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Balakumar Balachandran

2023-10-05T08:05:58Z

CrystleA12: -- Draft creation using the BP:Article wizard --

{{Short description|Indian-American applied mathematician}}

{{Hatnote|<nowiki>Use only if necessary. {{For}} and {{About}} are also templates you can use for this purpose.</nowiki>}}{{Infobox scientist
| image = [[File:BBalachandran.jpg|thumb]]
| birth_date = February 4, 1963
| birth_place = Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India
| citizenship = U.S.
| alma_mater = Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech)
| known_for = Nonlinear dynamics, vibrations, and data-driven approaches
| awards = J.P. Den Hartog Award, Lyapunov Award, and Melville Award from the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Robert H. Scanlan Medal from the American Society of Civil Engineers, Pendray Literature Award from the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
}}
'''Balakumar "Bala" Balachandran''' is an Indian-American [[mechanician]] and [[Applied mathematics|applied mathematician]] recognized for his contributions to the fields of [[nonlinear dynamics]], experimental methodologies, and data-driven approaches. He is a Minta Martin Professor and Distinguished University Professor at the [[University of Maryland, College Park]], where he serves as Chair of the Department of Mechanical Engineering.

Balachandran has been recognized with the J.P. Den Hartog Award<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=J.P. Den Hartog Award |url=https://www.asme.org/About-ASME/Honors-Awards/Achievement-Awards/J-P-Den-Hartog-Award |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=www.asme.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> and the Lyapunov Award<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lyapunov Award |url=https://www.asme.org/About-ASME/Honors-Awards/Unit-Awards/Lyapunov-Award |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=www.asme.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Balachandran Honored with ASME's Den Hartog, Lyapunov Awards |url=https://enme.umd.edu/news/story/balachandran-honored-with-asmersquos-den-hartog-lyapunov-awards |access-date=2023-07-08 |website=enme.umd.edu |language=en}}</ref> from the [[American Society of Mechanical Engineers]] for his lifetime contributions to these fields, and has published 3 books<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Nayfeh |first1=Ali H. |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9783527617548 |title=Applied Nonlinear Dynamics: Analytical, Computational, and Experimental Methods |last2=Balachandran |first2=Balakumar |date=1995-03-29 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-0-471-59348-5 |edition=1 |language=en |doi=10.1002/9783527617548}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Balachandran |first1=Balakumar |url=https://www.cambridge.org/highereducation/books/vibrations/D77B34F1320BDC1EAE74CCF5117E77C6#contents |title=Vibrations |last2=Magrab |first2=Edward B. |date=2018-11-01 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-61583-9 |edition=3 |doi=10.1017/9781108615839|s2cid=239788783 }}</ref> on vibrations and nonlinear dynamics.

== Education and career ==
Bala Balachandran was born in the city of [[Nellore]] in Andhra Pradesh, India on February 4, 1963. He received his B.Tech. degree in Naval Architecture from the [[IIT Madras|Indian Institute of Technology, Madras]], India, in 1985, and his M.S. in Aerospace Engineering from the [[Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University]] (now Virginia Tech) in 1986. He completed his Ph.D. in Engineering Mechanics from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in 1990 under the guidance of [[Ali H. Nayfeh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Balakumar Balachandran - The Mathematics Genealogy Project |url=https://www.genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=182775 |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=www.genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu}}</ref> In 1993 he became an Assistant Professor of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Maryland, where he received tenure in 1998 and was promoted to Full Professor in 2003. After serving as Associate Chair and Director of Graduate Studies from 2006 to 2010,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bala Balachandran {{!}} Global Maryland, University of Maryland |url=https://globalmaryland.umd.edu/content/bala-balachandran |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=globalmaryland.umd.edu}}</ref> and as Acting Chair from 2010-2011,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Balakumar Balachandran Accepts Acting Chair Position |url=https://enme.umd.edu/news/story/balakumar-balachandran-accepts-acting-chair-position |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=enme.umd.edu |language=en}}</ref> he became Chair<ref>{{Cite web |title=Balachandran Named Chair of Mechanical Engineering |url=https://enme.umd.edu/news/story/balachandran-named-chair-of-mechanical-engineering |access-date=2023-07-08 |website=enme.umd.edu |language=en}}</ref> of the department in 2011. He was named a Minta Martin Professor<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Minta Martin Professors Named |url=https://enme.umd.edu/news/story/new-minta-martin-professors-named |access-date=2023-07-08 |website=enme.umd.edu |language=en}}</ref> in 2012 and Distinguished University Professor<ref>{{Cite web |title=Balachandran Named Distinguished University Professor |url=https://enme.umd.edu/news/story/balachandran-named-distinguished-university-professor |access-date=2023-07-08 |website=enme.umd.edu |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-11 |title=Convocation 2022 Awardees |url=https://umd.edu/convocation-2022-awardees |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=umd.edu |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Distinguished University Professors {{!}} The Office of Faculty Affairs |url=https://faculty.umd.edu/distinguished-university-professors |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=faculty.umd.edu}}</ref> in 2022.

== Research ==
Balachandran's research spans the fields of [[applied mathematics]], [[applied physics]], [[mechanics]], [[Dynamics (mechanics)|dynamics]], [[Control system|control]], and [[system identification]], with an emphasis on the analysis and application of nonlinear phenomena and nonlinear dynamics in diverse systems ranging from rotating machinery, vehicle systems, and space structures to disease dynamics.

== Awards ==
Balachandran's contributions have been recognized with honors including the 2023 Pendray Literature Award<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pendray Aerospace Literature Award |url=https://www.aiaa.org/get-involved/honors-awards/awards/award/award-pendray-aerospace-literature-award |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=www |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=AIAA to Recognize Excellence in Aerospace Award Winners at the 2023 AIAA SciTech Forum |url=https://www.aiaa.org/news/news/2022/12/12/aiaa-to-recognize-excellence-in-aerospace-award-winners-at-the-2023-aiaa-scitech-forum |access-date=2023-07-09 |website=www.aiaa.org |language=en}}</ref> from the [[American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics]], the 2022 Robert H. Scanlan Medal<ref>{{Cite web |title=Balachandran honored with Robert H. Scanlan Medal |url=https://www.asce.org/publications-and-news/civil-engineering-source/article/2022/06/23/balachandran-honored-with-robert-h-scanlan-medal |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=www.asce.org |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Balachandran Receives Robert H. Scanlan Medal |url=https://enme.umd.edu/news/story/balachandran-receives-robert-h-scanlan-medal |access-date=2023-07-08 |website=enme.umd.edu |language=en}}</ref> from the [[American Society of Civil Engineers]], the 2021 J.P. Den Hartog Award<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> from the [[American Society of Mechanical Engineers]], and the 2021 Lyapunov Award<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lyapunov Award |url=https://www.asme.org/About-ASME/Honors-Awards/Unit-Awards/Lyapunov-Award |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=www.asme.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> from the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. He is also a recipient of the 2016 Melville Award<ref>{{Cite web |title=Balachandran honored with Robert H. Scanlan Medal |url=https://www.asce.org/publications-and-news/civil-engineering-source/article/2022/06/23/balachandran-honored-with-robert-h-scanlan-medal |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=www.asce.org |language=en-US}}</ref> from the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, and the 2015 Hind Rattan Award bestowed by the [http://www.nriwelfaresocietyindia.com NRI Welfare Society of India].

