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Humayun Abdulali

2026-05-07T06:20:08Z

CrystleBreinl34: Creating a biography and citations.

{{Short description|Indian ornithologist and biologist}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Humayun Abdulali
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = Portrait of Humayun Abdulali.jpg
| caption = Portrait of Humayun Abdulali painted by J.P Irani
| image_size =
| alt = A photo of the portrait of Indian naturalist Humayun Abdulali
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1914|05|19}}
| birth_place = [[Kobe]], [[Japan]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2001|06|03|1914|05|19}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[India]]
| resting_place = Mumbai, India
| resting_place_coordinates = 
| citizenship = Indian
| fields = [[ornithology]], [[natural history]], [[wildlife conservation]], [[taxonomy (biology)|taxonomy]]
| workplaces = [[Bombay Natural History Society]]
| alma_mater = [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai]]
| awards = Maharashtra Foundation Samajkarya Gaurav Puraskar (en: Maharashtra Foundation Award for Honouring Social Work); Award for Outstanding Contribution to Asian Ornithology
| spouse = Rafia Tyabji
| children = Akbar Abdulali (born 1955), Salman Abdulali (born 1958)
| relatives = [[Tyabji family]] (paternal and spousal)
}}
'''Humayun Abdulali''' (19 May 1914, [[Kobe]], [[Japan]] - 3 June 2001, [[Mumbai]], [[India]])<ref>{{cite journal|last=Daniel|first=J.C.|title=Obituary Humayun Abdulali|journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society|year=2003|volume=100|issue=2 & 3|page=614}}</ref> was an Indian [[ornithologist]] and [[biologist]] who was also a cousin of the "birdman of India", [[Salim Ali (ornithologist)|Salim Ali]]. Like other naturalists of his period, he took an initial interest in [[Shikar (hunting)|''shikar'' (hunting)]]. Unlike Sálim Ali, his main contributions were less field-oriented and based more on [[bird collections]], particularly those at the [[Bombay Natural History Society]] where he worked for most of his life.

==Early years and education==
Humayun Abdulali was born to a [[Sulaymani Bohra]] Ismaili family in [[Kobe]] in 1914. His parents were Lulu and Najmuddin Faizalhussain Abdulali, a businessman who imported raw cotton and safety matches from India.{{sfn|Reuben|2003|p=25}} In his unfinished autobiography (posthumously published in the book ''Humayan Abdulali - Naturalist Portrait and Tribute''), he wrote that his interest in natural history may have been cultivated at an early age at the English Mission School in Kobe, while reading American stories on cowboys and the [[American frontier|wild west]]. The Abdulali family relocated to [[Mumbai]] (then Bombay), India in 1924.{{sfn|Reuben|2003|pp=3–4}}

Humayun went to primary school at St Xavier's High School and later graduated from [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai]] in 1936 with a Bachelor of Arts (Honours) degree while also receiving the Narayan Vasudev Prize. It was while studying [[zoology]] at St Xavier's College in 1932 that he started collecting birds.{{sfn|Reuben|2003|p=5}}

After graduating he worked for a year in his father's business (Faiz and Co.) of exporting scrap iron to Japan.{{sfn|Reuben|2003|p=6}} He bought a [[secondhand]] 10/12 HP ([[horsepower]]) [[Harley Davidson]] motorcycle to travel extensively in and around Bombay. He also bought an old Lancia Tourer, which he used for several months. In 1938, he and his friend Boman Patuck met with a motorcycle accident that left them seriously injured. A policeman who had hitched a ride with them died in the accident. Humayun was charged with rash and negligent driving and was subsequently acquitted by a court in Bombay.{{sfn|Reuben|2003|pp=6–8}} He replaced the motorbike with a Morris Minor in 1939, which he used until his death.

He went on numerous excursions to observe fauna as well as for hunts, accompanied by his naturalist friends and his cousin Salim Ali. These travels took him to [[Talegaon]], [[Nashik]], [[North Kanara]], [[Travancore]], [[Bharatpur State|Bharatpur]], [[Assam]] ([[Manas National Park|Manas]] and [[Kaziranga]]), [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]], [[Western Ghats]] and the [[Kanheri Caves]]. In his unfinished autobiography, he describes his adventures and exploits in and around Bombay - shooting ducks, partridges, and tigers, as well as spotting various birds, animals, reptiles, and amphibians.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}}

==Career==
Sálim Ali introduced Humayun to the Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS). He became a member of the Society in 1931,{{sfn|Reuben|2003|p=25}} the year in which his first note titled "Eleven Koel eggs in a Crow's nest" was published in the Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society (JBNHS).<ref name=JBNHS1>{{cite journal|last=Abdulali|first=Humayun|title=Eleven Koel eggs in a Crow's nest|journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society|year=1931|volume=35|issue=1|page=458|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47540482|access-date=21 February 2018|archive-date=18 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918155154/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47540482|url-status=live}}</ref> His second note, published in the journal in 1934, earned him further acclaim.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Abdulali|first=Humayun|title=Note on the White-cheeked bulbul (Molpastes leucogenys) in Salsette, Bombay|journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society|year=1934|volume=31|issue=1 and 2|page=221}}</ref> He published 356 notes in his lifetime and these covered birds, snakes, frogs and other fauna. He authored 270 scientific papers and 50 book reviews.<ref name=Obit1>{{cite journal|last=Monga|first=Sunjoy|title=Morning, Mr. Abdulali|journal=Sanctuary Asia|date=August 2001|pages=74–75}}</ref> A six-part series based on the specimens he collected when at St Xavier's college and of the birds he had spotted in and around Bombay, co-authored by [[Salim Ali]], and titled "The Birds of Bombay and Salsette", was published between 1936 and 1938 in the Journal of the [[Bombay Natural History Society]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Abdulali|first=Humayun|author2=Sálim Ali|title=The birds of Bombay and Salsette. Part 1|journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society|year=1936|volume=39|issue=1|pages=83–103|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47601767|access-date=21 February 2018|archive-date=18 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918160720/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47601767|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Abdulali|first=Humayun|author2=Sálim Ali|title=The birds of Bombay and Salsette. Part 3|journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society|year=1937|volume=39|issue=4|pages=679–688|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47591170|access-date=21 February 2018|archive-date=18 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918155150/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47591170|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Abdulali|first=Humayun|author2=Sálim Ali|title=The birds of Bombay and Salsette. Part 4|journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society|year=1938|volume=40|issue=2|pages=148–173|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47602436|access-date=21 February 2018|archive-date=18 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918155125/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47602436|url-status=live}}</ref> Subsequently, the two continued to document their observations of the birds spotted in these areas in the journal.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ali|first=Sálim|author2=Humayun Abdulali|title=Additions to the birds of Bombay and Salsette and neighbourhood|journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society|year=1945|volume=45|issue=2|pages=241–244|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48126939|access-date=21 February 2018|archive-date=18 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918162251/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48126939|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Ali|first=Sálim|author2=Humayun Abdulali|title=The Pied Myna and Bank Myna as birds of Bombay and Salsette|journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society|year=1953|volume=51|pages=736–737|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48202896|access-date=21 February 2018|archive-date=18 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918210109/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48202896|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Charles McCann]], the assistant curator at the BNHS, helped Humayun in identifying the specimens he had collected during his excursions. The two became good friends. After McCann's death, Humayun donated money towards the Charles McCann Vertebrate Fieldwork Fund instituted by the BNHS to promote field research.{{sfn|Reuben|2003|p=25}}

Humayun was elected to the Executive Committee of the BNHS in 1942.{{sfn|Reuben|2003|p=25}} He was elected Joint Honorary Secretary of the BNHS along with Sálim Ali in 1949. During his tenure as the Honorary Secretary at BNHS (1949–62),<ref>{{cite journal|title=Roll of Honour|journal=Hornbill|date=July–December 1983|volume=Centenary issue (3&4)|page=57}}</ref> three important milestones were achieved:
* He was instrumental in drafting the [[Bombay Wild Animals and Wild Birds Protection Act]] of 1951. The law aimed to curb the rampant poaching and subsequent destruction of wildlife that started after India gained independence in 1947.
* He obtained permission from the [[Prince of Wales Museum]] to house the BNHS in its premises. He negotiated a grant of 3.5 lakh (350,000) rupees from the Central Government for the BNHS building.{{sfn|Reuben|2003|pp=28-29}}
* He catalogued the specimens in the collection of the BNHS.<ref name=Obit1/>

He was the editor of the ''Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society'' from 1960 to 1962, along with Sálim Ali and H. Santapau. After his stint as the honorary secretary of the BNHS ended in 1962, he continued to serve on the executive committee. From 1987 to 1992, he served as the vice president of the committee. In 1993, the BNHS conferred upon him the title of emeritus naturalist in recognition of his work at the BNHS.{{sfn|Reuben|2003|p=30}}

===Specimen collections===
[[File:Indian Blackbird at BNHS.jpg|thumb|[[Eurasian blackbird]] ''Turdus merula'' collected by Abdulali, at Lanja, Ratnagiri in 1968]]

Humayun Abdulali collected specimens from in and around Bombay as well as from as far as the Andaman and Nicobar islands and added to the BNHS collection, which is now estimated to have around 50,000 specimens of reptiles, mammals, amphibians, and insects, and approximately 29,000 specimens of birds. He contributed about 3,000 bird specimens to the collection,<ref name=ToI1>{{cite news|last=Sekhar|first=Vaishnavi|title=Naturalist's priceless legacy steps out of the wings|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-01-31/mumbai/27284426_1_bird-man-salim-ali-bombay-natural-history-society|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130727131104/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-01-31/mumbai/27284426_1_bird-man-salim-ali-bombay-natural-history-society|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 July 2013|access-date=27 July 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=31 January 2003}}</ref> now at the Bird Room of the BNHS. He played a crucial role in obtaining a grant for the housing and maintenance of the collection from the government of Maharashtra.{{sfn|Reuben|2003|pp=29-30}}

After Humayun's tenure as the Honorary Secretary ended in 1962, he focused on re-examining and re-structuring the collection at BNHS. His studies resulted in the identification of 18 new sub-species.<ref name=Obit1/> The catalogue, titled "Catalogue of the Birds in the Collection of the Bombay Natural History Society", was published in the Journal of the BNHS between 1968 and 1996. After his death, the Bird Room at the BNHS was named after him.{{sfn|Reuben|2003|p=35}}

Humayun contributed greatly to the production of the ''Handbook'' of Salim Ali and [[Dillon Ripley]].{{sfn|Reuben|2003|p=35}}

===Work in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands===
[[File:Orange headed thrush.jpg|thumb|[[Orange-headed thrush]] ''Zoothera citrina'' collected by Abdulali at Nancowry, Nicobars in 1966]]
[[File:A wagtail from Narcondam Island, India.jpg|thumb|A [[grey wagtail]] collected by Abdulali at Narcondam in India in 1972]]

From 1963 to 1977, he made eight trips to the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], accompanied by various people on different trips—colleagues from BNHS, researchers, assistants from the [[Zoological Survey of India]], his son Akbar, etc. The aim of the expeditions to the archipelago of around 225 islands was to gather specimens of unknown subspecies, or of subspecies that were till then taxonomically documented as merely "Andamans" or "Nicobars" or "Andamans and Nicobars".{{sfn|Reuben|2003|p=63}} Several specimens were obtained during these trips and added to the collection of BNHS: The ''[[Otus alius]]'' (Nicobar scops owl), the [[Nicobar pigeon]], the [[Narcondam hornbill]], other birds, fruit bats, flying foxes, frogs, toads, lizards, snakes, etc. His observations were published in the Journal of the BNHS, which brought to light the nature of fauna in the islands.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Abdulali|first=Humayun|title=Four new races of birds from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands|journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society|year=1964|volume=61|issue=2|pages=410–417|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48072972|access-date=21 February 2018|archive-date=18 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918155132/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48072972|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Abdulali|first=Humayun|title=The birds of the Nicobar Islands, with notes on some Andaman birds|journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society|year=1967|volume=64|issue=2|pages=139–190|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48069470|access-date=21 February 2018|archive-date=18 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918155136/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48069470|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=63_420>{{cite journal|last=Abdulali|first=Humayun|title=More new races of birds from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands|journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society|year=1966|volume=63|issue=2|pages=420–422|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47950763|access-date=21 February 2018|archive-date=18 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918155237/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47950763|url-status=live}}</ref>

Humayun drew attention to the need to conserve the forests and [[biodiversity]] at the Andaman and Nicobar islands, particularly [[Barren Island (Andaman Islands)|Barren Island]], [[Narcondam Island]] and the [[Battye Malve Island]]. The [[Indian Navy]] ceased shooting practice at the Battye Malve, a nesting place of the Nicobar Pigeon, after Humayun made a representation to the navy during one of the trips. He also highlighted the flaws and pitfalls in the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.{{sfn|Reuben|2003|p=68-29}} These lacunae led to difficulties in obtaining permissions for gathering specimens at the islands for research.{{sfn|Reuben|2003|pp=64-65}} On the other hand, illegal killing and poaching of the animals protected by the Act continued to happen at the Andaman and Nicobar archipelago{{sfn|Reuben|2003|pp=68-69}} and elsewhere in the country.{{sfn|Reuben|2003|pp=40-43}}

===Taxa described by Humayun Abdulali===
Seventeen bird subspecies were described by Abdulali, but some of these may no longer be considered valid. These include:
* The Andaman sub-species of the [[black baza]], Andaman crested baza, ''Aviceda leuphotes andamanica''<ref>{{cite journal|last=Abdulali|first=Humayun|author2=Robert B. Grubh|title=A new race of the Blackcrested Baza, Aviceda leuphotes (Dumont), from the Andaman islands|journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society|year=1970|volume=67|pages=137–138|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47819705|access-date=21 February 2018|archive-date=18 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918160712/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47819705|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Jungle bush-quail]], ''Perdicula asiatica vellorei''<ref>{{cite journal|last=Abdulali|first=Humayun|author2=Rachel Reuben|title=The Jungle Bush Quail [Perdicula asiatica (Lantham)]: a new race from South India|journal=The Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society|year=1965|volume=61|pages=688–691|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48073292|access-date=21 February 2018|archive-date=18 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918160727/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48073292|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Great Nicobar whitebreasted waterhen, ''Amaurornis phoenicurus midnicobaricus''<ref name=NicobarBirds1>{{cite journal|last=Abdulali|first=Humayun|title=The Birds of Great and Car Nicobars with some notes on wildlife conservation in the islands, with 4 plates|journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society|year=1979|volume=75|pages=744–772|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48296925|access-date=21 February 2018|archive-date=18 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918155012/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48296925|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Andaman cuckoo-dove, ''Macropygia rufipennis andamanica''<ref name=63_420 />
* Great Nicobar form of the [[Andaman cuckoo-dove]], ''Macropygia rufipennis tiwarii''<ref name=NicobarBirds1/>
* Andaman [[green imperial pigeon]], ''[[Ducula aenea|Ducula aenea andamanica]]''<ref name=AndamanBirds1>{{cite journal|last=Abdulali|first=Humayun|title=Four new races of birds from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, with a plate|journal=J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.|year=1964|volume=61|pages=410–417|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48072972|access-date=21 February 2018|archive-date=18 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918155132/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48072972|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Great Nicobar hawkowl, ''Ninox affinis rexpimenti'' (Named for Rex Pimento, the In-charge of the bird collection at the BNHS)<ref name=NicobarBirds1/>
* [[Fairy bluebird]], ''Irena puella andamanica''<ref name=AndamanBirds1/><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Abdulali|first1=Humayun|first2=Nosherwan|last2=Sethna|title=On the validity of ''Irena puella sikkimensis'' Whistler & Kinnear and ''I.p. andamanica''|journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society|year=1981|volume=78|pages=381–382|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48228909|access-date=21 February 2018|archive-date=18 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918160716/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48228909|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Eastern Ghats form of the [[puff-throated babbler]], ''Pellorneum ruficeps pallidum''<ref>{{cite journal|last=Abdulali|first=Humayun|title=On a new subspecies of ''Pellorneum ruficeps'' (Swainson) in Peninsular India|journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society|year=1982|volume=79|pages=152–154|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48744548|access-date=21 February 2018|archive-date=18 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918154859/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48744548|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Eastern [[Finn's baya]], ''Ploceus megarhynchus salimalii''<ref>{{cite journal|last=Abdulali|first=Humayun|title=A new race of Finn's Baya, ''Ploceus megarhynchus'' Hume|journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society|year=1961|volume=57|pages=659–662|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47542267|access-date=21 February 2018|archive-date=30 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830201801/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47542267|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Great Nicobar form of the [[Asian glossy starling]], ''Aplonis panayensis albiris''<ref>{{cite journal|last=Abdulali|first=Humayun|title=A new race of Aplonis panayensis (Scopoli) based on eye-colour|journal=Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club|year=1967|volume=87|pages=33–34|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40815727|access-date=21 February 2018|archive-date=18 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918155038/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40815727|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Andaman form of the [[black-hooded oriole]], ''Oriolus xanthornus reubeni''<ref>{{cite journal|last=Abdulali|first=Humayun|title=New name for Andaman Black-headed Oriole, ''Oriolus xanthornus andamanensis''|journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society|year=1977|volume=73|page=395|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48293398|access-date=21 February 2018|archive-date=18 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918154733/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48293398|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Nicobar slaty-breasted rail, ''Rallus striatus nicobarensis''
* Car Nicobar [[white-breasted waterhen]], ''Amaurornis phoenicurus leucocephalus''
* [[Alpine swift]], ''Apus melba dorabtatai''.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Abdulali|first=Humayun|title=Notes on Indian Birds 3 -- The Alpine Swift, ''Apus melba'' (Linnaeus), with a description of one new race, with a text figure|journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society|year=1965|volume=62|pages=153–160|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47953526|access-date=21 February 2018|archive-date=18 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918155128/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47953526|url-status=live}}</ref> Now ''Tachymarpis melba dorabtatai''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Chantler|title=Handbook of the Birds of the World, Vol 5|year=1999|page=451}}</ref>
* [[Oriental skylark]], ''Alauda gulgula dharmakumarsinhjii''<ref>{{cite journal|last=Abdulali|first=Humayun|title=On a new subspecies of the Skylark, ''Alauda gulgula''(Franklin) in Gujarat, India|journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society|year=1976|volume=72|pages=448–449|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48287600|access-date=21 February 2018|archive-date=18 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918160707/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48287600|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=none|last=Mohapatra|author2=Rao|journal=The Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society|year=1990|volume=87|page=146}}</ref>
* White-throated [[tawny-bellied babbler]], ''Dumetia hyperythra navarroi''<ref>{{cite journal|last=Abdulali|first=Humayun|title=A new white-throated race of the Babbler, ''Dumetia hyperythra''|journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society|year=1959|volume=56|pages=333–335|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47375239|access-date=21 February 2018|archive-date=18 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918155016/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47375239|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Cat1>{{cite journal|last=Abdulali|first=Humayun|title=A catalogue of the birds in the collection of the Bombay Natural History Society--25: Muscicapidae|journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society|year=1983|volume=79|pages=336–360|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48806838|access-date=21 February 2018|archive-date=18 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918154947/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48806838|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Wildlife protection and conservation===

====Bombay Wild Birds and Wild Animals Act, 1951====
Before India achieved independence in 1947, about 750 princely states in the country protected and preserved the local wildlife. With independence, poaching became rampant and new legislation to protect wildlife became a pressing necessity.{{sfn|Reuben|2003|p=36}} A bill for the required law was drafted by Humayun Abdulali, who was then the Honorary Secretary of the BNHS, and J.A. Singh, a retired Chief Conservator of Forests. The Government of Bombay passed the Bombay Wild Birds and Wild Animals Act,<ref>{{cite web|title=Wild Animals and Wild Birds Protection Act, Bombay 1951 [PDF]|url=http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/acts/1951.24.pdf|work=Bombay High Court|publisher=The Government of India|access-date=27 July 2013|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304032819/http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/acts/1951.24.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> which included areas designated as forests and those outside them, in 1951. It came into force in Bombay on 1 May 1953. A Special Wildlife Protection Officer and several Honorary Game Wardens, equipped with police powers, were appointed under the new law to patrol forest areas.{{sfn|Reuben|2003|p=37}} After a tamarind tree that housed egrets was chopped down within the premises of the [[Reliance Energy|BSES]] in Mumbai, Humayun, as the Honorary Warden, collected a fine from the Managing Director of BSES.{{sfn|Reuben|2003|p=76}}

For a few years after the implementation of the act, Humayun was an Honorary Game Warden with his authority spanning over the state of Maharashtra. Then his jurisdiction was reduced to [[Greater Bombay]] and [[Thane]] until his warden status was cancelled.{{sfn|Reuben|2003|p=41}} As the game warden, he nabbed poachers, helped police officers file First Information Reports, and helped curb the sale of jackal and fox tails as decorative items.{{sfn|Reuben|2003|p=42}}

The Act was later modified to draft the [[Wildlife Protection Act, 1972]].<ref name=ToI1/>

====Borivali National Park====
During his tenure as the Honorary Secretary of the BNHS, Humayun proposed that the forest areas located north of [[Aarey Milk Colony]] in Bombay up to the [[Vasai Creek]] be designated as a national park. These areas would include the wilderness around [[Tulsi lake]] and [[Vihar lake]], and the [[Kanheri Caves]].{{sfn|Reuben|2003|p=51}} The 100-square-kilometre area was notified as the [[Borivali National Park]] by the government of India in the 1960s, and was renamed as the Sanjay Gandhi National Park in 1981. In 1975, the Government of Maharashtra started work on the construction of a highway that ran through the park, despite protests from environmental organisations and groups. Along with a few other members of BNHS, Humayun filed a Public Interest Litigation (PIL) petition in the Bombay High Court for halting the construction of the highway. The court ordered a stay on the construction of the road and work on the road was never restarted subsequently.{{sfn|Reuben|2003|p=52}}

====Ban on the export of frogs' legs====
His work on frogs in agricultural ecosystems<ref name=Frogs>{{cite journal|last=Abdulali|first=Humayun|title=On the export of frog legs from India|journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society|year=1985|volume=82|issue=2|pages=347–375}}</ref> helped in the imposition of a ban by the Indian government on the export of frogs' legs.<ref>{{cite news|title=India bans export of frog legs|url=https://apnews.com/734119f91252499315d01b0c571590e9|access-date=1 August 2013|newspaper=Associated Press|date=5 March 1987|archive-date=24 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124071147/https://apnews.com/734119f91252499315d01b0c571590e9|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the early 1960s, Humayun learnt about the commercial export of the legs of the bullfrog (''[[Rana tigrina]]'') from India to be used as a delicacy. He was of the opinion that the frog, which ate insects and acted as a pest control, should not be eaten in the interest of preserving ecological balance and avoiding the use of chemical pesticides such as [[DDT]].{{sfn|Reuben|2003|p=44}} Humayun wrote to the editor of the ''[[Science Reporter]]'', published by the Government of India, and to government bodies, trying to draw attention to the dwindling number of bullfrogs owing to export. In 1969, he referred the matter to the erstwhile Chief Minister of [[Maharashtra]], [[Vasantrao Naik]], who asked him to formally present the matter so that it could be examined. However, these efforts drew a blank.{{sfn|Reuben|2003|p=45}}

A few years later he discussed the export of frogs' legs, and its probable impact on agriculture in Konkan and elsewhere, with Dr D.N. Srivastava, the then Assistant Director General of the [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]] (ICAR). Srivastava asked him to undertake a research study and offered to pay for his scientific assistants. Humayun undertook a three-year research project titled 'Determination of Ecological Disturbances in Agricultural and Adjoining Lands Caused by the Removal of ''Rana tigrina'' and ''[[Rana hexadactyla]]'' for Export' as the Principal Investigator. The research project was undertaken through the BNHS in the rice fields of [[Thane]] and [[Colaba]] and a frog-processing factory at [[Karjat]].{{sfn|Reuben|2003|p=46}}

An examination of the contents obtained from the stomachs of frogs revealed that ninety percent of their food consisted of crabs, insects, and the larvae of insects, all of which harmed the rice crop. Based on the study, a paper 'On the Export of Frogs' Legs from India'<ref name=Frogs/> was published in the Journal of the BNHS. In 1979, a Parliamentary Committee examined a report based on the study and asked Dr [[Sálim Ali]], then a Member of the [[Rajya Sabha]], if a ban on the export of frogs' legs was feasible. Dr Sálim Ali supported the ban, which was ultimately recommended by the committee.{{sfn|Reuben|2003|p=47}} All frogs of the genus ''Rana'' are now protected under Schedule IV of the Wildlife Protection Act 1972.<ref name=WPA>{{cite web|title=Wildlife Protection Act [Microsoft Word file], Page 66 |url=http://www.dnh.nic.in/deptdoc/Forest/WILDLIFE%20PROTECTION%20ACT.doc |publisher=Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India |access-date=1 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619065655/http://www.dnh.nic.in/deptdoc/Forest/WILDLIFE%20PROTECTION%20ACT.doc |archive-date=19 June 2009 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

Humayun was also concerned about the cruelty practiced in the killing of these frogs.<ref>{{cite news|last=Fineman|first=Mark|title=India Gets A Jump On Troubles Facing Frog-leg Industry|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/1985/10/28/india-gets-a-jump-on-troubles-facing-frog-leg-industry/|access-date=1 August 2013|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|date=28 October 1985|archive-date=24 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524213727/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1985-10-28/news/8503130772_1_frog-legs-tigrina-rana|url-status=live}}</ref>

The ban had its detractors, who believed that frogs and toads did not impact the population of insects and pests significantly. Even after the ban was imposed, Humayun was vigilant about the ban being lifted temporarily or permanently.{{sfn|Reuben|2003|p=48}}

====Conservation of grey junglefowl====
Another species Humayun helped conserve in Bombay was the [[grey junglefowl]]. Its feathers were being sent mostly to the United States by post in the late 1940s. On being informed about a consignment of grey junglefowl feathers being dispatched from [[Calcutta]], he contacted the [[Audubon Society]] in the US. The receivers of the parcel were prosecuted on three counts and fined $10,000 on each. This considerably reduced the dispatch of the feathers from India.{{sfn|Reuben|2003|p=49}}<ref name=Obit1/>

===Differences with Sálim Ali===
The scientific opinions of Sálim Ali and Humayun Abdulali would frequently differ and they would also often disagree with each other matters such as the style of functioning of the Society. The former was interested in ecology and field ornithology, the latter on taxonomy and the collection. The two came to loggerheads over the topic of the allotment of funds to the Society's bird-ringing project. Sálim Ali, with the support of the Executive Committee, wanted the Reference Collection staff to work on the bird-ringing project. They also disagreed on what groups they should focus on; Ali favoured ringing passerines while Abdulali suggested that he work on waders. Humayun was of the view that the grant given by the state government for the collection should not be diverted to other projects. The disagreement led to Humayun not being nominated to the executive committee in the 1971 elections of the Societysss
.{{sfn|Reuben|2003|pp=30–32}}

==Taxa named for Humayun Abdulali==
[[File:Nyctibatrachus humayuni (cropped).jpg|thumb|Bombay night frog (''[[Nyctibatrachus humayuni]]'')]]
[[File:Dendrelaphis humayuni.jpg|thumb|Nicobar bronzeback (''[[Dendrelaphis humayuni]]'')]]
* ''[[Nyctibatrachus humayuni]]'', Bombay night frog<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bhaduri|author2=Kriplani|title=''Nyctibatrachus humayuni'', a new frog from the Western Ghats, Bombay|journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society|year=1955|volume=52|issue=3|pages=852–857|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48184776|access-date=21 February 2018|archive-date=22 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022073938/http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48184776|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''[[Otus alius]]'', Nicobar scops owl<ref>{{cite journal|last=Rasmussen|first=P.C.|title=A new Scops-owl from Great Nicobar Island|journal=Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club|year=1998|volume=118|issue=3|pages=141–153}}</ref>
* ''[[Pycnonotus cafer humayuni]]'',<ref>{{cite journal|last=Deignan|first=H.G.|title=A Substitute Name for a Bulbul, Pycnonotus, of Northwestern India|journal=The Auk|year=1951|volume=68|issue=1|page=110|url=https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v068n01/p0110-p0110.pdf|doi=10.2307/4081001|jstor=4081001|access-date=11 December 2013|archive-date=31 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831053713/https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v068n01/p0110-p0110.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> a desert form of the red-vented bulbul,<ref name=Obit1/> the first bird named after him.
* ''[[Accipiter virgatus abdulali]]'', Nicobar besra sparrowhawk<ref>{{cite journal|last=Mees|title=The Sparrow-Hawks (''Accipiter'') of the Andaman Islands|journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society|year=1981|volume=77|issue=3|pages=371–412}}</ref>
* ''[[Dendrelaphis humayuni]]'', Nicobarese bronzeback tree snake<ref>{{cite journal|last=Tiwari|author2=Biswas|title=Two new reptiles from the Great Nicobar Islands|journal=Journal of the Zoological Society of India|year=1973|volume=25|issue=1–2|pages=57–63}}</ref>

==Works==
* Catalogue of the Birds in the Collection of the Bombay Natural History Society, The Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, published in 37 parts between 1968 and 1996.<ref name=Cat1/>
* The birds of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Abdulali|first=Humayun|title=The birds of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.|journal=The Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society|year=1965|volume=61|issue=3|pages=483–571|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48073067|access-date=21 February 2018|archive-date=18 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918155232/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48073067|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Some peculiarities of avifaunal distribution in Peninsular India<ref>{{cite journal|last=Abdulali |first=Humayun |title=Some peculiarities of avifaunal distribution in Peninsular India [PDF] |url=http://www.new.dli.ernet.in/rawdataupload/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005b88_387.pdf |journal=Proceedings of the National Institute of Sciences of India |volume=15 |issue=8 |pages=387–393 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719102535/http://www.new.dli.ernet.in/rawdataupload/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005b88_387.pdf |archive-date=19 July 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
* On the export of Frogs Legs from India,<ref name=Frogs/> The Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society (1985)

==Awards==
* Award for Outstanding Contribution to Asian Ornithology, First Pan-Asian Ornithological Congress, [[Coimbatore]], 1996.{{sfn|Reuben|2003|p=78}}
* Maharashtra Foundation Samajkarya Gaurav Puraskar, 1998.{{sfn|Reuben|2003|p=78}} (in English: Maharashtra Foundation Award for Honouring Social Work)

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Cited sources==
{{Commons category}}
* {{cite book|last=Reuben|first=Rachel|year=2003|title=Humayun Abdulali-Naturalist|publisher=Mosaic Books|location=New Delhi|isbn=81-901297-6-7}}

{{Tyabji family}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abdulali, Humayun}}
[[Category:1914 births]]
[[Category:2001 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian ornithologists]]
[[Category:Indian Ismailis]]
[[Category:Sulaymani Bohras]]
[[Category:Egg collectors]]
[[Category:Scientists from Mumbai]]
[[Category:St. Xavier's College, Mumbai, alumni]]
[[Category:Indian conservationists]]
[[Category:Naturalists from British India]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian zoologists]]
[[Category:Oologists]]
[[Category:Members of the Bombay Natural History Society]]
[[Category:Tyabji family]]

Eagle (2024 film)

2026-05-06T23:14:00Z

CrystleBreinl34:

{{Short description|2024 Indian Telugu action thriller film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Eagle
| image = Eagle 2024 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Karthik Gattamneni]]
| screenplay = {{Ubl | Karthik Gattamneni | Manibabu Karanam}}
| story = Karthik Gattamneni
| producer = {{ubl | T. G. Vishwa Prasad | Vivek Kuchibhotla}}
| starring = {{Ubl
| [[Ravi Teja]]
| [[Anupama Parameswaran]]
| [[Kavya Thapar]]
| [[Navdeep]]
}}
| cinematography = {{Ubl | Karthik Gattamneni | Kamil Plocki | [[Karm Chawla]]}}
| editing = Karthik Gattamneni
| music = Davzand
| studio = People Media Factory
| runtime = 156 minutes<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/eagle-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmde5mtk4|title=Eagle|website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref>
| distributor = {{ubl | [[UFO Moviez]]<br>[[B4U Films]]}}
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2024|2|9|ref1=<ref name="eagle-release-date"/>}}
| country = India
| language = Telugu<ref name="deccanchronicle">{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/eagle-movie-aims-high-to-cover-rs-35-cr-budget--880639|title=Eagle movie aims high, to cover Rs 35 cr budget ?|date=1 February 2024 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref>
| budget = {{INR}}35 crore<ref name="deccanchronicle" />
| gross = {{INR}}32.41 crore<ref>{{cite web | title=Eagle - Sacnilk | url=https://www.sacnilk.com/movie/Eagle_2024 }}</ref>
}}

'''''Eagle''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Action comedy|action comedy thriller film]] written and directed by [[Karthik Gattamneni]] and produced by T. G. Vishwa Prasad and Vivek Kuchibhotla under People Media Factory. It stars [[Ravi Teja]] in the [[Title character|titular role]] alongside [[Anupama Parameswaran]], [[Kavya Thapar]], and [[Navdeep]].<ref>{{Cite news |title='Eagle' teaser: Ravi Teja is more of a myth than a man in this action-thriller |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/ravi-teja-anupama-parameswaran-eagle-movie-teaser-sankranthi-release-2458688-2023-11-06 |date=6 November 2023 |access-date=2023-11-19 |work=[[India Today]] |language=en |archive-date=2023-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119114254/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/ravi-teja-anupama-parameswaran-eagle-movie-teaser-sankranthi-release-2458688-2023-11-06 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The film was officially announced on 12 June 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-12 |title=Ravi Teja, Karthik Ghattamaneni Telugu film titled 'Eagle', eyes Sankranti 2024 release. Anupama Parameswaran, Navdeep and Kavya Thapar on board |language=en-IN |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url-access=subscription |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ravi-teja-karthik-ghattamaneni-film-titled-eagle-eyes-sankranti-2024-release/article66961223.ece |access-date=2023-11-19 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=2023-11-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106080536/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ravi-teja-karthik-ghattamaneni-film-titled-eagle-eyes-sankranti-2024-release/article66961223.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> The background score and soundtrack were composed by Davzand, with cinematography and editing handled by Gattamneni himself.

''Eagle'' was released in theatres worldwide on 9 February 2024 to mixed reviews from critics.<ref name="eagle-release-date"/>

== Plot ==
The story follows Nalini Rao, an investigative journalist who writes a brief article about a rare variety of cotton grown in [[Talakona]], a remote region in [[Andhra Pradesh]]. Unexpectedly, her article draws the attention of India's top intelligence officials, whose suspicious response signals that the cotton and its cultivator may be connected to a larger mystery. Intrigued, Nalini travels to [[Talakona]] to investigate.

In Talakona, she meets Sahadev Varma, a reclusive cotton farmer admired locally for producing exceptionally fine cotton with international demand. As Nalini interviews villagers and reviews historical records, she notices inconsistencies in Sahadev's background. Multiple sources—including former military personnel, intelligence officers, and locals—describe him with a mix of fear and respect, suggesting he is more than a typical farmer.

Through flashbacks and testimonies, Nalini discovers that Sahadev is actually '''“'''[[Eagle]]'''”''', a former covert operative for Indian intelligence renowned for precision sniping and black-ops missions across Asia. Presumed dead, Eagle had retired in secrecy and chosen to live quietly in Talakona.

Sahadev's cotton farm is revealed as a cover for a global sting operation: he uses cotton exports to trace illegal arms smuggling routes. By making his cotton highly sought after internationally, he identifies networks involved in moving weapons and works to dismantle a large underground arms syndicate.

As Nalini completes her article, her investigation triggers danger. Sahadev faces threats from international arms dealers, local Naxalite groups, terrorist organizations, and corrupt politicians, while Indian intelligence considers him a liability. Only his old friend and former [[Research and Analysis Wing|RAW]] agent, Jay, urges him to disappear again. Sahadev, however, decides to confront the threats directly.

The story culminates in a series of high-stakes action sequences, where Sahadev skillfully combats heavily armed enemies to expose the syndicate. By the end, his true identity becomes public. While he survives, his peaceful life is irreversibly disrupted. The film concludes with an open-ended resolution, hinting at potential future conflicts for Eagle.

== Cast ==
{{div col}}
* [[Ravi Teja]] as Sahadev Varma alias "Eagle"
* [[Anupama Parameswaran]] as Nalini Rao, a journalist
* [[Kavya Thapar]] as Rachana, Sahadev's wife
* [[Navdeep]] as Jay, Sahadev's friend and right-hand man
* [[Vinay Rai]] as Kali Pratap, an [[Anglo-Indian]] police officer and Suhana's father
* [[Srinivas Avasarala]] as Pramod, a [[Research and Analysis Wing|RAW]] agent
* [[Madhoo]] as Gayatri Devi, RAW chief
* [[Ajay Ghosh]] as [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] Someshwar Reddy
* [[Srinivasa Reddy]] as Vikas, Someshwar Reddy's secretary
* [[Ashvin Raja]] as Seenayya
* Bhasha as Penchala
* Mirchi Kiran as Chengal Reddy
* [[Sivannarayana Naripeddi]] as Venkanna
* Praneetha Patnaik as Padmakka
* [[Surya (Telugu actor)|Surya]] as Ramaraju
* Seshi Rao as Altaf
* Master Dhruvan as Govindu
* Madee Manepalli as Luna Suresh
* Baby Zara as Suhana
* Pradeep as Robin Singh
* [[Bharath Reddy (actor) | Bharath Reddy]] as Daily Herald MD
* Akshara as Khyati
* Nithin Mehta as Rajesh Rumani
* [[David Price (actor)|David Price]] as Pedro Pascal
{{div col end}}

== Soundtrack ==
Music is composed by Davzand.

{{tracklist
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 16:02
| title1 = Aadu Macha
| lyrics1 = Kalyan Chakravarthy
| extra1 = [[Rahul Sipligunj]]
| length1 = 3:31
| title2 = Gallanthe
| lyrics2 = [[Krishna Kanth]]
| extra2 = [[Kapil Kapilan]], Lynn
| length2 = 3:37
| title3 = Eagle's On His Way
| lyrics3 = Georginaa Mathew
| extra3 = Georginaa Mathew
| length3 = 2:46
| title4 = Garudam
| lyrics4 = Chaitanya Prasad
| extra4 = [[Sri Krishna (singer)|Sri Krishna]]
| length4 = 3:29
| title5 = Hey Garuda
| lyrics5 = Krishna Kanth
| extra5 = Harika Narayan, [[Hemachandra (singer)|Hemachandra Vedala]]
| length5 = 3:29
}}

== Release ==

===Theatrical===
''Eagle'' was earlier announced to release on 13 January 2024, coinciding with [[Makar Sankranti]]. However, it was postponed to 9 February 2024 due to the clash of multiple films at the [[Telugu cinema|Tollywood]] box office during the Sankranti weekend.<ref name="eagle-release-date">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ravi-tejas-eagle-officially-drops-from-the-sankranti-race-new-release-date-announced/articleshow/106569334.cms |title=Ravi Teja's 'Eagle' officially drops from the Sankranti race |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=5 January 2024 |access-date=23 January 2024 |archive-date=23 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123124911/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ravi-tejas-eagle-officially-drops-from-the-sankranti-race-new-release-date-announced/articleshow/106569334.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Home media===
The post-theatrical streaming rights were jointly acquired by [[Amazon Prime Video]], [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]], [[ETV WIN]], and [[Sun NXT]]. The satellite rights were acquired by [[Star Maa]].

== Reception ==

Paul Nicodemus of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote, "While the film may struggle to maintain a consistent narrative pace, its action sequences and Ravi Teja's performance stand out as highlights and compensate for the lacunae".<ref>{{cite news|title=Eagle Movie Review: Ravi Teja Shines In Action-Packed Drama With Missed Chances|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/eagle/movie-review/107550784.cms|website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=9 February 2022}}</ref>

Avad of ''[[OTTplay]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote, "Eagle is a stylized action drama that has some great fight sequences in the second half. Ravi Teja kills it in his new look and powerful role. But the storyline lacks novelty, emotions do not work, and the setup looks a bit over the top. All those who love action films can give this film a shot".<ref>{{cite web|title=Eagle Review – The Ravi Teja starrer is ambitious, has great action but lacks proper emotions and is lengthy |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/eagle-review-the-ravi-teja-starrer-is-ambitious-has-great-action-but-lacks-proper-emotions-and-is-lengthy/0e61aa4ca3640|website=[[OTTplay]]|access-date=9 February 2024}}</ref> Janani. K of ''[[India Today]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "'Eagle’ has some brilliant action pieces and the slow-motion shots elevate those sequences. Where it lacks is in its writing. It needs more punch and new ideas to keep things going for more than two and a half hours. It gets exhausting to see people sing praises of the hero without moving the story forward."<ref>{{cite web |title=Eagle Review: This Ravi Teja film is high on action, low on new ideas|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/eagle-review-ravi-teja-film-high-on-action-low-on-new-ideas-2499844-2024-02-09|website=[[India Today]]|date=9 February 2024 |access-date=9 February 2024}}</ref>

Raghu Bandi of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 2/5 stars and wrote "Eagle might not be a bad watch if you temper your expectations. It is definitely not a regular Ravi Teja film".<ref>{{cite web|title=Eagle movie review: Not a regular Ravi Teja film |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/eagle-movie-review-not-a-regular-ravi-teja-film-9152800/|website=[[The Indian Express]]|date=9 February 2024 |access-date=9 February 2024}}</ref> Balakrishna Ganesan of ''[[The News Minute]]'' gave 1.5/5 stars and wrote "'Eagle’ tries its best to mimic ''[[KGF (film series)|'KGF']]'', but director Karthik Gattamneni fails to pull off [[Prashanth Neel]]’s grip over direction and screenplay".<ref>{{cite web|title=Eagle review: Great action sequences can't save this hollow Ravi Teja film |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/eagle-review-great-action-sequences-cant-save-this-hollow-ravi-teja-film-2|website=[[The News Minute]]|date=9 February 2024 |access-date=9 February 2024}}</ref>

Ram Venkat Srikar of ''[[Film Companion]]'' wrote, "Eagle aims to be different but some of its creative choices feel are good While it's hard not to be reminded of some films while watching Eagle, there are moments where it does fly high. But you only wish it soared higher".<ref>{{cite web|title=Eagle Review: A Fun Second Half Rescues This Ravi Teja Film From Crashing |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/telugu-review/eagle-review-a-fun-second-half-rescues-this-ravi-teja-film-from-crashing-anupama-parameswaran-telugu-movie |website=[[Film Companion]]|date=9 February 2024 |access-date=9 February 2024}}</ref> Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "Director Karthik Gattamneni's ‘Eagle’, headlined by Ravi Teja, has a bunch of interesting ideas and fun action segments but needs sharper writing".<ref>{{cite news|title='Eagle' movie review: The action is fine, the writing needed to be smarter |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/eagle-movie-review-the-ravi-teja-starrer-has-engaging-action-but-the-writing-needed-to-be-smarter/article67828253.ece |website=[[The Hindu]]|date=9 February 2024 |access-date=9 February 2024 |last1=Dundoo |first1=Sangeetha Devi }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=28074691}}

{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:2024 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films about arms trafficking]]
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films about the Research & Analysis Wing]]
[[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]
[[Category:Fiction with multiple narrators]]
[[Category:Rashōmon]]
[[Category:Films about journalists]]
[[Category:Films about mercenaries]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Andhra Pradesh Police]]
[[Category:Films directed by Karthik Gattamneni]]
[[Category:People Media Factory films]]

Bengali–Assamese languages

2026-05-05T09:56:38Z

CrystleBreinl34:

{{short description|Sub group of the Indo-Aryan languages in the Indian subcontinent}}
{{refimprove|date=April 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{EngvarB|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox language family
|name=Bengali-Assamese
|altname=Gauda–Kamarupa
|region=[[Bangladesh]], [[India]], [[Myanmar]], [[Nepal]]
|familycolor=Indo-European
|fam2=[[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
|fam3=[[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
|fam4=[[Eastern Indo-Aryan languages|Eastern]]
|fam5=[[Odia language|Odia]]–Bengali-Assamese<ref name="OGK">{{cite thesis|type=PhD|first=Mathew W S|last=Toulmin|title=Reconstructing linguistic history in a dialect continuum: The Kamta, Rajbanshi, and Northern Deshi Bangla subgroup of Indo-Aryan|url=https://digitalcollections.anu.edu.au/handle/1885/45743|publisher=The Australian National University|year=2006|page=305}}</ref>
|ancestor=[[Magadhi Prakrit]]
|glotto=gaud1237
|glottoname=Gauda–Kamrupa
| map =
| mapcaption =
}}

The '''Bengali-Assamese languages''' (also '''Gauda–Kamarupa languages''') is a grouping of several languages in the [[eastern Indian subcontinent]]. This group belongs to the [[Eastern Indo-Aryan languages|Eastern zone]] of [[Indo-Aryan languages]]. The languages in this group, according to [[Glottolog]], include [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Bishnupuriya language|Bishnupriya]], [[Chakma language|Chakma]], [[Chittagonian language|Chittagonian]], [[Goalpariya dialects|Goalpariya]], [[Hajong language|Hajong]], [[Kewat language|Kewat]], [[Kharia Thar language|Kharia Thar]], [[Kurmukar language|Kurmukar]], [[Lodhi language|Lodhi]], [[Mal Paharia language|Mal Paharia]], [[Noakhali language|Noakhali]], [[Rajbanshi language (Nepal)|Rajbanshi]], [[Rangpuri language|Rangpuri]], [[Rohingya language|Rohingya]], [[Sylheti language|Sylheti]], [[Tangchangya language|Tangchangya]], [[Thar language|Thar]] and [[Surjapuri language|Surjapuri]].

==Languages==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left"
|-
! Language
! Native name
! Script
! Alphabet
! data-sort-type="number" |Number of speakers (in millions)
! Native region
|-
! [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| {{lang|as|অসমীয়া}}<br />''Oxomiya''
| [[Bengali–Assamese script]]
| [[Assamese alphabet]]
| 15.3<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/ASM|title=Assamese|work=Ethnologue (Free All) |publisher=Ethnologue|access-date=12 March 2018}}</ref>
| {{flag|India}} ([[Assam]])
|-
! [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| {{lang|bn|বাংলা}}<br />''Bangla''
| [[Bengali–Assamese script]]
| [[Bengali alphabet]]
| {{hs|0220000}}261.8<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/ben|title=Bengali|publisher=Ethnologue|access-date=12 March 2018}}</ref>
| {{flag|Bangladesh}} (national and official)<br />{{flag|India}} ([[West Bengal]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Tripura]], parts of [[Assam]], [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]])
|-
! [[Bishnupriya Manipuri language|Bishnupriya Manipuri]]
| {{lang|bpy|বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী}} <br />''Bișnupriya Monipuri''
| [[Bengali–Assamese script]]
| [[Bengali alphabet]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kim |first1=Amy |last2=Kim |first2=Seung |title=Bishnupriya (Manipuri) speakers in Bangladesh: a sociolinguistic survey | publisher=SIL INTERNATIONAL |page=11 |url=https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/74/05/96/74059695388257055076108658933060858639/silesr2008_003.pdf |access-date=4 October 2020}}</ref>
|
| {{flag|India}} ([[Assam]], [[Manipur]] and [[Tripura]])<br />{{flag|Bangladesh}} ([[Sylhet Division]])
|-
! [[Chakma language|Chakma]]
| 𑄌𑄋𑄴𑄟 <br /> {{lang|bn|চাকমা}} <br /> ''Sangma''
| [[Bengali–Assamese script]] <br /> [[Chakma script]] <br /> [[Latin script]]<ref name="Chakma">{{cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/ccp|title=Chakma|publisher=Ethnologue|access-date=6 October 2020}}</ref>
|
| 0.32<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/ccp|title=Chakma|publisher=Ethnologue|access-date=12 March 2018}}</ref>
| {{flag|Bangladesh}} ([[Chittagong Division]])<br />{{flag|India}} ([[Mizoram]] and [[Tripura]])<br />{{flag|Myanmar}} ([[Rakhine State]])
|-
! [[Chittagonian language|Chittagonian]]
| {{lang|ctg|চাটগাঁইয়া}} [[Chittagonian language|সিটাইঙগা]]<br />''siʈaiŋga''
| [[Bengali–Assamese script]] <br /> [[Arabic script]] <br /> [[Latin script]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/ctg|title=Chittagonian|publisher=Ethnologue|access-date=6 October 2020}}</ref>
| [[Bengali alphabet|Chittagonian Alphabet]]
| 13<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/ctg|title=Chittagonian|publisher=Ethnologue|access-date=12 March 2018}}</ref>
| {{flag|Bangladesh}} ([[Chittagong Division]])<br />{{flag|Myanmar}} ([[Rakhine State]])
|-
! [[Hajong language|Hajong]]
| {{lang|as|হাজং}} <br />''Hazong''
| [[Bengali–Assamese script]] <br /> [[Latin script]]
| [[Assamese alphabet]]<ref>{{harvtxt|Hajong|Phillips|Phillips|2008|p=1}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Hajong |url=https://omniglot.com/writing/hajong.htm}}</ref> <br /> [[Bengali alphabet]]<ref name="haj" />
| 0.06<ref name="haj">{{cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/haj|title=Hajong|publisher=Ethnologue|access-date=12 March 2018}}</ref>
| {{flag|India}} ([[Assam]] and [[Meghalaya]])<br />{{flag|Bangladesh}} ([[Mymensingh Division]])
|-
! [[KRNB lects|Rangpuri/<br />Kamtapuri/<br />Rajbongshi]]
| {{lang|rkt|রংপুরী}} <br /> {{lang|rkt|কামতাপুৰী}} <br /> {{lang|rkt|ৰাজবংশী}} <br /> {{lang|de|राजबंशी}} <br />''Rongpuri'' <br />''Kamatapuri'' <br />''Rajbanshi''
| [[Bengali–Assamese script]], [[Devanagari]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Minahan |first=James B. |year=2012 |title=Rajbongshis |encyclopedia=Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia |location=Santa Barbara, Calif. |publisher=ABC-CLIO |page=267 |isbn=978-1-59884-659-1 |quote=Generally, the Rajbongshi language is known as Rangpuri in Bangladesh and Kamta or Rajbangshi in India. The language is usually written in Bengali script in Bangladesh, while the Kamtapura script is favored in India. In Nepal, the language uses Devanagari script which is also sometimes used by the Indian Rajbongshis.}}</ref>
| [[Bengali alphabet]],<ref name="rkt" /> <br />[[Assamese alphabet]]<ref>"As a ritual of purgation they are discarding the Bengali /r/ with a dot and the same is replaced with the original /r/ with a diagonal slash, as used in Assamese script despite the fact that the Rajbanshis in Bengal have been conditioned to use the Bengali /r/ owing to the long processes of forceful imposition of Bengali language upon them." {{harvcol|Pradhani|2012|p=52}}</ref>
| 10.8<ref name="rkt">{{cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/rkt|title=Rangpuri|publisher=Ethnologue|access-date=12 March 2018}}</ref>
| {{flag|Bangladesh}} ([[Rangpur Division]])<br />{{flag|India}} ([[West Bengal]] and [[Assam]])<br />{{flag|Nepal}} ([[Koshi Province]])
|-
! [[Noakhali language|Noakhali]]
| نواکھلی
নোয়াখাইল্লা <br /> ''Noakhailla''
| [[Bengali–Assamese script]]
| [[Bengali alphabet]]
| 12
| {{flag|Bangladesh}} (Greater [[Noakhali District|Noakhali]])<br />{{flag|India}} ([[Tripura]])
|-
! [[Rohingya language|Rohingya]]
| {{lang|ur|رُحَ࣪ڠۡگَ࣪ࢬ‎}} <br /> 𐴌𐴗𐴥𐴝𐴙𐴚𐴒𐴙𐴝 <br /> ''Ruáingga''
| [[Arabic script]] <br /> [[Hanifi script]] <br /> [[Latin script]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/rhg|title=Rohingya|publisher=Ethnologue|access-date=6 October 2020}}</ref>
|
| 2.52<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/rhg|title=Rohingya|publisher=Ethnologue|access-date=12 March 2018}}</ref>
| {{flag|Myanmar}} ([[Rakhine State]])<br />{{flag|Bangladesh}} ([[Chittagong Division]])
|-
! [[Surjapuri language|Surjapuri]]
| सुरजापुरी <br /> {{lang|rjs|সুরজাপুরী}}<br />''Surjapuri''
| [[Devanagari]] <br /> [[Bengali–Assamese script]]
| [[Bengali alphabet]]
| 2.26<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/sjp|title=Surjapuri|publisher=Ethnologue|access-date=12 March 2018}}</ref>
| {{flag|India}} ([[Bihar]], [[West Bengal]])
{{flag|Nepal}} ([[Koshi Province]])
|-
! [[Sylheti language|Sylheti]]
| <span style="font-family: 'Surma';">'''ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ'''</span> <br /> {{lang|syl|ছিলটি}} <br /> ''Siloŧi''
| [[Bengali–Assamese script]] <br /> [[Sylheti Nagari script]]
| [[Sylheti language#Phonology|Sylheti alphabet]]<ref name="syl" />
| 11.8<ref name="syl">{{cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/syl|title=Sylheti|publisher=Ethnologue|access-date=12 March 2018}}</ref>
| {{flag|Bangladesh}} ([[Sylhet Division]])<br />{{flag|India}} ([[Assam]], [[Meghalaya]], [[North Tripura]])
|-
! [[Tanchangya language|Tanchangya]]
| 𑄖𑄧𑄐𑄴𑄌𑄧𑄁𑄉𑄴𑄡 <br /> {{lang|bn|তঞ্চংগ্যা}}<br />''Toncongya''
| [[Chakma script]]<ref name="Chakma"/>
|
| 0.02<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/tnv|title=Tangchangya|publisher=Ethnologue|access-date=12 March 2018}}</ref>
| {{flag|Bangladesh}} ([[Chittagong Hill Tracts]])
|}

==Language comparison chart==
{{urs|date=April 2024}}
''* = [[loanword|borrowed terms]] (including [[tatsama]]s, [[tadbhava|ardhatatsamas]] and other borrowings)''
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%; line-height:1.25em;"
|-
! English
![[Assamese language|Assamese]]
![[Bengali language|Bengali]]
![[Chakma language|Chakma]]
![[Chittagonian language|Chittagonian]]
![[Hajong language|Hajong]]
![[Rangpuri language|Kamatapuri]]
![[Rohingya language|Rohingya]]
![[Sylheti language|Sylheti]]
|-
!beautiful
|dhunia, thogua/thouga, xundor/xundar
|śundor*
|dol
|dishar,šundor
|
|
|cúndor*, hásin*
|šundor*, kubsurot*, mayasurot
|-
!big
|daṅor/daṅar, bor
|boṛo, ḍagor, ḍaṅor
|
|đôñr
|
|boro, daṅar
|boro, ákbor*, kobira*
|boṛo
|-
!blood
|tez
|rôkto*, khun*, lohu
|lo
|lou, rôktô
|
|
|lou, hún*, kún*
|lou, roxto*, kun*
|-
!bread
|ruti (flat), pau*ruti, luf*, bred*
|pão*ruṭi, ruṭi (flat)
|
|fõruţi
|
|
|fiçá, luthi
|ruṭi (flat), luf*
|-
!brother
|bhai (younger), kokai/kaka (elder), dada (elder)*
|bhai, dada, bhaiya
|
|bái, bôdda
|
|bhai
|bái
|bái, báia
|-
!cat
|mekuri/meukri/mekur, birali/biroli, biral
|biṛal, bilai/bilei
|
|bilai/bilei, miúr
|
|
|bilai
|mekur, bilai
|-
!dark
|andhar, endhar
|ãdhar, andhar, ondhokar*
|
|ãdár
|
|
|añdár, miyonda
|andáir
|-
!daughter
|zi, mai, aapi, zhia, ziori
|maiya/meye, konna*, jhi
|
|zee, maifuā
|
|beti
|futúni, zíi
|zi, fuṛi
|-
!day
|din, bêla
|din, bêla*, roz*, dibôš*
|
|din
|
|din
|din
|din, ruz*
|-
!dog
|kukur
|kukur, kutta
|
|kuĩr, kutto
|
|
|kuñr
|atu, kutta
|-
!door
|duar*, dorza*, dar
|dôroja/dôrja*, duar*
|
|duōr, kebar
|
|duar*
|duar*
|xeir, dorza*, duar*
|-
!earth
|bhũi, p(r)ithiwi/p(r)ithibi*
|duniya*, prithibi*, dhora*, jahan*
|
|duniye,fithibi,
|
|
|duniyai*
|duniai*, dunia*, zahan*
|-
!egg
|koni, dima/dim
|ḍim, anḍa, boida*
|boda*
|đim,anḍa
|
|ḍima
|andha, dhim
|enḍa, ḍim, boida*
|-
!elephant
|hati/hathi
|hati
|
|áti
|
|hati
|áñti, háñtih
|átti
|-
!eye
|soku, sokhu
|choukh/chokh, ãkhi, noyon*, chokkhu*
|
|sóg
|
|
|suk
|soku, uki, souk
|-
!father
|deuta*, bap, büpai/bapa, pitai/pite/piti*, aba/abba/abu/abbu*
|bap, abba*, baba, abbu, pita*, waled*
|
|baf, ba,abba
|
|
|abbá*
|baf, bazi
|-
!fear
|bhoy, dor
|bhôy*, ḍor
|
|đôr
|
|
|ḍor
|ḍor
|-
!finger
|aṅuli/aṅli
|aṅgul, onguli*
|
|ôuñl
|ouñl
|
|
|aṅguil
|-
!fire
|zui, aguni*
|aguin/agun, ogni*, nar*, atosh*, anol*, pabok*, dahon*
|
|ôin*
|
|zui
|ooin*
|aguin*, nar*, atosh*
|-
!fish
|mas
|machh
|
|mas
|
|mas
|mas
|mas, mai*
|-
!food
|khüabostu*, khauni, ahar*, khayddo*, khana*
|khabar, khaon, khana*, khani*, khaddo*, ahar*
|
|hána
|
|hána, háñna
|xani
|xani
|-
!god
|bhogowan*, is(s)or*, deu, probhu*, khuda*
|khoda*, isshôr*, bhôgôban*, srishtikorta*, mabud*
|
|khúda*,rôb, ūôr ôla
|
|
|ila*, rob*, ixor*
|mobud*, mola*, rob*, xoda*, bhogòban*
|-
!good
|bhal
|bhalo/bhala
|
|bála, gôm
|bhala
|bhal
|gom
|bála
|-
!grass
|ghah, kher (hay)
|ghash, khôṛ (hay)
|
|kér
|
|ghaṣ
|kérr
|ga, gaš
|-
!hand
|hat
|hat
|
|át
|
|hat
|árt
|át
|-
!hand fan
|bisoni/biseni/bisni
|hat-pakha, biuni, bijoni
|
|bisôin, bisein
|
|
|
|bisoin, fanka
|-
!head
|mur, matha, math
|matha, shir*, kolla*
|
|mata, hôlla
|
|
|matá
|sir*, xolla*, mata
|-
!heart (emotion)
|hia, ontor*, koliza/koilza, hidoy*
|(h)ridôy*, ôntôr*, hiya, dil*, kolob*, kolija/koilja
|
|dil*, hôilze, ridôy, ôntôr
|
|
|dil*
|dil*, hia
|-
!heart (organ)
|hia, dil, amothu
|(h)ritpindô*,dil*, kolija/koilja
|
|
|
|
|dil*
|gurda
|-
!horse
|ghü̃ra/ghora
|ghoṛa
|
|gúṛa
|
|
|gúñra, gúra
|gúṛa
|-
!house
|ghor
|ghôr, baṛi, basha, khana*
|
|gór
|
|
|gor, bari
|gór, bari, xan*
|-
!hunger
|bhük/bhokh
|khudha*, khida*, khide*, bhuk
|
|búk
|
|
|búk
|buk, feto(r) buk
|-
!language
|bhaxa*, mat (call), kotha*, raw
|bhasha*, buli, jôban/zôban*
|hodá*
|basha,zúban,buli
|
|raw, bhaṣa*
|zoban*, hodá*
|mat, bul, rau, zoban*, basha*
|-
!laughter
|hãhi
|hashi
|
|aši
|
|haṣi
|
|aši
|-
!life
|zion/ziwon, ziu (soul), hayat*
|jibôn*, jindegi*, hayat*
|
|zibon,zindegi*,hayat*
|
|zibon
|
|zindegi*, zibon*, hayat*
|-
!moon
|zün, sand
|chãd/chand, chôndro*, bôdôr*, shôshi*
|
|sãn
|san
|
|san
|san(d), sondoni
|-
!mother
|ma, ai, mai, mao, ammi/amma*
|ma, amma*, ammu, waleda*, mata*, ai
|
|ma
|
|maö, ai
|
|mai, ai, maizi
|-
!mouth
|mukh*, mu-
|mukh*, mu(h)
|
|mukh*
|
|muk*
|
|muk*
|-
!name
|nam, naü
|nam
|
|nam
|
|
|nam
|nam
|-
!night
|rati, nixa*
|rat/rait, ratri*, shob*
|
|rait
|
|rati
|rait
|rait, rati, nii, shob*, lailot*
|-
!peace
|xanti*, xokah
|shanti*, aman*, salamôt*
|
|šanti*
|
|ṣanti*
|
|niraii, shanti*, salamôt*
|-
!place
|thai, zega/zaga*, than
|jayga/jaga/jega*, ṭhai, sthan*
|
|ṭai, zāga*
|
|
|
|zega*, tan
|-
!queen
|rani, madoi, patmadoi
|rani, shahbanu*
|
|rani
|
|rani
|rani
|rani, razbibi, sha(h)banu*
|-
!rest
|zironi, aram*
|aram*, bisram*, jirano*, jiron*
|
|dom*,zirôn,aram gôrôn
|
|
|
|zirani, aram*
|-
!river
|noi, gaṅ, nodi*
|nôdi*, doriya*, ɡaṅg
|
|dôijja*,dôirge
|
|
|hál
|ɡaṅg, nodi*
|-
!road
|bat, ali, rasta*, poth*
|rasta*, shoṛok, pôth*
|
|
|
|
|
|sorox, rah*, rasta*, ail, fot*
|-
!salt
|nimokh*, lün/nun
|lôbôn*, nun, nomok*
|
|lôbôn*, lun/nun
|
|
|
|nimox*, nun, lobon*
|-
!sister
|bhoni/boini/boni (younger), ba/bai (elder)
|apa*, apu/api, boin/bon, didi
|
|bóin,afa/bôbbu/dî/afu (elder)
|
|
|
|bóin, buai
|-
!small
|xoru, süto
|chhoṭo, pati
|
|guro
|
|
|
|huru, nii, kuṭimuti, gura, titkina, geda, suṭu
|-
!son
|put, pü, aapa
|chhele, putro*, put, po, bêṭa
|
|(morod) fuā, fut
|
|beṭa
|fut
|fut, fua
|-
!soul
|ziu, atma/atta*
|atta*, pran*, pôran*, ruh*, jiu
|
|foran*, rû*
|
|
|
|ru*, atma*, zaan*
|-
!sun
|beli
|shurjo*, shuruj*
|
|beil, šuroz*
|
|
|beil
|suruz*, shurzo*
|-
!ten
|doh, dos*
|dosh
|
|doš
|
|doṣ
|
|dosh, do
|-
!three
|tini
|tin
|
|tín
|
|
|tin
|tin
|-
!village
|gaü̃
|gram*, gã, gão
|
|geram
|
|
|
|gau
|-
!waist
|kõkal/kakal
|komor*, maja
|
|keĩl
|
|
|keñil
|xomor*, xaxal
|-
!water
|pani
|pani, jôl*
|
|fani
|pani
|pani, zol*
|faní
|fani, ab*, tam
|-
!when
|ketia/kitia/kita, kethan/kethen, kesen, ketiyake
|kôkhôn, kobe, kon shômôy*, kon bêla
|
|hótte
|
|könbela
|
|kunbala(n->m), kunomoy
|-
!wind
|botah/batah
|batash*, hawa*, ba/bao, bayu*, bat*, anil*
|
|ába*, bataš*
|
|
|
|boyar, batash*, hawa*
|-
!wolf
|kukurnesia bagh, xial (jackal, fox)
|nekṛe-bagh, sheyal/shiyal (jackal, fox)
|
|neṛi kutta
|
|
|
|atubag, hial (jackal, fox)
|-
!woman
|maiki manuh, tiri*, tirüta, mohila*
|mohila*, nari*, beṭi manush, chheri
|
|maiye fua,maifuā (soft)
|
|beṭi saöa
|
|beṭi, moíla*
|-
!year
|bosor, son*
|bochhor, shal*, borsho*, botshor*
|
|bosor
|
|bosor
|
|fira, bosor, son*, shal*
|-
!yes
|hoy, o, ü̃, mm
|hê/hễ, ji*, agge, hã
|
|ô, ôy
|
|
|ô, ôy
|óe, i, zi* óe
|-
!no
|nohoy, nai, ühü, na
|na, nai/nae/nei, noy, non
|
|nô, nôy
|
|
|nô, nôy
|na, nai, nay
|-
!yesterday
|kali, züa-kali/zawa-kali
|(goto*-)kal(-ke), (gelo-)kal(-ke),kal(-ke)
|
|goto* hail, goto* halia
|
|
|
|(gese-)xail(-ku), xail(-ku)
|-
!English
![[Assamese language|Assamese]]
![[Bengali language|Bengali]]
![[Chakma language|Chakma]]
![[Chittagonian language|Chittagonian]]
![[Hajong language|Hajong]]
![[Rangpuri language|Kamatapuri]]
![[Rohingya language|Rohingya]]
![[Sylheti language|Sylheti]]
|-
|}
''* = [[loanword|borrowed terms]] (including [[tatsama]]s, [[ardhatatsama]]s and other borrowings)''

===Verbs===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%; line-height:1.25em;"
|-
! English
![[Assamese language|Assamese]]
![[Sylheti language|Sylheti]]
![[Bengali language|Bengali]]
![[Chakma language|Chakma]]
![[Chittagonian language|Chittagonian]]
![[Rangpuri language|Kamatapuri]]
![[Rohingya language|Rohingya]]
![[Hajong language|Hajong]]
|-
!ask
|xudh-, xudhpus kor- (investigate)
|zika-, fus-, zar-
|jiggaśa kor-, puchh-, puch kor-, jiggesh kor-, jiga-
|
|pũsar ɡor-
|
|
|
|-
!bite
|kamür-, kamür mar-
|xamṛa-, xamor maeth[4r]bh=['r45t6h[=]uj[kp=r-
|kamoṛ mar-, kamṛa-
|
|hõr-
|
|
|
|-
!blow
|phu de-, phuk-, phu kor-
|fu de-, hu de-
|phu deua-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!breathe
|uxah lo-
|dom lo-
|šãš ne-, šãš lo-, dôm ne-, dôm lo-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!bring
|an-
|an-
|an-
|
|an-
|
|
|
|-
!can
|par-
|far-
|par-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!catch
|dhor-
|dór-
|dhôr-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!come
|ah-
|a-
|aś-
|
|a-
|
|a-
|ah-
|-
!count
|gon-, hisap kor-, gonti kor-
|gon-, isab xor-
|gon-, hišab kôr-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!cry
|kand-, kan-
|xand-, xan-
|kãd-
|
|hãd-
|
|
|
|-
!cut
|kat-
|xaṭ-
|kaṭ-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!do
|kor-
|xor-
|kôr-
|
|gor-
|
|ɡor-
|
|-
!die
|mor-, dhuka-
|mor-
|môr-
|
|mor-
|
|
|
|-
!dig
|khand-
|kur-, kus-
|khõṛ-, khõc-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!drink
|kha-, pi kha-, pi-
|xa-, fia xa-, fi-
|kha-, pan kor-, pi-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!eat
|kha-
|xa-
|kha-
|
|
|
|há-
|
|-
!fall
|por-
|foṛ-
|poṛ-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!fear
|bhoy kha-, dora-
|ḍora-
|bhoy pa-, ḍora-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!fight
|zũz-, maramari/moramori kor-
|mair xor-, xaijja xor-
|maramari kor-, jhogṛa kôr-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!float
|üpoṅ-, bhah-
|bai-, bo-
|bhaš-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!flow
|bo-
|bo-
|bo-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!fly
|ur-
|uṛ-
|uṛ-
|
|ur-
|
|ur-
|
|-
!give
|de-, di-
|de-, di-
|de-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!go
|za-, ɡo-/ge-
|za-, ɡo-, ɡe-
|ja-, ɡe-
|
|za-, zo-
|
|za-, zo-
|
|-
!happen
|ho-
|ó-
|ho-
|
|ó-
|
|
|
|-
!hear
|xun-
|hun-
|śun-
|
|un-
|
|
|
|-
!hit
|mar-, pit-, kila-
|mar-, fiț-, kila-
|mar-, kela-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!kill
|mar-, mari pela-
|mar-, mari de-
|mar-, mere fel-, mariya fal-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!know
|zan-
|zan-
|jan-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!laugh
|hãh-
|aś-
|haś-
|
|aś-
|
|
|
|-
!learn
|xik-, xikh-
|hik-
|śekh-, śikh-
|
|
|
|
|hik-
|-
!lie (in bed)
|baɡor-, kati ho-, bisonat/bisnat por-
|xait o-, hut-
|shuye por-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!live
|thak-, zi(ai) thak-, tik-, basi thak-
|tax-, zia-, basi tax-
|thak-, jibito thak-, jinda thak-, bece thak-, bãchiya thak-
|
|thah-
|
|
|
|-
!look
|sa-
|sa-
|dekh-, ca-, taka-
|
|sa-
|
|
|
|-
!open
|khul-
|kúa-
|khol-, khul-
|
|uid-, khúl-
|
|
|
|-
!play
|khel-
|xél-
|khel-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!pull
|tan-
|ṭan-
|ṭan-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!push
|thel-
|ṭel-, dekka-
|ṭhel-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!read
|porh/poh/por-
|foṛ-
|poṛ-
|
|foṛ-
|
|
|
|-
!run
|dour-, daur-
|douṛ-
|douṛa-, choṭ-, chuṭ-
|
|dũr-
|
|
|
|-
!say
|ko-, mat-, bul-
|xo-, mat-
|bol-, ko-
|ho-
|ho-
|
|
|
|-
!scratch
|ãsür-
|xawza-, xamsa-
|ãcoṛ de-, ãcṛa-, khamca-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!see
|dekh-
|dex-
|dekh-
|
|sa-
|
|
|
|-
!sew
|xi-, sila-, bo- (weave)
|sia-
|śela-, śila
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!sing
|ɡa-, gan ga-
|ɡa-
|ɡa-, gan ga-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!sit
|boh-
|bo-
|boś-
|
|bo-
|
|
|
|-
!sleep
|xu-, ɡhuma-, tüponi za/mar-
|hut-, ɡúma-
|ɡhuma-, śo-, śu-
|
|ɡhum za-
|
|
|
|-
!smell
|xuṅ-
|huṅ(ɡ)-
|śũk-, śõk-
|
|ũ-
|
|
|
|-
!spit
|thu pela-, pik-, pik pela-
|sef fal-, fik fal- (betel nut/leaf)
|thu phel-, thu phal-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!split
|phal-
|atra-
|bhag kor-, bhang-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!squeeze
|sep-, hẽs-
|sif-
|cap-, pesh-, cip-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!stand
|thio ho-, thia-
|uba-
|dãṛa-, khaṛa-
|
|
|thio-
|tía-
|
|-
!stab
|khũs-, han-
|kus-, gauua-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!suck
|suh-, sup-, xüh-
|sua-
|chosh-, chush-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!swell
|
|ful-, fit-
|
|
|phuler
|
|
|
|-
!swim
|xatũr-
|hatra-
|śatar kor-, shatra-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!think
|bhab-, sinta kor-, sint-
|bab-, sinta xor-, mone kôr-
|bhab-, cinta kôr-, mone kôr-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!throw
|dolia-
|ița-, iṭa mar-
|chõṛ-, ḍhêla mar-, dol-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!tie
|bandh-
|ban(d)-
|bãdh-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!vomit
|bomi kor-
|bait xor-
|bomi kor-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!walk
|khüz karh-, bul-
|aṭ-
|hãṭ-
|
|ãd-
|
|
|
|-
!want
|lag-, bisar-
|maɡ-, sa-
|ca-
|
|sa-
|
|
|
|-
!wash
|dhu-
|dó-
|dho-
|
|
|
|dú-
|
|-
!wipe
|mos-, müs-
|fus-, mus-
|moch-, much-, poch-, puch-
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!English
![[Assamese language|Assamese]]
![[Sylheti language|Sylheti]]
![[Bengali language|Bengali]]
![[Chakma language|Chakma]]
![[Chittagonian language|Chittagonian]]
![[Rangpuri language|Kamatapuri]]
![[Rohingya language|Rohingya]]
![[Hajong language|Hajong]]
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[Bangladeshi Manipuri language]]
* [[Assamese Manipuri language]]
== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
* {{citation |last1=Hajong |first1=Abonis |last2=Phillips |first2=D |last3=Phillips |first3=V |title=Hajong–English Phrase Book |publisher=SIL International |year=2008 |url=https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/17/94/43/17944307071856830681259992851645036622/Hajong_Phrasebook.pdf}}
* {{cite journal |last=Pradhani |first=Jyotirmoy |title=Resonance of Identity in Rajbanshi Poetry |journal=The NEHU Journal |volume=X |number=1 |year=2012 |url=http://dspace.nehu.ac.in/bitstream/1/7719/1/Resonance%20of%20Identity.pdf}}
{{refend}}

{{Eastern Indo-Aryan languages}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bengali-Assamese languages}}
[[Category:Eastern Indo-Aryan languages]]
[[Category:Indo-Aryan languages]]
[[Category:History of the Bengali language]]

INS Malvan (1983)

2026-05-02T04:24:24Z

CrystleBreinl34:

{{Short description| Retired Mahe-class minesweeper of the Indian Navy}}{{other ships|INS Malvan}}{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
|image=
|image_caption=
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
|hide_header=
|country=India
|flag={{shipboxflag|India|naval}}
|name= INS Malvan (M 84)
|namesake= [[Malvan]]
|owner=
|operator=
|registry=
|route=
|ordered=
|awarded=
|builder=[[Leningrad]], [[USSR]]
|original_cost=
|yard_number=
|way_number=
|laid_down=
|launched=
|sponsor=
|christened=
|completed=
|acquired=
|commissioned=16 May 1983
|recommissioned=
|decommissioned= 5 Jan 2003
|maiden_voyage=
|in_service=
|out_of_service=
|renamed=
|reclassified=
|refit=
|struck=
|reinstated=
|homeport= [[Kochi, India|Kochi]]
|identification=
|motto=
|nickname=
|honours=
|honors=
|captured=
|status=Decommissioned
|notes=
|badge=
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
|hide_header=
|header_caption=
| class = [[Mahé-class minesweeper]]
|type=
|tonnage=
|displacement=100 tons full load
|length=26  m
|beam=5.5 m
|height=
|draught=1.5 m
|draft=
|depth=
|hold_depth=
|decks=
|deck_clearance=
|ramps=
|ice_class=
|power=
|propulsion= Two diesel engines with 600 hp sustained and 2 shafts<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Mahe.html |title=Mahé {Yevgenya} Class |accessdate=2010-05-28 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090331031448/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Mahe.html |archivedate=31 March 2009}}</ref>
|sail_plan=
|speed= {{convert|12|kn|km/h|0}}
|range= {{convert|300|nmi|km|1}} at {{convert|10|kn|km/h|0}}
|endurance=
|test_depth=
|boats=
|capacity=
|troops=
|complement=10
|crew=25
|time_to_activate=
|sensors=MG-7 sonar
|EW=
|armament= 2 x 25mm/80 twin guns
|armour=
|armor=
|aircraft=
|aircraft_facilities=
|notes=*Primarily used for: Inshore mine sweeping,
*Harbor defense,
*Coastal patrolling.
}}
}}

'''INS ''Malvan''''' was an Indian Naval [[minesweeper]], named after a port in Malabar coast [[Malvan]]. She remained in service until decommissioned at Naval Base, [[Kochi, India|Kochi]] on 5 January 2003.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/m-mahe.htm|title = Mahé Class}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Mahé-class minesweeper}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Malvan, INS}}
[[Category:Mahé-class minesweepers]]
[[Category:Ships built in Saint Petersburg]]

{{mil-ship-stub}}

Jamalpur, Khagaria

2026-05-01T22:16:30Z

CrystleBreinl34: Creating new entry w/ refs.

