Hemu's rise from his humble beginnings in Rewari to the assumption of the imperial title of ''Raja Vikramaditya'' is considered a notable turning point in history. But if not for the stray arrow in a battle where he was in a position of strength, Hemu Vikramaditya could well have brought about a restoration of a "Sanskritic monarchical tradition" to a region which had been subject to Muslim rule for centuries.{{sfn|Richards|1995}} However, Given the Hemu's army and administrative base consisted of ethnic afghans loyal to 'Sur Dynasty', the feasibility of him retaining the royal status is questioned. it would have been an ill-advised move as Hemu's military force was composed almost entirely of Afghans. According to Bada'uni, there were also some murmurings against Hemu amongst the Afghans who were "sick of his usurpation … prayed for his downfall".{{sfn|Chandra|2004|p=92}}

Even Hemu's enemies were in grudging admiration of him. Abu'l-Fazl praises his lofty spirit, courage, and enterprise, wishing that young Akbar or perhaps a wise member of his court had deigned to keep Hemu prisoner rather than executing him, in the hope that he could have been persuaded to join imperial Mughal service where he would surely have distinguished himself.{{sfn|Chandra|2004|p=93}}

Hemu's supporters erected a memorial for him at Panipat now known as [[Hemu's Samadhi Sthal]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Hemu's Samadhi Sthal|url=http://haryanatourism.gov.in/showpage.aspx?contentid=5380|website=Haryana Tourism|access-date=13 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Places Of Interest / Hemu's Samadhi Sthal|url=http://panipat.gov.in/tourism.html|website=panipat.gov.in|access-date=13 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160628025108/http://panipat.gov.in/tourism.html|archive-date=28 June 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Chunar Fort]]
* [[Third Battle of Panipat]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==References==
{{ref begin}}
* {{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qoRDAAAAYAAJ | title=Military History of India | publisher=Orient Longmans | last=Sarkar | first=Jadunath | author-link=Jadunath Sarkar | year=1960 | pages=66–69 | isbn=9780861251551 }}
* {{cite book|last=Tripathi|first=Ram Prasad|title=Rise and Fall of the Mughal Empire|year=1960|edition=2nd|pages=158–77|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uK8qAAAAYAAJ }}
* {{cite book | chapter=Hemu: A forgotten Hindu Hero | title=[[The History and Culture of the Indian People]] | volume=7: The Mughal Empire | publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan | last=Majumdar | first=Ramesh Chandra | author-link=Ramesh Chandra Majumdar | year=1984 }}
* {{cite book|last=Chandra|first=Satish|author-link=Satish Chandra|title=Medieval India: From Sultanate To The Mughals, Part II: Mughal Empire (1526–1748)|date=2004|edition=Third|publisher=Har-Anand Publications|isbn=9788124110669|pages=91–93|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rm9MC4DDrcC|access-date=17 November 2014 }}
* {{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qrY9AAAAIAAJ | title=Sher Shah and his Times | publisher=Orient Longmans | last=Qanungo | first=Kalika Ranjan | year=1965 | pages=448–49 }}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Myer|editor1-first=Hanna|title=India 2001 : reference encyclopedia.|date=1995|publisher=South Asia Publications|location=Columbia, MO|isbn=9780945921424|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F_BtAAAAMAAJ|access-date=5 July 2016 }}
* {{cite book|author1=Abu'l-Fazl|author-link1=Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak|title=Akbarnama|url=http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D00701022%26ct%3D18|access-date=8 July 2016|chapter=Vol II, Chapter XI|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815184219/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D00701022%26ct%3D18|archive-date=15 August 2016|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC | title=The Mughal Empire (The New Cambridge History of India)| publisher=Cambridge University Press | last=Richards | first=John F. | author-link=John F. Richards | year=1995 | page=13 | isbn=9780521566032 }}
* {{cite book|last1=Wink|first1=André|title=Akbar (Makers of the Muslim World)|date=2012|publisher=Oneworld Publications|isbn=9781780742090|page=18|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rZmcAwAAQBAJ|access-date=17 July 2016|language=en }}
* {{cite book|last1=Roy|first1=Kaushik|title=India's historic battles : from Alexander the Great to Kargil|date=2004|publisher=Permanent Black|location=Delhi|isbn=9788178241098|pages=68–79|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jpXijlqeRpIC|access-date=17 July 2016 }}
* {{cite book|last=Eraly|first=Abraham|author-link=Abraham Eraly|title=Last Spring: The Lives and Times of Great Mughals|date=2000|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=9789351181286|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vyVW0STaGBcC|access-date=17 July 2016|language=en}}
* {{cite book|last1=Hadi|first1=Nabi|title=Dictionary of Indo-Persian literature|date=1994|publisher=Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts|location=Janpath, New Delhi|isbn=9788170173113|page=53|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qjJmzdJFOHwC|access-date=12 July 2016}}
* {{cite book|last1=Roy|first1=Kaushik|editor1-last=Coetzee|editor1-first=Daniel|editor2-last=Eysturlid|editor2-first=Lee W.|title=Philosophers of war : the evolution of history's greatest military thinkers|date=2013|publisher=Praeger|location=Santa Barbara|isbn=978-0-313-07033-4|pages=43–47|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DW2jAQAAQBAJ|access-date=20 July 2016|chapter=Fazl, Abul (1551–1602)}}
{{ref end}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Commons category|Hemu}}
;Mughal-era historians on Hemu
* [http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D00701021%26ct%3D143 Akbarnama] by Abu'l-Fazl
* [http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D03601021%26ct%3D124 The Muntakhabu-’rūkh] by Bada'uni
* [https://archive.org/stream/cu31924073036752#page/n253/mode/2up Tabaqat-i-Akbari] by Nizamuddin Ahmad
* [http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D80201015%26ct%3D14 Tārikh-i-Salātin-i-Afghāniyah] by Ahmad Yadgar
* [http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D80201014%26ct%3D125 Táríkh-i Dáúdí] by Abdullah

{{Mughal Empire|state=collapsed}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hemu}}
[[Category:1556 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian military leaders]]
[[Category:Sur Empire]]
[[Category:People executed by decapitation]]
[[Category:Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:People from Alwar]]
[[Category:People from Rewari]]
[[Category:Executed Indian people]]
[[Category:People executed by the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian monarchs]]

Sufism

2026-03-28T13:02:18Z

CynthiaBegg56: quick enhance structure per sources further and updated info for accuracy

{{Short description|Body of mystical practice within Islam}}
{{About|the body of mystical practice||Sufism (disambiguation)}}
{{Redirect|Sufi|sanctification in Islam|Tazkiyah}}
{{Sufism|all|width=19.0em}}
{{Islam |expanded=culture}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}

'''Sufism''' ({{Langx|ar|التصوف‎|translit=al-Taṣawwuf|rtl=yes}}) is a [[mysticism|mystic]] body of religious practice found within [[Islam]] that is characterized by a focus on Islamic [[Tazkiyah|purification]], [[spirituality]], [[ritual]]ism, and [[Asceticism#Islam|asceticism]].<ref>
* {{cite web | url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6abbf78.html | title=Iran: Information on Sufism or Tasawwuf (Islamic mysticism) in Iran |website=Refworld |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627211813/https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6abbf78.html|archive-date=27 June 2021|publisher=Canada: Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada|date=1 January 1991}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Cook |author-first=David |author-link=David Cook (historian) |date=May 2015 |title=Mysticism in Sufi Islam |url=https://oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-51 |encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion |location=[[Oxford]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.51 |isbn=9780199340378 |doi-access= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128012740/http://oxfordre.com/religion/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-51 |archive-date=28 November 2018 |url-status=live |access-date=4 January 2022|url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite journal|last=Anjum|first=Tanvir|date=2006|title=Sufism in History and its Relationship with Power |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20839016|journal=Islamic Studies|volume=45|issue=2|pages=221–268|doi=10.52541/isiri.v45i2.4632 |jstor=20839016|issn=0578-8072|url-access=subscription}}
* {{Cite book|last=Sebottendorff|first=Baron Rudolf von|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bV4oDwAAQBAJ|title=Secret Practices of the Sufi Freemasons: The Islamic Teachings at the Heart of Alchemy|date=17 January 2013|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1-62055-001-4}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Belhaj |first=Abdessamad |date=2013 |title=Legal Knowledge by Application: Sufism as Islamic Legal Hermeneutics in the 10th/12th Centuries |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43577536 |journal=Studia Islamica |volume=108 |issue=1 |pages=82–107 |doi=10.1163/19585705-12341276 |jstor=43577536 |issn=0585-5292|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Practitioners of Sufism are referred to as "Sufis" (from {{langx|ar|صُوفِيّ|translit=ṣūfīy|rtl=yes|label=none}}),<ref name="EI2">{{cite encyclopedia |year=2012 |title=Taṣawwuf |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam#2nd edition, EI2|Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |location=[[Leiden]] |editor1-last=Bosworth |editor1-first=C. E. |volume=10 |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_1188 |isbn=978-90-04-11211-7 |author2=Radtke, B. |author3=Chittick, W. C. |author4=Jong, F. de. |author5=Lewisohn, L. |author6=Zarcone, Th. |author7=Ernst, C. |author8=Aubin, Françoise |author9=Hunwick, J. O. |author=Massington, L. |orig-date=2000 |editor1-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth |editor2-last=van Donzel |editor2-first=E. J. |editor2-link=Emeri Johannes van Donzel |editor3-last=Heinrichs |editor3-first=W. P. |editor3-link=Wolfhart Heinrichs}}</ref> and historically typically belonged to "orders" known as {{transliteration|ar|[[tariqa]]}} ({{plural form|{{transliteration|ar|turuq}}}})—congregations formed around a grand {{transliteration|ar|[[wali]]}} (saint) who would be the last in a [[Silsilah|chain of successive teachers]] linking back to [[Muhammad]], with the goal of undergoing {{transliteration|ar|[[tazkiyah]]}} (self-purification) and the hope of reaching the [[Maqam (Sufism)|spiritual station]] of {{transliteration|ar|[[ihsan]]}}.<ref name="Tariqa">{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/583591/tariqa |title=Tariqa |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |date=4 February 2014 |access-date=29 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nasr |first=Seyyed Hossein |authorlink=Seyyed Hossein Nasr |title=The garden of truth: the vision and promise of Sufism, Islam's mystical tradition |date=2008 |publisher=HarperOne |isbn=978-0-06-162599-2 |oclc=191932004}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Back to Basics {{!}} Tazkiyah: An Introduction to Spiritually Blossoming This Islamic New Year |url=https://www.amaliah.com/post/66929/back-basics-tazkiyah-introduction-spiritually-blossoming-islamic-new-year |access-date=19 September 2023 |website=Amaliah}}</ref> The ultimate aim of Sufis is to seek the pleasure of [[God in Islam|God]] by endeavoring to return to their original state of purity and natural disposition, known as {{transliteration|ar|[[fitra]]}}.<ref name="AH Shadhili"/>

Sufism emerged early on in [[Islamic history]], partly as a reaction against the expansion of the early [[Umayyad Caliphate]] (661–750) and mainly under the tutelage of [[Hasan al-Basri]]. Although Sufis were opposed to dry legalism, they strictly observed [[Sharia|Islamic law]] and belonged to various schools of [[Fiqh|Islamic jurisprudence]] and [[Schools of Islamic theology|theology]].<ref name="britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Sufism |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sufism |access-date=26 June 2018 |last=Schimmel |first=Annemarie |quote=Opposed to the dry casuistry of the lawyer-divines, the mystics nevertheless scrupulously observed the commands of the divine law. [...] the mystics belonged to all schools of Islamic law and theology of the times.}}</ref> Although the overwhelming majority of Sufis, both pre-modern and modern, remain adherents of [[Sunni Islam]], some strands of Sufi thought transferred over to the ambits of [[Shia Islam]] during the [[late Middle Ages]].<ref name="Bos-2002" /> This particularly happened after the [[Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam|Safavid conversion of Iran]] under the concept of ''[[irfan]]''.<ref name="Bos-2002">{{cite book | last=Bos | first=Matthijs van den | title=Mystic regimes: Sufism and the state in Iran, from the late Qajar era to the Islamic Republic | publisher=Brill | publication-place=Leiden | date=2002 | isbn=1-4175-0678-4 | oclc=55505825 | author-link=Matthijs van den Bos}}</ref> Important foci of Sufi worship include {{transliteration|ar|[[dhikr]]}}, the practice of the remembrance of God. Sufis also played an important role in the [[spread of Islam]] through their missionary and educational activities.<ref name="britannica" />

Despite a relative decline of Sufi orders in the modern era and attacks from [[Islamic fundamentalism|fundamentalist]] Islamic movements (such as [[Salafi movement|Salafism]] and [[Wahhabism]]), Sufism has continued to play an important role in the [[Islamic world]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Global sufism: boundaries, structures and politics |date=2019 |first1=Francesco |last1=Piraino |first2=Mark J. |last2=Sedgwick |isbn=978-1-78738-134-6  |oclc=1091678717}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Newlon |first=Brendan |date=1 July 2017 |title=Nationalism, Language, and Muslim Exceptionalism |journal=American Journal of Islam and Society |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=156–158 |doi=10.35632/ajis.v34i3.789 |issn=2690-3741|doi-access=free }}</ref> It has also influenced various forms of spirituality in the West and generated significant academic interest.<ref name="howell" /><ref name="sedgwick2012" /><ref name="voll-OEIW" />

==Definitions==
The Arabic word {{Transliteration|ar|tasawwuf}} ({{lit.|Sufism}}), generally translated as "Sufism", is commonly defined by Western authors as Islamic mysticism.<ref name=chittick-OEIW>{{cite encyclopedia|first=William C. |last=Chittick |title=Sufism. ṢūfĪ Thought and Practice|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|editor-first=John L.|editor-last=Esposito|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford |year=2009 |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0759|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100603195417/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0759|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 June 2010}}</ref><ref name="Ernst-2004">{{cite encyclopedia|first=Carl W.|last=Ernst|title=Tasawwuf|editor-first=Richard C.|editor-last=Martin |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World|publisher=MacMillan Reference USA|year=2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Qamar-ul Huda |title=Striving for Divine Union: Spiritual Exercises for Suhraward Sufis |pages=1–4 |year=2003 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t1ORAgAAQBAJ |publisher=RoutledgeCurzon |isbn=9781135788438}}</ref> The Arabic term {{Transliteration|ar|Sufi}} has been used in Islamic literature with a wide range of meanings by both proponents and opponents of Sufism.<ref name=chittick-OEIW/> Classical Sufi texts, which stressed certain teachings and practices of the [[Quran]] and the {{tlit|ar|[[sunnah]]}} (teachings and practices of the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]]), gave definitions of {{tlit|ar|tasawwuf}} that described ethical and spiritual goals:{{refn|group=note|The following are among definitions of Sufism quoted in an early Sufi treatise by [[Abu Nasr as-Sarraj]]
 {{•}} "Sufism is that you should be with God—without any attachment." ([[Junayd of Baghdad]])
 {{•}} "Sufism consists of abandoning oneself to God in accordance with what God wills." ([[Ruwaym ibn Ahmad]])
 {{•}} "Sufism is that you should not possess anything nor should anything possess you." (Samnun)
 {{•}} "Sufism consists of entering every exalted quality (khulq) and leaving behind every despicable quality." (Abu Muhammad al-Jariri)
 {{•}} "Sufism is that at each moment the servant should be in accord with what is most appropriate (awla) at that moment." ('Amr ibn 'Uthman al-Makki)
}} and functioned as teaching tools for their attainment. Many other terms that described particular spiritual qualities and roles were used instead in more practical contexts.<ref name=chittick-OEIW/><ref name="Ernst-2004"/>

Some modern scholars have used other definitions of Sufism, such as the "intensification of Islamic faith and practice"<ref name=chittick-OEIW/> and the "process of realizing ethical and spiritual ideals".<ref name="Ernst-2004"/>

The term ''Sufism'' was originally introduced into European languages in the 18th century by Orientalist scholars, who viewed it mainly as an intellectual doctrine and literary tradition at variance with what they saw as the sterile [[monotheism]] of Islam. It was often mistaken as a universal mysticism in contrast to legalistic orthodox Islam.<ref>Huss, Boaz. "A Remarkable Resemblance: Comparative Mysticism and the Study of Sufism and Kabbalah". Esoteric Transfers and Constructions: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam (2021): 249–272.</ref> In recent times, the historian [[Nile Green]] has argued against such distinctions, stating that in the medieval period Sufism and Islam were more or less the same.<ref>{{cite book
|title=Islam, Literature and Society in Mongol Anatolia
|author=Andrew A.C.S. Peacock
|year=2019
|doi=10.1017/9781108582124
|isbn=978-1-108-58212-4
|s2cid=211657444
}}</ref> In modern scholarly usage, the term serves to describe a wide range of social, cultural, political, and religious phenomena associated with Sufis.<ref name="Ernst-2004"/>

Sufism has been variously defined as "Islamic [[mysticism]]",<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2006 |title=Ṣūfism and the Qurʾān |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |location=[[Leiden]] |editor-last=McAuliffe |editor-first=Jane Dammen |editor-link=Jane Dammen McAuliffe |volume=V |doi=10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQCOM_00196 |isbn=90-04-14743-8 |author-last=Knysh |author-first=Alexander D.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author-last=Milani |author-first=Milad |title=Handbook of New Religions and Cultural Production |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |year=2012 |isbn=978-90-04-22187-1 |editor1-last=Cusack |editor1-first=Carol |series=Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion |volume=4 |location=[[Leiden]] |pages=659–680 |chapter=The Cultural Products of Global Sufism |doi=10.1163/9789004226487_027 |issn=1874-6691 |editor2-last=Norman |editor2-first=Alex}}</ref><ref name="Martin Lings 1983, p.15">Martin Lings, ''What is Sufism?'' (Lahore: Suhail Academy, 2005; first imp. 1983, second imp. 1999), p.15</ref> "the mystical expression of Islamic faith",<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2014 |chapter=Sufis and Sufism |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Psychology and Religion |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer Verlag]] |location=[[Boston]] |last=Halligan |first=Fredrica R. |editor-last=Leeming |editor-first=David A. |editor-link=David Adams Leeming |edition=2nd |pages=1750–1751 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4614-6086-2_666 |isbn=978-1-4614-6087-9}}</ref> "the inward dimension of Islam",<ref>Titus Burckhardt, ''Art of Islam: Language and Meaning'' (Bloomington: World Wisdom, 2009), p. 223</ref><ref>Seyyed Hossein Nasr, ''The Essential Seyyed Hossein Nasr'', ed. William C. Chittick (Bloomington: World Wisdom, 2007), p. 74</ref> "the phenomenon of mysticism within Islam",<ref name="EI2" /><ref>Martin Lings, ''What is Sufism?'' (Lahore: Suhail Academy, 2005; first imp. 1983, second imp. 1999), p.12: "Mystics on the other hand-and Sufism is a kind of mysticism-are by definition concerned above all with 'the mysteries of the Kingdom of Heaven'".</ref> the "main manifestation and the most important and central crystallization" of mystical practice in Islam,<ref>Compare: {{cite book |last1=Nasr |first1=Seyyed Hossein |author-link1=Seyyed Hossein Nasr |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YQhoPEih04C |title=The Essential Seyyed Hossein Nasr |date=2007 |publisher=World Wisdom, Inc |isbn=9781933316383 |editor1-last=Chittick |editor1-first=William C. |editor1-link=William Chittick |series=The perennial philosophy series |location=Bloomington, Indiana |page=74 |quote=Sufism is the esoteric or inward dimension of Islam [...] Islamic esoterism is, however [...] not exhausted by Sufism [...] but the main manifestation and the most important and central crystallization of Islamic esotericism is to be found in Sufism. |access-date=24 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Shah|1964–2014|p=30}}. "According to Idries Shah, Sufism is as old as Adam and is the essence of all religions, monotheistic or not." See [[Perennial philosophy]]</ref> and "the interiorization and intensification of Islamic faith and practice".{{sfn|Chittick|2007|p=22}}

==Etymology==
The original meaning of {{transliteration|ar|ṣūfī}} seems to have been "one who wears wool ({{transliteration|ar|DIN|ṣūf}})", and the [[Encyclopaedia of Islam]] calls other etymological hypotheses "untenable".<ref name=EI2/><ref name=chittick-OEIW/> Woolen clothes were traditionally associated with ascetics and mystics.<ref name=EI2/> [[Al-Qushayri]] and [[Ibn Khaldun]] both rejected all possibilities other than {{transliteration|ar|DIN|ṣūf}} on linguistic grounds.<ref name=exeg>Rashid Ahmad Jullundhry, ''Qur'anic Exegesis in Classical Literature'', p. 56. [[New Westminster]]: The Other Press, 2010. {{ISBN|9789675062551}}</ref> Moreover, medieval scholars like [[Al-Biruni]] believed that the term 'Sufi' gradually evolved from the [[Greek language|Greek]] term {{lang|ell|σοφός}} ({{tlit|el|sophos}}), which means wisdom or knowledge.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Gholamali Haddad Ade  |title=Sufism An Entry from Encyclopedia of the World of Islam |publisher=EWI Press Limited |year=2012 |isbn=978-1908433084 |location=Edgware, London, UK |page=4 |language=en|quote=Scholars like Qushayri (ibid.) believe that there is no evidence that the term Sufi has been derived from an Arabic root. Moreover, Abū Rayḥān Bīrūnī believes that the origin of the term Ṣūfi stems from the Greek word sophos ("wisdom, knowledge").}}</ref>

Another explanation traces the lexical root of the word to {{transliteration|ar|DIN|ṣafā}} ({{lang|ar|rtl=yes|صفاء}}), which in Arabic means "purity", and in this context another similar idea of {{Transliteration|ar|tasawwuf}} as considered in Islam is {{tlit|ar|[[tazkiyah]]}} ({{lang|ar|تزكية|rtl=yes}}, 'self-purification'), which is also widely used in Sufism. These two explanations were combined by the Sufi [[Al-Hasan ibn Salih al-Rudhabari]] (d. 322 AH), who said, "The Sufi is the one who wears wool on top of purity."<ref>''The Naqshbandi Sufi Tradition Guidebook of Daily Practices and Devotions'', p. 83, Muhammad Hisham Kabbani, Shaykh Muhammad Hisham Kabbani, 2004</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mac.abc.se/home/onesr/f/Sufism%20in%20Islam.htm |title=Sufism in Islam |website=Mac.abc.se |access-date=13 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417203708/http://mac.abc.se/home/onesr/f/Sufism%20in%20Islam.htm |archive-date=17 April 2012}}</ref>

Others have suggested that the word comes from the term {{Transliteration|ar|Ahl al-Ṣuffa}}<ref>{{EI3|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/ahl-al-suffa-COM_22663|first=Roberto|title=Ahl al-Ṣuffa|last=Tottoli|date=2009}}</ref> ("the people of the [[suffah]]" or "the bench"), who were a group of impoverished companions of Muhammad who held regular gatherings of {{tlit|ar|dhikr}}.<ref>''A Prayer for Spiritual Elevation and Protection'' (2007) by Muhyiddin Ibn 'Arabi, Suha Taji-Farouki</ref> One of the most prominent companions among them was [[Abu Hurayra]]. These men and women who sat at the [[Prophet's Mosque]] are considered by some to be the first Sufis.<ref>The Bloomsbury Companion to Islamic Studies by Clinton Bennett, p 328</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sufiway.net/1sec4=ORigSUF811326.html |title=Origin of sufism – Qadiri |publisher=Sufi Way |year=2003 |access-date=13 August 2012 |archive-date=27 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127235314/http://www.sufiway.net/1sec4=ORigSUF811326.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==History==
{{main|History of Sufism}}

===Origins===
[[File:Rabia Sufi.jpg|thumb|[[Rabia Basri]], one of the earliest female Sufi mystics during the [[Umayyad Caliphate]]]]
[[File:Six Sufi masters.jpg|thumb|Six Sufi masters, {{circa|1760}}]]
The current consensus is that Sufism emerged in the [[Hejaz]], present-day [[Saudi Arabia]], and that it has existed as a practice of Muslims from the earliest days of Islam, even predating some sectarian divides.<ref name="Nasr-2008">{{Cite book |last1=Nasr |first1=Seyyed Hossein |title=The garden of truth: the vision and promise of Sufism, Islam's mystical tradition |date=2008 |publisher=Harper Collins |isbn=978-0061625992 |pages=45–3736–45-3736}}</ref>

Sufi orders are based on the {{Transliteration|ar|bay'ah}} ({{Langx|ar|بَيْعَة|lit=pledge}}) that was given to Muhammad by his [[Companions of the Prophet|companions (''ṣahabah'')]]. By pledging allegiance to Muhammad, the ''sahabah'' had committed themselves to the service of God.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://naqshbandi.org/teachings/topics/taking-initiation-bayah/|title=Taking Initiation (Bay'ah)|date=9 June 2021 |publisher=Naqshbandi Sufi Way}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4VswAAAAYAAJ|title=Classical Islam and the Naqshbandi Sufi tradition|page=644|publisher=Islamic Supreme Council of America|author=Muhammad Hisham Kabbani|isbn=9781930409231|date=June 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Tasawwuf [Sufism]|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World|year=2003|first=Carl W.|last=Ernst}}</ref>

{{blockquote|
Verily, those who give Bay'âh (pledge) to you (O Muhammad) they are giving Bay'âh (pledge) to [[God in Islam|God]]. The Hand of God is over their hands. Then whosoever breaks his pledge, breaks it only to his own harm, and whosoever fulfils what he has covenanted with God, He will bestow on him a great reward. — [Translation of Quran {{qref |48:10}}]
}}

Sufis believe that by giving {{Transliteration|ar|bayʿah}} (pledging allegiance) to a legitimate Sufi [[shaykh]], one is pledging allegiance to Muhammad; therefore, a spiritual connection between the seeker and Muhammad is established. It is through Muhammad that Sufis aim to learn about, understand and connect with God.<ref name="Naqshbandi">{{Cite web|url=https://naqshbandi.org/teachings/topics/taking-initiation-bayah/|title=Taking Initiation (Bay'ah) {{!}} The Naqshbandiyya Nazimiyya Sufi Order of America: Sufism and Spirituality|website=naqshbandi.org|access-date=12 May 2017}}</ref> Ali is regarded as one of the major figures amongst the ''sahaba'' who have directly pledged allegiance to Muhammad, and Sufis maintain that through Ali, knowledge about Muhammad and a connection with Muhammad may be attained. Such a concept may be understood by the ''hadith'', which Sufis regard as authentic, in which Muhammad said, "I am the city of knowledge, and Ali is its gate."<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O8HbK6QUhl8C&pg=PA461|title=Journal of a Sufi Odyssey|author=Shaykh Tariq Knecht|publisher=Tauba Press|isbn=9781450554398|date=9 November 2018}}</ref> Eminent Sufis such as [[Ali Hujwiri]] refer to Ali as having a very high ranking in ''Tasawwuf''. Furthermore, [[Junayd of Baghdad]] regarded Ali as [[sheikh]] of the principles and practices of ''Tasawwuf''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.alim.org/library/biography/khalifa/content/KAL/79/1|title=Khalifa Ali bin Abu Talib – Ali, The Father of Sufism |work=Alim.org|access-date=27 September 2014}}</ref>

Historian [[Jonathan A. C. Brown|Jonathan A.C. Brown]] notes that during the lifetime of Muhammad, some companions were more inclined than others to "intensive devotion, pious abstemiousness and pondering the divine mysteries" more than Islam required, such as [[Abu Dhar al-Ghifari|Abu Dharr al-Ghifari]]. [[Hasan al-Basri]], a [[Tabi‘un|tabi]]', is considered a "founding figure" in the "science of purifying the heart".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Brown|first1=Jonathan A.C.|author-link=Jonathan A.C. Brown|title=Misquoting Muhammad: The Challenge and Choices of Interpreting the Prophet's Legacy|date=2014|publisher=[[Oneworld Publications]]|isbn=978-1780744209|url=https://archive.org/details/misquotingmuhamm0000brow/page/58|access-date=4 June 2018|ref=JACBMM2014|page=[https://archive.org/details/misquotingmuhamm0000brow/page/58 58]}}</ref>

Sufism emerged early on in [[Islamic history]],<ref name="EI2" /> partly as a reaction against the worldliness of the early [[Umayyad Caliphate]] (661–750) and mainly under the tutelage of [[Hasan al-Basri]].<ref name="Nasr-2008" />

Practitioners of Sufism hold that in its early stages of development Sufism effectively referred to nothing more than the internalization of Islam.<ref>{{cite web|title="Sufism": A Tradition of Transcendental Mysticism |first=Nancy|last=Emara|date=30 August 2002|website=IslamOnline.net |url=http://www.islamonline.net/english/Contemporary/2002/08/article03.shtml|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724160152/http://www.islamonline.net/english/Contemporary/2002/08/article03.shtml|archive-date=24 July 2009}}</ref> According to one perspective, it is directly from the Qur'an, constantly recited, meditated, and experienced, that Sufism proceeded, in its origin and its development.<ref>Massignon, Louis. ''Essai sur les origines du lexique technique de la mystique musulmane''. Paris: Vrin, 1954. p. 104.</ref> Other practitioners have held that Sufism is the strict emulation of the way of Muhammad, through which the heart's connection to the Divine is strengthened.<ref>[[Imam Birgivi]], ''The Path of Muhammad'', WorldWisdom, {{ISBN|0-941532-68-2}}</ref>

Later developments of Sufism occurred from people like [[Dawud al-Ta'i|Dawud Tai]] and [[Bayazid Bastami]].<ref name="Karamustafa-2007" /> Early on Sufism was known for its strict adherence to the [[sunnah]], for example it was reported that Bastami refused to eat a watermelon because he did not find any proof that Muhammad ever ate it.{{sfn|Chittick|2007}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Nasr|first=Hossein|author-link=Hossein Nasr|title=An Introduction to Islamic Cosmological Doctrines|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IgVtq3kNCrYC&pg=PA192 |year=1993|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-1515-3}}</ref> According to the late medieval mystic, the Persian poet [[Jami]],<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jami |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica|title=Jāmī | Persian poet and scholar|date=5 November 2023 }}</ref> [[Abd-Allah ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah]] (died c. 716) was the first person to be called a "Sufi".<ref name=exeg/> The term also had a strong connection with [[Kufa]], with three of the earliest scholars to be called by the term being Abu Hashim al-Kufi,<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Knysh |first=Alexander D. |title=Abū Hāshim al-Ṣūfī |date=1 May 2011 |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |volume=3 |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/abu-hashim-al-sufi-COM_23645 |access-date=16 February 2024 |publisher=Brill |language=en}}</ref> [[Jabir ibn Hayyan]] and Abdak al-Sufi.<ref name="Mas15">{{cite journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bHg2DwAAQBAJ|pages=49–74 |journal=American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences |volume=32 |issue=1 |last=Masterton |first=Rebecca |author-link=Rebecca Masterton |title=A Comparative Exploration of the Spiritual Authority of the ''Awiliyā'' in the Shi'i and Sufi Traditions |publisher=International Institute of Islamic Thought |date=2015|doi=10.35632/ajiss.v32i1.260 |s2cid=166309522 |issn=0887-7653|url-access=subscription |doi-access=free }}</ref> Later individuals included Hatim al-Attar, from Basra, and [[Al-Junayd al-Baghdadi]].<ref name="Mas15" /> Others, such as [[Al-Harith al-Muhasibi]] and [[Sari al-Saqati]], were not known as Sufis during their lifetimes, but later came to be identified as such due to their focus on [[Tazkiyah|tazkiah]] (purification).<ref name=Mas15/>

Important contributions in writing are attributed to [[Uwais al-Qarani]], [[Hasan of Basra]], [[Harith al-Muhasibi]], [[Abu Nasr as-Sarraj]] and [[Said ibn al-Musayyib]].<ref name="Karamustafa-2007">{{Cite book|title=Sufism The Formative Period|last=Karamustafa|first=Ahmet|publisher=University of California Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0520252691|location=Berkeley}}</ref> [[Ruwaym]], from the second generation of Sufis in Baghdad, was also an influential early figure,<ref>{{cite book|last=Ridgeon|first=Lloyd|title=Morals and Mysticism in Persian Sufism: A History of Sufi-Futuwwat in Iran|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xBnHBQAAQBAJ|year=2010|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-97058-0}}, p. 32</ref><ref>[[Ibn Khallikan]]'s Biographical Dictionary, translated by [[William McGuckin de Slane]]. [[Paris]]: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. Sold by [[Institut de France]] and [[Royal Library of Belgium]]. Vol. 3, p. 209.</ref> as was Junayd of Baghdad; a number of early practitioners of Sufism were disciples of one of the two.<ref>Ahmet T. Karamustafa, ''Sufism: The Formative Period'', p. 58. [[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]]: [[University of California Press]], 2007.</ref>

===Sufi orders===
{{main|Tariqa|List of Sufi orders}}

Historically, Sufis have often belonged to "orders" known as {{transliteration|ar|[[tariqa]]}} (pl. {{transliteration|ar|[[tariqa|ṭuruq]]}}) – congregations formed around a grand master {{transliteration|ar|[[wali]]}} who will trace their teaching through a [[Silsilah|chain of successive teachers]] back to the [[Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]].<ref name="Tariqa"/>

{{blockquote|Within the Sufi tradition, the formation of the orders did not immediately produce lineages of master and disciple. There are few examples before the eleventh century of complete lineages going back to the Prophet Muhammad. Yet the symbolic importance of these lineages was immense: they provided a channel to divine authority through master-disciple chains. It was through such chains of masters and disciples that spiritual power and blessings were transmitted to both general and special devotees.<ref>Carl W. Ernst, Bruce B. Lawrence, ''Sufi Martyrs of Love: The Chishti Order in South Asia and Beyond'', Palgrave Macmillan, 2002, p. 22, {{ISBN|1403960275}}, 9781403960276</ref>}}

These orders meet for spiritual sessions ({{transliteration|ar|[[majalis]]}}) in meeting places known as {{transliteration|ar|[[Zawiya (institution)|zawiyas]]}}, {{transliteration|ar|[[khanqah]]s}} or {{transliteration|ar|tekke}}.{{sfn|Glassé|2008|p=499}}

They strive for {{transliteration|ar|[[ihsan]]}} (perfection of worship), as detailed in a {{transliteration|ar|[[hadith]]}}: "Ihsan is to worship Allah as if you see Him; if you can't see Him, surely He sees you."<ref>{{cite book|last=Bin Jamil Zeno|first=Muhammad|title=The Pillars of Islam & Iman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u-bNf9xCULsC&pg=PA19 |year=1996|publisher=Darussalam|isbn=978-9960-897-12-7|pages=19–}}</ref> Sufis [[Muhammad in Islam|regard Muhammad]] as {{transliteration|ar|[[al-Insān al-Kāmil]]}}, the complete human who personifies the [[Names of God in Islam|attributes]] of [[God|Absolute Reality]],{{sfn|Fitzpatrick|Walker|2014|p=446}} and view him as their ultimate spiritual guide.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Barelvi|url=http://www.shattariyah.blogspot.com/p/barelvi.html}}</ref>

Sufi orders trace most of their original precepts from Muhammad through [[Ali ibn Abi Talib]],<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|title=ʿAlī – Shiʿism, Sufism, and the chivalric orders|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ali-Muslim-caliph|access-date=12 June 2021|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> with the notable exception of the [[Naqshbandi]] order, which traces its original precepts to Muhammad through [[Abu Bakr]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Classical Islam and the Naqshbandi Sufi Tradition|last=Kabbani|first=Muhammad Hisham|publisher=Islamic Supreme Council of America|year=2004|isbn=978-1-930409-23-1|page=557|author-link=Hisham Kabbani}}</ref> However, it was not necessary to formally belong to a tariqa.<ref>Dagli, C., Ayduz, S. (2014). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Science, and Technology in Islam. Vereinigtes Königreich: Oxford University Press. p. 267</ref> In the Medieval period, Sufism was almost equal to Islam in general and not limited to specific orders.<ref name="Peacock">{{Cite book |first1=A.C.S.|last1=Peacock|title=Islam, Literature and Society in Mongol Anatolia|publisher=Cambridge University Press| date=2019|doi=10.1017/9781108582124|isbn=9781108582124|s2cid=211657444}}</ref>{{rp|style=ama|p=24}}

Sufism had a long history already before the subsequent institutionalization of Sufi teachings into devotional orders (''tariqa'', pl. ''tarîqât'') in the early Middle Ages.<ref name=Trimingham>{{cite book|first=J. Spencer|last=Trimingham|date=1998|title=The Sufi Orders in Islam|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-512058-5}}</ref> The term ''tariqa'' is used for a school or order of Sufism, or especially for the mystical teaching and spiritual practices of such an order with the aim of seeking [[haqiqa|ḥaqīqah]] (ultimate truth). A tariqa has a [[murshid]] (guide) who plays the role of leader or spiritual director. The members or followers of a tariqa are known as ''[[Murid|murīdīn]]'' (singular ''murīd''), meaning "desirous", viz. "desiring the knowledge of knowing God and loving God".<ref>{{cite thesis|type=Dissertation (Master of Science in Religion)|author=Mário Alves da Silva Filho|url=http://www.ibeipr.com.br/conteudo/academicos/misticaislamica.pdf|title=A Mística Islâmica em ''Terræ Brasilis'': o Sufismo e as Ordens Sufis em São Paulo|language=pt|trans-title=Islamic Mystique in Terræ Brasilis: Sufism and Sufi Orders in São Paulo|location=São Paulo|publisher=Pontífica Universidade Católica de São Paulo PUC/SP|date=2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414212630/http://www.ibeipr.com.br/conteudo/academicos/misticaislamica.pdf|archive-date=14 April 2015}}</ref>

Over the years, Sufi orders have influenced and been adopted by various Shi'i movements, especially [[Isma'ilism]], which led to the [[Safaviyya]] order's conversion to Shia Islam from Sunni Islam and the spread of [[Twelver]]ism throughout Iran.<ref>Daftary |Farhad |2013 |A History of Shi'i Islam |New York NY |I.B. Tauris and Co ltd. |page 28 |{{ISBN|9780300035315}} |4 August 2015</ref>

===Sufism as an Islamic discipline===
[[File:Dance_of_Sufi_Dervishes.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.8|Dancing dervishes, by [[Kamāl ud-Dīn Behzād]] (c. 1480–1490)]]
[[File:Hoeltzer24.jpg|thumb|[[Monar Jonban]], a "dancing" monument, built over the grave of the Sufi ascetic Amu Abdullah Suqla in 12th century. A person stands on top and shakes one minaret, causing the second minaret to move with the same oscillation.]]

Existing in both Sunni and Shia Islam, Sufism is not a distinct sect, as is sometimes erroneously assumed, but a method of approaching or a way of understanding the religion, which strives to take the regular practice of the religion to the "supererogatory level" through simultaneously "fulfilling ... [the obligatory] religious duties"<ref name=EI2/> and finding a "way and a means of striking a root through the 'narrow gate' in the depth of the [[rūḥ|soul]] out into the domain of the pure arid un-imprisonable [[Holy Spirit (Islam)|Spirit]] which itself opens out on to the Divinity."<ref name="Martin Lings 1983, p.15"/> Academic studies of Sufism confirm that Sufism, as a separate tradition from Islam apart from so-called ''pure Islam'', is frequently a product of [[Orientalism|Western orientalism]] and modern [[Islamic fundamentalism|Islamic fundamentalists]].<ref>Michael S. Pittman ''Classical Spirituality in Contemporary America: The Confluence and Contribution of G.I. Gurdjieff and Sufism'' Bloomsbury Publishing {{ISBN|978-1-441-13113-3}}</ref>

As a mystic and ascetic aspect of Islam, it is considered as the part of Islamic teaching that deals with the purification of the inner self. By focusing on the more spiritual aspects of religion, Sufis strive to obtain direct experience of God by making use of "intuitive and emotional faculties" that one must be trained to use.<ref name=Trimingham/> ''Tasawwuf'' is regarded as a science of the soul that has always been an integral part of Orthodox Islam. In his ''Al-Risala al-Safadiyya'', [[ibn Taymiyyah]] describes the Sufis as those who belong to the path of the Sunna and represent it in their teachings and writings.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}

Ibn Taymiyya's Sufi inclinations and his reverence for Sufis like [[Abdul-Qadir Gilani]] can also be seen in his hundred-page commentary on ''Futuh al-ghayb'', covering only five of the seventy-eight sermons of the book, but showing that he considered ''tasawwuf'' essential within the life of the Islamic community.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}

Al-Ghazali narrates in ''Al-Munqidh min al-dalal'':
{{blockquote|The vicissitudes of life, family affairs and financial constraints engulfed my life and deprived me of the congenial solitude. The heavy odds confronted me and provided me with few moments for my pursuits. This state of affairs lasted for ten years, but whenever I had some spare and congenial moments I resorted to my intrinsic proclivity. During these turbulent years, numerous astonishing and indescribable secrets of life were unveiled to me. I was convinced that the group of Aulia (holy mystics) is the only truthful group who follow the right path, display best conduct and surpass all sages in their wisdom and insight. They derive all their overt or covert behaviour from the illumining guidance of the holy Prophet, the only guidance worth quest and pursuit.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ppiuQgAACAAJ|title=Deliverance from Error: An Annotated Translation of Al-Munqidh Min Al Dal−al and Other Relevant Works of Al-Ghaz−al−i|last1=Ghazzālī|last2=Ghazzali|last3=al-Ghazali|first3=Abu Hamid Muhammad|last4=McCarthy|first4=Richard Joseph|date=1999|publisher=Fons Vitae|isbn=978-1-887752-27-5}}</ref>
}}

===Formalization of doctrine===
[[File:A_Sufi_in_Ecstasy_in_a_Landscape_LACMA_M.73.5.582.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|''A Sufi in Ecstasy in a Landscape''. [[Isfahan]], [[Safavid Persia]] (c. 1650–1660), [[Los Angeles County Museum of Art|LACMA]].]]

In the eleventh-century, Sufism, which had previously been a less "codified" trend in Islamic piety, began to be "ordered and crystallized" into [[tariqa|orders]] which have continued until the present day. All these orders were founded by a major Islamic scholar, and some of the largest and most widespread included the [[Suhrawardiyya]] (after [[Abu al-Najib Suhrawardi]] [d. 1168]), [[Qadiriyya]] (after [[Abdul-Qadir Gilani]] [d. 1166]), the [[Rifa'i]]yya (after [[Ahmed al-Rifa'i]] [d. 1182]), the [[Chishti Order|Chishtiyya]] (after [[Moinuddin Chishti]] [d. 1236]), the [[Shadiliyya]] (after [[Abul Hasan ash-Shadhili]] [d. 1258]), the Hamadaniyyah (after [[Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani|Sayyid Ali Hamadani]] [d. 1384]), the Naqshbandiyya (after [[Baha-ud-Din Naqshband Bukhari]] [d. 1389]).<ref>Seyyed Hossein Nasr, ''The Essential Seyyed Hossein Nasr'', ed. William C. Chittick (Bloomington: World Wisdom, 2007), p. 76</ref> Contrary to popular perception in the West,<ref name="Martin Lings 1983, p.16">Martin Lings, ''What is Sufism?'' (Lahore: Suhail Academy, 2005; first imp. 1983, second imp. 1999), p.16</ref> however, neither the founders of these orders nor their followers ever considered themselves to be anything other than orthodox Sunni Muslims,<ref name="Martin Lings 1983, p.16"/> and in fact all of these orders were attached to one of the [[maddhab|four orthodox legal schools]] of Sunni Islam.<ref name="themuslim500.com">{{cite web |title=Profile of Sheikh Ahmad Muhammad Al-Tayyeb on ''The Muslim 500''|url=http://themuslim500.com/profile/sheikh-al-azhar-ahmad-altayyeb|website=The Muslim 500: The World's Most Influential Muslims|access-date=4 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606040251/http://themuslim500.com/profile/sheikh-al-azhar-ahmad-altayyeb|archive-date=6 June 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Thus, the [[Qadiriyya]] order was [[Hanbali]], with its founder, [[Abdul-Qadir Gilani]], being a renowned jurist; the [[Chishti Order|Chishtiyya]] was [[Hanafi]]; the [[Shadiliyya]] order was [[Maliki]]; and the Naqshbandiyya order was [[Hanafi]].<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|author=Massington, L.|author2=Radtke, B.|author3=Chittick, W.C. |author4=Jong, F. de |author5=Lewisohn, L.|author6=Zarcone, Th.|author7=Ernst, C.|author8=Aubin, Françoise |author0=Hunwick, J.O.|date=2012|title=Taṣawwuf |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam|edition=2nd |publisher=Brill|editor=P. Bearman|editor2=Th. Bianquis|editor3=C.E. Bosworth|editor4=E. van Donzel |editor5=W.P. Heinrichs|doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_1188}} ''q.v.'' "Hanafi", "Hanbali", and "Maliki", and under "mysticism in..." for each.</ref> Thus, it is precisely because it is historically proven that "many of the most eminent defenders of Islamic orthodoxy, such as [[Abdul-Qadir Gilani]], [[al-Ghazali|Ghazali]], and the Sultan Ṣalāḥ ad-Dīn ([[Saladin]]) were connected with Sufism"<ref name="Titus Burckhardt 2008, p. 4">Titus Burckhardt, ''Introduction to Sufi Doctrine'' (Bloomington: World Wisdom, 2008, p. 4, note 2</ref> that the popular studies of writers like [[Idries Shah]] are continuously disregarded by scholars as conveying the fallacious image that "Sufism" is somehow distinct from "Islam".<ref>Martin Lings, ''What is Sufism?'' (Lahore: Suhail Academy, 2005; first imp. 1983, second imp. 1999), pp. 16–17</ref><ref name="Titus Burckhardt 2008, p. 4"/><ref>Rozina Ali, "The Erasure of Islam from the Poetry of Rumi", ''The New Yorker'', 5 January 2017</ref> Nile Green has observed that, in the Middle Ages, Sufism more or less was ''Islam''.<ref name="Peacock"/>{{rp|style=ama|p=24}}

===Growth of influence===
[[File:Jahangir with sufi.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8| A [[Mughal miniature]] dated from the early 1620s depicting the [[Mughal emperor]] [[Jahangir]] (d. 1627) preferring an audience with Sufi [[saint]] to his contemporaries, the [[Ottoman sultan]] and the [[king of England]], [[James VI and I|James I]] (d. 1625); the picture is inscribed in [[Persian language|Persian]]: "Though outwardly shahs stand before him, he fixes his gazes on dervishes."]]

Historically, Sufism became "an incredibly important part of Islam" and "one of the most widespread and omnipresent aspects of Muslim life" in [[Islamic Civilization during the European Renaissance|Islamic civilization]] from the early medieval period onwards,<ref>{{cite AV media |title=Is orthodox Islam possible without Sufism? – Shaykh Abdal Hakim Murad (Dr. Timothy Winter)|date=13 May 2015 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uQWNeGyRu0k |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/uQWNeGyRu0k| archive-date=11 December 2021 |url-status=live|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=June 2022}} when it began to permeate nearly all major aspects of Sunni Islamic life in regions stretching from India and Iraq to the [[Balkans]] and [[Senegal]].<ref>{{cite AV media |title=Dr. Jonathan A.C. Brown – What is Sufism?|date=13 May 2015 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MpFatRwdPm0|via=YouTube}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=June 2022}}

The rise of Islamic civilization coincides strongly with the spread of Sufi philosophy in Islam. The spread of Sufism has been considered a definitive factor in the spread of Islam, and in the creation of integrally Islamic cultures, especially in Africa<ref>For the pre-modern era, see [[Vincent J. Cornell]], ''Realm of the Saint: Power and Authority in Moroccan Sufism'', {{ISBN|978-0-292-71209-6}}; and for the colonial era, Knut Vikyr, ''Sufi and Scholar on the Desert Edge: Muhammad B. Oali Al-Sanusi and His Brotherhood'', {{ISBN|978-0-8101-1226-1}}.</ref> and Asia. The [[Senussi]] tribes of [[Libya]] and the [[Sudan]] are one of the strongest adherents of Sufism. Sufi poets and philosophers such as [[Khoja Akhmet Yassawi]], [[Rumi]], and [[Attar of Nishapur]] (c. 1145 – c. 1221) greatly enhanced the spread of Islamic culture in [[Anatolia]], [[Central Asia]], and [[South Asia]].<ref>Leonard Lewisohn, ''The Legacy of Medieval Persian Sufism'', Khaniqahi-Nimatullahi Publications, 1992.</ref><ref>Seyyed Hossein Nasr, ''Islam: Religion, History, and Civilization'', HarperSanFrancisco, 2003. (Ch. 1)</ref> Sufism also played a role in creating and propagating the culture of the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] world,<ref>Dina Le Gall, ''A Culture of Sufism: Naqshbandis in the Ottoman World, 1450–1700'', {{ISBN|978-0-7914-6245-4}}.</ref> and in resisting European imperialism in North Africa and South Asia.<ref>Arthur F. Buehler, ''Sufi Heirs of the Prophet: The Indian Naqshbandiyya and the Rise of the Mediating Sufi Shaykh'', {{ISBN|978-1-57003-783-2}}.</ref>
[[File:Blagaj – Vrelo Bune 5.jpg|upright=0.8|thumb|[[Blagaj Tekke]], built c. 1520 next to the [[Buna (Neretva)|Buna]] wellspring cavern beneath a high vertical [[karstic]] cliff, in [[Blagaj, Mostar]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia]]. The natural and architectural ensemble, proposed for UNESCO inscription,<ref>{{cite web|title=The natural and architectural ensemble of Blagaj |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5280/ |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre – Tentative List of Bosnia and Herzegovina |date=11 December 2007 |access-date=2 May 2020}}</ref> forms a spatially and topographically self-contained ensemble, and is a [[List of National Monuments of Bosnia and Herzegovina|National Monument of Bosnia]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Tekke in Blagaj on the Buna Spring, the natural and architectural ensemble of Blagaj |url=http://old.kons.gov.ba/main.php?id_struct=50&lang=4&action=view&id=2558 |publisher=Commission to Preserve National Monuments of Bosnia and Herzegovina "Tekke in Blagaj on the Buna Spring, the natural and architectural ensemble of Blagaj" |date= 9 May 2005|access-date=2 May 2020}}</ref>]]

Between the 13th and 16th centuries, Sufism produced a flourishing intellectual culture throughout the Islamic world, a "Renaissance" whose physical artifacts survive.{{citation needed|date=October 2017}} In many places a person or group would endow a [[waqf]] to maintain a lodge (known variously as a ''zawiya'', ''khanqah'', or ''tekke'') to provide a gathering place for Sufi adepts, as well as lodging for itinerant seekers of knowledge. The same system of endowments could also pay for a complex of buildings, such as that surrounding the [[Süleymaniye Mosque]] in [[Istanbul]], including a lodge for Sufi seekers, a [[hospice]] with kitchens where these seekers could serve the poor and/or complete a period of initiation, a library, and other structures. No important domain in the civilization of Islam remained unaffected by Sufism in this period.<ref>Victor Danner, ''The Islamic Tradition: An introduction''. Amity House. February 1988.</ref>

===Modern era===
Opposition to Sufi teachers and orders from more literalist and legalist strains of Islam existed in various forms throughout Islamic history. It took on a particularly violent form in the 18th century with the emergence of the [[Wahhabism|Wahhabi movement]].<ref name=OEIW-voll>{{cite encyclopedia|first=John O.|last=Voll|title=ṢūfĪ Orders|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic 9.3World|editor=[[John L. Esposito]]|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|location=Oxford|year=2009|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/print/opr/t236/e0759|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121124035305/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/print/opr/t236/e0759|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 November 2012}}</ref>

[[File:Whirling dervishes in Galata Mawlawi House, 1870.png|thumb|Whirling dervishes of the [[Mevlevi Order]] photographed by [[Pascal Sébah]] ([[Istanbul]], 1870)]]

Around the turn of the 20th century, Sufi rituals and doctrines also came under sustained criticism from [[Islamic modernism|modernist Islamic reformers]], liberal nationalists, and, some decades later, socialist movements in the Muslim world. Sufi orders were accused of fostering popular superstitions, resisting modern intellectual attitudes, and standing in the way of progressive reforms. Ideological attacks on Sufism were reinforced by agrarian and educational reforms, as well as new forms of taxation, which were instituted by Westernizing national governments, undermining the economic foundations of Sufi orders. The extent to which Sufi orders declined in the first half of the 20th century varied from country to country, but by the middle of the century the very survival of the orders and traditional Sufi lifestyle appeared doubtful to many observers.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia| first=Alexander |last=Knysh| entry=Sufism|title=The New Cambridge History of Islam|series=Volume 4: Islamic Cultures and Societies to the End of the Eighteenth Century |publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2010 |editor-first=Robert|editor-last=Irwin|pages=60–61}}</ref><ref name=OEIW-voll/>

However, defying these predictions, Sufism and Sufi orders have continued to play a major role in the Muslim world, also expanding into Muslim-minority countries. Its ability to articulate an inclusive Islamic identity with greater emphasis on personal and small-group piety has made Sufism especially well-suited for contexts characterized by religious pluralism and secularist perspectives.<ref name=OEIW-voll/>

In the modern world, the classical interpretation of Sunni orthodoxy, which sees in Sufism an essential dimension of Islam alongside the disciplines of [[fiqh|jurisprudence]] and [[aqidah|theology]], is represented by institutions such as [[Egypt]]'s [[Al-Azhar University]] and [[Zaytuna College]], with Al-Azhar's current [[Grand Imam of al-Azhar|Grand Imam]] [[Ahmed el-Tayeb]] recently defining "Sunni orthodoxy" as being a follower "of any of the four schools of [legal] thought ([[Hanafi]], [[Shafi’i]], [[Maliki]] or [[Hanbali]]) and ... [also] of the Sufism of Imam [[Junayd of Baghdad]] in doctrines, manners and [spiritual] purification."<ref name="themuslim500.com"/>

The relationship of Sufi orders to modern societies is usually defined by their relationship to governments.<ref>Masatoshi Kisaichi, "The Burhami order and Islamic resurgence in modern Egypt". ''Popular Movements and Democratization in the Islamic World'', p. 57. Part of the New Horizons in Islamic Studies series. Ed. Masatoshi Kisaichi. London: Routledge, 2006. {{ISBN|9781134150618}}</ref>

[[File:تراث مصري 03.jpg|thumb|Sufi Tanoura twirling in [[Muizz Street]], [[Cairo]]]]

Turkey, Persia and The Indian Subcontinent have all been a center for many Sufi lineages and orders. The Bektashi were closely affiliated with the Ottoman [[Janissaries]] and are the heart of Turkey's large and mostly liberal [[Alevism|Alevi]] population. They have spread westwards to [[Cyprus]], Greece, Albania, Bulgaria, North Macedonia, [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Kosovo]], and, more recently, to the United States, via [[Albania]]. Sufism is popular in such African countries as Egypt, Tunisia, Algeria, Sudan, Morocco, and [[Senegal]], where it is seen as a mystical expression of Islam.{{sfn|Babou|2007|p=184–6}} Mbacke suggests that one reason Sufism has taken hold in Senegal is because it can accommodate local beliefs and customs, which tend toward the [[mysticism|mystical]].{{sfn|Mbacké|Hunwick|2005}}

The life of the Algerian Sufi master [[Abdelkader El Djezairi]] is instructive in this regard.{{sfn|Chodkiewicz|1995|loc=Introduction}} Notable as well are the lives of [[Amadou Bamba]] and [[El Hadj Umar Tall]] in [[West Africa]], and [[Sheikh Mansur]] and [[Imam Shamil]] in the [[Caucasus]]. In the twentieth century, some Muslims have called Sufism a superstitious religion which holds back Islamic achievement in the fields of science and technology.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2260?_hi=6&_pos=2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119133444/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2260?_hi=6&_pos=2|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 November 2012|title=Sufism|website=Oxford Islamic Studies Online|access-date=26 August 2015}}</ref>

A number of Westerners have embarked with varying degrees of success on the path of Sufism. One of the first to return to Europe as an official representative of a Sufi order, and with the specific purpose to spread Sufism in Western Europe, was the [[Sweden|Swedish]]-born wandering Sufi [[Ivan Aguéli]]. [[René Guénon]], the French scholar, became a Sufi in the early twentieth century and was known as Sheikh Abdul Wahid Yahya. His manifold writings defined the practice of Sufism as the essence of Islam, but also pointed to the universality of its message. Spiritualists, such as [[George Gurdjieff]], may or may not conform to the tenets of Sufism as understood by orthodox Muslims.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Googelberg|first=compiled form Wikipedia entries and published by Dr|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OXACBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA407|title=Islam|date=22 November 2012 |publisher=Lulu.com|isbn=978-1-291-21521-2}}</ref>

==Sufi orders==
=== Silsila ===
This chart explains the spiritual chain (''[[silsila]]'') of major Sufi orders and their connection to the Prophet Muhammad.<ref name="Trimingham" />

''Note: This chart is intended to help illustrate how spiritual masters are connected through the lineage. To keep it less cluttered, the names of intermediate spiritual masters have been omitted. For a detailed lineage of the spiritual orders, please visit their respective pages.''

{{Chart top|width=40%|collapsed=no|Sufi Order}}

{{Tree chart/start|align=center|style=font-size:70%}}

{{Tree chart|border=6| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Prophet Muhammad]]''' d. 632|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700;background:#73f84c;font-size: 15px;font-style:italic|}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|^|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=4| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | |A02 | | | |A03 | | | | | | | |A04 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Abu Bakr]]''' d. 634|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700;background:#96f83e;font-size: 13px|
A02='''[[Umar]]''' d. 644|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FFD700;background:#96f83e;font-size: 13px|
A03='''[[Uthman]]''' d. 656|boxstyle_A03=border-color:#FFD700;background:#96f83e;font-size: 13px|
A04='''[[Ali]]''' d. 661|boxstyle_A04=border-color:#FFD700;background:#96f83e;font-size: 13px}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart|border=3| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01| | | | | | | | | |A03 | | | | | |A02| | | | | | | |A04 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Salman the Persian]]''' d. 653 |boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700;background:#96f83e;font-size: 12px|
A02='''[[Hasan ibn Ali]]''' d. 670 |boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FFD700;background:#96f83e;font-size: 12px|
A03='''[[Husayn ibn Ali]]''' d. 680 |boxstyle_A03=border-color:#FFD700;background:#96f83e;font-size: 12px|
A04='''[[Hasan al Basri]]''' d.728 |boxstyle_A04=border-color:#FFD700;background:#96f83e;font-size: 12px|}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |:| | | | | | | | | | | |:| | | | |F|~|~|A|~|~|~|~|7| | ,|-|-|^|-|-|.| | | |}}
{{Tree chart|border=2| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |L|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|A01| | | |:|| | | || | |:|A02 | | | |A03 | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Imam Jafar Sadiq ]]''' |boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700;background:#96f83e;font-size: 12px|
A02='''[[Habib al-Ajami]]''' |boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FFD700;background:#96f83e;font-size: 12px|
A03='''[[Abd al-Wahid ibn Zaid]]''' |boxstyle_A03=border-color:#FFD700;background:#96f83e;font-size: 12px|
}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |F|~|~|~|~|~| A |~|M|~|~|%|~|7| |F|~|~|~|%|A|~|~|7| | | | |:|}}
{{Tree chart|border=3| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |||||A03 |||| ||Q|||:||A01 | | | |:||||:|| | |A02| |
A01='''[[Bayazid Bastami ]]''' |boxstyle_A01=border-color:#1ff5c7; background:#fae051;font-size: 14px|
A02='''[[Al-Fudayl ibn 'Iyad]]''' |boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FFD700;background:#fae051|
A03='''[[Ahmad al-Rifa'i]]''' ''([[Rifa'i]] Sufi Order)''|boxstyle_A03=border-color:#FFD700;background:#98FB98|
}}
{{Tree chart|border=3| | | | | | | | | || | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |:| | | | | | | |Y|P|P|b2|P|P|b2|P|P|P|P|b2|P|P|A01 | | | |:| | |
A01='''[[Maruf Karkhi]]''' |boxstyle_A01=border-color:#1ff5c7;background:#fae051;font-size: 15px|
}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ||A01|~|~|~|A02 | | | | | ||||:|||:|||||:|| ||:| | | | |:| |

A02='''[[Ahmad al-Badawi]]''' ''([[Badawiyyah]] Sufi Order)''|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FFD700;background:#A4F7D0|

A01='''[[Ibrahim al-Desuqi]]''' ''([[Burhaniyya]] Sufi Order)''|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700;background:#A4F7D0|
}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ||||:||A01||||:|||A02 | | | |:| | |
A01='''[[Abu al-Hassan al-Kharaqani]]''' |boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700;background:#fae051|
A02='''[[Sari al-Saqati]]''' |boxstyle_A02=border-color:#1ff5c7;background:#fae051;font-size: 15px|

}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A02|~|~|~|~|~|~|V|~|~|~|~|%|~|~|J| | | | |:| ||:|||||A01 || | |
A01='''[[Ibrahim ibn Adham]]''' |boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700;background:#fae051;font-size: 15px|
A02='''[[Abdullah Shattar]]''' ''([[Shattariyya]] Sufi Order)''|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FFD700;background:#98FB98|
}}

{{Tree chart|border=3| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01| | ||L|7||| | | | |L|A02 | | | | | |:| | | | | |
A01='''[[Yusuf Hamadani]]''' |boxstyle_A01=border-color:#4aef19;background:#fae051;font-size: 14px|
A02='''[[Junayd Baghdadi ]]''' <big> </big>|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#4aef19;background:#fae051;font-size: 14px|
}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ||F|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|V|A|~|~|~|7| |:|F|~|~|~|~|~|V|~|A|V|~|~|~|~|7|:| | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01| | | | | || | |A02 | | |A03 | |:|A04 | | ||:| |A05 | || |A06| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
A01='''[[Abdul Khaliq Ghijduwani]]''' ''([[Khwajagan]] Sufi Order)''|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700;background:#98FB98|
A02='''[[Zahed Gilani]]''' ''([[Zahediyya]] Sufi Order)''|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FFD700;background:#98FB98|
A03='''[[Ahmad Yasawi]]''' ''([[Ahmad Yasawi|Yasawiya]] Sufi Order)''|boxstyle_A03=border-color:#FFD700;background:#98FB98|
A04='''[[Abu Bakr al-Shibli]]''' |boxstyle_A04=border-color:#FFD700;background:#fae051|
A05='''[[Rudbari|Abu Al-Rudbari]]''' |boxstyle_A05=border-color:#FFD700;background:#fae051|
A06='''[[Mumshad Al-Dinawari]]''' |boxstyle_A06=border-color:#FFD700;background:#fae051|}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | || | || | | | | | || | || | |:| | | | | | | |F|~|~|A|~|7|| |:|||:| |:| | |||:|| |:| ||F|~|~|A|~|~|~|7| | | | |
}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | || | || | | | | | || | |||A01 || | | | |A02||A03||A04||:| |o2|P|P|P|P|b2|P|A05 ||:| ||||||A07| | | |||
A01='''[[Bahauddin Naqshband]]''' ''([[Naqshbandi]] Sufi Order)''|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700; background:#98FB98;font-size: 12px;font-style:italic|
A02='''[[Umar Khalwati]]''' ''([[Khalwati]] Sufi Order)''|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FFD700;background:#98FB98|
A03='''[[Safi-ad-Din Ardabili]]''' ''([[Safaviyya]] Sufi Order)''|boxstyle_A03=border-color:#FFD700;background:#98FB98|
A04='''[[Haji Bektash Veli]]''' ''([[Bektashi]] Sufi Order)''|boxstyle_A04=border-color:#FFD700;background:#98FB98|
A05='''[[Abu Bakr Nassaj Tusi]]''' |boxstyle_A05=border-color:#FFD700;background:#98FB98;background:#fae051|
A07='''[[Abu Ishaq Shami |Abu Ishaq Shami Chishti]]''' |boxstyle_A07=border-color:#FFD700;background:#98FB98|
}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | || | || | | | | | || | ||||: || | | | | || ||||:| | || | |F|J||:| |||A01 ||:|||:|||||||:||||
A01='''[[Abu Madyan]]''' ''([[Madyani]] Sufi Order)''|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700; background:#98FB98|
}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | |A02 | | | | |:| |A03 | | | |:| |A04| |:|| | | | | |A05| | | |
A01='''[[Khwaja Ahrar]]''' ''([[Ahrari]] Sufi Order)''|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700; background:#98FB98|
A02='''[[Haji Bayram Veli|Hajji Bayram]]''' ''([[Bayrami]] Sufi Order)''|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FFD700;background:#98FB98|
A03='''[[Abdul Qadir Gilani]]''' ''([[Qadiri]] Sufi Order)''|boxstyle_A03=border-color:#FFD700; background:#98FB98;font-size: 12px;font-style:italic|
A04='''[[Ahmad Ghazali]]''' |boxstyle_A04=border-color:#FFD700;background:#fae051|
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A03='''[[Abd al-Salam ibn Mashish]]''' |boxstyle_A03=border-color:#FFD700;background:#fae051|
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A05='''[[Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki]]''' |boxstyle_A05=border-color:#FFD700;background:#A4F7D0|
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A02='''[[Makhdoom Shah Muhammad Munim Pak|Munim Pak]]''' ''([[Makhdoom Shah Muhammad Munim Pak|Munemi]] Sufi Order)''|boxstyle_A02=border-color:#FFD700;background:#A4F7D0|
A03='''[[Ahmad al Tijani]]''' ''([[Tijani]] Sufi Order)''|boxstyle_A03=border-color:#FFD700; background:#A4F7D0|
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B01='''[[Shah Barkatullah Marehrwi]]''' ''([[Barkaatiyah]] Sufi Order)''|boxstyle_B01=border color:#FFD700;background:#A4F7D0|
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A06='''[[Nazim Al-Haqqani]]''' ''([[Naqshbandi Haqqani Sufi Order]] Sufi Order)''|boxstyle_A06=border-color:#FFD700;background:#A4F7D0|
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A01='''[[Ahmad Zarruq]]''' ''([[Zarruqi]] Sufi Order)''|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700;background:#A4F7D0|
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A01='''[[Muhammad al-Arabi al-Darqawi]]''' ''([[Darqawiyya]] Sufi Order)''|boxstyle_A01=border-color:#FFD700;background:#A4F7D0|
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=== Spiritual Chain of Major Sufi Orders ===

==== 1. Qadiriyya ====
{{Main|Qadiriyya}}
[[Abdul Qadir Gilani|Shaykh Abdul Qadir al-Jilani]] → Shaykh Abū Saʿīd al-Mukharramī → Shaykh Abū al-Ḥasan al-Qurashī (al-Ḥakkārī) → Shaykh Abū al-Faraj al-Ṭarsūsī → Shaykh ʿAbd al-Wāḥid al-Tamīmī → Shaykh ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz al-Tamīmī → Shaykh Abū Bakr al-Shiblī → Shaykh al-Junayd al-Baghdādī → Shaykh al-Sarī al-Saqaṭī → Shaykh Maʿrūf al-Karkhī → Imam ʿAlī al-Riḍā → Imam Mūsā al-Kāẓim → Imam Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq → Imam Muḥammad al-Bāqir → Imam Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn → Imam al-Ḥusayn → Imam ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib → Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ

==== 2. Chishti Order ====
{{Main|Chishti Order}}
Sources:<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kandhalvi |first=Muhammad Zakariya |title=The Mashaikh of Chisht, Translation Majlisul Ulama of South Africa. |publisher=Adam Publishers, India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rizvi |first=Saiyid Athar Abbas |title=A History of Sufism in India, Volume One |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd. |year=1978 |edition=1st |pages=114–115}}</ref>

[[Mu'in al-Din Chishti|Khwaja Muinuddin Chishti]] → Khwāja ʿUthmān Harvānī → Ḥājjī Sharīf Zindānī → Muḥammad Maudūd Chishtī → Abū Yūsuf Chishtī → Abū Muḥammad ibn Abī Aḥmad → Abū Aḥmad ʿAbdāl Chishtī → Abū Isḥāq Shāmī Chishtī → Mamshād ʿUlw Dīnawarī → Amīnuddīn Abū Hubayrah Baṣrī → Saʿduddīn Huḍhayfah Marʿashī → Ibrāhīm ibn Adham al-Balkhī → Fuḍayl ibn ʿIyāḍ → ʿAbd al-Wāḥid ibn Zayd → al-Ḥasan al-Baṣrī → ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib → Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ

==== 3. Naqshbandi ====
{{Main|Naqshbandi}}
[[Baha' al-Din Naqshband|Baha' al-din Naqshband]] → Sayyid Amīr Kulāl → Muḥammad Bābā Sammāsī → ʿAlī Rāmitanī (Azīzān) → Maḥmūd Anjīr Faghnawī → ʿĀrif Riwgarī → ʿAbd al-Khāliq Ghujduwānī → Abū Yaʿqūb Yūsuf al-Hamadānī → Abū ʿAlī al-Farmadī al-Ṭūsī → Abū al-Ḥasan ʿAlī al-Kharaqānī → Abū Yazīd al-Bisṭāmī → Imām Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq → Qāsim ibn Muḥammad ibn Abī Bakr → Salmān al-Fārisī → Abū Bakr al-Ṣiddīq → Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ

==== 4. [[Suhrawardiyya]] ====
Source:<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Trimingham |first=J. Spencer |title=The Sufi Orders in Islam |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1971 |pages=30}}</ref>

[[Shihab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardi|Shihab ad-din Suhrawardi]] → Abū Najīb ʿAbd al-Qādir Suhrawardī → Khwāja Aḥmad Ghazzālī → Shaykh Abū Bakr Nisāj → Shaykh Abū al-Qāsim Gurgānī → Khwāja Usmān Maghribī → Shaykh Abū ʿAlī Kātib → Shaykh Abū ʿAlī Rudhbārī → Imām Junayd Baghdādī → Sarrī Saqaṭī → Maʿrūf Karkhī → Dāwūd Ṭāʾī → Ḥabīb al-ʿAjamī → al-Ḥasan al-Baṣrī → ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib → Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ

==== 5. [[Kubrawiya]] ====
Source:<ref name=":0" />

[[Najm al-Din Kubra|Najm ad-Dīn Kubrā]] → Shaykh Rūzbahān Baqlī → Khwāja ʿAmmār Yāsir → Shaykh Abū Najīb Suhrawardī → Khwāja Aḥmad Ghazzālī → Shaykh Abū Bakr Nisāj → Shaykh Abū al-Qāsim Gurgānī → Khwāja Usmān Maghribī → Shaykh Abū ʿAlī Kātib → Shaykh Abū ʿAlī Rudhbārī → Imām Junayd Baghdādī → Sarrī Saqaṭī → Maʿrūf Karkhī → Dāwūd Ṭāʾī → Ḥabīb al-ʿAjamī → al-Ḥasan al-Baṣrī → ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib → Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ

==== 6. [[Shadhili]] ====
[[Al-Shadhili|Nūruddīn Abū al-Ḥasan al-Shādhilī]] → ʿAbd al-Salām ibn Mashīsh → ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Madanī → Taqīuddīn al-Ṣūfī → Fakhruddīn → Abū al-Ḥasan ʿAlī → Tājuddīn → Shamsuddīn → Zaynuddīn Maḥmūd al-Qazwīnī → Abū Isḥāq Ibrāhīm al-Baṣrī → Abū al-Qāsim Mirwānī → Abū Muḥammad Saʿīd → Abū Muḥammad Saʿd → Fātiḥ al-Masʿūdī → Saʿīd al-Qirwānī → Abū Muḥammad Jābir → Imām al-Ḥasan → ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib → Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ

==== 7. [[Rifaʽi]] ====
[[Ahmad al-Rifaʽi|Sayyid Aḥmad ar-Rifāʿī]] → Sayyid Abū al-Ḥasan ʿAlī ar-Rifāʿī → Sayyid Yaḥyā Naqīb → Sayyid Thābit → Sayyid ʿAlī Hāzim Abū al-Fawāris → Sayyid Abū ʿAlī al-Murtaḍā → Sayyid Abū al-Faḍāʾil → Sayyid Abū al-Makārim al-Ḥasan → Sayyid al-Mahdī al-Makkī → Sayyid Muḥammad Abū al-Qāsim → Sayyid Ḥasan Qāsim Abū Mūsā → Sayyid Abū ʿAbdullāh Ḥusayn → Sayyid Aḥmad Ṣāliḥ al-Akbar → Sayyid Mūsā Sānī → Sayyid Ibrāhīm al-Murtaḍā → Imām Mūsā al-Kāẓim → Imām Jaʿfar al-Ṣādiq → Imām Muḥammad al-Bāqir → Imām Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn → Imām al-Ḥusayn → ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib → Prophet Muḥammad ﷺ

==Aims and objectives==
[[File:Tomb of Shah Rukn-e-Alam 2014-07-31.jpg|thumb|The [[Tomb of Shah Rukn-e-Alam]] (built 1324 A.D) is located in [[Multan]], Pakistan. Known for its multitude of Sufi shrines, Multan is nicknamed ''The City of Saints''.]]

Traditionally, Muslims believe that Islam is the route to [[Allah]] and aim to become closer to God in [[Paradise]]—both after death and following the [[Last Judgment]]. Sufis also hold that it is possible to draw nearer to God and more fully experience the [[divine presence]] in this life.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Aminrazavi |first=Mehdi |date=March 7, 2009 |title=Mysticism in Arabic and Islamic Philosophy |encyclopedia=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/arabic-islamic-mysticism/ |access-date= |quote=Mystical elements exist in Islam in two different and independent ways. Practically, Sufism represents the esoteric dimension of Islam in its purest form... esoteric wisdom can either be attained through practical wisdom, which includes inner purification and asceticism...}}</ref> The chief aim of Sufism is to seek the pleasure of God by working to restore within themselves the primordial state of ''[[fitra]]''.<ref name="AH Shadhili">{{cite book|author=Abul Hasan ash-Shadhili|author-link=Abul Hasan ash-Shadhili|title=The School of the Shadhdhuliyyah|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=res8GwAACAAJ|year=1993|publisher=Islamic Texts Society|isbn=978-0-946621-57-6}}</ref>

To Sufis, the outer law consists of rules pertaining to worship, transactions, marriage, judicial rulings, and criminal law—what is often referred to, broadly, as "[[qanun (law)|qanun]]". The inner law of Sufism consists of rules about repentance from sin, the purging of contemptible qualities and evil traits of character, and adornment with virtues and good character.<ref>Muhammad Emin Er, ''Laws of the Heart: A Practical Introduction to the Sufi Path'', Shifâ Publishers, 2008, {{ISBN|978-0-9815196-1-6}}</ref>

===Teachings===
[[File:Man holding the hem of his beloved, Islamic art 16th century.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.8|Man holding the hem of his beloved, an expression of a Sufi's agony of longing for the divine union]]

To the Sufi, it is the transmission of divine light from the teacher's heart to the heart of the student, rather than worldly knowledge, that allows the adept to progress. They further believe that the teacher should attempt inerrantly to follow the [[divine law]].<ref>Abdullah Nur ad-Din Durkee, ''The School of the Shadhdhuliyyah, Volume One: Orisons''; see also Shaykh Muhammad Hisham Kabbani, ''Classical Islam and the Naqshbandi Sufi Tradition'', {{ISBN|978-1-930409-23-1}}, which reproduces the spiritual lineage (''silsila'') of a living Sufi master.</ref>

According to [[Moojan Momen]], "one of the most important doctrines of Sufism is the concept of {{tlit|ar|[[al-Insān al-Kāmil]]}} ("the Perfect Human"), which posits that there will always exist a "''[[qutb]]''" (pole or axis of the Universe) on Earth: one who is the perfect channel of grace from God to humankind and in a state of {{tlit|ar|[[wilayah]]}} ('sanctity', or 'being under the protection of Allah'). The Sufi ''qutb'' is similar to that of the [[Imamah (Shia doctrine)|Shi'i imam]].<ref name=qutb/><ref>{{cite book |author=Mohammad Najib-ur-Rehman Madzillah-ul-Aqdus|title=Sultan Bahoo: The Life and Teachings |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hlyMAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA277|year=2015 |publisher=Sultan ul Faqr Publications|isbn=978-969-9795-18-3}}</ref> However, this belief puts Sufism in conflict with Shia Islam, since both the ''qutb''—who, in most Sufi orders, is the head of the order—and the imam fulfill the role of "the purveyor of spiritual guidance and of [[Allah]]'s grace to mankind". The vow of obedience to the ''[[shaykh]]'' or ''qutb'' that is taken by Sufis is considered incompatible with devotion to the imam.<ref name=qutb>{{cite book|last=Momen|first=Moojan|author-link=Moojan Momen|year=1985|title=An Introduction to Shiʻi Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shiʻism|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-03531-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontosh0000unse_d5k7 |url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontosh0000unse_d5k7/page/n272 209]}}</ref>

As a further example, a prospective adherent of the Mevlevi Order would have been ordered to serve in the kitchens of a hospice for the poor for 1001 days prior to being accepted for spiritual instruction, and a further 1,001 days in solitary retreat as a precondition of completing that instruction.<ref>See Muhammad Emin Er, ''Laws of the Heart: A Practical Introduction to the Sufi Path'', Shifâ Publishers, 2008, {{ISBN|978-0-9815196-1-6}}, for a detailed description of the practices and preconditions of this sort of spiritual retreat.</ref>

Some teachers, especially when addressing more general audiences or mixed groups of Muslims and non-Muslims, make extensive use of [[parable]], [[allegory]], and [[metaphor]].<ref>See examples provided by Muzaffar Ozak in ''Irshad: Wisdom of a Sufi Master'', addressed to a general audience rather than specifically to his own students.</ref> Although approaches to teaching vary among different Sufi orders, Sufism as a whole is primarily concerned with direct personal experience, and as such has sometimes been compared to other, non-Islamic forms of [[mysticism]] (e.g., as in the books of [[Seyyed Hossein Nasr]]).

Many Sufis believe that reaching the highest levels of success in Sufism typically requires that the disciple live with and serve the teacher for a long time.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Islamic cultures and societies to the end of the eighteenth century|last=Knysh|first=Alexander|others=Irwin, Robert, 1946–|isbn=9781139056144|location=Cambridge|chapter=Sufism|oclc=742957142}}</ref> An illustrative example is the folk narrative of [[Baha-ud-Din Naqshband Bukhari]], who lent his name to the Naqshbandi Order. It is believed that he served his initial instructor, [[Mohammad Baba As-Samasi]], for 20 years until as-Samasi's demise. Subsequently, he is purported to have served several other mentors for considerable durations. Historical accounts indicate that he dedicated many years to aiding the less privileged members of the community. Following these efforts, his mentor advised him to focus on the care of animals, including cleaning their wounds and providing assistance.<ref>Shaykh Muhammad Hisham Kabbani, ''Classical Islam and the Naqshbandi Sufi Tradition'', {{ISBN|978-1-930409-23-1}}</ref>

===Muhammad===
{{rquote|right|His [Muhammad's] aspiration preceded all other aspirations, his existence preceded nothingness, and his name preceded the Pen, because he existed before all peoples. There is not in the horizons, beyond the horizons or below the horizons, anyone more elegant, more noble, more knowing, more just, more fearsome, or more compassionate, than the subject of this tale. He is the leader of created beings, the one "whose name is glorious Ahmad".
—[[Mansur Al-Hallaj]]{{sfn|Ernst|2010|p=125}} }}
[[File:Muhammad2.svg|thumb|upright=0.8|The name of Muhammad in [[Islamic calligraphy]]. Sufis believe the name of Muhammad is holy and sacred.]]

Devotion to Muhammad is of primary importance in Sufism.{{sfn|Ernst|2010|p=130}} Sufis have historically revered Muhammad as the prime personality of spiritual greatness. The Sufi poet [[Saadi Shirazi]] stated, "He who chooses a path contrary to that of the prophet shall never reach the destination. O Saadi, do not think that one can treat that way of purity except in the wake of the chosen one."<ref>{{cite book|first=Gholamreza|last=Aavani|title=Glorification of the Prophet Muhammad in the Poems of Sa'adi|page=4}}</ref> [[Rumi]] attributes his self-control and abstinence from worldly desires as qualities attained by him through the guidance of Muhammad. Rumi writes, "I 'sewed' my two eyes shut from [desires for] this world and the next – this I learned from Muhammad."{{sfn|Gamard|2004|p=169}} [[Ibn Arabi]] regards Muhammad as the greatest man and states, "Muhammad's wisdom is uniqueness ({{tlit|ar|fardiya}}) because he is the most perfect existent creature of this human species. For this reason, the command began with him and was sealed with him. He was a Prophet while [[Adam]] was between water and clay, and his elemental structure is the [[Seal of the Prophets]]."<ref>{{cite book|title=The Seals of Wisdom (Fusus al-Hikam)|first=Ibn|last=Arabi|url=https://bewley.virtualave.net/fusus27.html|others=Aisha Bewley}}</ref> [[Attar of Nishapur]] claimed that he praised Muhammad in such a manner that was not done before by any poet, in his book the ''Ilahi-nama''.<ref>{{cite book|first=Fariduddin|last=Attar|title=Ilahi-nama – The Book of God|others=John Andrew Boyle (translator)|quote=Thou knowest that none of the poets have sung such praise save only I.}}</ref> Fariduddin Attar stated, "Muhammad is the exemplar to both worlds, the guide of the descendants of Adam. He is the sun of creation, the moon of the celestial spheres, the all-seeing eye...The seven heavens and the eight gardens of paradise were created for him; he is both the eye and the light in the light of our eyes."<ref>{{cite book|first=Fariduddin|last=Attar|title=Ilahi-nama – The Book of God|others=John Andrew Boyle (translator)}}</ref> Sufis have historically stressed the importance of Muhammad's perfection and his ability to intercede. The persona of Muhammad has historically been and remains an integral and critical aspect of Sufi belief and practice.{{sfn|Ernst|2010|p=130}} [[Bayazid Bastami]] is recorded to have been so devoted to the ''[[sunnah]]'' of Muhammad that he refused to eat a watermelon because he could not establish that Muhammad ever ate one.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.tasawwuf.co/writings/love_allah/love_chapter9.pdf|title=The Signs of a Sincere Lover|page=91}}</ref>

In the 13th century, a Sufi poet from [[Egypt]] named [[Al-Busiri]] the {{tlit|ar|al-Kawākib ad-Durrīya fī Madḥ Khayr al-Barīya}} (The Celestial Lights in Praise of the Best of Creation), more e commonly referred to as {{tlit|ar|Qaṣīdat [[Al-Burda]]}} (Poem of the Mantle), in which he extensively praised Muhammad.<ref name="celestial">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F-nY3_DXo-gC|author=Suzanne Pinckney Stetkevych|title=The Mantle Odes: Arabic Praise Poems to the Prophet Muhammad|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0253354877|year=2010}}</ref> This poem is still widely recited and sung amongst Sufi groups and lay Muslims alike all over the world.<ref name="celestial"/>

====Sufi beliefs about Muhammad====
{{more citations needed|section|date=January 2026}}
According to [[Ibn Arabi]], Islam is considered the best religion because of Muhammad. He believed that the first being created was the reality or essence of Muhammad ({{tlit|ar|al-ḥaqīqa al-Muhammadiyya}}). Ibn Arabi saw Muhammad as the highest human and the master of all creatures, serving as the primary role model for people to emulate. He also held that God's attributes and names are displayed in this world, with Muhammad embodying their most complete and perfect form. To Ibn Arabi, one can see God through Muhammad, implying that divine attributes are manifested in him. He argued that Muhammad is the clearest proof of God's existence, and knowing him is equivalent to knowing God. Additionally, Ibn Arabi argued that Muhammad is the master of all humanity in this life and the hereafter, making Islam the best religion because Muhammad embodies Islam.{{sfn|Fitzpatrick|Walker|2014|p=446}}

===Sufism and Islamic law===
[[File:Fatehpur Sikri near Agra 2016-03 img03.jpg|thumb|Tomb of [[Salim Chishti]], [[Fatehpur Sikri]], [[Agra]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India]]

Sufis believe the ''sharia'' (exoteric "canon"), ''[[tariqa]]'' ("order") and ''[[haqiqa]]'' ("truth") are mutually interdependent.<ref>Muhammad Emin Er, ''The Soul of Islam: Essential Doctrines and Beliefs'', Shifâ Publishers, 2008, {{ISBN|978-0-9815196-0-9}}.</ref> Sufism leads the adept, called a ''[[salik]]'' ('wayfarer'), in their ''sulûk'' ('road') through different stations (''[[Maqam (Sufism)|maqāmāt]]'') until they reaches their goal: ''[[tawhid]]'', the confession that God is One.{{sfn|Schimmel|2013|p=99}} Ibn Arabi wrote, "When we see someone in this Community who claims to be able to guide others to God, but is remiss in but one rule of the Sacred Law—even if he manifests miracles that stagger the mind—asserting that his shortcoming is a special dispensation for him, we do not even turn to look at him, for such a person is not a sheikh, nor is he speaking the truth, for no one is entrusted with the secrets of God Most High save one in whom the ordinances of the Sacred Law are preserved ({{tlit|ar|Jamiʿ karamat al-awliyaʾ}})".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.catheyallison.com/Reliance_of_the_Traveller.pdf |title=Reliance of the Traveller |author=[[Ahmad ibn Naqib al-Misri]] |author2=[[Nuh Ha Mim Keller]] |date =1368|pages=778–795|work=Amana Publications |access-date=14 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://dailyrollcall.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/the-reliance-of-the-traveller.pdf |title=A Classic Manual of Islamic Scared Law |author=[[Ahmad ibn Naqib al-Misri]] |author2=[[Nuh Ha Mim Keller]] |date=1368| work=Shafiifiqh.com|access-date=14 May 2020}}</ref>

It is related, moreover, that [[Malik ibn Anas]], one of the founders of the four schools of Sunni law, was a strong proponent of combining the "inward science" ({{tlit|ar|ilm al-bātin}}) of mystical knowledge with the "outward science" of [[Fiqh|jurisprudence]].<ref name="Gibril F. Haddad 2007 p. 179">Gibril F. Haddad, ''The Four Imams and Their Schools'' (London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), p. 179

'''[[Malik ibn Anas#cite ref-35|^]]'''</ref> For example, the famous twelfth-century [[Maliki]] [[Qadi|jurist and judge]] [[Qadi Iyad]], later venerated as a [[Wali|saint]] throughout [[Muslim Iberia]], narrated a tradition in which a man asked ibn Anas "about something in the inward science", to which he replied: "Truly none knows the inward science except those who know the outward science! When he knows the outward science and puts it into practice, God shall open for him the inward science – and that will not take place except by the opening of his heart and its enlightenment." In similar traditions, it is related that ibn Anas said: "He who practices Sufism (''tasawwuf'') without learning Sacred Law corrupts his faith (''tazandaqa''), while he who learns Sacred Law without practicing Sufism corrupts himself (''tafassaqa''). Only he who combines the two proves true (''tahaqqaqa'')".<ref name="Gibril F. Haddad 2007 p. 179"/>

The [[Amman Message]], a detailed statement issued by 200 leading Islamic scholars in 2005 in [[Amman]], specifically recognized the validity of Sufism as a part of Islam. This was adopted by the Islamic world's political and temporal leadership at the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] summit in Mecca in December 2005, and by six other international Islamic scholarly assemblies, including the International Islamic Fiqh Academy of Jeddah, in July 2006. The definition of Sufism can vary widely across traditions (what is meant may be simple ''[[tazkiah]]'' rather than the various manifestations of Sufism across the Islamic world).<ref>[https://ammanmessage.com/ The Amman Message Summary]. Retrieved on 2 February 2010.</ref>

===Traditional Islamic thought and Sufism===
[[File:Tomb of said-ul-Auliya sayyid Ali hamadani.jpg|thumb|Tomb of [[Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani|Sayyid Ali Hamadani]], [[Kulob]], [[Tajikistan]] ]]
[[Image:Shrine Of Allo Mahar sharif.jpg|thumb|right|218px|Urs of [[Islamic Naqshbandi saints of Allo Mahar]] is celebrated on 23 March every year.]]

The literature of Sufism emphasizes highly subjective matters that resist outside observation, such as the subtle states of the heart. Often, these resist direct reference or description, with the consequence that the authors of various Sufi treatises resorted to allegorical language. For instance, much Sufi poetry refers to intoxication, which Islam expressly forbids. This usage of indirect language and the existence of interpretations by people who had no training in Islam or Sufism led to doubts being cast over the validity of Sufism as a part of Islam. Also, some groups emerged that considered themselves above the ''sharia'' and discussed Sufism as a method of bypassing the rules of Islam in order to attain salvation directly. This was disapproved of by traditional scholars.

For these and other reasons, the relationship between traditional Islamic scholars and Sufism is complex, and a range of scholarly opinions on Sufism in Islam has been the norm. Some scholars, such as [[Al-Ghazali]], helped propagate it, while others opposed it. [[William Chittick]] explains the position of Sufism and Sufis this way:
{{blockquote|In short, Muslim scholars who focused their energies on understanding the normative guidelines for the body came to be known as jurists, and those who held that the most important task was to train the mind in achieving correct understanding came to be divided into three main schools of thought: theology, philosophy, and Sufism. This leaves us with the third domain of human existence, the spirit. Most Muslims who devoted their major efforts to developing the spiritual dimensions of the human person came to be known as Sufis.{{sfn|Chittick|2007}}}}

===Persian influence on Sufism===
Persians played a huge role in developing and systematising Islamic mysticism. One of the first to formalise Sufi principles was [[Junayd of Baghdad]]—a Persian from Baghdad.<ref>Silvers, Laury (2013-09-01). "al-Fatḥ al-Mawṣilī". ''Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE''. <q>(...) uncle of the famous early Persian Ṣūfī Junayd al-Baghdādī (d. 298/911).</q></ref> Other great Persian Sufi poets include [[Rudaki]], [[Rumi]], [[Attar of Nishapur]], [[Nizami Ganjavi]], [[Hafez]], [[Sanai]], [[Shams Tabrizi]] and [[Jami]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nemanja |date=25 October 2022 |title=5 Greatest Persian Poets and Why They Remain Relevant |url=https://symbolsage.com/greatest-persian-poets/ |access-date=3 December 2022 |website=Symbol Sage |language=en-US}}</ref> Famous poems that still resonate across the Muslim world include the ''[[Masnavi]]'', [[Bustan (book)|''Bustan'']], ''[[The Conference of the Birds]]'', and ''[[The Divān of Hafez]]''.

=== Neo-Sufism ===
[[File:5861-Linxia-Yu-Baba-Gongbei-main-building-roof.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.8|The mausoleum (''[[gongbei (Islamic architecture)|gongbei]]'') of [[Ma Laichi]] in [[Linxia City]], China]]

The term ''neo-Sufism'' was originally coined by [[Fazlur Rahman Malik]] and used by other scholars to describe reformist currents among 18th-century Sufi orders, whose goal was to remove some of the more ecstatic and [[pantheistic]] elements of the Sufi tradition and reassert the importance of Islamic law as the basis for inner spirituality and social activism.<ref name=voll-OEIW>{{cite encyclopedia|first=John O.|last=Voll|title=Sufism. ṢūfĪ Orders.|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|editor-first=John L.|editor-last=Esposito|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2009|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/print/opr/t236/e0759|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121124035305/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/print/opr/t236/e0759|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 November 2012}}</ref><ref name=howell>{{cite web|title=Sufism in the Modern World|first=Julia|last=Howell|website=Oxford Islamic Studies Online|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/Public/focus/essay1010_surfism_modern_world.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130219000847/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/Public/focus/essay1010_surfism_modern_world.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 February 2013}}</ref> In recent times, it has been increasingly used by scholars like [[Mark Sedgwick]] in the opposite sense, to describe various forms of Sufi-influenced spirituality in the West, in particular the deconfessionalized spiritual movements which emphasize universal elements of the Sufi tradition and de-emphasize its Islamic context.<ref name=howell/><ref name=sedgwick2012>{{cite book|chapter=Neo-Sufism|first=Mark|last=Sedgwick|title=The Cambridge Companion to New Religious Movements |editor-first=Olav |editor-last=Hammer |editor-first2=Mikael|editor-last2=Rothstein|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2012}}</ref>

==Devotional practices==
[[File:Dhikr Rifa-iyya.jpg|thumb|Sufi gathering engaged in ''[[dhikr]]'']]

The devotional practices of Sufis vary widely. Prerequisites to practice include rigorous adherence to Islamic norms (ritual prayer in its five prescribed times each day, the fast of Ramadan, and so forth). Additionally, the seeker ought to be firmly grounded in supererogatory practices known from the life of Muhammad (such as the "sunnah prayers"). This is in accordance with the words, attributed to God, of the following, a famous ''[[Hadith Qudsi]]'':{{blockquote|My servant draws near to Me through nothing I love more than that which I have made obligatory for him. My servant never ceases drawing near to Me through supererogatory works until I love him. Then, when I love him, I am his hearing through which he hears, his sight through which he sees, his hand through which he grasps, and his foot through which he walks.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sunnah.com/qudsi40:25|title=Hadith 25, 40 Hadith Qudsi - Forty Hadith Qudsi - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)|website=sunnah.com}}</ref> }}

It is also necessary for the seeker to have a correct creed (''aqidah''),<ref>For an introduction to the normative creed of Islam as espoused by the consensus of scholars, see Hamza Yusuf, ''The Creed of Imam al-Tahawi'', {{ISBN|978-0-9702843-9-6}}, and Ahmad Ibn Muhammad Maghnisawi, ''Imam Abu Hanifa's Al-Fiqh Al-Akbar Explained'', {{ISBN|978-1-933764-03-0}}.</ref> and to embrace with certainty its tenets.<ref>The meaning of ''certainty'' in this context is emphasized in Muhammad Emin Er, ''The Soul of Islam: Essential Doctrines and Beliefs'', Shifâ Publishers, 2008, {{ISBN|978-0-9815196-0-9}}.</ref> The seeker must also, of necessity, turn away from sins, love of this world, the love of company and renown, obedience to satanic impulse, and the promptings of the lower self. (The way in which this purification of the heart is achieved is outlined in certain books, but must be prescribed in detail by a Sufi master.) The seeker must also be trained to prevent the corruption of those good deeds which have accrued to his or her credit by overcoming the traps of ostentation, pride, arrogance, envy, and long hopes (meaning the hope for a long life allowing us to mend our ways later, rather than immediately, here and now).

Sufi practices, while attractive to some, are not a ''means'' for gaining knowledge. The traditional scholars of Sufism hold it as absolutely axiomatic that knowledge of God is not a psychological state generated through breath control. Thus, practice of "techniques" is not the cause, but instead the ''occasion'' for such knowledge to be obtained (if at all), given proper prerequisites and proper guidance by a master of the way. Furthermore, the emphasis on practices may obscure a far more important fact: The seeker is, in a sense, to become a broken person, stripped of all habits through the practice of (in the words of Imam Al-Ghazali) solitude, silence, sleeplessness, and hunger.<ref>See in particular the introduction by T. J. Winter to Abu Hamid Muhammad al-Ghazali, ''Al-Ghazali on Disciplining the Soul and on Breaking the Two Desires: Books XXII and XXIII of the Revival of the Religious Sciences'', {{ISBN|978-0-946621-43-9}}.</ref>

===Dhikr===
{{main|Dhikr}}

[[File:Isma allah zat-new.png|thumb|upright=0.65|The name of Allah as written on the disciple's heart, according to the Sarwari Qadri Order]]

''[[Dhikr]]'' is the remembrance of Allah commanded in the [[Quran]] for all [[Muslims]] through a specific devotional act, such as the repetition of divine names, supplications and aphorisms from ''hadith'' literature and the Quran. More generally, ''dhikr'' takes a wide range and various layers of meaning.<ref>{{cite web|author=Abdullah Jawadi Amuli|url=http://media.basirat.ca/docs/dhikr_and_the_wisdom_behind_it.pdf|title=Dhikr and the Wisdom Behind It|translator=A. Rahmim|access-date=8 February 2020}}</ref> This includes ''dhikr'' as any activity in which the Muslim maintains awareness of Allah. To engage in ''dhikr'' is to practice consciousness of the Divine Presence and [[Love of God#Islam|love]], or "to seek a state of godwariness". The Quran refers to Muhammad as the very embodiment of ''dhikr'' of Allah (65:10–11). Some types of ''dhikr'' are prescribed for all Muslims and do not require Sufi initiation or the prescription of a Sufi master because they are deemed to be good for every seeker under every circumstance.<ref>Hakim Moinuddin Chisti ''The Book of Sufi Healing'', {{ISBN|978-0-89281-043-7}}</ref>

The ''dhikr'' may slightly vary among each order. Some Sufi orders<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.naqshbandi.org/dhikr/difference.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970529081521/http://naqshbandi.org/dhikr/difference.htm |archive-date=29 May 1997 |url-status=dead |title=The Naqshbandi Way of Dhikr |access-date=26 August 2015}}</ref> engage in ritualized ''dhikr'' ceremonies, or ''[[sema]]''. ''Sema'' includes various forms of worship such as [[recitation]], [[singing]] (the most well known being the [[Qawwali]] music of the Indian subcontinent), [[instrumental music]], [[dance]] (most famously the [[Sufi whirling]] of the [[Mevlevi order]]), [[incense]], [[meditation]], [[religious ecstasy|ecstasy]], and [[altered state of consciousness|trance]].<ref>Touma 1996, p.162.{{full citation needed|date=February 2020}}</ref>

Some Sufi orders stress and place extensive reliance upon ''dhikr''. This practice of ''dhikr'' is called ''[[Dhikr-e-Qulb]]'' (invocation of Allah within the heartbeats). The basic idea in this practice is to visualize the Allah as having been written on the disciple's heart.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://goharshahi.net/images/books_files/menar-e-noor_files/What%20is%20Remembrance%20and%20what%20is%20Contemplation.htm|title=What is Remembrance and what is Contemplation?|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080415182616/http://www.goharshahi.net/images/books_files/menar-e-noor_files/What%20is%20Remembrance%20and%20what%20is%20Contemplation.htm|archive-date=15 April 2008}}</ref>

===Muraqaba===
{{main|Muraqaba}}

[[File:Eugène Girardet - La Prière.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|An Algerian Sufi in [[Muraqabah|Murāqabah]]. ''La prière'' ('The Prayer') by [[Eugène Girardet]].]]

The practice of ''muraqaba'' can be likened to the practices of [[meditation]] attested in many faith communities.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sultan-bahoo.com/tafakkur-muraqbah-meditation-concentration/#Tafakkur-Muraqbah|title=Muraqaba|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150609000104/http://www.sultan-bahoo.com/en/tafakkur-and-muraqbah-meditation-and-concentration.html#Tafakkur-Muraqbah|archive-date=9 June 2015}}</ref> While variation exists, one description of the practice within a Naqshbandi lineage reads as follows:
{{blockquote|He is to collect all of his bodily senses in concentration, and to cut himself off from all preoccupation and notions that inflict themselves upon the heart. And thus he is to turn his full consciousness towards God Most High while saying three times: "''Ilahî anta maqsûdî wa-ridâka matlûbî''—my God, you are my Goal and Your good pleasure is what I seek". Then he brings to his heart the Name of the Essence—Allâh—and as it courses through his heart he remains attentive to its meaning, which is "Essence without likeness". The seeker remains aware that He is Present, Watchful, Encompassing of all, thereby exemplifying the meaning of his saying (may God bless him and grant him peace): "Worship God as though you see Him, for if you do not see Him, He sees you". And likewise the prophetic tradition: "The most favored level of faith is to know that God is witness over you, wherever you may be".<ref>Muhammad Emin Er, ''Laws of the Heart: A Practical Introduction to the Sufi Path'', {{ISBN|978-0-9815196-1-6}}, p. 77.</ref>}}

===Sufi whirling===
{{Main|Sufi whirling}}

[[File:Whirling dervishes, Rumi Fest 2007.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.8|[[Whirling Dervishes]], at Rumi Fest 2007]]

Sufi whirling (or Sufi spinning) is a form of ''[[Sama (Sufism)|Sama]]'' or physically active [[meditation]] which originated among some Sufis, and practised by the Sufi [[Dervish]]es of the [[Mevlevi Order|Mevlevi order]]. It is a customary dance performed within the ''sema'', through which dervishes (also called ''semazens'', from Persian {{lang|fa|سماعزن}}) aim to reach the source of all perfection, or ''kemal''. This is sought through abandoning one's ''[[nafs]]'', [[Ego (spirituality)|egos]] or personal desires, by listening to the music, focusing on [[God]], and spinning one's body in repetitive circles, which has been seen as a symbolic imitation of planets in the [[Solar System]] orbiting the Sun.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hayatidede.org/popups/about_sema.htm|title=The Sema of the Mevlevi|publisher=Mevlevi Order of America|access-date=26 March 2009|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 December 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121221021339/http://www.hayatidede.org/popups/about_sema.htm}}</ref>

As explained by Mevlevi practitioners:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.whirlingdervishes.org/whirlingdervishes.htm|title=None}}</ref>
<blockquote>In the symbolism of the Sema ritual, the semazen's camel's hair hat (sikke) represents the tombstone of the ego; his wide, white skirt (''tennure'') represents the ego's shroud. By removing his black cloak (''hırka''), he is spiritually reborn to the truth. At the beginning of the Sema, by holding his arms crosswise, the semazen appears to represent the number one, thus testifying to God's unity. While whirling, his arms are open: his right arm is directed to the sky, ready to receive God's beneficence; his left hand, upon which his eyes are fastened, is turned toward the earth. The semazen conveys God's spiritual gift to those who are witnessing the Sema. Revolving from right to left around the heart, the semazen embraces all humanity with love. The human being has been created with love in order to love. Mevlâna Jalâluddîn Rumi says, "All loves are a bridge to Divine love. Yet, those who have not had a taste of it do not know!"</blockquote>The traditional view of most orthodox Sunni Sufi orders, such as the [[Qadiriyya]] and the [[Chishti Order|Chisti]], as well as Sunni Muslim scholars in general, is that dancing with intent during dhikr or whilst listening to [[Sema]] is prohibited.<ref name="qadiri">{{cite web |last1=Hussain |first1=Zahid |date=22 April 2012 |title=Is it permissible to listen to Qawwali? |url=https://www.thesunniway.com/articles/item/71-is-it-permissible-to-listen-to-qawwali |access-date=12 June 2020 |website=TheSunniWay |quote=Unfortunately, the name "Qawwali" is now only used if there is an addition of musical instruments and at times with the "add on" of dancing and whirling depending on the mood of those present. Musical instruments are forbidden. And so is dancing if it is with intent.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Desai |first1=Siraj |date=13 January 2011 |title=Moulana Rumi and Whirling Zikr |url=https://askmufti.co.za/moulana-rumi-and-whirling-zikr/ |access-date=12 June 2020 |website=askmufti |quote=However, later on this Simaa’ was modernized to include dancing and music, thus giving rise to the concept of "whirling dervishes". This is a Bid’ah and is not the creation of orthodox Sufism.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Abidin |first=Ibn |title=Radd al-Muhtar |publisher=Darul Ma'rifa |volume=6 |page=396}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Hashiyah at-Tahtaawi|page=319|publisher=Al-Ilmiyya}}</ref>

===Singing===
[[File:Kurdish Dervishes practice sufism (Dhikr).ogv|thumb|Kurdish Dervishes practice Sufism with playing ''[[Daf]]'' in [[Sulaymaniyah]], [[Iraqi Kurdistan]].]]

Musical instruments (except the ''[[Daf]]'') have traditionally been considered as prohibited by the four orthodox Sunni schools,<ref name="qadiri" /><ref>Murad, Abdul Hakim. "Music in the Islamic Tradition". ''Cambridge Muslim College Retreat''. 18 May 2017.</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Listening to Islamic Songs with Musical Instruments|last=Rabbani|first=Faraz|url=https://seekersguidance.org/answers/general-counsel/listening-to-islamic-songs-with-musical-instruments/|website=Seekers Guidance|date=25 December 2012|access-date=12 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Is Music Prohibited in Islam?|url=https://www.myreligionislam.com/detail.asp?Aid=6192|website=My Religion Islam|access-date=12 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Music and Singing – A Detailed Article|author=Muhammad Ibn Adam|url=https://daruliftaa.com/miscellaneous/music-and-singing-a-detailed-article/|website=Darul Ifta |location=Leicester|date=14 April 2004}}</ref> and the more orthodox Sufi tariqas also continued to prohibit their use. Throughout history most Sufi saints have stressed that musical instruments are forbidden.<ref name="qadiri" /><ref name="Siyar">{{cite book|title=Siyar-ul-Auliya: History of Chishti Silsila|author=Muhammad bin Mubarak Kirmani|translator=Ghulam Ahmed Biryan|language=ur|publisher=Mushtaq Book Corner|location=Lahore}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Fawa'id al-Fu'aad: Spiritual and Literal Discourses|first=Nizamuddin|last=Auliya|translator=Z. H. Faruqi|date=31 December 1996|isbn=9788124600429|publisher=D.K. Print World Ltd}}</ref> However some Sufi Saints permitted and encouraged it, whilst maintaining that musical instruments and female voices should not be introduced, although these are common practice today.<ref name="qadiri" /><ref name="Siyar" />

For example ''[[Qawwali]]'' was originally a form of Sufi devotional singing popular in the [[Indian subcontinent]], and is now usually performed at ''[[dargah]]s''. Sufi saint [[Amir Khusrau]] is said to have infused Persian, Arabic Turkish and [[Indian classical music|Indian classical]] melodic styles to create the genre in the 13th century. The songs are classified into [[hamd]], [[Na`at|na'at]], manqabat, [[marsiya]] or [[ghazal]], among others.