He is a member of diverse professional societies including the [[American Society of Mechanical Engineers]], the [[American Society of Civil Engineers]], and the [[American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics]], the [[Royal Aeronautical Society]], and the International Society for Nonlinear Dynamics. He is a Fellow of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, and the Royal Aeronautical Society of the United Kingdom

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://enme.umd.edu/clark/faculty/508/Balakumar-Balachandran Balakumar Balachandran's University of Maryland homepage]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Balachandran, Balakumar}}
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Jainandan Prasad Yadav

2023-10-04T13:44:52Z

CrystleA12: Exanding article

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Jainandan Prasad Yadav
| image = [[File:Former MLA Sursand Jainandan Prasad Yadav.jpg|thumb|Former MLA Sursand Jainandan Prasad Yadav]]
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[:hi:सरदलपट्टी|Sardalpatti]], [[Sitamarhi district| Sitamarhi]], [[Bihar]]
| nationality = [[India]]n
| other_names =
| occupation = [[Politician]]<br />[[Social work|Social Worker]]
| parents = [[Ram Charitra Rai Yadav|Ramcharitra Rai Yadav]] (Father)
| children = Vikash Kumar, Avinash Kumar, Nishu Kumari and Neelu Kumari.
| relatives = '''Brothers''' : Dr Chandeshwar Pd. Yadav and Suresh Kumar<br /> '''Nephews''' : Prabhat Kumar, Prakash Kumar, Nishant Kumar, Chandan Kumar, Jyoti Kumari and Prince Kumar
| alma_mater =
| office = Member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Sursand Assembly constituency|Sursand, Sitamarhi, Bihar]]
| term_start = 2000
| term_end = February 2005
| predecessor = Nagendra Prasad Yadav
| successor = Self
| constituency1 = [[Sursand Assembly constituency|Sursand, Sitamarhi, Bihar]]
| term_start1 = February 2005
| term_end1 = October 2005
| predecessor1 = Self
| successor1 = Self
| term_start2 = October 2005
| term_end2 = 2010
| predecessor2 = Self
| successor2 = [[Shahid Ali Khan (politician)|Shahid Ali Khan]]
| party = [[Janata Dal (United)|Janata Dal (United) (JDU)]]
|otherparty = [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|Rashtriya Janata Dal (RJD)]]
}}

'''Jainandan Prasad Yadav''' is an Indian politician, and Social Worker. He served as a member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]], representing the [[Sursand Assembly constituency|Sursand]] constituency in [[Sitamarhi district]], [[Bihar]]. He held this position from 2000 to 2010. He is the son of late Veteran Socialist leader, Former Member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] and Freedom Fighter, [[Ram Charitra Rai Yadav|Ramcharitrarai Yadav]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical%20Report/2000.pdf|title=General election, 2000 to the legislative assembly of Bihar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230508110648/https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical%20Report/2000.pdf |archive-date=8 May 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Election%20Result/winner_runnerup.pdf|title=List of Winning and Runner-up Candidates, Bihar Assembly Election, 2005 (Oct-Nov)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016130650/https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Election%20Result/winner_runnerup.pdf|archive-date=16 October 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in//pdf/ex%20mla/12.pdf|title=बारहवीं बिहार विधान सभा में निर्वाचित माननीय सदस्यों की सूची|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902122943/https://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in//pdf/ex%20mla/12.pdf|archive-date=2 September 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in//pdf/ex%20mla/13.pdf|title=तेरहवां बिहार विधान सभा में निर्वाचित माननीय सदस्यों की सूची|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802193556/https://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/ex%20mla/13.pdf|archive-date=2 August 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in//pdf/ex%20mla/14.pdf|title=चौदहवां बिहार विधान सभा में निर्वाचित माननीय सदस्यों की सूची|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802181807/https://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/ex%20mla/14.pdf|archive-date=2 August 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/sursand.html?utm_source=from_actrack|title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Sursand Assembly Constituency|website=www.elections.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/assemblypolls/bihar/sursand.html|title=List of Winning MLA's from Sursand Till Date|website=www.mapsofindia.com}}</ref>

==Political and Personal life==
Yadav was elected in 2000 after his father's demise on the [[Janata Dal (United)]] ticket and later on twice on the ticket of [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|Rashtriya Janata Dal (RJD)]] from the [[Sursand Assembly constituency|Sursand]] constituency, [[Sitamarhi district| Sitamarhi]], [[Bihar]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{India-politician-stub}}
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2000–2005]]
[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]
[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]
[[Category:People from Sitamarhi district]]

Grandparent

2023-08-18T08:25:33Z

CrystleA12: Parent of one's parents

{{Short description|Parent of one's parents}}
{{Redirect-several|dab=off|Grandfather (disambiguation)|Grandmother (disambiguation)|Grandma (disambiguation)|Grandpa (disambiguation)|Granddad (disambiguation)|Gramps (disambiguation){{!}}Gramps or Gramp|El abuelo (disambiguation){{!}}Abuelo|Abuela (disambiguation){{!}}Abuela|Grandaddy}}
[[File:The Favorite by Georgios Iakovidis.jpg| thumb| ''The Favorite'' – Grandfather and Grandson, by [[Georgios Jakobides]] (1890)]]

'''Grandparents''', individually known as '''grandmother''' and '''grandfather''', are the [[parent]]s of a person's [[father]] or [[mother]] – [[paternal]] or [[maternal]]. Every sexually-reproducing living organism who is not a [[genetic chimera]] has a maximum of four [[genetics|genetic]] grandparents, eight genetic great-grandparents, sixteen genetic great-great-grandparents, thirty-two genetic great-great-great-grandparents, sixty-four genetic great-great-great-great grandparents, etc. In the history of modern humanity, around 30,000 years ago, the number of modern humans who lived to be a grandparent increased.{{Citation needed|date=June 2014}} It is not known for certain what spurred this increase in longevity,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/alex-zhavoronkov/13-reasons-why-we-will-li_b_3519357.html|title=13 Reasons Why We Will Live Longer Than Our Parents|last=Zhavoronkov|first=Alex|date=2013-07-02|website=Huffington Post|language=en-US|access-date=2018-08-23}}</ref> but it is generally believed that a key consequence of three [[generation]]s being alive together was the preservation of information which could otherwise have been lost; an example of this important information might have been where to find [[water]] in times of drought.<ref>{{cite web|last=Wong |first=Kate |url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=the-mysterious-downfall&page=4 |title=The Mysterious Downfall of the Neandertals |publisher=Scientific American |access-date=2013-03-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Caspari | first1 = R. | doi = 10.1038/scientificamericanhuman1112-38 | title = The Evolution of Grandparents | journal = Scientific American | volume = 22 | pages = 38–43 | year = 2012 | issue = 2 | pmid = 21827124}}</ref>