{{About|a village in Khagaria district, Bihar, India|other items with the same name|Jamalpur (disambiguation){{!}}Jamalpur}}{{Short description|Village in Bihar, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jamalpur
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = Bihar#India
| coordinates = {{coord|25|26|29|N|86|39|22|E|region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Community development block|Block]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Khagaria district|Khagaria]]
| subdivision_name3 = Gogri
| government_type = [[Sarpanch]]
| area_total_km2 = 13.84
| elevation_m = 42
| population_total = 30972
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Local
| demographics1_info1 = [[Angika language|Angika]], [[Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 851203
| area_code = 06245
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in India|STD code]]
| registration_plate = BR-34
}}
'''Jamalpur''' is a village in [[Khagaria district]] of [[Bihar]], [[India]]. It is situated on the southeast of the district headquarter [[Khagaria]], along the [[National Highway 31 (India)|National Highway 31]]. As of the year 2011, it had a population of 30,972.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Population finder 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/population-finder |access-date=8 November 2023 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Jamalpur is located to the south of [[Kosi River]] and to the north of the [[Ganges]]. It covers an area of 1384 hectares.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/278/download/762/DH_2011_1021_PART_A_DCHB_KHAGARIA.pdf |title=Census of India 2011 Bihar District Census Handbook Khagaria |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Bihar |page=236 |access-date=8 November 2023}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
According to [[2011 census of India]], there were a total of 5,985 households within Jamalpur. Among the 30,972 residents, 16,551 were males and 14,431 were females. The working population constituted 29.29% of the overall population. The literacy rate was 47.53%, with 7,795 of the male residents and 8,456 of the female residents being literate.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Villages in Khagaria district]]

{{Khagaria-geo-stub}}

Tenali Sravan Kumar

2026-04-24T18:09:17Z

CrystleBreinl34: Created First Bio Basic Info

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Tenali Sravan Kumar
| birth_name =
| image =
| caption =
| office = Member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| predecessor = [[Dokka Manikya Vara Prasada Rao]]
| successor = [[Vundavalli Sridevi]]
| term_start = 2014
| term_end = 2019
| constituency = [[Tadikonda Assembly constituency|Tadikonda]]
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| parents = Johannes (father) and Annamma (mother)
| spouse = Madhavi Latha
| children = Aproova and Anurag
| term_start1 = 2024
| predecessor1 = [[Undavalli Sridevi|Vundavalli Sridevi]]
| constituency1 = [[Tadikonda Assembly constituency|Tadikonda]]
| office1 = Member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
}}

'''Tenali Sravan Kumar''' is an [[India]]n politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=ABN |date=2021-07-06 |title=ఆఘనత చంద్రబాబుదే..: తెనాలి శ్రావణ్ కుమార్ |url=https://www.andhrajyothy.com/2021/andhra-pradesh/tenali-shravan-kumar-fires-on-cm-jagan-400895.html |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=Andhrajyothy Telugu News |language=te}}</ref> He served as MLA from [[Tadikonda]] assembly constituency, [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-01-03 |title=Permission for Guntur meeting was sought by TDP district unit: Police |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/amaravati/permission-for-guntur-meeting-was-sought-by-tdp-district-unit-police/articleshow/96696693.cms |access-date=2023-03-26 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He later became President of Guntur Parliamentary Constituency, [[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]] Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web |author=P. R. Desk |date=2022-06-22 |title=తుళ్లూరు సి.ఆర్ డిఏ ఆఫీస్ ఎదుట టీడీపీ మాజీ శాసనసభ్యులు తెనాలి శ్రావణ్ కుమార్ ఆధ్వర్యంలో రైతుల నిరసన.. |url=https://telugustop.com/farmers-protest-at-tulluru-crda-office-under-tdp-former-mla-tenali-shravan-kumar |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=TeluguStop.com}}</ref> He lost by 4083 votes in the 2019 state legislative assembly elections to [[YSR Congress Party|YSRCP]] candidate [[Vundavalli Sridevi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tadikonda Assembly Election Results 2019 Live: Tadikonda Constituency (Seat) Election Results, Live News. |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2019/andhra-pradesh/tadikonda-election-result-s01a086/ |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=News18}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Tenali Sravan Kumar was born in Guntur District. His father was Tenali Johnnes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tenali Sravan Kumar(TDP):Constituency- TADIKONDA (SC)(GUNTUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/andhrapradesh2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=4829 |access-date=2023-03-26 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Political career ==
* 2014- 2019: [[Tadikonda]] Constituency MLA from [[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]].
* 2019: Contested as an MLA from [[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]] and lost with 4083 votes.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:Politicians from Guntur district]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]

{{AndhraPradesh-TDP-politician-stub}}

Trigarta

2026-04-24T17:32:28Z

CrystleBreinl34:

{{Short description|Ancient Indo-Aryan kingdom}}
{{use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{use Indian English|date=February 2016}}

'''Trigarta''' was an ancient [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] kingdom based in the region between [[Jalandhar district|Jalandhar]] and [[Kangra district|Kangra]]. According to the ancient Indian epic ''[[Mahabharata]],'' its king [[Susharma|Susarman]], who ruled the kingdom from [[Prasthala]], participated in the [[Kurukshetra War]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Hutchison |first1=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3btDw4S2FmYC&dq=Trigarta+territory&pg=PA55 |title=History of the Panjab Hill States |last2=Vogel |first2=Jean Philippe |date=1994 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-0942-6 |page=104 |language=en |quote=The first name which may be regarded as possibly historical is that of Susarma-Chandra, the 284th from the founder, called Susarman in the Mahabharata, who is believed to have reigned at the time of the Great War and figures as an ally of the Kauravas.}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Prior to the [[Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent]], Trigarta encompassed the territory situated between the [[Sutlej]] and [[Ravi River|Ravi]] rivers in the outer hills, extending to the [[Jalandhar Doab]] in the south, as outlined by [[J. Ph. Vogel]]. Their territory held two principal capitals, [[Kangra district|Kangra]] and [[Jalandhar]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Hutchison |first1=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3btDw4S2FmYC&dq=Trigarta+territory&pg=PA55 |title=History of the Panjab Hill States |last2=Vogel |first2=Jean Philippe |date=1994 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-0942-6 |page=99 |language=en |quote=The kingdom of Jalandhara or Trigarta, at the time of its greatest expansion, previous to the Muhammadan invasions in the beginning of the eleventh century, probably comprised almost all the country between the Satluj and the Ravi in the outer hills, except Kulu, and also the Jalandhar Doab on the plains. At that early period the State seems to have included two great provinces, under the above names, of which the capital was at Jalandhara, with a subordinate capital at Nagarkot or Kangra.}}</ref>

The etymology of Trigarta has been understood to mean 'The Land of the Three Rivers', referring to the Sutlej, Ravi and [[Beas River|Beas]] in modern-day [[Punjab]]. However, it has also been thought to represent the three tributaries of the Beas in the [[Kangra district]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Hutchison |first1=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3btDw4S2FmYC&dq=Trigarta+territory&pg=PA55 |title=History of the Panjab Hill States |last2=Vogel |first2=Jean Philippe |date=1994 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-0942-6 |pages=102 |language=en |quote=The alternative name for the kingdom of Jalandhara in the ancient documents is Trigarta, meaning the land of the three rivers, but the common interpretation of the name, as referring to the Bavi, Bias and Sutlej, is open to question. In those documents the name Trigarta is always applied to the Lower Bias Valley that is, Kangra Proper and on the whole it seems much more probable that the reference is to the three main tributaries of the Bias, which water the Kangra District. These are, the Banganga, Kurali and Nayagul, which unite at Haripur, under the name of Trigadh, wnicn is the same as Trigar, and fall into the Bias opposite Siba Fort.}}</ref>

== History ==

=== Ancient ===
The earliest documented reference to Trigarta is found in the works of [[Pāṇini]], in which he characterizes it as a martial republic consisting of a confederation of six states. As per the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', Trigarta encompassed seven states, indicating the possibility that one state had either seceded from the union or amalgamated with another state.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thakur |first=Molu Ram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JH-gI4ncuZ4C&dq=panini+trigarta&pg=PA15 |title=Myths, Rituals, and Beliefs in Himachal Pradesh |date=1997 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-071-2 |page=15 |language=en |quote=In his book Ashtadhyayi, generally dated to the 5th century B.C. Panini has described Trigarta as a martial republic and a confederation of six states...Again in the Mahabarata there is a reference to the seven ganas of Trigarta which may mean that at the time of the epic there were seven constituent units of Trigarta and by the time of Panini one of these units must have either gained freedom or merged with another unit.}}</ref>

The [[Audumbaras]], a neighbouring tribal group, are mentioned in the ''[[Vishnu Purana]]'' as being linked with the Trigarta.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vogel |first=J. Ph |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.38533 |title=History Of The Panjab Hill States Vol. 1 |date=1933 |page=215-216 |quote=According to Panini, any country in which the Udumbara flourishes may be called Audumbara. This is true of the Nurpur district in which the glomerous fig tree is common... in the Vishnu Purana they are coupled with the Trigartas and Kulindas}}</ref> [[J. Ph. Vogel]] notes that during the Early Ghaznavid period, remnants of the [[Audumbaras]] persisted, referred to in its corrupt form by [[Al-Biruni]] as "Dahamala", suggesting a fusion of the Audumbaras with the Trigarta.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vogel |first=J. Ph |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.38533 |title=History Of The Panjab Hill States Vol. 1 |date=1933 |pages=216 |quote=Its next mention is by Abu Rihan who calls it ' Dahamala the capital of Jalandhara,’ from which I conclude that the district had been annexed by its more powerful neighbour of Trigarta or Kangra.}}</ref>

==== ''Mahabharata'' ====
Trigarta is mentioned in the epic ''[[Mahabharata]]''. It mentions two different Trigarta kingdoms: one in the west, close to the [[Sivi kingdom]], and the other north of the [[Kuru kingdom]]. Modern [[Kangra district|Kangra]] is one of the ancient towns in North Trigarta, extending westward to the [[Punjab]] area. [[Multan]] was the capital of Trigarta, with its original name being Mulasthan.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Hutchison |first1=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3btDw4S2FmYC&dq=Trigarta+territory&pg=PA55 |title=History of the Panjab Hill States |last2=Vogel |first2=Jean Philippe |date=1994 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-0942-6 |page=105 |language=en |quote=The original seat of the family is said to be Multan... After the great war they lost their lands in Multan}}</ref> The territory of Trigarta kingdom is around the three rivers of Sutlej, Beas, and Ravi. Trigarta kings were allies of [[Duryodhana]] and enemies of the [[Pandava]]s and [[Virata kingdom|Viratas]]. Their capital was named [[Prasthala]]. They attacked the Virata kingdom aided by the Kurus to steal cattle from there. The Pandavas living there in anonymity helped the Viratas to resist the combined forces of Trigartas and Kurus. Trigarta kings fought the [[Kurukshetra War]] and were killed by [[Arjuna]], after a ruthless and bloody conflict. Arjuna also annihilated an [[akshauhini]] (a large military unit) of Trigarta warriors called the ''Samsaptakas''. These warriors had vowed to either die or kill Arjuna as part of a larger plan by Duryodhana to capture [[Yudhishthira]] alive.<ref>{{cite book |last=Narayan |first=R. K. |title=The Mahabharata: A Shortened Modern Prose Version of the Indian Epic |publisher=University Of Chicago Press |year=2000 |pages=151–166}}</ref>

Trigarta next finds mention in the ''Mahabharata''<nowiki/>'s [[Sabha Parva]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gadkari |first1=Jayant |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zst_7qaatp8C&pg=PA65 |title=Society and Religion: From Rugveda to Puranas |date=1 October 1996 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=9788171547432 |page=65 |access-date=10 January 2017}}</ref> where it is included along with a number of other states of the time. According to the historical consensus, the Mahabharata was first penned down around the 4th century B.C. and continued to be written until the 4th century A.D. having existed in oral form prior to this.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hopkins |first1=Edward Washburn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-H0eiuvcG5IC&pg=PA1 |title=Epic Mythology |date=1 June 1968 |publisher=Biblo & Tannen Publishers |isbn=9780819602282 |page=1 |access-date=10 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Hiltebeitel |first1=Alf |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jch6VZHb07QC&pg=PA15 |title=Rethinking the Mahabharata: A Reader's Guide to the Education of the Dharma King |date=30 October 2001 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=9780226340531 |page=15}}</ref> The founder of Trigarta is mentioned as Susarma/Susharman in the Mahabharata.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Saklani |first1=Dinesh Prasad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tK5y4iPArKQC&pg=PA45 |title=Ancient Communities of the Himalaya |date=20 March 1998 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=9788173870903 |edition=1998 |page=45 |access-date=10 January 2017}}</ref> He is credited with building the [[Kangra Fort]] (Nagarkot) and Kangra was originally called Susarmapura by a variety of Sanskrit, Buddhist, Jain sources prior to the Muslim period.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kapoor |first1=Subodh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8897ridkczoC&pg=PA633 |title=Encyclopaedia of Ancient Indian Geography, Volume 2 |publisher=Genesis Publishing Pvt Ltd |isbn=9788177552997 |edition=2002 |page=633}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Deambi |first1=Bhushan Kumar Kaul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e-wvAAAAIAAJ |title=Corpus of Śāradā Inscriptions of Kashmir: With Special Reference to Origin and Development of Śāradā Script |publisher=Agam Kala Prakashan |edition=1982 |access-date=10 January 2017}}</ref>

==== Other texts ====
Along with the Greeks, the following groups were described as Vratya-[[Kshatriya|Kshatriyas]] or [[Mleccha|Mlechhas]]: [[Dravida kingdom|Dravida]], [[Abhira people|Abhira]], Sabara, [[Kirata]], [[Malavas|Malava]], [[Sivi kingdom|Sibi]], ''Trigarta'', and [[Yaudheya]]. Historians note several references to Trigarta in the period between its mention by Pāṇini in the 5th century B.C. and the 5th century A.D., when [[Samudragupta]] invaded Trigarta along with various other kingdoms.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Thapar |first1=Romila |date=20 March 1971 |title=The Image of the Barbarian in Early India |journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History |edition=1971 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |volume=13 |issue=4 |page=420 |doi=10.1017/S0010417500006393 |jstor=178208}}</ref>

=== Medieval ===

==== Xuanzang ====
After Samudragupta, the next reference to Trigarta comes from Xuanzang, who records that Jalandhar was ruled by Udito. Xuanzang visited Jalandhara in 635 A.D. and noted that the country measured about 1,000 ''li'' (approximately 267 km) from north to south.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Jeratha|first1=Aśoka|title=Forts and Palaces of the Western Himalaya|date=20 March 2024 |publisher=Indus Publishing|isbn=9788173871047|page=21|edition=2000|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l2oZiyOqReoC&pg=PA21|access-date=10 January 2017}}</ref>

==== Chamba inscription and invasion by Ghazni ====
In the 8th century A.D., the Trigarta rulers acknowledged the supremacy of the [[Karkota dynasty]] of [[Kashmir]], a fact also recorded in the ''[[Rajatarangini]]''. From the 9th to the 11th century, several references to Trigarta appear, one of the most important being a 10th-century Chamba inscription that records the Trigarta raja being subdued by Sahilavarman and subsequently becoming his ally. During this period, in 1009 A.D., [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] entered the Kangra fort while the Kangra forces were away at war. The ruler at the time was Jagdish Chandra.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Deambi|first1=BK Kaul|title=History and Culture of Ancient Gandhara and Western Himalayas|date=20 March 1990 |publisher=Ariana Publishing House|isbn=9788185347066|page=47|edition=1985|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/221978244/History-and-Culture-of-Ancient-Gandhara-and-Western-Himalayas-B-K-Kaul-Deambi|access-date=10 January 2017}}</ref>

The Trigarta capital was moved from Jalandhara to [[Nagarkot]] (Kangra) in 1070 A.D., largely because Jalandhar was in frequent contact with various ambitious invading forces passing through the region on their way to central India.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Mian Goverdhan|title=Wooden Temples of Himachal Pradesh|date=20 March 1999 |publisher=Indus Publishing|isbn=9788173870941|page=34|edition=1999|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QgZFhkVINvkC&pg=PA34}}</ref>

Moreover, [[Firishta]] recounts that in the 1st century A.D., Raja Ram Deo of [[Kannauj|Kanauj]] overran the hill regions but spared both the [[Kumaon Kingdom|Kumaon]] and Nagarkot rajas after each offered their daughters in marriage.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Charak|first1=Sukh Dev Singh|title=Indian Conquest of the Himalayan Territories|year=1978|publisher=Ajaya Prakashan|page=[https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12482/page/n23 19]|edition=1978|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12482}}</ref>

==== Katoch dynasty ====
The [[Katoch]] dynasty of [[Kangra State]] claimed to be an offshoot of the Trigartas.

== See also ==
* [[Kingdoms of Ancient India]]
* [[Kangra State]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*[[Mahabharata]] of [[Krishna Dwaipayana Vyasa]], translated to English by Kisari Mohan Ganguli

==External links==
{{Tribes and kingdoms of the Mahabharata}}

[[Category:Kingdoms in the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Kangra, Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian monarchies]]

Aman Giri

2026-04-24T11:52:34Z

CrystleBreinl34: Done...

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1996)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Aman Giri
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| constituency = [[Gola Gokrannath Assembly constituency|Gola Gokrannath]]
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly, Uttar Pradesh]]
| term_start = 6 November 2022
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Arvind Giri]]
| successor =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1996|6|1|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Gola Gokarannath]], Uttar Pradesh, India
| parents = Late. [[Arvind Giri]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| alma_mater =
| occupation = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| profession = Politician
}}

'''Aman Giri''' ({{langx|hi|अमन गिरी}}) (born 1 June 1996) is an Indian politician and currently serving [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from the [[16th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|16th Legislative Assembly]]. He represented the [[Gola Gokrannath Assembly constituency]] in [[Gola Gokarannath]], [[Lakhimpur district]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/lakhimpur-kheri-lakhimpur-news-aman-giri-declared-candidate-of-bjp-gola-gokarnanath-by-election-23126144.html|title=Gola Gokarnanath By Election: कौन हैं अमन गिरि जिन्हें भाजपा ने दी पिता की विरासत संभालने की जिम्मेदारी}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://myneta.info/uttarpradesh2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=4852|title=National Election Watch|publisher=myneta.info}}</ref>

==Political career==
Giri contested [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] as [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate from [[Gola Gokrannath Assembly constituency]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/lucknow-city-bjp-mla-aman-giri-newly-elected-mla-from-gola-gokarannath-aman-giri-took-oath-23218230.html|title=BJP MLA Aman Giri: लखीमपुर खीरी के गोला गोकर्णनाथ से नवनिर्वाचित विधायक अमन गिरि ने ली शपथ}}</ref> and defeated his close contestant [[Vinay Tiwari]] from [[Samajwadi Party]] with a margin of 35500 votes.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://theprint.in/politics/bjp-candidate-aman-giri-wins-gola-gokarnnath-bypolls-in-up/1201094/|title=BJP candidate Aman Giri wins Gola Gokarnnath bypolls in UP}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://uplegisassembly.gov.in/Members/main_members_hi.aspx#/Data/18404/18|title=उत्तर प्रदेश विधानसभा की बेवसाइट पर अमन गिरि का प्रोफाइल}}</ref> From 6 November 2022 he has become member of the [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly|18th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/in-up-s-gola-gokarnnath-bypoll-bjp-s-aman-giri-retains-father-s-seat-101667718737251.html|title=In UP's Gola Gokarnnath bypoll, BJP's Aman Giri retains father's seat}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/gola-gokarannath-by-election-results-2022-date-time-how-to-check-live-counting-results-online-article-95320541|title=Gola Gokarannath By-Election Results 2022: BJP's Aman Giri reclaims his father's seat in UP}}</ref>

==Posts held==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !! From !! To !! Position !! Comments
|-
| 01 || 2022 || Incumbent || Member, [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly|18th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]] || Elected in Bypoll
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Giri, Aman}}
[[Category:1996 births]]
[[Category:People from Lakhimpur Kheri district]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{UttarPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

2025–26 Mumbai Premier League

2026-04-22T11:45:45Z

CrystleBreinl34: Info...

{{Short description|113th season of the Mumbai Football League}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox football league season
| competition = [[Mumbai Premier League]]
| season = [[2025–26 in Indian football|2025–26]]
| dates = 1 December 2025 –<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumbai Premier League 2025–26 Tentative Groups Revealed|url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2025/thrilling-battles-await-as-mumbai-premier-league-2025-26-tentative-groups-revealed/|website=www.footballcounter.com |date=8 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
| winners =
| promoted =
| relegated =
| matches =
| total goals =
| league topscorer =
| best goalkeeper =
| biggest home win =
| biggest away win =
| highest scoring =
| longest wins =
| longest unbeaten =
| longest winless =
| longest losses =
| highest attendance =
| lowest attendance =
| average attendance =
| prevseason = [[2024–25 Mumbai Premier League|2024–25]]
| nextseason = [[2026–27 Mumbai Premier League|2026–27]]
| updated =
}}

The '''2025–26 Mumbai Premier League''' is the 113th season of the regional [[association football|football]] league run by the [[Mumbai Football Association]] in [[Mumbai]]. It represents the seventh tier of the [[Indian football league system]] after formation of the [[Maharashtra State Senior Men's Football League]]. [[India On Track FC]] are the defending champions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumbai Premier League: IOT crowned Champions in final day title decider against MYJ-GM|url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2025/mumbai-premier-league-iot-crowned-champions-in-final-day-title-decider-against-myj-gm/|access-date=2025-04-14 |website=footballcounter.com|date=14 April 2025|language=en-UK}}</ref>

==Venue==
Matches are played at [[Neville D'Souza#Legacy|Neville D'Souza Football Turf]] in [[Bandra]].

==Teams==
20 teams are participating in the 2025–26 edition of the Mumbai Premier League.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumbai Premier League 2025–26 Tentative Groups Revealed|url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2025/thrilling-battles-await-as-mumbai-premier-league-2025-26-tentative-groups-revealed/|website=www.footballcounter.com |date=8 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Why This MFA Premier League 2025 Season Feels Different|url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2025/why-this-mfa-premier-league-2025-season-feels-different/|website=www.footballcounter.com |date=14 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>https://www.footballcounter.com/2025/mumbai-premier-league-2025-26-set-to-kick-off-on-december-1/</ref>

{{location map+
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|float=right
|width=420
|caption=2025–26 Mumbai Premier League teams
|places=


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{{nowrap|[[Maharashtra Oranje FC|Oranje]]}}
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{{location map~ |Mumbai
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{{nowrap|Kalina Rangers}}
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{{nowrap|[[Reliance Foundation Youth Sports#Reliance Foundation Young Champs|Reliance]]}}
</div>
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}}


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{{nowrap|[[Mumbai Kenkre FC|Mumbai Kenkre]]}}
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{{nowrap|Iron Born}}
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[[Millat FC|Millat]]
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{{nowrap|DK Flag}}
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{{location map~ |Mumbai
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MSP
</div>
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{{location map~ |Mumbai
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Sellebrity
</div>
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{{location map~ |Mumbai
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|label=<div style="font-size:95%; background-color: rgba(255,255,255,0.4); padding: 1px;">
{{nowrap|[[Mumbai City FC Reserves and Academy|Mumbai City]]}}
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}}


{{location map~ |Mumbai
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{{nowrap|[[India On Track FC|IOT]]}}
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{{location map~ |Mumbai
|lat=18.937320 |long=72.830847
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[[Bombay Gymkhana]]
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|position=left
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{{location map~ |Mumbai
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[[MYJ–GMSC]]
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{{location map~ |Mumbai
|lat=19.097516 |long=72.841124
|label=<div style="font-size:95%; background-color: rgba(255,255,255,0.4); padding: 1px;">
CFCI
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{{location map~ |Mumbai
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ICL
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{{location map~ |Mumbai
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Waves
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{{location map~ |Mumbai
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Mumbai Ultras
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{{nowrap|'''[[Neville D'Souza#Legacy|Neville D'Souza Turf]]'''}}
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'''[[South Mumbai]]'''
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'''{{nowrap|South Mumbai teams}}'''<br>
{{nowrap|[[File:Red pog.svg|8px]] [[Karnataka State Football Association|Hope United]]}}<br>
{{nowrap|[[File:Red pog.svg|8px]] [[Mumbay FC|Mumbay]]}}<br>
{{nowrap|[[File:Red pog.svg|8px]] [[PIFA Sports FC|PIFA Colaba]]}}<br>
</div>
|position=right
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}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Teams
!Location
|-
|Mumbai Soccer Prodigies
|[[Bandra]]
|-
|[[MYJ–GMSC]]
|[[Orlem]]
|-
|[[PIFA F.C.|PIFA]]
|[[Colaba]]
|-
|[[Maharashtra Oranje FC|Maharashtra Oranje]]
|[[Powai]]
|-
|Community Football Club India
|[[Vile Parle]]
|-
|[[Karnataka State Football Association|Hope United]]
|[[Churchgate]]
|-
|Sellebrity
|[[Bandra]]
|-
|[[Mumbai Kenkre FC|Mumbai Kenkre]]
|[[Mahim]]
|-
|[[Millat FC|Millat]]
|[[Andheri]]
|-
|DK Flag Foundation
|[[Badlapur]]
|-
|[[Reliance Foundation Youth Sports#Reliance Foundation Young Champs|Reliance FYC]]
|[[Navi Mumbai]]
|-
|[[Mumbay FC|Mumbay]]
|[[Churchgate]]
|-
|India Culture League
|[[Vashi]]
|-
|Kalina Rangers CFF
|[[Santacruz, Mumbai#Kalina|Kalina]]
|-
|[[Mumbai City FC Reserves and Academy|Mumbai City B]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Andheri]]
|-
|Iron Born
|-
|[[India On Track FC]]
|-
|[[Bombay Gymkhana]]
|[[Fort (Mumbai precinct)|Fort]]
|-
|Waves FC
|[[Madh Island]]
|-
|Mumbai Ultras
|[[Saki Naka]]
|}

===Promoted/relegated teams===
Mumbai Soccer Prodigies, Waves FC, and Mumbai Ultras gained promotion from the [[2024–25 Mumbai Super League]] after finishing 1st, 2nd and 3rd, respectively. Bombay Muslims were relegated after the [[2024–25 Mumbai Premier League]] for unknown reasons even though a relegation round was not conducted.<ref>{{Cite web |title= Mumbai Soccer Prodigies Crowned Champions in thrilling Mumbai Super League Finale|url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2025/mumbai-soccer-prodigies-crowned-champions-in-thrilling-mumbai-super-league-finale/|access-date=2025-02-17|website=footballcounter.com |publisher=Football Counter India |location=Mumbai|language=en-US|first1=Chittu |last1=Shetty |date=17 February 2025}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!{{increase}} from [[2024–25 Mumbai Super League|2024-25 Super League]] !! {{decrease}} to [[2025–26 Mumbai Super League|2025-26 Super League]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumbai Super League |url=https://footballmfa.com/mumbai-super-league/ |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=footballmfa.com |date=23 September 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031110306/https://footballmfa.com/mumbai-super-league/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Mumbai Soccer Prodigies<br />Waves FC<br />Mumbai Ultras
|Bombay Muslims
|}

==Format==

==League table==

=== Group A ===

{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL

|update= complete
|source=[https://footballmfa.com/mpl-standings/ MFA official] [https://theawayend.co/mfa-elite-division/ The Away End] [https://www.footballcounter.com/live-score/mdfa-elite/18/ Football Counter]


|team1=IOT|team2=OFC|team3=HUF|team7=MCI|team5=KAL|team4=REL|team6=BGK|team10=SEL|team8=DKP|team9=WAV


|result1=PLA
|result2=PLA
|result3=PLA
|result4=PLA

|win_IOT=7 |draw_IOT=1|loss_IOT=1 |gf_IOT=24 |ga_IOT=12 
|win_OFC=6 |draw_OFC=1|loss_OFC=2 |gf_OFC=25 |ga_OFC=9 
|win_HUF=6 |draw_HUF=1|loss_HUF=2 |gf_HUF=20 |ga_HUF=7 
|win_MCI=3 |draw_MCI=1 |loss_MCI=5 |gf_MCI=13|ga_MCI=15 
|win_KAL=4 |draw_KAL=1 |loss_KAL=4 |gf_KAL=24|ga_KAL=17 
|win_REL=4 |draw_REL=1 |loss_REL=3 |gf_REL=15|ga_REL=11 
|win_BGK=4 |draw_BGK=1|loss_BGK=4 |gf_BGK=24 |ga_BGK=21 
|win_SEL= |draw_SEL= |loss_SEL=9 |gf_SEL=6 |ga_SEL=52 
|win_DKP=3 |draw_DKP=1 |loss_DKP=4 |gf_DKP=9 |ga_DKP=15 
|win_WAV=2 |draw_WAV=2 |loss_WAV=5 |gf_WAV=13|ga_WAV=14 


|name_IOT=[[India On Track FC|India On Track]]
|name_OFC=[[Maharashtra Oranje FC|Maharashtra Oranje]]
|name_HUF=[[Karnataka State Football Association|Hope United]]
|name_MCI=[[Mumbai City FC Reserves and Academy|Mumbai City B]]
|name_KAL=Kalina Rangers
|name_REL=[[Reliance Foundation Youth Sports#Reliance Foundation Young Champs|Reliance FYC]]
|name_BGK=[[Bombay Gymkhana]]
|name_SEL=Sellebrity
|name_DKP=DK Flag Foundation
|name_WAV=Waves


|show_limit=5|class_rules=1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored


|res_col_header=Qualification
|col_PLA=green1
|text_PLA=Playoffs
}}

===Fixtures===
{{#invoke:sports results|main|source= [https://theawayend.co/mfa-elite-division/ The Away End] [https://www.footballcounter.com/live-score/mdfa-elite/18/ Football Counter]
|update= complete
|matches_style=FBR
|team_header=


|team1=IOT|team2=OFC|team3=HUF|team7=MCI|team4=KAL|team5=REL|team6=BGK|team10=SEL|team8=DKP|team9=WAV


|name_IOT=[[India On Track FC|India On Track]]
|name_OFC={{nowrap|[[Maharashtra Oranje FC|Maharashtra Oranje]]}}
|name_HUF=[[Karnataka State Football Association|Hope United]]
|name_MCI=[[Mumbai City FC Reserves and Academy|Mumbai City B]]
|name_KAL=Kalina Rangers
|name_REL=[[Reliance Foundation Youth Sports#Reliance Foundation Young Champs|Reliance FYC]]
|name_BGK=[[Bombay Gymkhana]]
|name_SEL=Sellebrity
|name_DKP=DK Flag
|name_WAV=Waves


|match_IOT_OFC= 2-1<ref>{{Cite web |title=India On Track End Oranje’s Unbeaten Run with 2–1 Victory |url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2026/india-on-track-end-oranjes-unbeaten-run-with-2-1-victory/|website=www.footballcounter.com |date=5 March 2026 |language=en}}</ref>
|match_IOT_HUF= 2-1
|match_IOT_MCI= 2-1<ref>{{Cite web |title=IOT Come From Behind to Defeat Mumbai City FC 2–1 |url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2026/iot-come-from-behind-to-defeat-mumbai-city-fc-2-1/|website=www.footballcounter.com |date=17 March 2026 |language=en}}</ref>
|match_IOT_KAL= 0-4<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalina Rangers Stun IoT FC with a 4–0 Victory |url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2026/kalina-rangers-stun-iot-fc-with-a-4-0-victory/|website=www.footballcounter.com |date=23 January 2026 |language=en}}</ref>
|match_IOT_REL=
|match_IOT_BGK=
|match_IOT_SEL= 5-1<ref>https://www.footballcounter.com/2026/five-goal-iot-show-their-class-in-mpl-win-over-sellebrity/</ref>
|match_IOT_DKP= 3-1<ref>https://www.footballcounter.com/2026/india-on-track-strike-late-to-overcome-dk-flag-foundation-challenge/</ref>
|match_IOT_WAV= 2-1<ref>https://www.footballcounter.com/2025/defending-champions-india-on-track-start-strong-with-2-1-win-over-waves-fc-in-mpl-opener/</ref>


|match_OFC_IOT=
|match_OFC_HUF=
|match_OFC_MCI=
|match_OFC_KAL= 1-0<ref>https://www.footballcounter.com/2026/mh-oranje-fc-hold-their-nerve-to-seal-last-minute-victory/</ref>
|match_OFC_REL= 3-1<ref>https://www.footballcounter.com/2026/unbeaten-mh-oranje-fc-extend-winning-run-against-rfyc/</ref>
|match_OFC_BGK= 4-0<ref>https://www.footballcounter.com/2025/mh-oranje-fc-cruise-to-second-straight-win-with-dominant-display-against-bombay-gymkhana/</ref>
|match_OFC_SEL= 9-0<ref>{{Cite web |title=MH Oranje FC Run Riot with 9–0 Win Over Sellebrity FC |url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2026/mh-oranje-fc-run-riot-with-9-0-win-over-sellebrity-fc/ |date=6 January 2026 |language=en}}</ref>
|match_OFC_DKP= 3-0<ref>https://www.footballcounter.com/2025/mh-oranje-fc-open-mpl-campaign-with-a-strong-3-0-win-over-dk-flag-foundation/</ref>
|match_OFC_WAV=


|match_HUF_IOT=
|match_HUF_OFC= 3-0<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hope United Stun Oranje FC with Dominant 3–0 Victory |url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2026/hope-united-stun-oranje-fc-with-dominant-3-0-victory/|website=www.footballcounter.com |date=17 March 2026 |language=en}}</ref>
|match_HUF_MCI= 1-0<ref>https://www.footballcounter.com/2026/denzil-the-difference-as-hope-united-see-off-mumbai-city/</ref>
|match_HUF_KAL=
|match_HUF_REL=
|match_HUF_BGK= 2-1<ref>https://www.footballcounter.com/2025/hope-united-start-mpl-season-with-a-hard-fought-2-1-victory-over-bombay-gymkhana/</ref>
|match_HUF_SEL= 4-0<ref>https://www.footballcounter.com/2026/hope-united-secure-win-in-match-cut-short-against-sellebrity-fc/</ref>
|match_HUF_DKP= 4-0<ref>https://www.footballcounter.com/2025/hope-united-register-convincing-4-0-win-over-dk-flag-foundation/</ref>
|match_HUF_WAV= 1-2<ref>https://www.footballcounter.com/2026/waves-fc-rise-to-the-occasion-to-down-hope-united/</ref>


|match_MCI_IOT=
|match_MCI_OFC= 2-2
|match_MCI_HUF=
|match_MCI_KAL=
|match_MCI_REL=
|match_MCI_BGK= 3-2
|match_MCI_SEL= 4-1<ref>https://www.footballcounter.com/2026/mumbai-city-fc-dominate-sellebrity-fc-to-register-first-win-of-the-season/</ref>
|match_MCI_DKP= 0-1<ref>https://www.footballcounter.com/2026/dk-flag-foundation-clinch-valuable-three-points-against-mumbai-city-fc/</ref>
|match_MCI_WAV= 2-0<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumbai City FC Hold Firm to Defeat Waves FC 2–0 |url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2026/mumbai-city-fc-hold-firm-to-defeat-waves-fc-2-0/|website=www.footballcounter.com |date=11 March 2026 |language=en}}</ref>


|match_KAL_IOT=
|match_KAL_OFC=
|match_KAL_HUF= 2-2<ref>https://www.footballcounter.com/2026/points-shared-in-a-thrilling-encounter-between-hope-united-and-kalina-rangers/</ref>
|match_KAL_MCI= 3-1<ref>https://www.footballcounter.com/2026/kalina-rangers-maintain-momentum-with-victory-over-mumbai-city-fc/</ref>
|match_KAL_REL=
|match_KAL_BGK= 3-5<ref>https://www.footballcounter.com/2026/five-goal-comeback-sees-bombay-gymkhana-stun-kalina-rangers/</ref>
|match_KAL_SEL=
|match_KAL_DKP=
|match_KAL_WAV=4-0<ref>https://www.footballcounter.com/2025/shoaib-baig-craig-dsouza-heroic-seals-first-victory-for-kalina-rangers-in-mpl-2026-26/</ref>


|match_REL_IOT= 1-1<ref>https://www.footballcounter.com/2026/reliance-fyc-hold-in-form-iot-to-thrilling-draw/</ref>
|match_REL_OFC=
|match_REL_HUF= 0-2<ref>https://www.footballcounter.com/2026/hope-united-produce-strong-second-half-to-beat-reliance-fyc/</ref>
|match_REL_MCI= 3-0
|match_REL_KAL= 5-1<ref>https://www.footballcounter.com/2025/reliance-foundation-young-champs-shine-in-a-5-1-win-over-kalina-rangers/</ref>
|match_REL_BGK= 0-2<ref>https://www.footballcounter.com/2026/bombay-gymkhana-make-it-two-in-a-row-with-win-over-rfyc/</ref>
|match_REL_SEL= 3-1<ref>https://www.footballcounter.com/2026/reliance-foundation-young-champs-back-on-track-with-win-over-sellebrity/</ref>
|match_REL_DKP=
|match_REL_WAV=


|match_BGK_IOT= 1-7<ref>https://www.footballcounter.com/2025/india-on-track-run-riot-with-a-7-1-win-over-bombay-gymkhana-in-mpl-clash/</ref>
|match_BGK_OFC=
|match_BGK_HUF=
|match_BGK_MCI=
|match_BGK_KAL=
|match_BGK_REL=
|match_BGK_SEL= 10-0
|match_BGK_DKP=
|match_BGK_WAV=


|match_SEL_IOT=
|match_SEL_OFC=
|match_SEL_HUF=
|match_SEL_MCI=
|match_SEL_KAL= 1-6<ref>https://www.footballcounter.com/2026/kalina-rangers-respond-in-style-with-dominant-win-over-sellebrity-fc/</ref>
|match_SEL_REL=
|match_SEL_BGK=
|match_SEL_DKP=
|match_SEL_WAV= 0-7<ref>https://www.footballcounter.com/2026/waves-fc-unleash-goal-fest-against-sellebrity/</ref>


|match_DKP_IOT=
|match_DKP_OFC=
|match_DKP_HUF=
|match_DKP_MCI=
|match_DKP_KAL= 2-1
|match_DKP_REL=
|match_DKP_BGK= 1-2<ref>https://www.footballcounter.com/2026/bombay-gymkhana-secure-strong-second-half-comeback-against-dk-flag-foundation/</ref>
|match_DKP_SEL= 4-2<ref>https://www.footballcounter.com/2026/adityas-stoppage-time-double-seals-dramatic-first-win-for-dk-flag-foundation/</ref>
|match_DKP_WAV= 0-0<ref>https://www.footballcounter.com/2026/waves-fc-and-dk-flag-foundation-share-points-in-tight-contest/</ref>


|match_WAV_IOT=
|match_WAV_OFC= 1-2<ref>https://www.footballcounter.com/2026/unbeaten-oranje-fc-snatch-late-winner-against-waves-fc/</ref>
|match_WAV_HUF=
|match_WAV_MCI=
|match_WAV_KAL=
|match_WAV_REL= 1-2
|match_WAV_BGK= 1-1<ref>https://www.footballcounter.com/2026/waves-fc-denied-late-as-bombay-gymkhana-snatch-a-point/</ref>
|match_WAV_SEL=
|match_WAV_DKP=
}}

====Group B====
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|update= complete
|source=[https://footballmfa.com/mpl-standings/ MFA official] [https://theawayend.co/mfa-elite-division/ The Away End] [https://www.footballcounter.com/live-score/mdfa-elite/18/ Football Counter]


|team1=MYJ|team9=CFC|team10=KEN|team6=PIF|team3=MFC|team4=ICL|team5=MIL|team8=IBF|team7=MSP|team2=ULT


|result1=PLA
|result2=PLA
|result3=PLA
|result4=PLA

|win_MYJ=8 |draw_MYJ= |loss_MYJ= |gf_MYJ=35|ga_MYJ=2 
|win_CFC=2 |draw_CFC= |loss_CFC=7 |gf_CFC=9 |ga_CFC=25 
|win_KEN= |draw_KEN= |loss_KEN=9 |gf_KEN=5 |ga_KEN=56 
|win_PIF=3 |draw_PIF=1 |loss_PIF=4 |gf_PIF=15 |ga_PIF=10 
|win_MFC=6 |draw_MFC= |loss_MFC=3 |gf_MFC=19 |ga_MFC=17 
|win_ICL=5 |draw_ICL=1 |loss_ICL=2 |gf_ICL=26 |ga_ICL=14 
|win_MIL=5 |draw_MIL= |loss_MIL=3 |gf_MIL=21 |ga_MIL=8 
|win_IBF=3 |draw_IBF= |loss_IBF=6 |gf_IBF=14 |ga_IBF=22 
|win_MSP=3 |draw_MSP=1 |loss_MSP=5 |gf_MSP=13 |ga_MSP=17 
|win_ULT=6 |draw_ULT=1 |loss_ULT=2 |gf_ULT=25 |ga_ULT=11 


|name_MYJ=[[MYJ–GMSC]]
|name_CFC=CFCI
|name_KEN=[[Mumbai Kenkre FC|Mumbai Kenkre]]
|name_PIF=[[PIFA F.C.|PIFA]]
|name_MFC=[[Mumbay FC]]
|name_ICL=ICL Mumbai
|name_MIL=[[Millat FC|Millat]]
|name_IBF=Iron Born
|name_MSP=Mumbai Soccer Prodigies
|name_ULT=Mumbai Ultras


|show_limit=5|class_rules=1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored


|res_col_header=Qualification
|col_PLA=green1
|text_PLA=Playoffs
}}

===Fixtures===
{{#invoke:sports results|main|source= [https://theawayend.co/mfa-elite-division/ The Away End] [https://www.footballcounter.com/live-score/mdfa-elite/18/ Football Counter]
|update= complete
|matches_style=FBR
|team_header=


|team1=MYJ|team9=CFC|team10=KEN|team6=PIF|team3=MFC|team4=ICL|team5=MIL|team8=IBF|team7=MSP|team2=ULT


|name_MYJ=[[MYJ–GMSC]]
|name_CFC=CFCI
|name_KEN=[[Mumbai Kenkre FC|Mumbai Kenkre]]
|name_PIF=[[PIFA F.C.|PIFA]]
|name_MFC=[[Mumbay FC|Mumbay]]
|name_ICL=ICL Mumbai
|name_MIL=[[Millat FC|Millat]]
|name_IBF=Iron Born
|name_MSP={{nowrap|Mumbai Prodigies}}
|name_ULT=Mumbai Ultras


|match_MYJ_CFC= 5-0<ref>https://www.footballcounter.com/2025/hat-trick-hero-miit-adekar-powers-myj-to-dominant-mpl-win/</ref>
|match_MYJ_KEN=
|match_MYJ_PIF=
|match_MYJ_MFC=
|match_MYJ_ICL=
|match_MYJ_MIL=
|match_MYJ_IBF= 3-0<ref>https://www.footballcounter.com/2026/myj-stay-unbeaten-with-another-controlled-win-over-iron-born/</ref>
|match_MYJ_MSP=
|match_MYJ_ULT=


|match_CFC_MYJ=
|match_CFC_KEN= 3-0
|match_CFC_PIF= 1-0<ref>https://www.footballcounter.com/2026/cfci-take-all-three-points-in-tight-contest/</ref>
|match_CFC_MFC= 1-2<ref>https://www.footballcounter.com/2026/first-half-brilliance-helps-mumbay-fc-overcome-cfci/</ref>
|match_CFC_ICL= 1-7
|match_CFC_MIL=
|match_CFC_IBF= 1-2<ref>https://www.footballcounter.com/2026/iron-born-snatch-late-winner-to-secure-first-mpl-victory-of-the-season/</ref>
|match_CFC_MSP= 1-2<ref>https://www.footballcounter.com/2026/akshays-brace-powers-msp-to-hard-fought-win-over-cfci/</ref>
|match_CFC_ULT=


|match_KEN_MYJ= 1-2<ref>{{Cite web |title=MYJ Finish Group Stage Unbeaten with 2–1 Win Over Kenkre |url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2026/myj-finish-group-stage-unbeaten-with-2-1-win-over-kenkre/|website=www.footballcounter.com |date=11 March 2026 |language=en}}</ref>
|match_KEN_CFC=
|match_KEN_PIF= 0-6<ref>https://www.footballcounter.com/2026/pifa-storm-to-first-win-of-the-season-with-six-goal-masterclass/</ref>
|match_KEN_MFC= 1-6
|match_KEN_ICL= 0-8<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zeeshan’s Four-Goal Masterclass Powers ICL to 8–0 Win Over Kenkre |url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2026/zeeshans-four-goal-masterclass-powers-icl-to-8-0-win-over-kenkre/|website=www.footballcounter.com |date=6 March 2026 |language=en}}</ref>
|match_KEN_MIL=
|match_KEN_IBF=
|match_KEN_MSP= 0-6<ref>https://www.footballcounter.com/2026/mumbai-soccer-prodigies-net-6-to-seal-back-to-back-wins/</ref>
|match_KEN_ULT= 0-9<ref>https://www.footballcounter.com/2026/mumbai-ultras-overpower-kenkre-9-0-to-make-it-3-wins-in-a-row/</ref>


|match_PIF_MYJ= 0-2<ref>https://www.footballcounter.com/2026/myj-make-it-five-in-a-row-with-win-over-pifa/</ref>
|match_PIF_CFC=
|match_PIF_KEN=
|match_PIF_MFC=
|match_PIF_ICL=
|match_PIF_MIL=
|match_PIF_IBF= 3-2<ref>https://www.footballcounter.com/2026/late-drama-as-pifa-sports-fc-clinch-3-2-win-over-iron-born-fc/</ref>
|match_PIF_MSP=
|match_PIF_ULT=


|match_MFC_MYJ= 0-6<ref>https://www.footballcounter.com/2026/mighty-lions-myj-outclass-mumbay-fc-to-strengthen-top-spot/</ref>
|match_MFC_CFC=
|match_MFC_KEN=
|match_MFC_PIF= 0-5<ref>{{Cite web |title=PIFA Stun Mumbay FC with Dominant 5–0 Victory |url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2026/pifa-stun-mumbay-fc-with-dominant-5-0-victory/|website=www.footballcounter.com |date=5 March 2026 |language=en}}</ref>
|match_MFC_ICL=
|match_MFC_MIL=
|match_MFC_IBF= 1-0<ref>https://www.footballcounter.com/2026/krish-karpan-strike-fires-mumbay-fc-past-iron-born/</ref>
|match_MFC_MSP=
|match_MFC_ULT= 3-0<ref>https://www.footballcounter.com/2025/clinical-mumbay-fc-outclass-mumbai-ultras-in-a-strong-season-opener/</ref>


|match_ICL_MYJ= 1-7<ref>https://www.footballcounter.com/2026/myj-stay-unstoppable-with-another-emphatic-victory-in-the-mpl/</ref>
|match_ICL_CFC=
|match_ICL_KEN=
|match_ICL_PIF=
|match_ICL_MFC= 0-2<ref>https://www.footballcounter.com/2026/mumbay-fc-hold-firm-to-secure-important-win-over-icl/</ref>
|match_ICL_MIL=
|match_ICL_IBF=
|match_ICL_MSP=
|match_ICL_ULT= 2-2<ref>https://www.footballcounter.com/2026/icl-fight-back-to-hold-mumbai-ultras-in-an-entertaining-draw/</ref>


|match_MIL_MYJ=
|match_MIL_CFC= 2-1<ref>https://www.footballcounter.com/2026/millat-fc-hold-their-nerve-to-secure-back-to-back-wins/</ref>
|match_MIL_KEN= 10-0<ref>https://www.footballcounter.com/2026/millat-fc-storm-past-kenkre-with-ten-goal-mpl-masterclass/</ref>
|match_MIL_PIF= 2-0<ref>https://www.footballcounter.com/2026/keegan-and-roger-guide-millat-fc-to-crucial-win/</ref>
|match_MIL_MFC= 2-4<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumbay FC Hand Millat FC First Defeat in Action-Packed MPL Clash |url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2025/mumbay-fc-hand-millat-fc-first-defeat-in-action-packed-mpl-clash/|website=www.footballcounter.com |date=24 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
|match_MIL_ICL= 1-2
|match_MIL_IBF= 3-0<ref>https://www.footballcounter.com/2025/millat-fc-start-their-mpl-season-in-style-with-a-commanding-3-0-win-over-iron-born/</ref>
|match_MIL_MSP= 1-0<ref>https://www.footballcounter.com/2025/millat-fc-continue-perfect-start-with-hard-fought-win-over-mumbai-soccer-prodigies/</ref>
|match_MIL_ULT= 0-1<ref>https://www.footballcounter.com/2026/mumbai-ultras-edge-past-millat-fc-to-register-back-to-back-wins/</ref>


|match_IBF_MYJ=
|match_IBF_CFC=
|match_IBF_KEN= 6-3
|match_IBF_PIF=
|match_IBF_MFC=
|match_IBF_ICL= 0-4<ref>https://www.footballcounter.com/2026/icl-open-their-account-with-first-win-of-the-season-against-iron-born/</ref>
|match_IBF_MIL=
|match_IBF_MSP=
|match_IBF_ULT=2-3<ref>https://www.footballcounter.com/2026/mumbai-ultras-fight-back-from-two-down-to-claim-all-three-points/</ref>


|match_MSP_MYJ= 0-6<ref>https://www.footballcounter.com/2025/myj-continue-perfect-start-with-a-commanding-win-over-mumbai-soccer-prodigies/</ref>
|match_MSP_CFC=
|match_MSP_KEN=
|match_MSP_PIF= 1-1<ref>{{Cite web |title=MSP and Pifa share points in 1–1 MPL Draw |url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2026/msp-and-pifa-share-points-in-1-1-mpl-draw/|website=www.footballcounter.com |date=11 March 2026 |language=en}}</ref>
|match_MSP_MFC= 2-1<ref>https://www.footballcounter.com/2026/muneeb-double-fires-mumbai-soccer-prodigies-to-first-mpl-win/</ref>
|match_MSP_ICL= 1-2<ref>https://www.footballcounter.com/2026/icl-snatch-victory-from-the-jaws-of-defeat-with-stunning-finish/</ref>
|match_MSP_MIL=
|match_MSP_IBF= 1-2<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iron Born Edge MSP 2–1 to Secure Second Win of the Season |url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2026/iron-born-edge-msp-2-1-to-secure-second-win-of-the-season/|website=www.footballcounter.com |date=6 March 2026 |language=en}}</ref>
|match_MSP_ULT= 0-3<ref>{{Cite web |title=Skipper Joyson Leads from the Front as Mumbai Ultras FC Cruise to 3-0 Victory |url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2026/skipper-joyson-leads-from-the-front-as-mumbai-ultras-fc-cruise-to-3-0-victory/|website=www.footballcounter.com |date=20 February 2026 |language=en}}</ref>


|match_ULT_MYJ= 0-4<ref>https://www.footballcounter.com/2026/table-toppers-myj-continue-unbeaten-run-with-win-over-mumbai-ultras/</ref>
|match_ULT_CFC= 5-0<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumbai Ultras Finish Group Stage Strong with 5–0 Win Over CFCI |url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2026/mumbai-ultras-finish-group-stage-strong-with-5-0-win-over-cfci/|website=www.footballcounter.com |date=6 March 2026 |language=en}}</ref>
|match_ULT_KEN=
|match_ULT_PIF= 2-0<ref>https://www.footballcounter.com/2025/mumbai-ultras-secure-first-win-of-the-season-with-solid-2-0-victory-over-pifa-sports/</ref>
|match_ULT_MFC=
|match_ULT_ICL=
|match_ULT_MIL=
|match_ULT_IBF=
|match_ULT_MSP=
}}

== Playoffs ==
=== Group A ===
<onlyinclude>

{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL

|update= complete
|source=[https://footballmfa.com/mpl-standings/ MFA official] [https://theawayend.co/mfa-elite-division/ The Away End] [https://www.footballcounter.com/live-score/mdfa-elite/18/ Football Counter]


|team1=OFC|team2=ICL|team3=ULT|team4=IOT


|result1=QUA
|result2=QUA

|win_OFC=2 |draw_OFC=1 |loss_OFC= |gf_OFC=6 |ga_OFC=3 
|win_ICL=2 |draw_ICL=1 |loss_ICL= |gf_ICL=4 |ga_ICL=1 
|win_ULT=1 |draw_ULT= |loss_ULT=2 |gf_ULT=2 |ga_ULT=3 
|win_IOT= |draw_IOT= |loss_IOT=3 |gf_IOT=1 |ga_IOT=6 


|name_OFC=[[Maharashtra Oranje FC|Maharashtra Oranje]]
|name_ICL=ICL Mumbai
|name_ULT=Mumbai Ultras
|name_IOT=[[India On Track FC|India On Track]]<sup>[[2026 Maharashtra State Senior Men's Football League|MSL]]</sup>


|show_limit=5|class_rules=1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored


|res_col_header=Qualification
|col_QUA=green1
|text_QUA=Semi-finals
}}</onlyinclude>

===Fixtures===
{{#invoke:sports results|main|source= [https://theawayend.co/mfa-elite-division/ The Away End] [https://www.footballcounter.com/live-score/mdfa-elite/18/ Football Counter]
|update= complete
|matches_style=FBR
|team_header=


|team1=OFC|team2=ICL|team3=ULT|team4=IOT


|name_IOT=[[India On Track FC|India On Track]]
|name_OFC=[[Maharashtra Oranje FC|Maharashtra Oranje]]
|name_ICL=ICL Mumbai
|name_ULT=Mumbai Ultras


|match_IOT_OFC= 1-3
|match_IOT_ICL= 0-2<ref>https://www.footballcounter.com/2026/icl-seal-semi-final-spot-as-defending-champions-iot-exit-mpl/</ref>
|match_IOT_ULT=


|match_OFC_IOT=
|match_OFC_ICL=
|match_OFC_ULT= 2-1<ref>https://www.footballcounter.com/2026/oranje-fc-seal-semi-final-spot-with-clinical-win-over-mumbai-ultras/</ref>


|match_ICL_IOT=
|match_ICL_OFC= 1-1
|match_ICL_ULT= 1-0


|match_ULT_IOT= 1-0
|match_ULT_OFC=
|match_ULT_ICL=
}}

=== Group B ===
<onlyinclude>

{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL

|update= complete
|source=[https://footballmfa.com/mpl-standings/ MFA official] [https://theawayend.co/mfa-elite-division/ The Away End] [https://www.footballcounter.com/live-score/mdfa-elite/18/ Football Counter]


|team3=MUM|team1=REL|team2=MYJ|team4=HOP


|result1=QUA
|result2=QUA

|win_MUM=1 |draw_MUM= |loss_MUM=2 |gf_MUM=6 |ga_MUM=5 
|win_REL=2 |draw_REL= |loss_REL=1 |gf_REL=9 |ga_REL=8 
|win_MYJ=2 |draw_MYJ= |loss_MYJ=1 |gf_MYJ=5 |ga_MYJ=5 
|win_HOP=1 |draw_HOP= |loss_HOP=2 |gf_HOP=7 |ga_HOP=9 


|name_MUM=[[Mumbay FC]]<sup>[[2025-26 I-League 3|IL3]]/[[2026 Maharashtra State Senior Men's Football League|MSL]]</sup>
|name_REL=[[Reliance Foundation Youth Sports#Reliance Foundation Young Champs|Reliance FYC]]
|name_MYJ=[[MYJ-GMSC]]<sup>[[2026 I-League 2|IL2]]</sup>
|name_HOP=[[Karnataka State Football Association|Hope United]]<sup>[[2026 Maharashtra State Senior Men's Football League|MSL]]</sup>


|show_limit=5|class_rules=1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored


|res_col_header=Qualification
|col_QUA=green1
|text_QUA=Semi-finals
}}</onlyinclude>

===Fixtures===
{{#invoke:sports results|main|source= [https://theawayend.co/mfa-elite-division/ The Away End] [https://www.footballcounter.com/live-score/mdfa-elite/18/ Football Counter]
|update= complete
|matches_style=FBR
|team_header=


|team1=MUM|team2=REL|team3=MYJ|team4=HOP


|name_MUM=[[Mumbay FC|Mumbay]]
|name_REL=[[Reliance Foundation Youth Sports#Reliance Foundation Young Champs|Reliance FYC]]
|name_MYJ=[[MYJ-GMSC]]
|name_HOP=[[Karnataka State Football Association|Hope United]]


|match_MUM_REL= 1-3
|match_MUM_MYJ=
|match_MUM_HOP=


|match_REL_MUM=
|match_REL_MYJ=
|match_REL_HOP= 5-4<ref>https://www.footballcounter.com/2026/reliance-fyc-edge-thriller-against-hope-united-to-seal-semi-final-spot/</ref>


|match_MYJ_MUM= 2-1<ref>https://www.footballcounter.com/2026/myj-edge-mumbay-fc-to-book-mpl-semi-final-spot/</ref>
|match_MYJ_REL= 3-1<ref>https://www.footballcounter.com/2026/myj-begin-playoffs-with-statement-win-over-reliance-fyc/</ref>
|match_MYJ_HOP=


|match_HOP_MUM= 0-4
|match_HOP_REL=
|match_HOP_MYJ= 3-0<ref>https://www.footballcounter.com/2026/hope-united-end-myjs-unbeaten-run-with-dominant-playoff-victory/</ref>
}}

=== Relegation Round ===

==Top scorers==

==Individual awards==

==See also==
* [[2025–26 I-League 3]] (Tier IV)
* [[2025–26 Indian State Leagues]] (Tier V)
* [[2026 Maharashtra State Senior Men's Football League|2025–26 Maharashtra State Football League]] (Tier VI)
* [[2025–26 Mumbai Super League]] (Tier VIII)
* [[2025–26 in Indian football]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Football in Maharashtra}}
{{2025–26 in Indian football}}

[[Category:Mumbai Premier League seasons]]
[[Category:2025–26 in Indian football leagues]]

Simhadri Ramesh Babu

2026-04-16T07:46:27Z

CrystleBreinl34: Created Initial Pg Added Tags

{{Short description|Indian politicians}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Simhadri Ramesh Babu
| image = Simhadri Rameshbabu.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1956|7|22|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Avanigadda]], [[Krishna District]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
| constituency = [[Avanigadda Assembly constituency|Avanigadda]]
| office = [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly<br>Andhra Pradesh]]
| term = 2019–2024
| predecessor = [[Mandali Buddha Prasad]]
| successor = [[Mandali Buddha Prasad]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[YSR Congress Party]] (2013 – present)
| other_party = [[Praja Rajyam Party]]<br/>(2008-2013)
| spouse = Lakshmi
| children =
}}

'''Simhadri Ramesh Babu''' is an Indian politician and member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]. He has represented the [[Avanigadda Assembly constituency]] since 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|title=YSRCP fields cancer surgeon Rao for Machilipatnam Lok Sabha|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/ysrcp-fields-cancer-surgeon-rao-for-machilipatnam-lok-sabha-seat/articleshow/108359599.cms|access-date=27 March 2024|website=Times of India|date=10 March 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=YSRC releases 5th list with seven names for 4 LS and 3 MLA seats|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/ysrc-releases-5th-list-with-seven-names-for-4-ls-and-3-mla-seats-880598|access-date=27 March 2024|website=Deccan Chronicle|date=31 January 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:YSR Congress Party politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Politicians from Krishna district]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:1956 births]]

{{AndhraPradesh-YSRCP-politician-stub}}

Patna West Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:00:43Z

CrystleBreinl34: adding new stub...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Bihar legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Patna West
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Bihar]]
| district =
| division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Patna Lok Sabha constituency|Patna]]
| constituency_no =
| established = 1957
| reservation =
| abolished = 2008
| electors =
}}
'''Patna West''' was an [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|Assembly constituency]] in [[Bihar]] which existed till 2008. It came under [[Patna Lok Sabha constituency]]. From 2008 the seat was succeeded by [[Bankipur Assembly constituency]]. [[Nitin Nabin]] was the last MLA from this seat.