Nowadays, the songs last for about 15 to 30 minutes, are performed by a group of singers, and instruments including the [[Pump organ|harmonium]], [[tabla]] and [[dholak]] are used. Pakistani singing maestro [[Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan]] is credited with popularizing [[qawwali]] all over the world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://worldmusic.nationalgeographic.com/view/page.basic/artist/content.artist/nusrat_fateh_ali_khan_28502/en_US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130320015139/http://worldmusic.nationalgeographic.com/view/page.basic/artist/content.artist/nusrat_fateh_ali_khan_28502/en_US|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 March 2013|title=Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan: National Geographic World Music|date=20 March 2013|access-date=9 October 2018}}</ref>

== Saints ==
{{Main|Wali}}

[[File:Ахмад Газали, беседующий с учеником.jpg|thumb|right|A [[Persian miniature]] depicting the medieval [[saint]] and [[mysticism|mystic]] [[Ahmad Ghazali]] (d. 1123), brother of the famous [[Abu Hamid al-Ghazali]] (d. 1111), talking to a disciple, from the ''Meetings of the Lovers'' (1552)]]

''Walī'' ({{langx|ar|ولي}}, plural {{transliteration|ar|''ʾawliyāʾ''}} {{lang|ar|أولياء}}) is an Arabic word whose literal meanings include "custodian", "protector", "helper", and "friend".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ejtaal.net/aa/#hw4=1302,ll=3066,ls=79,la=4919,sg=1252,ha=906,br=1072,pr=171,aan=742,mgf=869,vi=392,kz=3008,mr=805,mn=1581,uqw=1902,umr=1196,ums=1010,umj=961,ulq=1833,uqa=460,uqq=444|title=Mawrid Reader |website=ejtaal.net}}</ref> In the vernacular, it is most commonly used by Muslims to indicate an Islamic [[saint]], otherwise referred to by the more literal "friend of God".<ref>John Renard, ''Friends of God: Islamic Images of Piety, Commitment, and Servanthood'' (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008); Idem., ''Tales of God Friends: Islamic Hagiography in Translation'' (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009), et passim.</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|author=Radtke, B.|author2=Lory, P.|author3=Zarcone, Th.|author4=DeWeese, D.|author5=Gaborieau, M.|author6=Denny, F.M.|author7=Aubin, Françoise|author8=Hunwick, J.O. |author9=Mchugh, N.|date=2012|title=Walī|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam|edition=2nd|publisher=Brill|editor=P. Bearman|editor2=Th. Bianquis|editor3=C.E. Bosworth|editor4=E. van Donzel|editor5=W.P. Heinrichs|doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_1335}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Historical Dictionary of the Sudan |series=Historical Dictionaries of Africa |first1=Robert S. |last1=Kramer |first2=Richard A. Jr. |last2=Lobban |first3=Carolyn |last3=Fluehr-Lobban |year=2013 |edition=4 |location=Lanham, Maryland, USA |publisher=Scarecrow Press, an imprint of Rowman & Littlefield |page=361 |isbn=978-0-8108-6180-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0OKZRewiEOsC&q=%22holy+man%22+wali&pg=PA361 |quote=QUBBA. The Arabic name for the tomb of a holy man... A qubba is usually erected over the grave of a holy man identified variously as '''wali''' (saint), faki, or shaykh since, according to folk Islam, this is where his baraka [blessings] is believed to be strongest... |access-date=2 May 2015 }}</ref> In the traditional Islamic understanding of [[saint]]s, the saint is portrayed as someone "marked by [special] divine favor ... [and] holiness", and who is specifically "chosen by God and endowed with exceptional gifts, such as the ability to work [[miracle worker|miracles]]."<ref>Radtke, B., "Saint", in: ''Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān'', General Editor: Jane Dammen McAuliffe, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.</ref> The doctrine of saints was articulated by Islamic scholars very early on in Muslim history,<ref>J. van Ess, ''Theologie und Gesellschaft im 2. und 3. Jahrhundert Hidschra. Eine Geschichte des religiösen Denkens im frühen Islam'', II (Berlin-New York, 1992), pp. 89–90</ref><ref>B. Radtke and J. O’Kane, ''The Concept of Sainthood in Early Islamic Mysticism'' (London, 1996), pp. 109–110</ref><ref name=EI2/><ref>B. Radtke, ''Drei Schriften des Theosophen von Tirmid̲'', ii (Beirut-Stuttgart, 1996), pp. 68–69</ref> and particular verses of the [[Quran]] and certain ''hadith'' were interpreted by early Muslim thinkers as "documentary evidence"<ref name=EI2/> of the existence of saints.

Since the first Muslim hagiographies were written during the period when Sufism began its rapid expansion, many of the figures who later came to be regarded as the major saints in Sunni Islam were the early Sufi mystics, like [[Hasan of Basra]] (d. 728), [[Farqad Sabakhi]] (d. 729), [[Dawud Tai]] (d. 777-81), [[Rabi'a al-'Adawiyya]] (d. 801), [[Ma'ruf al-Karkhi]] (d. 815), and [[Junayd of Baghdad]] (d. 910). From the twelfth to the fourteenth century, "the general veneration of saints, among both people and sovereigns, reached its definitive form with the organization of Sufism ... into orders or brotherhoods."<ref name="Titus Burckhardt 2009 p. 99">Titus Burckhardt, ''Art of Islam: Language and Meaning'' (Bloomington: World Wisdom, 2009), p. 99</ref> In the common expressions of Islamic piety of this period, the saint was understood to be "a contemplative whose state of spiritual perfection ... [found] permanent expression in the teaching bequeathed to his disciples."<ref name="Titus Burckhardt 2009 p. 99"/>

===Visitation===
{{Main|Ziyara}}

[[File:Bidokht 8810 (19)-W.jpg|thumb|right|Sufi mosque in Esfahan, Iran]]

In popular Sufism (i.e. devotional practices that have achieved currency in world cultures through Sufi influence), one common practice is to [[Ziyarat|visit or make pilgrimages]] to the tombs of saints, renowned scholars, and righteous people. This is a particularly common practice in South Asia, where famous tombs include such saints as [[Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani|Sayyid Ali Hamadani]] in [[Kulab, Tajikistan|Kulob]], Tajikistan; [[Afaq Khoja|Afāq Khoja]], near [[Kashgar]], China; [[Lal Shahbaz Qalandar]] in [[Sindh]]; [[Ali Hujwiri|Ali Hujwari]] in [[Lahore]], Pakistan; [[Bahauddin Zakariya]] in [[Multan]] Pakistan; [[Moinuddin Chishti]] in [[Ajmer]], India; [[Nizamuddin Auliya]] in [[Delhi]], India; and [[Shah Jalal]] in [[Sylhet]], Bangladesh.

Likewise, in [[Fes, Morocco]], a popular destination for such pious visitation is the [[Zaouia Moulay Idriss II]] and the yearly visitation to see the current sheikh of the Qadiri Boutchichi [[Tariqah]], Sheikh Sidi Hamza al Qadiri al Boutchichi to celebrate the [[Mawlid]] (which is usually televised on Moroccan National television).<ref>{{Cite news|title=Popular Sufi leader in Morocco dies aged 95|url=https://gulfnews.com/world/mena/popular-sufi-leader-in-morocco-dies-aged-95-1.1964439|access-date=30 December 2020|work=Gulf News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=28 March 2018|title=Confreries: A Crossroads of Morocco's Literary and Spiritual Diversity |url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2018/03/243298/confreries-crossroads-moroccos-literary-spiritual-diversity/|access-date=30 December 2020|work=Morocco World News}}</ref> This action has voiced particular condemnation by the Salafis.

===Miracles===
{{Main|Karamat}}

In Islamic mysticism, ''karamat'' ({{langx|ar|کرامات}} ''karāmāt'', pl. of {{lang|ar|کرامة}} ''karāmah'', lit. generosity, high-mindedness<ref>{{Cite book|first1=Hans|last1=Wehr|first2=J. Milton |last2=Cowan| year=1979 |title=A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic|publisher=Spoken Language Services|edition=4th|url=https://ejtaal.net/aa/#q=krm}}</ref>) refers to supernatural wonders performed by [[Wali|Muslim saints]]. In the technical vocabulary of Islamic religious sciences, the singular form ''karama'' has a sense similar to ''[[charism]]'', a favor or spiritual gift freely bestowed by God.<ref name=karama>{{Cite encyclopedia|author=Gardet, L.|date=2012|title=Karāma|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam|edition=2nd|publisher=Brill|editor=P. Bearman|editor2=Th. Bianquis|editor3=C.E. Bosworth|editor4=E. van Donzel|editor5=W.P. Heinrichs|doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0445}}</ref> The marvels ascribed to Islamic saints have included supernatural physical actions, predictions of the future, and "interpretation of the secrets of hearts".<ref name=karama/> Historically, a "belief in the miracles of saints (''karāmāt al-awliyāʾ'', literally 'marvels of the friends [of God]')" has been "a requirement in Sunni Islam".<ref>Jonathan A.C. Brown, "Faithful Dissenters", ''Journal of Sufi Studies'' 1 (2012), p. 123</ref>

=== Shrines ===
A ''[[dargah]]'' (Persian: درگاه ''dargâh'' or درگه ''dargah'', also in [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and [[Urdu]]) is a [[shrine]] built over the grave of a revered religious figure, often a Sufi [[saint]] or [[dervish]]. Sufis often visit the shrine for ''[[ziyarat]]'', a term associated with religious visits and pilgrimages. ''Dargah''s are often associated with Sufi eating and meeting rooms and hostels, called ''[[khanqah]]'' or hospices. They usually include a mosque, meeting rooms, Islamic religious schools ([[madrassas]]), residences for a teacher or caretaker, hospitals, and other buildings for community purposes.

==Theoretical perspectives==
[[File:Munqidh min al-dalal (last page).jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.8|The works of Al-Ghazali firmly defended the concepts of Sufism within the Islamic faith.]]

Traditional Islamic scholars have recognized two major branches within the practice of Sufism and use this as one key to differentiating among the approaches of different masters and devotional lineages.<ref name="Heart 2008">Muhammad Emin Er, ''Laws of the Heart: A Practical Introduction to the Sufi Order'', Shifâ Publishers, 2008, {{ISBN|978-0-9815196-1-6}}</ref>

On the one hand there is the order from the signs to the Signifier (or from the arts to the Artisan). In this branch, the seeker begins by purifying the lower self of every corrupting influence that stands in the way of recognizing all of creation as the work of God, as God's active self-disclosure or [[theophany]].<ref>For a systematic description of the diseases of the heart that are to be overcome in order for this perspective to take root, see Hamza Yusuf, ''Purification of the Heart: Signs, Symptoms and Cures of the Spiritual Diseases of the Heart'', {{ISBN|978-1-929694-15-0}}.</ref> This is the way of Imam Al-Ghazali and of the majority of the Sufi orders.

On the other hand, there is the order from the Signifier to his signs, from the Artisan to his works. In this branch the seeker experiences divine attraction (''jadhba''), and is able to enter the order with a glimpse of its endpoint, of direct apprehension of the Divine Presence towards which all spiritual striving is directed. This does not replace the striving to purify the heart, as in the other branch; it simply stems from a different point of entry into the path. This is the way primarily of the masters of the Naqshbandi and [[Shadhili]] orders.<ref>Concerning this, and for an excellent discussion of the concept of attraction (''jadhba''), see especially the Introduction to Abdullah Nur ad-Din Durkee, ''The School of the Shadhdhuliyyah, Volume One: Orisons'', {{ISBN|977-00-1830-9}}.</ref>

Contemporary scholars may also recognize a third branch, attributed to the late [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] scholar [[Said Nursi]] and explicated in his vast Qur'an commentary called the [[Risale-i Nur]]. This approach entails strict adherence to the way of Muhammad, in the understanding that this wont, or ''[[sunnah]]'', proposes a complete devotional spirituality adequate to those without access to a master of the Sufi way.<ref>Muhammad Emin Er, ''al-Wasilat al-Fasila'', unpublished MS.</ref>

===Contributions to other domains of scholarship===
Sufism has contributed significantly to the elaboration of theoretical perspectives in many domains of intellectual endeavor. For instance, the doctrine of "subtle centers" or centers of subtle cognition (known as ''[[Lataif-e-sitta]]'') addresses the matter of the awakening of spiritual intuition.<ref>[http://nurmuhammad.com/HeartLevels/coverLataif5levelsofheart.htm Realities of The Heart] Lataif</ref> In general, these subtle centers or ''latâ'if'' are thought of as faculties that are to be purified sequentially in order to bring the seeker's wayfaring to completion. A concise and useful summary of this system from a living exponent of this tradition has been published by [[Muhammad Emin Er]].<ref name="Heart 2008"/>

[[Sufi psychology]] has influenced many areas of thinking both within and outside of Islam, drawing primarily upon three concepts. [[Ja'far al-Sadiq]] (both an [[Imamah (Shi'a doctrine)|imam]] in the Shia tradition and a respected scholar and link in chains of Sufi transmission in all Islamic sects) held that human beings are dominated by a lower self called the [[nafs]] (self, ego, person), a faculty of spiritual intuition called the [[qalb]] (heart), and [[ruh]] (soul). These interact in various ways, producing the spiritual types of the tyrant (dominated by ''nafs''), the person of faith and moderation (dominated by the spiritual heart), and the person lost in love for God (dominated by the ''ruh'').{{sfn|Schimmel|2013}}

Of note with regard to the spread of Sufi psychology in the West is [[Robert Frager]], a Sufi teacher authorized in the [[Jerrahi]] order. Frager was a trained psychologist, born in the United States, who converted to Islam in the course of his practice of Sufism and wrote extensively on Sufism and psychology.<ref>See especially Robert Frager, ''Heart, Self & Soul: The Sufi Psychology of Growth, Balance, and Harmony'', {{ISBN|978-0-8356-0778-0}}.</ref>{{primary source inline|date=September 2023}}

[[Sufi cosmology]] and [[Sufi metaphysics]] are also noteworthy areas of intellectual accomplishment.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/philosophers-sufis-and-caliphs/philosophical-sufis-among-scholars-ulama-and-their-impact-on-political-culture/D3514A6470BA39F7301678CCAA0DD529 |title=Philosophical Sufis among Scholars (ʿulamāʾ) and Their Impact on Political Culture |first=Ali Humayun |last=Akhtar |date=10 June 2017 |series=Philosophers, Sufis, and Caliphs: Politics and Authority from Cordoba to Cairo and Baghdad |pages=135–237 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781107182011}}</ref>

==Prominent Sufis==
{{See also|List of Sufi saints|List of Sufis}}

===Rabi'a Al-'Adawiyya===
[[File:Rabia al-Adawiyya.jpg|thumb|right|Depiction of Rabi'a [[Mill (grinding)|grinding grain]] from a Persian dictionary]]

[[Rabia Basri|Rābi{{hamza}}a al-{{hamza}}Adawiyya]] or Rabia Basri was a [[Saints in Islam|Sufi saint]], one of the earliest [[Sufi mystic]]s and an influential religious figure from Iraq.<ref name="Rabi'a The Mystic and Her Fellow-Saints in Islam">{{cite book |last=Smith |first=Margaret |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqYDbBFAcB0C&q=rabia+the+mystic |title=''Rabi'a The Mystic and Her Fellow-Saints in Islam'' |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2010 |isbn=9781108015912 |page=252}}</ref> Rabi'a was born of very poor origin, but was captured by bandits at a later age and sold into slavery. She was, however, released by her master when he awoke one night to see the light of sanctity shining above her head.<ref>Smith, Margaret. ''Rabi'a The Mystic''. Cambridge University Press, 1928.</ref> Prominent Sufi leader [[Hasan of Basra]] is said "I passed one whole night and day with Rabi'a ... it never passed through my mind that I was a man nor did it occur to her that she was a woman... when I saw her I saw myself as bankrupt and Rabi'a as truly sincere."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Leila |title=Women and Gender in Islam |publisher=Yale University |year=1992 |page=96}}</ref> Rabi'a al-Adawiyya is known for her teachings and emphasis on the centrality of the love of God to a holy life.<ref>Ahmed, Leila. ''Women and Gender in Islam''. Yale University Press, 1992, p. 87.</ref> She is said to have proclaimed, running down the streets of [[Basra]], Iraq:

{{blockquote | text = O God! If I worship You for fear of Hell, burn me in Hell, and if I worship You in hope of Paradise, exclude me from Paradise. But if I worship You for Your Own sake, grudge me not Your everlasting Beauty. | source = Rabi'a al-Adawiyya}}

There are different opinions about the death and resting place of Rabia Basri. Some believe her resting place to be [[Jerusalem]] whereas others believe it to be Basra.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Qalandaria: Brief History of Hazrat Rabia al Basri R . A |url=https://qalandaria.blogspot.com/2010/10/brief-history-of-hazrat-rabia-al-basri.html |access-date=15 July 2022 |website=Qalandaria}}</ref><ref>Meeting of [http://shattariyah.blogspot.com/p/rabia-basri.html Rabia Basri] with [[Hasan Basri]] By [http://shattariyah.blogspot.com/p/sayyed-aminul-qadri.html Sayyed Aminul Qadri] Retrieved 25 July 2022.</ref>

===Junayd of Baghdad===
[[Junayd of Baghdad|Junayd al-Baghdadi]] (830–910) was one of the earlier Sufis. He was a [[Persian people|Persian]] Sufi and one of the most famous of the early [[Wali|Islamic saints]] and is a central figure in the spiritual lineages of many [[Tariqa|Sufi orders]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Silvers |first=Laury |date=1 September 2013 |title=al-Fatḥ al-Mawṣilī |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/al-fath-al-mawsili-COM_27033?s.num=76&s.rows=100 |journal=Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE |language=en |quote=(...) uncle of the famous early Persian Ṣūfī Junayd al-Baghdādī (d. 298/911).}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Browne |first=Edward Granville |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=baJfjwEACAAJ |title=A Literary History of Persia |publisher=BiblioBazaar |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-345-72256-7 |authorlink=Edward Granville Browne}}, page 428: "It is noteworthy that both [[Bayazid Bastami|Bayazid]] and Junayd were Persians, and may very likely have imported to sufism."</ref> Junayd al-Baghdadi taught in [[Baghdad]] throughout his lifetime and was an important figure in the development of Sufi beliefs. Like [[Hasan of Basra]] before him, was widely revered by his students and disciples as well as quoted by other mystics. Because of his importance among Sufis, Junayd was often referred to as the "[[Sultan]]".<ref>''Concise Encyclopedia of Islam'', C. Glasse, ''al-Junayd'' (p. 211), Suhail Academy co.</ref>

===Bayazid Bastami===
[[Bayazid Bastami]] was a recognized and influential Sufi personality from the Tayfuriyya order.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A History of Sufism for Western Readers - The Fountain Magazine |url=https://fountainmagazine.com/all-issues/2015/issue-107-september-october-2015/a-history-of-sufism-for-western-readers-september-octomber-2015 |access-date=16 January 2025 |website=fountainmagazine.com |last1=Yavuz |first1=Sait }}</ref> Bastami was born in 804 in [[Bastam]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ahmad |first=Khwaja Jamil |title=Hundred great Muslims [by] Jamil Ahmad. |date=1971 |publisher=Ferozsons |oclc=977150850}}</ref> Bayazid is regarded for his devout commitment to the [[Sunnah]] and his dedication to fundamental Islamic principles and practices.

===Shaykh Abdul Qadir Gilani===
[[File:Roof hafez tomb.jpg|thumb|right|[[Islamic geometric patterns|Geometric tiling]] on the underside of the dome of Hafiz Shirazi's tomb in [[Shiraz]]]]

Shaykh [[Abdul Qadir Gilani]] (1077–1166) was a Mesopotamian-born [[Hanbali]] jurist and prominent Sufi scholar based in Baghdad, with Persian roots. Gilani spent his early life in Na'if, a town just East of Baghdad, also the town of his birth. There, he pursued the study of [[Hanbali]] law. [[Abu Saeed Mubarak Makhzoomi]] gave Gilani lessons in [[fiqh]]. He was given lessons about [[hadith]] by Abu Bakr ibn Muzaffar. He was given lessons about Tafsir by Abu Muhammad Ja'far, a commentator. His Sufi spiritual instructor was Abu'l-Khair Hammad ibn Muslim al-Dabbas. After completing his education, Gilani left Baghdad. He spent twenty-five years as a reclusive wanderer in the desert regions of Iraq. In 1127, Gilani returned to Baghdad and began to preach to the public. He joined the teaching staff of the school belonging to his own teacher, [[Abu Saeed Mubarak Makhzoomi]], and was popular with students. In the morning he taught hadith and ''[[tafsir]]'', and in the afternoon held discourse on the science of the heart and the virtues of the Quran. He is the founder of the [[Qadiriyya]] order, of which its eponym is his patronym.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Sufism – Sufi orders |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sufism |access-date=18 April 2021 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref>

===Abul Hasan ash-Shadhili===
[[Abul Hasan ash-Shadhili]] (died 1258) was the founder of the [[Shadhiliyya]] order, and introduced ''dhikr jahri'' (the remembrance of God out loud, as opposed to the silent ''dhikr''). He taught that his followers need not abstain from what Islam has not forbidden, but to be grateful for what God has bestowed upon them,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shazuli.com/thareeqush-shukr.html|title=Thareeqush Shukr|website=Shazuli.com|access-date=13 August 2012}}</ref> in contrast to the majority of Sufis, who preach to deny oneself and to destroy the ego-self (''[[nafs]]''). The "Order of Patience" (Tariqus-Sabr), Shadhiliyya is formulated to be "Order of Gratitude" (Tariqush-Shukr). [[Shadhili|Imam Shadhili]] also gave eighteen valuable ''[[Manzil|hizbs]]'' (litanies) to his followers, out of which the notable ''Hizb al-Bahr''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deenislam.co.uk/mix/Hizb_ul_Bahr.htm|title=Hizb ul Bahr – Litany of the Sea|website=Deenislam.co.uk|access-date=27 September 2014}}</ref> is recited worldwide even today.

===Moinuddin Chishti===
[[File:Sufi Prayer Book LACMA M.87.21.jpg|thumb|A Mughal-era Sufi prayer book from the [[Chishti Order|Chishti order]]]]

[[Moinuddin Chishti]] (1141–1236), known as ''Gharīb Nawāz'' ("Benefactor of the Poor"), was the most famous Sufi saint of the Chishti Order. Moinuddin Chishti introduced and established the order in the Indian subcontinent. The initial spiritual chain or silsila of the Chishti order in India, comprising Moinuddin Chishti, [[Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki|Bakhtiyar Kaki]], [[Fariduddin Ganjshakar|Baba Farid]], [[Nizamuddin Auliya]] (each successive person being the disciple of the previous one), constitutes the great Sufi saints of Indian history. Moinuddin Chishtī turned towards India, reputedly after a dream in which Muhammad blessed him to do so. After a brief stay at Lahore, he reached [[Ajmer]] along with Sultan [[Muhammad of Ghor|Shahāb-ud-Din Muhammad Ghori]], and settled down there. In Ajmer, he attracted a substantial following, acquiring a great deal of respect amongst the residents of the city. Moinuddin Chishtī practiced the Sufi ''Sulh-e-Kul'' (peace to all) concept to promote understanding between Muslims and non-Muslims.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 December 2011 |title=Sultan-e-Hind: Mysticism takes centre stage |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/308807/sultan-e-hind-mysticism-takes-centre-stage |access-date=18 April 2021 |website=The Express Tribune}}</ref>

=== Bahauddin Naqshband ===
[[Baha' al-Din Naqshband|Bahauddin Naqshband]] (1318–1389) was a prominent Sufi master of the 14th century who founded the [[Naqshbandi]] Sufi order. Born in the village of Qasr-i Hinduvan near Bukhara, Uzbekistan, he was a descendant of the Prophet Muhammad. His early life was marked by a deep spiritual inclination. He sought out the guidance of renowned Sufi teachers and quickly demonstrated exceptional talent and understanding. His primary teacher was [[Mohammad Baba As-Samasi]], who initiated him into the spiritual path. His approach to Sufism emphasized inner contemplation, discipline, and a focus on the unseen. He advocated for a balanced lifestyle, combining spiritual practices with worldly responsibilities. His teachings were rooted in the Quran and the Sunnah, and he emphasized the importance of following the example of the Prophet Muhammad.

The Naqshbandi order became one of the most influential Sufi orders in Islamic history. It spread throughout Central Asia, the Middle East, and eventually to South Asia and the West. The order's emphasis on spiritual discipline, inner work, and social engagement resonated with many seekers.

===Ahmad Al-Tijani===
[[File:Shams al-Ma'arif.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.8|A manuscript of Sufi [[Islamic theology]], ''[[Shams al-Ma'arif]]'' (The Book of the Sun of Gnosis) was written by the [[Algeria]]n Sufi master [[Ahmad al-Buni]] during the 12th century.]]

[[Ahmed Tijani]] (1737–1815), in Arabic سيدي أحمد التجاني (''Sidi Ahmed Tijani''), was the founder of the [[Tijaniyya]] Sufi order. He was born in a Berber family,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1rdZAAAAYAAJ|title=Holy people of the world: a cross-cultural encyclopedia|last=Jestice|first=Phyllis G.|date=15 December 2004|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781576073551|pages=858}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rD0sBgAAQBAJ|title=Studies in West African Islamic History: Volume 1: The Cultivators of Islam, Volume 2: The Evolution of Islamic Institutions & Volume 3: The Growth of Arabic Literature|last=Willis|first=John Ralph|date=12 October 2012|publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781136251603|pages=234}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w4iWqgTzvp8C |title=Mohammedanism|last=Gibb|first=H. A. R.|date=1970|publisher=OUP USA|isbn=9780195002454 |pages=116}}</ref> in [[Aïn Madhi]], present-day Algeria, and died at the age of 78 in Fez.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bangstad|first=Sindre|title=Global Flows, Local Appropriations: Facets of Secularisation and Re-Islamization Among Contemporary Cape Muslims|date=2007|publisher=Amsterdam University Press|isbn=978-90-5356-015-0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Akyeampong|first1=Emmanuel Kwaku|url=|title=Dictionary of African Biography|author2=Henry Louis Gates Jr. |date=2 February 2012|publisher=OUP USA|isbn=978-0-19-538207-5}}</ref>

===Al-Ghazālī===
[[al-Ghazali]] (c. 1058 – 1111) was a Persian polymath.<ref>Böwering, Gerhard. "ḠAZĀLĪ". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 17 December 2012.</ref> He was a prominent Sufi, jurisconsult, legal theoretician, mufti, philosopher, theologian, logician and mystic.<ref>"Ghazali, al-". The Columbia Encyclopedia. Retrieved 17 December 2012.</ref> He is considered to be the 11th century's ''[[mujaddid]]'', a renewer of the faith, who appears once every 100 years.<ref>William Montgomery Watt, Al-Ghazali: The Muslim Intellectual, p. 180. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1963.</ref> Al-Ghazali's works were so highly acclaimed by his contemporaries that he was awarded the honorific title "Proof of Islam".<ref>Janin, Hunt (2005). The Pursuit of Learning in the Islamic World. McFarland. p. 83. ISBN 0786419547.</ref> He was a prominent [[mujtahid]] in the [[Shafi'i school|Shafi'i]] school of law.<ref>Al Beirawi, Abu Ismael (12 April 2016). Essays on Ijtihad in the 21st Century. CreateSpace. p. 35. ISBN 9781539995036.</ref> His magnum opus was Iḥyā’ ‘ulūm ad-dīn ("The Revival of the Religious Sciences").<ref>Sonn, Tamara (10 October 1996). Interpreting Islam: Bandali Jawzi's Islamic Intellectual History. Oxford University Press. pp. 30</ref> His works include Tahāfut al-Falāsifa ("Incoherence of the Philosophers"), a landmark in the history of philosophy.<ref>Griffel, Frank (2016). "Al-Ghazali". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2016 ed.)</ref>

===Sayyed Badiuddin===
[[Sayyid Badiuddin]]<ref name="Wise2016">{{cite book|author=James Wise|title=Notes on the Races, Castes and Trades of Eastern Bengal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mzUlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA78|date=10 November 2016|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-351-99740-9|page=78}}</ref> was a Sufi saint who founded the [[Madariyya]] Silsila and order.<ref>{{cite book|title=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hkYLAQAAMAAJ|year=2006|publisher=The Institute|page=241}}</ref> He was also known by the title Qutb-ul-Madar.<ref name="bhatt">{{cite journal |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Ananda |title=Madariya Sufi Silsila Their Distinctive Characteristics and Relations with the Indian Powers |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=2008 |volume=69 |pages=384–402 |jstor=44147203 }}</ref>

He hailed originally from Syria, and was born in [[Aleppo]]<ref name="Wise2016" /> to a [[Sayyid|Syed]] Hussaini family.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Suvorova|first=A. A.|title=Muslim saints of South Asia: the eleventh to fifteenth centuries|date=2004|publisher=RoutledgeCurzon|isbn=0-203-59271-9|location=London|pages=171|oclc=57176198}}</ref> His teacher was [[Bayazid Bastami|Bayazid Tayfur al-Bistami]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Murray Thurston Titus|title=Indian Islam: a religious history of Islam in India|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.280326|year=1930|publisher=H. Milford, Oxford university press|page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.280326/page/n145 128]}}</ref> After making a [[Hajj|pilgrimage]] to [[Medina]], he journeyed to India to spread the Islamic faith, where he founded the Madariyya order.<ref name=bhatt/> His tomb is at [[Makanpur]].<ref>[https://shattariyah.blogspot.com/p/zinda-shah-madar.html Zinda Shah Madar] Retrieved 17 July 2022</ref>

===Ibn Arabi===
[[Ibn Arabi|Ibn 'Arabi]] (or Ibn al-'Arabi) (AH 561 – AH 638; 1165–1240) was one of the most influential Sufis, revered for his profound spiritual insight, refined taste, and deep knowledge of God. Over the centuries, he has been honored with the title "The Grand Master" (Arabic: الشيخ الأكبر). Ibn Arabi founded the Sufi order known as "[[Akbarism|Al Akbariyya]]" (Arabic: الأكبرية), which remains active to this day. The order, based in Cairo, continues to spread his teachings and principles through its own sheikh. Ibn Arabi's writings, especially [[al-Futuhat al-Makkiyya]] and Fusus al-Hikam, have been studied within all Sufi orders as the clearest expression of ''[[tawhid]]'' (Divine Unity), though because of their recondite nature they were often only given to initiates. His teachings later became known as the school of ''[[wahdat al-wujud]]'' (the Oneness of Being). He himself considered his writings to have been divinely inspired. As he expressed the way to one of his close disciples, his legacy is that "you should never ever abandon your servant-hood (''ubudiyya''), and that there may never be in your soul a longing for any existing thing".<ref>K. al-Wasa'il, quoted in ''The Unlimited Mercifier'', Stephen Hirtenstein, p. 246</ref>

===Mansur Al-Hallaj===
[[Mansur Al-Hallaj]] (died 922) is renowned for his claim, ''Ana-l-Haqq'' ("I am the Truth"), his ecstatic Sufism and state-trial. His refusal to recant this utterance, which was regarded as [[apostasy]], led to a long trial. He was imprisoned for 11 years in a Baghdad prison, before being tortured and publicly beheaded on 26 March 922. He is still revered by Sufis for his willingness to embrace torture and death rather than recant. It is said that during his prayers, he would say "O Lord! You are the guide of those who are passing through the Valley of Bewilderment. If I am a heretic, enlarge my heresy".<ref>Memoirs of the Saints, p.108.{{full citation needed|date=February 2020}}</ref>

===Yusuf Abu al-Haggag===
[[Yusuf Abu al-Haggag]] (c. 1150 – c. 1245) was a Sufi scholar and sheikh preaching principally in [[Luxor]], Egypt.<ref>{{cite news |title=تعرف على تاريخ ومولد ودورة الإمام أبو الحجاج الأقصرى السنوية × 15 معلومة |url=https://www.youm7.com/story/2018/4/30/%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE-%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF-%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AC-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9/3771991 |work=اليوم السابع |language=Arabic}}</ref> He devoted himself to knowledge, [[asceticism]] and worship.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 March 2023 |title=Sufis celebrate birthday of Sheikh Abu El-Haggag at Luxor mosque |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2266696/middle-east |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref> In his pursuits, he earned the nickname "Father of the Pilgrim". His birthday is celebrated today annually in Luxor, with people convening at the [[Abu Haggag Mosque]].

== Notable Sufi works ==
{{Main|Sufi literature}}

Among the most popular Sufi works are:<ref>{{cite book|author=Mohammed A. Rauf|title=A Brief History of Islam: With Special Reference to Malaya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bfVrAAAAIAAJ|date=1964|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|location=[[Kuala Lumpur]]|asin=B005JNAG7A|page=89}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor=Lloyd Ridgeon, [[University of Glasgow]]|title=The Cambridge Companion to Sufism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Z2TBQAAQBAJ|series=Cambridge Companions to Religion|date=2015|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=9781107018303|pages=75–76}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor=[[Leonard Lewisohn (Islamic studies scholar)|Leonard Lewisohn]]|title=The Heritage of Sufism: Classical Persian Sufism from Its Origins to Rumi (700-1300)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xh-9DwAAQBAJ|volume=1|date=2018|publisher=[[Oneworld Publications]]|via=Distributed by [[Simon & Schuster]]|isbn=9781786075260|page=3}}</ref>
* ''{{ill|Al-Ta'arruf li-Madhhab Ahl al-Tasawwuf|ar|التعرف لمذهب أهل التصوف}}'' (The Exploration of the Path of Sufis) by [[Abu Bakr al-Kalabadhi]] (d. ca. 380/990), a popular text about which [[Shihab al-Din 'Umar al-Suhrawardi|'Umar al-Suhrawardi]] (d. 632/1234) is reported to have said: "if it were not for the Ta'arruf, we would know nothing about Sufism".<ref>{{cite book|author=Erik S. Ohlander|title=Sufism in an Age of Transition: ʿUmar al-Suhrawardī and the Rise of the Islamic Mystical Brotherhoods|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F9ywCQAAQBAJ|series=Islamic History and Civilization|volume=71|date=2008|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|location=Leiden-Boston|isbn=9789047432142|page=46}}</ref>
* ''{{ill|Qūt al-Qulūb|ar|قوت القلوب}}'' (Nourishment of the Hearts) by [[Abu Talib al-Makki]] (d. 386/996), an encyclopedic manual of Sufism (Islamic mystical teachings), which would have a significant influence on [[al-Ghazali]]'s ''Ihya' 'Ulum al-Din'' ([[The Revival of the Religious Sciences]]).<ref>{{cite book|author=Harry S. Neale|title=Sufi Warrior Saints: Stories of Sufi Jihad from Muslim Hagiography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z8JfEAAAQBAJ|date=2022|publisher=[[I.B. Tauris]], an imprint of [[Bloomsbury Publishing]]|location=London|isbn=9780755643387|page=122}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor1=[[Jay L. Garfield]]|editor2=William Edelglass|title=The Oxford Handbook of World Philosophy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I0iMBtaSlHYC|date=2011|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|location=New York, USA|isbn=9780195328998|page=424}}</ref>
* ''[[Hilyat al-Awliya wa Tabaqat al-Asfiya]]'' (The Ornament of God's Friends and Generations of Pure Ones) by [[Abu Na'im al-Isfahani]] (d. 430/1038), which is a voluminous collection of biographies of Sufis and other early Muslim religious leaders.<ref>{{cite book|editor=[[Josef W. Meri]]|title=Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c1ZsBgAAQBAJ|date=2006|publisher=[[Routledge]]|location=New York and [[London]]|isbn=9781135455965|page=401}}</ref>
* ''[[Al-Risala al-Qushayriyya]]'' (The Qushayrian Treatise) by [[al-Qushayri]] (d. 465/1072), an indispensable reference book for those who study and specialize in Islamic mysticism. It is considered as one of the most popular Sufi manuals and has served as a primary textbook for many generations of Sufi novices to the present.<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Aaron W. Hughes]]|title=Muslim Identities: An Introduction to Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=95jSBFFaDkUC|date=2013|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|location=[[New York City|New York]]|isbn=9780231531924|page=170}}</ref>
* ''[[Ihya' 'Ulum al-Din]]'' (The Revival of the Sciences of Religion) by [[al-Ghazali]] (d. 505/1111). It is widely regarded as one of the most complete compendiums of Muslim thought and practice ever written, and is among the most influential books in the [[history of Islam]]. As its title indicates, it is a sustained attempt to put [[Tajdid|vigour and liveliness]] back into Muslim religious discourse.<ref>{{cite book|editor=[[Ian Richard Netton]]|title=Encyclopedia of Islamic Civilization and Religion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bYtmAgAAQBAJ|date=2008|publisher=[[Routledge]]|location=London and New York|isbn=9781135179601|page=276}}</ref>
* ''{{ill|Al-Ghunya li-Talibi Tariq al-Haqq|ar|الغنية لطالبي طريق الحق}}'' (Sufficient Provision for Seekers of the Path of the Truth) by [['Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani]] (d. 561/1166).<ref>{{cite book|author=[[A.J. Arberry]]|title=Sufism: An Account of the Mystics of Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mp3K7wd1VPAC&pg=PA85|date=2013|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=9781135029982|page=85|quote=Many of 'Abd al-Qādir's writings, sermons and prayers have been preserved; his most celebrated book, al-Ghunya li-tālibī tarīq al-haqq, was for many generations a favourite manual of instruction.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Saeko Yazaki|title=Islamic Mysticism and Abū Ṭālib Al-Makkī: The Role of the Heart|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NxkTTvX9t44C&pg=PA129|date=2013|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=9780415671101|page=129}}</ref> Translated from Arabic into English for the first time by Muhtar Holland.
* ''{{ill|'Awarif al-Ma'arif|de|ʿAwārif al-maʿārif}}'' (The Gifts of Spiritual Perceptions) by [[Shihab al-Din 'Umar al-Suhrawardi]] (d. 632/1234), was one of the more popular Sufi books of his time, and posthumously it became the standard preparatory text book for Sufi novices around the [[Islamic world]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Rana Safvi|title=In Search of the Divine: Living Histories of Sufism in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zkeHEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT122|date=2022|publisher=[[Hachette (publisher)|Hachette India]] (Registered name: Hachette Book Publishing India Pvt. Ltd) An Hachette UK company|location=[[India]]|isbn=9789393701169|page=122|quote=Sheikh Shihabuddin Abu Hafs Suhrawardi was a great scholar who wrote the Awarif al-Ma'arif (The Gifts of Spiritual Perceptions), which became one of the most popular Sufi books for seekers to read, memorize, and study regularly.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://anqa.co.uk/about-ibn-arabi/contemporaries/shihabuddin-abu-hafs-‘umar-al-suhrawardi|title=Shihabuddin Abu Hafs 'Umar al-Suhrawardi|website=anqa.co.uk|publisher=Anqa Publishing|archive-url=https://archive.today/20230204184000/https://anqa.co.uk/about-ibn-arabi/contemporaries/shihabuddin-abu-hafs-%E2%80%98umar-al-suhrawardi|archive-date=4 February 2023|quote=One of the great teaching masters, who developed his uncle's methods, Abu Hafs was responsible for establishing the order that took his name, the [[Suhrawardiyya]]. He wrote ‘Awarif al-ma’arif (which can be translated variously as The Benefits of the Spiritually Learned or The Gifts of Spiritual Perceptions), one of the most popular Sufi textbooks for later generations.}}</ref>
* ''{{ill|Al-Hikam al-'Ata'iyya|ar|الحكم العطائية}}'' (The Aphorisms of Ibn 'Ata' Allah) by [[Ibn 'Ata' Allah al-Sakandari]] (d. 709/1309), a collection of 261 Sufi [[aphorisms]] and proverbs (some counted it 264) containing precise contemplative reflections on man's relations with [[Allah]] ([[God in Islam|God]]), based on the teachings of the [[Qur'an]] and the [[Sunnah]], and deals with issues related to [[tawhid]] (Islamic monotheism), ethics, morality and [[Salik|day-to-day conduct]].<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Ibn 'Ata' Allah al-Iskandari]]|translator=Muhammed Nafih Wafy|title=The Book of Aphorisms (Kitab al-Hikam)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZGn55hQzutQC|date=2018|publisher=Islamic Book Trust is affiliated with The Other Press|location=[[Selangor]], [[Malaysia]]|isbn=9789675062612|page=10}}</ref>

=== Sufi commentaries on the Qur'an ===
Sufis have also made contributions to the [[List of tafsir works#Sufi|Qur'anic exegetical literature]], expounding the inner esoteric meanings of the [[Qur'an]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://institute.global/policy/what-sufism|title=What Is Sufism?|website=institute.global|publisher=[[Tony Blair Institute for Global Change]]|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210515103321/https://institute.global/policy/what-sufism|archive-date=15 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Zekeriya Bașkal|title=Yunus Emre: The Sufi Poet in Love|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7iZRCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT25|date=2013|publisher=Blue Dome Press|isbn=9781935295914|page=25|quote=We should also bear in mind that Sufis emphasize inner development, the inner esoteric meanings of the sacred texts, and the imagination.}}</ref> Among such works are the following:<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Mulla 'Ali al-Qari]]|editor=ناجي السويد|title=تفسير الملا علي القاري المسمى (أنوار القرآن وأسرار الفرقان)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zNtLDwAAQBAJ|date=2012|language=ar|publisher=[[w:de:Dar al-Kotob al-ilmiyah|Dar al-Kotob al-'Ilmiyya]]|location=[[Beirut]], [[Lebanon]]|isbn=9782745175960|pages=3–4}}</ref>

* ''{{ill|Tafsir al-Qu'ran al-'Azim|ar|تفسير التستري}}'' (Interpretation of the Great Qur'an) by [[Sahl al-Tustari]] (d. 283/896),<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Aysha Hidayatullah]]|title=Feminist Edges of the Qur'an|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aan0AgAAQBAJ|date=2014|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=9780199359585|page=26}}</ref> the oldest Sufi commentary on the Qur'an.<ref>{{cite book|editor=[[Seyyed Hossein Nasr]]|title=Islamic Spirituality: Foundations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ncz9AQAAQBAJ|date=2013|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=9781134538959|page=30}}</ref>
* ''{{ill|Lata'if al-Isharat|ar|تفسير القشيري}}'' (Subtleties of the Allusions) by [[al-Qushayri]] (d. 465/1072).<ref>{{cite book|author=Harry S Neale|title=Jihad in Premodern Sufi Writings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DQmkDQAAQBAJ|date=2016|publisher=The [[Palgrave Macmillan]] imprint is published by [[Springer Nature]]|location=[[New York City|New York]]|isbn=9781137561558|page=59}}</ref>
* ''{{ill|'Ara'is al-Bayan fi Haqa'iq aI-Qur'an|ar|عرائس البيان في حقائق القرآن}}'' (The Brides of Explication Concerning the Hidden Realities of the Qur'an) by [[Ruzbihan al-Baqli]] (d. 606/1209).
* ''{{ill|Al-Ta'wilat al-Najmiyya|ar|تفسير التأويلات النجمية}}'' (Starry Interpretations) by [[Najm al-Din Kubra]] (d. 618/1221). This is a [[Joint authorship|jointly-authored]] work, started by [[Najm al-Din Kubra]], followed by his student [[Najm al-Din Razi]] (d. 654/1256) and finished by [['Ala' al-Dawla Simnani|'Alā' al-Dawla al-Simnani]] (d. 736/1336).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://arts.st-andrews.ac.uk/anatolia/data/documents/TK_Sul_HaciMahmut_31|title=al-Ta'wilat al-Najmiyya|website=arts.st-andrews.ac.uk|publisher=[[The University of St Andrews]]|archive-url=https://archive.today/20230214223903/https://arts.st-andrews.ac.uk/anatolia/data/documents/TK_Sul_HaciMahmut_31|archive-date=14 February 2023}}</ref>
* ''[[Ghara'ib al-Qur'an wa Ragha'ib al-Furqan]]'' (Wonders of the Qur'an and Desiderata of the Criterion) by [[Nizam al-Din al-Nisaburi]] (d. ca. 728/1328).
* ''Anwar al-Qur'an wa Asrar al-Furqan'' (Lights of the Qur'an and Secrets of the Criterion) by [[Mulla 'Ali al-Qari]] (d. 1014/1606).
* ''{{ill|Tafsir Ruh al-Bayan|ar|روح البيان في تفسير القرآن}}'' (The Spirit of Explanation in the Commentary on the Qur'an) by [[Ismail Haqqi Bursevi|Isma'il Haqqi al-Brusawi/Bursevi]] (d. 1137/1725).<ref>{{cite book|editor=[[Andrew Rippin]]|title=The Blackwell Companion to the Qur'an|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xUu04ozMXOcC|date=2006|publisher=First published 2006 by [[Blackwell Publishing Ltd]]|isbn=9781405178440|page=358}}</ref> He started this voluminous Qur'anic commentary and completed it in twenty-three years.<ref>{{cite book|editor=[[Oliver Leaman]]|title=The Biographical Encyclopedia of Islamic Philosophy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2wS2CAAAQBAJ|date=2015|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]]|isbn=9781472569455|page=65}}</ref>
* ''[[Tafsir Ibn Ajiba|Al-Bahr al-Madeed fi Tafsir al-Qur'an al-Majeed]]'' (The Vast Sea in the Interpretation of the Glorious Qur'an) by [[Ahmad ibn 'Ajiba]] (d. 1224/1809).

==Reception==
===Persecution of Sufi Muslims===
{{Main|Persecution of Sufis}}

{{See also|Sectarian violence among Muslims|Sufi–Salafi relations}}
[[File:Shrine Lal Shahbaz Qalandar, Sehwan Shareed, Pakistan.jpg|thumb|right|Muslim pilgrims gathered around the [[Zarih|Ḍarīẖ]] covering the [[Maqbara|grave]] (''qabr'') of the 13th-century Sufi saint [[Lal Shahbaz Qalandar]] ([[Shrine of Lal Shahbaz Qalandar|shrine]] located in [[Sehwan Sharif]], Pakistan); on 16 February 2017, [[ISIS]] claimed responsibility for a [[2017 Sehwan suicide bombing|suicide attack on the shrine]], which resulted in the deaths of 90 people.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hassan |first=Syed Raza |date=17 February 2017 |title=Pakistan's Sufis defiant after Islamic State attack on shrine kills 83 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-blast-sufis/pakistans-sufis-defiant-after-islamic-state-attack-on-shrine-kills-83-idUSKBN15W1OP |work=[[Reuters]] |location=[[London]] |access-date=13 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author= |date=17 February 2017 |title=88 dead, 343 injured in Sehwan shrine explosion: official data |url=http://dailytimes.com.pk/pakistan/17-Feb-17/88-died-343-injured-in-sehwan-shrine-explosion-official-data |work=[[Daily Times (Pakistan)]] |access-date=13 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author= |date=20 February 2017 |title=Sehwan blast: Death toll reaches 90 as two more victims succumb to injuries |url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/131752-Sehwan-blast-Death-toll-reaches-90-as-two-more-victims-succumb-to-injuries |work=[[Geo News]] |access-date=13 September 2020}}</ref>]]

The persecution of Sufism and Sufi Muslims over the course of centuries has included acts of [[religious discrimination]], [[Religious persecution|persecution]] and [[Religious violence#Islam|violence]], such as the destruction of Sufi shrines, tombs, and mosques, suppression of Sufi orders, and discrimination against adherents of Sufism in a number of [[Muslim world|Muslim-majority countries]].{{sfn|Cook|2015}} The [[Republic of Turkey]] banned all Sufi orders and abolished their institutions in 1925, after Sufis opposed the new secular order. The [[Islamic Republic of Iran]] has harassed Shia Sufis, reportedly for their lack of support for the government doctrine of "[[Islamic Government: Governance of the Jurist|governance of the jurist]]" (i.e., that the supreme Shiite [[Faqīh|jurist]] should be the nation's political leader).

In most other Muslim-majority countries, attacks on Sufis and especially their shrines have come from adherents of [[Islamic puritanism|puritanical]] [[Islamic fundamentalism|fundamentalist]] [[Islamic schools and branches|Islamic movements]] ([[Salafi movement|Salafism]] and [[Wahhabism]]), who believe that practices such as [[Ziyarat|visitation to]] and [[Veneration#Islam|veneration of the tombs]] of [[Saints in Islam|Sufi saints]], [[Mawlid#Other uses of the term|celebration of the birthdays of Sufi saints]], and ''[[dhikr]]'' ("remembrance" of [[God in Islam|God]]) ceremonies are ''[[bid‘ah]]'' (impure "innovation") and ''[[Shirk (Islam)|shirk]]'' ("polytheistic").{{sfn|Cook|2015}}<ref name="Specia-2017">{{cite news |last=Specia |first=Megan |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/24/world/middleeast/sufi-muslim-explainer.html?emc=edit_ne_20171124&nl=evening-briefing&nlid=68634180&te=1 |title=Who Are Sufi Muslims and Why Do Some Extremists Hate Them? |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=24 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201043849/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/24/world/middleeast/sufi-muslim-explainer.html?emc=edit_ne_20171124&nl=evening-briefing&nlid=68634180&te=1 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |url-status=live |access-date=15 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2010/may/10/islam-sufi-salafi-egypt-religion|title=Salafi intolerance threatens Sufis|first=Baher|last=Ibrahim|work=The Guardian|date=10 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Mir|first=Tariq|title=Kashmir: From Sufi to Salafi|url=http://pulitzercenter.org/projects/kashmir-sufi-resurgence-salafi-islam-belief-conflict-rising-salafism-muslim-islam|work=November 5, 2012|publisher=Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting|access-date=20 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.islamopediaonline.org/country-profile/egypt/salafists/salafi-violence-against-sufis|title=Salafi Violence against Sufis|website=[[Islamopedia Online]]|access-date=24 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530232126/http://www.islamopediaonline.org/country-profile/egypt/salafists/salafi-violence-against-sufis|archive-date=30 May 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In [[Egypt]], at least 305 people were killed and more than 100 wounded during the [[2017 Sinai mosque attack|November 2017 Islamic terrorist attack]] on a Sufi mosque located in [[Sinai Peninsula|Sinai]]; it is considered [[Terrorism in Egypt|one of the worst terrorist attacks]] in the [[history of modern Egypt]].<ref name="Specia-2017"/><ref name="Walsh-Declan">{{cite news |last1=Walsh |first1=Declan |last2=Youssef |first2=Nour |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/24/world/middleeast/mosque-attack-egypt.html?emc=edit_ne_20171124&nl=evening-briefing&nlid=68634180&te=1 |title=Militants Kill 305 at Sufi Mosque in Egypt's Deadliest Terrorist Attack |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=24 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201032823/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/24/world/middleeast/mosque-attack-egypt.html?emc=edit_ne_20171124&nl=evening-briefing&nlid=68634180&te=1 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |url-status=live |access-date=15 September 2020}}</ref> Most of the victims were Sufis.<ref name="Specia-2017"/><ref name="Walsh-Declan"/>

===Perception outside Islam===
[[File:Sudan sufis.jpg|thumb|A choreographed Sufi performance on a Friday in Sudan]]

Sufi mysticism has long exercised a fascination upon the Western world, and especially its Orientalist scholars.<ref name=Geaves /> In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, European orientalists treated Sufism and Islam as distinct subjects, leading to "an over-emphasis on the translation of classical Sufi mystical literature" in the academic study of Sufism at the expense of the lived practices in Islam, as well as a separation of Sufism from its Islamic roots in the development of Sufism as a religious form in the West.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ernst |first=Carl W. |title=The Dabistan and Orientalist Views of Sufism |journal=Academia.edu |url=https://www.academia.edu/43971427 |access-date=16 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Geaves |first=Ron |chapter=Sufism in the West |date=2014 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-companion-to-sufism/sufism-in-the-west/0E365403019DD6826F782FE0B2C89671 |title=The Cambridge Companion to Sufism |pages=233–256 |editor-last=Ridgeon |editor-first=Lloyd |series=Cambridge Companions to Religion |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-01830-3 |access-date=30 April 2022}}"Throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, European orientalists would develop the thesis that Sufism and Islam were separate religious phenomena. The effect on Sufism in the West was twofold. The first impacted on the academic study of Sufism and the second on the development of Sufism as a religious form in Europe and North America. The separation of Sufism from its Islamic roots led to an over-emphasis on the translation of classical Sufi mystical literature at the expense of the lived religion practised throughout the Muslim world and perceived as part and parcel of a normative Islamic worldview, even if deeply contested in the Muslim majority world."</ref> Figures like Rumi have become well known in the United States, where Sufism is perceived as a peaceful and apolitical form of Islam.<ref name=Geaves>{{cite book|first1=Ron|last1=Geaves |first2=Theodore|last2=Gabriel|first3=Yvonne|last3=Haddad|first4=Jane Idleman|last4=Smith|title=Islam and the West Post 9/11 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing|page=67}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Corbett |first1=Rosemary R. |title=Making Moderate Islam: Sufism, Service, and the "Ground Zero Mosque" Controversy |publisher=Stanford University Press |date=2016 |isbn=9780804791281 |url=http://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=23704 |access-date=2 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029043841/http://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=23704 |archive-date=29 October 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Seyyed Hossein Nasr]] states that the preceding theories are false according to the point of view of Sufism.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Nasr|first1=Seyyed Hossein Nasr|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IgVtq3kNCrYC&q=origins+of+tasawwuf&pg=PA192|title=An Introduction to Islamic Cosmological Doctrines|date=1 January 1993|publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=9780791415153|access-date=17 January 2015}}</ref>
[[File:Nasreddin.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.8|A 17th-century miniature of [[Nasreddin]], a [[Seljuk dynasty|Seljuk]] [[satire|satirical figure]], currently in the [[Topkapı Palace]] Museum Library]]

The Islamic Institute in Mannheim, Germany, which works towards the integration of Europe and Muslims, sees Sufism as particularly suited for interreligious dialogue and intercultural harmonisation in democratic and pluralist societies; it has described Sufism as a symbol of tolerance and [[humanism]]—nondogmatic, flexible and non-violent.<ref>Jamal Malik, John R. Hinnells: ''Sufism in the West'', Routledge, p. 25</ref> According to [[Philip Jenkins]], a professor at [[Baylor University]], "the Sufis are much more than tactical allies for the West: they are, potentially, the greatest hope for pluralism and democracy within Muslim nations." Likewise, several governments and organisations have advocated the promotion of Sufism as a means of combating intolerant and [[Islam and violence|violent strains of Islam]].<ref>{{cite news|first1=Philip|last1=Jenkins|author-link1=Philip Jenkins|title=Mystical power|url=https://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/ideas/articles/2009/01/25/mystical_power/?page=full|work=The Boston Globe|access-date=26 June 2014|date=25 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708011457/http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/ideas/articles/2009/01/25/mystical_power/?page=full|archive-date=8 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> For example, the Chinese and Russian<ref>{{cite news|first1=Tom|last1=Parfitt|title=The battle for the soul of Chechnya|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/nov/22/chechnya.tomparfitt|access-date=26 June 2014|agency=Guardian News and Media Limited|date=23 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914003527/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/nov/22/chechnya.tomparfitt|archive-date=14 September 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> governments openly favor Sufism as the best means of protecting against Islamist subversion. The British government, especially following the [[7 July 2005 London bombings]], has favoured Sufi groups in its battle against [[Muslim extremist]] currents. The influential [[RAND Corporation]], an American think-tank, issued a major report titled "Building Moderate Muslim Networks", which urged the US government to form links with and bolster<ref>{{cite news|title=Sufism: Of saints and sinners|url=https://www.economist.com/christmas-specials/2008/12/18/of-saints-and-sinners|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=26 June 2014|date=18 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140516212549/http://www.economist.com/node/12792544|archive-date=16 May 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Muslim groups that opposed Islamist extremism. The report stressed the Sufi role as moderate traditionalists open to change, and thus as allies against violence.<ref>{{cite web|title=Muslim Networks and Movement in Western Europe|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2010/09/15/muslim-networks-and-movements-in-western-europe-sufi-orders/|website=Pew Research Center|access-date=26 June 2014|location=Government Promotion of Sufism|date=15 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140623113335/http://www.pewforum.org/2010/09/15/muslim-networks-and-movements-in-western-europe-sufi-orders/|archive-date=23 June 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first1=Angel|last1=Rabasa|first2=Cheryl|last2=Benard|first3=Lowell H.|last3=Schwartz|first4=Peter|last4=Sickle|title=Building Moderate Muslim Networks|url=https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2007/RAND_MG574.pdf|website=RAND Corporation|access-date=26 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531114438/http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2007/RAND_MG574.pdf|archive-date=31 May 2014|url-status=live|year=2007}}</ref> News organisations such as the BBC, Economist and Boston Globe have also seen Sufism as a means to deal with violent Muslim extremists.<ref>{{cite news|first1=ALI|last1=ETERAZ|title=State-Sponsored Sufism|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/06/09/state_sponsored_sufism|access-date=26 June 2014|agency=FP|date=10 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914003445/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/06/09/state_sponsored_sufism|archive-date=14 September 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Idries Shah]] states that Sufism is universal in nature, its roots predating the rise of Islam and Christianity.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Munn|first=Richard C.|date=January–March 1969|title=Reviewed work(s): The Sufis by Idries Shah |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |publisher=American Oriental Society|volume=89|issue=1|pages=279–281 |doi=10.2307/598339 |jstor=598339}}</ref> He quotes [[Abu al-Najib al-Suhrawardi|Suhrawardi]] as saying that "this (Sufism) was a form of wisdom known to and practiced by a succession of sages including the mysterious ancient [[Hermes Trismegistus|Hermes of Egypt]].", and that [[Ibn al-Farid]] "stresses that Sufism lies behind and before systematization; that 'our wine existed before what you call the grape and the vine' (the school and the system)..."{{sfn|Shah|1970|p=28-29}} Shah's views have however been rejected by modern scholars.<ref name="britannica"/> Such modern trends of neo-Sufis in Western countries allow non-Muslims to receive "instructions on following the Sufi path", not without opposition by Muslims who consider such instruction outside the sphere of Islam.{{sfn|Shah|1964–2014}}

===Similarities with Eastern religions===
{{See also|Hindu-Islamic relations#Sufism}}
Numerous comparisons have been made between Sufism and the mystic components of some [[Eastern religions]].

The tenth-century Persian polymath [[Al-Biruni]] in his book ''Tahaqeeq Ma Lilhind Min Makulat Makulat Fi Aliaqbal Am Marzula'' (Critical Study of Indian Speech: Rationally Acceptable or Rejected) discusses the similarity of some Sufism concepts with aspects of Hinduism, such as: Atma with ruh, tanasukh with reincarnation, Mokhsha with Fanafillah, Ittihad with Nirvana: union between Paramatma in Jivatma, Avatar or Incarnation with Hulul, Vedanta with Wahdatul Ujud, Mujahadah with Sadhana.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}

Other scholars have likewise compared the Sufi concept of [[Sufi metaphysics|Waḥdat al-Wujūd]] to [[Advaita Vedanta]],<ref>Malika Mohammada ''The Foundations of the Composite Culture in India'' Aakar Books 2007 {{ISBN|978-8-189-83318-3}} page 141</ref> [[Fana (Sufism)|Fanaa]] to [[Samadhi]],<ref>''The Jamaat Tableegh and the Deobandis'' by Sajid Abdul Kayum, Chapter 1: Overview and Background.</ref> [[Muraqaba]] to [[Dhyana in Buddhism|Dhyana]], and [[tariqa]] to the [[Noble Eightfold Path]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mohammada |first1=Malika |title=The Foundations of the Composite Culture in India |date=2007 |publisher=Aakar Books |isbn=978-81-89833-18-3 |page=90 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dwzbYvQszf4C&pg=PA90 |access-date=7 January 2022}}</ref>

The ninth-century Iranian mystic [[Bayazid Bostami]] is alleged to have imported certain concepts from Hindusim into his version of Sufism under the conceptual umbrella of [[baqaa]], meaning perfection.<ref>{{cite book | last1=Siddiqui | first1=Ataullah | last2=Waugh | first2=Earle H. | title=American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 16: 3 | publisher=International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT) | page=12 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vnY5DwAAQBAJ&dq=baqa+nirvana&pg=PA12 | access-date=27 December 2021 | language=en}}</ref> [[Ibn Arabi|Ibn al-Arabi]] and [[Mansur al-Hallaj]] both referred to Muhammad as having attained perfection and titled him as ''[[Al-Insān al-Kāmil]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Laliwala |first1=J. I. |title=Islamic Philosophy of Religion: Synthesis of Science Religion and Philosophy |date=2005 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=978-81-7625-476-2 |page=81 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I2Wz4HEoOgYC&dq=insan+i+kamil+baqa&pg=PA81 |access-date=7 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Chamankhah |first1=Leila |title=The Conceptualization of Guardianship in Iranian Intellectual History (1800–1989): Reading Ibn ʿArabī's Theory of Wilāya in the Shīʿa World |date=3 September 2019 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-3-030-22692-3 |page=253 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2GGtDwAAQBAJ&dq=insan+i+kamil+baqa&pg=PA253 |access-date=7 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Madzillah-ul-Aqdus |first1=Sultan ul Ashiqeen Hazrat Sakhi Sultan Mohammad Najib-ur-Rehman |title=Sultan-Bahoo-The Life and Teachings |date=11 March 2015 |publisher=Sultan ul Faqr Publications |isbn=978-969-9795-18-3 |page=49 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hlyMAwAAQBAJ&dq=insan+i+kamil+baqa&pg=PA299 |access-date=7 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bahoo |first1=Sultan ul Arifeen Hazrat Sakhi Sultan |title=Risala Roohi Sharif (The Divine Soul): English Translation and Exegesis with Persian Text |date=2015 |publisher=Sultan ul Faqr Publications |isbn=978-969-9795-28-2 |page=58 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GeZGCwAAQBAJ&dq=insan+i+kamil+baqa+muhammad&pg=PA58 |access-date=7 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bennett |first1=Clinton |title=In Search of Muhammad |date=1 January 1998 |publisher=A&C Black |isbn=978-0-304-70401-9 |page=223 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ADytAwAAQBAJ&dq=insan+i+kamil+baqa+muhammad&pg=PA190}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bennett |first1=Clinton |title=In Search of Muhammad |date=1 January 1998 |publisher=A&C Black |isbn=978-0-304-70401-9 |page=190 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ADytAwAAQBAJ&dq=insan+i+kamil+baqa+muhammad&pg=PA190 |access-date=7 January 2022}}</ref> Inayat Khan believed that the God worshipped by Sufis is not specific to any particular religion or creed, but is the same God worshipped by people of all beliefs. This God is not limited by any name, whether it be Allah, God, Gott, Dieu, Khuda, Brahma, or Bhagwan.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nicholls |first1=Ruth J. |last2=Riddell |first2=Peter G. |title=Insights into Sufism: Voices from the Heart |date=31 July 2020 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-5275-5748-2 |page=181 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gdz0DwAAQBAJ&dq=avatar+sufism&pg=PA181 |access-date=7 January 2022}}</ref>

Buddhist stories also circulated in Sufi circles. One of them being a story about blind men trying to describe an elephant.<ref>Elverskog, Johan. ''Buddhism and Islam on the Silk Road''. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010. ''JSTOR'', <nowiki>http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt3fhkkx</nowiki>. Accessed 23 August 2025. p. 73.</ref>

===Influence on Judaism===
{{Original research section|date=July 2017}}
{{see also|Jewish philosophy}}
There is evidence that Sufism influenced the development of some schools of Jewish philosophy and ethics. In the first writing of this kind, we see ''Kitab al-Hidayah ila Fara'iḍ al-Ḳulub'', ''[[Duties of the Heart]]'', of [[Bahya ibn Paquda]]. This book was translated by [[Judah ibn Tibbon]] into [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] under the title ''[[Chovot HaLevavot]]''.<ref>''A Sufi-Jewish Dialogue: Philosophy and Mysticism in Bahya ibn Paquda's Duties of the Heart'', Diana Lobel</ref>{{blockquote|The precepts prescribed by the [[Torah]] number 613 only; those dictated by the intellect are innumerable.|author=|title=|source=Kremer, Alfred Von. 1868. "Notice sur Sha‘rani". ''Journal Asiatique'' 11 (6): 258.}}

In the ethical writings of the Sufis [[Al-Kusajri]] and [[Abdullah Ansari|Al-Harawi]] there are sections which treat of the same subjects as those treated in the ''Chovot ha-Lebabot'' and which bear the same titles: e.g., "Bab al-Tawakkul"; "Bab al-Taubah"; "Bab al-Muḥasabah"; "Bab al-Tawaḍu'"; "Bab al-Zuhd". In the ninth gate, Baḥya directly quotes sayings of the Sufis, whom he calls ''[[Perushim]]''. However, the author of the ''Chovot HaLevavot'' did not go so far as to approve of the asceticism of the Sufis, although he showed a marked predilection for their ethical principles.

[[Abraham Maimonides]], the son of the Jewish philosopher [[Maimonides]], believed that Sufi practices and doctrines continue the tradition of the biblical prophets.<ref>See Sefer Hammaspiq, "Happerishuth", Chapter 11 ("Ha-mmaʿaḇāq") s.v. hithbonen efo be-masoreth mufla'a zo, citing the Talmudic explanation of Jeremiah 13:27 in Chagigah 5b; in Rabbi Yaakov Wincelberg's translation, ''The Way of Serving God'' (Feldheim), p. 429 and above, p. 427. Also see ibid., Chapter 10 ("Iqquḇim"), s.v. wa-halo yoḏeʾaʿ atta; in ''The Way of Serving God'', p. 371.</ref>

Abraham Maimonides' principal work was originally composed in [[Judeo-Arabic dialects|Judeo-Arabic]] and entitled "כתאב כפאיה אלעאבדין" ''Kitāb Kifāyah al-'Ābidīn'' (''A Comprehensive Guide for the Servants of God''). From the extant surviving portion it is conjectured that the treatise was three times as long as his father's ''[[Guide for the Perplexed]]''. In the book, he evidences a great appreciation for, and affinity to, Sufism. Followers of his path continued to foster a Jewish-Sufi form of pietism for at least a century, and he is rightly considered the founder of this pietistic school, which was centered in [[Egypt]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Maimonides, Abraham |website=Encyclopedia.com|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/maimonides-abraham|access-date=18 April 2021}}</ref>

The followers of this path, which they called ''[[Hasid]]ism'' (not to be confused with the [later] [[Jewish]] [[Hasidic Judaism|Hasidic]] movement) or Sufism (''Tasawwuf''), practiced spiritual retreats, solitude, fasting and sleep deprivation. The Jewish Sufis maintained their own [[Sufi order|brotherhood]], guided by a religious leader like a Sufi sheikh.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://bcrfj.revues.org/index2312.html |title=Jewish pietism of the Sufi type |first=Mireille |last=Loubet |journal=Bulletin du Centre de Recherche Français À Jérusalem |date=15 October 2000 |issue=7 |pages=87–91 |access-date=26 August 2015}}</ref>

''[[The Jewish Encyclopedia]]'', in its entry on Sufism, states that the revival of Jewish mysticism in Muslim countries is probably due to the spread of Sufism in the same geographical areas. The entry details many parallels to Sufic concepts found in the writings of prominent [[Kabbalah|Kabbalists]] during the [[Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Jewish Encyclopedia |date=1906 |volume=11 |pages=579–581 |url=https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/}}</ref>{{sfn|Shah|1970|p=14-15}}

==Culture==

=== Literature ===
[[File:Maulana Jelaledin Muhammad Rumi in konya.jpg|thumb|Tomb shrine of Rumi, [[Konya]], [[Turkey]]]]

The 13th century Persian poet [[Rumi]] is considered one of the most influential figures of Sufism, as well as one of the greatest poets of all time. He has become one of the most widely read poets in the United States, thanks largely to the interpretative translations published by [[Coleman Barks]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Curiel|first1=Jonathan|title=Islamic verses / The influence of Muslim literature in the United States has grown stronger since the Sept. 11 attacks|url=http://www.sfgate.com/opinion/article/Islamic-verses-The-influence-of-Muslim-2732710.php|website=SFGate|date=6 February 2005}}</ref> [[Elif Şafak]]'s novel ''The Forty Rules of Love'' is a fictionalized account of Rumi's encounter with the Persian dervish [[Shams Tabrizi]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/jul/01/forty-rules-love-elif-shafak-review|title=The Forty Rules of Love by Elif Shafak – review|date=1 July 2011|work=The Guardian|access-date=5 May 2017|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

[[Muhammad Iqbal]], one of the greatest [[Urdu]] poets, has discussed Sufism, philosophy and Islam in his English work ''[[The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The reconstruction of religious thought in Islam|last=Muhammad|first=Iqbal|date=1990 |publisher=Kitab Bhavan|isbn=978-8171510818|edition=4th|location=New Delhi|oclc=70825403}}</ref>{{primary source inline|date=September 2023}}

=== Sama ===
[[Sama (Sufism)|Sama]] is regarded as an important element in different Sufi orders. In South Asia, it is affiliated mostly with [[Chishti Order]]. It develops into a distinct art form, especially during the reign of [[Amir Khusrau|Khwaja Amir Khusrau]] and his contemporary Sufi masters, such as [[Nizamuddin Auliya|Khwaja Nizamuddin Auliya]] and others.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dehlvi |first=Ghulam Rasool |date=28 April 2024 |title=Amir Khusro & Chishti Sufi Tradition of Sima'a |url=http://www.shattariyah.blogspot.com/p/amir-khusro-chishti-sufi-tradition-of.html |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=[[Qadri Shattari]]}}</ref> Spiritual experiences were desired by Sufis through Sama, listening to poetry or Islamic mystical verses with the use of different musical instruments, aiming to attain ecstasy in divine love of Allah and his [[Muhammad|Prophet]].<ref>Ghani, Kashshaf (29 November 2023). Sufi Rituals and Practices: Experiences from South Asia, 1200-1450. [[Oxford University Press]]. ISBN 978-0-19-288923-2.</ref>

===Visual art===
{{Main|Islamic art}}

Many painters and visual artists have explored the Sufi motif through various disciplines. One of the outstanding pieces in the [[Brooklyn Museum#Arts of the Islamic world|Brooklyn Museum's Islamic gallery]] has been the museum's associate curator of Islamic art, is a large 19th- or early-20th-century portrayal of the [[Battle of Karbala]] painted by Abbas Al-Musavi,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/objects/3054 |title=Battle of Karbala |author= |date=2020 |publisher=[[Brooklyn Museum]] |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref> which was a violent episode in the disagreement between the Sunni and Shia branches of Islam; during this battle, [[Husayn ibn Ali]], a pious grandson of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, died and is considered a [[Shahid|martyr]] in Islam.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Cotter|first=Holland|date=11 June 2009 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/12/arts/design/12sufi.html|title=The Many Voices of Enlightenment|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=15 January 2020|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

In July 2016, at International Sufi Festival held in Noida Film City, UP, India, H.E. Abdul Basit who was the High Commissioner of Pakistan to India at that time, while inaugurating the exhibition of Farkhananda Khan ‘Fida’ said, "There is no barrier of words or explanation about the paintings or rather there is a soothing message of brotherhood, peace in Sufism".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mstv.co.in/2016/07/05/exhibition-of-paintings-by-farkhananda-khan-at-sufi-festival/|title=Exhibition of Paintings by Farkhananda Khan at Sufi Festival|date=5 July 2016|website=mstv.co.in|access-date=15 January 2020}}</ref>

== Scientific research ==
A [[systematic review]] published in 2023 examined the relationship between Islamic-Sufi spirituality and [[mental health]] outcomes, revealing a positive connection between Sufi spirituality and reductions in anxiety and depression among patients.<ref>Cetinkaya, Merve, and Jo Billings. 2023. "Systematic Review of the Relationship between Islamic-Sufi Spirituality and Practice and Mental Well-Being". ''Mental Health, Religion & Culture'' 26 (10): 1065–80. doi:10.1080/13674676.2023.2256265.</ref>

A study on political Sufism in contemporary [[Kazakhstan]] examined patterns of religious continuity and the role of Sufi networks in [[Mass mobilization|political mobilization]].<ref>Karimov, Nodar et al. "Revitalizing faith: an inquiry into political Sufism and religious continuity in contemporary Kazakhstan". ''Frontiers in sociology'' vol. 9 1447966. 20 November 2024, doi:10.3389/fsoc.2024.1447966</ref>

An overview of Sufi studies at [[Lists of American universities and colleges|American universities]] indicated that Sufism has become a significant area of scholarly inquiry, with dedicated programs and research centers focusing on its various aspects.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hermansen |first=Marcia |date=18 May 2021 |title=The Academic Study of Sufism at American Universities |url=https://www.ajis.org/index.php/ajiss/article/download/423/2164 |journal=[[Loyola University Chicago]] |via=ajis}}</ref>

Recent [[Bibliometrics|bibliometric]] analyses have also mapped the intellectual structure and global trends in [[Sufi studies]].<ref>Çakmaktaş, B., & Özçelik, A. (2025). Understanding Global Trends and Key Influences in Sufi Studies: A Comprehensive Analysis. ''SAGE Open'', ''15''(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440251357164 (Original work published 2025)</ref>

==References==
===Notes===
{{Reflist|group=note}}

===Citations===
{{reflist}}

===Further reading===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |last=Miller |first=Matthew |title=Feeling Like Lovers: Affect in Medieval Sufism |year=2026 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-42635-1 |url=https://doi.org/10.1525/luminos.265}}
* {{cite book |last=Field |first=Claud |title=Mystics and Saints of Islam |year=1910 |publisher=Francis Griffiths |url=https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/24314}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Babou|first1=Cheikh Anta|title=Sufism and Religious Brotherhoods in Senegal|journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies|date=2007|volume=40|issue=1|page=184}}
* {{cite book|last=Chittick|first=William|author-link=William Chittick|title=Sufism: A Beginner's Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LI0kjBlXS5UC|year=2007|publisher=Oneworld Publications|isbn=978-1-78074-052-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Chodkiewicz|first=Michel|author-link=Michel Chodkiewicz|title=The Spiritual Writings of Amir ʿAbd al-Kader|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AisToMtog14C|year=1995|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-2446-9}}
* {{cite book|last=Chopra|first=R.M.|title=SUFISM (Origin, Growth, Eclipse, Resurgence)|date=2016|publisher=Anuradha Prakashan|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-93-85083-52-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Ernst|first=Carl W.|chapter=Muḥammad as the Pole of Existence|pages=123–138|editor-first=Jonathan E.|editor-last=Brockopp|title=The Cambridge Companion to Muhammad|date=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781139828383}}
* {{cite book|last1=Fitzpatrick|first1=Coeli|last2=Walker|first2=Hani|year=2014|title=Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2AtvBAAAQBAJ|publisher=ABC-Clio|isbn=978-1-61069-177-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Gamard|first=Ibrahim|title=Rumi and Islam: Selections from His Stories, Poems, and Discourses, Annotated & Explained|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-17EZOGivqMC|year=2004|publisher=SkyLight Paths Publishing|isbn=978-1-59473-002-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Glassé|first=Cyril|title=The New Encyclopedia of Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D7tu12gt4JYC|year=2008|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=978-0-7425-6296-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Guénon|first=René|author-link=René Guénon|title=Insights Into Islamic Esoterism and Taoism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t2MicNN1KiUC|year=2001|publisher=Sophia Perennis|isbn=978-0-900588-43-3}}
* {{cite book|last1=Mbacké|first1=Khadim|last2=Hunwick|first2=John O.|title=Sufism and Religious Brotherhoods in Senegal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUrOn6papygC|year=2005|publisher=Markus Wiener Publishers|isbn=978-1-55876-342-5}}
* {{cite journal |last=Rahimi |first=Sadeq |date=September 2007 |title=Intimate Exteriority: Sufi Space as Sanctuary for Injured Subjectivities in Turkey |journal=Journal of Religion and Health |publisher=Springer |volume=46 |issue=3 |pages=409–421 |doi=10.1007/s10943-006-9073-2 |jstor=27513026|s2cid=26296782 }}
* {{cite book|last=Schimmel|first=Annemarie|author-link=Annemarie Schimmel|title=Mystical Dimension of Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V59xBAAAQBAJ|year=2013|publisher=Noura Books|isbn=978-979-433-797-4}}
* {{cite magazine |last=Schmidle |first=Nicholas |date=December 2008 |title=Pakistan's Sufis Preach Faith and Ecstasy |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/people-places/Faith-and-Ecstasy.html |magazine=[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian Magazine]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122031623/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/people-places/Faith-and-Ecstasy.html |archive-date=22 January 2009 }}
* {{cite book|last=Sells|first=Michael|author-link=Michael Sells|title=Early Islamic Mysticism: Sufi, Qurʼan, Miraj, Poetic and Theological Writings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BrU54SYQSyoC|year=1996|publisher=Paulist Press|isbn=978-0-8091-3619-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Shah|first=Idries|year=2015|title=The Sufis|publisher=[[The Idries Shah Foundation|ISF Publishing]]|isbn=978-1784790035|author-link=Idries Shah}}
* {{cite book|last=Shah|first=Idries|year=1970|title=The Way of the Sufi|publisher=E.P. Dutton}}
* {{cite book|last=Zarrabi-Zadeh|first=Saeed|date=2016|url=https://www.routledge.com/products/9781138100121|title=Practical Mysticism in Islam and Christianity: A Comparative Study of Jalal al-Din Rumi and Meister Eckhart|publisher=Routledge|series=Routledge Sufi Series|isbn=978-1-13-810012-1}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Wiktionary|Sufi}}

{{Commons category|Sufism}}
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Wikibooks|Sufism}}

{{Sufi}}
{{Sufism terminology}}
{{Sufism books}}
{{Islamic theology |state=uncollapsed}}
{{Islam topics |collapsed}}
{{Religion topics}}

{{Portal bar|Religion|Islam}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Sufism| ]]
[[Category:Esotericism]]
[[Category:Esoteric schools of thought]]
[[Category:Sunni Islam]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Monotheism|Sufism]]
[[Category:Islamic mysticism]]

Action film

2026-03-27T15:50:11Z

CynthiaBegg56: added references

{{short description|Film genre}}{{Redirect|Action movie|3=Action fiction}}
[[File:John Rambo.jpg|thumb|[[Sylvester Stallone]] as [[John Rambo]] in ''[[Rambo III]]'' (1988). The film was released in the decade where the term action became its own unique genre routinely in terms of promotion and film reviews.{{sfn|Kendrick|2019|p=36}}]]
The '''action film''' is a [[film genre]] that predominantly features chase sequences, fights, [[shootouts]], [[explosions]], and stunt work. The specifics of what constitutes an action film has been in scholarly debate since the 1980s. While some scholars such as [[David Bordwell]] suggested they were films that favor spectacle to storytelling, others such as Geoff King stated they allow the scenes of spectacle to be attuned to storytelling. Action films are often hybrid with other genres, mixing into various forms such as [[comedy film|comedies]], [[science fiction films]], and [[horror films]].

While the term "action film" or "action adventure film" has been used as early as the 1910s, the contemporary definition usually refers to a film that came with the arrival of [[New Hollywood]] and the rise of [[antihero|anti-heroe]]s appearing in American films of the late 1960s and 1970s drawing from [[war films]], [[crime films]] and [[Western (film)|Westerns]]. These genres were followed by what is referred to as the "classical period" in the 1980s. This was followed by the post-classical era where American action films were influenced by [[Hong Kong action cinema]] and the growing using of [[computer generated imagery]] in film. Following the [[September 11 attacks]], a return to the early forms of the genre appeared in the wake of ''[[Kill Bill]]'' and ''[[The Expendables (franchise)|The Expendables]]'' films.

Scott Higgins wrote in 2008 in ''[[Cinema Journal]]'' that action films are both one of the most popular and popularly derided of contemporary cinema genres, stating that "in mainstream discourse, the genre is regularly lambasted for favoring spectacle over finely tuned narrative."{{sfn|Higgins|2008|p=74}} Bordwell echoed this in his book, ''The Way Hollywood Tells It'', writing that the reception to the genre as being "the emblem of what Hollywood does worst."{{sfn|Bordwell|2006|p=104}}

==Characteristics==
In the ''[[Journal of Film and Video]]'', Lennart Soberson stated that the action film genre has been a subject of scholarly debate since the 1980s.{{sfn|Soberson|2021|p=19}} Soberson wrote that repeated traits of the genre include chase sequences, fights, shootouts, explosions, and stunt work while other scholars asserted there were more underlying traits that define the genre.{{sfn|Soberson|2021|p=19}} [[David Bordwell]] in ''The Way Hollywood Tells It'' wrote that audiences are "told that spectacle overrides narrative" in action cinema while [[Wheeler Winston Dixon]] echoed that these films were typified by "excessive spectacle" as a "desperate attempt to mask the lack of content."{{sfn|Bordwell|2006|p=104}}{{sfn|Dixon|2000|p=4}} Geoff King argued that the spectacle can also be a vehicle for narrative, opposed to interfering with it.{{sfn|King|2000|p=4}} Soberson stated that Harvey O'Brien had "perhaps the most convincing understanding of the genre", stating that the action film was "best understood as a fusion of form and content. It represents the idea and ethic of action through a form in which action, agitation and movement are paramount."{{sfn|Soberson|2021|p=19}}

O'Brien wrote further in his book ''Action Movies: The Cinema of Striking Back'' to suggest action films being unique and not just a series of action sequences, stating that that was the difference between ''[[Raiders of the Lost Ark]]'' (1981) and ''[[Die Hard]]'' (1988), that while both were mainstream Hollywood blockbusters with a hero asserting masculinity and overcoming obstacles to a personal and social solution, [[John McClane]] in ''Die Hard'' repeatedly firing his automatic pistol while swinging from a high rise was not congruent with the image of [[Indiana Jones (character)|Indiana Jones]] in ''Raiders'' swinging his whip to fend off villains in the backstreets of Cairo.{{sfn|O'Brien|2012|p=6}} British author and academic [[Yvonne Tasker]] expanded on this topic, stating that action films have no clear and constant iconography or settings. In her book ''The Hollywood Action and Adventure Film'' (2015), she found that the most broadly consistent themes tend to be a characters quest from freedom from oppression such as a hero overcoming enemies or obstacles and physical conflicts or challenge, usually battling other humans or alien opponents.{{sfn|Tasker|2015|p=2}}

By late 2010s studies of genre analysis, the term "genre" itself is often replaced or supplemented with the words "mode" and "narrative form" with all three terms often being used interchangeably.{{sfn|Höglund|Soltysik Monnet|2018|p=1302}} [[Johan Anders Höglund|Johan Höglund]] and Agnieszka Soltysik Monnet said that the difference between these concepts are elusive, but stated that genre could be defined as belonging to specific historical and cultural moments while "mode" and "form" can refer to a larger pattern that operates across a wider historical and cultural field.{{sfn|Höglund|Soltysik Monnet|2018|p=1302}} In their book ''Action Cinema Since 2000'' (2024), Tasker, Lisa Purse, and Chris Holmlund stated that thinking of action as a mode is more helpful than thinking of it as a genre.{{sfn|Holmlund|Purse|Tasker|2024|p=1}} The three authors suggested that action frames a certain manner of filmmaking and viewing exceed genre without eclipsing it stating that websites such as [[IMDb]] and [[Wikipedia]] rarely label films by a single genre and that streaming services such as [[Amazon Prime]] and [[Netflix]] similarly dilutes what is marketed and received as action.{{sfn|Holmlund|Purse|Tasker|2024|p=1}}

==History==
{{Actionfilmlist}}
In transnational cinema, there are two major trends in action films: Hollywood action films and their style being imitated around the globe and the other being Chinese-language martial arts films.{{sfn|Yip|2017|p=147}} The roots of action films extend into the beginning of film but it was only in the mid-20th century when action films developed into their own recognizable genre instead of being a collection of other types of films such as Westerns, swashbucklers or adventure films.{{sfn|Kendrick|2019|p=36}}
Films have been described "action films" or "action-adventure film" as early as the 1910s.{{sfn|Soberson|2021|p=19}}{{sfn|Willemen|2005|p=226}} Only by the 1980s was the term action as its own unique genre used routinely in terms of promotion and reviewing practices.{{sfn|Kendrick|2019|p=36}}

===Hong Kong action films===
{{Main|Hong Kong action cinema}}
The first Chinese-language martial arts films can be traced to Shanghai cinema of the late 1920s. These films were popular during the period, which comprised almost 60% of the total Chinese films. Man-Fung Yip stated that these film were "rather tame" by contemporary standards.{{sfn|Yip|2017|p=4}} He wrote that they lacked the kind of dazzling action choreography as expected today and had crude and rudimentary special effects.{{sfn|Yip|2017|p=4}} These films came under increasing attack by both government officials and cultural elites for their allegedly superstitious and anarchistic tendencies, leading them to be banned in 1932. It was not until the base of Chinese commercial filmmaking was relocated from Shanghai to Hong Kong in the late 1940s that martial arts cinema was revived. These films contained much of the characteristics of the previous era. During this period, over 100 films were based on the adventures of real life Cantonese folk hero [[Wong Fei-hung]] who first appeared in film in 1949. These films primarily on circuited within Hong Kong and Cantonese-speaking areas with Chinese [[diaspora]].{{sfn|Yip|2017|p=5}} Yip continued that these Hong Kong films were still lagging behind in aesthetic and technical standards that films from the United States, Europe and Japan had during this period.{{sfn|Yip|2017|p=157}}

Yip described Japanese cinema as the most advanced in Asia at the time. This was showcased by the international breakthrough of [[Akira Kurosawa]]'s films like ''[[Rashomon]]'' (1950).{{sfn|Yip|2017|p=157}} The film genre known as the ''[[Samurai cinema|chanbara]]'' was at its height in Japan. The style was a sub-genre to the ''[[Jidaigeki|jidai-geki]]'', or [[Historical drama|period drama]] with an emphasis on sword fighting and action.{{sfn|Sharpe|2011|p=43}} It had a similar level of popularity to that of the [[Western film|Western]] in the United States. The most internationally known films of this era were the films Kurosawa with ''[[Seven Samurai]]'' (1954), ''[[The Hidden Fortress]]'' (1958), and ''[[Yojimbo]]'' (1961).{{sfn|Sharpe|2011|p=44}} By at least the 1950s, Japanese films were looked upon as a model to be emulated by Hong Kong film production, and Hong Kong film companies began actively enlisting professionals from Japan, such as cinematographer Tadashi Nishimoto to contribute to color and widescreen cinematography.{{sfn|Yip|2017|p=157}} New literary sources also developed in martial arts films of this period, with the ''xinpai wuxia xiaoshuo'' (or "new school martial arts fiction") coming into prominence with the success of [[Liang Yusheng]]'s ''Longhu Dou Jinghua'' (1954) and [[Jin Yong]]'s ''Shujian enchou lu'' (1956) which showed influence of the Shanghai martial arts films but also circulated from Hong Kong to Taiwan and Chinese communities overseas. This led to a growing demand in both local and regional markets in the early 1960s and saw a surge in production of Hong Kong martial arts films that went beyond the stories about Wong Fei-hung which were declining in popularity.{{sfn|Yip|2017|pp=6}} These new martial arts films featured magical swordplay and higher production values and more sophisticated special effects than the previous films with [[Shaw Brothers Studio|Shaw Brothers]] a campaign of "new school" (''xinpai'') martial arts swordplay films such as Xu Zenghong's ''Temple of the Red Lotus'' (1965) and [[King Hu]]'s ''[[Come Drink with Me]]'' (1966).{{sfn|Yip|2017|pp=6-7}}
[[File:Bruce Lee 1973 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|The popularity of [[Bruce Lee]] attracted a global audience for [[kung fu films]], however his career was cut short following his untimely death in 1973, which lead to a decline in popularity for the artform.{{sfn|Yip|2017|pp=8}}]]
In the 1970s, the Hong Kong martial arts films began to grow under the format of ''yanggang'' ("staunch masculinity") mostly through the films of [[Chang Cheh]] which were popular. This transition led to the [[kung fu film]] sub-genre at beginning of the decade and moved beyond the swordplay films with contemporary settings of late Qing or early Republican periods and had more hand-to-hand combat over supernatural swordplay and special effects.{{sfn|Yip|2017|pp=7}} A new studio, [[Orange Sky Golden Harvest|Golden Harvest]] quickly became one of independent filmmakers to grant creative freedom and pay and attracted new directors and actors, including [[Bruce Lee]].{{sfn|Yip|2017|pp=7-8}} The popularity of kung fu films and Bruce Lee led to attract a global audience of these films in the United States and Europe, but was cut short on Lee's death in 1973 leading the phases popularity to decline.{{sfn|Yip|2017|pp=8}} Following a period of stagnation, Chang Cheh and [[Lau Kar-leung]] revitalized the genre with shaolin kung fu films and [[Chor Yuen]]'s series of darker swordplay films based on the novels of [[Gu Long]].{{sfn|Yip|2017|pp=8}} Kung Fu comedies appeared featuring [[Jackie Chan]] as martial arts films flourished into the 1980s. Other films again modernized the form with [[gangster film]]s of [[John Woo]] (''[[A Better Tomorrow]]'' (1986), ''[[The Killer (1989 film)|The Killer]]'' (1989)) and the Wong Fei Hung saga returning in [[Tsui Hark]]'s ''[[Once Upon a Time in China]]'' featuring [[Jet Li]] which again revitalized the swordplay styled films.{{sfn|Yip|2017|pp=8}} By the turn of the century Hollywood action films would look towards Hong Kong cinema and bringing some of their major actors and directors over to apply their style to their films, such as Chan, Woo, Li, [[Michelle Yeoh]] and [[Yuen Woo-Ping]].{{sfn|Yip|2017|pp=8-9}} The release of [[Ang Lee]]'s ''[[Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon]]'' (2000) led to a Global release status of Chinese-language martial arts films, most notably [[Zhang Yimou]]'s ''[[Hero (2002 film)|Hero]]'' (2002) and ''[[House of Flying Daggers]]'' (2004), [[Stephen Chow]]'s ''[[Kung Fu Hustle]]'' (2004) and [[Chen Kaige]]'s ''[[The Promise (2005 film)|The Promise]]'' (2005).{{sfn|Yip|2017|pp=9}} Most Hong Kong action films in the first quarter of the 21st century, such as those in ''[[Cold War (2012 film)|Cold War]]'' (2012), ''[[Cold War 2 (film)|Cold War 2]]'' (2016) and [[The White Storm (film series)|''The White Storm'' film series]] have their violence toned down, especially compared to the earlier work of directors like Woo and [[Johnnie To]].{{sfn|Chen|2022|p=118}} Antong Chen, in his study on the Hong Kong action film, wrote that the influence of China and the amount of Chinese co-productions made with Hong Kong created a shift in these films, particularly following the release of ''[[Infernal Affairs]]'' (2002).{{sfn|Chen|2022|p=120}}

===Hollywood action films===
Harvey O'Brien wrote in 2012 that the contemporary action film emerged through other genres, primarily [[Western (film)|Westerns]], [[crime films|crime]] and [[war films]] and can be separated into four forms: the formative, the classical, the post-classical and neoclassical phases.{{sfn|O'Brien|2012|p=12}} [[Yvonne Tasker]] reiterated this in her book on action and [[adventure films]], saying that action films became a distinct genre during the [[New Hollywood]] period of the 1970s.{{sfn|Tasker|2015|p=2}}

[[File:Steve-McQueen-1968.jpg|thumb|[[Steve McQueen]] in 1968, the year ''Bullitt'' was released.]]
The formative films would be from the 1960s to the early 1980s where the [[Antihero|Anti-hero]] appears in cinema, featuring characters who act and transcend the law and social conventions. This appears initially in films like ''[[Bullitt]]'' (1968) where a tough police officer protects society by upholding the law against systematic corruption. This extended into films which O'Brien described as "knee-jerk responses" to perceived threats with rogue cop and [[vigilante film]]s such as ''[[Dirty Harry]]'' (1971) and ''[[Death Wish (1974 film)|Death Wish]]'' (1974) where the restoration of order is only possible by force and antisocial characters prepared to act when society does not.{{sfn|O'Brien|2012|p=12}} The vigilantism reappears in other films that were exploitative of southern society such as ''[[Billy Jack]]'' (1971) and ''[[White Lightning (1973 film)|White Lightning]]'' (1973) and "good ol' boy" comedies like ''[[Smokey and the Bandit]]'' (1977). This era also emphasizes the car chase scenes as moments of spectacle in films like ''Bullitt'' and ''[[The French Connection (film)|The French Connection]]'' (1971). O'Brien described these films as emphasizing "the fusion of man and machine" with the drivers and vehicles acting as one, concluding with what he described as "the ultimate in apocalyptic modernity and social erasure" in ''[[Mad Max 2]]'' (1981).{{sfn|O'Brien|2012|p=13}}

O'Brien described the classical form of action cinema to be the 1980s. The decade continued the trends of formative period with heroes as avengers (''[[Lethal Weapon]]'' (1987)), rogue police officers (''[[Die Hard]]'' (1988)) and mercenary warriors (''[[Commando (1985 film)|Commando]]'' (1985)). Following the continuity of the car and man hybrid of the previous decade, the 1980s featured weaponized men who were either also carrying weapons such as ''[[Sudden Impact]]'' (1983), trained to be weapons (''[[American Ninja]]'' (1985)) or imbued with technology (''[[RoboCop]]'' (1987)).{{sfn|O'Brien|2012|p=13}} O'Brien noted that the formative trends at this point had become "identifiably generic" as film industries began to reproduced these films during the decade producers like [[Joel Silver]] and production companies like [[The Cannon Group, Inc.]] began to formulate production of these films with both high and low budgets.{{sfn|O'Brien|2012|pp=13-14}} The action films of this era have roots in classical story telling, specifically rooted from [[martial arts films]] and Westerns, and are built around a three-act structure centered on survival, resistance and revenge with narratives where the physical body of the hero is tested, traumatized and ultimately triumphant.{{sfn|O'Brien|2012|p=14}}

The third shift in action cinema, the postclassical, was defined by the predominance of Eastern cinema and its aesthetics, primarily the wire-work of [[Hong Kong action cinema]] from the classical era, through the convention of the increasingly computer generated effects. This saw the decline of overt masculinity in the action film which corresponded with the end of the [[Cold War]] in 1991, while the rise of self-referential and parodies of this era grew in films like ''[[Last Action Hero]]'' (1993). O'Brien described this era as being soft where the hard bodies of the classical era were replaced with computer generated imagery such as that of ''[[Terminator 2: Judgment Day]]'' (1991).{{sfn|O'Brien|2012|p=15}} This was displayed in corresponding with corresponded with millennial angst and apocalypticism showcased in films like ''[[Independence Day (1996 film)|Independence Day]]'' (1996) and ''[[Armageddon (1998 film)|Armageddon]]'' (1998).{{sfn|O'Brien|2012|p=15-16}} Action films of mass destruction began requiring more overtly super heroic characters with further comic book adaptations being made with increased non-realistic settings with films like ''[[The Matrix]]'' (1999).{{sfn|O'Brien|2012|p=16}}

The fourth phase arrived following the [[September 11 attacks]] in 2001, which suggested an end to fantastical elements that defined the action hero and genre.{{sfn|O'Brien|2012|p=16}} The release of [[Quentin Tarantino]]'s ''[[Kill Bill: Volume 1]]'' (2003) and ''[[Kill Bill: Volume 2]]'' (2004) revisited the tropes of 1970s action films, leading a renaissance of vengeance narratives in films like ''[[The Brave One (2007 film)|The Brave One]]'' (2007) and ''[[Taken (film)|Taken]]'' (2008). O'Brien found that Tarantino's films were [[post-modern]] takes on the themes that rescinded irony to restore "[[cinephile]] re-actualization of the genre's conventions."{{sfn|O'Brien|2012|p=16}} The genre went into full circle resurrecting films from the classical period with ''[[Live Free or Die Hard]]'' (2007) and ''[[Rambo (2008 film)|Rambo]]'' (2008) finding the characters navigating a contemporary world while also acknowledging their age, culminating into ''[[The Expendables (2010 film)|The Expendables]]'' (2010) film.{{sfn|O'Brien|2012|p=16}}

The most commercially successful action films and franchise of the 21st century have been comic book adaptations, which commenced with the ''[[X-Men (film series)|X-Men]]'' and is seen in other series such as ''[[Spider-Man in film|Spider-Man]]'', and ''[[Iron Man in other media#Marvel Cinematic Universe|Iron Man]]'' series.{{sfn|Tasker|2015|p=179}}{{sfn|Tasker|2015|p=182}} Tasker wrote that despite the central characters in superhero cinema being extraordinary, occasionally even God-like, they often followed the traces of the central character becoming powerful of which is fundamental to action films, often dealt with origin stories in superhero films.{{sfn|Tasker|2015|p=180}}

==Subgenres==
===Hybrid genres===
{{Main|Hybrid genre}}
{{See also|Action comedy}}
Action films often interface with other genres. Tasker wrote that films are often labelled action thrillers, action-fantasy, and action-adventure films with different nuances.{{sfn|Tasker|2004|pp=3-4}} Tasker went further to state that both the action and adventure are often used in hybrid or as interchangeable terms.{{sfn|Tasker|2015|p=17}} Along with Holmund and Purse, Tasker wrote that the action films expansiveness complicates easy categorization and though the genre is often spoken of as singular genre, it is rarely discussed as singular style.{{sfn|Holmlund|Purse|Tasker|2024|p=2}}

Screenwriter and academic [[Jule Selbo]] expanded on this, describing a film as "[[crime film|crime]]/action" or an "action/crime" or other hybrids was "only a semantic exercise" as both genres are important in the construction phase of the narrative.{{sfn|Selbo|2014|pp=229–232}} Mark Bould in ''A Companion to Film Noir'' (2013) said that categorization of multiple generic genre labels was common in film reviews that are rarely concerned with succinct descriptions that evoke elements of the film's form or content and make no claims beyond on how these elements combine.{{sfn|Bould|2013|p=34}}{{sfn|Bould|2013|p=44}}

Film studies began to engage generic hybridity in the 1970s. [[James Monaco]] wrote in 1979 in ''American Film Now: The People, The Power, The Money, the Movies'' that "the lines that separate on genre from another have continued to disintegrate."{{sfn|Monaco|1979|p=56}} Tasker said that most postclassical action films are hybrids, drawing from genres as varied as war films, [[science fiction film|science-fiction]], [[horror film|horror]], crime, [[martial arts films|martial-arts]], and [[comedy films]].{{sfn|Tasker|2004|pp=3-4}}

===Martial arts film===
{{Main|Martial arts film}}
In Chinese-language films, both ''wuxia'' and kung fu are genre-specific terms, while martial arts is a generic term to refer to several types of films containing martial arts.{{sfn|Teo|2016|p=2}}

====Wuxia====
{{Main|Wuxia}}
The ''wuxia'' film is the oldest genre in Chinese cinema.{{sfn|Teo|2016|p=1}} Stephen Teo wrote in his book on ''Wuxia'' that there is no satisfactory English translation of the term, with it often being identified as "the swordplay film" in critical studies. It is derived from the Chinese words ''wu'' denoting militarist or martial qualities and ''xia'' denoting chivalry, gallantry, and qualities of knighthood.{{sfn|Teo|2016|p=2}} The term ''wuxia'' entered into popular culture in the serialization of ''Jianghu qixia zhuan'' (1922) ({{translation|Tale of the Legendary Swordsmen}}).{{Sfn|Teo|2016|p=3}} In ''wuxia'', the emphasis is on chivalry and righteousness and allows for phantasmagoric actions over the [[kung fu film]]'s more ground-based combat.{{sfn|Teo|2016|p=4}}

====Kung fu film====
{{Main|Kung fu film}}
The kung fu film emerged in the 1970s from the ''wuxia'' or swordplay films.{{sfn|Teo|2016|p=2}}{{sfn|Yip|2017|p=26}} Its name is derived from the Cantonese term ''[[Chinese martial arts|gong fu]]'', which has two meanings: the physical effort required to completing a task and the abilities and skills acquired over time.{{sfn|Yip|2017|p=48}} Films from the period reflected on the cultural and social climate from the period, as seen in invoking Japanese or Western imperialist forces as foils.{{sfn|Yip|2017|p=26}}

In comparison to the ''wuxia'' film, the focus on the kung fu film is on the martial arts over chivalry,{{Sfn|Teo|2016|pp=4-5}} The martial arts film was in decline by the mid-1970s in Hong Kong in relation to the stock market crash, which went from over 150 films in 1972 to just over 80 in 1975, which led to a downfall in martial arts films produced. When the economy began to rebound, a new trend of martial arts films, the Shaolin kung fu films, emerged and sparked a revival of the genre.{{sfn|Yip|2017|p=49}} Unlike the ''wuxia'', the kung fu film primarily focuses on fighting on the ground.{{sfn|Teo|2016|p=4}} While heroes in kung fu films often display chivalry, they generally hail from different fighting schools, namely ''[[Wudangquan|wudang]]'' and [[Shaolin kung fu|shaolin]].{{sfn|Teo|2016|p=2}}{{sfn|Teo|2016|p=4}}

====American-styled productions====
American martial-arts films feature what author M. Ray Lott described as a more realistic style of violence over the Hong Kong ''wuxia'' films with more realism and are often low-budget productions.{{sfn|Lott|2004|pp=7-8}} Martial arts began routinely appearing in fight scenes in American films in the 1960s with films such as ''[[The Born Losers]]'' (1967), which was predominantly a drama, interspersed with martial-arts scenes.{{sfn|Lott|2004|p=28}}{{sfn|Lott|2004|p=42}} American martial arts films predominantly came into production following the release of ''Enter the Dragon'' (1973), with the only higher-budgeted American film to follow in its wake being ''[[The Yakuza]]'' (1974).{{sfn|Lott|2004|p=1}}{{sfn|Lott|2004|p=15}} Lott noted the two films would lead to the two subsequent styles of martial arts films in the United States, with films like ''Enter the Dragon'' about people who reveled in combat, often in a tournament setting, and ''The Yakuza'' which had several genres attached to it, but featured several martial arts sequences.{{sfn|Lott|2004|p=19}} By the end of the 1970s, the style was an established genre in American cinema, often featuring tough heroic characters who would fight and not think about their actions until after a fight sequence.{{sfn|Lott|2004|p=67}} In the 1980s, American martial arts films reflected the national move towards conservatism, reflected in films of [[Chuck Norris]] and other actors such as [[Sho Kosugi]].{{sfn|Lott|2004|p=69}} The genre would shift from theatrical releases towards the end of the decade with the rise of home video, the lower box-office of American martial arts productions, and a significant portion of [[direct-to-video]] action films that first were made in the late 1980s in the United States were martial arts films.{{sfn|Lott|2004|p=1}}{{sfn|Lott|2004|p=69}}{{sfn|Lott|2004|p=101}} Towards the end of the 1990s, production of low-budget martial arts films declined as no new stars in the genre developed and older actors such as [[Cynthia Rothrock]] and [[Steven Seagal]] started showing up in less and less films.{{sfn|Lott|2004|p=199}}{{sfn|Lott|2004|p=200}} Even internationally popular films like ''Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon'' (2000) had negligible effects in American productions in either the direct-to-video field, or in similarly low-budget theatrical releases such as ''[[Bulletproof Monk]]'' (2003).{{sfn|Lott|2004|p=206}}

While the American styled-films were predominantly made in the United States, productions were also made in Australia, Canada, Hong Kong and South Africa, and were predominantly shot in the English-language.{{sfn|Lott|2004|p=8}}

===Heroic bloodshed===
{{main|Heroic bloodshed}}
Heroic Bloodshed is genre a that originates with English-language Hong Kong action and crime film fan communities in the late 1980s and early 1990s.{{sfn|Van Den Troost|2024|p=234}} Author Bey Logan stated that the term was coined by Rick Baker, in the British fanzine ''Eastern Heroes''.{{sfn|Van Den Troost|2024|p=234}}{{sfn|Logan|1995|p=126}} The term is used broadly.{{sfn|Van Den Troost|2024|p=234}} Baker described the style as Hong Kong action films which feature gangsters and gunplay and martial arts that were more violent than kung fu films and academic Kristof Van Den Troost described it a term used to distinguish Hong Kong gun-heavy action films from period martial arts films from the late 1980s and early 1990s.{{sfn|Van Den Troost|2024|p=234}}{{sfn|Logan|1995|p=126}}

In the Chinese language, the term used for these films is ''jinghungpin'', literally meaning "hero films".{{sfn|Van Den Troost|2024|p=234}} Academic Laikwan Pang asserts that these gangster films appeared at a time when Hong Kong citizens felt particularly powerless with the [[handover of Hong Kong]] from the United Kingdom to China set for 1997.{{sfn|Pang|2005|pp=35-37}}
The key directors of the genre were [[John Woo]] and [[Ringo Lam]], and producer [[Tsui Hark]], with the starting point of the genre being traced to Woo's ''[[A Better Tomorrow]]'' (1986) make a record-breaking HK$34.7 million at the Hong Kong box office.{{sfn|Bitel|2019}} The style of these films would influence American productions, such as [[Michael Bay]]'s ''[[Bad Boys II]]'' (2003) and the [[Wachowskis]]' ''[[The Matrix]]'' (1999).{{sfn|Bitel|2019}} Korean media recognized the more fatalistic and pessimistic tone of these films, leading to Korean journalists to label the style as "Hong Kong ''noir''".{{sfn|Kelso-Marsh|2020|p=59}} The influence of these films was evident in early Korean films such as [[Im Kwon-taek]]'s ''[[General's Son]]'' (1990) and later films such [[Song Hae-sung]]'s ''[[A Better Tomorrow (2010 film)|A Better Tomorrow]]'' (2010), ''[[Cold Eyes]]'' (2013) and ''[[New World (2013 film)|New World]]'' (2013).{{sfn|Kelso-Marsh|2020|p=60}}

Postcolonial Hong Kong cinema has struggled to maintain its international identity as a provider of these types action films because the talents involved had abandoned the Hong Kong film industry after the handover in 1997.{{sfn|Martin|2009|p=31}}

==Regional action cinema==
Anglophone action film scholarship has tended to emphasize bigger budget American action films, with academics tending to find films that fall out of Hollywood productions as not quite fitting definitions of the genre. By 2024, many national and regional industries were known for action films. These include international films such as Hindi, Tamil, Telugu, [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]], South Korean, Japanese, [[Cinema of Thailand|Thai]], [[Cinema of Brazil|Brazilian]], [[Cinema of China|Chinese]], [[Cinema of South Africa|South African]], French and [[Cinema of Italy|Italian]] action titles.{{sfn|Holmlund|Purse|Tasker|2024|p=3}}

===Australia===
At the turn of the millennium, Australian genre films have gained increasing acceptance in the Australian feature film industry, while the action genre represented a small percentage of its output in the 21st century.{{sfn|Ryan|McWilliam|2021}}{{sfn|Howell|2021}}

Scholars of Australian genre film generally used the term "action-adventure" which allows them to apply it to various forms of narratives such as tongue in cheek heroic posturing stories like ''[[Crocodile Dundee]]'' (1986), [[road movies]] or bush/outback films.{{sfn|Howell|2021}} In the book ''Australian Genre Film'', Amanda Howell suggested that this label was used to help distance Australian cinema from Hollywood films as it would be suggesting commerce over culture and that it would be "quite unacceptable to make Australian movies using conventions established in the U.S.A."{{sfn|Howell|2021}} Howell stated this to be the case with action films of the 1970s and 1980s with [[Brian Trenchard-Smith]]'s ''[[Turkey Shoot (1982 film)|Turkey Shoot]]'' (1982) being the most notorious. Smith had previously released films like ''[[Deathcheaters]]'' (1976) and ''[[Stunt Rock]]'' (1979) when financial incentives were available for overtly commercial projects.{{sfn|Howell|2021}} She commented that action films did tell identifiably Australian stories such as the [[Sandy Harbutt]]'s biker film ''[[Stone (1974 film)|Stone]]'' (1974) and Miller's post-apocalyptic film ''[[Mad Max (film)|Mad Max]]'' (1979) derived from Australia's social and cultural realities, as well as how [[George Miller (director)|George Miller]]'s later ''[[Mad Max: Fury Road]]'' (2015) derived from Australia's long-standing cinematic fascination with the road and cars and a history of cultural anxiety towards a bleak and forbidding outback landscape opposed to the optimism of American action films.{{sfn|Howell|2021}}

===France===
[[File:Luc Besson Cannes 2014.jpg|thumb|Luc Besson in 2014. Lisa Purse described Besson's France-based [[EuropaCorp]] the most significant producer of French action films.{{sfn|Purse|2011|pp=173-174}}]]
France is a major European country for film production and has made co-production commitments with 44 countries around the world.{{sfn|Purse|2011|pp=172-173}} Around beginning of the 21st century, France began producing a series of films explicitly intended for international markets, with action films representing a significant portion. These films include ''[[Taxi 2]]'' (2000), ''[[Kiss of the Dragon]]'' (2001), ''[[District 13]]'' (2004) and ''[[Unleashed (2005 film)|Unleashed]]'' (2005).{{sfn|Purse|2011|p=173}} When asked about the Americanization of these French films, [[Christophe Gans]], director of ''[[Brotherhood of the Wolf]]'' (2001) stated that "Hollywood ownership of certain elements [...] must be challenged, in order to show that these elements have also long been present in European culture."{{sfn|Purse|2011|p=174}}

The most significant producers of French action films with international ambitions is [[Luc Besson]]'s France-based [[EuropaCorp]], who released films like ''[[Taxi (1998 film)|Taxi]]'' (1998) and ''[[From Paris with Love (film)|From Paris with Love]]'' (2010).{{sfn|Purse|2011|pp=173-174}} EuropaCorp produced ''[[Transporter (franchise)|Transporter]]'' franchise starred British actor [[Jason Statham]] and made him an action film star, which led him to feature in ''The Expendables'' series by the end of the 2010s.{{sfn|Purse|2011|p=174}}

===India===
The action film genre has been a staple of [[Hindi cinema|Bollywood cinema]].{{sfn|Shandilya|2024|p=163}}
In the 1970s, the Bollywood action film consolidated with films starring [[Amitabh Bachchan]]: [[Prakash Mehra]]'s ''[[Zanjeer (1973 film)|Zanjeer]]'' (1973) and [[Yash Chopra]]'s ''[[Deewaar]]'' (1975) and [[Manmohan Desai]]'s ''[[Amar Akbar Anthony]]'' (1977). The box office success of these films made Bachchan a star and spawned the "angry young man" film in Bollywood cinema.{{sfn|Shandilya|2014|p=112}}
Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, the action genre film declined considerably with new films predominantly featuring former [[Bodybuilding|bodybuilders]] failing to reach the popularity Bachchan had. These films predominantly earned their revenue through longer runs at B-grade theatres.{{sfn|Shandilya|2014|p=112}} A cycle of action films came from these films in the 1980s and 1990s called the avenging woman film, where female protagonists seek justice for a rape victim, where the protagonist seeks revenge through violence.{{sfn|Shandilya|2024|pp=163-164}}

In 2009, the action genre was re-popularized with the box office success of ''[[Wanted (2009 film)|Wanted]]'' (2009) starring [[Salman Khan]]. Khan reinvented his screen persona with that of his image in the Bollywood press who reported on him in the headlines of Bollywood magazines for his public brawls and affairs with leading actresses.{{sfn|Shandilya|2014|p=112}} In ''[[Dabangg]]'' (2010), Khan continued with this public persona, which was repeated in several of his later films such as ''[[Ready (2011 film)|Ready]]'' (2011), ''[[Bodyguard (2011 Hindi film)|Bodyguard]]'' (2011), ''[[Ek Tha Tiger]]'' (2012) and ''[[Dabangg 2]]'' (2012).{{sfn|Shandilya|2014|p=113}}

From the 1980s, generations of actors in [[Telugu cinema]] have invoked Hong Kong action films, such as [[Srihari]] who stated he wanted to become an actor after watching his first Bruce Lee film. Several films in Telugu cinema were remakes of Hong Kong films, such as ''[[Hello Brother (1994 film)|Hello Brother]]'' (1994) which is based on ''[[Twin Dragons]]'' (1992).{{sfn|Srinivas|2005|p=112}} Other films such as the martial arts film ''[[Bhadrachalam (film)|Bhadrachlam]]'' (2001), borrows from American cinema with the [[Jean-Claude Van Damme]] film ''[[Kickboxer (1989 film)|Kickboxer]]'' (1989).{{sfn|Srinivas|2005|p=112-113}} [[SS Rajamouli]]'s ''[[RRR]]'' (2022) was among the highest budgeted films made in India, and became a rare hit film outside of Indian diaspora, where it broke box office records in Japan and performed exceptionally well in American box office.{{sfn|BBC|2023|ref=BBC}}{{sfn|Abrams|2022}}

In 2026 dhurandhar: the revenge changed the scenario of spy action movies in india , grossing over ₹1000 cr in six days .