In cases where parents are unwilling or unable to provide adequate care for their children (e.g., financial obstacles, marriage problems, illness or death<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-human-experience/201510/8-reasons-parents-fail-love-their-kids|title=8 Reasons Parents Fail to Love Their Kids|website=Psychology Today|language=en-US|access-date=2018-08-23}}</ref>), grandparents often take on the role of [[Primary caregiver|primary caregivers]]. Even when this is not the case, and particularly in [[traditional cultures]], grandparents often have a direct and clear role in relation to the [[Childrearing|raising, care and nurture of children]]. Grandparents are [[Second-degree relative|second-degree relatives]] to their grandchildren and share 25% genetic overlap.

A step-grandparent can be the step-parent of the parent or the step-parent's parent or the step-parent's step-parent (though technically this might be called a step-step-grandparent). The various words for grandparents at times may also be used to refer to any elderly person, especially the terms ''gramps'', ''granny'', ''grandfather'', ''granddad'', ''grandmother'', ''nan'', ''maw-maw'', ''paw-paw'' (and others which families make up themselves).

==Titles==
[[File:Face detail, Manzanar Relocation Center, Manzanar, California. Grandfather and grandson of Japanese ancestry at . . . - NARA - 537994 (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|A grandfather holding his grandson.]]

When used as a noun (e.g., "... a grandparent walked by"), grandfather and grandmother are usually used, although forms such as grandma/grandpa, granny/granddaddy or even nan/pop are sometimes used. When preceded by "my ..." (e.g., "... my grandpa walked by"), all forms are common (anywhere from "... my grandfather ..." to "... my Gramps ..."). All forms can be used in plural, but Gramps ([[plural]] Gramps) is rare.

In writing, ''Grandfather'' and ''Grandmother'' are most common, but very rare as a form of address. In speech, ''Grandpa'' and ''Grandma'' are commonly used in the [[United States]], [[Canada]], and [[Australia]]. In [[United Kingdom|Britain]], [[Ireland]], [[United States]], [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]] and, particularly prevalent in the Canadian province of [[Newfoundland and Labrador]], ''Nan'', ''Nana'', ''Nanna'', ''Nanny'', ''Gran'' and ''Granny'' and other variations are often used for grandmother in both writing and speech.

In [[Bangladesh]], [[Pakistan]], and many parts of [[India]], maternal grandparents are called ''Nana'' and ''Nani''. Similarly, paternal grandparents are called ''Dada'' and ''Dadi''. One's parents' maternal grandparents are called ''Par-nani'' and ''Par-nana''. On similar lines, parents' paternal grandparents are called ''Par-dadi'' and ''Par-dada.''

[[File:A grandmother takes nutrition classes (6765977597).jpg|thumb|A grandmother taking a nutrition class with her grandson.]]

Numerous other variants exist, such as ''Granny'', for grandmother. ''Gogo'' may be used for either. 

Given that people may have two living sets of grandparents, some confusion arises from calling two people "grandma" or "grandpa", so often two of the other terms listed above are used for one set of grandparents. Another common solution is to call grandparents by their first names ("Grandpa George", "Grandma Anne", etc.) or by their family names ("Grandpa Jones", "Grandma Smith"). In North America, many families call one set of grandparents by their ethnic names (e.g., [[Hispanic]] grandparents might be called ''abuelo'' and ''abuela'' or "abuelito" and "abuelita", [[French people|French]] grandparents might be called ''papi'' and ''mamie'', [[Italian people|Italian]] grandparents might be called ''nonno'' and ''nonna'', or [[Dutch people|Dutch]] and [[German people|German]] grandparents might be called ''Opa'' and ''Oma''. In [[Flanders]] pepee or petje and memee or metje are most used). In [[Friesland]], a common pair is pake and beppe. [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]]-speaking [[Chinese people|Chinese]] people refer to maternal grandparents as ''wài pó'' (外婆, mother's mother) and ''wài gōng'' (外公, mother's father) and paternal grandparents as ''nǎi nai'' (奶奶, father's mother) and ''yé yé'' (爷爷, father's father). In the [[Philippines]], grandparents are called ''lolo'' (grandfather) and ''lola'' (grandmother).

Languages and cultures with more specific [[kinship terminology]] than English may distinguish between paternal grandparents and maternal grandparents. For example, in the [[Swedish language]] there is no single word for "grandmother"; the mother's mother is termed ''mormor'' and the father's mother is termed ''farmor''.<ref>{{citation |title=Child language, an international perspective: selected papers from the First International Congress for the Study of Child Language |volume=1 |editor-first=Philip S. |editor-last=Dale |editor-link=Philip S. Dale |editor2-first=David |editor2-last=Ingram |publisher=[[University Park Press]] |year=1981 |location=[[Baltimore, Maryland|Baltimore]], [[Maryland]] |page=[https://archive.org/details/childlanguageint0000inte/page/275 275] |oclc=6863252 |isbn=978-0-8391-1608-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/childlanguageint0000inte/page/275 }}</ref> However, the other [[Scandinavian languages]], [[Danish language|Danish]] and [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]], use words which specifies the kinship like in Swedish (identically spelled among all three languages), as well as using common terms similar to grandmother (Danish: bedstemor, Norwegian: bestemor).

==Great-grandparents and beyond==

[[File:Babur Seeks His Grandmothers Advice.jpg|thumb|[[Timurid dynasty|Timurid]] conqueror [[Babur]] seeks the advice of his grandmother.]]

The parents of a grandparent, or the grandparents of a parent, are called the same names as grandparents (grandfather/-mother, grandpa/-ma, granddad/-ma, etc.) with the prefix ''great-'' added, with an additional ''great-'' added for each additional generation. One's great-grandparent's parents would be "great-great-grandparents".

To avoid a proliferation of "greats" when discussing genealogical trees, one may also use [[Ordinal number (linguistics)|ordinals]] instead of multiple "greats"; thus a "great-great-grandfather" would be the "second great-grandfather", and a "great-great-great-grandfather" would be a third great-grandfather, and so on. This system is used by some genealogical websites such as [[Geni.com|Geni]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geni.com |title=Family Tree & Family History at |publisher=Geni.com |access-date=2013-03-24}}</ref> One may also use [[Cardinal number (linguistics)|cardinal numbers]] for numbering greats, for example, great-great-great-grandmother becomes 3×-great-grandmother.