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name<ref>{{Cite web|title=Patna West Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/patnawest-bihar-assembly-constituency|access-date=|website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Ramsaran Sao
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|[[Krishna Ballabh Sahay]]
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|[[Mahamaya Prasad Sinha]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Jan Kranti Dal}}" |
|Jan Kranti Dal
|-
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|A. K. Sen
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Communist Party of India]]
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|[[Sunil Mukherjee]]
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|[[Thakur Prasad]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Ranjeet Sinha
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Rama Nand Yadav]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Independent politician}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
| rowspan="4" |Navin Kishore Prasad Sinha
| rowspan="5" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="5" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
|2006^
|[[Nitin Nabin]]
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''2010 onwards: See [[Bankipur Assembly constituency]]''}}
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2006 by-election ===
{{Election box begin|title=By-election, 2006: [[Patna|Patna West]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Nitin Nabin|votes=76,025|percentage=82.31|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Ajay Kumar Singh|votes=10,858|percentage=11.76|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Samajwadi Party|candidate=Chandan Rai|votes=1,484|percentage=1.61|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Surendra Kumar Upadhyay|votes=657|percentage=0.71|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Rashtriya Lok Dal|candidate=Anjani Kumar|votes=580|percentage=0.63|change=|}}
{{Election box majority||votes=65,167|percentage=70.55|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=92,364|percentage=18.02|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link||winner=Bharatiya Janata Party|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

=== October 2005 Vidhan Sabha ===

{{Election box begin|title=Bihar Legislative Assembly Election, October 2005: Patna West}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Nabin Kishor Prasad Sinha|votes=1,17,915|percentage=69.33|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Rajesh Kumar Sinha|votes=31,796|percentage=18.69|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Lok Janshakti Party|candidate=Satya Nand Sharma|votes=8,651|percentage=5.08|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Kavi Kumar|votes=2,606|percentage=1.53|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Liberation)|candidate=Anita Kumari|votes=1,773|percentage=1.04|change=|}}
{{Election box majority||votes=86,119|percentage=50.64|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,70,072|percentage=33.18|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link||winner=Bharatiya Janata Party|swing=}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==

* [[Patna East Assembly constituency]]
* [[Patna Central Assembly constituency]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Bihar}}
{{coords|25.631|85.033|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Government of Patna]]
[[Category:Politics of Patna district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]

1920 Indian general election

2026-04-06T13:59:11Z

CrystleBreinl34: expanded content

{{Short description|none}}
{{Missing information|members elected for each party by province|date=February 2024}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox election
| country = British India
| type = parliamentary
| next_election = 1919 Indian general election
| next_year = [[1923 Indian general election|1923]]
| election_date = 1920
| seats_for_election = 104 seats contested
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Hari Singh Gour.jpg|bSize=180|cWidth=116|cHeight=150|oTop=05|oLeft=33}}
| leader1 = [[Hari Singh Gour]]
| color1 = 000000
| party1 = [[Democratic Swarajya Party|DP]]
| alliance1 =
| leaders_seat1 =
| seats1 = 48
| seat_change1 =
| popular_vote1 =
| percentage1 =
| swing1 =
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=William Vincent.jpg|bSize=200|cWidth=116|cHeight=150|oTop=30|oLeft=47}}
| leader2 = [[William Henry Hoare Vincent|W. H. H. Vincent]]
| color2 = 000000
| party2 = Independent politician
| alliance2 =
| leaders_seat2 =
| seats2 = 47
| seat_change2 =
| popular_vote2 =
| percentage2 =
| swing2 =
| majority_seats = 53
}}
{{Politics of India}}

General elections were held in [[British Raj|British India]] in 1920 to elect members to the [[Imperial Legislative Council]] and the provincial Legislative Councils. They were the first elections in the country's modern history.<ref name=T1>"New Indian Councils: Failure Of Boycott Movement", ''The Times'', 8 January 1921, p9, Issue 42613</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Roy |first=Chakshu |date=31 March 2024 |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/1920-the-start-of-indias-election-journey-9242440/ |title=History Headline - 1920: The start of India's election journey}}</ref>

The new [[Central Legislative Assembly]], which was the lower chamber of the Imperial Legislative Council, was based in Delhi and had 104 elected seats, of which 66 were contested and 38 were reserved for Europeans elected through the Chambers of Commerce.<ref name=T1/> For the upper chamber, the [[Council of State (India)|Council of State]], 24 of the 34 seats were contested, whilst five were reserved for Muslims, three for Europeans, one for Sikhs, and one for the [[United Provinces of British India|United Provinces]].<ref name=T1/> The Parliament was opened by the [[Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn|Duke of Connaught and Strathearn]] on 9 February 1921.<ref>"New Era For India: Delhi Parliament Opened, King's Messages", ''The Times'', 10 February 1921, p10, Issue 42641</ref>

Alongside the national elections, there were also elections to 637 seats in provincial assemblies. Of these, 440 were contested, while 188 had a single candidate elected unopposed. Despite the calls by [[Mahatma Gandhi]] for a boycott of the elections, only six had no candidate.<ref name=T1/> Within the provincial assemblies, 38 were reserved for European voters.<ref name=T1/>

==Electoral system==
[[Single transferable vote]] (STV) was used on an experimental basis to elect three members of the Legislative Assembly of India for the European constituency of Bengal and to elect four members of the Council of State of India from the non-Muslim constituency of Madras. STV was also used to elect four members of the Legislative Council of Bengal for the European constituency of Bengal.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hoag and Hallett |title=Proportional Representation (1926) |pages=258}}</ref>

==Results==
===Central Legislative Assembly===
{{Election results
|party1=[[Democratic Swarajya Party|Democratic Party]]|seats1=48
|party2=Other parties and independents|seats2=47
|party3=Europeans|seats3=9
|source=Schwartzberg Atlas<ref>[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=110 Schwartzberg Atlas]</ref>
}}

==Members of Central Legislative Assembly==
<ref name=EastIndia>{{cite book |title=East India |year=1922 |page=11 |ol=22879068M}}</ref><ref name=IndParl>{{cite book |title=India's Parliament Selections from the proceedings of the second session of the Legislative Assembly and the Council of State |year=1921 |publisher=Director, Central Bureau of Information, Gov't of India |ol=24188384M}}</ref><ref name=Debates>{{cite book |title=The Legislative Assembly Debates |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c1TVAAAAMAAJ |year=1922}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Pioneer Mail |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3h5DAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA22-PA14 |date=10 December 1920}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Indian Year Book |date=1922 |publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Company |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.86196}}</ref><ref>[https://etheses.dur.ac.uk/8122/1/8122_5122.PDF Md. Rashiduzzaman, (1964) The central legislature in British India: 1921 to 1947, Durham theses], https://etheses.dur.ac.uk/8122/</ref>

===Officials===
====Government of India====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Member !! Office
|-
|[[William Henry Hoare Vincent]] || Home Member
|-
|[[Malcolm Hailey, 1st Baron Hailey|Sir Malcolm Hailey]] || Finance Member
|-
|[[Basil Phillott Blackett]] || Finance Member
|-
|[[Charles Alexander Innes|C. A. Innes]] || Commerce and Industries Member
|-
|[[Tej Bahadur Sapru]] || Law Member
|-
|[[B. N. Sarma]] || Revenue and Agriculture Member
|-
|[[Denys Bray]] || Foreign Secretary
|-
|Sir [[Sydney Crookshank|Sidney Crookshank]]|| PWD Secretary
|-
|Ernest Burdon || Army Secretary
|-
|[[Montagu Sherard Dawes Butler]] || Education Secretary
|-
|G. R. Clarke || Director General Posts and Telegraph
|-
|[[Atul Chandra Chatterjee]] || Industries Secretary
|-
|G. G. Sim || Jt. Finance Secretary
|-
|John Hullah || Revenue and Agriculture Secretary
|-
|A. V. V. Aiyer || Finance Department
|-
|M. H. H. Hutchinson ||
|-
|Colonel W. D. Waghorn ||
|-
|Abdul Rahim Khan ||
|-
|[[Francis Bradley Bradley-Birt]] ||
|-
|[[Thomas Henry Holland]] ||
|-
|R. W. Davies ||
|-
|P. E. Percival ||
|-
|H. P. Tollinton ||
|-
|F. S. A Slocock ||
|-
|W. C. Renouf ||
|}

====Nominated from Provinces====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Member !! Province
|-
|B. C. Allen || [[Assam Province|Assam]]
|-
|[[Khabeeruddin Ahmed]] || [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]]
|-
|Khagendra Nath Mitter|| [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]]
|-
|J. K. N. Kabraji || [[Bombay Presidency|Bombay]]
|-
|Walter Frank Hudson || [[Bombay Presidency|Bombay]]
|-
|[[William John Keith]]|| [[British rule in Burma|Burma]]
|-
|J. F. Bryant || [[Madras Presidency|Madras]]
|-
|[[T. E. Moir]] || [[Madras Presidency|Madras]]
|-
|Theodore Alban Henry Way || [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]]
|-
|Rustomji Faridoonji || [[Central Provinces]]
|}

===Nominated non-officials===
* '''Special Interests:''' [[Henry Gidney]] (Anglo-Indian), [[N. M. Joshi]] (Labour Interests), J. P. Cotelingam (Indian Christians), Rai Sheo Prasad Tulshan Bahadur (Railway Interests)
* '''Provinces:''' [[T. V. Seshagiri Iyer]] (Madras), C. Krishnaswami Rao (Madras), Ashraf O. Jamall (Bengal), Nawab [[Khwaja Habibullah]] (Bengal), N. M. Samarth (Bombay), Mahomed Hajeebhoy (Bombay), Maulvi Abdul Quadir (Central Provinces), Lakshmi Narayan Lal (Bihar & Orissa), Sardar Bahadur Gajjan Singh (Punjab), Rana Umanath Bakhsh Singh (United Provinces), B. H. R. Jatkar (Berar), Abdur Rahim (North West Frontier Province)

===Elected non-officials===
*'''Assam:''' Debi Charan Barua (Assam Valley General), Girish Chandra Nag (Surma Valley General), Maulvi Amjad Ali (Muslim), George Bridge (European), Lt. Col. D. Herbert (European)
*'''Bengal:''' [[Deva Prasad Sarbadhikari|Sir Deva Prosad Sarbadhicari]] (Calcutta Urban General), Jogendra Nath Mukherjee (Calcutta Suburbs Urban General), [[Kshitish Chandra Neogy|K. C. Neogy]] (Dacca Rural General), [[Jadunath Majumdar]] (Presidency General), Tara Prosanna Mukherji (Burdwan General), Jogesh Chandra Chaudhuri (Chittagong & Rajshahi Rural General), Prince Afsar-ul-Mulk Mirza Muhammad Akram Hussain (Calcutta & Suburbs Muslim), Zahiruddin Ahmed (Dacca Muslim), Maulvi Abul Kasem (Dacca Rural Muslim), [[Khabeeruddin Ahmed]] (Rajshahi Muslim), Saiyed Muhammad Abdulla (Burdwan & Calcutta Presidency Muslim), Munshi Abdul Rahman (Chittagong Muslim), Ghani Khan Gabkhan (Bakerganj Muslim re-polls), Darcy Lindsay (European), Frank Carter (European), W. S. J. Wilson (European), A. D. Pickford (European), R. J. G. Ballantyne (European), Satish Chandra Ghosh (Landholders), Nibaran Chandra Sircar (Bengal National Chamber of Commerce), D. K. Mitter
*'''Bihar & Orissa:''' Babu Baidyanath Prashad Singh (Tirhut General), Babu Adit Prashad Sinha (Tirhut General), B. N. Misra (Orissa General), [[Braja Sundar Das]] (Orissa General), Rai Bahadur<ref>[http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKPC/1930/1930_102.html Miss Dottie Karan and others v Rai Bahadur Lachmi Prasad Sinha and others (Patna) [1930<nowiki>]</nowiki> UKPC 102 (16 December 1930)]</ref> Lachmi Prasad Sinha (Gaya cum Monghyr General), Sarfaraz Hussain Khan (Tirhut Muslim), Maulvi Miyan Asjad-ul-lah (Bhagalpur Muslim), Syed Muhammad Ismail (Patna and Chota Nagpur cum Orissa Muslim), Raja R. N. Bhanja Deo (Landholders), Raja Sivanandan Prasad Singh (Landholders), Babu Ambika Prasad Sinha, Satya Narain Singh
*'''Bombay:''' [[Sir Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy, 5th Baronet|Sir Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy]] (Bombay City General), [[Chimanlal Harilal Setalvad]] (Bombay City General), Jamnadas Dwarkadas Dharamsy (Bombay City General), Keshao Ganesh Bagde (Bombay Central Rural), Balkrishna Sitaram Kamat (Bombay Central Rural), Sardar Bomanji Ardeshir Dalal (Bombay Northern Rural), [[Anna Babaji Latthe]] (Bombay Southern Rural), [[Seth Harchandrai Vishandas]] (Sind Rural General), Salebhoy Karimji Barodawala (Bombay City Muslim), Sardar Gulam Jilani Bijlikhan (Bombay Central Muslim), Shaikh Abdul Majid (Sind Urban Muslim), Alibaksh Mahomed Hussein (Sind Rural Muslim), Wali Mohamed Hussanally (Sind Rural Muslim), [[Reginald Arthur Spence]] (European), Edwin Lessware Price (European), Sir Montagu de Pomeray Webb (European), [[Nowroji Saklatwala]] (Bombay Millowners Association), Rahimtoola Currimbhoy (Bombay Millowners Association), [[Vithaldas Thackersey]] (Bombay Millowners Association), Manmohandas Ramji (Indian Merchants Chamber), S. C. Shahani (Sind Jagirdars & Zamindars)
*'''Burma:''' F. McCarthy (Europeans), [[Padamji Ginwala]] (General), Maung Maung Sin (General), J. C. Chatterji (General), J. N. Basu (General)
*'''Central Provinces:''' [[Hari Singh Gour]] (Nagpur General), Kunj Bihari Lall Agnihotri (Hindi Divisions General), Pyari Lal Misra (Hindi Divisions General), Muhammad Ahsan Khan (Muslim), Beohar Raghubir Sinha (Landholders)
*'''Madras:''' [[T. Rangachari]] (Madras City General), C. S. Subrahmanayam (Madras ceded districts & Chittoor Rural General), Patri Venkata Srinivasa Rao (Guntur cum Nellore General), B. Venkatapatiraju (Ganjam cum Kistna General), [[Jayanthi Ramayya Pantulu]] (Godavari cum Krishna General), Sambanda Mudaliar (Salem & Coimbatore General), [[P. S. Sivaswami Iyer]] (Tanjore & Trichy General), M. Krishnaswamy Reddi (Chingleput cum South Arcot General), K. M. Nayar (West Coast & Nilgiris General), T. Muhammad Hussain Saheb Bahadur (Madras Muslim), Mahmood Schamnad Saheb Bahadur (West Coast & Nilgiris Muslim), Mir Asad Ali (Muslim), [[Muhammad Habibullah]] (Muslim), R. E. V. Arbuthnot (Commerce), Narayandas Girdhardas (Commerce), [[Eardley Norton]] (European), Rama Varma Valia Raja Chirakkal (Landholders)
*'''Punjab:''' Pandit Jawahar Lal Bhargava (Ambala General), Bakshi Sohan Lal (Jullundur General), Dr. Nand Lal (West Punjab General), Chaudhari Ghulam Sarwar Khan (North Punjab Muslim), Ahmad Baksh Khan (North West Punjab Muslim), Chaudhri Shahab-ud-din (East Central Punjab Muslim), Nawab Mohammad Ibrahim Ali Khan (East Punjab Muslim), Chaudhri Shahab-ud-din (East Central Punjab Muslim), Makhdum Syed Rajan Baksh Shah (South West Punjab Muslim), Raja M. M. Ikramullah Khan, Bhai Man Singh (East Punjab Sikh), Sardar Gulab Singh (West Punjab Sikh), Baba Ujagar Singh Bedi (Landholders)
*'''United Provinces:''' Munshi Iswar Saran (UP Cities General), Pyare Lal (Meerut Rural General), Lala Girdharilal Agarwala (Agra General), Pandit Radha Kishen Das (Rohilkund & Kumaon General), Bishambhar Nath (Allahabad and Jhansi General), Sankata Prasad Bajpai (Lucknow General), Munshi Mahadeo Prasad (Benaras and Gorakhpur General), Raja Suraj Baksh Singh (Fyzabad General), Haji Wajihuddin (UP Cities Muslim), Muhammad Yamin Khan (Meerut Muslim), Mohammad Faiyaz Khan (Agra Muslim), Syed Nabi Hadi (Rohilkund & Kumaon Muslim), S. M. Zahid Ali Subzposh (UP Southern Muslim), Syed Haider Karrar Jafri (Lucknow and Fyzabad Muslim), Raja Kushal Pal Singh (Landholders), Sir Logie Pirie Watson (European)

==Members of the Council of State==
{{main|Council of State (India)}}

==See also==
*[[1920 Madras Presidency legislative council election]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Bangladeshi elections}}
{{Indian elections}}
{{Pakistani elections}}

[[Category:1920 elections in India]]
[[Category:General elections in British India]]

Kalachuris of Sarayupara

2026-03-29T13:25:52Z

CrystleBreinl34: Creating first page first draft

The '''Kalachuris of Sarayupara''' ({{circa}}650 - {{circa}}1080) were a [[medieval India]]n dynasty who ruled along the banks of the Sarayu (modern [[Ghaghara]]) river in present-day Eastern [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Their domain consisted of the present-day [[Bahraich district|Bahraich]], [[Champaran]], and [[Gonda district|Gonda]] districts.<ref name="britannica">{{cite web |title=Sarayupara {{!}} Indian family {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sarayupara |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name="culture">{{cite book |last1=Chaturvedi |first1=Prem Sagar |title=History and Culture of Sarayupara Region in East Uttar Pradesh During 9th - 12th Centuries |date=2020 |publisher=Khama Publishers |location=Delhi |isbn=9788185495637 |url=https://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/history-and-culture-of-sarayupara-region-in-east-uttar-pradesh-during-9th-12th-centuries-nbz269/ |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Mirashi |first1=Vasudev Vishnu |title=Inscriptions of the Kalachuri-Chedi Era |date=1955 |publisher=Government Epigraphist for India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c0JgAAAAMAAJ&q=Kalachuris+of+Sarayupara |language=en}}</ref><ref name="k2">{{cite web |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=P. L. Kessler and Abhijit |title=Kingdoms of South Asia - Indian Kingdom of the Kalachuris of Sarayupara |url=https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsFarEast/IndiaSarayuparas.htm |website=The History Files |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The History and Culture of the Indian People: The age of imperial Kanauj |date=1951 |publisher=G. Allen & Unwin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MgpuAAAAMAAJ&q=Kalachuris+of+Sarayupara |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of India: I to Mira Bai |date=2008 |publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica (India) Pvt. Limited |isbn=978-81-8131-008-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_1kOAQAAMAAJ&q=Kalachuris+of+Sarayupara |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Middleton |first1=John |title=World Monarchies and Dynasties |date=1 June 2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-45157-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_azACQAAQBAJ&dq=Sarayupara&pg=PT1383 |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
There have been multiple dynasties with the name kalachuri.<ref name="k2"/> One such branch of the [[Kalachuris of Kalyani|Kalachuris]] started ruling on the banks of the Sarayu (modern [[Ghaghara]]) river from the Seventh-century CE.<ref name="civ">{{cite book |last1=Sen |first1=Sailendra Nath |title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization |date=1999 |publisher=New Age International |isbn=978-81-224-1198-0 |pages=317–318 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC |language=en}}</ref>

Lakshmanaraja II is the first known king of the dynasty, who defended his kingdom from an attack by the powerful [[Pala Empire|Pala]] ruler [[Dharmapala]]. The third king of the dynasty, Shankargana I, was defeated by the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri]] king of [[Tewar, Madhya Pradesh|Tripuri]], [[Kokalla I]]. Shankargana I's successor, Gunambodhideva, successfully assisted the [[Gurjara-Pratihara]] ruler [[Mihira Bhoja]] in his war against the [[Pala Empire|Pala]] ruler [[Devapala (Pala dynasty)|Devapala]]. [[Mihira Bhoja]] granted some territories to Gunambodhideva in exchange for his assistance.<ref name="civ"/><ref name="k2"/>

The sixth king, Bhamanadeva, helped the [[Gurjara-Pratihara]] ruler [[Mahipala I]] in seizing the [[Malwa]] region from the [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]] ruler [[Vairisimha II]], who was a vassal of the [[Rashtrakuta]] empire at the time.<ref name="n">{{cite book |last1=Others |first1=Muzaffar H. Syed & |title=History of Indian Nation : Ancient India |date=20 February 2022 |publisher=K.K. Publications |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sy5gEAAAQBAJ&dq=Kalachuris+of+Sarayupara&pg=PA225 |language=en}}</ref> The thirteenth ruler, Bhima, lost his kingdom due to a civil war. In 1031 CE, Vyasa, a son of a previous ruler Gunasagara II, was made the king of Sarayupara. The kingdom reached its peak under Sondhadeva, the last known ruler of the dynasty, who was ruling in 1079 CE and took the title of ''[[Maharajadhiraja]]''. His kingdom extended from the [[Ghaghara]] river to the [[Gandak river]] and comprised the present-day districts of [[Bahraich district|Bahraich]], [[Gonda district|Gonda]], [[Basti district|Basti]] and [[Gorakhpur district|Gorakphur]].<ref name="n"/> The fate of Sondha Deva and his powerful kingdom is unknown.<ref name="k2"/><ref name="civ"/>

==List of rulers==
*Lakshmanaraja II {{circa|late 8th Century}}
*Shivaraja I
*Shankaragana {{circa|845 - 885}}
*Gunambodhideva / Gunasagara I {{circa|875}}
*Ullabha
*Bhamanadeva
*Shankaragana II
*Mugdhatunga
*Gunasagara II
*Shivraja II
*Bhamana
*Shankaragana III
*Bhima {{circa|1010s}}
*Vyasa
*Sondha Deva (1079)

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:History of Uttar Pradesh]]

Bankim Ghosh

2026-03-25T12:03:42Z

CrystleBreinl34: New...

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{more citations needed|date=November 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}

'''Bankim Ghosh''' (22 October 1922 — 3 June 1992) was a veteran actor of [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali film]] and theatre personality.

==Early life==
Ghosh was born in 1922 in [[Kolkata]], [[British India]]. He passed [[Matriculation|Matriculate]] examination from [[Oriental Seminary]] and B.Com. from [[City College, Kolkata|City College]] in 1938. He was a good athlete during his student life. Ghosh won the Bengal Boxing Championship for five years continuously. He joined and performed in various theatre groups like ''[[Gananatya]]'', ''Ananda Bharati'', ''Rupkar''. His father was dead against of his acting passion. Ghosh left home and worked several jobs in [[Jadavpur University]], [[Indian Airlines]] and [[calcutta High Court]] etc.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/people/bankim-ghosh-11808/about|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105065718/https://www.cinestaan.com/people/bankim-ghosh-11808/about|url-status=live|archive-date=5 November 2019|title=Bankim Ghosh biography and information - Cinestaan.com|website=Cinestaan|access-date=2019-11-05}}</ref>

==Career==
In 1948, Ghosh made his debut in the Bengali film with ''Bhuli Nai''. Director [[Hemen Gupta]] offered him a small role in this film. Almost a decade later he played an important role in Sushil Ghosh's movie ''Dilli Theke Kolkata'' in 1961. In his long acting career, Ghosh worked with famous directors like [[Tapan Sinha]], Bijoy Bose, [[Rituparno Ghosh]]. Mainly he was known for serious antagonistic as well as comic roles. He also worked with [[Satyajit Ray]] in ''[[Charulata]]'' and ''[[Chiriyakhana]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiancine.ma/|title=Indiancine.ma|website=Indiancine.ma|access-date=2019-11-05}}</ref> Ghosh was a social activist worked for child rights. He was involved with a child welfare group named ''Jatiyo Sangho''.

==Selected filmography==
* ''Bhuli Nai''
* ''Dilli Theke Kolkata''
* ''[[Charulata]]''
* ''[[Atithi (1965 film)]]''
* ''Jiban Mrityu''
* ''[[Chiriyakhana]]''
* ''Kokhono Megh''
* ''Chowringhee''
* ''[[Kabita]]''
* ''[[Arogya Niketan (film)]]''
* ''[[Galpo Holeo Satti]]''
* ''[[Bhanu Goenda Jahar Assistant]]''
* ''[[Parineeta (1969 film)]]''
* ''Alo Amar Alo''
* [[Andha Atit]]
* ''Rater Rajanigandha''
* ''Basanata Bilap''
* ''[[Thagini]]''
* ''Chhutir Phande''
* ''[[Megh o Roudra]]''
* ''[[Ranur Pratham Bhag]]''
* ''[[Jadi Jantem]]''
* ''[[Badnam]]''
* ''[[Mayabini (1992 film)|Mayabini]]''
* ''[[Hirer Angti]]''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0315878}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghosh, Bankim}}
[[Category:1922 births]]
[[Category:1992 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Bengali theatre personalities]]
[[Category:Oriental Seminary alumni]]
[[Category:City College, Kolkata alumni]]

Devdutt Padikkal

2026-03-20T05:34:29Z

CrystleBreinl34: slightly adjust formatting based on references for clarity

{{short description|Indian cricketer (born 2000)}}
{{use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Devdutt Padikkal
| image =
| caption = Padikkal in 2024
| country = India
| height = 1.9 m
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2000|7|7|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Edappal]], Kerala, India
| batting = Left-handed
| bowling = Right-arm [[off break]]
| role = [[Batting order (cricket)#Top order|Top-order batsman]]

| club1 = [[Maharaja Trophy KSCA T20|Gulbarga Mystics]]
| year1 = 2017–present
| club2 = [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]
| year2 = 2018–present
| club3 = [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
| year3 = 2019–2021,<br>2025–present
| club4 = [[Rajasthan Royals]]
| year4 = 2022–2023
| club5 = [[Lucknow Super Giants]]
| year5 = 2024
| international = true
| internationalspan = 2021–present
| testdebutdate = 7 March
| testdebutyear = 2024
| testdebutagainst = England
| testcap = 314
| lasttestdate = 22 November
| lasttestyear = 2024
| lasttestagainst = Australia

| T20Idebutdate = 28 July
| T20Idebutyear = 2021
| T20Idebutagainst = Sri Lanka
| T20Icap = 89
| T20Ishirt = 37
| lastT20Idate = 29 July
| lastT20Iyear = 2021
| lastT20Iagainst = Sri Lanka

| columns = 4
| hidedeliveries = true
| column1 = [[Test cricket|Test]]
| matches1 = 2
| runs1 = 90
| bat avg1 = 30.0
| 100s/50s1 = 0/1
| top score1 = 65
| catches/stumpings1 = 2/–
| column2 = [[Twenty20 International|T20I]]
| matches2 = 2
| runs2 = 38
| bat avg2 = 19.0
| 100s/50s2 = 0/0
| top score2 = 29
| catches/stumpings2 = 0/–
| column3 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches3 = 49
| runs3 = 3199
| bat avg3 = 41.01
| 100s/50s3 = 7/19
| top score3 = 193
| catches/stumpings3 = 54/–
| column4 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| matches4 = 38
| runs4 = 2,585
| bat avg4 = 83.38
| 100s/50s4 = 13/12
| top score4 = 152
| catches/stumpings4 = 21/–
| date = 3 January
| year = 2026
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1119026.html ESPNcricinfo
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport|Men's [[cricket]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Under-19 Men's Asia Cup|ACC U19 Asia Cup]]}}
{{Medal|W|[[2018 ACC Under-19 Asia Cup|2018 Bangladesh]]}}
}}
'''Devdutt Padikkal''' ({{IPA|ml|d̪eːʋd̪at̪ paɖikːal|lang}}; born 7 July 2000) is an [[India national cricket team|Indian]] [[Cricket|cricketer]]. He made his international debut in [[Indian cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2021|July 2021]] in a [[Twenty20 International|T20I]] against [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]] and [[Test cricket|test]] debut in March 2024 against [[England cricket team|England]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=SL vs Ind, 2nd T20: Devdutt Padikkal becomes first male cricketer born in this century to play for India |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/devdutt-padikkal-becomes-first-cricketer-born-in-this-century-to-play-for-india-1833871-2021-07-28 |work=India Today}}</ref> He plays for [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]] in domestic cricket and [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] in the [[Indian Premier League]].

==Early life==
Devdutt Padikkal was born on 7 July 2000 in [[Edappal]], [[Kerala]] to Ambili Padikkal and Babunu Kunnath.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mykhel.com/cricket/devdutt-padikkal-know-all-about-royal-challengers-bangalore-batting-star-family-records-age-152061.html|work=My Khel|title=Devdutt Padikkal: Know all about the Royal Challengers Bangalore batting star; family, records, age|first=Unnikrishnan|last=G|date=21 September 2020|access-date=13 June 2021}}</ref> Devdutt got his family name, ''Padikkal'', through [[matrilineal succession]].

In 2011, his family moved from [[Hyderabad]] to [[Bangalore]], where he began training at the Karnataka Institute of Cricket. Starting from 2014, he represented Karnataka in under-16 and under-19 age categories. In 2017, he was selected by [[Bellary Tuskers]] in the [[Karnataka Premier League]].<ref>{{cite news |title='Test cricket is the ultimate': India 'A'-select Devdutt Padikkal shares his dreams |url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/sports/cricket/2019/10/28/devdutt-padikkal-cricket-.html |access-date=1 December 2019 |work=[[Manorama Online]]}}</ref> He completed his Bachelor's of Business Administration in [[St. Joseph's College of Commerce]], Bangalore.

==Domestic career==
He made his [[first-class cricket|first-class]] debut for [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]] in the [[2018–19 Ranji Trophy]] on 28 November 2018.<ref name="FC">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1156990.html |title=Elite, Group A, Ranji Trophy at Mysore, Nov 28 - Dec 1 2018 |access-date=28 November 2018 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> In December 2018, he was bought by the [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] in the [[List of 2019 Indian Premier League personnel changes|player auction]] for the [[2019 Indian Premier League]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/25390461/ipl-2019-auction-was-sold-whom |title=IPL 2019 auction: The list of sold and unsold players |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=18 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/ipl-auction-2019-who-got-whom/articleshow/67144375.cms |title=IPL 2019 Auction: Who got whom |work=The Times of India |access-date=18 December 2018}}</ref> He became the first player in IPL history to score three fifties in his first four matches.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Devdutt Padikkal only player in IPL history to score 3 fifties in first 4 games |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-news/devdutt-padikkal-third-fifty-four-games-rcb-vs-rr-aaron-finch-royal-challengers-bangalore-ipl-2020-record/article32760768.ece |access-date=28 October 2020 |work=Sportstar |date=3 October 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

He made his [[List A cricket|List A]] debut on 26 September 2019, for Karnataka in the [[2019–20 Vijay Hazare Trophy]].<ref name="LA">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1200660.html |title=Elite, Group A, Vijay Hazare Trophy at Bengaluru, Sep 26 2019 |access-date=26 September 2019 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> He was the leading run-scorer in the tournament, with 609 runs in eleven matches.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=13220;type=tournament |title=Vijay Hazare Trophy, 2019/20: Most runs |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=25 October 2019}}</ref>

In October 2019, he was named in [[India A cricket team|India A]]'s squad for the [[2019–20 Deodhar Trophy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/deodhar-trophy-2019-squads-india-a-india-b-india-c-parthiv-patel-shubman-gill-anuma-vihari-ranchi/article29788595.ece |title=Deodhar Trophy 2019: Hanuma Vihari, Parthiv, Shubman to lead; Yashasvi earns call-up |work=SportStar |date=24 October 2019 |access-date=25 October 2019}}</ref> He made his [[Twenty20]] debut on 8 November 2019, for Karnataka in the [[2019–20 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]].<ref name="T20">{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1205714.html |title=Group A, Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy at Visakhapatnam, Nov 8 2019 |access-date=8 November 2019 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> In August 2024, he was named in India D's squad for [[2024–25 Duleep Trophy]].

==International cricket==
In June 2021, he was named in India's [[One Day International]] (ODI) and [[Twenty20 International]] (T20I) squads for their series [[Indian cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2021|against Sri Lanka]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/sri-lanka-vs-india-2021-shikhar-dhawan-to-captain-india-on-limited-overs-tour-of-sri-lanka-1265911 |title=Shikhar Dhawan to captain India on limited-overs tour of Sri Lanka |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=10 June 2021 |access-date=10 June 2021}}</ref> He made his T20I debut on 28 July 2021, for India against [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1262759.html |title=2nd T20I (N), Colombo (RPS), Jul 28 2021, India tour of Sri Lanka |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=28 July 2021}}</ref>

In February 2024, he was added to India's [[Test cricket|Test]] squad for their series [[English cricket team in India in 2023–24|against England]] as a replacement of [[KL Rahul]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/kl-rahul-ruled-out-of-third-india-vs-england-test-devdutt-padikkal-called-up-1420858 |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 February 2024 |title=KL Rahul ruled out of third India vs England Test; Devdutt Padikkal called up}}</ref> He made his Test debut in 5th match of the same series on 7 March 2024.<ref name="5th Test: Devdutt Padikkal makes debut as England choose to bat first against India">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=5th Test: Devdutt Padikkal makes debut as England choose to bat first against India |url=https://telanganatoday.com/5th-test-devdutt-padikkal-makes-debut-as-england-choose-to-bat-first-against-india |access-date=23 March 2025 |publisher=Telangana Today |date=7 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250323053259/https://telanganatoday.com/5th-test-devdutt-padikkal-makes-debut-as-england-choose-to-bat-first-against-india |archive-date=23 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1389403.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=7 March 2024 |title=5th Test, Dharamsala, March 07 - 11, 2024, England tour of India}}</ref> Padikkal scored 65 runs off 103 balls in his debut test innings. His inning included 10 fours and 1 six.

==Indian Premier League==
Padikkal won the Emerging Player Award for the [[2020 Indian Premier League]] (IPL), playing for [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=IPL 2020 full list of award winners: Jofra Archer is MVP, emerging player award for Devdutt Padikkal and more |url=https://www.firstpost.com/firstcricket/sports-news/ipl-2020-full-list-of-award-winners-jofra-archer-is-mvp-emerging-player-award-for-devdutt-padikkal-and-more-9003291.html|access-date=22 December 2020|website=Firstpost|date=11 November 2020 }}</ref> He scored 473 runs in 15 matches for Royal Challengers Bangalore in his debut IPL season.<ref>{{Cite web|title=IPLT20.com - Indian Premier League Official Website|url=https://www.iplt20.com/teams/royal-challengers-bangalore/squad/5430/devdutt-padikkal|access-date=22 December 2020|website=www.iplt20.com|language=en|archive-date=16 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116174457/https://www.iplt20.com/teams/royal-challengers-bangalore/squad/5430/devdutt-padikkal|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was selected in [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka's squad]] for the 2021 [[Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Karnataka Squad|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/squad/1245439.html|access-date=3 January 2021|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref> On 22 April 2021, in the [[2021 Indian Premier League]], Devdutt scored his maiden hundred with the score of 101[[not out|*]], as Royal Challengers Bangalore beat the [[Rajasthan Royals]] by ten wickets.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2021-1249214/royal-challengers-bangalore-vs-rajasthan-royals-16th-match-1254073/match-report |title=Padikkal 101*, Kohli 72* flatten Royals in ten-wicket win |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=22 April 2021}}</ref>

In February 2022, he was bought by the [[Rajasthan Royals]] in the [[List of 2022 Indian Premier League personnel changes|auction]] for the [[2022 Indian Premier League]] tournament.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2022-auction-the-list-of-sold-and-unsold-players-1300689 |title=IPL 2022 auction: The list of sold and unsold players |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=13 February 2022}}</ref> In March 2022, Padikkal scored his maiden first-class century, with 178 runs in the [[2021–22 Ranji Trophy]] match against [[Puducherry cricket team|Puducherry]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/padikkals-maiden-unbeaten-ton-drives-karnataka/article65188341.ece|title=Padikkal's maiden unbeaten ton drives Karnataka |work=The Hindu |date=3 March 2022 |access-date=4 March 2022 |last1=Dinakar |first1=S. }}</ref> In April 2022, while playing for the [[Rajasthan Royals]], he scored his 1,000th run in the IPL.<ref>{{Cite web|title=IPL 2022: Devdutt Padikkal completes 1000 IPL runs, becomes third quickest Indian player to achieve feat|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/cricket/rr-vs-kkr-devdutt-padikkal-completes-1000-ipl-runs-becomes-third-quickest-indian-to-achieve-feat-article-90916670/amp|date=18 April 2022|work=Times Now}}</ref>

In November 2023, he was traded to [[Lucknow Super Giants]] ahead of the [[List of 2024 Indian Premier League personnel changes|auction]] of the 2024 season.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gollapudi |first=Nagraj |date=22 November 2023 |title=Royals trade Padikkal for Super Giants' Avesh in straight swap |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2024-lucknow-super-giants-trade-avesh-for-rajasthan-royals-padikkal-in-a-straight-swap-1410028 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

[[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]] bought Devdutt Padikkal at his base price of INR 2 crore in the 2025 Indian Premier League auction. Midway through the season, he was ruled out due to injury. [[Mayank Agarwal]] was named as his replacement.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cricinfo|id=1119026}}
{{Commons}}

{{Royal Challengers Bangalore squad}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Padikkal, Devdutt}}
[[Category:2000 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:India Test cricketers]]
[[Category:India Twenty20 International cricketers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Karnataka cricketers]]
[[Category:Royal Challengers Bengaluru cricketers]]
[[Category:Rajasthan Royals cricketers]]
[[Category:Lucknow Super Giants cricketers]]

Bikash Ranjan Bhattacharya

2026-03-16T15:21:28Z

CrystleBreinl34:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Bikash Ranjan Bhattacharya
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1951|11|27|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start = 3 April 2020
| term_end = 2 April 2026
| predecessor = [[Ritabrata Banerjee]]
| successor = [[Rahul Sinha (politician)|Rahul Sinha]]
| president =
*[[Ramnath Kovind]]
*[[Droupadi Murmu]]
| 1blankname = [[Rajya Sabha|Chairman of the House]]
| 1namedata =
*[[Venkaiah Naidu]]
*[[Jagdeep Dhankhar]]
*[[C. P. Radhakrishnan]]
| constituency = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from West Bengal|West Bengal]]
| office1 = 36th [[Mayors of Kolkata|Mayor of Kolkata]]
| term_start1 = 5 July 2005
| term_end1 = 16 June 2010
| predecessor1 = [[Subrata Mukherjee]]
| deputy1 = [[Kalyan Mukherjee (politician)|Kalyan Mukherjee]]
| successor1 = [[Sovan Chatterjee]]
| constituency1 = [[Ward No. 100, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward No. 100]]
| spouse =
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| alma_mater = [[Asutosh College]]<br>([[Bachelor of Science|B.Sc.]])<br>[[University of Calcutta]]<br>([[Bachelor of Laws|LL.B]])
| profession = Politician, Lawyer
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Bikash Ranjan Bhattacharya''' ({{langx|bn|বিকাশ রঞ্জন ভট্টাচার্য}}; born 27 November 1951) is an Indian politician and lawyer. He served as a [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]] from the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]].<ref>{{cite news|title=The CPI(M) leader who tripped party boss Sitaram Yechury to enter Rajya Sabha|url=https://theprint.in/politics/the-cpim-leader-who-tripped-party-boss-sitaram-yechury-to-enter-rajya-sabha/384789/|date=20 March 2020|first1=Madhuparna|last1=Das|publisher=The Print|access-date=21 March 2020|archive-date=26 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426062801/https://theprint.in/politics/the-cpim-leader-who-tripped-party-boss-sitaram-yechury-to-enter-rajya-sabha/384789/|url-status=live}}</ref> He served as the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] parliamentary party leader in [[Rajya Sabha]] from 3 July 2024 until 3 May 2025. He served as [[Mayors of Kolkata|Mayor of Kolkata]] from 2005 to 2010, heading the [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]], led by the [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] in the state of [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/kolkata/ex-mayor-and-noted-lawyer-bikash-bhattacharya-to-contest-bengal-rs-seat-as-left-congress-candidate/story-QzP4hDlRzJeYCmnuAwmvKI.html|title=Ex-mayor and noted lawyer Bikash Bhattacharya to contest Bengal RS seat as Left-Congress candidate|work=Hindustan Times |date=10 March 2020|access-date=29 March 2020|archive-date=14 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200914012156/https://www.hindustantimes.com/kolkata/ex-mayor-and-noted-lawyer-bikash-bhattacharya-to-contest-bengal-rs-seat-as-left-congress-candidate/story-QzP4hDlRzJeYCmnuAwmvKI.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Early life==
Bhattacharya hails from the [[Kalighat]] region of [[Kolkata]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/calcutta-times/the-chosen-one-bikash-ranjan-bhattacharya/articleshow/1401656.cms|title=The Chosen One Bikash Ranjan Bhattacharya|last=Konar|first=Debasish|date=5 February 2006|work=The Times of India|publisher=Bennett Coleman & Co. Ltd|access-date=2008-07-15|archive-date=15 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190215032543/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/calcutta-times/the-chosen-one-bikash-ranjan-bhattacharya/articleshow/1401656.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> He was born into a [[Bengali Brahmin]] [[East Bengali refugees|refugee]] family to Nityaranjan Bhattacharyya and Avarani Bhattacharyya. He went to Kalighat High School, and then joined [[Asutosh College|Asutosh College]] for his Bachelor of Science degree. He completed his [[Bachelor of Laws|LL.B]]. from [[University of Calcutta]]. He was later recruited as a school teacher, however, he left that job to join the legal profession.<ref name="auto">{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/calcutta-times/the-chosen-one-bikash-ranjan-bhattacharya/articleshow/1401656.cms | title=The Chosen One Bikash Ranjan Bhattacharya | newspaper=The Times of India | date=5 February 2006 | access-date=18 March 2023 | archive-date=15 February 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190215032543/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/calcutta-times/the-chosen-one-bikash-ranjan-bhattacharya/articleshow/1401656.cms | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Legal career==
Bhattacharya is a Senior Advocate and leads various notable cases like "[[Saradha Group financial scandal|Saradha]]", "[[Narada sting operation]]", "[[West Bengal School Service Commission recruitment scam|Teachers Recruitment Scam]]" among other cases. He is practicing in [[Supreme Court of India]], [[Calcutta High Court]] and other courts.

He has served as the [[Advocate general|Advocate General]] of [[Tripura]] for 5 years between 1998 and 2003.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sansad.in/rs|title=Digital Sansad|first=National Informatics|last=Centre|website=Digital Sansad|access-date=19 May 2023|archive-date=27 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027094108/https://sansad.in/rs|url-status=live}}</ref> He was once offered the position of a justice at [[Calcutta High Court]] but he passed on that appointment.

He also acts as the principal legal mind of his party and defends party members implicated in political cases.

==Political career==
He joined the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] as a student and was active [[Students' Federation of India]].

He was arrested in the 1970s for participating in students' movement and spent some time in prison.<ref name="auto"/>

He took over the reins of the [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]] in 2005 and continued as Mayor of Kolkata in 2010. He was elected from [[Ward No. 100, Kolkata Municipal Corporation]] in 2005, defeating influential [[Trinamool Congress]] leader [[Partha Chatterjee (politician)|Partha Chatterjee]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wbsec.gov.in/writereaddata/Result_upload/KMC%20ELECS.pdf|title=Election results|website=wbsec.gov.in|access-date=18 March 2023|archive-date=2 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702173356/http://wbsec.gov.in/writereaddata/Result_upload/KMC%20ELECS.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

As Mayor of Kolkata, he undertook several projects including sewerage systems in the city and took initiative to provide birth certificates to street children. Being a senior advocate he has become the poster-boy of TMC government opposition by his cascading eloquence and fiery oratory.

He fought from the [[Jadavpur Lok Sabha constituency]] in [[2019 Indian general election in West Bengal]] for CPI(M) in which he faced defeat and received third position behind [[Mimi Chakraborty]] of [[Trinamool Congress]] party and [[Anupam Hazra]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He was the only of candidate of his party in West Bengal to retain his security deposit.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/all-but-one-left-front-candidates-set-to-lose-their-security-deposit-in-west-bengal-119052302195_1.html | title=All But One Left Front Candidates Set To Lose Their Security Deposit In West Bengal | access-date=23 May 2019 | website = Business Standard}}</ref>

He had been elected to [[Rajya Sabha]] from [[West Bengal]] in 2020 and took oath on 22 July. Earlier in 2017, he contested for a [[Rajya Sabha]] seat in West Bengal, however, his nomination was disqualified due to technical issues.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/nomination-of-bikash-ranjan-bhattacharya-to-the-rajya-sabha-got-stuck-because-of-a-confusion-1.650129 | title=টানাপড়েনে ঝুলেই রইলেন বিকাশ | access-date=18 March 2023 | archive-date=18 March 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318044936/https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/nomination-of-bikash-ranjan-bhattacharya-to-the-rajya-sabha-got-stuck-because-of-a-confusion-1.650129 | url-status=live }}</ref>

He was elected as the President of All India Lawyers' Union, lawyers' organisation of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] in 2017. He currently serves as a special invited member of CPI(M) West Bengal State Committee.

He served as the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] parliamentary party leader in [[Rajya Sabha]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=ഡെസ്‌ക് |first=വെബ് |title=ബികാഷ് രഞ്ജന്‍ ഭട്ടാചാര്യ രാജ്യസഭയിലെ സി പി എം കക്ഷി നേതാവ് |url=https://www.sirajlive.com/bikash-ranjan-bhattacharya-is-the-cpm-party-leader-in-the-rajya-sabha.html?s |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=Siraj Daily |language=ml}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Bhattacharyya married to Ibha Bhattacharyya on 31 May 1976 and the couple has a son. Ibha Bhattacharyya is a consultant dietician. He has five brothers and one sister.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://myneta.info/rajsab09aff/candidate.php?candidate_id=810 | title=Bikash Ranjan Bhattacharyya(Communist Party of India (Marxist)(CPI(M))):(WEST BENGAL) - Affidavit Information of Candidate | access-date=18 March 2023 | archive-date=18 March 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318044935/https://myneta.info/rajsab09aff/candidate.php?candidate_id=810 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="auto"/> Bhattacharya, in spite of hailing from a [[Brahmin]] family, is an avowed atheist. In 2015, Bhattacharya generated news by publicly consuming [[beef]] in an event held in [[Dharmatala]] to protest the [[2015 Dadri lynching|Dadri lynching incident]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-11-06 |title=CPI(M) leader slammed for participating in ‘beef’ event |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/cpim-leader-slammed-for-participating-in-beef-event/article7852855.ece/ |access-date=2025-04-18 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Allies' beef ire at Bikash |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/allies-beef-ire-at-bikash/cid/1316302 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327083431/https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/allies-beef-ire-at-bikash/cid/1316302 |archive-date=27 March 2022 |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhattacharya, Bikash}}
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century mayors of places in India]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Mayors of Kolkata]]
[[Category:Senior advocates in India]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Members of the Kolkata Municipal Corporation]]

Golconda

2026-03-16T07:47:17Z

CrystleBreinl34: formatting fix

{{Short description|11th-century citadel in Telangana, India}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox military installation
| name = Golconda
| type = Fort
| location = Hyderabad, India
| image = Golconda Fort 005.jpg
| caption =
| coordinates = {{Coord|17|22|59|N|78|24|04|E|region:IN-TS_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| map_type = India Hyderabad
| map_size = 250
| code =
| built = 11th century
| builder = [[Kakatiya dynasty]] ruler King [[Prataparudra]] in the 11th century, 1143 CE <br />[[Sultan Quli Qutb-ul-Mulk]] (1518 fortification)
| materials =
| height =
| used =
| condition =
| ownership = [[Archaeological Survey of India]]
| open_to_public = Yes
| controlledby = Archaeological Survey of India
| garrison =
| current_commander =
| commanders =
| occupants = [[Bahmani Sultanate]], [[Golconda Sultanate]], [[Mughal Empire]], [[Hyderabad State]]
| battles =
| events =
}}

'''Golconda''' is a fortified citadel and ruined city located on the western outskirts of [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], India.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cntraveller.in/story/golconda-hyderabad-telangana-deccan-sultanate-fort-history/|title=How an impregnable fort city was finally breached by treachery|date=29 December 2022 }}</ref> The fort was originally built by [[Kakatiya dynasty|Kakatiya]] ruler [[Kakatiya dynasty#Prataparudra I|Pratāparudra]] in the 11th century out of mud walls.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Bilgrami |first=Syed Ali Asgar |year=1927 |title=The Landmarks of the Deccan |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.63136 |location=Hyderabad-Deccan, India |publisher=Government Central Press |pages=108–110 |language=English}} Reprint: {{ISBN|9789353245733}}.</ref> It was ceded to the [[Bahmani Kingdom|Bahmani Kings]] from [[Musunuri Nayakas]] during the reign of Bahmani Sultan [[Mohammed Shah I]], during the first [[Bahmani–Vijayanagar War (1362–1367)|Bahmani-Vijayanagar War]]. Following the death of Sultan Mahmood Shah, the Sultanate disintegrated and Sultan Quli, who had been appointed as the Governor of Hyderabad by the Bahmani Kings, fortified the city and made it the capital of the [[Golconda Sultanate]]. Because of the vicinity of diamond mines, especially [[Kollur Mine]], Golconda flourished as a trade centre of large diamonds known as [[Golconda Diamonds]]. Golconda fort is currently abandoned and in ruins. The complex was put by [[UNESCO]] on its "tentative list" to become a [[World Heritage Site]] in 2014, with other forts in the region, under the name [[Monuments and Forts of the Deccan Sultanate]] (despite there being a number of different sultanates).<ref name=":0">[https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5887/ UNESCO "tentative list"]</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Golconda fort 15032012.jpg|thumb|Ruins of the fort]]
[[File:Golconda Fort 013.jpg|thumb|View of the Baradari at the Golconda Fort]]

The origins of the Golconda fort can be traced back to the 11th century. It was originally a small mud fort built by [[Kakatiya dynasty#Prataparudra I|Pratāparudra]] of the [[Kakatiyas|Kakatiya Empire]].<ref name=":1" /> The name ''Golconda'' is thought to originate from the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] {{lang|te|గొల్లకొండ}} {{Transliteration|te|ISO|Gollakoṇḍa}} for "Shepherd's hill".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/kids/enjoy-a-slice-of-history/article3412035.ece|title=Enjoy a slice of history|author=Harin Chandra|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2012-05-14}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Lasania |first=Yunus |date=2022-02-19 |title=Hyderabad: How rumours of a secret tunnel are ruining the Charminar |url=https://www.siasat.com/hyderabad-how-rumours-of-a-secret-tunnel-are-ruining-the-charminar-2278080/ |access-date=2022-11-16 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en-US}}</ref> It is also thought that Kakatiya ruler [[Ganapatideva]] 1199–1262 built a stone [[Hilltop castle|hilltop]] [[Outpost (military)|outpost]]—later known as Golconda fort—to defend their western region.<ref>{{cite book |title=An African Indian community in Hyderabad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DigPvwHTqJ4C|last=Yimene |first=Ababu Minda |year=2004|publisher=Cuvillier Verlag |page=2|isbn=978-3-86537-206-2|access-date=19 September 2021}}</ref> The fort was later developed into a fortified citadel in 1518 by [[Quli Qutb Shah|Sultan Quli]] of the [[Qutb Shahi dynasty|Qutb Shahi Empire]] and the city was declared the capital of the [[Golconda Sultanate]].<ref name=":2" />

The [[Bahmani Sultanate|Bahmani kings]] took possession of the fort after it was made over to them by means of a ''sanad'' by the Rajah of [[Warangal]].<ref name=":1" /> Under the [[Bahmani Sultanate]], Golconda slowly rose to prominence. [[Sultan Quli Qutb-ul-Mulk]] (r. 1487–1543), sent by the Bahmanids as a governor at Golconda, established the city as the seat of his governance around 1501. Bahmani rule gradually weakened during this period, and Sultan Quli (Quli Qutub Shah period) formally became independent in 1518, establishing the [[Qutb Shahi dynasty]] based in Golconda.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sherwani |first=H.K. |title=The History of the Qutb Shahi Dynasty |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd. |year=1974 |isbn=9788121503396 |location=India |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis |last=Sardar |first=Marika |year=2007 |title=Golconda Through Time: A Mirror of the Evolving Deccan |type=PhD thesis |publisher=New York University |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q8zERtJWtSUC |isbn=978-0-549-10119-2|pages=66–67}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4|page=118}}</ref> Over a period of 62 years, the mud fort was expanded by the first three Qutb Shahi sultans into the present structure: a massive [[fortification]] of granite extending around {{convert|5|km|abbr=on}} in [[circumference]]. It remained the capital of the Qutb Shahi dynasty until 1590 when the capital was shifted to [[Hyderabad]]. The Qutb Shahis expanded the fort, whose {{convert|7|km|abbr=on}} outer wall enclosed the city.

During the early seventeenth century a strong cotton-weaving industry existed in Golconda. Large quantities of cotton were produced for domestic and exports consumption. High quality plain or patterned cloth made of muslin and calico was produced. Plain cloth was available as white or brown colour, in bleached or dyed variety. Exports of this cloth was to Persia and European countries. Patterned cloth was made of prints which were made indigenously with indigo for blue, chay-root for red coloured prints and vegetable yellow. Patterned cloth exports were mainly to Java, Sumatra and other eastern countries.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Moreland|first=W.H|title=Relation of Golconda in the Early Seventeenth Century|publisher=Halyukt Society|year=1931}}</ref>
The fort finally fell into ruin in 1687 after an [[Siege of Golconda|eight-month-long siege]] led to its fall at the hands of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Aurangzeb]], who ended the Qutb Shahi reign and took the last Golconda king, [[Abul Hasan Qutb Shah|Abul Hassan Tana Shah]], captive.<ref>{{cite book|title=India through the ages|last=Gopal|first=Madan|year= 1990| page= 178|editor=K.S. Gautam|publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India}}</ref><ref name=":2" />

==Diamonds==
The Golconda fort used to have a vault where the famous [[Koh-i-Noor]] and [[Hope Diamond|Hope diamonds]] were once stored along with other diamonds.<ref>{{cite book |title=Footprint India |first=Roma |last=Bradnock |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-906098-05-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/footprintindia0000dare/page/1035 1035] |publisher=Footprint |url=https://archive.org/details/footprintindia0000dare/page/1035 }}</ref>

Golconda is renowned for the diamonds found on the south-east at [[Kollur Mine]] near [[Kollur, Guntur district]], [[Paritala]] and Atkur in [[Krishna district]] and cut in the city during the [[Kakatiya dynasty|Kakatiya reign]]. At that [[Diamond#Etymology, earliest use and composition discovery|time]], India had the only known diamond mines in the world. Golconda was the market city of the diamond trade, and gems sold there came from a number of mines. The fortress-city within the walls was famous for diamond trade.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}

Its name has taken a generic meaning and has come to be associated with great wealth. Some gemologists use this classification to denote the extremely rare Type IIa diamond, a crystal that essentially lacks nitrogen impurities and is therefore colorless; Many Type IIa diamonds, as identified by the Gemological Institute of America (GIA), have come from the mines in and around the Golconda region.

Many famed diamonds are believed to have been excavated from the mines of Golconda, such as:
{{stack|<gallery mode="packed" heights="150px">
Darya-e Noor Diamond of Iran.png|Daria-i-Noor
Hope Diamond.jpg|Hope Diamond
Koh-i-Noor old version copy.jpg|Koh-i-Noor
Wittelsbach Graff Diamond.JPG|Wittelsbach-Graff Diamond
</gallery>}}
* [[Daria-i-Noor]]
* [[Noor-ul-Ain]]
* [[Koh-i-Noor]]
* [[Hope Diamond]]
* [[Princie Diamond]]
* [[Regent Diamond]]
* [[Wittelsbach-Graff Diamond]]

By the 1880s, "Golconda" was being used generically by English speakers to refer to any particularly rich mine, and later to any source of great wealth.

During [[the Renaissance]] and the early modern eras, the name "Golconda" acquired a legendary aura and became synonymous for vast wealth. The mines brought riches to the [[Qutb Shahis]] of [[Hyderabad State]], who ruled Golconda up to 1687, then to the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]], who ruled after the independence from the [[Mughal Empire]] in 1724 until 1948, when the [[Indian integration of Hyderabad]] occurred. The [[siege of Golconda]] occurred in January 1687, when Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb led his forces to besiege the Qutb Shahi dynasty at Golconda fort (also known as the Diamond Capitol of its time) and was home to the Kollur Mine. The ruler of Golconda was the well entrenched [[Abul Hasan Qutb Shah]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/Delving-into-the-rich-and-often-bloody-history-of-Golconda-Fort/article16437577.ece|title=Delving into the rich and often bloody history of Golconda Fort|website=[[The Hindu]] |date=5 November 2016 }}</ref>

== Architecture ==
[[File:Guide map of Golkonda fort.jpg|thumb|Guide map of Golconda fort]]

Golconda fort is listed as an archaeological treasure on the official "List of Monuments" prepared by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] under The Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alphabetical List of Monuments—Andhra Pradesh |publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_andhra.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625052615/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_andhra.asp |archive-date=25 June 2014 |url-status=dead |access-date=27 August 2015 }}</ref> Golconda consists of four distinct [[fort]]s with a {{convert|10|km|abbr=on}} long outer wall with 87 semicircular bastions (some still mounted with [[cannon]]s), eight gateways, and four [[drawbridge]]s, with a number of royal apartments and halls, temples, mosques, magazines, stables, etc. inside. The lowest of these is the outermost [[Building|enclosure]] entered by the "Fateh Darwaza" (Victory gate, so called after [[Aurangzeb]]’s triumphant army marched in through this gate) studded with giant iron spikes (to prevent elephants from battering them down) near the south-eastern corner. An [[Acoustics|acoustic effec]]t can be experienced at Fateh Darwazaan, a hand clap at a certain point below the [[dome]] at the entrance reverberates and can be heard clearly at the "Bala Hisar" [[pavilion]], the highest point almost a kilometer away. This worked as a warning in case of an attack.

The "Bala Hisar" gate is the main entrance to the fort located on the eastern side. It has a pointed arch bordered by rows of scroll work. The spandrels have [[Yali (mythology)|yalis]] and decorated roundels. The area above the door has peacocks with ornate tails flanking an ornamental arched niche. The granite block lintel below has sculpted yalis flanking a disc. The design of peacocks and lions is typical of [[Hindu architecture]] and underlies this fort's Hindu origins.

The [[Jagadamba]] [[Hindu temple|temple]], located next to the [[mosque]] of [[Abraham in Islam|Ibrahim]] and the king's palace, is visited by hundreds of thousands of Hindu devotees during [[Bonalu]] festival every year.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/historic-jagadamba-temple-sees-many-devotees-but-few-facilities/articleshow/61332780.cms|title=Historic Jagadamba temple sees many devotees, but few facilities|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=30 October 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/golconda-bonalu-begins-with-religous-fervour/article65586272.ece|title=Golconda Bonalu begins with {{as written|reli|gous [sic]}} fervour|website=[[The Hindu]] |date=30 June 2022 }}</ref> Jagadamba temple is about 900 to 1,000 years old, dating back to early [[Kakatiya dynasty|Kakatiya period]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/130622/with-pandemic-on-ebb-state-gears-up-for-grand-bonalu.html|title=With pandemic on ebb, state gears up for grand Bonalu|date=13 June 2022 }}</ref> A [[Mahankali]] [[Hindu temple|temple]] is located in the vicinity, within Golconda fort.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/150622/golconda-mahankali-temple-set-for-grand-bonalu-fete.html|title=Golconda Mahankali temple set for grand Bonalu fete|date=15 June 2022 }}</ref>

The fort also contains the [[Qutb Shahi tombs|tombs of the Qutub Shahi kings]]. These tombs display features of [[Indo-Islamic architecture]] and are located about {{convert|1|km|abbr=on}} north of the outer wall of Golconda. They are encircled by gardens and numerous carved stones.

The two individual pavilions on the outer side of Golconda are built on a point which is quite rocky. The "Kala Mandir" is also located in the fort. It can be seen from the king's durbar (king's court) which was on top of the Golconda fort.

The other buildings found inside the fort are: Habshi Kamans (Abyssian arches), Ashlah Khana, Taramati mosque, Ramadas Bandikhana, Camel stable, private chambers (kilwat), Mortuary bath, Nagina bagh, Ramasasa's kotha, Durbar hall, Ambar khana etc.

<gallery mode="packed">
Golconda Fort - Rani Mahal 04.jpg|Rani Mahal
File:Golconda 091.JPG|Fort overlooking the city of [[Hyderabad]]
File:Golkonda 05.jpg|[[Mosque]] of [[Abraham in Islam|Ibrahim]] at Golconda, Hyderabad
File:Golconda Fort 002 - Baradari.jpg|Baradari located at the top of the citadel
File:Jagdamba Temple, Golkonda Fort.jpg|[[Jagadamba]] [[Hindu temple|temple]] at the top of the Golconda fortifications
File:Bala Hissar Darwaza in Golconda Fort.jpg|Bala Hissar Darwaza
File:Golcondamahankaali.JPG|[[Mahankali]] [[Hindu temple|temple]] at Golconda, Hyderabad
File:Golconda Fort 017.jpg|View from the Baradari
File:Architect in golconda fort.jpg|Design inside the Golconda fort
File:Aerial view of Golconda fort.jpg|Aerial view of Golconda fort
File:Canon at Golconda.jpg|Cannon of the Golconda fort
File:Streets in golconda.jpg|Pathway in Golconda fort
File:The Baradari.jpg|Baradari fort
File:Ceiling of Echo Dome, Golconda Fort (Oct 2025).jpg|Echo Dome interior
</gallery>

== Golconda ruling dynasties ==
* [[Asaf Jahi dynasty]]
* [[Bahmani Sultans]]
* [[Kakatiya dynasty]]
* [[Mughal Empire]]
* [[Musunuri Nayakas]]
* [[Qutb Shahi dynasty]]

== Naya Qila (New Fort) ==
{{Main|Naya Qila}}

[[Naya Qila]] is an extension of Golconda fort which was turned into the [[Hyderabad Golf Club]] despite resistance from farmers who owned the land and various NGOs within the city. The ramparts of the new fort start after the residential area with many towers and the ''Hatiyan ka Jhad'' ("Elephant-sized tree")—an ancient [[Adansonia|baobab]] tree with an enormous girth. It also includes a war mosque. These sites are under restrictive access to the public because of the Golf Course.

== Qutub Shahi tombs ==
{{Main|Qutb Shahi tombs}}
[[File:Tomb of Sultan Quli Qutb Shah 03.jpg|thumb|Tombs of Sultan Quli Qutb Shah and Subhan Quli Qutb Shah]]

The tombs of the Qutub Shahi sultans lie about one kilometre north of Golconda's outer wall. These structures are made of beautifully carved stonework, and surrounded by landscaped gardens. They are open to the public and receive many visitors. It is one of the famous sight-seeing places in Hyderabad.

== <span class="anchor" id="Ropeway"></span> Golconda ropeway==
Golconda Fort Ropeway, a {{Convert|1.5|km|mi|adj=mid|-long}} ropeway project between hilltop Golconda Fort and 7 Qutb Shahi tombs was approved in September 2025 under [[Parvatmala]], tenders were invited for feasibility study were invited, following which DPR will be prepared for the construction.<ref>[https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/hyderabad/govt-approves-overhead-sky-cable-car-project-1011386 Govt approves overhead sky cable car project], Hans India, 2 Oct 2025.</ref>

==Golconda Artillery Centre, Indian Army==
[[File:Arty Centre Hyderabad.jpg|thumb|195th Gunners' Day celebration at Golconda Artillery Centre, Hyderabad, 28 September 2021]]

Golconda Artillery Centre, Hyderabad, was raised on 15 August 1962 as the Second Recruit Training Centre for the [[Regiment of Artillery (India)|Regiment of Artillery]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/830-new-recruits-pass-out-from-artillery-centre/articleshow/81728200.cms|title=830 new recruits pass out from Artillery Centre|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=28 March 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/first-batch-of-agniveers-start-training-at-golconda-artillery-in-hyderabad/articleshow/96865925.cms|title=First batch of Agniveers start training at Golconda Artillery in Hyderabad|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=10 January 2023 }}</ref> Golconda Artillery Centre is located in and around the Golconda fort. The Golconda centre has three training regiments and presently trains 2900 recruits at a time.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=vtW/oKql9jXObOz1gaW/Bg==&ParentID=yJE4wJBdSlVFFGzvOtJPIA==&flag=8CKP966uzg96kLov0aWdfQ==|title= Arty Centre, Hyderabad|date=|access-date=2021-05-25}}</ref>

==UNESCO World Heritage==
The Golconda fort and other Qutb Shahi dynasty Monuments of Hyderabad (the [[Charminar]], and the Qutb Shahi Tombs) were submitted by the Permanent Delegation of India to [[UNESCO]] in 2010 for consideration as [[World Heritage Sites]]. They are currently included on India's "[[List of World Heritage Sites in India#Tentative list of Heritage sites|tentative list]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5573/|title=The Qutb Shahi Monuments of Hyderabad Golconda Fort, Qutb Shahi Tombs, Charminar – UNESCO World Heritage Centre|first=UNESCO World Heritage|last=Centre|website=whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Layout/Includes/EDU/ArtWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=EDU&BaseHref=TOIM%2F2012%2F06%2F24&ViewMode=HTML&PageLabel=22&EntityId=Ar02201&AppName=1|title=Prestige or Preservation?|author=Archana Khare Ghose|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=3 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622005212/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Layout/Includes/EDU/ArtWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=EDU&BaseHref=TOIM%2F2012%2F06%2F24&ViewMode=HTML&PageLabel=22&EntityId=Ar02201&AppName=1|archive-date=22 June 2018|url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Influences==
=== In popular culture ===
* "Aline, reine de Golconde" (1760), story by [[Stanislas de Boufflers]]
* ''[[Aline, reine de Golconde]]'' (1766), opera by [[Pierre-Alexandre Monsigny]]
* ''Aline, reine de Golconde'' (1803), opera by [[Henri-Montan Berton]]
* ''Aline, reine de Golconde'' (1804), opera by [[François-Adrien Boieldieu]]
* ''[[Alina, regina di Golconda]]'' (1828), opera by [[Gaetano Donizetti]]
* The poem "{{ws|[[s:Letitia Elizabeth Landon (L. E. L.) in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1838/The Kings of Golconda|The Tombs of the Kings of Golconda]]}}" by [[Letitia Elizabeth Landon]] was published in ''Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book'', 1838.<ref>{{cite book|last =Landon|first=Letitia Elizabeth|title=Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1834|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=49BbAAAAQAAJ&pg=GBS.PA6-IA20|section=poetical illustration|pages=12–14|year=1837|publisher=Fisher, Son & Co.}}{{cite book|last =Landon|first=Letitia Elizabeth|title=Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1838|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=49BbAAAAQAAJ&pg=GBS.PA6-IA22|section=picture|year=1837|publisher=Fisher, Son & Co.}}</ref>
* ''[[Drottningen av Golconda]]'' (''The Queen of Golconda'', 1863), Swedish-language opera by Franz Berwald
* [[Russell Conwell]]'s book ''Acres of Diamonds'' tells a story of the discovery of the Golconda mines.
* [[René Magritte]]'s painting ''[[Golconda (painting)|Golconda]]'' was named after the city.
* [[John Keats]]' early poem "On receiving a curious Shell" opens with the lines: "Hast thou from the caves of Golconda, a gem / pure as the ice-drop that froze on the mountain?"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bartleby.com/126/6.html |title=6. On receiving a curious Shell. Keats, John. 1884. The Poetical Works of John Keats |publisher=Bartleby.com |access-date=2013-05-01}}</ref>
* Golconda is referenced in the classical Russian ballet ''[[La Bayadère]]'' (1877).
* [[Anthony Doerr]]'s Pulitzer Prize–winning novel ''[[All the Light We Cannot See]]'' references the Golconda mines as the discovery place of the "Sea of Flames" diamond.
* In [[Patrick O'Brian]]'s novel ''[[The Surgeon's Mate]]'', a character describes a particularly valuable diamond as being worth "half Golconda".
* The term 'Golconda' is used in [[White Wolf Publishing|White Wolf]]'s ''[[Vampire: the Masquerade]]'' table-top role-playing game to refer to a mystical state of enlightenment. Pursuit of Golconda is usually the ultimate aim of a campaign, although what this might entail is largely left to the storyteller's discretion.