===Japan===
Japan was a difficult market for Hong Kong action cinema to break into. Prompted by the success of ''[[Enter the Dragon]]'' and the popularity of Bruce Lee, [[Toei Company|Toei]] made their own Bruce Lee-style martial arts films, with ''[[The Street Fighter]]'' and its two sequels starring [[Sonny Chiba]] as well as a spin-off with a female lead similar to Hong Kong's [[Angela Mao]] called ''[[Sister Street Fighter]]''. The success of ''Enter the Dragon'' briefly allowed an influx of Hong Kong films to Japan, but the trend did not last, with 28 Hong Kong films, mostly kung fu films, being released in 1974, and the number decreasing to five in 1975, four in 1977 and only two in 1978.{{sfn|Yip|2017|p=166}}

[[Ryuhei Kitamura]], director of ''[[Versus (2000 film)|Versus]]'' (2000), said in 2004 that he grew frustrated with the Japanese film industry as producers felt they couldn't make action films in competition with Hong Kong or American productions.{{sfn|Directory of World Cinema: Japan 3|2015|p=77|ref=DoW3}} ''Versus'' grew to become popular outside of Japan, and Kitamura said he was aiming for the foreign audience, as he was disappointed with the current state of Japanese films.{{sfn|Mes|2004}} Kitamura's characters have been described as "a careful combination of the maverick independence of 1980s Hollywood action heroes and the calmness and acceptance of Japanese samurai, a consistent criticism of Japanese people today."{{sfn|Directory of World Cinema: Japan 3|2015|p=78|ref=DoW3}} Kitamura followed up ''Versus'' with two manga-inspired big-budget action films, ''[[Azumi (film)|Azumi]]'' and ''[[Sky High (2003 film)|Sky High]]''. Both released in 2003, the former was one of the highest-grossing movies of the year in Japan. Following ''LoveDeath'', Kitamura's next directing work was in the United States.{{sfn|Macias|2008}}

===Korea===
The action cinema of South Korea mostly existed on the margins of the film industry in South Korea.{{sfn|Soyoung|2005|p=97}} The genre was initially called the ''Hwalkuk'' ("living theatre") was a term that indicated plays and films driven by action scenes, while this term has not been used regularly since the late 1970s, with "action movie" becoming the more familiar term.{{sfn|Soyoung|2005|p=100}} The Korean action films came from Japanese cinema, [[James Bond in film|James Bond series]], and Hong Kong action cinema.{{sfn|Soyoung|2005|p=101}} As North Korea borders China, it block access to the continent from a South Korean perspective, the [[Cold War]] allowed South Koreans to substitute deferred travel beyond the border through films with locations shot in Hong Kong.{{sfn|Soyoung|2005|p=99}} While melodrama and comedy were staples in South Korean cinema, most action films were sporadic and tied to the use of locations such as Hong Kong.{{sfn|Soyoung|2005|p=103}} These films often featured one-legged or otherwise handicapped action characters similar to those of Japanese films (''Zatoichi'') and Hong Kong films (''The One-Armed Swordsmen'').{{sfn|Soyoung|2005|p=99}}{{sfn|Soyoung|2005|p=103}} These included Im Kwon-taek's ''Returned Left-Handed Man'' (1968), Aekkunun Bak's ''One-Eyd Park'' (1970) and Lee Doo-yong's ''Returned One-Legged Man'' (1974).{{sfn|Yip|2017|p=170}}

In the 1990s, the country's national cinema was in decline leading to Hong Kong gangster films filled in this void leading to large commercial success at the national box office.{{sfn|Choi|2011}} Early Korean heirs to Hong Kong action films include {{ill|The Rules of the Game (film)|ko|게임의_법칙|italics=yes|lt=The Rules of the Game}} (1994), ''[[Beat (1997 film)|Beat]]'' (1997), and ''[[Green Fish]]'' (1997) involving men who gain confidence and achieve personal growth as they embark on journeys to protect national state and meet devastating ends.{{sfn|Kwon|2023}}
South Korean cinema only received international attention in both art film and blockbuster formats towards the end of the 1990s. Films such as ''[[Chunhyang (film)|Chunhang]]'' (2000) and ''[[Memento Mori (film)|Memento Mori]]'' (2000) and action films ''[[Shiri (film)|Shiri]]'' (1999) and ''[[Nowhere to Hide (1999 film)|Nowhere to Hide]]'' (1999) received commercial releases in North America, Asia, and Europe. The success of the latter two films was unprecedented, and was followed by other South Korean action films in the early 2000s reaching the top of the local box office.{{sfn|Soyoung|2005|p=97}} These South Korean films mimic some traits of the [[Hong Kong action cinema]], such melodramatic male bonding and marginalized women characters, while the Korean films also have greater elements of tragedy and romance emphasized.{{sfn|Kwon|2023}}

===United Kingdom===
{{see also|Cinema of the United Kingdom}}
The [[British national identity|Britishness]] of UK-produced action and adventure films vary and are often obscured or gone unnoticed. Others feature predominantly British casts and settings that that suggest Britishness, or are adaptations from well-known examples of [[British literature|British popular fiction]] featuring characters like [[James Bond (literary character)|James Bond]] or [[Sherlock Holmes]] as seen in [[Guy Ritchie]]'s two adaptations: ''[[Sherlock Holmes (2009 film)|Sherlock Holmes]]'' (2009) and ''[[Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows]]'' (2011).{{sfn|Tasker|2014}} Tasker described these British action films as different from the Hollywood form also not removed from it in terms of style.{{sfn|Tasker|2014}}

Tasker wrote that, despite their longevity and commercial and cultural prominence, the British [[James Bond in film|''James Bond'' films]] rarely serve as exemplars of the action films but more as outliers and strong influences on the genre.{{sfn|Tasker|2014}} While [[Larry Gross]] described the series as "the progenitor of the high-tech action film" and they exemplified "The characteristics of the modern Hollywood action thriller", featuring usually violent action over plot and characterisation, low narrative complexity, and a series of set pieces and chase scenes as well as Bond's [[One-line joke|one-liners]] after dispatching a foe.{{sfn|Chapman|1999|pp=18-19}} Historian [[James Chapman (media historian)|James Chapman]] said that "the Britishness of the Bond films has been one of their main selling points, a factor which differentiates them from all the other action movies which have followed in their wake."{{sfn|Chapman|1999|p=13}}

==Reception==
Most martial arts films made before the mid-1960s were [[Cantonese|Cantonese-language]] productions. In comparison, [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin-language]] films were an integral part of [[Hong Kong cinema]] due to the influx of Shanghai film talent in the postwar period. These films were targeted at the more educated and more refined middle-class audiences who saw themselves as above the contemporary martial arts films.{{sfn|Yip|2017|p=5}}{{sfn|Yip|2017|p=157}}

Scott Higgins wrote in 2008 in ''[[Cinema Journal]]'' that Hollywood action films are both one of the most popular and popularly derided of contemporary cinema genres, stating that "in mainstream discourse, the genre is regularly lambasted for favoring spectacle over finely tuned narrative."{{sfn|Higgins|2008|p=74}} Bordwell echoed this in his book, ''The Way Hollywood Tells It'', writing that the reception to the genre as being "the emblem of what Hollywood does worst."{{sfn|Bordwell|2006|p=104}}

Tasker wrote that when action and adventure films secured awards, it is often in categories such as [[visual effects]] and sound editing.{{sfn|Tasker|2015|p=8}}

=== Acclaimed action films ===
''[[Time Out (magazine)|Time Out]]'' magazine conducted a poll with fifty experts in the field of action cinema, including actors, critics, filmmakers and stuntmen. Out of the 101 films ranked in the poll, the following films were voted the top ten best action films of all time.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Rothkopf |first1=Joshua |last2=Semlyen |first2=Phil |date=21 March 2022 |title=The 101 Best Action Movies of All Time |url=https://www.timeout.com/film/the-101-best-action-movies-ever-made |access-date=2022-05-17 |website=[[Time Out (magazine)|Time Out]] |publisher=[[Time Out Group]] |language=en-GB |archive-date=2020-08-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200828134924/https://www.timeout.com/film/the-101-best-action-movies-ever-made |url-status=live }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! Rank
! Film
! Year
! Director
!Country
|-
|1
|''[[Die Hard]]''
|[[1988 in film|1988]]
|[[John McTiernan]]
|[[Cinema of the United States|United States]]
|-
|2
|[[Aliens (film)|''Aliens'']]
|[[1986 in film|1986]]
|[[James Cameron]]
|United States / [[Cinema of the United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]
|-
|3
|''[[Seven Samurai]]''
|[[1954 in film|1954]]
|[[Akira Kurosawa]]
|[[Cinema of Japan|Japan]]
|-
|4
|''[[The Wild Bunch]]''
|[[1969 in film|1969]]
|[[Sam Peckinpah]]
|United States
|-
|5
|[[Police Story (1985 film)|''Police Story'']]
|[[1985 in film|1985]]
|[[Jackie Chan]]
|[[Hong Kong action cinema|Hong Kong]]
|-
|6
|''[[Enter the Dragon]]''
|[[1973 in film|1973]]
|[[Robert Clouse]]
|[[Cinema of Hong Kong|Hong Kong]] / United States
|-
|7
|''[[Mad Max 2]]''
|[[1981 in film|1981]]
|[[George Miller (filmmaker)|George Miller]]
|[[Cinema of Australia|Australia]]
|-
|8
|''[[Hard Boiled]]''
|[[1992 in film|1992]]
|[[John Woo]]
|[[Cinema of Hong Kong|Hong Kong]]
|-
|9
|''[[Terminator 2: Judgment Day]]''
|[[1991 in film|1991]]
|James Cameron
|United States
|-
|10
|''[[Raiders of the Lost Ark]]''
|1981
|[[Steven Spielberg]]
|United States
|-
|}

===Gender in action cinema===
{{See also|Girls with guns}}
====Hong Kong====
In Hong Kong, the "new school" of martial arts films that Shaw Brothers brought in 1965 featured what Yip described as "strong, active female characters as protagonists." These female-centered films were challenged with the rise of a new male heroic prototype marked by a strong sense of youthful energy and defiance and by a propensity for violent action, identified with the films of [[Chang Cheh]].{{sfn|Yip|2017|pp=7}}

====Hollywood====
Violent female characters have been part of cinema since its early inception, with characters such as Kate Kelly brandishing a shotgun in ''[[The Story of the Kelly Gang]]'' (1906). Women traditionally appear in action films as romantic interests, [[tomboy]]s, or [[sidekick]]s to male protagonists.{{sfn|Heldman|Frankel|Holmes|2016}}

Violent [[White people|white women]] would appear in other genres as well such as the ''[[femme fatale]]s'' in ''[[film noir]]'' and horror films of the 1970s. Violent women were common in action films since the 1960s. These films featured [[working-class]] women exacting revenge. Films of the 1970s featured [[Black people|black]] women such as [[Pam Grier]] in films like ''[[Foxy Brown (film)|Foxy Brown]]'' (1974).{{sfn|Heldman|Frankel|Holmes|2016}}

In the 1980s, a new symbolically transgressive character emerged in the form of [[Ellen Ripley]] in ''Aliens'' (1986) and [[Sarah Connor (Terminator)|Sarah Connor]] in ''[[Terminator 2: Judgment Day]]'' (1991) and the title character in ''[[China O'Brien]]'' (1990) who were physically muscular and or enacted more extreme violence that was usually reserved for male action leads.{{sfn|Heldman|Frankel|Holmes|2016}}{{sfn|Purse|2011|p=76}} In her book ''Contemporary Action Cinema'' (2011), Lisa Purse described the media response to female leads in action films reveal a discomfort about their presence and are often described with hesitant terms of women moving into territories that are perceived as masculine.{{sfn|Purse|2011|p=76}} Revealing woman in this form deconstructs the notion that traditional marks of masculinity are not exclusive to men and that musculature was not natural, but something to be achieved. Accusations of these muscular women of the era were levelled at that them by 1993 were that they were "men in drag" and that the films generally have to "explain" why their female leads displayed physical aggression and why they were "driven to do it."{{sfn|Purse|2011|p=77}} As the 1990s went on, Hollywood films began having more conventional looking women in their action films such as ''[[The Long Kiss Goodnight]]'' (1996).{{sfn|Purse|2011|p=78}}

[[File:Ultraviolet poster.jpg|thumb|[[Yvonne Tasker]] identified action film heroines, such as the lead in ''[[Ultraviolet (film)|Ultraviolet]]'' (2006) after the mid-90s as "exaggerated statements of sexuality" in the tradition of "fetishistic figure of fantasy" drawn from comics and [[softcore pornography]].{{sfn|Purse|2011|pp=78-79}}]]
A vibrant debate exists about whether hypersexualization is itself empowering and, if not, whether a hypersexualized female character can still represent strength and autonomy.{{sfn|Heldman|Frankel|Holmes|2016}}
Hypersexualized female action leads had tight fitting or revealing costumes that Tasker identified as "exaggerated statements of sexuality" and in the tradition of "fetishistic figure of fantasy" derives from comic books and [[Softcore pornography|soft pornography]].{{sfn|Purse|2011|pp=78-79}} This originated in television with characters like [[Buffy Summers]] (''[[Buffy the Vampire Slayer]]'' (1997–2003)) and [[Xena]] (''[[Xena: Warrior Princess]]'' (1995–2001)). These series popularity demonstrated a growing market for female action film heroes, in films of the 2000s like ''[[Lara Croft: Tomb Raider]]'' (2001), ''[[Charlie's Angels (2000 film)|Charlie's Angels]]'' (2000), ''[[Ultraviolet (film)|Ultraviolet]]'' (2006), ''[[Salt (2010 film)|Salt]]'' (2010) and series like ''[[Underworld (film series)|Underworld]]'' and ''[[Resident Evil (film series)|Resident Evil]]''. These series like their television series earlier, had their leads eroticized as active and physically capable while also being scantily-clad, hyper-feminized similar to the woman of exploitation films of the 1970s such as ''[[Caged Heat]]'' (1974) and ''[[Big Bad Mama]]'' (1974).{{sfn|Purse|2011|p=79}} While characters like Frank in ''The Transporter'' series are permitted to visibly sweat, strain and be bloodied, Purse found a reluctance for filmmakers to have their female leads have any appearance warping injuries to ensure a perfectly made-up face.{{sfn|Purse|2011|p=81}} Comedy is often used in films of this period to place the female leads in implausible elements, such as in ''Charlie's Angels'', ''[[Fantastic Four (2005 film)|Fantastic Four]]'' (2005) and ''[[My Super Ex-Girlfriend]]'' (2006).{{sfn|Purse|2011|p=80}} The fighting styles of women also tend towards more traditionally feminine fluid movements of martial arts, over using guns or directly punching.{{sfn|Purse|2011|p=82}}

Purse wrote that the contemporary female action film lead's sexualized brand had her in close proximity of [[post-feminism]] discourse about choice, power and sexuality.{{sfn|Purse|2011|p=82}} Marc O'Day interprets the action heroine's dual status of an active subject and sexual object was overturning the traditional gender binary because the films "assume that women are powerful" without resorting to justify her physical aggression through narratives involving maternal drive, mental instability or trauma.{{sfn|O'Day|2004|p=215}} Purse found that female leads in films like ''[[Elektra (2005 film)|Elektra]]'' (2005), ''[[Kill Bill: Volume 1|Kill Bill]]'', ''Underworld'', ''Charlie's Angels'' and ''[[Mr. & Mrs. Smith (2005 film)|Mr. & Mrs. Smith]]'' (2005) did showcase women having expensive cars, clothing, travel, homes and often high-paying jobs, but that this was only shown as being applicable to white middle-class women.{{sfn|Purse|2011|pp=82-83}} Purse found that these women were empowered at the price of women of other ethnicities. This is seen in ''[[Æon Flux (film)|Aeon Flux]]'' (2005) where Sithandra dies protecting Aeon and Rain's death to make way for Alice in ''[[Resident Evil (film)|Resident Evil]]'' (2002).{{sfn|Purse|2011|pp=82-83}}

==See also==
{{portal|Film}}
* [[List of action film actors]]
* [[List of action film directors]]
* [[List of female action heroes and villains]]
* [[Action hero]]
* [[Film genre]]
* [[Lists of action films]]
* [[List of female action heroes]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Sources===
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
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* {{cite web|work=[[The New York Times]]|title=How the Indian Action Spectacular 'RRR' Became a Smash in America|last=Abrams|first=Simon|date=August 3, 2022|access-date=January 25, 2024|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/03/movies/rrr-ss-rajamouli.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220803175040/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/03/movies/rrr-ss-rajamouli.html|archivedate=August 3, 2022}}
* {{cite book|title=Action/Spectacle Cinema: A Sight and Sound Reader|publisher=[[British Film Institute]]|year=2000|last=Arroyo|first=Jose|isbn=0-85170-757-2}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-64286680|work=[[BBC]]|title=Oscar Nominee RRR: Why the Indian Action Spectacle is Charming the West|date=January 24, 2023|access-date=January 25, 2024|ref=BBC|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250906023615/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-64286680|archivedate=September 6, 2025}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/features/heroic-bloodshed-hong-kong-hollywood-cycle-influence|work=[[British Film Institute]]|title=Heroic Bloodshed: How Hong Kong's Style Was Swiped By Hollywood|last=Bitel|first=Anton|date=July 10, 2019|access-date=February 8, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831022758/https://www.bfi.org.uk/features/heroic-bloodshed-hong-kong-hollywood-cycle-influence|archive-date=August 31, 2021}}
* {{cite book|last=Bordwell|first=David|title=The Way Hollywood Tells It: Story and Style in Modern Movies|year=2006|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|isbn=9780520246225|author-link=David Bordwell}}
* {{cite book|last=Bould|first=Mark|chapter=Genre, Hybridity, Heterogeneity or the Noir-SF-Vampire-Zombie-Splatter-Romance-Comedy-Action-Thriller Problem|editor-last1=Spicer|editor-first1=A.|editor-last2=Hanson|editor-first2=H|year=2013|isbn=9781444336276|publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell|Blackwell Publishing Ltd.]]|title=A Companion to Film Noir}}
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* {{cite journal|last=Chen|first=Antong|title=Hong Kong Action Films' Aesthetics of Violence: Its Social Environment and Decline in the 21st Century|journal=Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research|volume=638|year=2022}}
* {{cite book|last=Choi|first=Jinhee|title=The South Korean Film Renaissance|year=2011|publisher=[[Wesleyan University Press]]|isbn=978-0819569868}}
* {{cite book|title=Film Genre 2000:New Critical Essays|last=Dixon|first=Wheeler W.|publisher=[[State University of New York Press]]|year=2000|isbn=0791492958|author-link=Wheeler Winston Dixon}}
* {{cite journal|journal=[[Sexualization, Media, & Society]]|title="Hot, Black Leather, Whip": The (De)evolution of Female Protagonists in Action Cinema, 1960–2014|last1=Heldman|first1=Caroline|last2=Frankel|first2=Laura Lazarus|last3=Holmes|first3=Jennifer|year=2016|doi-access=free|doi = 10.1177/2374623815627789}}
* {{cite journal|last=Higgins|first=Scott|title=Suspenseful Situations: Melodramatic Narrative and the Contemporary Action Film|date=Winter 2008|journal=[[Journal of Cinema and Media Studies|Cinema Journal]]|volume=48|issue=2}}
* {{cite journal|journal=[[Journal of Popular Culture]]|volume=51|issue=6|last1=Höglund|first1=Johan|last2=Soltysik Monnet|first2=Agnieszka|title=Revisiting Adventure: Special Issue Introduction|date=December 2018|pages=1299–1311 |doi=10.1111/jpcu.12747 |issn=0022-3840|author-link1=Johan Anders Höglund}}
* {{cite book|title=Action Cinema Since 2000|editor-last1=Holmlund|editor-last2=Purse|editor-last3=Tasker|editor-first1=Chris|editor-first2=Lisa|editor-first3=Yvonne|isbn=9781839022784 |year=2024|last1=Holmlund|last2=Purse|last3=Tasker|first1=Chris|first2=Lisa|first3=Yvonne|chapter=Introduction: Action as Mode|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]]|author-link3=Yvonne Tasker}}
* {{cite book|title=Australian Genre Film|publisher=Routledge|year=2021|last=Howell|first=Amanda|chapter=The Action Genre and the 'International Turn' in Australian Cinema|isbn=9780429469121}}
* {{cite book|title=Hollywood Action Films and Spatial Theory|last=Jones|first=Nick|publisher=Routledge|year=2015|isbn=9781138057050}}
* {{cite book|title=Renegotiating Film Genres in East Asian Cinemas and Beyond|publisher=Palgrave MacMillan|isbn=978-3-030-55076-9|last=Kelso-Marsh|first=Caleb|chapter=East Asian Noir: Transnational Film Noir in Japan, Korea and Hong Kong|editor-last1=Feng|editor-first1=Lin|editor-last2=Aston|editor-first2=James|year=2020}}
* {{cite book|title=A Companion to the Action Film|last=Kendrick|first=James|chapter=A Genre of Its Own: From Westerns, to Vigilantes, to Pure Action|year=2019|editor-last=Kendric|editor-first=James|publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell|Blackwell Publishing Ltd.]]|isbn=978-1119100492}}
* {{cite book|last=King|first=Geoff|title=Spectacular Narratives: Hollywood in the Age of the Blockbuster|publisher=[[IB Tauris]]|year=2000|isbn=9781860645730}}
* {{cite journal|journal=[[The Journal of Popular Culture]]|url=https://doi.org/10.1111/jpcu.13188|title="Hey 'Brother', You Can Count on Me": Misogynistic Masculinity and Bromance Genre in South Korean Action Cinema|date=April 2023|volume=56|issue=2|first=Jungmin|last=Kwon|pages=302–323 |doi=10.1111/jpcu.13188 |access-date=June 21, 2024|url-access=subscription}}
* {{cite book|last=Logan|first=Bey|title=Hong Kong Action Cinema|publisher=The Overlook Press|isbn=0-87951-663-1|year=1995}}
* {{cite book|title=The American Martial Arts Film|last=Lott|first=M. Ray|publisher=McFarland & Company, Inc.|year=2004|isbn=0-7864-1836-2}}
* {{cite web|url=https://otakuusamagazine.com/ryuhei-kitamura-interview-directing-with-napalm/|title=Ryuhei Kitamura Interview: Directing with Napalm|last=Macias|first=Patrick|date=January 30, 2008|work=[[Otaku USA]]|access-date=January 26, 2024}}
* {{cite magazine|magazine=[[Film International]]|title=Another Week, Another Johnnie To Film: The Marketing and Distribution of Postcolonial Hong Kong Action Cinema|last=Martin|first=Daniel|year=2009|volume=7|issue=4|issn=1651-6826}}
* {{cite book|last=Monaco|first=James|author-link=James Monaco|title=American Film Now: The People, The Power, The Money, the Movies|year=1979|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0195025709}}
* {{cite web|last=Mes|first=Tom|url=http://www.midnighteye.com/interviews/ryuhei-kitamura/|publisher=Midnight Eye|access-date=January 26, 2024|title=Ryuhei Kitamura|date=May 17, 2004}}
* {{cite book|title=Action Movies: The Cinema of Striking Back|last=O'Brien|first=Harvey|publisher=Wallflower Press|year=2012|isbn=978-0-231-16331-6}}
* {{cite book|chapter=Beauty in Motion: Gender, Spectacle and Action Babe Cinema|last=O'Day|first=Marc|editor-last=Tasker|editor-first=Yvonne|title=The Action and Adventure Cinema|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0415235075|year=2004}}
* {{cite book|last=Pang|first=Laikwan|title=Masculinities and Hong Kong Cinema|year=2005|chapter=Post-1997 Hong Kong Masculinity|editor-last1=Pang|editor-last2=Wong|editor-first1=Laikwan|editor-first2=Day|publisher=[[Hong Kong University Press]]|isbn=962-209-737-5}}
* {{cite book|title=Contemporary Action Cinema|year=2011|last=Purse|first=Lisa|publisher=[[Edinburgh University Press]]|isbn=978-0-7486-3817-8}}
* {{cite book|title=Australian Genre Film|publisher=Routledge|year=2021|last1=Ryan|first1=Mark David|last2=McWilliam|first2=Kelly|isbn=9780429469121}}
* {{cite book|last=Selbo|first=Jule|title=Film Genre for the Screenwriter|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|year=2014|isbn=978-1-317-69568-4}}
* {{cite journal|journal=South Asian Popular Culture|volume=12|issue=2|last=Shandilya|first=Krupa|title=Of Enraged Shirts, Gyrating Gangsters and Farting Bullets: Salman Khan and the New Bollywood Action Film|year=2014|pages=111–121 |doi=10.1080/14746689.2014.937579 |s2cid=144426047 }}
* {{cite book|title=Action Cinema Since 2000|editor-last1=Holmlund|editor-last2=Purse|editor-last3=Tasker|editor-first1=Chris|editor-first2=Lisa|editor-first3=Yvonne|isbn=9781839022784 |year=2024|last=Shandilya|first=Krupa|chapter=Bollywood's New Action Cinema: The Woman-led Action Film and the Nation|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing}}
* {{cite book |last=Sharpe |first=Jasper |date=2011 |title=Historical Dictionary of Japanese Cinema |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-7541-8}}
* {{cite journal|journal=[[Journal of Film and Video]]|title=The Ultimate Ride: A Comparative Narrative Analysis of Action Sequences in 1980s and Contemporary Hollywood Action Cinema|last=Soberson|first=Lennart|date=Spring 2021|volume=73|issue=1}}
* {{cite book|title=Hong Kong Connections: Transnational Imagination in Action Cinema|publisher=[[Hong Kong University Press]]|isbn=1-932643-19-2|editor-last1=Morris|editor-first1=Meaghan|editor-last2=Li|editor-first2=Siu Leung|editor-last3=Ching-kiu|editor-first3=Stephen Chan|last=Soyoung|first=Kim|chapter=Genre as Contact Zone: Hong Kong Action and Korean Hwalkuk|year=2005}}
* {{cite book|title=Hong Kong Connections: Transnational Imagination in Action Cinema|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|isbn=1-932643-19-2|editor-last1=Morris|editor-first1=Meaghan|editor-last2=Li|editor-first2=Siu Leung|editor-last3=Ching-kiu|editor-first3=Stephen Chan|last=Srinivas|first=S.V.|chapter=Hong Kong Action Film and the Career of the Telugu Mass Hero|year=2005}}
* {{cite book|title=Action and Adventure Cinema|editor-last1=Tasker |editor-first1=Yvonne|publisher=Routledge|year=2004|isbn=0-203-64515-4}}
* {{cite book|title=The Hollywood Action and Adventure Film|last=Tasker|first=Yvonne|publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|John Wiley & Sons, Inc.]]|isbn=978-0-470-65924-3|year=2015}}
* {{cite journal|journal=Frames Cinema Journal|last=Tasker|first=Yvonne|title=British Action and Adventure: A National Take on a Global Genre|issn=2053-8812| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150211044458/https://framescinemajournal.com/article/british-action-and-adventure-a-national-take-on-a-global-genre/|archivedate=February 11, 2015|issue=6|date=December 2014|accessdate=May 12, 2025|url=https://framescinemajournal.com/article/british-action-and-adventure-a-national-take-on-a-global-genre/}}
* {{cite book|last=Teo|first=Stephen|title=Chinese Martial Arts Cinema: The Wuxia Tradition|edition=2|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|year=2016|isbn=978-1-4744-0386-3}}
* {{cite journal|last=Van Den Troost|first=Kristof|title=Registers of the Melodramatic Mode: The 1980s Heroic Bloodshed Cycle in the History of the Hong Kong Crime Film|date=Summer 2024|issn=0036-9543|journal=[[Screen (journal)|Screen]]|volume=65|issue=2}}
* {{cite book|title=Hong Kong Connections: Transnational Imagination in Action Cinema|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|isbn=1-932643-19-2|editor-last1=Morris|editor-first1=Meaghan|editor-last2=Li|editor-first2=Siu Leung|editor-last3=Ching-kiu|editor-first3=Stephen Chan|last=Willemen|first=Paul|author-link=Paul Willemen|chapter=Action Cinema, Labour Power and the Video Market|year=2005}}
* {{cite book|title=Martial Arts Cinema and Hong Kong Modernity|first=Man-Fung|last=Yip|publisher=Hong Kong University Press|year=2017|isbn=978-988-8390-71-7}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book | editor-last = Inness | editor-first = Sherrie | title = Action chicks: new images of tough women in popular culture | publisher = [[Palgrave Macmillan]] | location = New York | year = 2004 |isbn=978-1-4039-6396-3 }}
* {{Cite journal | last = Kim | first = L.S. |title = ''Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon'': making women warriors – a transnational reading of Asian female action heroes | journal = [[Jump Cut (journal)|Jump Cut:A Review of Contemporary Media]] | volume = 48 | date = Winter 2006 | url = http://www.ejumpcut.org/archive/jc48.2006/womenWarriors/index.html }}
* {{cite book | last1 = Osgerby | first1 = Bill | last2 = Gough-Yates | first2 = Anna | last3 = Wells | first3 = Marianne | title = Action TV: tough guys, smooth operators and foxy chicks | publisher = [[Routledge]] | location = London New York | year = 2001 |isbn=978-0-415-22621-9 }}
* {{cite book|author-link1=Yvonne Tasker | last = Tasker | first = Yvonne | title = Spectacular bodies: gender, genre, and the action cinema | publisher = Routledge | location = London New York | year = 2002 |isbn=978-0-203-22184-6 }}

==External links==
{{Wiktionary|action movie}}
* {{cite magazine|author=Taylor, John|title= Hollywood's New Action Toys|magazine= [[New York Magazine]]|date=April 1, 1991|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=JOkCAAAAMBAJ&q=black%20rain%20stallone&pg=PA33|access-date=2010-12-01}}

{{Film genres}}
{{Films by genre}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Action films]]
[[Category:Film genres]]
[[Category:1960s in film]]
[[Category:1970s in film]]
[[Category:1980s in film]]
[[Category:1990s in film]]
[[Category:2000s in film]]
[[Category:2010s in film]]

Leo Tolstoy

2026-03-25T13:24:41Z

CynthiaBegg56: reworked details based on references

{{Short description|Russian writer (1828–1910)}}
{{Redirect2|Tolstoy|Lev Tolstoy|other uses|Tolstoy (disambiguation)|and|Lev Tolstoy (disambiguation)}}
{{Pp-semi-indef}}
{{Pp-move}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Leo Tolstoy
| native_name = Лев Толстой
| native_name_lang = ru
| image = Leo Tolstoy 1908 Portrait (3x4 cropped).jpg
| alt = Color portrait photograph of Tolstoy with a long, white, wispy beard, wearing a blue button-down shirt and dark pants, and sitting in a chair
| caption = Tolstoy in 1908
| pseudonym =
| birth_date = {{OldStyleDate|9 September|1828|28 August}}
| birth_place = [[Yasnaya Polyana]], Russian Empire
| death_date = {{OldStyleDate|20 November|1910|7 November}} (aged 82)
| death_place = [[Lev Tolstoy (rural locality)|Astapovo]], Russian Empire
| occupation = {{cslist|Writer|religious thinker}}
| education = [[Kazan Federal University|Imperial Kazan University]] (dropped out)
| period = Modern
| movement = [[Literary realism|Realism]]
| years_active = 1847–1910
| genres = {{plainlist|
*[[Novel]]
*[[novella]]
*[[short story]]
*[[Sketch story|sketch]]
*[[Play (theater)|play]]
*[[children's literature]]
*song
*[[polemic]]
*[[essay]]
*[[treatise]]
*[[epistle]]
*[[Literary criticism|literary]] and [[art criticism]]
*[[textbook]]
*[[autobiography]]
*[[diary]]
*translation
*correspondence}}
| subjects = {{cslist|[[Christian anarchism]]|[[pacifism]]}}
| notableworks = [[Leo Tolstoy bibliography|List]]
| awards = [[Griboyedov Prize]] (1892)
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Sophia Tolstaya|Sophia Behrs]]|23 September 1862}}
| children = 14
| signature = Leo Tolstoy signature.svg
| module = {{Listen| embed=yes |filename= Tolstoy Vremya prishlo.ogg |title= Leo Tolstoy's voice |type= speech |description= recorded 1908}}
| honorific_prefix = [[Count]]
}}
[[Count]] '''Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy'''<ref group=note>{{family name explanation|Nikolayevich|Tolstoy|lang=Eastern Slavic}} Tolstoy pronounced his first name as {{IPA|ru|lʲɵf|}}, which corresponds to the romanization ''Lyov''. ({{cite book |last=Nabokov |first=Vladimir |title= Lectures on Russian literature |page=216 }})</ref> ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|oʊ|l|s|t|ɔɪ|,_|ˈ|t|ɒ|l|-}};<ref>{{multiref | {{Dictionary.com|Tolstoy}} | {{Cite Collins|Tolstoy}} }}</ref> {{langx|ru|link=no|Лев Николаевич Толстой}},<ref group=note>Throughout Tolstoy's whole life, his name was written as {{lang|ru-petr1708|Левъ Николаевичъ Толстой}} using [[Reforms of Russian orthography#The post-revolution reform|pre-reform Russian orthography]].</ref> {{IPA|ru|ˈlʲef nʲɪkɐˈla(j)ɪvʲɪtɕ tɐlˈstoj|IPA|Ru-Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy.ogg}}; {{OldStyleDate|9 September|1828|28 August}} – {{OldStyleDate|20 November|1910|7 November}}),<ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Leo Tolstoy |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Leo-Tolstoy |access-date=4 September 2018 |archive-date=28 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928115028/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Leo-Tolstoy |url-status=live }}</ref> usually referred to in English as '''Leo Tolstoy''', was a Russian writer. He is regarded as one of the greatest and most influential authors of all time.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Burt |first=Daniel S. |url=https://archive.org/details/literary100ranki0000burt_v6e1/mode/2up |title=The Literary 100, Revised Edition: A Ranking of the Most Influential Novelists, Playwrights, and Poets of All Time |publisher=Facts On File |year=2009 |pages=13–16 |language=en |author-link=Daniel Burt (author)}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Popova |first=Maria |date=2012-01-30 |title=The Greatest Books of All Time, as Voted by 125 Famous Authors |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2012/01/the-greatest-books-of-all-time-as-voted-by-125-famous-authors/252209/ |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=The Atlantic |language=en |archive-date=5 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200505193840/https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2012/01/the-greatest-books-of-all-time-as-voted-by-125-famous-authors/252209/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Born to an aristocratic family, Tolstoy achieved acclaim in his twenties with his semi-autobiographical trilogy, ''[[Childhood (Tolstoy novel)|Childhood]]'', ''[[Boyhood (novel)|Boyhood]]'' and ''[[Youth (Tolstoy novel)|Youth]]'' (1852–1856), and with ''[[Sevastopol Sketches]]'' (1855), based on his experiences in the [[Crimean War]]. His ''[[War and Peace]]'' (1869), ''[[Anna Karenina]]'' (1878), and ''[[Resurrection (Tolstoy novel)|Resurrection]]'' (1899), which is based on his "youthful sins,"<ref>{{cite magazine |url= https://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/facing-death-with-tolstoy |title= Facing death with Tolstoy |magazine= [[The New Yorker]] |last= Beard |first= Mary |date= 5 November 2013 |access-date= 4 September 2018 |archive-date= 16 May 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230516135025/http://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/facing-death-with-tolstoy |url-status= live }}</ref> are often cited as pinnacles of [[Literary realism|realist]] fiction<ref name="Britannica" /> and three of the greatest novels ever written.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":7" /> His ''oeuvre'' includes short stories such as "[[Alyosha the Pot]]" (1911) and "[[After the Ball (short story)|After the Ball]]" (1911) and [[novella]]s such as ''[[Family Happiness]]'' (1859), ''[[The Death of Ivan Ilyich]]'' (1886), ''[[The Kreutzer Sonata]]'' (1889), ''[[The Devil (novella)|The Devil]]'' (1911), and ''[[Hadji Murat (novella)|Hadji Murat]]'' (1912). He also wrote [[play (theater)|plays]] and essays concerning philosophical, moral and religious themes.

In the 1870s, Tolstoy experienced a profound moral crisis, followed by what he regarded as an equally profound spiritual awakening, as outlined in his non-fiction work ''[[Confession (Leo Tolstoy)|Confession]]'' (1882). His literal interpretation of the ethical teachings of Jesus, centering on the [[Sermon on the Mount]], caused him to become a fervent [[Christian anarchist]] and [[pacifist]].<ref name="Britannica" /> His ideas on [[nonviolent resistance]], expressed in such works as ''[[The Kingdom of God Is Within You]]'' (1894), had a profound impact on such pivotal 20th-century figures as [[Mahatma Gandhi]],<ref name="ResistNotEvil">{{cite web |url=http://www-ee.stanford.edu/~hellman/opinion/Resist_Not.html |first=Martin E. |last=Hellman |title=Resist Not Evil |publisher=Stanford University |access-date=6 September 2023 |archive-date=20 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120182926/http://www-ee.stanford.edu/~hellman/opinion/Resist_Not.html |url-status=live }} Originally published in {{cite book |title=World Without Violence |editor-first=Arun |editor-last=Gandhi |editor-link=Arun Manilal Gandhi |publisher=M. K. Gandhi Institute for Nonviolence |year=1994}}</ref> [[Ludwig Wittgenstein]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Monk |first=Ray |title=Ludwig Wittgenstein: the duty of genius |date=1991 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-015995-0 |location=New York |page=115 et passim}}</ref> [[Martin Luther King Jr.]],<ref>{{cite book | last1=King | first1=Martin Luther Jr. |first2=Clayborne | last2= Carson | title = The Papers of Martin Luther King, Jr. |volume=V: Threshold of a New Decade, January 1959 – December 1960 | publisher = University of California Press | year = 2005 | pages = 149, 269, 248 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=TU_HozbJSC8C&pg=PA269 | isbn = 978-0-520-24239-5 |display-authors=etal}}</ref> and [[James Bevel]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Rv-8E76FZWkC&dq=%22James+Bevel%22+Tolstoy+%22The+Children%22+Halberstam&pg=PT806 ''The Children'', 1999, David Halberstam]</ref> He also became a dedicated advocate of [[Georgism]], the economic philosophy of [[Henry George]], which he incorporated into his writing, particularly in his novel ''[[Resurrection (Tolstoy novel)|Resurrection]]'' (1899).

Tolstoy received praise from countless authors and critics, both during his lifetime and after. [[Virginia Woolf]] called Tolstoy "the greatest of all novelists",<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Tolstoy |first=Leo |date=2023 |title=First Recollections |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/154/article/901453 |journal=New England Review |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=180–182 |doi=10.1353/ner.2023.a901453 |issn=2161-9131|url-access=subscription }}</ref> and [[Gary Saul Morson]] referred to ''War and Peace'' as the greatest of all novels.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Morson |first=Gary Saul |date=2019 |title=The greatest of all novels |url=https://newcriterion.com/issues/2019/3/the-greatest-of-all-novels |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=The New Criterion |language=en |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228224433/https://newcriterion.com/issues/2019/3/the-greatest-of-all-novels |url-status=live }}</ref> He received nominations for the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]] every year from 1902 to 1906 and for the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] in 1901, 1902, and 1909. Tolstoy never being awarded a Nobel Prize remains a major [[Nobel Prize controversies#1902–1910|Nobel Prize controversy]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hedin |first=Naboth |date=1950-10-01 |title=Winning the Nobel Prize |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1950/10/winning-the-nobel-prize/305480/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031102310/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1950/10/winning-the-nobel-prize/305480/ |archive-date=31 October 2020 |access-date=2023-12-28 |work=[[The Atlantic]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lichtman |first=Marshall A. |date=2022-07-31 |title=Controversies in Selecting Nobel Laureates: An Historical Commentary |journal=Rambam Maimonides Medical Journal |volume=13 |issue=3 |page=e0022 |doi=10.5041/RMMJ.10479 |issn=2076-9172 |pmc=9345763 |pmid=35921488}}</ref>

== Origins ==
{{main|Tolstoy family}}

The [[Tolstoy family|Tolstoys]] were a well-known family of old [[Russian nobility]] who traced their ancestry to a mythical<ref name="Barlett 2011 14">{{cite book |last=Bartlett |first=Rosamund |year=2011 |title=[[Tolstoy: A Russian Life]] |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |page=14 |isbn=978-0547545875}}</ref> nobleman named Indris described by [[Pyotr Andreyevich Tolstoy|Pyotr Tolstoy]] as arriving "from Nemec, from the lands of Caesar" to [[Chernigov]] in 1353 along with his two sons Litvinos (or Litvonis) and Zimonten (or Zigmont) and a [[druzhina]] of 3000 people.<ref name='rummel'>''Vitold Rummel, Vladimir Golubtsov (1886)''. [http://www.runivers.ru/lib/book3148/10056/ Genealogical Collection of Russian Noble Families in 2 Volumes. Volume 2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212084437/http://www.runivers.ru/lib/book3148/10056/ |date=12 December 2017 }} – The Tolstoys, Counts and Noblemen. Saint Petersburg: A.S. Suvorin Publishing House, p. 487</ref><ref name='bunin'>[[Ivan Bunin]], ''The Liberation of Tolstoy: A Tale of Two Writers'', p. 100</ref> Indris was then converted to [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodoxy]], under the name of Leonty, and his sons as Konstantin and Feodor. Konstantin's grandson Andrei Kharitonovich was nicknamed Tolstiy (translated as ''fat'') by [[Vasily II of Moscow]] after he moved from Chernigov to Moscow.<ref name='rummel' /><ref name='bunin' />

Because of the pagan names and the fact that Chernigov at the time was ruled by [[Demetrius I Starshy]], some researchers concluded that they were [[Lithuanians]] who arrived from the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]].<ref name='rummel' /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7kDJ3s1mcZcC&q=tolstoy+lithuanian&pg=PA8|title=Tolstoy|isbn=978-0-8021-3768-5|last1=Troyat|first1=Henri|year=2001|publisher=Grove Press|access-date=23 October 2020|archive-date=22 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322204938/https://books.google.com/books?id=7kDJ3s1mcZcC&q=tolstoy+lithuanian&pg=PA8#v=snippet&q=tolstoy%20lithuanian&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/11/06/books/six-centuries-of-tolstoys.html|title=Six Centuries of Tolstoys|date=6 November 1983|newspaper=The New York Times|last1=Robinson|first1=Harlow|access-date=10 February 2017|archive-date=21 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421203216/http://www.nytimes.com/1983/11/06/books/six-centuries-of-tolstoys.html|url-status=live}}</ref> At the same time, no mention of Indris was ever found in the 14th-to-16th-century documents, while the [[Old Russian Chronicles|Chernigov Chronicles]] used by Pyotr Tolstoy as a reference were lost.<ref name='rummel' /> The first documented members of the Tolstoy family also lived during the 17th century, thus Pyotr Tolstoy himself is generally considered the founder of the noble house, being granted the title of [[count]] by [[Peter the Great]].<ref>[https://gerbovnik.ru/arms/162.html Tolstoy coat of arms] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212193058/https://gerbovnik.ru/arms/162.html |date=12 December 2017 }} by All-Russian Armorials of Noble Houses of the Russian Empire. Part 2, 30 June 1798 (in Russian)</ref><ref>[https://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/ЭСБЕ/Толстые The Tolstoys] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106175830/https://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%A1%D0%91%D0%95/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B5 |date=6 January 2017 }} article from [[Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary]], 1890–1907 (in Russian)</ref>

== Life and career ==
[[File:Leo Nikolaevich Tolstoy poses for a portrait at the age of 20 (4x5 cropped).jpg|left|upright=0.8|thumb|Tolstoy at age 20, {{circa|1848}}]]
Tolstoy was born at [[Yasnaya Polyana]], a family estate {{convert|12|km|mi}} southwest of [[Tula, Russia|Tula]], and {{convert|200|km|mi}} south of Moscow. He was the fourth of five children of [[Count]] Nikolai Ilyich Tolstoy (1794–1837), a veteran of the [[French invasion of Russia|Patriotic War of 1812]], and Princess Mariya Tolstaya (née [[Volkonsky|Volkonskaya]]; 1790–1830). His mother died when he was two and his father when he was nine.<ref name="AuthorDataSheet" /> Tolstoy and his siblings were brought up by relatives.<ref name="Britannica" /> In 1844, he began studying law and oriental languages at [[Kazan University]], where teachers described him as "both unable and unwilling to learn".<ref name="AuthorDataSheet">{{cite web |url=http://www.macmillanreaders.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/ads.leotolstoy.pdf |title=Author Data Sheet, Macmillan Readers |publisher=Macmillan Publishers Limited |access-date=22 October 2010 |archive-date=7 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807174656/http://www.macmillanreaders.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/ads.leotolstoy.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tolstoy left the university in the middle of his studies,<ref name="AuthorDataSheet" /> returned to Yasnaya Polyana and then spent much time in Moscow, Tula and Saint Petersburg, leading a lax and leisurely lifestyle.<ref name="Britannica" /> He began writing during this period,<ref name="AuthorDataSheet" /> including his first novel ''[[Childhood (Tolstoy novel)|Childhood]]'', a fictitious account of his own youth, which was published in 1852.<ref name="Britannica" /> In 1851, after running up heavy gambling debts, he went with his older brother to the [[Caucasus (geographic region)|Caucasus]] and joined the [[Imperial Russian Army|army]]. Tolstoy served as a young artillery officer during the [[Crimean War]] and was in Sevastopol during the 11-month-long [[Siege of Sevastopol (1854–55)|siege of Sevastopol]] in 1854–55,<ref name="BBCTen" /> including the [[Battle of the Chernaya]]. During the war he was recognised for his courage and promoted to lieutenant.<ref name="BBCTen">"[https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/3GL3DPct7D5GPQzB7GlrrBW/ten-things-you-didnt-know-about-tolstoy Ten Things You Didn't Know About Tolstoy] ". BBC.</ref> He was appalled by the number of deaths involved in warfare,<ref name="AuthorDataSheet" /> and left the army after the end of the Crimean War.<ref name="Britannica" />

His experience in the army, and two trips around Europe in 1857 and 1860–61 converted Tolstoy from a dissolute and privileged society author to a non-violent and spiritual [[Anarchism|anarchist]]. Others who followed the same path were [[Alexander Herzen]], [[Mikhail Bakunin]] and [[Peter Kropotkin]]. During his 1857 visit, Tolstoy witnessed a public execution in Paris, a traumatic experience that marked the rest of his life. In a letter to his friend [[Vasily Botkin]], Tolstoy wrote: "The truth is that the State is a conspiracy designed not only to exploit, but above all to corrupt its citizens ... Henceforth, I shall never serve any government anywhere."<ref>A.N. Wilson, ''Tolstoy'' (1988), p. 146</ref> Tolstoy's concept of [[non-violence]] or [[ahimsa]] was bolstered when he read a [[Tirukkural translations into German|German version]] of the [[Tirukkural]].<ref name="PearlsOfInsp_Rajaram">{{cite book| last = Rajaram| first = M.| title = Thirukkural: Pearls of Inspiration| publisher = Rupa Publications| date = 2009| location = New Delhi | isbn = 978-81-291-1467-9| pages = xviii–xxi}}</ref><ref name="Walsh2018">{{cite book| last = Walsh| first = William| title = Secular Virtue: for surviving, thriving, and fulfillment | publisher = Will Walsh| date = 2018| location = | isbn = 978-06-920-5418-5| pages = }}</ref> He later instilled the concept in [[Mahatma Gandhi]] through his "''[[A Letter to a Hindu]]''" when young Gandhi corresponded with him seeking his advice.<ref name="Walsh2018"/><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.online-literature.com/tolstoy/2733/| title = A Letter to A Hindu: The Subjection of India-Its Cause and Cure| last = Tolstoy| first = Leo| date = 14 December 1908| publisher = The Literature Network| access-date = 12 February 2012| quote = The Hindu Kural| archive-date = 10 November 2006| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061110204732/http://www.online-literature.com/tolstoy/2733/| url-status = live}}</ref><ref name=gandhi>{{Citation| last = Parel| first = Anthony J.| author-link = Anthony Parel| contribution = Gandhi and Tolstoy|editor=M.P. Mathai |editor2=M.S. John |editor3=Siby K. Joseph| title = Meditations on Gandhi: a Ravindra Varma festschrift| pages = 96–112| publisher = Concept| place = New Delhi | year = 2002| contribution-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=kcpDOVk5Gp8C&pg=PA96 |access-date=8 September 2012}}</ref>

His European trip in 1860–61 shaped both his political and literary development when he met [[Victor Hugo]]. Tolstoy read Hugo's newly finished ''[[Les Misérables]]''. The similar evocation of battle scenes in Hugo's novel and Tolstoy's ''[[War and Peace]]'' indicates this influence. Tolstoy's political philosophy was also influenced by a March 1861 visit to French anarchist [[Pierre-Joseph Proudhon]], then living in exile under an assumed name in Brussels. Tolstoy reviewed Proudhon's forthcoming publication, ''La Guerre et la Paix'' ("''War and Peace''" in French), and later used the title for his masterpiece. The two men also discussed education, as Tolstoy wrote in his educational notebooks: "If I recount this conversation with Proudhon, it is to show that, in my personal experience, he was the only man who understood the significance of education and of the printing press in our time."

Fired by enthusiasm, Tolstoy returned to Yasnaya Polyana and founded 13 schools for the children of Russia's peasants, who had just been [[Emancipation reform of 1861|emancipated from serfdom in 1861]]. Tolstoy described the schools' principles in his 1862 essay "The School at Yasnaya Polyana".<ref>{{cite book | last = Tolstoy | first = Lev N. | translator-first = Leo | translator-last = Wiener | title = The School at Yasnaya Polyana – The Complete Works of Count Tolstoy: Pedagogical Articles. Linen-Measurer, Volume IV | publisher = Dana Estes & Company | year = 1904 | page = 227 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=4cQnAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA227 | access-date = 25 October 2015 | archive-date = 22 March 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240322204904/https://books.google.com/books?id=4cQnAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA227#v=onepage&q&f=false | url-status = live }}</ref> His educational experiments were short-lived, partly due to harassment by the [[Russian Empire|Tsarist]] secret police. However, as a direct forerunner to [[A.S. Neill]]'s [[Summerhill School]], the school at Yasnaya Polyana<ref>{{cite book | last = Wilson | first = A.N. | title = Tolstoy | publisher = W.W. Norton | year = 2001 | page = xxi | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=imYmH8myBUsC&pg=PR19 | isbn = 978-0-393-32122-7 | access-date = 25 October 2015 | archive-date = 22 March 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240322204943/https://books.google.com/books?id=imYmH8myBUsC&pg=PR19#v=onepage&q&f=false | url-status = live }}</ref> can justifiably be claimed the first example of a coherent theory of [[democratic education]].

== Personal life ==
The death of his brother Nikolay in 1860 had an impact on Tolstoy, and led him to a desire to marry.<ref name=AuthorDataSheet /> On 23 September 1862, Tolstoy married [[Sophia Tolstaya|Sophia Andreevna Behrs]], who was sixteen years his junior and the daughter of a court physician. She was called Sonya, the Russian diminutive of Sofia, by her family and friends.<ref name=nyt>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/04/19/books/the-wife-of-the-genius.html|first=Susan|last=Jacoby|title=The Wife of the Genius|date=19 April 1981|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=30 August 2022|archive-date=28 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100228001730/https://www.nytimes.com/1981/04/19/books/the-wife-of-the-genius.html|url-status=live}}</ref> They had 13 children, eight of whom survived childhood:<ref>Feuer, Kathryn B. ''Tolstoy and the Genesis of War and Peace'', Cornell University Press, 1996, {{ISBN|0-8014-1902-6}}</ref>
[[File:Ge Sophia Tolstaya.jpg|thumb|Tolstoy's wife [[Sophia Tolstaya|Sophia]] and their daughter [[Alexandra Tolstaya|Alexandra]] ]]
* [[Sergei Tolstoy|Count Sergei Lvovich Tolstoy]] (1863–1947), composer and ethnomusicologist
* [[Tatyana Sukhotina-Tolstaya|Countess Tatyana Lvovna Tolstaya]] (1864–1950), wife of Mikhail Sergeevich Sukhotin
* [[Ilya Tolstoy|Count Ilya Lvovich Tolstoy]] (1866–1933), writer
* [[Lev Lvovich Tolstoy|Count Lev Lvovich Tolstoy]] (1869–1945), writer and sculptor
* Countess Maria Lvovna Tolstaya (1871–1906), wife of [[Nikolai Leonidovich Obolensky]]
* Count Peter Lvovich Tolstoy (1872–1873), died in infancy
* Count Nikolai Lvovich Tolstoy (1874–1875), died in infancy
* Countess Varvara Lvovna Tolstaya (1875–1875), died in infancy
* Count Andrei Lvovich Tolstoy (1877–1916), served in the [[Russo-Japanese War]]
* Count Michael Lvovich Tolstoy (1879–1944)
* Count Alexei Lvovich Tolstoy (1881–1886)
* [[Alexandra Tolstaya|Countess Alexandra Lvovna Tolstaya]] (1884–1979)
* Count Ivan Lvovich Tolstoy (1888–1895)

Tolstoy, on the eve of their marriage, gave her his diaries detailing his extensive sexual past and the fact that one of the serfs on his estate had borne him a son.<ref name=nyt /> Even so, their early married life was happy and allowed Tolstoy much freedom and the support system to compose ''War and Peace'' and ''Anna Karenina'', with Sonya acting as his secretary, editor, and financial manager. Sonya was copying and hand-writing his epic works time after time. Tolstoy would continue editing ''War and Peace'' and had to have clean final drafts to be delivered to the publisher.<ref name=nyt /><ref>{{Cite book|url=http://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/distributed/W/bo20274891.html|title=War and Peace and Sonya|access-date=8 July 2017|archive-date=23 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223070150/https://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/distributed/W/bo20274891.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

However, their later life together has been described by [[A.N. Wilson]] as one of the unhappiest in literary history. Tolstoy's relationship with his wife deteriorated as his beliefs became increasingly radical. This saw him seeking to reject his inherited and earned wealth, including the renunciation of the copyrights on his earlier works.

When he was finishing up the last installments of ''Anna Karenina'' Tolstoy was in an anguished state of mind and he began putting away guns and ropes out of fear that he would kill himself.<ref>{{cite book |last=MacFarquhar |first=Larissa |author-link=Larissa MacFarquhar |date=2015 |title=Strangers Drowning : Impossible Idealism, Drastic Choices, and the Urge to Help |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |page=277 |isbn=9780143109785}}</ref>

Some members of the Tolstoy family left Russia in the aftermath of the [[1905 Russian Revolution]], or after the establishment of the Soviet Union following the 1917 [[October Revolution]], and many of Leo Tolstoy's relatives and descendants today live in Sweden, Germany, the United Kingdom, France and the United States. Tolstoy's son, Count [[Lev Lvovich Tolstoy]], settled in Sweden and married a Swedish woman, and their descendants with family names including Tolstoy, [[Paus family|Paus]] and Ceder still live in Sweden. The Paus branch of the family is also closely related to [[Henrik Ibsen]].<ref>[[Jørgen Haave]], ''Familien Ibsen'', Museumsforlaget, 2017, ISBN 9788283050455</ref> Leo Tolstoy's last surviving grandchild, Countess [[Tatiana Tolstoy-Paus]], died in 2007 at [[Herresta]] manor in Sweden, which is owned by Tolstoy's descendants.<ref>"Tanja Paus och Sonja Ceder till minne," ''[[Svenska Dagbladet]]'', 11 March 2007</ref> Swedish writer Daria Paus and jazz singer [[Viktoria Tolstoy]] are among Leo Tolstoy's Swedish descendants.<ref>Nikolaj Pavlovič Puzin, ''The Lev Tolstoy House-Museum In Yasnaya Polyana'' (with a list of Leo Tolstoy's descendants), 1998</ref>

One of his great-great-grandsons, Vladimir Tolstoy (born 1962), has been a director of the [[Yasnaya Polyana]] museum since 1994 and an adviser to the [[President of Russia]] on cultural affairs since 2012.<ref>[http://ypmuseum.ru/en/2011-04-13-17-30-44/mhistory/65-2011-08-19-09-30-03.html Vladimir Ilyich Tolstoy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223225741/http://ypmuseum.ru/en/2011-04-13-17-30-44/mhistory/65-2011-08-19-09-30-03.html |date=23 February 2019 }} at the official [[Yasnaya Polyana]] website</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.kremlin.ru/catalog/persons/311/biography|title=Persons ∙ Directory ∙ President of Russia|website=President of Russia|access-date=27 February 2018|archive-date=11 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150611164029/http://en.kremlin.ru/catalog/persons/311/biography|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Ilya Tolstoy]]'s great-grandson, [[Pyotr Olegovich Tolstoy|Pyotr Tolstoy]], is a well-known Russian journalist and TV presenter as well as a [[7th State Duma|State Duma]] deputy since 2016. His cousin [[Fyokla Tolstaya]] (born Anna Tolstaya in 1971), daughter of the acclaimed Soviet [[Slavist]] Nikita Tolstoy ([[:ru:Толстой, Никита Ильич|ru]]) (1923–1996), is also a Russian journalist, TV and radio host.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tvkultura.ru/brand/show/brand_id/45825/|title=Толстые / Телеканал "Россия – Культура"|website=tvkultura.ru|access-date=27 February 2018|archive-date=9 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130809072325/http://tvkultura.ru/brand/show/brand_id/45825/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Novels and fictional works ==
[[File:Ivan Nikolayevich Kramskoi - Portrait of Leo Tolstoy, 1873.jpg|thumb|right|Portrait of Leo Tolstoy by [[Ivan Kramskoi]], 1873]]
Tolstoy is considered one of the giants of Russian literature; his works include the novels ''[[War and Peace]]'' and ''[[Anna Karenina]]'' and novellas such as ''[[Hadji Murat (novel)|Hadji Murad]]'' and ''[[The Death of Ivan Ilyich]]''. Tolstoy's earliest works, the autobiographical novels [[Childhood (Tolstoy novel)|''Childhood'']], [[Boyhood (novel)|''Boyhood'']], and [[Youth (Tolstoy novel)|''Youth'']] (1852–1856), tell of a rich landowner's son and his slow realization of the chasm between himself and his peasants. Though he later rejected them as sentimental, a great deal of Tolstoy's own life is revealed. They retain their relevance as accounts of the universal story of growing up. Tolstoy served as a [[Podporuchik|second lieutenant]] in an artillery regiment during the [[Crimean War]], recounted in his ''[[Sevastopol Sketches]]''. His experiences in battle helped stir his subsequent pacifism and gave him material for realistic depiction of the horrors of war in his later work.<ref>Leo Tolstoy (1990), ''Government is Violence: essays on anarchism and pacifism''. Phoenix Press.</ref>

His fiction consistently attempts to convey realistically the Russian society in which he lived.<ref>Edward Crankshaw (1974), ''Tolstoy: The Making of a Novelist'', Weidenfeld & Nicolson.</ref> ''[[The Cossacks (novel)|The Cossacks]]'' (1863) describes the [[Cossack]] life and people through a story of a Russian aristocrat in love with a Cossack girl. ''Anna Karenina'' (1877) tells parallel stories of an adulterous woman trapped by the conventions and falsities of society and of a philosophical landowner (much like Tolstoy), who works alongside the peasants in the fields and seeks to reform their lives. Tolstoy not only drew from his own life experiences but also created characters in his own image, such as Pierre Bezukhov and Prince Andrei in ''War and Peace'', Levin in ''Anna Karenina'' and to some extent, Prince Nekhlyudov in ''Resurrection''. [[Richard Pevear and Larissa Volokhonsky|Richard Pevear]], who translated many of Tolstoy's works, said of Tolstoy's signature style, "His works are full of provocation and irony, and written with broad and elaborately developed rhetorical devices."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Tolstoy|first=L.|title=War and Peace (Vintage Classic Russians Series)|publisher=Random House|year=2011|isbn=978-1446484166|location=United Kingdom|page=xviii}}</ref>

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''War and Peace'' is generally thought to be one of the greatest novels ever written, remarkable for its dramatic breadth and unity. Its vast canvas includes 580 characters, many historical with others fictional. The story moves from family life to the headquarters of [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon]], from the court of [[Alexander I of Russia]] to the battlefields of [[Battle of Austerlitz|Austerlitz]] and [[Battle of Borodino|Borodino]]. Tolstoy's original idea for the novel was to investigate the causes of the [[Decembrist revolt]], to which it refers only in the last chapters, from which can be deduced that [[Andrei Nikolayevich Bolkonsky|Andrei Bolkonsky]]'s son will become one of the Decembrists. The novel explores Tolstoy's theory of history, and in particular the insignificance of individuals such as Napoleon and Alexander. Somewhat surprisingly, Tolstoy did not consider ''War and Peace'' to be a novel (nor did he consider many of the great Russian fictions written at that time to be novels). This view becomes less surprising if one considers that Tolstoy was a novelist of the [[realism (arts)|realist]] school who considered the novel to be a framework for the examination of social and political issues in nineteenth-century life.<ref>G. Lukacs. "Tolstoy and the Development of Realism". ''Marxists on Literature: An Anthology'', London: Penguin, 1977.</ref> ''War and Peace'' (which is to Tolstoy really an [[Epic poetry|epic]] in prose) therefore did not qualify. Tolstoy called ''Anna Karenina'' his first novel.<ref>{{cite book |last=Christian |first=R. F. |title=Tolstoy's Letters, Volume 1: 1828–1879 |year=2015 |publisher=Faber & Faber |location=London |isbn=9780571324071 |page=261 |url=https://archive.org/details/tolstoyslettersv0000chri |access-date=2024-12-08 }}</ref>

After ''Anna Karenina'', Tolstoy concentrated on Christian themes, and his later novels such as ''The Death of Ivan Ilyich'' (1886) and ''[[What Is to Be Done? (Tolstoy)|What Is to Be Done?]]'' develop a radical [[anarcho-pacifist]] Christian philosophy which led to his [[excommunication]] from the [[Russian Orthodox Church]] in 1901.<ref>L. Tolstoy, ''Church and State''. – On Life and Essays on Religion, 1934.</ref> After his religious conversion, Tolstoy came to reject most modern Western culture, including his novels ''War and Peace'' and ''Anna Karenina'', as elitist "counterfeit art" with different aims from the Christian art of universal brotherly love he sought to express.{{sfn|Bartlett|2011|p=369}}

In his novel ''[[Resurrection (Tolstoy novel)|Resurrection]]'', Tolstoy attempts to expose the injustice of man-made laws and the hypocrisy of an institutionalized church. Tolstoy also explores and explains the economic philosophy of [[Georgism]], of which he had become a very strong advocate towards the end of his life.

Tolstoy also tried writing poetry, with several soldier songs written during his military service, and fairy tales in verse such as ''Volga-bogatyr'' and ''Oaf'' stylized as national folk songs. They were written between 1871 and 1874 for his ''Russian Book for Reading'', a collection of short stories in four volumes (total of 629 stories in various genres) published along with the ''New Azbuka'' textbook and addressed to schoolchildren. Nevertheless, he was skeptical about poetry as a genre. As he famously said, "Writing poetry is like ploughing and dancing at the same time." According to [[Valentin Bulgakov]], he criticised poets, including [[Alexander Pushkin]], for their "false" epithets used "simply to make it rhyme."<ref>''Leo Tolstoy (1874)''. [https://books.google.com/books?id=xr0kDAAAQBAJ Russian Book for Reading in 4 Volumes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322205108/https://books.google.com/books?id=xr0kDAAAQBAJ |date=22 March 2024 }}. Moscow: Aegitas, 381 pages.</ref><ref>''[[Valentin Bulgakov]]'' (2017). [https://books.google.com/books?id=v9InDwAAQBAJ&pg=RA3-PA28 ''Diary of Leo Tolstoy's Secretary''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322204910/https://books.google.com/books?id=v9InDwAAQBAJ&pg=RA3-PA28 |date=22 March 2024 }}. Moscow: Zakharov, 352 pages, p. 29. {{ISBN|978-5-8159-1435-3}}.</ref>

== Critical appraisal by other authors ==
Tolstoy's contemporaries paid him lofty tributes. [[Fyodor Dostoyevsky]], who died thirty years before Tolstoy, admired and was delighted by Tolstoy's novels (and, conversely, Tolstoy also admired Dostoyevsky's work).<ref name="Dosteoevsky">{{cite book | author = [[Lyubov Dostoevskaya|Aimée Dostoyevskaya]] | year = 1921 | title = Fyodor Dostoyevsky: A Study| location = Honolulu, Hawaii| publisher = University Press of the Pacific | page = [https://books.google.com/books?id=n7fb7eH6nRUC&dq=dostoyevsky+admired+tolstoy&pg=PA218 p. 218] }}</ref> [[Gustave Flaubert]], on reading a translation of ''War and Peace'', exclaimed, "What an artist and what a psychologist!" [[Anton Chekhov]], who often visited Tolstoy at his country estate, wrote, "When literature possesses a Tolstoy, it is easy and pleasant to be a writer; even when you know you have achieved nothing yourself and are still achieving nothing, this is not as terrible as it might otherwise be, because Tolstoy achieves for everyone. What he does serves to justify all the hopes and aspirations invested in literature." The 19th-century British poet and critic [[Matthew Arnold]] wrote that "A novel by Tolstoy is not a work of art but a piece of life."<ref name="Britannica" /> [[Isaac Babel]] said that "if the world could write by itself, it would write like Tolstoy."<ref name="Britannica" />

Later novelists continued to appreciate Tolstoy's art, but sometimes also expressed criticism. [[Arthur Conan Doyle]] wrote, "I am attracted by his earnestness and by his power of detail, but I am repelled by his looseness of construction and by his unreasonable and impracticable mysticism."<ref name="ACD">{{cite magazine|last1=Doyle|first1=Arthur Conan|title=My Favourite Novelist and His Best Book|date=January 1898|magazine=[[Munsey's Magazine]]|url=http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks13/1306981h.html|access-date=6 October 2017|archive-date=6 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006212159/http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks13/1306981h.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Virginia Woolf]] declared him "the greatest of all novelists."<ref name="Britannica" /> [[James Joyce]] noted that, "He is never dull, never stupid, never tired, never pedantic, never theatrical!" [[Thomas Mann]] wrote of Tolstoy's seemingly guileless artistry: "Seldom did art work so much like nature." [[Vladimir Nabokov]] heaped superlatives upon ''[[The Death of Ivan Ilyich]]'' and ''[[Anna Karenina]]''; he questioned, however, the reputation of ''[[War and Peace]]'' and sharply criticized ''[[Resurrection (Tolstoy novel)|Resurrection]]'' and ''[[The Kreutzer Sonata]]''. However, Nabokov called Tolstoy the "greatest Russian writer of prose fiction".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Frank |first=Joseph |date=1981-11-15 |title=Vladimir Nabokov Reads the Russian Masters |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/entertainment/books/1981/11/15/vladimir-nabokov-reads-the-russian-masters/7f30bba2-b61f-40a4-892d-0ad82ee34e2e/ |access-date=2023-12-28 |issn=0190-8286 |archive-date=10 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210223056/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/entertainment/books/1981/11/15/vladimir-nabokov-reads-the-russian-masters/7f30bba2-b61f-40a4-892d-0ad82ee34e2e/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Critic [[Harold Bloom]] called ''[[Hadji Murat (novella)|Hadji Murat]]'' "my personal touchstone for the sublime in prose fiction, to me the best story in the world."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bloom |first=Harold |title=[[The Western Canon]] |publisher=[[Harcourt Brace]] |year=1994 |location=New York}}</ref> When [[William Faulkner]] was asked to list what he thought were the three greatest novels, he replied: "''Anna Karenina, Anna Karenina'', and ''Anna Karenina''".<ref name=":5" /> Critic [[Gary Saul Morson]] referred to ''War and Peace'' as the greatest of all novels.<ref name=":6" />

==Ethical, political and religious beliefs==

===Schopenhauer===

After reading [[Arthur Schopenhauer]]'s ''[[The World as Will and Representation]]'', Tolstoy gradually became converted to the ascetic morality upheld in that work as the proper spiritual path for the upper classes. In 1869 he writes: "Do you know what this summer has meant for me? Constant raptures over Schopenhauer and a whole series of spiritual delights which I've never experienced before....no student has ever studied so much on his course, and learned so much, as I have this summer."<ref>Tolstoy's Letter to A.A. Fet, 30 August 1869</ref>

In Chapter VI of ''[[Confession (Leo Tolstoy)|Confession]]'', Tolstoy quoted the final paragraph of Schopenhauer's work. It explains how a complete [[self-denial|denial of self]] causes only a relative nothingness which is not to be feared. Tolstoy was struck by the description of Christian, Buddhist, and Hindu ascetic renunciation as being the path to holiness. After reading passages such as the following, which abound in Schopenhauer's ethical chapters, the Russian nobleman chose poverty and formal denial of the will: <blockquote> But this very necessity of involuntary suffering (by poor people) for [[eternal salvation]] is also expressed by that utterance of the Savior ([[Matthew 19:24]]): "It is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle, than for a rich man to enter into the kingdom of God." Therefore, those who were greatly in earnest about their eternal salvation, chose [[simple living|voluntary poverty]] when fate had denied this to them and they had been born in wealth. Thus Buddha [[Sakyamuni]] was born a prince, but voluntarily took to the mendicant's staff; and [[Francis of Assisi]], the founder of the [[mendicant orders]] who, as a youngster at a ball, where the daughters of all the notabilities were sitting together, was asked: "Now Francis, will you not soon make your choice from these beauties?" and who replied: "I have made a far more beautiful choice!" "Whom?" "''La povertà'' (poverty)": whereupon he abandoned every thing shortly afterwards and wandered through the land as a mendicant.<ref>Schopenhauer, ''[[Parerga and Paralipomena]]'', Vol. II, § 170</ref></blockquote>

===Christianity===

In 1884, Tolstoy wrote a book called ''What I Believe'', in which he openly confessed his Christian beliefs. He affirmed his belief in Jesus Christ's teachings and was particularly influenced by the [[Sermon on the Mount]], and the injunction to [[turn the other cheek]], which he understood as a "commandment of non-resistance to evil by force" and a doctrine of [[pacifism]] and [[nonviolence]]. In his work ''The Kingdom of God Is Within You'', he explains that he considered mistaken the Church's doctrine because they had made a "perversion" of Christ's teachings. Tolstoy also received letters from American [[Quakers]] who introduced him to the non-violence writings of Quaker Christians such as [[George Fox]], [[William Penn]], and [[Jonathan Dymond]]. Later, various versions of "Tolstoy's Bible" were published, indicating the passages Tolstoy most relied on, specifically, the reported words of Jesus himself.<ref>Orwin, Donna T. ''The Cambridge Companion to Tolstoy''. Cambridge University Press, 2002</ref>

[[File:Gandhi Tolstoy Farm.jpg|thumb|right|[[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi|Mohandas K. Gandhi]] and other residents of [[Tolstoy Farm]], South Africa, 1910]]

Tolstoy believed that a true Christian could find lasting happiness by striving for inner perfection through following the [[Great Commandment]] of loving one's neighbor and God, rather than guidance from the Church or state. Another distinct attribute of his philosophy based on Christ's teachings is [[nonresistance]] during conflict. This idea, communicated in Tolstoy's book ''[[The Kingdom of God Is Within You]]'', directly influenced [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and by extension nonviolent resistance movements as a whole.

Tolstoy believed that the aristocracy was a burden on the poor.<ref>{{Cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ie2vCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA102|title = Russian Writers and Society in the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century|isbn = 978-1349044184|last1 = Andrew|first1 = Joe|date = 18 June 1982|publisher = Springer|access-date = 23 January 2022|archive-date = 22 March 2024|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240322205412/https://books.google.com/books?id=ie2vCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA102#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status = live}}</ref> He opposed [[private property|private]] land ownership and the institution of marriage, and valued chastity and sexual abstinence (discussed in ''[[Father Sergius]]'' and his preface to ''The Kreutzer Sonata''), ideals also held by the young Gandhi. Tolstoy's passion from the depth of his austere moral views is reflected in his later work.<ref>{{cite web |author-last=Sommers |author-first=Aaron |url=http://coastlinejournal.com/2009/09/08/why-leo-tolstoy-wouldn%E2%80%99t-super-size-it/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171123060912/http://coastlinejournal.com/2009/09/08/why-leo-tolstoy-wouldn%E2%80%99t-super-size-it/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 November 2017 |title=Why Leo Tolstoy Wouldn't Supersize It |publisher=Coastlinejournal.com |date=8 September 2009 |access-date=16 May 2010}}</ref> One example is the sequence of the temptation of Sergius in ''Father Sergius''. [[Maxim Gorky]] relates how Tolstoy once read this passage before him and Chekhov, and Tolstoy was moved to tears by the end of the reading. Later passages of rare power include the personal crises faced by the protagonists of ''The Death of Ivan Ilyich'', and of ''[[Master and Man (short story)|Master and Man]]'', where the main character in the former and the reader in the latter are made aware of the foolishness of the protagonists' lives.

In 1886, Tolstoy wrote to the Russian [[List of Russian explorers|explorer]] and anthropologist [[Nicholas Miklouho-Maclay]], who was one of the first anthropologists to refute [[polygenism]], the view that the different [[Race (human categorization)|races of mankind]] belonged to different species: "You were the first to demonstrate beyond question by your experience that man is man everywhere, that is, a kind, sociable being with whom communication can and should be established through kindness and truth, not guns and spirits."<ref>{{cite news |title=Nicholas Maclay: Russian Polymath |url=https://www.harbourtrust.gov.au/en/our-story/harbour-history/digitales/nicholas-maclay/ |work=Harbourtrust.gov.au |date=29 September 2020 |access-date=10 August 2022 |archive-date=28 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628025609/https://www.harbourtrust.gov.au/en/our-story/harbour-history/digitales/nicholas-maclay/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Christian anarchism===
{{Christian socialism sidebar|intellectuals}}
Tolstoy had a profound influence on the development of [[Christian anarchist]] thought.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/TheContemporaryRelevanceOfLeoTolstoy |title=The Contemporary Relevance of Leo Tolstoy's Late Political Thought |author-last=Christoyannopoulos |author-first=Alexandre |author-link=Alexandre Christoyannopoulos |year=2009 |quote=Tolstoy articulated his Christian anarchist political thought between 1880 and 1910, yet its continuing relevance should have become fairly self-evident already. |publisher=International Political Science Association }}</ref> Tolstoy believed being a Christian required him to be a pacifist; the apparently inevitable waging of war by governments is why he is considered a philosophical anarchist. The [[Tolstoyan]]s were a small Christian anarchist group formed by Tolstoy's companion, [[Vladimir Chertkov]] (1854–1936), to spread Tolstoy's religious teachings. From 1892, he regularly met with the student-activist [[Vasily Maklakov]] who would defend several Tolstoyans; they discussed the fate of the [[Doukhobors]]. Philosopher [[Peter Kropotkin]] wrote of Tolstoy in the article on anarchism in the ''[[1911 Encyclopædia Britannica]]'':
<blockquote>Without naming himself an anarchist, Leo Tolstoy, like his predecessors in the popular religious movements of the 15th and 16th centuries, [[Petr Chelčický|Chojecki]], [[Hans Denck|Denk]] and many others, took the anarchist position as regards the [[State (polity)|state]] and [[property right]]s, deducing his conclusions from the general spirit of the teachings of Jesus and from the necessary dictates of reason.
With all the might of his talent, Tolstoy made (especially in ''The Kingdom of God Is Within You'') a powerful criticism of the church, the state and law altogether, and especially of the present [[property law]]s.
He describes the state as the domination of the wicked ones, supported by brutal force.
Robbers, he says, are far less dangerous than a well-organized government.
He makes a searching criticism of the prejudices which are current now concerning the benefits conferred upon men by the church, the state, and the existing distribution of property, and from the teachings of Jesus he deduces the rule of nonresistance and the absolute condemnation of all wars.
His religious arguments are, however, so well combined with arguments borrowed from a dispassionate observation of the present evils, that the anarchist portions of his works appeal to the religious and the non-religious reader alike.<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Anarchism |volume=1 |author-last=Kropotkin |author-first=Peter Alexeivitch |author-link=Peter Kropotkin |pages=914–919; see page 918 }}</ref></blockquote>

[[File:Tolstoy organising famine relief in Samara, 1891.jpg|thumb|Tolstoy organising [[Russian famine of 1891–92|famine relief]] in Samara, 1891]]

[[File:Leo Tolstoy-1908.webm|thumb|right|Film by [[Alexander Drankov|Aleksandr Osipovich Drankov]] of Tolstoy's 80th birthday (1908) at Yasnaya Polyana, showing his wife Sofya (picking flowers in the garden) daughter Aleksandra (sitting in the carriage in the white blouse); his aide and confidante V. Chertkov (bald man with the beard and mustache); and students.]]

In hundreds of essays over the last 20 years of his life, Tolstoy reiterated the anarchist critique of the state and recommended books by [[Kropotkin]] and [[Proudhon]] to his readers, while rejecting anarchism's espousal of [[propaganda of the deed|violent revolutionary means]]. In the 1900 essay, "On Anarchy," he wrote: "The Anarchists are right in everything; in the negation of the existing order, and in the assertion that, without Authority, there could not be worse violence than that of Authority under existing conditions. They are mistaken only in thinking that Anarchy can be instituted by a revolution. But it will be instituted only by there being more and more people who do not require the protection of governmental power ... There can be only one permanent revolution{{snd}}a moral one: the regeneration of the inner man." Despite his misgivings about [[anarchist violence]], Tolstoy took risks to circulate the prohibited publications of [[anarchism in Russia|anarchist thinkers in Russia]], and corrected the proofs of Kropotkin's "Words of a Rebel", illegally published in St Petersburg in 1906.<ref>{{cite book|title=[[Peter Kropotkin: From Prince to Rebel]] |author-first1=G. |author-last1=Woodcock |author-first2=I. |author-last2=Avakumović |date=1990}}</ref>
[[File:Leo Tolstoi v kabinetie.05.1908.ws.jpg|thumb|right|Tolstoy in his study in 1908 (age 80)]]

===Pacificism===

In 1908, Tolstoy wrote ''[[A Letter to a Hindu]]'',<ref>{{citation|author-last=Parel |author-first=Anthony J. |author-link=Anthony Parel |contribution=Gandhi and Tolstoy |editor-first1=M. P. |editor-last1=Mathai |editor-first2=M.S. |editor-last2=John |editor-first3=Siby K. |editor-last3=Joseph |title=Meditations on Gandhi: a Ravindra Varma festschrift |pages=96–112 |publisher=Concept |place=New Delhi |year=2002 |contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kcpDOVk5Gp8C&pg=PA96}}</ref> outlining his belief in non-violence as a means for India to gain [[Indian independence movement|independence]] from [[British Raj|colonial rule]]. In 1909, Gandhi read a copy of the letter when he was becoming an activist in South Africa. He wrote to Tolstoy seeking proof that he was the author, which led to further correspondence.<ref name="PearlsOfInsp_Rajaram" /> Tolstoy's ''The Kingdom of God Is Within You'' also helped to convince Gandhi of [[nonviolent resistance]], a debt Gandhi acknowledged in his autobiography, calling Tolstoy "the greatest apostle of non-violence that the present age has produced". Their correspondence lasted only a year, from October 1909 until Tolstoy's death in November 1910, but led Gandhi to give the name Tolstoy Colony to his second [[ashram]] in South Africa.<ref>{{cite book|title=Tolstoy and Gandhi, men of peace: a biography |author-first=M. B. |author-last=Green |date=1983 |publisher=Basic Books}}</ref> Both men also believed in the merits of [[vegetarianism]], the subject of several of Tolstoy's essays.<ref>{{cite web |author-last=Tolstoy |author-first=Leo |title=The First Step |year=1892 |access-date=21 May 2016 |url=http://www.ivu.org/history/tolstoy/the_%20first_step.html |quote=... if [a man] be really and seriously seeking to live a good life, the first thing from which he will abstain will always be the use of animal food, because ... its use is simply immoral, as it involves the performance of an act which is contrary to the moral feeling – killing |archive-date=28 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828031414/https://ivu.org/history/tolstoy/the_%20first_step.html |url-status=live }}. Preface to the Russian translation of [[Howard Williams (humanitarian)|Howard William's]] [http://www.ivu.org/history/williams/index.html ''The Ethics of Diet''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124121214/http://ivu.org/history/williams/index.html |date=24 November 2010 }}</ref>

The [[Boxer Rebellion]] stirred Tolstoy's interest in Chinese philosophy.<ref name="Bodde1967">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=STFaAAAAYAAJ&q=Boxer |title=Tolstoy and China |author-first=Derk |author-last=Bodde |publisher=Johnson Reprint Corporation |year=1967 |pages=25, 44, 107 |isbn=9780384048959 |access-date=23 October 2020 |archive-date=22 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322205558/https://books.google.com/books?id=STFaAAAAYAAJ&q=Boxer |url-status=live }}</ref> He was a famous [[sinophile]], and read the works of [[Confucius]]<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3YPAaFfUp9oC&q=lev+tolstoy+sinophile&pg=PA314 |title=The Bear Watches the Dragon |author-last1=Lukin |author-first1=Alexander |year=2003 |publisher=M. E. Sharpe |isbn=978-0-7656-1026-3 |access-date=23 October 2020 |archive-date=22 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322205605/https://books.google.com/books?id=3YPAaFfUp9oC&q=lev+tolstoy+sinophile&pg=PA314#v=snippet&q=lev%20tolstoy%20sinophile&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nU2lErM3VgwC&q=tolstoy+boxer+rebellion&pg=PA37 |title=The Cambridge companion to Tolstoy |author-first=Donna |author-last=Tussing Orwin |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-521-52000-3 |page=37 |access-date=23 October 2020 |archive-date=22 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322205414/https://books.google.com/books?id=nU2lErM3VgwC&q=tolstoy+boxer+rebellion&pg=PA37 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UipgAAAAMAAJ&q=tolstoy+boxer+rebellion+confucianism |title=Tolstoy and China |author-first=Derk |author-last=Bodde |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1950 |page=25 |access-date=23 October 2020 |archive-date=22 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322205415/https://books.google.com/books?id=UipgAAAAMAAJ&q=tolstoy+boxer+rebellion+confucianism |url-status=live }} (Original from the University of Michigan)</ref> and [[Laozi]]. Tolstoy wrote ''Chinese Wisdom'' and other texts about China. Tolstoy corresponded with the Chinese intellectual [[Gu Hongming]] and recommended that China remain an agrarian nation, and not reform as Japan had done. Tolstoy and Gu opposed the [[Hundred Days' Reform]] by [[Kang Youwei]] and believed that the reform movement was perilous.<ref name="Lee2005">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1jlOQc8BumIC&q=Tolstoy+boxers&pg=PA10 |title=Pioneers of Modern China: Understanding the Inscrutable Chinese |author-first=Khoon Choy |author-last=Lee |publisher=World Scientific |year=2005 |isbn=978-981-256-618-8 |page=10 |access-date=23 October 2020 |archive-date=22 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322205458/https://books.google.com/books?id=1jlOQc8BumIC&q=Tolstoy+boxers&pg=PA10#v=snippet&q=Tolstoy%20boxers&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> Tolstoy's ideology of non-violence shaped the thought of the Chinese anarchist group Society for the Study of Socialism.<ref name="Campbell2009">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gWHrWq2Kd-UC&q=Tolstoy+boxers&pg=PA194 |title=The Britannica Guide to Political and Social Movements That Changed the Modern World |author-first=Heather M. |author-last=Campbell |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-61530-016-7 |page=194 |access-date=23 October 2020 |archive-date=22 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322205416/https://books.google.com/books?id=gWHrWq2Kd-UC&q=Tolstoy+boxers&pg=PA194#v=snippet&q=Tolstoy%20boxers&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>

Tolstoy denounced the intervention by the [[Eight-Nation Alliance]] (which included Russia) in the Boxer Rebellion in [[Qing dynasty|China]],<ref name="Orwin2002">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SC9suBt-Vm4C&q=Tolstoy+boxers&pg=PA37 |title=The Cambridge Companion to Tolstoy |author-first=Donna |author-last=Tussing Orwin |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-521-52000-3 |pages=37–}}</ref><ref name="Tolstoy(graf)1978">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2TVgAAAAMAAJ&q=Boxer |title=Tolstoy's Letters: 1880–1910 |author-first1=Leo |author-last1=Tolstoy |author-first2=Reginald Frank |author-last2=Christian |publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group, Limited |year=1978 |isbn=978-0-485-71172-1 |page=580}}</ref> the [[Philippine–American War|Filipino-American War]], and the [[Second Boer War]].<ref>Apollon Davidson, Irina Filatova. ''The Russians and the Anglo Boer War.'' Cape Town: Human & Rousseau, 1998. p. 181</ref> Tolstoy praised the Boxer Rebellion and harshly criticized the atrocities of the Russian, German, American, Japanese, and other troops of the Eight-Nation alliance. He heard about the looting, rapes, and murders, and accused the troops of slaughter and "Christian brutality." He named the monarchs most responsible for the atrocities as [[Nicholas II of Russia|Tsar Nicholas II]] and [[Wilhelm II of Germany|Kaiser Wilhelm II]],<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k1_iAAAAMAAJ&q=he+praised+the+Chinese+for+their+heroic+patience.+When+he+learned+about+the+%22orgy+of+murder,+raping,+and+looting%22+committed+by+the+Western+powers+in+quelling+the+Boxer+rebellion,+he+raged+against+the+brutality+of+the+Christians |title=The Russian review |volume=19 |author-first=William Henry |author-last=Chamberlin |editor-first1=Michael |editor-last1=Karpovich |author-first2=Dimitri Sergius |author-last2=Von Mohrenschildt |year=1960 |publisher=Blackwell |page=115}} (Original from the University of Michigan)</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MFtDxmZVB7gC&q=tolstoy+boxer+rebellion&pg=PA3 |title=An age of progress?: clashing twentieth-century global forces |author-first=Walter G. |author-last=Moss |year=2008 |publisher=Anthem Press |page=3 |isbn=978-1-84331-301-4 |access-date=23 October 2020 |archive-date=22 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322210106/https://books.google.com/books?id=MFtDxmZVB7gC&q=tolstoy+boxer+rebellion&pg=PA3 |url-status=live }}</ref> describing their intervention as "terrible for its injustice and cruelty".<ref name="CohenStachel1974">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OvK9orJNezwC&q=Tolstoy+boxers&pg=PA606 |title=For Dirk Struik: Scientific, Historical and Political Essays in Honour of Dirk J. Struik |author-first1=Robert S. |author-last1=Cohen |author-first2=J.J. |author-last2=Stachel |author-first3=Marx W. |author-last3=Wartofsky |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |year=1974 |isbn=978-90-277-0393-4 |pages=606– |access-date=23 October 2020 |archive-date=22 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322210218/https://books.google.com/books?id=OvK9orJNezwC&q=Tolstoy+boxers&pg=PA606#v=snippet&q=Tolstoy%20boxers&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> The war was also criticized by other intellectuals such as [[Leonid Andreyev]] and Gorky. As part of the criticism, Tolstoy wrote an epistle called ''To the Chinese people''.<ref name="Gamsa2008">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ffkU0KocpEYC&q=Tolstoy+boxers&pg=PA14 |title=The Chinese Translation of Russian Literature: Three Studies |author-first=Mark |author-last=Gamsa |publisher=Brill |year=2008 |isbn=978-90-04-16844-2 |pages=14– |access-date=23 October 2020 |archive-date=22 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322205942/https://books.google.com/books?id=ffkU0KocpEYC&q=Tolstoy+boxers&pg=PA14#v=snippet&q=Tolstoy%20boxers&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1902, he wrote an open letter describing and denouncing Nicholas II's activities in China.<ref name="FlathSmith2011">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K71PjjQAy6EC&q=Tolstoy+boxers&pg=PA125 |title=Beyond Suffering: Recounting War in Modern China |author-first1=James |author-last1=Flath |author-first2=Norman |author-last2=Smith |publisher=UBC Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-7748-1957-2 |pages=125– |access-date=23 October 2020 |archive-date=22 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322210149/https://books.google.com/books?id=K71PjjQAy6EC&q=Tolstoy+boxers&pg=PA125#v=snippet&q=Tolstoy%20boxers&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>

Tolstoy also became a major supporter of the [[Esperanto]] movement. He was impressed by the pacifist beliefs of the [[Doukhobors]] and brought their persecution to the attention of the international community, after they burned their weapons in peaceful protest in 1895.<ref>Bartolf, Christian / Dominique Miething: "Flame of Truth": the global significance of Doukhobor Pacifism. ''Russian Journal of Church History''. 2023;4(4):6-27. https://doi.org/10.15829/2686-973X-2023-142</ref> He aided the Doukhobors to migrate to Canada.<ref>{{cite magazine|author-last=Mays |author-first=H.G. |title=Resurrection: Tolstoy and Canada's Doukhobors |magazine=The Beaver |issue=79 |date=October–November 1999 |pages=38–44}}</ref> He also provided inspiration to the [[Mennonites]], another religious group with anti-government and anti-war sentiments.<ref>{{cite web |title=Some of the Resources of Canada |url=http://www.revoltlib.com/?id=414 |author-first=Peter |author-last=Kropotkin |author-link=Peter Kropotkin |publisher=The Nineteenth Century |website=revoltlib.com |date=March 1898 |pages=494–514 |access-date=3 November 2019 |archive-date=3 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103012618/http://www.revoltlib.com/%3Fid%3D414 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Leo Tolstoy and the Mennonites |url=https://jms.uwinnipeg.ca/index.php/jms/article/view/532 |author-first=Levi |author-last=Miller |publisher=Journal of Mennonite Studies |website=jms.uwinnipeg.ca |date=1 January 1998 |access-date=3 November 2019 |archive-date=3 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103014305/https://jms.uwinnipeg.ca/index.php/jms/article/view/532 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1904, Tolstoy condemned the ensuing [[Russo-Japanese War]] and wrote to the Japanese Buddhist priest [[Soyen Shaku]] in a failed attempt to make a joint pacifist statement.

===Georgism===
{{Georgism|intellectuals}}
Towards the end of his life, Tolstoy became occupied with the economic theory and social philosophy of [[Georgism]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Tolstoy: Principles For A New World Order |author-first=David |author-last=Redfearn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wealthandwant.com/auth/Tolstoy.htm|title=Tolstoy|website=www.wealthandwant.com|access-date=30 May 2015|archive-date=23 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123002754/http://www.wealthandwant.com/auth/Tolstoy.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.prosper.org.au/about/geoists-in-history/leo-tolstoy/ |title=Leo Tolstoy |work=Prosper Australia |access-date=30 May 2015 |archive-date=31 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150531032049/https://www.prosper.org.au/about/geoists-in-history/leo-tolstoy/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He incorporated it approvingly into works such as ''[[Resurrection (Tolstoy novel)|Resurrection]]'' (1899), the book that was a major cause for his excommunication.<ref name="Wenzer 1997 pp. 639–667">{{cite journal|author-last=Wenzer |author-first=Kenneth C. |title=Tolstoy's Georgist Spiritual Political Economy (1897–1910): Anarchism and Land Reform |journal=[[The American Journal of Economics and Sociology]] |volume=56 |issue=4 |date=October 1997 |pages=639–667 |doi=10.1111/j.1536-7150.1997.tb02664.x |jstor=3487337 |oclc=5550194757}}</ref> He spoke with great admiration of [[Henry George]], stating once that "People do not argue with the teaching of George; they simply do not know it. And it is impossible to do otherwise with his teaching, for he who becomes acquainted with it cannot but agree."<ref>"A Great Iniquity", letter to ''[[The Times]]'' of London (1905).</ref> He also wrote a preface to George's journal ''[[Social Problems]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/tolstoy-leo_preface-to-henry-george-social-problems-1883.html |title=Preface to the book ''Social Problems by Henry George'' |author-first=Leo |author-last=Tolstoy |access-date=30 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115174640/http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/tolstoy-leo_preface-to-henry-george-social-problems-1883.html |archive-date=15 January 2013 }}</ref> Tolstoy and George both rejected private property in land (the most important source of income for Russian aristocracy that Tolstoy heavily criticized). They also rejected a [[centrally planned economy]].

Because Georgism requires an administration to collect [[land rent]] and spend it on infrastructure, some assume that this embrace moved Tolstoy away from his [[anarchist]] views; however, anarchist versions of Georgism have been proposed since then.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.anti-state.com/geo/foldvary1.html |title=Geoanarchism |author-link=Fred E. Foldvary |author-first=Fred E. |author-last=Foldvary |access-date=15 April 2009 |date=15 July 2001 |publisher=anti-state.com |archive-date=18 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018190159/http://www.anti-state.com/geo/foldvary1.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''Resurrection'', in which the nobleman Dmitri Ivanovich Nekhlyudov realizes that the earth cannot really be owned and that everyone should have equal access to its resources and advantages, hints that Tolstoy had such a view. Other works, such as Tolstoy's unfinished play ''The Light that Shines in the Darkness'' and the short story "How Much Land Does a Man Need?”, suggest Tolstoy's approval of small communities with local governance to manage the collective land rents for common goods, and heavily criticize [[State (polity)|state]] institutions such as the [[justice system]].