Individuals who share the same great-grandparents but are not siblings or [[Cousin#First cousins|first cousins]] are "second cousins" to each other, as second cousins have grandparents who are siblings. Similarly, "third cousins" would have great-grandparents who are siblings, and "fourth cousins" would have great-great-grandparents who are siblings.

==Etymology==
[[File:Nowruz 2017 in Bisaran, Kurdistan province.jpg|thumb|[[Kurds|Kurdish]] family in [[Bisaran]], [[Iran]]]]

The use of the prefix "grand-" dates from the early 13th century, from the [[Anglo-Norman language|Anglo-French]] ''graund''. The term was used as a translation of [[Latin]] ''magnus''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=ealdef%E6der&searchmode=none |title=Online Etymology Dictionary |publisher=Etymonline.com |access-date=2013-03-24}}</ref> The prefix {{nowrap|"great-"}} represents a direct translation of Anglo-French ''graund'' and Latin ''magnus'' to English.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=great |title=Online Etymology Dictionary |publisher=Etymonline.com |date=1957-10-01 |access-date=2013-03-24}}</ref> In [[Old English]], the prefixes ''ealde-'' (old) and ''ieldra-'' (elder) were used (''ealdefæder''/''-mōdor'' and ''ieldrafæder''/''-mōdor''). A great-grandfather was called a ''þridda fæder'' (third father), a great-great-grandfather a ''fēowerða fæder'' (fourth father), etc.

===Variation===
* maternal grandmother- mother's mother.
* maternal grandfather- mother's father.
* paternal grandmother- father's mother.
* paternal grandfather- father's father.

== Involvement in childcare ==
[[File:GrandfatherAndScooter.JPG|thumb|left|A grandfather teaching his granddaughter to use a [[kick scooter]]]]
[[File:Child pushing grandmother on plastic tricycle.jpg|thumb|A grandmother playing with her grandson]]

Grandparents are changing their roles in contemporary world,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://aifs.gov.au/cfca/publications/changing-role-grandparents|title=The changing role of grandparents|last=Ochiltree|first=Gay|date=2006-11-24|work=Child Family Community Australia|access-date=2018-08-23|language=en}}</ref> especially as they are becoming increasingly involved in childcare. According to a 2012 study based on 2010 census and survey data, around 10% of children in the U.S. live in a household including a grandparent.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2014/demo/p20-576.pdf|title=Coresident Grandparents and Their Grandchildren: 2012|last1=Ellis|first1=Renee|last2=Simmons|first2=Tavia|date=October 2014}}</ref> Of these, approximately a third live in a household consisting of two parents and a grandparent.<ref name=":0" /> Likewise, more than 40% of grandparents across 11 European countries care for their grandchildren in the absence of the parents.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.grandparentsplus.org.uk/Handlers/Download.ashx?IDMF=8d76d811-b0df-4d2e-ac5b-a3be0ada97e2|title=Grandparenting in Europe: Family policy and grandparents' role in providing childcare|last1=Glaser|first1=Karen|last2=Price|first2=Debora|date=March 2013|website=Grandparents Plus|last3=Montserrat|first3=Eloi Ribe|last4=di Gessa|first4=Giorgio|last5=Tinker|first5=Anthea}}</ref> In Britain, around 63% of grandparents care for their grandchildren who are under 16 years old.<ref name=":1" /> Grandparent involvement is also common in Eastern societies. For instance, 48% of grandparents in Hong Kong reported that they are taking care of their grandchildren.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.familycouncil.gov.hk/english/files/research/Family_Survey_2015_Final_Report.pdf|title=Family Survey 2015|date=November 2016|website=Family Council|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201030626/http://www.familycouncil.gov.hk/english/files/research/Family_Survey_2015_Final_Report.pdf|archive-date=2017-12-01|url-status=dead}}</ref> In China, around 58% of Chinese grandparents who are aged 45 or older are involved in childcare.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ko|first1=Pei-Chun|last2=Hank|first2=Karsten|date=2013|title=Grandparents caring for grandchildren in China and Korea: Findings from CHARLS and KLoSA|journal=The Journals of Gerontology: Series B|volume=69|issue=4|pages=646–651|doi=10.1093/geronb/gbt129|pmid=24378959|doi-access=free}}</ref> In Singapore, 40% of children from birth to three years old are cared by their grandparents and this percentage is still increasing.<ref name="Thang 548–570">{{Cite journal|last1=Thang|first1=Leng Leng|last2=Mehta|first2=Kalyani|last3=Usui|first3=Tsuneo|last4=Tsuruwaka|first4=Mari|date=2011-12-01|title=Being a Good Grandparent: Roles and Expectations in Intergenerational Relationships in Japan and Singapore|journal=Marriage & Family Review|volume=47|issue=8|pages=548–570|doi=10.1080/01494929.2011.619303|s2cid=144713830|issn=0149-4929}}</ref> In South Korea, 53% of children under the age of 6 years old are cared by their grandparents.<ref name="Kim 1–13">{{Cite journal|last=Kim|first=Hye Jin|date=2017-02-02|title=Grandparents providing care for grandchildren and employment status of grandparents in South Korea|journal=Journal of Women & Aging|volume=30|issue=1|pages=49–61|doi=10.1080/08952841.2016.1259443|issn=0895-2841|pmid=28151086|s2cid=41630754}}</ref> Therefore, grandparents taking care of their grandchildren has become a prevalent phenomenon around the world.

There are a few reasons why grandparent involvement is becoming more prevalent. First, life expectancy has increased while fertility rates have decreased. This means that more children are growing up while their grandparents are still alive and able to become involved in childcare.<ref name=":0" /> In addition, the reduced fertility rates mean that grandparents can devote more attention and resources to their only grandchildren.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Contemporary Grandparenting: Changing Family Relationships in Global Contexts|last1=Arber|first1=Sara|last2=Timonen|first2=Virpi|publisher=The Policy Press|year=2012|editor-last=Arber|editor-first=Sara|location=Great Britain|pages=247–264|chapter=Grandparenting in the 21st century: New directions|editor-last2=Timonen|editor-first2=Virpi}}</ref> Second, more mothers are involved in the workforce, and thus, other caregivers need to be present to care for the child.<ref name=":0" /> For instance, in Hong Kong, 55% of grandparents reported that they took care of their grandchild because his or her parents have to work.<ref name=":2" /> In South Korea, 53% of working mother reported that they once received child care services from their parents.<ref name="Kim 1–13"/> Third, the increasing number of single-parent families creates a need for grandparental support.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lam|first1=TianYuan|last2=Lam|first2=Chun Bun|last3=Chan|first3=Kevin Ka-Shing|date=2017|title=Grandparental involvement and young adults' cognitive and social adjustment: The moderating role of filial piety in Hong Kong|journal=Journal of Social and Personal Relationships|volume=35|issue=7|pages=999–1018|doi=10.1177/0265407517702011|s2cid=151387765}}</ref>