===Places named after Golconda===
* A [[Golconda, Illinois|city]] in [[Illinois]], United States is named after Golconda.
* A [[Golconda, Nevada|city]] in [[Nevada]], United States is named after Golconda.
* A village located in the southern part of [[Trinidad]] had given the name in the 19th century to a rich tract of land which was once a sugar-cane estate. Currently, mostly descendants of [[Indo-Trinidadian|East Indian]] indentured servants occupy the village of Golconda.
* A [[skatepark]] in [[New York City]] ([[Golconda Skate Park]]).

== Gallery ==
<gallery mode="packed">
Golkonda Fort Large View.jpg|Golconda Fort—Large View
Golconda Fort no 1.jpg|Golconda Fort seen from a road
Golconda 102.JPG|Stone Arch Ruins
File:Golkonda during light show at night.jpg|Golkonda during light show at night
Golconda 057.JPG|Fort overlooking the city
Golconda 033.JPG|Staircase leading to the top of the Fort
Golconda Fort 012 - Ambar Khana.jpg|Ambar Khana
Golconda Fort - Rani Mahal 03.jpg|Rani Mahal
Golconda Fort - Taramati Mosque 02.jpg|Taramati Mosque
Golkonda Fort Hyderabad, India.jpg|Golconda fort inside view
Balahissar entrance top.JPG|Architecture inside Golconda fort
Golconda fort from inside.jpg|Golconda fort from inside
Golconda, fortress wall in foreground and fort at a distance.JPG|View of the Golconda fort
Golkunda_fort_(from_backside).jpg|Golconda fort from outside
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Hyderabad|India}}
* [[Afanasiy Nikitin]]—the first European to visit Golconda
* [[History of Hyderabad, India|History of Hyderabad]]
* [[Naya Qila]]
* [[Taramati Baradari]]

== Citations ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite book |last=Nanisetti |first=Serish |date=2019 |title=Golconda Bagnagar Hyderabad, Rise and Fall of a Global Metropolis in Medieval India |url=https://www.amazon.in/dp/B08291BCP9/ |publisher=Generic |edition=1st |isbn=9789353518813|ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Prasad |first=G. Durga |title=History of the Andhras up to 1565 A. D. |publisher=P. G. Publishers |location=Guntur |year=1988 |url=http://www.katragadda.com/articles/HistoryOfTheAndhras.pdf|ref=none}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Golconda}}
* {{Usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150518084754/http://www.kaladarshana.com/sites/golconda/ Qutb Shahi Architecture at Golconda]}} (archived 18 May 2015)
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Golconda|short=x}}

{{Hyderabad topics}}
{{Forts in Telangana}}
{{Forts in India}}
{{Qutb Shahi Monuments}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:11th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Telangana]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Buildings on the Indian Archaeological Register]]
[[Category:Cultural heritage of India]]
[[Category:Former capitals in India]]
[[Category:Former populated places in India]]
[[Category:Forts in Telangana]]
[[Category:Hyderabad State]]
[[Category:Medieval Indian cities]]
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in Telangana]]
[[Category:Populated places established in the 10th century]]
[[Category:Qutb Shahi architecture]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Telangana]]
[[Category:Water Heritage Sites in India]]
[[Category:World Heritage Tentative List for India]]

[[hi:गोलकोण्डा]]
[[sa:गोल्कोण्डदुर्गम्]]

Ramola Devi

2026-03-15T04:03:19Z

CrystleBreinl34: adding a bio...

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{For|the Nepalese writer|Chhinnalata}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ramola Devi
| image = Ramola_in_Khazanchi_(1941).jpg
| alt=Ramola Devi as Madhuri in Khazanchi (1941).
| caption = Ramola Devi as Madhuri in Khazanchi (1941).
| native_name = Rachel Cohen
| birth_date = 7 July 1917
| birth_place = Mumbai, India
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1988|12|10|1917|07|07}}
| death_place = Mumbai, India
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 1937–1951
| height_m = 1.50
| children = 1
}}

'''Ramola Devi''' (7 July 1917 – 10 December 1988) was an [[India]]n [[Jews|Jewish]] actress of [[Baghdadi Jews|Baghdadi]] origin. Born Rachel Cohen, she became famous in the movie "The Cashier" ([[Khazanchi (1941 film)|Khazanchi]]) from 1941. She was a very successful movie star throughout India in the 1940s until 1951 when her acting career ended.

== Early life ==
Ramola Devi was born as Rachel Cohen in 1917 in [[Mumbai|Bombay]], [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]], to a Jewish family whose roots are in [[Baghdad]], [[Iraq]]. Her father Haim Cohen, a school principal, who moved the family to [[Calcutta]] where she graduated from school. Together with her two sisters, Ramola acted on stage as an amateur before entering films. Ramola was drawn to the stage profession from a young age, and immediately after graduating she decided to pursue her dream.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ramola Devi |url=https://www.veethi.com/india-people/ramola_devi-profile-7975-14.htm |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=veethi.com |archive-date=31 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031230932/https://www.veethi.com/india-people/ramola_devi-profile-7975-14.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Career ==
She appeared in theater plays and a number of short and local Bengali films, such as Graher Pher in 1937 but tried to break as an Indian national actress.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

Ramola approached various producers, until the producer [[Kidar Sharma]], who was very well known in the industry, agreed to give her a chance. Jedgish Sethi was the one who introduced between them. Sharma was at that time a producer, [[lyricist]] and [[screenwriter]], mainly wrote dialogues for films but did not direct. Kedar Sharma pitched her to director [[Nitin Bose]], who was a very famous director at that time. Bose made fun of her height and she was heart broken, then Sharma promised her that once he became a director he will give her the main role in his film.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

Kidar Sharma kept his promise and cast her in his first film as a director in 1939 Dil Hi To Hai, a film about a middle-class father who sacrificed his whole life to educate his son and daughter, Ramola played the role of the daughter who broke her father's heart.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

Her big breakthrough came in 1941 with the very successful black and white film [[Khazanchi (1941 film)|Khazanchi]], in the film which was a murder mystery, she played the main character "Madhuri". The film was one of the biggest hits of the early 1940s in India. The film's music composed by [[Ghulam Haider (composer)|Ghulam Haider]] was a big part in revolutionizing Hindi film music from the theatrical style of the 1930s to a more of a free style using [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] folk rhythms in the 1940s as in the famous song from the film "Sawan Kai Nazare hain".<ref>{{Cite web |last=findshars |title=Ramola Devi |url=https://myviewsonbollywood.wordpress.com/tag/ramola-devi/ |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=My Views On Bollywood |language=en |archive-date=31 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031230312/https://myviewsonbollywood.wordpress.com/tag/ramola-devi/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

After the big success of her film Ramola kept acting in many movies which became very popular among the Indian audience. Ramola's acting career took off quickly, winning both the sympathy of the Indian audience and the sympathy of the critics.

Her famous movies were: Khamoshi (1942), Shukria (1944), Albeli (1945), [[Hum Bhi Insaan Hain (1948 film)|Hum Bhi Insan Hain]] (1948) and more.

Her last three films were released in 1951 and thus ended her film career.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-10-31 |title=Death anniversary: Knowing Khazanchi actress Ramola Devi? |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2016/dec/10/3292/death-anniversary-knowing-khazanchi-actress-ramola-devi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031231818/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2016/dec/10/3292/death-anniversary-knowing-khazanchi-actress-ramola-devi |url-status=live |archive-date=2022-10-31 |access-date=2024-03-23 }}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Ramola was married twice. From her first husband she had one son, Sam who migrated to Israel in the early 1950s. Her second husband was a Captain in the [[Royal Air Force|British Air Force]], who helped to train Indian pilots in the [[Indian Air Force|India Air Force]] after 1948 Independence of India. She had two daughters, Dena and Linda, from her second marriage.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Searching for Family |url=https://magazine.esra.org.il/posts/entry/searching-for-family.html |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=ESRAmagazine |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Death Anniversary - Ramola Devi : A tribute |url=https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=592499938336296&set=a.259520551634238 |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=www.facebook.com |language=en}}</ref> She died in her apartment in [[Mumbai]] on 10 December 1988.<ref name=":0" />

== Filmography ==

* ''Graher Pher'' 1937
* ''Dil Hi To Hai'' 1939
* ''[[Qaidi (1940 film)|Qaidi]]'' 1940
* ''[[Khazanchi (1941 film)|Khazanchi]]'' 1941<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ramola Complete Movies List from 1951 to 1937 |url=https://www.bollywoodmdb.com/celebrities/filmography/ramola/16274 |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=www.bollywoodmdb.com |archive-date=31 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031230319/https://www.bollywoodmdb.com/celebrities/filmography/ramola/16274 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''[[Albeli (1955 film)|Albeli]]'' 1945
* ''Shukria'' 1944
* ''Jhooti Kasmen'' 1948
* ''[[Hum Bhi Insaan Hain (1948 film)|Hum Bhi Insaan Hain]]'' 1948
* ''Do Baten'' 1949
* ''[[Sawan Aya Re]]'' 1949
* ''Rim Jhim'' 1949
* ''Maang'' 1950
* ''Basera'' 1950
* ''Jawani Ki Aag'' 1951
* ''Actor'' 1951
* ''[[Stage (film)|Stage]]'' 1951

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S4FPF3V_SMo Ramola&Wasti_G M Durrani_ Lata_Saghir Usmani_Ghulam Mohd]
* [https://wynk.in/music/song/sawan-ke-nazare-hai/sa_INH109342650 The song Sawan Ke Nazare Hai from the movie Khazanchi.]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Devi, Ramola}}
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:1988 deaths]]
[[Category:1917 births]]
[[Category:Indian Jews]]
[[Category:Jewish Indian film people]]

Wipro

2026-03-10T11:01:33Z

CrystleBreinl34: improved article

{{short description|Multinational IT services and consulting company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Wipro Limited
| logo = Wipro new logo.svg
| logo_size = 200px
| image = S3 and S4 Building SJP2 Wipro Sarjapur office Photo 182805.jpg
| image_caption = Headquarters at [[Sarjapura|Sarjapura Road]], [[Bengaluru]]
| trading_name = Wipro
| former_name = Western India Vegetable Products Limited (1945–1977)<br/> Wipro Products Limited (1977–1982)
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{Unbulleted list|{{BSE|507685}}|{{NSE|WIPRO}}|{{NYSE|WIT}}|[[NIFTY 50|NSE NIFTY 50]] constituent}}
| area_served = Worldwide
| ISIN = {{ISIN|sl=n|pl=y|INE075A01022}}
| industry = [[Information technology]]<br>[[Consulting]]<br>[[Outsourcing]]
| key_people = [[Rishad Premji]]<br> {{small|(Executive chairman)}}<br/> Srini Pallia<br>{{small|(CEO)}}
| products =
| services = {{Flatlist|
* [[Information technology]]
* [[Consulting]]
* [[Outsourcing]]
}}
| revenue = {{up}} {{INRconvert|92972|c}} (2025)
| operating_income = {{up}} {{INRconvert|17495|c}} (2025)
| net_income = {{up}} {{INRconvert|13218|c}} (2025)
| assets = {{up}} {{INRconvert|128185|c}} (2025)
| equity = {{up}} {{INRconvert|82577|c}} (2025)
| num_employees = 242,021 (December 2025)<ref>{{cite news |title=Wipro's headcount increases by 6,529 employees in Q3FY26 |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/information-technology/wipro-s-headcount-increases-by-6-529-employees-in-q3fy26-13776061.html |access-date=25 July 2025 |work=Moneycontrol |date=10 March 2026 |language=en}}</ref>
| owner = [[Azim Premji]] (72.67%)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/billionaires/profiles/azim-h-premji/|title=Bloomberg Billionaires Index - Azim Premji|website=Bloomberg.com|access-date=28 May 2019|archive-date=29 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529204321/https://www.bloomberg.com/billionaires/profiles/azim-h-premji/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| subsid = {{unbulleted list|[[Capco]]|[[Designit]]|[[Appirio]]|[[Topcoder]]}}
| foundation = {{Start date and age|29 December 1945}}
| founder = MH Hasham Premji
| location =
| hq_location_city = [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]]
| hq_location_country = India
| homepage = {{URL|https://www.wipro.com/}}
| footnotes = Financials {{as of|2025|03|31|lc=y|df=yes}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Audited Standalone and Consolidated financial results for the quarter and year ended March 31, 2025 |url=https://www.bseindia.com/xml-data/corpfiling/AttachLive/1d817da2-1920-49a6-9c25-364b99051e7a.pdf |website=BSE |publisher=Wipro |access-date=16 April 2025}}</ref>
}}
'''Wipro Limited''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=Wipro company pronunciation.ogg|ˈ|w|ɪ|p|r|oʊ}}) is an Indian [[multinational corporation|multinational technology company]] based in [[Bengaluru]]. It provides [[information technology]], [[consulting]] and [[business process]] services, and is one of India's [[Big Tech (India)|Big Six]] IT services companies. Wipro's services include [[cloud computing]], [[computer security]], [[digital transformation]], [[artificial intelligence]], [[robotics]], [[data analytics]], and other technologies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fitch Affirms Wipro at 'A-'; Outlook Stable |url=https://www.fitchratings.com/research/corporate-finance/fitch-affirms-wipro-at-a-outlook-stable-28-03-2022 |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=www.fitchratings.com}}</ref>

==History==

===Early years===
The company was incorporated on 29 December 1945 in [[Amalner]] by MH Hasham Premji as '''Western India Vegetable Products Limited''', a manufacturer of [[cooking oil]]s.<ref name=NPHistory/><ref name="moneycontrol-wipro-history"/> In 1966, after Hasham Premji's death, his son [[Azim Premji]] took over as [[chairperson]] at age 21.<ref name="Financial Express"/>

The company changed its name to '''Wipro Products Limited''' in 1977, followed by Wipro Limited, a [[syllabic abbreviation]] of the original name, in 1982.<ref name="moneycontrol-wipro-history"/>

===Shift to IT===

In the 1980s, recognizing opportunities in computer hardware and software, the company established subsidiaries Wipro Infotech and Wipro Systems. In 1981, Wipro developed the first Indian [[minicomputer]] based on the [[Intel 8086]] chip in an [[IISc]] lab.<ref>{{cite news |title=Wipro's early years |url=https://in.rediff.com/money/2006/jul/20sld1.htm |access-date=16 July 2024 |work=Rediff |date=20 July 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Indian IT's pioneering pivot |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/startups/people/indian-its-pioneering-pivot/articleshow/99356730.cms |access-date=16 July 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=9 April 2023}}</ref> The software division began in 1984 with the development of a [[spreadsheet]] and [[Word processor program|word-processing]] suite but shifted to [[Offshore custom software development|offshore software development]] in 1990.<ref>{{cite news |title=Wipro: From vanaspati to IT leader |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/wipro-from-vanaspati-to-it-leader/articleshow/620317.cms |access-date=16 July 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=16 April 2004}}</ref>

By the mid-1990s, Wipro had become one of India's leading manufacturers of [[personal computer]]s, [[peripheral]]s, and medical diagnostic equipment.<ref>{{cite news |title=The PC in India The Desktop Story |url=https://www.dqindia.com/the-pc-in-india-the-desktop-story/ |access-date=16 July 2024 |work=Dataquest |language=en}}</ref> In 1998, the company reported being the second-largest software exporter from India,<ref>{{cite news |title=Scaling New Highs |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/scaling-new-highs-198081701012_1.html |access-date=17 July 2024 |work=Business Standard |date=17 August 1998}}</ref> and gradually increased its focus on the higher-[[Profit margin|margin]] software services business which accounted for the vast majority of its profits.<ref>{{cite news |title=Wipro software exports increase 49 per cent |url=https://www.rediff.com/computer/1998/jun/01wipro.htm |access-date=17 July 2024 |work=Rediff}}</ref>

During the [[dot-com boom]] of the early 2000s, Wipro became the largest company in India by [[market capitalization]], reaching a value three times that of the next largest listed company, [[Infosys]]. Consequently, Wipro's majority shareholder Azim Premji was the [[Forbes India's richest Indian by year|richest Indian]] for five consecutive years.<ref>{{cite news |title=Wipro becomes most valuable Indian company, Azim Premji the richest Indian ever |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20000306-wipro-becomes-most-valuable-indian-company-azim-premji-the-richest-indian-ever-777179-2000-03-05 |access-date=16 July 2024 |work=India Today |date=6 March 2000 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=India's $30 Billion Man |url=https://www.forbes.com/forbes/2000/0320/6507144a.html |access-date=16 July 2024 |work=Forbes |language=en}}</ref>

In 2004, Wipro became the second listed [[List of Indian IT companies|Indian IT company]] to report annual revenues exceeding US$1 billion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/wipro-joins-billion-dollar-club/104100/|title = Wipro Joins Billion Dollar Club|date = 17 April 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421110405/https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/wipro-joins-billion-dollar-club/104100/|archive-date=21 April 2022}}</ref> By 2006, approximately 30% of its total revenue came from [[Engineering design process|product engineering R&D]] services.<ref>{{cite news |title=Wipro plans further expansion in Chennai |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/wipro-plans-further-expansion-in-chennai-107013101030_1.html |access-date=4 August 2024 |work=Business Standard| date=31 January 2007}}</ref>

In 2007, Wipro introduced a line of [[supercomputer]]s known as [[Wipro Supernova]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Wipro Infotech launches supercomputers |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/software/wipro-infotech-launches-supercomputers/articleshow/2362912.cms |access-date=19 July 2024 |work=The Economic Times |date=12 September 2007}}</ref> In 2011, Wipro, in collaboration with the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO), developed India's then-fastest supercomputer, [[SAGA-220]], which was deployed at the [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chari |first1=Sridhar K. |title=Wipro building India's fastest supercomputer for space agency |url=https://www.livemint.com/Home-Page/opoGlRmGLYhOquHEFd6gDO/Wipro-building-India8217s-fastest-supercomputer-for-space.html |access-date=19 July 2024 |work=Mint |date=3 January 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Isro stakes claim to India's fastest supercomputer |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/isro-stakes-claim-to-india-s-fastest-supercomputer-111050300042_1.html |access-date=19 July 2024 |work=Business Standard|date=3 May 2011}}</ref>

In 2012, Wipro [[Demerger|demerged]] its non-IT businesses into a new private company named [[Wipro Enterprises]].<ref name="Wipro hives off non-IT business into separate company" /> Prior to this demerger, these businesses—primarily in consumer care, lighting, furniture, hydraulics, water treatment, and medical diagnostics—accounted for about 14% of Wipro's total revenues.<ref>{{cite news |title=Wipro gets shareholders nod for demerger |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/wipro-gets-shareholders-nod-for-demerger-112122900015_1.html |access-date=19 July 2024 |work=Business Standard|date=29 December 2012}}</ref>

In 2014, Wipro set up its [[User experience design|design]] and [[Mobile computing|mobility]] services business division called Wipro Digital.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sood |first1=Varun |title=Wipro's digital business unit to be guided by Bhanumurthy Ballapuram |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/ites/wipros-digital-business-unit-to-be-guided-by-bhanumurthy-ballapuram/articleshow/38945181.cms |access-date=17 July 2025 |work=The Economic Times |date=24 July 2014}}</ref> In 2015, Wipro established its [[Investment management|strategic investment]] arm–Wipro Ventures–to invest in early- and mid-stage [[enterprise software]] startups and [[venture capital fund]]s in the US, India and Israel.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rao |first1=Rukmini |title=Wipro Ventures secures $200 million in fresh funds, eyes bigger bets on startups |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/business-news/wipro-ventures-secures-200-million-in-fresh-funds-eyes-bigger-bets-on-startups/120838 |access-date=17 July 2025 |work=Fortune India |date=26 February 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Hinchcliffe |first1=Dion |title=Exploring Wipro Ventures: An Enterprise-Focused Tech Incubator |url=https://www.constellationr.com/blog-news/exploring-wipro-ventures-enterprise-focused-tech-incubator |access-date=17 July 2025 |work=Constellation Research Inc. |date=16 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

In 2021, Wipro reported that a third of its workforce was engaged in [[cloud computing|cloud]] projects, and announced a $1 billion investment in its FullStride Cloud Services vertical.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dey |first1=Victor |title=Wipro Staffed A Third Of Its Workforce to Cloud Business, Says CEO |url=https://analyticsindiamag.com/ai-news-updates/wipro-staffed-a-third-of-its-workforce-to-cloud-business-says-ceo/ |access-date=25 July 2025 |work=Analytics India Magazine |date=30 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

==Operations==
Wipro serves clients in industries such as financial services, healthcare, manufacturing, retail, and telecommunications. As of 2025, its service offerings are divided under four global business lines (GBLs), each having different leaders:<ref>{{cite news |title=Wipro to realign its four global business lines starting April 1; here are the Big changes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/technology/tech-news/wipro-to-realign-its-four-global-business-lines-starting-april-1-here-are-the-big-changes/articleshow/119073000.cms |access-date=25 July 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=16 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Integrated Annual Report 2024-25 |url=https://bsmedia.business-standard.com/_media/bs/data/announcements/bse/21062025/bad4d97f-e94b-486a-b1ab-c50cd7ae0c75.pdf |website=Business Standard |publisher=Wipro |access-date=25 July 2025}}</ref>

* Wipro Technology Services: IT services in [[Cloud computing|cloud]], [[cybersecurity]], [[data analytics]], [[artificial intelligence]], [[enterprise applications]], and [[Software design|design]], among other domains.
* Wipro Consulting Services: Strategy advisory and [[Management consulting|business consulting]] services.
* Wipro Engineering Edge: Engineering, research and development (ER&D) services for [[semiconductors]] and [[embedded systems]], [[Software-defined infrastructure|software-defined systems]], [[Industry 4.0]], and [[Communications system|communications]], among others.
* Wipro Business Process Services: [[Business process management]] (BPM) services.

==Acquisitions==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! Year !! Company !! Country !! Industry !! Acquisition cost
|-
| 2002 || Spectramind<ref>{{cite news |title=Wipro To Buy 90% In Spectramind |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/wipro-to-buy-90-in-spectramind-102072001028_1.html |access-date=25 July 2025 |work=Business Standard |date=20 July 2002}}</ref> || India || Business process outsourcing || align="right" | $83 million
|-
| 2005 || NewLogic<ref>{{cite news |title=Wipro buys NewLogic for $56mn |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/technology/wipro-buys-newlogic-for-56mn-105121900018_1.html |access-date=27 August 2024 |date=19 December 2005}}</ref> || Austria || Semiconductor design services || align="right" | €47 million
|-
| 2006 || cMango<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/technology/wipro-acquires-us-based-cmango-for-20mn-106022000044_1.html|title=Wipro acquires US-based cMango for $20mn|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=20 February 2006}}</ref> || United States || Technology || align="right" | $20 million
|-
| 2006 || Enabler<ref>{{cite news |last1=McCue |first1=Andy |title=India's Wipro acquires Enabler |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/indias-wipro-acquires-enabler/ |access-date=27 August 2024 |work=ZDNET |date=1 June 2006 |language=en}}</ref> || Portugal || Consulting || align="right" | €41 million
|-
| 2007 || Infocrossing<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ganesh |first1=Venkatesh |title=Wipro buys Infocrossing in largest overseas acquisition |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/business/wipro-buys-infocrossing-in-largest-overseas-acquisition/story-ohuNtYLwf3wQ3m2k6bxOaM.html |access-date=27 August 2024 |work=Hindustan Times |date=7 August 2007}}</ref> || United States || Infrastructure management services || align="right" | $600 million
|-
| 2008 || Citi Technology Services<ref>{{cite news |title=Wipro buys Citi Tech for $127m |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/wipro-buys-citi-tech-for-127m/articleshow/3882501.cms |access-date=27 August 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=24 December 2008}}</ref> || United States || Technology || align="right" | $127 million
|-
| 2012 || Promax Applications Group<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/ites/wipro-to-acquire-australias-promax-applications-group-for-rs-192-crore/articleshow/12945407.cms|title=Wipro to acquire Australia's Promax Applications Group for Rs 192 crore|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref> || Australia || Analytics || align="right" | A$35 million
|-
| 2014 || Atco I-Tek<ref>{{cite news |title=ATCO sells internal IT dept. for $210M, then outsources IT |url=https://www.canadianmanufacturing.com/procurement/atco-sells-internal-dept-210m-outsources-139112/ |access-date=27 August 2024 |work=Canadian Manufacturing |date=18 July 2014}}</ref> || Canada || Technology || align="right" | C$210 million
|-
| 2015 || [[Designit]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/DUaEZFkC4f4exXxR4FW4PP/Wipro-to-acquire-Designit-for--85-million.html|title=Wipro to acquire Designit for €85 million|date=9 July 2015}}</ref> || Denmark || Design consultancy || align="right" | €85 million
|-
| 2015 || Cellent<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mendonca |first1=Jochelle |title=Wipro agrees to buy German IT services company Cellent AG for $78 million |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/ites/wipro-agrees-to-buy-german-it-services-company-cellent-ag-for-78-million/articleshow/50014319.cms |access-date=27 August 2024 |work=The Economic Times |date=3 December 2015}}</ref> || Germany || Consulting || align="right" | €73 million
|-
| 2016 || HealthPlan Services<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sen |first1=Anirban |title=Wipro buys US-based HealthPlan Services for $460 million |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/ites/wipro-buys-us-based-healthplan-services-for-460-million/articleshow/50946961.cms |access-date=27 August 2024 |work=The Economic Times |date=11 February 2016}}</ref> || United States || Healthcare technology || align="right" | $460 million
|-
| 2016 || [[Appirio]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Darrow |first=Barb |date=20 October 2016 |title=Why IT Services Giant Wipro is Snapping up Appirio for $500 Million |url=https://fortune.com/2016/10/20/wipro-buys-appirio/ |website=Fortune}}</ref>|| United States || Cloud services || align="right" | $500 million
|-
| 2019 || International TechneGroup Inc (ITI)<ref>{{cite news |title=Wipro to acquire US-based ITI for around Rs 312 crore |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2019/Jun/05/wipro-to-acquire-us-based-iti-for-rs-312-crore-1986374.html |access-date=27 August 2024 |work=The New Indian Express |date=5 June 2019 |language=en}}</ref> || United States || Engineering services || align="right" | $45 million
|-
| 2020 || 4C<ref>{{cite news |last1=Baruah |first1=Ayushman |title=Wipro to acquire Belgium-based 4C for 68 million euros |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/wipro-to-acquire-belgium-based-4c-for-68-million-euros-11595511617966.html |access-date=14 February 2025 |work=mint |date=23 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref> || Belgium || Salesforce partner || align="right" | €68 million
|-
| 2020 || Rational Interaction<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.consulting.us/news/3805/wipro-digital-acquires-cx-consulting-firm-rational-interaction|title=Wipro Digital acquires CX consulting firm Rational Interaction|date=24 February 2020|website=www.consulting.us|language=en|access-date=25 February 2020|archive-date=25 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225095613/https://www.consulting.us/news/3805/wipro-digital-acquires-cx-consulting-firm-rational-interaction|url-status=live}}</ref> || United States || Digital customer experience consultancy || align="right" | Undisclosed
|-
| 2021 || Eximius Design<ref>{{cite news |last1=Doshi |first1=Ankit |title=Wipro to acquire American engineering services firm Eximius for $80 mn |url=https://www.vccircle.com/wipro-to-acquire-american-engineering-services-firm-eximius-for-80-mn |access-date=27 August 2024 |work=VCCircle |date=15 October 2020}}</ref> || United States || Semiconductor engineering services || align="right" | $80 million
|-
| 2021 || [[Capco]]<ref>{{Cite news|title=India's Wipro to buy Capco for $1.45 billion – TechCrunch|language=en-US|work=TechCrunch|url=https://techcrunch.com/2021/03/04/wipro-capco/|access-date=2021-03-04|archive-date=4 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304171047/https://techcrunch.com/2021/03/04/wipro-capco/|url-status=live}}</ref> || United States || Technology management consultancy || align="right" | $1.45 billion
|-
| 2021 || Ampion<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloombergquint.com/markets/wipro-agrees-to-buy-australian-cybersecurity-provider-stock-gains|title=Wipro Agrees To Buy Australian Cybersecurity Provider; Stock Gains|date=1 April 2021|access-date=18 August 2021|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417095250/https://www.bloombergquint.com/markets/wipro-agrees-to-buy-australian-cybersecurity-provider-stock-gains|url-status=live}}</ref> || Australia || Cybersecurity || align="right" | $117 million
|-
| 2021 || LeanSwift<ref>{{cite news |title=Wipro to acquire LeanSwift Solutions for $21 million |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/industry-wipro-to-acquire-leanswift-solutions-for-21-million-2382021/ |access-date=27 August 2024 |work=Financial Express |date=17 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref> || United States || Cloud transformation || align="right" | $21 million
|-
| 2021 || Edgile<ref>{{cite news |title=Wipro to acquire cybersecurity consulting provider Edgile |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/wipro-to-acquire-cybersecurity-consulting-provider-edgile-11640000162870.html |access-date=27 August 2024 |work=Mint |date=20 December 2021}}</ref> || United States || Cybersecurity || align="right" | $230 million
|-
| 2022 || Convergence Acceleration Solutions (CAS)<ref>{{cite news|title=Wipro acquires consulting firm Convergence Acceleration Solutions for $80 million|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/wipro-acquires-consulting-firm-convergence-acceleration-solutions-for-80-million-8348961.html|access-date=12 January 2024|work=Moneycontrol|date=12 April 2022|language=en}}</ref> || United States || Consulting || align="right" | $80 million
|-
| 2022 || Rizing Intermediate Holdings<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ishwarbharath|first1=Sai|title=Wipro to acquire SAP Consulting firm Rizing for $540 million|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/information-tech/wipro-to-acquire-rizing-for-about-540-million/articleshow/91103364.cms|access-date=12 January 2024|work=The Economic Times|date=26 April 2022}}</ref> || United States || SAP consultancy || align="right" | $540 million
|-
| 2024 || Aggne Global<ref>{{cite news|title=Wipro to acquire US-based insurtech company Aggne Global for $66 million|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/technology/wipro-to-acquire-us-based-insurtech-company-aggne-global-for-66-million-12260551.html|access-date=13 February 2024|work=Moneycontrol|date=13 Feb 2024|language=en}}</ref> || United States || Insurtech || align="right" | $66 million
|-
| 2024 || Applied Value Technologies (AVT)<ref>{{cite news |title=Wipro acquires IT consulting firm AVT for $40 mn |url=https://www.techcircle.in/2024/12/17/wipro-acquires-it-consulting-firm-avt-for-40mn |access-date=14 February 2025 |work=Techcircle |date=17 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref> || United States || Consulting || align="right" | $40 million
|}

==Listing and shareholding==
[[File:Wipro-logo-edited.png|thumb|upright=0.7|Wipro's logo from 1998 to 2017]]

Wipro's equity shares have been listed on [[Bombay Stock Exchange]] since 1946 and the [[National Stock Exchange of India]] where it is a constituent of the [[NIFTY 50]]. The [[American depositary receipt|American Depositary Shares]] of the company are listed on the [[New York Stock Exchange]] (NYSE) since October 2000.<ref>{{cite news |title=Wipro IPO rises 19 percent |url=https://money.cnn.com/2000/10/19/deals/wipro_ipo/ |access-date=4 August 2024 |work=CNN Money| date=19 October 2000}}</ref>

As of 2025, the promoter group headed by [[Azim Premji]] held a 72.67% stake in the company, while the remaining shares were with [[Public float|public shareholders]] and an [[employee trust]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Shareholding Pattern 2025 |url=https://www.wipro.com/content/dam/nexus/en/investor/shareholding-pattern/2025/june-13-2025.pdf |access-date=17 July 2025 |work=Wipro}}</ref> Since 2019, proceeds from the promoter group's 67% stake have been directed to the philanthropic activities of Azim Premji Foundation.<ref>{{cite news |title=Azim Premji commits Rs 1.45 lakh crore, 67 per cent Wipro stake to charity |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/business/story/azim-premji-wipro-shares-benefits-philanthropy-assets-1477361-2019-03-13 |access-date=25 July 2025 |work=India Today| date=13 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sood |first1=Varun |title=Azim Premji trusts get a share of his wealth, but not voting rights |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/azim-premji-trusts-get-a-share-of-his-wealth-but-not-voting-rights-1552935688818.html |access-date=25 July 2025 |work=Mint |date=19 March 2019}}</ref>

==Employees==
As of March 2024, Wipro had 234,054 employees from 146 nationalities, out of which 36.6% were women. It had 26 offices in India and 58 offices in overseas locations.<ref name="AR2024">{{Cite web |title=Integrated Annual Report 2023-24 |url=https://www.wipro.com/content/dam/nexus/en/investor/annual-reports/2023-2024/integrated-annual-report-2023-24.pdf|access-date=20 August 2024|website=www.wipro.com}}</ref>

List of CEOs since 1981:<ref>{{cite news |title=Changes stir hopes of stability at Wipro |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/changes-stir-hopes-of-stability-at-wipro-115040701191_1.html |access-date=16 July 2024 |work=Business Standard |date=7 April 2015}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! CEO
! Tenure
|-
| Ashok Narasimhan
| 1981–1988
|-
| Ashok Soota
| 1991–1999
|-
| [[Vivek Paul]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wright |first=Robert |date=6 August 2005 |title=Vivek Paul Leaves Wipro |url=https://www.crn.com/features/channel-programs/166403051/vivek-paul-leaves-wipro |website=CRN}}</ref>
| 1999–2005
|-
| [[Azim Premji]]
| 2005–2008
|-
| [[Girish Paranjpe]] and [[Suresh Vaswani]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-02-24 |title=Wipro's ex-CEOs Paranjpe & Vaswani get Rs 7 crore each as severance amount |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/software/wipros-ex-ceos-paranjpe-vaswani-get-rs-7-crore-each-as-severance-amount/articleshow/7558756.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-05-09 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
| 2008–2011
|-
| T. K. Kurien<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-01-21 |title=Wipro appoints T K Kurien as CEO |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/management/leadership/story/wipro-ceos-to-step-down-kurien-new-ceo-wef-feb-1-20163-2011-01-21 |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref>
| 2011–2016
|-
| [[Abidali Neemuchwala]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wipro Names Abidali Neemuchwala As Its New CEO |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/special/wipro-names-abidali-neemuchwala-as-its-new-ceo/41837/1 |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mendonca |first=Jochelle |date=2020-02-01 |title=Wipro CEO Abidali Neemuchwala steps down |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/ites/wipro-ceo-abidali-neemuchwala-steps-down/articleshow/73788777.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-04-28 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
| 2016–2020
|-
| Thierry Delaporte<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suresh |first=Haripriya |last2=Ishwarbharath B |first2=Sai |date=6 April 2024 |title=Wipro CEO Delaporte resigns; to be replaced by veteran insider |url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/wipro-ceo-thierry-delaporte-resigns-2024-04-06/ |access-date=28 April 2025 |website=Reuters}}</ref>
| 2020–2024
|-
| Srini Pallia<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wipro Ropes In Srini Pallia As CEO: Who Is He? |url=https://www.bwmarketingworld.com/article/wipro-ropes-in-srini-pallia-as-ceo-who-is-he-516317 |access-date=2025-04-17 |website=BW Marketing World |language=en}}</ref>
| 2024–present
|}

==Sponsorships==
* Wipro, as a member of the [[Electronic City]] Industries Association, partly funded the construction of the 9-km [[Electronic City Elevated Expressway]] in Bangalore which opened in 2010.<ref>{{cite news |title=Infy, Wipro to part-fund Bangalore expressway |url=https://www.rediff.com/money/report/bangalore/20040928.htm |access-date=18 July 2024 |work=Rediff |language=en}}</ref>

* Wipro has been the title sponsor of the [[San Francisco Marathon]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Wipro to be title sponsor of San Francisco Marathon |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/wipro-to-be-title-sponsor-of-san-francisco-marathon-112041800134_1.html |access-date=18 July 2024 |work=Business Standard|date=18 April 2012}}</ref> [[Chennai Marathon]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Connolly |first1=Eoin |title=Wipro to title sponsor first ever Chennai Marathon |url=https://www.sportspromedia.com/news/wipro_to_title_sponsor_first_ever_chennai_marathon/ |access-date=18 July 2024 |work=SportsPro |date=18 September 2012}}</ref> and [[Bengaluru Marathon]] at different times.<ref>{{cite news |title=Wipro's fitness push: Tech giant all set to sponsor Bengaluru Marathon |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/companies/wipros-fitness-push-tech-giant-all-set-to-sponsor-bengaluru-marathon-10656391.html |access-date=18 July 2024 |work=Moneycontrol|date=25 May 2023}}</ref>

==Criticism==
===Embezzlement case===
In December 2009, Wipro discovered that a junior employee had embezzled $4 million from the company, prompting an investigation by the [[US Securities and Exchange Commission]] (SEC) into the company's internal financial controls. In December 2016, Wipro settled the case by paying a $5 million penalty, without admitting or denying SEC's allegations that its controls were deficient.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/business/companies/241216/wipro-settles-us-case-with-5-million-fine.html |title=Wipro settles US case with $5 million fine |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=24 December 2016 |access-date=22 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Wipro agrees to pay $5 million to SEC to settle six-year-old case |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/9qqvQpQ5jbZ6TCv4SpZYxH/Wipro-agrees-to-pay-5-million-to-SEC-to-settle-sixyearold.html |access-date=17 October 2025 |work=Mint |date=23 December 2016 |language=en}}</ref>

===Discrimination lawsuit===
In 2020, five former employees in the US filed a class-action lawsuit in a New Jersey court accusing Wipro of [[employment discrimination]] against individuals who were not of [[South Asian]] or Indian origin, alleging that more than 80% of the company's 14,000 employees in the US were of South Asian origin.<ref>{{cite news|title=Five former employees file class action lawsuit against Wipro in US|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/five-former-employees-file-class-action-lawsuit-against-wipro-in-us/1941913/|work=The Financial Express|date=27 April 2020}}</ref>

===Salary offer cuts===
In February 2023, Wipro faced criticism for reducing the annual salary package offered to around 4,000 graduate hires by nearly 50%. Wipro stated that the original offers stood and the optional revised offers provided an opportunity to join the company immediately.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/wipro-cuts-salary-offers-to-freshers-by-almost-50-sparks-criticism-3802978|title="Unjust, Unacceptable": Anger After Wipro Cuts Salary Offers To Freshers|website=NDTV|access-date=20 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-64728508|title=Wipro: Pay cut shock for new hires at India IT giant|website=BBC|access-date=20 August 2024}}</ref>

==References==
<references>


<ref name="Financial Express">{{cite web|work=The Financial Express |title=Wipro acquires 45 per cent of Wipro Net from KPN Telecom |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/old/fe/daily/20001221/fex21078.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522040818/http://www.financialexpress.com/old/fe/daily/20001221/fex21078.html |archive-date=22 May 2013 }}</ref>

<ref name="NPHistory">{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/photos/business/wipro-from-a-vegetable-oil-maker-to-an-it-major-14100 |title=Wipro: From a vegetable oil maker to an IT major |publisher=NDTV Profit |access-date=15 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017190802/http://www.ndtv.com/photos/business/wipro-from-a-vegetable-oil-maker-to-an-it-major-14100 |archive-date=17 October 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="Wipro hives off non-IT business into separate company">{{cite web | title = Wipro hives off non-IT business into separate company | url = http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-11-01/news/34857892_1_equity-shares-demerger-scheme-demerger-plan | work = The Economic Times | date = 1 November 2012 | access-date = 15 November 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131105091908/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-11-01/news/34857892_1_equity-shares-demerger-scheme-demerger-plan | archive-date = 5 November 2013 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name="moneycontrol-wipro-history">{{cite web | title = Company History of Wipro | url = http://www.moneycontrol.com/company-facts/wipro/history/W | publisher = Money Control | access-date = 15 November 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131113082014/http://www.moneycontrol.com/company-facts/wipro/history/W | archive-date = 13 November 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref>
</references>

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Finance links
| symbol = WIT
| sec_cik = WIT
| google = NYSE:WIT
| yahoo = WIT
| bloomberg = WIT:US
| reuters = WIT
| nasdaq = WIT
}}

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Hammond, Indiana

2026-03-06T19:33:27Z

CrystleBreinl34: made initial page added tags

{{Use American English|date=June 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| official_name = Hammond, Indiana
| settlement_type = [[City]]
| nickname =
| motto = 
| image_skyline = DowntownHammondIn.jpg
| imagesize =
| image_caption = Downtown Hammond
| image_flag = Flag of Hammond, IN.svg
| image_seal = Seal of Hammond, Indiana.png
| image_blank_emblem = 
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 10
| mapframe-point = none
| pushpin_map = Indiana#USA
| pushpin_relief = yes
| pushpin_label = Hammond
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{USA}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Indiana}}
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Indiana|County]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Lake County, Indiana|Lake]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of townships in Indiana|Township]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[North Township, Lake County, Indiana|North]]
| government_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|title=Common Council |url=https://www.gohammond.com/departments/city-council/ |publisher=City of Hammond, Indiana |accessdate=July 12, 2024}}</ref>
| government_type = [[Mayor–council government|Mayor–council]]
| leader_title = [[Mayor]]
| leader_name = [[Thomas McDermott Jr.]]
| leader_party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]
| established_title = Settled
| established_date = 1847
| established_title1 = Founded
| established_date1 = 1869
| established_title2 = Incorporated (town)
| established_date2 = December 4, 1883<ref name="incorporation">{{cite web|title=Hammond's 125th Anniversary Day |url=http://www.gohammond.com/cgi-bin/dada/mail.cgi?flavor=archive;list=cohe1;id=20090410153527 |publisher=City of Hammond, Indiana |access-date=November 22, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006175422/http://www.gohammond.com/cgi-bin/dada/mail.cgi?flavor=archive;list=cohe1;id=20090410153527 |archive-date=October 6, 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| established_title3 = [[Municipal corporation|Incorporated (city)]]
| established_date3 = April 21, 1907<ref name="incorporation"/>
| named_for = George H. Hammond
| unit_pref = Imperial
| area_footnotes = <ref name="CenPopGazetteer2023">{{cite web|title=2023 U.S. Gazetteer Files|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2023_Gazetteer/2023_gaz_place_18.txt|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=July 12, 2024}}</ref>
| area_magnitude =
| area_total_km2 = 61.712
| area_land_km2 = 58.898
| area_water_km2 = 2.812
| area_total_sq_mi = 23.827
| area_land_sq_mi = 22.741
| area_water_sq_mi = 1.086
| population_as_of = [[2020 United States census|2020]]
| population_est = 76193
| pop_est_as_of = 2023
| pop_est_footnotes = <ref name="USCensusEst2023"/>
| population_footnotes = <ref name="2020 Census (City)"/>
| population_total = 77879
| population_density_km2 = 1294
| population_density_sq_mi = 3350
| population_rank = IN: [[List of municipalities in Indiana|8th]]
| population_urban = 8671746 (US: [[List of United States urban areas|3rd]])
| population_metro = 9262825 (US: [[Metropolitan statistical area|14th]])
| demographics_type1 = Standard of living ([[American Community Survey|2018–22]])
| demographics1_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|title=QuickFacts: Hammond city, Indiana |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/hammondcityindiana/PST045223 |publisher=United States Census Bureau |accessdate=July 12, 2024}}</ref>
| demographics1_title1 = [[Per capita income]]
| demographics1_info1 = $26,109
| demographics1_title2 = [[Real estate appraisal|Median home value]]
| demographics1_info2 = $129,100
| timezone = [[Central Time Zone|Central (CST)]]
| utc_offset = −6
| timezone_DST = CDT
| utc_offset_DST = −5
| elevation_footnotes = <ref name=gnis/>
| elevation_m = 178
| elevation_ft = 584
| coordinates = {{coord|41|37|40|N|87|29|35|W|region:US-IN_type:city|display=inline,title}}
| postal_code_type = [[ZIP Code]]s
| postal_code = 46320, 46321, 46322, 46323, 46324, 46325, 46327
| area_code = [[Area code 219|219]]
| blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
| blank_info = 18-31000
| blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
| blank1_info = 2394280<ref name=gnis>{{GNIS|2394280}}</ref>
| blank2_name = [[Sales tax]]
| blank2_info = 7.0%<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.avalara.com/taxrates/en/state-rates/indiana/cities/hammond.html|title=Hammond (IN) sales tax rate|access-date=July 12, 2024}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|https://www.gohammond.com/|gohammond.com}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Hammond''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|h|æ|m|ə|n|d}} {{respell|HAM|ənd}}) is a city in [[Lake County, Indiana]], United States. Located along [[Lake Michigan]], it is part of the [[Chicago metropolitan area]] and the only city in Indiana to border [[Chicago]]. As of the [[2020 United States census|2020 census]], it is the [[List of municipalities in Indiana|eighth-most populous city]] in Indiana, with 77,879 residents.<ref name="2020 Census (City)">{{cite web|title=Explore Census Data |url=https://data.census.gov/profile/Hammond_city,_Indiana?g=160XX00US1831000 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=July 8, 2024}}</ref> It was first settled in the mid-19th century and it is one of the oldest cities of northern Lake County.

From north to south, Hammond runs from Lake Michigan to the [[Little Calumet River]]; from east to west along its southern border, it runs from the [[Illinois]] state line to [[Cline Avenue]]. The city is traversed by numerous railroads and expressways, including the [[South Shore Line]], [[Borman Expressway]], and [[Indiana Toll Road]]. Notable local landmarks include the parkland around [[Wolf Lake (Indiana-Illinois)|Wolf Lake]] and the [[Horseshoe Hammond]] [[riverboat casino]]. Part of the [[Rust Belt]], Hammond has been industrial almost from its inception, but is also home to a campus of [[Purdue University]] and numerous historic districts.

==History==
[[File:Hammond, Indiana (circa 1908).jpg|thumb|Hammond, ''circa'' 1908]]

The first European-descended residents arrived around 1847 to settle on land between the [[Grand Calumet River|Grand]] and [[Calumet River#Little Calumet River|Little Calumet Rivers]], on the south end of Lake Michigan. Those first residents were [[German Americans|German]] immigrant farmers looking for land and opportunity. Before that time, the area was a crossroad for Indian tribes, explorers, stagecoach lines, and supply lines to the West. Convenient location and abundant fresh water from Lake Michigan led to the beginning of Hammond's industrialization in 1869 with the George H. Hammond Company meat-packing plant following merchants and farmers to the area. Hammond was incorporated on April 21, 1884, and was named after the [[Detroit]] butcher.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.epodunk.com/cgi-bin/genInfo.php?locIndex=5404|title=Profile for Hammond, Indiana|publisher=[[ePodunk]]|access-date=June 3, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915064330/http://www.epodunk.com/cgi-bin/genInfo.php?locIndex=5404|archive-date=September 15, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Hammond is one of the oldest cities in Lake County, with [[Crown Point, Indiana|Crown Point]] being the oldest (established in 1834).
According to the ''Encyclopedia of Chicago,'' George Henry Hammond, a pioneer in the use of refrigerated railcars for the transport of fresh meat, first used this method with his small packing company in Detroit, Michigan. In 1868, Hammond received a patent for a refrigerator car design. In the early 1870s, he built a new plant in northern Indiana along the tracks of the Michigan Central Railroad. By 1873, the George H. Hammond Co. was selling $1 million worth of meat a year; by 1875, sales were nearly $2 million. The company's large packing house in Hammond rivaled those located at the Union Stock Yard in Chicago. By the middle of the 1880s, when it built a new plant in Omaha, Nebraska, Hammond was slaughtering over 100,000 cattle a year and owned a fleet of 800 refrigerator cars. After Hammond died in 1886, the company became less important and no longer challenged the giant Chicago packers, which acquired Hammond at the turn of the century and merged it into their National Packing Co.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}

The Hammond Whiting and East Chicago Electric Railway Company [[Tram|trolley]] service ran from 1893 to 1940.<ref>{{Citation|url=https://www.nwitimes.com/uncategorized/calumet-roots-trolleys-were-hammond-success/article_e5a5231d-5658-5405-b848-67c490bd0297.html |title=Calumet Roots. Trolleys were Hammond success |first=Archibald |last=McKinlay |newspaper=[[The Times of Northwest Indiana]] |date=January 26, 1997 |location=Munster, Indiana |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617041911/https://www.nwitimes.com/uncategorized/calumet-roots-trolleys-were-hammond-success/article_e5a5231d-5658-5405-b848-67c490bd0297.html |archive-date=June 17, 2018 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all}}</ref>

The '''Lake County Superior Court House mass shooting''' took place on December 4, 1916. A former U.S. Civil War cavalry veteran named Mike Inik shot three people, one of whom was Judge Greenwood.

The motive for the attack was reportedly related to Inik attempting to force the company Standard Oil to pay him $4,000,000 in compensation after he was injured in an oil refinery accident. When the court dismissed his claim as outlandish, Inik allegedly spent nearly 20 years collecting revolvers and sabers from the U.S. military.

He later carried out the attack with the intention of killing Judge Greenwood. After the shooting, Inik was apprehended by police and sent to Michigan State Prison. He eventually died there in 1945 and was reportedly buried in the prison’s cemetery.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Story Of Whiting's Mike Inik |url=https://www.wrhistoricalsociety.com/the-story-of-whitings-mike-inik |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=Whiting-Robertsdale Historical Society |language=en-US}}</ref>

On June 22, 1918, the [[Hammond circus train wreck]] occurred about {{convert|5.5|mi|km}} east of the city, killing 86 and injuring 127 persons.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lytle |first=Richard M. |title=The Great Circus Train Wreck of 1918: Tragedy on the Indiana Lakeshore |publisher=[[The History Press]] |date=2010 |location=[[Stroud]], [[Gloucestershire]], England |isbn=978-1596299313}}</ref>

The downtown Hammond shopping district along State Street and Hohman Avenue included major chains such as [[Sears]] and [[J. C. Penney]]. The largest stores in downtown were the [[Goldblatt's]] and E.C. Minas department stores.<ref>{{Citation|url=http://www.indianaeconomicdigest.net/main.asp?SectionID=31&SubSectionID=70&ArticleID=51176 |title=Hammond's downtown shopping district once a retail mecca |first=Jeff |last=Burton |newspaper=The Times of Northwest Indiana |date=November 27, 2009 |location=Munster, Indiana |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228060238/http://www.indianaeconomicdigest.net/main.asp?SectionID=31&SubSectionID=70&ArticleID=51176 |archive-date=December 28, 2016 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all |quote=At various points in the city's 125-year history, major national retailers like Sears, J.C. Penney, Kresge's and F.W. Woolworth all had downtown storefronts, but the giants of Hohman and State were local stores, E.C. Minas and Goldblatt's. The two department stores occupied more than 300,000 square feet of retail space.}}</ref> The E.C. Minas store was constructed in 1894 and was in business until August 1984.<ref>{{Citation|url= https://www.nwitimes.com/uncategorized/minas-building-downtown-fixture-for-years/article_eccd5756-9a86-5612-bb91-480d8782c62d.html|title= Minas building downtown fixture for 108 years|first= Sharon|last= Porta|newspaper= The Times of Northwest Indiana|date= February 6, 2002|location= Munster, Indiana|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180617032854/https://www.nwitimes.com/uncategorized/minas-building-downtown-fixture-for-years/article_eccd5756-9a86-5612-bb91-480d8782c62d.html|archive-date= June 17, 2018|url-status= live|df= mdy-all|quote=The Minas building was constructed in 1894 and the neighboring building, the Henderson building, was constructed prior to 1904...The store closed its doors for good on August 15, 1984.}}</ref> The building which housed the Goldblatt's store had been purchased by the Chicago-based retailer in 1931 and operated until 1982 when it closed due to bankruptcy.<ref>{{Citation|url= https://www.nwitimes.com/uncategorized/when-goldblatts-closed-hammond-lost-a-part-of-its-identity/article_99f3b1b6-6ced-5783-ace0-39eb4b390be5.html|title= When Goldblatts closed, Hammond lost a part of its identity|first= Alison|last= Skertic|newspaper= The Times of Northwest Indiana|date= October 12, 1999|location= Munster, Indiana|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180617033858/https://www.nwitimes.com/uncategorized/when-goldblatts-closed-hammond-lost-a-part-of-its-identity/article_99f3b1b6-6ced-5783-ace0-39eb4b390be5.html|archive-date= June 17, 2018|url-status= live|df= mdy-all|quote= The Goldblatts building had stood on Hohman Avenue since the 1920s, when it was known as the Lion's store. Goldblatt Brothers Inc. bought the store in 1931 and retained control until the store closed in 1982.}}</ref>

The [[Pullman Company|Pullman Standard Car Company]] built [[M4 Sherman]] [[Medium tank|tanks]] in Hammond during [[World War II]].<ref>{{Citation|url= https://www.nwitimes.com/business/local/hammond-made-tanks-star-in-world-war-ii-movie-fury/article_70121e22-c37d-54cf-a6d4-c513b538be35.html|title= Hammond-made tanks star in World War II movie ''Fury''|first= Joseph S.|last= Pete|newspaper= The Times of Northwest Indiana|date= October 25, 2014|location= Munster, Indiana|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150128204557/https://www.nwitimes.com/business/local/hammond-made-tanks-star-in-world-war-ii-movie-fury/article_70121e22-c37d-54cf-a6d4-c513b538be35.html|archive-date= January 28, 2015|url-status= live|df= mdy-all|quote= Pullman made railroad cars on Chicago's South Side but was pressed into military service during the war. In less than a year, Hammond native Raymond Fox set up a tank and weapons factory at 165th Street and Columbia Avenue in south Hammond.}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|url= https://www.nwitimes.com/news/local/lake/wwii-veteran-joins-historians-for-program-on-hammond-tank-production/article_7aba9939-d5a7-51cc-b1ff-daeb5d8f15d7.html|title= WWII veteran joins historians for program on Hammond tank production|newspaper= The Times of Northwest Indiana|date= April 16, 2015|location= Munster, Indiana|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180617035435/https://www.nwitimes.com/news/local/lake/wwii-veteran-joins-historians-for-program-on-hammond-tank-production/article_7aba9939-d5a7-51cc-b1ff-daeb5d8f15d7.html|archive-date= June 17, 2018|url-status= live|df= mdy-all|quote= Hammond was one of 10 locations in the U.S. that built the M4 medium tank.}}</ref>

Architect [[Victor Gruen]] designed the [[Woodmar Mall]]<ref>{{cite book|last= Hardwick|first= M. Jeffrey|chapter= Chapter Five: A 'Shopper's Paradise' for Suburbia|title= Mall Maker: Victor Gruen, Architect of an American Dream|publisher= [[University of Pennsylvania Press]]|date= 2003|location= Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|page= 118|isbn= 978-0812237627|chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=u3ljCgAAQBAJ&q=Woodmar+Victor+Gruen&pg=PA118}}</ref> in the [[Woodmar (Hammond)|Woodmar]] neighborhood. The mall opened in 1954 and was anchored by a [[Carson's|Carson Pirie Scott and Co.]] store.<ref name="Timeline">{{Citation|last= Bierschenk|first= Edwin|title= A sporting chance for revival at former Woodmar site|newspaper= The Times of Northwest Indiana|date= June 7, 2016|location= Munster, Indiana|url= http://www.nwitimes.com/news/local/lake/a-sporting-chance-for-revival-at-former-woodmar-site/article_c5e0a2c4-4e1b-52bb-901d-7a90e64bb10e.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116073720/http://www.nwitimes.com/news/local/lake/a-sporting-chance-for-revival-at-former-woodmar-site/article_c5e0a2c4-4e1b-52bb-901d-7a90e64bb10e.html|archive-date= January 16, 2017|url-status= live}}</ref>

According to the [[1960 United States census]] Hammond's population reached a record high of 111,698 residents.<ref>[http://www.hammondindiana.com/history2.htm History] hammondindiana.com {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070427142016/http://hammondindiana.com/history2.htm |date=April 27, 2007 }}</ref> Hammond, like other industrial cities in the [[Rust Belt]], went into decline during the 1970s and 1980s, with the city's population plunging to 94,000 in 1980, and 83,000 in 2000. However, Hammond's economy was more diversified than neighboring [[Gary, Indiana]], [[East Chicago, Indiana]], and the south side of Chicago, which all relied on heavy industry (primarily steel production). Hammond's economy, though, depended on light manufacturing, transportation and warehousing, retail, banking and insurance, healthcare, hospitality and food service, and construction.{{Citation needed|date=October 2022}} In 1981, a toxic flood in Gary led Hammond to erect a [[Gary–Hammond barrier|barrier on 165th Street]], one of several roads connecting the two cities, which led to lasting tensions with Gary.<ref name="schmidt">{{cite news |last1=Schmidt |first1=William E. |title=Hammond Journal: Earthen Barrier Serves as Both Dam and Symbol |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/09/05/us/hammond-journal-earthen-barrier-serves-as-both-dam-and-symbol.html |access-date=October 26, 2022 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date= September 5, 1988 |page=6}}</ref>

Prominent manufacturing companies in Hammond include Unilever's soap factory, Atlas Tube, Cargill food processing, Munster Steel, Lear Seating Corporation, Jupiter Aluminum, Tri-State Automation, and Dover Chemical. Warehousing and storage is also prominent, with ExxonMobil and Marathon Petroleum having large oil-storage facilities, and FedEx has a distribution center. Large railroad marshalling yards are also present in the city, with the [[Indiana Harbor Belt Railroad]]'s headquarters in the city. The [[State Line Generating Plant]] operated on the Indiana-Illinois state line from 1929 to 2012, and was demolished in 2014.{{Citation needed|date=October 2022}}

The Empress Casino opened in Hammond in June 1996 and was replaced with the [[Horseshoe Hammond]] casino in 2001.<ref>{{Citation|url= https://www.nwitimes.com/business/gambling/for-nwi-casinos-it-s-been-years-and-billion/article_6a4cba22-c304-54bf-ab73-9237c9ddb0db.html|title= For NWI casinos, it's been 20 years and $20 billion|first= Andrew|last= Steele |newspaper= The Times of Northwest Indiana|date= June 26, 2016|location= Munster, Indiana|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161002111214/https://www.nwitimes.com/business/gambling/for-nwi-casinos-it-s-been-years-and-billion/article_6a4cba22-c304-54bf-ab73-9237c9ddb0db.html|archive-date= October 2, 2016|url-status= live|df= mdy-all|quote= The original Empress Casino in Hammond — officially open for business on June 29, 1996 — was a standard boat at 43,000 square feet of gaming space.}}</ref>

In February 2006, the decision was made to demolish Woodmar Mall except for the Carson's store.<ref>{{Citation|last= Holecek|first= Andrea|title= Wrecking ball aimed at Woodmar Mall|newspaper= The Times of Northwest Indiana|date= February 8, 2006|location= Munster, Indiana|url= http://www.nwitimes.com/news/local/wrecking-ball-aimed-at-woodmar-mall/article_c7c20b69-d236-5a22-b3c6-f3577eecf5ea.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116072253/http://www.nwitimes.com/news/local/wrecking-ball-aimed-at-woodmar-mall/article_c7c20b69-d236-5a22-b3c6-f3577eecf5ea.html|archive-date= January 16, 2017|url-status= live}}</ref> The Hammond Redevelopment Commission announced plans in June 2016 for a $12 million sports complex to be built on the site of the former mall.<ref>{{Citation|last= Quinn|first= Michelle L.|title= Former Woodmar property eyed for sports complex|newspaper= Post-Tribune|date= June 8, 2016|location= Merrillville, Indiana|url= http://www.chicagotribune.com/suburbs/post-tribune/news/ct-ptb-hammond-woodmar-st-0609-20160608-story.html|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160609150133/http://www.chicagotribune.com/suburbs/post-tribune/news/ct-ptb-hammond-woodmar-st-0609-20160608-story.html|archive-date= June 9, 2016|url-status= live}}</ref> The Carson's store closed in 2018, and was demolished in 2019, as part of its [[The Bon-Ton|parent company's]] liquidation.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.nwitimes.com/business/local/carson-s-to-close-in-southlake-mall-hammond-and-michigan/article_02349fe6-ce16-5408-b2a9-5eb02b3c2ab1.html|title= Carson's to close in Southlake Mall, Hammond and Michigan City
|first= Joseph S.|last= Pete|date= April 29, 2018|newspaper= The Times of Northwest Indiana|location= Munster, Indiana|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180504012004/http://www.nwitimes.com/business/local/carson-s-to-close-in-southlake-mall-hammond-and-michigan/article_02349fe6-ce16-5408-b2a9-5eb02b3c2ab1.html|archive-date= May 4, 2018|url-status= live|df= mdy-all|quote= Carson's will close its department stores in Southlake Mall in Hobart, the Marquette Mall in Michigan City and in Hammond, where the three-story store is all that remains of the once-thriving but now largely demolished Woodmar Mall.}}</ref>

==Geography==
The city sits within the boundaries of the former [[Lake Chicago]], and much of its land area consists of former [[dune and swale]] terrain that was subsequently leveled. Most of the city is on sandy soil with a layer of black topsoil that varies from non-existent to several feet (a meter or more) thick. Much of the exposed sand was removed for purposes such as industrial use to make concrete and glass.

According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the city has a total area of {{cvt|23.827|sqmi|sqkm|2}}, of which {{cvt|1.086|sqmi|sqkm|2|abbr=on}} is covered by water.<ref name="CenPopGazetteer2023"/>

===Neighborhoods===
* [[Robertsdale (Hammond)|Robertsdale]]
* [[North Hammond]]
* [[Central Hammond]]
* [[South Hammond]]
* [[Woodmar (Hammond)|Woodmar]]
* [[Schleicher (Hammond)|Schleicher]]
* [[Hessville, Indiana|Hessville]]

===Lakes and rivers===
* [[Calumet River#Grand Calumet River|Grand Calumet River]] (partial)
* [[Lake George (Hammond, Indiana)|Lake George]]
* [[Lake Michigan]] (partial)
* [[Calumet River#Little Calumet River|Little Calumet River]] (partial)
* Oxbow Lake
* [[Wolf Lake, Indiana/Illinois|Wolf Lake]] (partial)

===Adjacent cities, towns, and villages===
====Illinois====
* [[Chicago, Illinois|Chicago]]<ref name="2020 Census (City)" />
* [[Burnham, Illinois|Burnham]]
* [[Calumet City, Illinois|Calumet City]]
* [[Lansing, Illinois|Lansing]]
====Indiana====
* [[Gary, Indiana|Gary]]<ref name="2020 Census (City)" />
* [[East Chicago, Indiana|East Chicago]]
* [[Highland, Lake County, Indiana|Highland]]
* [[Munster, Indiana|Munster]]
* [[Whiting, Indiana|Whiting]]

==Demographics==
{{US Census population
|1880= 699
|1890= 5284
|1900= 12376
|1910= 20925
|1920= 36004
|1930= 65559
|1940= 70183
|1950= 87595
|1960= 111698
|1970= 107983
|1980= 91985
|1990= 84236
|2000= 83048
|2010= 80830
|2020= 77879
|estyear=2023
|estimate=76193
|estref=<ref name="USCensusEst2023">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-cities-and-towns.html |date=July 12, 2024|title=City and Town Population Totals: 2020–2023|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=July 12, 2024}}</ref>
|align-fn=center
|footnote=U.S. Decennial Census<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html|title=Census of Population and Housing|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=June 4, 2015}}</ref><br>2020 Census<ref name="2020 Census (City)"/>
}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+'''Hammond city, Indiana – Racial and ethnic composition'''<br><small>{{nobold|''Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.''}}</small>
!Race / Ethnicity <small>(''NH = Non-Hispanic'')</small>
!Pop 2000<ref name=2000CensusP004>{{Cite web|title=P004: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2000: DEC Summary File 1 – Hammond city, Indiana|url=https://data.census.gov/table?g=1600000US1831000&tid=DECENNIALSF12000.P004|website=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date= }}</ref>
!Pop 2010<ref>{{Cite web|title=P2: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Hammond city, Indiana|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=p2&g=1600000US1831000&tid=DECENNIALPL2010.P2|website=United States Census Bureau |access-date=}}</ref>
!{{partial|Pop 2020}}<ref name=2020CensusP2>{{Cite web|title=P2: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Hammond city, Indiana|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=p2&g=1600000US1831000&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2|website=United States Census Bureau |access-date=}}</ref>
!% 2000
!% 2010
!{{partial|% 2020}}
|-
|[[Non-Hispanic or Latino whites|White]] alone (NH)
|51,822
|33,534
|style='background: #ffffe6; |23,674
|62.40%
|41.49%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |30.40%
|-
|[[Non-Hispanic or Latino African Americans|Black or African American]] alone (NH)
|11,876
|17,568
|style='background: #ffffe6; |19,584
|14.30%
|21.73%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |25.15%
|-
|[[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] or [[Alaska Native]] alone (NH)
|160
|145
|style='background: #ffffe6; |112
|0.19%
|0.18%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |0.14%
|-
|[[Asian Americans|Asian]] alone (NH)
|357
|753
|style='background: #ffffe6; |611
|0.43%
|0.93%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |0.78%
|-
|[[Native Hawaiian]] or [[Pacific Islander Americans|Pacific Islander]] alone (NH)
|36
|9
|style='background: #ffffe6; |21
|0.04%
|0.01%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |0.03%
|-
|[[Race and ethnicity in the United States census|Other race]] alone (NH)
|89
|90
|style='background: #ffffe6; |287
|0.11%
|0.11%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |0.37%
|-
|[[Multiracial Americans|Mixed race or Multiracial]] (NH)
|1,235
|1,168
|style='background: #ffffe6; |2,248
|1.49%
|1.45%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |2.89%
|-
|[[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]] (any race)
|17,473
|27,563
|style='background: #ffffe6; |31,342
|21.04%
|34.10%
|style='background: #ffffe6; |40.24%
|-
|'''Total'''
|'''83,048'''
|'''80,830'''
|style='background: #ffffe6; |'''77,879'''
|'''100.00%'''
|'''100.00%'''
|style='background: #ffffe6; |'''100.00%'''
|}

===2020 census===
As of the [[2020 United States census|2020 census]], there were 77,879 people, 29,486 households, and 18,580 families residing in the city.<ref>{{Cite web|title=US Census Bureau, Table P16: Household Type |url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=Hammond%20city,%20Indiana%20p16&y=2020 |access-date=July 12, 2024 |publisher=United States Census Bureau}}</ref> The [[population density]] was {{cvt|3426.4|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|1}}. There were 31,822 housing units. The racial makeup of the city was 39.2% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 26.0% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 1.2% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 0.8% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.0% [[Race (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 18.5% from [[Race and ethnicity in the United States census|some other races]] and 14.2% from [[Multiracial Americans|two or more races]]. [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]] residents of any race were 40.2% of the population.<ref>{{Cite web|title=How many people live in Hammond city, Indiana |url=https://data.usatoday.com/census/total-population/total-population-change/hammond-city-indiana/160-1831000/ |access-date=July 12, 2024 |publisher=USA Today}}</ref> 23.4% of residents were under the age of 18, 5.3% were under 5 years of age, and 13.2% were 65 and older.