===Hunting===

Tolstoy was introduced to [[hunting]] by his father, who was an avid huntsman.<ref name="Barlett 2011">Bartlett, Rosamund (2011). ''Tolstoy: A Russian Life''. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 37-38. {{ISBN|978-0547545875}}</ref> He was trained to hunt from a young age and became a passionate huntsman himself. He was known to shoot [[duck]], [[quail]], snipe, [[woodcock]] and otters.<ref>Tolstoy, Sergei (1961). ''Tolstoy Remembered by His Son''. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. p. 73</ref><ref>Citati, Pietro (1986). ''Tolstoy''. Schocken Books. p. 22, p. 153. {{ISBN|978-0805240214}}</ref> For example, Tolstoy wrote in his diary on 23 March 1852, "the weather was marvellous; went out hunting, rode up and down the undulating country till one. Killed two ducks."<ref>Christian, Reginald Frank (1985). ''Tolstoy's Diaries: Volume 1''. Athlone Press. p. 47</ref> His novel ''War and Peace'' includes hunting scenes.<ref name="Barlett 2011"/> Tolstoy spent decades hunting, but stopped sometime in the 1880s and became a staunch opponent of hunting due to ethical concerns about killing.<ref name="LeBlanc 85">LeBlanc, Ronald D. ''Tolstoy's Way of No Flesh: Abstinence, Vegetarianism and Christian Physiology''. In Musya Glants, Joyce Toomre (1997). ''Food in Russian History and Culture''. Indiana University Press. pp. 81-91. {{ISBN|0-253-33252-4}}</ref> In 1890 Tolstoy wrote a preface for [[Vladimir Chertkov]]'s anti-hunting pamphlet ''Zlaia zabava: Mysli ob okhote'' (An Evil Pastime: Thoughts about Hunting).<ref name="LeBlanc 98">LeBlanc, Ronald D. ''Tolstoy's Way of No Flesh: Abstinence, Vegetarianism and Christian Physiology''. In Musya Glants, Joyce Toomre (1997). ''Food in Russian History and Culture''. Indiana University Press. p. 98. {{ISBN|0-253-33252-4}}</ref> Although Tolstoy in his later life opposed hunting, he never abandoned his love for [[horse-riding]].<ref name="Barlett 2011"/>

===Vegetarianism===

Tolstoy first became interested in [[vegetarianism]] in 1882; however, his conversion to a vegetarian diet was a long and gradual process.<ref name="LeBlanc 85"/> William Fay (Vladimir Konstantinovich Geins), who visited Tolstoy in Autumn 1885, influenced Tolstoy to become vegetarian.<ref name="LeBlanc 85"/> In 1887, Tolstoy was lapsing from a vegetarian diet by occasionally eating [[meat]].<ref name="LeBlanc 85"/> It was only from 1890 that Tolstoy adopted a strict vegetarian diet which he was alleged to have never consciously betrayed.<ref name="LeBlanc 85"/> Tolstoy's wife Sophia argued that his vegetarian diet did not provide him enough nourishment and contributed to his digestive ailments, however, Tolstoy stated that his health was not deprived on the diet but had improved.<ref name="LeBlanc 85"/> Critics of Tolstoy such as I. S. Listovsky suggested that Tolstoy's writing talent went into decline after he adopted a meatless diet.<ref name="LeBlanc 85"/>

Tolstoy became a vegetarian for ethical and spiritual reasons, associating a meatless diet with "high moral views on life".<ref name="LeBlanc 85"/> He viewed both hunting and eating meat as a moral evil as they involve unnecessary cruelty to animals and regretted his former habits.<ref name="LeBlanc 85"/> In 1891, Tolstoy obtained a copy of [[Howard Williams (humanitarian)|Howard Williams]]'s book ''The Ethics of Diet'' from Chertkov. His daughters translated the book into Russian and Tolstoy wrote an introductory essay titled "[[The First Step (essay)|The First Step]]", published in 1893.<ref>LeBlanc, Ronald D. ''Tolstoy's Way of No Flesh: Abstinence, Vegetarianism and Christian Physiology''. In Musya Glants, Joyce Toomre (1997). ''Food in Russian History and Culture''. Indiana University Press. pp. 99-100. {{ISBN|0-253-33252-4}}</ref> In his introductory essay, he described a cruel experience he had witnessed at a visit to a [[slaughterhouse]] in Tula. The cruelty he had witnessed confirmed his belief that meat should be removed from the diet.<ref name="LeBlanc 85"/> In the essay he wrote that meat eating is "simply immoral, as it involves the performance of an act which is contrary to moral feeling – killing".<ref>Portmess, Lisa (1999). ''Ethical Vegetarianism: From Pythagoras to Peter Singer''. State University of New York Press. p. 97. {{ISBN|0-7914-4043-5}}</ref>

Whilst on his vegetarian diet, Tolstoy was eating [[Egg as food|eggs]] daily but was questioned by one of his friends if eating eggs amounts to taking life. He commented that "Yes, I ought to have stopped taking eggs. At least from now I shall stop it".<ref>Satchidananda, Swami (1979). [https://archive.org/details/Olls_the-gospel-of-swami-ramdas-recorded-by-swami-satchidananda-2nd-edition-anandashram-kasargod/page/202/mode/2up ''Gospel of Swami Ramdas'']. Praja Printers Private. p. 202</ref> By 1903, Tolstoy had removed eggs from his diet. [[Vasily Rozanov]] who had visited Tolstoy noted that vegetarianism was a way of living for Tolstoy and at the dinner table surrounded by family and guests who were eating meat and scrambled eggs, Tolstoy was eating [[kasha]].<ref>Glants, Musya; Toomre, Joyce (1997). ''Introduction''. In ''Food in Russian History and Culture''. Indiana University Press. p. xvi. {{ISBN|0-253-33252-4}}</ref> In a letter to A. D. Zutphen (a Dutch medical student), Tolstoy wrote that "My health not only has not suffered; it has in fact improved significantly since I have given up milk, butter and eggs, as well as sugar, tea, and coffee."<ref name="LeBlanc 98"/> Tolstoy described his vegetarian diet consisting of [[oatmeal]] porridge, [[whole wheat]] bread, cabbage or potato soup, [[buckwheat]], a boiled or fried potato and an apple prune [[compote]].<ref>LeBlanc, Ronald Denis (2009). ''Slavic Sins of the Flesh: Food, Sex, and Carnal Appetite in Nineteenth-Century Russian Fiction''. University of New Hampshire Press. p. 279. {{ISBN|978-1-58465-767-5}}</ref>

== Death ==
[[File:Tula YasnayaPolyana asv2019-09 img12 LNTolstoy grave.jpg|thumb|right|Tolstoy's grave with flowers at [[Yasnaya Polyana]]]]

Tolstoy died on 20 November 1910 at the age of 82 of [[pneumonia]],<ref>''Leo Tolstoy''. EJ Simmons – 1946 – Little, Brown and Company</ref> at [[Lev Tolstoy (rural locality)|Astapovo]] railway station, after a day's train journey south.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.lrb.co.uk/v32/n14/james-meek/some-wild-creature|title=James Meek reviews 'The Death of Tolstoy' by William Nickell, 'The Diaries of Sofia Tolstoy' translated by Cathy Porter, 'A Confession' by Leo Tolstoy, translated by Anthony Briggs and 'Anniversary Essays on Tolstoy' by Donna Tussing Orwin · LRB 22 July 2010|pages=3–8|newspaper=London Review of Books|date=22 July 2010|last1=Meek|first1=James|access-date=11 April 2013|archive-date=28 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328032450/http://www.lrb.co.uk/v32/n14/james-meek/some-wild-creature|url-status=live}}</ref>

The stationmaster took Tolstoy to his apartment, and his personal doctors arrived and gave him injections of [[morphine]] and [[camphor]]. The police took extra precautions to minimize dissent during the funeral ceremonies. They were inconspicuous but looming during the funeral itself, which two thousand people attended without incident. Three choirs sang. There were no eulogies, per the family's request, although 100 students had asked to speak.{{sfn|Nickell|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=RtnamU-MJ0EC&pg=PA125 125]}} According to some sources, Tolstoy spent the last hours of his life preaching love, non-violence, and [[Georgism]] to fellow passengers on the train.<ref name="Wenzer 1997 pp. 639–667" />

== Legacy ==
[[File:Leotolstoy castlegar.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|Statue of Tolstoy in [[Castlegar, British Columbia]]]]
[[File:Пам'ятник .Толстому Л.М, письменникові.JPG|thumb|Bust of Tolstoy in [[Mariupol]], Ukraine, 2011]]
[[File:Munomento León Tolstoi.jpg|thumb|Bust of Tolstoy in [[Montevideo]], Uruguay]]
Although Tolstoy was primarily regarded as a [[Christian anarchist]], his ideas and works still influenced other [[socialist]] thinkers throughout history. He held an unromantic view of governments as being essentially violent forces held together by intimidation from state authority, corruption on behalf of officials, and the indoctrination of people from a young age.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Higgs|first=Robert|date=2015|title=Tolstoy's Manifesto on the State, Christian Anarchy, and Pacifism|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24564569|journal=The Independent Review|volume=19|issue=3|pages=471–479|jstor=24564569|issn=1086-1653|access-date=20 April 2021|archive-date=15 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815171933/https://www.jstor.org/stable/24564569|url-status=live}}</ref> In regard to his view of economics, he advocated for a return to [[subsistence agriculture]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=McLean|first=Hugh|title=In Quest of Tolstoy|chapter=A Clash of Utopias|date=2008|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1zxsjx2.15|pages=181–194|publisher=Academic Studies Press|doi=10.2307/j.ctt1zxsjx2.15|jstor=j.ctt1zxsjx2.15|isbn=978-1-934843-02-4|access-date=2020-11-24|archive-date=20 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420044300/https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1zxsjx2.15|url-status=live}}</ref> In his view, a simplified economy would afford a lesser need for the exchange of goods, and as such, factories and cities – the centers of industry – would become obsolete.<ref name=":0" />

In 1944, literary historian and Soviet medievalist Nikolai Gudzii wrote a biography of Tolstoy that spanned 80 pages. It was designed to show readers that Tolstoy would have revised his pacifistic and anti-patriotic sentiments if he were alive amid World War II.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Emerson|first=Caryl|title=Remarkable Tolstoy, from the Age of Empire to the Putin Era (1894–2006)|date=2016|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26633177|journal=The Slavic and East European Journal|volume=60|issue=2|pages=252–271|doi=10.30851/60.2.007|jstor=26633177|issn=0037-6752|access-date=20 April 2021|archive-date=20 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420044301/https://www.jstor.org/stable/26633177|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref> At around the same time, literary scholar and historian [[Boris Eikhenbaum]] – in a stark contrast from his earlier works on Tolstoy – portrayed the Russian novelist as someone whose ideas aligned with those of early [[utopian socialists]], such as [[Robert Owen]] and [[Henri Saint-Simon]]. Eikenbaum suggested that these influences can be seen in Tolstoy's emphases on individual happiness and peasant welfare.<ref name=":4" /> The discrepancies in Eikenbaum's portrayals of Tolstoy can be attributed to the political pressure in Soviet Russia at the time, when public officials pressured literary scholars to conform with party doctrine.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Any|first=Carol|date=1990|title=Boris Eikhenbaum's Unfinished Work on Tolstoy: A Dialogue with Soviet History|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/462559|journal=PMLA|volume=105|issue=2|pages=233–244|doi=10.2307/462559|jstor=462559|s2cid=163911913|issn=0030-8129|access-date=20 April 2021|archive-date=20 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420044300/https://www.jstor.org/stable/462559|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

=== In Soviet Russia ===
From Tolstoy's writings the [[Tolstoyan movement]] was birthed, and its members used his works to promote non-violence, anti-urbanism and opposition to the state.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Croskey|first=Robert M.|url=http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015080856431|title=The legacy of Tolstoy :Alexandra Tolstoy and the Soviet regime in the 1920s /|series=Donald W. Treadgold studies on Russia, East Europe, and Central Asia|date=c. 2008|publisher=Seattle|hdl=2027/mdp.39015080856431|isbn=978-0295988771|access-date=20 April 2021|archive-date=22 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322210046/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015080856431|url-status=live}}</ref> While Tolstoy himself never associated with the movement, as he was opposed to joining any organization or group, he named his thirteenth child [[Alexandra Tolstaya|Alexandra (Sasha) L'vovna Tolstaya]] the heir to his works with the intention that she would publish them for the Russian people.<ref name=":1" /> Meanwhile, Tolstoy designated [[Vladimir Chertkov]] – who kept many of Tolstoy's manuscripts – as the editor of his works. Originally, Tolstoy wanted to make the Russian people the heirs to his writings; however, Russian law at the time decreed that property could only be inherited by one individual.<ref name=":1" />

Following the [[Russian Civil War]] in 1917, writings that were formerly censored could now be published, since all literary works were nationalized in November 1918.<ref name=":1" /> Alexandra worked during these years to publish sets of Tolstoy's works, and she worked with Zadruga Publishing House from 1917 to 1919 to publish thirteen booklets on Tolstoy's writings, which had previously been censored under Russia's imperial rule; however, publishing a complete collection of Tolstoy's works proved to be more difficult. In December 1918, the Commissariat of Education granted Chertkov a 10 million rouble subsidy to publish a complete edition of his works, which never materialized due to government control of publication rights.<ref name=":1" /> Cooperatives were additionally made illegal in Russia in 1921, creating another obstacle for Alexandra and Chertkov.<ref name=":1" />

In the 1920s, Tolstoy's estate, [[Yasnaya Polyana]], was sanctioned by the Soviet state to exist as a commune for Tolstoyans. The government permitted this Christian-oriented community because they felt that religious sects like the Tolstoyans were models for the Russian peasantry.<ref name=":1" /> The Soviet government owned the estate, which was deemed a memorial for the late Russian writer, but Alexandra had jurisdiction over the education offered at Yasnaya Polyana. Unlike most Soviet schools, the schooling at Yasnaya Polyana did not offer militaristic training and did not teach atheism. Over time, though, local communists – as opposed to the state government, which financially supported the institution – often denounced the estate and called for frequent inspections. After 1928, a change in cultural policy in the Soviet regime led to a takeover of local institutions, including Tolstoy's estate. When Alexandra stepped down from her role as head of Yasnaya Poliana in 1929, the Commissariat of Education and Health took control.<ref name=":1" />

In 1925, the Soviet government created its first Jubilee Committee to celebrate the centennial of Tolstoy's birth, which originally consisted of 13 members but grew to 38 members after a second committee formed in 1927.<ref name=":1" /> Alexandra was not content with the funds provided by the government and met with Stalin in June 1928. During the meeting, Stalin said the government could not provide the one million roubles requested by the committee;<ref name=":1" /> however, an agreement was reached with the State Publishing House in April 1928 for the publishing of a 92-volume collection of Tolstoy's works.<ref name=":1" /> During the Jubilee Celebration, [[Anatoly Lunacharsky|Anatoly Luncharsky]] – the head of the [[People's Commissariat for Education]] – gave a speech in which he denied reports that claimed the Soviet government was hostile towards Tolstoy and his legacy. Instead of focusing on the aspects of Tolstoy's works that pitted him against the Soviet regime, he instead focused on the unifying aspects, such as Tolstoy's love for equality and labor as well as his disdain for the state and private property.<ref name=":1" /> More than 400 million copies of Tolstoy's works were printed in the Soviet Union, making him the best-selling author in Soviet Russia.<ref name=NYTIMES1987>[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE0DB1E30F936A25751C0A961948260 New York Times] February 15, 1987</ref>

=== Influence ===

[[Vladimir Lenin]] wrote several essays about Tolstoy, suggesting that a contradiction exists within his critique of Russian society.
According to Lenin, Tolstoy – who adored the peasantry and voiced their discontent with imperial Russian society – may have been revolutionary in his critiques but his political consciousness was not fully developed for a revolution.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Boer|first=Roland|date=2014|title=Lenin on Tolstoy: Between Imaginary Resolution and Revolutionary Christian Communism|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24583606|journal=Science & Society|volume=78|issue=1|pages=41–60|doi=10.1521/siso.2014.78.1.41|jstor=24583606|issn=0036-8237|access-date=20 April 2021|archive-date=20 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420044303/https://www.jstor.org/stable/24583606|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
Lenin uses this line of thinking to suggest that the [[1905 Russian Revolution]], which he called a "peasant bourgeois revolution", failed because of its backwardness; the revolutionaries wanted to dismantle the existing medieval forms of oppression and replace them with an old and patriarchal village-commune.<ref name=":2" />
Additionally, Lenin thought Tolstoy's concept of nonresistance to evil hindered the 1905 revolution's success because the movement was not militant and had thus allowed the autocracy to crush them.<ref name=":2" />
Nevertheless, Lenin concludes in his writings that despite the many contradictions in Tolstoy's critiques, his hatred for feudalism and capitalism mark the prelude to proletarian socialism.<ref name=":2" />

Tolstoy's philosophy of nonresistance to evil made an impact on [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s political thinking.
Gandhi was deeply moved by Tolstoy's concept of truth, which, in his view, constitutes any doctrine that reduces suffering.<ref name=":3" /> For both Gandhi and Tolstoy, truth is God, and since God is universal love, truth must therefore also be universal love. The Gujarati word for Gandhi's non-violent movement is ''satyagraha'', derived from the word ''sadagraha'' – the ''sat'' portion translating to "truth", and the ''agraha'' translating to "firmness".<ref name=":3" /> Gandhi's conception of ''satyagraha'' was birthed from Tolstoy's understanding of Christianity rather than from Hindu tradition.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Gray|first1=Stuart|last2=Hughes|first2=Thomas M.|title=Gandhi's Devotional Political Thought|date=2015|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43830813|journal=Philosophy East and West|volume=65|issue=2|pages=375–400|doi=10.1353/pew.2015.0051|jstor=43830813|s2cid=142595907|issn=0031-8221|access-date=20 April 2021|archive-date=20 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420044302/https://www.jstor.org/stable/43830813|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

=== In film and television ===
''[[The Death of Ivan Ilyich]]'' was adapted by [[Akira Kurosawa]] as ''[[Ikiru]]'' (1952).<ref>{{cite journal |last=Simone |first=R. Thomas |date=1975 |title=The Mythos of "The Sickness Unto Death" Kurosawa's "Ikiru" and Tolstoy's "The Death of Ivan Ilyich" |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43795380 |journal=Literature/Film Quarterly |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=2–12 |jstor=43795380 |access-date=April 27, 2024}}</ref> It was also the basis for ''[[Living (2022 film)|Living]]'' (2022), with a screenplay by [[Kazuo Ishiguro]]. In the [[George Lucas]] television show ''[[The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles]]'', later retitled ''The Adventures of Young Indiana'' Jones, a fictional Tolstoy appears as a mentor figure and friend of [[Indiana Jones (character)|Indiana Jones]]. In the made-for-TV movie ''Travels with Father'' (1996), he is portrayed by [[Michael Gough]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Adventures of Young Indiana Jones: Travels with Father (1996) |url=https://www.avclub.com/film/reviews/the-adventures-of-young-indiana-jones-travels-with-father-1996 |access-date=2023-08-28 |website=The A.V. Club |language=en |archive-date=28 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828223043/https://www.avclub.com/film/reviews/the-adventures-of-young-indiana-jones-travels-with-father-1996 |url-status=live }}</ref>

A 2009 film about Tolstoy's final year, ''[[The Last Station]]'', based on the 1990 novel by [[Jay Parini]], was made by director [[Michael Hoffman (American director)|Michael Hoffman]] with [[Christopher Plummer]] as Tolstoy and [[Helen Mirren]] as Sofya Tolstoya. Both performers were nominated for [[Academy Award|Oscars]] for their roles. There have been other films about the writer, including ''[[Departure of a Grand Old Man]]'', made in 1912 just two years after his death, ''How Fine, How Fresh the Roses Were'' (1913), and ''[[Lev Tolstoy (film)|Lev Tolstoy]]'', directed by and starring [[Sergei Gerasimov (film director)|Sergei Gerasimov]] in 1984. There is also a famous [[lost film]] of Tolstoy made a decade before he died.{{citation needed|date=January 2026}} In 1901, the American travel lecturer [[Burton Holmes]] visited Yasnaya Polyana with [[Albert J. Beveridge]], the U.S. senator and historian. As the three men conversed, Holmes filmed Tolstoy with his 60-mm movie camera. Afterwards, Beveridge's advisers succeeded in having the film destroyed, fearing that the meeting with the Russian author might hurt Beveridge's chances of running for the U.S. presidency.<ref>Wallace, Irving, 'Everybody's Rover Boy', in ''The Sunday Gentleman''. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1965. p. 117.</ref>

== Bibliography ==
{{Main|Leo Tolstoy bibliography}}

== See also ==
* [[Anarchism and religion]]
* [[Christian vegetarianism]]
* [[Leo Tolstoy and Theosophy]]
* [[List of peace activists]]
* [[Henry David Thoreau]]
* ''[[Tolstovka]]''
* [[War & Peace (2016 TV series)|''War & Peace'' (2016 TV series)]]
{{clear}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}
{{reflist|group=note}}

== Citations ==
{{reflist|26em}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book|last=Bayley|first=John|year=1997|title=Leo Tolstoy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_UVvDwAAQBAJ|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-07463-0744-1}}
* {{cite book|editor-last=Bloom|editor-first=Harold|year=2009|orig-year=2003|title=Leo Tolstoy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jhw9Bg42pSMC|publisher=[[Infobase Publishing]]|isbn=978-14381-1328-9}}
* {{cite book|last=Dillon|first=Emile Joseph|year=1934|title=Count Leo Tolstoy: A New Portrait|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LmgVAAAAQAAJ|publisher=Hutchinson}}
* {{cite book|last=Moulin|first=Daniel|year=2014|title=Leo Tolstoy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1WCBAAAQBAJ|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]]|isbn=978-14725-0484-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Rowe|first=William W.|year=1986|title=Leo Tolstoy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HBp8AAAAIAAJ|publisher=[[Twayne Publishers]]|isbn=978-08057-6623-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Simmons|first=Ernest Joseph|year=1946|title=Leo Tolstoy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LxR8AAAAIAAJ|publisher=[[Little, Brown and Company]]}}
* {{cite book|last=Zorin|first=Andrei|year=2020|title=Leo Tolstoy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kc3ADwAAQBAJ|publisher=Reaktion Books|isbn=978-17891-4256-3}}
* Craraft, James. ''Two Shining Souls: Jane Addams, Leo Tolstoy, and the Quest for Global Peace'' (Lanham: Lexington, 2012). 179 pp.
* {{cite journal|last1=Lednicki|first1=Waclaw|title=Tolstoy through American eyes|url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.185585/2015.185585.The-Slavonic-Reviewvol64#page/n455/mode/2up|journal=The Slavonic and East European Review|date=April 1947|volume=25|issue=65}}
* {{cite book |last1=Leon |first1=Derrick |title=Tolstoy His Life and Work |date=1944 |publisher=Routledge |location=London}}
* [http://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2010/12/tols-d02.html ''Trotsky's 1908 tribute to Leo Tolstoy''] Published by the International Committee of the Fourth International (ICFI).
* [https://archive.org/details/lifetolstoy00maudgoog ''The Life of Tolstoy: Later years''] by [[Aylmer and Louise Maude|Aylmer Maude]], Dodd, Mead and Company, 1911 at Internet Archive
* [https://archive.org/details/whywefailaschri00huntgoog ''Why We Fail As Christians''] by Robert Hunter, The Macmillan Company, 1919 at Google Books
* {{Cite book |last1=Nickell |first1=William S. |title=The Death of Tolstoy: Russia on the Eve, Astapovo Station, 1910 |date=2011 |language=en |isbn=978-0-8014-6254-2 |publisher=Cornell University Press }}

== External links ==

{{Sister project links
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*[https://archive.org/details/@eddygra/lists/12/leo-tolstoy The Complete Works of Count Tolstoy (28 volumes published by Dana Estes & Company] at [[Internet Archive]]
* {{StandardEbooks|Standard Ebooks URL=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/leo-tolstoy}}
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* [https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/49435 Tolstoy by Romain Rolland]
* {{PM20|FID=pe/035924}}
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Tolstoy, Leo |volume= 26 |last= Wright |first= Charles Theodore Hagberg |author-link= Charles Theodore Hagberg Wright | pages = 1053–1061 }}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NFop7471uqs Waltz in F major] ([[:ru:Вальс фа мажор (Лев Толстой)|Page on Russian Bharatpedia]]), Tolstoy's only known musical composition.

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Prithviraj Chauhan

2026-03-19T07:46:14Z

CynthiaBegg56:

{{short description|King of Ajmer from 1177 to 1192}}
{{other uses}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
{{use Indian English|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Prithviraj Chauhan
| image = Posthumous painting depicting Prithviraj Chauhan from Kota (colour).jpg
| alt = Posthumous painting depicting Prithviraj Chauhan from Kota
| caption = Posthumous painting depicting Prithviraj Chauhan seated on a terrace leaning against a bolster from Kota
| succession = King of [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Sapadalaksha]]
| reign = {{circa|1177}} – February 1192
| birth_date = 28 May 1166
| birth_place = [[Gujarat]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1192|2||1166|05|22|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Ajmer]]
| dynasty = [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari]]
| predecessor = [[Someshvara (Chahamana dynasty)|Someshvara]]
| successor = [[Govindaraja IV]]
| spouse = [[Samyukta|Sanyogita]]
| father = [[Someshvara (Chahamana dynasty)|Someshvara]]
| mother = Karpuradevi ([[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri Princess]])
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
}}
'''Prithviraja III''' ([[IAST]]: Pṛthvī-rāja; 28 May 1166 – February 1192), popularly known as '''Prithviraj Chauhan''' or '''Rai Pithora''', was a king from the [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Chauhan (Chahamana)]] dynasty who ruled the territory of [[Sapadalaksha]], with his capital at [[Ajmer]] in present-day [[Rajasthan]] in north-western India. Ascending the throne as a minor in 1177 CE, Prithviraj inherited a kingdom which stretched from [[Thanesar]] in the north to [[Jahazpur|Jahazpur (Mewar)]] in the south, which he aimed to expand by military actions against neighbouring kingdoms, most notably defeating the [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti|Chandelas]].

Prithviraj led a coalition of several [[Rajput]] kings and defeated the [[Ghurid dynasty|Ghurid army]] led by [[Muhammad of Ghor]] near [[First Battle of Tarain|Taraori in 1191]] However, in 1192, Muhammad returned with an army of [[Turkish archery|Turkish mounted archers]] and defeated the Rajput army [[Second battle of Tarain|on the same battlefield]]. Prithviraj was captured and summarily executed, although his minor son [[Govindaraja IV|Govindaraja]] was reinstated by Muhammad as his puppet ruler in [[Ajmer]]. His defeat at Tarain is seen as a landmark event in the [[Muslim conquests on the Indian subcontinent|Islamic conquest of India]], and has been described in several semi-legendary accounts, most notably the ''[[Prithviraj Raso]]''.

== Sources of information ==
[[File:Prithviraj Raso manuscript, Maharaja Man Singh Pustak Prakash, Jodhpur.jpg|thumb|[[Prithviraj Raso]] manuscript, Maharaja Man Singh Pustak Prakash, Jodhpur]]
The extant inscriptions from Prithviraj's reign are few in number and were not issued by the king himself.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=38}} Much of the information about him comes from the medieval legendary chronicles. Besides the Muslim accounts of Battles of Tarain, he has been mentioned in several medieval ''[[kāvya|kavya]]s'' (epic poems) by Hindu and Jain authors. These include ''[[Prithviraja Vijaya]]'', ''[[Hammira Mahakavya]]'' and ''[[Prithviraj Raso]]''. These texts contain eulogistic descriptions, and are, therefore, not entirely reliable.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=162}} ''Prithviraja Vijaya'' is the only surviving literary text from the reign of Prithviraj.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=37}} ''Prithviraj Raso'', which popularized Prithviraj as a great king, is purported to be written by his court poet [[Chand Bardai]]. However, it contains many exaggerated accounts, much of which is not useful for the purposes of history.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=162}}

Other chronicles and texts that mention Prithviraj include ''[[Prabandha-Chintamani]]'', ''[[Prabandha Kosha]]'' and ''[[Prithviraja Prabandha]]''. These were composed centuries after his death, and contain exaggerations and [[anachronistic]] anecdotes.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=162}} Prithviraj has also been mentioned in ''[[Kharatara Gaccha|Kharatara-Gachchha]]-[[Pattavali]]'', a Sanskrit text containing biographies of the Kharatara [[Jainism|Jain]] monks. While the work was completed in 1336 CE, the part that mentions Prithviraj was written around 1250 CE.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=39}} The ''[[Alha-Khand]]a'' (or ''Alha Raso'') of the [[Chandela]] poet Jaganika also provides an exaggerated account of Prithviraj's war against the Chandelas.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=167}}

Some other Indian texts also mention Prithviraj but do not provide much information of historical value. For example, the Sanskrit poem anthology ''[[Sharngadhara-paddhati]]'' (1363) contains a verse praising him, and the ''[[Kanhadade Prabandha]]'' (1455) mentions him as an earlier incarnation of the [[Chahamanas of Jalor|Jalore Chahamana]] king [[Viramadeva|Viramade]].{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=50}}

== Early life ==
Prithviraj was born to the [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Chahamana]] king [[Someshvara (Chahamana dynasty)|Someshvara]] and queen Karpuradevi (a [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri]] princess).{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=69}} Both Prithviraj and his younger brother [[Hariraja]] were born in [[Gujarat]], where their father Someshvara was brought up at the [[Chaulukya]] court by his maternal relatives.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=69}} According to ''Prithviraja Vijaya'', Prithviraj was born on the 12th day of the [[Jyeshtha (month)|Jyeshtha month]]. The text does not mention the year of his birth, but provides some of the [[horoscope|astrological planetary positions]] at the time of his birth, calling them auspicious. Based on these positions and assuming certain other planetary positions, [[Dasharatha Sharma]] calculated the year of Prithviraj's birth as 1166 CE (1223 [[Vikram Samvat|VS]]).{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=72}}{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=18}}

The medieval biographies of Prithviraj suggest that he was educated well. The ''Prithviraja Vijaya'' states that he mastered 6 languages; the ''Prithviraj Raso'' claims that he learned 14 languages, which appears to be an exaggeration. The ''Raso'' goes on to claim that he became well-versed in a number of subjects, including history, mathematics, medicine, military, painting, philosophy ([[mimamsa]]), and theology. Both the texts state that he was particularly proficient in [[archery]].{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=161}}

==Reign==
=== Early reign ===
Prithviraj moved from Gujarat to Ajmer, when his father Someshvara was crowned the Chahamana king after the death of [[Prithviraja II]].{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=156}} Someshvara died in 1177 CE (1234 [[Vikrama Samvat|VS]]), when Prithviraj was around 11 years old. The last inscription from Someshvara's reign and the first inscription from Prithviraj's reign are both dated to this year. Prithviraj, who was a minor at the time, ascended the throne with his mother as the [[regent]].{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=72}} The ''Hammira Mahakavya'' claims that Someshvara himself installed Prithviraj on the throne, and then [[Vanaprastha|retired to the forest]]. However, this is doubtful.{{sfn|R. V. Somani|1981|p=38}}

During his early years as the king, Prithviraj's mother managed the administration, assisted by a regency council.{{sfn|R. V. Somani|1981|p=38}}

Kadambavasa served as the chief minister of the kingdom during this period. He is also known as Kaimasa, Kaimash or Kaimbasa in the folk legends, which describe him as an able administrator and soldier devoted to the young king.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=72}} ''Prithviraja Vijaya'' states that he was responsible for all the military victories during the early years of Prithviraj's reign. According to two different legends, Kadambavasa was later killed by Prithviraj. The ''Prithviraja-Raso'' claims that Prithviraj killed the minister after finding him in the apartment of the king's favourite concubine Karnati. ''Prithviraja-Prabandha'' claims that a man named Pratapa-Simha conspired against the minister, and convinced Prithviraj that the minister was responsible for the repeated Muslim invasions. Both these claims appear to be historically inaccurate, as the much more historically reliable ''Prithviraja Vijaya'' does not mention any such incident.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=73}}

Bhuvanaikamalla, the paternal uncle of Prithviraj's mother, was another important minister during this time.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=73}} According to ''Prithviraja Vijaya'', he was a valiant general who served Prithviraj as [[Garuda]] serves [[Vishnu]].{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=163}} The text also states that he was "proficient in the art of subduing ''nāga''s". According to the 15th-century historian [[Jonaraja]], "naga" here refers to elephants. However, [[Har Bilas Sarda]] interpreted Naga as the name of a tribe, and theorized that Bhuvanaikamalla defeated this tribe.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=73}}

According to historian [[Dasharatha Sharma]], Prithviraj assumed actual control of the administration in 1180 CE (1237 [[Vikrama Samvat|VS]]).{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=73}}

=== Conflict with Nagarjuna and Bhadanakas ===

The first military achievement of Prithviraj was his suppression of a revolt by his cousin Nagarjuna, and recapture of Gudapura (IAST: Guḍapura; possibly modern [[Gurgaon]]).{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=162}}{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=73}} Nagarjuna was a son of Prithviraj's uncle [[Vigraharaja IV]], and the struggle for the Chahamana throne had led to a rivalry between the two branches of the family.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=73}}

According to ''Prithviraja Vijaya'', Nagarjuna rebelled against Prithviraj's authority and occupied the fort of Gudapura.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=164}} Prithviraj besieged Gudapura with a large army comprising [[infantry]], [[camel cavalry|camels]], [[war elephant|elephants]] and [[horse cavalry|horses]]. Nagarjuna fled the fort, but Devabhata (possibly his general) continued to offer resistance. Ultimately, Prithviraj's army emerged victorious, and captured the wife, mother, and followers of Nagarjuna. According to ''Prithviraja Vijaya'', a garland made of the defeated soldiers' heads was hung across the Ajmer fort gate.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=74}}

Two verses of ''Kharatara-Gachchha-[[Pattavali]]'' mention the victory of Prithviraj over the [[Bhadanakas]], while describing a debate between two [[Jain monasticism|Jain monks]]. This victory can be dated to sometime before 1182 CE, when the said debate took place.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=167}}{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=74}} According to Cynthia Talbot, the Bhadanakas were an obscure dynasty who controlled the area around [[Bayana]].{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=39}} According to Dasharatha Sharma, the Bhadanaka territory comprised the area around present-day [[Bhiwani district|Bhiwani]], [[Rewari district|Rewari]] and [[Alwar district|Alwar]].{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=74}}

=== War against Chandelas ===

The 1182–83 CE (1239 [[Vikram Samvat|VS]]) [[Madanpur, Lalitpur, India|Madanpur]] inscriptions from Prithviraj's reign claim that he "laid to waste" Jejakabhukti (present-day [[Bundelkhand]]), which was ruled by the [[Chandela]] king [[Paramardi]].{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=74}} Prithviraj's invasion of the Chandela territory is also described in the later folk legends, such as ''Prithviraj Raso'', ''Paramal Raso'', and ''[[Alha-Khand|Alha-Raso]]''.{{sfn|R. V. Somani|1981|p=47}} Other texts such as ''Sarangadhara Paddhati'' and ''Prabandha Chintamani'' also mention Prithviraj's attack on Paramardi.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=168}} The ''Kharatara-Gachchha-Pattavali'' mentions that Prithviraj had embarked upon a ''[[digvijaya (conquest)|digvijaya]]'' (conquest of all the regions). This appears to be a reference to the start of Prithviraj's march to Jejakabhukti.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=74}}

The legendary account of Prithviraj's campaign against the Chandelas goes like this: Prithviraj was returning to [[Delhi]] after marrying the daughter of Padamsen, when his contingent was attacked by the "Turkic" forces ([[Ghurid dynasty|Ghurids]]). His army repulsed the attacks but suffered serious casualties in the process. Amid this chaos, the Chahamana soldiers lost their way and unknowingly encamped in the Chandela capital [[Mahoba]]. They killed the Chandela royal gardener for objecting to their presence, which led to a skirmish between the two sides. The Chandela king Paramardi asked his general [[Udal of Mahoba|Udal]] to attack Prithviraj's camp, but Udal advised against this move. Paramardi's brother-in-law Mahil Parihar ruled modern-day [[Orai]]; he harboured ill-will against Paramardi and instigated the king to go ahead with the attack. Prithviraj defeated Udal's contingent and then left for Delhi. Subsequently, unhappy with Mahil's scheming, Udal and his brother [[Alha]] left the Chandela court. They started serving [[Jaichand]], the [[Gahadavala]] ruler of [[Kannauj]]. Mahil then secretly informed Prithviraj that Chandela kingdom had become weak in absence of its strongest generals. Prithviraj invaded the Chandela kingdom and besieged Sirsagarh, which was held by Udal's cousin Malkhan. After failing to win over Malkhan through peaceful methods and losing eight generals, Prithviraj captured the fort. The Chandelas then appealed for a truce, and used this time to recall Alha and Udal from Kannauj. In support of the Chandelas, Jaichand dispatched an army led by his best generals, including two of his own sons. The combined Chandela-Gahadavala army attacked Prithviraj's camp, but was defeated. After his victory, Prithviraj sacked Mahoba. He then dispatched his general Chavand Rai to [[Kalinjar Fort]] to capture Paramardi. According to the various legends, Paramardi either died or retired shortly after the attack. Prithviraj returned to Delhi after appointing Pajjun Rai as the governor of Mahoba. Later, Paramardi's son recaptured Mahoba.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=120–25}}

The exact historicity of this legendary narrative is debatable. The Madanpur inscriptions establish that Prithviraj sacked Mahoba, but historical evidence suggests that his occupation of Chandela territory is either a fabrication by the bards, or did not last long. It is known that Paramardi did not die or retire immediately after the Chauhan victory; in fact, he continued ruling as a sovereign nearly a decade after Prithviraj's death.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=124–26}} Cynthia Talbot asserts that Prithviraj only raided Jejakabhukti, and Paramardi regained control of his kingdom soon after his departure from Mahoba. Talbot continues that Prithviraj was not able to annex the Chandela territory to his kingdom.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=39}} Conversely, according to R.B. Singh, it is probable that some part of Chandela territory was annexed by Chahmanas albeit for a short time.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=169}}

=== Wars in Gujarat ===

The ''Kharatara-Gachchha-Pattavali'' mentions a peace treaty between Prithviraj, and [[Bhima II]], the [[Chaulukya]] (Solanki) king of [[Gujarat]]. This implies that the two kings were previously at war.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=39}} This war can be dated to sometime before 1187 CE (1244 [[Vikrama Samvat|VS]]). The [[Veraval]] inscription states that Bhima's prime minister Jagaddeva Pratihara was "the moon to the lotus-like queens of Prithviraja" (a reference to the belief that the moon-rise causes a day-blooming lotus to close its petals).{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=75}} Since Bhima was a minor at the time, it appears that Jagaddeva led the campaign on the Chaulukya side.{{sfn|R. V. Somani|1981|p=55}}

The historically unreliable ''Prithviraj Raso'' provides some details about the Chahamana-Chaulukya struggle.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=76}} According to it, both Prithviraj and Bhima wanted to marry Ichchhini, the Paramara princess of Abu. Prithviraj's marriage to her led to a rivalry between the two kings. Historian [[Gaurishankar Hirachand Ojha|G. H. Ojha]] dismisses this legend as fiction, because it states that Ichchhini was a daughter of Salakha, while Dharavarsha was the Paramara ruler of Abu at the time. Historian R. B. Singh, on the other hand, believes that Salakha was the head of another Paramara branch at Abu.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=170}} The ''Raso'' also mentions that Prithviraj's uncle Kanhadeva had killed seven sons of Bhima's uncle Sarangadeva. To avenge these murders, Bhima invaded the Chahamana kingdom and killed Prithviraj's father Someshvara, capturing [[Nagor]] in the process.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=171}} Prithviraj re-captured Nagor, and defeated and killed Bhima. This is known to be historically false, as the reign of Bhima II lasted nearly half a century after Prithviraj's death. Similarly, historical evidence suggests Bhima II was a child at the time of Someshvara's death, and therefore, could not have killed him.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=76}}

Despite these discrepancies, there is some evidence of a battle between the Chahamanas and the Chaulukyas at Nagor. Two inscriptions found at Charlu village near [[Bikaner]] commemorate the death of [[Mohil]] soldiers at the battle of Nagor in 1184 CE (1241 [[Vikram Samvat|VS]]). The Mohils are a branch of the Chauhans (the Chahamanas), and it is possible the inscriptions refer to the battle described in ''Prithviraj Raso''.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|pp=76–77}}{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|pp=172–73}}

Sometime before 1187 CE, Jagaddeva Pratihara signed a peace treaty with Prithviraj. According to ''Kharatara-Gachchha-Pattavali'', a chief named Abhayada once sought Jagaddeva's permission to attack and rob the wealthy visitors from Sapadalaksha country (the Chahamana territory). In response, Jagaddeva told Abhayada that he had concluded a treaty with Prithviraj with much difficulty. Jaggadeva then threatened to have Abhayada sewn in a donkey's belly if he harassed the people of Sapadalaksha. Historian [[Dasharatha Sharma]] theorizes that the Chahamana-Chaulukya conflict ended with some advantage for Prithviraj, as Jagaddeva appears to have been very anxious to preserve the treaty.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=76}} According to historian [[R.C. Majumdar]] and [[Satish Chandra (historian)|Satish Chandra]] his long drawn out struggle against Gujarat was unsuccessful and he suffered a reverse against Bhima. Thus, Prithviraj concluded a treaty by 1187 CE.<ref>{{harvnb|Satish Chandra|2006|p=23}} :"Between 1182 and 1187, Prithviraj turned his attention towards his ancient rivals, the Solankis of Gujarat. The struggle was long drawn out and it seems that Gujarat ruler, Bhima II who had earlier beatun off an invasion by Ghurid ruler, Muizzuddin, defeated Prithviraj also."</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Ramesh Chandra Majumdar |author-link=R. C. Majumdar |title=Ancient India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XNxiN5tzKOgC&pg=PA343 |year=1977 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|pages=338|quote=In 1187 A.D he invaded Gujarat but could not gain much success and concluded a peace treaty with Chaulukya Bhima II. It does not appear that Prithviraj enlarged the boundary of his kingdom or achieved conspicuous military victories such as distinguished many Indian kings during the preceding two centuries. There is no ground to suppose that he was either the most powerful Indian king or the greatest general of his age. The almost contemporary Muslim historians also do not convey any such impression. It is really the romantic tale of Chand Bardai that has cast a spell around him|isbn=978-81-208-0436-4}}</ref>

==== Paramaras ====

The area around [[Mount Abu]] was ruled by the [[Paramaras of Chandravati|Chandravati Paramara]] ruler Dharavarsha, who was a Chaulukya feudatory. ''Partha-Parakrama-Vyayoga'', a text written by his younger brother Prahaladana, describes Prithviraj's night attack on Abu. This attack, according to the text, was a failure for the Chahamanas. It probably happened during the Gujarat campaign of Prithviraj.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=76}}

===Gahadavala conflict===

The [[Gahadavala]] kingdom, centered around [[Kannauj]] and headed by another powerful king [[Jaichand|Jayachandra]], was located to the east of the Chahamana kingdom. According to a legend mentioned in ''Prithviraj Raso'', Prithviraj eloped with Jayachandra's daughter [[Samyogita]], leading to a rivalry between the two kings.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|pp=78–79}}

The legend goes like this: King Jaichand (Jayachandra) of Kannauj decided to conduct a [[Rajasuya]] ceremony to proclaim his supremacy. Prithviraj refused to participate in this ceremony, and thus, refused to acknowledge Jaichand as the supreme king. Jaichand's daughter Samyogita fell in love with Prithviraj after hearing about his heroic exploits, and declared that she would marry only him. Jaichand arranged a [[swayamvara]] (husband-selection) ceremony for his daughter, but did not invite Prithviraj. Nevertheless, Prithviraj marched to Kannauj with a hundred warriors and eloped with Samyogita. Two-thirds of his warriors sacrificed their life in fight against the Gahadavala army, allowing him to escape to Delhi with Samyogita. In [[Delhi]], Prithviraj became infatuated with his new wife, and started spending most of his time with her. He started ignoring the state affairs, which ultimately led to his defeat against [[Muhammad of Ghor]].{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|pp=13–20}}

This legend is also mentioned in [[Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak|Abu'l-Fazl]]'s ''[[Ain-i-Akbari]]'' and Chandrashekhara's ''Surjana-Charita'' (which names the Gahadavala princess as "Kantimati"). ''Prithviraja Vijaya'' mentions that Prithviraj fell in love with the incarnation of an [[apsara]] [[Tilottama]], although he had never seen this woman and was already married to other women. According to historian [[Dasharatha Sharma]], this is probably a reference to Samyogita. However, this legend is not mentioned in other historical sources such as ''Prithviraja-Prabandha'', ''Prabandha-Chintamani'', ''Prabandha-Kosha'' and ''Hammira-Mahakavya''.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=78}} The Gahadavala records are also silent about this event, including the supposed Rajasuya performance by Jayachandra.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=175}}

According to Dasharatha Sharma{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=79}} and R. B. Singh,{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=179}} there might be some historical truth in this legend, as it is mentioned in three different sources. All three sources place the event sometime before Prithviraj's final confrontation with [[Muhammad of Ghor]] in 1192 CE.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=80}}

=== Other rulers ===
[[File:Qila Rai Pithora 10.jpg|thumb|A statue at [[Qila Rai Pithora]] in Delhi]]
The ''Prithviraj Raso'' mentions that Prithviraj defeated Nahar Rai of Mandovara and the Mughal chief Mudgala Rai, but these stories appear to be pure fiction. No historical records suggest existence of these persons.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=162}}

The construction of the now-ruined [[Qila Rai Pithora]] fort in [[Delhi]] is attributed to Prithviraj.{{sfn|Konstantin S Nossov|2012|p=53}} According to ''Prithviraj Raso'', Delhi's ruler [[Anangpal Tomar]] gave the city to his son-in-law Prithviraj, and was defeated when he wanted it back. This is historically inaccurate, as Delhi was annexed to the Chahamana territory by Prithviraj's uncle [[Vigraharaja IV]].{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=162}} In addition, historical evidence suggests that Anangpal Tomar died before the birth of Prithviraj. The claim about his daughter's marriage to Prithviraj appears to have been concocted at a later date.{{sfn|R. V. Somani|1981|p=57}}

=== War with the Ghurids ===

Prithviraj's predecessors had faced multiple raids from the [[Muslims|Muslim]] dynasties that had captured the north-western areas of the [[Indian subcontinent]] by the 12th century.{{sfn|R. V. Somani|1981|pp=33–34}} By the late 12th century, the [[Ghazna]]-based [[Ghurid dynasty]] controlled the territory to the west of the Chahamana kingdom. While Prithviraj was still a child, in 1175 CE, the Ghurid ruler [[Muhammad of Ghor]] crossed the [[Indus River]] and captured [[Multan]]. In 1178 CE, he invaded [[Gujarat]], which was ruled by the [[Chaulukya]]s (Solankis). During its march to Gujarat, the Ghurid army appears to have passed through the western frontier of the Chahamana kingdom, as evident by the destruction of several temples and sacking of the [[Bhati]]-ruled [[Lodhruva]].{{sfn|R. V. Somani|1981|pp=40–42}} The ''Prithviraja Vijaya'' mentions that the activities of the Ghurid army were like [[Rahu]] to the Chahamana kingdom (in Hindu mythology, Rahu swallows the Sun, causing a [[solar eclipse]]). However, it does not mention any military engagement between the two kingdoms.{{sfn|R. V. Somani|1981|p=41}} On its way to Gujarat, the Ghurid army besieged the [[Naddula]] (Nadol) fort, which was controlled by the [[Chahamanas of Naddula]]. Prithviraj's chief minister Kadambavasa advised him not to offer any assistance to the rivals of the Ghurids, and to stay away from this conflict.{{sfn|R. V. Somani|1981|p=41}}{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|pp=80–81}} The Chahamanas did not immediately face a Ghurid invasion, because the Chaulukyas of Gujarat defeated Muhammad at the [[Battle of Kasahrada]] in 1178 CE, forcing the Ghurids to retreat.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|pp=80–81}}

Over the next few years, Muhammad of Ghor consolidated his power in the territory to the west of the Chahamanas, conquering [[Peshawar]], [[Sindh]], and [[Punjab]]. He shifted his base from Ghazna to Punjab, and made attempts to expand his empire eastwards, which brought him into conflict with Prithviraj.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|pp=183–84}}

''Prithviraja Vijaya'' mentions that Muhammad of Ghor sent an ambassador to Prithviraj, but does not provide any details.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|pp=80–81}} [[Hasan Nizami]]'s ''Taj-ul-Maasir'' (13th century CE) states that Muhammad sent his chief judge ''Qiwam-ul Mulk'' Ruknud Din Hamza to Prithviraj's court. The envoy tried to convince Prithviraj to "abandon belligerence and pursue the path of rectitude", but was unsuccessful. As a result, Muhammad decided to wage a war against Prithviraj.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=29}}

The medieval Muslim writers mention only one or two battles between the two rulers. The ''[[Tabaqat-i Nasiri]]'' and ''[[Firishta|Tarikh-i-Firishta]]'' mention the two Battles of Tarain. ''Jami-ul-Hikaya'' and ''Taj-ul-Maasir'' mention only the second battle of Tarain, in which Prithviraj was defeated. However, the Hindu and Jain writers state that Prithviraj defeated Muhammad multiple times before being killed:{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|pp=186–88}}
* The ''Hammira Mahakavya'' claims that after defeating Muhammad for the first time, Prithviraj forced him to apologize to the princes whose territories he had ransacked, before letting him go. Muhammad invaded the Chahamana kingdom seven more times, but was defeated each time. However, his ninth invasion succeeded.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|pp=186–88}}
* The ''Prithviraja Prabandha'' states that the two kings fought 8 battles;{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|pp=186–88}} Prithviraj defeated and captured the Ghurid king in the first seven of these, but released him unharmed each time.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=53}}
* The ''Prabandha Kosha'' claims that Prithviraj captured Muhammad 20 times, but was himself imprisoned during the 21st battle. The ''Surjana Charita'' and ''Prithviraj Raso'' also enumerate 21 battles.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|pp=186–88}}
* The ''Prabandha Chintamani'' gives the number of battles between Muhammad and Prithviraj as 22. It also states that Prithviraj's army defeated the preceding enemy king in a previous battle, in which a subordinate of Prithviraj heroically sacrificed himself.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=51}}

While these accounts seem to exaggerate the number, it is possible that more than two engagements took place between the Ghurids and the Chahamanas during Prithviraj's reign.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=189}}<ref>{{Cite book|author=David C. Thomas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6h2_DwAAQBAJ |title=The Ebb and Flow of the Ghūrid Empire|date=2018|publisher=Sydney University Press |isbn=978-1-74332-542-1|page=61|quote=The Ghurids also suffered a major defeat at the first battle of Tara'in 587 AH/1191 CE, which could have cost Mu'izz al-Din his life, had it not been for the intervention of a 'Khalji stripling'. The frequency of Mu'izz al-Din's dozen or more campaigns also indicates in part their lack of success in subduing the northern Indian Rajputs, until victory in the second battle of Tara'in in 588 AH/1192 CE 'opened the way to the conquest of northern India,..|language=en}}</ref> The early victories mentioned by the Hindu and Jain writers probably refer to Prithviraj's successful repulsion of raids by Ghurid generals.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=81}}

==== First battle of Tarain ====
{{main article|First Battle of Tarain}}
During 1190–1191 CE, Muhammad of Ghor invaded the Chahamana territory, and captured Tabarhindah or Tabar-e-Hind (identified with [[Bathinda]]). He placed it under the charge of Zia-ud-din, the [[Qadi|Qazi]] of [[Tulak District|Tulak]], supported by 1200 horsemen. When Prithviraj learned about this, marched towards Tabarhindah with his feudatories, including Govindaraja of [[Delhi]]. According to the 16th-century Muslim historian [[Firishta]], his force comprised 200,000 horses and 3,000 elephants.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=82}}

Muhammad's original plan was to return to his base after conquering Tabarhindah, but when he heard about Prithviraj's march, he decided to put up a fight. He set out with an army, and encountered Prithviraj's forces at [[Tarain]].{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=82}} In the ensuing battle, Prithviraj's army decisively defeated the Ghurids. Muhammad of Ghor was injured and forced to retreat.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|pp=82–84}}

Prithviraj did not pursue the retreating Ghurid army, not wanting to invade hostile territory or misjudge Ghori's ambition.{{sfn|Satish Chandra|2006|p=25}} He only besieged the Ghurid garrison at Tabarhindah, which surrendered after 13 months of siege.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=84}}

==== Second battle of Tarain ====
{{main article|Second Battle of Tarain}}
[[File:The last stand of Rajputs against Muhammadans.jpg|thumb|''The last stand of Rajputs'', depicting the [[Second Battle of Tarain]] by Hutchinson & co]]
Prithviraj seems to have treated the first battle of Tarain as merely a frontier fight. This view is strengthened by the fact that he made little preparations for any future clash with Muhammad of Ghor. According to ''[[Prithviraj Raso]]'', during the period preceding his final confrontation with the Ghurids, he neglected the affairs of the state and spent time in merry-making.{{sfn|Satish Chandra|2006|p=25}}{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|pp=13–20}}

Meanwhile, Muhammad of Ghor returned to [[Ghazna]], and made preparations to avenge his defeat. According to ''[[Tabaqat-i Nasiri]]'', he gathered a well-equipped army of 120,000 select [[Afghans|Afghan]], [[Tajiks|Tajik]] and [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] horsemen over the next few months. He then marched towards the Chahamana kingdom via [[Multan]] and [[Lahore]], aided by Vijayaraja of [[Jammu]].{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=84}}

Prithviraj had been left without any allies as a result of his wars against the neighbouring [[Hindu king]]s.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=88}} Nevertheless, he managed to gather a large army to counter the Ghurids. Prithviraj successfully marshaled a sizeable army composed of over 100 Rajput rulers, mainly War elephants, cavalrymen and foot soldiers.<ref>{{harnvb|Rima Hooja|2006|p=268}}: "Finally, when his preparations were complete, Muhammad Ghori advanced in AD 1192 with 1,20,000 men to Lahore. From here he continued towards Tarain, the scene of his rout the year before. At the same time, an emissary from Muhammad was sent to Ajmer with a proposal that Prithviraj acknowledged Ghori suzerainty. The proposal was met with contempt by the Chauhan king. Instead, he marched to meet his enemy with a vast army that included cavalry, elephants, and a large body of infantry soldiers. As many as one hundred and fifty Rajput chiefs mustered to his banner"</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=K.S Lal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hxZuAAAAMAAJ |title=The Legacy of Muslim Rule in India |date=1992 |publisher=Aditya Prakashan|page=76|quote=The Rajput army was far superior in numbers. Prithviraj had succeeded in enlisting the support of about one hundred Rajput princes who rallied round his banner with their elephants, cavalry and infantry|isbn=978-81-85689-03-6 |language=en}}</ref> The 16th century Muslim historian [[Firishta]] estimated the strength of Prithviraj's army as 300,000 horses and 3,000 elephants, in addition to a large infantry.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=85}} This is most likely a gross exaggeration, aimed at emphasizing the scale of the Ghurid victory.{{sfn|Satish Chandra|2006|p=25}} Prithviraj wrote a letter to Muhammad of Ghor, promising him no harm if he decided to return to his own country. Muhammad insisted that he needed time to confer his brother [[Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad|Ghiyath al-Din]] who was ruling from his capital at [[Firozkoh]]. According to Firishta, he agreed to a truce until he received an answer from his brother. However, he planned an attack against the Chahamanas.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=85}}

According to ''[[Jawami ul-Hikayat]]'', Muhammad assigned a few men to keep the fires in his camp burning at night, while he marched off in another direction with the rest of his army. This gave the Chahamanas an impression that the Ghurid army was still encamped, observing the truce. After reaching several miles away, Muhammad formed four divisions, with 10,000 archers each. He kept the rest of his army in reserve. He ordered the four divisions to launch an attack on the Chahamana camp, and then pretend a retreat.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=85}}

At dawn, the four divisions of the Ghurid army attacked the Chahamana camp, while Prithviraj was still asleep. After a brief fight, the Ghurid divisions pretended to retreat in accordance with Muhammad's strategy. Prithviraj was thus lured into chasing them, and by the afternoon, the Chahamana army was exhausted as a result of this pursuit. At this point, Muhammad led his reserve force of 10,000 mounted archers and attacked the Chahamanas, decisively defeating them. Chronicler [[Minhaj-i Siraj Juzjani|Juzjani]] attributed the success of the Ghurid army to the 10,000 mounted archers which eventually overthrow the "infidel host".{{sfn|Andre Wink|1991|page=109}} However, scholars like Dashratha Sharma and R.B. Singh argue that Ghoris' triumph was more a result of deceitful and treacherous strategies rather than the inherent strength of his forces.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=322-323}}{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=461}} According to ''Taj-ul-Maasir'', Prithviraj's camp lost 100,000 men (including Govindaraja of Delhi) in this debacle. Prithviraj himself tried to escape on a horse, but was pursued and caught near the Sarasvati fort (possibly modern [[Sirsa]]).{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=86}} Subsequently, Muhammad of Ghor captured Ajmer after killing several thousand defenders, enslaved many more, and destroyed the city's temples.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=87}}

==== Jain accounts of Prithviraj's downfall ====

''[[Prabandha Chintamani]]'' by the 14th-century Jain scholar [[Merutunga]] states that Prithviraj cut off the ears of one of his ministers, who guided the [[Ghurid dynasty|Ghurid]] invaders to his camp as revenge. Prithviraj was in deep sleep after a day of religious fasting, and therefore, was easily captured.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=52}}

''[[Hammira Mahakavya]]'' by the 15th-century Jain scholar Nayachandra Suri states that after his initial defeat, the Ghurid king raised a fresh army with the support of a neighboring king, and marched to Delhi. Before the battle, he bribed Prithviraj's master of horses and musicians with gold coins. The master of horses had trained Prithviraj's horse to prance to drumbeats. The Ghurids attacked the Chahamana camp just before dawn, when Prithviraj was sleeping. Prithviraj tried to escape on his horse, but his musicians sounded the drums. The horse started prancing, and the invaders easily captured Prithviraj.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=52}}

According to another Jain text, ''[[Prithviraja Prabandha]]'', Prithviraj's minister Kaimbasa and his spear-bearer Pratapasimha were not on good terms. Kaimbasa once complained to king against Pratapasimha, who convinced the king that Kaimbasa was aiding the Ghurids. An angry Prithviraj attempted to kill Kaimbasa with an arrow one night, but ended up killing another man. When his bard Chand Baliddika admonished him, the king dismissed both the bard and the minister.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=53}} At the time of Ghurid invasion of Delhi, Prithviraj had been sleeping for ten days. When the Ghurids came close, his sister woke him up: Prithviraj tried to flee on a horse, but Kaimbasa helped the Ghurids capture him by telling them about a certain sound that caused his horse to prance.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|pp=54-55}}

== Death and succession ==
[[File:Pritviraj Chauhan coins.jpg|thumb|Billon Jital coin of Prithviraj Chauhan]]

Most medieval sources state that Prithviraj was taken to the Chahamana capital [[Ajmer]], where Muhammad planned to reinstate him as a Ghurid [[vassal]]. Sometime later, Prithviraj rebelled against Muhammad, and was killed for treason.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=87}} This is corroborated by numismatic evidence: some 'horse-and-bullman'-style coins bearing names of both Prithviraj and "Muhammad bin Sam" were issued from the Delhi mint,{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=45}}{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|pp=208–09}} although another possibility is that the Ghurids initially used Chahamana-style coinage to ensure greater acceptance of their own coinage in the former Chahamana territory.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=45}} After Prithviraj's death, Muhammad installed the Chahamana prince [[Govindaraja IV|Govindaraja]] on the throne of Ajmer, which further supports this theory.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|pp=208–09}}

The various sources differ on the exact circumstances:{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=87}}

* The contemporary Muslim historian Hasan Nizami states that Prithviraj was caught conspiring against Muhammad, prompting the Ghurid king to order his beheading. Nizami does not describe the nature of this conspiracy.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=87}}{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=207}}
* According to ''[[Prabandha Chintamani]]'' ({{circa|1304}}), Muhammad took him to Ajmer, intending to let him rule as a vassal. However, in Ajmer, he saw paintings depicting Muslims being killed by pigs in the Chahamana gallery. Enraged, he beheaded Prithviraj with an axe.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=52}}{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=87}}
* ''[[Hammira Mahakavya]]'' states that Prithviraj refused to eat food after being captured. The noblemen of the Ghurid king suggested that he release Prithviraj, but Muhammad ignored their advice, and Prithviraj died in captivity.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=207}}
* ''Prithviraja-Prabandha'' (dated 15th century or earlier) states the Ghurids placed Prithviraj in gold chains and brought him to Delhi. Prithviraj reproached the Ghurid king for not following his example of releasing the captured enemy. Some days later, while imprisoned in Ajmer, Prithviraj asked his ex-minister Kaimbasa for his bow-and-arrows to kill Muhammad in the court, which was held in front of the house where he was imprisoned. The treacherous minister supplied him the bow-and-arrows, but secretly informed Muhammad of his plan. As a result, Muhammad did not sit at his usual place, and instead kept a metal statue there. Prithviraj fired an arrow at the statue, breaking it into two. As a punishment, Muhammad had him cast into a pit and [[stoning|stoned]] to death.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=54}}{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|pp=206-07}}

The 13th-century Persian historian [[Minhaj-i-Siraj]] states that Prithviraj was "sent to hell" after being captured. The 16th-century historian [[Firishta]] also supports this account.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=205}} According to historian [[Satish Chandra (historian)|Satish Chandra]], Minhaj's account suggests that Prithviraj was executed immediately after his defeat,{{sfn|Satish Chandra|2006|p=26}} but R. B. Singh believes that no such conclusion can be drawn from Minhaj's writings.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=205}} ''Viruddha-Vidhi Vidhvansa'' by the Hindu writer Lakshmidhara is the only source that claims that Prithviraj was killed on the battlefield.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=207}}<ref>{{harnvb|Rima Hooja|2006|p=263}}: "Minhaz-us-Siraj and Ferishta's accounts state that after he fled the
battlefield, Prithviraj was captured and put to death, while the Virudha-vidhi vidhvansa is the only text that asserts that the Chauhan king was killed on the
battle-ground of Tarain."</ref>
[[File:Painting of Prithviraj Chauhan shooting Muhammad of Ghor, attributed to Tara, Mewar, ca.1860.jpg|thumb|Fictional Painting of Prithviraj Chauhan shooting Muhammad of Ghor, attributed to the court painter Tara, Mewar, ca.1860]]
The ''Prithviraj Raso'' claims that Prithviraj was taken to Ghazna as a prisoner, and blinded. On hearing this, the poet [[Chand Bardai]] traveled to Ghazna and tricked Muhammad of Ghor into watching an archery performance by the blind Prithviraj. During this performance, Prithviraj shot the arrow in the direction of Muhammad's voice and killed him.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|pp=13–20}} Shortly after, Prithviraj and Chand Bardai killed each other.{{sfn|Amaresh Datta|1988|p=1178}} This is a fictional narrative, not supported by historical evidence: Muhammad of Ghor continued to rule for more than a decade after Prithviraj's death.{{sfn|Kaviraj Shyamaldas|1886}}{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=87}}

After Prithviraj's death, the Ghurids appointed his son Govindaraja on the throne of Ajmer as their vassal. In 1192 CE, Prithviraj's younger brother [[Hariraja]] dethroned Govindaraja, and recaptured a part of his ancestral kingdom. Govindaraja moved to Ranastambhapura (modern [[Ranthambore Fort|Ranthambore]]), where he established a [[Chahamanas of Ranastambhapura|new Chahamana branch]] of vassal rulers. Hariraja was later defeated by the Ghurid general [[Qutb al-Din Aibak]].{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|pp=100–01}}

== Cultural activities ==

Prithviraj had a dedicated ministry for [[pandit]]s (scholars) and poets, which was under the charge of Padmanabha. His court had a number of poets and scholars, including:{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=88}}
* Jayanaka, a poet-historian who wrote ''[[Prithviraja Vijaya]]''
* Vidyapati Gauda
* Vagisvara Janardana
* Vishvarupa, a poet
* Prithvibhata, a royal bard (identified as [[Chand Bardai]] by some scholars)

''Kharatara-Gachchha-Pattavali'' mentions a debate that took place between the [[Jain]] monks Jinapati Suri and Padmaprabha at Naranayana (modern Narena near Ajmer). Prithviraj had encamped there at the time. Jinapati was later invited to Ajmer by a rich Jain merchant. There, Prithviraj issued him a ''jaya-patra'' (certificate of victory).{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=39}}

== Legacy ==

=== Inscriptions ===
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"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "star", "title": "[[Ajmer]]", "description": "Ajayameru (modern Ajmer) was the capital of Prithviraj. No inscriptions from his reign have been found here." },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [74.6399, 26.4499] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Barla" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [72.84, 26.62] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Phalodi]]" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [72.36, 27.13] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "Madanpur" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [78.69, 24.25] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "title": "[[Bisaldeo temple]], Bisalpur" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [75.46, 25.93] }
}
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</mapframe>

According to historian R. B. Singh, at its height, Prithviraj's empire extended from [[Sutlej river]] in the west to the [[Betwa River|Betwa river]] in the east, and from the [[Himalayan foothills]] in the north to the foot of Mount Abu in the south. Thus, it included parts of present-day [[Rajasthan]], [[Uttrakhand]], southern [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]], northern [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Himachal Pradesh]] and western [[Uttar Pradesh]].{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=182}}{{Better source needed|date=May 2022}}

However, according to archeologist Rima Hooja and historian [[R.C. Majumdar]], Prithviraj inherited a kingdom that only stretched till modern day [[Hisar (city)|Hissar]] and Sirhind ([[Bathinda]]) on north west, and till [[Delhi]] in North. His territories were bounded on southern frontier by [[Guhila dynasty|Guhilas of Mewar]] along with [[Chahamanas of Naddula|Chauhans of Nadol]], on the eastern border by kingdoms of [[Bayana]], [[Kachchhapaghata dynasty|Kachchhapaghatas of Gwalior]] and [[Gahadavala dynasty|Gahadavalas of Varnasi]] and on north-west frontier by [[Ghaznavids|empire of the Ghaznavids]]. Majumdar further asserts that the military campaigns of Prithviraj on his neighbours do not resulted in any annexation of territory.<ref>{{Cite book|author=R.C. Majumdar|author-link=R.C. Majumdar|url=http://archive.org/details/struggleforempir05bhar|title=History and Culture of the Indian People, Volume 05, The Struggle For Empire|date=2001|pages=108|quote=All these wars waged by Prithviraja against his neighbours do not seems to have resulted in any acquisition of territory. He inherited from his predecessors a kingdom which extends upto Hissar and Sirhind in Patial, on the north-west, and Delhi on the north. It was bounded on south by the kingdom of Guhilas of Mewar, and the territories of the Chahamanas of Nadol; who were vassals of the Chaulkya Bhima II, on the east by the kingdoms of the Yaduvanshi of Bayana-sripatha, the Kachchhapaghats of Gwalior and Gahadavals of Kanauj; and on the north west by the kingdoms of Yaminis of Lahore|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hooja |first=Rima |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ&q=THE+GUHILOTS+OF+VAGAR%2FDUNGARPUR+ |title=A History of Rajasthan |publisher=Rupa Publications |year=2006 |isbn=9788129108906 |location=Rajasthan |pages=260–262 |language=English |quote=Meanwhile Prithviraja III (probably born in c. VS 1223 or 1166 A.D), had asecended the throne of Chauhans of Shakambari-Ajmer as a minor in VS 1234. AD. 1177, upon the death of his father Someshwara. He inherited a kingdom that stretched from Thaneshwar (the famed capital of seventh century emperor Harsha Vardhana of the Pushyabhuti line) in the north to Jahazpur (Mewar) in the south}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Kaushik Roy |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/hinduism-and-the-ethics-of-warfare-in-south-asia/0D12FD8EE966C0DD50ACA04EA3D20196 |title=Hinduism and the Ethics of Warfare in South Asia: From Antiquity to the Present |date=2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-01736-8|page=177|quote=Prithviraja ascended to the throne in 1177 CE. His chief secretary was the Rajput Kadambasa, who was also the jagirdar of south-east Punjab. Prithviraja III's realm extended from Thaneswar in the north to Mewar in the south.}}</ref>

Only seven inscriptions dated to Prithviraj's reign are available; none of these were issued by the king himself:{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=38}}
* Barla or Badla inscription, 1177 CE (1234 [[Vikrama Samvat|VS]])
* [[Phalodi]] inscription, 1179 CE (1236 VS): records the grants made by Prithviraj's vassal ''Ranaka'' Katiya.{{sfn|R. V. Somani|1981|pp=43–44}}
* Madanpur inscriptions of 1182 CE (1239 VS)
** Inscription 1: Mentions that Prithviraj invaded the territory of the Chandela ruler Paramardi{{sfn|R. V. Somani|1981|p=48}}
** Inscription 2: Names Prithviraj's father ([[Someshvara (Chahamana dynasty)|Someshvara]]) and grandfather ([[Arnoraja]]), and states that he plundered [[Jejakabhukti]] (the Chandela territory){{sfn|R. V. Somani|1981|p=48}}
** Inscription 3: Contains names of [[Shiva]] (Tryambaka, Chandrashekhara, and Tripuranta).{{sfn|R. V. Somani|1981|p=48}}
* [[Udaipur]] Victoria Hall Museum inscription, 1187 CE (1244 VS)
* [[Bisaldeo temple|Visalpur]] (Bisalpur near Tonk) inscription, 1187 CE (1244 VS)

=== Characterization ===
[[File:Prithviraj Raso.jpg|thumb|left|The cover of a ''Prithviraj Raso'' version published by the [[Nagari Pracharini Sabha]]]]

The late medieval (14th and 15th centuries) [[Sanskrit]] stories about Prithviraj present him as an unsuccessful king who was memorable only for his defeat against a foreign king.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=32}} ''Prabandha-Chintamani'' and ''Prithviraja-Prabandha'', written by Jain authors, portray him as an inept and unworthy king who was responsible for his own downfall, and whose mistreatment of his devout subordinates turned them into traitors. In contrast, the ''Hammira Mahakavya'', also written by a Jain author, presents him as a brave man whose subordinates turned against him out of pure greed. The ''Hammira Mahakavya'', which was probably intended to please a Chauhan lord, retains the elements of the Jain tradition that occur in the two ''Prabandha'' texts, but also attempts to glorify Prithviraj who was an ancestor of the text's hero [[Hammiradeva|Hammira]].{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|pp=54-55}}

''[[Prithviraj Raso]]'', a legendary text patronized largely by the [[Rajput]] courts,{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=13}} portrays Prithviraj as a great hero.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=32}} Over time, Prithviraj came to be portrayed as a patriotic Hindu warrior who fought against Muslim enemies.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=24}} He is remembered as a king whose reign separated the two major epochs of Indian history.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=5}} The convention of portraying Prithviraj as a [[Hindu king]] defeated as part of the Islamic conquest of India appears to have started with [[Hasan Nizami]]'s ''Tajul-Ma'asir'' (early 13th century). Nizami presents his narrative as a description of "war with enemies of the faith" and of how "the Islamic way of life was established in the land of the Hindus."{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=45}} ''Tajul-Ma'asir'' as well as the later text ''[[Tabaqat-i Nasiri]]'' ({{circa|1260}}) present the Ghurid victory over Prithviraj as an important milestone leading to the establishment of the [[Delhi Sultanate]].{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=49}}

The 16th century legends describe him as the ruler of India's political centre [[Delhi]] (rather than [[Ajmer]], which was his actual capital).{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|pp=6–7}} For example, [[Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak|Abul Fazl]]'s ''[[Ain-i-Akbari]]'' does not associate the Chahamana dynasty with Ajmer at all.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=73}} Prithviraj's association with Delhi in these legends further strengthened his status as a symbol of pre-Islamic Indian power.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=26}}

Prithviraj has been described as "the last Hindu emperor" in eulogies. This designation is inaccurate, as several stronger Hindu rulers flourished in [[South India]] after him, and even some contemporary Hindu rulers in northern India were at least as powerful as him. Nevertheless, the 19th-century British officer [[James Tod]] repeatedly used this term to describe Prithviraj in his ''Annals and Antiquities of Rajast'han''. Tod was influenced by the medieval [[Persian language]] Muslim accounts, which present Prithviraj as a major ruler and portray his defeat as a major milestone in the [[Muslim conquests on the Indian subcontinent|Islamic conquest of India]]. After Tod, several narratives continued to describe Prithviraj as "the last Hindu emperor".{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=3}} For example, the inscriptions at the Ajmer memorial (''smarak'') to Prithviraj also honour him as "the last Hindu emperor".{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=16}}

==In popular culture==
[[File:Prithvi Raj Chauhan (Edited).jpg|thumb|Statue of Prithviraj Chauhan at Ajmer]]
Memorials dedicated to Prithviraj have been constructed in Ajmer and Delhi.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=265}} A number of Indian films and television series have been made on his life. These include: ''Prithviraj Chouhan'' (1924), ''Prithviraj Sanyogita'' (1929) by Narayanrao D. Sarpotdar, ''Prithviraj'' (1931) by R. N. Vaidya, ''Prithviraj Sanyogita'' (1933), ''[[Prithivirajan]]'' (1942) by B. Sampathkumar, ''[[Prithviraj Samyogita]]'' (1946) by Najam Naqvi, ''Samrat Prithviraj Chauhan'' (1959) by Harsukh Jagneshwar Bhatt, ''[[Rani Samyuktha]]'' (1962) by [[D. Yoganand]], ''[[Samrat Prithviraj]]'' (2022) by [[Chandraprakash Dwivedi]];{{sfn|Ashish Rajadhyaksha|Paul Willemen|1999}}{{sfn|The Hindu|2019}} and the Hindi television serials ''[[Main Dilli Hoon]]'' (1998–1999), ''[[Dharti Ka Veer Yodha Prithviraj Chauhan]]'' (2006–2009), and ''[[Chakravarti Samrat Prithviraj Chauhan]]'' (2025).

The Indian animated film ''Veer Yodha Prithviraj Chauhan'' (2008) was released by Rakesh Prasad. Prithviraj was also one of the first historical figures to be covered in ''[[Amar Chitra Katha]]'' (No. 25).{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=266}} Many of these modern retellings depict Prithviraj as a flawless hero, and emphasize a message of Hindu national unity.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=267}}

The video game ''[[Age of Empires II HD: The Forgotten]]'' contains a five-chapter campaign titled "Prithviraj".{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}

== References ==
{{reflist|22em}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite book|author=Andre Wink|author-link=Andre Wink|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=75FlxDhZWpwC |title=Al-Hind the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: The Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest : 11Th-13th Centuries |date=1991 |publisher=BRILL| isbn=9004102361 |language=en}}
* {{cite book|author=Amaresh Datta|author-link=Amaresh Datta|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Devraj to Jyoti|volume=II|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&pg=PA1178|year=1988|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-1194-0}}
* {{cite book|author1=Ashish Rajadhyaksha|author2=Paul Willemen|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofi0000raja|url-access=registration|year=1999|publisher=British Film Institute|isbn=978-1-135-94325-7}}
* {{cite book|author=Cynthia Talbot|title=The Last Hindu Emperor: Prithviraj Cauhan and the Indian Past, 1200–2000|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m3DjCgAAQBAJ|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2015|isbn=9781107118560}}
* {{cite book|author=Dasharatha Sharma|author-link=Dasharatha Sharma|title=Early Chauhān Dynasties|publisher=S. Chand / Motilal Banarsidass|year=1959|isbn=9780842606189|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n4gcAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{cite journal|author=Kaviraj Shyamaldas|authorlink=Kaviraj Shyamaldas|title=The Antiquity, Authenticity and Genuineness of the epic called the Prithviraj Rasa and commonly ascribed to Chand Bardai|url=https://archive.org/details/journalofasiatic5518asia/page/5/mode/1up|volume=LV|year=1886|publisher=Asiatic Society of Bengal|journal=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal}}
* {{cite book|author=Konstantin S Nossov|title=Indian Castles 1206–1526: The Rise and Fall of the Delhi Sultanate|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eFm1CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA53|publisher=Bloomsbury|year=2012|isbn=9781849080507}}
* {{cite book|author=R. B. Singh|title=History of the Chāhamānas|publisher=N. Kishore|year=1964|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.119620|oclc=11038728}}
* {{cite book|author=R. V. Somani|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pTYhAAAAMAAJ|title=Prithviraj Chauhan and his times|publisher=Publication Scheme|year=1981|isbn = 9788185263021}}
* {{cite book|author=Satish Chandra |author-link=Satish Chandra (historian)|title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals (1206–1526)|volume=1|publisher=Har-Anand Publications|year=2006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L5eFzeyjBTQC|isbn=978-81-241-1064-5}}
* {{cite book|author=Sisirkumar Mitra|title=The Early Rulers of Khajurāho|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=irHN2UA_Z7gC&pg=PA113|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|year=1977|isbn=9788120819979}}
* {{Cite book|author=Rima Hooja|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qqd1RAAACAAJ |title=A HISTORY OF RAJASTHAN (PB) |date=2006 |publisher=Rupa & Company|isbn=978-81-291-1501-0|language=en}}
*{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/akshay-kumar-to-play-prithviraj-chauhan-in-biopic-titled-prithviraj/article29373215.ece|title=Akshay Kumar to play Prithviraj Chauhan in biopic titled 'Prithviraj'|date=2019-09-09|website=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2019-09-09|ref={{harvid|The Hindu|2019}}}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
{{wikiquote}}

{{Chahamanas of Shakambhari}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chauhan, Prithviraj}}
[[Category:Chahamana kings of Shakambhari]]
[[Category:12th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:1166 births]]
[[Category:1192 deaths]]
[[Category:History of Ajmer]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:People from Delhi]]
[[Category:Monarchs taken prisoner in wartime]]
[[Category:Executed monarchs]]

Battle of Bhutala

2026-03-15T07:32:53Z

CynthiaBegg56: done!

{{Short description|Battle in Rajasthan, India between 1222 and 1229}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Bhutala
| place = Bhutala, [[Rajasthan]]
| result = [[Rajput]] victory
| combatant1 = {{tree list}} [[Rajput|Rajput Confederacy]]
**[[Guhila dynasty]]
**[[Vaghela dynasty]]
**[[Paramaras of Chandravati|Paramaras]]
**[[Chahamanas of Jalore|Chahamanas]]
{{tree list/end}}
| combatant2 = [[File:Delhi Sultanate Flag.svg|25px]] [[Delhi sultanate]]
| commander1 = [[Jaitrasimha]] Viradhavala Dharavarsa [[Udayasimha]]
| commander2 = [[Iltutmish]]
| date = 1222 / 1229
| strength1 =
| strength2 =
| partof = List of wars between the Kingdom of Mewar and the Delhi Sultanate
}}

The '''Battle of Bhutala''' took place in modern-day [[Rajasthan]] between Maharawal [[Jaitrasimha]] of [[Mewar]] and Sultan [[Iltutmish]] of [[Delhi sultanate|the Delhi sultanate]] somewhere between 1222 and 1229 A.D.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Somani |first=Ram Vallabh |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.14106 |title=History of Mewar: from earliest times to 1751 A.D. |date=1976 |publisher=C.L. Ranka, Jaipur |pages=81}}</ref> Initially, Mewar suffered from invasion and the capital was destroyed, but [[Jaitrasimha]], supported by Viradhavala of Dholaka and his allies [[Udayasimha]], the [[Chahamanas of Jalor|Chahamana]] ruler of [[Jalor]], Dharavarsa, the [[Paramaras of Chandravati|Paramara]] ruler of [[Abu Road|Abu]], and others, forced the retreat of the sultan without achieving his end.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite book |last=Srivastav Ashoka .k |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.66317 |title=Khalji Sultans In Rajasthan |date=1981 |pages=8}}</ref>

==Background==

After the defeat of [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Chahamanas of Shakhambhari]] in 1192, several attempts were made to annex portions of [[Rajasthan]]. During the short and unstable reign of [[Aram Shah]], the Rajput clans of Rajasthan appeared to reclaim much of their former prominence. However, [[Iltutmish]], the new and dynamic Sultan of Delhi, was not content with merely maintaining the territories in Rajasthan that he had inherited.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Somani |first=Ram Vallabh |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.14106 |title=History of Mewar: from earliest times to 1751 A.D. |date=1976 |publisher=C.L. Ranka, Jaipur |pages=81–84}}</ref> Instead, he launched significant efforts to expand his control into the western regions of the region. After solidifying his authority in Delhi, Iltutmish directed his focus towards Rajasthan, initiating campaigns to assert his dominance over the area.<ref name="Srivastav Ashoka .k 1981 7–8">{{Cite book |last=Srivastav Ashoka .k |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.66317 |title=Khalji Sultans In Rajasthan |date=1981 |pages=7–8}}</ref>

==Battle==
===Hostilities===
King Viradhaval of Gujarat engaged in hostilities with [[Jaitrasimha|Jaitrasingh]], the ruler of [[Mewar]], who remained defiant, bolstered by his confidence in his military strength. According to historical accounts, during this time, a spy informed King Viradhaval about events in Nagada, where the city had been set ablaze, causing widespread panic. Many residents fled in fear, while others took their own lives. The spy reported that he sought to calm the distressed population by announcing the arrival of Viradhaval with his full army, which allegedly caused the [[Turkic peoples|Turk]] invaders to retreat in disarray. A fierce battle took place at Bhutala, near Nagada, during which Talaraksha Yograj’s eldest son, Pemraj, was killed.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite book |last=Somani |first=Ram Vallabh |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.14106 |title=History of Mewar: from earliest times to 1751 A.D. |date=1976 |publisher=C.L. Ranka, Jaipur |pages=82}}</ref><ref name="Srivastav Ashoka .k 1981 7–8"/>

===Inscriptions===
The latter part of the narrative appears to be somewhat exaggerated as it glorifies the author’s generous patron, Viradhaval. Details of this invasion are also recorded in the [[Chirawa]] inscription dated 1278 CE. According to the inscription, a Sultan attacked Nagada, resulting in heavy destruction. Additionally, the Ghaghasa inscription of 1265 CE and the [[Chirawa]] inscription of 1273 CE reveal that the Sultan failed to subdue the pride of [[Jaitrasimha|Jaitrasingh]]. These records suggest that despite initial setbacks, Jaitrasingha rallied his forces, decisively defeated the Sultan's army, and compelled the invaders to retreat.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite book |last=Somani |first=Ram Vallabh |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.14106 |title=History of Mewar: from earliest times to 1751 A.D. |date=1976 |publisher=C.L. Ranka, Jaipur |pages=82}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=S. Ramakrishnan |url=http://archive.org/details/struggleforempir05bhar |title=History and Culture of the Indian People, Volume 05, The Struggle For Empire |date=2001 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |others=Public Resource |pages=134}}</ref>

===Texts===
The invader is referred to in the text as ''Milachchhrikara''. According to [[Gaurishankar Hirachand Ojha|G.H. Ojha]], this term is a Sanskritized version of ''Amir-i-Shikar'', a title attributed to [[Iltutmish]] in the ''[[Tabaqat-i-Nasiri]]''. However, O.R. Barnett and [[Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri|H.C. Ray]] dispute this identification, arguing that ''Milachchhrikara'' cannot phonetically derive from ''Amir-i-Shikar''. [[Dasharatha Sharma]], on the other hand, interprets it as a ''[[Paishachi]]'' form.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite book |last=Somani |first=Ram Vallabh |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.14106 |title=History of Mewar: from earliest times to 1751 A.D. |date=1976 |publisher=C.L. Ranka, Jaipur |pages=82}}</ref>

===Dates===
Regarding the date of this invasion, G.H. Ojha places the event around 1229 CE, while [[Dasharatha Sharma]] suggests 1222 CE. Sharma bases his conclusion on the fact that [[Vastupala]], the chief organizer of the anti-Muslim confederacy, was the governor of Cambay (now [[Khambat]]) during the invasion. Since Vastupal held this position between 1219 and 1222 and was removed in 1222, Sharma argues that the incursion could not have occurred after that year. However, the [[Charbhuja]] temple inscription of Nandesama, dated 1222 CE, mentions [[Jaitrasimha|Jaitrasingh]] as having his capital at Nagada.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite book |last=Somani |first=Ram Vallabh |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.14106 |title=History of Mewar: from earliest times to 1751 A.D. |date=1976 |publisher=C.L. Ranka, Jaipur |pages=82}}</ref>

Given that [[Jaitrasimha|Jaitrasingh]] relocated his capital to [[Ahar, Rajasthan|Ahar]] after the invasion, the event is unlikely to have occurred in 1222. A more detailed account of the invasion is found in the ''Hamir-Mada-Mardan'', a contemporary work completed in 1229 CE. Therefore, the invasion is most likely to have occurred between 1222 and 1229 CE.<ref>{{Cite book |last=BANARJEE |first=ANIL CHANDRA |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12693 |title=MEDIEVAL STUDIES |date=1958 |publisher=A. MUKHARJEE AND COMPANY, CALCUTTA |pages=28–29}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{Cite book |last=Somani |first=Ram Vallabh |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.14106 |title=History of Mewar: from earliest times to 1751 A.D. |date=1976 |publisher=C.L. Ranka, Jaipur |pages=82}}</ref>

==Aftermath==
After the destruction of Nagada, [[Jaitrasimha]] abandoned the city, and the capital of [[Mewar]] was moved to [[Chittor]]. Iltutmish was decisively defeated by the [[Guhilot]] prince, which prevented him from attempting to invade the region again during his reign. Jaitrasingh successfully captured the territory of Vagada and granted it to his son, Sihad. While [[Gaurishankar Hirachand Ojha|G.H. Ojha]] and Dashrath Sharma have suggested that Sihad was the grandson of Samantsingh of Mewar, this claim is not supported by earlier epigraphic sources. The Uparganva inscription of 1404 CE confirms that Jaitrasingh conquered [[Vagad]]a and assigned it to Sihad. Other inscriptions also reference Jaitrasingh as the father of Sihad, identifying him as none other than Jaitrasingh of Mewar. After this, [[Mewar]] became a challenging region for many Turkish sultans of Delhi due to its difficult terrain and strong fortresses.<ref name=":0" />

==See also==
*[[Second Battle of Tarain]]
*[[Iltutmish]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Battle of Bhutala}}
[[Category:Conflicts in 1222]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1229]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Rajputs]]
[[Category:Battles involving India]]
[[Category:Military history of India]]
[[Category:13th century in India]]
[[Category:1220s conflicts]]
[[Category:1220s in Asia]]
[[Category:Delhi Sultanate]]
[[Category:History of Rajasthan]]

Kongu Chera dynasty

2026-03-13T07:42:46Z

CynthiaBegg56: put up pg

{{Short description|South Indian dynasty}}

{{For|early historic Chera rulers of south India|Chera dynasty}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox former country
| native_name = Cheras of Karur-Vanchi
| image_map = {{Location map+|Tamil Nadu|width=200|float=center
|caption=
|places=
{{Location map~|Tamil Nadu|lat_deg=11.0032661|lon_deg=77.481338|position=top|marksize=0|label_size=80|label=CHERAS (KERALAS)}}
}}
| image_map_caption =
| conventional_long_name = Chera dynasty
| common_name =
| year_start =
| year_end = 11th/12th century AD
| common_languages = {{plainlist|
* [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
}}
| capital = * [[Karur|Karur (Vanchi)]]
| s1 =
| s2 =
| s3 =
| today = [[India]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| demonym =
| area_km2 =
| area_rank =
| GDP_PPP =
| GDP_PPP_year =
| HDI =
| HDI_year =
}}

'''Kongu Chera dynasty,''' or '''Cheras''' or '''Keralas'''{{efn|The term 'Kerala', originally a non-Dravidian title related to the Tamil root 'Chera' or 'Cheraman/Cheralan', refers here to the name of a tribe or clan, not to the modern Malayalam-speaking geographical entity (the state of Kerala). The tribal or clan name was later transferred to the geographical region now known as the state of Kerala.|}} '''of Kongu''' or '''Karur''', or simply as the '''Chera dynasty,''' was a medieval royal lineage in south India that initially ruled over western [[Tamil Nadu]] and central [[Kerala]].<ref name=":022">{{Cite book |last=Narayanan |first=M. G. S. |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Perum%C4%81%E1%B8%B7s_of_Kerala/0YDCngEACAAJ?hl=en |title=Perumals of Kerala |publisher=CosmoBooks |year=2013 |location=Thrissur (Kerala) |pages=89-90 and 92-93 |orig-date=1972}}</ref> The headquarters of the medieval Cheras was located at Karur-Vanchi (present-day [[Karur]]), an ancient base of the [[Sangam literature|early historic]] Cheras in central Tamil Nadu.<ref name=":023">{{Cite book |last=Narayanan |first=M. G. S. |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Perum%C4%81%E1%B8%B7s_of_Kerala/0YDCngEACAAJ?hl=en |title=Perumals of Kerala |publisher=CosmoBooks |year=2013 |location=Thrissur (Kerala) |pages=80-81, 89-90 and 92-93 |orig-date=1972}}</ref> The Chera rulers were subordinate to, or were conquered by, the [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukya]], [[Pallava dynasty|Pallava]], and [[Pandya dynasty|Pandya]] kings.<ref name=":022" /> The [[Rashtrakuta dynasty|Rashtrakuta]] and Chola rulers are also said to have overrun the Kongu Chera country.<ref name=":024">{{Cite book |last=Narayanan |first=M. G. S. |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Perum%C4%81%E1%B8%B7s_of_Kerala/0YDCngEACAAJ?hl=en |title=Perumals of Kerala |publisher=CosmoBooks |year=2013 |location=Thrissur (Kerala) |pages=80-81 and 93-95 |orig-date=1972}}</ref>

The medieval Cheras claimed descent from the [[Chera dynasty|Cheras]] who flourished in pre-[[Pallava dynasty|Pallava]] (early historic) south India.<ref name=":022" /> Present-day central Kerala likely detached from the larger Chera kingdom around the 8th-9th century AD to form the [[Chera Perumals of Makotai|Chera kingdom]] on the western coast (fl. ''c.'' 9th – 12th century AD; modern Kerala).<ref name=":022" /> The exact relationship between the different branches of the Chera family — such as the one based in Karur and the other in [[Kodungallur|Mahodayapuram-Kodungallur]] — is not clearly understood by scholars.<ref name=":025">{{Cite book |last=Narayanan |first=M. G. S. |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Perum%C4%81%E1%B8%B7s_of_Kerala/0YDCngEACAAJ?hl=en |title=Perumals of Kerala |publisher=CosmoBooks |year=2013 |location=Thrissur (Kerala) |pages=80-81 |orig-date=1972}}</ref>

The Kongu Cheras are often described as members of the [[Lunar dynasty|Chandra]]-[[Solar dynasty|Aditya]] Kula (the Luni-Solar Race) around 9th–11th centuries AD. By the 10th–11th century AD, they appear to have been completely absorbed into the [[Pandya dynasty|Pandya]] political system.<ref name=":025" /> A collateral branch of the Kongu Cheras, known as the "Kongu Cholas", later ruled the Kongu country under Chola suzerainty.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Ali |first=Daud |date=2007 |title=A Study of the Term Velam in Tamil Inscriptions |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bulletin-of-the-school-of-oriental-and-african-studies/article/abs/service-retinues-of-the-chola-court-a-study-of-the-term-velam-in-tamil-inscriptions/89BC54E804CCAFFD9CAA2C3EDF46F6A8 |journal=Bulletin of SOAS |language= |volume=70 |issue=3 |pages=487–509 |doi= |issn=1474-0699}}</ref>

== Political history ==
''In ancient and medieval sources, "Kerala" and "Chera" were used interchangeably for both the dynasty and its territory, unlike their modern usage.''

''The following description incorporates corrections made by [[M. G. S. Narayanan]] (Perumals of Kerala, 1972 & 1996) to the revised second edition of [[K. A. Nilakanta Sastri]]'s work, as well as the writings of [[Elamkulam Kunjan Pillai|Elamkulam P. N. Kunjan Pillai]].''

=== Rulers of western Tamil Nadu and Kerala ===
The Cheras, or "the Keralas", of the early medieval period initially appear as rulers of western Tamil Nadu and central Kerala, with their headquarters at Karur in interior Tamil Nadu.<ref name=":022" /> The dynasty claimed descent from the legendary [[Chera dynasty|Cheras]] who flourished in pre-[[Pallava dynasty|Pallava]] (early historic) southern India.<ref name=":022" /> It is likely that the Cheras followed a system of joint rule, with each elder of the family governing a different region. At least three centers are known: [[Karur|Karuvur Vanchi]] (interior Tamil Nadu), [[Kodungallur|Muchiri-Vanchi]] (central Kerala), and [[Tyndis|Thondi]] (north-central Kerala).<ref name=":027">{{Cite book |last=Narayanan |first=M. G. S. |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Perum%C4%81%E1%B8%B7s_of_Kerala/0YDCngEACAAJ?hl=en |title=Perumals of Kerala |publisher=CosmoBooks |year=2013 |location=Thrissur (Kerala) |pages=104 |orig-date=1972}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gurukkal |first=Rajan |date=2013 |title=Classical Indo-Roman Trade: A Historiographical Reconsideration |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0376983613499670 |journal=Indian Historical Review |language= |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=181–206 |doi= |issn=0376-9836}}</ref>

By the beginning of the early medieval period, [[Karur]] had gained prominence over the other two bases, [[Kodungallur|Muchiri-Vanchi]] and Thondi.<ref name=":022" /> Records indicate that by the 8th – 9th centuries AD, Karur was known as "Vanchi ma-nakara-mana Karur" (or Karur-Vanchi).<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Champakalakshmi |first=R. |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Trade_Ideology_and_Urbanization/IGTaAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=Trade,%20Ideology,%20and%20Urbanization |title=Trade, Ideology, and Urbanization: South India 300 BC to AD 1300 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1996 |pages=118-119}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Narayanan |first=M. G. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ |title=Perumals of Kerala |publisher=CosmoBooks |year=2013 |isbn= |location=Thrissur (Kerala) |pages=18–19 |chapter= |orig-year=1972}}</ref> It has been speculated, based on later Kerala traditions such as the [[Keralolpathi|Keralolpatti]], that the Cheras of Karur may have exercised authority over present-day Kerala, possibly through some form of viceregal rule.<ref name=":022" />

Available epigraphic evidence points to the influence of several other dynasties over the old Chera country during this period. The earliest [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukya]] ruler to claim overlordship over the Chera/Kerala is [[Kirttivarman I]] (''fl.'' 566 - 598 AD), although this claim is generally regarded by historians as a boastful exaggeration. A later grant dated 695 AD by king [[Vinayaditya of Vatapi|Vinayaditya II Satyasraya]], which refers to the "vassalage" of the Kerala country, is considered a more reliable record.<ref name=":028">{{Cite book |last=Narayanan |first=M. G. S. |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Perum%C4%81%E1%B8%B7s_of_Kerala/0YDCngEACAAJ?hl=en |title=Perumals of Kerala |publisher=CosmoBooks |year=2013 |location=Thrissur (Kerala) |pages=90-91 and 103-04 |orig-date=1972}}</ref> Several Chalukya inscriptions from the 7th and 8th centuries mention the conquest and vassalage of the Kerala country.<ref name=":028" /> Additionally, a number of [[Pallava dynasty|Pallava]] records also refer to the vassalage of the Kerala/Chera country.<ref name=":028" />

=== Cheras as Pandya vassals ===
[[File:Kongu Chera coin (13th Century AD).jpg|thumb|Kongu Chera coin (13th Century AD), Government Museum Chennai|148x148px]]
There are clear attestations of repeated [[Pandya dynasty|Pandya]] conquests of the Kerala/Chera country in the 7th and 8th centuries AD.<ref name=":028" /> Pandya king Sendan or Jayantan (645 – 70 AD) was known as the "Vanavan", an ancient title traditionally associated with Chera rulers.<ref name=":028" /> [[Arikesari Maravarman]], another Pandya ruler (670 – 710 AD), likely defeated the "Keralas" or "Cheras" on multiple occasions.<ref name=":0210">{{Cite book |last=Narayanan |first=M. G. S. |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Perum%C4%81%E1%B8%B7s_of_Kerala/0YDCngEACAAJ?hl=en |title=Perumals of Kerala |publisher=CosmoBooks |year=2013 |location=Thrissur (Kerala) |pages=80-81, 90-91 and 103-04 |orig-date=1972}}</ref> It is recorded that the Pandya ruler captured the Kerala/Chera alive, along with his relatives and military contingents. Sources also refer to an engagement between the two kingdoms known as the "battle of Chennilam".<ref name=":0210" /> His successor, [[Kochchadaiyan Ranadhira|Ko Chadayan "Ranadhira"]], also made gains against the Cheras.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Dalziel |first=Nigel R. |url=https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118455074 |title=The Encyclopedia of Empire |date=2016 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |editor-last=Dalziel |editor-first=N. |chapter=Pandyan Empire |doi= |editor-last2=MacKenzie |editor-first2=J. M.}}</ref>

The so-called "renewal of the capital city of Vanchi ([[Karur]]) along with Kudal ([[Madurai]]) and Kozhi ([[Uraiyur]])" by Pandya king [[Maravarman Rajasimha I|Rajasimha I]] (730 – 65 AD), as described in the Madras Museum Plates of Jatila Parantaka Nedunjadaiyan Varaguna (765 – 815 AD), may indicate a Pandya occupation of the Chera capital, Karur.<ref name=":0211">{{Cite book |last=Narayanan |first=M. G. S. |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Perum%C4%81%E1%B8%B7s_of_Kerala/0YDCngEACAAJ?hl=en |title=Perumals of Kerala |publisher=CosmoBooks |year=2013 |location=Thrissur (Kerala) |pages=93-95 |orig-date=1972}}</ref> It is recorded that when Jatila Parantaka went to war against the [[Adhiyaman|Adigaman]] ruler of Thagadur ([[Dharmapuri]]), the Keralas and the Pallavas came to the latter's aid, though "the Pandyas drove them back to the quarters from which they had emerged" (Madras Museum Plates of Jatila Parantaka, 17th year).<ref name=":0211" />

[[Rashtrakuta dynasty|Rashtrakuta]] inscriptions also mention "an alliance of [[Dravidian languages|Dravida]] kings — including "Kerala", Pandya, Chola and Pallava — who were defeated" (''E. I.'', XVIII). The "Keralas" mentioned in these records may refer to the Chera rulers of Karur, who had already submitted to the Pandyas, rather than the Chera rulers of Kerala.<ref name=":0211" />

=== Detachment of central Kerala ===
[[File:Chola_coin_with_legend_"Uttama"_(south_India).jpg|thumb|255x255px|Chola coin of king [[Rajendra Chola I|Rajendra]], with legend "Uttama Chola", showing the Chera emblem (Bow, left to the Sitting Tiger).{{citation needed|date=April 2020}}]]
[[File:Kongu Chera Coin (13th-14th century CE).jpg|thumb|168x168px|Kongu Chera Coin (13th/14th century CE). Images of bow, hag, fish and palm tree are visible.]]
As the eastern portions of the ancient Chera country gradually came under the [[Pandya dynasty|Pandya]] sphere of influence, the western portion evolved into an independent kingdom with its headquarters at [[Kodungallur|Mahodayapuram-Kodungallur]] (c. early 9th century AD).<ref name=":0211" /> Rulers from a branch of the Chera family who survived in the Kongu country as vassals of the Pandyas are described in inscriptions dated to the 9th–11th centuries AD as members of the "Chandra-Aditya Kula" (the Luni-Solar Race).<ref name=":025" /> This likely suggests a process of integration with the Pandya royal family (traditionally associated with [[Lunar dynasty|the Lunar Race]]) through marriage alliances.<ref name=":0211" /> The two branches of the Chera family — the Cheras of Karur and the [[Chera Perumals of Makotai|medieval Cheras of Kerala]] — supported by the [[Pandya dynasty|Pandyas]] and the [[Chola dynasty|Cholas]] respectively, were possibly rivals during this period.<ref name=":0214">{{Cite book |last=Narayanan |first=M. G. S. |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Perum%C4%81%E1%B8%B7s_of_Kerala/0YDCngEACAAJ?hl=en |title=Perumals of Kerala |publisher=CosmoBooks |year=2013 |location=Thrissur (Kerala) |pages=98-99 and 111 |orig-date=1972}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

The [[Pandya dynasty|Pandya]] ruler Parantaka Vira Narayana (c. 880 – 900 AD) is recorded as having married a Chera or "Kerala" (Kongu Chera) princess, "Vanavan Maha Devi".<ref name=":0215">{{Cite book |last=Narayanan |first=M. G. S. |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Perum%C4%81%E1%B8%B7s_of_Kerala/0YDCngEACAAJ?hl=en |title=Perumals of Kerala |publisher=CosmoBooks |year=2013 |location=Thrissur (Kerala) |pages=95-96 and 108 |orig-date=1972}}</ref> Their son, [[Maravarman Rajasimha II|Rajasimha II]], is described in the Sinnamanur Copper Plates as a member of the "Chandra-Aditya Kula".<ref name=":0215" /> Earlier historians such as K. A. Nilakanta Sastri and Elamkulam P. N. Kunjan Pillai initially assumed that Vira Narayana had married a Chera princess from Kerala; however, this view was later revised by M. G. S. Narayanan.<ref name=":0215" />

=== Conquests of Aditya Chola ===
The Kongu country was conquered by the Cholas under [[Aditya I]] in the final years of the 9th century AD, likely involving conflict with the Pandya ruler Parantaka Vira Narayana.<ref name=":0218">{{Cite book |last=Narayanan |first=M. G. S. |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Perum%C4%81%E1%B8%B7s_of_Kerala/0YDCngEACAAJ?hl=en |title=Perumals of Kerala |publisher=CosmoBooks |year=2013 |location=Thrissur (Kerala) |pages=65-66 |orig-date=1972}}</ref> It is recorded that the Chera ruler of Kerala [[Sthanu Ravi Varma|Sthanu Ravi]] acted as a junior partner in this Chola campaign in the Kongu country.<ref name=":0218" /> The Pandyas were eventually defeated in the "great battle" of Sripurambiyam (c. 885 AD).<ref name=":0219">{{Cite book |last=Narayanan |first=M. G. S. |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Perum%C4%81%E1%B8%B7s_of_Kerala/0YDCngEACAAJ?hl=en |title=Perumals of Kerala |publisher=CosmoBooks |year=2013 |location=Thrissur (Kerala) |page=97 |pages= |orig-date=1972}}</ref> Corresponding marriage alliances between the Chera rulers of Kerala and the Cholas are also recorded in several inscriptions (see [[Ko Kizhan Adikal|Kizhan Adigal]]).<ref name=":0215" />

Pandya king [[Maravarman Rajasimha II|Rajasimha II]], who was defeated by [[Parantaka I]], is said to have found asylum in the Chera country or Kerala around 920 AD.<ref name=":0220">{{Cite book |last=Narayanan |first=M. G. S. |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Perum%C4%81%E1%B8%B7s_of_Kerala/0YDCngEACAAJ?hl=en |title=Perumals of Kerala |publisher=CosmoBooks |year=2013 |location=Thrissur (Kerala) |page= |pages=98-99 and 111 |orig-date=1972}}</ref> It is also recorded that Chola king Sundara (c. 956 – c. 973 AD) had a Chera or Kerala princess among his queens.<ref name=":0221">{{Cite book |last=Narayanan |first=M. G. S. |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Perum%C4%81%E1%B8%B7s_of_Kerala/0YDCngEACAAJ?hl=en |title=Perumals of Kerala |publisher=CosmoBooks |year=2013 |location=Thrissur (Kerala) |page= |pages=100-101 |orig-date=1972}}</ref>[[File:Vira Kerala coin, south India.jpg|thumb|Vira Kerala coin, Napier Museum|155x155px]]

=== Under the Chola influence ===
The Kongu Chera country was subsequently conquered by the imperial [[Chola dynasty|Cholas]] (late 10th-early 11 centuries AD).<ref name=":0222">{{Cite book |last=Narayanan |first=M. G. S. |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Perum%C4%81%E1%B8%B7s_of_Kerala/0YDCngEACAAJ?hl=en |title=Perumals of Kerala |publisher=CosmoBooks |year=2013 |location=Thrissur (Kerala) |page= |pages=80-81 |orig-date=1972}}</ref><ref name=":24">{{Cite journal |last=Ali |first=Daud |date=2007 |title=The Service Retinues of the Chola Court |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40378936 |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |volume=70 |issue=3 |pages=487–509 |doi= |issn=0041-977X |jstor= |s2cid= |via=}}</ref>

* "Amara Bhujanga Deva", one of the princes defeated by Chola emperor [[Rajaraja]] (as mentioned in the Tiruvalangadu Grant), was likely a Pandya or a Kongu Chera prince.<ref name=":0223">{{Cite book |last=Narayanan |first=M. G. S. |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Perum%C4%81%E1%B8%B7s_of_Kerala/0YDCngEACAAJ?hl=en |title=Perumals of Kerala |publisher=CosmoBooks |year=2013 |location=Thrissur (Kerala) |page= |pages=116-117 and 136 |orig-date=1972}}</ref> Records from this period also mention a ruler named "Vira Kerala Amara Bhujanga Deva" from the Kongu country.<ref name=":0223" />
* Chola ruler [[Rajadhiraja]] is known for defeating certain "Vira Kerala", one of the so-called "thennavar muvar", and trampling him to death with his war elephant.<ref name=":0224">{{Cite book |last=Narayanan |first=M. G. S. |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Perum%C4%81%E1%B8%B7s_of_Kerala/0YDCngEACAAJ?hl=en |title=Perumals of Kerala |publisher=CosmoBooks |year=2013 |location=Thrissur (Kerala) |page= |pages=121-122 |orig-date=1972}}</ref> This royal figure was probably a Kongu-Chera of the "Chandra-Aditya Kula" or a [[Pandya dynasty|Pandya]] prince born of a Pandya royal and a Kongu Chera princess.<ref name=":0225">{{Cite book |last=Narayanan |first=M. G. S. |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Perum%C4%81%E1%B8%B7s_of_Kerala/0YDCngEACAAJ?hl=en |title=Perumals of Kerala |publisher=CosmoBooks |year=2013 |location=Thrissur (Kerala) |page= |pages=304-305 and 322-23 |orig-date=1972}}</ref> Vira Kerala was previously thought to be a medieval Chera ruler of Kerala by historians such as K. A. Nilakanta Sastri and Elamkulam P. N. Kunjan Pillai; however, this view was later revised by historian M. G. S. Narayanan.<ref name=":0226">{{Cite book |last=Narayanan |first=M. G. S. |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Perum%C4%81%E1%B8%B7s_of_Kerala/0YDCngEACAAJ?hl=en |title=Perumals of Kerala |publisher=CosmoBooks |year=2013 |location=Thrissur (Kerala) |page= |pages=84-85 |orig-date=1972}}</ref>

== Legacy ==

=== Cheras of Thagadur ===
It is recorded that in the late 12th century AD, the Kerala or Chera rulers governed Thagadur ([[Dharmapuri]]) in northern Tamil Nadu under the [[Chola dynasty|Cholas]].<ref name=":032">{{Cite journal |editor-last=Hultzch |editor-first=E. |title=No. 34: Two Inscriptions of Vidugadalagiya Perumal |url=https://archive.org/details/EpigraphiaIndicaVol6/page/n410/mode/1up |journal=Epigraphica Indica |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |volume=VI |pages=331-334}}</ref><ref name=":202">{{Cite journal |last= |first= |date=1890 |editor-last=Hultzsch |editor-first=E. |title=Tirumalai Inscriptions (No. 75 and 76) |url=https://archive.org/details/southindianinscr014359mbp/page/n119/mode/1up |journal=South Indian Inscriptions |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |volume=I |pages=106-07}}</ref> In their inscriptions, these rulers describe themselves as descendants of the [[Athiyamān|Adigaman]] or [[Athiyamān|Satiyaputra]] Chera rulers of Thagadur.<ref name=":033">{{Cite journal |editor-last=Hultzch |editor-first=E. |title=No. 34: Two Inscriptions of Vidugadalagiya Perumal |url=https://archive.org/details/EpigraphiaIndicaVol6/page/n410/mode/1up |journal=Epigraphica Indica |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |volume=VI |pages=331-334}}</ref>

=== Kongu Cholas ===
A line of independent rulers known as "Kongu Cholas", who bore [[Chola dynasty|Chola]] titles, ruled the Kongu country around the 13th century AD. These rulers were probably members of a collateral branch of the Kongu Cheras or descendants of Chola "viceroys" appointed to the Kongu country.<ref name=":24" /><ref name=":1" />

== Coinage ==
Unlike the [[Chera Perumals of Makotai|medieval Chera rulers]] of the west coast ([[Kodungallur|Mahodayapuram]]; Kerala), the Kongu Cheras are known for their distinctive coins.<ref name=":0227">{{Cite book |last=Narayanan |first=M. G. S. |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Perum%C4%81%E1%B8%B7s_of_Kerala/0YDCngEACAAJ?hl=en |title=Perumals of Kerala |publisher=CosmoBooks |year=2013 |location=Thrissur (Kerala) |page= |pages=304-05 and 322 |orig-date=1972}}</ref>

Silver coins bearing the [[Nāgarī script|Nagari]] legend "sri vira keralasya" (11th–12th centuries AD), found in [[British Museum]] and other locations, are generally attributed to the Kongu Cheras.<ref name=":0227" /> Another coin, known as "anai achu" (the elephant mould"), featuring the bow and arrow symbol, is also believed to be a product of the Kongu Cheras.<ref name=":0227" /> The anai achu coin was in circulation in western Tamil Nadu and, to some extent, in Kerala in the 12th–13th centuries AD.<ref name=":0227" />

== Kongu Chera genealogy ==
Several stone and copper inscriptions of the Kongu Cheras, dated by palaeography to the 9th – 11th centuries AD, have been found in places such as Vellalur, [[Namakkal]], [[Pazhani]], Perur, [[Dharmapuram]], [[Erode]], and Tirukkannapuram in Tamil Nadu.<ref name=":02272">{{Cite book |last=Narayanan |first=M. G. S. |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Perum%C4%81%E1%B8%B7s_of_Kerala/0YDCngEACAAJ?hl=en |title=Perumals of Kerala |publisher=CosmoBooks |year=2013 |location=Thrissur (Kerala) |page= |pages=80-81 |orig-date=1972}}</ref> In these inscriptions, they are generally described as members of the "Chandra-Aditya Kula" (the Luni-Solar Race).<ref name=":02272" />
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 90%; font-size: 90%; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
|+Cheras or Keralas<ref name=":02272" />
!Kongu Chera
!
!Notes
|-
|Ravi Kota
|<ref name=":02272" />
|
* Found in an Erode record.<ref name=":14">{{Cite book |last=Ramamurthy |first=A. |url=https://ia600100.us.archive.org/24/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.119817/2015.119817.History-Of-Kongu.pdf |title=History of Kongu: Pre-historic Period to 1300 AD |publisher=ISIAC |year=1986 |isbn= |editor-last=Mahalingam |editor-first=N. |location=Madras |pages=248–49 |chapter=}}</ref>
*Previously identified as a [[Chera dynasty|medieval Chera]] ruler of Kerala.<ref name=":02272" />
*Penultimate ruler (Ravi) mentioned in the Namakkal Copper Plates.<ref name=":14" />
|-
|Kantan
|<ref name=":14" />
|
* Son of Ravi Kota.<ref name=":50">{{Cite book |last=Ramamurthy |first=A. |url=https://ia600100.us.archive.org/24/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.119817/2015.119817.History-Of-Kongu.pdf |title=History of Kongu: Pre-historic Period to 1300 AD |publisher=ISIAC |year=1986 |isbn= |editor-last=Mahalingam |editor-first=N. |location=Madras |pages=270–71 and 262–63 |chapter=}}</ref>
*Father of Kantan Ravi and Kantan Vira Narayana.<ref name=":14" />
*Last ruler (Kantan) mentioned in the Namakkal Copper Plates.<ref name=":14" />
|-
|Kantan Ravi
|'''<ref name=":02272" />'''
|
* Found in a Ponnivadi record.<ref name=":51">{{Cite book |last=Ramamurthy |first=A. |url=https://ia600100.us.archive.org/24/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.119817/2015.119817.History-Of-Kongu.pdf |title=History of Kongu: Pre-historic Period to 1300 AD |publisher=ISIAC |year=1986 |isbn= |editor-last=Mahalingam |editor-first=N. |location=Madras |pages=255–56 |chapter=}}</ref>
*Ravi, son of Kantan<ref name=":14" />
* "Member of the Luni-Solar Race".<ref name=":14" />
|-
|Kantan Vira Narayana
|<ref name=":14" />
|
* Found in a Vellalur record.<ref name=":51" />
*Vira Narayana, son of Kantan<ref name=":14" />
* Member of the Luni-Solar Race.<ref name=":14" />
|-
|Ravi Kantan
|<ref name=":50" />
|
* Son of Kantan Ravi (Kiranur, Pazhani and Perur, Coimbatore).<ref name=":50" />
|-
|"Vira Chola"
|<ref name=":50" />'''<ref name=":02272" />'''
|
* Probably identical with Ravi Kantan, son of Kantan Ravi.<ref name=":50" />
* A subordinate of Chola ruler "Parakesari Varma" (identified with [[Parantaka I]]).<ref name=":14" />
* Names his ancestors - Rama, Mahabahu, Kerala Jagatpati, Manikuttuva, Kota, Ravi and Kantan.<ref name=":14" />
* Donor of Namakkal Copper Plates.<ref name=":14" />
|-
|Vira Kota
|'''<ref name=":02272" />'''
|
|-
|Vira Chola Kalimurkka<ref name=":510">{{Cite book |last=Ramamurthy |first=A. |url=https://ia600100.us.archive.org/24/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.119817/2015.119817.History-Of-Kongu.pdf |title=History of Kongu: Pre-historic Period to 1300 AD |publisher=ISIAC |year=1986 |isbn= |editor-last=Mahalingam |editor-first=N. |location=Madras |pages=279–80 and 340 |chapter=}}</ref>
|
|
* Son of Vira Chola.<ref name=":510" />

|-
|Kalimurkka Vikrama Chola<ref name=":510" />
|
|
* Son of Kalimurkka.<ref name=":510" />
|-
| colspan="3" |'''Under the Chola''' '''Influence'''
|-
|Amara Bhujanga Deva
|<ref name=":02279">{{Cite book |last=Narayanan |first=M. G. S. |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Perum%C4%81%E1%B8%B7s_of_Kerala/0YDCngEACAAJ?hl=en |title=Perumals of Kerala |publisher=CosmoBooks |year=2013 |location=Thrissur (Kerala) |page= |pages=80-81 |orig-date=1972}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |
* Probably identical with the Amara Bhujanga Deva defeated by [[Chola dynasty|Chola]] king [[Rajaraja]] (Tiruvalangadu Grant).<ref name=":02276">{{Cite book |last=Narayanan |first=M. G. S. |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Perum%C4%81%E1%B8%B7s_of_Kerala/0YDCngEACAAJ?hl=en |title=Perumals of Kerala |publisher=CosmoBooks |year=2013 |location=Thrissur (Kerala) |page= |pages=116-117 and 136 |orig-date=1972}}</ref>
*Probably a Pandya prince.<ref name=":02276" />
|-
|Vira Kerala Amara Bhujanga Deva
|<ref name=":02275">{{Cite book |last=Narayanan |first=M. G. S. |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Perum%C4%81%E1%B8%B7s_of_Kerala/0YDCngEACAAJ?hl=en |title=Perumals of Kerala |publisher=CosmoBooks |year=2013 |location=Thrissur (Kerala) |page= |pages=136, 304-05 and 322-23 |orig-date=1972}}</ref>
|-
|[[Vira Kerala]]
|<ref name=":02272" />
|
* Probably identical with the Pandya prince Vira Kerala - one of the so-called "thennavar muvar" (the Three Pandyas).<ref name=":022710">{{Cite book |last=Narayanan |first=M. G. S. |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Perum%C4%81%E1%B8%B7s_of_Kerala/0YDCngEACAAJ?hl=en |title=Perumals of Kerala |publisher=CosmoBooks |year=2013 |location=Thrissur (Kerala) |page= |pages=121-122 |orig-date=1972}}</ref> Defeated by Chola king [[Rajadhiraja]] (trampled to death by a war elephant).<ref name=":022712">{{Cite book |last=Narayanan |first=M. G. S. |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Perum%C4%81%E1%B8%B7s_of_Kerala/0YDCngEACAAJ?hl=en |title=Perumals of Kerala |publisher=CosmoBooks |year=2013 |location=Thrissur (Kerala) |page= |pages=121-122 |orig-date=1972}}</ref>
* Probably identical with the Pandya prince "Minavan" Vira Kerala.<ref name=":022711">{{Cite book |last=Narayanan |first=M. G. S. |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Perum%C4%81%E1%B8%B7s_of_Kerala/0YDCngEACAAJ?hl=en |title=Perumals of Kerala |publisher=CosmoBooks |year=2013 |location=Thrissur (Kerala) |page=140 |pages= |orig-date=1972}}</ref>
*Previously identified as a [[Chera dynasty|medieval Chera ruler of Kerala]].<ref name=":02272" />
|-
|Kerala Kesari Adhirajaraja Deva
|<ref name=":022713">{{Cite book |last=Narayanan |first=M. G. S. |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Perum%C4%81%E1%B8%B7s_of_Kerala/0YDCngEACAAJ?hl=en |title=Perumals of Kerala |publisher=CosmoBooks |year=2013 |location=Thrissur (Kerala) |page= |pages=63 and 80–81 |orig-date=1972}}</ref>
|
|}

=== Chera rulers of Thagadur ===
{{Main|Vitukathazhakiya Perumal|}}

{| class="wikitable" style="width: 90%; font-size: 90%; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"
|-
| Rajaraja [[Athiyamān|Adigaman]] Vagan
| rowspan="2" |<ref name=":03">{{Cite journal |editor-last=Hultzch |editor-first=E. |title=No. 34: Two Inscriptions of Vidugadalagiya Perumal |url=https://archive.org/details/EpigraphiaIndicaVol6/page/n410/mode/1up |journal=Epigraphica Indica |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |volume=VI |pages=331-334}}</ref><ref name=":20">{{Cite journal |last= |first= |date=1890 |editor-last=Hultzsch |editor-first=E. |title=Tirumalai Inscriptions (No. 75 and 76) |url=https://archive.org/details/southindianinscr014359mbp/page/n119/mode/1up |journal=South Indian Inscriptions |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |volume=I |pages=106-07}}</ref>
|
* Dated to 12th century AD<ref name=":03" />
|-
| [[Vitukathazhakiya Perumal]]
|
* Dated to late 12th century AD.<ref name=":03" />
* Subordinate of [[Kulothunga III]].<ref name=":03" />
|}
== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite book |last=Ramamurthy |first=A. |url=https://ia600100.us.archive.org/24/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.119817/2015.119817.History-Of-Kongu.pdf |title=History of Kongu: Pre-historic Period to 1300 AD |publisher=ISIAC |year=1986 |isbn= |editor-last=Mahalingam |editor-first=N. |location=Madras |pages= |chapter=}}

[[Category:Chera dynasty]]
[[Category:Dynasties of India]]
[[Category:Hindu dynasties]]
[[Category:Former monarchies of India]]
[[Category:Karur]]

Sana Amin Sheikh

2026-03-11T06:38:07Z

CynthiaBegg56: typo fix

{{short description|Indian actress and a radio jockey}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Sana Amin.jpg
| caption = Sheikh at the [[Zee Gold Awards|Golden Petal Awards]] in 2016
| name = Sana Amin Sheikh
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| occupation = [[Actress]] [[Radio Jockey]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Aijaz Sheikh|2016|2022|end=divorce}}
| website = 
}}
'''Sana Amin Sheikh''' is an Indian actress and radio jockey, who appears mainly in Hindi television shows and films.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Sana-Amin-Sheikh-lashes-out-at-fans-for-calling-her-a-non-Muslim/articleshow/53571013.cms |title=Sana Amin Sheikh lashes out at fans for calling her a non Muslim |newspaper=The Times of India |last1=Bhandari |first1=Jhanvi |access-date=6 August 2016 |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726010052/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Sana-Amin-Sheikh-lashes-out-at-fans-for-calling-her-a-non-Muslim/articleshow/53571013.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Sana made her acting debut with ''[[Kya Mast Hai Life]]'' playing Ritu Shah. She has appeared in over 30 television serials, and has established herself among the most popular Television stars. Sana has played lead roles in shows including ''[[Jeet Jayenge Hum]]'', ''[[Gustakh Dil]]'', ''Million Dollar Girl'', ''[[Bhootu]] Season 1'', ''[[Krishnadasi (2016 TV series)|Krishnadasi]]'' and ''Perfect Pati'' among others. She played Antagonist/Supporting role in shows like ''[[Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi|Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi 3]]'', ''[[Tere Shehar Mein]]'', ''[[Mann Kee Awaaz Pratigya]]''. Amin made her Bollywood debut with ''[[Singham]]'' as Anjali Bhosle and has also played supporting parts in ''[[Table No. 21]]'', ''[[Island City (2015 film)|Island City]]'' and ''[[Bamfaad]]''.