The degree of grandparent involvement also varies depending on the societal context, such as the social welfare policies. For example, in European countries such as Sweden and Denmark, where formal childcare is widely available, grandparents provide less intensive childcare.<ref name=":1" /> By contrast, in European countries such as Spain and Italy, where formal childcare is limited, and welfare payment is low, grandparents provide more intensive childcare.<ref name=":1" /> In Singapore, the grandparent caregiver tax relief was established in 2004, which enables working parents (Singapore citizens with children age 12 and below) whose children are being cared for by unemployed grandparents to receive income tax relief of 3,000 Singaporean dollars.<ref name="Thang 548–570"/>

===Types===
There are different types of grandparental involvement, including nonresident grandparents, co-resident grandparents, grandparent-maintained household, and custodial grandparents.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Dunifon|first=Rachel|date=2012|title=The influence of grandparents on the lives of children and adolescents|journal=Child Development Perspectives|volume=7|pages=55–60|doi=10.1111/cdep.12016}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Margaret|first=Platt Jendrek|date=1994|title=Grandparents who parent their grandchildren: circumstances and decisions|journal=The Gerontologist|volume=34|issue=2|pages=206–216|doi=10.1093/geront/34.2.206|pmid=8005493}}</ref>

* Nonresident grandparents: Grandparents who do not live with their grandchildren, but provide care for them,<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> such as picking them up from school.
* Co-resident grandparents: Grandparents who live with their grandchild, as well as their parents. This type of household is also known as three-generational households.<ref name=":3" /> According to a report that uses data from the 2010 Census, the American Community Survey (ACS), the Current Population Survey (CPS), and the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP), co-resident grandparents are more likely to be in poverty and suffer from an illness or disability.<ref name=":0" />
* Grandparent-maintained households: A grandparent who is in charge of the household. In this type of household, the parents may or may not be present.<ref name=":0" /> In the US, 33% of children who live in a grandparent-maintained household have only the grandparents present; this is comparable to another 30% who live with a grandmother and one or more parents.<ref name=":0" />
* Custodial grandparents: Grandparents who raise their grandchildren without the presence of the grandchildren's parents in the household. This type of involvement is especially common among ethnic minority groups.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kataoka-Yahiro|first1=Merle|last2=Ceria|first2=Clementina|last3=Caulfield|first3=Rick|date=2004|title=Grandparent caregiving role in ethnically diverse families|journal=Journal of Pediatric Nursing|volume=19|issue=5|pages=315–328|doi=10.1016/j.pedn.2004.05.010|pmid=15614256}}</ref> For instance, approximately 50% of custodial grandparents in the USA belong to an ethnic minority group.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bgsu.edu/content/dam/BGSU/college-of-arts-and-sciences/NCFMR/documents/FP/FP-14-12-grandparents-us.pdf|title=Grandparenthood in the U.S.: Residence Status of Grandparents|last1=Stykes|first1=Bart|last2=Manning|first2=Wendy D.|access-date=November 20, 2017|last3=Brown|first3=Susan L.}}</ref> In general, grandparents adopt the primary caregiving role for various reasons, such as when the parents have died, been imprisoned, been deployed by the military, or lost custody of their children due to neglect or abuse.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />

=== Impact ===
==== On grandchildren ====
Grandparents have different functions in child development. Not only do they provide instrumental support such as picking grandchildren up from school or feeding them, but they also offer emotional support.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|title=Routledge handbook of families in Asia|last1=Xu|first1=Ling|last2=Chi|first2=Iris|publisher=Routledge|year=2015|editor-last=Quah|editor-first=Stella R.|location=New York|pages=246–258|chapter=Ageing and grandparenting in Asia}}</ref> Furthermore, grandparents protect children from being impacted by negative circumstances, such as harsh parenting, poor economic status, and single-parent families.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last1=Barnett|first1=Melissa A.|last2=Scaramella|first2=Laura V.|last3=Neppl|first3=Tricia K.|last4=Ontai|first4=Lenna L.|last5=Conger|first5=Rand D.|date=2010|title=Grandmother involvement as a protective factor for early childhood social adjustment|journal=Journal of Family Psychology|volume=24|issue=5|pages=635–645|doi=10.1037/a0020829|pmc=2976599|pmid=20954774}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last1=Ruiz|first1=Sarah A.|last2=Silverstein|first2=Merril|date=2007|title=Relationships with grandparents and the emotional well-being of late adolescent and young adult grandchildren|journal=Journal of Social Issues|volume=63|issue=4|pages=793–808|doi=10.1111/j.1540-4560.2007.00537.x}}</ref> In addition to providing support, grandparents can also help grandchildren with their schoolwork or teach them values that are integral to their society.<ref name=":5" />

Grandparents can have a positive or negative impact on child development. On the one hand, previous research suggests that children and adolescents who have a close relationship with their grandparents tend to have better well-being, experience fewer emotional problems, and demonstrate fewer problematic behaviours.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /> They are also more academically engaged and are more likely to help others.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Yorgason|first1=Jeremy B|last2=Padilla-Walker|first2=Laura|last3=Jackson|first3=Jami|date=2011|title=Nonresidential grandparents' emotional and financial involvement in relation to early adolescent grandchild outcomes|journal=Journal of Research on Adolescence|volume=21|issue=3|pages=552–558|doi=10.1111/j.1532-7795.2010.00735.x}}</ref> On the other hand, there are also research studies indicating that grandparent involvement is associated with more hyperactivity and peer difficulties among young children.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last1=Fergusson|first1=Emma|last2=Maughan|first2=Barbara|last3=Golding|first3=Jean|date=2007|title=Which children receive grandparental care and what effect does it have?|journal=Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry|volume=49|issue=2|pages=161–169|doi=10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01840.x|pmid=17979960}}</ref> In other words, children who are cared for by their grandparents can have more interpersonal relationship problems.<ref name=":12" /> Also, children who are under the care of their grandparents have poorer health outcomes such as obesity, and more injuries due to low safety awareness.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Pulgaron|first1=Elizabeth R.|last2=Marchante|first2=Ashley N.|last3=Agosto|first3=Yaray|last4=Lebron|first4=Cynthia N.|last5=Delamater|first5=Alan M.|date=2016|title=Grandparent involvement and children's health outcomes: the current state of the literature|journal=Families, Systems and Health|volume=34|issue=3|pages=260–269|doi=10.1037/fsh0000212|pmid=27505069|pmc=5025375}}</ref>