===2010 census===
As of the [[2010 United States census|2010 census]], there were 80,830 people, 29,949 households, and 19,222 families residing in the city. The population density was {{convert|3549.0|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|1}}. There were 32,945 housing units at an average density of {{convert|1446.2|/sqmi|/km2|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 59.4% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 22.5% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.5% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 1.0% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 13.3% from [[Race (U.S. Census)|other races]], and 3.3% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 34.1% of the population.

There were 29,949 households, of which 36.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 37.0% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 19.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 7.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 35.8% were non-families. 30.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.67 and the average family size was 3.36.

The median age in the city was 33.3 years. 27.6% of residents were under the age of 18; 10.1% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 27.3% were from 25 to 44; 24.2% were from 45 to 64; and 10.7% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.0% male and 51.0% female.

===2000 census===
As of the [[2000 United States census|2000 census]], there were 83,048 people, 32,026 households and 20,880 families residing in the city. The population density was {{convert|3630.0|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. There were 34,139 housing units at an average density of {{convert|1,492.2|/sqmi|/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. The racial makeup of the city was 72.35% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 14.57% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.41% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 0.46% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.08% [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 9.32% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 2.81% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 21.04% of the population.

There were 32,026 households, out of which 31.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.9% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 16.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.8% were non-families. 29.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.58 and the average family size was 3.23.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 27.3% under the age of 18, 9.8% from 18 to 24, 30.1% from 25 to 44, 19.8% from 45 to 64, and 13.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.2 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $35,528, and the median income for a family was $42,221. Males had a median income of $35,778 versus $25,180 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the city was $16,254. About 12.0% of families and 14.3% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 19.7% of those under age 18 and 9.3% of those age 65 or over.

==Economy==
===Major employers===
According to the city, those businesses employing 200 or more employees in Hammond are:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gohammond.com/departments/planning-and-development/economic-development/hammonds-top-10-employers/ |title=Hammond's Top 10 Employers |date=April 18, 2018 |website=City of Hammond, Indiana |publisher=Mayor's Office of Economic Development |access-date=March 17, 2019 |archive-date=January 20, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190120144416/http://www.gohammond.com/departments/planning-and-development/economic-development/hammonds-top-10-employers/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! width="30"| #
! width="330" | Employer
! # of employees
|-
|align="center"|1
|[[Franciscan Health|Franciscan Health Hammond]]
|align="center"|2,500
|-
|align="center"|2
|[[School City of Hammond]]
|align="center"|2,485
|-
|align="center"|3
|[[Horseshoe Casino Hammond|Horseshoe Casino]]
|align="center"|1,866
|-
|align="center"|4
|City of Hammond
|align="center"|875
|-
|align="center"|5
|[[Walmart]]
|align="center"|785
|-
|align="center"|6
|[[Indiana Harbor Belt Railroad]]
|align="center"|759
|-
|align="center"|7
|[[Lear Corporation|Lear Seating Corporation]]
|align="center"|615
|-
|align="center"|8
|Contract Services Group
|align="center"|300
|-
|align="center"|9
|[[Unilever]]
|align="center"|255
|-
|align="center"|10
|Morrison Construction Company
|align="center"|250
|-
|align="center"|11
|[[Cargill]]
|align="center"|240
|-
|}

==Arts and culture==
===National Register of Historic Places===
The following single properties and national [[Historic district (United States)|historic district]]s are listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]]:
* [[Morse Dell Plain House and Garden]]
* [[Forest-Ivanhoe Residential Historic District]]
* [[Forest-Moraine Residential Historic District]]
* [[Forest-Southview Residential Historic District]]
* [[Glendale Park Historic District]]
* [[Hohman Avenue Commercial Historic District]]
* [[Indi-Illi Park Historic District]]
* [[Northern States Life Insurance Company]]
* [[Pullman-Standard Historic District]]
* [[Roselawn-Forest Heights Historic District]]
* [[Southmoor Apartment Hotel]]
* [[State Bank of Hammond Building]]
* [[State Street Commercial Historic District]]
* [[George John Wolf House]]

===Public libraries===
Hammond Public Library, located at 564 State Street, includes the Suzanne G. Long Local History Room. The system used to operate the E.B. Hayward Branch at 1212 172nd Street and the Howard Branch at 7047 Grand Avenue. Both branches have since been closed. The Hammond Public Library was the first library in the state to form a recognized union, a local of AFSCME. Patricia E. Robinson was the first president of the library union.<ref>"[http://www.hammond.lib.in.us/libraryinfomenu.htm Library Information, Locations, Hours] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081215164121/http://www.hammond.lib.in.us/libraryinfomenu.htm |date=December 15, 2008}}." ''Hammond Public Library''. Retrieved on January 21, 2009.</ref>

==Sports==
Hammond was defeated by the team from [[Taipei]], Taiwan in the [[1972 Little League World Series]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.littleleague.org/series/history/year/1972.htm|title=Little League World Series|website=littleleague.org|df=mdy-all|access-date=March 20, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130709233747/http://www.littleleague.org/series/history/year/1972.htm|archive-date=July 9, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

*Past teams
**[[Hammond Rollers]], an [[American Basketball Association (21st century)|American Basketball Association]] team founded in 2006, was sold to the owner of the [[Quad City Riverhawks]] the same year. The team relocated and became the [[Sauk Valley Rollers]] of [[Rock Falls, Illinois]].
**[[Hammond Ciesar All-Americans]] (1938–41) and [[Hammond Calumet Buccaneers]] (1948–49), were professional basketball teams in the [[National Basketball League (United States)|National Basketball League]]. Baseball Hall of Famer [[Lou Boudreau]] and [[UCLA]] basketball coach [[John Wooden]] both played for the Ciesar All-Americans.

===The Hammond Pros (1920–1924)===
The [[Hammond Pros]] was one of the earliest professional football teams in the United States. When the American Professional Football Association was formed in 1920, the Hammond Pros was a charter member, as it also was when the league changed its name to [[National Football League]] in 1922. However, four years later, when the NFL decided to reduce the number of teams, it did so by simply folding smaller franchises. The Hammond Pros [[traveling team|never played a home game in Hammond]].

During the four years of the Hammond Pros' existence, the NFL had nine African-American players, six of whom played for the Pros. The NFL's first African-American head coach was [[Pro Football Hall of Fame|Hall-of-Famer]] coach [[Fritz Pollard]] of the Pros.

==Government==
Hammond is incorporated as a [[city]] under [[Indiana]] law. It therefore has a [[mayor]] and a nine-member [[city council]]. Hammond's City Hall is located at [https://maps.google.com/maps?oi=map&q=5925+Calumet+Avenue,+46320 5925 Calumet Avenue]. The Hammond City Council has meetings scheduled for the second and fourth Mondays of each month.

The city maintains a city court on the second floor of the City Hall,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lakecountybar.com/courts_city_hammond.html|title=Courts – Lake County Bar Association – Indiana|website=lakecountybar.com|df=mdy-all|access-date=March 20, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070731065410/http://www.lakecountybar.com/courts_city_hammond.html|archive-date=July 31, 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> exercising a limited jurisdiction within [[Lake County, Indiana|Lake County]]. The court handles not only local ordinance violations and certain minor criminal matters, but also a significant portion of the debt collection and eviction actions brought in Lake County.

===City Council===

* Janet Venecz ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]], At Large), President
* Katrina D. Alexander ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]], At Large)
* Daniel P. "Dan" Spitale ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]], At Large)
* Mark Kalwinski ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]], 1st)
* Alfonso "Al" Salinas III ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]], 2nd)
* Barry Tyler, Jr. ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]], 3rd)
* William "Bill" Emerson, Sr. ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]], 4th)
* David "Dave" Woerpel ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]], 5th)
* Scott Rakos ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]], 6th—Council president in 2023–2024)

===List of mayors===
{| class="wikitable"
!#!!Name!!Term!!Party
|- {{Party shading/Republican}}
|1
| Marcus Towle
|1884–1888
|[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
|- {{Party shading/Democratic}}
|2
| [[Thomas Hammond (Indiana politician)|Thomas Hammond]]
|1888–1893
|[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
|- {{Party shading/Democratic}}
|3
|Patrick Reilly
|1893–1894
|Democratic
|- {{Party shading/Republican}}
|4
|Fred R. Mott
|1894–1898
|Republican
|- {{Party shading/Democratic}}
|5
|Patrick Reilly
|1898–1902
|Democratic
|- {{Party shading/Republican}}
|6
|[[Armanis F. Knotts]]
|1902–1904
|Republican
|- {{Party shading/Democratic}}
|7
|[[Lawrence Becker]]
|1904–1911
|Democratic
|- {{Party shading/Democratic}}
|8
|John D. Smalley
|1911–1918
|Democratic
|- {{Party shading/Republican}}
|9
|Daniel Brown
|1918–1925
|Republican
|- {{Party shading/Republican}}
|10
|Adrian E. Tinkham
|1925–1930
|Republican
|- {{Party shading/Republican}}
|11
|Charles O. Schonert
|1930–1935
|Republican
|- {{Party shading/Democratic}}
|12
|Frank Martin
|1935–1942
|Democratic
|- {{Party shading/Democratic}}
|13
|G. Bertram Smith
|1942–1948
|Democratic
|- {{Party shading/Republican}}
|14
|Vernon C. Anderson
|1948–1956
|Republican
|- {{Party shading/Democratic}}
|15
|Edward Dowling
|1956–1968
|Democratic
|- {{Party shading/Democratic}}
|16
|Joseph Klen
|1968–1976
|Democratic
|- {{Party shading/Democratic}}
|17
|Edward J. Raskosky
|1976–1984
|Democratic
|- {{Party shading/Republican}}
|18
|Thomas M. McDermott, Sr.
|1984–1992
|Republican
|- {{Party shading/Republican}}
|19
|Duane Dedelow, Jr.
|1992–2004
|Republican
|- {{Party shading/Democratic}}
|20
|[[Thomas McDermott, Jr.|Thomas M. McDermott, Jr.]]
|2004–present
|Democratic
|- {{Party shading/Democratic}}
|}

==Education==
===School City of Hammond===
All of Hammond is served by the [[School City of Hammond]],<ref name=SDMapLakeCoIN2020>{{cite web|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st18_in/schooldistrict_maps/c18089_lake/DC20SD_C18089.pdf|title=2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Lake County, IN|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|page=1 (PDF p. 2/3)|access-date=April 21, 2024}}</ref> a [[school district|school corporation]] under Indiana state law that is independent of the civil city. It includes 11 elementary schools, two middle schools, and two high schools: [[Hammond High School (Indiana)|Hammond Central High School]], and [[Morton High School (Indiana)|Morton High School]]. Former high schools included [[George Rogers Clark Jr./Sr. High School (Hammond, IN)|George Rogers Clark High School]] and [[Donald E Gavit Jr./Sr. High School|Gavit High School]].

===Privately owned and operated schools===
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Bishop Noll Institute]] ''(high school)''
* City Baptist High School <ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20051125021738/http://www.citybaptistschools.com/ City Baptist High School]}}</ref>
* Hazel Young Academy
* Montessori Children's Schoolhouse
* St. Casimir ''(elementary school)''
* St. John Bosco ''(elementary school)''
* St. John the Baptist ''(elementary school)''
}}

Catholic schools are under the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Gary]].

St. Catherine of Siena, a Catholic elementary school, opened prior to 1959. Prior to 2009 its enrollment had declined, with 130 students that year, and its financial state had deteriorated. The school closed in 2009.<ref>{{cite web|author=McCollum, Carmen|url=https://www.nwitimes.com/news/local/students-staff-parents-mourn-closing-of-longtime-catholic-school/article_748d472e-042b-571b-ac9f-b950543e8af5.html|title=Students, staff, parents mourn closing of longtime Catholic school|work=[[NWI Times]]|date=May 30, 2009|access-date=April 7, 2020}}</ref>

===Colleges and universities===
* [[Calumet College of St. Joseph]]
* [[Kaplan University]]
* [[Purdue University Northwest]]

==Infrastructure==
===Transportation===
[[File:Eastbound Borman Expressway, Hammond, Indiana.jpg|right|thumb|Borman Expressway]]
Most of Hammond's streets are laid out in a grid pattern similar to Chicago's streets. While Madison Street in Chicago acts as the reference point for north–south street numbering the first "1" is removed; this makes what would be a five digit address number in Illinois into a four digit address number in Hammond. The state line is used as the reference point for east–west street numbering.

Other cities and towns in Northwest Indiana that use the Hammond numbering system are [[Whiting, Indiana|Whiting]], [[Munster, Indiana|Munster]] and [[Highland, Lake County, Indiana|Highland]]. [[Dyer, Indiana|Dyer]] also uses the Hammond numbering system but the first number removed from the north–south streets is a "2," as by that point the Illinois numbers across the state line start with the number 2 (Munster's street numbers start with a "1" north of the Dyer line, making them 5 digits); and [[East Chicago, Indiana|East Chicago]] uses the canal located in the middle of the city as the east–west reference point, while embodying Hammond's numbering system for the north–south streets.

*I-90 – [[Indiana Toll Road]], exits (listed northwest to southeast):
:*Indianapolis Boulevard – [[U.S. Route 12 in Indiana|U.S. 12]]/[[U.S. Route 20 in Indiana|20]]/[[U.S. Route 41 in Indiana|41]]
:*Calumet Avenue – [[U.S. Route 41 in Indiana|U.S. 41]]
:*Cline Avenue – [[Indiana State Road 912|State Road 912]]

*I-80/94 – [[Borman Expressway]], exits (listed west to east):
:*Calumet Avenue – [[U.S. Route 41 in Indiana|U.S. 41]] North
:*Indianapolis Boulevard – [[U.S. Route 41 in Indiana|U.S. 41]] South/[[Indiana State Road 152|State Road 152]]
:*Kennedy Avenue
:*Cline Avenue – [[Indiana State Road 912|State Road 912]]

====Public transportation====
The [[South Shore Line (NICTD)|South Shore Line]], a [[Chicago]] to [[South Bend, Indiana]] commuter rail line, stops at [[Hammond Gateway station]]. It is operated by the [[NICTD|Northern Indiana Commuter Transportation District]]. The [[South Hammond station]], on the South Shore Line's [[Monon Corridor]], is expected to open in 2025.<ref name=Steele2020>{{cite news |last1=Steele |first1=Andrew |title=WATCH NOW: 8-mile rail line from Hammond to Dyer is on way |url=https://www.nwitimes.com/business/local/watch-now-8-mile-rail-line-from-hammond-to-dyer-is-on-way/article_86a26f2b-e275-50ff-a5f9-4505412a62c0.html |access-date=1 November 2020 |agency=The Times of Northwest Indiana |date=28 October 2020}}</ref>

[[Amtrak]], the national passenger rail system, provides twice-daily service in both directions, operating its [[Wolverine (train)|Wolverine]] through the [[Hammond-Whiting station]] between [[Chicago]] and [[Pontiac, Michigan]], just north of [[Detroit]].

The nearest commercial airport is [[Chicago Midway International Airport]] about 25 miles away in Chicago.

Bus transit was provided by the [[Northwest Indiana Regional Bus Authority]], which assumed responsibility from the city's [[Hammond Transit|Hammond Transit System]] in 2010, establishing EasyGo Lake Transit system in its place.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rba-nwi.org/fixedRoute.cfm|title=Transit System: Routes and Schedules|publisher=Northwest Indiana Regional Bus Authority|access-date=July 5, 2010|archive-date=August 16, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100816131439/http://www.rba-nwi.org/fixedRoute.cfm|url-status=dead}}</ref> All EasyGo buses were discontinued on June 30, 2012, due to a lack of funding.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rba-nwi.org/index.cfm |title=Northwest Indiana Regional Bus Authority: Welcome |access-date=March 1, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130209172228/http://www.rba-nwi.org/index.cfm |archive-date=February 9, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In addition, [[Pace (transit)|Pace]] routes 350 and 364 and [[Gary Public Transportation Corporation|GPTC]] Tri-City Connection Route 12 from [[Gary, Indiana]] stop at Hammond's Dan Rabin Transit Plaza.

===Medical centers and hospitals===
The only hospital in Hammond was [[Franciscan Alliance, Inc.|Franciscan St. Margaret Health]] on Stateline Road, across the street from [[Calumet City]], [[Illinois]]. It is an accredited chest pain center serving Northwest Indiana and the south suburbs of Chicago. The hospital was founded in late 1898 and was originally called St. Margaret Hospital, later merging with Our Lady Of Mercy Hospital in [[Dyer, Indiana]], in the 1990s and was part of the former [[Sisters of St. Francis Health Services]]. The hospital closed in December 2022.

===Utilities===
[[File:State Line Generating Plant by ikcyzrteip.JPG|thumb|right|Former [[State Line Generating Plant]] in Robertsdale]]
*[[Electric utility|Electricity]] and [[Natural gas]] – Nearly all of the electricity and natural gas used in Hammond is produced by NIPSCO, a [[NiSource]] company.
*[[Water industry|Water]] – Water service for nearly all consumers of water in the city is provided by the Hammond Water Department, a state-owned utility that is operated by the civil city government.

==Notable people==
{{main|List of people from Hammond, Indiana}}

==Sister city==
*[[Galați]], Romania (since 1997)

==See also==
{{Portal|Chicago|Indiana}}
*[[Hammond Indiana Barrier Controversy]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{wikivoyage|Hammond}}
* [https://www.gohammond.com/ City of Hammond – Official Website]

{{Hammond, Indiana}}
{{Lake County, Indiana}}
{{Chicagoland}}
{{Indiana}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Hammond, Indiana| ]]
[[Category:1884 establishments in Indiana]]
[[Category:Chicago metropolitan area]]
[[Category:Cities in Indiana]]
[[Category:Cities in Lake County, Indiana]]
[[Category:Northwest Indiana]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1884]]
[[Category:Indiana populated places on Lake Michigan]]
[[Category:Majority-minority cities and towns in Indiana]]

Thiruda Thirudi

2026-03-03T04:40:19Z

CrystleBreinl34: Created First Pg W/ Sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Thiruda Thirudi poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Subramaniam Siva]]
| writer = Subramaniam Siva
| producer = S. K. Krishnakanth
| starring = [[Dhanush]]<br />[[Chaya Singh]]
| cinematography = [[G. Ramesh]]
| editing = S. Satish<br />J. N. Harsha
| music = [[Dhina]]
| studio = Indian Theatre Productions
| released = {{Film date|2003|09|05|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = {{INR}}2 crore<ref name="gross" />
| gross = {{estimation}} {{INR}}12 crore<ref name="gross" />
}}

'''''Thiruda Thirudi''''' ({{translation|''Male Thief and Female Thief''}}) is a 2003 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film written and directed by debutant [[Subramaniam Siva]]. The film stars [[Dhanush]] and [[Chaya Singh]] (in her [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] film debut), with [[Karunas]], [[Manikka Vinayagam]], and [[Five Star Krishna|Krishna]] in supporting roles. It was released on 5 September 2003 and became a success. The film was remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Donga Dongadi]]'' (2004) and in [[Kannada]] as ''[[Sakha Sakhi]]'' (2005).

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=May 2025}}
Vasudevan belongs to a middle-class family and is irresponsible and untrustworthy. Vijayalakshmi is from a traditional [[Telugu people|Telugu]] family and is an ambitious and career-oriented girl. Vasu and Viji meet up, and one day, he follows her on her two-wheeler. She is so bugged by him that she fails to notice a vehicle ahead. Though he cautions her, she ends up having an accident. Vasu admits her in the hospital, but Viji holds him responsible for her accident. Both of them are at loggerheads and bicker constantly. Vasu leaves for [[Chennai]] in order to prove himself to his father, who is constantly criticising his irresponsibility. Meanwhile, Viji gets a job at Chennai and moves into the same apartment complex as Vasu. The rest of the story follows Vasu's progress and deals with relationship between Vasu and Viji and whether or not their attitude for each other changed. Viji falls in love with Vasu, but he acts to hate her because she made him and his whole family separated. So in the middle, something happens, and they both end up loving each other. Vasu also got back together with his family after a couple of twists.

== Cast ==
As per the film's opening credits:<ref name="movie">{{Cite AV media |title=Thiruda Thirudi |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=Indian Theatre Productions |year=2003 |via=[[Sun NXT]]}}</ref>{{rp|0:00 to 1:02}}
{{Cast listing|
* [[Dhanush]] as Vasudevan aka Vasu
* [[Chaya Singh]] as Vijayalakshmi aka Viji (Voice dubbed by Mahalakshmi Kannan)
* [[Karunas]] as 'Rockfort' Chandru
* [[Manikka Vinayagam]] as Vasu's father
* Kambar Jayaraman as Narayanasamy Naidu
* [[Delhi Ganesh]] as Vasu's boss
* [[Scissor Manohar]] as Traffic Inspector
* [[Muthukaalai]] as Watchman
* [[Five Star Krishna|Krishna]] as Ganesh
* [[Cool Suresh]] as Mukesh
* Sugi as Pooja
* S. V. Thangaraj as apartment president (voice dubbed by [[M. S. Bhaskar]])
* Kousalya Senthamarai as Vasu's mother
;Uncredited cast
* [[Chelladurai]] as Ekambaram<ref name="movie" />{{rp|4:21}}
* [[Udayaraj|Master Udayaraj]] as a naughty boy<ref>{{Cite web |last=Paramasivam |first=Ragavan |date=15 April 2020 |title=அப்போ 'திருமலை' இப்போ 'மாஸ்டர்' – 'கைதி' நடிகரின் உணர்ச்சிப்பூர்வமான ட்வீட்.! |trans-title='Thirumalai' then, 'Master' now – 'Kaithi' actor's emotional tweet! |url=https://movies.ndtv.com/tamil/kollywood/actor-udhayaraj-thanks-lokesh-kanagaraj-and-vijay-fans-for-master-2212098 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200419053014/https://movies.ndtv.com/tamil/kollywood/actor-udhayaraj-thanks-lokesh-kanagaraj-and-vijay-fans-for-master-2212098 |archive-date=19 April 2020 |access-date=19 May 2020 |website=[[NDTV]] |language=ta}}</ref>
* [[Bayilvan Ranganathan]] as Man in bar<ref name="movie" />{{rp|1:38:51}}
}}

== Production ==
''Thiruda Thirudi'' is the directorial debut of [[Subramaniam Siva]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2020 |title=Tamil producer SK Krishnakanth passes away aged 52 after suffering cardiac arrest |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/tamil-producer-sk-krishnakanth-passes-away-aged-52-after-suffering-cardiac-arrest-8870391.html/amp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125183113/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/tamil-producer-sk-krishnakanth-passes-away-aged-52-after-suffering-cardiac-arrest-8870391.html/amp |archive-date=25 November 2020 |access-date=4 February 2024 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref> and the first Tamil film for producer S. K. Krishnakanth<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2020 |title=Popular Simbu-Dhanush film producer SK Krishnakanth passed away at 52 |url=https://www.dtnext.in/lifestyletopnews/2020/10/01/popular-simbudhanush-film-producer-sk-krishnakanth-passed-away-at-52 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204084120/https://www.dtnext.in/lifestyletopnews/2020/10/01/popular-simbudhanush-film-producer-sk-krishnakanth-passed-away-at-52 |archive-date=4 February 2024 |access-date=4 February 2024 |website=[[DT Next]] |author1=Migrator }}</ref> and actress [[Chaya Singh]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Anantharam |first=Chitradeepa |date=13 April 2017 |title=A power pair-up |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/chaya-singh-on-working-with-dhanush-in-pa-paandi/article17982495.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112043411/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/chaya-singh-on-working-with-dhanush-in-pa-paandi/article17982495.ece |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=4 February 2024 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> This is [[Dhanush]]'s third film release as an actor and the first film not made by his family members.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhanush -The biggest discovery of the year! |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/interview.php?id=13342926&cid=2408 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040302015932/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/interview.php?id=13342926&cid=2408 |archive-date=2 March 2004 |access-date=25 April 2021 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The [[dappankuthu]] song "Manmadha Raasa" was shot at [[Kolar Gold Fields]], [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=17 August 2003 |title=டான்ஸா? உடான்ஸா? |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2003-08-17/page/88/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240205081836/https://archive.org/details/kalki2003-08-17/page/88/mode/2up |archive-date=5 February 2024 |access-date=4 February 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=86–87 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 April 2022 |title=செக் போஸ்ட் |trans-title=Check Post |url=https://www.dinamalar.com/news/india-tamil-news/news/3012137 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617085728/https://m.dinamalar.com/detail.php?id=3012137 |archive-date=17 June 2022 |access-date=4 February 2024 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref> According to the cinematographer [[G. Ramesh]], the song was shot within two-and-a-half days.<ref name="kung">{{Cite web |last=ராஜா |date=21 February 2020 |title=மன்மதராசாவை நினைவிருக்கா? |trans-title=Remember Manmadha Raasa? |url=http://www.kungumam.co.in/VArticalinnerdetail.aspx?id=10037&id1=40&issue=20200221 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223165940/http://www.kungumam.co.in/VArticalinnerdetail.aspx?id=10037&id1=40&issue=20200221 |archive-date=23 February 2020 |access-date=20 January 2025 |website=[[Kungumam (magazine)|Kungumam]] |language=Tamil}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Dhina]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 September 2003 |title=Thiruda Thirudi |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/thiruda-thirudi/MFstYqUuD8I_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607093607/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/thiruda-thirudi/MFstYqUuD8I_ |archive-date=7 June 2023 |access-date=4 February 2024 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref> "Manmadha Raasa" became a popular song.<ref name=":0" /> It was later reused by as "Suntaragaali" in the Kannada film [[Kalasipalya (film)|''Kalasipalya'']] (2004).<ref name=":1" />
{{Track listing
| all_writing =
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Ayurveda Azhagi
| extra1 = [[Manikka Vinayagam]], [[Srilekha Parthasarathy]]
| lyrics1 = [[Na. Muthukumar]]
| length1 = 4:26
| title2 = Azhaga Irukanga
| extra2 = Timmy, [[Devan Ekambaram]], Master Kiran
| lyrics2 = Tha. Kannan
| length2 = 4:22
| title3 = Manmadha Raasa
| extra3 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Malathy Lakshman]]
| lyrics3 = [[Yugabharathi]]
| length3 = 4:48
| title4 = Mutham Mutham
| extra4 = [[Anuradha Sriram]]
| lyrics4 = [[Pa. Vijay]]
| length4 = 4:39
| title5 = Unna Paartha
| extra5 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Pop Shalini]]
| lyrics5 = [[Subramaniam Siva]]
| length5 = 2:50
| title6 = Vandar Kuzhazhi
| extra6 = [[Udit Narayan]], Radhika Thilak, Mimicry Senthil
| lyrics6 = Kalaikumar
| length6 = 4:45
| total_length = 25:48
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Thiruda Thirudi'' was released on 5 September 2003<ref>{{Cite web |title=திருடா திருடி / Thiruda Thirudi (2003) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/thiruda-thirudi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204085118/https://screen4screen.com/movies/thiruda-thirudi |archive-date=4 February 2024 |access-date=4 February 2024 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref> and became the second most successful Tamil film of the year.<ref name="gross">{{Cite web |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=29 December 2003 |title=Reel of fortune |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/12/29/stories/2003122900170100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201080720/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/12/29/stories/2003122900170100.htm |archive-date=1 February 2015 |access-date=16 February 2015 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]]'' noted "it was an offbeat love story marked by good performance by Dhanush which makes it a breezy entertainer."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Breezy entertainer |url=http://www.screenindia.com/fullstory.php?content_id=6206 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050930080937/http://www.screenindia.com/fullstory.php?content_id=6206 |archive-date=30 September 2005 |access-date=5 September 2020 |website=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]]}}</ref> Malathi Rangarajan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "ARMED WITH a well-worked out success formula, new director Subramaniam Siva confidently enters the fray in Indian Theatre Production's "Thiruda Thirudi". He compensates for his flimsy storyline with screenplay that moves at full speed till the first half, sagging slightly only in the second, and dialogue that's completely in with the trend with all kinds of weird coinage typical of today's youth".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=12 September 2003 |title=Thiruda Thirudi |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/09/12/stories/2003091201160200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031208173701/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/09/12/stories/2003091201160200.htm |archive-date=8 December 2003 |access-date=17 January 2022 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Visual Dasan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised the performance of Dhanush, Chaya Singh and Manikka Vinayagam and direction but panned the unnecessary vulgar scenes and dialogues.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=தாசன் |first=விஷுவல் |date=28 September 2003 |title=திருடா திருடி |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2003-09-28/page/32/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240202131944/https://archive.org/details/kalki2003-09-28/page/32/mode/2up |archive-date=2 February 2024 |access-date=2 February 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=33 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== Remakes ==
The film was remade in Telugu as ''[[Donga Dongadi]]'' (2004) by the same director.<ref>{{cite web |last=Anuradha |first=B |date=11 August 2004 |title=Donga Dongadi Telugu Movie |url=https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/1598/telugu/donga-dongadi/274/review.htm |access-date=23 July 2024 |website=Nowrunning |language=en |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]] |archive-date=27 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171027223630/http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/1598/telugu/donga-dongadi/274/review.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> It was also remade in Kannada as ''[[Sakha Sakhi]]'' (2005) where Chaya Singh reprised her role.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Vijayasarathy |first=RG |author-link=R. G. Vijayasarathy |date=19 December 2005 |title=Saka Sakhi: An apology of a film |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/dec/19saka.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416113659/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/dec/19saka.htm |archive-date=16 April 2009 |access-date=3 September 2022 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Subramaniam Siva}}

[[Category:2003 Indian films]]
[[Category:2003 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2003 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2003 films]]
[[Category:2003 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Subramaniam Siva]]
[[Category:Films set in Tiruchirappalli]]
[[Category:Films shot in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Films shot in Tiruchirappalli]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic comedy films]]

Ka Pae Ranasingam

2026-03-03T02:39:11Z

CrystleBreinl34: Creating the stub first draft.

{{short description|2020 film by P. Virumaandi}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Ka Pae Ranasingam.jpg
| caption = Release poster
| director = P. Virumandi
| writer = P. Virumandi
| producer = Kotapadi J Rajesh
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Vijay Sethupathi]]<br />[[Aishwarya Rajesh]]
}}
| cinematography = [[N. K. Ekambaram]]
| editing = T. Sivanadeeswaran
| music = [[Ghibran]]
| studio = KJR Studios
| distributor = [[Zee Studios]]<br />[[Zee Plex]]<br />[[ZEE5]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2020|10|02}}
| runtime = 176 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Ka Pae Ranasingam''''' ({{Translation|Husband name: Ranasingam}}){{efn|The film's name is short for ''Kanavar Peyar Ranasingam''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 October 2019 |title=Aishwarya Rajesh's 'Ka Pae Ranasingam' to release in January |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/aishwarya-rajesh’s-ka-pae-ranasingam-to-release-in-january-news-tamil-tk3sHRbhjchcj.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029223140/https://www.sify.com/movies/aishwarya-rajesh%E2%80%99s-ka-pae-ranasingam-to-release-in-january-news-tamil-tk3sHRbhjchcj.html |archive-date=29 October 2019 |access-date=27 September 2020 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>}} is a 2020 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[political drama]] film written and directed by P. Virumandi in his directorial debut. The film stars [[Vijay Sethupathi]] and [[Aishwarya Rajesh]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 June 2019 |title=Vijay Sethupathi and Aishwarya Rajesh film goes on floors; is titled Ka Pae Ranasingam |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/jun/10/vijay-sethupathi-and-aishwarya-rajesh-film-goes-on-floors-and-is-titled-ka-pae-ranasingam-12175.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020135149/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/jun/10/vijay-sethupathi-and-aishwarya-rajesh-film-goes-on-floors-and-is-titled-ka-pae-ranasingam-12175.html |archive-date=20 October 2020 |access-date=16 September 2020 |work=Cinema Express}}</ref> Based on a true story, the film follows Ariyanachi (Aishwarya Rajesh), a poor woman who strives to bring her deceased husband's body back to India from [[Dubai]], battling the odds of political agenda, corruption and a treacherous bureaucracy that stand in her way.

The film began production in June 2019, and was completed in October 2019, being extensively shot in [[Ramanathapuram]] and a few sequences in [[Hyderabad]] and Dubai. The film's music is composed by Ghibran and cinematography and editing were handled by N. K. Ekambaram and T. Sivanandeeshwaran.

''Ka Pae Ranasingam'' was scheduled to release in the newly launched streaming service [[Zee Plex]], bypassing a theatrical release due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 May 2020 |title=Ka Pae Ranasingam' teaser looks bold and powerful! |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/ka-pae-ranasingam-teaser-looks-bold-and-powerful-news-tamil-ufylH9iabhgbd.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200524113530/https://www.sify.com/movies/ka-pae-ranasingam-teaser-looks-bold-and-powerful-news-tamil-ufylH9iabhgbd.html |archive-date=24 May 2020 |access-date=16 September 2020 |work=Sify}}</ref> It was released on 2 October 2020, coinciding with [[Gandhi Jayanti]], and was dubbed and released in [[Malayalam]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Kannada]] and [[Hindi]] on 9 October 2020.<ref name="thegulfindians_2020-09-16">{{Cite web |date=16 September 2020 |title=Vijay Sethupathi's Ka Pae Ranasingam premiere date is out. Where to watch it? |url=https://thegulfindians.com/vijay-sethupathis-ka-pae-ranasingam-premiere-date-is-out-where-to-watch-it |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018152328/https://www.thegulfindians.com/vijay-sethupathis-ka-pae-ranasingam-premiere-date-is-out-where-to-watch-it/amp/?espv=1 |archive-date=18 October 2020 |access-date=16 September 2020 |website=The Gulf Indians}}</ref> It received positive response from critics praising Aishwarya Rajesh's performance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 October 2020 |title=Ka Pae Ranasingam Movie Review: An Unimaginable Grief Perfectly Conveyed by Aishwarya Rajesh |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/ka-pae-ranasingam-movie-review-an-unimaginable-grief-conveyed-by-aishwarya-rajesh-with-remarkable-feeling-2930217.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108083428/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/ka-pae-ranasingam-movie-review-an-unimaginable-grief-conveyed-by-aishwarya-rajesh-with-remarkable-feeling-2930217.html |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=15 January 2021 |website=News18}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film begins with Ariyanachi getting ready for her daughter's [[Body piercing#Ear piercing|ear piercing function]]. It is shown that her husband Ranasingam lives in [[Dubai]] to support their family. As the function is happening, Maayi, Ranasingam's younger sister, learns that her brother died during a protest in Dubai through the police. As everyone is in shock and heartbroken, they try to bring Ranasingam's body back to India.

In a flashback, Ranasingam is revealed to be a water dowser. Ariyanachi's father Thirukannan hired Ranasingam for [[Dowsing|divining water]] on their land. Ariyanachi does not believe him and thinks he is a hoaxer who is tricking her family, whilst also trying to court her. One day when Ranasingam was passing by, Ariyanachi blocked him and asked him to show him where the water is as she believes that he is just making a magic show. He then identifies the water in the sky, saying that it will rain on her side but will not rain on his side. In disbelief, Ariyanachi stood and waited, but it happened, which started their love.

The film is taken back to the present, where their family is still trying to recover Ranasingam's body. Ariyanachi gets a call from Ranasingam's friends abroad, saying that he did not die during a protest but during an accident, while he was working in the oil factory. In shock, Ariyanachi decided to go to the police, where they do not believe her and ask her for evidence. Trying her best, she files a case in court, where they decided to tarnish Ranasingam's name and did not come with a decision.

Taken back to the past, it is shown that Ariyanachi and Ranasingam get engaged, but on the day of their wedding, the police decide to enforce a curfew to stop the wedding. They still managed to get married overnight but failed to get any evidence because it was sudden. Ariyanachi tells Ranasingam that she wants to build a house for the whole family to stay. Ranasingam is involved with people's problems and helps them solve them, but this is disliked by the police. As Ariyanachi struggles to bring her husband's body back, she decides to do everything she can. While everyone is at the airport to drop Ranasingam as he is going to Dubai for work, it is shown that Ariyanachi is pregnant. During their calls, he shows Ariyanachi that he got a tattoo of her name on his hand so when he shakes people's hands, the first thing they notice is her.

Ariyanachi decides to talk to the local [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] ([[Namo Narayana]]), [[List of chief ministers of Tamil Nadu|Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]], and others, but nothing worked. 10 months passed, and then she decided to take matters into her own hands when she stood on top of a new dam, attempting suicide. This catches the attention of the [[Prime Minister of India]] ([[C. V. Kumar]]). Attempts are made to bring Ranasingam's body. Ariyanachi's family picks up the body from the airport, and the funeral arrangements are made. As they go to cremate the body, Ariyanachi finds out that the body is not Ranasingam's as it does not have the tattoo of her name, but she stays quiet. As Ariyanachi is talking to Ranasingam's photo, she asks for forgiveness as she could not bring his body back home.

At the end, Ranasingam's body is shown floating in the middle of the ocean as he did pass away due to an accident and his corpse was abandoned or thrown into the ocean.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Vijay Sethupathi]] as Ranasingam
*[[Aishwarya Rajesh]] as Ariyanachi Ranasingam
*[[Munishkanth]] as Ranasingam's friend
*[[Vela Ramamoorthy]] as Thirukannan, Ariyanachi's father
*[[Rangaraj Pandey]] as Thamizhkumaran, [[District Collector|Collector]] of [[Ramanathapuram district]]
*[[Bhavani Sre]] as Maayi, Ranasingam's younger sister
*[[Poo Ramu]] as Ranasingam's father
*[[Abhishek Shankar]] as Government Official
*[[Mohan Raman]] as Judge
*[[Namo Narayana]] as [[Member of Legislative Assembly|Member]] of [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
*[[T. Siva]] as Registration officer
*Mathew Varghese as Dubai-based officer
*Hello Kandasamy as Police Constable
*Vazhakku En Muthuraman
*[[Thavasi (actor)|Thavasi]] as Village Priest
*[[Saravana Sakthi]] as Sangili
*Aruldass
*[[Arunraja Kamaraj]] as Gunasekhar
*[[C. V. Kumar]] as [[Prime Minister of India]]
*[[Shanoor Sana]] as Seetha Venkataraman, India's [[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister for Defence]]
*Durai Sudhakar as President
*[[Nivas Adithan]] as Factory owner
}}

== Production ==
The film began production with [[Aishwarya Rajesh]] in the lead role and was intended to be made on a [[Low-budget film|shoestring budget]]; however, with the addition of actor [[Vijay Sethupathi]] to the cast, the scale of the film increased.<ref name="A">{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Pradeep |date=24 September 2020 |title=Having Vijay Sethupathi in 'Ka Pae Ranasingam' is a big support for the film: Aishwarya Rajessh |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/having-vijay-sethupathi-in-ka-pae-ranasingam-is-a-big-support-for-the-film-aishwarya-rajessh/article32683301.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926155348/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/having-vijay-sethupathi-in-ka-pae-ranasingam-is-a-big-support-for-the-film-aishwarya-rajessh/article32683301.ece |archive-date=26 September 2020 |access-date=27 September 2020 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Aishwarya and Sethupathi play a couple in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Pradeep |date=23 May 2020 |title=Vijay Sethupathi fights for a cause in 'Ka Pae Ranasingam' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vijay-sethupathi-fights-for-a-cause-in-ka-pae-ranasingam/article31657785.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009092214/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vijay-sethupathi-fights-for-a-cause-in-ka-pae-ranasingam/article31657785.ece |archive-date=9 October 2020 |access-date=27 September 2020 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The film was launched in June 2019 and shooting was finished by October 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 October 2019 |title=Ka Pae Ranasingam: Final schedule begins for Vijay Sethupathi's film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ka-pae-ranasingam-final-schedule-begins-for-vijay-sethupathis-film/articleshow/71774871.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111233722/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ka-pae-ranasingam-final-schedule-begins-for-vijay-sethupathis-film/articleshow/71774871.cms |archive-date=11 November 2019 |access-date=27 September 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film is a female centric film with Sethupathi's role having a duration of around forty minutes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 July 2019 |title=Vijay Sethupathi plays an extended cameo in 'Ka Pae Ranasingam' |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/vijay-sethupathi-plays-an-extended-cameo-in-ka-pae-ranasingam-news-tamil-thdj0Xeeegcgf.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190703071841/http://www.sify.com/movies/vijay-sethupathi-plays-an-extended-cameo-in-ka-pae-ranasingam-news-tamil-thdj0Xeeegcgf.html |archive-date=3 July 2019 |access-date=27 September 2020 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref name="A" /> Shooting for the film happened in [[Ramanathapuram]] for around forty-five days, with few sequences being shot at [[Hyderabad]] and [[Dubai]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 June 2019 |title='Ka Pae Ranasingam' to be shot in Ramanathapuram, Hyderabad, and Dubai! |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/ka-pae-ranasingam-to-be-shot-in-ramanathapuram-hyderabad-and-dubai-news-tamil-tgmkUCecadjei.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190612090430/http://www.sify.com/movies/ka-pae-ranasingam-to-be-shot-in-ramanathapuram-hyderabad-and-dubai-news-tamil-tgmkUCecadjei.html |archive-date=12 June 2019 |access-date=27 September 2020 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref name="A" />

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack album was composed by [[M. Ghibran|Ghibran]] and lyrics were written by [[Vairamuthu]]. All the songs in the film, were released as singles,<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 September 2020 |title=First single from Vijay Sethupathi and Aishwarya Rajesh's Ka Pae Ranasingam is out |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/first-single-from-vijay-sethupathi-and-aishwarya-rajeshs-ka-pae-ranasingam-is-out/articleshow/77983280.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214053619/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/first-single-from-vijay-sethupathi-and-aishwarya-rajeshs-ka-pae-ranasingam-is-out/articleshow/77983280.cms |archive-date=14 December 2021 |access-date=27 September 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> before the film's album eventually released on 26 September 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 November 2020 |title=Ka Pae Ranasingam |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/ka-pae-ranasingam/j9PFQeif2GI_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302055017/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/ka-pae-ranasingam/j9PFQeif2GI_ |archive-date=2 March 2021 |access-date=15 January 2021 |website=JioSaavn}}</ref> The song "Thaarayadi Nee Enakku" is based on a poem written by [[Subramania Bharati|Mahakavi Subramaniya Bharathiyar]].

{{Infobox album
| name = Ka Pae Ranasingam
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[M. Ghibran]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2020
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio = Aksharaa Sound Forge
| genre =
| length = 23:27
| language = Tamil
| label = [[Lahari Music]]<br />[[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer = [[M. Ghibran]]
| prev_title = [[Dhanusu Raasi Neyargale]]
| prev_year = 2019
| next_title = [[Maara]]
| next_year = 2021
}}
{{Track listing
| headline =
| total_length = 23:27
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Alagiya Sirukki
| lyrics1 =
| extra1 = Gold Devaraj
| length1 = 5:01
| title2 = Punnagaiye
| lyrics2 =
| extra2 = [[Sundarayyar]]
| length2 = 5:28
| title3 = Paravaigala
| lyrics3 =
| extra3 = Manikandan Perumpadappu
| length3 = 5:24
| title4 = Thaarayadi Nee Enakkuu
| lyrics4 =
| extra4 = Gold Devaraj
| length4 = 1:11
| title5 = Peru Ranasingam
| lyrics5 =
| extra5 = Bhadra Rajin
| length5 = 6:21
}}

== Release ==
Originally scheduled for a theatrical release in January 2020, ''Ka Pae Ranasingam'' was postponed due to post-production delays and the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 October 2019 |title=Vijay Sethupathi's 'Ka Pae Ranasingam' to release in January next year |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vijay-sethupathi-s-ka-pae-ranasingam-release-january-next-year-111508 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105070554/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vijay-sethupathi-s-ka-pae-ranasingam-release-january-next-year-111508 |archive-date=5 November 2019 |access-date=15 January 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> In September 2020 [[Zee Studios]] acquired the distribution rights of the film and announced that the film will release on 2 October 2020 on [[Zee Plex]], a new [[pay-per-view]] streaming service.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 September 2020 |title=Vijay Sethupathi's 'Ka Pae Ranasingam' to release on October 2 on Zeeplex |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vijay-sethupathi-s-ka-pae-ranasingam-release-october-2-zeeplex-133128 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922104613/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vijay-sethupathi-s-ka-pae-ranasingam-release-october-2-zeeplex-133128 |archive-date=22 September 2020 |access-date=15 January 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=16 September 2020 |title=Vijay Sethupathi and Aishwarya Rajessh's 'Ka Pae Ranasingam' to premiere on DTH |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vijay-sethupathi-and-aishwarya-rajesshs-ka-pae-ranasingam-to-premiere-on-dth/article32619549.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105183732/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vijay-sethupathi-and-aishwarya-rajesshs-ka-pae-ranasingam-to-premiere-on-dth/article32619549.ece |archive-date=5 November 2020 |access-date=15 January 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Zee Plex announced the starting price of the film, where users have to pay {{Indian Rupee|199}} to watch the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=K. |first=Janani |date=22 September 2020 |title=Ka Pae Ranasingam: Vijay Sethupathi film to premiere on October 2 on ZeePlex |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/ka-pae-ranasingam-vijay-sethupathi-film-available-on-zee-plex-at-rs-199-from-october-2-1724204-2020-09-22 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210317130834/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/ka-pae-ranasingam-vijay-sethupathi-film-available-on-zee-plex-at-rs-199-from-october-2-1724204-2020-09-22 |archive-date=17 March 2021 |access-date=15 January 2021 |website=India Today}}</ref> After the film was cleared by the [[Central Board of Film Certification]], it was released in [[Drive-in theater|drive-in-theatres]] of Delhi and Bengaluru.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 September 2020 |title='Ka Pae Ranasingam' gets a clean U, KJR Studios hopeful of 199 ₹ pay-per-view strategy |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/ka-pae-ranasingam-gets-a-clean-u-kjr-studios-hopeful-of-199--pay-per-view-strategy-news-tamil-ujzg22cjiaehd.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925071326/https://www.sify.com/movies/ka-pae-ranasingam-gets-a-clean-u-kjr-studios-hopeful-of-199--pay-per-view-strategy-news-tamil-ujzg22cjiaehd.html |archive-date=25 September 2020 |access-date=27 September 2020 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> It was also dubbed in [[Malayalam]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Kannada]] and [[Hindi]] with the same titled which were released on 9 October 2020.<ref name="thegulfindians_2020-09-16" />

The makers originally planned a theatrical release on 16 October 2020 following their reopening for first time after the pandemic, before the exhibitors and theatre owners declined to release the film, stating that they won't violate the guidelines of cinemas by releasing a film in theatres after its digital launch as well as the uncertainty prevailing in reopening theatres across [[Tamil Nadu]] which were eventually reopened in November 2020.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 October 2020 |title='Ka Pae Ranasingam', 'Khaali Peeli' to next have theatrical release by Zee Studios |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ka-pae-ranasingam-khaali-peeli-to-next-have-theatrical-release-by-zee-studios/article32819714.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204051301/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ka-pae-ranasingam-khaali-peeli-to-next-have-theatrical-release-by-zee-studios/article32819714.ece |archive-date=4 December 2020 |access-date=15 January 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]] |issn=0971-751X |agency=PTI}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Pinto |first=Viveat Susan |date=1 October 2020 |title=Unlock 5.0: Govt allows most activities; cinemas to reopen on October 15 |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/unlock-5-0-govt-allows-most-activities-cinemas-to-reopen-on-october-15-120100100007_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112173544/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/unlock-5-0-govt-allows-most-activities-cinemas-to-reopen-on-october-15-120100100007_1.html |archive-date=12 January 2021 |access-date=15 January 2021 |work=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref> The film was available for streaming on ZEE5 from 6 November 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 2020 |title=Ka Pae Ranasingam To Stream On ZEE5 From November 6; Watch Trailer! |url=https://www.zee5.com/zee5news/ka-pae-ranasingam-to-stream-on-zee5-from-november-6-watch-trailer |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127002919/https://www.zee5.com/zee5news/ka-pae-ranasingam-to-stream-on-zee5-from-november-6-watch-trailer |archive-date=27 January 2021 |access-date=15 January 2021 |website=ZEE5 News}}</ref>

== Reception ==
{{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=83|count=6|average=7|ref=yes}}

M. Suganth of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film a rating of 3 out of 5 stars and stated that "We understand that Ariyanachi's quest for justice is a long and weary one, but we wish director P Virumandi had found a way to narrate this take in a swifter fashion. But he goes for a long-winded approach and at almost three hours, the film is an exhausting watch."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 October 2020 |title=Ka Pae Ranasingam Movie Review: Well-meaning drama that is also quite overlong |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/ka-pae-ranasingam/movie-review/78445670.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203023915/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/ka-pae-ranasingam/movie-review/78445670.cms |archive-date=3 December 2020 |access-date=2 October 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Karthik Kumar of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' wrote that "By the time the film reaches the end and makes its point, as much as you want to laud the intent, you’re equally glad it’s over. The length is a major downer in what’s otherwise an important film".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 October 2020 |title=Ka Pae Ranasingam movie review: A well-intentioned, impactful but long-drawn social drama |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/ka-pae-ranasingam-movie-review-a-well-intentioned-impactful-but-long-drawn-social-drama/story-pNFy8a3cpuSmtLIpWMfWmM.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201002153017/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/ka-pae-ranasingam-movie-review-a-well-intentioned-impactful-but-long-drawn-social-drama/story-pNFy8a3cpuSmtLIpWMfWmM.html |archive-date=2 October 2020 |access-date=2 October 2020 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Ranjani Krishnakumar of ''[[Firstpost]]'' gave 4 out of 5 and stated "Ka Pae Ranasingam reminds us that resistance is an exhausting endeavour; they will not kill you, they will simply wear you down."<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 October 2020 |title=Ka Pae Ranasingam movie review: Aishwarya Rajesh, Vijay Sethupathi's film is incisive commentary on state apathy |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/ka-pae-ranasingam-movie-review-aishwarya-rajesh-vijay-sethupathis-film-is-incisive-commentary-on-state-apathy-8875441.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201118083123/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/ka-pae-ranasingam-movie-review-aishwarya-rajesh-vijay-sethupathis-film-is-incisive-commentary-on-state-apathy-8875441.html |archive-date=18 November 2020 |access-date=15 January 2021 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref> Pradeep Kumar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "Despite its flaws, ''Ka Pae Ranasingam'' offers interesting commentary on State apathy. If you can gather enough patience to last its runtime in one sitting, and can also look past the shortcomings of its PPV host, ''Ka Pae Ranasingam'' can indeed be some experience."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Pradeep |date=3 October 2020 |title='Ka Pae Ranasingam' movie review: A sketchy pay-per-view film |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/ka-pae-ranasingam-movie-review-a-sketchy-pay-per-view-film/article32759229.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122072013/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/ka-pae-ranasingam-movie-review-a-sketchy-pay-per-view-film/article32759229.ece |archive-date=22 January 2021 |access-date=15 January 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

''[[The Indian Express]]'', chief editor Manoj Kumar R, gave 4 out of 5 stars and stated "Aishwarya Rajesh is a revelation. She displays hopelessness, powerlessness, vulnerability, grit and determination with ease and impressive conviction. Vijay Sethupathi, as usual, brings charm to his turn as a well-read and emotionally well-balanced youth leader."<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 October 2020 |title=Ka Pae Ranasingam review: Aishwarya Rajesh shines in this biting political drama |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/ka-pae-ranasingam-movie-review-vijay-sethupathi-aishwarya-rajesh-6669256/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201005110646/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/ka-pae-ranasingam-movie-review-vijay-sethupathi-aishwarya-rajesh-6669256/ |archive-date=5 October 2020 |access-date=15 January 2021 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> [[Baradwaj Rangan]] of ''[[Film Companion]]'' stated "The film isn’t perfect. It could have used more polish — not necessarily in the making, but in the writing, the way the scenes are rounded off or the way some characters are introduced. But after a ''very'' long time, I had the satisfaction of watching a movie that was ''about'' something and yet not in a hurry to offer closure."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=2 October 2020 |title=Movie Review Of Ka Pae Ranasingam On Zee Plex, With Aishwarya Rajesh And Vijay Sethupathi: An Impressive, Dramatic Debut For Director P Virumaandi |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/tamil-review/ka-pae-ranasingam-movie-review-zee5-an-impressive-dramatic-debut-for-director-p-virumaandi-vijay-sethupathi-aishwarya-rajesh-rangaraj-pandey/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017082104/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/tamil-review/ka-pae-ranasingam-movie-review-zee5-an-impressive-dramatic-debut-for-director-p-virumaandi-vijay-sethupathi-aishwarya-rajesh-rangaraj-pandey/ |archive-date=17 October 2020 |access-date=15 January 2021 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref> Ashameera Aiyyapan of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' stated "When you watch the film, you can see the conflict in the narrative. Ka Pae Ranasingam is essentially Ariyanachi’s story but the film focuses more on establishing who Ransingam is."<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 October 2020 |title='Ka Pae Ranasingam' movie review: Aishwarya Rajesh shines in a film that doesn't belong to her |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2020/oct/03/ka-pae-ranasingam-movie-review-aishwarya-rajesh-shines-in-a-film-that-doesnt-belong-to-her-2205008.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302150121/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2020/oct/03/ka-pae-ranasingam-movie-review-aishwarya-rajesh-shines-in-a-film-that-doesnt-belong-to-her-2205008.html |archive-date=2 March 2021 |access-date=15 January 2021 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' gave the film 4 out of 5 and stated "Watch it for the brilliant Aishwarya and the emotionally charged message."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 October 2020 |title=Ka Pae Ranasingam Review: This film belongs to Aishwarya Rajesh |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/ka-pae-ranasingam-review-this-film-belongs-to-aishwarya-rajesh-review-tamil-ukcn3Hehiacic.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201002135207/https://www.sify.com/movies/ka-pae-ranasingam-review-this-film-belongs-to-aishwarya-rajesh-review-tamil-ukcn3Hehiacic.html |archive-date=2 October 2020 |access-date=15 January 2021 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> [[Sowmya Rajendran]] of ''[[The News Minute]]'' gave 3.5 out of 5 and stated "Vijay Sethupathi is one of the leads but it is Aishwarya Rajesh who shoulders the film."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 October 2020 |title='Ka.Pae.Ranasingam' review: Aishwarya Rajesh, Vijay Sethupathi film is a hard-hitting social drama |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kapaeranasingam-review-aishwarya-rajesh-vijay-sethupathi-film-hard-hitting-social-drama |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029110258/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kapaeranasingam-review-aishwarya-rajesh-vijay-sethupathi-film-hard-hitting-social-drama |archive-date=29 October 2020 |access-date=15 January 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:2020 films]]
[[Category:2020 Indian films]]
[[Category:2020s political drama films]]
[[Category:2020 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films not released in theaters due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ghibran Vaibodha]]
[[Category:Films shot in Dubai]]
[[Category:Indian political drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language political drama films]]
[[Category:ZEE5 original films]]

Bhartrdaman

2026-02-25T06:42:18Z

CrystleBreinl34: typo fix

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Bhartrdaman
| title = [[Western Satrap]] king
| image = Silver coin of Bhartrdaman.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = Coin of the Western Kshatrapa ruler Bhartrdaman (278 to 295).<br>
'''Obv:''' Bust of Bhartrdaman, with corrupted Greek legend ([[Indo-Greek]] style), (Saka) date 200 (= 278 CE).<br>
'''Rev:''' Three-arched hill or [[Chaitya]], with river, crescent and sun, within legend in [[Brāhmī script|Brahmi]].
| reign = 278-295 CE
| coronation =
| full name =
| predecessor = [[Visvasimha]]
| successor = [[Visvasena]]
| spouse =
| issue =
| royal house =
| dynasty =
| father = [[Rudrasena II (Western Satrap)|Rudrasena II]]
| mother =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| burial_date =
| burial_place =
}}
'''Bhartrdaman''' was a [[Saka]] ruler of the [[Western Kshatrapas]] in northwestern [[India]] from around 278 to 295.<ref>Amiteshwar Jha and Dilip Rajgor: ''Studies in the Coinage of the Western Ksatrapas'', Nashik: Indian Institute of Research in Numismatic Studies, 1992.</ref><ref>Senior, Robert C. ''Indo-Scythian Coins and History'', Lancaster: Classical Numismatic Group, 2001.</ref> For the first four years, his coins name him only as ''kshatrapa'', after which time his coins name him ''mahakshatrapa''. He was the second of two sons of [[Rudrasena II (Western Satrap)|Rudrasena II]] who came to the throne, after his brother [[Visvasimha]], and was among the last rulers of the Kardamaka dynasty.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://coinindia.com/galleries-bhartrdaman.html Coins of Bhartrdaman]

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| title = [[Western Satrap]]
| years = 282–295
| before = [[Visvasimha]]
| after = [[Visvasena]]
}}
{{s-end}}
{{Western Satraps}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhratadarman}}
[[Category:Western Satraps]]
[[Category:3rd-century monarchs in Asia]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Year of death unknown]]
[[Category:3rd-century Indian monarchs]]

{{India-royal-stub}}

Vineet Nayar

2026-02-12T06:14:30Z

CrystleBreinl34: small changes

{{Short description|Businessman}}
{{for|the [[Tech Mahindra]] executive|Vineet Nayyar}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vineet Nayar
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Vineet Nayar World Economic Forum 2013.jpg
| image_upright =
| landscape =
| alt =
| caption = Vineet Nayar at the 2013 [[World Economic Forum]] in [[Davos]]
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| pronunciation =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1962}}
| birth_place = [[Pantnagar]], [[Uttarakhand]], India
| other_names =
| siglum =
| citizenship =
| education = [[B.Tech]], [[MBA]]
| alma_mater = [[G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology]]<br>[[XLRI – Xavier School of Management]]
| occupation = Business executive, Entrepreneur, Author, Philanthropist
| years_active = 1985 - present
| era =
| employer = [[HCL Technologies]] (1985―2013)
| organization =
| agent =
| known_for = Chairman of [[Sampark Foundation]], Former Vice Chairman and CEO of [[HCL Technologies]]
| notable_works = ''Employees First, Customers Second: Turning Conventional Management Upside Down'' (2010)
| style =
| height =
| television =
| title =
| term =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| party =
| otherparty =
| movement =
| opponents =
| boards =
| spouse = Anupama Nayar
| partner =
| children =
| parents =
| mother =
| father =
| relatives =
| family =
| callsign =
| awards =
| website = {{URL|http://www.vineetnayar.com}}
}}

'''Vineet Nayar''' (born 1962) is an Indian businessperson, author, and philanthropist. He served as the [[Chief executive officer|Chief Executive Officer]] of [[HCL Technologies]] from 2007<ref>{{cite news |title=At the high table |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/people/story/fresh-challenge-128455-2008-08-21 |publisher=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]] |date=September 7, 2008}}</ref> to 2013<ref name=live>{{cite news |last1=Sen |first1=Anirban |title=Vineet Nayar retires from HCL Technologies board |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/TORzzgFVkdtAqFmBlz6E8H/Vineet-Nayar-retires-from-HCL-Technologies-board.html |publisher=[[Livemint]] |date=December 27, 2013}}</ref> and is currently the founder and chairman of the [[Sampark Foundation]], a non-profit organization he established in 2005.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vineet Nayar sets 2025 for Sampark Foundation 'shutdown' |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/vineet-nayar-sets-2025-for-sampark-foundation-shutdown-116071200449_1.html |publisher=[[Business Standard]] |date=July 12, 2016}}</ref> Nayar is also the author of the best-selling book, ''Employees First, Customers Second: Turning Conventional Management Upside Down'', published by [[Harvard Business Review Press]] in 2010.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Crainer |first1=Stuart |last2=Dearlove |first2=Des |title=Leaders provide meaning |url=https://thinkers50.com/blog/leaders-provide-meaning/ |publisher=Thinkers50}}</ref><ref name=110K>{{cite web|url=http://hbr.org/product/employees-first-customers-second-turning-conventio/an/12330-HBK-ENG|title=Employees First, Customers Second: Turning Conventional Management Upside Down|publisher=Harvard Business Review}}</ref>

He was listed among the Thinkers50 influential management thinkers in 2011<ref>{{cite news |title=Vineet Nayar, Vijay Govindarajan among eight Indians in world's top 50 thinkers |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/vineet-nayar-vijay-govindarajan-among-eight-indians-in-worlds-top-50-thinkers/articleshow/10809150.cms?from=mdr |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=November 21, 2011}}</ref> and featured in ''[[Forbes Asia]]'''s "Heroes of Philanthropy" list in both 2013<ref name=heroes>{{cite news |last1=Koppisch |first1=John |title=48 Heroes Of Philanthropy |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/johnkoppisch/2013/05/29/48-heroes-of-philanthropy-2/ |publisher=[[Forbes]] |date=May 31, 2013}}</ref> and 2016.<ref name=financeexp/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Koppisch |first1=John |title=Asia's 2016 Heroes Of Philanthropy |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/johnkoppisch/2016/07/06/asias-2016-heroes-of-philanthropy/ |publisher=[[Forbes]] |date=August 4, 2016}}</ref><ref name=110K/>

== Early life and education ==
Nayar was born in [[Pantnagar]], [[Uttarakhand]], where he spent his early years. He completed his schooling at [[Campus School, GBPUA&T|Campus School, Pantnagar]]. He obtained a [[Bachelor of Technology]] degree in [[Mechanical engineering]] from the [[College of Technology, Pantnagar]] at [[G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology]]. He subsequently received a [[Master's degree]] in [[Business Management]] from [[XLRI – Xavier School of Management]], [[Jamshedpur]].<ref name=forbes/>

== Career ==
After completing his academic education, Nayar joined HCL Limited in 1985.<ref name=hindubusiness/> He left the company in 1992 to found Comnet in 1993, specializing in remote infrastructure management, which grew into a $1 billion technology management business.<ref>{{cite news |title=The HCL Tech turnaround under former CEO Vineet Nayar |url=https://content.techgig.com/leadership/the-hcl-tech-turnaround-under-former-ceo-vineet-nayar/articleshow/70467071.cms |publisher=[[TechGig.com]] |date=July 31, 2019}}</ref> Nayar implemented several policies and practices at Comnet that later influenced HCL Technologies' "Employees First, Customers Second" philosophy.<ref name=hindubusiness>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Ronendra |title=HCL Tech's turnaround man — Vineet Nayar |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/hcl-techs-turnaround-man-vineet-nayar/article20566010.ece |publisher=[[The Hindu Business Line]] |date=March 12, 2018}}</ref>

In 1998, Comnet merged with HCL Technologies,<ref name=forbes/> forming HCL Comnet, where Nayar served as CEO.<ref>{{cite news |title=The latest in remote control |url=https://www.economist.com/business/2004/09/09/the-latest-in-remote-control |publisher=[[The Economist]] |date=September 9, 2004}}</ref> By 2005, he considered transitioning to social development and established the Sampark Foundation. However, he was asked by [[Shiv Nadar]], co-founder of HCL Technologies, to continue leading the company.<ref name=forbes/> He was appointed President of HCL Technologies in 2005<ref>{{cite news |last1=Julka |first1=Harsimran |title=HCL's Vineet Nayar: Maverick CEO of a maverick company |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/hcls-vineet-nayar-maverick-ceo-of-a-maverick-company/articleshow/14534486.cms?from=mdr |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=July 1, 2012}}</ref> and became CEO two years later in 2007. In August 2008, he was appointed to the Board of Directors at HCL Technologies as a whole-time director.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vineet Nayar appointed to the board of directors of HCL Technologies |url=https://www.domain-b.com/people/in-the-news/vineet-nayar-appointed-to-the-board-of-directors-of-hcl-technologies |publisher=Domain-b.com |date=August 1, 2008}}</ref> During his tenure, he increased the company's revenue sixfold to $4.7 billion annually.<ref name=forbes/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Shelley |last2=Julka |first2=Harsimran |title=Top three executives frontrunners for HCL Tech chief's job: Vineet Nayar |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/ites/top-three-executives-frontrunners-for-hcl-tech-chiefs-job-vineet-nayar/articleshow/12843609.cms?from=mdr |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=April 24, 2012}}</ref>

Vineet Nayar is credited with transforming HCL Technologies into the fourth-largest IT company in India, with the workforce expanding from 30,000 to 90,000 during his tenure. Nayar was appointed Vice Chairman of HCL Technologies in November 2010. He received 12.50 lakh stock options in October 2010, and his remuneration was ₹8.43 crore in the 2012 fiscal year.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Phadnis |first1=Shilpa |title=Vineet Nayar's exit as HCL CEO raises questions |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tech-news/vineet-nayars-exit-as-hcl-ceo-raises-questions/articleshow/18069173.cms |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |date=January 18, 2023}}</ref>

In June 2012, Nayar sold his entire stake in the company for ₹133.58 crore, which he directed towards the [[Sampark Foundation]].<ref name=hindubusiness/> He retired from the [[HCLTech|HCL]] board in December 2013 to focus on philanthropic activities but continues to serve as a senior advisor to HCL Technologies.<ref name=live/> Vineet Nayar was appointed to the board of the [[National Stock Exchange of India]] in July 2021.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Barman |first1=Arijit |title=Abhijit Sen, Sanjay Bhandarkar and Vineet Nayar set to join NSE board |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/abhijit-sen-sanjay-bhandarkar-and-vineet-nayar-set-to-join-nse-board/articleshow/84664707.cms |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=July 23, 2021}}</ref>

== Published work ==
He authored ''Employees First, Customers Second: Turning Conventional Management Upside Down'', published by [[Harvard Business Review]] in 2010.<ref name=110K/> The book discusses the management practices used at HCL Technologies and explains the intellectual foundation for the transformation, as well as the lessons learned. It has sold over 100,000 copies.<ref name=forbes>{{cite news |last1=Raghunathan |first1=Anu |title=India's Vineet Nayar Seeks To Transform Primary Education With A $100 Million Philanthropic Outlay |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/anuraghunathan/2016/07/06/indias-vineet-nayar-seeks-to-transform-primary-education-with-a-100-million-philanthropic-outlay/ |publisher=[[Forbes]] |date=July 28, 2016}}</ref>

The book was ranked seventh on [[Amazon UK]]'s list of the 'Best Business Books of 2010' and was also included in the 'Best Business Books of 2010' by the Library Journal in the [[United States]].<ref>{{cite news |title=HCL Technologies CEO, Vineet Nayar, conferred with the ‘Leader in the Digital Age’ Award at CeBIT 2011 |url=https://www.hcltech.com/press-releases/hcl-technologies-ceo-vineet-nayar-conferred-leader-digital-age |publisher=HCL Tech |date=March 2, 2011}}</ref>

== Philanthropy ==
Vineet Nayar co-founded the [[Sampark Foundation]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Shelley |title=How CEO-turned-philanthropist Vineet Nayar plans to reform teaching in Punjab's government schools |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/how-ceo-turned-philanthropist-vineet-nayar-plans-to-reform-teaching-in-punjabs-government-schools/articleshow/21792381.cms?from=mdr |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=August 13, 2013}}</ref> in 2005, a philanthropic organization that focuses on enhancing primary education for millions of school students in India. In 2013, Nayar took an active role in the organization, committing to invest $100 million into its initiatives.<ref name=educationworld>{{cite news |last1=Nehru |first1=Autar |title=Go-getting philanthropist: Vineet Nayar |url=https://www.educationworld.in/go-getting-philanthropist-vineet-nayar/ |publisher=Education World |date=November 2023}}</ref> He applies the concept of [[frugal innovation]] in his work<ref name=forbes/> and collaborates with state governments across eight Indian states, including [[Haryana]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], and [[Maharashtra]].<ref name=forbes/> Their initiatives include distributing educational kits, setting up digital classrooms, and training teachers to improve their pedagogical skills.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pal |first1=Sanchari |title=How a Unique yet Affordable Tech Innovation Is Helping Govt Schools in Remote Villages Go Smart |url=https://thebetterindia.com/92252/sampark-foundation-smart-shala-primary-education-rural-india/ |publisher=[[The Better India]] |date=March 21, 2017}}</ref> As of 2023, the Sampark Foundation has positively impacted approximately 10.49 million children and provided training for around 672,000 teachers in 123,000 government schools.<ref name=educationworld/>