==Early life==
Sana is from Mumbai. Her great-grandfather, Ashraf Khan, was an actor and a singer in Gujarati theatre, and played the narrator in filmmaker Mehboob Khan's film Roti.

==Personal life==
She was married to television director Aijaz Sheikh from 2016 to 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-09-28 |title=Exclusive! Sana Amin Sheikh's marriage of six years ends; says, 'When two people are not happy living under a roof, it is best to separate' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-sana-amin-sheikhs-marriage-of-six-years-ends-says-when-two-people-are-not-happy-living-under-a-roof-it-is-best-to-separate/articleshow/94475581.cms |access-date=2024-10-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Uniyal |first1=Parmita |title=Why Krishnadasi actress Sana Amin Sheikh didn't take break post her wedding |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/why-krishnadasi-actress-sana-amin-sheikh-didnt-take-break-post-her-wedding-304679-2016-01-20 |website=[[India Today]] |access-date=30 April 2016 |date=20 January 2016 |archive-date=23 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823030321/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/why-krishnadasi-actress-sana-amin-sheikh-didnt-take-break-post-her-wedding/1/574978.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/sana-amin-sheikh-child-actors-lose-their-innocence-after-working-in-tv-shows/story-i9x50z0xnaN2FRTfhjgq5M.html |title=Sana Amin Sheikh: Child actors lose their innocence after working in TV shows |date=3 September 2017 |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=14 September 2017 |language=en |archive-date=12 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312143929/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/sana-amin-sheikh-child-actors-lose-their-innocence-after-working-in-tv-shows/story-i9x50z0xnaN2FRTfhjgq5M.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/acting-comes-naturally-to-me-sana-amin-sheikh/articleshow/60176846.cms |title=Acting comes naturally to me: Sana Amin Sheikh |work=The Times of India |access-date=14 September 2017 |archive-date=10 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110120003/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/acting-comes-naturally-to-me-sana-amin-sheikh/articleshow/60176846.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Career==
Sheikh is working as an RJ in Radio Mirchi 98.3 FM since August 2004. Whilst listening to Mirchi one day in class, she heard an RJ inviting listeners to audition to be a radio jockey. After a successful audition, she was immediately asked to join the station as an RJ. She hosted a show '<nowiki/>''Khoobsurat, Sana ke saath'' and ''TRP – Television Radio Par'' {{citation needed|date=April 2016}}
RJ with Mirchi Love and Ishq FM.

Sheikh began acting as a child artist and played the lead role of young Savi in ''[[Hasratein]]'' on [[Zee TV]] and played the character of Vaishali in the serial Junoon on DD channel in 1995. She emerged again in 2009 and gained fame for playing one of the leads Ritu Shah on the [[Disney Channel India Original Series]], ''[[Kya Mast Hai Life]]''. She then played lead the role of Suman as the lead actress in the television serial ''[[Jeet Jayenge Hum]]'', which was aired on [[Sony Entertainment Television (India)]]. Another drama series she took part in, once again being the lead actress, was Zee television's ''[[Mera Naam Karegi Roshan]]'', as Reet. She has been a part of the famous [[Star Plus]] drama ''[[Mann Kee Awaaz Pratigya]]'', performing the role of Ganga.She was seen playing a negative role in Colors' ''Sasural Simar Ka'' as Naina for a few episodes and then was seen as a lead girl again in life OK's Gustakh Dil.{{citation needed|date=April 2016}} She made her [[Bollywood]] debut in Rohit Shetty's ''[[Singham]]''. She also worked in Channel V's ''[[Million Dollar Girl]]'' as the lead character Avanti Bansal.{{citation needed|date=April 2016}}
She played lead role of Aradhya in Colors TV's popular show ''[[Krishnadasi (2016 TV series)|Krishnadasi]]''. She played the lead as Shuchi Sharma in the serial ''[[Bhootu]]''.

==Filmography==

===Television===
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#b0c4de; text-align:center;"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|1994
|[[Junoon (1994 TV series)|''Junoon'']]
|Vaishali
|
|-
|1995
|''[[Hasratein]]''
|Savi
| Child actress
|-
|2009–2010
|''[[Kya Mast Hai Life]]''
|Ritu Shah
| Parallel Lead
|-
|2009–2010
|''[[Jeet Jayenge Hum]]''
|Suman
| Lead Role
|-
|2010
|''[[Mera Naam Karegi Roshan]]''
|Reet
| Lead Role
|-
|2011
|''[[Mann Kee Awaaz Pratigya]]''
|Ganga
| Supporting Role
|-
|2012–2013
|''[[Sasural Simar Ka]]''
|Naina
| Antagonist
|-
|2013–2014
|''[[Gustakh Dil]]''
|Laajwanti "Lajjo" Bhardwaj
| Lead Role
|-
| rowspan="5" |2015
|''[[Bhanwar (1998 TV series)|Bhanwar]]''
|Reshmi Pande
| Episodic Lead role
|-
|''[[Code Red (Indian TV series)|Code Red Talaash]]''
| Aarohi Patil
| Episodic Lead role
|-
|''Million Dollar Girl''
|Avanti Bansal
|Lead Role
|-
|''[[Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya (TV series)|Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya]]''
|Manali
|Episodic Role
|-
|''[[Tere Shehar Mein]]''
|Kangana and Kanika Gupta
| Dual Role / Antagonist
|-
| rowspan="3" |2016
|''[[Krishnadasi (2016 TV series)|Krishnadasi]]''
|Aradhya
|Lead Role
|-
|''[[Comedy Nights Live]]''
| rowspan="2" |Herself
| rowspan="2" |Guest appearance
|-
|''[[Comedy Nights Bachao]]''
|-
|2017, 2018
|''[[Naamkaran]]''
|Mitali Sharma
| Extended Cameo Role
|-
|2017–2018
|''[[Bhootu]] Season 1''
|Shuchi Sharma
|Lead Role
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018
|''[[Laal Ishq (Indian TV series)|Laal Ishq]]''
|Manjari
|Episodic Lead Role<ref>{{Cite news |last=IANS |date=24 May 2019 |title=Episodic shows more convenient: Sana Amin Sheikh |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/episodic-shows-more-convenient-sana-amin-sheikh-119052401379_1.html |access-date=24 June 2020 |archive-date=23 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023224749/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/episodic-shows-more-convenient-sana-amin-sheikh-119052401379_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 May 2019 |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |title=Krishnadasi star Sana Amin Sheikh feels episodic shows are more convenient |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/krishnadasi-star-sana-amin-sheikh-feels-episodic-shows-are-more-convenient-1534385-2019-05-25 |access-date=24 June 2020 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=14 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014224006/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/krishnadasi-star-sana-amin-sheikh-feels-episodic-shows-are-more-convenient-1534385-2019-05-25 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Kaun Hai?]]''
|Yamini
|Episodic Lead Role
|-
|2019
|''Perfect Pati''
|Vidhita Rajawat / Vidhita Pushkar Rathore
|Lead Role
|-
|2019
|''[[Nazar (TV series)|Nazar]]''
| Bhasmika / Urvashi
| Antagonist{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}}
|-
|2021
|''Crime Alert''
|Madhu
|Lead Role
|-
|2021
|[[Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi|Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi 3]]
|Sanjana Arora
|Antagonist
Negative Role
|-
| 2024–2025
| ''United State Of Gujarat''
| Sanskriti "Kay"
| Lead Role
|-
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
|2023
|''[[Scam 2003]]''
|Nafisa Telgi
|[[SonyLIV]] series
|}

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!Ref(s)
|-
|2011
|''[[Singham]]''
|Anjali Bhosle
|Film debut
|
|-
|2013
|''[[Table No. 21]]''
|Neeti
|
|
|-
|2015
|''[[Island City (2015 film)|Island City]]''
|Vaidehi
|
|
|-
|2020
|''[[Bamfaad]]''
|Walia
|[[ZEE5]] film
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 April 2020 |title=Exclusive: Bamfaad Actress Sana Sheikh Says She Can Totally Relate With Walia's Simplicity |url=https://andtv.zee5.com/exclusive-bamfaad-actress-sana-sheikh-says-she-can-totally-relate-with-walias-simplicity/ |access-date=24 June 2020 |website=&TV |language=en |archive-date=27 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627002520/https://andtv.zee5.com/exclusive-bamfaad-actress-sana-sheikh-says-she-can-totally-relate-with-walias-simplicity/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|2021
|''[[Main Mulayam Singh Yadav]]''
|Malti Mulayam Singh Yadav
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=6 April 2020 |title=Main Mulayam Singh Yadav movie teaser out now : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/main-mulayam-singh-yadav-movie-teaser-now/ |access-date=9 June 2020 |language=en |archive-date=20 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200420133221/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/main-mulayam-singh-yadav-movie-teaser-now/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|Bollywood}}
*[[List of Indian film actresses]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*{{IMDb name|1656019|Sana Sheikh}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20101130042120/http://radiomirchi.com/mumbai/rj/sana/42 RJ Sana] at [[Radio Mirchi]]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sheikh, Sana Amin}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian women radio presenters]]
[[Category:Indian radio presenters]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

RBL Bank

2026-03-06T16:56:59Z

CynthiaBegg56: Expanded content with additional details

{{Short description|Indian bank}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox company
| name = RBL Bank
| logo = RBL Bank SVG Logo.svg
| logo_size = 250px
| image = RBL Bank.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| image_caption = An RBL Bank branch in [[Pune, Maharashtra]]
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{BSE|540065}} {{NSE|RBLBANK}}
| industry = Banking, Financial Services
| founded = {{Start date and age|1943|08|df=yes}}
| products = [[Retail banking|Consumer banking]], [[Commercial bank|corporate banking]] [[Financial services|finance and Insurance]], [[credit cards]]
| revenue = {{up}} {{INR convert|17845|c}} (2025) <ref>{{cite web
| url = https://www.financialexpress.com/business/banking-finance-rbl-bank-q4-profit-tanks-81pc-to-rs-69-cr-as-provisions-spike-3822518
| title = RBL Bank Q4 Results: Profit tanks 81 percent to Rs 69 crore as provisions spike
| date = 25 April 2025
| website = financialexpress.com
| publisher = Financial Express
| access-date = 25 April 2025}}</ref>
| operating_income = {{up}} {{INR convert|3627|c}} (2025) <ref>{{cite web
| url = https://www.livemint.com/market/stock-market-news/rbl-bank-q4-results-net-profit-drops-80-5-yoy-to-rs-68-7-crore-nii-down-2-3-at-rs-1563-crore-11745577729307.html
| title = RBL Bank Q4 Results: Net profit drops 80.5% YoY to ₹69 crore; NII down 2.3% at ₹1563 crore
| date = 25 April 2025
| website = livemint.com
| publisher = Live Mint
| access-date = 25 April 2025}}</ref>
| net_income = {{up}} {{INR convert|10269|c}} (2025) <ref>{{cite web
| url = https://www.livemint.com/market/stock-market-news/rbl-bank-q4-results-net-profit-drops-80-5-yoy-to-rs-68-7-crore-nii-down-2-3-at-rs-1563-crore-11745577729307.html
| title = RBL Bank Q4 Results: Net profit drops 80.5% YoY to ₹69 crore; NII down 2.3% at ₹1563 crore
| date = 25 April 2025
| website = livemint.com
| publisher = Live Mint
| access-date = 25 April 2025}}</ref>
| assets = {{up}} {{INR convert|146725.48|c}} (2025) <ref>{{cite web
| url = https://www.moneycontrol.com/financials/rblbank/balance-sheetVI/rb03
| title = RBL Bank Ltd. Balance Sheet March 2025
| website = moneycontrol.com
| publisher = Money Control}}</ref>
| equity =
| num_employees = 14,265 (2025)
| ratio =
| location = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| key_people = [[R Subramaniakumar]] ([[Managing director|MD]] & [[Chief executive officer|CEO]])
| homepage = {{URL|https://www.rbl.bank.in/}}
}}

'''RBL Bank''', formerly known as '''Ratnakar Bank Limited''', is an [[Private sector banks in India|Indian private sector bank]] founded in 1943 and headquartered in [[Mumbai]].<ref name="rblbank.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rblbank.com/about-us|title=About Us|website=www.rblbank.com|accessdate=24 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506134700/https://www.rblbank.com/about-us|archive-date=6 May 2022|url-status=dead}}</ref> It offers services across five verticals: corporate banking, commercial banking, branch banking and retail liabilities, retail assets, and treasury and financial markets operations.<ref name="rblbank.com"/><ref>{{cite web|title=RBL Bank toIPO|url=http://www.bankingservices/news/banking/2023/01/01/pe-backed-rbl-bank-files-exit|publisher=Banking Services|access-date=1 Jan 2023|date=1 Jan 2023}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

== History ==
On 6 August 1943, Ratnakar Bank was founded as a regional bank in [[Maharashtra]] with two branches in [[Kolhapur]] and [[Sangli]] by Babgonda Bhujgonda Patil from Sangli and Gangappa Siddappa Chougule from Kolhapur. It mainly served [[Small and medium-sized enterprises|small and medium enterprises]] (SMEs) and business merchants in the Kolhapur-Sangli belt. The bank was incorporated in [[Kolhapur district]] on 14 June 1943 as Ratnakar Bank Limited.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/6129247.cms|title=Ratnakar Bank gets new-look board|last=M|first=Sabarinath|date=2010-07-05|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2019-09-21}}</ref><ref name="ET History">{{Cite news |url= https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/rbl-bank-ltd/infocompanyhistory/companyid-7750.cms|title= Company History - RBL Bank Ltd.|access-date= February 15, 2019|website=economictimes.indiatimes.com |publisher=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> In 1959, the bank was categorized as a [[Scheduled Banks (India)|scheduled commercial bank]] as per the [[Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934]]. During this decade, it was referred to as an NH4 Bank. In 1970, it received a banking license from the [[Reserve Bank of India]] (RBI).<ref>{{Cite news |url= https://www.business-standard.com/article/finance/ratnakar-bank-from-nh4-to-nh8-112112300028_1.html|title= Ratnakar Bank: From NH4 to NH8|first= Somasroy|last= Chakraborty|date= January 20, 2013|access-date= February 15, 2019|website=business-standard.com |publisher=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref>

In July 2010, Vishwavir Ahuja became managing director and [[Chief executive officer]] of the bank.{{cn|date=October 2025}}

In 2013, Ratnakar Bank acquired [[Royal Bank of Scotland]]'s business banking, mortgage, and credit cards business divisions in India.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ratnakar Bank to buy 3 business units of RBS |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/ratnakar-bank-to-buy-3-business-units-of-rbs/article64211841.ece |access-date=25 October 2025 |work=BusinessLine |date=9 August 2013 |language=en}}</ref>

In August 2014, the name of the bank was changed to RBL Bank Limited.<ref name="ET History"/>

On 12 June 2022, [[R Subramaniakumar]] was appointed as the Managing Director and CEO of the bank.<ref>{{cite web |title=Who is R Subramaniakumar, the new MD & CEO of RBL Bank? |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/banks/who-is-r-subramaniakumar-the-new-md-ceo-of-rbl-bank-8673511.html |website=Moneycontrol}}</ref> RBL Bank announced integration of [[Unified Payments Interface|UPI]] and [[National Common Mobility Card]] capabilities with [[RuPay]] credit cards on 1 August 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Ayush |date=1 August 2024 |title=RBL Bank launches RuPay credit cards with UPI and NCMC functionalities |url=https://www.business-standard.com/finance/personal-finance/rbl-bank-launches-rupay-credit-cards-with-upi-and-ncmc-functionalities-124080100990_1.html |access-date=4 August 2024 |website=Business Standard}}</ref>

On 18 October 2025, [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]]-based bank [[Emirates NBD]] announced that it will acquire a 60% stake in RBL Bank for {{currency|26850|INR}} crore ({{USD|3.05}} billion) through a preferential issue of shares.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/sustainability/boards-policy-regulation/dubais-emirates-nbd-buy-60-stake-indias-rbl-bank-3-billion-2025-10-18/]</ref>

==Operations==
As of March 2025, it had a network of 562 branches<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=RBL Annual Report FY 2024-25, Page 77 |url=https://nsearchives.nseindia.com/annual_reports/AR_27955_RBLBANK_2024_2025_A_14300733_30082025161607.pdf |website=NSE India}}</ref> and 412<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-07-18 |title=RBL Bank Q1 Results On July 19 — Check Key Details Here |url=https://www.ndtvprofit.com/quarterly-earnings/rbl-bank-q1-results-on-july-19-check-key-details-here |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=NDTV Profit |language=en}}</ref> [[Automatic teller machine|ATMs]] across 28 states and union territories. It has 14,265 employees.<ref name=":0" /> The bank also has a network of 1,272 business correspondent branches, of which 952 are managed by RBL Finserve Limited, a wholly owned subsidiary of the bank.<ref name="ET">{{cite web |date=27 April 2024 |title=RBL Bank Q4 results: Standalone PAT jumps 30% YoY to Rs 353 crore |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/earnings/rbl-bank-q4-results-standalone-pat-jumps-30-yoy-to-rs-353-crore/articleshow/109643607.cms |website=The Economic Times}}</ref>

In 2016, the bank ran a financial literacy programme called Saksham in collaboration with the [[CDC Group|CDC]] to provide education to 25,000 individuals and 300 villages in four districts of Madhya Pradesh.<ref>{{cite web |title=RBL Saksham in Madhya Pradesh |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/?mode=details&id=43022 |access-date=11 April 2016 |publisher=Telegraph India}}</ref> Another Saksham programme was run in Ahmedabad in 2013.<ref>{{cite news |date=5 December 2013 |title=Saksham in Ahmedabad |newspaper=Times Of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Ratnakar-Bank-launches-financial-literacy-programme-in-Ahmedabad/articleshow/26916420.cms |access-date=11 April 2016}}</ref>

In 2018, RBL Bank partnered with MoneyTap to launch India's first personal credit line-based app.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhakta |first=Pratik |date=2017-05-23 |title=Moneytap, RBL Bank to offer line-of-credit to small units |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/moneytap-rbl-bank-to-offer-line-of-credit-to-small-units/articleshow/58801319.cms |access-date=2018-11-07}}</ref> In June of the same year, the company announced that it had raised its stake in microlender Swadhaar FinServe to 100 per cent.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2018 |title=RBL Bank buys 100% stake in Swadhaar FinServe |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/rbl-bank-buys-100-stake-in-swadhaar-finserve/article24281525.ece}}</ref>

===Funding===
The bank has raised Rs. 8,600 crore of equity capital and Rs. 1500 crore of Basel III-compliant Tier II debt from 2010 to date.{{when|date=December 2024}} The bank counts Barings Private Equity Asia, British International Investment (formerly CDC Group), Multiples Alternate Asset Management, the Asian Development Bank, HDFC Ltd., ICICI Prudential Life Insurance, and Gaja Capital, among others, as its shareholders.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2017 |title=RBL Bank to raise $260 mn from Multiples PE, CDC and others |url=https://www.vccircle.com/rbl-bank-to-raise-260-mn-from-multiples-pe-cdc-and-others}}</ref>

Throughout the 2010s, RBL Bank reportedly raised a total of INR 4,000 crore from investors. It raised INR 700 crore in 2011, INR 376 crore in 2013, INR 328 crore in 2014 and INR 488 crore in 2016.<ref>{{cite news |date=10 April 2014 |title=RBL raises capital |newspaper=Business Standard India |publisher=Business Standard |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/finance/rbl-bank-raises-rs-328-cr-from-global-investors-114041000524_1.html |access-date=20 Sep 2017}}</ref> In July 2017, RBL Bank received board approval to raise an additional INR 1680 crore.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hetavkar |first1=Nikhat |date=8 July 2017 |title=RBL Board Approval to raise 1680 Crore |newspaper=Business Standard India |publisher=Business Standard |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/rbl-bank-to-raise-rs-1-680-cr-from-institutional-investors-117070800046_1.html |access-date=20 Sep 2017}}</ref>

In December 2019, the company announced that it had raised INR 675 crore through a preferential issue. Investors such as East Bridge Capital Master Fund and WF Asian Reconnaissance Fund participated.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Saxena |first1=Ridhima |date=31 December 2019 |title=RBL Bank raises ₹675 crore via preferential issue |work=mint |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/rbl-bank-raises-rs-675-crore-via-preferential-issue-11577791247092.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=30 November 2019 |title=RBL Bank to raise Rs 825.79 crore through private placement of shares |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/rbl-bank-to-raise-rs-825-79-crore-through-private-placement-of-shares-4688741.html |access-date=1 December 2019 |publisher=Money Control}}</ref>

In August 2020, the company announced that it had raised INR 1,566 crore through a preferential issue. It was led by [[Baring Private Equity Asia]], while other investors included ICICI Prudential Life, CDC Group and local private equity company Gaja Capital.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rebello |first1=Joel |title=Investors led by Baring PE put Rs 1566 crore into RBL Bank |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/investors-led-by-baring-pe-put-rs-1566-crore-into-rbl-bank/articleshow/77656774.cms}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Dhanjal |first1=Swaraj Singh |date=21 August 2020 |title=Baring PE, others to invest ₹1,566 crore in RBL Bank |language=en |work=Livemint |url=https://www.livemint.com/market/stock-market-news/baring-pe-others-to-invest-1-566-crore-in-rbl-bank-11597971135171.html}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Banks}}
* [[Banking in India]]
* [[List of banks in India]]
* [[List of companies of India]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{official website|http://www.rblbank.com/}}

{{Banking in India}}
{{Nifty 200 companies}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:RBL bank}}
[[Category:Private sector banks in India]]
[[Category:Banks based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Financial services companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Banks established in 1943]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1943]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]

Savita Kanswal

2026-03-06T15:56:03Z

CynthiaBegg56: added new stub

{{Short description|Indian mountaineer}}
{{Orphan|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox climber
| name = Savita Kanswal
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| full_name = Savita Kanswal
| birth_name =
| nickname =
| main_discipline =
| other_discipline =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Uttarakhand]], India
| death_date = October 4, 2022
| death_place = [[Draupadi Ka Danda]], [[Uttarkashi district]]
| nationality = {{IND}}
| majorascents = [[Mount Everest]], [[Makalu]]
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| parents =
| relatives =
}}
'''Savita Kanswal''' was an Indian mountaineer hailing from [[Uttarakhand]]. She is the first Indian woman to conquer both [[Mount Everest]] and [[Makalu]] within 16 days.<ref name=guardian>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Simran |title=Savita Kanswal became the first Indian woman to summit Everest in 16 days |url=https://thedailyguardian.com/123782-2/ |publisher=The Daily Guardian |date=July 25, 2022}}</ref> She died in an avalanche accident on October 4, 2022. In January 2024, she posthumously received the [[Tenzing Norgay National Adventure Award]], the highest honor in [[adventure sports]] in India.<ref name=freepress>{{cite news |last1=M. |first1=Rahul |title=Family Gets Emotional As Savita Kanswal Conferred Tenzing Norgay National Adventure Award Posthumously |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/heartwarming-moment-of-the-day-family-gets-emotional-as-savita-kanswal-conferred-tenzing-norgay-national-adventure-award-posthumously-video |publisher=[[The Free Press Journal]] |date=January 9, 2024}}</ref> Kanswal was posthumously awarded Gold Medal Award by [[Indian Mountaineering Foundation]] in December 2024.

== Early life ==
Savita Kanswal was born into a lower-middle-class farming family in the remote Lonthru village of [[Uttarkashi]]. She was the youngest of four sisters. In 2013, she completed basic and advanced mountaineering courses at the [[Nehru Institute of Mountaineering]] (NIM), [[Uttarkashi]].<ref name=jagran>{{cite news |title=एवरेस्ट फतह कर रचा था इतिहास, हादसे में गई थी जान; आज भी प्रेरणा देती है इनकी कहानी |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttarakhand/uttarkashi-savita-kanswal-will-remain-an-inspiration-for-daughters-of-uttarakhand-and-country-23546919.html |publisher=[[Jagran]] |date=October 4, 2022 |language=Hindi}}</ref>

== Career ==
Kanswal set a national record in May 2022 by raising the [[Flag of India]] on [[Mount Everest]], the world's highest peak. She climbed [[Mount Everest]] (8848 m) on May 12, 2022, achieving this milestone on the 16th day. On May 28, 2022, she climbed [[Makalu]] (8485 m), the world's fifth-highest peak.<ref name=guardian/><ref>{{cite news |title=Mountaineer Savita Kanswal clocks national record for scaling Mount Everest, completes 10 expeditions |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/mountaineer-savita-kanswal-clocks-national-record-for-scaling-mount-everest-completes-10-expeditions/articleshow/92027218.cms?from=mdr |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=June 6, 2022}}</ref>

Under the pre-Everest campaign, Savita successfully climbed five peaks across India, including [[Trisul]]. She served as an instructor for the [[Nehru Institute of Mountaineering]]'s Advanced Mountaineering Course (NIM) at [[Draupadi Ka Danda]] Peak.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Negi |first1=Sunil |title=हौसलों ने भरी उड़ान तो छोटा पड़ गया आसमान, उत्‍तराखंड की सविता कंसवाल ने विपरीत परिस्थितियों से लड़कर बनाया रास्ता |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttarakhand/dehradun-city-savita-kanswal-of-uttarakhand-made-her-way-through-fighting-adversity-20893154.html |publisher=[[Jagran]] |date=October 17, 2020 |language=Hindi}}</ref>

== Death ==
Savita died on October 4, 2022, in an avalanche at Mount [[Draupadi Ka Danda]]-2 peak in Uttarakhand's [[Uttarkashi district]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Savita Kanswal, Record-Setting Mountaineer Who Scaled Everest, Dies in Avalanche |url=https://www.thequint.com/gender/savita-kanswal-death-first-indian-woman-mount-everest-mount-makalu-passes-away-avalanche-uttarkashi#read-more |publisher=[[The Quint]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mishra |first1=Ishita |title=Record-setter mountaineer Savita Kanswal among those killed |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/uttarakhand-avalanche-record-setter-mountaineer-savita-kanswal-among-those-killed/article65971601.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=October 5, 2022}}</ref> Following tradition, she was given a 'jal samadhi' (water burial), a practice observed in Uttarakhand for unmarried women with no brothers.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kotnala |first1=Abhyudaya |title=Last rites of Savita Kanswal, Naumi Rawat concluded |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/uttarakhand-avalanche-tragedy-last-rites-of-savita-kanswal-naumi-rawat-concluded/articleshow/94732905.cms |publisher=[[Times of India]] |date=October 9, 2022}}</ref>

The Chief Minister of Uttarakhand, [[Pushkar Singh Dhami]] has announced the renaming of Maneri Inter College after Savita.<ref name=jagran/> She was posthumously honored with the 2022 [[Tenzing Norgay National Adventure Award]] by the [[Government of India]].<ref name=freepress/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kanswal, Savita}}
[[Category:Indian female mountain climbers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Indian summiteers of Mount Everest]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Tenzing Norgay National Adventure Award]]
[[Category:Deaths in avalanches]]
[[Category:Mountaineering deaths in India]]

Nannbenda

2026-03-03T03:33:51Z

CynthiaBegg56: adding new pg

{{Short description|2015 Indian film by Jagadish}}
{{distinguish|Nanben Da (TV series)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Nannbenda poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Jagadish
| writer = Jagadish
| producer = [[Udhayanidhi Stalin]]
| starring = {{plainlist|
* Udhayanidhi Stalin
* [[Nayanthara]]
* [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]]
* [[Sherin Shringar]]
}}
| cinematography = [[Balasubramaniem]]
| editing = [[Vivek Harshan]]
| music = [[Harris Jayaraj]]
| studio = [[Red Giant Movies]]
| distributor = Red Giant Movies
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2015|04|02}}
| runtime = 151 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Nannbenda''''' ({{translation|You are truly my friend}}) is a 2015 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film written and directed by Jagadish. The film, produced by [[Udhayanidhi Stalin]], stars himself, [[Nayanthara]], [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] and [[Sherin Shringar]]. The music was composed by [[Harris Jayaraj]] with cinematography by [[Balasubramaniem]] and edited by [[Vivek Harshan]]. The film was released on 2 April 2015.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=552065615150604288 |user=Udhaystalin |title=#Nannbenda releasing worldwide on April 2nd! |author=Udhay - தமிழ்நாட்டை தலைகுனிய விடமாட்டேன் |author-link=Udhayanidhi Stalin |access-date=18 January 2026 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/349OO |archive-date=18 January 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref> The title of this film is derived from a dialogue uttered by Santhanam in ''[[Boss Engira Bhaskaran]]'' (2010).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 November 2014 |title=South follows Bollywood: Popular dialogues, songs inspire film titles |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/regional/south-follows-bollywood-popular-dialogues-songs-inspire-film-titles/article1-1281682.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112182610/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/regional/south-follows-bollywood-popular-dialogues-songs-inspire-film-titles/article1-1281682.aspx |archive-date=12 November 2014 |access-date=18 January 2026 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Sathya is an unemployed youth from [[Thanjavur]] who goes to [[Tiruchirappalli|Trichy]] every month to meet his old childhood friend Sivakozhundhu, who is a hotel manager, and spend his day with the latter's salary. One such time, he meets Ramya, a bank manager, and falls in love with her. He believes that if he sees a girl three times a day casually, she will be his lucky lady. Sathya meets Ramya twice and goes all over Trichy with Sivakozhundhu in search of her. He decides to stay there that night. Just before 12:00, he sees Ramya celebrating her birthday in the hostel opposite to Sivakozhundhu's room. The next day, he proposes to her in her bank.

Meanwhile, Sivakozhundhu decides to send Sathya off by all means. However, Sathya is in turn appointed as Sivakozhundhu's assistant in a 2.5 star hotel, where Sivakozhundhu worked as a manager earlier. To improve their hotel's condition, he asks for a loan from Ramya's bank. Ramya refused to give them loan instead she gives an idea to Sathya that he can call actress and celebrity [[Tamannaah]] to the hotel.The hotel is developed. One day, Sathya and Ramya are chased by thugs, who are the henchmen of a lady whom Ramya chucked out of the hostel as she had stolen other people's valuables. Sathya saves Ramya from the thugs. The next day, Ramya tells him that she had once committed a murder and has gone to prison for the offence. This frightens Sathya, but Ramya says that once in Chennai, she was chased by a dog, whose owner is her former boss. She kicks the dog and it dies, but [[Blue Cross of India|Blue Cross]] members see this and take Ramya to court, where she is imprisoned for 10 days and fined Rs.5000 for killing the dog. Sathya laughs at this. Ramya is hurt and asks him to get out of the station or else she would go out of town. That night, Sathya and Sivakozhundhu decide to commit a crime and go to prison so that they could understand the pain of being in prison. They get heavily drunk and beat up "Scorpio" Shankar, a local don.

The next day, Shankar confronts them, while they were going to the bus stand to send Sathya to Thanjavur. He says that Ramya had seized his beloved Scorpio car, as he had not paid his instalments to the bank, so he had planned to assassinate Ramya that night. Shankar thinks that Sathya and Sivakozhundhu had known his plans, knowingly hit him, and sent him in a lorry. Shankar chases the two to a local park. When he comes to kill them, Sathya and Sivakozhundhu punch him, and he falls upside down. When they rotate him, they are shocked to see a knife in his heart and that he had died. The public witnesses this and complains to the police that Sathya and Sivakozhundhu had killed Shankar.

The inspector in-charge of this case is Sathya's and Sivakozhundhu's old childhood friend Thangadurai, who unfortunately does not help them. He wants to seek revenge against them as they had humiliated him when the three of them were in school. He comes to them in prison and informs them that he had found the real murderer but will not say it to the judge, until they sentence the two of them to life imprisonment or death. That night, Sathya and Sivakozhundhu escape prison so that they could murder Thangadurai for doing this to them. On their way, Sathya goes to Ramya's hostel to meet her for one last time. Ramya says that she had used the surveillance camera in the park and given it to Thangadurai, who found out that "Baby" Kumar, Shankar's enemy, had thrown the knife from a distance when he was falling down. Thangadurai thanked Ramya and had said that whatever it might be, but Sathya and Sivakozhundhu are his friends and he would release them as soon as possible. However, Thangadurai had mockingly cheated the two so that they would be restless that whole night.

Afraid of what would happen if they are not in prison that morning, Sathya and Sivakozhundhu search the outlet from where they had escaped, but they could not find it. After losing hopes, they find two other prisoners escaping from that route. Instead of going inside the tunnel that they had come from, the two chase the other two prisoners and hand them over to the police, excusing themselves, saying that they had gone through the tunnel only to catch those two prisoners. They are then successfully released from prison the next morning, and Kumar is arrested for murdering Shankar.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Udhayanidhi Stalin]] as Sathya
* [[Nayanthara]] as Ramya ([[Voice-over|Voice dubbed]] by [[Savitha Reddy]])
* [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] as Sivakolundhu
* [[Sherin Shringar]] as Preethi ([[Voice-over|Voice dubbed]] by [[M. M. Manasi]])
* [[Karunakaran (actor)|Karunakaran]] as Thangadurai
* [[Rajendran]] as "Scorpio" Shankar
* Rajasimman as "Baby" Kumar
* [[Sayaji Shinde]] as Govindan, Sathya's father
* [[Sriranjani (Tamil actress)|Sriranjani]] as Lakshmi, Sathya's mother
* [[Manobala]] as Senthamarai
* [[Chitra Lakshmanan]] as Hotel Manager
* [[Pattimandram Raja]] as Preethi's father
* [[Vinodhini Vaidyanathan]] as Ramya's colleague
* [[Suzane George]] as Ramya's hostel mate
* [[Pooja Ramachandran]] as Jenny
* [[Lollu Sabha Manohar]] as Siruvan
* [[Kadhal Dhandapani]]
* Vazhakku En Muthuraman as Inspector Kumaravel
* [[Supergood Subramani]] as Constable Subramani
* Nagalakshmi as Item
* [[Cool Suresh]] as Sivakolundhu's friend
* [[Tamannaah Bhatia]] as herself (Cameo)
* Kanakarajsamy<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Pradeep |date=1 June 2019 |title=Say hello to Mr. Double-decker Narayanan! |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/say-hello-to-mr-double-decker-narayanan/article27399458.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225190932/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/say-hello-to-mr-double-decker-narayanan/article27399458.ece |archive-date=25 February 2021 |access-date=4 May 2022 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
}}

== Production ==
In July 2013, [[Udhayanidhi Stalin]] revealed that he would produce and appear in a venture titled ''Nannbenda'' alongside [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] and that the project would be directed by Jagadish, an assistant to director [[M. Rajesh]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Karthik |first=Janani |date=5 July 2013 |title=Udhayanidhi teams up with Santhanam again |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Udhayanidhi-teams-up-with-Santhanam-again/articleshow/20911595.cms?referral=PM |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150303231904/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Udhayanidhi-teams-up-with-Santhanam-again/articleshow/20911595.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=3 March 2015 |access-date=4 April 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 July 2013 |title=Udhayanidhi & Santa are back! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/udhayanidhi-santa-are-back-news-tamil-nhgk6jafghb.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708062545/http://www.sify.com/movies/udhayanidhi-santa-are-back-news-tamil-nhgk6jafghb.html |archive-date=8 July 2013 |access-date=4 April 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> [[Kajal Aggarwal]] signed on as the lead actress.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 September 2014 |title=Nothing personal against Kajal: Udhayanidhi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/nothing-personal-against-kajal-udhayanidhi/articleshow/42184855.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911092145/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Nothing-personal-against-Kajal-Udhayanidhi/articleshow/42184855.cms |archive-date=11 September 2014 |access-date=18 January 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

The first look of the film was released in January 2014, with confirmation that the cinematography would be handled by [[Balasubramaniem]] and music composed by [[Harris Jayaraj]], both collaborating with Udhayanidhi for his third successive venture as an actor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 January 2014 |title=Udhayanidhi releases Nanbenda logo |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Udhayanidhi-releases-Nanbenda-logo/articleshow/28375019.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108073515/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2014-01-04/news-interviews/45859338_1_udhayanidhi-stalin-santhanam-logo |archive-date=8 January 2014 |access-date=4 April 2015 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Later that month, it was announced that [[Nayanthara]] had replaced Aggarwal and would collaborate with Udhayanidhi for the second time after ''[[Idhu Kathirvelan Kadhal]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 January 2014 |title=Nayanthara replaces Kajal in Nanbenda |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Nayanthara-replaces-Kajal-in-Nanbenda/articleshow/29253919.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125070308/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Nayanthara-replaces-Kajal-in-Nanbenda/articleshow/29253919.cms |archive-date=25 January 2014 |access-date=4 April 2015 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Tamannaah Bhatia]] agreed to appear in a [[cameo role]] as herself and shot for an entire day for the film in Chennai in April 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |last=K.R |first=Manigandan |date=4 May 2014 |title=Tamannaah does a cameo in Udhay's film |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Tamannaah-does-a-cameo-in-Udhays-film/articleshow/34591461.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712002651/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Tamannaah-does-a-cameo-in-Udhays-film/articleshow/34591461.cms |archive-date=12 July 2015 |access-date=4 April 2015 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Sherin]] returned to Tamil cinema with this film after nearly four years.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karthik |first=Janani |date=13 June 2014 |title=Shirin in Udhay's film |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Shirin-in-Udhays-film/articleshow/36444449.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201221161242/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Shirin-in-Udhays-film/articleshow/36444449.cms |archive-date=21 December 2020 |access-date=4 April 2014 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The film's soundtrack album and background score was composed by [[Harris Jayaraj]]. The soundtrack album consists of six tracks. Harris is collaborating with Udhayanidhi for the third time in this project. The music rights were purchased by [[Sony Music India]]. A video teaser of the "Nee Sunno New Moono" song was released by Udhayanidhi on his [[YouTube]] production page on 21 December 2014.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=546711653811617792 |user=Udhaystalin |title=#Nannbenda #nee sunno new moono teaser |author=Udhay - தமிழ்நாட்டை தலைகுனிய விடமாட்டேன் |author-link=Udhayanidhi Stalin |access-date=25 January 2026 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/VCFP1 |archive-date=25 January 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref> The album was released on 23 December 2014.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 December 2014 |title=Nanbenda audio on December 23 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/nanbenda-audio-on-december-23/articleshow/45469881.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20260125100136/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/nanbenda-audio-on-december-23/articleshow/45469881.cms |archive-date=25 January 2026 |access-date=25 January 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| length1 = 5:50
| title1 = Enai Marubadi Marubadi
| extra1 = [[Vijay Prakash]], [[Megha (singer)|Megha]]
| lyrics1 = [[Madhan Karky]]
| length2 = 4:56
| title2 = Oorellaam Unnai Kandu
| extra2 = [[P. Unnikrishnan]], [[Bombay Jayashri]]
| lyrics2 = [[Vairamuthu]]
| length3 = 4:43
| title3 = Nee Sunno New Moono
| extra3 = Richard, [[Andrea Jeremiah]], [[Mili Nair]]
| lyrics3 = [[Pa. Vijay]]
| length4 = 2:57
| title4 = Neeraambal Poovae
| extra4 = [[Arjun Menon]], MC Vickey
| lyrics4 = [[Thamarai]]
| length5 = 4:18
| title5 = Dappankuthu Mettula
| extra5 = [[Gana Bala]], [[Ujjayinee Roy]]
| lyrics5 = Vijaya Sagar
| length6 = 3:40
| title6 = Thaene Thaene Sendhaene
| extra6 = [[Haricharan]], Pravin Saivi
| lyrics6 = [[Na. Muthukumar]]
| total_length = 26:24
}}

== Critical response ==
A critic of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 3 out of 5 and wrote"... it exploits formula to the hilt and like a well-oiled machine, does what it set out to be".<ref name="TOICast">{{Cite news |date=2 April 2015 |title=Nannbenda Movie Review |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/nannbenda/movie-review/46787362.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428211219/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/nannbenda/movie-review/46787362.cms |archive-date=28 April 2015 |access-date=25 January 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Gautaman Bhaskaran of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' rated 1 out of 5 and wrote "Honestly, Nannbenda is a 151-minute of sheer boredom, liberally peppered with juvenile jokes and intolerably silly situations".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhaskaran |first=Gautaman |date=3 April 2015 |title=Nannbenda review: Puerile plot and jaded jokes ruin the show |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/nannbenda-review-puerile-plot-and-jaded-jokes-ruin-the-show/article1-1333443.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403090040/http://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/nannbenda-review-puerile-plot-and-jaded-jokes-ruin-the-show/article1-1333443.aspx |archive-date=3 April 2015 |access-date=3 April 2015 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> Sudhir Srinivasan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "Nanbenda: A comedy that isn’t funny".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sudhir Srinivasan |date=2 April 2015 |title=A comedy that isn't funny |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/nanbenda-a-comedy-that-isnt-funny/article7061695.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912070501/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/nanbenda-a-comedy-that-isnt-funny/article7061695.ece |archive-date=12 September 2017 |access-date=3 April 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Anupama Subramanian of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' rated the film 2 stars and wrote that "the film falls prey to a weak script".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramaniam |first=Anupama |date=4 April 2015 |title=A love story that fails to strike a chord |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150404/entertainment-kollywood/article/movie-review-%E2%80%98nanbenda%E2%80%99-love-story-fails-strike-chord |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407200729/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/150404/entertainment-kollywood/article/movie-review-%E2%80%98nanbenda%E2%80%99-love-story-fails-strike-chord |archive-date=7 April 2015 |access-date=9 April 2015 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' criticised the script, saying it "is painfully predictable and you will find yourself chuckling and cringing alternately while watching the film".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 April 2015 |title=Nanbenda |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/nanbenda-review-tamil-pecsvChjehjbh.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727084909/http://www.sify.com/movies/nanbenda-review-tamil-pecsvChjehjbh.html |archive-date=27 July 2018 |access-date=9 April 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}
== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:2015 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2015 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:2015 Indian films]]
[[Category:2015 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films about animal cruelty]]
[[Category:Films produced by Udhayanidhi Stalin]]
[[Category:Films scored by Harris Jayaraj]]
[[Category:Films set in Tiruchirappalli]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic comedy films]]

Jhond

2026-02-23T17:45:30Z

CynthiaBegg56: put up a data

{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=December 2024}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2011}}
}}

{{Infobox person
|name = Jhonds/Jhonda
|image = The Jhonds.jpg
|caption = Jhond Folk musicians
|website = }}

The '''Jhonds''' or Jhonda are aboriginal inhabitants of south eastern [[Orissa, India|Orissa]] and Northern [[Andhra Pradesh]]. They are often referred to as adivasis. The Jhond language is [[Kui language (India)|Kui]] which is classified as a south central [[Dravidian language]]. The Jhonds comprise a minority population of the districts of [[Srikakulam]] and [[Vzianagaram]] in Andhra Pradesh.

==History==
The [[adivasi]] is a broad term for a heterogeneous set of ethnic and tribal groups claimed to be the aboriginal population of India. The concept of the “original inhabitants” of India is a matter of contentious research. The Jhonds are thought of be mixtures of Austro-Asiatic Austroloid and Indo-Aryan even though the language they speak belongs to the South Central branch of the Dravidian Language.

==Art and culture==
The Jhonds are originally hunter gatherers who have now extensively adopted farming and raising animals although some still practice foraging. The Jhonds tend to have relatively non-hierarchical, egalitarian social structures. Mutual exchange and sharing of resources were important economic systems and this is codified in their folktales, songs and visual art. Jhond crafts consist of basket weaving and jewellery made out of shells. The women tend to decorate themselves with tattoos shaped in intricate geometric patterns on their faces and arms. The Jhonds are also well known for their unusual practice of adopting the radio as an integral part of their folk songs. Their songs are currently being archived by Dr. Ghere, a student of [[Verrier Elwin]].

==Religion==
Most Jhonds primarily practice animism mixed with Hinduism. A minority of Jhonds have, in recent times, adopted Christianity.

==Food practice and diet==
The Jhond diet consists of food cooked in Sal and Mahua seeds

==Language==
The Jhond language is Kui which is classified as a south central Dravidian language.

==Modern history==
Aluminium or [[Bauxite mining]] has contributed in large scale to the displacement of the Jhonda social structure. The pollution from mining factories has rendered large areas uncultivable.<ref>{{cite interview |last=Roy |first=Arundhati |interviewer1=Damodaran, Vinita |interviewer2=Padel, Felix |interviewer3=Das, Samarendra |title=Burning Ground: Mining, Adivasis and India's Civil War |type=Forum |url=http://www.soas.ac.uk/gallery/disappearingworld/05jun2011-burning-ground-mining-adivasis-and-indias-civil-war.html |work=Brunei Gallery |location=London |date=2011-06-05 |accessdate=2011-07-19 |archive-date=2011-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609044330/http://www.soas.ac.uk/gallery/disappearingworld/05jun2011-burning-ground-mining-adivasis-and-indias-civil-war.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of India]]

C. Rangarajan

2026-02-13T18:13:53Z

CynthiaBegg56: Content refined for better accuracy

{{short description|Indian politician and economist}}
{{BLP sources|date=December 2024}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{BLP more footnotes needed|date=January 2012}}
{{Indian name|Rangarajan|Chakravarthi}}{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix =
| honorific-suffix =
| image = The Chairman, Economic Advisory Council to PM, Dr. C. Rangarajan addressing a Press Conference on Review of Economy 2009-10, in New Delhi on February 19, 2010 (4).jpg
| imagesize =
| smallimage =
| caption =
| office = Chairman of the Prime Minister's [[Economic Advisory Council]]
| term = August 2009 – 16 May 2014
| successor = [[Bibek Debroy]]
| term1 = 2005 – 2008
| predecessor1 = [[Suresh Tendulkar]]
| office2 = [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start2 = August 2008
| term_end2 = August 2009
| office3 = Chairman of the [[Twelfth Finance Commission]] of India
| term_start3 = 2003
| term_end3 = 2004
| predecessor3 = [[A. M. Khusro]]
| successor3 = [[Vijay Kelkar]]
| office4 = 16th [[List of governors of Andhra Pradesh|Governor of Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start4 = 24 November 1997
| term_end4 = 3 January 2003
| predecessor4 = [[Krishan Kant]]
| successor4 = [[Surjit Singh Barnala]]
| office5 = 19th [[Governors of the Reserve Bank of India|Governor of Reserve Bank of India]]
| term_start5 = 22 December 1992
| term_end5 = 21 November 1997
| predecessor5 = [[S. Venkitaramanan]]
| successor5 = [[Bimal Jalan]]
| office6 = Member of [[Planning Commission (India)|Planning Commission]] of [[Government of India]]
| term_start6 = 21 August 1991
| term_end6 = 21 December 1992
| predecessor6 =
| successor6 =
| office7 = Deputy Governor of [[Reserve Bank of India]]
| term_start7 = 12 February 1982
| term_end7 = 20 August 1991
| governor7 = [[Manmohan Singh]] [[Amitav Ghosh (banker)]] [[R.N. Malhotra]] [[S. Venkitaramanan]]
| profession = [[Economist]] [[Civil servant]]
| party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
| alma_mater = {{nowrap|[[National College, Tiruchirappalli|National College, Trichy]] [[University of Madras]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]]) [[University of Pennsylvania]] ([[Ph.D.]])}}
| predecessor7 =
| successor7 =
| signature = C. Rangarajan signature-en.jpg
}}
'''Chakravarthi Rangarajan''' (born 1932) is an Indian economist, a former Member of Parliament and 19th governor of the [[Reserve Bank of India]]. He is the former chairman of the Prime Minister's [[Economic Advisory Council]]; he resigned the day the [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]] lost power. He is also the Chairman of the [[Madras School of Economics]]; former president of the [[Indian Statistical Institute]]; the founding chairman of the [[CR Rao Advanced Institute of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science]]; former chancellor of the [[University of Hyderabad]]; and a professor in [[Ahmedabad University]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Notification |url=http://www.uohyd.ac.in/images/pdf/chancellor_notif_080415.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712191455/https://uohyd.ac.in/images/pdf/chancellor_notif_080415.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 July 2023 |date=8 April 2015 |publisher=University of Hyderabad: Office of the Registrar |access-date=18 May 2015 }}</ref>

==Early life==
Rangarajan, a student of National College ([[Tiruchirappalli]]) between 1947 and 1949, graduated from [[Loyola College, Chennai|Loyola College]] of the [[University of Madras]] in the commerce stream (where he was a contemporary of the [[Yale University]] economics professor [[T N Srinivasan]]). He later received his PhD in economics from the [[University of Pennsylvania]] in 1964. His thesis was titled "Variability of Demand Deposits.<ref>{{cite book|title=Variability of Demand Deposits|oclc=244986124}}</ref> He is a native of Vaduvur, a tiny village near [[Thanjavur]].

==Career==
Rangarajan taught at several institutions including the [[University of Pennsylvania]] and the [[Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad]] (IIM-A). He was a well known teacher of economics at IIMA for the postgraduate and the doctoral courses. His textbook on macro economics was used in business management schools.<ref>{{cite book |title=Principles of Macroeconomics|publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education|year=2001 |isbn= 978-0-07-096581-2 |first=Chakravarthi |last=Rangarajan|author2=Dholakia, B}}</ref>
He was awarded the title of Honorary Fellow of IIM-A in 1997.{{Citation needed|date= December 2024|reason=source needed to verify}}

He served as a deputy governor of the Reserve Bank of India from 1982 to 1991, after which he served as the governor of the [[Reserve Bank of India]] between 22 December 1992 and 21 December 1997.{{Citation needed|date= December 2024|reason=source needed to verify}}

He served as the [[governor of Andhra Pradesh]] from 24 November 1997 to 3 January 2003. After demitting that office, he took charge as the chairman of the Twelfth Finance Commission.{{Citation needed|date= December 2024|reason=source needed to verify}} While serving as the governor of Andhra Pradesh, he received additional charges as governor of [[Odisha]] from 1998 to 1999, and as governor of [[Tamil Nadu]] from 2001 to 2002.<ref>{{cite web |title=List of Honourable Governors as of 12/11/2016 |url=http://odishaassembly.nic.in/statisticsmembers.aspx?x=1 |year=2016 |website=Official Web Site of Odisha Legislative Assembly |access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Bio - Data of Governors of Orissa |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/OR-Annual-2009/pdf/405-418.pdf |date=2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219030651/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/OR-Annual-2009/pdf/405-418.pdf |archive-date=19 December 2013 |journal=Orissa Reference Annual - 2009 |publisher=[[Government of Odisha]] |access-date=18 May 2015}}</ref>

In 2002, the [[Government of India]] awarded him the [[Padma Vibhushan]], India's second highest civilian award.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in/?Award=Padma%20Vibhushan&Year=2002-2002|title=Padma Awards {{!}} Interactive Dashboard|website=www.dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in|language=en|access-date=2018-10-12|archive-date=12 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012140258/http://www.dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in/?Award=Padma%20Vibhushan&Year=2002-2002|url-status=dead}}</ref> Academy of Grassroots Studies and Research of India (AGRASRI), Tirupati, awarded him the Rajiv Gandhi Outstanding Leadership National Award for the year 2008 on 20 August, 2008 at Tirupati. He delivered the 7th Rajiv Gandhi Memorial Lecture on 20 August, 2008 at Tirupati.

From 2005 to 2008, he was the chairman of the [[Economic Advisory Council|Prime Minister's Economic Advisory Council]]. In August 2008, he resigned as chairman of the council and was nominated as a member of the Rajya Sabha.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/governors.aspx
|title=List of Governors
|access-date=8 December 2006
|publisher=Reserve Bank of India
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916083919/http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/governors.aspx
|archive-date=16 September 2008
|df=dmy
}}
</ref> He resigned from the Rajya Sabha in August 2009 and was re-appointed chairman of the Prime Minister's Economic Advisory Council. He resigned from the Council on 19 May 2014, when the UPA government was voted out of power. Since then, he has been the chairman of the [[Madras School of Economics]] and has been writing and publishing on issues pertaining to the economy.{{Citation needed|date= December 2024|reason=source needed to verify}}

In May 2020, the Tamil Nadu government formed a high-level committee, chaired by Rangarajan, to advise the government on the medium-term response after the COVID-19 lockdown period. The committee submitted its report in September 2020, recommending an urban jobs guarantee program, similar to the state's rural one, and expressing optimism about the economy's ability to rebound in two months' time.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tamil Nadu's economy to revive to pre-Covid-19 period in two months: Former RBI Governor C Rangarajan |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2020/sep/22/tamil-nadus-economy-to-revive-to-pre-covid-19-period-in-two-months-former-rbi-governor-c-rangarajan-2200330.html |date=22 September 2020 |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |access-date=4 December 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://rspas.anu.edu.au/asarc/narayanan_speaker.php?searchterm=2001 A brief note on C. Rangarajan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070831070725/http://rspas.anu.edu.au/asarc/narayanan_speaker.php?searchterm=2001 |date=31 August 2007 }}
* [http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/bline/2003/01/04/stories/2003010402370500.htm Rangarajan joins finance panel]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070416001033/http://fincomindia.nic.in/drcrangarajan.htm Dr.C.Rangarajan, Chairman Twelfth Finance Commission]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150317050907/http://www.rbi.org.in/History/Mis_Governors.html Governors of the Reserve Bank of India]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110721172852/http://pmindia.nic.in/eacbody.htm Economic Advisory Council]

{{s-start}}
{{succession box | before = [[G. Ramanujam]]| title = ''C Rangarajan'' [[List of Governors of Andhra Pradesh|Governor of Andhra Pradesh]]|years=24 November 1997 – 3 January 2003| after = [[Surjit Singh Barnala]] }}
{{succession box | before = K.V. Raghunatha Reddy | title =[[List of Governors of Odisha|Governor of Odisha]]|years=Apr 1998– Nov 1999| after = [[M. M. Rajendran]]}}

{{s-end}}
{{Governors of Reserve Bank of India}}
{{Padma Vibhushan Awards}}{{Governor of Andhra Pradesh}}{{Governors of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rangarajan, Chakravarthi}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian economists]]
[[Category:Tamil scholars]]
[[Category:Governors of the Reserve Bank of India]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in literature & education]]
[[Category:Indian bankers]]
[[Category:Governors of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Governors of Odisha]]
[[Category:Governors of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:Loyola College, Chennai alumni]]
[[Category:University of Pennsylvania alumni]]
[[Category:Nominated members of the Rajya Sabha]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]
[[Category:National College, Tiruchirappalli alumni]]
[[Category:Reserve Bank of India]]

Rohan Bopanna career statistics

2026-02-12T08:08:37Z

CynthiaBegg56: adjust article for clarity and updated info to improve readability

{{Short description|none}}
{|class="infobox vcard vevent nowrap"
|-bgcolor=FFFF99
!colspan=6|{{center|Career finals}}
|- bgcolor=efefef
!Discipline!!Type!!Won!!Lost!!Total!!{{Abbr|WR|Winning Rate}}
|- bgcolor=efefef
| rowspan="8" |'''Doubles'''
|-
|Grand Slam ||1||2||bgcolor=CCCCFF|3||0.33
|-
|ATP Finals||–||2||bgcolor=CCCCFF|2||0.00
|-
|ATP 1000||6||8||bgcolor=CCCCFF|14||0.43
|-
|ATP 500||5||5||bgcolor=CCCCFF|10||0.50
|-
|ATP 250||14||21||bgcolor=CCCCFF|35||0.40
|-
|Olympics||–||–||bgcolor=CCCCFF|0||–
|-bgcolor=98fb98
|'''Total'''||'''26'''||'''38'''||'''64'''||'''0.41'''
|-
|- bgcolor=efefef
! rowspan="3" |Mixed Doubles
|-
|Grand Slam ||1||2||bgcolor=CCCCFF|3||0.33
|-bgcolor=98FB98
|'''Total'''||'''1'''||'''2'''||'''3'''||'''0.33'''
|}
[[File:Bopanna PM19 (31) (49307905256).jpg|thumb|upright=.7|right|Rohan Bopanna]]
This is a list of the main career statistics of Indian professional tennis player '''[[Rohan Bopanna]]'''.<ref name=atp-rohan-bopanna>{{cite web|url=https://www.atptour.com/en/players/rohan-bopanna/b757/overview|title=Rohan Bopanna|publisher=ATP World Tour|access-date=September 1, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.itftennis.com/en/players/rohan-bopanna/800204833/ind/mt/s/overview/|title=Rohan Bopanna|publisher=ITF|access-date=September 1, 2023}}</ref>
{{TOC limit|2}}

== Performance timeline ==
{{performance key}}

=== Men's doubles ===
{|class="wikitable nowrap" style=text-align:center;font-size:90%
!Tournament
![[2006 ATP Tour|2006]]
![[2007 ATP Tour|2007]]
![[2008 ATP Tour|2008]]
![[2009 ATP Tour|2009]]
![[2010 ATP Tour|2010]]
![[2011 ATP Tour|2011]]
![[2012 ATP Tour|2012]]
![[2013 ATP Tour|2013]]
![[2014 ATP Tour|2014]]
![[2015 ATP Tour|2015]]
![[2016 ATP Tour|2016]]
![[2017 ATP Tour|2017]]
![[2018 ATP Tour|2018]]
![[2019 ATP Tour|2019]]
![[2020 ATP Tour|2020]]
![[2021 ATP Tour|2021]]
![[2022 ATP Tour|2022]]
![[2023 ATP Tour|2023]]
![[2024 ATP Tour|2024]]
![[2025 ATP Tour|2025]]
!SR
!W–L
!Win %
|-
|colspan=24 align=left|'''[[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam]]'''
|-
|align=left|[[Australian Open]]
|A
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2008 Australian Open – Men's doubles|3R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2009 Australian Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2010 Australian Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2011 Australian Open – Men's doubles|3R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2012 Australian Open – Men's doubles|3R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2013 Australian Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2014 Australian Open – Men's doubles|3R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2015 Australian Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2016 Australian Open – Men's doubles|3R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2017 Australian Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2018 Australian Open – Men's doubles|3R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2019 Australian Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2020 Australian Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2021 Australian Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2022 Australian Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2023 Australian Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=lime|[[2024 Australian Open – Men's doubles|'''W''']]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2025 Australian Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|1 / 18
|22–17
|{{tennis win percentage|won=22|lost=17|integer=yes}}
|-
|align=left|[[French Open]]
|A
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2008 French Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2009 French Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2010 French Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2011 French Open – Men's doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2012 French Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2013 French Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2014 French Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2015 French Open – Men's doubles|3R]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2016 French Open – Men's doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2017 French Open – Men's doubles|3R]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2018 French Open – Men's doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2019 French Open – Men's doubles|3R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2020 French Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2021 French Open – Men's doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=yellow|[[2022 French Open – Men's doubles|SF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2023 French Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=yellow|[[2024 French Open – Men's doubles|SF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2025 French Open - Men's doubles|3R]]
|0 / 18
|28–18
|{{tennis win percentage|won=28|lost=18|integer=yes}}
|-
|align=left|[[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]]
|bgcolor=f0f8ff|[[2006 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles qualifying|Q1]]
|bgcolor=f0f8ff|[[2007 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles qualifying|Q1]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2008 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|2R]]
|A
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2010 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2010 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2012 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=yellow|[[2013 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|SF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2014 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=yellow|[[2015 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|SF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2016 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|3R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2017 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2018 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2019 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|1R]]
|style=color:#767676|NH
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2021 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|1R]]
|A
|bgcolor=yellow|[[2023 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|SF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2024 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2025 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|1R]]
|0 / 15
|23–15
|{{tennis win percentage|won=23|lost=15|integer=yes}}
|-
|align=left|[[US Open (tennis)|US Open]]
|A
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2008 US Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|A
|bgcolor=thistle|[[2010 US Open – Men's doubles|F]]
|bgcolor=yellow|[[2011 US Open – Men's doubles|SF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2012 US Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2013 US Open – Men's doubles|3R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2014 US Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2015 US Open – Men's doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2016 US Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2017 US Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2018 US Open – Men's doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2019 US Open – Men's doubles|3R]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2020 US Open – Men's doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2021 US Open – Men's doubles|3R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2022 US Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=thistle|[[2023 US Open – Men's doubles|F]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2024 US Open – Men's doubles|3R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2025 US Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|0 / 17
|31–17
|{{tennis win percentage|won=31|lost=17|integer=yes}}
|-
!style=text-align:left|Win–loss
!0–0
!0–0
!3–4
!1–2
!9–4
!9–4
!3–4
!7–4
!4–4
!10–4
!8–4
!5–4
!9–4
!3–4
!2–3
!4–4
!4–3
!9–4
!12–3
!2–4
!1 / 68
!104–67
!{{tennis win percentage|won=104|lost=67|integer=yes}}
|-
|colspan=24 align=left|'''[[:Category:ATP Finals|Year-end championship]]'''
|-
|align=left|[[ATP Finals]]
|colspan=5 |Did not qualify
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2011 ATP World Tour Finals – Doubles|RR]]
|bgcolor=thistle|[[2012 ATP World Tour Finals – Doubles|F]]
|colspan=2 |DNQ
|bgcolor=thistle|[[2015 ATP World Tour Finals – Doubles|F]]
| colspan="7" |Did not qualify
|bgcolor=yellow|[[2023 ATP Finals – Doubles|SF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2024 ATP Finals – Doubles|RR]]
|DNQ
|0 / 5
|9–10
|{{tennis win percentage|won=9|lost=10|integer=yes}}
|-
| colspan="26" style="text-align:left" |'''National Representation'''
|-
|-
|align=left|[[Olympics]]
|colspan=2 style=color:#767676|Not Held
|A
|colspan=3 style=color:#767676|Not Held
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[Tennis at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's doubles|2R]]
|colspan=3 style=color:#767676|Not Held
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[Tennis at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's doubles|1R]]
|colspan=4 style=color:#767676|Not Held
|A
|colspan=2 style=color:#767676|Not Held
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[Tennis at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Men's doubles|1R]]
|style=color:#767676|NH
|0 / 3
|1–3
|{{tennis win percentage|won=1|lost=3|integer=yes}}
|-
|align=left|[[Davis Cup]]
|bgcolor=ecf2ff|[[2006 Davis Cup Asia/Oceania Zone|Z1]]
|bgcolor=ecf2ff|[[2007 Davis Cup Asia/Oceania Zone|Z1]]
|bgcolor=ecf2ff|[[2008 Davis Cup World Group play-offs|PO]]
|bgcolor=ecf2ff|[[2009 Davis Cup World Group play-offs|PO]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2010 Davis Cup World Group|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2011 Davis Cup World Group|1R]]
|bgcolor=ecf2ff|[[2012 Davis Cup Asia/Oceania Zone|Z1]]
|A
|bgcolor=ecf2ff|[[2014 Davis Cup World Group play-offs|PO]]
|bgcolor=ecf2ff|[[2015 Davis Cup World Group play-offs|PO]]
|bgcolor=ecf2ff|[[2016 Davis Cup World Group play-offs|PO]]
|bgcolor=ecf2ff|[[2017 Davis Cup World Group play-offs|PO]]
|bgcolor=ecf2ff|[[2018 Davis Cup World Group play-offs|PO]]
|bgcolor=ecf2ff|[[2019 Davis Cup qualifying round|QR]]
|colspan=2 bgcolor=ecf2ff|[[2020 Davis Cup qualifying round|QR]]
|bgcolor=ecf2ff|[[2022 Davis Cup World Group I|WG1]]
|bgcolor=ecf2ff|[[2023 Davis Cup World Group I|WG1]]
|A
|A
|0 / 2
|13–10
|{{tennis win percentage|won=13|lost=10|integer=yes}}
|-
|colspan=24 align=left|'''[[ATP Masters 1000]]'''
|-
|align=left|[[Indian Wells Masters|Indian Wells]]
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|bgcolor=yellow|[[2011 BNP Paribas Open – Men's doubles|SF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2012 BNP Paribas Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2013 BNP Paribas Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2014 BNP Paribas Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2015 BNP Paribas Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2016 BNP Paribas Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2017 BNP Paribas Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2018 BNP Paribas Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2019 BNP Paribas Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
| rowspan="4" style="color:#767676" |NH
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2021 BNP Paribas Open – Men's doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2022 BNP Paribas Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=lime|'''[[2023 BNP Paribas Open - Men's doubles|W]]'''
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2024 BNP Paribas Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2025 BNP Paribas Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|1 / 14
|12–13
|{{tennis win percentage|won=12|lost=13|integer=yes}}
|-
|align=left|[[Miami Masters|Miami]]
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2011 Sony Ericsson Open – Men's doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=yellow|[[2012 Sony Ericsson Open – Men's doubles|SF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2013 Sony Open Tennis – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2014 Sony Open Tennis – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2015 Miami Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2016 Miami Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2017 Miami Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2018 Miami Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2019 Miami Open – Men's doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2021 Miami Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2022 Miami Open – Men's doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2023 Miami Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=lime|'''[[2024 Miami Open - Men's doubles|W]]'''
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2025 Miami Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|1 / 14
|17–13
|{{tennis win percentage|won=17|lost=13|integer=yes}}
|-
|align=left|[[Monte-Carlo Masters|Monte Carlo]]
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|bgcolor=yellow|[[2011 Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters – Doubles|SF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2012 Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters – Doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2013 Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters – Doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2014 Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters – Doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2015 Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters – Doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2016 Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters – Doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=lime|'''[[2017 Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters – Doubles|W]]'''
|bgcolor=yellow|[[2018 Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters – Doubles|SF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2019 Monte-Carlo Masters – Doubles|1R]]
|A
|bgcolor=yellow|[[2022 Monte-Carlo Masters – Doubles|SF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2023 Monte-Carlo Masters – Doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2024 Monte-Carlo Masters – Doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2025 Monte-Carlo Masters – Doubles|QF]]
|1 / 13
|19–12
|{{tennis win percentage|won=19|lost=12|integer=yes}}
|-
|align=left|[[Madrid Open (tennis)|Madrid (Clay)]]
|colspan=3 style=color:#767676|as Hamburg
|A
|A
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2011 Mutua Madrid Open – Men's doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=yellow|[[2012 Mutua Madrid Open – Men's doubles|SF]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2013 Mutua Madrid Open – Men's doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2014 Mutua Madrid Open – Men's doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=lime|[[2015 Mutua Madrid Open – Men's doubles|'''W''']]
|bgcolor=thistle|[[2016 Mutua Madrid Open – Men's doubles|F]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2017 Mutua Madrid Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2018 Mutua Madrid Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2019 Mutua Madrid Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2021 Mutua Madrid Open – Men's doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2022 Mutua Madrid Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=thistle|[[2023 Mutua Madrid Open – Men's doubles|F]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2024 Mutua Madrid Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2025 Mutua Madrid Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|1 / 14
|19–13
|{{tennis win percentage|won=19|lost=13|integer=yes}}
|-
|align=left|[[Rome Masters|Rome]]
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|bgcolor=yellow|[[2012 Italian Open – Men's doubles|SF]]
|bgcolor=thistle|[[2013 Italian Open – Men's doubles|F]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2014 Italian Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2015 Italian Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=yellow|[[2016 Italian Open – Men's doubles|SF]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2017 Italian Open – Men's doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2018 Italian Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2019 Italian Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2020 Italian Open – Men's doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2021 Italian Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2022 Italian Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2023 Italian Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2024 Italian Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2025 Italian Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|0 / 14
|16–14
|{{tennis win percentage|won=16|lost=14|integer=yes}}
|-
|align=left|[[Canada Masters|Canada]]
|A
|A
|A
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2010 Rogers Cup – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2011 Rogers Cup – Men's doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2012 Rogers Cup – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2013 Rogers Cup – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2014 Rogers Cup – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2015 Rogers Cup – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2016 Rogers Cup – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=thistle|[[2017 Rogers Cup – Men's doubles|F]]
|A
|bgcolor=yellow|[[2019 Rogers Cup – Men's doubles|SF]]
|style=color:#767676|NH
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2021 National Bank Open – Men's doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2022 National Bank Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2023 National Bank Open – Men's doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2024 National Bank Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|A
|0 / 13
|11–13
|{{tennis win percentage|won=11|lost=13|integer=yes}}
|-
|align=left|[[Cincinnati Masters|Cincinnati]]
|A
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2008 Western & Southern Financial Group Masters – Doubles|1R]]
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2010 Western & Southern Financial Group Masters – Doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2011 Western & Southern Open – Men's doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=thistle|[[2012 Western & Southern Open – Men's doubles|F]]
|bgcolor=yellow|[[2013 Western & Southern Open – Men's doubles|SF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2014 Western & Southern Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2015 Western & Southern Open – Men's doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2016 Western & Southern Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2017 Western & Southern Open – Men's doubles|QF]]
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2019 Western & Southern Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2020 Western & Southern Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2021 Western & Southern Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2022 Western & Southern Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2023 Western & Southern Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2024 Cincinnati Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2025 Cincinnati Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|0 / 16
|9–16
|{{tennis win percentage|won=9|lost=16|integer=yes}}
|-
|align=left|[[Shanghai Masters (tennis)|Shanghai]]
|colspan=3 style=color:#767676|Not Held
|A
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2010 Shanghai Rolex Masters 1000 – Doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2011 Shanghai Rolex Masters – Doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=thistle|[[2012 Shanghai Rolex Masters – Doubles|F]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2013 Shanghai Rolex Masters – Doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=yellow|[[2014 Shanghai Rolex Masters – Doubles|SF]]
|bgcolor=yellow|[[2015 Shanghai Rolex Masters – Doubles|SF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2016 Shanghai Rolex Masters – Doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2017 Shanghai Rolex Masters – Doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2018 Shanghai Rolex Masters – Doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2019 Rolex Shanghai Masters – Doubles|2R]]
|colspan=3 style=color:#767676|NH
|bgcolor=thistle|[[2023 Rolex Shanghai Masters – Doubles|F]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2024 Rolex Shanghai Masters – Doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2025 Rolex Shanghai Masters – Doubles|1R]]
|0 / 13
|16–13
|{{tennis win percentage|won=16|lost=13|integer=yes}}
|-
|align=left|[[Paris Masters|Paris]]
|A
|A
|A
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2010 BNP Paribas Masters – Doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=lime|[[2011 BNP Paribas Masters – Doubles|'''W''']]
|bgcolor=lime|[[2012 BNP Paribas Masters – Doubles|'''W''']]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2013 BNP Paribas Masters – Doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2014 BNP Paribas Masters – Doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2015 BNP Paribas Masters – Doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=yellow|[[2016 BNP Paribas Masters – Doubles|SF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2017 Rolex Paris Masters – Doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2018 Rolex Paris Masters – Doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2019 Rolex Paris Masters – Doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2020 Rolex Paris Masters – Doubles|QF]]
|A
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2022 Rolex Paris Masters – Doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=thistle|[[2023 Rolex Paris Masters – Doubles|F]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2024 Rolex Paris Masters – Doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2025 Rolex Paris Masters – Doubles|1R]]
|2 / 15
|22–13
|{{tennis win percentage|won=22|lost=13|integer=yes}}
|-
|align=left|[[Hamburg Masters|Hamburg]]
|A
|A
|A
| colspan="17" style="color:#767676" |Held as Madrid (Clay)
|0 / 0
|0–0
|{{tennis win percentage|won=0|lost=0|integer=yes}}
|-
|align=left|[[Madrid Open (tennis)|Madrid (Hard)]]
|A
|A
|A
| colspan="17" style="color:#767676" |Held as Shanghai
|0 / 0
|0–0
|{{tennis win percentage|won=0|lost=0|integer=yes}}
|-
!style=text-align:left|Win–loss
!0–0
!0–0
!0–1
!0–0
!3–4
!14–7
!16–8
!7–9
!9–9
!11–8
!8–9
!11–8
!5–7
!9–9
!4–3
!6–6
!9–8
!17–8
!8–8
!4–8
!6 / 126
!141–120
!{{tennis win percentage|won=141|lost=120|integer=yes}}
|-
!scope="row" |'''Career statistics'''||[[2006 ATP Tour|2006]]||[[2007 ATP Tour|2007]]||[[2008 ATP Tour|2008]]||[[2009 ATP World Tour|2009]]||[[2010 ATP World Tour|2010]]||[[2011 ATP World Tour|2011]]||[[2012 ATP World Tour|2012]]||[[2013 ATP World Tour|2013]]||[[2014 ATP World Tour|2014]]||[[2015 ATP World Tour|2015]]||[[2016 ATP World Tour|2016]]||[[2017 ATP World Tour|2017]]||[[2018 ATP World Tour|2018]]||[[2019 ATP World Tour|2019]]||[[2020 ATP World Tour|2020]]||[[2021 ATP Tour|2021]]||[[2022 ATP Tour|2022]]||[[2023 ATP Tour|2023]]||[[2024 ATP Tour|2024]]||[[2025 ATP Tour|2025]]||SR||W–L||Win %
|- style="background:#efefef;"
|style="text-align:left;" |Tournaments1 +
|2
|5
|18
|13
|25
|27
|24
|25
|25
|26
|24
|25
|22
|28
|14
|23
|28
|22
|21
|24
!colspan=3|413
|- style="font-weight:bold; background:#efefef;"
|style=text-align:left| Titles
!0
!0
!1
!0
!1
!3
!2
!2
!1
!4
!0
!3
!0
!1
!1
!0
!3
!2
!2
!0
! colspan="3" |26
|- style="font-weight:bold; background:#efefef;"
|style=text-align:left|Finals
!2
!1
!3
!1
!7
!3
!5
!3
!3
!7
!2
!6
!0
!2
!2
!0
!6
!7
!3
!1
! colspan="3" |64
|- style="font-weight:bold; background:#efefef;"
|style=text-align:left|Overall Win–Loss++
!5–2
!5–5
!16–17
!10–12
!42–24
!39–27
!35–25
!31–23
!31–24
!44–25
!28–25
!37–23
!26–23
!28–26
!18–12
!16–24
!45–25
!40–22
!26–22
!16–24
!colspan=3|539–410
|- style="font-weight:bold; background:#efefef;"
|style=text-align:left|Win (%)
!{{tennis win percentage|won=5|lost=2|integer=yes}}
!{{tennis win percentage|won=5|lost=5|integer=yes}}
!{{tennis win percentage|won=16|lost=17|integer=yes}}
!{{tennis win percentage|won=10|lost=12|integer=yes}}
!{{tennis win percentage|won=42|lost=24|integer=yes}}
!{{tennis win percentage|won=39|lost=27|integer=yes}}
!{{tennis win percentage|won=35|lost=25|integer=yes}}
!{{tennis win percentage|won=31|lost=23|integer=yes}}
!{{tennis win percentage|won=31|lost=24|integer=yes}}
!{{tennis win percentage|won=44|lost=25|integer=yes}}
!{{tennis win percentage|won=28|lost=25|integer=yes}}
!{{tennis win percentage|won=37|lost=23|integer=yes}}
!{{tennis win percentage|won=26|lost=23|integer=yes}}
!{{tennis win percentage|won=28|lost=26|integer=yes}}
!{{tennis win percentage|won=18|lost=12|integer=yes}}
!{{tennis win percentage|won=16|lost=24|integer=yes}}
!{{tennis win percentage|won=45|lost=25|integer=yes}}
!{{tennis win percentage|won=40|lost=22|integer=yes}}
!{{tennis win percentage|won=23|lost=16|integer=yes}}
!{{tennis win percentage|won=16|lost=24|integer=yes}}
!colspan=3|{{tennis win percentage|won=539|lost=410}}
|- style="background:#efefef;"
|style="text-align:left;" |{{Tooltip|'''Year-end ranking'''|Doubles Team ranking}}
|120
|66
|78
|83
|style="background:#afeeee"|16
|style="background:#afeeee"|11
|style="background:#afeeee"|12
|style="background:#afeeee"|13
|style="background:#d4f1c5"|30
|bgcolor=eee8aa|9
|style="background:#d4f1c5"|28
|style="background:#d4f1c5"|18
|37
|38
|39
|43
|style="background:#d4f1c5"|19
|bgcolor=99ccff|3
|style="background:#afeeee"|15
|63
|colspan=3|{{Tooltip|'''$7,455,122'''|Career Prize Money – Singles & Doubles combined}}
|}
1 Including appearances in [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam]], [[ATP World Tour|ATP Tour]] main draw matches, and [[Tennis at the Summer Olympics|Summer Olympics]]. 
+ Including 1 tournament entry 2002 
++ Including Win-loss 2002 (0-1) and 2003 (0-1)

=== Mixed doubles ===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!Tournament!![[2008 ATP Tour|2008]]!![[2009 ATP Tour|2009]]!![[2010 ATP Tour|2010]]!![[2011 ATP Tour|2011]]!![[2012 ATP Tour|2012]]!![[2013 ATP Tour|2013]]!![[2014 ATP Tour|2014]]!![[2015 ATP Tour|2015]]!![[2016 ATP Tour|2016]]!![[2017 ATP Tour|2017]]!![[2018 ATP Tour|2018]]!![[2019 ATP Tour|2019]]!![[2020 ATP Tour|2020]]!![[2021 ATP Tour|2021]]!![[2022 ATP Tour|2022]]!![[2023 ATP Tour|2023]]!![[2024 ATP Tour|2024]]!![[2025 ATP Tour|2025]]!!{{Abbr|SR|Strike rate}}!!{{Abbr|W–L|Win–loss}}!!Win %
|-
|align=left|[[Australian Open]]
|A
|A
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2011 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2012 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2013 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2014 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2015 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2016 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2017 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|QF]]
| style="background:thistle;"|[[2018 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|F]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2019 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2020 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2021 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2022 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=thistle|[[2023 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|F]]
|A
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2025 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|QF]]
|0 / 14
|20–14
|{{tennis win percentage|won=20|lost=14|integer=yes}}
|-
|align=left|[[French Open]]
|A
|A
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2011 French Open – Mixed doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2012 French Open – Mixed doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2013 French Open – Mixed doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2014 French Open – Mixed doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2015 French Open – Mixed doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2016 French Open – Mixed doubles|2R]]
| style="background:lime;"|[[2017 French Open – Mixed doubles|'''W''']]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2018 French Open – Mixed doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2019 French Open – Mixed doubles|1R]]
|style=color:#767676|NH
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2022 French Open – Mixed doubles|2R]]
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2024 French Open – Mixed doubles|1R]]
|A
|1 / 11
|8–10
|{{tennis win percentage|won=8|lost=10|integer=yes}}
|-
|align=left|[[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2008 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|2R]]
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2010 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2011 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2012 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2013 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2014 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|3R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2015 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2016 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|3R]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2017 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|QF]]
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2019 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|2R]]
|style=color:#767676|NH
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2021 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|3R]]
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2023 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|1R]]
|A
|A
|0 / 12
|13–12
|{{tennis win percentage|won=13|lost=12|integer=yes}}
|-
|align=left|[[US Open (tennis)|US Open]]
|A
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2010 US Open – Mixed doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2011 US Open – Mixed doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2012 US Open – Mixed doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2013 US Open – Mixed doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2014 US Open – Mixed doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=yellow|[[2015 US Open – Mixed doubles|SF]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2016 US Open – Mixed doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=ffebcd|[[2017 US Open – Mixed doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2018 US Open – Mixed doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2019 US Open – Mixed doubles|2R]]
|style=color:#767676|NH
|A
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2022 US Open – Mixed doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=afeeee|[[2023 US Open – Mixed doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=yellow|[[2024 US Open – Mixed doubles|SF]]
|A
|0 / 13
|14–13
|{{tennis win percentage|won=14|lost=13|integer=yes}}
|-
!style=text-align:left|Win–loss
!1–1
!0–0
!0–2
!2–4
!3–4
!4–4
!7–4
!4–4
!5–4
!11–4
!4–3
!1–4
!2–1
!2–2
!1–3
!4–3
!3–2
!1–1
!1 / 50
!55–49
!{{tennis win percentage|won=55|lost=49|integer=yes}}
|}

'''Note''': Bopanna received walkovers in the 2nd round of the [[2012 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|2012 Wimbledon]], the 1st round of the [[2016 French Open – Mixed doubles|2016 French Open]], the Quarterfinal of [[2023 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|2023 Australian Open]] and the 2nd round of the [[2025 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|2025 Australian Open]] which do not officially count as wins.

== Grand Slam tournament finals ==
=== Doubles: 3 (1 title, 2 runner-ups) ===
{| class="sortable wikitable"
!Result
!Year
!Championship
!Surface
!Partner
!Opponents
!class="unsortable"| Score
|- style="background:#ccf;"
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
| [[2010 US Open (tennis)|2010]]
| [[US Open (tennis)|US Open]]
| Hard
| {{flagicon|PAK}} [[Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi]]
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Bob Bryan]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Mike Bryan]]
| 6–7(5–7), 6–7(4–7)
|-
|- style="background:#ccf;"
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
| [[2023 US Open – Men's doubles|2023]]
| US Open
| Hard
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Matthew Ebden]]
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Rajeev Ram]] {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Joe Salisbury]]
| 6–2, 3–6, 4–6
|-style="background:#ffc;"
|bgcolor=98fb98|Win
|[[2024 Australian Open – Men's doubles|2024]]
|[[Australian Open]]
|Hard
| {{flagicon|AUS}} Matthew Ebden
|{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Simone Bolelli]] {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Andrea Vavassori]]
| 7–6(7–0), 7–5
|}

=== Mixed: 3 (1 title, 2 runner-ups) ===
{| class="sortable wikitable"
!Result
!Year
!Championship
!Surface
!Partner
!Opponents
!class="unsortable" | Score
|-style="background:#ebc2af;"
| bgcolor=98fb98|Win
| [[2017 French Open – Mixed doubles|2017]]
| [[French Open]]
| Clay
| {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Gabriela Dabrowski]]
| {{flagicon|GER}} [[Anna-Lena Grönefeld]] {{flagicon|COL}} [[Robert Farah (tennis)|Robert Farah]]
| 2–6, 6–2, [12–10]
|- bgcolor=#FFFFCC
| bgcolor=#ffa07a|Loss
| [[2018 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|2018]]
| [[Australian Open]]
| Hard
| {{flagicon|HUN}} [[Tímea Babos]]
| {{flagicon|CAN}} Gabriela Dabrowski {{flagicon|CRO}} [[Mate Pavić]]
| 6–2, 4–6, [9–11]
|- bgcolor=#FFFFCC
| bgcolor=#ffa07a|Loss
| [[2023 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|2023]]
| Australian Open
| Hard
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sania Mirza]]
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Luisa Stefani]] {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Rafael Matos]]
| 6–7(2–7), 2–6
|}

==Other significant finals==
=== Year-end championships finals ===
==== Doubles: 2 (2 runner-ups) ====
{| class="sortable wikitable"
!Result
!Year
!Championship
!Surface
!Partner
!Opponents
!class="unsortable"| Score
|-bgcolor=#ffffcc
| bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
| [[2012 ATP World Tour Finals|2012]]
| [[2012 ATP World Tour Finals|London]]
| Hard (i)
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mahesh Bhupathi]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Marcel Granollers]] {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Marc López]]
| 5–7, 6–3, [3–10]
|-bgcolor=#ffffcc
| bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
| [[2015 ATP World Tour Finals|2015]]
| [[2015 ATP World Tour Finals|London]]
| Hard (i)
| {{flagicon|ROU}} [[Florin Mergea]]
| {{flagicon|NED}} [[Jean-Julien Rojer]] {{flagicon|ROU}} [[Horia Tecău]]
| 4–6, 3–6
|}

=== Masters 1000 finals ===
==== Doubles: 14 (6 titles, 8 runner-ups) ====
{| class="sortable wikitable"
!Result
!Year
!Championship
!Surface
!Partner
!Opponents
!class="unsortable"| Score
|-bgcolor=CCCCFF
|bgcolor=98fb98|Win||[[2011 BNP Paribas Masters – Doubles|2011]]||[[BNP Paribas Masters|Paris]]||Hard (i)||{{nowrap|{{flagicon|PAK}} [[Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi]]}}||{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Julien Benneteau]] {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Nicolas Mahut]]||6–2, 6–4
|-bgcolor=CCCCFF
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss||[[2012 Western & Southern Open – Men's doubles|2012]]||[[Western & Southern Open|Cincinnati]]||Hard||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mahesh Bhupathi]]||{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Robert Lindstedt]] {{flagicon|ROU}} [[Horia Tecău]]||5–7, 3–6
|-bgcolor=CCCCFF
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss||[[2012 Shanghai Rolex Masters – Doubles|2012]]||[[Shanghai Rolex Masters|Shanghai]]||Hard||{{flagicon|IND}} Mahesh Bhupathi||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Leander Paes]] {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Radek Štěpánek]]||7–6(9–7), 3–6, [5–10]
|-bgcolor=CCCCFF
|bgcolor=98fb98|Win||[[2012 BNP Paribas Masters – Doubles|2012]]||[[BNP Paribas Masters|Paris]]||Hard (i)||{{flagicon|IND}} Mahesh Bhupathi||{{nowrap|{{flagicon|PAK}} Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi}} {{flagicon|NED}} [[Jean-Julien Rojer]]||7–6(8–6), 6–3
|-bgcolor=ebc2af
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss||[[2013 Internazionali BNL d'Italia – Men's doubles|2013]]||[[2013 Internazionali BNL d'Italia|Rome]]||Clay||{{flagicon|IND}} Mahesh Bhupathi||{{flagicon|USA}} [[Bob Bryan]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Mike Bryan]]||2–6, 3–6
|-bgcolor=ebc2af
|bgcolor=98fb98|Win|||[[2015 Mutua Madrid Open – Men's doubles|2015]]||[[2015 Mutua Madrid Open|Madrid]]||Clay||{{flagicon|ROU}} [[Florin Mergea]]||{{flagicon|POL}} [[Marcin Matkowski]] {{flagicon|SRB}} [[Nenad Zimonjić]]||6–2, 6–7(5–7), [11–9]
|-bgcolor=ebc2af
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss|||[[2016 Mutua Madrid Open – Men's doubles|2016]]||[[2016 Mutua Madrid Open|Madrid]]||Clay||{{flagicon|ROU}} Florin Mergea||{{flagicon|NED}} Jean-Julien Rojer {{flagicon|ROU}} Horia Tecău||4–6, 6–7(5–7)
|-bgcolor=ebc2af
|bgcolor=98fb98|Win||[[2017 Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters – Doubles|2017]]||[[Monte-Carlo Masters|Monte Carlo]]||Clay||{{flagicon|URU}} [[Pablo Cuevas]]||{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Feliciano López]] {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Marc López]]||6–3, 3–6, [10–4]
|-bgcolor=CCCCFF
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss|||[[2017 Rogers Cup – Men's doubles|2017]]||[[2017 Rogers Cup|Montreal]]||Hard||{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Ivan Dodig]]||{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Pierre-Hugues Herbert]] {{flagicon|FRA}} Nicolas Mahut||4-6, 6–3, [6-10]
|-bgcolor=CCCCFF
|bgcolor=98fb98|Win||[[2023 BNP Paribas Open - Men's doubles|2023]]||[[2023 BNP Paribas Open|Indian Wells]]||Hard||{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Matthew Ebden]]||{{flagicon|NED}} [[Wesley Koolhof]] {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Neal Skupski]]||6–3, 2–6, [10–8]
|- style="background:#EBC2AF"
| bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
| [[2023 Mutua Madrid Open – Men's doubles|2023]]
| [[2023 Mutua Madrid Open|Madrid]]
| Clay
| {{flagicon|AUS}} Matthew Ebden
|{{flagicon|}} [[Karen Khachanov]] {{flagicon|}} [[Andrey Rublev]]
|3–6, 6–3, [3–10]
|- style="background:#CCCCFF"
| bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
| [[2023 Rolex Shanghai Masters – Doubles|2023]]
| [[2023 Rolex Shanghai Masters|Shanghai]]
| Hard
| {{flagicon|AUS}} Matthew Ebden
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Marcel Granollers]] {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Horacio Zeballos]]
|7–5, 2–6, [7–10]
|- style="background:#CCCCFF"
| bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
| [[2023 Rolex Paris Masters – Doubles|2023]]
| [[2023 Rolex Paris Masters|Paris]]
| Hard (i)
| {{flagicon|AUS}} Matthew Ebden
|{{flagicon|MEX}} [[Santiago González (tennis)|Santiago González]] {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Édouard Roger-Vasselin]]
|2–6, 7–5, [7–10]
|- style="background:#CCCCFF"
| bgcolor=98fb98|Win
| [[2024 Miami Open – Men's doubles|2024]]
| [[Miami Open (tennis)|Miami]]
| Hard
| {{flagicon|AUS}} Matthew Ebden
| {{flagicon|CRO}} Ivan Dodig {{flagicon|USA}} [[Austin Krajicek]]
| 6–7(3–7), 6–3, [10–6]
|}

=== Olympic finals ===
==== Mixed doubles: 1 runner-up ====
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|- style="background: #eee;"
!Result
!Year
!Championship
!Surface
!Partner
!Opponents
!class="unsortable"|Score
|-bgcolor=FFEA5C
| style="background:yellow;"|4th place||[[Tennis at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Mixed Doubles|2016]]||[[Tennis at the 2016 Summer Olympics|Rio de Janeiro]]||Hard||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sania Mirza]]||{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Lucie Hradecká]] {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Radek Štěpánek]]||1–6, 5–7
|}

== ATP career finals ==
=== Doubles: 64 (26 titles, 38 runner-ups) ===
{|
|- valign="top"
|
{| class=wikitable style=font-size:92%
!Legend
|- style="background:#f3e6d7;"
|Grand Slam tournaments (1–2)
|- style="background:#ffffcc;"
|ATP World Tour Finals (0–2)
|- style="background:#e9e9e9;"
|ATP World Tour Masters 1000 (6–8)
|- style="background:#d4f1c5;"
|ATP World Tour 500 Series (5–3)
|-
|ATP World Tour 250 Series (14–21)
|}
|
{| class=wikitable style=font-size:94%
!Finals by surface
|-
|Hard (22–25)
|-
|Clay (2–8)
|-
|Grass (2–4)
|}
|
{| class=wikitable style=font-size:94%
!Finals by setting
|-
|Outdoor (20–28)
|-
|Indoor (6–9)
|}
|}