==== On grandparents ====
[[File:Pedro II of Brazil and grandson and wife 1887.jpg|thumb|Emperor [[Pedro II of Brazil]] with his consort [[Teresa Cristina of the Two Sicilies|Teresa Cristina]] and their grandson [[Prince Pedro Augusto of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha|Prince Pedro Augusto]], 1887. The Emperor's favorite grandson, he was known as "the Preferred".<ref>{{Cite book|title=''O Príncipe Maldito''|last1=Del Priore|first1=Mary|date=2007|pages = 67–69|publisher=Objetiva|isbn=978-8573028676|edition=|location=Rio de Janeiro|oclc=}}</ref>]]
Since taking care of grandchildren could be a highly demanding job that requires constant energy and time devotion,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Winefield|first1=Helen|last2=Air|first2=Tracy|title=Grandparenting|journal=International Journal of Evidence-Based Healthcare|volume=8|issue=4|pages=277–283|doi=10.1111/j.1744-1609.2010.00187.x|year=2010|pmid=21140984}}</ref> grandparental involvement in child raising could have a negative impact on grandparents’ physical and emotional health. For example, taking care of grandchildren can reduce grandparents’ own time for self-care such as missing their medical appointments. Therefore, they are likely to have a higher chance to suffer from physical health issues.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Baker|first1=Lindsey A.|last2=Silverstein|first2=Merril|date=2008-09-08|title=Depressive Symptoms Among Grandparents Raising Grandchildren: The Impact of Participation in Multiple Roles|journal=Journal of Intergenerational Relationships|volume=6|issue=3|pages=285–304|doi=10.1080/15350770802157802|issn=1535-0770|pmid=19890447|pmc=2772115}}</ref> In the US, compared with those who do not take care of their grandchildren, grandparents who are involved in childcare are more likely to have poor physical conditions, such as heart disease, hypertension or body pain.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=Sunmin|last2=Colditz|first2=Graham|last3=Berkman|first3=Lisa|last4=Kawachi|first4=Ichiro|date=2003-11-01|title=Caregiving to Children and Grandchildren and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Women|journal=American Journal of Public Health|volume=93|issue=11|pages=1939–1944|doi=10.2105/ajph.93.11.1939|pmid=14600070|issn=0090-0036|pmc=1448080}}</ref> Besides physical health issues, grandparents are also likely to have emotional issues. To be more specific, raising young children again could be a stressful and overwhelming experience and thus results in different kinds of [[negative emotion]]s such as anxiety or depression.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Musil|first1=Carol|last2=Warner|first2=Camille|last3=Zauszniewski|first3=Jaclene|last4=Wykle|first4=May|last5=Standing|first5=Theresa|date=2008-11-19|title=Grandmother Caregiving, Family Stress and Strain, and Depressive Symptoms|journal=Western Journal of Nursing Research|language=en|volume=31|issue=3|pages=389–408|doi=10.1177/0193945908328262|pmid=19261805|pmc=2883890}}</ref> In addition to physical and emotional issues, grandparents who are involved in caring for their grandchildren can also suffer socially. For instance, grandparents will be forced to limit their social activities so as to care for their grandchildren. By doing so, grandparents become more isolated from their social relations.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ehrle|first1=Glenda M.|last2=Day|first2=H. D.|date=1994-02-01|title=Adjustment and family functioning of grandmothers rearing their grandchildren|journal=Contemporary Family Therapy|language=en|volume=16|issue=1|pages=67–82|doi=10.1007/bf02197603|s2cid=144923568|issn=0892-2764|doi-access=free}}</ref> Taking care of grandchildren also means more responsibilities, grandparents would fear for their grandchildren's future well-being because of their disability and death in the future.<ref name=":11"/> If grandparents cannot handle the caregiver role of their grandchildren well, this job can eventually become a burden or stressor and bring more severe physical health and emotional issues to grandparents.<ref name=":9"/>

However, there are also positive effects of being involved in grandchildren raising. Compared with grandparents who do not provide caregiving to their grandchildren, those who take care of their grandchildren with long hours are more likely to have better cognitive functions.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|last1=Arpino|first1=Bruno|last2=Bordone|first2=Valeria|date=2014-04-01|title=Does Grandparenting Pay Off? The Effect of Child Care on Grandparents' Cognitive Functioning|journal=Journal of Marriage and Family|language=en|volume=76|issue=2|pages=337–351|doi=10.1111/jomf.12096|issn=1741-3737}}</ref> To be more specific, taking care of grandchildren helps elder grandparents maintain their mental capacities in later life, they are also less likely to develop diseases such as dementia.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hauser|first1=Robert M.|last2=Weir|first2=David|date=2010-03-01|title=Recent developments in longitudinal studies of aging in the United States|journal=Demography|language=en|volume=47|issue=1|pages=S111–S130|doi=10.1353/dem.2010.0012|pmid=21302430|pmc=4677668|issn=0070-3370|citeseerx=10.1.1.639.1281}}</ref> Moreover, frequent interactions with their grandchildren could reduce the cognitive aging process, allowing grandparents a chance to live a more vibrant and active life.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":8" /> Grandparents also get benefits of physically exercising more during this process.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hughes|first1=Mary Elizabeth|last2=Waite|first2=Linda J.|last3=LaPierre|first3=Tracey A.|last4=Luo|first4=Ye|date=2007-03-01|title=All in the Family: The Impact of Caring for Grandchildren on Grandparents' Health|journal=The Journals of Gerontology: Series B|volume=62|issue=2|pages=S108–S119|doi=10.1093/geronb/62.2.s108|pmid=17379680|issn=1079-5014|pmc=2562755}}</ref>

Taking care of grandchildren can also have benefits on grandparents’ emotional health. As an example, many grandparents start to feel a sense of purpose and meaning in life again after their retirement; as another example, their ties with their adult children and grandchildren are also strengthened.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Xu|first1=Ling|last2=Tang|first2=Fengyan|last3=Li|first3=Lydia W.|last4=Dong|first4=Xin Qi|date=2017-07-01|title=Grandparent Caregiving and Psychological Well-Being Among Chinese American Older Adults—The Roles of Caregiving Burden and Pressure|journal=The Journals of Gerontology: Series A|volume=72|issue=suppl_1|pages=S56–S62|doi=10.1093/gerona/glw186|pmid=28575256|issn=1079-5006|doi-access=free}}</ref> Many grandparents also think of the caregiving experience as positive because it provides another chance for them to make up mistakes they made with their own children and give them more opportunities to educate their grandchildren and improve their parenting styles.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Crowther|first1=Martha R.|last2=Huang|first2=Chao-Hui (Sylvia)|last3=Allen|first3=Rebecca S.|date=2015-09-02|title=Rewards and unique challenges faced by African-American custodial grandmothers: the importance of future planning|journal=Aging & Mental Health|volume=19|issue=9|pages=844–852|doi=10.1080/13607863.2014.967175|issn=1360-7863|pmid=25345592|s2cid=45508861}}</ref>