== Other activities ==
[[File:Vineet Nayar at the India Economic Summit 2009.jpg|thumb|150px|Vineet Nayar spoke at the [[World Economic Forum]]'s Impatient India session in [[New Delhi]] on 9 November 2009]]
He served as Governor of the ICT and was a member of the Global Advisory Board for Women Leaders and the Gender Parity Program at the [[World Economic Forum]].<ref name=economictimes>{{cite news |title=Vineet Nayar |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/corporate-excellence-award/jury/vineet-nayar/articleshow/66359710.cms |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=November 22, 2018}}</ref><ref name=wef/> Additionally, he was a Community Partner of the [[Forum of Young Global Leaders]] at the [[World Economic Forum]], where he co-chaired the 2011 Annual Meeting of New Champions.<ref name=wef>{{cite web |title=Vineet Nayar |url=https://www.weforum.org/people/vineet-nayar/ |website=[[Weforum.org]]}}</ref>

Nayar is also a senior advisor to the McKinsey Leadership Institute and mentors 18 technology start-ups.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Khosla |first1=Varuni |title=Vineet Nayar a sought-after mentor now, guiding no less than 18 startups |url=https://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/vineet-nayar-a-sought-after-mentor-now-guiding-no-less-than-18-startups/53173075 |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=July 12, 2016}}</ref> He is involved with the Million Learning Project led by former Australian Prime Minister [[Julia Gillard]]<ref name=economictimes/> and is a founding member of Brookings India. He has served as a juror for the [[Harvard Business Review]]'s McKinsey Prize.<ref name=wef/> He is a member of the Advisory Board for the Global Talent Competitiveness Index, an initiative by [[INSEAD]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Vineet Nayar, DBA, Founder, Sampark Foundation, Former CEO, HCL Technologies |url=https://questromworld.bu.edu/businesseducationjam/2014/09/23/vineet-nayar-founder-sampark-foundation-former-ceo-hcl-technologies/ |publisher=[[Boston University|Questrom World]]}}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==
In 2011, Vineet Nayar was ranked 40th on the Thinkers 50 list of the world's most influential management thinkers.<ref name=60K>{{cite web|url=http://www.thinkers50.com/biographies/118|title=Vineet Nayar Thinkers50 Profile|publisher=Thinkers50}}</ref> That same year, he was honored with the 'Leader in the Digital Age' Award at [[CeBIT]]<ref name=70K>{{cite web|url=http://news.ciol.com/News/Newsmakers/News-Reports/HCL-CEO-Vineet-Nayar-wins-Digital-Age-Award/147335/0/|title=HCL CEO Vineet Nayar wins Digital Age Award|publisher=ciol.com}}</ref> and the 'Business HR Champion Award' at the European HCM Excellence Awards.<ref name=80K>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9-S0-9fyFz8 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/9-S0-9fyFz8 |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|title=Vineet Nayar – Recipient of Business HR Champion – HCM Excellence Awards 2011|publisher=Youtube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> He was named in ''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]'''s 2011 "Executive Dream Team" list.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Your Executive Dream Team - Designated hitter: Vineet Nayar (8) - CNNMoney |url=http://money.cnn.com/galleries/2011/news/companies/1109/gallery.dream_team_readers_picks.fortune/8.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515205412/http://money.cnn.com/galleries/2011/news/companies/1109/gallery.dream_team_readers_picks.fortune/8.html |archive-date=15 May 2013 |access-date=2025-12-12 |website=money.cnn.com |url-status=live }}</ref> He was ranked as the No. 2 HR Influencer in India by the [[Society for Human Resource Management]] (SHRM) in 2011.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Standard |first=Business |title=SHRM India releases first ever report on top-20 Indian HR influencers on social media |url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/shrm-india-releases-first-ever-reporttop-20-indian-hr-influencerssocial-media/467838/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121219061854/http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/shrm-india-releases-first-ever-reporttop-20-indian-hr-influencerssocial-media/467838/ |archive-date=19 December 2012 |access-date=2025-12-12 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2012, he received the Lakshmipat Singhania – IIM Lucknow National Leadership Awards from [[IIM Lucknow]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Winners of Lakshmipat Singhania – IIM Lucknow National Leadership Awards |url=https://www.ndtv.com/video/winners-of-lakshmipat-singhania-iim-lucknow-national-leadership-awards-257599 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |date=December 9, 2012}}</ref> In 2013, he was named among ''[[Forbes|Forbes magazine]]'''s "48 Heroes of Philanthropy".<ref name=heroes/> In 2016, Vineet Nayar and his wife, Anupama, were included in Forbes Asia's 'Heroes of Philanthropy' list.<ref name=financeexp>{{cite news |title=Vineet Nayar, Adar Poonawalla among 5 Indians who feature in Forbes Asia's Heroes of Philanthropy list |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/industry-5-indians-feature-in-forbes-asias-heroes-of-philanthropy-list-vineet-nayar-adar-poonawalla-309366/ |publisher=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |date=July 7, 2016}}</ref>

In 2016, Vineet Nayar was named in ''[[Foreign Policy]]''s "Top 100 Global Thinkers" and featured in the 'Moguls' category alongside his wife, Anupama, for their work with the Sampark Foundation.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sushma Swaraj, Vineet Nayar in FP's Global Thinkers 2016 list |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/sushma-swaraj-vineet-nayar-in-fps-global-thinkers-2016-list/articleshow/55960983.cms |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=December 13, 2016}}</ref> In 2018, he was ranked 20th by the [[Society for Human Resource Management]] (SHRM) in its list of Top 30 Indian HR Influencers on Social Media.<ref>{{cite news |title=Top 30 Indian HR Influencers on Social Media |url=https://qaspire.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/2018Top30IndianHRInfluencersonSocialMedia.pdf |publisher=[[Society for Human Resource Management]] |date=May 2018}}</ref>

=== Harvard Business School case studies ===
Nayar's leadership and work at the Sampark Foundation and [[HCL Technologies]] have been the subject of multiple [[Harvard Business School]] case studies. One such study, "Vineet Nayar at HCL Unstructure 2008", published in 2009, examines his implementation of the "Employees First, Customers Second" philosophy.<ref name="H1">{{cite book |author1=Linda A. Hill |author2=Tarun Khanna |author3=Emily Stecker |author1-link=Linda A. Hill |author2-link=Tarun Khanna (academic) |title=Vineet Nayar at HCL Unstructure 2008 |date=April 2009 |publisher=[[Harvard Business School Press]] |url=https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=37323}}</ref> In 2017, Harvard Business School published "Sampark Foundation: Transforming Primary Education in India," which explores innovative and cost-effective strategies implemented by Vineet Nayar and Anupama Nayar to enhance primary education.<ref name="H2">{{cite journal |author1=V. Kasturi Rangan |author2=Shweta Bagai |author1-link=V. Kasturi Rangan |title=Sampark Foundation: Transforming Primary Education in India |journal=[[Harvard Business School]] |date=July 2017 |pages=25 |url=https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=52914}}</ref> Additionally, the case "Vineet Nayar and Sampark Foundation: Frugal Innovation at Scale" (2020) discusses his efforts to scale education in rural India.<ref name="H3">{{cite journal |author1=Linda A. Hill |author2=Emily Tedards |author1-link=Linda A. Hill |title=Vineet Nayar and Sampark Foundation: Frugal Innovation at Scale (A) |journal=[[Harvard Business School]] |date=July 2020 |pages=33 |url=https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=58503}}</ref> Another case, "HCL Technologies (A)" (2007), details his leadership at HCL Technologies.<ref name="H4">{{cite book |author1=Linda A. Hill |author2=Tarun Khanna |author3=Emily Stecker |author1-link=Linda A. Hill |author2-link=Tarun Khanna (academic) |title=HCL Technologies (A) |date=August 2007 |publisher=[[Harvard Business School Press]] |url=https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=34784}}</ref> These studies have been authored by researchers [[Linda A. Hill]], [[Tarun Khanna (academic)|Tarun Khanna]], Emily Stecker, Emily Tedards, [[V. Kasturi Rangan]], and Shweta Bagai.<ref name="H1"/><ref name="H2"/><ref name="H3"/><ref name="H4"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nayar, Vineet}}
[[Category:Businesspeople in the software industry]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:XLRI – Xavier School of Management alumni]]
[[Category:Indian chief executives in technology]]
[[Category:Indian businesspeople in the computer industry]]
[[Category:Indian philanthropists]]
[[Category:Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Indian business writers]]
[[Category:Chairpersons of non-governmental organizations]]

StarAgri

2026-02-08T01:42:27Z

CrystleBreinl34: Created First Data First Draft

{{Short description|Indian Agricultural Warehousing company}}
{{COI|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox company
| name = StarAgri Warehousing and Collateral Management Limited
| logo =
| caption =
| type =
| fate =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| foundation = April 2006
| defunct =
| location_city = [[Mumbai]]
| location_country = [[India]]
| location =
| locations =
| area_served =
| key_people =
| industry = [[Agribusiness]]
| products =
| services = Agriculture Warehousing
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| assets =
| equity =
| owner =
| num_employees = 2000+<ref name="star1">{{cite web|publisher=[[Business Today (business magazine)|businesstoday.in]]|title=This Rajasthan-based rural service provider has profited by helping farmers|date=April 28, 2013 |url=http://businesstoday.intoday.in/story/india-best-smes-2013-staragri-warehousing-and-collateral-management/1/193896.html}}</ref>
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsid =
| homepage = {{URL|http://www.staragri.com/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''StarAgri''' is an [[Agricultural cooperative]] established in 2006 by former [[ICICI Bank]] associates.<ref name="star2">{{cite web|publisher=[Forbes India. Retrieved 2025-01-28]|title=StarAgri: Aiming For The Stars|url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/take-one-big-story-of-the-day/staragri-aiming-for-the-stars/94154/1#:~:text=How%20StarAgri%20Became%20India's%20Largest,Crore%20In%20Revenue%20-%20Forbes%20India}}</ref> The company provides services across the agricultural value chain, including [[warehousing]], [[collateral management]], [[procurement]], trade facilitation, and [[financial services]].

==History==
StarAgri was established in 2006 by Suresh Goyal, Amit Goyal, Amith Agarwal, and Amit Khandelwal to develop warehousing capabilities for [[India|India’s]] agricultural sector.<ref name="star3">{{cite web|publisher=[www.business-standard.com. Archived from the original on 2024-12-05. Retrieved 2025-01-28]|title=Standard, Business. "Star Agriwarehousing files IPO papers with Sebi, aims to raise Rs 450 cr|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205093731/https://www.business-standard.com/markets/ipo/star-agriwarehousing-files-ipo-papers-with-sebi-aims-to-raise-rs-450-cr-124120500503_1.html}}</ref>

In 2008, StarAgri expanded its services by introducing Collateral Management Systems (CMS) and Warehouse Receipt Financing (WRF) and started integrated lab testing services.

By 2012, StarAgri entered [[procurement]] and trade finance through its subsidiary, FarmersFortune (India) Private Limited. In 2015, it launched Agriwise Finserv, an [[Non-bank financial institution|NBFC]] platform offering Warehouse Receipt Financing.<ref name="star4">{{cite web|publisher=[The Economic Times.ISSN 0013-0389. Retrieved 2025-01-28]|title=Shanbaug, Amit (2012-06-18)."Dena Bank sign up agreement for Warehousing Receipt funding|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/banking/dena-bank-sign-up-agreement-for-warehousing-receipt-funding/articleshow/14237838.cms?from=mdr}}</ref>

In 2016, StarAgri introduced Agritrade, an e-marketplace for agricultural commodities. In 2019, it developed Agrigates, a [[warehouse management system]] designed to enable real-time tracking of commodity movements.

In 2021, StarAgri partnered with banks for co-lending and a data-driven platform offering crop advisory services using [[Artificial intelligence|AI]], ML, and [[remote sensing]]. In 2022, the company expanded globally to [[Africa]], including Nigeria, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia <ref name="star5">{{cite web|publisher=[Forbes India. Retrieved 2025-01-28.]|title=StarAgri:Aiming For The Stars|url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/take-one-big-story-of-the-day/staragri-aiming-for-the-stars/94154/1#:~:text=How%20StarAgri%20Became%20India's%20Largest,Crore%20In%20Revenue%20-%20Forbes%20India}}</ref>

By 2023, StarAgri had a network of 1,380 warehouses across India, began operations in the [[Middle East]], and integrated blockchain technology into CMS and WRF operations. In 2024, it introduced geo-tagging and cadastral mapping for farmland monitoring and completed a crop estimation project using [[remote sensing technology]].<ref name="star14">{{cite web|publisher=[Forbes India. Retrieved 2025-01-28.]|title=StarAgri: Aiming For The Stars|url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/take-one-big-story-of-the-day/staragri-aiming-for-the-stars/94154/1#:~:text=How%20StarAgri%20Became%20India's%20Largest,Crore%20In%20Revenue%20-%20Forbes%20India}}</ref>

StarAgri has partnerships with 24 banks, including [[Canara Bank]],<ref name="star11">{{cite web|publisher=[BusinessLine. 2014-02-14. Retrieved 2025-01-28.]|title=Canara Bank, StarAgri tie up|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/Canara-Bank-StarAgri-tie-up/article20727243.ece}}</ref> [[Karnataka Bank]],<ref name="star12">{{cite web|publisher=[The Times of India. 2014-07-25. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 2025-01-28.]|title=Karnataka Bank, Star Agri sign MoU on extending storage facilities to farmers|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/karnataka-bank-star-agri-sign-mou-on-extending-storage-facilities-to-farmers/articleshow/38997628.cms}}</ref> and [[Axis Bank]], to provide financing to farmers and traders. In 2014, [[Temasek Holdings]] invested ₹250 crore, which was allocated for developing assets such as warehouses and [[logistics]] facilities.<ref name="star13">{{cite web|publisher=[upstox.com. Retrieved 2025-01-28.]|title=Upcoming IPO: Temasek-backed Star Agri files draft papers with SEBI to raise funds via public issue|url=https://upstox.com/news/market-news/ipo/upcoming-ipo-temasek-backed-star-agri-files-draft-papers-with-sebi-to-raise-funds-via-public-issue/article-133427/}}</ref>

==Operations and Service==
StarAgri operates a network of 2,189 [[warehouse]]s across 19 states in India, with a storage capacity of 5.2 MMT. The company's services include:<ref name="star6">{{cite web|publisher=[www.business-standard.com. Archived from the original on 2024-12-05. Retrieved 2025-01-28]|title=Star Agriwarehousing files IPO papers with Sebi, aims to raise Rs 450 cr|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205093731/https://www.business-standard.com/markets/ipo/star-agriwarehousing-files-ipo-papers-with-sebi-aims-to-raise-rs-450-cr-124120500503_1.html}}</ref>

==Subsidiaries==
*Agriwise Finserv Limited<ref name="star8">{{cite web|publisher=[BrandLabs, Inc42 (2024-08-27). "How Temasek-Backed StarAgri Is Applying Tech To Streamline The Agri Value Chain"]|title=BrandLabs, Inc42 (2024-08-27). "How Temasek-Backed StarAgri Is Applying Tech To Streamline The Agri Value Chain"|url=https://inc42.com/startups/how-temasek-backed-staragri-is-applying-tech-to-streamline-the-agri-value-chain/}}</ref>
*FarmersFortune (India) Private Limited
*Star Agribazaar Technology Private Limited

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Agriculture companies of India]]

Pansemal

2026-02-06T11:38:18Z

CrystleBreinl34: quick update

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2015}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pansemal
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|21.66|N|74.7|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = India
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Barwani district|Barwani]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 242
| population_total = 27280
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = Hindi
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 451770
| postal_code = 451770
| registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|MP]]
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MP]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Pansemal''' is a town and a [[nagar panchayat]] in [[Barwani district]] in the Indian [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]].

==Geography==
Pansemal is located at {{Coord|21.65|N|74.7|E|}}.<ref>[https://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/35/Pansemal.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Pansemal]</ref> It has an average elevation of 242 metres (793 feet).

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Pansemal had a population of 10,745. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Pansemal has an average literacy rate of 59%, lower than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 68%, and female literacy is 49%. In Pansemal, 17% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==Notable people==

* [[Bala Bachchan]] (Former Home Minister)

==References==
<references/>

{{Indore Division}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Barwani district]]
[[Category:Barwani]]

{{Indore-geo-stub}}

Pratyusha Rajeshwari Singh

2026-02-05T01:21:51Z

CrystleBreinl34: minor cleanup

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Pratyusha Rajeshwari Singh
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes| 1971|11|29}}
| death_date =
| constituency = [[Kandhamal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kandhamal]]
| office = [[Member of Parliament]]
|term_start = 19 October 2014
|term_end = 24 May 2019
| predecessor = [[Hemendra Chandra Singh]]
| successor = [[Achyuta Samanta|Achyutananda Samanta]]
| nationality =Indian
| spouse = [[Hemendra Chandra Singh]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| residence = [[Odisha]]
| alma_mater =
| profession = [[Politician]], [[Social Worker]]
| website =
| footnotes =
|committees=Standing Committee M/O Defense
Consultative Committee M/O Environment, Forest and Climate Change
Member Coffee Board}}

'''Pratyusha Rajeshwari Singh''', popularly known as [[Queen mother|"Rani Maa]] [[Nayagarh State|Nayagarh]]" is an Indian politician from Odisha.

== Early life ==
Singh is from Nayagarh in [[Odisha]] state, India. She married former MP [[Hemendra Chandra Singh]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-10-19/news/55197435_1_kandhamal-lok-sabha-bjd-pratyusha-rajeswari-singh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023045916/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-10-19/news/55197435_1_kandhamal-lok-sabha-bjd-pratyusha-rajeswari-singh|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 October 2014|title=BJD candidate Pratyusha Rajeswari wins Odisha Lok Sabha bypoll|publisher=The Economic Times|date=19 October 2014}}</ref>

== Career ==
Singh is the BJP Odisha State Vice President. She was a [[Parliament of India|Member of Parliament]] elected for the 16th [[Lok Sabha]] by-election representing [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]. She resigned from BJD and joined BJP on 23 March 2019. She lost the [[Nayagarh Assembly constituency]] seat in the [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]] by a narrow margin of 439 votes to five time MLA Arun Kumar Sahoo of BJD.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Nayagarh Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Assembly Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/nayagarh-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8916854.html |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Aruna Kumar Sahoo, BJD Election Results LIVE: Latest Updates On Aruna Kumar Sahoo, Lok Sabha Constituency Seat - NDTV.com |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/odisha/vidhan-sabha-election-candidates-list-2024/aruna-kumar-sahoo-18122-3 |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=www.ndtv.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}{{16th LS members from Odisha}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Pratyusha Rajeshwari}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Odisha]]
[[Category:India MPs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Women in Odisha politics]]
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:People from Kandhamal district]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Odisha]]
[[Category:Biju Janata Dal politicians]]

{{Odisha-BJD-politician-stub}}

N. Ranganatha Sharma

2026-02-04T21:17:27Z

CrystleBreinl34: Created A Bio Initial Version!

{{Short description|Indian linguist (1916–2014)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2014}}'''Mahamahopadhyaya Vidvan N. Ranganatha Sharma''' (1916–2014) was a Sanskrit and Kannada scholar, particularly known for his erudition in grammar ([[vyākaraṇa]]) of both languages.

==Life==
Ranganatha Sharma was born in the village of [[Nadahalli, Shimoga district|Nadahalli]] on January 7, 1916.<ref name=ksu>{{cite news |title=N. Rangnatha Sharma|url=http://www.ksu.ac.in/en/n-rangnatha-sharma/}}</ref><ref name=som/> He taught in Bangalore at the Chamarajendra Sanskrit College for several decades<ref name=som/><ref name=hindu/> (1948 to 1976),<ref name=hdvga/> where he was Professor of [[Vyākaraṇa]].<ref name=swii/> He was also a close associate of DVG ([[D. V. Gundappa]]).<ref name="hindu" /><ref name="titan" />

==Work==
===Sanskrit works===
Sharma's Sanskrit works include Bahubalivijayam (a Historical play, 1980) and Ekachakram (a mythological play, 1990); Guruparemitracaritam (1969) and Gommatesvarasuprabhatam (1981), and Gommatesa-panchakam.<ref name=ksu/>

=== Kannada works===
Bhasantarapatha (1949), Laukika-nyayagalu (1959), Hosagannada Vyakarana, Valmikimunigala Hasyapravrtti, Varadahalli Sridhara Swamigalu, Sri Kamacandra (in the light of Bhasa, Kalidasa and Bhavabhuti, 1982), Suktivyapti (1991, Upanisattina Kathegalu (1993).
Translated works: Valmikiramayana, Amarakosa (1970), Viduraniti (1973), the Xth Skandha of Srimad-bhagavata (1978), Srivisnupurana (1986), Vyasatatparyanirnaya, Srtisarasamuddharana of Totakacarya, Brahma-kanda of Vakyapadiyam, and Pancadasi of Vidyaranya.Edited works: Bhagavan¬namavali, Subhasitamanjari, and Srichamarajoktivilasaramayana.<ref name="ksu" />

He is noted for his translation of the entire [[Valmiki Ramayana]] into Kannada, which was published with a foreword by DVG himself.<ref name=hindu/> He also wrote works on the [[Vishnu Purana]], [[Srimad Bhagavata]], [[Amarakosha]] in three ''kāṇḍa''s,<ref name=hindu/><ref name=som/> [[Bhartrhari]]<ref name=som/> and ''Sri Shankara Sookti Muktavali''.<ref name=hindu/> He edited DVG's ''[[Marula Muniyana Kagga|Marulamuniyana Kagga]]'', a collection of poems which was published after DVG's death.<ref name=hindu/> Mr. Sharma has authored several books in Kannada and Sanskrit. He is a recipient of the national award for Sanskrit learning and has received the Rajyotsava Award. The Karnataka Samskrit University recently conferred an honorary doctorate on him.<ref name=titan/> In his ''Laukika Nyayagalu'', he explained 219 maxims in Kannada.<ref name=ency/>

His works in Sanskrit include the historical play Bāhubalivijayam (1981), and the mythological play ''Ekacakram'' (1990), based on the [[Adi Parva]] of the [[Mahabharata]].<ref name=swii/><ref name=ekachakram/> He was the author of more than 80 works,<ref name=som/> over 45 in Kannada and 10 in Sanskrit.<ref name=hindu/> He wrote ''Hosagannada Vyakarana,'' which was published in the year 2010.<ref name="Hosagannada Vyakarana">{{cite news|title=Hosagannada Vyakarana|url=https://sapnaonline.com/hosagannada-vyakarana-294491|archive-date=10 March 2014|access-date=10 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310125047/https://sapnaonline.com/hosagannada-vyakarana-294491|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Honors received==
He is a recipient of the Karnataka State Award, President’s Certificate of Honour, SHANKARA~KINKARA Prashasti of Sri Samsthana Gokarna Sri Ramachandrapur Mutt, Chunchasri Prasasti of Âdichunchanagiri Mahasamsthana, and the title Mahamahopadhyaya of Rashtriya Sanskrit Vidyapeeth, Tirupati.

==Awards==
* [[Rajyotsava Award]]<ref name=hindu/><ref name=titan/>
* Best Teacher Award, at the State and National level<ref name=som/>
* First recipient of the DVG Memorial Award by the DVG Balaga<ref name=som/><ref name=hdvga/>
* Title of "Mahamahopadya"<ref name=oik/> by the Tirupati Sanskrit University<ref name=som/>
* National award for proficiency in Sanskrit<ref name=hindu/><ref name=titan/>
* Honorary doctorate (''Honoris Causa'' [[D. Litt.]] degree<ref name=causa/>) from [[Karnataka Samskrit University]], Bangalore.<ref name=som/><ref name=hindu/><ref name=hdvga/><ref name=titan/>
* Book award for Sanskrit writing in 2010, from Karnataka Samskruta University.<ref name=bookksu/>

==Death==
Vidwan N. Ranganatha Sharma died on 25 January 2014 at his residence at Kuvempunagar, Mysore, at age 98.<ref name=scholar>{{cite news|title=Sanskrit scholar Ranganatha Sharma dead|url=http://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/India/20140125/2327934.html|archive-date=26 August 2015|access-date=10 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150826200320/http://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/India/20140125/2327934.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Further reading==
* {{citation | url=http://sanskrit.nic.in/DigitalBook/M/Mswk.pdf | title=Modern Sanskrit Writings in Karnataka | author=S. Ranganath | publisher=[[Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan]] | place=New Delhi | year=2009 | pages=47–51}}
*Official website: https://vidwannrs.in/

==References==
<references>

<ref name=som>{{citation | url = http://www.starofmysore.com/main.asp?type=news&item=390281 | title = NOTED SANSKRIT SCHOLAR RANGANATHA SHARMA DEAD | newspaper = [[Star of Mysore]] | date = 25 January 2014 | place = Mysore}}</ref>
<ref name=hindu>{{citation | url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/scholar-ranganatha-sharma-is-dead/article5619117.ece | title = Scholar Ranganatha Sharma is dead | newspaper = [[The Hindu]] | date = 26 January 2014 | place = Mysore}}</ref>
<ref name=hdvga>{{citation | url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/ranganath-sharma-to-get-dvg-award/article4540902.ece | title = Ranganath Sharma to get DVG award | newspaper = [[The Hindu]] | date = 23 March 2013 | place = Mysore}}</ref>
<ref name=titan>{{citation | url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/dvg-was-a-titan-among-kannada-writers-saysranganatha-sharma/article4544698.ece | title = DVG was a titan among Kannada writers, says Ranganatha Sharma | newspaper = [[The Hindu]] | date = 25 March 2013 | place = Mysore}}</ref>
<ref name=bookksu>{{citation | url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/book-awards/article2965245.ece | title = Book awards | newspaper = [[The Hindu]] | date = 6 March 2012 | place = Karnataka}}</ref>
<ref name=causa>{{citation | url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/make-sanskrit-the-languageof-nonbrahmins-scholar/article4082097.ece | title = Make Sanskrit the language of non-Brahmins: scholar | newspaper = [[The Hindu]] | date = 10 November 2012 | place = Bangalore}}</ref>
<ref name=oik>{{citation | url = https://kannada.oneindia.com/news/mysuru/renowned-kannada-sanskrit-scholar-ranganatha-sharma-passes-away-081215.html | title = ನಾಡು ಕಂಡ ಶ್ರೇಷ್ಠ ವಿದ್ವಾಂಸ ರಂಗನಾಥ ಶರ್ಮ ಸ್ಮರಣೆ | newspaper = OneIndia Kannada | date = 26 January 2014 | author = ರಾಮಚಂದ್ರ ಹೆಗ್ಡೆ}}</ref>
<ref name=swii>{{citation | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=02nqJzMUhasC&pg=PA28 | title = Contribution of Karnataka to Sanskrit Drama Since Independence | work = Sanskrit Writings in Independent India | page = 28 | editor = V. N. Jha | author = S. Ranganath | year = 2003 | isbn = 9788126018123 }}</ref>
<ref name=ekachakram>{{cite book | title = Ekachakram | author = N. Ranganatha Sharma | year = 1990 | place = Bangalore | publisher = Akhila Karnataka Sanskrit Parishat}}. With an appreciation by K. Krishnamurthy, p. viii.</ref>
<ref name=ency>{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC&pg=PA208 | author = T. V. V. S. | title = Aphorisms, Maxims and Proverbs (Kannada) | work = Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: A-Devo | editor = Amaresh Datta | publisher = Sahitya Akademi | year = 1987 | page = 208| isbn = 9788126018031 }}</ref>

</references>

==External links==
* [http://www.ksu.ac.in/en/n-rangnatha-sharma/ Page on Ranganatha Sharma] as part of Karnataka Samskrit University's "Karnataka Saaraswatopaasakaru"
* [https://vidwannrs.in/ Official website] containing his complete works

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, N. Ranganatha}}
[[Category:Indian Sanskrit scholars]]
[[Category:Kannada-language writers]]
[[Category:People from Shimoga district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian translators]]

[[Category:1916 births]]
[[Category:2014 deaths]]

Rishabh Pant

2026-02-02T18:05:53Z

CrystleBreinl34: minor edit

{{Update|part=Template:Lucknow Super Giants squad and Template:Delhi squad|date=December 2025|reason=Both the templates have players who do not play for those teams anymore. Can you please update both templates to the current squad for both the teams?}}{{short description|Indian cricketer (born 1997)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Rishabh Pant
| image = Rishabh Pant.jpg
| caption= Pant in 2024
| country = India
| fullname = Rishabh Rajendra Pant
| nickname =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1997|10|04}}
| birth_place = [[Haridwar]], Uttarakhand, India<ref name="Haridwar">{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/rishabh-pant-931581|title=Rishabh Pant|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
| height = 5 ft 7 in<ref>{{Cite web|first=Tim|last=Wigmore|title=The future is tall|url=https://www.thecricketmonthly.com/story/1298797/the-cricket-monthly---taller-batters-might-dominate-t20-cricket-in-the-future|date=2 February 2022|work=ESPNcricinfo|quote=Rishabh Pant, Brendon McCullum and David Warner – all 5ft 7in – prove that small players can still hit the ball with stunning power.}}</ref>
| death_date =
| death_place =
| batting = Left-handed
| bowling = Right-arm [[Pace bowling|medium]]
| role = [[Wicket-keeper-batter]]

| international = true
| internationalspan = 2017–present
| testdebutdate = 18 August
| testdebutyear = 2018
| testdebutagainst = England
| testcap = 291
| lasttestdate = 22 November
| lasttestyear = 2025
| lasttestagainst = South Africa

| odidebutdate = 21 October
| odidebutyear = 2018
| odidebutagainst = West Indies
| odicap = 224
| odishirt = 17
| lastodidate = 7 August
| lastodiyear = 2024
| lastodiagainst = Sri Lanka

| T20Idebutdate = 1 February
| T20Idebutyear = 2017
| T20Idebutagainst = England
| T20Icap = 68
| T20Ishirt = 17
| lastT20Idate = 28 July
| lastT20Iyear = 2024
| lastT20Iagainst = Sri Lanka

| club1 = [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]
| year1 = {{nowrap|2015–present}}
| club2 = [[Delhi Capitals]]
| year2 = 2016–2024
| club3 = [[Lucknow Super Giants]]
| year3 = {{nowrap|2025–present}}
| hidedeliveries = true
| columns = 4

| column1 = [[Test cricket|Test]]
| matches1 = 47
| runs1 = 3,427
| bat avg1 = 44.50
| 100s/50s1 = 8/18
| top score1 = 159[[not out|*]]
| catches/stumpings1 = 156/15

| column2 = [[One Day International|ODI]]
| matches2 = 31
| runs2 = 871
| bat avg2 = 33.50
| 100s/50s2 = 1/5
| top score2 = 125[[not out|*]]
| catches/stumpings2 = 27/1

| column3 = [[Twenty20 International|T20I]]
| matches3 = 76
| runs3 = 1,209
| bat avg3 = 23.25
| 100s/50s3 = 0/3
| top score3 = 65[[not out|*]]
| catches/stumpings3 = 40/11

| column4 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches4 = 74
| runs4 = 5,472
| bat avg4 = 47.17
| 100s/50s4 = 13/28
| top score4 = 308
| catches/stumpings4 = 239/22

| date = 8 November
| year = 2025
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/931581.html ESPNcricinfo
| medaltemplates = 
{{MedalSport|Men's [[cricket]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{cr|IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[World Test Championship]]}}
{{Medal|RU|[[2019–2021 World Test Championship|2019–2021]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Men's T20 World Cup|ICC T20 World Cup]]}}
{{Medal|W|[[2024 ICC World Twenty20|2024 West Indies & USA]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[ICC Champions Trophy]]}}
{{Medal|W|[[2025 ICC Champions Trophy|2025 Pakistan]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Under-19 Men's Cricket World Cup|ICC U19 Cricket World Cup]]}}
{{Medal|RU|[[2016 Under-19 Cricket World Cup|2016 Bangladesh]]}}
}}

'''Rishabh Rajendra Pant''' ({{IPA|hi|ɾɪˈʂʌbʰ ɾaː'dʒeːd̪ɾə pʌnt̪|lang}}; born 4 October 1997) is an Indian international [[cricket]]er who plays for the [[India national cricket team|Indian national team]] as a [[Wicket-keeper|wicket-keeper batter]]. He is currently the vice-captain of the Indian cricket team in the [[Test cricket|Test]] format. He captains the [[Lucknow Super Giants]] in the [[Indian Premier League]] and [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]] in domestic cricket.

Pant became the most expensive player in the history of the [[Indian Premier League]] when he was bought for {{INRConvert|27.00|c}} by the [[Lucknow Super Giants]] in the 2025 league auction. He was a member of the Indian team that won the [[2024 Men's T20 World Cup|2024 T20 World Cup]] and [[2025 ICC Champions Trophy|2025 Champions Trophy]]. He was the vice-captain of the [[2016 Under-19 Cricket World Cup squads|India U19 team]] that was runner-up at the [[2016 Under-19 Cricket World Cup|2016 U19 Cricket World Cup]].<ref name="India">{{cite web |title=Ishan Kishan to lead India at U19 World Cup |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ishan-kishan-to-lead-india-at-u19-world-cup-954021 |access-date=22 December 2015 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

He made his [[Twenty20 International|T20I]] debut for India in January 2017, his [[Test cricket|Test]] debut in August 2018, and his [[One Day International|ODI]] debut in October 2018. In January 2019, Pant was named the [[ICC Men's Emerging Cricketer of the Year]] at the [[2018 ICC Awards]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/980940 |title=Finch, Macleod, Pant and Williamson named for ICC Player Awards |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=22 January 2019}}</ref> In February 2021, Pant became the first player to be named [[ICC Awards#Men's Player of the Month|ICC Men's Player of the Month]] (for January).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2020104 |title=ICC Men's Player of the Month for January 2021: Rishabh Pant |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=8 February 2021}}</ref>

In June 2022, Pant was named as the Indian captain for the T20I series [[South African cricket team in India in 2022|against South Africa]], after the designated captain [[KL Rahul]] was ruled out of the series due to an injury.<ref name=":5" />

==Early life==
Pant was born on 4 October 1997 in [[Haridwar]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]] to Rajendra Pant and Saroj Pant, and hails from a [[Kumaoni people|Kumaoni]] family. He also has an elder sister, Sakshi Pant. At the age of 12, Pant would travel with his mother to [[Delhi]] during the weekends to train with [[Tarak Sinha]] at the Sonnet Cricket Academy. He and his mother stayed at a [[Gurdwara]] in [[Moti Bagh]] as they did not have suitable accommodation in the city.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/rishabh-pant-cricket-career-journey-wicketkeeper-family-sleding-5556637/|title=Keeping calm and carrying on: The cricketing journey of Rishabh Pant|date=27 January 2019|work=Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/ipl-2017/life-in-gurudwara-to-ipl-success-rishabh-pant-s-story-of-big-sacrifices/story-SJ8wLICdSNQgrRKbggz9VM.html|title=Life in Gurudwara to IPL success, Rishabh Pant's story of big sacrifices|date=10 April 2017|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

Sinha suggested Pant switch to [[Rajasthan Cricket Association|Rajasthan]] to play U-13 and U-15 cricket but to no avail. Pant was instructed by his mentor to overhaul his entire [[Batting (cricket)|batting technique]] in the hopes of becoming a better batsman.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/rishabh-pant-cricket-career-journey-wicketkeeper-family-sleding-5556637/|title=Keeping calm and carrying on: The cricketing journey of Rishabh Pant|date=27 January 2019|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=28 January 2019}}</ref> His turning point came when he was playing U-19 cricket for [[Delhi]] against [[Assam]]. Pant had top-scored with 35 in his first innings and then hit 150 in the second innings, which he claims was the most important knock in his career.<ref name=":0" />

On 1 February 2016, during the [[2016 Under-19 Cricket World Cup]], Pant hit an 18-ball fifty against [[Nepal national under-19 cricket team|Nepal]], the fastest at this level.<ref name="Fastest50">{{cite web |title=Rishabh Pant slams fastest fifty in huge India win |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/rishabh-pant-slams-fastest-fifty-in-huge-india-under-19-win-against-nepal-967879 |access-date=1 February 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

Pant's father died on 6 April 2017, due to a [[cardiac arrest]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/rishabh-pant-suffers-personal-tragedy-ahead-of-delhi-daredevils-ipl-2017-opener/story-lFFUMo9mEqycDgDWkoFlrN.html|title=Rishabh Pant suffers personal tragedy ahead of Delhi Daredevils' IPL 2017 opener|date=7 April 2017|website=hindustantimes|language=en|access-date=28 January 2019}}</ref>

==Domestic career==
Pant made his [[first-class cricket|first-class]] debut on 22 October 2015 in the [[2015–16 Ranji Trophy]]<ref name="FC">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/901763.html |title=Ranji Trophy, Group A: Delhi v Bengal at Delhi, Oct 22–25, 2015 |access-date=25 October 2015 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> and his [[List A cricket|List A]] debut the next month in the [[2015–16 Vijay Hazare Trophy]].<ref name="ListA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/902075.html |title=Vijay Hazare Trophy, 2nd Quarter-Final: Jharkhand v Delhi at Bangalore, Dec 23, 2015 |access-date=23 December 2015 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

In the [[2016–17 Ranji Trophy]], while playing a match against [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]], Pant scored 308 runs in an innings, becoming the third-youngest Indian to score a triple century in first-class cricket.<ref name="triple">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ranji-trophy-2016-17/engine/match/1053493.html |title=Ranji Trophy, Group B: Maharashtra v Delhi at Mumbai, Oct 13–16, 2016 |access-date=14 October 2016 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref name="Rishabh">{{cite news |date=16 October 2016 |title=Maharashtra take lead despite Pant's triple ton |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ranji-trophy-2016-17-1053433/jharkhand-vs-karnataka-group-b-1053495/match-report-4 |access-date=16 October 2016}}</ref>

On 8 November 2016, Pant scored the fastest century in the [[Ranji Trophy]], from just 48 balls,<ref>{{cite news |title=Rishabh Pant hits 48-ball hundred |work=ESPNcricinfo |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/rishabh-pant-hits-48-ball-hundred-1065212 |access-date=9 November 2016}}</ref> in Delhi's match against [[Jharkhand cricket team|Jharkhand]].<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ranji-trophy-2016-17/engine/match/1053573.html | title = Ranji Trophy: Delhi v Jharkhand at Thumba, Nov 5–8, 2016 | work = ESPNcricinfo | access-date = 9 November 2016}}</ref>

In February 2017, Pant was named [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]'s captain for the [[2016–17 Vijay Hazare Trophy]]. He took over from [[Gautam Gambhir]], who led Delhi to the final of the previous season. Delhi coach [[Bhaskar Pillai]] said it was a "consensus decision" to prepare Pant for the future.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pant to captain Delhi in Vijay Hazare Trophy |work=ESPNcricinfo |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/rishabh-pant-to-captain-delhi-in-vijay-hazare-trophy-1081731 |access-date=9 February 2017}}</ref>

On 14 January 2018, in the [[2017–18 Zonal T20 League]] match between [[Himachal Pradesh cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]] and Delhi, Pant scored the second-fastest century in a Twenty20 match, making 100 from 32 balls.<ref name="PantT20100">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8661/report/1130710/ |title=Pant wallops 32-ball hundred, the fastest by an Indian |access-date=14 January 2018 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

===Indian Premier League===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; float:right; clear:right; text-align:center; margin-right:15px"
!Season
!Team
!Matches
!Runs
!50s
!100s
|-
|| [[2016 Indian Premier League|2016]] || [[Delhi Capitals|Delhi Daredevils]] || 10 || 198
|1
|0
|-
|| [[2017 Indian Premier League|2017]] || [[Delhi Capitals|Delhi Daredevils]] || 14 || 366
|2
|0
|-
|| [[2018 Indian Premier League|2018]] || [[Delhi Capitals|Delhi Daredevils]] || 14 || 684
|5
|1
|-
|| [[2019 Indian Premier League|2019]] || [[Delhi Capitals]] || 16 || 488
|3
|0
|-
|| [[2020 Indian Premier League|2020]] || [[Delhi Capitals]] || 14 || 343
|1
|0
|-
|[[2021 Indian Premier League|2021]]
|[[Delhi Capitals]]|| 16 || 419
|3
|0
|-
|[[2022 Indian Premier League|2022]]
|[[Delhi Capitals]] || 13 || 340
|0
|0
|-
|[[2024 Indian Premier League|2024]]
|[[Delhi Capitals]]
|14
|446
|3
|0
|-
|[[2025 Indian Premier League|2025]]
|[[Lucknow Super Giants]]
|14
|269
|1
|1
|-
!Total || || 125 || 3552
!19
!2
|-
| colspan="6" ; | {{updated|22 May 2024}} – Source: IPL T20<ref name="IPLT20">{{cite web|url=https://www.iplt20.com/teams/delhi-capitals/squad-details/2972|work=IPL T20|title= squad Delhi Capitals- Rishabh Pant }}</ref>
|}
Pant was purchased by the [[Delhi Daredevils]] ahead of the [[2016 Indian Premier League]] on the same day he scored a century for [[India national under-19 cricket team|India U-19 team]] in the [[2016 Under-19 Cricket World Cup]], guiding them into the semi-finals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/sport/report-rishabh-pant-powers-india-u-19-to-semi-finals-on-his-ipl-pay-day-2174661|title=Rishabh Pant powers India U-19 to semi-finals on his IPL 'Pay Day'|date=6 February 2016|work=DNA India|access-date=7 February 2016}}</ref> Playing his third game of the season, Pant made 69 runs off 40 balls to help Delhi secure an eight-wicket victory over [[Gujarat Lions]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2016-968923/gujarat-lions-vs-delhi-daredevils-31st-match-980961/match-report|title=Pant, bowlers help Daredevils crush Lions|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=4 January 2022|date=3 May 2016|first=Nikhil|last=Kalro}}</ref> In the [[2017 Indian Premier League|2017 season]], he scored 97 runs from 43 balls against the same team.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.wisdenindia.com/cricket-lists/pant-samson-and-five-scorching-fifties-from-ipls-teens/209530|title=Pant, Samson and five scorching fifties from IPL's teens|access-date=5 May 2017|work=Wisden India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://sports.ndtv.com/indian-premier-league-2017/ipl-live-cricket-score-dd-vs-gl-1689637|title=IPL Highlights, DD Vs GL: Samson, Pant Power Delhi To 7-Wicket Win Vs Gujarat|access-date=5 May 2017|work=Sports NDTV}}</ref>

During the [[2018 Indian Premier League]], Pant scored an unbeaten 128 from 63 balls against the [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]], making it the then highest individual score by an Indian cricketer in IPL history.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/686216 |title=Rishabh Pant rewrites records with 128* off 63 balls |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=11 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/report/1136602/delhi-daredevils-vs-sunrisers-hyderabad-42nd-match-indian-premier-league-2018|title=Rishabh Pant's blistering 128* went in wain as Williamson-Dhawan combo thrashed Delhi Daredevils with a unbroken record stand of 176 runs|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=11 May 2018}}</ref> He also became the second youngest player to score a century in the IPL.<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 May 2021|first=Rohan|last=Sen|title=This day that year: Rishabh Pant sets new record for highest IPL score by an Indian with unbeaten 128 vs SRH|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/this-day-that-year-rishabh-pant-smashes-128-goes-in-vain-against-sunrisers-hyderabad-dc-vs-srh-1800773-2021-05-10|access-date=27 August 2021|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> His score of 128 also comprised 68.4% of the teams total, making it the [https://t20-head-to-head.com/ipl-records-at-the-arun-jaitley-stadium/ 2nd highest percentage of runs by an individual batsmen in an IPL match]. In March 2021, Pant was named the captain of the Delhi Capitals for the [[2021 Indian Premier League]] after the regular captain [[Shreyas Iyer]] was ruled out of the entire tournament due to an injury.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2021-rishabh-pant-named-delhi-capitals-captain-1257307 |title=Rishabh Pant to lead Delhi Capitals in IPL 2021 |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=30 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=IPL 2021: Rishabh Pant has got the intelligence to be one step ahead of the opponents, says Pragyan Ojha|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/ipl-2021/story/pragyan-ojha-praises-delhi-capitals-captain-rishabh-pant-ipl-14-1791374-2021-04-15|access-date=27 August 2021|website=India Today|language=en|date=15 April 2021}}</ref> He was retained as captain for the [[2022 Indian Premier League|2022 IPL season]] as well.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=C. A. |date=31 March 2022 |title=IPL 2022: I Am Sure Rishabh Pant Will Lead Delhi Capitals To Their Maiden Title Win This Year- Khaleel Ahmed |url=https://cricketaddictor.com/indian-premier-league-ipl-2022/ipl-2022-i-am-sure-rishabh-pant-will-lead-delhi-capitals-to-their-maiden-title-win-this-year-khaleel-ahmed/ |access-date=5 April 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2024, [[Delhi Capitals]] part its way from Pant for upcoming season and released him in auction.

[[Lucknow Super Giants]] bought Pant for record 27 Crores in the auction making him the most expensive player in history of IPL.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rishabh Pant Labelled 'Ego Buy' For LSG, Owner Sanjiv Goenka Clarifies Rs 27 Crore Bid {{!}} Cricket News |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/ipl-2025/ego-nahi-lsg-owner-sanjiv-goenka-on-picking-rishabh-pant-for-rs-27-crore-at-ipl-2025-auction-7119093#:~:text=%C2%A9%20AFP-,Rishabh%20Pant%20became%20the%20most%20expensive%20player%20in%20the%20history,during%20IPL%202025%20mega%20auction. |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=NDTVSports.com |language=en}}</ref> The [[Sanjiv Goenka|owner]] announced Rishabh as the captain for the team on 21 January for the upcoming [[2025 Indian Premier League|2025 IPL season]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-20 |title=Rishabh Pant named the new captain of LSG |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/133167/rishabh-pant-named-the-new-captain-of-lsg |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=Cricbuzz |language=en}}</ref> He scored his second ton in [[Indian Premier League]] 2025 against [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]] at the [[Ekana Cricket Stadium]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2025-05-27 |title=LSG vs RCB: Rishabh Pant scores his second IPL century |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-news/rishabh-pant-100-lsg-vs-rcb-ipl-2025-match-royal-challengers-bengaluru-lucknow/article69626249.ece |access-date=2025-06-21 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref>

==International career==
=== Early years (2017–19) ===
[[File:England v India, Trent Bridge (44180102251).jpg|Rishabh Pant wicket-keeping in [[Indian cricket team in England in 2018|India vs England series 2018]]|left|thumb]]
In January 2017, Pant was named in India's [[Twenty20 International]] (T20I) squad for their series [[English cricket team in India in 2016–17|against England]].<ref name="IndLOI">{{cite web |title=Yuvraj recalled, Kohli named ODI and T20I captain |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/yuvraj-recalled-kohli-named-odi-and-t20i-captain-1075923 |access-date=6 January 2017 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> He made his debut for India in the third T20I against England at the [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bangalore]] on 1 February 2017.<ref name="T20I">{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1034829.html |title=England tour of India, 3rd T20I: India v England at Bangalore, Feb 1, 2017 |work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=1 February 2017}}</ref> Pant was the then youngest player to debut for India in a T20I match at the age of 19 years 120 days.<ref name="youngest">{{cite news |title=Record bowling figures for India, and a near-record collapse from England |work=ESPNcricinfo |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/stats-record-bowling-figures-for-india-and-a-near-record-collapse-from-england-1080564 |access-date=1 February 2017}}</ref>

In February 2018, he was named in India's T20I squad for the [[2018 Nidahas Trophy]].<ref name="Nidahas">{{cite web |url=http://www.bcci.tv/news/2018/press-releases/17166/rohit-sharma-to-lead-india-in-nidahas-trophy-2018 |title=Rohit Sharma to lead India in Nidahas Trophy 2018 |work=BCCI Press Release |access-date=25 February 2018 |date=25 February 2018 |archive-date=25 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180225211131/http://www.bcci.tv/news/2018/press-releases/17166/rohit-sharma-to-lead-india-in-nidahas-trophy-2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In July 2018, Pant was named in India's [[Test cricket|Test]] squad for the series [[Indian cricket team in England in 2018|against England]].<ref name="IndTestSquad">{{cite web |title=Pant, Kuldeep picked for first three England Tests, Rohit dropped |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/rishabh-pant-kuldeep-yadav-picked-for-first-three-tests-bhuvneshwar-kumar-doubtful-1152702 |access-date=18 July 2018 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> He made his Test debut against [[England cricket team|England]] on 18 August 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1119551.html |title=3rd Test, India tour of Ireland and England at Nottingham, Aug 18–22 2018 |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=18 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/virat-kohli-presents-maiden-test-cap-to-20-year-old-rishabh-pant-1317615-2018-08-18 |title=20-year-old Rishabh Pant becomes India's 291st Test player |work=India Today |date=18 August 2018 |access-date=18 August 2018}}</ref> He became the first batter for India to get off the mark in Test cricket with a six in the series.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/rishabh-pant-creates-history-on-test-debut-at-trent-bridge-1317928-2018-08-18 |title=Rishabh Pant creates history on Test debut at Trent Bridge |work=India Today |date=18 August 2018 |access-date=19 August 2018}}</ref> On 11 September 2018, Pant scored his maiden Test century, against [[England cricket team|England]] also becoming the second-youngest [[wicket-keeper]] and the first Indian wicket-keeper to score a Test century in England.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricketcountry.com/news/rishabh-pant-second-youngest-wicketkeeper-to-score-a-test-century-744796 |title=Rishabh Pant second-youngest wicketkeeper to score a Test century |work=Cricket Country |date=11 September 2018 |access-date=11 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/india-in-england/india-vs-england-pant-becomes-first-indian-wicketkeeper-to-score-century-in-england/articleshow/65773046.cms|title=India vs England: Pant becomes first Indian wicketkeeper to score century in England – Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=14 September 2018}}</ref> The following month, he was named in India's [[One Day International]] (ODI) squad for their series [[West Indian cricket team in India in 2018–19|against the West Indies]].<ref name="IndODI">{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/877679 |title=Kohli returns to ODI squad as Pant replaces Karthik |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=11 October 2018}}</ref> He made his ODI debut for India against the [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]] on 21 October 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1157754.html |title=1st ODI (D/N), West Indies tour of India at Guwahati, Oct 21 2018 |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=21 October 2018}}</ref>

In December 2018, during the [[Indian cricket team in Australia in 2018–19#1st Test|first Test against Australia]], Pant took eleven catches, the most by a wicketkeeper for India in a Test match.<ref name="1TestStats">{{cite web |date=10 December 2018 |title=Stats – India savour a high not felt in 50 years |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/stats-india-savour-a-high-not-felt-in-50-years-1168466 |access-date=10 December 2018 |work=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref> In January 2019, during the [[Indian cricket team in Australia in 2018–19#4th Test|fourth Test against Australia]], Pant became the first wicketkeeper for India to score a century in a Test match in Australia.<ref name="Pant100">{{cite web |title=Pant roars into record books with second Test ton |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/pant-roars-into-record-books-with-second-test-ton-1170691 |access-date=4 January 2019 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

In June 2019, Pant was called up to [[2019 Cricket World Cup squads#India|India's squad]] at the [[2019 Cricket World Cup]] as a replacement for [[Shikhar Dhawan]], who suffered a hairline fracture of his left thumb during India's game against Australia.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rishabh Pant to join Indian squad as cover for Shikhar Dhawan |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/rishabh-pant-to-join-indian-squad-as-cover-for-shikhar-dhawan-1188441 |access-date=12 June 2019 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Shikhar Dhawan ruled out of World Cup, Rishabh Pant confirmed as replacement |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/shikhar-dhawan-ruled-out-of-world-cup-rishabh-pant-confirmed-as-replacement-1189665 |access-date=19 June 2019 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> Following the World Cup, the [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC) named Pant as the rising star of the squad.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/1277753 |title=CWC19 report card: India |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=12 July 2019}}</ref>

In September 2019, during the [[Indian cricket team in the West Indies and the United States in 2019#2nd Test|second Test against the West Indies]], Pant became the fastest wicketkeeper for India to affect fifty dismissals in Test cricket.<ref name="Pant50">{{cite web|url= https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/india-vs-west-indies-2nd-test-rishabh-pant-fastest-50-dismissals-surpass-ms-dhoni-1594387-2019-09-02|title=Rishabh Pant overtakes MS Dhoni to fastest 50 dismissals in Test cricket|work=India Today|date=2 September 2019 |access-date=4 September 2019}}</ref> In January 2021, during the [[Indian cricket team in Australia in 2020–21#4th Test|fourth Test against Australia]], Pant became the fastest wicketkeeper for India to reach 1,000 runs in Test cricket.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rishabh Pant notches up 1000 Test runs, breaks MS Dhoni's record as Brisbane Test sees thrilling finale|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/cricket/report-rishabh-pant-reaches-1000-runs-in-tests-breaks-record-set-by-ms-dhoni-as-india-stay-on-course-for-historic-win-in-brisbane-test-vs-australia-2868987|access-date=19 January 2021 |work=Daily News & Analysis|date=19 January 2021}}</ref>

=== Form slump (2019–20) ===
The [[2019–20 Indian cricket season|2019–20 home season]] was billed as an important season for Pant<ref>{{Cite web|date=9 October 2019|title=Whether MS Dhoni wants to come back, that's for him to decide: Ravi Shastri|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/ms-dhoni-future-plans-indian-cricket-team-head-coach-ravi-shastri-interview-1607407-2019-10-09|access-date=25 May 2021|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> with [[MS Dhoni]] announcing a hiatus from international cricket.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Here's Why Former India Captain MS Dhoni Is Making Himself Unavailable For National Duty – REVEALED|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/sports-news-heres-why-former-india-captain-ms-dhoni-is-making-himself-unavailable-for-national-duty-revealed/339453|access-date=25 May 2021|website=Outlook India|date=26 September 2019 }}</ref> India went into the season in search of a new wicket-keeping mainstay with Pant as one of the front-runners.<ref>{{Cite web|date=25 October 2019|title=National selectors on Dhoni, to Dhoni: We're moving on|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/ms-dhoni-india-bangladesh-series-squad-rishab-pant-6086830/|access-date=25 May 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> However, ordinary performances from the left-hander and the emergence of [[KL Rahul]] as a wicket-keeping option<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 January 2020|title=Will continue with KL Rahul as wicketkeeper for a while: Virat Kohli after series win vs Australia|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/india-vs-australia-odi-series-virat-kohli-kl-rahul-wicketkeeper-pant-dhoni-1638360-2020-01-20|access-date=25 May 2021|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> meant that Pant slipped down the pecking order.<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 November 2020|first=Amit|last=Kumar|title=Rishabh Pant: The curious case of Rishabh Pant; coaches feel he is 'a long-term investment' {{!}} Cricket News – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/the-curious-case-of-rishabh-pant-coaches-feel-he-is-a-long-term-investment/articleshow/79016016.cms|access-date=25 May 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

A dismal show in the [[2020 Indian Premier League|2020 IPL season]] didn't help either. Pant, who had scored a cumulative 1172 runs with a [[Strike rate (cricket)|strike rate]] of 168 in the last two seasons, only managed to amass 343 runs with a strike rate of 113.<ref>{{Cite web|title=IPLT20.com – Indian Premier League Official Website|url=https://www.iplt20.com/teams/delhi-capitals/squad/2972/rishabh-pant|access-date=25 May 2021|website=www.iplt20.com|language=en|archive-date=19 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210619030925/https://www.iplt20.com/teams/delhi-capitals/squad/2972/rishabh-pant|url-status=dead}}</ref> His only fifty came in the finals in a losing cause.<ref>{{Cite web|date=11 November 2020|title=Rishabh Pant Hit Maiden Fifty of IPL 2020 in Final and Trolls are 'Deleting' Their Memes|url=https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/rishabh-pant-hit-maiden-fifty-of-ipl-2020-in-final-and-trolls-are-deleting-their-memes-3068279.html|access-date=25 May 2021|website=www.news18.com|language=en}}</ref>

Pant was consequently dropped from the limited-overs team touring [[Indian cricket team in Australia in 2020–21|Australia in 2020–21]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bala|date=11 November 2020|title=Indian squad for the tour of Australia|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/cricket/ind-v-aus-2020-indian-squad-tour-australia|access-date=25 May 2021|website=www.sportskeeda.com|language=en-us}}</ref> He, however, kept his place in the Test team but did not make it to the playing eleven of the first Test in Adelaide.<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 December 2020|title=India vs Australia 1st Test Playing 11: Prithvi Shaw, Wriddhiman Saha to play in Adelaide|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/india-vs-australia-1st-test-playing-11-players-list-squads-7107095/|access-date=25 May 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

During this period, Pant was heavily criticized by fans and the media. Disdainful comparisons with Indian cricket legend MS Dhoni were often brought up.<ref>{{Cite web|date=6 November 2020|title='He can never be MS Dhoni': Gautam Gambhir feels Rishabh Pant 'has a lot to improve'|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/he-can-never-be-ms-dhoni-gautam-gambhir-has-advice-for-rishabh-pant-asks-media-to-stop-comparing-him-to-msd/story-ypttZUmNtZbyHqud2t4Q7M.html|access-date=25 May 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=4 November 2019|title='You can't make MS Dhoni': Rishabh Pant trolled for poor showing vs Bangladesh|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/india-vs-bangladesh-1st-t20i-delhi-rishabh-pant-trolled-ms-dhoni-sanju-samson-1615450-2019-11-04|access-date=25 May 2021|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> There were instances of the crowd chanting ''"Dhoni! Dhoni!"'' when Pant made a mistake on the field.<ref>{{Cite web|title='Not respectful' to chant MS Dhoni's name to wind up Rishabh Pant – Virat Kohli|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/not-respectful-to-chant-ms-dhoni-s-name-to-wind-up-rishabh-pant-virat-kohli-1209123|access-date=25 May 2021|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>

=== Return to form (2021–22) ===
India was bowled out for 36 in the second innings of the first Test of the [[Indian cricket team in Australia in 2020–21|Border Gavaskar Trophy 2020–21]] and hence lost the test by 8 wickets despite getting a healthy first-innings lead.<ref>{{Cite web|date=19 December 2020|title=Stats – India hit record low with 36 all out|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/30550761/aus-vs-ind-1st-test-adelaide-stats-india-hit-record-low-36-all-out|access-date=25 May 2021|website=ESPN|language=en}}</ref> Following this, Rishabh Pant was picked ahead of [[Wriddhiman Saha]] for the second test in [[Melbourne Cricket Ground|Melbourne]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=AUS vs IND, Boxing Day Test: Shubman Gill, Mohammed Siraj To Make Debuts; Rishabh Pant, Ravindra Jadeja Also In Playing XI {{!}} Cricket News|url=https://sports.ndtv.com/australia-vs-india-2020-21/2nd-test-shubman-gill-rishabh-pant-ravindra-jadeja-in-prithvi-shaw-wriddhiman-saha-dropped-2343447|access-date=25 May 2021|website=NDTVSports.com|language=en}}</ref>

While Pant scored 29 in the first innings of the Melbourne Test,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mustafi|first=Suvajit|date=28 December 2020|title=How Rishabh Pant's breezy cameo swung the momentum in India's favour at Melbourne|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/cricket/ind-v-aus-how-rishabh-pant-s-breezy-cameo-changed-india-s-momentum-melbourne|access-date=25 May 2021|website=www.sportskeeda.com|language=en-us}}</ref> it was at [[Sydney Cricket Ground|Sydney]] that he played a career-changing knock.<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 January 2021|title=Rishabh Pant: The spark that triggered India's Sydney resistance|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/rishabh-pant-the-spark-that-triggered-india-s-sydney-resistance-101610419174156.html|access-date=25 May 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> With 97 overs to survive on the last day, he played a counter-attacking knock of 97 runs off just 118 balls, also putting up a 148-run partnership with [[Cheteshwar Pujara]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bruised and abused, Indians make their own luck at the SCG|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/aus-vs-ind-2020-21-3rd-test-bruised-and-abused-indians-make-their-own-luck-at-the-scg-1247526|access-date=25 May 2021|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Ravindra Jadeja suffers dislocated left thumb, Rishabh Pant has elbow injury|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/aus-vs-ind-3rd-test-depleted-india-stretched-further-with-rishabh-pant-and-ravindra-jadeja-injuries-1247165|access-date=25 May 2021|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref> The match ultimately ended in a [[Result (cricket)#Draw|draw]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ajinkya Rahane: Draw at SCG 'as good as winning a Test match'|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/aus-vs-ind-2020-21-3rd-test-pant-ashwin-pujara-vihari-ajinkya-rahane-draw-at-scg-as-good-as-winning-a-test-match-1247525|access-date=25 May 2021|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>

India had many first-choice players unavailable due to injury,<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=15 January 2021|first=Akshay|last=Ramesh |title=Brisbane Test: No Jasprit Bumrah and R Ashwin, Indian bowling attack has total experience of 4 Tests|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/australia-vs-india-4th-test-bumrah-ashwin-injuries-siraj-bowling-attack-natarajan-shardul-sundar-1759232-2021-01-15|access-date=25 May 2021|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=India's walking wounded – Jadeja ruled out of Brisbane Test|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/aus-vs-ind-3rd-test-india-s-walking-wounded-jadeja-ruled-out-of-brisbane-test-1247534|access-date=25 May 2021|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=AUS vs IND: Hanuma Vihari Out Of Brisbane Test, Unlikely For England Series, Shardul Thakur Likely Replacement For Ravindra Jadeja, Says Report {{!}} Cricket News|url=https://sports.ndtv.com/australia-vs-india-2020-21/hanuma-vihari-out-of-brisbane-test-unlikely-for-england-series-shardul-thakur-likely-replacement-for-ravindra-jadeja-says-report-2350924|access-date=25 May 2021|website=NDTVSports.com|language=en}}</ref> and were the underdogs going into the match played in [[The Gabba]] where Australia had not been defeated since 1988.<ref>{{Cite web|title=An ultimate decider that will test resilience and composure|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-in-australia-2020-21-1223867/australia-vs-india-4th-test-1223872/match-preview|access-date=25 May 2021|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref> Pant put in a match-winning performance on day five, as India chased down a target of 328 in the fourth innings,<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=AUS vs IND: Rishabh Pant Heroics Help India Conquer Fortress Gabba, Clinch Series 2–1 {{!}} Cricket News|url=https://sports.ndtv.com/australia-vs-india-2020-21/rishabh-pant-cheteshwar-pujara-shubman-gill-shine-as-india-win-brisbane-test-series-2-1-2354656|access-date=25 May 2021|website=NDTVSports.com|language=en}}</ref> scoring an unbeaten 89.<ref name=":4" />

In September 2021, Pant was named in India's squad for the [[2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup]].<ref>{{cite web |title=India's T20 World Cup squad: R Ashwin picked, MS Dhoni mentor |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/india-s-2021-t20-world-cup-squad-r-ashwin-picked-ms-dhoni-named-mentor-1276821 |access-date=8 September 2021 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> At the annual [[ICC Awards]] in January 2022, Pant was named in [[ICC Men's Test Team of the Year]] for 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2451778|title= ICC Men's Test Team of the Year revealed |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=21 January 2022}}</ref> In March 2022, during the second match [[Sri Lankan cricket team in India in 2021–22|against Sri Lanka]], Pant scored the fastest half-century by a batter for India in a Test match, breaking the record previously held by [[Kapil Dev]]. He brought up his half-century in just 28 deliveries.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rishabh Pant breaks Kapil Dev's record of fastest Test fifty by an Indian|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/sri-lanka-in-india/rishabh-pant-breaks-kapil-devs-record-of-fastest-test-fifty-by-an-indian/articleshow/90187205.cms|access-date=13 March 2022|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=13 March 2022 }}</ref>

In May 2022, Pant was named as the vice-captain of the Indian team for the [[South African cricket team in India in 2022|South Africa tour of India 2022]] series. However, one day before the first match of the series, Pant was named as the captain, after India's captain [[KL Rahul]] was ruled of the series out due to an injury.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Injured Rahul and Kuldeep out of South Africa T20I series, Pant to lead India |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ind-vs-sa-t20i-series-injury-puts-kl-rahul-kuldeep-yadav-out-of-south-africa-t20i-series-rishabh-pant-to-lead-india-1318849 |access-date=2022-06-08 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> At the age of 24 years and 248 days, Pant became the second-youngest captain to lead India in a T20I match.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Captain Rishabh Pant set to overtake Virat Kohli, MS Dhoni in elite list during 1st T20I against South Africa |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/cricket/captain-rishabh-pant-set-to-overtake-virat-kohli-ms-dhoni-in-elite-list-during-1st-t20i-against-suth-africa-article-92090009 |access-date=21 June 2022 |website=TimesNow|date=8 June 2022 }}</ref>
In July 2022, in the final match of [[Indian cricket team in England in 2022|India's tour of England]], Pant recorded his maiden [[Century (cricket)|century]] in ODI cricket scoring 125 runs and remaining [[not out]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/england-vs-india-rishabh-pant-hits-maiden-odi-hundred-to-rattle-england-in-manchester-1976733-2022-07-17 |title=England vs India: Rishabh Pant hits maiden ODI hundred in 27th match |work=India Today |date=17 July 2022 |access-date=17 July 2022}}</ref>

===Return to international cricket and Test vice-captaincy (2024–present)===
In April 2024, Pant was added to India's squad for the T20 World Cup in June, marking his maiden comeback to international cricket following his horror car crash in late 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India's Squad for the ICC Men's T20I World Cup 2024 |url=https://www.scorewaves.com/news-details/cricket-team-world-cup-squad-icc-mens-t20i-world-cup-2024 |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=ScoreWaves |language=en}}</ref> His game management was praised as a critical part of India's victory in [[2024 Men's T20 World Cup final|the final against South Africa]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Rohit Sharma Reveals How Rishabh Pant's Masterplan Helped India Beat South Africa In T20 WC Final |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/rohit-sharma-reveals-rishabh-pants-masterplan-that-helped-india-beat-south-africa-in-t20-world-cup-final-6726939 |date=6 October 2024 |publisher=[[NDTV]] Sports |accessdate=26 February 2024}}</ref> In June 2025, he became the first Indian cricketer to score hundreds in both innings of a Test in England.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=23 June 2025 |title=Rishabh Pant creates history in Test cricket with twin tons, a feat even MS Dhoni never achieved |url=https://www.firstpost.com/firstcricket/rishabh-pant-century-india-vs-england-1st-test-day-4-headingley-13899844.html |work=Firstpost}}</ref> Also, he became the second wicket keeper batter to smash centuries in both innings of a single test match after [[Andy Flower]]. He became the fastest Indian wicketkeeper to complete 3,000 runs by completing it in 76 innings in Tests. He achieved all these records by slamming twin centuries in the 1st Test at [[Headingley]] as part of the 5-match Test Series from June–August 2025 for the [[Anderson–Tendulkar Trophy]] .<ref>{{Cite web |last=Malik |first=Varun |last2=News |first2=India TV |date=2025-06-23 |title=Rishabh Pant creates history, becomes first wicketkeeper to register massive record during IND vs ENG 1st Test |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/sports/cricket/rishabh-pant-creates-history-becomes-first-wicketkeeper-to-register-massive-record-during-ind-vs-eng-1st-test-2025-06-23-995905 |access-date=2025-06-25 |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref>

== 2022 car crash ==
On 30 December 2022, Pant was involved in a near-fatal car crash on the [[Delhi-Dehradun Expressway]] at Narsan Kalan village near [[Roorkee]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rishabh Pant in near-fatal car accident near Roorkee, admitted with injuries |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/rishabh-pant-in-near-fatal-car-accident-near-roorkee-admitted-with-injuries-2315250-2022-12-30 |access-date=2022-12-30 |website=India Today |date=30 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref> He was cleared of any serious injury and remained stable despite sustaining injuries to his head, back and feet including two cuts on his forehead and a [[ligament]] tear to his right knee. He also hurt his right wrist, ankle and toe and suffered [[Abrasion (medical)|abrasion]] injuries to his back.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rishabh Pant: India wicketkeeper undergoes plastic surgery after serious car crash |url=https://www.skysports.com/cricket/news/12123/12777023/rishabh-pant-india-wicketkeeper-undergoes-plastic-surgery-after-serious-car-crash |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=Sky Sports |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-30 |title=Rishabh Pant: Indian cricketer injured in car accident |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-64115325 |access-date=2022-12-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Stambaugh |first=Swati Gupta, Vedika Sud, Alex |date=2022-12-30 |title=India cricket star Rishabh Pant injured in car accident |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/12/30/sport/rishabh-pant-cricketer-india-car-accident-intl-hnk-spt/index.html |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Rishabh Pant accident: He is stable and undergoing scans, confirms BCCI Secretary |url=https://www.jkyouth.com/rishabh-pant-accident-he-is-stable-and-undergoing-scans-confirms-bcci-secretary.html |publisher=JKYouth Newspaper |date=31 December 2022}}</ref> Pant was initially admitted to Saksham Hospital in [[Roorkee]], and was later transferred to [[Max Healthcare|Max Hospital]] in Dehradun.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rishabh Pant stable after car accident, MRI scans normal |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2998671 |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=www.icc-cricket.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pant likely to be flown to Delhi or Mumbai for further treatment |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/125023/pant-likely-to-be-flown-to-delhi-or-mumbai-for-further-treatment |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=Cricbuzz |date=30 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref> The [[MRI scans]] of his brain and spine indicated they were normal but he was advised to undergo [[plastic surgery]] for his facial injuries, [[wound#lacerations|lacerations]] and [[wound#abrasions|abrasions]]. Scans of his ankle and knee were postponed due to pain and swelling.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rishabh Pant's brain and spine MRI scan results normal after car crash |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/rishabh-pant-brain-and-spine-mri-scan-results-normal-after-car-crash-1351686 |access-date=2022-12-31 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

Pant was reportedly driving his [[Mercedes-Benz GLE|Mercedes-AMG GLE 43 Coupe]] from New Delhi to his hometown [[Roorkee]] and was the only person inside the vehicle, according to eye-witnesses.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rishabh Pant suffers multiple injuries in serious car crash |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/rishabh-pant-injured-in-car-crash-on-way-to-delhi-1351631 |access-date=2022-12-31 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rishabh Pant Crashed In Mercedes-AMG GLE43 Coupe. Know All About This Car |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/rishabh-pant-crashed-in-mercedes-amg-gle43-coupe-know-all-about-this-car-3649995 |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref> The car reportedly caught fire when it collided with a central divider on the road. The incident was reported to have taken place at 5:30 am and the car [[Skid (automobile)|skid]]ded for about 200 metres before hitting the road divider.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How Rishabh Pant was rescued: 'The car had already caught sparks so I and the conductor rushed to get him out' |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/rishabh-pant-car-accident-bus-drivers-eye-witness-account-of-crash-1351697 |access-date=2022-12-31 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-30 |title=India wicketkeeper Rishabh Pant 'lucky to survive' after serious car accident |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2022/dec/30/indian-cricketer-rishabh-pant-injured-in-serious-car-accident |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> Some sources claimed that Pant may have fallen asleep while driving.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-30 |title=Rishabh Pant met with an accident; fell asleep while driving: Note these crucial DON'TS to avoid car accidents |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/health-fitness/health-news/rishabh-pant-met-with-an-accident-fell-asleep-while-driving-note-these-crucial-donts-to-avoid-car-accidents/photostory/96620080.cms |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> He was rescued by Sushil Mann, a bus driver, and Paramjeet Singh, a bus conductor, both employees of [[Haryana Roadways]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The good Samaritans who came to Rishabh Pant's rescue |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/125034/the-good-samaritans-who-came-to-rishabh-pants-rescue |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=Cricbuzz |date=30 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sushil Mann, the hero who saved Rishabh Pant, recalls horrifying moments from car crash |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/sushil-mann-the-hero-who-saved-rishabh-pant-recalls-horrifying-moments-from-car-crash-2315487-2022-12-30 |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=India Today |date=30 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref> His injuries kept him out until his return to competitive cricket in the [[2024 Indian Premier League]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rishabh Pant declared fit as keeper-batter; set to return as Delhi Capitals captain |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/indian-premier-league-2024-rishabh-pant-declared-fit-as-keeper-batter-set-to-return-as-delhi-capitals-captain/article67942157.ece |access-date=2024-03-31 |website=India Today |date=12 March 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Ranji Trophy triple centuries]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{cricinfo|id=931581}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Pant, Rishabh}}
[[Category:1997 births]]
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List of Pakistan Test cricketers

2026-01-30T14:48:45Z

CrystleBreinl34:

{{Short description|none}}
{{About|the men's cricketers|the women's cricketers|List of Pakistan women Test cricketers}}
This is a '''list of Pakistani Test cricketers'''. A [[Test cricket|Test match]] is an international [[cricket]] match between two of the leading cricketing nations. The list is arranged in the order in which each player won his Test cap. Where more than one player won his first Test cap in the same Test match, those players are listed alphabetically by surname.