{|class="sortable wikitable"
!Result
!class="unsortable"|W–L
!{{ns}}Date{{ns}}
!Tournament
!Tier
!Surface
!Partner
!Opponents
!class="unsortable"|Score
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|0–1
|[[2006 Chennai Open – Doubles|{{dts|Jan 2006}}]]
|[[Maharashtra Open|Chennai Open]], India
|International
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Prakash Amritraj]]
|{{flagicon|SVK}} [[Michal Mertiňák]] {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Petr Pála]]
|2–6, 5–7
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|0–2
|[[2006 Kingfisher Airlines Tennis Open|{{dts|Oct 2006}}]]
|[[Kingfisher Airlines Tennis Open|Mumbai Open]], India
|International
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mustafa Ghouse]]
|{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Mario Ančić]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mahesh Bhupathi]]
|4–6, 7–6(8–6), [8–10]
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|0–3
|[[2007 Kingfisher Airlines Tennis Open – Doubles|{{dts|Sep 2007}}]]
||Mumbai Open, India
|International
|Hard
|{{flagicon|PAK}} [[Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi]]
|{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Robert Lindstedt]] {{flagicon|FIN}} [[Jarkko Nieminen]]
|6–7(3–7), 6–7(5–7)
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|0–4
|[[2008 Hall of Fame Tennis Championships – Doubles|{{dts|Jul 2008}}]]
|[[Hall of Fame Tennis Championships]], United States
|International
|Grass
|{{flagicon|PAK}} Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Mardy Fish]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[John Isner]]
|4–6, 6–7(1–7)
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|1–4
|[[2008 Countrywide Classic – Doubles|{{dts|Aug 2008}}]]
|[[Los Angeles Open (tennis)|Los Angeles Open]], United States
|International
|Hard
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Eric Butorac]]
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Travis Parrott]] {{flagicon|SRB|2004}} [[Dušan Vemić]]
|7–6(7–5), 7–6(7–5)
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|1–5
|[[2008 St. Petersburg Open – Doubles|{{dts|Oct 2008}}]]
|[[St. Petersburg Open]], Russia
|International
|Hard (i)
|{{flagicon|BLR}} [[Max Mirnyi]]
|{{flagicon|USA}} Travis Parrott {{flagicon|SVK}} [[Filip Polášek]]
|6–3, 6–7(4–7), [8–10]
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|1–6
|[[2009 SAP Open – Doubles|{{dts|Feb 2009}}]]
|[[Pacific Coast Championships]], United States
|250 Series
|Hard (i)
|{{flagicon|FIN}} Jarkko Nieminen
|{{flagicon|GER}} [[Tommy Haas]] {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Radek Štěpánek]]
|2–6, 3–6
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|2–6
|[[2010 SA Tennis Open – Doubles|{{dts|Feb 2010}}]]
|[[SA Tennis Open]], South Africa
|250 Series
|Hard
|{{flagicon|PAK}} Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi
|{{flagicon|SVK}} [[Karol Beck]] {{flagicon|ISR}} [[Harel Levy]]
|2–6, 6–3, [10–5]
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|2–7
|[[2010 Grand Prix Hassan II – Doubles|{{dts|Apr 2010}}]]
|[[Grand Prix Hassan II]], Morocco
|250 Series
|Clay
|{{flagicon|PAK}} Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi
|{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Robert Lindstedt]] {{flagicon|ROU}} [[Horia Tecău]]
|2–6, 6–3, [7–10]
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|2–8
|[[2010 Open de Nice Côte d'Azur – Doubles|{{dts|May 2010}}]]
|[[Open de Nice Côte d'Azur]], France
|250 Series
|Clay
|{{flagicon|PAK}} Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi
|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Marcelo Melo]] {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Bruno Soares]]
|6–1, 3–6, [5–10]
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|2–9
|[[2010 Atlanta Tennis Championships – Doubles|{{dts|Jul 2010}}]]
|[[Atlanta Open (tennis)|Atlanta Open]], United States
|250 Series
|Hard
|{{flagicon|BEL}} [[Kristof Vliegen]]
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Scott Lipsky]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Rajeev Ram]]
|3–6, 7–6(7–4), [10–12]
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|2–10
|[[2010 Pilot Pen Tennis – Men's doubles|{{dts|Aug 2010}}]]
|[[Connecticut Open (tennis)|New Haven Open]], United States
|250 Series
|Hard
|{{flagicon|PAK}} Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi
|{{flagicon|SWE}} Robert Lindstedt {{flagicon|ROU}} Horia Tecău
|4–6, 5–7
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|2–11
|[[2010 US Open – Men's doubles|{{dts|Sep 2010}}]]
|style="background:#F3E6D7;"|[[US Open (tennis)|US Open]], New York
|style="background:#F3E6D7;"|Grand Slam
|Hard
|{{flagicon|PAK}} Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Mike Bryan]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Bob Bryan]]
|6–7(5–7), 6–7(4–7)
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|2–12
|[[2010 St. Petersburg Open – Doubles|{{dts|Sep 2010}}]]
|St. Petersburg Open, Russia
|250 Series
|Hard (i)
|{{flagicon|PAK}} Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi
|{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Daniele Bracciali]] {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Potito Starace]]
|6–7(6–8), 6–7(5–7)
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|3–12
|[[2011 Gerry Weber Open – Doubles|{{dts|Jun 2011}}]]
|[[Halle Open]], Germany
|250 Series
|Grass
|{{flagicon|PAK}} Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi
|{{flagicon|NED}} [[Robin Haase]] {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Milos Raonic]]
|7–6(10–8), 3–6, [11–9]
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|4–12
|[[2011 If Stockholm Open – Doubles|{{dts|Oct 2011}}]]
|[[Stockholm Open]], Sweden
|250 Series
|Hard (i)
|{{flagicon|PAK}} Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi
|{{flagicon|BRA}} Marcelo Melo {{flagicon|BRA}} Bruno Soares
|6–1, 6–3
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|5–12
|[[2011 BNP Paribas Masters – Doubles|{{dts|Nov 2011}}]]
|style="background:#E9E9E9;"|[[Paris Masters]], France
|style="background:#E9E9E9;"|Masters 1000
|Hard (i)
|{{flagicon|PAK}} Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi
|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Julien Benneteau]] {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Nicolas Mahut]]
|6–2, 6–4
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|6–12
|[[2012 Dubai Tennis Championships – Men's doubles|{{dts|Mar 2012}}]]
|style="background:#D4F1C5;"|[[Dubai Tennis Championships]], UAE
|style="background:#D4F1C5;"|500 Series
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IND}} Mahesh Bhupathi
|{{flagicon|POL}} [[Mariusz Fyrstenberg]] {{flagicon|POL}} [[Marcin Matkowski]]
|6–4, 3–6, [10–5]
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|6–13
|[[2012 Western & Southern Open – Men's doubles|{{dts|Aug 2012}}]]
|style="background:#E9E9E9;"|[[Cincinnati Masters]], United States
|style="background:#E9E9E9;"|Masters 1000
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IND}} Mahesh Bhupathi
|{{flagicon|SWE}} Robert Lindstedt {{flagicon|ROU}} Horia Tecău
|4–6, 4–6
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|6–14
|[[2012 Shanghai Rolex Masters – Doubles|{{dts|Oct 2012}}]]
|style="background:#E9E9E9;"|[[Shanghai Masters (tennis)|Shanghai Masters]], China
|style="background:#E9E9E9;"|Masters 1000
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IND}} Mahesh Bhupathi
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Leander Paes]] {{flagicon|CZE}} Radek Štěpánek
|7–6(9–7), 3–6, [5–10]
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|7–14
|[[2012 BNP Paribas Masters – Doubles|{{dts|Nov 2012}}]]
|style="background:#E9E9E9;"|Paris Masters, France (2)
|style="background:#E9E9E9;"|Masters 1000
|Hard (i)
|{{flagicon|IND}} Mahesh Bhupathi
|{{flagicon|PAK}} Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi {{flagicon|NED}} [[Jean-Julien Rojer]]
|7–6(8–6), 6–3
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|7–15
|[[2012 ATP World Tour Finals – Doubles|{{dts|Nov 2012}}]]
|style="background:#ffffcc;"|[[ATP Finals|World Tour Finals]], London
|style="background:#ffffcc;"|Tour Finals
|Hard (i)
|{{flagicon|IND}} Mahesh Bhupathi
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Marcel Granollers]] {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Marc López]]
|5–7, 6–3, [3–10]
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|8–15
|[[2013 Open 13 – Doubles|{{dts|Feb 2013}}]]
|[[Open 13]], France
|250 Series
|Hard (i)
|{{flagicon|GBR}} [[Colin Fleming]]
|{{flagicon|PAK}} Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi {{flagicon|NED}} Jean-Julien Rojer
|6–4, 7–6(7–3)
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|8–16
|[[2013 Internazionali BNL d'Italia – Men's doubles|{{dts|May 2013}}]]
|style="background:#E9E9E9;"|[[Italian Open (tennis)|Rome Masters]], Italy
|style="background:#E9E9E9;"|Masters 1000
|Clay
|{{flagicon|IND}} Mahesh Bhupathi
|{{flagicon|USA}} Bob Bryan {{flagicon|USA}} Mike Bryan
|2–6, 3–6
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|9–16
|[[2013 Rakuten Japan Open Tennis Championships – Doubles|{{dts|Oct 2013}}]]
|style="background:#D4F1C5;"|[[Japan Open (tennis)|Rakuten Open Championships]], Japan
|style="background:#D4F1C5;"|500 Series
|Hard
|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Édouard Roger-Vasselin]]
|{{flagicon|GBR}} [[Jamie Murray]] {{flagicon|AUS}} [[John Peers]]
|7–6(7–5), 6–4
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|9–17
|[[2014 Apia International Sydney – Men's doubles|{{dts|Jan 2014}}]]
|[[Sydney International]], Australia
|250 Series
|Hard
|{{flagicon|PAK}} Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi
|{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Daniel Nestor]] {{flagicon|SRB}} [[Nenad Zimonjić]]
|6–7(3–7), 6–7(3–7)
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|10–17
|[[2014 Dubai Tennis Championships – Men's doubles|{{dts|Mar 2014}}]]
|style="background:#D4F1C5;"|Dubai Tennis Championships, UAE (2)
|style="background:#D4F1C5;"|500 Series
|Hard
|{{flagicon|PAK}} Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi
|{{flagicon|CAN}} Daniel Nestor {{flagicon|SRB}} Nenad Zimonjić
|6–4, 6–3
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|10–18
|[[2014 Open de Nice Côte d'Azur – Doubles|{{dts|May 2014}}]]
|Open de Nice Côte d'Azur, France
|250 Series
|Clay
|{{flagicon|PAK}} Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi
|{{flagicon|SVK}} [[Martin Kližan]] {{flagicon|AUT}} [[Philipp Oswald]]
|2–6, 0–6
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|11–18
|[[2015 Apia International Sydney – Men's doubles|{{dts|Jan 2015}}]]
|Sydney International, Australia
|250 Series
|Hard
|{{flagicon|CAN}} Daniel Nestor
|{{flagicon|NED}} Jean-Julien Rojer {{flagicon|ROU}} [[Horia Tecău]]
|6–4, 7–6(7–5)
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|12–18
|[[2015 Dubai Tennis Championships – Men's doubles|{{dts|Feb 2015}}]]
|style="background:#D4F1C5;"|Dubai Tennis Championships, UAE (3)
|style="background:#D4F1C5;"|500 Series
|Hard
|{{flagicon|CAN}} Daniel Nestor
|{{flagicon|PAK}} Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi {{flagicon|SRB}} Nenad Zimonjić
|6–4, 6–1
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|12–19
|[[2015 Grand Prix Hassan II – Doubles|{{dts|Apr 2015}}]]
|Grand Prix Hassan II, Morocco
|250 Series
|Clay
|{{flagicon|ROU}} [[Florin Mergea]]
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Rameez Junaid]] {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Adil Shamasdin]]
|6–3, 2–6, [7–10]
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|13–19
|[[2015 Mutua Madrid Open – Men's doubles|{{dts|May 2015}}]]
|style="background:#E9E9E9;"|[[Madrid Open (tennis)|Madrid Open]], Spain
|style="background:#E9E9E9;"|Masters 1000
|Clay
|{{flagicon|ROU}} Florin Mergea
|{{flagicon|POL}} Marcin Matkowski {{flagicon|SRB}} Nenad Zimonjić
|6–2, 6–7(5–7), [11–9]
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|14–19
|[[2015 MercedesCup – Doubles|{{dts|Jun 2015}}]]
|[[Stuttgart Open]], Germany
|250 Series
|Grass
|{{flagicon|ROU}} Florin Mergea
|{{flagicon|AUT}} [[Alexander Peya]] {{flagicon|BRA}} Bruno Soares
|5–7, 6–2, [10–7]
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|14–20
|[[2015 Gerry Weber Open – Doubles|{{dts|Jun 2015}}]]
|style="background:#D4F1C5;"|Halle Open, Germany
|style="background:#D4F1C5;"|500 Series
|Grass
|{{flagicon|ROU}} Florin Mergea
|{{flagicon|RSA}} [[Raven Klaasen]] {{flagicon|USA}} Rajeev Ram
|6–7(5–7), 2–6
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|14–21
|[[2015 ATP World Tour Finals – Doubles|{{dts|Nov 2015}}]]
|style="background:#ffffcc;"|World Tour Finals, London
|style="background:#ffffcc;"|Tour Finals
|Hard (i)
|{{flagicon|ROU}} Florin Mergea
|{{flagicon|NED}} Jean-Julien Rojer {{flagicon|ROU}} Horia Tecău
|4–6, 3–6
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|14–22
|[[2016 Apia International Sydney – Men's doubles|{{dts|Jan 2016}}]]
|Sydney International, Australia
|250 Series
|Hard
|{{flagicon|ROU}} Florin Mergea
|{{flagicon|GBR}} Jamie Murray {{flagicon|BRA}} Bruno Soares
|3–6, 6–7(6–8)
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|14–23
|[[2016 Mutua Madrid Open – Men's doubles|{{dts|May 2016}}]]
|style="background:#E9E9E9;"|Madrid Open, Spain
|style="background:#E9E9E9;"|Masters 1000
|Clay
|{{flagicon|ROU}} Florin Mergea
|{{flagicon|NED}} Jean-Julien Rojer {{flagicon|ROU}} Horia Tecău
|4–6, 6–7(5–7)
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|15–23
|[[2017 Aircel Chennai Open – Doubles|{{dts|Jan 2017}}]]
|Chennai Open, India
|250 Series
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Jeevan Nedunchezhiyan]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Purav Raja]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Divij Sharan]]
|6–3, 6–4
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|15–24
|[[2017 Dubai Tennis Championships – Men's doubles|{{dts|Mar 2017}}]]
|style="background:#D4F1C5;"|Dubai Tennis Championships, UAE
|style="background:#D4F1C5;"|500 Series
|Hard
|{{flagicon|POL}} Marcin Matkowski
|{{flagicon|NED}} Jean-Julien Rojer {{flagicon|ROU}} Horia Tecău
|6–4, 3–6, [3–10]
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|16–24
|[[2017 Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters – Doubles|{{dts|Apr 2017}}]]
|style="background:#E9E9E9;"|[[Monte-Carlo Masters]], Monaco
|style="background:#E9E9E9;"|Masters 1000
|Clay
|{{flagicon|URU}} [[Pablo Cuevas]]
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Feliciano López]] {{flagicon|ESP}} Marc López
|6–3, 3–6, [10–4]
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|16–25
|[[2017 Aegon International Eastbourne – Men's doubles|{{dts|Jun 2017}}]]
|[[Eastbourne International]], United Kingdom
|250 Series
|Grass
|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[André Sá]]
|{{flagicon|USA}} Bob Bryan {{flagicon|USA}} Mike Bryan
|7–6(7–4), 4–6, [3–10]
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|16–26
|[[2017 Rogers Cup – Men's doubles|{{dts|Aug 2017}}]]
|style="background:#E9E9E9;"|[[Canadian Open (tennis)|Rogers Cup]], Canada
|style="background:#E9E9E9;"|Masters 1000
|Hard
|{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Ivan Dodig]]
|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Pierre-Hugues Herbert]] {{flagicon|FRA}} Nicolas Mahut
|4–6, 6–3, [6–10]
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|17–26
|[[2017 Erste Bank Open – Doubles|{{dts|Oct 2017}}]]
|style="background:#D4F1C5;"|[[Vienna Open]], Austria
|style="background:#D4F1C5;"|500 Series
|Hard (i)
|{{flagicon|URU}} Pablo Cuevas
|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Marcelo Demoliner]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Sam Querrey]]
|7–6(9–7), 6–7(4–7), [11–9]
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|18–26
|[[2019 Maharashtra Open – Doubles|{{dts|Jan 2019}}]]
|[[Maharashtra Open]], India
|250 Series
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IND}} Divij Sharan
|{{flagicon|GBR}} [[Luke Bambridge]] {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Jonny O'Mara]]
|6–3, 6–4
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|18–27
|[[2019 MercedesCup – Doubles|{{dts|Jun 2019}}]]
|Stuttgart Open, Germany
|250 Series
|Grass
|{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Denis Shapovalov]]
|{{flagicon|AUS}} John Peers {{flagicon|BRA}} Bruno Soares
|5–7, 3–6
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|19–27
|[[2020 Qatar ExxonMobil Open – Doubles|{{dts|Jan 2020}}]]
|[[ATP Qatar Open|Qatar Open]], Qatar
|250 Series
|Hard
|{{flagicon|NED}} [[Wesley Koolhof]]
|{{flagicon|GBR}} Luke Bambridge {{flagicon|MEX}} [[Santiago González (tennis)|Santiago González]]
|3–6, 6–2, [10–6]
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|19–28
|[[2020 European Open – Doubles|{{dts|Oct 2020}}]]
|[[European Open (tennis)|European Open]], Belgium
|250 Series
|Hard (i)
|{{flagicon|NED}} [[Matwé Middelkoop]]
|{{flagicon|AUS}} John Peers {{flagicon|NZL}} [[Michael Venus (tennis)|Michael Venus]]
|3–6, 4–6
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|20–28
|[[2022 Adelaide International 1 – Men's doubles|{{dts|Jan 2022}}]]
|[[Adelaide International (tennis)|Adelaide International]], Australia
|250 Series
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ramkumar Ramanathan]]
|{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Ivan Dodig]] {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Marcelo Melo]]
|7–6(8–6), 6–1
|-
|bgcolor=98fb98|Win
|21–28
|[[2022 Maharashtra Open – Doubles|{{dts|Jan 2022}}]]
|[[Maharashtra Open]], India
|250 Series
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ramkumar Ramanathan]]
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Luke Saville]] {{flagicon|AUS}} [[John-Patrick Smith]]
|6–7(10–12), 6–3, [10–6]
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|21–29
|[[2022 Qatar ExxonMobil Open – Doubles|{{dts|Feb 2022}}]]
|Qatar Open, Qatar
|250 Series
|Hard
|{{flagicon|CAN}} Denis Shapovalov
|{{flagicon|NED}} Wesley Koolhof {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Neal Skupski]]
|6–7(4–7), 1–6
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|21–30
|[[2022 Hamburg European Open – Men's doubles|{{dts|Jul 2022}}]]
|style="background:#D4F1C5;"|[[Hamburg European Open]], Germany
|style="background:#D4F1C5;"|500 Series
|Clay
|{{flagicon|NED}} Matwé Middelkoop
|{{flagicon|GBR}} [[Lloyd Glasspool]] {{flagicon|FIN}} [[Harri Heliövaara]]
|2–6, 4–6
|-
|bgcolor=98fb98|Win
|22–30
|[[2022 Tel Aviv Open – Doubles|{{dts|Oct 2022}}]]
|[[Tel Aviv Open]], Israel
|250 Series
|Hard (i)
|{{flagicon|NED}} Matwé Middelkoop
|{{flagicon|MEX}} Santiago González {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Andrés Molteni]]
|6–2, 6–4
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|22–31
|[[2022 European Open – Doubles|{{dts|Oct 2022}}]]
|European Open, Belgium
|250 Series
|Hard (i)
|{{flagicon|NED}} Matwé Middelkoop
|{{flagicon|NED}} [[Tallon Griekspoor]] {{flagicon|NED}} [[Botic van de Zandschulp]]
|6–3, 3–6, [5–10]
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|22–32
|[[2023 ABN AMRO Open – Doubles|{{dts|Feb 2023}}]]
|style="background:#D4F1C5;"|[[Rotterdam Open]], Netherlands
|style="background:#D4F1C5;"|500 Series
|Hard (i)
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Matthew Ebden]]
|{{flagicon|CRO}} Ivan Dodig {{flagicon|USA}} [[Austin Krajicek]]
|6–7(5–7), 6–2, [10–12]
|-
|bgcolor=98fb98|Win
|23–32
|[[2023 Qatar ExxonMobil Open – Doubles|{{dts|Feb 2023}}]]
|Qatar Open, Qatar (2)
|250 Series
|Hard
|{{flagicon|AUS}} Matthew Ebden
|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Constant Lestienne]] {{flagicon|NED}} Botic van de Zandschulp
|6–7(5–7), 6–4, [10–6]
|-
|bgcolor=98fb98|Win
|24–32
|[[2023 BNP Paribas Open - Men's doubles|{{dts|Mar 2023}}]]
|style="background:#E9E9E9;"|[[Indian Wells Masters]], United States
|style="background:#E9E9E9;"|Masters 1000
|Hard
|{{flagicon|AUS}} Matthew Ebden
|{{flagicon|NED}} Wesley Koolhof {{flagicon|GBR}} Neal Skupski
|6–3, 2–6, [10–8]
|-
| bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
| 24–33
| [[2023 Mutua Madrid Open – Men's doubles|{{dts|May 2023}}]]
| style="background:#E9E9E9;"|Madrid Open, Spain
| style="background:#E9E9E9;"|Masters 1000
| Clay
| {{flagicon|AUS}} Matthew Ebden
| {{flagicon|}} [[Karen Khachanov]] {{flagicon|}} [[Andrey Rublev]]
| 3–6, 6–3, [3–10]
|-
| style=background:#ffa07a|Loss
| 24–34
| [[2023 US Open – Men's doubles|{{dts|Sep 2023}}]]
| style="background:#F3E6D7;"|US Open, New York
| style="background:#F3E6D7;"|Grand Slam
| Hard
| {{flagicon|AUS}} Matthew Ebden
| {{flagicon|USA}} Rajeev Ram {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Joe Salisbury]]
| 6–2, 3–6, 4–6
|-
| bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
| 24–35
| [[2023 Rolex Shanghai Masters – Doubles|{{dts|Oct 2023}}]]
| style="background:#E9E9E9;"|Shanghai Masters, China
| style="background:#E9E9E9;"|Masters 1000
| Hard
| {{flagicon|AUS}} Matthew Ebden
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Marcel Granollers]] {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Horacio Zeballos]]
| 7–5, 2–6, [7–10]
|-
| bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
| 24–36
| [[2023 Rolex Paris Masters – Doubles|{{dts|Oct 2023}}]]
| style="background:#E9E9E9;"|Paris Masters, France
| style="background:#E9E9E9;"|Masters 1000
| Hard (i)
| {{flagicon|AUS}} Matthew Ebden
| {{flagicon|MEX}} Santiago González {{flagicon|FRA}} Édouard Roger-Vasselin
| 2–6, 7–5, [7–10]
|-
| bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
| 24–37
| [[2024 Adelaide International – Men's doubles|{{dts|Jan 2024}}]]
| [[Adelaide International (tennis)|Adelaide International]], Australia
| 250 Series
| Hard
| {{flagicon|AUS}} Matthew Ebden
| {{flagicon|USA}} Rajeev Ram {{flagicon|GBR}} Joe Salisbury
| 5–7, 7–5, [9–11]
|-
| bgcolor=98fb98|Win
| 25–37
| [[2024 Australian Open – Men's doubles|{{dts|Jan 2024}}]]
| style="background:#F3E6D7;"|[[Australian Open]], Melbourne
| style="background:#F3E6D7;"|Grand Slam
| Hard
| {{flagicon|AUS}} Matthew Ebden
| {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Simone Bolelli]] {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Andrea Vavassori]]
| 7–6(7–0), 7–5
|-
| bgcolor=98FB98|Win
| 26–37
| [[2024 Miami Open – Men's doubles|{{dts|Mar 2024}}]]
| style="background:#E9E9E9;"|[[Miami Open (tennis)|Miami Open]], United States
| style="background:#E9E9E9;"|Masters 1000
| Hard
| {{flagicon|AUS}} Matthew Ebden
| {{flagicon|CRO}} Ivan Dodig {{flagicon|USA}} Austin Krajicek
| 6–7(3–7), 6–3, [10–6]
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|26–38
|[[2025 Japan Open Tennis Championships – Doubles|{{dts|Sep 2025}}]]
|style="background:#D4F1C5;"|[[Japan Open (tennis)|Japan Open]], Japan
|style="background:#D4F1C5;"|500 Series
|Hard
|{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Takeru Yuzuki]]
|{{flagicon|MON}} [[Hugo Nys]] {{flagicon|FRA}} Édouard Roger-Vasselin
|5–7, 5–7
|}

==Other Finals==

===Asian Games===

====Men's doubles 1 (1 title)====
{|class=wikitable style=font-size:100%
!Result
!Date
!Tournament
!Surface
!Partner
!Opponent
!Score
|-
|-bgcolor=FFEA5C
|{{gold medal}}
|[[Tennis at the 2018 Asian Games – Men's doubles|2018]]
|[[Tennis at the 2018 Asian Games|Palembang]], Indonesia
|Hard
|{{flagIOC2athlete|[[Divij Sharan]]|IND|2018 Asian Games}}
|{{flagIOC2athlete|[[Alexander Bublik]]|KAZ|2018 Asian Games}} {{flagIOC2athlete|[[Denis Yevseyev]]|KAZ|2018 Asian Games}}
|6–3, 6–4
|}

====Mixed doubles 1 (1 title)====
{|class=wikitable style=font-size:100%
!Result
!Date
!Tournament
!Surface
!Partner
!Opponent
!Score
|-
|-bgcolor=FFEA5C
|{{gold medal}}
|[[Tennis at the 2022 Asian Games – Mixed doubles|2022]]
|[[Tennis at the 2022 Asian Games|Hangzhou]], China
|Hard
|{{flagIOC2athlete|[[Rutuja Bhosale]]|IND|2022 Asian Games}}
|{{flagIOC2athlete|[[Liang En-shuo]]|TPE|2022 Asian Games}} {{flagIOC2athlete|[[Huang Tsung-hao]]|TPE|2022 Asian Games}}
|2–6, 6–3, [10–4]
|}

==Challengers and Futures finals==

===Singles: 16 (6 titles, 10 runner ups)===
{|
|-valign=top
|
{|class=wikitable
!Legend (singles)
|-bgcolor=e5d1cb
|-bgcolor=moccasin
|ATP Challenger Tour (1–1)
|-bgcolor=cffcff
|ITF Futures Tour (5–9)
|}
|
{|class=wikitable
!Titles by surface
|-
|Hard (5–7)
|-
|Clay (0–2)
|-
|Grass (0–0)
|-
|Carpet (1–1)
|}
|}

{|class="sortable wikitable"
!Result
!class="unsortable"|W–L
!{{ns}}Date{{ns}}
!Tournament
!Tier
!Surface
!Opponents
!class="unsortable"|Score
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|0–1
|{{dts|Oct 2001}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|India F4, [[Bombay]]
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Srinath Prahlad]]
|3–6, 4–6
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|0–2
|{{dts|Oct 2001}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|India F5, [[Indore]]
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Clay
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Srinath Prahlad]]
|6–7(4–7), 6–7(2–7)
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|1–2
|{{dts|Mar 2002}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|India F2, [[New Delhi]]
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Hard
|{{flagicon|UKR}} Dimitri Mazur
|7–6(7–5), 5–7, 6–4
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|2–2
|{{dts|Sep 2002}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|India F5, [[Chennai]]
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Harsh Mankad]]
|7–6(7–5), 4–6, 6–4
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|2–3
|{{dts|Jan 2003}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|India F2, [[New Delhi]]
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Carpet
|{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Dmitri Vlasov]]
|4–6, 1–6
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|2–4
|{{dts|Mar 2003}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|India F4, [[Mumbai]]
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Hard
|{{flagicon|AUT}} [[Zbynek Mlynarik]]
|6–7(4–7), 6–7(5–7)
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|3–4
|{{dts|Aug 2003}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Indonesia F4, [[Jakarta]]
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Hard
|{{flagicon|INA}} [[Febi Widhiyanto]]
|7–5, 2–6, 6–2
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|3–5
|{{dts|Apr 2005}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Sri Lanka F1, [[Colombo]]
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Clay
|{{flagicon|GER}} Peter Mayer Tischer
|6–7(4–7), 2–6
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|4–5
|{{dts|May 2005}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Kuwait F2, [[Mishref]]
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Hard
|{{flagicon|SVK}} [[Viktor Bruthans]]
|7–6(7–4), 6–4
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|5–5
|{{dts|Jun 2005}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|India F1 (1), [[Gurgaon]]
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Hard
|{{flagicon|INA}} [[Prima Simpatiaji]]
|6–3, 6–2
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|5–6
|{{dts|Jun 2005}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|India F1 (2), [[Gurgaon]]
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IRE}} [[Peter Clarke (tennis)|Peter Clarke]]
|4–6, 6–3, 4–6
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|5–7
|{{dts|Jun 2005}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|India F1 (3), [[Gurgaon]]
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IRE}} [[Peter Clarke (tennis)|Peter Clarke]]
|4–6, 5–7
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|5–8
|{{dts|Aug 2006}}
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[Bukhara Challenger|Bukhara]], Uzbekistan
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Hard
|{{flagicon|SCG}} [[Janko Tipsarević]]
|2–6, 4–6
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|5–9
|{{dts|Dec 2006}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|India F3, [[Delhi]]
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Hard
|{{flagicon|PAK}} [[Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi]]
|6–2, 3–6, 3–6
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|6–9
|[[2007 Shelbourne Irish Open – Singles|{{dts|Jul 2007}}]]
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[Shelbourne Irish Open|Dublin]], Ireland
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Carpet
|{{flagicon|DEN}} Martin Killemose
|6–4, 6–3
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|6–10
|{{dts|Apr 2008}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|India F5, [[Chandigarh]]
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Harsh Mankad]]
|Walkover
|}

===Doubles: 38 (18 titles, 20 runners ups)===
{|
|-valign=top
|
{|class=wikitable
!Legend (singles)
|-bgcolor=e5d1cb
|-bgcolor=moccasin
|ATP Challenger Tour (11–9)
|-bgcolor=cffcff
|ITF Futures Tour (7–11)
|}
|
{|class=wikitable
!Titles by surface
|-
|Hard (14–15)
|-
|Clay (0–3)
|-
|Grass (2–1)
|-
|Carpet (2–1)
|}
|}

{|class="sortable wikitable"
!Result
!class="unsortable"|W–L
!{{ns}}Date{{ns}}
!Tournament
!Tier
!Surface
!Partner
!Opponents
!class="unsortable"|Score
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|0–1
|{{dts|Oct 2001}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|India F4, [[Lucknow]]
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IND}} Vijay Kannan
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Srinath Prahlad]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ajay Ramaswami]]
|4–6, 4–6
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|1–1
|{{dts|Feb 2002}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|United Arab Emirates F2, [[Dubai]]
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Hard
|{{flagicon|TPE}} [[Yen-Hsun Lu]]
|{{flagicon|SVK}} Tomas Janci {{flagicon|SVK}} Roman Kukal
|7–5, 7–5
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|2–1
|{{dts|Mar 2002}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Sri Lanka F1, [[Colombo]]
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IND}} Vijay Kannan
|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Ran Xu]] {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Shao-Xuan Zeng]]
|4–6, 7–6(8–6), 6–3
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|2–2
|{{dts|Mar 2002}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|India F1, [[Jorhat]]
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IND}} Vijay Kannan
|{{flagicon|GBR}} [[Jonathan Marray]] {{flagicon|GBR}} [[David Sherwood]]
|6–3, 6–7(6–8), 6–7(8–10)
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|3–2
|{{dts|Mar 2002}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|India F2, [[New Delhi]]
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IND}} Vijay Kannan
|{{flagicon|THA}} [[Sanchai Ratiwatana]] {{flagicon|THA}} [[Sonchat Ratiwatana]]
|6–3, 6–4
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|3–3
|{{dts|Aug 2002}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|USA F23, [[Godfrey, Illinois|Godfrey]]
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Hard
|{{flagicon|RSA}} Willem-Petrus Meyer
|{{flagicon|USA}} Brandon Kramer {{flagicon|AUS}} Morgan Wilson
|7–6(9–7), 5–7, 4–6
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|4–3
|{{dts|Aug 2002}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|India F5, [[Chennai]]
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IND}} Vijay Kannan
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Nitten Kirrtane]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Saurav Panja]]
|6–2, 6–3
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|4–4
|{{dts|Oct 2002}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|India F6, [[Chandigarh]]
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IND}} Vijay Kannan
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ajay Ramaswami]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sunil-Kumar Sipaeya]]
|6–7(5–7), 2–6
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|4–5
|{{dts|Mar 2003}}
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[Ho Chi Minh City]], Vietnam
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Hard
|{{flagicon|NED}} [[Fred Hemmes Jr.]]
|{{flagicon|RSA}} [[Rik De Voest]] {{flagicon|RSA}} [[Wesley Moodie]]
|3–6, 6–3, 3–6
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|5–5
|{{dts|Aug 2003}}
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[Denver]], United States
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Hard
|{{flagicon|PAK}} [[Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi]]
|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Josh Goffi]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Jason Marshall (tennis)|Jason Marshall]]
|4–6, 6–3, 6–4
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|5–6
|{{dts|Aug 2003}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Indonesia F1, [[Jakarta]]
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IND}} Vijay Kannan
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Sadik Kadir]] {{flagicon|AUT}} [[Martin Slanar]]
|3–6, 6–7(2–7)
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|5–7
|{{dts|Apr 2004}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Qatar F2, [[Doha]]
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Hard
|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Jean-Michel Pequery]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mustafa Ghouse]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Harsh Mankad]]
|1–6, ret.
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|6–7
|{{dts|May 2004}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Kuwait F1, [[Mishref]]
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mustafa Ghouse]]
|{{flagicon|GER}} [[Sebastian Fitz]] {{flagicon|GER}} [[Frank Moser (tennis)|Frank Moser]]
|4–6, 6–4, 6–3
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|7–7
|{{dts|Mar 2005}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|India F4, [[Chennai]]
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IND}} Vijay Kannan
|{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Ivan Cerovic]] {{flagicon|AUT}} [[Konstantin Gruber]]
|6–4, 3–6, 7–6(7–5)
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|7–8
|{{dts|Apr 2005}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Sri Lanka F1, [[Colombo]]
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Clay
|{{flagicon|IND}} Vijay Kannan
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ashutosh Singh (tennis)|Ashutosh Singh]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vishal Uppal]]
|3–6, 4–6
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|7–9
|{{dts|May 2005}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|India F1 (1), [[Gurgaon]]
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IND}} Vijay Kannan
|{{flagicon|IND}} Jaco Mathew {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ashutosh Singh (tennis)|Ashutosh Singh]]
|6–4, 6–7(2–7), 4–6
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|8–9
|{{dts|Jun 2005}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|India F1 (2), [[Gurgaon]]
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IND}} Vijay Kannan
|{{flagicon|JPN}} Hayato Furukawa {{flagicon|JPN}} Tetsuhiro Yamamoto
|4–6, 6–1, 6–2
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|8–10
|{{dts|Jun 2005}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|India F1 (3), [[Gurgaon]]
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IND}} Vijay Kannan
|{{flagicon|IND}} Jaco Mathew {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ashutosh Singh (tennis)|Ashutosh Singh]]
|6–3, 3–6, 5–7
|-
|bgcolor=ffa07a|Loss
|8–11
|{{dts|Aug 2005}}
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[Bukhara Challenger|Bukhara]], Uzbekistan
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Hard
|{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Kyu-Tae Im]]
|{{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Alexey Kedryuk]] {{flagicon|UKR}} [[Orest Tereshchuk]]
|7–5, 4–6, 1–6
|-
|bgcolor=ffa07a|Loss
|8–12
|{{dts|Nov 2005}}
|bgcolor=cffcff|Australia F10, [[Berri, South Australia|Berri]]
|bgcolor=cffcff|Futures
|Grass
|{{flagicon|ROM}} [[Horia Tecău]]
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Carsten Ball]] {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Andrew Coelho]]
|7–5, 3–6, [5–10]
|-
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
|8–13
|{{dts|Mar 2006}}
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[Shimadzu All Japan Indoor Tennis Championships|Kyoto]], Japan
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Carpet
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Prakash Amritraj]]
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Alun Jones (tennis)|Alun Jones]] {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Jonathan Marray]]
|4–6, 6–3, [12–14]
|-
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|9–13
|{{dts|Jul 2006}}
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[Nordic Naturals Challenger|Aptos]], United States
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Prakash Amritraj]]
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Rajeev Ram]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Todd Widom]]
|3–6, 6–2, [10–6]
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|9–14
|{{dts|Aug 2006}}
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[Bukhara Challenger|Bukhara]], Uzbekistan
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Hard
|{{flagicon|PAK}} [[Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi]]
|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Nicolas Renavand]] {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Nicolas Tourte]]
|6–2, 3–6, [8–10]
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|9–15
|{{dts|Dec 2006}}
|style="background:#cffcff;"|India F3, [[Delhi]]
|style="background:#cffcff;"|Futures
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mustafa Ghouse]]
|{{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Alexey Kedryuk]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sunil-Kumar Sipaeya]]
|3–6, 4–6
|-
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|10–15
|[[2007 Shelbourne Irish Open – Doubles|{{dts|Jul 2007}}]]
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[Shelbourne Irish Open|Dublin]], Ireland
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Carpet
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Adam Feeney]]
|{{flagicon|GER}} [[Lars Burgsmuller]] {{flagicon|GER}} [[Mischa Zverev]]
|6–2,6–2
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|10–16
|{{dts|Jul 2007}}
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[The Hague Open|Scheveningen]], Netherlands
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Clay
|{{flagicon|URU}} [[Pablo Cuevas]]
|{{flagicon|NED}} [[Raemon Sluiter]] {{flagicon|NED}} [[Peter Wessels]]
|6–7(6–8), 5–7
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|11–16
|{{dts|Jul 2007}}
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[Manchester Open|Manchester]], Great Britain
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Grass
|{{flagicon|PAK}} [[Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi]]
|{{flagicon|NED}} [[Jesse Huta Galung]] {{flagicon|SWE}} [[Michael Ryderstedt]]
|4–6, 6–3, [10–5]
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|12–16
|{{dts|Jul 2007}}
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[Aegon Trophy|Nottingham]], Great Britain
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Grass
|{{flagicon|PAK}} [[Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mustafa Ghouse]] {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Josh Goodall]]
|6–3, 7–6(7–5)
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|13–16
|{{dts|Aug 2007}}
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[Open Castilla y León|Segovia]], Spain
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Hard
|{{flagicon|PAK}} [[Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi]]
|{{flagicon|SUI}} [[Michel Kratochvil]] {{flagicon|LUX}} [[Gilles Müller]]
|7–6(12–10), 6–3
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|14–16
|{{dts|Aug 2007}}
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[GHI Bronx Tennis Classic|Bronx]], USA
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Hard
|{{flagicon|PAK}} [[Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi]]
|{{flagicon|USA}} Alberto Francis {{flagicon|USA}} [[Phillip King (tennis)|Phillip King]]
|6–3, 2–6, [10–5]
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|14–17
|{{dts|Nov 2007}}
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[Dnipro|Dnipropetrovsk]], Ukraine
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Hard
|{{flagicon|RSA}} [[Chris Haggard]]
|{{flagicon|GER}} [[Christopher Kas]] {{flagicon|CRO}} [[Lovro Zovko]]
|6–7(5–7), 2–6
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|14–18
|{{dts|Nov 2007}}
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[Kuala Lumpur]], Malaysia
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Hard
|{{flagicon|PAK}} [[Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi]]
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Stephen Huss (tennis)|Stephen Huss]] {{flagicon|RSA}} [[Wesley Moodie]]
|6–7(10–12), 3–6
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|14–19
|{{dts|Dec 2007}}
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[New Delhi Challenger|New Delhi]], India
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Hard
|{{flagicon|PAK}} [[Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi]]
|{{flagicon|RSA}} [[Rik de Voest]] {{flagicon|RSA}} [[Wesley Moodie]]
|4–6, 6–7(4–7)
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|15–19
|[[2009 SAT Khorat Open – Doubles|{{dts|Mar 2009}}]]
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[SAT Khorat Open|Khorat]], Thailand
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Hard
|{{flagicon|PAK}} [[Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi]]
|{{flagicon|THA}} [[Sanchai Ratiwatana]] {{flagicon|THA}} [[Sonchat Ratiwatana]]
|6–3, 6–7(5–7), [10–5]
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|16–19
|[[2009 Lambertz Open by STAWAG – Doubles|{{dts|Nov 2009}}]]
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[Lambertz Open by STAWAG|Aachen]], Germany
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Carpet (i)
|{{flagicon|PAK}} [[Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi]]
|{{flagicon|GER}} [[Philipp Marx]] {{flagicon|SVK}} [[Igor Zelenay]]
|6–4, 7–6(8–6)
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|17–19
|[[2009 IPP Open – Doubles|{{dts|Nov 2009}}]]
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[IPP Open|Helsinki]], Finland
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Hard (i)
|{{flagicon|PAK}} [[Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi]]
|{{flagicon|FIN}} [[Henri Kontinen]] {{flagicon|FIN}} [[Jarkko Nieminen]]
|6–2, 7–6(9–7)
|-
|bgcolor=98FB98|Win
|18–19
|[[2010 The Jersey International – Doubles|{{dts|Mar 2010}}]]
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[The Jersey International|Jersey]], Channel Islands
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Hard (i)
|{{flagicon|GBR}} [[Ken Skupski]]
|{{flagicon|GBR}} Jonathan Marray {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Jamie Murray]]
|6–2, 2–6, [10–6]
|-
|bgcolor=FFA07A|Loss
|18–20
|[[2010 Tennis Napoli Cup – Doubles|{{dts|Apr 2010}}]]
|style="background:moccasin;"|[[Capri Watch Cup|Napoli]], Italy
|style="background:moccasin;"|Challenger
|Clay
|{{flagicon|PAK}} [[Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi]]
|{{flagicon|JAM}} [[Dustin Brown (tennis)|Dustin Brown]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Jesse Witten]]
|6–7(4–7), 5–7
|}

==National participation==
===Davis Cup (23–27)===
{|
|-valign=top
|
{|class=wikitable style=font-size:90%
!Group membership
|-bgcolor=#FFFFCC
|World Group/Finals (1–2)
|-bgcolor=#B0E0E6
|WG Play-off / Qualifying round (6–12)
|-bgcolor=#CCFFCC
|Group I (0–0)
|-bgcolor=#FFCCFF
|Group II (0–0)
|-bgcolor=#99CCFF
|Group III (0–0)
|-bgcolor=#FFCC99
|Group IV (0–0)
|}
|
{|class=wikitable style=font-size:90%
!Matches by surface
|-
|Hard (12–18)
|-
|Clay (1–2)
|-
|Grass (9–5)
|-
|Carpet (1–2)
|}
|
{|class=wikitable style=font-size:90%
|-
!Matches by type
|-
|Singles (10–17)
|-
|Doubles (13–10)
|}
|}

* {{increase}} {{decrease}} indicates the Result of the Davis Cup match followed by [[Davis Cup#Ties and rubbers|the score]], date, place of event, [[Davis Cup structure|the zonal classification and its phase]], and [[Tennis court#Types of tennis courts|the court surface]].

===Hopman Cup (6–6)===
{|
|- valign="top"
|
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
!Matches by type
|-
|Singles (0–6)
|-
|Mixed Doubles (6–0)
|-
|}
|
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
|}
|}

{| class="wikitable"
!Rubber Result
!Rubber
!Stage
!Match type (partner if any)
!Opponent nation
!Opponent player(s)
!Score
|-
! colspan="7" |[[2007 Hopman Cup]]; [[Perth Arena]], [[Perth]], Australia
|-
| bgcolor="FFA07A" |Defeat
| II
|Group
|Singles
|rowspan=2| {{flagicon|CZE}} Czech Republic
| [[Tomáš Berdych]]
| 2–6, 2–6
|-
| bgcolor="98FB98" |Victory
|III
|Group
|Doubles (with [[Sania Mirza]])
|[[Lucie Šafářová]] / [[Tomáš Berdych]]
|6–3, 5–7, 7–6(7–5)
|-
| bgcolor="FFA07A" |Defeat
| II
|Group
|Singles
|rowspan=2| {{flagicon|CRO}} Croatia
| [[Mario Ančić]]
| 6–7(2–7), 6–7(4–7)
|-
| bgcolor="98FB98" |Victory
|III
|Group
|Doubles (with [[Sania Mirza]])
|[[Sanja Ančić]] / [[Mario Ančić]]
|6–3, 3–6, 7–6(11–9)
|-
| bgcolor="FFA07A" |Defeat
| II
|Group
|Singles
|rowspan=2| {{flagicon|ESP}} Spain
| [[Tommy Robredo]]
| 2–6, 3–6
|-
| bgcolor="98FB98" |Victory
|III
|Group
|Doubles (with [[Sania Mirza]])
|[[Anabel Medina Garrigues]] / [[Tommy Robredo]]
|6–7(5–7), 6–2, 7–6(11–9)
|-
! colspan="7" |[[2008 Hopman Cup]]; [[Perth Arena]], [[Perth]], Australia
|-
| bgcolor="FFA07A" |Defeat
| II
|Group
|Singles
|rowspan=2| {{flagicon|USA}} United States
| [[Mardy Fish]]
| 2–6, 4–6
|-
| bgcolor="98FB98" |Victory
|III
|Group
|Doubles (with [[Sania Mirza]])
|[[Meghann Shaughnessy]] / [[Mardy Fish]]
|6–4, 6–4
|-
| bgcolor="FFA07A" |Defeat
| II
|Group
|Singles
|rowspan=2| {{flagicon|AUS}} Australia
| [[Peter Luczak]]
| 6–7(2–7), 3–6
|-
| bgcolor="98FB98" |Victory
|III
|Group
|Doubles (with [[Sania Mirza]])
|[[Alicia Molik]] / [[Peter Luczak]]
|6–2, 4–6, 7–6(14–12)
|-
| bgcolor="FFA07A" |Defeat
| II
|Group
|Singles
|rowspan=2| {{flagicon|CZE}} Czech Republic
| [[Tomáš Berdych]]
| 4–6, 0–6
|-
| bgcolor="98FB98" |Victory
|III
|Group
|Doubles (with [[Sania Mirza]])
|[[Lucie Šafářová]] / [[Tomáš Berdych]]
|6–3, 6–2
|}

==ATP ranking==
===Doubles===
{|class="wikitable nowrap" style=text-align:center;font-size:96%
|-
! Year
! 1999
! 2000
! 2001
! 2002
! 2003
! 2004
! 2005
! 2006
! 2007
! 2008
! 2009
! 2010
! 2011
! 2012
! 2013
! 2014
! 2015
! 2016
! 2017
! 2018
! 2019
! 2020
! 2021
! 2022
! 2023
! [[2024 Rohan Bopanna tennis season#Rankings|2024]]
! 2025
|-
| High
| 722T
| 662
| 515
| 309
| 203
| 210
| 277
| 107
| 66
| 43
| 61
| style="background:#afeeee"|13
| style="background:#eee8aa;"|9
| style="background:#eee8aa;"|8
| style="background:#99ccff;"|3
| style="background:#afeeee"|13
| style="background:#eee8aa;"|9
| style="background:#eee8aa;"|8
| style="background:#afeeee"|14
| style="background:#d4f1c5"|18
| style="background:#d4f1c5"|32
| 36
| 37
| style="background:#d4f1c5"|17
| style="background:#99ccff;"|3
| style="background:lime;"|'''1'''
| style="background:#afeeee"|15
|-
| Low
| 1066T
| 865
| 864
| 546
| 376
| 676
| 734
| 277
| 173
| 81
| 100
| 88
| style="background:#d4f1c5"|19
| style="background:#afeeee"|15
| style="background:#afeeee"|13
| 35
| style="background:#d4f1c5"|30
| style="background:#d4f1c5"|28
| style="background:#d4f1c5"|28
| 39
| 50
| 42
| 49
| 44
| style="background:#d4f1c5"|20
| style="background:#afeeee"|15
| 53
|-
! Year End
! 722T
! 740
! 517
! 317
! 212
! 664
! 307
! 114
! 73
! 67
! 83
! style="background:#afeeee"|16
! style="background:#afeeee"|11
! style="background:#afeeee"|12
! style="background:#afeeee"|13
! style="background:#d4f1c5"|30
! style="background:#eee8aa;"|9
! style="background:#d4f1c5"|28
! style="background:#d4f1c5"|18
! 37
! 38
! 39
! 43
! style="background:#d4f1c5"|19
! style="background:#99ccff;"|3
! style="background:#afeeee"|15
! 63
|}

===Weeks statistics===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center;
!width=106|Weeks at
!Total weeks
!Consecutive
|-
| style="background:lime"|No. 1|| 8 || 4
|-
| style="background:thistle"|No. 2|| 6 || 2
|-
| style="background:#99ccff"|No. 3|| 13 || 9
|-
| style="background:#eee8aa"|Top 5|| 54 || 42
|-
| style="background:#eee8aa"|Top 10|| 139 || 60
|-
| style="background:#afeeee"|Top 20|| 439 || 203
|-
| style="background:#d4f1c5"|Top 30|| 575 || 212
|-
| style="background:#d4f1c5"|Top 40|| 699 || 459
|-
| style="background:#d2dae1"|Top 50 || 774 || 757
|-
| style="background:#d2dae1"|Top 100 || 914 || 914
|}
:''* Source: <ref>{{cite web |title=🎾Top N Weeks🎾 Tennis {{!}} ATP Live Rankings {{!}} WTA Live Rankings {{!}} Draw Challenges |url=https://www.live-tennis.cn/tr/history/topn |website=www.live-tennis.cn |access-date=16 December 2024}}</ref>''
:''* Statistics correct {{as of|2025|07|09|lc=y}}.''

==Grand Slam seedings==
The tournaments won by Bopanna are in '''boldface''', and advances into finals by Bopanna are in ''italics''.

===Men's doubles===
{|
|-valign=top
|
{| class="wikitable"
!Legend
|-bgcolor=lime
|seeded No. 1 (0 / 0)
|-bgcolor=thistle
|seeded No. 2 ('''1''' / 4)
|-bgcolor=#9cf
|seeded No. 3 (0 / 0)
|-bgcolor=eee8aa
|seeded No. 4–10 (0 / 29)
|-bgcolor=afeeee
|seeded No. 11–16 (0 / 11)
|-
|unseeded (0 / 20)
|}
|
{| class="wikitable"
!colspan=6|Longest / total
|- style="background:Aqua;"
|bgcolor=lime|0||rowspan=6|64
|-bgcolor=thistle
|4
|-bgcolor=#9cf
|1
|-bgcolor=eee8aa
|8
|-bgcolor=afeeee
|4
|-
|9
|}
|}

{|class=wikitable style=font-size:100%;text-align:center
!width=50|Year
!width=200|[[Australian Open]]
!width=200|[[French Open]]
!width=200|[[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]]
!width=200|[[US Open (tennis)|US Open]]
|-
|2006||style="color:#767676; background:#efefef"|did not play||style="color:#767676; background:#efefef"|did not play||did not qualify||style="color:#767676; background:#efefef"|did not play
|-
|2007||style="color:#767676; background:#efefef"|did not play||style="color:#767676; background:#efefef"|did not play||did not qualify||style="color:#767676; background:#efefef"|did not play
|-
|2008||not seeded||not seeded||not seeded||not seeded
|-
|2009||not seeded||not seeded||style="color:#767676; background:#efefef"|did not play||style="color:#767676; background:#efefef"|did not play
|-
|2010||not seeded||not seeded||not seeded||bgcolor=#afeeee|''16th (1)''
|-
|2011||bgcolor=#EEE8AA|10th||bgcolor=#EEE8AA|5th||bgcolor=#EEE8AA|4th||bgcolor=#EEE8AA|5th
|-
|2012||bgcolor=#EEE8AA|4th||bgcolor=#EEE8AA|6th||bgcolor=#EEE8AA|7th||bgcolor=#EEE8AA|8th
|-
|2013||bgcolor=#afeeee|12th||bgcolor=#EEE8AA|4th||bgcolor=#afeeee|14th||bgcolor=#EEE8AA|6th
|-
|2014||bgcolor=#EEE8AA|7th||bgcolor=#EEE8AA|6th||bgcolor=#EEE8AA|8th||bgcolor=#afeeee|13th
|-
|2015||bgcolor=#EEE8AA|7th||bgcolor=#EEE8AA|9th||bgcolor=#EEE8AA|9th||bgcolor=#EEE8AA|6th
|-
|2016||bgcolor=#EEE8AA|4th||bgcolor=#EEE8AA|6th||bgcolor=#EEE8AA|6th||not seeded
|-
|2017||bgcolor=#afeeee|15th||bgcolor=#EEE8AA|9th||bgcolor=#EEE8AA|8th||bgcolor=#EEE8AA|10th
|-
|2018||bgcolor=#EEE8AA|10th||bgcolor=#afeeee|13th||bgcolor=#afeeee|12th||bgcolor=#afeeee|15th
|-
|2019||bgcolor=#afeeee|15th||not seeded||not seeded||not seeded
|-
|2020||not seeded||not seeded||bgcolor="darkgray"|{{small|tournament cancelled}}||not seeded
|-
|2021||not seeded||not seeded||not seeded||bgcolor=#afeeee|13th
|-
|2022||not seeded||bgcolor=#afeeee|16th||style="color:#767676; background:#efefef"|did not play||bgcolor=#EEE8AA|9th
|-
|2023||bgcolor=#EEE8AA|10th||bgcolor=#EEE8AA|6th||bgcolor=#EEE8AA|6th||bgcolor=#EEE8AA|''6th (2)''
|-
|2024||bgcolor=#D8BFD8|'''2nd (1)'''||bgcolor=#D8BFD8|2nd||bgcolor=#D8BFD8|2nd||bgcolor=#D8BFD8|2nd
|}

===Mixed doubles===
{|
|-valign=top
|
{| class="wikitable"
!Legend
|-bgcolor=lime
|seeded No. 1 (0 / 0)
|-bgcolor=thistle
|seeded No. 2 (0 / 3)
|-bgcolor=#9cf
|seeded No. 3 (0 / 2)
|-bgcolor=eee8aa
|seeded No. 4–10 ('''1''' / 18)
|-bgcolor=afeeee
|seeded No. 11–16 (0 / 2)
|-
|unseeded (0 / 24)
|}
|
{| class="wikitable"
!colspan=6|Longest / total
|- style="background:Aqua;"
|bgcolor=lime|0||rowspan=6|49
|-bgcolor=thistle
|2
|-bgcolor=#9cf
|1
|-bgcolor=eee8aa
|6
|-bgcolor=afeeee
|1
|-
|4
|}
|}

{|class=wikitable style=font-size:100%;text-align:center
!width=50|Year
!width=200|[[Australian Open]]
!width=200|[[French Open]]
!width=200|[[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]]
!width=200|[[US Open (tennis)|US Open]]
|-
|2008||style="color:#767676; background:#efefef"|did not play||style="color:#767676; background:#efefef"|did not play||not seeded||style="color:#767676; background:#efefef"|did not play
|-
|2009||style="color:#767676; background:#efefef"|did not play||style="color:#767676; background:#efefef"|did not play||style="color:#767676; background:#efefef"|did not play||style="color:#767676; background:#efefef"|did not play
|-
|2010||style="color:#767676; background:#efefef"|did not play||style="color:#767676; background:#efefef"|did not play||not seeded||not seeded
|-
|2011||not seeded||not seeded||bgcolor=#EEE8AA|6th||bgcolor=#EEE8AA|5th
|-
|2012||bgcolor=#EEE8AA|4th||bgcolor=#EEE8AA|4th||bgcolor=#EEE8AA|10th||bgcolor=#EEE8AA|6th
|-
|2013||not seeded||not seeded||bgcolor=#EEE8AA|7th||bgcolor=#99ccff|3rd
|-
|2014||bgcolor=#D8BFD8|2nd||bgcolor=#D8BFD8|2nd||bgcolor=#EEE8AA|7th||bgcolor=#EEE8AA|6th
|-
|2015||not seeded||not seeded||not seeded||bgcolor=#D8BFD8|2nd
|-
|2016||bgcolor=#99ccff|3rd||not seeded||bgcolor=#afeeee|13th||not seeded
|-
|2017||not seeded||bgcolor=#EEE8AA|'''7th (1)'''||bgcolor=#EEE8AA|10th||bgcolor=#EEE8AA|7th
|-
|2018||bgcolor=#EEE8AA|''5th (1)''||bgcolor=#EEE8AA|7th||style="color:#767676; background:#efefef"|did not play||protected ranking
|-
|2019||not seeded||not seeded||bgcolor=#afeeee|13th||not seeded
|-
|2020||not seeded||colspan=3 bgcolor="darkgray"|{{small|tournament cancelled}}
|-
|2021||not seeded||style="color:#767676; background:#efefef"|did not play||protected ranking||style="color:#767676; background:#efefef"|did not play
|-
|2022||not seeded||bgcolor=#EEE8AA|5th||style="color:#767676; background:#efefef"|did not play||bgcolor=#EEE8AA|6th
|-
|2023||''not seeded (2)''||style="color:#767676; background:#efefef"|did not play||bgcolor=#EEE8AA|6th||not seeded
|-
|2024||style="color:#767676; background:#efefef"|did not play||not seeded||style="color:#767676; background:#efefef"|did not play||bgcolor=#EEE8AA|8th
|}

== Top 10 Record ==
{|class=wikitable
!Season!!2007!!2008!!2009!!2010!!2011!!2012!!2013!!2014!!2015!!2016!!2017!!2018!!2019!!2020!!2021!!2022!!2023!!2024!!2025!!'''Total'''
|-align=center
|bgcolor="98FB98"|'''Wins'''||0||1||1||3||4||9||4||2||9||2||4||3||5||1||1||5||5||3||2||'''64'''
|-align=center
|bgcolor="FFA07A"|'''Losses'''||1||4||0||3||9||7||9||9||7||6||8||6||7||2||5||6||6||3||1||'''100'''
|}

=== Matches ===
{{Incomplete list|date=May 2024}}
{|class="wikitable sortable"
! Result
! class=unsortable|W–L
! Opponents
! Rank
! Tournament
! Surface
! Partner
! class=unsortable|Round
! class=unsortable|Score
! {{Tooltip|RBR|Rohan Bopanna Rank}}
|-
|colspan=10 style=text-align:center|'''[[2007 ATP Tour|2007]]'''
|-
| {{Lost}}
| 0–1
| {{flagicon|BAH}} [[Mark Knowles]] {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Daniel Nestor]]
| bgcolor=eee8aa |No. 5 No. 5
| style="background:#D4F1C5;"|[[2007 Dubai Tennis Championships – Men's doubles|Dubai Tennis Championships]], UAE
| bgcolor=#ccf| Hard
| {{flagicon|MAR}} [[Younes El Aynaoui]]
| bgcolor=afeeee | First Round
| 2–6, 7–6(10–8), [2–10]
| No. 143
|-
|colspan=10 style=text-align:center|'''[[2008 ATP Tour|2008]]'''
|-
| {{Win}}
| 1–1
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Paul Hanley (tennis)|Paul Hanley]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Leander Paes]]
| bgcolor=eee8aa |No. 10 No. 13
| bgcolor=f3e6d7 |[[2008 Australian Open – Men's doubles|Australian Open]], Australia
| bgcolor=ccccff | Hard
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Rajeev Ram]]
| bgcolor=afeeee | Second Round
| 6–3, 3–6, 7–6(8–6)
| No. 68
|-
| {{Lost}}
| 1–2
| {{flagicon|CAN}} Daniel Nestor {{flagicon|SRB}} [[Nenad Zimonjić]]
| bgcolor=eee8aa |No. 4 No. 11
| style="background:#D4F1C5;"|[[2008 Dubai Tennis Championships – Men's doubles|Dubai Tennis Championships]], UAE
| bgcolor=#ccf| Hard
| {{flagicon|PAK}} [[Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi]]
| bgcolor=ffebcd| Quarterfinals
| 6–2, 6–7(7–9), [6–10]
| No. 58
|-
| {{Lost}}
| 1–3
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Bob Bryan]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Mike Bryan]]
| bgcolor=lime|No. '''1''' No. '''1'''
| style="background:#f3e6d7;"|[[2008 French Open – Men's doubles|French Open]], France
| bgcolor=EBC2AF| Clay
| {{flagicon|PAK}} Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi
| bgcolor=afeeee | First Round
| 1–6, 4–6
| No. 51
|-
| {{Lost}}
| 1–4
| {{flagicon|CAN}} Daniel Nestor {{flagicon|SRB}} Nenad Zimonjić
| bgcolor=99ccff| No. 3 No. 4
| style="background:#D4F1C5;"|[[2008 Stella Artois Championships – Doubles|Queen's Club Championships]], United Kingdom
| bgcolor=CCFFCC| Grass
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mahesh Bhupathi]]
| bgcolor=ffebcd| Quarterfinals
| 4–6, 4–6
| No. 52
|-
| {{Lost}}
| 1–5
| {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Lukáš Dlouhý]] {{flagicon|IND}} Leander Paes
| bgcolor=eee8aa |No. 12 No. 8
| [[2008 Thailand Open – Doubles|Thailand Open]], Thailand
| bgcolor=#ccf| Hard
| {{flagicon|PAK}} Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi
| bgcolor=afeeee | First Round
| 6–7(3–7), 6–4, [7–10]
| No. 51
|-
|colspan=10 style=text-align:center|'''[[2009 ATP Tour|2009]]'''
|-
| {{Win}}
| 2–5
| {{flagicon|USA}} Bob Bryan {{flagicon|USA}} Mike Bryan
| bgcolor=lime|No. '''1''' No. '''1'''
| [[2009 SAP Open – Doubles|SAP Open]], United States
| bgcolor=#ccf| Hard
| {{flagicon|FIN}} [[Jarkko Nieminen]]
| bgcolor=ffebcd| Quarterfinals
| 6–4, 4–6, [10–5]
| No. 85
|-
|colspan=10 style=text-align:center|'''[[2010 ATP Tour|2010]]'''
|-
| {{Lost}}
| 2–6
| {{flagicon|USA}} Bob Bryan {{flagicon|USA}} Mike Bryan
| bgcolor=lime|No. '''1''' No. '''1'''
| [[2010 Farmers Classic – Doubles|Los Angeles Open]], United States
| bgcolor=#ccf| Hard
| {{flagicon|PAK}} Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi
| bgcolor=yellow| Semifinals
| 2–6, 4–6
| No. 35
|-
| {{Win}}
| 3–6
| {{flagicon|USA}} Bob Bryan {{flagicon|USA}} Mike Bryan
| bgcolor=lime|No. '''1''' No. '''1'''
| style="background:#D4F1C5;"| [[2010 Legg Mason Tennis Classic – Doubles|Washington Open]], United States
| bgcolor=#ccf| Hard
| {{flagicon|PAK}} Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi
| bgcolor=ffebcd| Quarterfinals
| 7–6(8–6), 7–5
| No. 34
|-
| {{Win}}
| 4–6
| {{flagicon|IND}} Mahesh Bhupathi {{flagicon|BLR}} [[Max Mirnyi]]
| bgcolor=eee8aa |No. 7 No. 9
| [[2010 Pilot Pen Tennis – Men's doubles|Connecticut Open]], United States
| bgcolor=#ccf| Hard
| {{flagicon|PAK}} Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi
| bgcolor=yellow| Semifinals
| 6–4, 6–4
| No. 33
|-
| {{Win}}
| 5–6
| {{flagicon|CAN}} Daniel Nestor {{flagicon|SRB}} Nenad Zimonjić
| bgcolor=99ccff| No. 3 No. 3
| style="background:#f3e6d7;"|[[2010 US Open – Men's doubles|US Open]], United States
| bgcolor=#ccf|Hard
| {{flagicon|PAK}} Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi
| bgcolor=ffebcd| Quarterfinals
| 6–3, 6–4
| No. 33
|-
| {{Lost}}
| 5–7
| {{flagicon|USA}} Bob Bryan {{flagicon|USA}} Mike Bryan
| bgcolor=lime|No. '''1''' No. '''1'''
| style="background:#f3e6d7;"|US Open, United States
| bgcolor=#ccf|Hard
| {{flagicon|PAK}} Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi
| bgcolor=thistle| Final
| 6–7(5–7), 6–7(4–7)
| No. 33
|-
| {{Lost}}
| 5–8
| {{flagicon|AUT}} [[Jürgen Melzer]] {{flagicon|IND}} Leander Paes
| bgcolor=eee8aa |No. 12 No. 8
| bgcolor=e9e9e9 | [[2010 Shanghai Rolex Masters|Shanghai Masters]], China
| bgcolor=ccccff | Hard
| {{flagicon|PAK}} Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi
| bgcolor=ffebcd| Quarterfinals
| 7–6(8–6), 6–7(6–8), [4–10]
| No. 18
|-
|colspan=10 style=text-align:center|'''[[2011 ATP Tour|2011]]'''
|-
| {{Lost}}
| 5–9
| {{flagicon|CZE}} Lukáš Dlouhý {{flagicon|AUS}} Paul Hanley
| bgcolor=eee8aa |No. 8 No. 22
| [[2011 Medibank International Sydney – Men's doubles|Sydney International]], Australia
| bgcolor=#ccf| Hard
| {{flagicon|PAK}} Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi
| bgcolor=yellow| Semifinals
| 5–7, 6–4, [8–10]
| No. 16
|-
| {{Lost}}
| 5–10
| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Michaël Llodra]] {{flagicon|SRB}} Nenad Zimonjić
| bgcolor=99ccff| No. 29 No. 3
| bgcolor=f3e6d7 |[[2011 Australian Open – Men's doubles|Australian Open]], Australia
| bgcolor=ccccff | Hard
| {{flagicon|PAK}} Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi
| bgcolor=afeeee | Third Round
| 6–3, 6–7(6–8), 6–7(2–7)
| No. 16
|-
| {{Lost}}
| 5–11
| {{flagicon|FRA}} Michaël Llodra {{flagicon|SRB}} Nenad Zimonjić
| bgcolor=eee8aa|No. 25 No. 4
| style="background:#D4F1C5;"|[[2011 ABN AMRO World Tennis Tournament|Rotterdam Open]], Netherlands
| bgcolor=#ccf| Hard (i)
| {{flagicon|PAK}} Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi
| bgcolor=afeeee | First Round
| 4–6, 6–7(4–7)
| No. 17
|-
| {{Lost}}
| 5–12
| {{flagicon|SRB}} [[Ilija Bozoljac]] {{flagicon|SRB}} Nenad Zimonjić
| bgcolor=eee8aa|No. 152 No. 4
| style="background:#ecf2ff"|[[2011 Davis Cup World Group]], Serbia
| bgcolor=#ccf| Hard
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Somdev Devvarman]]
| bgcolor=afeeee | First Round
| 6–4, 3–6, 4–6, 6–7(10–12)
| No. 19
|-
| {{Win}}
| 6–12
| {{flagicon|IND}} Mahesh Bhupathi {{flagicon|IND}} Leander Paes
| bgcolor=eee8aa |No. 5 No. 7
| style="background:#E9E9E9;"|[[2011 BNP Paribas Open - Men's doubles|Indian Wells Masters]], United States
| bgcolor=#ccf| Hard
| {{flagicon|PAK}} Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi
| bgcolor=afeeee | Second Round
| 6–3, 6–4
| No. 19
|-
| {{Win}}
| 7–12
| {{flagicon|BLR}} Max Mirnyi {{flagicon|CAN}} Daniel Nestor
| bgcolor=99ccff| No. 6 No. 3
| bgcolor=e9e9e9 | [[2011 Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters – Doubles|Monte-Carlo Master]], Monaco
| bgcolor=EBC2AF| Clay
| {{flagicon|PAK}} Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi
| bgcolor=ffebcd| Quarterfinals
| 6–1, 7–5
| No. 16
|-
| {{Lost}}
| 7–13
| {{flagicon|USA}} Bob Bryan {{flagicon|USA}} Mike Bryan
| bgcolor=lime|No. '''1''' No. '''1'''
| style="background:#f3e6d7;"|[[2011 French Open – Men's doubles|French Open]], France
| bgcolor=EBC2AF| Clay
| {{flagicon|PAK}} Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi
| bgcolor=ffebcd| Quarterfinals
| 7–6(7–2), 3–6, 6–7(3–7)
| No. 11
|-
| {{Lost}}
| 7–14
| {{flagicon|USA}} Bob Bryan {{flagicon|USA}} Mike Bryan
| bgcolor=lime|No. '''1''' No. '''1'''
| style="background:#E9E9E9;"|[[2011 Rogers Cup – Men's doubles|Canadian Open]], Canada
| bgcolor=#ccf|Hard
| {{flagicon|PAK}} Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi
| bgcolor=ffebcd| Quarterfinals
| 3–3 Ret.
| No. 11
|-
| {{Lost}}
| 7–15
| {{flagicon|FRA}} Michaël Llodra {{flagicon|SRB}} Nenad Zimonjić
| bgcolor=eee8aa|No. 7 No. 4
| bgcolor=e9e9e9 | [[2011 Western & Southern Open – Men's doubles|Cincinnati Open]], United States
| bgcolor=ccccff | Hard
| {{flagicon|PAK}} Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi
| bgcolor=ffebcd| Quarterfinals
| 3–6, 2–6
| bgcolor=eee8aa|No. 9
|-
| {{Win}}
| 8–15
| {{flagicon|FRA}} Michaël Llodra {{flagicon|SRB}} Nenad Zimonjić
| bgcolor=99ccff| No. 6 No. 3
| style="background:#E9E9E9;"|[[2011 BNP Paribas Masters – Doubles|Paris Masters]], France
| bgcolor=ccccff | Hard (i)
| {{flagicon|PAK}} Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi
| bgcolor=ffebcd| Quarterfinals
| 3–6, 6–4, [10–6]
| No. 16
|-
| {{Win}}
| 9–15
| {{flagicon|BLR}} Max Mirnyi {{flagicon|CAN}} Daniel Nestor
| bgcolor=eee8aa|No. 4 No. 5
| style="background:#E9E9E9;"|Paris Masters, France
| bgcolor=ccccff | Hard (i)
| {{flagicon|PAK}} Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi
| bgcolor=yellow| Semifinals
| 6–3, 7–6(9–7)
| No. 16
|-
| {{Lost}}
| 9–16
| {{flagicon|BLR}} Max Mirnyi {{flagicon|CAN}} Daniel Nestor
| bgcolor=eee8aa|No. 5 No. 5
| style="background:#ffffcc;"|[[2011 ATP World Tour Finals – Doubles|ATP Finals]], United Kingdom
| bgcolor=ccccff | Hard (i)
| {{flagicon|PAK}} Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi
| bgcolor=afeeee | Round Robin
| 6–7(2–7), 6–4, [9–11]
| bgcolor=eee8aa|No. 10
|-
| {{Lost}}
| 9–17
| {{flagicon|FRA}} Michaël Llodra {{flagicon|SRB}} Nenad Zimonjić
| bgcolor=99ccff| No. 3 No. 4
| style="background:#ffffcc;"|ATP Finals, United Kingdom
| bgcolor=ccccff | Hard (i)
| {{flagicon|PAK}} Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi
| bgcolor=afeeee | Round Robin
| 6–7(6–8), 3–6
| bgcolor=eee8aa|No. 10
|-
|colspan=10 style=text-align:center|'''[[2012 ATP Tour|2012]]'''
|-
| {{Win}}
| 10–17
| {{flagicon|FRA}} Michaël Llodra {{flagicon|SRB}} Nenad Zimonjić
| bgcolor=eee8aa|No. 5 No. 6
| bgcolor=e9e9e9 | [[2012 Sony Ericsson Open – Men's doubles|Miami Open]], United States
| bgcolor=ccccff | Hard
| {{flagicon|IND}} Mahesh Bhupathi
| bgcolor=ffebcd| Quarterfinals
| 2–6, 6–3, [10–8]
| No. 12
|-
| {{Lost}}
| 10–18
| {{flagicon|BLR}} Max Mirnyi {{flagicon|CAN}} Daniel Nestor
| bgcolor=99ccff| No. 3 No. 3
| bgcolor=e9e9e9 | Miami Open, United States
| bgcolor=ccccff | Hard
| {{flagicon|IND}} Mahesh Bhupathi
| bgcolor=yellow| Semifinals
| 2–6, 4–6
| No. 12
|-
| {{Lost}}
| 10–19
| {{flagicon|SWE}} [[Robert Lindstedt]] {{flagicon|ROU}} [[Horia Tecău]]
| bgcolor=eee8aa|No. 8 No. 9
| bgcolor=e9e9e9 | [[2012 Mutua Madrid Open – Men's doubles|Madrid Open]], Spain
| bgcolor=EBC2AF| Clay
| {{flagicon|IND}} Mahesh Bhupathi
| bgcolor=yellow| Semifinals
| 4–6, 6–1, [7–10]
| No. 12
|-
| {{Win}}
| 11–19
| {{flagicon|BLR}} Max Mirnyi {{flagicon|CAN}} Daniel Nestor
| bgcolor=lime|No. '''1''' No. '''1'''
| bgcolor=e9e9e9 | [[2012 Italian Open – Men's doubles|Italian Open]], Italy
| bgcolor=EBC2AF| Clay
| {{flagicon|IND}} Mahesh Bhupathi
| bgcolor=ffebcd| Quarterfinals
| 6–4, 7–5
| No. 12
|-
| {{Lost}}
| 11–20
| {{flagicon|BLR}} Max Mirnyi {{flagicon|CAN}} Daniel Nestor
| bgcolor=lime|No. '''1''' No. '''1'''
| [[2012 Aegon Championships – Doubles|Queen's Club Championships]], United Kingdom
| bgcolor=CCFFCC| Grass
| {{flagicon|IND}} Mahesh Bhupathi
| bgcolor=ffebcd| Quarterfinals
| 6–7(7–9), 4–6
| No. 12
|-
| {{Win}}
| 12–20
| {{flagicon|BLR}} [[Aliaksandr Bury]] {{flagicon|BLR}} Max Mirnyi
| bgcolor=lime|No. 208 No. '''1'''
| style="background:#f5da81"| [[Tennis at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's doubles|Summer Olympics]], United Kingdom
| bgcolor=CCFFCC| Grass
| {{flagicon|IND}} Mahesh Bhupathi
| bgcolor=afeeee| First Round
| 7–6(7–4), 6–7(4–7), 8–6
| No. 13
|-
| {{Lost}}
| 12–21
| {{flagicon|AUS}} Paul Hanley {{flagicon|SRB}} Nenad Zimonjić
| bgcolor=eee8aa|No. 25 No. 4
| style="background:#E9E9E9;"|[[2012 Rogers Cup – Men's doubles|Canadian Open]], Canada
| bgcolor=#ccf|Hard
| {{flagicon|IND}} Mahesh Bhupathi
| bgcolor=afeeee| Second Round
| 4–6, 6–7(6–8)
| No. 13
|-
| {{Win}}
| 13–21
| {{flagicon|POL}} [[Mariusz Fyrstenberg]] {{flagicon|POL}} [[Marcin Matkowski]]
| bgcolor=eee8aa|No. 6 No. 7
| bgcolor=e9e9e9 | [[2012 Western & Southern Open – Men's doubles|Cincinnati Open]], United States
| bgcolor=ccccff | Hard
| {{flagicon|IND}} Mahesh Bhupathi
| bgcolor=ffebcd| Quarterfinals
| 6–4, 3–6, [10–8]
| No. 14
|-
| {{Lost}}
| 13–22
| {{flagicon|SWE}} Robert Lindstedt {{flagicon|ROU}} Horia Tecău
| bgcolor=eee8aa|No. 8 No. 9
| bgcolor=e9e9e9 | Cincinnati Open, United States
| bgcolor=ccccff | Hard
| {{flagicon|IND}} Mahesh Bhupathi
| bgcolor=thistle| Final
| 4–6, 4–6
| No. 14
|-
| {{Win}}
| 14–22
| {{flagicon|BLR}} Max Mirnyi {{flagicon|CAN}} Daniel Nestor
| bgcolor=lime|No. '''1''' No. '''1'''
| bgcolor=e9e9e9 | [[2012 Shanghai Rolex Masters – Doubles|Shanghai Masters]], China
| bgcolor=ccccff | Hard
| {{flagicon|IND}} Mahesh Bhupathi
| bgcolor=ffebcd| Quarterfinals
| 7–6(9–7), 6–4
| No. 14
|-
| {{Lost}}
| 14–23
| {{flagicon|IND}} Leander Paes {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Radek Štěpánek]]
| bgcolor=eee8aa|No. 5 No. 8
| bgcolor=e9e9e9 | Shanghai Masters, China
| bgcolor=ccccff | Hard
| {{flagicon|IND}} Mahesh Bhupathi
| bgcolor=thistle| Final
| 7–6(9–7), 3–6, [5–10]
| No. 14
|-
| {{Win}}
| 15–23
| {{flagicon|POL}} Mariusz Fyrstenberg {{flagicon|POL}} Marcin Matkowski
| bgcolor=eee8aa|No. 10 No. 13
| style="background:#E9E9E9;"|[[2012 BNP Paribas Masters – Doubles|Paris Masters]], France
| bgcolor=ccccff | Hard (i)
| {{flagicon|IND}} Mahesh Bhupathi
| bgcolor=ffebcd| Quarterfinals
| 6–7(5–7), 6–3, [10–4]
| No. 12
|-
| {{Win}}
| 16–23
| {{flagicon|SWE}} Robert Lindstedt {{flagicon|ROU}} Horia Tecău
| bgcolor=eee8aa|No. 7 No. 8
| style="background:#ffffcc;"|[[2012 ATP World Tour Finals – Doubles|ATP Finals]], United Kingdom
| bgcolor=ccccff | Hard (i)
| {{flagicon|IND}} Mahesh Bhupathi
| bgcolor=afeeee | Round Robin
| 6–3, 7–5, [10–5]
| No. 12
|-
| {{Win}}
| 17–23
| {{flagicon|BLR}} Max Mirnyi {{flagicon|CAN}} Daniel Nestor
| bgcolor=99ccff| No. 5 No. 3
| style="background:#ffffcc;"|ATP Finals, United Kingdom
| bgcolor=ccccff | Hard (i)
| {{flagicon|IND}} Mahesh Bhupathi
| bgcolor=afeeee | Round Robin
| 7–6(7–5), 6–7(5–7), [10–5]
| No. 12
|-
| {{Win}}
| 18–23
| {{flagicon|IND}} Leander Paes {{flagicon|CZE}} Radek Štěpánek
| bgcolor=eee8aa|No. 4 No. 6
| style="background:#ffffcc;"|ATP Finals, United Kingdom
| bgcolor=ccccff | Hard (i)
| {{flagicon|IND}} Mahesh Bhupathi
| bgcolor=yellow| Semifinals
| 4–6, 6–1, [12–10]
| No. 12
|-
| {{Lost}}
| 18–24
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Marcel Granollers]] {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Marc López]]
| bgcolor=eee8aa|No. 10 No. 9
| style="background:#ffffcc;"|ATP Finals, United Kingdom
| bgcolor=ccccff | Hard (i)
| {{flagicon|IND}} Mahesh Bhupathi
| bgcolor=thistle| Final
| 5–7, 6–3, [10–3]
| No. 12
|-
|colspan=10 style=text-align:center|'''[[2013 ATP Tour|2013]]'''
|-
| {{Lost}}
| 18–25
| {{flagicon|ESP}} Marcel Granollers {{flagicon|ESP}} Marc López
| bgcolor=eee8aa|No. 10 No. 6
| [[2013 Apia International Sydney – Men's doubles|Apia International Sydney]], Australia
| bgcolor=ccccff | Hard
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Marcelo Melo]]
| bgcolor=afeeee| First Round
| 4–6, 2–6
| No. 12
|-
| {{Lost}}
| 18–26
| {{flagicon|ESP}} Marcel Granollers {{flagicon|ESP}} Marc López
| bgcolor=99ccff| No. 5 No. 3
| style="background:#D4F1C5;"|[[2013 ABN AMRO World Tennis Tournament|Rotterdam Open]], Netherlands
| bgcolor=ccccff | Hard
| {{flagicon|USA}} Rajeev Ram
| bgcolor=afeeee| First Round
| 6–7(2–7), 3–6
| No. 12
|-
| {{Lost}}
| 18–27
| {{flagicon|ESP}} Marcel Granollers {{flagicon|ESP}} Marc López
| bgcolor=99ccff| No. 4 No. 3
| bgcolor=e9e9e9 | [[2013 Sony Open Tennis – Men's doubles|Miami Open]], United States
| bgcolor=ccccff | Hard
| {{flagicon|USA}} Rajeev Ram
| bgcolor=afeeee | Second Round
| 4–6, 6–7(5–7)
| No. 12
|-
| {{Lost}}
| 18–28
| {{flagicon|PAK}} Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi {{flagicon|NED}} [[Jean-Julien Rojer]]
| bgcolor=eee8aa|No. 8 No. 7
| [[2013 Portugal Open – Men's doubles|Portugal Open]], Portugal
| bgcolor=EBC2AF| Clay
| {{flagicon|ISR}} [[Andy Ram]]
| bgcolor=afeeee | Second Round
| 6–4, 3–6, [4–10]
| No. 11
|-
| {{Lost}}
| 18–29
| {{flagicon|USA}} Bob Bryan {{flagicon|USA}} Mike Bryan
| bgcolor=lime|No. '''1''' No. '''1'''
| bgcolor=e9e9e9 | [[2013 Italian Open – Men's doubles|Italian Open]], Italy
| bgcolor=EBC2AF| Clay
| {{flagicon|IND}} Mahesh Bhupathi
| bgcolor=thistle|Final
| 2–6, 3–6
| No. 12
|-
| {{Lost}}
| 18–30
| {{flagicon|USA}} Bob Bryan {{flagicon|USA}} Mike Bryan
| bgcolor=lime|No. '''1''' No. '''1'''
| [[2013 Aegon Championships – Doubles|Queen's Club Championships]], United Kingdom
| bgcolor=CCFFCC| Grass
| {{flagicon|IND}} Mahesh Bhupathi
| bgcolor=yellow| Semifinals
| 4–6, 2–6
| bgcolor=eee8aa|No. 10
|-
| {{Win}}
| 19–30
| {{flagicon|AUT}} [[Alexander Peya]] {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Bruno Soares]]
| bgcolor=eee8aa|No. 8 No. 6
| bgcolor=f3e6d7 |[[2013 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|Wimbledon]], United Kingdom
| bgcolor=CCFFCC| Grass
| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Édouard Roger-Vasselin]]
| bgcolor=afeeee | Third Round
| 6–4, 4–6, 7–6(7–5), 6–2
| bgcolor=eee8aa|No. 10
|-
| {{Win}}
| 20–30
| {{flagicon|SWE}} Robert Lindstedt {{flagicon|CAN}} Daniel Nestor
| bgcolor=eee8aa|No. 5 No. 22
| bgcolor=f3e6d7 |Wimbledon, United Kingdom
| bgcolor=CCFFCC| Grass
| {{flagicon|FRA}} Édouard Roger-Vasselin
| bgcolor=ffebcd| Quarterfinals
| 7–5, 7–6(7–3), 6–7(4–7), 6–7(3–7), 6–2
| bgcolor=eee8aa|No. 10
|-
| {{Lost}}
| 20–31
| {{flagicon|USA}} Bob Bryan {{flagicon|USA}} Mike Bryan
| bgcolor=lime|No. '''1''' No. '''1'''
| bgcolor=f3e6d7 |Wimbledon, United Kingdom
| bgcolor=CCFFCC| Grass
| {{flagicon|FRA}} Édouard Roger-Vasselin
| bgcolor=yellow| Semifinals
| 7–6(7–4), 4–6, 3–6, 7–5, 3–6
| bgcolor=eee8aa|No. 10
|-
| {{Win}}
| 21–31
| {{flagicon|AUT}} Alexander Peya {{flagicon|BRA}} Bruno Soares
| bgcolor=eee8aa|No. 6 No. 8
| style="background:#D4F1C5;"|[[2013 Citi Open – Men's doubles|Washington Open]], United States
| bgcolor=ccccff | Hard
| {{flagicon|GER}} [[Andre Begemann]]
| bgcolor=afeeee| First Round
| 6–2, 6–7(4–7), [10–5]
| bgcolor=99ccff| No. 3
|-
| {{Win}}
| 22–31
| {{flagicon|IND}} Leander Paes {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Radek Štěpánek]]
| bgcolor=eee8aa|No. 10 No. 9
| bgcolor=e9e9e9 | [[2013 Western & Southern Open – Men's doubles|Cincinnati Open]], United States
| bgcolor=ccccff | Hard
| {{flagicon|FRA}} Édouard Roger-Vasselin
| bgcolor=ffebcd| Quarterfinals
| 6–3, 6–7(3–7), [10–8]
| bgcolor=99ccff| No. 3
|-
| {{Lost}}
| 22–32
| {{flagicon|ESP}} Marcel Granollers {{flagicon|ESP}} Marc López
| bgcolor=eee8aa|No. 8 No. 7
| bgcolor=e9e9e9 | Cincinnati Open, United States
| bgcolor=ccccff | Hard
| {{flagicon|FRA}} Édouard Roger-Vasselin
| bgcolor=yellow| Semifinals
| 5–7, 2–6
| bgcolor=99ccff| No. 3
|-
| {{Lost}}
| 22–33
| {{flagicon|CRO}} Ivan Dodig {{flagicon|BRA}} Marcelo Melo
| bgcolor=eee8aa|No. 11 No. 8
| style="background:#E9E9E9;"|[[2013 BNP Paribas Masters – Doubles|Paris Masters]], France
| bgcolor=ccccff | Hard (i)
| {{flagicon|FRA}} Édouard Roger-Vasselin
| bgcolor=ffebcd| Quarterfinals
| 6–7(5–7), 6–3, [4–10]
| bgcolor=eee8aa|No. 5
|-
|colspan=10 style=text-align:center|'''[[2019 ATP Tour|2019]]'''
|-
| {{Win}}
| –
| {{flagicon|CRO}} [[Mate Pavić]] {{flagicon|SRB}} Nenad Zimonjić
| bgcolor=eee8aa |No. 7 No. 458
| [[2019 Sofia Open – Doubles|Sofia Open]], Bulgaria
| bgcolor=#ccf| Hard
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Divij Sharan]]
| bgcolor=afeeee | First Round
| 7–6(7–2), 6–2
| No. 37
|-
| {{Win}}
| –
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Jamie Murray]] {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Bruno Soares]]
| bgcolor=eee8aa |No. 5 No. 6
| style="background:#E9E9E9;"|[[2019 BNP Paribas Open - Men's doubles|Indian Wells Masters]], United States
| bgcolor=#ccf| Hard
| {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Denis Shapovalov]]
| bgcolor=afeeee | First Round
| 6–4, 6–4
| No. 38
|-
| {{Win}}
| –
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Marcel Granollers]] {{flagicon|CRO}} [[Nikola Mektić]]
| bgcolor=eee8aa |No. 25 No. 6
| bgcolor=e9e9e9 | [[2019 Miami Open – Men's doubles|Miami Open]], United States
| bgcolor=ccccff | Hard
| {{flagicon|CAN}} Denis Shapovalov
| bgcolor=afeeee | Second Round
| 6–1, 6–2
| No. 36
|-
| {{Lost}}
| –
| {{flagicon|USA}} Bob Bryan {{flagicon|USA}} Mike Bryan
| bgcolor=lime|No. 18 No. '''1'''
| bgcolor=e9e9e9 | Miami Open, United States
| bgcolor=ccccff | Hard
| {{flagicon|CAN}} Denis Shapovalov
| bgcolor=ffebcd| Quarterfinals
| 3–6, 4–6
| No. 36
|-
| {{Lost}}
| –
| {{flagicon|GBR}} Jamie Murray {{flagicon|BRA}} Bruno Soares
| bgcolor=eee8aa |No. 8 No. 9
| bgcolor=e9e9e9 | [[2019 Monte-Carlo Masters – Doubles|Monte-Carlo Master]], Monaco
| bgcolor=EBC2AF| Clay
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Dominic Inglot]]
| bgcolor=afeeee | First Round
| 6–4, 3–6, [11–13]
| No. 35
|-
| {{Lost}}
| –
| {{flagicon|COL}} [[Juan Sebastián Cabal]] {{flagicon|COL}} [[Robert Farah]]
| bgcolor=eee8aa |No. 10 No. 10
| bgcolor=e9e9e9 | [[2019 Italian Open – Men's Doubles|Italian Open]], Italy
| bgcolor=EBC2AF| Clay
| {{flagicon|GBR}} Dominic Inglot
| bgcolor=afeeee | First Round
| 6–7(5–7), 3–6
| No. 41
|-
| {{Win}}
| –
| {{flagicon|USA}} Bob Bryan {{flagicon|USA}} Mike Bryan
| bgcolor=lime|No. 36 No. '''1'''
| [[2019 MercedesCup – Doubles|Stuttgart Open]], Germany
| bgcolor=CCFFCC| Grass
| {{flagicon|CAN}} Denis Shapovalov
| bgcolor=afeeee | First Round
| 6–4, 3–6, [10–6]
| No. 49
|-
| {{Lost}}
| –
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[John Peers]] {{flagicon|BRA}} Bruno Soares
| bgcolor=eee8aa |No. 20 No. 7
| Stuttgart Open, Germany
| bgcolor=CCFFCC| Grass
| {{flagicon|CAN}} Denis Shapovalov
| bgcolor=thistle| Final
| 5–7, 3–6
| No. 49
|-
| {{Win}}
| –
| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Nicolas Mahut]] {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Édouard Roger-Vasselin]]
| bgcolor=eee8aa |No. 6 No. 22
| style="background:#E9E9E9;"|[[2019 Rogers Cup – Men's doubles|Canadian Open]], Canada
| bgcolor=#ccf|Hard
| {{flagicon|CAN}} Denis Shapovalov
| bgcolor=afeeee | First Round
| 4–6, 6–1, [10–6]
| No. 46
|-
| {{Lost}}
| –
| {{flagicon|COL}} Juan Sebastián Cabal {{flagicon|COL}} Robert Farah
| bgcolor=lime|No. '''1''' No. '''1'''
| bgcolor=e9e9e9 | [[2019 Western & Southern Open – Men's doubles|Cincinnati Open]], United States
| bgcolor=ccccff | Hard
| {{flagicon|CAN}} Denis Shapovalov
| bgcolor=afeeee | Second Round
| 6–7(3–7), 7–6(7–5), [8–10]
| No. 39
|-
| {{Win}}
| –
| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Pierre-Hugues Herbert]] {{flagicon|FRA}} Nicolas Mahut
| bgcolor=eee8aa |No. 18 No. 6
| style="background:#f3e6d7;"|[[2019 US Open – Men's doubles|US Open]], United States
| bgcolor=#ccf|Hard
| {{flagicon|CAN}} Denis Shapovalov
| bgcolor=afeeee | First Round
| 6–3, 6–1
| No. 39
|-
| {{Lost}}
| –
| {{flagicon|POL}} [[Łukasz Kubot]] {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Marcelo Melo]]
| bgcolor=eee8aa |No. 5 No. 6
| bgcolor=e9e9e9 | [[2019 Rolex Shanghai Masters – Doubles|Shanghai Masters]], China
| bgcolor=ccccff | Hard
| {{flagicon|CAN}} Denis Shapovalov
| bgcolor=afeeee | Second Round
| 4–6, 6–3, [7–10]
| No. 44
|-
| {{Lost}}
| –
| {{flagicon|POL}} Łukasz Kubot {{flagicon|BRA}} Marcelo Melo
| bgcolor=eee8aa |No. 6 No. 7
| style="background:#D4F1C5;"|[[2019 Erste Bank Open – Doubles|Vienna Open]], Austria
| bgcolor=ccccff | Hard
| {{flagicon|CAN}} Denis Shapovalov
| bgcolor=afeeee | Second Round
| 0–6, 4–6
| No. 40
|-
|colspan=10 style=text-align:center|'''[[2020 ATP Tour|2020]]'''
|-
| {{Lost}}
| –
| {{flagicon|ESP}} Marcel Granollers {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Horacio Zeballos]]
| bgcolor=eee8aa |No. 16 No. 4
| bgcolor=e9e9e9 | [[2021 Western & Southern Open – Men's doubles|Cincinnati Open]], United States
| bgcolor=ccccff | Hard
| {{flagicon|CAN}} Denis Shapovalov
| bgcolor=afeeee | First Round
| 4–6, 6–7(1–7)
| No. 38
|-
| {{Win}}
| –
| {{flagicon|COL}} [[Juan Sebastián Cabal]] {{flagicon|COL}} [[Robert Farah]]
| bgcolor=lime|No. 2 No. '''1'''
| style="background:#E9E9E9;"|[[2020 Italian Open – Men's doubles|Italian Open]], Italy
| bgcolor=EBC2AF| Clay
| {{flagicon|CAN}} Denis Shapovalov
| bgcolor=afeeee | Second Round
| 6–3, 3–6, [10–5]
| No. 37
|-
| {{Lost}}
| –
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[John Peers]] {{flagicon|NZL}} [[Michael Venus]]
| bgcolor=eee8aa |No. 28 No. 10
| [[2020 European Open – Doubles|European Open]], Belgium
| bgcolor=ccccff | Hard
| {{flagicon|NED}} [[Matwé Middelkoop]]
| bgcolor=thistle| Final
| 3–6, 4–6
| No. 37
|-
|colspan=10 style=text-align:center|'''[[2021 ATP Tour|2021]]'''
|-
| {{Lost}}
| –
| {{flagicon|GBR}} Jamie Murray {{flagicon|BRA}} Bruno Soares
| bgcolor=eee8aa |No. 19 No. 4
| style="background:#D4F1C5;"|[[2021 Abierto Mexicano Telcel – Doubles|Mexican Open]], Mexico
| bgcolor=#ccf| Hard
| {{flagicon|PAK}} Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi
| bgcolor=afeeee | First Round
| 7–6(7–4), 2–6, [1–10]
| No. 42
|-
| {{Lost}}
| –
| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Pierre-Hugues Herbert]] {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Nicolas Mahut]]
| bgcolor=eee8aa |No. 22 No. 6
| bgcolor=e9e9e9 | [[2021 Miami Open – Men's doubles|Miami Open]], United States
| bgcolor=ccccff | Hard
| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Benoît Paire]]
| bgcolor=afeeee | First Round
| 3–6, 2–6
| No. 42
|-
| {{Win}}
| –
| {{flagicon|COL}} Juan Sebastián Cabal {{flagicon|COL}} Robert Farah
| bgcolor=thistle|No. 3 No. 2
| style="background:#E9E9E9;"|[[2021 Mutua Madrid Open – Men's doubles|Madrid Open]], Spain
| bgcolor=EBC2AF| Clay
| {{flagicon|CAN}} Denis Shapovalov
| bgcolor=afeeee | Second Round
| 6–3, 6–4
| No. 42
|-
| {{Lost}}
| –
| {{flagicon|CRO}} Nikola Mektić {{flagicon|CRO}} Mate Pavić
| bgcolor=lime|No. 3 No. '''1'''
| [[2021 Eastbourne International – Men's doubles|Eastbourne International]], United Kingdom
| bgcolor=CCFFCC| Grass
| {{flagicon|IND}} Divij Sharan
| bgcolor=afeeee | Second Round
| 3–6, 6–7(3–7)
| No. 37
|-
| {{Lost}}
| –
| {{flagicon|USA}} Rajeev Ram {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Joe Salisbury]]
| bgcolor=eee8aa|No. 10 No. 9
| style="background:#f3e6d7;"|[[2021 National Bank Open – Men's doubles|Canadian Open]], Canada
| bgcolor=#ccf|Hard
| {{flagicon|CRO}} [[Ivan Dodig]]
| bgcolor=ffebcd| Quarterfinals
| 6–4, 3–6, [4–10]
| No. 44
|-
| {{Lost}}
| –
| {{flagicon|USA}} Rajeev Ram {{flagicon|GBR}} Joe Salisbury
| bgcolor=eee8aa|No. 7 No. 6
| style="background:#f3e6d7;"|[[2021 US Open – Men's doubles|US Open]], United States
| bgcolor=#ccf|Hard
| {{flagicon|CRO}} Ivan Dodig
| bgcolor=afeeee | Third Round
| 7–6(7–4), 4–6, 6–7(3–7)
| No. 48
|-
|colspan=10 style=text-align:center|'''[[2022 ATP Tour|2022]]'''
|-
| {{Lost}}
| –
| {{flagicon|CRO}} Nikola Mektić {{flagicon|CRO}} Mate Pavić
| bgcolor=lime|No. 2 No. '''1'''
| style="background:#D4F1C5;"|[[2022 Dubai Tennis Championships – Men's doubles|Dubai Tennis Championships]], UAE
| bgcolor=#ccf| Hard
| {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Aslan Karatsev]]
| bgcolor=afeeee | First Round
| 2–6, 6–3, [5–10]
| No. 36
|-
| {{Win}}
| –
| {{flagicon|CRO}} Nikola Mektić {{flagicon|CRO}} Mate Pavić
| bgcolor=lime|No. 3 No. '''1'''
| bgcolor=e9e9e9 | [[2022 Miami Open – Men's doubles|Miami Open]], United States
| bgcolor=ccccff | Hard
| {{flagicon|CAN}} Denis Shapovalov
| bgcolor=afeeee | Second Round
| 6–3, 7–6(7–3)
| No. 30
|-
| {{Win}}
| –
| {{flagicon|ESP}} Marcel Granollers {{flagicon|ARG}} Horacio Zeballos
| bgcolor=eee8aa |No. 6 No. 5
| bgcolor=e9e9e9 | [[2022 Monte-Carlo Masters – Doubles|Monte-Carlo Master]], Monaco
| bgcolor=EBC2AF| Clay
| {{flagicon|GBR}} Jamie Murray
| bgcolor=ffebcd| Quarterfinals
| 7–6(7–8), 7–6(7–8)
| No. 31
|-
| {{Lost}}
| –
| {{flagicon|USA}} Rajeev Ram {{flagicon|GBR}} Joe Salisbury
| bgcolor=lime|No. 2 No. '''1'''
| bgcolor=e9e9e9 | Monte-Carlo Master, Monaco
| bgcolor=EBC2AF| Clay
| {{flagicon|GBR}} Jamie Murray
| bgcolor=yellow| Semifinals
| 6–3, 6–7(4–7), [9–11]
| No. 31
|-
| {{Win}}
| –
| {{flagicon|FRA}} Nicolas Mahut {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Fabrice Martin]]
| bgcolor=99ccff| No. 3 No. 42
| bgcolor=e9e9e9 | [[2022 Italian Open – Men's doubles|Italian Open]], Italy
| bgcolor=EBC2AF| Clay
| {{flagicon|NED}} Matwé Middelkoop
| bgcolor=afeeee | First Round
| 6–3, 6–4
| No. 28
|-
| {{Lost}}
| –
| {{flagicon|NED}} [[Wesley Koolhof]] {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Neal Skupski]]
| bgcolor=eee8aa |No. 10 No. 14
| bgcolor=e9e9e9 | Italian Open, Italy
| bgcolor=EBC2AF| Clay
| {{flagicon|NED}} Matwé Middelkoop
| bgcolor=afeeee | Second Round
| 6–7(3–7), 3–6
| No. 28
|-
| {{Win}}
| –
| {{flagicon|CRO}} Nikola Mektić {{flagicon|CRO}} Mate Pavić
| bgcolor=99ccff|No. 4 No. 3
| style="background:#f3e6d7;"|[[2022 French Open – Men's doubles|French Open]], France
| bgcolor=EBC2AF| Clay
| {{flagicon|NED}} Matwé Middelkoop
| bgcolor=afeeee | Third Round
| 6–7(5–7), 7–6(7–3), 7–6(12–10)
| No. 27
|-
| {{Lost}}
| –
| {{flagicon|POL}} [[Hubert Hurkacz]] {{flagicon|CRO}} Mate Pavić
| bgcolor=99ccff|No. 37 No. 3
| [[2022 BOSS Open – Doubles|Stuttgart Open]], Germany
| bgcolor=CCFFCC| Grass
| {{flagicon|CAN}} Denis Shapovalov
| bgcolor=yellow| Semifinals
| 6–7(1–7), 6–7(5–7)
| No. 25
|-
| {{Win}}
| –
| {{flagicon|ESP}} Marcel Granollers {{flagicon|ARG}} Horacio Zeballos
| bgcolor=99ccff|No. 4 No. 3
| style="background:#D4F1C5;"|[[2022 Hamburg European Open – Men's doubles|Hamburg Open]], Germany
| bgcolor=EBC2AF| Clay
| {{flagicon|NED}} Matwé Middelkoop
| bgcolor=yellow| Semifinals
| 3–6, 6–3, [10–3]
| No. 21
|-
| {{Lost}}
| –
| {{flagicon|CRO}} Nikola Mektić {{flagicon|CRO}} Mate Pavić
| bgcolor=eee8aa|No. 10 No. 9
| style="background:#D4F1C5;"|[[2022 Astana Open – Doubles|Astana Open]], Kazakhstan
| bgcolor=#ccf| Hard
| {{flagicon|NED}} Matwé Middelkoop
| bgcolor=afeeee | First Round
| 6–7(5–7), 2–6
| No. 19
|-
| {{Lost}}
| –
| {{flagicon|NED}} Wesley Koolhof {{flagicon|GBR}} Neal Skupski
| bgcolor=99ccff|No. 4 No. 3
| style="background:#E9E9E9;"|[[2022 Rolex Paris Masters – Doubles|Paris Masters]], France
| bgcolor=#ccf| Hard (i)
| {{flagicon|NED}} Matwé Middelkoop
| bgcolor=ffebcd| Quarterfinals
| 3–6, 4–6
| No. 19
|-
|colspan=10 style=text-align:center|'''[[2023 ATP Tour|2023]]'''
|-
| {{Lost}}
| –
| {{flagicon|CRO}} Ivan Dodig {{flagicon|USA}} [[Austin Krajicek]]
| bgcolor=eee8aa|No. 10 No. 9
| style="background:#D4F1C5;"|[[2023 ABN AMRO Open – Doubles|Rotterdam Open]], Netherlands
| bgcolor=#ccf| Hard (i)
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Matthew Ebden]]
| bgcolor=thistle | Final
| 6–7(5–7), 6–2, [10–12]
| No. 18
|-
| {{Lost}}
| –
| {{flagicon|CRO}} Nikola Mektić {{flagicon|CRO}} Mate Pavić
| bgcolor=eee8aa|No. 8 No. 7
| style="background:#D4F1C5;"|[[2023 Dubai Tennis Championships – Men's doubles|Dubai Tennis Championships]], UAE
| bgcolor=#ccf| Hard
| {{flagicon|AUS}} Matthew Ebden
| bgcolor=afeeee | First Round
| 5–7, 6–4, [7–10]
| No. 15
|-
| {{Win}}
| –
| {{flagicon|NED}} Wesley Koolhof {{flagicon|GBR}} Neal Skupski
| bgcolor=lime |No. '''1''' No. '''1'''
| style="background:#E9E9E9;"|[[2023 BNP Paribas Open - Men's doubles|Indian Wells Masters]], United States
| bgcolor=#ccf| Hard
| {{flagicon|AUS}} Matthew Ebden
| bgcolor=lime | Final
| 6–3, 2–6, [10–8]
| No. 15
|-
| {{Win}}
| –
| {{flagicon|CRO}} Nikola Mektić {{flagicon|CRO}} Mate Pavić
| bgcolor=eee8aa|No. 10 No. 7
| style="background:#D4F1C5;"|[[2023 Barcelona Open Banc Sabadell – Doubles|Barcelona Open]], Spain
| bgcolor=EBC2AF| Clay
| {{flagicon|AUS}} Matthew Ebden
| bgcolor=afeeee | First Round
| 7–6(7–4), 3–6, [10–8]
| No. 13
|-
| {{Lost}}
| –
| {{flagicon|NED}} Wesley Koolhof {{flagicon|GBR}} Neal Skupski
| bgcolor=lime |No. '''1''' No. '''1'''
| style="background:#D4F1C5;"|Barcelona Open, Spain
| bgcolor=EBC2AF| Clay
| {{flagicon|AUS}} Matthew Ebden
| bgcolor=yellow| Semifinals
| 4–6, 5–7
| No. 13
|-
| {{Win}}
| –
| {{flagicon|NED}} Wesley Koolhof {{flagicon|GBR}} Neal Skupski
| bgcolor=lime |No. '''1''' No. '''1'''
| style="background:#E9E9E9;"|[[2023 Mutua Madrid Open – Men's doubles|Madrid Open]], Spain
| bgcolor=EBC2AF| Clay
| {{flagicon|AUS}} Matthew Ebden
| bgcolor=ffebcd| Quarterfinals
| 6–3, 6–2
| No. 13
|-
| {{Lost}}
| –
| {{flagicon|NED}} Wesley Koolhof {{flagicon|GBR}} Neal Skupski
| bgcolor=lime |No. '''1''' No. '''1'''
| style="background:#D4F1C5;"|[[2023 Queen's Club Championships – Doubles|Queen's Club Championships]], United Kingdom
| bgcolor=CCFFCC| Grass
| {{flagicon|AUS}} Matthew Ebden
| bgcolor=ffebcd| Quarterfinals
| 3–6, 6–7(5–7)
| No. 13
|-
| {{Lost}}
| –
| {{flagicon|NED}} Wesley Koolhof {{flagicon|GBR}} Neal Skupski
| bgcolor=lime |No. '''1''' No. '''1'''
| style="background:#f3e6d7;"|[[2023 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|Wimbledon]], United Kingdom
| bgcolor=CCFFCC| Grass
| {{flagicon|AUS}} Matthew Ebden
| bgcolor=yellow| Semifinals
| 5–7, 4–6
| No. 12
|-
| {{Lost}}
| –
| {{flagicon|USA}} Rajeev Ram {{flagicon|GBR}} Joe Salisbury
| bgcolor=eee8aa|No. 5 No. 6
| style="background:#f3e6d7;"|[[2023 US Open – Men's doubles|US Open]], United States
| bgcolor=#ccf|Hard
| {{flagicon|AUS}} Matthew Ebden
| bgcolor=thistle| Final
| 6–2, 3–6, 4–6
| No. 14
|-
| {{Win}}
| –
| {{flagicon|ESP}} Marcel Granollers {{flagicon|ARG}} Horacio Zeballos
| bgcolor=eee8aa |No. 10 No. 9
| bgcolor=e9e9e9 | [[2023 Rolex Paris Masters – Doubles|Paris Masters]], France
| bgcolor=ccccff | Hard (i)
| {{flagicon|AUS}} Matthew Ebden
| bgcolor=ffebcd| Quarterfinals
| 6–3, 6–2
| bgcolor=eee8aa |No. 8
|-
| {{Win}}
| –
| {{flagicon|NED}} Wesley Koolhof {{flagicon|GBR}} Neal Skupski
| bgcolor=99ccff| No. 5 No. 3
| style="background:#ffffcc;"|[[2023 ATP Finals – Doubles|ATP Finals]], Italy
| bgcolor=#ccf|Hard
| {{flagicon|AUS}} Matthew Ebden
| bgcolor=afeeee|Round Robin
| 6–4, 7–6(7–5)
| bgcolor=eee8aa |No. 6
|-
|colspan=10 style=text-align:center|'''[[2024 ATP Tour|2024]]'''
|-
| {{Lost}}
| –
| {{flagicon|USA}} Rajeev Ram {{flagicon|GBR}} Joe Salisbury
| bgcolor=eee8aa|No. 6 No. 7
| [[2024 Adelaide International – Men's doubles|Adelaide International]], Australia
| bgcolor=#ccf|Hard
| {{flagicon|AUS}} Matthew Ebden
| bgcolor=thistle | Final
| 7–5, 5–7, [9–11]
| bgcolor=99ccff| No. 3
|-
| {{Win}}
| –
| {{flagicon|NED}} Wesley Koolhof {{flagicon|CRO}} Nikola Mektić
| bgcolor=eee8aa |No. 8 No. 43
| bgcolor=f3e6d7 |[[2024 Australian Open – Men's doubles|Australian Open]], Australia
| bgcolor=ccccff | Hard
| {{flagicon|AUS}} Matthew Ebden
| bgcolor=afeeee | Third Round
| 7–6(10–8), 7–6(7–4)
| bgcolor=99ccff| No. 3
|-
| {{Win}}
| –
| {{flagicon|ESP}} Marcel Granollers {{flagicon|ARG}} Horacio Zeballos
| bgcolor=eee8aa |No. 9 No. 8
| bgcolor=e9e9e9 | [[2024 Miami Open – Men's doubles|Miami Open]], United States
| bgcolor=ccccff | Hard
| {{flagicon|AUS}} Matthew Ebden
| bgcolor=yellow | Semifinals
| 6–1, 6–4
| bgcolor=thistle| No. 2
|-
| {{Win}}
| –
| {{flagicon|CRO}} Ivan Dodig {{flagicon|USA}} Austin Krajicek
| bgcolor=lime |No. 5 No. '''1'''
| bgcolor=e9e9e9 | Miami Open, United States
| bgcolor=ccccff | Hard
| {{flagicon|AUS}} Matthew Ebden
| bgcolor=lime | Final
| 6–7(3–7), 6–3, [10–6]
| bgcolor=thistle| No. 2
|-
| {{Lost}}
| –
| {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Simone Bolelli]] {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Andrea Vavassori]]
| bgcolor=eee8aa |No. 9 No. 7
| style="background:#ffffcc;"|[[2024 ATP Finals – Doubles|ATP Finals]], Italy
| bgcolor=#ccf|Hard
| {{flagicon|AUS}} Matthew Ebden
| bgcolor=afeeee|Round Robin
| 2–6, 3–6
| No. 12
|-
| {{Lost}}
| –
| {{flagicon|ESA}} [[Marcelo Arévalo]] {{flagicon|CRO}} Mate Pavić
| bgcolor=lime|No. '''1''' No. '''1'''
| style="background:#ffffcc;"|ATP Finals, Italy
| bgcolor=#ccf|Hard
| {{flagicon|AUS}} Matthew Ebden
| bgcolor=afeeee|Round Robin
| 5–7, 3–6
| No. 12
|-
|colspan=10 style=text-align:center|'''[[2025 ATP Tour|2025]]'''
|-
| {{Win}}
| –
| {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Simone Bolelli]] {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Andrea Vavassori]]
| bgcolor=eee8aa|No. 7 No. 8
| style="background:#D4F1C5;"| [[2025 Qatar ExxonMobil Open – Doubles|ATP Qatar Open]]
| bgcolor=#ccf|Hard
| {{flagicon|POR}} [[Nuno Borges (tennis)|Nuno Borges]]
| bgcolor=afeeee| First Round
| 7–6(7–2), 7–6(7–4)
| No. 21
|-
| {{Win}}
| –
| {{flagicon|ITA}} Simone Bolelli {{flagicon|ITA}} Andrea Vavassori
| bgcolor=eee8aa|No. 6 No. 7
| bgcolor=e9e9e9 | [[2025 Monte-Carlo Masters – Doubles|Monte-Carlo Master]], Monaco
| bgcolor=EBC2AF| Clay
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Ben Shelton]]
| bgcolor=afeeee| Second Round
| 2–6, 7–6(7–4), [10–7]
| No. 43
|-
| {{Lost}}
| –
| {{flagicon|FIN}} [[Harri Heliövaara]] {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Henry Patten]]
| bgcolor=99ccff| No. 3 No. 4
| style="background:#f3e6d7;"|[[2025 French Open – Men's doubles|French Open]], France
| bgcolor=EBC2AF| Clay
| {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Adam Pavlásek]]
| bgcolor=afeeee | Third Round
| 2–6, 6–7(5–7)
| No. 33
|}

==ATP Tour career earnings==
{{mw-datatable}}
{| class="wikitable mw-datatable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!Year!! width="100" |Earnings ($)!! width="60" |Money list rank
|-
|1999
|align=right|[https://www.atptour.com/en/players/rohan-bopanna/b757/player-activity?matchType=Singles&year=1999 896]
|{{n/a}}
|-
|2000
|align=right|[https://www.atptour.com/en/players/rohan-bopanna/b757/player-activity?matchType=Singles&year=2000 2,279]
|{{n/a}}
|-
|2001
|align=right|[https://www.atptour.com/en/players/rohan-bopanna/b757/player-activity?matchType=Singles&year=2001 4,363]
|{{n/a}}
|-
|2002
|align=right|[https://web.archive.org/web/20081204072143/http://stevegtennis.com/rankings/2002/%24%24120902.txt 11,755]
|470
|-
|2003
|align=right|[https://web.archive.org/web/20120205014902/http://stevegtennis.com/rankings/2003/$$121503.txt 17,772]
|413
|-
|2004
|align=right|[https://web.archive.org/web/20120203142952/http://stevegtennis.com/rankings/2004/$$121304.txt 5,181]
|741
|-
|2005
|align=right|[https://web.archive.org/web/20120205014912/http://stevegtennis.com/rankings/2005/$$121905.txt 14,668]
|448
|-
|2006
|align=right|[https://web.archive.org/web/20120204225239/http://stevegtennis.com/rankings/2006/$$121806.txt 53,907]
|261
|-
|2007
|align=right|[https://web.archive.org/web/20120206105528/http://stevegtennis.com/rankings/2007/$$122407.txt 89,145]
|208
|-
|2008
|align=right|[https://web.archive.org/web/20120202002541/http://stevegtennis.com/rankings/2008/$$122908.txt 122,851]
|185
|-
|2009
|align=right|[https://web.archive.org/web/20120202004811/http://stevegtennis.com/rankings/2009/$$122809.txt 82,167]
|229
|-
|2010
|align=right|[https://web.archive.org/web/20110728031003/http://stevegtennis.com/rankings/2010/$$122710.txt 289,434]
|99
|-
|2011
|align=right|[https://web.archive.org/web/20130201110245/http://stevegtennis.com/rankings/2011/%24%24121211.htm 427,535]
|74
|-
|2012
|align=right|[https://web.archive.org/web/20131105180059/http://stevegtennis.com/rankings/2012/%24%24122412.htm 495,231]
|62
|-
|2013
|align=right|[https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/55823471/2014-atp-world-tour-media-guide/212 337,805]
|104
|-
|2014
|align=right|[https://web.archive.org/web/20141230194451/http://www.tennis.com/earnings/ATP/ 270,386]
|126
|-
|2015
|align=right|[https://web.archive.org/web/20151209220617/http://www.tennis.com/earnings/ATP 648,688]
|64
|-
|2016
|align=right|[https://web.archive.org/web/20161228152537/http://www.protennislive.com/posting/ramr/current_prize.pdf 333,067]
|121
|-
|2017
|align=right|[https://web.archive.org/web/20171117205611/https://www.protennislive.com/posting/ramr/current_prize.pdf 517,790]
|90
|-
|2018
|align=right|[https://web.archive.org/web/20181230222123/http://www.protennislive.com/posting/ramr/current_prize.pdf 302,651]
|146
|-
|2019
|align=right|[https://web.archive.org/web/20191202001152/https://www.protennislive.com/posting/ramr/current_prize.pdf 287,030]
|164
|-
|2020
|align=right|[https://web.archive.org/web/20201211030738/https://www.protennislive.com/posting/ramr/current_prize.pdf 174,941]
|167
|-
|2021
|align=right|[https://web.archive.org/web/20211227070758/https://www.protennislive.com/posting/ramr/current_prize.pdf 190,263]
|200
|-
|2022
|align=right|[https://web.archive.org/web/20221206054400/https://www.protennislive.com/posting/ramr/current_prize.pdf 414,386]
|143
|-
|2023
|align=right|[https://web.archive.org/web/20231231133002/https://www.protennislive.com/posting/ramr/current_prize.pdf 1,181,789]
|51
|-
|2024
|align=right|[https://web.archive.org/web/20241230072235/https://www.protennislive.com/posting/ramr/current_prize.pdf 885,251]
|86
|-
|2025
|align=right|[https://www.protennislive.com/posting/ramr/current_prize.pdf 292,284]
|218
|-
|'''Career'''
|align=right|'''[https://www.protennislive.com/posting/ramr/career_prize.pdf 7,455,122 ]'''
|'''159'''
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Former players tennis career statistics|Bopanna, Rohan]]
[[Category:Tennis in India]]
[[Category:India sport-related lists]]

List of twin towns and sister cities in India

2026-02-04T10:01:04Z

CynthiaBegg56: minor expanded layout as per guidelines and updated info per standard format

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
[[File:Map India Bhopal.png|200px|thumb|Map of India]]
This is a list of places in [[India]] which have standing links to local communities in other countries known as "[[Sister city|town twinning]]" (usually in Europe) or "sister cities" (usually in the rest of the world).