=== Cultural comparisons ===
[[File:Grandmother and granddaughter＿taiwan.jpg|thumb|Grandmother and her granddaughter]]

Grandparental involvement differs between Western and Eastern cultures. Grandparents taking care of their grandchildren is a common phenomenon in China due to Chinese traditions which emphasize family harmony, collective well-being, intergenerational exchanges and filial responsibilities.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|last1=Zhou|first1=Jing|last2=Mao|first2=Weiyu|last3=Lee|first3=Yura|last4=Chi|first4=Iris|date=2016-01-04|title=The Impact of Caring for Grandchildren on Grandparents' Physical Health Outcomes: The Role of Intergenerational Support|journal=Research on Aging|language=en|volume=39|issue=5|pages=612–634|doi=10.1177/0164027515623332|pmid=26733495|s2cid=3501128|doi-access=free}}</ref> China's unique philosophies, [[Buddhism]] and [[Taoism]], play important roles in forming these cultural values. While Chinese Buddhism emphasizes prioritized role of the family in Chinese society and harmonious relations among family members,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lee|first1=Kin Cheung (George)|last2=Oh|first2=Alice|last3=Zhao|first3=Qianru|last4=Wu|first4=Fang-Yi|last5=Chen|first5=Shiyun|last6=Diaz|first6=Thomas|last7=Ong|first7=Chez Kuang|date=2017-07-03|title=Repentance in Chinese Buddhism: Implications for Mental Health Professionals|journal=Journal of Spirituality in Mental Health|volume=19|issue=3|pages=210–226|doi=10.1080/19349637.2016.1204258|s2cid=147858749|issn=1934-9637}}</ref> Taoism emphasizes the importance of harmony in interpersonal relations and relations between nature and the humans.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Chen|first1=Ellen Marie|last2=Center|first2=Philosophy Documentation|date=1969-08-01|title=Nothingness and the Mother Principle in Early Chinese Taoism|journal=International Philosophical Quarterly|volume=9|issue=3|pages=391–405|doi=10.5840/ipq19699332}}</ref> These philosophies underline the important role that families play in Chinese cultures. Besides cultural factors, grandparents taking care of their grandchildren also appears in the context in which their adult children need to work full-time, and the child care services are either too expensive (in big cities) or too scarce (in remote areas).<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10">{{Cite journal|last1=Cong|first1=Zhen|last2=Silverstein|first2=Merril|date=April 2012|title=Caring for grandchildren and intergenerational support in rural China: a gendered extended family perspective|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/ageing-and-society/article/caring-for-grandchildren-and-intergenerational-support-in-rural-china-a-gendered-extended-family-perspective/54884FB9B14DE4065FB82E9855DCC199|journal=Ageing & Society|volume=32|issue=3|pages=425–450|doi=10.1017/s0144686x11000420|s2cid=36069431 |issn=1469-1779}}</ref> Grandparents serving as their grandchildren's caregiver is particularly common in rural China. Due to the fast development of [[urbanization in China]] since the 1980s, up to 220 million migrant workers from rural areas move to urban areas to seek for more job opportunities, which leave around 58 million children behind in rural areas,<ref name=":10" /> grandparents, therefore, undertake the role of parents and become caregivers to their grandchildren. A new population named “left-behind grandparents”<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.cctv.com/2017/06/19/ARTIwcjdVnf3stqB4rpGm8qn170619.shtml|title=【吾老吾幼·大山深处的留守】留守祖母：大山深处的奉献与思念_新闻频道_央视网(cctv.com)|last=滕雪|website=news.cctv.com|access-date=2017-11-23}}</ref> appears in this context, these grandparents live in rural China, and their main job is to look after their grandchildren, most of these grandparents are facing financial burdens and wish their adult children could come back. The mental and physical health of “left-behind grandparents” needs more attention from the public.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.ifeng.com/a/20150325/43409767_0.shtml|title=留守奶奶去世多日无人知 1岁半孙女险饿死|website=news.ifeng.com|access-date=2017-11-23}}</ref> Even though in urban areas where child care services are available, nearly all grandparents still prefer to take care of their grandchildren voluntarily. Not only because this can reduce their adult children's financial burdens on child care services but also taking care of their own grandchildren is a more effective way to maintain family harmony.<ref name=":9" />