==Players==
Statistics are correct as of 23 October 2025.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/pakistan/content/player/caps.html?country=7;class=1 List of Pakistan Test Cricketers]</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting.html?class=1;id=7;type=team |title=Pakistan – Test Batting Averages |website=ESPNCricinfo |access-date=6 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/bowling.html?class=1;id=7;type=team |title=Pakistan – Test Bowling Averages |website=ESPNCricinfo |access-date=6 January 2023}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;"
|- style="background:#efefef;"
! colspan=4 | Pakistani Test cricketers
! colspan=5 | [[Batting (cricket)|Batting]]
! colspan=6 | [[Bowling (cricket)|Bowling]]
! colspan=2 | [[Fielding (cricket)|Fielding]]
|- style="background:#efefef;"
! [[Cap (sport)|Cap]]
! Name
! Career
! Mat
! [[Innings|Inn]]
! [[Not out|NO]]
! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]]
! HS
! [[Batting average (cricket)|Avg]]
! [[Cricket ball|Balls]]
! Mdn
! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]]
! [[Wicket|Wkt]]
! Best
! [[Bowling average|Avg]]
! [[Caught (cricket)|Ca]]
! [[Stump (cricket)|St]]
|-
||1||[[Amir Elahi]]||1952||5{{efn|name=India}}||7||1||65||47||10.83||400||5||248||7||4/134||35.43||0||-
|-
||2||[[Anwar Hussain (cricketer)|Anwar Hussain]]||1952||4||6||-||42||17||7.00||36||1||29||1||1/25||29.00||0||-
|-
||3||[[Fazal Mahmood]]||1952–1962||34||50||6||620||60||14.09||9834||560||3434||139||7/42||24.71||11||-
|-
||4||[[Hanif Mohammad]]||1952–1969||55||97||8||3915||337||43.99||206||9||95||1||1/1||95.00||40||-
|-
||5||[[Imtiaz Ahmed (cricketer)|Imtiaz Ahmed]]||1952–1962||41||72||1||2079||209||29.28||6||1||0||-||-||-||77||16
|-
||6||[[Israr Ali]]||1952–1959||4||8||1||33||10||4.71||318||12||165||6||2/29||27.50||1||-
|-
||7||[[Abdul Hafeez Kardar]]||1952–1958||23{{efn|name=India}}||37||3||847||93||24.91||2712||139||954||21||3/35||45.43||15||-
|-
||8||[[Khan Mohammad]]||1952–1958||13||17||7||100||26*||10.00||3157||153||1292||54||6/21||23.93||4||-
|-
||9||[[Maqsood Ahmed]]||1952–1955||16||27||1||507||99||19.50||462||21||191||3||2/12||63.67||13||-
|-
||10||[[Nazar Mohammad]]||1952||5||8||1||277||124*||39.57||12||1||4||-||-||-||7||-
|-
||11||[[Waqar Hasan]]||1952–1959||21||35||1||1071||189||31.50||6||-||10||-||-||-||10||-
|-
||12||[[Mahmood Hussain (cricketer)|Mahmood Hussain]]||1952–1962||27||39||6||336||35||10.18||5910||225||2628||68||6/67||38.65||5||-
|-
||13||[[Zulfiqar Ahmed (Pakistani cricketer)|Zulfiqar Ahmed]]||1952–1956||9||10||4||200||63*||33.33||1285||78||366||20||6/42||18.30||5||-
|-
||14||[[Wazir Mohammad]]||1952–1959||20||33||4||801||189||27.62||24||-||15||-||-||-||5||-
|-
||15||[[Alimuddin (cricketer)|Alimuddin]]||1954–1962||25||45||2||1091||109||25.37||84||-||75||1||1/17||75.00||8||-
|-
||16||[[Khalid Wazir]]||1954||2||3||1||14||9*||7.00||-||-||-||-||-||-||0||-
|-
||17||[[Shujauddin Butt|Shujauddin]]||1954–1962||19||32||6||395||47||15.19||2313||121||801||20||3/18||40.05||8||-
|-
||18||[[Ebbu Ghazali|Mohammed Ghazali]]||1954||2||4||-||32||18||8.00||48||1||18||-||-||-||0||-
|-
||19||[[Khalid Hasan (cricketer)|Khalid Hasan]]||1954||1||2||1||17||10||17.00||126||1||116||2||2/116||58.00||0||-
|-
||20||[[Aslam Khokhar]]||1954||1||2||-||34||18||17.00||-||-||-||-||-||-||0||-
|-
||21||[[Miran Bakhsh]]||1955||2||3||2||1||1*||1.00||348||22||115||2||2/82||57.50||0||-
|-
||22||[[Agha Saadat Ali]]||1955||1||1||1||8||8*||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||3||-
|-
||23||[[Wallis Mathias]]||1955–1962||21||36||3||783||77||23.73||24||-||20||-||-||-||22||-
|-
||24||[[Gul Mohammad]]{{efn|name=Gul}}||1956||1{{efn|name=India}}||2||1||39||27*||39.00||-||-||-||-||-||-||2||-
|-
||25||[[Haseeb Ahsan]]||1958–1962||12||16||7||61||14||6.78||2835||100||1330||27||6/202||49.26||1||-
|-
||26||[[Nasim-ul-Ghani]]||1958–1973||29||50||5||747||101||16.60||4406||204||1959||52||6/67||37.67||11||-
|-
||27||[[Saeed Ahmed (cricketer)|Saeed Ahmed]]||1958–1973||41||78||4||2991||172||40.42||1980||89||802||22||4/64||36.45||13||-
|-
||28||[[Fazal-ur-Rehman (cricketer, born 1935)|Fazal-ur-Rehman]]||1958||1||2||-||10||8||5.00||204||3||99||1||1/43||99.00||1||-
|-
||29||[[Antao D'Souza]]||1959–1962||6||10||8||76||23*||38.00||1587||56||745||17||5/112||43.82||3||-
|-
||30||[[Ijaz Butt]]||1959–1962||8||16||2||279||58||19.93||-||-||-||-||-||-||5||-
|-
||31||[[Mushtaq Mohammad]]||1959–1979||57||100||7||3643||201||39.17||5260||177||2309||79||5/28||29.23||42||-
|-
||32||[[Duncan Sharpe]]||1959||3||6||-||134||56||22.33||-||-||-||-||-||-||2||-
|-
||33||[[Mohammad Munaf (cricketer)|Mohammad Munaf]]||1959–1962||4||7||2||63||19||12.60||769||31||341||11||4/42||31.00||0||-
|-
||34||[[Intikhab Alam]]||1959–1977||47||77||10||1493||138||22.28||10474||383||4494||125||7/52||35.95||20||-
|-
||35||[[Munir Malik]]||1959–1962||3||4||1||7||4||2.33||684||21||358||9||5/128||39.78||1||-
|-
||36||[[Javed Burki]]||1960–1969||25||48||4||1341||140||30.48||42||2||23||-||-||-||7||-
|-
||37||[[Mohammad Farooq (cricketer)|Mohammad Farooq]]||1960–1965||7||9||4||85||47||17.00||1422||50||682||21||4/70||32.48||1||-
|-
||38||[[Afaq Hussain]]||1961–1964||2||4||4||66||35*||-||240||7||106||1||1/40||106.00||2||-
|-
||39||[[Javed Akhtar (cricketer)|Javed Akhtar]]||1962||1||2||1||4||2*||4.00||96||5||52||-||-||-||0||-
|-
||40||[[Shahid Mahmood]]||1962||1||2||-||25||16||12.50||36||1||23||-||-||-||0||-
|-
||41||[[Abdul Kadir (cricketer)|Abdul Kadir]]||1964–1965||4||8||-||272||95||34.00||-||-||-||-||-||-||0||1
|-
||42||[[Asif Iqbal (Pakistani cricketer)|Asif Iqbal]]||1964–1980||58||99||7||3575||175||38.86||3864||181||1502||53||5/48||28.34||36||-
|-
||43||[[Billy Ibadulla|Khalid Ibadulla]]||1964–1967||4||8||-||253||166||31.63||336||21||99||1||1/42||99.00||3||-
|-
||44||[[Majid Khan (cricketer)|Majid Khan]]||1964–1983||63||106||5||3931||167||38.92||3584||124||1456||27||4/45||53.93||70||-
|-
||45||[[Pervez Sajjad]]||1964–1973||19||20||11||123||24||13.67||4145||217||1410||59||7/74||23.90||9||-
|-
||46||[[Shafqat Rana]]||1964–1969||5||7||-||221||95||31.57||36||1||9||1||1/2||9.00||5||-
|-
||47||[[Arif Butt]]||1964–1965||3||5||-||59||20||11.80||666||26||288||14||6/89||20.57||0||-
|-
||48||[[Farooq Hamid]]||1964||1||2||-||3||3||1.50||184||1||107||1||1/82||107.00||0||-
|-
||49||[[Mohammad Ilyas (cricketer)|Mohammad Ilyas]]||1964–1969||10||19||-||441||126||23.21||84||1||63||-||-||-||6||-
|-
||50||[[Naushad Ali (cricketer)|Naushad Ali]]||1965||6||11||-||156||39||14.18||-||-||-||-||-||-||9||-
|-
||51||[[Mufasir-ul-Haq]]||1965||1||1||1||8||8*||-||222||12||84||3||2/50||28.00||1||-
|-
||52||[[Salahuddin (cricketer)|Salahuddin]]||1965–1969||5||8||2||117||34*||19.50||546||27||187||7||2/36||26.71||3||-
|-
||53||[[Saleem Altaf]]||1967–1978||21||31||12||276||53*||14.53||4001||122||1710||46||4/11||37.17||3||-
|-
||54||[[Wasim Bari]]||1967–1984||81||112||26||1366||85||15.88||8||-||2||-||-||-||201||27
|-
||55||[[Niaz Ahmed (cricketer)|Niaz Ahmed]]||1967–1969||2||3||3||17||16*||-||294||14||94||3||2/72||31.33||1||-
|-
||56||[[Ghulam Abbas (cricketer)|Ghulam Abbas]]||1967||1||2||-||12||12||6.00||-||-||-||-||-||-||0||-
|-
||57||[[Aftab Gul]]||1969–1971||6||8||-||182||33||22.75||6||-||4||-||-||-||3||-
|-
||58||[[Asif Masood]]||1969–1977||16||19||10||93||30*||10.33||3038||78||1568||38||5/111||41.26||5||-
|-
||59||[[Sarfraz Nawaz]]||1969–1984||55||72||13||1045||90||17.71||13951||486||5798||177||9/86||32.76||26||-
|-
||60||[[Mohammad Nazir]]||1969–1983||14||18||10||144||29*||18.00||3262||162||1124||34||7/99||33.06||4||-
|-
||61||[[Sadiq Mohammad]]||1969–1981||41||74||2||2579||166||35.82||200||5||98||-||-||-||28||-
|-
||62||[[Younis Ahmed]]||1969–1987||4||7||1||177||62||29.50||6||-||6||-||-||-||0||-
|-
||63||[[Zaheer Abbas]]||1969–1985||78||124||11||5062||274||44.80||370||9||132||3||2/21||44.00||34||-
|-
||64||[[Aftab Baloch]]||1969–1975||2||3||1||97||60*||48.50||44||-||17||-||-||-||0||-
|-
||65||[[Imran Khan]]||1971–1992||88||126||25||3807||136||37.69||19458||727||8258||362||8/58||22.81||28||-
|-
||66||[[Talat Ali]]||1972–1979||10||18||2||370||61||23.13||20||1||7||-||-||-||4||-
|-
||67||[[Wasim Raja]]||1973–1985||57||92||14||2821||125||36.17||4082||134||1826||51||4/50||35.80||20||-
|-
||68||[[Shafiq Ahmed]]||1974–1981||6||10||1||99||27*||11.00||8||-||1||-||-||-||0||-
|-
||69||[[Agha Zahid]]||1975||1||2||-||15||14||7.50||-||-||-||-||-||-||0||-
|-
||70||[[Liaqat Ali (cricketer)|Liaqat Ali]]||1975–1978||5||7||3||28||12||7.00||808||23||359||6||3/80||59.83||1||-
|-
||71||[[Javed Miandad]]||1976–1993||124||189||21||8832||280*||52.57||1470||32||682||17||3/74||40.12||93||1
|-
||72||[[Farrukh Zaman]]||1976||1||-||-||0||||-||80||2||15||-||-||-||0||-
|-
||73||[[Shahid Israr]]||1976||1||1||1||7||7*||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||2||-
|-
||74||[[Sikander Bakht (cricketer)|Sikander Bakht]]||1976–1983||26||35||12||146||22*||6.35||4870||147||2412||67||8/69||36.00||7||-
|-
||75||[[Iqbal Qasim]]||1976–1988||50||57||15||549||56||13.07||13019||649||4807||171||7/49||28.11||42||-
|-
||76||[[Mudassar Nazar]]||1976–1989||76||116||8||4114||231||38.09||5967||217||2532||66||6/32||38.36||48||-
|-
||77||[[Haroon Rasheed]]||1977–1983||23||36||1||1217||153||34.77||8||-||3||-||-||-||16||-
|-
||78||[[Abdul Qadir (cricketer)|Abdul Qadir]]||1977–1990||67||77||11||1029||61||15.59||17126||608||7742||236||9/56||32.81||15||-
|-
||79||[[Mohsin Khan (Pakistani cricketer)|Mohsin Khan]]||1978–1986||48||79||6||2709||200||37.11||86||4||30||-||-||-||34||-
|-
||80||[[Anwar Khan (cricketer)|Anwar Khan]]||1979||1||2||1||15||12||15.00||32||-||12||-||-||-||0||-
|-
||81||[[Ehteshamuddin]]||1979–1982||5||3||1||2||2||1.00||940||40||375||16||5/47||23.44||2||-
|-
||82||[[Taslim Arif]]||1980||6||10||2||501||210*||62.63||30||-||28||1||1/28||28.00||6||3
|-
||83||[[Tauseef Ahmed]]||1980–1993||34||38||20||318||35*||17.67||7778||359||2950||93||6/45||31.72||9||-
|-
||84||[[Azhar Khan (cricketer)|Azhar Khan]]||1980||1||1||-||14||14||14.00||18||1||2||1||1/1||2.00||0||-
|-
||85||[[Azmat Rana]]||1980||1||1||-||49||49||49.00||-||-||-||-||-||-||0||-
|-
||86||[[Mansoor Akhtar]]||1980–1990||19||29||3||655||111||25.19||-||-||-||-||-||-||9||-
|-
||87||[[Ijaz Faqih]]||1980–1988||5||8||1||183||105||26.14||534||9||299||4||1/38||74.75||0||-
|-
||88||[[Rizwan-uz-Zaman]]||1981–1989||11||19||1||345||60||19.17||132||7||46||4||3/26||11.50||4||-
|-
||89||[[Rashid Khan (Pakistani cricketer)|Rashid Khan]]||1982–1985||4||6||3||155||59||51.67||738||32||360||8||3/129||45.00||2||-
|-
||90||[[Saleem Malik]]||1982–1999||103||154||22||5768||237||43.70||734||20||414||5||1/3||82.80||65||-
|-
||91||[[Saleem Yousuf]]||1982–1990||32||44||5||1055||91*||27.05||-||-||-||-||-||-||91||13
|-
||92||[[Tahir Naqqash]]||1982–1985||15||19||5||300||57||21.43||2800||108||1398||34||5/40||41.12||3||-
|-
||93||[[Ashraf Ali (cricketer, born 1958)|Ashraf Ali]]||1982–1987||8||8||3||229||65||45.80||-||-||-||-||-||-||17||5
|-
||94||[[Jalal-ud-Din (cricketer)|Jalal-ud-din]]||1982–1985||6||3||2||3||2||3.00||1197||51||537||11||3/77||48.82||0||-
|-
||95||[[Azeem Hafeez]]||1983–1985||18||21||5||134||24||8.38||4351||172||2204||63||6/46||34.98||1||-
|-
||96||[[Qasim Umar]]||1983–1986||26||43||2||1502||210||36.63||6||1||0||-||-||-||15||-
|-
||97||[[Shoaib Mohammad]]||1983–1995||45||68||7||2705||203*||44.34||396||16||170||5||2/8||34.00||22||-
|-
||98||[[Anil Dalpat]]||1984–1985||9||12||1||167||52||15.18||-||-||-||-||-||-||22||3
|-
||99||[[Rameez Raja]]||1984–1997||57||94||5||2833||122||31.83||-||-||-||-||-||-||34||-
|-
||100||[[Mohsin Kamal]]||1984–1994||9||11||7||37||13*||9.25||1348||28||822||24||4/116||34.25||4||-
|-
||101||[[Manzoor Elahi]]||1984–1995||6||10||2||123||52||15.38||444||23||194||7||2/38||27.71||7||-
|-
||102||[[Wasim Akram]]||1985–2002||104||147||19||2898||257*||22.64||22627||871||9779||414||7/119||23.62||44||-
|-
||103||[[Zulqarnain (cricketer, born 1962)|Zulqarnain]]||1986||3||4||-||24||13||6.00||-||-||-||-||-||-||8||2
|-
||104||[[Zakir Khan (cricketer)|Zakir Khan]]||1986–1989||2||2||2||9||9*||-||444||13||259||5||3/80||51.80||1||-
|-
||105||[[Asif Mujtaba]]||1986–1997||25||41||3||928||65*||24.42||666||26||303||4||1/0||75.75||19||-
|-
||106||[[Saleem Jaffar]]||1986–1992||14||14||6||42||10*||5.25||2531||93||1139||36||5/40||31.64||2||-
|-
||107||[[Ijaz Ahmed (cricketer, born 1968)|Ijaz Ahmed]]||1987–2001||60||92||4||3315||211||37.67||180||1||77||2||1/9||38.50||45||-
|-
||108||[[Aamer Malik]]||1987–1994||14||19||3||565||117||35.31||156||5||89||1||1/0||89.00||15||1
|-
||109||[[Aaqib Javed]]||1989–1998||22||27||7||101||28*||5.05||3918||136||1874||54||5/84||34.70||2||-
|-
||110||[[Shahid Saeed]]||1989||1||1||-||12||12||12.00||90||-||43||-||-||-||0||-
|-
||111||[[Waqar Younis]]||1989–2003||87||120||21||1010||45||10.20||16224||516||8788||373||7/76||23.56||18||-
|-
||112||[[Nadeem Abbasi]]||1989||3||2||-||46||36||23.00||-||-||-||-||-||-||6||-
|-
||113||[[Naved Anjum]]||1989–1990||2||3||-||44||22||14.67||342||14||162||4||2/57||40.50||0||-
|-
||114||[[Akram Raza]]||1989–1995||9||12||2||153||32||15.30||1526||61||732||13||3/46||56.31||8||-
|-
||115||[[Shahid Mahboob]]||1989||1||-||-||0||||-||294||12||131||2||2/131||65.50||0||-
|-
||116||[[Mushtaq Ahmed (cricketer)|Mushtaq Ahmed]]||1990–2003||52||72||16||656||59||11.71||12532||405||6100||185||7/56||32.97||23||-
|-
||117||[[Nadeem Ghauri]]||1990||1||1||-||0||||0.00||48||1||20||-||-||-||0||-
|-
||118||[[Zahid Fazal]]||1990–1995||9||16||-||288||78||18.00||-||-||-||-||-||-||5||-
|-
||119||[[Moin Khan]]||1990–2004||69||104||8||2741||137||28.55||-||-||-||-||-||-||128||20
|-
||120||[[Saeed Anwar]]||1990–2001||55||91||2||4052||188*||45.53||48||3||23||-||-||-||18||-
|-
||121||[[Masood Anwar]]||1990||1||2||-||39||37||19.50||161||4||102||3||2/59||34.00||0||-
|-
||122||[[Aamer Sohail]]||1992–2000||47||83||3||2823||205||35.29||2383||80||1049||25||4/54||41.96||36||-
|-
||123||[[Ata-ur-Rehman (cricketer)|Ata-ur-Rehman]]||1992–1996||13||15||6||76||19||8.44||1973||62||1071||31||4/50||34.55||2||-
|-
||124||[[Inzamam-ul-Haq]]||1992–2007||119{{efn|name=Inzamam}}||198||22||8829||329||50.16||9||-||8||-||-||-||81||-
|-
||125||[[Rashid Latif]]||1992–2003||37||57||9||1381||150||28.77||12||-||10||-||-||-||119||11
|-
||126||[[Basit Ali]]||1993–1995||19||33||1||858||103||26.81||6||-||6||-||-||-||6||-
|-
||127||[[Aamer Nazir]]||1993–1995||6||11||6||31||11||6.20||1057||24||597||20||5/46||29.85||2||-
|-
||128||[[Nadeem Khan]]||1993–1999||2||3||1||34||25||17.00||432||10||230||2||2/147||115.00||0||-
|-
||129||[[Shakeel Ahmed (cricketer, born 1971)|Shakeel Ahmed Jr.]]||1993–1995||3||5||-||74||33||14.80||-||-||-||-||-||-||4||-
|-
||130||[[Ashfaq Ahmed (cricketer, born 1973)|Ashfaq Ahmed]]||1993||1||2||1||1||1*||1.00||138||9||53||2||2/31||26.50||0||-
|-
||131||[[Atif Rauf]]||1994||1||2||-||25||16||12.50||-||-||-||-||-||-||0||-
|-
||132||[[Kabir Khan (cricketer)|Kabir Khan]]||1994–1995||4||5||2||24||10||8.00||655||15||370||9||3/26||41.11||1||-
|-
||133||[[Ijaz Ahmed (cricketer, born 1969)|Ijaz Ahmed Jr.]]||1995||2||3||-||29||16||9.67||24||-||6||-||-||-||3||-
|-
||134||[[Saqlain Mushtaq]]||1995–2004||49||78||14||927||101*||14.48||14070||541||6206||208||8/164||29.84||15||-
|-
||135||[[Mohammad Akram (cricketer)|Mohammad Akram]]||1995–2001||9||15||6||24||10*||2.67||1477||37||859||17||5/138||50.53||4||-
|-
||136||[[Saleem Elahi]]||1995–2003||13||24||1||436||72||18.96||-||-||-||-||-||-||10||1
|-
||137||[[Shadab Kabir]]||1996–2002||5||7||-||148||55||21.14||6||-||9||-||-||-||11||-
|-
||138||[[Azam Khan (cricketer, born 1969)|Azam Khan]]||1996||1||1||-||14||14||14.00||-||-||-||-||-||-||0||-
|-
||139||[[Shahid Nazir]]||1996–2007||15||19||3||194||40||12.12||2234||71||1272||36||5/53||35.33||5||-
|-
||140||[[Hasan Raza (cricketer, born 1982)|Hasan Raza]]||1996–2005||7||10||1||235||68||26.11||6||-||1||-||-||-||5||-
|-
||141||[[Mohammad Hussain (cricketer)|Mohammad Hussain]]||1996–1998||2||3||-||18||17||6.00||180||7||87||3||2/66||29.00||1||-
|-
||142||[[Mohammad Wasim (cricketer)|Mohammad Wasim]]||1996–2000||18||28||2||783||192||30.12||-||-||-||-||-||-||22||2
|-
||143||[[Zahoor Elahi]]||1996||2||3||-||30||22||10.00||-||-||-||-||-||-||1||-
|-
||144||[[Mohammad Zahid (cricketer)|Mohammad Zahid]]||1996–2003||5||6||1||7||6*||1.40||792||17||502||15||7/66||33.47||0||-
|-
||145||[[Ali Naqvi (cricketer)|Ali Naqvi]]||1997–1998||5||9||1||242||115||30.25||12||-||11||-||-||-||1||-
|-
||146||[[Azhar Mahmood]]||1997–2001||21||34||4||900||136||30.00||3015||111||1402||39||4/50||35.95||14||-
|-
||147||[[Mohammad Ramzan (cricketer)|Mohammad Ramzan]]||1997||1||2||-||36||29||18.00||-||-||-||-||-||-||1||-
|-
||148||[[Ali Hussain Rizvi]]||1997||1||-||-||0||||-||111||1||72||2||2/72||36.00||0||-
|-
||149||[[Arshad Khan (Pakistani cricketer)|Arshad Khan]]||1997–2005||9||8||2||31||9*||5.17||2538||119||960||32||5/38||30.00||0||-
|-
||150||[[Shoaib Akhtar]]||1997–2007||46||67||13||544||47||10.07||8143||237||4574||178||6/11||25.69||12||-
|-
||151||[[Fazl-e-Akbar]]||1998–2004||5||8||4||52||25||13.00||882||24||511||11||3/85||46.45||2||-
|-
||152||[[Mohammad Yousuf (cricketer)|Mohammad Yousuf]]{{efn|name=Yousuf}}||1998–2010||89||134||12||6770||223||55.49||6||-||3||-||-||-||59||-
|-
||153||[[Shahid Afridi]]||1998–2010||26||46||1||1683||156||37.40||3092||69||1640||47||5/52||34.89||10||-
|-
||154||[[Shakeel Ahmed (cricketer, born 1966)|Shakeel Ahmed Sr.]]||1998||1||1||-||1||1||1.00||325||12||139||4||4/91||34.75||1||-
|-
||155||[[Naved Ashraf]]||1998–2000||2||3||-||64||32||21.33||-||-||-||-||-||-||0||-
|-
||156||[[Wajahatullah Wasti]]||1999–2000||6||10||1||329||133||36.56||18||2||8||-||-||-||7||-
|-
||157||[[Imran Nazir (cricketer)|Imran Nazir]]||1999–2002||8||13||-||427||131||32.85||-||-||-||-||-||-||4||-
|-
||158||[[Abdul Razzaq (cricketer)|Abdul Razzaq]]||1999–2006||46||77||9||1946||134||28.61||7008||219||3694||100||5/35||36.94||15||-
|-
||159||[[Younis Khan]]||2000–2017||118||213||19||10099||313||52.05||804||18||517||9||2/23||54.55||139||-
|-
||160||[[Atiq-uz-Zaman]]||2000||1||2||-||26||25||13.00||-||-||-||-||-||-||5||-
|-
||161||[[Irfan Fazil]]||2000||1||2||1||4||3||4.00||48||-||65||2||1/30||32.50||2||-
|-
||162||[[Qaiser Abbas]]||2000||1||1||-||2||2||2.00||96||3||35||-||-||-||0||-
|-
||163||[[Danish Kaneria]]||2000–2010||61||84||33||360||29||7.05||17697||464||9082||261||7/77||34.79||18||-
|-
||164||[[Faisal Iqbal (cricketer)|Faisal Iqbal]]||2001–2010||26||44||2||1124||139||26.76||6||-||7||-||-||-||22||-
|-
||165||[[Imran Farhat]]||2001–2013||40||77||2||2400||128||32.00||427||4||284||3||2/69||94.66||40||-
|-
||166||[[Misbah-ul-Haq]]||2001–2017||75||132||20||5222||161*||46.62||-||-||-||-||-||-||50||-
|-
||167||[[Mohammad Sami]]||2001–2012||36||56||14||487||49||11.59||7499||193||4483||85||5/36||52.74||7||-
|-
||168||[[Humayun Farhat]]||2001||1||2||-||54||28||27.00||-||-||-||-||-||-||0||-
|-
||169||[[Shoaib Malik]]||2001–2015||35||60||6||1898||245||35.14||2712||61||1519||32||4/33||47.46||18||-
|-
||170||[[Taufeeq Umar]]||2001–2014||44||83||5||2963||236||37.98||78||2||44||-||-||-||48||-
|-
||171||[[Naved Latif]]||2002||1||2||-||20||20||10.00||-||-||-||-||-||-||0||-
|-
||172||[[Kamran Akmal]]||2002–2010||53||92||6||2648||158*||30.79||-||-||-||-||-||-||184||22
|-
||173||[[Mohammad Hafeez]]||2003–2018||55||105||8||3652||224||37.64||4067||118||1808||53||4/16||34.11||45||-
|-
||174||[[Shabbir Ahmed (cricketer)|Shabbir Ahmed]]||2003–2005||10||15||5||88||24*||8.80||2576||97||1175||51||5/48||23.04||3||-
|-
||175||[[Umar Gul]]||2003–2013||47||67||9||577||65*||9.94||9599||256||5553||163||6/135||34.06||11||-
|-
||176||[[Yasir Hameed]]||2003–2010||25||49||3||1491||170||32.41||78||1||72||-||-||-||20||-
|-
||177||[[Farhan Adil]]||2003||1||2||0||33||25||16.50||-||-||-||-||-||-||0||-
|-
||178||[[Salman Butt]]||2003–2010||33||62||0||1889||122||30.46||137||1||106||1||1/36||106.00||12||-
|-
||179||[[Yasir Ali (Pakistani cricketer)|Yasir Ali]]||2003||1||2||2||1||1*||-||120||5||55||2||1/12||27.50||0||-
|-
||180||[[Asim Kamal]]||2003–2005||12||20||1||717||99||37.74||-||-||-||-||-||-||10||-
|-
||181||[[Naved-ul-Hasan]]||2004–2007||9||15||3||239||42*||19.91||1565||36||1044||18||3/30||58.00||3||-
|-
||182||[[Riaz Afridi]]||2004||1||1||0||9||9||9.00||186||10||87||2||2/42||43.50||0||-
|-
||183||[[Mohammad Khalil (cricketer)|Mohammad Khalil]]||2004–2005||2||4||1||9||5||3.00||290||3||200||-||-||-||0||-
|-
||184||[[Mohammad Asif (cricketer)|Mohammad Asif]]||2005–2010||23||38||13||141||29||5.64||5171||91||2583||106||6/41||24.36||3||-
|-
||185||[[Bazid Khan]]||2005||1||2||0||32||23||16.00||-||-||-||-||-||-||2||-
|-
||186||[[Iftikhar Anjum]]||2006||1||1||1||9||9*||-||84||1||62||-||-||-||0||-
|-
||187||[[Abdur Rehman (cricketer, born 1980)|Abdur Rehman]]||2007–2014||22||31||3||395||60||14.10||6892||256||2910||99||6/25||29.39||8||-
|-
||188||[[Sohail Tanvir]]||2007||2||3||0||17||13||5.66||504||15||316||5||3/83||63.20||2||-
|-
||189||[[Yasir Arafat (cricketer)|Yasir Arafat]]||2007–2009||3||3||1||94||50*||47.00||627||12||438||9||5/161||48.66||-||-
|-
||190||[[Khurram Manzoor]]||2009–2014||16||30||1||817||146||28.17||-||-||-||-||-||-||8||-
|-
||191||[[Sohail Khan (cricketer)|Sohail Khan]]||2009–2016||9||12||2||252||65||25.20||1828||55||1125||27||5/68||41.66||2||-
|-
||192||[[Mohammad Talha]]||2009–2014||4||5||1||34||19||8.50||740||11||504||9||3/65-||56.00||1||-
|-
||193||[[Abdur Rauf (cricketer)|Abdur Rauf]]||2009||3||6||0||52||31||8.66||450||11||278||6||2/59||46.33||0||-
|-
||194||[[Mohammad Amir]]||2009–2019||36||67||11||751||48||13.41||7619||292||3627||119||6/44||30.47||5||-
|-
||195||[[Saeed Ajmal]]||2009–2014||35||53||12||451||50||11.00||11592||386||5003||178||7/55||28.10||11||-
|-
||196||[[Fawad Alam]]||2009–2022||19||30||4||1011||168||38.88||96||1||54||2||2/46||27.00||13||-
|-
||197||[[Umar Akmal]]||2009–2011||16||32||2||1003||129||35.82||-||-||-||-||-||-||12||0
|-
||198||[[Sarfaraz Ahmed]]||2010–2023||54||95||14||3031||118||37.41||-||-||-||-||-||-||160||22
|-
||199||[[Azhar Ali]]||2010—2022||97||180||11||7142||302*||42.26||867||8||621||8||2/35||77.62||66||0
|-
||200||[[Umar Amin]]||2010||4||8||0||99||33||12.37||132||4||63||3||1/7||21.00||1||-
|-
||201||[[Zulqarnain Haider (cricketer)|Zulqarnain Haider]]||2010||1||2||0||88||88||44.00||-||-||-||-||-||-||2||-
|-
||202|| [[Wahab Riaz]] ||2010-2018||27||41||5||306||39||8.50||5018||118||2864||83||5/63||34.50||5||0
|-
||203||[[Adnan Akmal]]||2010–2014||21||29||5||591||64||24.62||-||-||-||-||-||-||66||11
|-
||204||[[Asad Shafiq]]||2010–2020||77||128||6||4660||137||38.19||340||1||196||3||1/7||65.33||77||0
|-
||205||[[Tanvir Ahmed]]||2010–2013||5||7||2||170||57||34.00||707||20||453||17||6–120||26.64||1||-
|-
||206||[[Mohammad Salman (cricketer)|Mohammad Salman]]||2011||2||4||0||25||13||6.25||-||-||-||-||-||-||2||1
|-
||207||[[Aizaz Cheema]]||2011–2012||7||5||5||1||1*||-||1200||39||638||20||4/24||31.90||1||0
|-
||208||[[Junaid Khan (cricketer)|Junaid Khan]]||2011–2015||22||28||11||122||17||7.17||4605||157||2253||71||5/38||31.73||4||0
|-
||209||[[Mohammad Ayub (cricketer)|Mohammad Ayub]]||2012||1||2||0||47||25||23.50||-||-||-||-||-||-||1||0
|-
||210||[[Nasir Jamshed]]||2013||2||4||0||51||46||12.75||-||-||-||-||-||-||1||0
|-
||211||[[Rahat Ali (cricketer)|Rahat Ali]]||2013–2018||21||31||13||136||35*||7.55||4227||127||2264||58||6/127||39.03||9||0
|-
||212||[[Mohammad Irfan]]||2013||4||7||2||28||14||5.60||712||15||389||10||3/44||38.90||0||0
|-
||213||[[Ehsan Adil]]||2013–2015||3||4||0||21||12||5.25||481||19||263||5||2/54||52.60||0||0
|-
||214||'''[[Shan Masood]]'''||2013–present||44||84||1||2550||156||30.72||144||6||92||2||1/6||46.00||29||0
|-
||215||[[Zulfiqar Babar]]||2013–2016||15||18||9||144||56||16.00||4478||143||2129||54||5/74||39.42||4||0
|-
||216||[[Ahmed Shehzad]]||2013–2015||13||25||1||982||176||40.91||48||0||28||0||-||-||3||0
|-
||217||[[Bilawal Bhatti]]||2013–2014||2||3||1||70||32||35.00||438||12||291||6||3/65||48.50||0||0
|-
||218||[[Imran Khan (cricketer, born 1987)|Imran Khan]]||2014–2019||10||10||3||16||6||2.28||1636||50||917||29||5/58||31.62||0||0
|-
||219||[[Yasir Shah]]||2014–2022||48||72||7||918||113||14.12||14255||359||7657||244||8/41||31.38||24||0
|-
||220||[[Sami Aslam]]||2015–2017||13||25||1||758||91||31.58||-||-||-||-||-||-||7||0
|-
||221||[[Iftikhar Ahmed (cricketer)|Iftikhar Ahmed]]||2016–2022||4||6||1||61||27||12.20||206||1||161||1||1/1||161.00||2||0
|-
||222||'''[[Babar Azam]]'''||2016–present||61||112||9||4366||196||42.38||90||2||42||2||1/1||21.00||48||-
|-
||223||[[Mohammad Nawaz (cricketer)|Mohammad Nawaz]]||2016–2022||6||10||1||144||45||16.00||959||23||496||16||5/88||31.00||4||-
|-
||224||'''[[Mohammad Rizwan (cricketer)|Mohammad Rizwan]]'''||2016–present||41||69||9||2399||171*||39.98||-||-||-||-||-||-||108||10
|-
||225||[[Sharjeel Khan]]||2017||1||2||0||44||40||22.00||-||-||-||-||-||-||0||-
|-
||226||'''[[Mohammad Abbas (cricketer)|Mohammad Abbas]]'''||2017–present||27||40||19||120||29||5.71||5554||272||2318||100||6/54||23.18||8||-
|-
||227|| [[Shadab Khan (cricketer)|Shadab Khan]] ||2017–2020 ||6||11||2||300||56||33.33||954||19||513||14||3/31||36.64||3||-
|-
||228||'''[[Hasan Ali (cricketer)|Hasan Ali]]'''||2017–present||25||40||8||382||30||11.93||4355||166||2213||80||5/27||27.66||6||-
|-
||229||[[Haris Sohail]]||2017–2021||16||27||1||847||147||32.57||630||12||294||13||3/1||22.61||14||-
|-
||230|| [[Faheem Ashraf]] ||2018–2023||17||27||1||687||91||26.42||1908||79||991||25||3/42||39.64||5||-
|-
||231||'''[[Imam-ul-Haq]]'''||2018–present||26||50||4||1687||157||36.67||12||0||9||0||-||-||21||-
|-
||232||[[Usman Salahuddin]]||2018||1||2||0||37||33||18.50||-||-||-||-||-||-||-||-
|-
||233||[[Bilal Asif]]||2018||5||8||0||73||15||9.12||1174||40||424||16||6/36||26.50||2||-
|-
||234|| [[Fakhar Zaman (cricketer)|Fakhar Zaman]] ||2017–2018||3||6||0||192||94||32.00||-||-||-||-||-||-||3||-
|-
||235||'''[[Mir Hamza]]'''||2018–present||7||14||6||51||16||6.37||1183||38||632||14||4/32||45.14||2||-
|-
||236||'''[[Shaheen Afridi]]'''||2018–present||33||45||10||256||29*||7.31||6401||211||3378||121||6/51||27.91||3||-
|-
||237||'''[[Naseem Shah (cricketer)|Naseem Shah]]'''||2019–present||20||27||8||144||33||7.57||3411||85||2108||60||5/31||35.13||5||-
|-
||238||[[Muhammad Musa]]||2019||1||2||2||16||12*||-||120||1||114||0||-||-||0||-
|-
||239||'''[[Abid Ali (cricketer)|Abid Ali]]'''||2019–present||16||26||2||1180||215*||49.16||-||-||-||-||-||-||6||-
|-
||240||[[Usman Shinwari]]||2019||1||-||-||-||-||-||90||4||54||1||1/54||54.00||0||-
|-
||241||[[Zafar Gohar]]||2021||1||2||0||71||37||35.50||192||0||159||0||-||-||0||-
|-
||242|| [[Imran Butt (cricketer)|Imran Butt]] ||2021||6||10||0||178||91||17.80||-||-||-||-||-||-||16||-
|-
||243||'''[[Noman Ali]]'''||2021–present||21||30||5||385||97||15.40||4678||127||2378||97||8/46||24.51||2||-
|-
||244||'''[[Sajid Khan (cricketer)|Sajid Khan]]'''||2021–present||14||20||2||225||48*||12.50||3294||77||1880||65||8/42||28.92||7||-
|-
||245||[[Tabish Khan]]||2021||1||-||-||-||-||-||156||11||68||1||1/22||68.00||0||-
|-
||246||'''[[Abdullah Shafique]]'''||2021–present||24||46||3||1610||201||44.15||-||-||-||-||-||-||19||-
|-
||247||'''[[Agha Salman|Salman Ali Agha]]'''||2022–present||23||44||6||1487||132*||39.13||1855||30||1161||20||3/75||58.05||32||-
|-
||248||[[Haris Rauf]]||2022||1||2||0||12||12||6.00||78||1||78||1||1/78||78.00||0||-
|-
||249||'''[[Mohammad Ali (cricketer, born 1992)|Mohammad Ali]]'''||2022–present||4||7||2||2||2||0.40||624||11||406||6||2/64||67.66||2||-
|-
||250||'''[[Saud Shakeel]]'''||2022–present||21||40||3||1773||208*||47.91||37||0||54||0||-||-||11||-
|-
||251||[[Zahid Mahmood]]||2022–2024||4||7||2||20||17||4.00||471||4||505||13||4/235||38.84||0||-
|-
||252||'''[[Abrar Ahmed (Pakistani cricketer)|Abrar Ahmed]]'''||2022–present||10||15||7||68||17||8.50||2631||59||1580||46||7/114||34.34||3||-
|-
||253||[[Mohammad Wasim Jr.]] ||2022||2||4||1||55||43||18.33||358||8||231||2||1/71||115.50||1||-
|-
||254||'''[[Aamer Jamal]]'''||2023–present||8||15||2||352||82||27.07||893||7||690||21||6/69||32.85||5||-
|-
||255||'''[[Khurram Shahzad (Pakistani cricketer, born 1999)|Khurram Shahzad]]'''||2023–present||6||11||2||83||18||9.22||906||20||600||20||6/90||30.00||3||-
|-
||256||'''[[Saim Ayub]]'''||2024–present||8||14||0||364||77||26.00||148||2||138||4||2/101||34.50||4||-
|-
||257||'''[[Kamran Ghulam]]'''||2024–present||6||11||0||312||118||28.36||18||0||16||0||-||-||2||-
|-
||258||'''[[Mohammad Huraira]]'''||2024–present||2||4||0||46||29||11.50||-||-||-||-||-||-||2||-
|-
||259||'''[[Kashif Ali (cricketer, born 1994)|Kashif Ali]]'''||2025–present||1||2||0||1||1||0.50||60||2||39||2||1/16||19.50||0||-
|-
||260||'''[[Asif Afridi]]'''||2025–present||1||2||1||4||4||4.00||231||6||94||6||3/79||15.66||4||-
|}

==Shirt number history==
Since the [[2019 Ashes series]], there has been an introduction of names and numbers on all Test players' shirts in an effort to engage new fans and help identify the players.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/test-whites-names-numbers-australia-a-tim-paine-ashes-test-championship/2019-07-08 | title=New look revealed for Test shirts | publisher=cricket.com.au | date=8 July 2019 | access-date=5 November 2019 | author=Ferris, Sam }}</ref> This forms part of the inaugural [[World Test Championship|ICC World Test Championship]], a league competition between the top nine Test nations spread over a two-year period, culminating in a Final between the top two teams.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/21006055/test-odi-leagues-approved-icc-board | title=Test, ODI leagues approved by ICC Board | publisher=Cricinfo | date=13 October 2017 | access-date=30 July 2019 | author=Brettig, Daniel }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;"
|- style="background:#efefef;"
! S/N
! Current<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pakpassion.net/ppforum/showthread.php?282621-Names-and-numbers-on-the-back-of-playing-shirts-in-Test-cricket.|title=Names and numbers on the back of playing shirts in Test cricket}}</ref>
! Past
|-
| 1|| - ||
|-
| 2|| - ||
|-
| 3|| - ||
|-
| 4|| - ||
|-
| 5|| - ||
|-
| 6|| - ||
|-
| 7|| [[Shadab Khan]] ||
|-
| 8|| - ||
|-
| 9|| - ||
|-
| 10|| [[Shaheen Afridi]] ||
|-
| 11|| - ||
|-
| 12|| - ||
|-
| 13|| [[Mohammad Ali (cricketer, born 1992)|Mohammad Ali]] ||
|-
| 14|| - ||
|-
| 15|| - ||
|-
| 16|| [[Mohammad Rizwan (cricketer)|Mohammad Rizwan]] ||
|-
| 17|| [[Imran Khan (cricketer, born 1987)|Imran Khan]] ||
|-
| 18|| - ||
|-
| 19|| - ||
|-
| 20|| - ||
|-
| 21|| [[Mohammad Nawaz (cricketer)|Mohammad Nawaz]] ||
|-
| 22|| - ||
|-
| 23|| - ||
|-
| 24|| - ||
|-
| 25|| [[Fawad Alam]] ||
|-
| 26|| [[Imam-ul-Haq]] ||
|-
| 27|| - ||
|-
| 28|| - ||
|-
| 29|| - ||
|-
| 30|| - ||
|-
| 31|| [[Mir Hamza]] ||
|-
| 32|| [[Hasan Ali (cricketer)|Hasan Ali]] ||
|-
| 33|| - ||
|-
| 34|| - ||
|-
| 35|| - ||
|-
| 36|| - ||
|-
| 37|| - ||
|-
| 38|| [[Mohammad Abbas (cricketer)|Mohammad Abbas]] ||
|-
| 39|| - ||
|-
| 40|| [[Abrar Ahmed (Pakistani cricketer)|Abrar Ahmed]] ||
|-
| 41|| [[Faheem Ashraf]] ||
|-
| 42|| - ||
|-
| 43|| - ||
|-
| 44|| - ||
|-
| 45|| - ||
|-
| 46|| - ||
|-
| 47|| - ||
|-
| 48|| - ||
|-
| 49|| [[Khurram Shehzad (cricketer, born 1982)|Khurram Shehzad]] ||
|-
| 50|| - ||
|-
| 51|| - ||
|-
| 52|| - ||
|-
| 53|| - ||
|-
| 54|| [[Sarfaraz Ahmed]] ||
|-
| 55|| - ||
|-
| 56|| [[Babar Azam]] ||
|-
| 57|| [[Abdullah Shafique]] ||
|-
| 58|| - ||
|-
| 59|| [[Saud Shakeel]] ||
|-
| 60|| [[Abid Ali (cricketer)|Abid Ali]] ||
|-
| 61|| [[Nauman Ali]] ||
|-
| 62|| [[Imran Butt (cricketer)|Imran Butt]] ||
|-
| 63|| [[Saim Ayub]] ||
|-
| 64|| - ||
|-
| 65|| [[Aamir Jamal]] ||
|-
| 66|| - ||
|-
| 67|| [[Agha Salman]] ||
|-
| 68|| [[Sajid Khan (cricketer)|Sajid Khan]]||
|-
| 69|| [[Tabish Khan]]||
|-
| 70|| [[Muhammad Musa]] ||
|-
| 71|| [[Naseem Shah (cricketer)|Naseem Shah]] ||
|-
| 72|| [[Sajjad Ahmed l]] ||
|-
| 73|| - ||
|-
| 74|| [[Mohammad Wasim (cricketer, born 2001)|Mohammad Wasim jr]] ||
|-
| 75|| - ||
|-
| 76|| - ||
|-
| 77|| - ||
|-
| 78|| - ||
|-
| 79|| [[Azhar Ali]] ||
|-
| 80|| - ||
|-
| 81|| [[Asad Shafiq]] ||
|-
| 82|| - ||
|-
| 83|| - ||
|-
| 84|| - ||
|-
| 85|| [[Zahid Mahmood]] ||
|-
| 86|| [[Yasir Shah]] ||
|-
| 87|| - ||
|-
| 88|| [[Zafar Gohar]] ||
|-
| 89|| [[Haris Sohail]] ||
|-
| 90|| - ||
|-
| 91|| - ||
|-
| 92|| - ||
|-
| 93|| - ||
|-
| 94|| [[Shan Masood]] ||
|-
| 95|| [[Iftikhar Ahmed (cricketer)|Iftikhar Ahmed]] ||
|-
| 96|| - ||
|-
| 97|| [[Haris Rauf]] ||
|-
| 98|| - ||
|-
| 99|| - ||
|-
|}
^not worn on kit

==See also==

* [[Test cricket]]
* [[Pakistani cricket team]]
* [[List of Pakistan ODI cricketers]]
* [[List of Pakistan Twenty20 International cricketers]]

==Notes==
{{notelist|refs=
{{efn|name=India|[[Amir Elahi]], [[Abdul Hafeez Kardar]] and [[Gul Mohammad]] also played cricket for [[Indian cricket team|India]]. Only their records for [[Pakistani cricket team|Pakistan]] are given here.}}
{{efn|name=Gul|[[Gul Mohammad]]'s name is sometimes recorded as Gul Mahomed.}}
{{efn|name=Inzamam|[[Inzamam-ul-Haq]] has also played for the [[ICC Super Series|ICC World XI]]. Only his record for [[Pakistani cricket team|Pakistan]] is given here.}}
{{efn|name=Yousuf|[[Mohammad Yousuf (cricketer)|Mohammad Yousuf]] was known as Yousuf Youhana until 2005.}}
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [http://content.cricinfo.com/australia/content/player/caps.html?country=7;class=1 Cricinfo]
* [http://www.howstat.com.au/cricket/Statistics/Players/PlayerCountryList.asp Howstat]

{{Lists of Pakistani cricketers}}
{{International cricketers}}

[[Category:Pakistan Test cricketers|*]]
[[Category:Lists of Test cricketers|Pakistan Test]]
[[Category:Lists of Pakistani international cricketers|Test]]

Ajjibettu

2026-01-28T13:38:50Z

CrystleBreinl34: add lead per sources and added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ajjibettu
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline = Dakshina Kannada in Karnataka (India).svg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Ajjibettu is in Dakshina Kannada district
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Dakshina Kannada]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = Bantval
| government_type =
| governing_body = Village Panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tulu language|Tulu]], [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =KA
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Mangalore]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank2_info_sec1 = Village Panchayat
| website = {{URL|karnataka.gov.in}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-KA]]
| footnotes =

}}

''' Ajjibettu ''' is a village in the southern state of [[Karnataka]], [[India]].<ref name="censusindia">{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/List_of_Village/List_of_Villages_Alphabetical.aspx |title=Census of India : List of Villages Alphabetical Order > Karnataka |work=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |accessdate=2008-12-18 |archive-date=21 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721161209/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/List_of_Village/List_of_Villages_Alphabetical.aspx |url-status=dead }} , Census Village code= 2700700</ref><ref name="yahoomaps">{{cite web|url=http://in.maps.yahoo.com |title=Yahoo! maps India : |accessdate=2009-04-17 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218082545/http://in.maps.yahoo.com/ |archivedate=2008-12-18 }} Ajjibettu, Dakshina Kannada, Karnataka</ref> It is located in the [[Bantval]] [[taluk]] of [[Dakshina Kannada district]].

==See also==
* [[Dakshina Kannada]]
* [[Districts of Karnataka]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{URL|1=https://dk.nic.in/|2=ದಕ್ಷಿಣ ಕನ್ನಡ ಜಿಲ್ಲೆ, ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ ಸರ್ಕಾರ ಕರ್ನಾಟಕದ ಹೆಬ್ಬಾಗಿಲಿಗೆ ಸುಸ್ವಾಗತ- India}}

{{Settlements in Dakshina Kannada district}}

{{coord missing|Karnataka}}

[[Category:Villages in Dakshina Kannada district]]

{{Dakshina Kannada-geo-stub}}

Matsya Kaand

2026-01-28T05:58:17Z

CrystleBreinl34: enhanced page per standard format per sources

{{Short description|Indian Crime thriller television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Matsya_Kaand.jpg
| caption =
| genre = [[Crime thriller]]
| creator =
| inspired_by =
| based_on =
| writer = Namesh Dubey
| screenplay =
| director = Ajay Bhuyan
| starring = [[#Cast|see below]]
| music = {{ubl|Joash Benedict|Reuel Benedict}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 11
| executive_producer =
| producer = Deepak Dhar
| editor = {{ubl|Bhupesh 'Micky' Sharma|Faruk Yusuf Akayran}}
| cinematography = {{ubl|Shanu Singh Rajput|Manojh Reddy Katasani}}
| runtime = 20-40 minutes
| company = [[Banijay|Banijay Asia]]
| network = [[MX Player]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2021|11|18|df=yes}}
| last_aired =
}}
'''''Matsya Kaand''''' is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[crime thriller]] television series produced under the banner of [[Banijay|Banijay Asia]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mid-day.com/lifestyle/infotainment/article/will-matsya-succeed-in-pulling-off-the-biggest-kaand-or-will-he-be-apprehended-23198737 | title=Will Matsya succeed in pulling off the biggest Kaand or will he be apprehended ? | date=29 October 2021 }}</ref> The series stars [[Ravi Dubey]], [[Ravi Kishan]], [[Piyush Mishra]], [[Zoya Afroz]], [[Madhur Mittal]], [[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]] and [[Naved Aslam]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/i-am-a-performer-first-then-anything-else-ravi-kishan-101637605728588.html | title=I am a performer first then anything else: Ravi Kishan | work=Hindustan Times | date=22 November 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/im-busy-embracing-opportunities-with-my-entire-being-ravi-dubey-101638095899835.html | title=I'm busy embracing opportunities with my entire being: Ravi Dubey | work=Hindustan Times | date=28 November 2021 }}</ref> It premiered on [[MX Player]] on 18 November 2021.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/red-notice-on-netflix-to-hawkeye-on-hotstar-titles-to-look-out-for-in-november-4419095.html | title=Red Notice on Netflix to Hawkeye on Hotstar: Titles to Look Out for in November | date=9 November 2021 }}</ref>

In December 2021, It was reported that the show crossed 100 million views since its release.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.businessinsider.in/entertainment/news/mx-players-latest-thriller-matsya-kaand-is-a-big-hit-among-the-audience-as-it-crosses-100-million-views/articleshow/88454486.cms | title=MX Player's latest thriller Matsya Kaand is a big hit among the audience as it crosses 100 million views | access-date=6 September 2023 | archive-date=4 January 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104194617/https://www.businessinsider.in/entertainment/news/mx-players-latest-thriller-matsya-kaand-is-a-big-hit-among-the-audience-as-it-crosses-100-million-views/articleshow/88454486.cms | url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Plot ==
Matsya Thada is an honourable con artist, who instead of using his brawn, conducts his 'kaand' with aptitude, intelligence, and charm. He's known for pulling off some of the country's most daring and biggest cons, and he always manages to get past the cops as he moves from one operation to the next. However, fate throws him a new curveball when ACP Tejraj Singh is given charge of his case. Matsya challenges ACP Tejraj to catch him if he can, which leads to a game of cat and mouse that will surely keep you on the edge of your seat. Will ACP Tejraj succeed, or will Matsya win yet again?

== Cast ==
* [[Ravi Dubey]] as Matsya
* [[Ravi Kishan]] as ACP Tejraj
* [[Piyush Mishra]]
* [[Zoya Afroz]]
* [[Madhur Mittal]]
* [[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]]
* [[Naved Aslam]]

== Production ==
The series was announced by [[Banijay|Banijay Asia]], consisting of eleven episodes for [[MX Player]].{{cn|date=April 2024}} [[Ravi Dubey]], [[Ravi Kishan]], [[Piyush Mishra]], [[Zoya Afroz]], [[Madhur Mittal]], [[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]] and [[Naved Aslam]] joined the cast.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://ahmedabadmirror.com/ravii-dubey-to-portray-11-characters-in-11-episodes-of-matsya-kaand/81809923.html | title=Ravii Dubey to portray 11 characters in 11 episodes of 'Matsya Kaand' }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/bollywood/slumdog-millionaire-matsya-kaand-madhur-mittals-long-journey-1503024829.html|title=From 'Slumdog Millionaire' to 'Matsya Kaand', Madhur Mittal's long journey - The Statesman|website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |date=16 November 2021 }}</ref> The [[principal photography]] of the series commenced in 2021 and were primarily shot in [[Delhi]], [[Meerut]], [[Sambhar, Rajasthan|Sambhar]] and [[Jaipur]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ravii-dubey-starrer-matsya-kaand-review-554547.html | title=Ravii Dubey Starrer "Matsya Kaand" is a High Octane Con-Thriller That Deserves a Watch | date=19 November 2021 }}</ref> [[Ravi Dubey]] and [[Ravi Kishan]] promoted the series on [[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 15)|Bigg Boss 15]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/photo/salman-khan-has-a-gala-time-with-matsya-kaand-actors-ravi-kishan-and-ravii-dubey-on-bigg-boss-15-92627/1 | title=Salman Khan has a gala time with Matsya Kaand actors Ravi Kishan and Ravii Dubey on Bigg Boss 15 }}</ref>

==Reception==
Sunidhi Prajapat of ''[[OTT Play]]'' rated the series 2.5/5 stars.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/matsya-kaand-series-review-ravi-dubeys-charm-and-good-performance-need-a-better-storyline/f1c9bd60d1147 | title=Matsya Kaand series review: Ravi Dubey's charm and good performance need a better storyline }}</ref> Hiren Kotwani of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the series 3/5 stars.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/matsya-kaand/season-1/seasonreview/87599431.cms | title=Matsya Kaand Season 1 Review : An interesting battle of wits between a con artist and a badass cop | newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref>

The series was reviewed by Manisha Lakhe for ''[[Moneycontrol]]''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/matsya-kaand-review-a-revenge-story-that-swings-from-aha-to-facepalm-moments-7744331.html | title='Matsya Kaand' review: A revenge story that swings from 'aha!' to facepalm moments | date=21 November 2021 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}
* [https://www.mxplayer.in/show/watch-matsya-kaand-series-online-07fe6b61a6c3dea88f619e8e5f032b74? ''Matsya Kaand''] on [[MX Player]]

{{Portal bar|India|Television}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Matsya Kaand}}
[[Category:2021 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2020s Indian television series]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:MX Player original programming]]

Bhaktardoba

2026-01-19T03:34:47Z

CrystleBreinl34: Data

{{Use Indian English|date=February 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bhaktardoba
| other_name = Bhaktardova
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Bazaar
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Assam#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Assam, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26|39|27|N|91|12|59|E|display=inline,title}}
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91 - (0) 3665
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-AS]]
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{Flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Assam]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Lower Assam]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Barpeta]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = Bhaktardoba Bazaar Committee
| government_footnotes =
| leader_party =
| leader_title = [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name = [[Barpeta (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barpeta]]
| leader_title1 = [[Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name1 = [[Sarukhetri (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sarukhetri]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 9
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 15,580
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| demographics1_title2 = Native
| demographics1_info2 = [[Barpetia dialect|Barpetia Assamese]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 781352
| registration_plate = AS-15 ([[Barpeta]])
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Bhaktardoba''' is a Bazaar located in [[Barpeta district]] in the state of [[Assam]], [[India]]. It is located on the banks of the Kaldia River. Nearby villages include Naligaon, [[Helochar Pam]], Nalir Pam, Nalir Pathar, Kawaimari Block No 9, Kawaimari Block No 10, Pithadi Gaon and Pithadi Pam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Untitled Document |url=http://nhmssd.assam.gov.in/EHRMIS/reports/overall_hr_bphc_desg_details.php?bphc_id=14&level1desg=1&toe=1 |access-date=2023-02-21 |website=nhmssd.assam.gov.in |archive-date=21 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221065437/http://nhmssd.assam.gov.in/EHRMIS/reports/overall_hr_bphc_desg_details.php?bphc_id=14&level1desg=1&toe=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Demographics ==
The Bhaktardoba comes under of [[Sarukhetri Assembly constituency]] (126), with a majority of inhabitants belonging to East Bengal-rooted Muslim. Hindu Assamese, Hindu Bengali are also inhabitant in Bhaktardoba.
== Heath (Hospital) ==
The Bhaktardoba Model Hospital that provides treatment to the people of Bhaktardoba as well as people from different parts of [[Barpeta district]].

== Education ==
18+ Schools & 2 College are situated in Bhaktardoba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Schools in Bhaktardaba Cluster {{!}} List of Schools in Bhaktardaba Cluster, Barpeta District (Assam) |url=https://schools.org.in/assam/barpeta/barpeta/bhaktardaba- |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=schools.org.in |language=en}}</ref>

;Schools
# Paschim Paka Azad Memorial High School<ref>{{Cite web |title=PACHIM PAKA AZ. M. HIGH SCHOOL - Kawaimari 10 No. Block, District Barpeta (Assam) |url=https://schools.org.in/barpeta/18050604906/pachim-paka-az-m-high-school.html |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=schools.org.in |language=en}}</ref>
# Paschim Paka Azad Memorial M.E Madrassa <ref>{{Cite web |title=PACHIM PAKA AZAD MEMO. MEM - Kawaimari 10 No. Block, District Barpeta (Assam) |url=https://schools.org.in/barpeta/18050604903/pachim-paka-azad-memo-mem.html |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=schools.org.in |language=en}}</ref>
# Desh Bhakta M.E.School<ref>{{Cite web |title=DESH BHAKTA M.E.SCHOOL - Naligaon, District Barpeta (Assam) |url=https://schools.org.in/barpeta/18050600613/desh-bhakta-m-e-school.html |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=schools.org.in |language=en}}</ref>
# Deshbhakta Girls High School<ref>{{Cite web |title=DESHBHAKTA GIRLS HIGH SCHOOL - Naligaon, District Barpeta (Assam) |url=https://schools.org.in/barpeta/18050600612/deshbhakta-girls-high-school.html |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=schools.org.in |language=en}}</ref>
# Naligaon H. Pre-Senior Madrassa<ref>{{Cite web |title=NALIGAON H. PRE-SENIOR MADRASSA - Naligaon, District Barpeta (Assam) |url=https://schools.org.in/barpeta/18050600605/naligaon-h-pre-senior-madrassa.html |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=schools.org.in |language=en}}</ref>
# D Deshbhakta Pre-Senior Madrassa<ref>{{Cite web |title=D DESHBHAKTA PRE-SENIOR MADRAS - Naligaon, District Barpeta (Assam) |url=https://schools.org.in/barpeta/18050600606/d-deshbhakta-pre-senior-madras.html |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=schools.org.in |language=en}}</ref>
# N.K Girls High School<ref>{{Cite web |title=N K GIRLS HIGH SCHOOL - Naligaon, District Barpeta (Assam) |url=https://schools.org.in/barpeta/18050600611/n-k-girls-high-school.html |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=schools.org.in |language=en}}</ref>
# Pithadi High School<ref>{{Cite web |title=PITHADI HIGH SCHOOL - Pithadi Pam, District Barpeta (Assam) |url=https://schools.org.in/barpeta/18050604608/pithadi-high-school.html |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=schools.org.in |language=en}}</ref>
# Red Rose Model School<ref>{{Cite web |title=RED ROSE MODEL SCHOOL - Kawaimari 10 No. Block, District Barpeta (Assam) |url=https://schools.org.in/barpeta/18050604907/red-rose-model-school.html |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=schools.org.in |language=en}}</ref>
# Modern English School (Bhaktardaba)
# Royal Academy
# Azad Jatiya Vidyalaya<ref>{{Cite web |title=AZAD JATIYA VIDYALAY - Kawaimari 10 No. Block, District Barpeta (Assam) |url=https://schools.org.in/barpeta/18050604909/azad-jatiya-vidyalay.html |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=schools.org.in |language=en}}</ref>
# Excellent Academy (Bhaktardoba)
# Global Academy
# A.K Talent Academy (Bhaktardoba)
# Nine Star Golden Academy
# New Model Academy (DBS) Helocha<ref>{{Cite web |title=HELOCHA GAON LPS - Helochar Pam, District Barpeta (Assam) |url=https://schools.org.in/barpeta/18050603902/helocha-gaon-lps.html |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=schools.org.in |language=en}}</ref>
# Modern English School (Bhaktardaba)

;Colleges
# Harendra Chitra Junior College, Bhaktardoba<ref>{{Cite web |title=HARENDRA-CHITRA JR. COLLEGE - Naligaon, District Barpeta (Assam) |url=https://schools.org.in/barpeta/18050600615/harendra-chitra-jr-college.html |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=schools.org.in |language=en}}</ref>
# [[Harendra Chitra College, Bhaktardoba]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Account Suspended |url=https://hccollege.org/cgi-sys/suspendedpage.cgi |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=hccollege.org |archive-date=8 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308141314/https://hccollege.org/cgi-sys/suspendedpage.cgi |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Transport ==
The Kayakuchi Naligaon Road connects the Bhaktardoba Bazaar with [[district]]. [[Public transport]] buses and mini [[buses]] are available which connects the district and the city [[Guwahati]].