{{horizontal TOC|nonum=yes}}
{{clear}}

==A==
'''[[Agra]]'''
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}

*{{flagicon|JOR}} [[Petra]], Jordan<ref>{{cite web |title=List of MoUs/Agreements signed during the Visit of the King of Jordan to India (March 01, 2018)|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=176911|publisher=Government of India|date=2018-03-01|access-date=2020-02-19}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|UZB}} [[Samarkand]], Uzbekistan<ref>{{cite news |last=Roche|first=Elizabeth|title=India, Uzbekistan ink agreements to bolster cooperation on defence, connectivity, science|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/a6vbmvaqdWSnSwlfZUyVjK/India-Uzbekistan-ink-agreements-to-bolster-cooperation-on-d.html|publisher=Mint|date=2018-10-01|access-date=2024-12-23}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Tempe, Arizona|Tempe]], United States<ref>{{cite web |title=Agra City, India|url=http://www.tempesistercities.org/agra-city-india/|publisher=Tempe Sister Cities|access-date=2020-06-18}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

'''[[Ahmedabad]]'''
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Astrakhan]], Russia<ref>{{cite web |title=Modi to reconnect in Russia with Astrakhan|url=https://www.rbth.com/economics/cooperation/2015/12/09/modi-to-reconnect-in-russia-with-astrakhan_548683|publisher=Russia Beyond|date=2015-12-09|access-date=2023-09-27}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]], United States<ref>{{cite web |title=Our Sister Cities|url=https://www.cityscenecolumbus.com/travel/virtually-travel-the-world-with-franklin-park-conservatory/|publisher=CityScene|date=2021-09-02|access-date=2022-01-05}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Guangzhou]], China<ref>{{cite web |title=Sister Cities|url=https://www.gz.gov.cn/guangzhouinternational/government/sistercities/|publisher=Guangzhou|access-date=2025-09-30}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Hamamatsu]], Japan<ref>{{cite web |title=Ahmedabad, Japan's Hamamatsu sign Sister City agreement|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/ahmedabad-japans-hamamatsu-sign-sister-city-agreement/articleshow/123437860.cms|publisher=The Times of India|date=2025-08-21|access-date=2025-09-01}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Jersey City, New Jersey|Jersey City]], United States<ref name=jerseycity>{{cite web |title=Sister City Agreements|url=https://data.jerseycitynj.gov/explore/dataset/sister-city-agreements/table/|publisher=Jersey City|access-date=2020-12-25}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

'''[[Amritsar]]'''
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Bakersfield, California|Bakersfield]], United States<ref>{{cite web |title=Sister Cities|url=https://bakersfieldsistercity.org/?page_id=22|publisher=Bakersfield Sister City Project Corporation|access-date=2020-02-18}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Sandwell]], England, United Kingdom<ref>{{cite web |title=Sandwell Economic Prospectus|url=https://cmis.sandwell.gov.uk/cmis5/Document.ashx?czJKcaeAi5tUFL1DTL2UE4zNRBcoShgo=EYiXoKQbJaKk7svJJ1%2FfLvnRltWVGfTdSYDMeQ0RcNe8X5YIbvU6wA%3D%3D&mCTIbCubSFfXsDGW9IXnlg%3D%3D=hFflUdN3100%3D&kCx1AnS9%2FpWZQ40DXFvdEw%3D%3D=hFflUdN3100%3D&uJovDxwdjMPoYv%2BAJvYtyA%3D%3D=ctNJFf55vVA%3D&FgPlIEJYlotS%2BYGoBi5olA%3D%3D=NHdURQburHA%3D&d9Qjj0ag1Pd993jsyOJqFvmyB7X0CSQK=ctNJFf55vVA%3D&WGewmoAfeNR9xqBux0r1Q8Za60lavYmz=ctNJFf55vVA%3D&WGewmoAfeNQ16B2MHuCpMRKZMwaG1PaO=ctNJFf55vVA%3D|publisher=Sandwell Metropolitan Borough Council|page=18|access-date=2020-05-07}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Thetford]], England, United Kingdom<ref>{{cite web |title=UK town to be Amritsar's twin city in memory of Maharaja Duleep Singh|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/uk-town-to-be-amritsar-s-twin-city-in-memory-of-maharaja-duleep-singh-616711|publisher=Tribune India|date=2018-07-07|access-date=2020-02-18}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

'''[[Anandpur Sahib]]'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Sister Cities|url=https://www.vernon.ca/government-services/departments/corporate-services/sister-cities|publisher=City of Vernon|access-date=2020-02-18}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Vernon, British Columbia|Vernon]], Canada

'''[[Aurangabad]]'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Dunhuang has lot to offer as sister city|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/aurangabad/dunhuang-has-lot-to-offer-as-sister-city/articleshow/59518769.cms|publisher=The Times of India|date=2017-07-09|access-date=2020-02-19}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Dunhuang]], China

'''[[Auroville]]'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Cidades Irmãs|url=http://www.campinas.sp.gov.br/governo/cooperacao_internacional/irmas/|publisher=Campinas|language=pt|access-date=2020-05-22}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Campinas]], Brazil

'''[[Ayodhya]]'''
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Gimhae]], South Korea<ref>{{cite web |title=인도 우타르프라데쉬(U.P.)주 아요디아(Ayodhya)시|url=http://www.gimhae.go.kr/00954/01020/01078.web|publisher=Gimhae|language=ko|access-date=2020-04-15}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|NPL}} [[Janakpur, Nepal|Janakpur]], Nepal<ref name=nepal>{{cite web |title=Varanasi-Kathmandu, Ayodhya-Janakpur to become sister cities|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/varanasi-kathmandu-ayodhya-janakpur-to-become-sister-cities/articleshow/45099914.cms|publisher=The Economic Times|date=2014-11-10|access-date=2020-07-06}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

==B==
'''[[Bengaluru]]'''
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Chengdu]], China<ref>{{cite web|title=Bangalore's Chinese twin comes calling|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/bangalores-chinese-twin-comes-calling/article5416395.ece|work=The Hindu|access-date=25 February 2016}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Cleveland]], United States<ref>{{cite web |title=Cleveland's Sister Cities|url=http://www.city.cleveland.oh.us/CityofCleveland/Home/Government/MayorsOffice/Office_of_Government_Affairs/SisterCities|publisher=City of Cleveland|access-date=2020-02-18}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|BLR}} [[Minsk]], Belarus<ref>{{cite web |title=Twin towns of Minsk|url=https://minsk.gov.by/en/city/|publisher=Minsk|access-date=2020-02-18}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[San Francisco]], United States<ref>{{cite web |title=San Francisco Sister Cities|url=https://oewd.org/san-francisco-sister-cities|publisher=City and County of San Francisco|access-date=2020-02-18}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

'''[[Bhopal]]'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Bhopal and Smolensk become sister cities|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2025/state-editions/bhopal-and-smolensk-become-sister-cities.html|publisher=The Pioneer|date=2025-05-11|access-date=2025-10-08}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Smolensk]], Russia

'''[[Bhubaneswar]]'''
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*{{flagicon|RSA}} [[Bloemfontein]], South Africa<ref>{{cite web |title=Odisha capital to be linked with South African city|url=https://sambadenglish.com/odisha-capital-to-be-linked-with-south-african-city/|publisher=Sambad English|date=2017-10-14|access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Cupertino, California|Cupertino]], United States<ref>{{cite web |title=Sister & Friendship Cities|url=https://www.cupertino.org/our-city/sister-friendship-cities|publisher=City of Cupertino|access-date=2020-02-18}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

'''[[Bikaner]]'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Kütahya'nın 10 "kardeş şehri" var Kaynak: Kütahya'nın 10 kardeş şehri var|url=https://www.gundemgazetesi.net/kutahya39nin-10-kardes-sehri-var-36070h.htm|publisher=Gündem Gazetesi|language=tr|date=2013-08-01|access-date=2020-12-07}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|TUR}} [[Kütahya]], Turkey

'''[[Bodh Gaya]]'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Japan visit: Nitish proposes sister-state pact between Nara and Bodh Gaya|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/patna/japan-visit-nitish-proposes-sister-state-pact-between-nara-and-bodh-gaya/story-1oVujmOZUl6mUTLCyylslO.html|publisher=Hindustan Times|date=2018-02-22|access-date=2020-04-08}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Nara Prefecture]], Japan

==C==
'''[[Chennai]]'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Chennai has six 'sister cities', but few benefits have flowed|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/chennai-has-six-sister-cities-but-few-benefits-have-flowed/articleshow/68998638.cms|publisher=The Times of India|date=2019-04-23|access-date=2020-02-19}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Chongqing]], China
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Denver]], United States
*{{flagicon|MYS}} [[Kuala Lumpur]], Malaysia
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[San Antonio]], United States

*{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Volgograd]], Russia
{{div col end}}

'''[[Coimbatore]]'''
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Esslingen am Neckar]], Germany<ref>{{cite web |title=Esslingen und seine Partnerstädte|url=https://www.esslingen.de/start/es_themen/partnerstaedte.html|publisher=Esslingen am Neckar|language=de|access-date=2020-02-18}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Toledo, Ohio|Toledo]], United States<ref>{{cite web |title=Sister Cities|url=http://www.toledosistercities.org/sistercities/|publisher=Toledo Sister Cities International|access-date=2020-02-18}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

==D==
'''[[Daman, India|Daman]]'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Cidades Geminadas e Acordos de Cooperação|url=https://www.cm-coimbra.pt/areas/viver/relacoes-institucionais-e-internacionais/cidades-geminadas-e-acordos-de-cooperacao|publisher=Coimbra|language=pt|access-date=2023-11-13}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|POR}} [[Coimbra]], Portugal

'''[[Delhi]]'''<ref>{{cite web |title=India's Twinning Agreements|url=https://indbiz.gov.in/trade/indias-twinning-agreement |publisher=[[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]]|access-date=2025-07-02}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*{{flagicon|BEL}} [[Leuven]], Belgium
*{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Ottawa]], Canada
*{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Beijing]], China
*{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Fukuoka Prefecture]], Japan
*{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Seoul]], South Korea
{{div col end}}

'''[[Diu, India|Diu]]'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Cooperação Externa: Diu|url=https://www.cm-loures.pt/Ligacao.aspx?DisplayId=612&CursorId=613|publisher=Câmara Municipal de Loures|language=pt|access-date=2020-02-18}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|POR}} [[Loures]], Portugal

==G==
'''[[Greater Noida]]'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Sister Cities/Sister Counties|url=https://www.loudoun.gov/3026/Sister-CitiesSister-Counties|publisher=Loudoun County|access-date=2025-09-30}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Loudoun County, Virginia|Loudoun County]], United States

==H==
'''[[Hyderabad]]'''
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*{{flagicon|AUS}} [[City of Brisbane|Brisbane]], Australia<ref>{{cite web |title=Brisbane's Sister City - Hyderabad|url=https://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/about-council/governance-and-strategy/business-in-brisbane/growing-brisbanes-economy/international-business/brisbane-sister-cities/sister-city-hyderabad|publisher=Brisbane City Council|access-date=2020-02-18}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Indianapolis]], United States<ref>{{cite web |title=Community Partners|url=https://www.internationalcenter.org/community-partners/|publisher=The International Center|access-date=2020-05-22}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|AUS}} [[City of Ipswich|Ipswich]], Australia<ref>{{cite web |title=Sister Cities|url=https://www.ipswich.qld.gov.au/about_ipswich/statistics_facts/sister_cities|publisher=Ipswich City Council|access-date=2020-05-19}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Montgomery County, Maryland|Montgomery County]], United States<ref>{{cite web |title=Our Sister Cities|url=https://montgomerysistercities.org/hyderabad/|publisher=Montgomery Sister Cities|access-date=2020-04-13}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Qingdao]], China<ref>{{cite web |title=A glimpse of Hyderabad, twin city of China's Qingdao|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-05/12/c_137174437.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811065037/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-05/12/c_137174437.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 August 2020|publisher=Xinhua|date=2018-05-12|access-date=2020-02-19}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Riverside, California|Riverside]], United States<ref>{{cite web |title=RIVERSIDE: Council votes to add sister city in Vietnam|url=https://www.pe.com/2014/03/18/riverside-council-votes-to-add-sister-city-in-vietnam/|publisher=The Press-Enterprise|date=2014-03-18|access-date=2020-11-18}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Uberaba]], Brazil<ref name=uberaba>{{cite web |title=Câmara aprova Uberaba como Cidade Irmã de duas cidades indianas|url=http://camarauberaba.mg.gov.br/noticias/camara-aprova-uberaba-como-cidade-irma-de-duas-cidades-indianas/|publisher=Uberaba|language=pt|date=2017-06-22|access-date=2020-11-18}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

==J==
'''[[Jaipur]]'''
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Calgary]], Canada<ref>{{cite web |title=What do you know about Calgary's six sister cities?|url=https://dailyhive.com/calgary/calgary-six-sister-cities|publisher=Daily Hive News|date=2017-12-19|access-date=2020-02-18}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Fremont, California|Fremont]], United States<ref>{{cite web |title=Fremont|url=http://www.avantiworldtravel.com/location/fremont|publisher=Avanti World Travel|date=2016-10-04|access-date=2021-01-11}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

'''[[Jalandhar]]'''
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Gravesham]], England, United Kingdom<ref>{{cite web |title=Tourism|url=https://www.gravesham.gov.uk/home/community-and-leisure/tourism/town-twinning|publisher=Gravesham Borough Council|access-date=2020-05-07}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|ENG}} [[London Borough of Hounslow|Hounslow]], England, United Kingdom<ref>{{cite web |title=Hounslow to end ties with its Russian 'twin' after nearly three decades|url=https://www.mylondon.news/news/west-london-news/hounslow-end-ties-russian-twin-11917306|publisher=My London|date=2016-10-04|access-date=2020-05-07}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Union City, California|Union City]], United States<ref>{{cite web |title=Union City and Asadabad, Afghanistan, finally become sister cities|url=https://www.eastbaytimes.com/2018/02/15/union-city-and-asadabad-afghanistan-finally-become-sister-cities/|publisher=East Bay Times|date=2018-02-15|access-date=2020-11-11}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

'''[[Jamshedpur]]'''<ref name=gunsan>{{cite web |title=International Sisterhood Relationship Cities|url=http://www2.gunsan.go.kr/eng/index.gunsan?menuCd=DOM_000001202005002000|publisher=Gunsan|access-date=2020-04-14}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Gunsan]], South Korea

==K==
'''[[Kochi]]'''
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Menlo Park, California|Menlo Park]], United States<ref>{{cite web |title=Sister City program|url=https://www.menlopark.org/1045/Sister-City-program|publisher=City of Menlo Park|access-date=2020-02-18}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Norfolk, Virginia|Norfolk]], United States<ref>{{cite web |title=Kochi, India|url=https://www.norfolksistercities.org/sister-cities/kochi-india/|publisher=Norfolk Sister City Association|access-date=2020-02-18}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Pyatigorsk]], Russia<ref>{{cite web |title=Города-побратимы|url=http://pyatigorsk.org/132|publisher=Pyatigorsk|access-date=2020-02-18}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

'''[[Kolkata]]'''<ref>{{cite news|last=Mazumdar|first=Jaideep|title=A tale of two cities: Will Kolkata learn from her sister?|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/A-tale-of-two-cities-Will-Kolkata-learn-from-her-sister/articleshow/25916888.cms|access-date=17 November 2013|newspaper=The Times of India|date=17 November 2013|location=New Delhi}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Dallas]], United States
*{{flagicon|BGD}} [[Dhaka]], Bangladesh
*{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Incheon]], South Korea
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Jersey City]], United States
*{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Kunming]], China

*{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Odesa]], Ukraine
*{{flagicon|GRC}} [[Thessaloniki]], Greece
{{div col end}}

'''[[Kotturu, Srikakulam district|Kotturu]]'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Town twinning|url=https://www.charnwood.gov.uk/pages/towntwinning|publisher=Charnwood Borough Council|access-date=2020-05-07}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Shepshed]], England, United Kingdom

==L==
'''[[Lucknow]]'''
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Montreal]], Canada<ref>{{cite web |title=Villes-jumelages de Montréal|url=http://www.vivre-au-quebec.com/montreal-city/villes-jumelages-de-montreal.html|publisher=Vivre au Quebec|language=fr|access-date=2020-06-13}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Wenzhou]], China<ref>{{cite web |title=China's Wenzhou looks to establish footwear park in UP|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/china-s-wenzhou-looks-to-establish-footwear-park-in-up-117060400420_1.html|publisher=Business Standard|date=2017-06-04|access-date=2020-04-20}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

==M==
'''[[Mangalore]]'''
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Delta, British Columbia|Delta]], Canada<ref>{{cite web |title=City Twinning|url=http://abroader.com/portfolio/city-twinning/|publisher=Abroader – Cross Border Consultancy|date=2015-02-20|access-date=2020-02-18}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Hamilton, Ontario|Hamilton]], Canada<ref>{{cite web |title=Hamilton's Twin Cities|url=https://www.mundialization.ca/hamiltons-twin-cities/|publisher=Hamilton Mundialization|access-date=2020-02-18}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

'''[[Manipal]]'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Sister Cities|url=https://www.lomalinda-ca.gov/our_city/sister_cities|publisher=City of Loma Linda|access-date=2020-02-18}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Loma Linda, California|Loma Linda]], United States

'''[[Meerut]]'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Города-побратимы|url=http://zhukovskiy.ru/%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4/%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%8B/|publisher=Zhukovsky|language=ru|access-date=2020-02-18}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Zhukovsky, Moscow Oblast|Zhukovsky]], Russia

'''[[Mumbai]]'''
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Busan]], South Korea<ref>{{cite web |title=List of Sister Cities|url=https://english.busan.go.kr/SisterCities|publisher=Busan Metropolitan City|access-date=2020-02-18}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|ROU}} [[Galați]], Romania<ref>{{cite web |title=General Information on city Galati|url=http://www.invest-in-galati.ro/en/informations|publisher=Galați|access-date=2021-04-29}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|TUR}} [[İzmir]], Turkey<ref>{{cite web |title=Kardeş Kentler|url=https://www.izmir.bel.tr/tr/KardesKentler/62|publisher=İzmir|language=tr|access-date=2020-02-18}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Los Angeles]], United States<ref>{{cite web |title=Sister Cities of Los Angeles|url=http://sistercities.lacity.org/|publisher=Los Angeles|access-date=2020-11-18}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Saint Petersburg]], Russia<ref>{{cite web |title=Международные и межрегиональные связи|url=https://www.gov.spb.ru/helper/new_stat/inter/|publisher=Federal city of Saint Petersburg|language=ru|access-date=2020-02-18}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Shanghai]], China<ref>{{cite web |title=Mumbai-Shanghai Sister Cities Agreement: Challenges and Opportunities|url=https://www.gatewayhouse.in/mumbai-shanghai-sister-cities-report/|publisher=Gateway House|date=2017-05-19|access-date=2020-02-19}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Stuttgart]], Germany<ref>{{cite web |title=Stuttgarts Städtepartnerschaften|url=https://www.stuttgart.de/staedtepartnerschaften|publisher=Stuttgart|language=de|access-date=2020-02-18}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Yokohama]], Japan<ref>{{cite web |title=International Exchanges by Yokohama|url=https://www.city.yokohama.lg.jp/lang/residents/en/shisei/kokusai/exchanges/exchange.html|publisher=Yokohama|access-date=2020-04-05}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

'''[[Mysore]]'''
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Cincinnati]], United States<ref>{{cite web |title=Our Sister Cities|url=https://www.cincinnatisistercity.org/sister-cities|publisher=Cincinnati Sister City Association|access-date=2020-02-18}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Nashua, New Hampshire|Nashua]], United States<ref>{{cite web |title=Mysuru and Nashua sister cities to have bilateral relationship initiative|url=https://citytoday.news/mysuru-and-nashua-sister-cities-to-have-bilateral-relationship-initiative/|publisher=City Today|date=2016-09-27|access-date=2020-02-18}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

==N==
'''[[Nagpur]]'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Sister Cities|url=http://english.jinan.gov.cn/art/2018/12/18/art_29566_2754518.html|publisher=Jinan|access-date=2020-02-19}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Jinan]], China

'''[[New Delhi]]'''
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Jersey City, New Jersey|Jersey City]], United States<ref name=jerseycity/>
*{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Moscow]], Russia<ref>{{cite news |title=Moscow and New Delhi twin cities strengthen friendly ties|url=http://rusembindia.com/embassy-news/5112-moscow-and-new-delhi-twin-cities-strengthen-friendly-ties|date=2012-09-07|access-date=2016-08-03}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|UZB}} [[Samarkand]], Uzbekistan<ref>{{cite web |title=Самарканд и Валенсия станут городами-побратимами|url=https://podrobno.uz/cat/podrobno/samarkand-i-valensiya-stanut-gorodami-pobratimami/|publisher=Podrobno.uz|language=ru|date=2018-01-27|access-date=2020-11-15}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

==O==
'''[[Ongole]]'''<ref name=uberaba/>
*{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Uberaba]], Brazil

==P==
'''[[Panaji]]'''

*{{flagicon|SYC}} [[Victoria, Seychelles|Victoria]], Seychelles<ref>{{cite web |title=India to sign twin cities agreement with Seychelles|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/india-to-sign-twin-cities-agreement-with-seychelles/articleshow/64725268.cms|work=The Times of India|date=2018-06-25|access-date=2020-02-19}}</ref>

'''[[Pimpri-Chinchwad]]'''
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Gunsan]], South Korea<ref name=gunsan/>
*{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Xiangyang]], China<ref>{{cite web |title=Pimpri Chinchwad, Xiangyang to sign sister-city agreement|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/pimpri-chinchwad-xiangyang-to-sign-sister-city-agreement/articleshow/21837779.cms|work=The Times of India|date=2013-08-15|access-date=2023-06-13}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

'''[[Pondicherry]]'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Jumelage|url=http://www.acgai.fr/jumelage.html|publisher=Association Culturelle Guadeloupéenne des Amis de l'Inde|access-date=2020-04-14}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|GLP}} [[Basse-Terre]], Guadeloupe, France

'''[[Pune]]'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Is Pune active enough with her sister cities?|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/is-pune-active-enough-with-her-sister-cities/story-HTXBhgREq6pofTWx1dxALJ.html|work=Hindustan Times|date=2019-08-11|access-date=2021-04-25}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Austin, Texas|Austin]], United States
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Columbus, Indiana|Columbus]], United States
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Fairbanks, Alaska|Fairbanks]], United States
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[San Jose, California|San Jose]], United States
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Stamford, Connecticut|Stamford]], United States<ref>{{cite web |title=This Ukrainian city faces constant 'shelling and missile strikes.' Stamford wants to be its sister city.|url=https://www.stamfordadvocate.com/news/article/stamford-looks-create-sister-city-relationship-17857239.php|work=Stamford Advocate|date=2023-03-26|access-date=2026-02-04}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|MUS}} [[Vacoas-Phoenix]], Mauritius

{{div col end}}

==R==
'''[[Rajkot]]'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Chongqing, Masaya and Strasbourg: everything you need to know about Leicester's twin cities|url=https://www.leicestermercury.co.uk/news/local-news/chongqing-masaya-strasbourg-everything-you-2554336|publisher=Leicester Mercury|date=2019-02-17|access-date=2020-05-07}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Leicester]], England, United Kingdom


==S==
'''[[Shimla]]'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Carbondale Welcomes Taiwan Sister City Officials|url=https://news.wsiu.org/post/carbondale-welcomes-taiwan-sister-city-officials#stream/0|publisher=WSIU|access-date=2021-04-28}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Carbondale, Illinois|Carbondale]], United States

==T==
'''[[Thrissur]]'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Города-побратимы|url=http://adm-essentuki.ru/city/city_obschaya_informatsiya/goroda-pobratimy/|publisher=Yessentuki|language=ru|access-date=2020-02-18}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Yessentuki]], Russia

==V==
'''[[Vadodara]]'''
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*{{flagicon|ISR}} [[Ashkelon]], Israel<ref>{{cite web |title=Ashkelon, Vadodara sign twin city pact|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/ashkelon-vadodara-sign-twin-city-pact/articleshow/73179320.cms|publisher=The Times of India|date=2020-01-10|access-date=2020-02-24}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Greenville, South Carolina|Greenville]], United States<ref>{{cite web |title=Our Sister Cities|url=https://greenvillesistercities.org/our-sister-cities/|publisher=Greenville Sister Cities International|access-date=2021-05-03}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

'''[[Varanasi]]'''<ref name=nepal/>
*{{flagicon|NPL}} [[Kathmandu]], Nepal

'''[[Vijayawada]]'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Modesto Sister Cities|url=http://www.modestosistercities.com/|publisher=Modesto Sister Cities International|access-date=2020-02-18}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Modesto, California|Modesto]], United States

'''[[Visakhapatnam]]'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Sister Cities|url=https://www.carmel.in.gov/our-city/sister-city|publisher=City of Carmel|access-date=2024-05-26}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Carmel, Indiana|Carmel]], United States

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Twin towns}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Twin towns and sister cities in India}}
[[Category:Lists of twin towns and sister cities in Asia|India]]
[[Category:Lists of cities in India]]
[[Category:Foreign relations of India]]
[[Category:Lists of populated places in India]]

Nakahara, Uttar Pradesh

2026-01-27T13:55:03Z

CynthiaBegg56: adding new entry.

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Nakahara
| other_name = Nakahra / Nakhara
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates ={{coord|27.17|N|81.88|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Gonda district|Gonda]]
| subdivision_type3 = Tehsil
| subdivision_name3 = [[Colonelganj]]
| government_type = [[Gram Panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 = 2.56
| elevation_m = 109
| population_total = 2,094
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = PIN
| postal_code = 271401
| registration_plate = UP-43
| iso_code = IN-UP
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Nakahara''' (also spelled Nakahra or Nakhara) is a village in the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.<ref>{{cite web | title = Nakahara Village Population – Colonelganj Tehsil, Gonda, Uttar Pradesh | website = Census of India Net | url = https://censusofindia.net/uttar-pradesh/gonda/colonelganj/nakahara/175011 | accessdate = 2025-11-10 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Final population totals, Uttar Pradesh, District Gonda – Census of India | website = Census of India Digital Library | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/20230/study-description | accessdate = 2025-11-10 }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Tarabganj]]
* [[Gonda (disambiguation)|Gonda]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Gonda district]]

{{Gonda-geo-stub}}

Valimai (soundtrack)

2026-01-24T04:58:00Z

CynthiaBegg56: added biography

{{short description|2022 soundtrack album by Yuvan Shankar Raja}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Valimai
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| alt =
| cover = Valimai album cover.webp
| lyrics =
| released = 1 January 2022
| recorded = 2020–2021
| studio = [[U1 Records]], [[Chennai]] [[Panchathan Record Inn and AM Studios]], Chennai Unique Studios LLP, Chennai [[Shadab Rayeen|New Edge Studios]], [[Mumbai]]
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=15|s=41}}
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = [[Sony Music India]]
| producer = Yuvan Shankar Raja
| chronology =
| prev_title = [[Veeramae Vaagai Soodum]]
| prev_year = 2021
| next_title = [[Maamanithan (film)|Maamanithan]]
| next_year = 2022
| misc = {{Singles
| name =Valimai
| type =soundtrack
| single1 =Naanga Vera Maari
| single1date =2 August 2021
| single2 =Mother Song
| single2date =5 December 2021
|single3 = Whistle Theme
|single3date = 22 December 2021
}}
}}
'''''Valimai''''' is the [[soundtrack album]] composed by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] for the 2022 [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Action-thriller film|action thriller film]] [[Valimai|of the same name]], directed by [[H. Vinoth]]. Produced by [[Boney Kapoor]] under [[Boney Kapoor|Bayview Projects LLP]] and [[Zee Studios]], starring [[Ajith Kumar]]. The soundtrack album featured five songs written by [[Vignesh Shivan]], [[Thamarai]] and [[Arivu]] and released by [[Sony Music India]] on [[New Year's Day]] (1 January 2022).<ref>{{Cite web |title='Valimai' first single and teaser from August! |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/valimai-first-single-and-teaser-from-august-news-tamil-vhqfL6idbdjjg.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125153658/https://www.sify.com/movies/valimai-first-single-and-teaser-from-august-news-tamil-vhqfL6idbdjjg.html |archive-date=25 January 2022 |access-date=3 August 2021 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== Development==
Following the successive collaborations with [[Ajith Kumar]] after ''[[Dheena]]'', ''[[Billa (2007 film)|Billa]]'', ''[[Aegan]]'', ''[[Mankatha]]'', ''[[Billa II]]'', ''[[Arrambam]]'' and ''[[Nerkonda Paarvai]]'', Yuvan was assigned to compose songs for the film (earlier titled as ''Thala 60'') after Vinoth's suggestion to Boney Kapoor, during the production of ''Nerkonda Paarvai''. Initially, [[A. R. Rahman]] was rumoured to compose for the project after his meeting with Kapoor,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thala 60: AR Rahman to compose for Ajith's next film with Boney Kapoor? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/thala-60-ar-rahman-to-compose-for-ajith-s-next-film-with-boney-kapoor-1575510-2019-07-31 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125153658/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/thala-60-ar-rahman-to-compose-for-ajith-s-next-film-with-boney-kapoor-1575510-2019-07-31 |archive-date=25 January 2022 |access-date=3 August 2021 |website=India Today}}</ref> but Rahman denied the speculations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AR Rahman on being part of Thala 60: I'm not composing for the film |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/ar-rahman-on-being-part-of-thala-60-i-m-not-composing-for-the-film-1577398-2019-08-05 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125153658/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/ar-rahman-on-being-part-of-thala-60-i-m-not-composing-for-the-film-1577398-2019-08-05 |archive-date=25 January 2022 |access-date=3 August 2021 |website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rahman is not the music director of 'Thala 60'! |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/rahman-is-not-the-music-director-of-thala-60-news-tamil-tidllvaggidfg.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125153702/https://www.sify.com/movies/rahman-is-not-the-music-director-of-thala-60-news-tamil-tidllvaggidfg.html |archive-date=25 January 2022 |access-date=3 August 2021 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Yuvan's inclusion was confirmed during the project launch in October 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |title='Valimai' will be a mass film, reveals Yuvan Shankar Raja |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/valimai-will-be-a-mass-film-reveals-yuvan-shankar-raja/articleshow/78570024.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125164945/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/valimai-will-be-a-mass-film-reveals-yuvan-shankar-raja/articleshow/78570024.cms |archive-date=25 January 2022 |access-date=3 August 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

According to a report from ''[[The Times of India]]'', the album of ''Valimai'' will have five songs including a theme music.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title='Valimai' latest update: Thala Ajith's cop drama will have five songs? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/valimai-latest-update-thala-ajiths-cop-drama-will-have-five-songs/articleshow/75245606.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200503072625/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/valimai-latest-update-thala-ajiths-cop-drama-will-have-five-songs/articleshow/75245606.cms |archive-date=3 May 2020 |access-date=23 October 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Five songs in Thala Ajith's 'Valimai'! |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/five-songs-in-thala-ajiths-valimai-news-tamil-uesihMijibdfc.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125153702/https://www.sify.com/movies/five-songs-in-thala-ajiths-valimai-news-tamil-uesihMijibdfc.html |archive-date=25 January 2022 |access-date=3 August 2021 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Yuvan composed two tracks for the film during February 2020, where one of the tracks being filmed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 April 2020 |title=Thala Ajith's upcoming film Valimai to have a theme song by composer Yuvan Shankar Raja? |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/thala-ajiths-upcoming-film-valimai-have-theme-song-composer-yuvan-shankar-raja-526035 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125153658/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/thala-ajiths-upcoming-film-valimai-have-theme-song-composer-yuvan-shankar-raja-526035 |archive-date=25 January 2022 |access-date=3 August 2021 |website=[[Pinkvilla]]}}</ref> But due to the [[COVID-19 lockdown in India|COVID-19 lockdown restrictions]], the progress of the film's music album was put on hold and also due to Ajith Kumar's request, not to begin [[post-production]] immediately in concern about the safety of the technical crew.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Why Ajith's Valimai may not rush for post-production works? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/why-ajiths-valimai-may-not-rush-for-post-production-works/articleshow/75756268.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517224454/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/why-ajiths-valimai-may-not-rush-for-post-production-works/articleshow/75756268.cms |archive-date=17 May 2020 |access-date=3 August 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Yuvan Shankar Raja reveals the progress of Ajith's Valimai's music |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/yuvan-shankar-raja-reveals-the-progress-of-ajiths-valimais-music/articleshow/76773068.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107085504/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/yuvan-shankar-raja-reveals-the-progress-of-ajiths-valimais-music/articleshow/76773068.cms |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=23 October 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In a press interaction with [[Ananda Vikatan|Vikatan]], Yuvan further revealed that, he had completed three songs and the theme music;<ref>{{Cite web |last=K,க.பாலாஜி |first=RAJASEKARAN |title='வலிமை' படத்துக்குப் புதுமையான தீம் மியூசிக்! - யுவன் சொன்ன ரகசியம் |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/music/yuvan-shankar-raja-shares-about-valimai-movie-in-ananda-vikatan-press-meet |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125153700/https://cinema.vikatan.com/music/yuvan-shankar-raja-shares-about-valimai-movie-in-ananda-vikatan-press-meet |archive-date=25 January 2022 |access-date=3 August 2021 |website=Ananda Vikatan |date=22 October 2020 |language=ta}}</ref> for the latter, he composed without the help of his signature [[guitar]] notes,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Did Yuvan Shankar Raja score music for 'Valimai' without using a Guitar? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/did-yuvan-shankar-raja-score-music-for-valimai-without-using-a-guitar/articleshow/78824744.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209215114/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/did-yuvan-shankar-raja-score-music-for-valimai-without-using-a-guitar/articleshow/78824744.cms |archive-date=9 December 2020 |access-date=5 February 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> as per Ajith's suggestion, so as to give something fresh and massy appeal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yuvan: Ajith suggested that I avoid guitar for 'Valimai' theme music |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/yuvan-ajith-suggested-that-i-avoid-guitar-for-valimai-theme-music-news-tamil-ukwm9Hgfbaihh.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024114039/https://www.sify.com/movies/yuvan-ajith-suggested-that-i-avoid-guitar-for-valimai-theme-music-news-tamil-ukwm9Hgfbaihh.html |archive-date=24 October 2020 |access-date=23 October 2020 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Thala Ajith's Valimai: Yuvan Shankar Raja has composed a fresh massy theme music for H Vinoth directorial? |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/thala-ajith-s-valimai-yuvan-shankar-raja-has-composed-fresh-massy-theme-music-h-vinoth-directorial-569931?amp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210219215623/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/thala-ajith-s-valimai-yuvan-shankar-raja-has-composed-fresh-massy-theme-music-h-vinoth-directorial-569931?amp |archive-date=19 February 2021 |access-date=23 October 2020 |website=[[Pinkvilla]]}}</ref> Recording for the tracks began in mid-December 2020 at composer [[A. R. Rahman]]'s [[Panchathan Record Inn and AM Studios|AM Studios]] in [[Chennai]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yuvan Shankar Raja shares update on Ajith's Valimai. See Instagram post |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/yuvan-shankar-raja-shares-update-on-ajith-s-valimai-see-instagram-post-1749597-2020-12-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126164119/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/yuvan-shankar-raja-shares-update-on-ajith-s-valimai-see-instagram-post-1749597-2020-12-15 |archive-date=26 January 2021 |access-date=5 February 2021 |website=India Today}}</ref> with the studio's chief sound engineer S. Sivakumar worked on the film's audiography.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thala Ajith's Valimai: Yuvan Shankar Raja starts composing music for the H Vinoth directorial; See PHOTO |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/thala-ajith-s-valimai-yuvan-shankar-raja-starts-composing-music-h-vinoth-directorial-see-photo-583436 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210217110132/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/thala-ajith-s-valimai-yuvan-shankar-raja-starts-composing-music-h-vinoth-directorial-see-photo-583436 |archive-date=17 February 2021 |access-date=5 February 2021 |website=[[Pinkvilla]]|date=14 December 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 December 2020 |title=Yuvan Shankar Raja starts composing for Ajith's 'Valimai' |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/yuvan-shankar-raja-starts-composing-ajiths-valimai-139686 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216040624/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/yuvan-shankar-raja-starts-composing-ajiths-valimai-139686 |archive-date=16 December 2020 |access-date=5 February 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> The film's soundtrack has different set of songs, consisting of various genres.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ajith's 'Valimai' will have a different set of songs |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/ajiths-valimai-will-have-a-different-set-of-songs/articleshow/80612705.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620143129/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/ajiths-valimai-will-have-a-different-set-of-songs/articleshow/80612705.cms |archive-date=20 June 2021 |access-date=5 February 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] had launched a website named on his label [[U1 Records]] in February 2021, and it revealed the details about the film's introductory song for Ajith Kumar (later deciphered the track as "Naanga Vera Maari"),<ref>{{Cite news |title=Yuvan's website spills the beans on Valimai and Ajith's role |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/yuvans-website-spills-the-beans-on-valimai-and-ajiths-role/articleshow/80787921.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210122841/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/yuvans-website-spills-the-beans-on-valimai-and-ajiths-role/articleshow/80787921.cms |archive-date=10 February 2021 |access-date=10 February 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> with [[Vignesh Shivan]] writing the lyrics; touted to be a folk number, Yuvan also brought in folk drummers from [[Odisha|Orissa]] to record the song.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Valimai: Intro song for Thala Ajith in the cop drama will be a folk number; Details inside |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/valimai-intro-song-thala-ajith-cop-drama-will-be-folk-number-details-inside-610780 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210125716/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/valimai-intro-song-thala-ajith-cop-drama-will-be-folk-number-details-inside-610780 |archive-date=10 February 2021 |access-date=10 February 2021 |website=[[Pinkvilla]]|date=10 February 2021 }}</ref> Discussing the song, Yuvan described it as a "mass song",<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ajith's Valimai intro song making photos revealed |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/ajiths-valimai-intro-song-making-photos-revealed/articleshow/80883794.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212170029/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/ajiths-valimai-intro-song-making-photos-revealed/articleshow/80883794.cms |archive-date=12 February 2021 |access-date=19 February 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> which gained expectations around the song, after his work in the iconic theme music from ''[[Mankatha (soundtrack)|Mankatha]]'' (2011).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Folk song for Ajith's introduction in Valimai, reveals Yuvan Shankar Raja. Details here |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/folk-song-for-ajith-s-introduction-in-valimai-reveals-yuvan-shankar-raja-details-here-1767865-2021-02-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210103709/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/folk-song-for-ajith-s-introduction-in-valimai-reveals-yuvan-shankar-raja-details-here-1767865-2021-02-10 |archive-date=10 February 2021 |access-date=10 February 2021 |website=India Today}}</ref> The opening song was reported to have two versions with a rough cut was recorded by Yuvan, along with [[Anurag Kulkarni]], a prominent playback singer in [[Telugu cinema|Tollywood]] and [[Anirudh Ravichander]] was reported to give vocals for its dual version.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ajith's 'Valimai' opening track may have two versions; read details |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/ajiths-valimai-opening-track-may-have-two-versions-read-details/articleshow/80980449.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216104350/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/ajiths-valimai-opening-track-may-have-two-versions-read-details/articleshow/80980449.cms |archive-date=16 February 2021 |access-date=19 February 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The song was choreographed by [[Dinesh (choreographer)|Dinesh]], featuring other junior artistes and was filmed at [[Ramoji Film City]] in [[Hyderabad]] during February 2020.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |title=Valimai's Naanga Vera Maari will be a massy number |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/valimais-naanga-vera-maari-will-be-a-massy-number/articleshow/84975401.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119071812/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/valimais-naanga-vera-maari-will-be-a-massy-number/articleshow/84975401.cms |archive-date=19 November 2021 |access-date=3 August 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]|last1=Lakshmi |first1=V. }}</ref> For this song, Ajith handled the drone camera and shot few frames in the song as well as in the film.<ref>{{Cite news |title='Naanga Vera Maari': Ajith repeats his unique technique for 'Valimai', deets inside |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/naanga-vera-maari-ajith-repeats-his-unique-technique-for-valimai-deets-inside/articleshow/84999308.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125164949/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/naanga-vera-maari-ajith-repeats-his-unique-technique-for-valimai-deets-inside/articleshow/84999308.cms |archive-date=25 January 2022 |access-date=3 August 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

Yuvan recorded two melody tracks for the album, with one written by [[Thamarai]], after Ajith Kumar reportedly suggested tracks in melody genres.<ref name=":0" /> It is because, of the 2019 film ''[[Viswasam]]'' featured "Kannana Kanne", a melody song based on the father-daughter relationship, which won [[National Film Awards|National Film Award]] for its composer [[D. Imman]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Imman on his National Award for Viswasam: It's pure joy to receive national-level recognition for Tamil music |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/imman-on-his-national-award-for-viswasam-its-pure-joy-to-receive-national-level-recognition-for-tamil-music-news-tamil-vdwmvgidbfbcd.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125153658/https://www.sify.com/movies/imman-on-his-national-award-for-viswasam-its-pure-joy-to-receive-national-level-recognition-for-tamil-music-news-tamil-vdwmvgidbfbcd.html |archive-date=25 January 2022 |access-date=3 August 2021 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rao |first=Subha J. |date=25 March 2021 |title=What makes Imman's music click |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/what-makes-immans-music-click/article34161747.ece |url-status=live |access-date=3 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027050904/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/what-makes-immans-music-click/article34161747.ece |archive-date=27 October 2021 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=67th National Film Awards: Imman wins his first National Award for Viswasam |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/mar/22/67th-national-film-awards-imman-wins-his-first-national-award-for-viswasam-23517.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005074648/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/mar/22/67th-national-film-awards-imman-wins-his-first-national-award-for-viswasam-23517.html |archive-date=5 October 2021 |access-date=3 August 2021 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> The song is based on mother-son sentiment, and Yuvan had revealed that it will be dedicated to motherhood and mother's love for her kids.<ref>{{Cite news |title=After 14 years, Ajith to have an emotional mother-son scene in 'Valimai' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/after-14-years-ajith-to-have-an-emotional-mother-son-scene-in-valimai/articleshow/79792282.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118102441/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/after-14-years-ajith-to-have-an-emotional-mother-son-scene-in-valimai/articleshow/79792282.cms |archive-date=18 January 2021 |access-date=3 August 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title='Valimai': Yuvan Shankar Raja shares update on Ajith starrer songs |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/valimai-yuvan-shankar-raja-shares-update-on-ajith-starrer-songs/articleshow/83740218.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119071828/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/valimai-yuvan-shankar-raja-shares-update-on-ajith-starrer-songs/articleshow/83740218.cms |archive-date=19 November 2021 |access-date=3 August 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 July 2021 |title=Thala Ajith and Boney Kapoor's Valimai sets a new record even before its release |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/thala-ajith-and-boney-kapoors-valimai-sets-a-new-record-even-before-its-release.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119071819/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/thala-ajith-and-boney-kapoors-valimai-sets-a-new-record-even-before-its-release.html |archive-date=19 November 2021 |access-date=3 August 2021 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> In July 2021, rapper-lyricist [[Arivu]] was reported to pen one of the songs for the film,<ref>{{Cite news |title='Valimai': Vaathi Raid singer Arivu pens a rap song for Ajith's cop drama |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/valimai-vaathi-raid-singer-arivu-pens-a-rap-song-for-ajiths-cop-drama/articleshow/84549409.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119071817/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/valimai-vaathi-raid-singer-arivu-pens-a-rap-song-for-ajiths-cop-drama/articleshow/84549409.cms |archive-date=19 November 2021 |access-date=3 August 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> and a still was released in September 2021, citing about the recording sessions of the track.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Yuvan's collaboration with Enjoy Enjaami fame rapper Arivu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/yuvans-collaboration-with-enjoy-enjaami-fame-rapper-arivu/articleshow/86420032.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119073030/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/yuvans-collaboration-with-enjoy-enjaami-fame-rapper-arivu/articleshow/86420032.cms |archive-date=19 November 2021 |access-date=19 November 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=22 September 2021 }}</ref>

== Release ==
Actors [[Poonam Bajwa]],<ref>{{Cite news |title=Poonam Bajwa is eagerly waiting for the release of 'Valimai' album |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/poonam-bajwa-is-eagerly-waiting-for-the-release-of-valimai-album/articleshow/75532101.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125155212/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/poonam-bajwa-is-eagerly-waiting-for-the-release-of-valimai-album/articleshow/75532101.cms |archive-date=25 January 2022 |access-date=3 August 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Sakshi Agarwal]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 July 2021 |title=Thala Ajith's 'Valimai' release date to be announced after very important five days |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/valimai-update-valimai-release-date-foreign-shooting-date-thala-ajith-h-vinod-huma-qureshi-tamil-news-291908 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125155200/https://www.indiaglitz.com/valimai-update-valimai-release-date-foreign-shooting-date-thala-ajith-h-vinod-huma-qureshi-tamil-news-291908 |archive-date=25 January 2022 |access-date=3 August 2021 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> music director [[S. Thaman]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=Yuvan Shankar Raja reveals some update on Ajith's Valimai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/yuvan-shankar-raja-reveals-some-update-on-ajiths-valimai/articleshow/81306063.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201100035/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/yuvan-shankar-raja-reveals-some-update-on-ajiths-valimai/articleshow/81306063.cms |archive-date=1 February 2022 |access-date=3 August 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> and director [[Venkat Prabhu]] (who occasionally collaborated with Yuvan)<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 August 2021 |title=Maanadu director Venkat Prabhu gives Thala Ajith's Valimai second single update – Full Details |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/valimai-latest-update-valimai-second-single-update-thala-ajith-yuvan-shankar-raja-venkat-prabhu-tamil-news-292879 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119060216/https://www.indiaglitz.com/valimai-latest-update-valimai-second-single-update-thala-ajith-yuvan-shankar-raja-venkat-prabhu-tamil-news-292879 |archive-date=19 November 2021 |access-date=19 November 2021 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> raised anticipations about the film's soundtrack. On 2 August 2021,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 August 2021 |title=Valimai's 1st single Vera Maari out to mark Ajith's 30 years in films |url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/Cinema/2021/08/02225422/1309970/Valimais-1st-single-Vera-Maari-out-to-mark-Ajiths-.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802175108/https://www.dtnext.in/News/Cinema/2021/08/02225422/1309970/Valimais-1st-single-Vera-Maari-out-to-mark-Ajiths-.vpf |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=3 August 2021 |website=[[DT Next]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 August 2021 |title=The Lord of the Rings series, Allu Arjun, Fahadh Faasil's Pushpa release dates unveiled: Film, TV announcements round-up |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/the-lord-of-the-rings-series-allu-arjun-fahadh-faasils-pushpa-release-dates-unveiled-film-tv-announcements-round-up-9860261.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803083426/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/the-lord-of-the-rings-series-allu-arjun-fahadh-faasils-pushpa-release-dates-unveiled-film-tv-announcements-round-up-9860261.html |archive-date=3 August 2021 |access-date=3 August 2021 |website=Firstpost}}</ref> collaborating with Ajith's 30th anniversary in the film industry,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Surprise! 'Valimai' first single to release tonight |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/surprise-valimai-first-single-to-release-tonight/articleshow/84968573.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119071822/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/surprise-valimai-first-single-to-release-tonight/articleshow/84968573.cms |archive-date=19 November 2021 |access-date=3 August 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> the makers released the first single "Naanga Vera Maari" on the same night.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 August 2021 |title=Valimai song Naanga Vera Maari: When and where you can stream Ajith's song |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/when-and-where-you-can-stream-the-first-song-from-ajith-valimai-7434558/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119071817/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/when-and-where-you-can-stream-the-first-song-from-ajith-valimai-7434558/ |archive-date=19 November 2021 |access-date=3 August 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Thala Ajith fans get a Valimai update, first song Naanga Vera Maari out today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/thala-ajith-fans-get-a-valimai-update-first-song-naanga-vera-maari-out-today-1835857-2021-08-02 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119071814/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/thala-ajith-fans-get-a-valimai-update-first-song-naanga-vera-maari-out-today-1835857-2021-08-02 |archive-date=19 November 2021 |access-date=3 August 2021 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> The song lyrics talk about how youngsters should be, when it comes to their attitude and behaviour.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 August 2021 |title=Watch: 'Naanga Vera Maari' from Ajith's 'Valimai' is out |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/watch-naanga-vera-maari-ajith-s-valimai-out-153338 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119071830/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/watch-naanga-vera-maari-ajith-s-valimai-out-153338 |archive-date=19 November 2021 |access-date=3 August 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> Within a span of 17 hours since its release, the lyrical video (released on Sony Music South) crossed 6 million views on [[YouTube]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thala Ajith's Valimai song Naanga Vera Maari hits 6 million views on YouTube |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/thala-ajith-s-valimai-song-naanga-vera-maari-hits-6-million-views-on-youtube-1836246-2021-08-03 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119071810/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/thala-ajith-s-valimai-song-naanga-vera-maari-hits-6-million-views-on-youtube-1836246-2021-08-03 |archive-date=19 November 2021 |access-date=3 August 2021 |website=India Today}}</ref> In August 2021, Yuvan tweeted that work on the second single is under progress and will be launched soon.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Valimai' second single is getting ready! |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/valimai-second-single-is-getting-ready-news-tamil-vinf2Aihifaia.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119064716/https://www.sify.com/movies/valimai-second-single-is-getting-ready-news-tamil-vinf2Aihifaia.html |archive-date=19 November 2021 |access-date=19 November 2021 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Valimai Second Single is ready for release! |url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/28893/ajith-valimai-second-single-update |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119060216/https://www.moviecrow.com/News/28893/ajith-valimai-second-single-update |archive-date=19 November 2021 |access-date=19 November 2021 |website=Moviecrow}}</ref> On 1 December 2021,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Valimai second single update: Promo video releasing today? |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2021/dec/01/valimai-ajith-kumar-h-vinoth-boney-kapoor-second-single-valimai-update-28148.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202012942/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2021/dec/01/valimai-ajith-kumar-h-vinoth-boney-kapoor-second-single-valimai-update-28148.html |archive-date=2 December 2021 |access-date=1 December 2021 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> a promo teaser of the second single, titled "Mother Song" was released,<ref>{{Cite news |title='Valimai' second single to arrive soon; deets inside |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/valimai-second-single-to-arrive-soon-deets-inside/articleshow/88024770.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202054812/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/valimai-second-single-to-arrive-soon-deets-inside/articleshow/88024770.cms |archive-date=2 December 2021 |access-date=1 December 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> and the full song will be unveiled on 5 December.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 December 2021 |title=Breaking! Thala Ajith's 'Valimai' second single and teaser release dates are here |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/valimai-second-single-teaser-release-date-december-1st-december-9th-thala-ajith-h-vinod-tamil-news-302212 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201111741/https://www.indiaglitz.com/valimai-second-single-teaser-release-date-december-1st-december-9th-thala-ajith-h-vinod-tamil-news-302212 |archive-date=1 December 2021 |access-date=1 December 2021 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 December 2021 |title=Mother song from Ajith starrer Valimai is making everyone emotional |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/mother-song-from-ajith-valimai-is-making-everyone-emotional-7658473/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106164105/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/mother-song-from-ajith-valimai-is-making-everyone-emotional-7658473/ |archive-date=6 January 2022 |access-date=6 January 2022 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> The third single from the album {{En dash}} an [[instrumental]] track titled "Whistle Theme" was released on 22 December,<ref>{{Cite web|date=22 December 2021|title=Massive! Valimai Theme to be released today!|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/valimai-theme-ajith-kumar-sony-music-h-vinoth-valimai-release-date-tamil-news-304530|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222083253/https://www.indiaglitz.com/valimai-theme-ajith-kumar-sony-music-h-vinoth-valimai-release-date-tamil-news-304530|archive-date=22 December 2021|access-date=22 December 2021|website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=22 December 2021|title=Watch: Theme music of Ajith-starrer Valimai is out|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/watch-theme-music-ajith-starrer-valimai-out-159030|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102121319/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/watch-theme-music-ajith-starrer-valimai-out-159030|archive-date=2 January 2022|access-date=2 January 2022|website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> and received praise from music critics and listeners. Boney Kapoor, called the theme track a "musical delight".<ref>{{Cite web|date=22 December 2021|title=Ajith starrer Valimai's Whistle Theme unveiled, Boney Kapoor calls it a 'musical delight'|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/ajith-valimai-whistle-theme-unveiled-watch-7685551/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102121327/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/ajith-valimai-whistle-theme-unveiled-watch-7685551/|archive-date=2 January 2022|access-date=2 January 2022|website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

Though, H. Vinoth stated that the remaining tracks from the album will be released on the film's earlier scheduled release date (13 January 2022),<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ajith doesn't say no if a director wants something from him: Vinoth |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ajith-doesnt-say-no-if-a-director-wants-something-from-him-vinoth/articleshow/88345433.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218132936/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ajith-doesnt-say-no-if-a-director-wants-something-from-him-vinoth/articleshow/88345433.cms |archive-date=18 December 2021 |access-date=2 January 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> the soundtrack eventually released on [[New Year's Day]] (1 January 2022).<ref>{{Cite web|date=1 January 2022|title=வலிமை உடன் போடு வெடிய.. அஜித் ரசிகர்களுக்கு இன்றே காத்திருக்கும் சர்ப்ரைஸ்!|url=https://tamil.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-ta/actor-ajith-kumar-valimai-movie-album-out-today.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102121316/https://tamil.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-ta/actor-ajith-kumar-valimai-movie-album-out-today.html|archive-date=2 January 2022|access-date=2 January 2022|website=Behindwoods|language=Ta}}</ref> The album which released on [[Spotify]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=1 January 2022|title=Valimai (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)|url=https://open.spotify.com/album/2IOUE0ZTRUBGVtUJxEQJCx|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105120026/https://open.spotify.com/album/2IOUE0ZTRUBGVtUJxEQJCx|archive-date=5 January 2022|access-date=6 January 2022|website=[[Spotify]]}}</ref> [[iTunes]] and [[YouTube Music]] had featured five tracks in the album including "Enna Kurai" and the [[Theme music|theme]] track "The Intense of Fire". A day after its release, the tracks were removed from the respective platforms as the tracks revealed the plot of the film, but eventually restored a day before the film release.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghibran scores for Valimai? Yuvan's songs removed! |url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/29804/valimai-ajith-ghibran-yuvan-shankar-raja |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125182512/https://www.moviecrow.com/News/29804/valimai-ajith-ghibran-yuvan-shankar-raja |archive-date=25 January 2022 |access-date=1 February 2022 |website=Moviecrow}}</ref>

== Track listing ==
{{track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline = Tamil
| total_length = 19:49
| title1 = Naanga Vera Maari
| lyrics1 = [[Vignesh Shivan]]
| extra1 = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], [[Anurag Kulkarni]]
| length1 = 4:15
| title2 = Mother Song (Version 1)
| extra2 = [[Sid Sriram]]
| lyrics2 = Vignesh Shivan
| title3 = Mother Song (Version 2)
| lyrics3 = Vignesh Shivan
| extra3 = [[Pradeep Kumar (singer)|Pradeep Kumar]]
|length3 = 4:06
| extra4 = [[Sriram Parthasarathy]], [[Nandini Srikar]]
| length4 = 3:11
| title4 = Enna Kurai
| length2 = 4:06
| lyrics4 = [[Thamarai]]
| extra5 = [[Arivu]]
| length5 = 2:39
| title5 = The Intense of Fire
| lyrics5 = [[Arivu]]
| title6 = Whistle Theme
| length6 = 1:43
| lyrics6 = —
| extra6 = [[Instrumental]]
| note4 = Theme
}}

{{track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline = Hindi
| total_length = 13:03
| title1 = Dhana Dhani
| lyrics1 = [[Sameer (lyricist)|Sameer]]
| extra1 = Anurag Kulkarni
| length1 = 4:15
| title2 = Mother Song
| lyrics2 = [[Sameer (lyricist)|Sameer]]
| extra2 = [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]
| length3 = 3:11
| title3 = Dekhi Lahu
| length2 = 4:06
| extra3 = Pavithra Chari, Sarath Santhosh
| lyrics3 = [[Sameer (lyricist)|Sameer]]
| title4 = Whistle Theme (Instrumental)
| length4 = 1:43
| lyrics4 = —
| note4 = Theme
}}

{{track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline = Telugu
| total_length = 13:03
| title1 = Naadhi Vere Maata
| lyrics1 = [[Bhuvana Chandra]]
| extra1 = [[Anurag Kulkarni]]
| length1 = 4:15
| title2 = Mother Song
| extra2 = Pradeep Kumar
| lyrics2 = Srinivasa Moorthy
| extra3 = Pavithra Chari, Sarath Santhosh
| length3 = 3:11
| title3 = Thalladilladha
| length2 = 4:06
| lyrics3 = Rajashri Sudhakar
| extra4 = [[Instrumental]]
| title4 = Whistle Theme
| length4 = 1:43
| lyrics4 = —
| note4 = Theme
}}

{{track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline = Kannada
| total_length = 13:03
| title1 = Naave Eera Thara
| lyrics1 = Manjunath Rao
| extra1 = Deepak Blue
| length1 = 4:15
| title2 = Mother Song
| extra2 = Satya Prakash
| lyrics2 = Manjunath Rao
| extra3 = Priya Malli, Sarath Santhosh
| length3 = 3:11
| title3 = Enno Kore Na
| length2 = 4:06
| lyrics3 = Manjunath Rao
| title4 = Whistle Theme
| length4 = 1:43
| lyrics4 = —
| note4 = Theme
| extra4 = [[Instrumental]]
}}

== Reception ==
Ramesh Kannan of ''Moviecrow'' stated that "Yuvan's score for one of the highly expected movies is largely a mixed bag from the composer and the soundtrack is salvaged by a couple of neatly done melodies" and gave 2.5 out of 5 to the album.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Valimai Songs – Music Review |url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/29779/valimai-songs---music-review |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113222351/https://www.moviecrow.com/News/29779/valimai-songs---music-review |archive-date=13 January 2022 |access-date=6 January 2022 |website=Moviecrow}}</ref> Aishwarya Ragupati of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' gave 4 out of 5 stating the album as "earthy and massy".<ref>{{Cite web |title='Valimai' album review: Yuvan Shankar Raja's earthy yet massy composition |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/news/entertainment/valimai-jukebox-review-ysr-delivers-a-hit-album/story |access-date=6 January 2022 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] }}{{Dead link|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}{{Yuvan Shankar Raja}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Yuvan Shankar Raja soundtracks]]
[[Category:2022 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:Sony Music India soundtracks]]
[[Category:Tamil film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Hindi film soundtracks]]

Mamathi Chari

2026-01-16T03:38:17Z

CynthiaBegg56: adding new article.

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{short description|Indian radio jockey and actress}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mamathi Chari
| image =
|caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1978|12|21|df=y}}<ref>{{cite web |title= எப்போதும் இளமையாக இருக்க இதுதான் வழி – பிக் பாஸ் மமதி சாரி ஃபிட்னெஸ் சீக்ரெட்ஸ்! |url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/lifestyle/bigg-boss-mamathi-chaari-fitness-secrets-tamil-news-293120/|website=tamil.indianexpress.com|access-date=31 August 2022}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|Television personality|actress|}}
| alma mater =
| years_active = 2007 – present
| other_names = Sharmal
}}
'''Mamathi Chari''' (born 21 December 1978) is an Indian radio jockey, television personality and actress who predominantly appears in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] films and television shows.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mamathi Chari Age, Boyfriend, Height, Husband & More Facts|url=https://www.biography.mastdunia.com/mamathi-chari-age-boyfriend-height-husband-more-facts/mamathi-chari-das|website=www.biography.mastdunia.com|access-date=31 August 2022|archive-date=31 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831073506/https://www.biography.mastdunia.com/mamathi-chari-age-boyfriend-height-husband-more-facts/mamathi-chari-das|url-status=dead}}</ref> She hosted the television show ''[[Vanakkam Tamizha]]'' and appeared as an actress in the soap opera ''[[Vani Rani (TV series)|Vani Rani]]''.<ref name=F>{{cite web |title= ‘Stylish Thamizhachi’ is a fitness freak |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/health-and-wellbeing/080719/stylish-thamizhachi-is-a-fitness-freak.html|website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=31 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= Taking the small screen big-time |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/television/280517/taking-the-small-screen-big-time.html|website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=31 August 2022}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Mamathi was born on 21 December 1978, in [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. She studied at Sacred Heart Matriculation Higher Secondary School and later attended I.P. Pavlov, where she graduated Medicine.<ref name=kalki>{{cite magazine|magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]|url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1997-04-27/page/78/mode/2up|pages=78–79|date=27 April 1997|language=ta|title=ரஷியா to ராஜ் டீ.வி|access-date=21 May 2023}}</ref> After her divorce, she took a hiatus from the entertainment industry and became a businesswoman.<ref>{{cite web |title=Divorce ஆனபிறகு மன அழுத்தத்துலேருந்து வெளியே வர பல ஆண்டுகளாச்சு! Mamathi Chari Emotional |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/anchor-vj-mamathi-chari-s-interview|website=cinema.vikatan.com|access-date=31 August 2022}}</ref> She came back to the limelight in 2017. However in 2020 she announced that she permanently is going to quit the television industry and focus on medical school.<ref>{{cite web |title= The ‘The Making of Heroes: The Adventures of Zoe and Scruffy’, incorporates topics such as divorce, adoption and gender neutrality |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/the-the-making-of-heroes-the-adventures-of-zoe-and-scruffy-incorporates-topics-such-as-divorce-adoption-and-gender-neutrality/article65626057.ece|website=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=31 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mamathi shares helpline number for women facing domestic abuse|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/mamathi-shares-helpline-number-for-women-facing-domestic-abuse/articleshow/75187098.cms|website=[[Times Of India]]|access-date=8 September 2022}}</ref>

==Career==
Mamathi started her career as anchor for Raj TV.<ref name=kalki /> She worked as an RJ for Big FM's ''Big Vanakkam'' in 2007 before working as a host for several television shows.<ref name=F/> She made her acting debut in the soap opera ''[[Vani Rani (TV series)|Vani Rani]]'' which aired on [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] 2013. She played the dual role of Kokila Saaminathan and Jessie both antagonist characters. She later appeared as a radio jockey on the television show ''[[Vanakkam Tamizha]]'' which also aired on [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]. In 2018 she participated in the reality show which aired on [[Star Vijay]] called ''[[Bigg Boss (Tamil season 2)]]'' participating as a contestant, however she was later evicted from the house on day 14 of the show.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}} After her eviction from the show she acted in the mini web series called ''[[Time Enna Boss!?]]'' in 2020.<ref>{{cite web |title='Time Enna Boss' made me realise I can do comedy, says Mamathi Chari|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/time-enna-boss-made-me-realise-i-can-do-comedy-says-mamathi-chari-895196.html|website=www.deccanherald.com|access-date=31 August 2022}}</ref>

In 2022, she announced her return after a 2 years hiatus and was cast in a supporting role in the upcoming film ''Thunivu'' alongside actors [[Ajith Kumar]] and [[Manju Warrier]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/popular-tv-anchor-mamathi-chari-has-joined-thunivu-film-dubbing-process-81742#google_vignette|title=Mamathi Chari in Thunivu : துணிவு படத்தில் இணைந்துள்ள புதிய பிரபலம்... டப்பிங் முடிச்சாச்சு... விவரம் உள்ளே|last=யுவராஜ்|first=லாவண்யா|work=[[ABP Nadu]]|date=2022-10-29|accessdate=2025-10-26|language=ta}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2023
| ''[[Thunivu]]'' || Channel Head ||
|-
| ''[[Kolai (film)|Kolai]]'' || Doctor ||
|}

===Web series===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Network
|-
| rowspan="1"|2020 || ''[[Time Enna Boss!?]]'' || House Owner || [[Amazon Prime Video]]
|}

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"
! Year !! Show !! Role !! Channel !! Notes
|-
|2001||''Nee Naan Aval''|| ||Star Vijay||
|-
| 2004 || ''Hello Thamizha'' || Host || [[Star Vijay]] ||
|-
| 2013 || ''Rani Maharani'' || Host || [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1"|2013-2017 || ''[[Vani Rani (TV series)|Vani Rani]]'' || Kokila Saaminathan / Jessie ||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] || Dual roles
|-
| rowspan="1"|2017 || ''[[Vanakkam Tamizha]]'' || Host ||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] ||
|-
| rowspan="1"|2018 || ''[[Bigg Boss (Tamil season 2)]]'' || Contestant ||[[Star Vijay]] || Evicted Day 14
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|11899496}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chari, Mamathi}}
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

Indian Medical Service

2026-01-08T23:07:25Z

CynthiaBegg56: Page refined with updated information

{{Short description|Military medical service in British India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2017}}
[[File:More neighbors D'autres voisins.jpg|right|thumb|Unidentified members of the IMS in France, during World War I.]]
The '''Indian Medical Service''' ('''IMS''') was a military medical service in [[British Raj|British India]], which also had some civilian functions. Originating during the East India Company's period of rule, it was organised into a single unified service in 1896, served during the two World Wars, and remained in existence until the independence of India in 1947.

Many of its officers, who were both British and Indian, served in civilian hospitals. Among its notable ranks, the IMS had Sir [[Ronald Ross]], a [[Nobel Prize]] winner, [[Benjamin Franklin (surgeon)|Sir Benjamin Franklin]], later honorary physician to three British monarchs and [[Henry Vandyke Carter]], best known for his illustrations in the anatomy textbook ''[[Gray's Anatomy]]''.

==History==
===Early history===
The earliest positions for medical officers in the [[British East India Company]] (formed as the Association of Merchant Adventurers in 1599 and receiving the royal charter on the last day of 1600) were as ship surgeons. The first three surgeons to have served were John Banester on the ''Leicester'', Lewis Attmer on the ''Edward'' and Rober on the ''Francis''. The first Company fleet went out in 1600 with [[James Lancaster]] on the Red Dragon and three other ships, each with two surgeons and a barber.<ref>Crawford I:1-3</ref> This was the voyage on which the serendipitous experiment on lemon juice as a cure for scurvy was carried out. The establishment of the East India Company in India was greatly aided by a doctor, although a lot of fiction may have been introduced into accounts relating to this. [[Gabriel Boughton]] is said to have saved Shah Jahan's daughter princess Jahanara from injuries due to burns. In reward he was given duty-free trading rights and this document was utilized by the East India Company to obtain a ''farman'' or rights for itself from the ruler in Surat.<ref>Crawford 1:37-57</ref>

As more factories of the East India Company were established in India at this time, new positions began to be created for the appointment of surgeons and physicians.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Crawford|first=D. G.|date=1901|title=Notes on the History of the Bengal Medical Service |quote=The following notes were compiled altogether from the point of view of a member of the Bengal Medical Service, but I believe that the statements about pay, rank, furlough, &c., in fact all the notes on the early history of the Bengal service, would apply equally, mutatis mutandis, to Madras and Bombay.|journal=The Indian Medical Gazette|volume=36|issue=1|pages=1–4|issn=0019-5863|pmc=5164180|pmid=29004198}}</ref> These men of medicine included Nicholas Manucci, a [[Venice|Venetian]] born in 1639 who served [[Dara Shikoh]] before studying medicine in [[Lahore]] where he served [[Shah Alam]] from 1678-82. Later, he then settled in Madras. An [[Armenians|Armenian]] named Sikandar Beg served as surgeon to Suleiman Shikoh, son of Darah Shikoh, and there are records of several Dutch and French physicians in various courts across India.<ref>Crawford 1:7-9</ref> [[Samuel Browne (surgeon)|Samuel Browne]] served around 1694 at Fort St. George, Madras from where he also reported on his botanical and other natural history studies.<ref>Crawford 1:16</ref> Jean Martin served Haider Ali and Jean Castarede served under Tipoo Sultan.<ref>Crawford 1:11-14</ref> A hierarchy was introduced into the establishment of the East India Company in 1614 with the appointment of a surgeon general. The first to accept this position was John Woodall, who was however accused of embezzling pay from apprentices that he used to hire. With continuing complaints and financial crunch he was retrenched in 1642.<ref>Crawford 1:24-25</ref> Another Surgeon Walter Chesley was sent home from service in Sumatra for drunkenness, while a Dr. Coote was removed from Bencoolen for debauchery in 1697.<ref>Crawford 1:34</ref>

Surgeons were often assigned on diplomatic missions to various courts and they were found to be very influential. The first surgeon at Calcutta was a Dutchman who resigned in 1691. [[William Hamilton (surgeon)|William Hamilton]] was particularly famous.<ref>Crawford 1:116-127</ref> [[John Zephaniah Holwell]] who came to Bengal as a Surgeon in 1732 was appointed as ''Zamindar'' of Calcutta. He was captured in 1756 by Siraj-ud-Daulah and survived the Black Hole. Holwell was noted as a careful student of native customs and it has been suggested that if he had been in charge of Fort William, the entire incident would not have happened. He returned to England and became as an advisor on various matters of government.<ref>Crawford 1:150-176</ref> Surgeons were often spared in wartime. William Fullerton was the sole survivor in 1763 at Patna when the English fought Nawab Mir Qasim.<ref>Crawford 1:180-196</ref><ref>{{cite journal|journal=Journal of the Royal College of Surgeons Edinburgh|year=1993|volume=38|issue=3|pages=125–126|title=Gabriel Boughton and William Hamilton: surgeons who helped build British power in India|author=Sinha, K.K.|pmid=7687669}}</ref> Later, around 1830, John Martin Honigberger from Transylvania served Ranjit Singh. He also worked at a hospital set up by Sir Henry Lawrence at Lahore.<ref>Crawford 1:15-16</ref> [[Benjamin Simpson]] is particularly well known for capturing numerous photographs during his service in the second half of the 19th century.

===Later history===
Later, in the nineteenth century, the IMS became one of the routes to becoming a [[Political officer (British Empire)|Political officer]] in the [[Indian Political Department]].<ref>{{Citation
|publisher = Routledge
|isbn = 0415346827
|location = London
|title = The British Empire & Tibet 1900 - 1922
|author = Wendy Palace
|date = 2004
|oclc = 834529138
|id = 0415346827
|ol = 3291326M
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Garrison|first=Fielding H.|date=1914|title=The Anglo-Indian Surgeons|journal=Edinburgh Medical Journal|volume=12|issue=5|pages=425–432|issn=0367-1038|pmc=5271284}}</ref> The [[British Raj|British Indian government]] set up the Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine between 1910 and its opening in 1921 as a postgraduate center for tropical medicine<ref>Helen Power, "The Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine: Institutionalizing Medical Research in the Periphery," ''Medical History'' (1996) 40#2 pp 197-214.</ref> at the heart of the Indian Empire. Charles Stiebel served with the medical services during the [[First World War]]. In August 1915, he was transferred to the 5th Indian General Hospital at [[Alexandria]] in [[Egypt]] where he served for the 135th Indian Field Ambulance.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/D5397985 |title=Catalogue description Medal card of Stiebel, Charles Alexander Corps: Lancashire Fusiliers; Labour Corps |date=1914–1920}}</ref> Stiebel served as a lieutenant with the Indian Medical Service including with No. 1 Indian General Hospital.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Commonwealth War Graves Commission |title=Lieutenant Charles Stiebel {{!}} War Casualty Details 630342 |url=https://www.cwgc.org/find-records/find-war-dead/casualty-details/630342/charles-stiebel/ |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=Commonwealth War Graves Commission |language=en}}</ref>

On 3 April 1943, the Indian Medical Service, the [[Indian Medical Department]], and the [[Indian Hospital & Nursing Corps]] were amalgamated into the [[Indian Army Medical Corps]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Army Medical Corps Raising Day 2023: History, significance, and little-known facts|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/army-medical-corps-raising-day-2023-history-significance-and-little-known-facts}}</ref> It was formed as a wartime necessity for attracting suitably qualified men for service in a rapidly expanding army.<ref name="252Anniv">{{cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/army-medical-corps-celebrates-252nd-anniversary-116040300491_1.html|title=Army Medical Corps celebrates 252nd anniversary|date=2016-04-03|access-date=2023-11-03}}</ref> The IAMC was re-designated the Army Medical Corps with effect from 26 January 1950.

== Structure ==
The first signs of organization began with the establishment of the Bengal Medical Service on 20 October 1763 with fixed grades, rules for promotion and service. Similar services were established by 1764 in both Madras and Bombay.<ref>Crawford 1:197-198</ref> In Bengal increasing military actions required the separation of Military Surgeons from [[civil surgeon|Civil Surgeons]]. Each non-native regiment had a surgeon and over time the strength of the Medical Service grew. The Bengal service had 382 in 1854 while Madras had 217 and Bombay 181.<ref>Crawford 1:201-222</ref> For a while the military service also required combat service and upon promotion they could choose one branch either as Captain or Surgeon. The first Indian natives to join the service was [[Soorjo Coomar Goodeve Chuckerbutty]] who entered the service on 24 January 1855 followed by Rajendra Chandra Chandra on 27 January 1858.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Crawford|first=D. G.|date=1901|title=Notes on History of Bengal Medical Service|journal=The Indian Medical Gazette|volume=36|issue=2|pages=41–48|issn=0019-5863|pmc=5164019|pmid=29004070}}</ref> The Medical Services of the Madras, Bengal and Bombay Presidencies were united after 1857. Separate Medical Boards involved that recruited for the Presidencies were abolished on 12 November 1857. A single Indian Medical Service that separated from the civil medical service in 1858<ref>{{cite book|title=Public Health in British India: Anglo-Indian Preventive Medicine 1859-1914| author=Harrison, Mark| publisher= Cambridge University Press| year=1994|page=7}}</ref> was placed under a single Director General with effect from 1 April 1896, when the Bengal, Madras and Bombay medical services were formally amalgamated into a single organisation.<ref name="Crawford_HistoryIMS">{{Cite journal|last=Crawford|first=D. G.|date=1907|title=History of the Indian Medical Service|journal=The Indian Medical Gazette|volume=42|issue=5|pages=192–198|issn=0019-5863|pmc=5165998|pmid=29005090}}</ref><ref>Crawford 2:328–329</ref>

===Ranks===
Prior to the formation of the IMS in 1764, all medical officers in the employ of the East India Company were unranked. There were two grades of medical officer:
* Head Surgeon
* Surgeon

From 1764, there were four primary ranks of medical officer. The Surgeon-General (at other times designated Physician-General or Chief Surgeon) headed the service from around 1769, while Head Surgeons, who ranked immediately below, nominally oversaw the main military hospitals in the subcontinent, though the exact scope of their authority remained vague. Below the Head Surgeons were Surgeons, followed by Hospital Mates. Sometime prior to 1785, Head Surgeons were redesignated Surgeon-Majors, with Hospital Mates becoming Assistant Surgeons. Apart from the Surgeon-General or his equivalent, all medical officers ranked with warrant officers. The rank of Surgeon-Major was apparently discontinued around 1785 and replaced by the former rank of Head Surgeon. In 1786, formal three-member Medical Boards were established, with one Board for each Presidency.<ref name="Crawford_HistoryIMS"/>

On 24 October 1788, medical officers were reclassified as commissioned officers:
* Surgeon-General/Physician-General/Chief Surgeon
* Head Surgeons - ranking with Majors
* Surgeons - ranking with Captains
* Assistant Surgeons - ranking with Lieutenants

In 1807, the rank of Superintending Surgeon was officially introduced, having been informally used since around 1803. Ranking above Head Surgeons (redesignated Senior Surgeons around this time), they supplanted them as professional administrators of military hospitals. Each army division was allotted a Superintending Surgeon. In 1842, the three positions on each Medical Board were ranked in order of seniority as Physician-General, Surgeon-General and Inspector-General of Hospitals, respectively. In 1843, the East India Company formalized equivalent military ranks for medical officers, as follows:<ref name="Crawford_HistoryIMS"/>
* Physician-General/Surgeon-General/Inspector-General - ranking with Brigadier-Generals
* Superintending Surgeons - ranking with Lieutenant-Colonels
* Senior Surgeons - ranking with Majors
* Surgeons - ranking with Captains
* Assistant Surgeons - ranking with Lieutenants

When the British government dissolved the East India Company in 1858 and asserted its rule over India, it abolished the Medical Boards and replaced the appointments of Physician-General and Surgeon-General with a single Director-General. Superintending Surgeons were also redesignated Deputy Inspectors-General at the same time. The ranks of the medical service thus became:
* Director-General/Inspector-General - ranking with Brigadier-Generals
* Deputy Inspectors-General - ranking with Lieutenant-Colonels
* Senior Surgeons - ranking with Majors
* Surgeons - ranking with captains
* Assistant Surgeons - ranking with lieutenants

In 1862, the rank of director-general was briefly redesignated as principal inspector-general, but the former designation was restored in 1866, followed by the redesignation of director-general as inspector-general in 1869. A new ranking system was introduced in 1873:<ref name="Crawford_HistoryIMS"/>
* Surgeon-general - ranking with Brigadier-Generals
* Deputy surgeons-General - ranking with lieutenant-Colonels
* Surgeons-major - ranking with majors
* Surgeons (6+ years of service) - ranking with captains
* Surgeons (less than 6 years of service) - ranking with lieutenants

In 1880, the rank of brigade surgeon was introduced and all surgeons regardless of their date of joining were ranked as captains. The IMS ranks were then as follows:<ref name="Crawford_HistoryIMS"/>
* Surgeon-general - ranking with brigadier-generals
* Deputy surgeons-General - ranking with colonels
* Brigade surgeons - ranking with lieutenant-colonels
* Surgeons-major - ranking with majors
* Surgeons - ranking with captains

Excepting the surgeon-general, IMS officers were given formal military ranks for the first time in 1891, corresponding to those of their British Indian Army counterparts; simultaneously, the appointment of surgeon-general was upgraded to the equivalent of a [[Major general (United Kingdom)|major-general]]. The rank of surgeon-lieutenant was also introduced in 1891. In 1896, the head of the service was named its director-general, with the title of surgeon-general (major-general). The other IMS military ranks retained the prefix of "surgeon" until it was dropped in 1898.<ref name="Crawford_HistoryIMS"/> From 28 May 1913, the director-general, while holding the title of surgeon-general, was made eligible for promotion to the rank of [[Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)|lieutenant-general]] with the approval of the [[Secretary of State for India]].<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=28725|date=3 June 1913 |page=3909 |supp= |nolink=y}}</ref> From 5 June 1918, the title of surgeon-general was dropped, with the director-general to have the rank and title of either major-general or lieutenant-general.<ref name="LG_1918">{{London Gazette |issue=30741|date=11 June 1918 |page=6935 |supp= |nolink=y}}</ref>

==Directors-General Indian Medical Service==
;Key
*{{note label|†|†|†}} Died in office

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan=2| {{Abbr|No.|Number}}
! rowspan=2| Portrait
! rowspan=2| Name {{small|(born–died)}}
! rowspan=2| IMS batch
! colspan=3| Term of office
! rowspan=2| {{Abbr|Ref.|Refences}}
|-
! Took office
! Left office
! Time in office
|-
|1
|
|Surgeon-General{{efn|name=a|With the rank of major general.|group= n}} James Cleghorn {{small|{{post-nominals|country=GBR|CSI|QHS}}}} {{small|(19 May 1841-14 June 1920)}}
|1865
|1 April 1896
|25 October 1898
|{{ayd|1895|4|1|1898|10|25}}
|<ref name="CrawfordRoll_1930">{{cite book |year=1930 |url=https://archive.org/details/rollindianmedicalservicecrawford/page/n9/mode/2up?q= |editor-last1=Crawford |editor-first1=Dirom Grey |title=Roll Of the Indian Medical Service: 1600–1930 |publication-place=London |publisher=W. Thacker & Co.}}</ref>
|-
|2
|
|Surgeon-General{{efn|name=a|With the rank of major general.|group= n}} Robert Harvey {{small|{{post-nominals|country=GBR|CB|DSO|FRCP}}}} {{small|(10 March 1842-1 December 1901)}}
|1866
|25 October 1898
|1 December 1901 {{note label|†|†|†}}
|{{ayd|1898|10|25|1901|12|1}}
|<ref name="CrawfordRoll_1930"/>
|-
|3
|
|Surgeon-General{{efn|name=a|With the rank of major general.|group= n}} Sir [[Benjamin Franklin (surgeon)|Benjamin Franklin]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=GBR|KCIE}}}} {{small|(30 April 1844-15 February 1917)}}
|1869
|2 December 1901
|1 January 1905
|{{ayd|1901|12|2|1905|1|1}}
|<ref name="CrawfordRoll_1930"/>
|-
|4
|
|Surgeon-General{{efn|name=a|With the rank of major general.|group= n}} Sir Gerald Bomford {{small|{{post-nominals|country=GBR|KCIE}}}} {{small|(19 July 1851-12 April 1915)}}
|1874
|1 January 1905
|1 January 1910
|{{ayd|1905|1|1|1910|1|1}}
|<ref name="CrawfordRoll_1930"/>
|-
|5
|
|Surgeon-General{{efn|name=b|With the rank of major general until 22 September 1916, when promoted lieutenant-general.<ref name="CrawfordRoll_1930"/>|group= n}} Sir Charles Pardey Lukis {{small|{{post-nominals|country=GBR|KCSI|VD|FRCS}}}} {{small|(9 September 1857-21 October 1917)}}
|1880
|1 January 1910
|21 October 1917 {{note label|†|†|†}}
|{{ayd|1910|1|1|1917|10|21}}
|<ref name="CrawfordRoll_1930"/>
|-
|6
|
|Major-General{{efn|name=c|With the rank and title of surgeon-general until 5 June 1918.<ref name="LG_1918"/>|group= n}} Sir William Rice Edwards {{small|{{post-nominals|country=GBR|KCB|KCIE|CMG}}}} {{small|(17 May 1862-13 October 1923)}}
|1886
|8 January 1918
|8 January 1923
|{{ayd|1918|1|8|1923|1|8}}
|<ref name="CrawfordRoll_1930"/>
|-
|7
|
|Major-General Sir Robert Charles MacWatt {{small|{{post-nominals|country=GBR|CIE|FRCS}}}} {{small|(22 January 1865-14 April 1945)}}
|1888
|23 January 1923
|1 April 1926
|{{ayd|1923|1|23|1926|4|1}}
|<ref name="CrawfordRoll_1930"/><ref>{{cite web|date=2013 |title=Obituary: MacWatt, Sir Robert Charles (1865–1945) |url=https://livesonline.rcseng.ac.uk/client/en_GB/lives/search/detailnonmodal/ent:$002f$002fSD_ASSET$002f0$002fSD_ASSET:376723/one?qu=MacWatt&te=ASSET&dt=list |website=Plarr's Lives of the Fellows |location=London |publisher=Royal College of Surgeons of England |access-date=30 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
|8
|
|Major-General Sir (Thomas) Henry Symons {{small|{{post-nominals|country=GBR|KBE|CIE|OBE}}}} {{small|(17 May 1872-3 July 1948)}}
|1896
|1 April 1926
|1 April 1930
|{{ayd|1926|4|1|1930|4|1}}
|<ref name="CrawfordRoll_1930"/><ref name="IMG_1930">{{cite journal |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date=September 1930 |title=Service Notes: Appointments and Transfers |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5157370/ |journal=Indian Medical Gazette |volume=65 |issue=9 |publisher=Pandeya Publications |pages=537–538 |pmid=29008792 |access-date=30 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date=1948 |title=Obituary: Sir Henry Symons |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2091003/?page=2 |journal=British Medical Journal |volume=2 |issue=4569 |publisher=BMJ Publishing Group |pages=272 |pmid=29008792 |access-date=30 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
|9
|
|Major-General Sir John Wallace Dick Megaw {{small|{{post-nominals|country=GBR|KCIE}}}} {{small|(8 February 1874-24 October 1958)}}
|1900
|1 April 1930
|15 November 1933
|{{ayd|1930|4|1|1933|11|15}}
|<ref name="CrawfordRoll_1930"/><ref name="IMG_1930"/><ref name="IMG_1934">{{cite journal |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date=February 1934 |title=Service Notes: Appointments and Transfers |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5159051/ |journal=Indian Medical Gazette |volume=69 |issue=2 |publisher=Pandeya Publications |pages=119 |pmid=29009187 |access-date=30 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date=8 November 1958 |title=Obituary: Sir John Megaw |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2026701/?page=1 |journal=British Medical Journal |volume=2 |issue=5105 |publisher=BMJ Publishing Group |pages=1166–1167 |pmid=13584890 |access-date=30 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
|10
|
|Major-General Sir Cuthbert Allan Sprawson {{small|{{post-nominals|country=GBR|CIE|FRCP}}}} {{small|(1 March 1877-7 May 1956)}}
|1900
|15 November 1933
|1 March 1937
|{{ayd|1933|11|15|1937|3|1}}
|<ref name="CrawfordRoll_1930"/><ref name="IMG_1934"/><ref name="IMG_1937">{{cite journal |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date=May 1937 |title=Service Notes: Appointments and Transfers |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5173767/ |journal=Indian Medical Gazette |volume=72 |issue=5 |publisher=Pandeya Publications |pages=327 |pmid=29013317 |access-date=30 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date=19 May 1956 |title=Obituary: Sir Cuthbert Sprawson |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1979648/?page=1 |journal=British Medical Journal |volume=1 |issue=4976 |publisher=BMJ Publishing Group |pages=1176–1177 |pmid=13316105 |access-date=30 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
|11
|
|Major-General [[Ernest Bradfield]] {{small|{{post-nominals|country=GBR|CIE|OBE|FRCSE}}}} {{small|(28 May 1880-28 October 1963)}}
|1903
|1 March 1937
|8 November 1939
|{{ayd|1937|3|1|1939|11|8}}
|<ref name="CrawfordRoll_1930"/><ref name="IMG_1937"/><ref name="IMG_1939">{{cite journal |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date=February 1940 |title=Service Notes: Appointments and Transfers |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5207844/ |journal=Indian Medical Gazette |volume=75 |issue=2 |publisher=Pandeya Publications |pages=127 |pmid=29013881 |access-date=30 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
|12
|
|Lieutenant-General Sir Gordon Gray Jolly {{small|{{post-nominals|country=GBR|KCIE}}}} {{small|(6 April 1886-1 March 1962)}}
|1908
|8 November 1939
|4 October 1943
|{{ayd|1939|11|8|1943|10|4}}
|<ref name="CrawfordRoll_1930"/><ref name="IMG_1939"/><ref name="IMG_1943">{{cite journal |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date=December 1943 |title=Service Notes: Appointments and Transfers |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5158670/?page=1 |journal=Indian Medical Gazette |volume=78 |issue=12 |publisher=Pandeya Publications |pages=620 |pmid=29012356 |access-date=30 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date=17 March 1962 |title=Obituary: Sir Gordon Jolly |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1957933/ |journal=British Medical Journal |volume=1 |issue=5280 |publisher=BMJ Publishing Group |pages=804 |access-date=30 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
|13
|
|Major-General Sir (James) Bennett Hance {{small|{{post-nominals|country=GBR|KCIE|OBE|FRCSE}}}} {{small|(21 April 1887-5 September 1958)}}
|1912
|4 October 1943
|12 March 1946
|{{ayd|1943|10|4|1946|11|12}}
|<ref name="CrawfordRoll_1930"/><ref name="IMG_1943"/><ref>{{London Gazette |issue=37801|date=29 November 1946 |page=5853 |supp= |nolink=y}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date=20 September 1958 |title=Obituary: Sir Bennett Hance |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2026668/?page=1 |journal=British Medical Journal |volume=2 |issue=5098 |publisher=BMJ Publishing Group |pages=745–746|pmid=13572891 |access-date=30 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
|14
|
|Lieutenant-General Robert Hay {{small|{{post-nominals|country=GBR|CIE}}}} {{small|(8 March 1889-18 May 1980)}}
|1914
|12 March 1946
|[[Independence Day (India)|15 August 1947]]
|{{ayd|1946|3|12|1947|8|15}}
|<ref name="CrawfordRoll_1930"/><ref name="IMG_1946">{{cite journal |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date=June-July 1946 |title=Service Notes: Appointments and Transfers |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5236414/ |journal=Indian Medical Gazette |volume=81 |issue=6–7 |publisher=Pandeya Publications |pages=280 |pmid=29015971 |access-date=30 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette |issue=37755|date=11 October 1946 |page=5039 |supp= |nolink=y}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date=September 1949 |title=Service Notes: Appointments and Transfers |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5189488/ |journal=Indian Medical Gazette |volume=84 |issue=9 |publisher=Pandeya Publications |pages=430 |pmid=29014609 |access-date=31 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date=31 May 1980 |title=Obituary: Sir Robert Hay |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1601572/?page=1 |journal=British Medical Journal |volume=280 |issue=6227 |publisher=BMJ Publishing Group |pages=1324–1325|pmid= |access-date=31 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[Royal Army Medical Corps]]
* [[Army Medical Corps (India)]]
* [[List of Indian Medical Service officers]]
* [[Central Health Service|Central Health Service (CHS)]]
* [[Women’s Medical Service]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |author=[[Dirom Grey Crawford]] |title=A history of the Indian Medical Service 1600-1913. Volume 1 |publisher=W. Thacker & Co. |place=London |year=1914 |url=http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/011713370}}
* {{cite book |author=[[Dirom Grey Crawford]] |title=A history of the Indian Medical Service 1600-1913. Volume 2 |publisher=W. Thacker & Co. |place=London |year=1914 |url=http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/011713370}}
* {{cite book|author=Bayley, Henry Vincent - of the Bengal Civil Service |title=Dorjé-Ling. A description of its merits as a health resort |publisher=G. H. Huttmann, Military Orphan Press |place=Calcutta|year=1838|url=http://access.bl.uk/item/pdf/lsidyv3cbe6f68}}
* Donald McDonald, ''Surgeons Twoe and a Barber'' (London: Heinemann, 1950) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2530269/pdf/postmedj00584-0055a.pdf online review].
* Thapar, Lt Gen Daya Ram, ''The Morale Builders. Forty Years with the Military Medical Services of India.'' (London: Asia Publishing House, 1965) {{ISBN|978-021022603-2}}
* Ghosh, Col A, History of the Armed Forces Medical Services: India (Sangam Books, 1988) {{ISBN|978-086131836-0}}

==External links==
* [http://www.naval-military-press.com/roll-of-the-indian-medical-service-1615-1930..html Roll of the Indian Medical Services, 1614-1930 by Lt.-Col D. G. Crawford]

[[Category:Medical and health organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Administrative corps of the Indian Army]]
[[Category:Indian Medical Service officers| ]]
[[Category:1763 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1947]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1763]]

Muslim conquest of the Levant

2025-12-28T19:41:48Z

CynthiaBegg56: expand structure for accuracy and updated info for clarity

#REDIRECT [[Muslim conquest of Syria]]
{{Rcat shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Fifth Schedule to the Constitution of India

2025-12-17T21:26:05Z

CynthiaBegg56: started new page with sources

{{Short description|none}}
The '''Fifth Schedule to the [[Constitution of India]]''' grants special powers to the [[Governor (India)|State Governors]] to provide autonomy to the [[Scheduled Tribes]], thereby limiting the effect of Acts of the [[Parliament of India|Central]] and [[State legislative assemblies of India|State Legislatures]] on the [[Scheduled Areas]].<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/framing-the-fifth-schedule-tribal-agency-and-the-making-of-the-indian-constitution-19371950/E1D3B7C94989412132E200A153633C65|title=Framing the Fifth Schedule: Tribal agency and the making of the Indian Constitution (1937–1950)|first=Saagar|last=Tewari|date=September 23, 2022|journal=Modern Asian Studies|volume=56|issue=5|pages=1556–1594|via=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/S0026749X21000779|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2019/44/alternative-standpoint/governors-and-fifth-schedule.html|title=Governors and the Fifth Schedule|first=Virginius |last=Xaxa|date=November 8, 2019|volume=54|issue=44|magazine=Economic and Political Weekly}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0019556120130201?journalCode=ipaa|journal=Indian Journal of Public Administration|title=The Fifth Schedule of the Indian Constitution |first1=Bhupinder |last1=Singh|year=2013|volume=59|issue=2|pages=211–227 |doi=10.1177/0019556120130201 |s2cid=96501503 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{cite web|title=The Fifth Schedule of the Constitution|url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2019/4/perspectives/fifth-schedule-constitution.html}}

*{{cite web|title=Land Governance in Fifth Schedule Areas: A Critical Analysis of Chhattisgarh State|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/23210249211051438?icid=int.sj-full-text.similar-articles.7}}
{{India-poli-stub}}

[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of India]]
[[Category:Federalism in India]]

[[Category:Schedules to the Constitution of India|5]]

Delhi War Cemetery

2025-12-15T05:31:08Z

CynthiaBegg56: started some data added tags

{{Short description|CWGC cemetery in New Delhi, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}

{{Infobox military memorial
| name = Delhi War Cemetery
| body = [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]] [[Government of India]]
| image = File:Delhi War Cemetery.jpg
| use_dates =
| established = {{start date and age|1951}}
| designer = H. J. Brown {{small|(associate member of the [[Royal Institute of British Architects]])}}
| coordinates = {{coord|28.61624|77.14542|display=inline,title}}
| nearest_town = New Delhi, India
| total = 1154
| commemorates = service personnel who fought for the British Empire during the First and Second World Wars
| by_country = United Kingdom: 941 Indian: 152 Dutch: 30 Canadian: 15 Australian: 10 New Zealand: 5 Polish: 1
| by_war = [[World War I]]: 101 [[World War II]]: 1053
| source = [https://www.cwgc.org/find/find-war-dead/results/?cemetery=DELHI%20WAR%20CEMETERY Commonwealth War Graves Commission]
}}
The '''Delhi War Cemetery''', in the [[Delhi Cantonment]], [[Delhi|Delhi, India]], is the site of the graves of 1,154 service personnel who served the [[British Empire]] during the [[World War I|First]] and [[World War II|Second World Wars]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cwgc.org/find/find-cemeteries-and-memorials/92000/delhi-war-cemetery|title=Delhi War Cemetery|website=Commonwealth War Graves Commission|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221015422/https://www.cwgc.org/find/find-cemeteries-and-memorials/92000/delhi-war-cemetery|archive-date=21 December 2018|url-status=live|access-date=24 December 2018 }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/In-search-of-the-dead/article11634637.ece|title=In search of the dead|last=Pisharoty|first=Sangeeta Barooah|date=18 May 2014|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=14 February 2018|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Manimugdha S |date=9 November 2015 |title=On Remembrance Day, Delhi honours war heroes |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/On-Remembrance-Day-Delhi-honours-war-heroes/articleshow/49716893.cms |url-status=live |access-date=14 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215235413/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/On-Remembrance-Day-Delhi-honours-war-heroes/articleshow/49716893.cms |archive-date=15 February 2018}}</ref> The cemetery was established in 1951 to ensure the permanent preservation of the remains of soldiers across various cemeteries in northern India.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://issuu.com/indiandiplomacy/docs/iwm_book|title=Last Post – Indian War Memorials Around the World|last=T.S. Chinna|first=Rana|publisher=United Service Institution of India|year=2014|isbn=9788190209793|pages=90}}</ref>

At the entrance to the cemetery is the [[#Delhi 1939–1945 War Memorial|Delhi 1939–1945 War Memorial]] honouring the efforts of Indian forces during both world wars.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UxQiAQAAIAAJ&q=Delhi+1939-1945+War+Memorial|title=Courage remembered: the story behind the construction and maintenance of the Commonwealth's military cemeteries and memorials of the wars of 1914–1918 and 1939–1945|last1=Gibson|first1=T. A. Edwin|last2=Ward|first2=G. Kingsley|date=June 1989|publisher=[[H.M.S.O.]]|isbn=9780117726086|pages=171|access-date=14 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215024045/https://books.google.com/books?id=UxQiAQAAIAAJ&q=Delhi+1939-1945+War+Memorial&dq=Delhi+1939-1945+War+Memorial&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj2r9r4gabZAhVBNY8KHTyADQAQ6AEILjAB|archive-date=15 February 2018|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cwgc.org/find/find-cemeteries-and-memorials/92000/delhi-war-cemetery|title=Delhi War Cemetery|website=Commonwealth War Graves Commission|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215023658/https://www.cwgc.org/find/find-cemeteries-and-memorials/92000/delhi-war-cemetery|archive-date=15 February 2018|url-status=live|access-date=14 February 2018 }}</ref> The Delhi 1914–18 Memorial, commemorating 153 individuals buried in the [[Meerut Cantonment]], where graves could no longer be cared for, is also on the site.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ww1cemeteries.com/ind-delhi-war-cemetery.html|title=IND. Delhi War Cemetery|website=WW1 Cemeteries.com A photographic guide to over 4000 military cemeteries and memorials|access-date=5 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221175307/https://www.ww1cemeteries.com/ind-delhi-war-cemetery.html|archive-date=21 December 2018|url-status=live }}</ref> The cemetery was commissioned by the [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]] and is now jointly maintained with the [[Government of India]] and its [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]].[[File:Delhi War Cemetery Left View.jpg|thumb|240x240px|Visible on the right side of the image is the Delhi 1939–1945 War Memorial.|alt=]]

==Cemetery==
The [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]] records 1,154 burials in the Delhi War Cemetery. The graves contain the remains of citizens of the United Kingdom, India, Netherlands, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and Poland from [[World War I]] and [[World War II]]. 821 graves contain individuals from the army and 296 from the air force. The rest contain personnel from the navy and merchant navy as well as a nurse and a civilian. Some of the war graves belong to those from regiments such as: the [[King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry]], the [[3rd Gorkha Rifles|3rd{{Nbsp}}Queen Alexandra's Own Gurkha Rifles]], the [[Royal Northumberland Fusiliers]], the [[Royal Engineers]], the [[Gloucestershire Regiment]], the [[Royal Artillery]] and the [[Burma Rifles]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cwgc.org/find/find-war-dead/results/?cemetery=DELHI%20WAR%20CEMETERY|title=Delhi War Cemetery Records|website=www.cwgc.org|access-date=14 February 2018}}</ref>

There are also special memorials for thirty-two service personnel whose remains could not be traced, including Maureen Grundy, a [[Leading aircraftman|leading aircraftwoman]] in the [[Women's Auxiliary Air Force]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cwgc.org/find/find-war-dead/results/?cemetery=DELHI+WAR+CEMETERY&tab=wardead&pageSize=100&casualtypagenumber=6|title=Records, Delhi War Cemetery|website=Commonwealth War Graves Commission|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206001549/https://www.cwgc.org/find/find-war-dead/results/?cemetery=DELHI+WAR+CEMETERY&tab=wardead&pageSize=100&casualtypagenumber=6|archive-date=6 December 2018|url-status=live|access-date=5 December 2018 }}</ref> Her Grave Registration Report by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission shows that while her ashes were deposited at St Martin's Church, Delhi, they could not be found later by Church authorities. Accordingly a special memorial in the form of a gravestone with her full service particulars was erected in commemoration.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/2177921/grundy,-maureen-honor/ |title=Leading Aircraftwoman Grundy, Maureen |website=cwgc.org |access-date=9 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181205193452/https://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/2177921/grundy,-maureen-honor/ |archive-date=5 December 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> The youngest burials are four service personnel aged eighteen, while the oldest burial is Major Reginald Hamilton Richmond of the [[5th Gorkha Rifles (Frontier Force)|5th{{Nbsp}}Royal Gurkha Rifles (Frontier Force)]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/2177652/richmond,-reginald-hamilton/|title=Major Reginald Hamilton Richmond|website=Commonwealth War Graves Commission|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206053227/https://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/2177652/richmond,-reginald-hamilton/|archive-date=6 December 2018|url-status=live|access-date=5 December 2018 }}</ref>

Three [[major general]]s are also buried at the memorial, [[Charles Hertzberg|Charles Sumner Lund Hertzberg]] of the [[Canadian Army]], George Grant Tabuteau of the [[Royal Army Medical Corps]] and Thomas George Gordon Heywood.<ref name="gov">{{cite web|url=http://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/remembrance/memorials/canadian-virtual-war-memorial/detail/2177313|title=In memory of Major General Charles Sumner Lund Hertzberg|publisher=[[Veterans Affairs Canada]]|accessdate=31 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411084317/http://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/remembrance/memorials/canadian-virtual-war-memorial/detail/2177313|archive-date=11 April 2015|url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tracesofwar.com/persons/71843/Tabuteau-George-Grant.htm|title=Tabuteau, George Grant|website=Traces of War|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206002114/http://www.tracesofwar.com/persons/71843/Tabuteau-George-Grant.htm|archive-date=6 December 2018|url-status=live|access-date=5 December 2018 }}</ref> Hertzberg was commander of the [[Canadian Military Engineers|Royal Canadian Engineering Corps]] as chief engineer and died at age fifty-seven after contracting [[smallpox]] on a special assignment in India,<ref name="thegenerals">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vgTaIWgPYm4C&q=charles+sumner+lund+hertzberg&pg=PA42|title=The Generals: The Canadian Army's Senior Commanders in the Second World War|last1=Granatstein|first1=G.L.|date=1993|publisher=[[University of Calgary Press]]|isbn=9781552381762|access-date=5 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802102002/https://books.google.ca/books?id=vgTaIWgPYm4C&pg=PA42&lpg=PA42&dq=charles+sumner+lund+hertzberg&source=bl&ots=iJ7xP8yQU4&sig=sQxXpm7jQyZ9hEaZ1YRbFPJWhjs&hl=en&sa=X&ei=PBbNVPqJGYz4yASH0oHAAg&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=charles%20sumner%20lund%20hertzberg&f=false|archive-date=2 August 2018|url-status=live }}</ref> Tabuteau died while commandeering the position of the director of medical services at General Headquarters India,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.generals.dk/general/Tabuteau/George_Grant/Great_Britain.html|title=Biography of Major-General George Grant Tabuteau (1881–1940), Great Britain|website=www.generals.dk|access-date=5 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206001915/http://www.generals.dk/general/Tabuteau/George_Grant/Great_Britain.html|archive-date=6 December 2018|url-status=live }}</ref> and Heywood died when the Royal Air Force transport plane he was in crashed at [[Allahabad]] in 1943.