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Geography of Assam]]

{{Assam-geo-stub}}

Madina (Bijnor)

2025-12-14T05:09:33Z

CrystleBreinl34: Created Basic Article More To Come

{{Infobox newspaper
| name = Madina
| logo =
| image =
| caption =
| type = Bi-weekly
| format =
| owners =
| founder = Maulvi Majeed Hasan
| publisher =
| editor = [[Hamid al-Ansari Ghazi]]
| president =
| chief_editor =
| associate_editor =
| managing_editor =
| advertisingdirector =
| news_editor =
| campus_editor =
| campus_chief =
| opinion_editor =
| photo_editor =
| staff_writers =
| founded = {{Start date|1912}}
| political_position =
| language = [[Urdu]]
| ceased_publication = 1975
| relaunched =
| headquarters = [[Bijnor]]
| circulation = 12,500 (1922)
| sister_newspapers =
| ISSN =
| oclc =
}}
'''''Akhbar-e-Madina''''' ({{langx|ur|اخبار مدینه}}), or '''''Madina''''' for short, was an [[Urdu]]-language biweekly anti-colonial newspaper published in [[Bijnor]], [[India]]<ref name="c3">Rama Rao, T. V., and G. D. Binani. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=2b9NOnb8WigC India at a Glance; A Comprehensive Reference Book on India]''. Calcutta: Orient Longmans, 1954. p. 797</ref><ref name="d4"/> between 1912 and 1975.

The newspaper first appeared in 1912.<ref name="c3"/><ref name="f6">''[https://books.google.com/books?id=jxJDAAAAYAAJ Uttar Pradesh District Gazetteers: Bijnor]''. Government of Uttar Pradesh. p. 266</ref> It was founded by Maulvi Majeed Hasan,<ref name="i10">''[https://books.google.com/books?id=A1lXAAAAMAAJ Indian Book Chronicle]'', Vol. 18–21. Vivek Trust, 1993. p. 12</ref> and its first editor was [[Hamid al-Ansari Ghazi]].<ref name="h9">India (Republic), and Jagadish Nataranjan. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=lDQF7JuHbikC Report]''. Delhi: Manager of Publications], 1954. p. 205</ref><ref name="j11"/> It had its own printing press, Madina Press.<ref name="f6"/><ref name="e5"/>

It was one of the most prominent Muslim newspapers in the [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]].<ref name="g8">Dhulipala, Venkat. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=OaIUuiXQqZUC&pg=PA226 Rallying Around the Qaum: The Muslims of the United Provinces and the Movement for Pakistan]''. [S.l.]: Proquest, Umi Dissertatio, 2011. pp. 226-227</ref> It won acceptance from the readers through its systematic arrangement of news items and high-quality calligraphy.<ref name="j11">''[https://books.google.com/books?id=rX5iAAAAMAAJ Communicator]'', Vol. 32. Shri Anjan Kumar Banerji at the Indian Institute of Mass Communication, 1997. p. 17</ref> Read across the Indian subcontinent, it played a significant role in shaping Muslim public opinion.<ref name="h9"/><ref name="i10"/> Politically it was supportive of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>Sayeed, Khalid B. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=qTCAAAAAIAAJ Pakistan, the Formative Phase, 1857-1948]''. London: Oxford University Press, 1968. p. 201</ref> It opposed the continuation of princely states, particularly the [[Bhopal State]].<ref>Jinnah, Mahomed Ali, and Waheed Ahmad. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=u2ZuAAAAMAAJ The Nation's Voice, Towards Consolidation: Speeches and Statements]''. Karachi, Pakistan: Quaid-i-Azam Academy, 1992. p. 790</ref>

''Madina's'' circulation in 1922 was 12,500. By 1927, it had dropped to 6,500; and by 1931, it was 6,000.<ref name="d4">Pandey, Gyanendra. The ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Nxmed64K7d8C&pg=PA64 Ascendancy of the Congress in Uttar Pradesh: Class, Community and Nation in Northern India, 1920-1940]''. London: Anthem Press, 2002. p. 64</ref> The newspaper was published on the 1st, 5th, 9th, 13th, 17th, 21st, 25th and 28th of each month.<ref name="e5"/>

In the fall of 1942 ''Madina'' asked its readers to send letters on the [[Pakistan movement]], and published these community views.<ref name="g8"/>

In the early 1960s, Saeed Akhtar became ''Madina's'' editor.<ref name="e5">India News and Feature Alliance. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=IDU-AAAAIAAJ Press and Advertisers Year Book]''. New Delhi: Infa Publications, 1963. p. 154</ref>

==References==
{{Portal|India|Journalism}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1912 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Defunct Urdu-language newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:Newspapers established in 1912]]
[[Category:Publications disestablished in 1975]]
[[Category:1975 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Defunct biweekly newspapers]]

Sheikh bagh cemetery

2025-10-14T17:02:47Z

CrystleBreinl34: Created Some Pg Nd Citations

{{Short description|Christian cemetery in Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{Infobox Cemetery|name=Sheikh Bagh Cemetery|image=File:Gravestone at sheikh bagh cemetery srinagar kashmir.jpg|imagesize=|caption=A gravestone at Sheikh Bagh Cemetery|established={{start date and age|1700}}|country=India|location=Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir|coordinates={{Coord|34|04|14|N|74|48|46|E|display=inline,title}}|type=Public|owner=Catholic Church and CNI|size=|graves=|findagraveid=|website=}}'''Sheikh bagh cemetery''' is the one and only Christian cemetery in the [[Srinagar]] city of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Projects - The Kabristan Archives|url=https://www.kabristan.org.uk/projects-78|access-date=2021-12-14|website=www.kabristan.org.uk}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Projects|url=https://www.himalayanmiscellany.com/projects/|access-date=2021-12-14|website=Himalayan Miscellany|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2014-10-20|title=What the floods did to Kashmir's grand heritage|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-29685904|access-date=2021-12-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Inspirational people and care for the deprived: medical missionaries in Kashmir|url=https://www.rcpe.ac.uk/journal/issue/journal_38_1/mir.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Embattled Kashmir Is Getting Back On Tourists' Radars|url=http://www.jammu-kashmir.com/archives/archives2014/kashmir20140510a.html|access-date=2021-12-16|website=www.jammu-kashmir.com}}</ref> It is a British era cemetery and hence is also claimed as the heritage.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Flood ravages Srinagar's British-era buildings|url=http://www.sunday-guardian.com/news/flood-ravages-srinagars-british-era-buildings|access-date=2021-12-14|website=www.sunday-guardian.com}}</ref> The cemetery is accessed by the [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic church]], [[Church of North India|CNI]] and other Christian denominations in [[Srinagar]], [[Kashmir]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=A week in Kashmir: the church|url=http://www.andrewwhitehead.net/1/post/2017/04/a-week-in-kashmir-the-church.html|access-date=2021-12-14|website=ANDREW WHITEHEAD|language=en}}</ref> Many gravestones bear the year 1700. Cemetery contains remains of many famous people like [[Robert Thorpe (Indian Army officer)|Robert Thorpe]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-11-22|title=Separatist leader mops Thorpe's grave on 144th death anniversary|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/separatist-leader-mops-thorpe-s-grave-on-144th-death-anniversary/story-C0dlOs1JltgXVmuHg4By2O.html|access-date=2021-12-14|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Don't Dislodge the Heritage|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/todays-paper/dont-dislodge-the-heritage|access-date=2021-12-14|website=Greater Kashmir|language=en}}</ref> and [[Jim Borst]]. In 2014, the repair work of the graveyard funded by the [[British Association for Cemeteries in South Asia]] was organised, after a flood destroyed it.<ref name=":0" />

== List of burials ==

# [[Arthur Neve]]
# [[Ernest Frederic Neve]]
# [[Robert Thorpe (Indian Army officer)|Robert Thorpe]]
# [[Jim Borst]]
#[[Fanny Jane Butler]]
#[[Nora Neve]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Christian cemeteries]]
[[Category:British India]]
[[Category:Anglican cemeteries in India]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic cemeteries in India]]
[[Category:Presbyterian cemeteries]]
[[Category:Protestant Reformed cemeteries]]
[[Category:Cultural heritage]]
[[Category:Cemeteries established in the 18th century]]

Mohammed Naseer Ahmed

2025-10-14T15:16:55Z

CrystleBreinl34: Created First Entry Needs Work!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mohammed Naseer Ahmed
| image =
| caption =
| office = Member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2024
| term_end =
| successor =
| predecessor = [[Mohammad Musthafa Shaik]]
| constituency = [[Guntur East Assembly constituency|Guntur East]]
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
}}
'''Mohammed Naseer Ahmed''' is an Indian politician of the [[Telugu Desam Party]]. He represents [[Guntur East Assembly constituency]] in the [[16th Andhra Pradesh Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Guntur East, Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: TDP's Mohammed Naseer Ahmed defeats YSRCP's Noori Fathima Shaik with 31962 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/guntur-east-andhra-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-2548291-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mohammed Naseer Ahmed, TDP Candidate from Guntur East Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing - News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/andhra-pradesh/mohammed-naseer-ahmed-assembly-candidate-s01aed2008a095e2024c002/ |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Election commission of india |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S0195.htm|publisher=eci.gov. in}}</ref>

==Election results==
=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Guntur East}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = Mohammed Naseer Ahmed
|votes = 1,00,815
|percentage = 56.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = Noori Fathima
|votes = 68,853
|percentage = 38.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Shaik Mastan Valli
|votes = 5,239
|percentage = 2.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=NOTA|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes= 1,215|percentage=0.68|change=}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 31,962
|percentage = 17.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,79,491
|percentage = 70.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = YSR Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ahmed, Mohammed Naseer}}
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{AndhraPradesh-TDP-politician-stub}}
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]

Pharmacovigilance Programme of India

2025-10-09T00:13:55Z

CrystleBreinl34: added info

{{Short description|Government regulatory agency}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Pharmacovigilance Programme of India
| type = Organisation
| nativename =
| nativename_a =
| nativename_r =
| logo =
| logo_width =
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| formed = {{Start date|2010}}{{cn|date=April 2021}}
| preceding1 =
| preceding2 = 
| dissolved =
| superseding =
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| agency_type = Regulatory body
| chief6_position =
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| chief7_position =
| chief8_name =
| chief8_position =
| chief9_name =
| chief9_position =
| parent_department = [[Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission]]
| keydocument1 = 
| website = {{URL|https://cdsco.gov.in/opencms/opencms/en/PvPI/}}
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Pharmacovigilance Programme of India''' ('''PvPI''') is an Indian government organization which identifies and responds to [[drug safety]] problems.<ref name="IPC 2014">{{cite web |author1=Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission |author1-link=Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission |title=Guidance Document for Spontaneous Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting |url=https://www.who-umc.org/media/1075/india.pdf |page=2 |date=2014}}</ref> Its activities include receiving reports of [[adverse drug events]] and taking necessary action to remedy problems.<ref name="IPC 2014"/> The [[Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation]] established the program in July 2010 <ref name="IPC 2014"/><ref name="Thatte 2018"/> with [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi]] as the '''National Coordination Centre''', which later shifted to [[Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission]] in [[Ghaziabad]] on 15 April 2011.<ref name="IPC 2014"/><ref name="Thatte 2018"/>

==History==
Many developed countries set up their [[pharmacovigilance]] programs following the [[Thalidomide scandal]] in the 1960s.<ref name="Thatte 2018">{{cite journal |last1=Thatte |first1=Urmila M. |last2=Chaudhari |first2=Nayan L. |last3=Gogtay |first3=Nithya J. |title=Pharmacovigilance Program of India: history, evolution and current status |journal=Adverse Drug Reaction Bulletin |date=October 2018 |volume=312 |issue=1 |pages=1207–1210 |doi=10.1097/FAD.0000000000000036|s2cid=81421623 }}</ref> India set up its program in the 1980s.<ref name="Thatte 2018"/> This general concept of drug safety monitoring went through different forms, but the [[Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation]] established the present Pharmacovigilance Program of India in 2010.<ref name="Thatte 2018"/> Now the program is well integrated with government legislation, a regulator as leader, and a research center as part of the [[Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission]].<ref name="Thatte 2018"/>

==Activities==
As of 2018 there were 250 centers around India capable of responding to reports of [[serious adverse reactions]].<ref name="Thatte 2018"/> One of the challenges of the organization is training doctors and hospitals to report [[adverse drug reactions]] when patients have them.<ref name="Kalaiselvan 2016">{{cite journal |last1=Kalaiselvan |first1=V |last2=Thota |first2=P |last3=Singh |first3=GN |title=Pharmacovigilance Programme of India: Recent developments and future perspectives. |journal=Indian Journal of Pharmacology |date=2016 |volume=48 |issue=6 |pages=624–628 |doi=10.4103/0253-7613.194855 |pmid=28066097|pmc=5155460 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The Pharmacovigilance Program makes these reports itself, but ideally, such reports could originate from any clinic.<ref name="Kalaiselvan 2016"/> The Pharmacovigilance Programme seeks to encourage a culture and social expectation of reporting drug problems.<ref name="Kalaiselvan 2016"/>

One of the successes of the program was detecting adverse effects of people in India using [[carbamazepine]].<ref name="Kalaiselvan 2016"/><ref name="Lihite 2015">{{cite journal |last1=Lihite |first1=Ratan J. |last2=Lahkar |first2=Mangala |title=An update on the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India |journal=Frontiers in Pharmacology |date=22 September 2015 |volume=6 |page=194 |doi=10.3389/fphar.2015.00194|pmid=26441651 |pmc=4585088 |doi-access=free }}</ref> While this drug is safer among people native to the Europe, people of South Asia have different genetics and are more likely to experience problems when using it.<ref name="Kalaiselvan 2016"/><ref name="Lihite 2015"/> Other countries could not have been able to detect this problem, and the Pharmacovigilance Programme's detection of it was a success story.<ref name="Kalaiselvan 2016"/><ref name="Lihite 2015"/>

==Collaboration==
The establishment of the Pharmacovigilance Program made India a more attractive international destination for foreign companies to bring clinical trials research.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gupta |first1=YK |last2=Padhy |first2=BM |title=India's growing participation in global clinical trials. |journal=Trends in Pharmacological Sciences |date=June 2011 |volume=32 |issue=6 |pages=327–9 |doi=10.1016/j.tips.2011.02.017 |pmid=21489644}}</ref> Understanding the quality of India's pharmacovigilance programme is key to international researchers conducting trials in India.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dylan Fernandes |first1=S |last2=Anoop |first2=NV |last3=Castelino |first3=LJ |last4=Narayana Charyulu |first4=R |title=A national approach to pharmacovigilance: The case of India as a growing hub of global clinical trials. |journal=Research in Social & Administrative Pharmacy |date=January 2019 |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=109–113 |doi=10.1016/j.sapharm.2018.03.061 |pmid=29602659|s2cid=4507185 }}</ref>

The program collaborates both in India and internationally with the World Health Organization on projects for safe medication.<ref name="WHO 2017">{{cite web |author1=World Health Organization |title=WHO Collaborating Centre for Pharmacovigilance in Public Health Programmes and Regulatory Services |url=https://www.who.int/medicines/regulation/medicines-safety/about/collab-centres-india/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180226135337/http://www.who.int/medicines/regulation/medicines-safety/about/collab-centres-india/en/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 February 2018 |website=World Health Organization |date=2017}}</ref><ref name="Thatte 2018"/> As a collaborating center, the Pharmacovigilance Programme assists the WHO in developing international policy for other countries to manage their own drug safety programs.<ref name="WHO 2017"/>

While the United States and Europe have pharmacovigilance systems which are developed well in some ways, the Indian programme has more and specialized expertise to apply for the unique circumstances of India.<ref name="Jose 2019">{{cite journal |last1=Jose |first1=Jobin |last2=Rafeek |first2=Naziya Refi |title=Pharmacovigilance in India in Comparison With the USA and European Union: Challenges and Perspectives |journal=Therapeutic Innovation & Regulatory Science |date=November 2019 |volume=53 |issue=6 |pages=781–786 |doi=10.1177/2168479018812775|pmid=30554527 |s2cid=58768139 }}</ref> The [[Pharmaceutical industry in India]] produces more drugs than any other national industry.<ref name="Jose 2019"/> Because of the large amount of drugs and the many countries which import them, the Indian program monitors in some ways more than anywhere else.<ref name="Jose 2019"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{official website|https://cdsco.gov.in/opencms/opencms/en/PvPI/}}
{{Clinical trials in India|state=expanded}}
[[Category:Drug safety]]
[[Category:Pharmaceuticals policy]]
[[Category:Medical and health organisations based in India]]
[[Category:National agencies for drug regulation]]
[[Category:Regulators of biotechnology products]]
[[Category:Regulatory agencies of India]]
[[Category:Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]]

Lower Police Reserve Hill Ward

2025-10-07T21:15:06Z

CrystleBreinl34:

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement

| name = Lower Police Reserve Hill Ward
| other_name = Lower P. R. Tinglepork Jr.
| settlement_type = [[Ward (electoral subdivision)|Ward]] under [[Kohima]]
| established_title = Incorporated
| established_date =
| image_skyline =
| imagesize =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map =
| mapsize =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Nagaland
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Nagaland, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.660986|N|94.097939|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Nagaland]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of urban centres in Nagaland|City]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kohima]]
| parts_type =
| parts_style = para
| p1 =
| government_type =
| leader_title = Chairman
| leader_name =
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_footnotes =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_density_km2 =
| blank_name_sec1 =
| blank_info_sec1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| footnotes =
}}

'''Lower Police Reserve Hill Ward''' also known as '''Lower P. R. Hill''' is a ward located under [[Nagaland]]'s capital city, [[Kohima]]. The ward falls under the designated Ward No. 19 of the [[Kohima Municipal Council]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://kmc.nagaland.gov.in/map.html|title=Map of Kohima/ wards and colonies|publisher=[[Kohima Municipal Council]]|access-date=1 December 2021}}</ref>

==Education==
'''Educational Institutions in Lower Police Reserve Hill Ward:'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://study4sure.com/institutes/schools/nagaland/kohima/school.php?place=Ward%2019%20-%20P%20R%20Hill/Jail%20Colony|title=Schools in Ward 19|date=10 May 2018|website=Study 4 Sure|access-date=2 December 2021}}</ref>

=== Schools ===
* Lower P.R. Hill Government Primary School
* St. Peter's School

==See also==
* [[Municipal Wards of Kohima]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://kmc.nagaland.gov.in/map19.html Map of Kohima Ward No. 19]

[[Category:Kohima]]
[[Category:Wards of Kohima]]

{{India-geo-stub}}

Karcham Wangtoo Hydroelectric Plant

2025-09-28T19:25:35Z

CrystleBreinl34: fixed issues

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox dam
| name = Karcham Wangtoo Dam
| name_official = Karcham Wangtoo Hydroelectric Plant
| image = File:Damsite of Karcham Wangtoo Project at Karcham, Kinnaur.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| image_alt =
| location_map = India#India Himachal Pradesh
| location_map_size =
| location_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|31|32|35.53|N|78|00|54.80|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| country =
| location =
| status = O
| construction_began = 2005
| opening = 2011
| demolished =
| cost = [[Indian rupee|Rs.]] 7,150 crore ($687 million USD 2011)
| owner = [[JSW Group]]
| dam_type = [[Gravity dam]]
| purpose =Power
| dam_height = {{Convert|98|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| dam_height_thalweg =
| dam_height_foundation=
| dam_length = {{Convert|177.8|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| dam_width_crest =
| dam_width_base =
| dam_volume =
| dam_elevation_crest ={{Convert|1813|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| dam_crosses = [[Sutlej River]]
| spillway_count =
| spillway_type =
| spillway_capacity =
| res_name =
| res_capacity_total =
| res_capacity_active =
| res_capacity_inactive=
| res_catchment =
| res_surface = {{Convert|588|m2|acre|0|abbr=on}}
| res_elevation ={{Convert|1810|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| res_max_depth =
| res_max_length =
| res_max_width =
| plant_hydraulic_head = {{Convert|298|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} (gross)
| res_tidal_range =
| plant_operator =
| plant_commission = 2011
| plant_decommission =
| plant_type =
| plant_turbines = 4 x 250 [[megawatt|MW]] [[Francis-type]]
| plant_capacity = 1,000 MW
| plant_annual_gen = 4,560 GWh est.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hydroelectric Power Plants in India - Himachal Pradesh|url=http://www.industcards.com/hydro-india-him-pradesh.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126055627/http://www.industcards.com/hydro-india-him-pradesh.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=26 January 2013|publisher=IndustCards|accessdate=14 June 2013}}</ref>
| website =
| extra =
}}

The '''Karcham Wangtoo Hydroelectric Plant''' is a {{convert|1091|MW}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/cea-restricts-capacity-of-jp-hydro-plant-sold-to-jsw-115042200973_1.html|title=CEA restricts capacity of JP hydro plant sold to JSW|last=Jai|first=Shreya|access-date=2016-05-28}}</ref> [[run-of-the-river]] [[hydroelectric]] [[power station]] on the [[Sutlej River]] in [[Kinnaur district]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]] state of India.<ref name=UNCDM/>

==Etymology==

The dam and power station are located between the villages of [[Karcham]] and [[Wangtoo]] where the plant also gains its name.<ref name=UNCDM/>

==History==

In 1993, and after years of delays, the Jaypee Karcham Hydro Corporation Limited of [[JSW Group|Jaypee Group]] signed a memorandum of understanding to develop the dam. On 18 November 2005, the construction on the power station began.<ref name=UNCDM>{{cite web|title=Hydroelectric Project in Kinnaur District in Himachal Pradesh|url=http://cdm.unfccc.int/filestorage/0/2/Y/02YB5GD8L9HS3MERIOFAVTJNQU14K7/4993%20PDD.pdf?t=dHN8bW9jeG1hfDAMug_zpK_9b5wrkwItMhUY|publisher=UN Clean Development Mechanism|accessdate=14 June 2013}}{{Dead link|date=February 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In 2015, Jaypee Group sold out Karcham Wangtoo Project to [[JSW Group]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/JSW-Energy-buys-JP-Powers-2-hydro-projects-for-Rs-9700-crore/articleshow/48871298.cms|title=JSW Energy buys JP Power's 2 hydro projects for Rs 9,700 crore - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=8 September 2015 |access-date=2016-05-28}}</ref>

In May 2011, the first generator was commissioned, the second in June and the final two in September.<ref>{{cite web|title=Karcham Wangtoo Hydroelectric Project|url=http://globalenergyobservatory.org/geoid/42131|publisher=Global Energy Observatory|accessdate=14 June 2013}}</ref>

==Technical details==

The {{Convert|98|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} tall dam at Karcham ({{Coord|31|30|00.26|N|78|10|39.54|E|name=Karcham Dam}}) diverts a substantial portion of the Sutlej into a {{Convert|10.48|m|ft|abbr=on}} diameter and {{Convert|17.2|km|mi|abbr=on}} long headrace tunnel to the underground power station downstream at Wangtoo. At the station, the water powers four 250 MW [[Francis turbine]]-generators before it is sent back into the Sutlej via a {{Convert|1.2|km|mi|abbr=on}} long tailrace tunnel. The difference in elevation between the dam and the power station affords a gross [[hydraulic head]] of {{Convert|298|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}. Water not diverted by the dam is sent over the [[spillway]] and down the normal course of the river. The main spillway is along the crest of the dam and is controlled by six [[radial gate]]s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jaypee Karcham Hydro Corporation Limited|url=http://www.jalindia.com/underexec_karcham.htm|publisher=Jalindia|accessdate=14 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140401142922/http://www.jalindia.com/underexec_karcham.htm|archive-date=1 April 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Just upstream of the dam is the 300 MW Baspa II Hydroelectric Plant and downstream of the Karcham Wangtoo is the 1,500 MW [[Nathpa Jhakri Dam]].<ref name=UNCDM/>

==Transport==

[[Harshil#Karcham|Karcham-Harshil Road]], from Karcham [[National Highway 5 (India)|NH-5]] to Harshil,<ref name="nr1"/> with a road tunnel under the [[Lamkhaga Pass]],<ref>[https://www.dailypioneer.com/2020/vivacity/one-step-closer.html One step closer], Daily Pioneer, 8 October 2020.</ref><ref>[https://www.business-standard.com/external-affairs-defence-security/news/bro-plans-tunnels-to-ensure-all-weather-connectivity-in-eastern-ladakh-125080200925_1.html. BRO plans tunnels to ensure all-weather connectivity in eastern Ladakh], Business Standard, 2 August 2025.</ref> is under construction which will cut down present 450 km long distance, which take nearly 16 hours, to just nearly 150 km or 2 to 3 hours.<ref name="nr1">{{Cite web |last=Dutta |first=Amrita Nayak |date=2020-09-15 |title=Modi govt's infra push along China border — 2 new roads, alternate route to Daulat Beg Oldie |url=https://theprint.in/defence/modi-govts-infra-push-along-china-border-2-new-roads-alternate-route-to-daulat-beg-oldie/502013/ |access-date=2025-07-09 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2024, BRO began constructing 40-km long Kharcham-[[Sangla, India|Sangla]]-[[Chitkul]] section of Karcham-Harshil Road.<ref>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/himachal-bro-to-build-karcham-chitkul-road-along-china-border-101721039491538.html Himachal: BRO to build Karcham-Chitkul road along China border], Hindustan Ties, 15 July 2024.</ref>

==See also==

* [[Nathpa Jhakri Dam]] – situated downstream
* [[Indus Water Treaty]] - includes Sutlej river

==References==
{{GeoGroupTemplate}}
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Karcham Wangtoo}}
{{Hydrography of Himachal Pradesh}}
{{Sutlej dams}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Dams completed in 2011]]
[[Category:Energy infrastructure completed in 2011]]
[[Category:Dams in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Dams on the Sutlej River]]
[[Category:Run-of-the-river power stations]]
[[Category:Gravity dams]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Kinnaur district]]
[[Category:2011 establishments in Himachal Pradesh]]

1954 Sino-Indian Agreement

2025-09-08T16:46:12Z

CrystleBreinl34: New...

{{Short description|Agreement on trade relations between India and the Tibet region of China}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
The '''1954 Sino-Indian Agreement''', also called the '''Panchsheel Agreement''',{{sfnp|Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India|2010|pp=240–243}} officially the '''Agreement on Trade and Intercourse Between Tibet Region and India''', was signed by China and India in [[Peking]] on 29 April 1954. The preamble of the agreement stated the ''panchsheel'', or the [[five principles of peaceful coexistence]], that China proposed and India favoured. The agreement reflected the adjustment of the previously existing trade relations between Tibet and India to the changed context of India's [[Independence of India|decolonisation]] and China's [[Annexation of Tibet|assertion of suzerainty]] over Tibet. [[Bertil Lintner]] writes that in the agreement, "Tibet was referred to, for the first time in history, as 'the Tibet Region of China'".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lintner |first=Bertil |title=Great Game East : India, China And The Struggle For Asia's Most VolatileFrontier |publisher=HarperCollins Publishers India |year=2012 |isbn=978-93-5029-536-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tbfjAAAAQBAJ&q=Sino%E2%80%93Indian+Agreement+1954&pg=PT2 |at=Introduction}}</ref>

The agreement expired on 6 June 1962, as per the original term limit, in the midst of the [[Sino-Indian border dispute|Sino-Indian border tensions]]. It was not renewed. By October of that year, [[Sino-Indian War|war]] broke out between the two sides.<ref>
{{harvp|Lintner, China's India War|2018|pp=142–143}}: "But the Agreement on Trade and Intercourse between Tibet Region of China and India, which was concluded in 1954, expired on 6 June 1962, and, at a time when tension was mounting along the frontier, there was no interest on either side to have the agreement extended."</ref>

== Background ==
The background of the 1954 Agreement includes the [[Convention of Calcutta]] (between Britain and China, concerning Tibet), the [[Convention of Lhasa]] (between Britain and Tibet), the [[Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet]], the [[Anglo-Russian Convention]], Anglo Chinese trade regulations of 1908 and 1914, the [[McMahon Line]] agreement between Tibet and British Raj, the failure of the Tibetan appeal to the UN, the [[Seventeen Point Agreement|Seven Point Agreement 1951]] (between China and the [[Ganden Phodrang]] government of Tibet), the Sino-India negotiations concerning Tibet, 1951 to 1953, and the Sino–India conference on Tibetan trade and intercourse, December 1953 to April 1954.<ref name=":0" />{{Clarification needed|reason=This laundry list is hardly useful without any explanatory content; also this is over-reliance on a single source|date=July 2022}}

=== Negotiations regarding inclusion of passes ===
In December 1953, the Sino–India conference on Tibetan trade and intercourse started. During the negotiations related to which passes to include, Indian diplomats were successful in the inclusion of only six passes. India tried putting forward other passes, but did not push China and backed away after China showed resistance.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Arpi|first=Claude|author-link=Claude Arpi|date=2020-08-28|title=The History of Barahoti Plain|url=https://www.claudearpi.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/The-History-of-Barahoti.pdf|access-date=2020-11-24|website=Claude Arpi}}</ref> The Chinese also objected to the mention of Demchok as one of the passes.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Arpi|first=Claude|date=August 2015|title=The Panchsheel Agreement (Book Excerpt: Tibet – The Lost Frontier)|url=http://www.indiandefencereview.com/spotlights/the-panchsheel-agreement/|access-date=2020-11-24|website=Indian Defence Review|language=en-US}}</ref>

According to [[Claude Arpi]], the passes/routes mentioned by Delhi were:<ref name=":2" />{{better source needed|date=February 2021|reason=Another citation would be beneficial}}

{{Quote|text={{Div col|colwidth=20em|content=
* [[Tashigang, Ngari Prefecture|Tashigong]], [[Gartok]];
* [[Spanggur Tso]] To [[Rudok]];
* [[Chiakang]], [[Churkang]], [[Ruksom]];
* [[Tashigang, Ngari Prefecture|Tashigong]], [[Churkang]], [[Ruksom]];
* [[Rudok]], [[Ruksom]], [[Rawang, Ngari Prefecture|Rawang]];
* [[Bodpo La]];
* [[Shipki La]];
* Keobarang;
* Shimdang;
* Gumrang (Khimokul);
* [[Tsang Chok La]];
* Muling La;
* [[Mana Pass]];
* [[Niti Pass]];
* [[Tunjun La]];
* Marhi La;
* [[Shalshal Pass]];
* [[Kungri Bingri Pass]];
* [[Darma Pass]];
* [[Lampiya Dhura]] (Lampiya Lekh);
* [[Mangsha Dhura]] and
* [[Lipulekh]].
|small=80%|gap=}}|author=|title=|source=}}

== Summary of agreement ==

=== Preamble ===
The [[Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence]] or Panchsheel upon which the articles of the treaty were based on are listed as:<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Tibet Justice Center – Legal Materials on Tibet – China – Sino-Indian Trade Agreement over Tibetan Border (1954) [p. 185]|url=https://www.tibetjustice.org/materials/china/china4.html|access-date=2020-11-09|website=www.tibetjustice.org}}</ref>

# mutual respect for each other's territorial integrity and sovereignty,
# mutual non-aggression,
# mutual non-interference in each other's internal affairs,
# equality and mutual benefit, and
# peaceful co-existing

=== Articles ===
Article I of the agreement paved the way for the establishment of Chinese trade agencies in [[New Delhi]], [[Calcutta]], and [[Kalimpong]] and Indian trade Agencies at [[Yatung]], [[Gyantse]], and [[Gartok]]. These trade agencies "would enjoy freedom from arrest while exercising their functions", among other privileges.<ref name=":1" />

Article II stated that traders of both countries would trade at pre-determined places. "The Government of China agrees to specify Yatung, Gyantse, and [[Phari]] as markets for trade. The Government of India agrees that trade may be carried on in India, including places like, Kalimpong, [[Siliguri]], and Calcutta, according to customary practice." Also, the "Government of China agrees to specify Gartok, [[Burang Town|Pulanchung]] (Taklakot), [[Gya'nyima|Gyanima]]-Khargo, Gyanima-Chakra, [[Ramura]], [[Dongbra]], Puling-Sumdo, Nabra, [[Shangtse]], and [[Tashigang, Ngari Prefecture|Tashigong]] as markets for trade"; and in the future the Government of India shall specify markets "on the basis of equality and reciprocity to do so".<ref name=":1" />

Article III covered pilgrimages by religious believers of the two countries and outlined certain provisions for pilgrims of both countries.<ref name=":1" />

Article IV pointed out some passes and routes which traders and pilgrims may use: [[Shipki La]] pass, [[Mana Pass|Mana pass]], [[Niti Pass|Niti pass]], [[Kungri Bingri]] pass, [[Darma Valley|Dharma]] pass, and [[Lipulekh Pass|Lipu Lekh]] pass.<ref name=":1" />

Article V covered details related to certificates issued to traders that permitted traders to use other routes than those mentioned in Article IV as well as border transit procedures.<ref name=":1" />

Article VI outlined that "upon ratification by both Governments and shall remain in force for eight (8) years" and the procedure for extension.<ref name=":1" />

The agreement was signed {{Interlanguage link|Nedyam Raghavan|lt=Nedyam Raghavan|de||WD=}}, Plenipotentiary of the Government of the Republic of India, and Chang Han Fu, Plenipotentiary of the Central People's Government, People's Republic of China.<ref name=":1" /> Raghavan was the Indian Ambassador while Chang Han-fu was the Chinese Deputy Foreign Minister.

Further notes were exchanged.<ref>[https://www.claudearpi.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/WhitePaper1NEW.pdf Notes Exchanged. Peking, April 29, 1954]. pp 125—133.</ref>

== Criticism ==
{{expand section|date=October 2021}}
Commentators in the West and also within India viewed the agreement as a "diplomatic blunder" on the part of Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], especially after the [[Sino-Indian War|1962 war]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Gupta|first=K.|date=1978|title=Sino-Indian Agreement on Tibetan Trade and Intercourse: Its Origin and Significance|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4366549|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=13|issue=16|pages=696–702|jstor=4366549|issn=0012-9976}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{citation |first=Avtar Singh |last=Bhasin |title=Nehru, Tibet and China |publisher=Penguin Random House |year=2021 |isbn=9780670094134 |ref={{sfnref|Bashin, Nehru, Tibet and China|2021}}}}
* {{citation |last=Hoffmann |first=Steven A. |title=India and the China Crisis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BpSRwC5_EPUC |year=1990 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-06537-6 |ref={{sfnref|Hoffmann, India and the China Crisis|1990}}}}
** {{citation |last=Hoffmann |first=Steven A. |title=India and the China Crisis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_bjADwAAQBAJ |year=2018 |orig-year=first published 1990 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-06537-6 |ref={{sfnref|Hoffmann, India and the China Crisis|2018}}}}
* {{citation |first=Gene T. |last=Hsiao |title=The Foreign Trade of China: Policy, Law, and Practice |publisher=Univ of California Press |year=2021 |isbn=9780520315754 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B_nnDwAAQBAJ |ref={{sfnref|Hsiao, The Foreign Trade of China|2021}}}}
* {{citation |last=Lintner |first=Bertil |title=China's India War: Collision Course on the Roof of the World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-L9DDwAAQBAJ |year=2018 |publisher=OUP India |isbn=978-0-19-909163-8 |ref={{sfnref|Lintner, China's India War|2018}}}}
* {{citation |last=Menon |first=Shivshankar |title=Choices: Inside the Making of India's Foreign Policy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GduACwAAQBAJ |year=2016 |publisher=Brookings Institution Press |isbn=978-0-8157-2911-2 |ref={{sfnref|Menon, Choices|2016}}}}
* {{citation |last=Raghavan |first=Srinath |title=War and Peace in Modern India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EbtBJb1bsHUC |date=2010 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1-137-00737-7 |ref={{sfnref|Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India|2010}}}}

== External links ==
{{wikisource|Agreement on Trade and Intercourse between the Tibet Region of China and India}}
* Lorenz Lüthi. [http://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/publictn/eurasia_border_review/Vol3SI/luthi.pdf Sino-Indian Relations, 1954–1962]. p. 98. Eurasia Border Review Special Issue on China's Post-Revolutionary Borders, 1940s-1960s.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170211080105/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP80R01443R000300080003-9.pdf NSC Briefing: Sino-Indian Treaty of 29 April 1954 on Tibet], CIA Library Reading Room, archived 11 February 2017.

[[Category:China–India relations]]
[[Category:1954 in China]]
[[Category:1954 in India]]
[[Category:1954 in international relations]]
[[Category:Mao Zedong]]
[[Category:Jawaharlal Nehru]]

Pulhal Central Prison

2025-09-06T11:22:10Z

CrystleBreinl34: adding a data...

{{Short description|Prison in Chennai, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox prison
| name = Puzhal Central Prison
| image = PuzhalPrison.JPG
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| image_map =
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu#India
| pushpin_relief =
| pushpin_mapsize = 200px
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label = Puzhal Central Prison
| map_dot_mark =
| location = [[Chennai]]
|coordinates = {{coord|13.163193|80.200367|display=title,inline}}
| status =
| classification = Central Prison
| capacity = 3,000
| population =
| population_as_of =
| opened = 26 November 2006
| closed =
| former_name =
| managed_by = Tamil Nadu Prison Department
| director =
| governor =
| warden =
| street-address =
| city = [[Chennai]]
| county =
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| postcode =
| zip =
| country = [[India]]
| website =
| prisoners =
| embedded =
}}

'''Puzhal Central Prison''' is a central prison complex located in [[Chennai]] ([[Chennai district|Chennai]] [[Tiruvallur District|District]]), [[India]]. It is about 23 km from the city centre. The prison became operational in 2006, replacing the erstwhile [[Chennai Central Prison]].<ref>[http://www.tn.gov.in/policynotes/archives/policy/jail-e.htm TN Government]</ref>

== Construction ==
The plan for the construction of Puzhal prison was conceived during the early 2000s. Sites in [[Puzhal]] and in [[Maraimalai Nagar]] were initially considered, and the final decision to construct at Puzhal was made due to the availability of a large parcel of government-owned land.<ref>{{cite news|title= Land to be disposed of, Central jail moving to Puzhal|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2003/01/04/stories/2003010403610500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030519083809/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2003/01/04/stories/2003010403610500.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=19 May 2003|newspaper=The Hindu|date=4 January 2003}}</ref> It was constructed by Tamil Nadu Police Housing Corporation (TNPHC) for a cost of {{INR}} 1,770 million in less than 3 years. It was inaugurated by then chief minister of Tamil Nadu, [[M. Karunanidhi]], on 26 November 2006.<ref name="Shifting of prisoners">{{cite news|title=Shifting of prisoners to Puzhal begins|newspaper=The Hindu|date=15 December 2006}}</ref><ref name="comfort prison">{{cite news|title=A comfort prison to reform convicts- ‘Model’ punishment|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061218/asp/nation/story_7152919.asp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130204000851/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061218/asp/nation/story_7152919.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 February 2013|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=18 December 2006}}</ref>

== Structure and facilities==
It is among the largest prison complexes in India.<ref name="comfort prison"/> The prison complex occupies an area corresponding to {{convert|212|acre|km2}}. It comprises three complexes of buildings: Puzhal Prison I for convicts, Puzhal Prison II for remand prisoners and Special Prison for women. A separate enclosure houses civil debtor convicts as well. It has a quarantine to segregate new entrants till their medical examination is completed.

The facilities include cells and dormitories with windows, lavatories with doors, meditation hall, library, amphitheatre, auditorium, jail court with video-conferencing facility, mechanised kitchens, high-security blocks with exclusive kitchen and hospital, gym, canteen, public music system, rehabilitation block and separate gallows for men and women prisoners.<ref>{{cite news|title=Puzhal Prison Complex a bold bid to redefine concept of jail |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2006/07/03/stories/2006070305440500.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120904203605/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2006/07/03/stories/2006070305440500.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=4 September 2012|newspaper=The Hindu|date=3 July 2006}}</ref>

== Prisoners ==
The prison became operational on 26 September 2006, and the first batch of prisoners from [[Chennai Central Prison]] was transferred on 14 December 2006. The prison has facilities to house 1,251 remand prisoners, 1,250 convicted prisoners and 500 women prisoners.<ref name="Shifting of prisoners"/>

== Notable incidents ==
* On 2 August 2008, Solomon, a Grade II warder, was arrested by the Directorate of Vigilance and Anti-Corruption on the charge of taking a bribe of {{INR}} 8,000, for providing some facilities to a [[Sri Lanka]]n national lodged in the prison in connection with a fake passport case. He was later dismissed from service on 4 August 2008.<ref>{{cite news|title= Prison warder dismissed|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/08/05/stories/2008080559280500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080812031652/http://www.hindu.com/2008/08/05/stories/2008080559280500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 August 2008|newspaper= [[The Hindu]]|date=5 August 2008}}</ref>
* On 10 June 2009, notorious criminal [["Welding" Kumar]] was attacked and killed by fellow inmates.<ref>{{cite news|title='Welding' Kumar murder: Cops face suspension|url=http://newstodaynet.com/newsindex.php?id=17493%20&%20section=7|publisher=News Today|date=11 June 2009}}</ref>
* On 18 September 2016, Software techie [[Swathi murder case]] accused Ramkumar allegedly killed himself by biting a livewire used in a junction box.<ref>{{cite news|title=Swathi murder accused Ramkumar commits suicide in Puzhal Central Prison|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Swathi-murder-accused-Ramkumar-commits-suicide-in-Puzhal-Central-Prison-in-Chennai/articleshow/54393630.cms|newspaper=Times of India|date=18 September 2016}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
''Unmaking of a Monster:'' A documentary film by [[Apsara Reddy]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-09-26|title=Hasini's killer unrepentant: Prison documentary reveals he’s in denial about crime|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/hasinis-killer-unrepentant-prison-documentary-reveals-he-s-denial-about-crime-88981|access-date=2021-05-22|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Law}}
* [[Chennai Central Prison]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Pulhal Central Prison}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140217054749/http://www.prisons.tn.nic.in/history.htm Tamil Nadu Prison Department]

{{Chennai Topics}}

[[Category:Prisons in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Chennai]]
[[Category:Tiruvallur district]]
[[Category:2006 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Prisons completed in the 2000s]]

Sahib Singh Verma ministry

2025-08-22T10:04:02Z

CrystleBreinl34: Created The Bio W/ Refs

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}

{{Infobox government cabinet
| cabinet_type = Ministry
| cabinet_number = 4th
| jurisdiction = [[Delhi]]
| flag =
| flag_border = true
| incumbent =
| image =
| image_size = 100
| caption =
| date_formed = 1996
| date_dissolved =
| government_head = [[Sahib Singh Verma]]
| government_head_history =
| state_head = Lt Governor [[Vijai Kapoor]]
| members_number =
| former_members_number =
| total_number =
| political_parties = '''[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]'''
| legislature_status = [[Majority government|Majority]]
| opposition_cabinet =
| opposition_party = 
| opposition_leader = 
| election = [[1993 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| last_election =
| legislature_term =
| budget =
| advice_and_consent1 =
| advice_and_consent2 =

| incoming_formation =
| outgoing_formation =
| previous = [[Khurana ministry]]
| successor = [[Swaraj ministry]]
}}

The '''Verma cabinet''' was the [[Council of Ministers]] in [[First Legislative Assembly of Delhi|first Delhi Legislative Assembly]] headed by [[Chief Minister]] [[Sahib Singh Verma]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/1998/98oct14/head3.htm |title=Sushma drops Rajendra Gupta |publisher=Tribuneindia.com |date=1998-10-14 |access-date=2017-08-17}}</ref>

== Council of Ministers (27 February 1996 - 12 October 1998) ==
{{Cabinet table start|hiderefcol=y}}

{{Cabinet table minister
| minister_state = Delhi
| title = Chief Minister
| minister1 = [[Sahib Singh Verma]]
| minister1_termstart = 27 February 1996
| minister1_termend = 12 October 1998
| minister1_party = BJP
}}

{{Cabinet table minister
| minister_state = Delhi
| title = Minister of Transport
| minister1 = Rajendra Gupta
| minister1_termstart = 27 February 1996
| minister1_termend = 12 October 1998
| minister1_party = BJP
}}

{{Cabinet table minister
| minister_state = Delhi
| title = Health and Family Welfare, Education
| minister1 = [[Dr. Harsh Vardhan]]
| minister1_termstart = 27 February 1996
| minister1_termend = 12 October 1998
| minister1_party = BJP
}}

{{Cabinet table minister
| minister_state = Delhi
| title = Industry, Labour, Jails, Languages and Gurudwara Administration
| minister1 = [[Harsharan Singh Balli]]
| minister1_termstart = 27 February 1996
| minister1_termend = 12 October 1998
| minister1_party = BJP
}}

{{Cabinet table minister
| minister_state = Delhi
| title = Excise, Technical Education, Finance
| minister1 = Dr. [[Jagdish Mukhi]]
| minister1_termstart = 27 February 1996
| minister1_termend = 12 October 1998
| minister1_party = BJP
}}

{{Cabinet table minister
| minister_state = Delhi
| title = Civil supplies & environment
| minister1 = [[Purnima Sethi]]
| minister1_termstart = 27 February 1996
| minister1_termend = 12 October 1998
| minister1_party = BJP
}}

{{Cabinet table minister
| minister_state = Delhi
| title = Welfare, Labour, Tourism and Employment
| minister1 = [[Surendra Pal Ratawal]]
| minister1_termstart = 27 February 1996
| minister1_termend = 12 October 1998
| minister1_party = BJP
}}

{{Cabinet table minister
| minister_state = Delhi
| title = Minister of Development
| minister1 = [[Lal Bihari Tiwari]]
| minister1_termstart = 27 February 1996
| minister1_termend = 12 October 1998
| minister1_party = BJP
| minister1_notes = [2]
}}

{{Cabinet table end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Delhi Cabinets}}

[[Category:Indian ministries established in 1996|Verma]]
[[Category:1996 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Delhi cabinets]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party state ministries of Delhi|Verma]]
[[Category:Indian ministries disestablished in 1998|Verma]]
[[Category:1998 disestablishments in India]]

{{India-gov-stub}}

Samay Shah

2025-05-19T09:10:42Z

CrystleBreinl34: Redirect article

#REDIRECT [[Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah]]

India national korfball team

2025-04-26T04:57:22Z

CrystleBreinl34:

{{EngvarB|date=June 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox national korfball team
| Name =India
| Logo=
| Association=Korfball Federation of India (KFI)
| IKF membership=1980
| IKF code=IND {{flagicon|IND}}
| IKF rank= 23 (January 2023)
| World championships apps=6
| World championships first=1991
| World championships best=11th place, 1991, 1999
| World games apps=1
| World games first=1985
| World games best=6th place, 1985
| Asia-Oceania championships apps=5
| Asia-Oceania championships first=1992
| Asia-Oceania championships best=[[Image:Med 3.png]] 3rd place, 1992, 1998, 2002, 2006
| Continental name=Asia Championship
| Continental championships apps=1
| Continental championships first=2008
| Continental championships best=[[Image:Med 2.png]] 2nd place, 2008
|website=
}}
The '''India national korfball team''' is managed by the Korfball Federation of India (KFI), representing India in [[korfball]] international competitions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://korfball.sport/ikf-lift-suspension-of-the-korfball-federation-of-india/|title= International Korfball Federation has decided to lift the suspension of the Korfball Federation of India (KFI)|access-date=9 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/rampurs-yamini-in-indian-korfball-team-for-world-cup-607518/|title=Rampur’s Yamini Dehloo in Indian korfball team for World Cup}}</ref>

India is the oldest korfball playing country in Asia. Since 1979, when the game was first introduced in India, korfball popularity has continued to rise and now the game is played in 27 states with each state having its own association to promote and organise events. Korfball is recognised by the Union Ministry for Youth Affairs and Sports, Government of India, and national championships in senior, junior and sub-junior categories and the inter-university and inter-school championships are held regularly.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://saachibaat.com/sports/indian-team-confident-of-podium-finish-in-ikf-asia-oceania-korfball-and-qualify-for-world-championship/|title=Indian team confident of podium finish in IKF Asia – Oceania Korfball and qualify for World championship|access-date=9 March 2023}}</ref>

== Tournament history ==
{| class="wikitable" style=font-size:90%
|- align=center style="background:#B0C4DE;"
|colspan=11 |'''[[Korfball World Championship|World Championships]]'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ikf.org/ikf/images/stories/IKFdocuments/world%20championship%20february%202011.pdf |title=The history of the IKF and the IKF World Championship |publisher=IKF |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130920151204/http://www.ikf.org/ikf/images/stories/IKFdocuments/world%20championship%20february%202011.pdf |archivedate=20 September 2013 }}</ref>
|- align=center bgcolor="#dddddd"
|width=50|'''Year'''
|width=200|'''Championship'''
|width=180|'''Host'''
|width=100|'''Classification'''
|width=30|M
|width=30|W
|width=30|D
|width=30|L
|width=30|GF
|width=30|GA
|width=30|GD
|- align=center
|1991
|[[1991 Korfball World Championship|4th World Championship]]
|{{flagicon|BEL}} Antwerp
|align="center" |11th place
|6||1||0||5||76||128||-52
|- align=center
|style="border: 3px solid red"|1995
|[[1995 Korfball World Championship|5th World Championship]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} New Delhi
|align="center" |12th place
|5||0||0||5||0||0||-0
|- align=center
|1999
|[[1999 Korfball World Championship|6th World Championship]]
|{{flagicon|AUS}} Adelaide
|align="center" |11th place
|5||1||0||4||0||0||-0
|- align=center
|2003
|[[2003 Korfball World Championship|7th World Championship]]
|{{flagicon|NED}} Rotterdam
|align="center" |14th place
|6||1||0||5*||0||0||-0
|- align=center
|2007
|[[2007 Korfball World Championship|8th World Championship]]
|{{flagicon|Czech Republic}} [[Brno]]
|align="center" |12th place
|7||2*||0||5||0||0||-0
|- align=center
|2011
|[[2011 Korfball World Championship|9th World Championship]]
|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Shaoxing]]
|align="center" |13th place
|7||3||0||4||0||0||-0
|-align=center
|2023
|[[2023 IKF World Korfball Championship|12th World Championship]]
|{{flagicon|Taiwan}} Taipei
|align="center" |19th place
|7||2||0||5||0||0||-0
|-
!Total||7/12||_||_||43||10||0||33||0||0||-0
|}
* One win and One Lose in Over Time.

{| class="wikitable" style=font-size:90%
|- align=center style="background:#B0C4DE;"
|colspan=4 |'''[[Korfball at the World Games|World Games]]'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ikf.org/ikf/images/stories/IKFdocuments/worldgameshistory%202011.pdf |title=The history of the IKF and the World Games |publisher=IKF |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130920151207/http://www.ikf.org/ikf/images/stories/IKFdocuments/worldgameshistory%202011.pdf |archivedate=20 September 2013 }}</ref>
|- align=center bgcolor="#dddddd"
|width=50|'''Year'''
|width=200|'''Championship'''
|width=180|'''Host'''
|width=100|'''Classification'''
|- align=center
|1985
|2nd World Games
|{{flagicon|GBR}} London
|align="center" |6th place
|}

{| class="wikitable" style=font-size:90%
|- align=center style="background:#B0C4DE;"
|colspan=4 |'''[[Asia-Oceania Korfball Championship|Asia-Oceania Championships]]'''
|- align=center bgcolor="#dddddd"
|width=50|'''Year'''
|width=200|'''Championship'''
|width=180|'''Host'''
|width=100|'''Classification'''
|- align=center
|style="border: 3px solid red"|1992
|2nd Asia-Oceania Championship
|{{flagicon|IND}} New Delhi
|bgcolor="#CC9966" align="center" |[[Image:Med 3.png]] 3rd place
|- align=center
|1998
|4th Asia-Oceania Championship
|{{flagicon|RSA}} [[Durban]]
|bgcolor="#CC9966" align="center" |[[Image:Med 3.png]] 3rd place
|- align=center
|style="border: 3px solid red"|2002
|5th Asia-Oceania Championship
|{{flagicon|IND}} New Delhi
|bgcolor="#CC9966" align="center" |[[Image:Med 3.png]] 3rd place
|- align=center
|2006
|[[2006 Asia-Oceania Korfball Championship|7th Asia-Oceania Championship]]
|{{flagicon|HKG}} Hong Kong
|bgcolor="#CC9966" align="center" |[[Image:Med 3.png]] 3rd place
|- align=center
|2010
|[[2010 Asia-Oceania Korfball Championship|8th Asia-Oceania Championship]]
|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Zhuzhou]]
|align="center" |5th place
|- align=center
|2023
|11h Asia-Oceania Championship
|{{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Pattaya]]
|align="center" |5th place
|}

{| class="wikitable" style=font-size:90%
|- align=center style="background:#B0C4DE;"
|colspan=4 |'''Asia Championships'''
|- align=center bgcolor="#dddddd"
|width=50|'''Year'''
|width=200|'''Championship'''
|width=180|'''Host'''
|width=100|'''Classification'''
|- align=center
|style="border: 3px solid red"|2008
|2nd Asian Championship
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Jaipur]]
|bgcolor="silver" align="center" |[[Image:Med 2.png]] 2nd place
|- align=center
|style="border: 3px solid red"|2024
|6th Asian Championship
|{{flagicon|HKG}} Hong Kong
|align="center" |6th place
|}

{| class="wikitable" style=font-size:90%
|- align=center style="background:#B0C4DE;"
|colspan=4 |'''Junior World Cup'''
|- align=center bgcolor="#dddddd"
|width=50|'''Year'''
|width=200|'''Championship'''
|width=180|'''Host'''
|width=100|'''Classification'''
|- align=center
|2009
|19th Junior World Cup Tournament
|{{flagicon|Netherlands}} Netherlands
|align="center" |7th place
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{National korfball teams}}
{{National sports teams of India}}

[[Category:National korfball teams]]
[[Category:National sports teams of India|Korfball]]
[[Category:Korfball in India|National team]]

K. Virupaxappa

2025-04-22T11:12:37Z

CrystleBreinl34:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|image = 
|imagesize = 150px |
| name = K. Virupakshappa
| caption =
| birth_date ={{Birth date and age|1942|3|6|df=y}}
| birth_place =[[Sindhanur]], [[Raichur District]], [[Karnataka]]
| residence =[[Sindhanur]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Member of parliament]]<br>[[Lok Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Koppal (Lok Sabha Constituency)|Koppal]]
| term_start = 2004
| term_end = 2009
| predecessor = [[H. G. Ramulu]]
| successor = [[Shivaramagouda Shivanagouda]]
| party =[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| religion =
| spouse = Kamalamma
| children = 1 daughter
| website =
| footnotes =
| date = 25 September |
| year = 2006 |
| source = https://sansad.in/ls/members/biographyM/4048?from=members
}}

'''K. Virupakshappa''' (born 6 March 1942) is a member of the [[14th Lok Sabha]] of India. He represents the [[Koppal (Lok Sabha Constituency)|Koppal]] constituency of [[Karnataka]] and is a member of the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) political party.

==Social And Cultural Activities==
Started many associations for the cause of social justice to uplift the poor and the backwards in [[Raichur District]]; associated with many schools and colleges including hostels for the poor boys and girls

==Positions held==
1960–1968 Municipal Councillor
1994-1999 Member, [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
1996 onwards Vice President, [[Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee]]
2004 Elected to 14th [[Lok Sabha]] & Member, Committee on [[Human Resource Development]]

==Some other positions==
* Director, Vice President and President, Primary Land Development Co-operative Bank, Sindhanur, 1968–72
* President, (i) VSSN, Co-operative Bank, 1975–83; (ii) APMC, 1993–94; and (iii) Sri Kanakadasa Seva Sangha 1978 onwards
* State President, Kurubar Society; 1995–98
* District President, Kurubar Society, 1990–95; Director, Land Development Co-operative Society, 1978–80; chairman, TBP CADA, Munirabad, 2004
* Secretary, POIV Technic College, Rampur, Raichur, 1988–90
* Builder and President, Sri Kanakadas Pre University College, Primary and High School, Sindhanur
* Builder, Backward Community Hostel and Sangha started in 1978
* Member, [[APMC]], 1968–78

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060529042729/http://164.100.24.208/ls/lsmember/homepage.asp?mpsno=4048 Home Page on the Parliament of India's Website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Virupaxappa, K.}}
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:India MPs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:People from Raichur district]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Karnataka]]
[[Category:People from Koppal district]]

{{Karnataka-INC-politician-stub}}

Digital television transition in India

2025-03-29T17:11:03Z

CrystleBreinl34: cleanup citations after review and fixed typos

{{short description|Transition to the digital-terrestrial television in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{update|date=March 2018}}
'''[[Digital television transition]] in India''' began in 2010.

== History ==

=== Digital satellite and cable TV ===
The Television Networks (Regulation) Amendment Act, 2011 has made [[Satellite television|digital satellite]] and [[Digital cable|cable television]] transition mandatory in four phases. It was implemented after multiple extensions of analogue switch-off dates. The broadcasters, Multi System Operators (MSOs), and Local Cable Operators (LCOs) were ordered by the [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]] to end analogue transmission completely on 31 March 2017.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/cut-off-date-for-phase-iv-of-cable-tv-digitisation-extended-1641105|title=Cut-Off Date For Phase IV of Cable TV Digitisation Extended|website=NDTV.com|access-date=2019-03-30}}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Full transition to digital cable TV in 2016 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/full-transition-to-digital-cable-tv-in-2016/article7683978.ece |work=[[Business Line]]|location=Chennai |date=24 September 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Gupta|first1=Swastik|last2=Tiwari|first2=Mradul|last3=Deep|first3=Abhay|last4=Gupta|first4=Alka|last5=Garg|first5=Himanshu|last6=Yadav|first6=Alok Kumar|title=2015 IEEE International Conference on Electrical, Computer and Communication Technologies (ICECCT) |chapter=Transition from analog to digital television a much awaited change in India |date=March 2015|location=Coimbatore, India|publisher=IEEE|pages=1–5|doi=10.1109/ICECCT.2015.7226180|isbn=978-1-4799-6084-2|s2cid=17904728}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+Phased implementation<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320189156 |last1=Kapoor |first1=Arun |last2=Mittal |first2=Amit |last3=Sharma |first3=Sandhir |last4=Dhiman |first4=Rahul |date=2017-10-03 |pages=361–379 |title=Evolution from Analogue to Digital Television in India: An Update of Stakeholders' Subscription Revenues and Challenges |volume=15 |journal=International Journal of Applied Business and Economic Research |via=[[ResearchGate]]}}</ref>
!Phase
!Area
!Regulatory direction for Analogue Switch-off
!Actual Implementation Date
|-
|I
|4 metros – Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai
|30 June 2012
|31 October 2012 (Delhi and Mumbai); 15 February 2013 (Kolkata); 17 August 2017 (Chennai)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/cable-tv/multi-system-operators/mib-asks-arasu-give-proof-of-analogue-switch-off-170926|title=MIB asks Arasu: Give proof of analogue switch-off|date=2017-09-26|website=Indian Television Dot Com|access-date=2019-03-30}}</ref>
|-
|II
|38 cities with a population of more than 1 million
|31 March 2013
|1 January 2014
|-
|III
|All other urban areas across India with a municipality
|30 September 2014
|31 January 2017<ref name="PMA">{{Cite web|url=https://www.publicmediaalliance.org/no-extension-analogue-tv-india/|title=No extension for analogue TV signal in India|date=2017-02-21|website=Public Media Alliance|access-date=2019-03-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.india.com/news/india/centre-warns-cable-operators-to-switch-off-analog-signals-in-phase-iii-urban-areas-or-face-seizure-of-equipment-1782382/|title=Centre warns cable operators to switch off analogue signals in Phase III urban areas or face seizure of equipment|last=ANI|date=2017-01-25|website=India.com|access-date=2019-03-30}}</ref>
|-
|IV
|Rest of India
|31 December 2014
|31 March 2017<ref name=":0" />
|}

=== Digital terrestrial TV ===
The [[Telecom Regulatory Authority of India]] had set the deadlines for the completion of the transition to [[Digital terrestrial television|digital-terrestrial TV]] Phase I (Metro cities) by 31 December 2019, Phase II (cities having a population of more than one million) by 31 December 2021, and Phase III (the rest of India) by 31 December 2023.

== See also ==
* [[Digital television transition]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Digital television by country|India]]
[[Category:Science and technology in India]]
[[Category:Television in India]]

{{India-tv-stub}}
{{Tv-tech-stub}}

State Highway 11 (Madhya Pradesh)

2024-08-25T19:56:14Z

CrystleBreinl34: Created Some Details W/ Infobox

{{Short description|State highway in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Infobox road
| country = IND
| state = Madhya Pradesh
| type = SH
| route = 11
| maint =
| length_km =
| direction_a = North
| terminus_a = [[Chitrakoot, Madhya Pradesh|Chitrakoot]] ([[Uttar Pradesh|UP]] border)
| junction = Majhgawa, Kothi, Satna, Uchehara, Maihar, Bhadanpur, Badera, Barhi, Khitoli, Parasi, Umaria, Shahpura, Kathotya
| direction_b =South
| terminus_b = Chabi
}}

'''Madhya Pradesh State Highway 11''' (MP SH 11)<ref>{{cite web |title=Map of Road |url=http://mprdc.gov.in/map.pdf |website=mprdc.gov.in |publisher=MPRDC |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref> is a State Highway running from [[Chitrakoot, Madhya Pradesh|Chitrakoot]] town near ([[Uttar Pradesh|UP]] border) via Majhgawa, Kothi, [[Satna]], Uchehara, [[Maihar]], Bhadanpur, Badera, Barhi, Khitoli, Parasi, [[Umaria]], Shahpura, Kathotya till Chabi town in [[Mandla district]].

It is an important highway which connects important towns of Eastern Madhya Pradesh.

==See also==
*[[List of state highways in Madhya Pradesh]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:State highways in Madhya Pradesh]]

Madari Pasi

2024-08-17T02:02:52Z

CrystleBreinl34: small changes

{{short description|Indian militant peasant movement leader}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| image =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Hardoi, Uttar Pradesh]], India
| caption =
}}
'''Madari Pasi''' was a leader of the Indian peasant movement [[Eka Movement]].<ref name="Sarkar1989">{{cite book|first=Sumit|last=Sarkar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kOawCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA224|title=Modern India 1885–1947|date=24 January 1989|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|isbn=978-1-349-19712-5|pages=224–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RAON5AW4yUEC&pg=PA238|title=A Comprehensive History of India|date=1 December 2003|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|isbn=978-81-207-2506-5|pages=238–}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=मदारी पासी उर्फ एक सदी पूर्व की किसान-गाथा|url=https://www.amarujala.com/columns/opinion/madari-pasi-saga-of-a-century-ago|access-date=2020-09-01|website=Amar Ujala|language=hi}}</ref>

==History==
[[Eka Movement]] had been an offshoot of [[Indian National Congress]], associated with [[Non-cooperation movement (1919–22)|Non-Cooperation Movement]](NCM). But when the Congress was busy in the nationwide Non Cooperation Movement, it somewhat neglected the ongoing Eka Movement. It was this time when Madari Pasi established himself as a charismatic grassroot leader among the kisans involved in the Eka Movement. He united the kisans and petty zamindars from all religions and castes. He pushed the movement in to a violent route. He violently assaulted zamindars, karindas, taluqdars and thikadars and even imprisoned them in their own homes. He began to distribute landowning rights to tenants and petty landholders. His name was associated with dread.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Eka Movement, Bookstawa YouTube Channel|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rAFLesmFdVQ|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=YouTube}}</ref> Sitapur, Barbanki and Hardoi districts of UP saw aggressive peasant movement called Eka movement, led by Madari Pasi and British Government suppressed the movement within a year but failed to arrest the leader Madari Pasi.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chopra |first1=P N |title=A comprehensive history of modern India |date=2003 |publisher=Sterling |location=New Delhi |isbn=9788120725065 |page=238 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RAON5AW4yUEC&dq=%22Madari+Pasi%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA238 |access-date=5 April 2023}}</ref>

[[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhi]] with his NCM-[[Khilafat Movement]], after hearing about the violent activities of the Eka Movement members, disassociated himself from the Eka Movement. After losing the support of Congress, it became much easier for the British colonial authorities to suppress it. By 1922 the movement was completely suppressed. After the crackdown by the colonial authorities, the movement went underground. He tried to associate the peasants with [[Hindustan Socialist Republican Association]]. Even though there is a confusion, it is generally believed that Madari Pasi died on 27 or 28 March in 1931 while underground.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Remembering Madari Pasi: The Uncelebrated Peasant Leader of the Eka Movement|url=https://thewire.in/history/madari-pasi-peasant-leader-eka-movement-british-colonial-rule|access-date=2020-09-26|website=The Wire}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Pasi (caste)|Pasi caste]]
*[[Bijli Pasi]]
*[[Uda Devi]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pasi, Madari}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Caste system in India]]
[[Category:People from Hardoi district]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]

{{India-activist-stub}}

Baradi, Maharashtra

2024-07-08T18:45:40Z

CrystleBreinl34: Stub...

{{short description|Village in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Baradi
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|20.1199843|N|72.8101887|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Palghar district|Palghar]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluka]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Talasari]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Panchayat]]
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m = 49
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 3418
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 551560
| footnotes =
}}
'''Baradi''' is a village in the [[Palghar district]] of [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. It is located in the [[Talasari]] [[taluka]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Maharashtra.pdf |title=Maharashtra villages |publisher=Land Records Information Systems Division, NIC |accessdate=2015-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095320/http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

== Demographics ==

According to the [[2011 census of India]], Baradi has 697 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 53.78%.<ref name="census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)<ref name="census_2011">{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-2721-F-Census.xlsx |title=District census data |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations |accessdate=2015-08-17 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002001310/http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-2721-F-Census.xlsx |archivedate=2015-10-02 }}</ref>
! !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Population || 3418 || 1666 || 1752
|-
| Children aged below 6 years || 564 || 282 || 282
|-
| [[Scheduled caste]] || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| [[Scheduled tribe]] || 3386 || 1647 || 1739
|-
| Literates || 1535 || 897 || 638
|-
| Workers (all) || 1611 || 893 || 718
|-
| Main workers (total) || 907 || 607 || 300
|-
| Main workers: Cultivators || 325 || 220 || 105
|-
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers || 348 || 244 || 104
|-
| Main workers: Household industry workers || 2 || 2 || 0
|-
| Main workers: Other || 232 || 141 || 91
|-
| Marginal workers (total) || 704 || 286 || 418
|-
| Marginal workers: Cultivators || 34 || 13 || 21
|-
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers || 607 || 239 || 368
|-
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers || 4 || 1 || 3
|-
| Marginal workers: Others || 59 || 33 || 26
|-
| Non-workers || 1807 || 773 || 1034
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Talasari taluka}}

[[Category:Villages in Talasari taluka]]

Poha (rice)

2024-05-29T00:20:00Z

CrystleBreinl34: redirect created

#REDIRECT [[Flattened rice]]

{{R from merge}}
{{R from other name}}

[[Category:Indian rice dishes]]
[[Category:Indian snack foods]]
[[Category:Maharashtrian cuisine]]
[[Category:Newari cuisine]]