[[File:Delhi War Cemetery Front View.jpg|left|thumb|The [[Stone of Remembrance]] visible in the foreground as well as the [[Cross of Sacrifice]] in the background.|alt=]]
A [[Stone of Remembrance]], engraved with the words '[[their name liveth for evermore]]' is also present at the cemetery, as well as a [[Cross of Sacrifice]]. The Stone of Remembrance, designed by British architect [[Edwin Lutyens]], and the Cross of Sacrifice, designed by [[Reginald Blomfield]], are two standard architectural features of Commonwealth War Graves Commission cemeteries and memorials.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dva.gov.au/commems_oawg/OAWG/remembering_war_dead/Pages/stone%20remembrance.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090712191403/http://www.dva.gov.au/commems_oawg/OAWG/remembering_war_dead/Pages/stone%20remembrance.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 July 2009|title=Stone of Remembrance|last=Affairs|first=Department of Veterans’|access-date=4 December 2018}}</ref> The cemetery covers approximately {{Convert|10000|m2|yd2|abbr=off}} and was designed by H. J. Brown, an associate member of the [[Royal Institute of British Architects]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cwgc.org/find/find-cemeteries-and-memorials/92000/delhi-war-cemetery/design|title=Design, Delhi War Cemetery|website=www.cwgc.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215023728/https://www.cwgc.org/find/find-cemeteries-and-memorials/92000/delhi-war-cemetery/design|archive-date=15 February 2018|url-status=live|access-date=14 February 2018 }}</ref><ref name=":1" />

On the second Saturday of November, [[Remembrance Day]], the [[British High Commission]] and others visit the memorial and place wreaths in memory of the dead.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> On 11 November 2018, [[Tom Tugendhat]], a British member of parliament, paid his respects at the Delhi War Cemetery where he laid wreaths of [[Remembrance poppy|poppies]] made from red [[Khadi]] which [[The Royal British Legion]] chose in 2018 to acknowledge India's role in the war.<ref>{{Cite news |title=To soldiers of the Great War |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |type=Photo Album |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/photo/to-soldiers-of-the-great-war/22092.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181205003329/https://www.tribuneindia.com/photo/to-soldiers-of-the-great-war/22092.html |archive-date=5 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/international/article/uk-honours-sole-indian-aviator-hardutt-singh-malik-who-survived-world-war-i/311452|title=UK honours sole Indian aviator who survived World War I|access-date=4 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204195126/https://www.timesnownews.com/international/article/uk-honours-sole-indian-aviator-hardutt-singh-malik-who-survived-world-war-i/311452|archive-date=4 December 2018|url-status=live }}</ref>

==Delhi 1939–1945 War Memorial==
The Delhi 1939–1945 War Memorial forms the front entrance to the Delhi War Cemetery. It is identical to the memorial at the [[Karachi War Cemetery]]. There are no names engraved on the memorial, but a [[War memorial|Roll of Honour]] in Hindi and Urdu can be found at the site which has names of the 25,000 service personnel of the forces of undivided India who died during World War II.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cwgc.org/find/find-cemeteries-and-memorials/92000/delhi-war-cemetery/history|title=History|website=www.cwgc.org|access-date=14 February 2018}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Delhi War Cemetery – The Canadian Virtual War Memorial – Veterans Affairs Canada |url=http://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/remembrance/memorials/canadian-virtual-war-memorial/cem?cemetery=92000 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215143630/http://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/remembrance/memorials/canadian-virtual-war-memorial/cem?cemetery=92000 |archive-date=15 February 2018 |access-date=14 February 2018 |website=www.veterans.gc.ca}}</ref> Since the last rites and disposal or keep of remains varies by religion and country, the memorial is a commemoration for those who are not buried.<ref name=":0" />

<gallery mode="packed" heights="200">
File:Delhi 1939-1945 War Memorial.jpg|Delhi 1939–1945 War Memorial. The Cemetery is visible in the background.
File:Delhi 1939-1945 War Memorial Closeup.jpg|A closeup of one of the engravings on the Delhi 1939–1945 War Memorial.
File:Delhi 1939-1945 War Memorial Delhi Cemetery.jpg|A closeup of another one of the engravings on the Memorial.
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Madras War Cemetery|Madras War Cemetery, India]]
* [[Kirkee War Cemetery|Kirkee War Cemetery, Pune, India]]
* [[Kohima War Cemetery|Kohima War Cemetery, Nagaland, India]]
* [[Nicholson Cemetery, New Delhi]]
* [[Lothian Cemetery|Lothian Cemetery, India]]
* [[Victory Tunnel|Victory Tunnel, Shimla]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* Gilbert, Martin (2014). [https://books.google.com/books?id=DIwBAwAAQBAJ&dq=Delhi+1939-1945+War+Memorial&pg=RA1-PR5 ''The Routledge Atlas of the Second World War'']. Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group. {{ISBN|9780415397094}}
* T. A. Edwin Gibson, G. Kingsley Ward (1989). [https://books.google.com/books?id=UxQiAQAAIAAJ&q=Delhi+1939-1945+War+Memorial ''Courage remembered: the story behind the construction and maintenance of the Commonwealth's military cemeteries and memorials of the wars of 1914–1918 and 1939–1945'']. Her Majesty's Stationery Office (HMSO). {{ISBN|9780117726086}}
* Great Britain, Imperial War Graves Commission. (1957) [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/725907 ''The war dead of the British Commonwealth and Empire, 1939–1945 : the Delhi and Karachi 1939–1945 war memorials.''] [[Imperial War Graves Commission]].

==External links==
* {{Find a Grave cemetery}}
{{Cemeteries in India}}
[[Category:Commonwealth War Graves Commission cemeteries in India]]
[[Category:Cemeteries in India]]
[[Category:Military cemeteries]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Delhi]]

Philip John

2025-12-01T23:59:21Z

CynthiaBegg56: added basic bio nd citations - done

{{Short description|British film director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2025}}
'''Philip John''' (born in [[Newport, Wales|Newport]], [[Wales]]) is a director and screenwriter. He is the [[Chief executive officer|managing director]] of his own production company, Orange River Ltd, named after the [[River Ebbw]], which, in the 1960s, was one of the most polluted waterways in [[Europe]].

==Early life and education==
John played bass with [[DIY ethic#Punk culture|DIY]] [[Punk rock|punk]] band called Reptile Ranch. Along with Spike Reptile, Simon Smith and Andrew Tucker, he founded Z-Block Records, a non profit-making collective releasing records by fellow [[Cardiff]]-based DIY bands, including the [[Young Marble Giants]]. John also ran a musicians collective at the seminal Grassroots Cafe on Charles Street in Cardiff. John left the music business "following an ill-fated busking-trip to Paris with nine-piece kazoo band performing Motown numbers."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.philipjohn.net/ |title=Home |website=philipjohn.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Philip John - Biography |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1353167/bio/ |access-date=2024-02-23 |website=IMDb |language=en-US}}</ref>

He graduated of [[Newport Film School]] (formerly part of the [[University of Wales, Newport]], now the [[University of South Wales]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://documentarynewport.com/history/ |title=History | documentary newport |accessdate=2015-05-31 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527163708/http://documentarynewport.com/history/ |archivedate=2015-05-27 }}</ref>

==Film==
On leaving film school, John made a further three short films under various schemes. ''Sixteen Ounces'' was made as part of an in-house [[BBC Wales]] scheme. BBC Wales and Sgrin Cymru collaborated on ''Welsh Rarebits'', which produced John's BAFTA-nominated short film ''Suckerfish''. John's final post graduation short ''Sister Lulu'' was made under the [[Channel 4]]/Sgrin Cymru's Screen Gems. Both ''Suckerfish'' and ''Sister Lulu'' went on to win international festival prizes, including selection by NEW DIRECTIONS Y2K who sponsored a trip to [[New York City|New York]] and [[Los Angeles]] for the 'best new UK directors'.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bafta.org/wales/whats-on/award-winners-masterclass-phil-john-on-directing |title=Award Nominee Masterclass: Philip John on Directing |accessdate=2017-09-13 |work=bafta.org|date=20 March 2017 }}</ref>

In 2023, he worked on ''[[Chennai Story]]'', which he also co-wrote along with [[Nimmi Harasgama]]. The movie starred ''[[Blinded by the Light (2019 film)|Blinded by the Light]]'' star [[Viveik Kalra]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=2024-01-24 |title=Shruti Haasan to Headline BFI-Backed Indo-U.K. Co-Production ‘Chennai Story’ (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2024/film/news/shruti-haasan-chennai-story-1235883363/ |access-date=2024-02-23 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Television==
John's television drama work includes [[Murphy's Law (UK TV series)|''Murphy's Law'']], Channel 4 feature-length comedy ''[[Wedding Belles]]'' written by [[Irvine Welsh]] and [[Dean Cavanagh]] and primetime series like ''[[Being Human (UK TV series)|Being Human]]'',<ref>{{cite web |last=Gant |first=Charles |date=2016-06-19 |title='Moon Dogs': Edinburgh Review |url=https://www.screendaily.com/reviews/moon-dogs-edinburgh-review/5106029.article |access-date=2024-02-23 |website=Screen }}</ref> for which he gained a BAFTA nomination as Best Director, ''[[Ashes to Ashes (British TV series)|Ashes To Ashes]]'' and ''[[Downton Abbey]]''.<ref name="bbc">{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2009/03_march/26/ashes2.shtml |title=Ashes To Ashes presspack |accessdate=2010-02-06 |work=bbc.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shruti Haasan to star in Downton Abbey creator Philip John’s Chennai Story |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/shruti-haasan-to-star-in-downton-abbey-creator-philip-johns-chennai-story-64057.html |access-date=2024-02-23 |website=filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-03-21 |title=Robin Friday movie to be directed by Philip John |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-south-east-wales-26629406 |access-date=2024-02-23 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref>

Philip's recent credits include ''[[Crossing Lines]]'', ''[[Spotless (TV series)|Spotless]]'' and four episodes of the [[Starz]]/[[Sony Pictures Television|Sony]] series ''[[Outlander (TV series)|Outlander]]''.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.youtube.com/user/PhilipJohnReel Phil John Reel on YouTube]
*{{IMDb name|id=1353167|name=Philip John}}
*[http://www.philipjohn.net Official site]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:John, Philip}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Welsh film directors]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Wales, Newport]]

Nagaon University

2025-11-28T00:52:54Z

CynthiaBegg56:

{{Short description|College in Nagaon, Assam, India, recently upgraded to University}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Nagaon University
| image =
| type = [[Public university|Public]]
| academic_affiliation = [[Gauhati University]]
| established = {{start date and age|7 August 1944}} (as Nowgong College) {{start date and age|2023}} (as Nagaon University)
| chancellor = [[Governor of Assam]]
| vice_chancellor = Hitesh Deka
| students = 3526
| address = [[Assam Trunk Road]]
| city = [[Nagaon]]
| state = [[Assam]]

|coordinates = {{coord| 26.3484 |N| 92.68521 |E}}

| postalcode = 782001
| country = [[India]]
| campus = Urban
| language = [[English language|English]] and [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| colors = Blue & White
| website = {{URL|https://www.nowgongcollege.edu.in}}
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| motto =
| motto_lang = as
| mottoeng = Lead Us to Light
}}
'''Nagaon University''' is a government institution, earlier known as Nowgong College. Established in 1944, it is one of the oldest co-educational colleges of [[Assam]], situated in the city of [[Nagaon]]. It was initially established with the permission of the [[University of Calcutta]] but later, in 1948, the college was accorded affiliation to the [[Gauhati University]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Affiliated College of Gauhati University |url=http://www.gauhati.ac.in/college-affiliated%20colleges.php |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606080313/http://www.gauhati.ac.in/college-affiliated%20colleges.php |archivedate=6 June 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> On 22 December 2020, the college was granted autonomy by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] for a period of 10 years.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nowgong College Gets Autonomous Status|url=https://www.time8.in/breaking-nowgong-college-gets-autonomous-status/|date=22 December 2020|df=dmy-all }}</ref> It was Upgraded into University in 2023.{{cn|date=June 2024}}

== History ==
[[File:নগাঁও মহাবিদ্যালয়, Nowgong College.jpg|thumb|250px|{{center|The main entrance of Nowgong College}}]]
Established in 1944, with the permission of [[University of Calcutta]], Nowgong College was the first higher educational institution of [[Central Assam Division|Central Assam]], one of the oldest in [[Assam]] and the entire [[Northeast India|Northeast]]. It was founded with the efforts of [[Jananeta Motiram Bora]], the Founder President of the Governing Body of the College, who was the Chairman of the Nowgong Local Board at that time. After being elected as the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from the [[Nowgong (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nowgong (South East) LAC]] in [[1946 Indian provincial elections|1946]] from the [[Indian National Congress]], Bora served as the Minister of Land and Revenue in [[Gopinath Bordoloi|Lokapriya Gopinath Bordoloi]]'s [[Government of Assam|Cabinet]], and played an active role in procuring land, building infrastructure and arranging funds for the College; he helped in acquiring the Government Dak Bungalow and the construction of Bordoloi Bhavan, the first building that came up in the present exclusive campus of Nowgong College. The other founding fathers of Nowgong College include social worker Brindaban Goswami, Purna Chandra Sarmah, Pratap Chandra Sarmah, Mohi Chandra Borah, Haladhar Bhuyan, Bimala Kanta Borah, Dr. Lalit Baruah, Yog Singh Chetry, Priya Ranjan Sengupta and Priyanath Sen; they were the first financiers and policymakers of the College. [[Sahityacharya Jajneswar Sarma]], initially a Professor of [[Jorhat]]'s [[Jagannath Barooah College]], was the first Principal of Nowgong College; he was a scholar of [[English literature|English]], [[Assamese literature|Assamese]] and [[Sanskrit literature|Sanskrit]] literature, who later served as the President of the [[Asam Sahitya Sabha]].

On 7 August 1944, at 6 pm, Nowgong College, with a faculty strength of 7 teachers, officially began its first class with 7 students in a classroom of the [[Dawson High School, Nagaon|Dawson High School]]. The College Administration later came to possess the hostels of the [[Nowgong Government High School]], on lease, from the [[Government of Assam|Govt. of Assam]].

After Motiram Bora, [[Surya Kumar Bhuyan|Dr. Surya Kumar Bhuyan]], a renowned historian and litterateur, served as the President of the Governing Body of the College; he and Principal Sarma, together, laid down the academic foundation of the College.<ref>{{Cite web|title=HISTORY – NOWGONG COLLEGE|url=https://www.nowgongcollege.edu.in/down-memory-lane.html|access-date=2021-07-07|website=www.nowgongcollege.edu.in}}</ref> Nowgong College was accorded affiliation to the newly-established [[Gauhati University]] in 1948, during the Vice Chancellorship of [[Krishna Kanta Handique]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=NOWGONG COLLEGE – Just another My Website site|url=https://www.nowgongcollege.edu.in/index.html|access-date=2020-05-15|website=www.nowgongcollege.edu.in}}</ref>
[[File:Statue of Mahim Bora.jpg|thumb|{{center|The statue of ex-student, professor and one of Assam's noted litterateurs [[Mahim Bora]] at the college campus. }}]]

== Courses offered ==
'''Under-Graduate Courses'''<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Courses - Nowgong College|url=https://www.nowgongcollege.edu.in/courses.html|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-05-15|website=Nowgong College}}</ref>

# Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) with Honors in Arabic, Assamese, Bengali, Economics, Education, English, Geography, Hindi, History, Philosophy, Political Science and Sanskrit.
# Bachelor of Commerce (B.Com.)
# Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) with Honors in Botany, Chemistry, Mathematics, Physics, Statistics and Zoology.
# Bachelor of Vocational Education (B.Voc.) in Travel & Tourism Management and Medical Lab Technology.
'''Post-Graduate Courses'''<ref name=":0" />

# Master of Arts (M.A.) in Assamese, Education, English, History and Philosophy, Geography
# Master of Science (M.Sc.) in Botany, Chemistry and Zoology.

'''PhD Courses'''<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Courses - Nowgong College|url=https://www.nowgongcollege.edu.in/courses.html|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-05-15|website=Nowgong College}}</ref>

Geography

==Departments==

===Arts===

*[[Arabic]]
*[[Assamese language|Assamese]]
*[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
*[[Economics]]
*[[Education]]
*[[English language|English]]
*[[Geography]]
*[[Hindi]]
*[[History]]
*[[Philosophy]]
*[[Political Science]]
*[[Sanskrit]]

===Science===
*[[Botany]]
*[[Chemistry]]
*[[Mathematics]]
*[[Physics]]
*[[Statistics]]
*[[Zoology]]

===Commerce===

== Students' Union ==
The Nowgong College Students' Union (NCSU) was established in 1970. Anil Sharma served as the first General Secretary of the Union.

=== Current Executive Members ===
Source:<ref>{{Cite web|title=STUDENT UNION – NOWGONG COLLEGE|url=https://www.nowgongcollege.edu.in/student-union.html|access-date=2021-07-07|website=www.nowgongcollege.edu.in}}</ref>

[[President (education)|President]]: '''Himanka Sarmah'''

Vice President: '''Kaustav Ottri'''

General Secretary: '''Mahbub Alom Choudhury'''

Assistant General Secretary: '''Fardin Ahmed'''

Secretary, Debate & Symposium Section: '''Jassi Kour'''

Secretary, Outdoor Games: '''Simerdeep Singh'''

Assistant Secretary, Outdoor Games: '''Rahul Saikia'''

Secretary, Indoor Games: '''Bhushan Raj Konwar'''

Editor, Nagaon University Magazine: '''Smita Hira '''

Secretary, Cultural Section: '''Bandita Devi'''

Secretary, Music Section:

Secretary, Fine Arts Section: '''Pranjana Bora'''

Secretary, Social Services Section: '''Hiya Aastha Sharma'''

Secretary, Student Welfare Section: '''Angthik Engti'''

Secretary, Boys' Common Room: '''Nabojit Nath'''

Secretary, Girls' Common Room: '''Mousumi Das'''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://nowgongcollege.edu.in Nowgong College]
*[https://gauhati.ac.in Gauhati University]

{{Gauhati University}}

[[Category:Universities and colleges in Assam]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to Gauhati University]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1944]]
[[Category:1944 establishments in India]]
[[Category:State universities in Assam]]

University College of Engineering, Kanchipuram

2025-11-19T21:09:53Z

CynthiaBegg56: added new info

{{short description|Institute in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox university
|image_name =
|image_size = 200px
|name = University College of Engineering Kanchipuram
|type = Constituent College Of Anna University Chennai
|established = 2010
|address = NH-4, Chennai Bangalore Highway, Ponnerikkarai, Kancheepuram - 631552
|dean = Dr. P.Sakthivel
|city = [[Kanchipuram]]
|state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
|country =[[India]]
|students = 850+
|faculty = 45+
|website = {{URL|www.aucek.com}}
|coor = {{Coord|12.52|N|79.42|E |format=dms |type:edu_region:IN-TN |display=inline,title}}
}}

'''University College Of Engineering Kanchipuram''', popularly known as '''UCEK''', is a government engineering college located in the temple city [[Kanchipuram]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. The college was established in 2010 and affiliated with [[Anna University]], Chennai. It offers Bachelor of Engineering degrees in [[Computer Science Engineering]], [[Electrical and Electronics Engineering]], [[Electronics and Communication Engineering]], and [[Mechanical Engineering]].

==History==
This college was established in 2010 as one of the constituent college of Anna University, through a policy decision made by the government of Tamil Nadu at that time.
But during 2011 a permanent site for the college was identified and allotted by the Government of Tamil Nadu, on the Chennai–Bangalore Highway, Karaipettai village. The new site consists of a total land area of about 10.4 acres. As of June 2012 constructions are nearing completion for the initial plan of 4 laboratories, 4 class rooms, office and Dean's cabin.

On 5 April 2013, Dean's office and 4 class rooms were shifted to the new campus.

On 27 November 2013, the girls' hostel was shifted to a nearby building on the Paranthur Road, This building is a new building in which all the girl students are accommodated instead of the 3 different buildings in the Kanchipuram town 10 km from the college.

The work for the construction of academic and administrative blocks along with hostels for girls and boys was completed in academic year 2014-15. So far there have been four batches of students from the academic year 2010–2011 who are currently pursuing their degree program in this engineering institution.

==Campus==
[[File:Bangalore highways.jpg|thumb|[[Chennai]]-[[Bangalore]] highway]]
The college was originally situated near [[National Highway 4 (India, old numbering)|NH 4]] in [[Karaipettai]], which is {{convert|6|km|mi}} from [[Kanchipuram]].

In 2017, the college moved to a new campus at NH-4, Chennai-Bangalore highway, [[Ponnerikarai]] near the regional transportation office.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.annauniv.edu/cai/Affiliated%20Colleges%20list%20by%20Alphabetical/Affiliated%20Colleges%20-%20PDF%20Files/UniversityCollegeofEngineering,Kanchipuram.pdf |title=Anna University, Chennai - 600025 |website=Annaunive.edu |access-date=2017-06-24}}</ref>

==Organisation and administration==
University college of engineering Kanchipuram, being a constituent college of Anna University, is governed by a Chancellor, Vice-Chancellor and Registrar of the varsity. The varsity has a syndicate and Academic council. As part of the new nonadministrative directive a Regional Director oversees the development of the college. The Dean is the head of the College and oversees day-to-day administration. Each department is led by a Head of the Department (HOD). The hostels are headed by Deputy wardens reporting to an executive warden.

The academic policies are decided by the course committee, whose members include all the professors and student representatives headed by a chairman.

===Dean===
On 12 September 2012, Dr. T.N. Shanmugam, Professor of Mathematics and Director [[Centre for Intellectual Property Rights]] of [[Anna University]] was appointed as the First Dean of the University college of Engineering Kanchipuram. On 6 May 2014 Dr. N. Senthil Kumar, Associate Professor, Department of Management Studies, Anna University Chennai assumed charge as Dean in charge.

===Principal===
Dr. M. Kothandapani<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aucearni.in/maths-faculty-kothandapani.php |title=Welcome to University College of Engineering Arni |website=Aucearni.in |date=2016-08-31 |access-date=2017-06-24}}</ref> was the principal of UCEK.<ref>{{cite web |title=UCEK Roll of Honour |url=http://www.aucek.in/honours.html |website=www.aucek.in |access-date=4 October 2019}}</ref>

He had served as a Principal i/c of the University College Engineering of Kanchipuram between August 2010 and September 2012. Currently, he is the Head of Department of Mathematics and Zonal Coordinator, Zone – VI, Anna University, Chennai.

==Student life==
{{More citations needed|date=December 2020}}

===Societies===

====Mechosapiens====
Mechofeast ’13 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.annauniv.edu/pdf/symposium_mech_ucek.pdf |title=Mechofeast '13 |website=Annaunive.edu |access-date=2017-06-24}}</ref> is a national level technical competition organized and conducted by the Society of Mechanical Engineers (Mechosapiens), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College of Engineering Kanchipuram. The main aim of conducting an event is to trigger out and fetch the innovative ideas, managerial skills to the students and to give a detailed exposure of existing and upcoming technologies in the field of Mechanical engineering. This event is organized and conducted by the students for the benefit of the student of Mechanical Engineering.

====SEEE====
Society of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (SEEE)<ref>{{cite web |title=Electrical and Electronics Engineering |url=http://www.aucek.in/eee/seee.html |website=www.aucek.in}}</ref> was established as part of the academia of the University College Of Engineering Kanchipuram. It is a professional society which aims to bridge the gap between technology and community.

One of the early societies of UCEK was SEEE (Society of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). SEEE was inaugurated by Dr.B.Umamaheshwari, Chairman Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Anna University, Chennai on 09.03.2013. The Society conducts symposium every year on latest developments in the field of Electrical and Electronics Engineering.

====SCA====
The '''SCA''' (Society of Computer Architects) was established in the academic year 2013-14, it is a professional society which aims to bridge the increasing gap between technology and community.
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.annauniv.edu/pdf/NCGCTICT%202015.pdf |title=National Conference on Green Computing Trends in Information and Communication Technology,. |date=2015-03-27 |website=Annaunive.edu |access-date=2017-06-24}}</ref>

====Project Expo====
Project expo is conducted by the society of computer architects in the year of 2017. All departments students participated in this event.

====SECE====

===Symposiums===
The college hosts several symposiums throughout the year. Each Department conducts symposiums, technical fests and conferences. The events in the fests include technical, non-technical, managerial, social and co-curricular activities.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Dept. of CSE !! Dept. of ECE !! Dept. of EEE !! Dept. of MECH
|-
| 2013 || iAdroit 2k14 || Aventura 2k13 || SMEW 2k13 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.knowafest.com/2013/02/smew-2k13-university-college-engineering-technical-fest.html |title=Smew 2K13, University College Of Engineering, Kanchipuram, Technical Fest, Tamil Nadu, March 9 2013 : College Fests in Kanchipuram, Kanchipuram, March 2013, Smew 2K13, Tamil Nadu, Technical Fests, Technical Fests in Tamil Nadu, University College of Engineering: Know a Fest - College Fests in India |publisher=Know a Fest |date=2013-02-27 |access-date=2017-06-24}}</ref> || Mechofeast 13'
|-
| 2014 || || || SYMSYC 2k14 ||
|-
| 2015 || DREAM || || ||
|-
| 2016 ||SPARK v1.0 || ||||
|-
| 2017 ||SPARK v2.0 || ||||

|}

===Events===
The college has hosted several events, both academic and co-curricular. These include a student enlightenment program called "NAMBIKKAI" based on the new grounds, to help the students cope up with the newer environment. This was conducted for the past two years{{when|date=January 2018}}, where students from [[University College of Engineering Arni]] also accompanied the University College of Engineering Kanchipuram at the auditorium.
Also there are plans fabricated by the college to conduct annual sports meet as well as college cultural during the coming year.

===Industrial visits===
There have been technical learning sessions for the students who have visited several industries and factories as part of their Industrial Visit .

During the academic year 2011–12, students of batch 2010–14 from the department of Mechanical engineering and the second year students of Electrical and Electronics engineering (2010–2014 batch) went to Industrial Visit.
The Department of [[Mechanical engineering]] along with their faculties Mr. Shyam, Mr. Prakash, Mr. Raja went to the [[Hyundai Motor India Limited]] industry located at the heart of Irrungattukottai [[SIPCOT]] near [[Sriperumbudur]].
There they had on-site and in-hand training about the manufacturing and assembling process involved in their Productions like models [[Hyundai i10]], [[Hyundai Verna]].

During the academic year 2011–12, students of batch 2010–14 from the department of Mechanical engineering along with their faculties Mr. Shyam Shankar, Mr. Vipin Allien, went to the JSW Steel is among India's largest steel producers, with a capacity of 14.3 million ... with its plant located at Toranagallu in the Bellary-Hospet area of Karnataka.

[[File:Industrial visit ooty, eee ucek.jpg|thumb|"EEE students of UCEK at Radio Astronomical center Ooty"]]
The students of batch 2010–14 belonging to the department of [[Electrical and Electronics Engineering]] along with their faculties Mr. Narendran, Ms. Vimala, Mr. Vijayakumar visited to the Kundah Hydro power plant and Radio Astronomical center located at Ootacamund.
There they learned about the production of electric power from water and also the control systems involved in maintaining the large-scale equipment and devices.

During the Academic Year 2013-14, students of batch 2012-16 from the dept of Mechanical Engineering along with faculty MR.Rajesh visited ISRO Propulsion Unit, Mahendragiri located at Tirunelveli. The students understand various information about various rocket propulsion system used by ISRO.
[[File:FILE140.jpg|thumb]]

During the academic year 2018-19, the students of batch 2016-2020 belonging to the department of [[Electrical and Electronics Engineering]] along with their faculties Mr. Vijayakumar, Ms. Dhivya visited to the "Numeric Ups" Production and Assemble factory located in Cholinganallur, Chennai.
There they learned about the production of "ununited power supply" and "Steblizers" maintaining and makes the purpose of large-scale industries and domestic uses.

During the academic year 2013–14, the students of batch 2012–16 belonging to Computer science and Engineering visited Porous Technologies at Coimbatore and Kerala.

===Placements===
The UCEK has a placement cell which will coordinate and encourages students to attend the placement interviews.

===Sports===
During recent times there has been exponential growth of success from the colleges teams of chess, football, cricket, Badminton and kabadi. The teams have performed well in the Zonal Sports conducted by Anna University during the Academic year 2012–13.

Intra-college sports has also been conducted in the college premises during the academic year 2013-14 in the month of April. Prizes for the winners and participants were distributed at the Sports Day function held at UCEK - New campus on march.

===Softskills training===
During the odd semester holidays of the academic year 2012–13, a special 10-day softskills training program was conducted by RIPE softskills training institute for the students of university college engineering, Kanchipuram.

===Celebrations===
Several intra-college celebrations are conducted from time to time.

====Republic day====
On 26 January 2013 the republic day was celebrated for the first time on the new campus located near ponnerikarai. The national flag was hoisted by the Dean, Dr. T.N. Shanmugam, and the national anthem was sung by students of UCEK. On that occasion several socio-cultural events such as drama, song, dance, speech (themed around the republic day) also took place.

==See also==
* [[Constituent Colleges Of Anna University]]
* [[List of schools and colleges in Kancheepuram]]
* [[List of Tamil Nadu Government's Educational Institutions]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|www.aucek.in}}

{{Anna University's Campuses}}

[[Category:Engineering colleges in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to Anna University]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Kanchipuram district]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2010]]
[[Category:2010 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Kanchipuram]]

Raja Horil Singh

2025-11-13T21:38:43Z

CynthiaBegg56: enhanced article after review per sources

{{Short description|Raja of Dumraon}}{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Raja Horil Singh
| succession = Raja of [[Dumraon Raj|Dumraon]]
| image =
| caption =
| reign = 1709 A.D. – 1746 A.D.<ref>{{cite journal | title=The Role of Ujjainiya Rajputs in the Political History of Bihar | author=Rajiva Nain Prasad | journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume = 30| year=1968 | pages= 167–177|jstor = 44141471}}</ref>
| coronation =
| predecessor =
| successor = Raja Chhatadhari Singh
| spouse =
| issue =
| full name =
| house = [[Ujjainiya]]
| royal anthem =
| father =
| mother =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Mathila Buxar
| death_date = 1746
| death_place =Dumraon
| buried =
| signature =
| religion = [[Hindu]]
| varna =
}}
'''Raja Horil Singh''' ({{Langx|hi|राजा होरिल सिंह}}) was a ruler of [[Dumraon Raj|Dumraon]] belonging to the [[Ujjainiya]] dynasty. <ref>{{cite journal | title=RAJA HORIL SINGH—THE UJJAINIYA CHIEF OF BHOJPUR (1708 A.D.— 1746 A.D.): Summary | author=R.N. Prasad | journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume = 31| year=1969 | pages= 203–204|jstor = 44138361}}</ref>

He initially had his capital in Mathila Buxar but later shifted his capital to Dumraon. He was notorious for engaging in feuds with his own clansmen and assisting the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] in helping to put down their rebellions for which he was rewarded greatly.<ref>{{cite book | title=Mapping Bihar: From Medieval to Modern Times | publisher=Routledge | author=Surendra Gopal | year=2017 | pages=383}}</ref> He is mainly noted for shifting his [[principality]] capital to [[Dumraon]]. It remained the capital even during the reign of his descendants until Indian independence.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MO5tAAAAMAAJ&q=raja+horil+singh+dumraon | title=Journal of Historical Research | publisher=Department of History, Ranchi University | pages=59| year=1970 }}</ref>

==References==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:History of Bihar]]
[[Category:People from Bhojpur district, India]]

Wallophis

2025-10-06T00:59:17Z

CynthiaBegg56: added entry

{{Short description|Species of snake}}
{{speciesbox
| image = Indian smooth snake (Coronella brachyura) at Amravati, Maharashtra.jpg
| image_caption = Indian smooth snake at [[Amravati]], [[Maharashtra]]
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |author=Vyas, R. |author2=Suraj, M. |year=2021 |title=''Coronella brachyura'' |volume=2021 |article-number=e.T172590A158461186 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T172590A158461186.en |access-date=10 August 2023}}</ref>
| genus = Wallophis
| parent_authority = [[Franz Werner|Werner]], 1929
| species = brachyura
| authority = ([[Albert Günther|Günther]], 1866)
| range_map = Coronella brachyura distribution.png
| synonyms = *''Zamenis brachyurus'' {{small|Günther, 1866}}
*''Coronella brachyura'' {{small|— [[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger]], 1890}}
| synonyms_ref = <ref>"''Wallophis brachyura'' ". The Reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org.</ref>
}}

'''''Wallophis brachyura''''', known [[Common name|commonly]] as the '''Indian smooth snake''' or '''''suvaro saap''''', is a [[species]] of rare harmless snake in the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Colubridae]]. The species is [[Endemism|endemic]] to [[India]].

==Geographic range==
''W. brachyura'' is found in isolated localities in the state of [[Maharashtra]] in western peninsular India.<ref name=Das2002/>

==Habitat==
The preferred [[habitat]] of ''W. brachyura'' is dry plains.<ref name=Das2002/>

==Description==
The following description is based on [[Malcolm Arthur Smith|Malcolm Smith]] (1943):

Nostril large, between two nasals; internasals 0.3 to 0.5 as long as the prefrontals; frontal nearly as broad as long, in contact with a large preocular; loreal longer than high; 2 postoculars; temporals 2+2; 8 supralabials, 4th and 5th touching the eye; anterior genials larger than the posterior, the latter separated by two or three series of small scales. Scales in 23:23:19 rows; ventrals large, rounded; tail rather short. Ventrals 200–224; Caudals 46–53; Anals 1.

Hemipenis extending to the 13th caudal plate, not forked. The distal half is calyculate, the cups being large and with scalloped edges; the proximal half is spinose, two or three spines at the base being much larger than the others (bad specimen).

Olive-brown above, with indistinct light variegations on the anterior half of the body and head; lower parts whitish.
Total length: males {{convert|515|mm|in|abbr=on}}, tail {{convert|75|mm|in|abbr=on}}; females {{convert|460|mm|in|abbr=on}}, tail {{convert|55|mm|in|abbr=on}}.

Range. Northern India. [[Pune|Poona]] district and [[Visapur]], near [[Mumbai|Bombay]]; S.E. [[Vidarbha|Berar]].

A rare snake.

==Diet==
The diet of ''W. brachyura'' is unknown.<ref name=Das2002>[[:fr:Indraneil Das|Das I]] (2002). ''A Photographic Guide to Snakes and other Reptiles of India''. Sanibel Island, Florida: Ralph Curtis Books. 144 pp. {{ISBN|0-88359-056-5}}. (''Coronella brachyura'', p. 29).</ref>

==Reproduction==
The manner of reproduction of ''W. brachyura'' is unknown.<ref name=Das2002/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*[[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger GA]] (1890). ''The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Reptilia and Batrachia.'' London: Secretary of State for India in Council. (Taylor and Francis, printers). xviii + 541 pp. (''Coronella brachyura'', p. 309).
*[[Albert Günther|Günther A]] (1866). "Fifth Account of new Species of Snakes in the Collection of the British Museum". ''Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Third Series'' '''18''': 24-29 + Plates VI-VII. (''Zamenis brachyurus'', new species, p. 27 + Plate VI, figure A).
*[[Malcolm Arthur Smith|Smith MA]] (1943). ''The Fauna of British India, Ceylon and Burma, Including the Whole of the Indo-Chinese Sub-region. Reptlia and Amphibia. Vol. III.—Serpentes.'' London: Secretary of State for India. (Taylor and Francis, printers). xii + 583 pp. (''Coronella brachyura'', pp. 194–195, Figure 60).

==External links==
*{{NRDB species|genus=Wallophis|species=brachyura|date=12 December|year=2007}}
*https://web.archive.org/web/20030908232013/http://itgmv1.fzk.de/www/itg/uetz/herp/photos/Coronella_brachyura.jpg
*http://www.indianaturewatch.net/displayimage.php?id=465144

{{Taxonbar}}

[[Category:Colubrinae]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 1929]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Franz Werner]]

2018 AIFF Super Cup final

2025-10-02T19:16:48Z

CynthiaBegg56: started!

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox football match
| title = 2018 Super Cup final
| image = Kalinga Stadium during ISL.jpg
| caption = [[Kalinga Stadium]] hosted the match
| image_size = 300px
| event = [[2018 Super Cup (India)|2018 Indian Super Cup]]
| team1 = [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
| team1score = 1
| team2 = [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
| team2score = 4
| details =
| date = 20 April 2018
| stadium = [[Kalinga Stadium]]
| city = [[Bhubaneswar]]
| man_of_the_match1a = [[Sunil Chhetri]] (Bengaluru)<ref name="motm"/>
| man_of_the_match1aname = Hero of the Match
| referee = [[C. R. Srikrishna]]
| attendance = 9,500
| weather = Partly cloudy {{convert|32|°C|°F}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wunderground.com/history/airport/VEBS/2018/4/20/DailyHistory.html?cm_ven=localwx_history|title=Weather History for Bhubaneswhar|access-date=20 April 2018}}</ref>
| previous =
| next = [[2019 Indian Super Cup final|2019]]
}}
The '''2018 Super Cup final''' was the final match of the [[2018 Super Cup (India)|2018 Super Cup]], the inaugural edition of the [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]], replacing the [[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]] as the national [[Single-elimination tournament|knockout]] [[association football|football]] competition in [[Football in India|India]]. It was played at [[Kalinga Stadium]] in [[Bhubaneswar]] on 20 April 2018 between [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]] and [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]].

[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]] won the match 4–1 for their third national cup title.<ref name="scf">{{cite web |author=Super Cup Media Team |url=https://www.supercup.in/news/bengaluru-humble-east-bengal-to-become-hero-super-cups-first-champions?ismobile=true |title=Bengaluru humble East Bengal to become Hero Super Cup’s first champions |date=20 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421030439/http://www.supercup.in/news/bengaluru-humble-east-bengal-to-become-hero-super-cups-first-champions |archive-date=21 April 2018 |website=supercup.in}}</ref>

==Road to the final==
{{details|2018 Super Cup (India)}}

The Super Cup is a new annual Indian [[Single-elimination tournament|knock-out]] [[Association football|football]] competition that is open to all ten teams in the [[I-League]] and [[Indian Super League]] and is run by the [[All India Football Federation]].<ref name="TOI1">{{cite news|last1=Saharoy|first1=Shilarze|title=Chennaiyin to face Aizawl in Super Cup on March 31|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/chennaiyin-to-face-aizawl-in-super-cup-on-march-31/articleshow/63273453.cms|accessdate=12 March 2018|work=Times of India|date=12 March 2018}}</ref> The tournament is a replacement for the [[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]], the previous domestic competition for Indian football.<ref name="TOI1"/>

The top six teams in both leagues during their 2017–18 seasons automatically qualified for the competition.<ref name="TOI1"/> The bottom four from each league had to go through a qualification stage.<ref name="TOI1"/> [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] finished in fourth in the [[2017–18 I-League|I-League]] and thus qualified directly for the Super Cup.<ref name="Jamil">{{cite news|last1=Parasar|first1=Swapnaneel|title=East Bengal sack Khalid Jamil, Subhash Bhowmick to continue as Technical Director|url=http://www.goal.com/en-in/news/i-league-east-bengal-khalid-jamil/27i0eo2r72jm1eqpdozj79wnc|accessdate=27 April 2018|work=Goal.com|date=26 April 2018}}</ref> [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]] meanwhile finished in first during the [[2017–18 Indian Super League|Indian Super League]] but ended as runners-up after losing in the [[2018 Indian Super League final|final]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Noronha|first1=Anselm|title=Albert Roca: Bengaluru FC's season is not over|url=http://www.goal.com/en/news/super-cup-2018-albert-roca-bengaluru-fc-isl-afc-cup/rggrmdb862qw1ionv80b5t8wr|accessdate=27 April 2018|work=Goal.com|date=20 March 2018}}</ref>

===East Bengal===
{{see also|2017–18 East Bengal F.C. season}}

Prior to the 2018 Indian Super Cup, East Bengal had reached the final of the [[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]], India's previous top domestic cup competition, 16 times and won the tournament eight times. Most recently, East Bengal won the competition in [[2012 Indian Federation Cup|2012]].<ref>{{cite news|title=East Bengal are Federation Cup Champions|url=http://www.wifa.in/east-bengal-are-federation-cup-champions/|accessdate=27 April 2018|work=Western India Football Association|date=27 April 2018}}</ref> They began their Super Cup campaign on 5 April 2018 against [[Indian Super League]] side [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]. Mumbai City took an early lead in the 22nd minute through [[Achille Emaná]] before [[Katsumi Yusa]] scored an equalizer for East Bengal four minutes later. East Bengal then took the lead in the 73rd minute through [[Mahmoud Amnah]] and went on to win the match 2–1.<ref>{{cite news|title=East Bengal beat Mumbai City FC 2–1 to enter Super Cup quarters|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/east-bengal-beat-mumbai-city-fc-2-1-to-enter-super-cup-quarters/articleshow/63633266.cms|accessdate=27 April 2018|work=Times of India|date=6 April 2018}}</ref> In the quarter-final, the club took on fellow I-League side [[Aizawl F.C.|Aizawl]]. The match was a highly contested and was only won six minutes into second half stoppage time from a [[Laldanmawia Ralte]] penalty. East Bengal won 1–0.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bhattacharya|first1=Nilesh|title=Super Cup: East Bengal beat Aizawl FC to seal semi-final berth|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/super-cup-east-bengal-beat-aizawl-fc-to-seal-semi-final-berth/articleshow/63670718.cms|accessdate=27 April 2018|work=Times of India|date=8 April 2018}}</ref>

In the semi-finals, East Bengal again took on an Indian Super League when they faced off against [[FC Goa|Goa]]. Goa entered the match heavily depleted after losing three players through suspension in their last match while also not having some players due to injury.<ref name="Goa SC">{{cite news|title=FC Goa thrash Jamshedpur FC in Super Cup; game sees six red cards|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/football/fc-goa-thrash-jamshedpur-fc-in-super-cup-to-face-east-bengal-in-semis/story-JFzDKoFRmBEQ2zp5VReApK.html|accessdate=23 April 2018|work=Hindustan Times|date=12 April 2018}}</ref> With that the case, East Bengal managed to secure a 1–0 victory and confirm their place in the Super Cup Final with [[Dudu Omagbemi]] scoring in the 78th minute.<ref>{{cite news|title=East Bengal through to Super Cup final after 1–0 win over FC Goa|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/football/east-bengal-through-to-super-cup-final-after-1-0-win-over-fc-goa/story-b6ops6KdUPyjxsvl00CEYN.html|accessdate=27 April 2018|work=Hindustan Times|date=16 April 2018}}</ref>

===Bengaluru===
{{see also|2017–18 Bengaluru FC season}}

Bengaluru had competed in the [[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]] only four times as the club was only founded in 2013.<ref name="Twice">{{cite news|title=As it happened: Bengaluru FC win Federation Cup|url=http://www.espn.in/football/story/_/id/19429641/bengaluru-fc-win-federation-cup|accessdate=27 April 2018|work=ESPN|date=21 May 2017}}</ref> In those four appearances, the club managed to win the competition twice, in [[2014–15 Indian Federation Cup|2014–15]] and the last edition of the tournament in [[2016–17 Indian Federation Cup|2016–17]].<ref name="Twice"/> Bengaluru began their Super Cup campaign on 1 April 2018 against the [[Gokulam Kerala F.C.|Gokulam Kerala]]. [[Henry Kisekka]] began the scoring in the match for Gokulam Kerala in the 33rd minute. Bengaluru soon found an equalizer through [[Miku (footballer)|Miku]] before [[Udanta Singh]] found the winner for the club two minutes into stoppage time.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bengaluru FC beat Gokulam Kerala FC to advance to Super Cup quarterfinals|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/football/bengaluru-fc-beat-gokulam-kerala-fc-to-advance-to-super-cup-quarterfinals/story-jDaIVH1DqCwBsthhaDDk5H.html|accessdate=27 April 2018|work=Hindustan Times|date=1 April 2018}}</ref> The club then went to take on [[NEROCA F.C.|NEROCA]] in the quarter-finals on 13 April. Bengaluru captain [[Sunil Chhetri]] scored a hattrick as he helped his side secure a 3–1 victory over their I-League opponents.<ref>{{cite news|title=Chhetri hat-trick sets up Bengaluru's 3–1 win over Neroca|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/chhetri-hat-trick-sets-up-bengalurus-3-1-win-over-neroca/articleshow/63751936.cms|accessdate=27 April 2018|work=Times of India|date=13 April 2018}}</ref>

In the semi-finals, Bengaluru took on [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]], the club they defeated in the [[2017 Indian Federation Cup Final|Federation Cup final]] in 2017. During the match, Bengaluru found themselves down at halftime after [[Aser Pierrick Dipanda]] scored in the 42nd minute. However, second half saw Bengaluru respond with four goals, three from Miku and one from Chhetri, as they took a 4–1 lead. Dipanda then scored a second for Mohun Bagan in stoppage time but it was too late as Bengaluru won and clinched their spot in the final with a 4–2 victory.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bengaluru FC beat Mohun Bagan to set up Super Cup final vs East Bengal|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/football/bengaluru-fc-beat-mohun-bagan-to-set-up-super-cup-final-vs-east-bengal/story-VWbxq2FDxpk278f0zqCfYI.html|accessdate=27 April 2018|work=Hindustan Times|date=17 April 2018}}</ref>

==Pre-match==
===Venue===
[[File:Aerial view of Kalinga Stadium.jpg|thumb|Kalinga Stadium in Bhubaneswar|alt=Aerial view of a stadium.]]
On 7 March 2018, it was announced by the [[All India Football Federation]] that the [[Kalinga Stadium]] in [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]] would host the entire Super Cup.<ref name="TOIK">{{cite news|last1=Dias|first1=Anil|title=Bhubaneswar to host first Super Cup|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/bhubaneswar-to-host-first-super-cup/articleshow/63196396.cms|accessdate=28 April 2018|work=Times of India|date=7 March 2018}}</ref> The venue had not previously hosted any edition of the [[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Federation Cup Winners|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indiacuphist.html|website=RSSSF}}</ref> In addition, none of the 20 teams that participated in the Super Cup were based in Bhubaneswar or the entire state of Odisha.<ref>{{cite web|title=Super Cup|url=https://us.soccerway.com/national/india/hero-super-cup/2018/s15621/final-stages/|website=Soccerway}}</ref> However, [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]], one of the [[Indian Super League]] clubs did play one match at the stadium towards the end of the [[2017–18 Indian Super League|2017–18 ISL season]].<ref name="TOIK"/>

Originally, the entire tournament was set to take place in [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]].<ref name="TOIK"/> On 4 March 2018, a couple weeks before the Super Cup qualifiers, Jamshedpur head coach [[Steve Coppell]] had told the media that all he knew about the tournament was that it would take place in Kochi.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jamshedpur FC’s Steve Coppell – Super Cup is a nonsense|url=http://www.goal.com/en-us/news/isl-2017-18-jamshedpur-fcs-steve-coppell-super-cup-is-a/1hbbdzu05ltrn13wq3d0ndeefn|accessdate=4 May 2018|work=Goal.com|date=4 March 2018}}</ref> However, when AIFF officials inspected the Kalinga Stadium during the Jamshedpur match in February, they were impressed with the facilities around the stadium.<ref name="TOIK"/>

===Analysis===
Coming into this match, both sides looked at it as a chance to win some silverware after they both lucked out in their respective league campaigns.<ref name="BS Preview">{{cite news|title=Bengaluru FC eye redemption in final against East Bengal (Preview)|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/super-cup-bengaluru-fc-eye-redemption-in-final-against-east-bengal-preview-118041901076_1.html|accessdate=4 May 2018|work=Business Standard|date=19 April 2018}}</ref> Since Bengaluru had finished as runners-up during the Indian Super League, they were considered favorites. [[Albert Roca]], the Bengaluru head coach, stressed before the match that their hunger and confidence would help them in this match: "The Super Cup final is another chance and we will be going into the game with the right amount of confidence. We've been consistent and have had a fantastic season so far. It would be nice to have a trophy for our efforts."<ref name="BS Preview"/> According to Goal.com, the club were expected to enter the match using a 3–5–2 formation, with key players [[Sunil Chhetri]] and [[Miku (footballer)|Miku]] leading the attack.<ref name="Goal Preview">{{cite news|title=East Bengal vs Bengaluru FC – TV channel, stream, kick-off time & match preview|url=http://www.goal.com/en-in/match/east-bengal-v-bengaluru/preview/49qin56qcjcdc5reii52zlq3u|accessdate=4 May 2018|work=Goal.com|date=19 April 2018}}</ref> Left back [[Nishu Kumar]] would be suspended for this match after gaining a red card in the previous match while defenders [[Rahul Bheke]] and [[Juanan]] were doubts to play.<ref name="Goal Preview"/>

[[Khalid Jamil]], the East Bengal head coach, said that his team must remain positive before the match and apprehensive of Bengaluru.<ref name="JamiK">{{cite news|title=East Bengal's Khalid Jamil: Subhash Bhowmick is helping us a lot|url=http://www.goal.com/en-bh/news/super-cup-2018-final-east-bengal-bengaluru-khalid-jamil/1gz1z553o56hp1789x35d7gg4x|accessdate=4 May 2018|work=Goal.com|date=19 April 2018}}</ref> "It is the last match of the season. Bengaluru FC is a great team, no doubt. We cannot afford to make mistakes," he said.<ref name="JamiK"/> East Bengal centerback, [[Eduardo Ferreira]], meanwhile made some comments to the media as he was part of the [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]] side which took on Bengaluru in the final of the [[2016–17 Indian Federation Cup|Federation Cup]] in 2017: "I know they have good players and a good coach. One of the best teams in the country. But we have to keep focus and play well. Last year's Fed Cup final is past. I am thinking about tomorrow's game. I want to give my best tomorrow."<ref name="JamiK"/>

According to Goal.com, East Bengal were expected to enter the match using a 4–1–4–1 formation.<ref name="Goal Preview"/> Midfielder [[Mohammed Rafique (footballer)|Mohammed Rafique]] would be unavailable due to injury and striker [[Dudu Omagbemi]] was a doubt.<ref name="Goal Preview"/>

==Match==
===Summary===
Prior to the match, it was announced that both [[Juanan]] and [[Rahul Bheke]] had passed fitness tests and were starting for [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]].<ref name="FP">{{cite news|last1=Anad|first1=Anish|title=Super Cup 2018 Highlights, Bengaluru FC vs East Bengal: Blues clinch their 5th trophy with 4–1 win|url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/super-cup-2018-final-live-updates-bengaluru-fc-vs-east-bengal-blues-eye-redemption-with-trophy-4439583.html|accessdate=4 May 2018|work=FirstPost|date=20 April 2018}}</ref> For [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]], [[Dudu Omagbemi]] wasn't fit enough for the starting eleven but was on the bench.<ref name="FP"/> Within the first minute of the match, Bengaluru had earned a corner kick before East Bengal were able to get their first attack at Bengaluru.<ref name="FP"/> East Bengal's [[Ansumana Kromah]] was able to draw a foul outside the box and Bengaluru's [[Gurpreet Singh Sandhu]] and [[John Johnson (footballer)|John Johnson]] were both given yellow cards.<ref name="FP"/> Kromah would eventually find the opening goal of the match in the 27th minute. Sandhu made a mistake on a corner as Kromah scored off a bicycle kick.<ref name="IE">{{cite news|title=Bengaluru FC thrash East Bengal 4–1 to lift inaugural Super Cup trophy|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/super-cup-2018-final-live-bengaluru-vs-east-bengal-live-updates-streaming-5145102/?#liveblogstart|accessdate=4 May 2018|work=Indian Express|date=20 April 2018}}</ref> The lead would only last for 12 minutes though as Bengaluru soon equalized through Rahul Bheke's header off a [[Víctor Pérez Alonso|Víctor Pérez]] cross.<ref name="IE"/> Finally, before halftime, East Bengal's [[Samad Ali Mallick]] was sent off after attempting to punch [[Subhasish Bose]], reducing the club to 10 men.<ref name="IE"/>

During the second half, East Bengal began putting the pressure on Bengaluru and scored a goal. Unfortunately, the goal scored by Kromah was judged to be offside after the Liberian striker attempted to put in a rebound after Sandhu saved a shot from [[Cavin Lobo]].<ref name="IE"/> A few minutes later, Sandhu comes up big for Bengaluru after saving a free kick shot from [[Mahmoud Amnah]]. Later, in the 69th minute, a foul in East Bengal's box resulted in the referee awarding Bengaluru a penalty which was scored by [[Sunil Chhetri]].<ref name="IE"/> Two minutes later, Bengaluru extended their lead when [[Miku (footballer)|Miku]] scored his 20th goal in all competitions for the season.<ref name="IE"/> Finally, in the first minute of stoppage time, Chhetri wrapped the game up for Bengaluru by heading home the club's fourth goal and sealing a 4–1 victory.<ref name="FP"/>

===Details===
{{Football box
|date = 20 April 2018
|time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|score = 1–4
|report = https://web.archive.org/web/20210920141520/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/article23615574.ece
|team2 = [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|goals1 = [[Ansumana Kromah|Kromah]] {{goal|28}}
|goals2 = [[Rahul Bheke|Bheke]] {{goal|39}} [[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{goal|69|pen.|90+1}} [[Miku (footballer)|Miku]] {{goal|71}}
|stadium = [[Kalinga Stadium]], [[Bhubaneswar]]
|attendance = 9,500
|referee= [[C. R. Srikrishna]]
}}

{| width=92% |
|-
|{{Football kit
| pattern_la =
| pattern_b = _EastBengal1718
| pattern_ra =
| pattern_sh =
| leftarm = FF0000
| body =
| rightarm = FFC90E
| shorts = 000000
| socks = FF0000
| alt = a gold and red shirt, black shorts, and red socks
| title = East Bengal
}}
|{{Football kit
| pattern_la = _blueshoulders
| pattern_b = _bengalurufc_home_2017
| pattern_ra = _blueshoulders
| pattern_sh =
| pattern_so = _arsenalh9800
| leftarm =
| body =
| rightarm =
| shorts = 0000FF
| socks = 0000FF
| alt = a blue shirt with slim white hoops at bottom, blue shorts, and blue socks
| title = Bengaluru
}}
|}

{| width="100%"
|valign="top" width="40%"|
{| style="font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
|-
!width=25| !!width=25|
|-
|GK || '''1''' || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ubaid CK]]
|-
|DF || '''4''' || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Lalramchullova]]
|-
|DF || '''14''' || {{flagicon|EQG}} [[Eduardo Ferreira]]
|-
|DF || '''16''' || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Gurwinder Singh]]
|-
|DF || '''25''' || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Samad Ali Mallick]] || {{sent off|0|45+2}}
|-
|MF || '''5''' || {{flagicon|UGA}} [[Khalid Aucho]]
|-
|MF || '''6''' || {{flagicon|SYR}} [[Mahmoud Amnah]]
|-
|MF || '''7''' || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Cavin Lobo]] || || {{suboff|52}}
|-
|MF || '''10''' || {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Katsumi Yusa]]
|-
|MF || '''17''' || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Laldanmawia Ralte]] || || {{suboff|84}}
|-
|FW || '''40''' || {{flagicon|LBR}} [[Ansumana Kromah]] || || {{suboff|89}}
|-
|colspan=3|'''Substitutes:'''
|-
|DF || '''3''' || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Arnab Mondal]]
|-
|MF || '''11''' || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Gabriel Fernandes]]
|-
|GK || '''12''' || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Luis Barreto]]
|-
|FW || '''22''' || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Jobby Justin]] || || {{subon|84}}
|-
|MF || '''29''' || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Deepak Kumar (footballer)|Deepak Kumar]] || || {{subon|52}}
|-
|MF || '''30''' || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Brandon Vanlalremdika]]
|-
|FW || '''44''' || {{flagicon|NGA}} [[Dudu Omagbemi]] || || {{subon|89}}
|-
|colspan=3|'''Manager:'''
|-
|colspan=4| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Khalid Jamil]]
|}
|valign="top"|
|valign="top" width="50%"|
{| style="font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"
|-
!width=25| !!width=25|
|-
|GK || '''1''' || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Gurpreet Singh Sandhu]]
|-
|DF || '''2''' || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rahul Bheke]]
|-
|DF || '''5''' || {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Juanan]]
|-
|DF || '''6''' || {{flagicon|ENG}} [[John Johnson (footballer)|John Johnson]]
|-
|DF || '''15''' || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Subhasish Bose]]
|-
|MF || '''16''' || {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Erik Paartalu]] || || {{suboff|61}}
|-
|MF || '''8''' || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Lenny Rodrigues]]
|-
|MF || '''21''' || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Udanta Singh]] || || {{suboff|90+1}}
|-
|MF || '''44''' || {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Víctor Pérez Alonso|Víctor Pérez]]
|-
|FW || '''11''' || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sunil Chhetri]]
|-
|FW || '''7''' || {{flagicon|VEN}} [[Miku (footballer)|Miku]]
|-
|colspan=3|'''Substitutes:'''
|-
|GK || '''28''' || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Lalthuammawia Ralte]]
|-
|DF || '''10''' || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Harmanjot Khabra]]
|-
|DF || '''4''' || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Zohmingliana Ralte]]
|-
|MF || '''19''' || {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Antonio Rodríguez Dovale|Toni Dovale]] || || {{subon|61}}
|-
|MF || '''17''' || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Boithang Haokip]] || || {{subon|90+1}}
|-
|FW || '''25''' || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Daniel Lalhlimpuia]]
|-
|FW || '''18''' || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Thongkhosiem Haokip]]
|-
|colspan=3|'''Manager:'''
|-
|colspan=4| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Albert Roca]]
|}
|}
{| width=100% style="font-size: 90%"
|
'''Hero of the Match:''' [[Sunil Chhetri]] (Bengaluru)<ref name="motm">{{cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/sports/chhetri-s-brace-helps-bengaluru-fc-win-hero-super-cup-style-79951 |title=Chhetri’s brace helps Bengaluru FC win Hero Super Cup in style |date=21 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127153356/https://www.thenewsminute.com/sports/chhetri-s-brace-helps-bengaluru-fc-win-hero-super-cup-style-79951 |website=thenewsminute.com |archive-date=27 January 2024}}</ref>

'''[[Assistant referee (association football)|Assistant referees]]:'''
 Antony Abraham
 Sumanta Dutta
 '''[[Assistant referee (association football)#Fourth official|Fourth official]]:'''
 [[Santosh Kumar (referee)|Santosh Kumar]]
|style="width:60%; vertical-align:top;"|
'''Match rules'''
*90 minutes.
*30 minutes of [[Overtime (sports)#Association football|extra time]] if necessary.
*[[Penalty shoot-out (association football)|Penalty shoot-out]] if scores still level.
|}

==Post-match==
During the post-match press conference, [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]] head coach [[Albert Roca]] praised his team and said that they were the most consistent side during the entire season.<ref name="PMFP">{{cite news|title=Bengaluru FC coach Alberto Roca describes his team as most consistent side in domestic circuit|url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/super-cup-2018-bengaluru-fc-coach-alberto-roca-describes-his-team-as-most-consistent-side-in-domestic-circuit-4440211.html|accessdate=4 May 2018|work=FirstPost|date=20 April 2018}}</ref> Roca also expressed his happiness in winning the tournament for the fans while praising how his team reacted to being a goal down, "I am very happy for the supporters. This is the success we were looking forward to. Today we showed that my team has been the most consistent team this season."<ref name="PMFP"/> The club would soon resume their season five days later when they took on [[New Radiant S.C.|New Radiant]] of the Maldives in the [[AFC Cup]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Bengaluru FC look to stretch lead as New Radiant keep chase going|url=http://www.bengalurufc.com/bengaluru-fc-look-stretch-lead-new-radiant-keep-chase-going/|accessdate=4 May 2018|work=Bengaluru Football Club|date=24 April 2018}}</ref>

[[Khalid Jamil]] after the match meanwhile praised his side, "Talking about this game, everybody worked very hard. I give all the credit to boys. They started well. The score wasn’t in our favour. No complaint from my side."<ref name="Jamil Goal">{{cite news|last1=Banerjee|first1=Ritabrata|title=Khalid Jamil – Nobody supports East Bengal|url=http://www.goal.com/en-us/news/super-cup-2018-east-bengal-khalid-jamil-bengaluru-fc/dzmuksr8djt7153dezx5896em|accessdate=4 May 2018|work=Goal.com|date=20 April 2018}}</ref> Jamil was also very critical of the refereeing performance during the match, especially during [[Samad Ali Mallick]]'s red card and [[Ansumana Kromah]]'s disallowed goal. "Kromah’s goal, I don’t think it was offside. The result could have been different if Kromah's goal was not disallowed. Samad Ali’s red card was harsh, it could have been a yellow card. But I was far away and I couldn’t see properly."<ref name="Jamil Goal"/> Six days later, on 26 April, it was announced by East Bengal that Jamil had been sacked by the club.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Parasar|first1=Swapnaneel|title=East Bengal sack Khalid Jamil, Subhash Bhowmick to continue as Technical Director|url=http://www.goal.com/en-in/news/i-league-east-bengal-khalid-jamil/27i0eo2r72jm1eqpdozj79wnc|accessdate=4 May 2018|work=Goal.com|date=26 April 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.supercup.in/ Super Cup website].

{{AIFF Super Cup}}
{{2017–18 in Indian football}}
{{Bengaluru FC}}
{{East Bengal F.C.}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:AIFF Super Cup 2018 Final}}
[[Category:2018 AIFF Super Cup]]
[[Category:AIFF Super Cup finals]]
[[Category:Sports competitions in Odisha]]
[[Category:Bengaluru FC matches|Cup Final 2018]]
[[Category:East Bengal Club matches|Cup Final 2018]]
[[Category:April 2018 sports events in India]]

Semthan

2025-09-06T19:02:33Z

CynthiaBegg56: added post

[[File:Semthan statuette (Ashmolean Museum).jpg|thumb|Statuette from Semthan, ancient Chakradhara. Kashmir, 100 BCE-100 CE. Terracotta plaque. Semi-draped figure with Hellenistic influence. Ashmolean Museum.]]
{{Location map+
|South Asia
|float = right
|width = 250
|caption = Location of Sentham in J&K, India
|nodiv
|relief=yes
|places =
{{location map~ |South Asia |lat=37.17|N |long=69.38|E |label=[[Ai-Khanoum]]|position=top |label_size=70}}
{{location map~ |South Asia |lat=33.805833 |N |long=75.097500|E|label='''Semthan'''|position=right |label_size=70|mark=Capital mark.svg}}
{{location map~ |South Asia |lat=33.745833 |N |long=72.7875|E |label=[[Taxila]] |position=left |label_size=70 }}
{{location map~ |South Asia |lat=32.505278|N |long=74.534167|E |label=[[Sagala]]|position=bottom |label_size=70}}
{{location map~ |South Asia |lat=27.4925|N |long=77.673611|E |label=[[Mathura]] |position=top |label_size=70 }}
}}
{{coord|33.805833|N|75.097500|E|display=title}}
'''Semthan''', also '''Semithan''' is a village 1 km north of [[Bijbehara]] in the [[Anantnag district]] of the [[Kashmir Valley]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India. It has an archaeological site, the ancient site of '''Chakradhar''' where cultural sequences were stratified, from the [[Neolithic]] to the [[Indo-Greek]] and [[Kushan Empire|Kushan]] periods.<ref name="JS32"/><ref name="IA80"/>

==Excavations==
The site was excavated during several seasons from 1977 to 1981.<ref name="IA80"/> Upon excavation, the site revealed several occupation layers:<ref name="JS32"/>

Period 1: pre-NBPW (700-500 BCE) 
Period 2: [[Northern Black Polished Ware|NBPW]] (500-200 BCE) 
Period 3: [[Indo-Greek]] (200-0 BCE) 
Period 4: [[Kushan Empire]], [[Huna Kingdom]] (1st-5th century CE) 
Period 5: Hindu (5th-13th century CE) 
Period 6: Late Medieval, post 13th century 

Pottery wares were found in Level 3, as well as a seal with an Indo-Greek deity, and Indo-Greek coins.<ref name="JS32"/> A large number of terracotta figurines were also found in Level 4.<ref name="JS32"/><ref name="IA80"/>

==Artefacts==
{{see also|Indo-Greek art}}
Semthan was at one point a Greek settlement.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jamwal |first1=Suman |title=Commercial Contacts Between Kashmir and Rome |journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute |date=1994 |volume=75 |issue=1/4 |page=202|jstor=41694416 |issn=0378-1143}}</ref> Many figurines in the [[Hellenistic art|Hellenistic style]] were found during the excavations.<ref name="JS32">{{cite book |last1=Siudmak |first1=John |title=The Hindu-Buddhist Sculpture of Ancient Kashmir and its Influences |date=2013 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-24832-8 |page=32–36 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yVft0FqSxc0C&pg=PA32 |language=en}}</ref> The female figurines are fully dressed, with the left leg slightly bent, and wear the Greek ''[[chiton]]'' and ''[[himation]]'', and the Hellenistic styles of [[Greco-Bactria|Bactria]] are probably the ultimate source of these designs.<ref name="JS32"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Siudmak |first1=John |title=The Hindu-Buddhist Sculpture of Ancient Kashmir and its Influences |date=2013 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-24832-8 |page=43 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yVft0FqSxc0C&pg=PA43 |language=en}}</ref> It is thought that the Indo-Greeks introduced their artistic styles into the area as they moved eastward from the area of Gandhara into South Kashmir.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kaw |first1=Mushtaq A. |title=Central Asian Contribution to Kashmir's Tradition of Religio-Cultural Pluralism |journal=Central Asiatic Journal |date=2010 |volume=54 |issue=2 |page=245 |jstor=41928559 |issn=0008-9192}}</ref> The stratigraphy does not permit a precise dating of these statuettes, and the date has been broadly defined as probably pertaining to the period from the 2nd half of the 1st century BCE to the 1st or 2nd century CE, in effect covering the end of the Indo-Greek period to the early Kushan period.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Siudmak |first1=John |title=The Hindu-Buddhist Sculpture of Ancient Kashmir and its Influences |date=2013 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-24832-8 |page=33 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yVft0FqSxc0C&pg=PA33 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Siudmak |first1=John |title=The Hindu-Buddhist Sculpture of Ancient Kashmir and its Influences |date=2013 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-24832-8 |page=xiii |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yVft0FqSxc0C&pg=PR13 |language=en}}</ref>

Such Hellenistic draped figurines have not been found at [[Taxila]] or [[Charsadda]], although they are known to have been Indo-Greek cities, but probably this is mainly because excavations to Greek levels have been very limited: in Sirkap, only one eight of the excavations were made down to the Indo-Greek and early Saka levels, and only in an area far removed from the center of the ancient city, where few finds could be expected.<ref name="JS39">{{cite book |last1=Siudmak |first1=John |title=The Hindu-Buddhist Sculpture of Ancient Kashmir and its Influences |date=2013 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-24832-8 |pages=39–43 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yVft0FqSxc0C&pg=PA39 |language=en}}</ref>

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px" perrow="4">
File:Semthan terracotta statuette.jpg|Terracotta statuette in Chiton and Himation, Semthan
File:Semthan, Hellenistic dress.jpg|Male Hellenistic dress, Semthan
File:Semthan, female Hellenistic dresses.jpg|Semthan, female Hellenistic dresses
File:Semthan, figure with helmet.jpg|Figure with helmet, Semthan
File:Semthan, Indo-Greek and other coinage.jpg|Indo-Greek coin of [[Lysias Anicetus|Lysias]] and other coinage, Semthan
File:Lysias Indian standard coin.jpg|Indo-Greek coin of [[Lysias Anicetus|Lysias]] (130–120 BCE), Indian square standard, of the type found at Semthan
File:Semthan, sealing with Indo-Greek deity.jpg|Semthan, sealing with Indo-Greek deity.<ref name="IA80">{{cite book|title=Indian Archaeology 1980-81 A Review|date=1981|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India|pages=21–23|url=http://nmma.nic.in/nmma/nmma_doc/Indian%20Archaeology%20Review/Indian%20Archaeology%201980-81%20A%20Review.pdf}}</ref>
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Archaeological sites in Jammu and Kashmir]]

Marhaura subdivision

2025-08-30T13:12:29Z

CynthiaBegg56: adding data.

{{Short description|Administrative subdivision in Saran district, Bihar, India}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Marhaura subdivision
| settlement_type = Subdivision
| native_name =
| image_skyline =
| coordinates = {{coord|25.9601847|84.8468411|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map = India Bihar#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Saran district|Saran]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Marhaura]]
| area_total_km2 = 709.1
| population_total = 1,052,529
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official / Regional
| demographics1_info1 = Hindi, Bhojpuri
| timezone1 = IST
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| postal_code_type = PIN
| postal_code = 841418
| registration_plate = BR-04
}}

'''Marhaura subdivision''' is an administrative subdivision in the [[Saran district]] of [[Bihar]], India. The subdivision headquarters is the town of [[Marhaura]]. It occupies the north-western part of the district and encompasses several community development blocks.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://saran.nic.in/subdivision-blocks/|title=Subdivision & Blocks|publisher=District Administration, Saran|access-date=29 August 2025}}</ref>

==Geography==
Situated in the Gangetic plains of southern Bihar, Marhaura subdivision features predominantly alluvial terrain. The area consists of flat fertile plains interspersed with seasonal streams and low-lying riverine tracts. Some parts of the subdivision are prone to monsoon flooding during periods of heavy rainfall or high river discharge, while other upland areas are comparatively less vulnerable.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cgwb.gov.in/old_website/District_Profile/Bihar/Saran.pdf|title=Saran District, Bihar State — District Profile|publisher=Central Ground Water Board (CGWB)|access-date=29 August 2025}}</ref>

==Administration==
Marhaura is one of three subdivisions in Saran district, alongside Chhapra/Sadar and Sonepur. According to the district administration, it comprises the following Community Development (CD) Blocks:

* [[Amnour]] (Amnaur / Amnour)<ref name="blocks">{{Cite web|url=https://sarandivision.bih.nic.in/blocks/|title=Blocks — Saran Division|publisher=Saran Division, Government of Bihar|access-date=29 August 2025}}</ref>
* Isuapur
* [[Marhaura]]
* [[Mashrak]]
* [[Panapur]]
* Taraiya

The official block mapping is available on the Saran Division portal.<ref name="blocks" />

==Demographics==
As per the 2011 Census of India, Marhaura subdivision had a combined population of 1,052,529 across its six CD Blocks, covering an area of 709.1 km².<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/311|title=District Census Handbook Saran — Part B (Village & Townwise Primary Census Abstract)|publisher=Census of India 2011|access-date=29 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/datagov/DDW-HH01-State_Districts-2011/DDW-HH01-1000-2011.XLS|title=DDW — Sub-district / Household & population totals (2011)|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=29 August 2025}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ '''2011 Census — selected figures by CD Block'''
! Block !! Population (2011) !! Area (km²)
|-
| Amnour || 200,395 || 127.1
|-
| Isuapur || 146,822 || 102.0
|-
| Marhaura || 265,123 || 150.0
|-
| Mashrak || 188,899 || 123.0
|-
| Panapur || 121,738 || 108.0
|-
| Taraiya || 129,552 || 99.0
|-
! colspan=1 | '''Total''' !! '''1,052,529''' !! '''709.1'''
|}

Detailed literacy rates, sex-ratio, and SC/ST population for each block are recorded in the District Census Handbook and accompanying census tables.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/311|title=District Census Handbook Saran — Part B (PCA)|publisher=Census of India 2011|access-date=29 August 2025}}</ref>

==Economy==
The subdivision’s economy is largely agrarian. Agriculture and allied activities provide the primary source of livelihood, with crop patterns, irrigation, and small-scale industries documented in the District Census Handbook and District Industrial Potential Survey reports.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dcmsme.gov.in/dips/2016-17/DIPS%20Saran%202016.pdf|title=District Industrial Potential Survey — Saran (DIC/DCMSME)|publisher=DCMSME / Government of India|access-date=29 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/310|title=District Census Handbook Saran — Part A (Village and Town Directory)|publisher=Census of India 2011|access-date=29 August 2025}}</ref>

==Transport==
Road and rail are the main transport modes. The subdivision is connected via major roads to its block headquarters and neighboring towns, and railway stations in Marhaura and nearby towns serve passenger and freight transport.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/310|title=District Census Handbook Saran — Part A (Village and Town Directory): Communications & Transport|publisher=Census of India 2011|access-date=29 August 2025}}</ref>

==Education and public services==
Educational and health facilities are distributed across the blocks, including primary, upper primary, and secondary schools, primary health centres, and sub-centres. Village Directory data in the District Census Handbook provides comprehensive lists of such amenities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/310|title=District Census Handbook Saran — Part A (Village Directory)|publisher=Census of India 2011|access-date=29 August 2025}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Bihar]]
* [[Saran district]]
* [[Marhaura]]
* [[Amnour]]
* [[Mashrak]]
* [[Panapur]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://saran.nic.in/ Official website of Saran district]

[[Category:Subdivisions of Saran district]]

Gurdino

2025-08-16T04:52:55Z

CynthiaBegg56: started a data v1

{{Orphan|date=January 2025}}

'''Gurdino''' ("giving to the gurus"; also spelt as '''Gurudino''') was a traditional practice of some [[Hindus|Hindu]] families living in [[Punjabi Hindus|Punjab]], [[Sindhi Hindus|Sindh]], and [[Hinduism in Balochistan|Balochistan]] to raise a child, usually the eldest son, as a [[Sikhs|Sikh]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=Regional perspectives on India's Partition: Shifting the Vantage Points |date=May 4, 2023 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |others=Anjali Gera Roy, Nandi Bhatia |isbn=9781000829242 |chapter=Sikhism in Sindh |quote=He [Thariya Singh] played a significant role in baptising the eldest male sons of many Hindu Sindhi trading families to become Sikhs of the ''gurudino'' (giving to the gurus) tradition which was popular in Sindh, Baluchistan and Punjab for many centuries (Vagtiani 2017; Nanda 2018).}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Kothari |first1=Rita |last2=Thadhani |first2=Jasbirkaur |date=2016 |title=Sindhi Sikhs in India: The Missing People |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309276179 |journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies |volume=39 |pages=8 |doi=10.1080/00856401.2016 |doi-broken-date=2 August 2025 |quote=Here Gulrajani afﬁrmed a common practice among Hindu families in both Sindh and Punjab whereby one of the children (usually the eldest) was ‘gurdinno’ or ‘given to the Guru’. In such a scenario, the atmosphere at home was a mixture of Hindu and Sikh practices, leaning sometimes more towards one than the other.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mangat |first=Devinder Singh |title=A Brief History of the Sikhs (Multidimensional Sikh Struggles) |date=Feb 11, 2023 |publisher=SLM Publishers |isbn=9789391083403 |pages=2 |quote=Culturally Sikhism is much closer to Hinduism. Their customs and traditions are very similar to each other. They allow inter marriages. Some of the Hindu families used to raise their eldest son as a Sikh.}}</ref> The son would be [[Amrit Sanskar|baptized]] as a Sikh.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> The tradition had been followed for centuries.<ref name=":0" /> Households that followed the tradition tended to follow both Hindu and Sikh practices.<ref name=":1" />

During Islamic-rule in Punjab, Hindus raising a child as a Sikh would have been similar to preparing their child to fight in a war, as Sikhs were conceptualized as being the "sword arm of Hinduism".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mahmood |first=Cynthia Keppley |title=The Oxford Handbook of Religion and Violence |publisher=Oxford University Press |others=Mark Juergensmeyer, Margo Kitts, Michael K. Jerryson |year=2015 |isbn=9780190270094 |pages=70 |chapter=Part I: Overview of Religious Traditions - 3. Sikh Traditions and Violence |quote=Sikh and Hindu communities at the time [during Islamic-rule] had permeable boundaries in the region; they intermarried; they worshipped at each other's temples; they enjoyed each other's festivities. In particular, the Sikhs of Punjab, who ended up fighting the long line of invaders coming into the subcontinent from the west, became colloquially known as "the sword arm of Hinduism." Many of the eldest sons in Hindu families were reared as Sikhs, just as a family might send one son off to military duty.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Akhtar |first=Nazia |title=Revisiting India's Partition: New Essays on Memory, Culture, and Politics |date=Jun 15, 2016 |publisher=Lexington Books |others=Amritjit Singh, Nalini Iyer, Rahul K. Gairola |isbn=9781498531054 |pages=322}}</ref> The present understanding of the historical prevalence of this practice amongst the Punjabi Hindus may be exaggerated and it was followed less in-reality.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |title=Caste Matters in Public Policy: Issues and Perspectives |date=Aug 19, 2022 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |others=Rahul Choragudi, Sony Pellissery, N. Jayaram |isbn=9781000631975 |chapter=Part III: Caste Beyond Hinduism - Conclusion |quote=Third, there has been a widespread impression that the Hindu Punjabis converted the eldest son in their family to Sikhism. This practice is often overstated. ... The arrival of the British and through their census enumeration of people, the issue of religion became a serious social construction of identity. At the same time, the interfaith marriages among the Sikhs and Hindus were invariably confined to the same caste, implying the primacy of caste endogamy. The conversion to Sikhism was not limited to the effort of the Singh Sabha movement alone; it was also guided by the economic logic in the face of epidemics and famines. The canal colonies gave impetus to the joining of the army and the Sikhs were preferred. It is important to keep in mind that it was not the social custom of the Hindu families converting their eldest sons to Sikhism, but it happened due to the economic logic, which was employment through joining the army. The Sikhs were not the only community recognised as martial by the British, but here I have confined my discussion to the Sikh community.}}</ref> In Punjab during the British colonial-period, the practice was generally done for economic motivations rather than religious ones, based upon aspirations for admissions into the military, as Sikhs were preferred for these roles.<ref name=":2" /> According to W. H. McLeod, it was a practice of [[Sahajdhari|sehajdhari]] Sikh families, especially belonging to the [[Sikhism and caste|trading-castes]], who only raised their eldest son explicitly as a Sikh whilst giving the rest of their children the freedom to assume either a Sikh or Hindu identity.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McLeod |first=William Hewat |date=20 July 1998 |title=Sikhism: Other groups |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sikhism/Sects-and-other-groups |access-date=16 August 2025 |website=Britannica |quote=It is impossible to determine the exact number of Sahaj-Dharis, partly because many families of the trading castes have only the eldest son initiated and leave the remainder of the family free to call themselves Sikh or Hindu.}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Hinduism and other religions]]

{{Improve categories|date=July 2025}}

Filmfare Award Bangla for Best Female Playback Singer

2025-05-20T06:06:35Z

CynthiaBegg56: redirect created

#REDIRECT [[Filmfare Awards Bangla]]

Ganj-e-Arshadi

2025-01-08T16:01:38Z

CynthiaBegg56: started basic info w/ infobox

{{Short description|18th century persian manuscript}}
{{orphan|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Ganj-e-Arshadi
| caption =
| author = Abu’l-Fayyāż Qamar-al-Ḥaqq
| title_orig = گنج ارشدی
| country = India
| language = Persian
| genre = Malfuzat, [[Sufism]]
| subject = Life of Aršad Badr-al-Ḥaqq Jaunpuri and Sufi saints
| published = 1721-1722
| media_type = Manuscript
}}

'''''Ganj-e-Arshadi''''' is a Persian book compiled by Abu’l-Fayyāż Qamar-al-Ḥaqq in 1721-1722 from the notes made by Shaikh ʿAbd-al-Šakūr. It is the malfuzat (sayings) of Aršad Badr-al-Ḥaqq Jaunpuri.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rieu |first1=Charles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D3hFAQAAMAAJ |title=Catalogue of the Persian Manuscripts in the British Museum |last2=Rieu |first2=Charles |date=1883 |publisher=British Museum |pages=1013 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rizvi |first=Saiyid Athar Abbas |author-link=Saiyid Athar Abbas Rizvi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4FzYAAAAMAAJ&q=ganj+arshadi |title=A History of Sufism in India: From sixteenth century to modern century |date=1978 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |pages=20 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TsfKoi1Kth8C&q=ganj+arshadi |title=The Journal of the Bihar Research Society |date=1953 |publisher=Bihar Research Society |pages=13 |language=en}}</ref> It consists of Information related to the life and times of Aršad Badr-al-Ḥaqq Jaunpuri and the Sufi saints of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and Bengal.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Askari |first=Syed Hasan |author-link=Syed Hasan Askari |title=GANJ-E ARŠADĪ |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/ganj-arsadi |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=iranicaonline.org |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Marshall |first=D. N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ToMsAAAAYAAJ |title=Mughals in India |publisher=Asia Publishing House |year=1967 |pages=31 |isbn=978-81-215-0640-3 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Manuscripts]]
[[Category:18th-century manuscripts]]
[[Category:Persian literature]]

Ukkunagaram

2024-11-22T07:05:27Z

CynthiaBegg56: redirect

#REDIRECT [[Rashtriya Ispat Nigam]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R to related topic}}
}}

Akilathirattu Ammanai

2024-10-28T06:22:33Z

CynthiaBegg56: rework information for clarity

{{Short description|Ayyavazhi religious text (poem)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2015}}
{{Ayyavazhi}}
'''Akilathirattu Ammanai''' ({{langx|ta|அகிலத்திரட்டு அம்மானை}}; ''akilam'' ("world"), ''thirattu'' ("collection"), ''ammanai'' ("ballad")), also called '''Thiru Edu''' ("venerable book"), is the main [[religious text]] of the Tamil [[belief]] system [[Ayyavazhi]]. The title is often abbreviated to '''Akilam''' or Akilathirattu.

Akilam includes more than 15,000 verses and is the largest collection of [[Ammanai]] literature in Tamil<ref>N. Vivekanandan (2003), ''Akilathirattu Ammanai Moolamum Uraiyum'', Vivekananda Publications, p. 12 ''(Additional)''.</ref> as well as one of the largest works in Tamil constructed by a single author.

==History==
[[File:Akilam controversial versions.JPG|thumb|200px|right|The most controversial versions of Akilam; Clockwise from top-left: [[Kalai Ilakkiya Peravai version]], [[Anbukkodi Makkal-Iyakkam Version]], [[Vaikundar Thirukkudumbam Version]] (1989) and [[Detchanathu Dwarakapathi Version|DDPV]]]]
Author [[Hari Gopalan Citar]] states in the text that he wrote this book on a Friday, the twenty-seventh day of the Tamil month of Karthikai (13 December) in the year 1839 CE.<ref>G. Patrick's, Religion and Subaltern Agency, Chapter 5, Page118</ref> The author claims that God woke him up during his sleep and commissioned him to record his dictation. ''Akilathirattu'' was recorded on palm leaves until 1939, when it was printed.<ref name="ReferenceA">G. Patrick's, Religion and Subaltern Agency, Chapter 5, Page 119</ref>

According to the author, the book is the story of [[God]] coming in this age, the [[Kali Yuga|Kali Yukam]] or Iron Age, to rule the world by transforming it into the [[Dharma Yukam]]. This story of faith weaves together the historical facts about [[Ayya Vaikundar]] and his activities with reinterpretations of episodes from the [[Hindu]] [[Purana]]s (mythologies) and [[Itihasa]]s (epics).<ref name="ReferenceA"/> It is presented as if [[Vishnu]] is narrating the whole story to his consort [[Lakshmi]].

Though the Citar Hari Gopalan wrote the book Akilam, he claimed that he did not know anything about the contents of the book. He woke up in the morning as usual and he didn't know what he had written the day before. Another legend says that he began it that night and continued through the following days. Others say that it was written beginning on Friday, 27th [[Karthikai]] ([[Tamil Calendar]]) 1016 M.E, and completed on the seventeenth day on the second Sunday of [[Margazhi]] (Tamil Calendar) 1016 M.E.

When Ayya Vaikundar avatar was completed, God reached Vaikundam. It contained the regulations of the Ayyavazhi sect. As per the instructions found there in Akilam, Ayyavazhi was preached by the [[Citar]]s far and wide.

==Style==
''Akilam'' is in two parts: the first is an account of the ages preceding that of the present age, the ''Kali Yukam''; and the second is an account of the activities of Ayya Vaikundar leading up to his attaining [[Vaikundam]].

''Akilathirattu'' is written as a poem in the [[Tamil language]]. The narration alternates between two subgenres called ''viruttam'' and ''natai''. Both subgenres employ poetic devices like [[alliteration]] and [[hyperbatons]].<ref>G. Patrick's, Religion and Subaltern Agency, Chapter 5, Sub-heading: Akilattirattu, Page 119</ref> The text contains seventeen sections, and more than 15,000 verses. In a typical [[Ammanai]] style, Akilam maintains more than one context for its verses throughout the text. While the floating ideas of the lines could be comparatively easily communicated, the underlying theme couldn't be understood unless the background and culture are understood, specifically a foundational knowledge of the [[Hindu]] pantheon of gods, the Hindu scriptures, [[Dharmic]] concepts and philosophy, and other rudiments of the religion.

==Versions==
The texts written by [[Hari Gopalan Citar]] are damaged and thus it is difficult to read the contents. The texts are still preserved as relics by his descendants. There are three versions, which were copied from the first version:

* [[Panchalagkuricchi Version]]
* [[Swamithoppe Version]]
* [[Kottangadu Version]]

Of these three, the [[Panchalankuricchi Version]] is believed to have copied by from the main version by [[Hari Gopalan Citar]]. The other two versions were copied later. Apart from these the [[Nariyan vilai Version]], [[Varampetran-pantaram Version]], and [[Saravanantheri Version]] are the other early palm-leaf versions of Akilam.

Other versions include the [[Palaramachandran version]], the [[Vaikundar Thirukkudumbam Version|VTV]], published twice, the [[Kalai Ilakkiya Peravai version|Kalai Ilakkiya-peravai Version]] and the [[Vivekanandan Version]]. But of these, the [[Ayya Vaikundar Thirukkudumbam]] version is often criticized for adding and removing additional [[Verse (poetry)|verses]] from various versions. Some argue that over 300 pages were adulterated. [[Vaikundar Thirukkudumbam|Thirukkudumbam]] claims that these additional lines were added from the early palm-leaf versions ([[Panchalankuricchi Version]] and [[Kottangadu Version]]), which are believed to have been missing from [[Akilam]]. This version is not widely accepted.

All the release versions except the Palaramachandran version organize the contents into seventeen sections as per the [[Thiru Eadu-vasippu partition]]. The Sentrathisai Ventraperumal version which was released in 1965 includes more than two-thousand verses not found in other versions. The [[Palaramachandran version]] is the widely accepted and the largest circulated version.

==Contents==
[[File:Ekam evolution.jpg|thumb|right|Evolution of [[Ekam]], the source of whole [[existence]] (till [[Kali Yuga]])]]
The book focuses on the devotion to [[Vaikundar]], considered to be an aspect of the God [[Vishnu]]. It is a poetic narrative in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] intended to be an excellent compilation of the various aspects of [[Hindu mythology|Indian mythology]] and beliefs about God.

The first eight chapters of the book narrate the events starting from the creation of the Universe to the time exactly before the incarnation of Vaikundar. The ninth chapter describes in detail the events taking place in the divine plan during the incarnation of Vaikundar. The last eight chapters focus on the legendary, empirical, historical and mythical aspects pertaining to the life of Vaikundar.

===Evolution and Yugas===
The book starts with the explanation given by Vishnu to his consort [[Lakshmi]] about the evolution of Universe and of human beings. It is said that there is a total of eight aeons, or yugas, and we are currently in the seventh yuga called [[Kali Yuga]], the age of deterioration. It is believed that for each yuga there is a demon that will be destroyed by Vishnu. In the first yuga, Kroni was born. Vishnu fragmented him into six pieces and each fragment will incarnate as demon in each Yuga. The first four yugas are said to be the Neetiya Yuga, Chatura Yuga, Nedu Yuga and Kretha Yuga. These four yugas do not have parallels in the mainstream [[Hinduism]].

The fifth yuga is said to be the [[Treta Yuga]] in which the Lord [[Rama]] incarnated as human. The sixth yuga is the [[Dvapara Yuga]], and there is a short but striking description of the life of [[Krishna]] and the Bharatha war. Additionally, there is said to be another event called the birth of [[Santror]] or noble people at the closure of Dvapara Yuga.

===Kali Yuga===
[[Kali Yuga]], the seventh Yuga begins when the evil spirit called Kali (not to be confused with the mother goddess [[Kali]]) was born. Kali is believed to be cognate with the modern [[human beings]]. Then was born the Neesan, the demon for the Kali Yuga. It is said that this demon became the king of the earth in various places and tortured the lives of the Santror. Because of this Lord Vishnu advised [[Neesan]] to stop torturing the Santror. But he won't agree to Vishnu and would prefer to die rather than giving up. In order to stop the rule of Neesan and to bring an end to Kali-yuga, Vishnu made a plan to make Vaikundar incarnate as human.

====The Incarnation====
Vaikundar is believed to be the Son of Vishnu and Lakshmi. He was beget inside the sea and sent as a human into the land. From the point of incarnation of [[Vaikundar]], it is said that he was made the supreme of all godhead, and will destroy Neesan and also the evil Kali Yuga. It is also said that he will take all righteous people with him into the [[Vaikundam]] in the eighth yuga called as [[Dharma Yukam]]. Also, nothing is said about the period which follows [[Dharma yuga]], which means that timeline is linear, and not circular as believed inside mainstream [[Hinduism]].

==Sections==
The ''Akilam'' is divided into seventeen parts:
*[[Akilam one]]
*[[Akilam two]]
*[[Akilam three]]: This section closes the Dwapara Yukam, and describes the birth of Santror and Makkal, their growth and marriage.
*[[Akilam four]]
*[[Akilam five]]
*[[Akilam six]]
*[[Akilam seven]]: This is considered a bit more important to all previous sections during [[Ayyavazhi religious studies|religious studies]] since the events and plans related to Pre-Incarnational activities of [[Vaikundar]] starts from here onwards. This part contains the primary events of preparations to the incarnation of [[Vaikundar]]. It also contains the events of Jail to [[Kali]], acceptance of [[Seven Virgins]] to take birth in the world etc.
*[[Akilam eight]]: At the end of Akilam eight, the Ayyavazhi and [[Hinduism|Hindu]] myths disassociate and are treated with higher importance than the previous section. This part contains the worldly birth of devas and [[Avatar]] of [[Vaikundar]] taken into the sea, [[Thiruvasakam|Thiruvasakam - 1]] and [[Thiru Nadana Ula]].
*[[Akilam nine]]: Talks about the circumstances happening just prior and when Vaikundar incarnates in the world.
*[[Akilam ten]]: This part contains the events of [[Vaikundar]]'s appearance at the sea-shore after the [[Avatar]]. It also contains the [[Thiruvasakam|Thiruvasakam-2]].
*[[Akilam eleven]]: This sub-section contains the Rules and regulations to God-heads given by [[Vaikundar]], the [[Thiruvasakam|Thiruvasakam-3]], and the [[Tavam of Vaikundar]].
*[[Akilam twelve]]: This part contains the [[Thiruvasakam|Thiruvasakam-4]], the destruction of [[devil]]s, the arrival of [[Kaliyan]]'s force to arrest [[Vaikundar]] and second [[Vinchai]].
*[[Akilam thirteen]]: This part contains the events of the Arrest of [[Vaikundar]], the [[Katuvai Sothanai]] and release of Vaikundar etc. It also includes the [[Muttappathi Vinchai - 1]] and the first phase of [[Thuvayal Thavasu]].
*[[Akilam fourteen]]: This part contains the events of Third [[Vinchai]], arrest of [[Deva (Hinduism)|Devas]] and the discussion of [[Vaikundar]] and [[Seven Virgins]] etc.
*[[Akilam fifteen]]: This part is also called 'Kalyana Vasippu'. It contains the events of the marriage of [[Vaikundar]] with the [[Seven Virgins]] narrated in a grant poetic style.
*[[Akilam sixteen]]: This part contains the events of [[Vaikundar]]'s symbolic marriages with the [[Seven deities]].
*[[Akilam seventeen]]: This part contains the events of [[Vaikundar]]'s final Judgement to [[Kroni]] and sentencing him to hell and the dawn of [[Dharma Yukam]].

==Teachings==
Akilam teaches a set of values that are theological, sociological and philosophical. Of these, the ideas promoted by Akilam spans throughout the various teachings found in [[Hindu scriptures]] and present [[Hinduism]] in the first half and at the second, a set of revolutionary teachings, in all aspects were focussed. The theological teachings revolves around the supremacy of [[Vaikundar]] while the sociological teachings mainly focus on breaking up the inequalities prevalent in the society. The Philosophical ideas mainly focus the 'Ultimate [[Monism|oneness]]' of nature and all living beings.

===Theosophy===
All the major Hindu deities namely [[Brahma]], [[Vishnu]], [[Shiva]], [[Sarasvati]], [[Lakshmi]], [[Parvati]], [[Murugan|Skanda]], and [[Ganesha]] are mentioned directly in the [[mythology]] throughout the book. Also there is an indirect mention about [[Bible]], [[Allah]] and [[Quran]] inside the book. A reference found in Akilam about [[Jesus]] is more direct than indirect. Also the book seems to stress that all texts and scriptures are true and have a share about the truth of the Divine. It is notable that Akilam is heavily against creating religions as it does not mention the term 'religion' at least once anywhere in the text and do refers only to God-heads, concepts and scriptures.

===Sociology===
It is said that social inequality and destruction of caste ethics are the main aspects of the [[Kali Yuga]]. So the entire book focuses on social equality and strictly against ''Jati'' or the Indian caste system. But it also says that the 'Varnashrama Dharma' system was perfect until the end of [[Dvapara Yuga]]. Also, there are traces of references to leading a chaste life and [[vegetarian]] diet. There is a strict condemnation about the [[religious fundamentalism]] especially of the Abrahamic traditions.

===Philosophy===
The key philosophy in the book is that human beings are by themselves separated from God by the influence of [[Kali (demon)|Kali]], and [[Vaikundar]] has come for their redemption.

==See also==
*[[Ayya Vaikundar]]
*[[Hari Gopalan Citar]]
*[[List of Ayyavazhi-related articles]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{wikibooks}}
*[[wikisource:ta:அகிலத்திரட்டு அம்மானை|Akilathirattu Ammanai]] at Tamil Wikisource
{{Ayyavazhi large}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1841 poems]]
[[Category:Akilattirattu Ammanai|*]]
[[Category:Ayyavazhi texts|*]]

[[Category:Tamil Hindu literature]]

Harendra Singh Tewatia

2024-08-02T00:27:08Z

CynthiaBegg56: put up a bio

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Harendra Singh Tewatia
| office = Member of the 18th [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| party = [[Bhartiya Janata Party]]
| term_start = 2022
| constituency = Garhmukteshwar
| alma_mater = [[Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University|Kanpur University]]
| education = [[Master of Arts]]
}}

'''Harendra Singh Tewatia''' is an Indian politician from [[Uttar Pradesh]]. He is grandchild of [[Charan Singh|Chaudhary Charan Singh]], [[List of prime ministers of India|5th Prime Minister of India]]. He is currently [[Member of 18th Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[Garhmukteshwar Assembly constituency|Garhmukteshwar]] Assembly constituency. He is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bhartiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=UP Chunav 2022: पूर्व प्रधानमंत्री चौधरी चरण सिंह के पोते को BJP ने गढ़मुक्तेश्वर से बनाया उम्मीदवार |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/up-uttarakhand/uttar-pradesh/up-election-2022-bjp-fills-former-prime-minister-chaudhary-charan-singh-grandson-from-garhmukteshwar-seat/1071597 |access-date=2022-11-06 |website=Zee News |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=UP Election Result 2022: गढ़मुक्‍तेश्‍वर सीट पर हरेंद्र सिंह प्रमुख को मिली जीत, जानि‍ए पूर्व प्रधानमंत्री चौ. सिंह से क्‍या है नाता |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/hapur-city-bjp-candidate-harendra-singh-pramukh-winner-from-garhmukteshwar-seat-know-former-prime-minister-chaudhary-what-is-the-relation-with-lion-22533077.html |access-date=2022-11-06 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=GEN ELECTION TO VIDHAN SABHA TRENDS & RESULT MARCH-2022 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2022/ConstituencywiseS2460.htm?ac=60 |website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh Tewatia, Harendra}}
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]

{{UttarPradesh-politician-stub}}

Dhin

2024-02-20T13:21:23Z

CynthiaBegg56: rework formatting additionally and improved wording per standard format

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dhin
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = Census town
| pushpin_map = India Punjab#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| coordinates = {{coord|31.262818|N|75.6028401|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jalandhar district|Jalandhar]]
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)|Panchayat raj]]
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric


| elevation_m = 240
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 5961<ref name=census>{{cite web|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/30388-dhin-punjab.html|title=Dhin Population per Census India|work=[[Census of India, 2011]]}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_note = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]] 3092/2869 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| demographics1_title2 =
| demographics1_info2 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone
| area_code =
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#PB.E2.80.94Punjab|PB]]- 08
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-PB]]

| blank1_name_sec2 = Post office
| blank1_info_sec2 =
| website = {{URL|jalandhar.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Dhin''' is a census town in [[Jalandhar district]] of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] [[States and territories of India|State]], India. It is located {{convert|9|km}} from [[Jalandhar]], {{convert|20|km}} from [[Phagwara]], {{convert|54|km}} from district headquarter [[Hoshiarpur]] and {{convert|147|km}} from state capital [[Chandigarh]]. The village is [[Administration (government)|administrated]] by a [[sarpanch]] who is an [[elected representative]] of village as per [[Panchayati raj (India)]].

== Transport ==
Jalandhar city railway station is the nearest [[train station]]. The village is {{convert|72|km}} away from [[domestic airport]] in [[Ludhiana]] and the nearest [[international airport]] is located in Chandigarh also [[Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport]] is the second nearest airport which is {{convert|105|km}} away in [[Amritsar]].

==See also==
*[[List of villages in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0303_PART_B_DCHB_JALANDHAR.pdf List of villages in Jalandhar district] at [[Census of India, 2011]]

{{Jalandhar district}}


[[Category:Villages in Jalandhar district]]

{{Jalandhar-geo-stub}}

Navagraha Jain Temple

2024-02-13T07:16:21Z

CynthiaBegg56: adding a place.

{{short description|Temple in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name = Navagraha Jain Temple
| native_name =
| religious_affiliation = [[Jainism]]
| image = Jain-navagraha-temple.jpg
| image_size = 270
| caption = World's tallest statue of Tirthankara Parshvanatha of 61 feet in Kayotsarga posture
| map_type = India Karnataka
| map_size = 250
| map_caption = Location within Karnataka
| coordinates = {{coord|15|12|56.46|N|75|8|31.68|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| location = [[Hubli, Karnataka]], India
| deity = [[Parshvanatha]]
| festivals = [[Mahamastakabhisheka]], [[Mahavir Jayanti]]
| temple_quantity = 1
| creator = Sri Gunadhar Nandi Maharaj
| established = 2006
| website =
}}
{{Jainism}}

'''Navagraha Jain Temple''' or Navagraha Teertha or Navagraha Tirtha is situated at [[Warur|Varur]] near [[Hubli, Karnataka]]. Navagraha Teertha is one of the major pilgrim spots for the [[Jain]] community in India. The temple features a {{convert|61|ft|adj=on}} tall monolithic idol of the Shri 1008 Bhagavan [[Parshvanatha]] and the smaller statues of the other eight Jain [[tirthankara|teerthankaras]]. The statue is the tallest statue of the Jain deity [[Parshvanatha]] in India and weighs 185 tons. The statue stands on a {{convert|48|foot|adj=on}} high pedestal({{convert|109|ft|adj=on}} total).<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/hubli-gets-magnificent-jinalaya/article368643.ece Hubli gets magnificent ‘jinalaya’.] The Hindu, 6 January 2009.</ref>

==Monolithic statue==
The construction of Navagraha Teertha began in January 2005 and the carving of the [[monolithic architecture|monolithic]] statues was completed in one year. The work was supervised by Sri Gunadhar Nandi Maharaj and supported by Sri Dharmasena Bhattaraka Swamiji and volunteers.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/all-set-for-mahamastakabhisheka-of-parshwanath-teerthankar/article1782549.ece All set for Mahamastakabhisheka of Parshwanath Teerthanka.] ''The Hindu'', 14 January 2007</ref>

Navagraha Teertha, which is located at [[Warur|Varur]], a village just {{cvt|29|km}} from [[Hubli]]-[[Dharwad]] city, has become an important place on the tourism map of the state, drawing huge crowds from all over the country. Navagraha Teertha, which is spread over 45 acres adjacent to the Pune-Bangalore Road, was set up by the Jain community with the help of people from other communities. It has been established largely through the efforts of Shri Gunadhar Nandi Maharaj. It houses the {{convert|61|ft|m}}, 185-tonne monolithic statue of Shri [[Parshvanatha]] Teerthankar in the [[Kayotsarga]] posture mounted on a {{convert|48|ft|m}} pedestal making its total height '''{{convert|109|ft|m}}'''.<ref name="kstdc">{{cite web | url=https://www.karnatakatourism.org/tour-item/navagraha-jain-temple/ | title=Navagraha Jain Temple | website=[[Karnataka State Tourism Development Corporation]] | access-date=22 August 2022 }}</ref>

It is believed that the ''Graha [[doshas]]'' of nine planets can be conciliated by worshipping following nine Tirthankaras:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Devotees-throng-Varur-for-Teertha/articleshow/1207309.cms|title = Devotees throng Varur for Teertha | newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | date=15 January 2007 | access-date=22 August 2022 }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! S. No. !! Tirthankar !! Planet
|-
| 1
| [[Padmaprabhu]]
| [[Sun]]
|-
| 2
| [[Chandraprabhu]]
| [[Moon]]
|-
| 3
| [[Māllīnātha]]
| [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]]

|-
| 4
| [[Pushpadanta]]
| [[Venus]]

|-
| 5
| [[Vasupujya]]
| [[Mars]]

|-
| 6
| [[Mahavira]]
| [[Jupiter]]

|-
| 7
| [[Munisuvrata]]
| [[Saturn]]

|-
| 8
| [[Neminatha]]
| [[Rahu]]

|-
| 9
| [[Parshvanath]]
| [[Ketu (mythology)|Ketu]]

|-
|}

The monolithic statue of lord Parshwanth is not only very attractive but also larger than the statue of [[Gommateshwara statue]] in [[Shravanabelagola]]. The statues of the Tirthankaras in Navagraha Teertha can be seen even up to {{cvt|4|km}} away on the national highway while exiting the tapovan flyover exit near Varur on the [[National Highway 4 (India)|Pune-Bangalore Road]]. Being in the city limit of Hubli Dharwad it is easy to reach there from any point of the city.

==Accommodation==
With the heavy inflow of tourists, a Yatri Nivas is being constructed here at a cost of Rs 5 crore.<ref name="kstdc" /> There are also plans to set up a musical fountain and garden on the lines of the one in Brindavan. Lodging and boarding facility is available for visitors free of cost here. About 50 rooms have been built to accommodate tourists, who are also served breakfast and lunch every day. Bus services are available to this place from Hubli Old Bus Terminus. Long-distance buses also stop at Navagraha Teertha on request. Auto-rickshaws are also available from the city and charge Rs 150-200 for a trip.

==See also==
*[[Statue of Ahimsa]]
*[[Gommateshvara statue]]
*[[Bawangaja]]
*[[List of the tallest statues in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{commonscatinline|Navagraha Jain Temple}}

{{Jain temples}}
{{Jainism topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hubli–Dharwad]]
[[Category:Jain temples in Karnataka]]
[[Category:21st-century Jain temples]]
[[Category:Colossal Jain statues in India]]

Garba Chowk

2024-01-17T06:14:58Z

CynthiaBegg56: new redirect

#redirect [[Bhat,_Daskroi#Garba_Chowk]]
[[Category:Bhat, Daskroi]]
[[Category:Culture of Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Bhat]]