In the US, taking care of grandchildren is not a necessary responsibility of grandparents. Grandparents taking care of their grandchildren is often caused by involuntary events or crisis, and it is more like a solution to a problem, not an initiative desire, which is a distinct difference from that in China.<ref name=":11">{{Cite journal|last1=Hayslip|first1=Bert|last2=Kaminski|first2=Patricia L.|date=2005-04-01|title=Grandparents Raising Their Grandchildren: A Review of the Literature and Suggestions for Practice|journal=The Gerontologist|language=en|volume=45|issue=2|pages=262–269|doi=10.1093/geront/45.2.262|pmid=15799992|issn=0016-9013|doi-access=free}}</ref> For example, grandparents in the USA often take care of their grandchildren when their adult children get into troubles such as substance abuse, incarceration or parental death.<ref name=":11" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Minkler|first1=Meredith|last2=Driver|first2=Diane|last3=Roe|first3=Kathleen M.|last4=Bedeian|first4=Katherine|date=1993-12-01|title=Community Interventions To Support Grandparent Caregivers|journal=The Gerontologist|volume=33|issue=6|pages=807–811|doi=10.1093/geront/33.6.807|pmid=8314108|issn=0016-9013}}</ref> Differences also exist in different ethnicities in the US. Caucasian individuals generally regard individual independence as more important, so grandparents are less likely to take care of their grandchildren. However, African American and Latino individuals are more likely to regard looking after grandchildren as a family tradition and are more willing to provide help for their adult children.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Goodman|first1=Catherine|last2=Silverstein|first2=Merril|date=2002-10-01|title=Grandmothers Raising Grandchildren|journal=The Gerontologist|language=en|volume=42|issue=5|pages=676–689|doi=10.1093/geront/42.5.676|pmid=12351803|issn=0016-9013|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ethnic differences in grandparents looking after their grandchildren reflect different cultural values that different ethnic groups hold. To be more specific, African American grandparents are more likely to provide guidance and discipline to their grandchildren due to their flexible family system in which relatives, nonblood kin are all willing to help each other.<ref>{{Cite journal|first=Sandra |last=Edmonds Crewe|date=2007-01-01|title=Different Pathways to a Common Destiny|journal=Journal of Health & Social Policy|volume=22|issue=3–4|pages=199–214|doi=10.1300/J045v22n03_13|pmid=17855247|s2cid=35769425|issn=0897-7186}}</ref> Latino families have a strong preference to live together and keep frequent contact with family members because most of them are immigrants or first-generation born in the US, they are more likely to live and function as a unit. Grandparents in Latino culture also play important roles in stabilizing the family unit as family leaders.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Angel|first1=Jacqueline L.|last2=Angel|first2=Ronald J.|last3=McClellan|first3=Judi L.|last4=Markides|first4=Kyriakos S.|date=1996-08-01|title=Nativity, Declining Health, and Preferences in Living Arrangements Among Elderly Mexican Americans: Implications for Long-term Care|journal=The Gerontologist|volume=36|issue=4|pages=464–473|doi=10.1093/geront/36.4.464|pmid=8771974|issn=0016-9013}}</ref> Although Caucasian grandparents are less likely to raise their grandchildren,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jnwks5f0DOQC&q=related:VNuV0RL5y1gJ:scholar.google.com/&pg=PA1|title=Handbook on Grandparenthood|last=Szinovácz|first=Maximiliane|date=1998|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=9780313298868|language=en}}</ref> they have more cognitive or physical burdens of taking care of grandchildren compared with other ethnic groups,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pruchno|first=Rachel|date=1999-04-01|title=Raising Grandchildren: The Experiences of Black and White Grandmothers|journal=The Gerontologist|volume=39|issue=2|pages=209–221|doi=10.1093/geront/39.2.209|pmid=10224717|issn=0016-9013|doi-access=}}</ref> mainly because their caregiver roles are less normative, and they rely more on remote or companionate parenting styles. On the contrary, African American and Latino grandparents rely more on disciplinary and instructional parenting styles and they are less likely to have cognitive or physical burdens when taking care of their grandchildren.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The new American grandparent : a place in the family, a life apart|last1=Cherlin|first1=Andrew J.|date=1992|publisher=Harvard University Press|last2=Furstenberg|first2=Frank F.|isbn=9780674029484|edition=1st Harvard University Press pbk.|location=Cambridge, MA|oclc=434586472}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Aunt]]
* [[Cousin]]
* [[Grandfamily]]
* [[Grandfather clause]]
* [[Grandfather rule]]
* [[Middle age]]
* [[Midlife crisis]]
* [[National Grandparents Day]]
* [[Uncle]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite journal |last1= Coulthard |first1= Carmen Caldas |last2=Moon |first2= Rosamund |title=Grandmother, gran, gangsta granny: semiotic representations of grandmotherhood |journal=[[Gender and Language]] |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=309–339 |doi=10.1558/genl.v10i3.32036 |year=2016 }}

==External links==

{{Family}}

[[Category:Family]]
[[Category:Middle age]]
[[Category:Old age]]

Sam Bahadur (Movie)

2023-07-08T21:16:46Z

CrystleA12: Page drafted.

#REDIRECT [[Sam Bahadur (film)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from incorrect disambiguation}}
{{R from move}}
}}

Kamal Thapa

2022-07-29T12:45:09Z

CrystleA12: Just published an influential work.

{{Short description|Nepali politician}}
{{about||the Indian footballer|Kamal Thapa (footballer, born 1981)|the Nepali footballer|Kamal Thapa (footballer, born 1998)}}
{{BLP sources}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Kamal Thapa
| native_name = कमल थापा
| native_name_lang = ne
| image = Kamal Thapa 2015.jpg
| office = Chairman of [[Rastriya Prajatantra Party Nepal]]
| term_start = February 2022
| predecessor = Position created
| term_end =
| monarch =
| office1 = [[Deputy Prime Minister of Nepal]]
| term_start1 = 7 June 2017
| term_end1 = 15 February 2018
| primeminister1 = [[Sher Bahadur Deuba]]
| president1 = [[Ram Baran Yadav]]
| predecessor1 = [[Bimalendra Nidhi]]
| successor1 = [[Ishwar Pokhrel]]
| term_start2 = 12 October 2015
| term_end2 = 4 August 2016
| primeminister2 = [[KP Sharma Oli]]
| president2 = Ram Baran Yadav
| predecessor2 = [[Prakash Man Singh]]
| successor2 = Bimalendra Nidhi
| office3 = [[Ministry of Energy, Water Resources and Irrigation (Nepal)|Minister of Energy]]
| term_start3 = 17 October 2017
| term_end3 = 14 February 2018
| primeminister3 = Sher Bahadur Deuba
| president3 = [[Bidya Devi Bhandari]]
| predecessor3 = [[Mahendra Bahadur Shahi]]
| successor3 = [[Barsaman Pun]]
| office4 = [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Nepal)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]]
| term_start4 = 12 October 2015
| term_end4 = 4 August 2016
| primeminister4 = KP Sharma Oli
| president4 = Ram Baran Yadav
| successor4 = [[Prakash Sharan Mahat]]
| office5 = [[Minister of Home Affairs (Nepal)| Minister of Home Affairs]]
| term_start5 = June 2006
| term_end5 = April 2007
| monarch5 = [[Gyanendra of Nepal|Gyanendra]]
| successor5 = [[Krishna Prasad Sitaula]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1955|8|4|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Makwanpur District]], Nepal
| party = [[Rastriya Prajatantra Party Nepal|RPP-Nepal]]
| residence = [[Kathmandu]], Nepal
}}
'''Kamal Thapa''' ({{lang-ne|कमल थापा; born 4 August 1955}}) is a Nepalese politician belonging to [[Rastriya Prajatantra Party Nepal]].

Thapa, has served as a [[Deputy Prime Minister of Nepal|Deputy Prime Minister]] and [[Ministry of Federal Affairs and General Administration (Nepal)|Federal Affairs and Local Development]]. Thapa is also the president of [[Nepal]]'s [[Hindu nationalism|Hindu nationalist]] party, the [[Rastriya Prajatantra Party Nepal]].

== Ideology ==
He served as a Home Minister during [[Gyanendra of Nepal|King Gyanendra]]'s direct rule in 2006 until the king was forced to handover power to [[Girija Prasad Koirala]] of the [[Nepali Congress|Nepali Congress Party]] and his allies with [[Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)]] and [[Unified Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist)]]. Thapa and his party called for a re-establishment of the monarchy through a referendum vote.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-12-30/south-asia/28085106_1_gyanendra-hindu-kingdom-madhav-kumar-nepal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025174415/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-12-30/south-asia/28085106_1_gyanendra-hindu-kingdom-madhav-kumar-nepal|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 October 2012|title=2009 sees monarchy down but not out in Nepal|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=8 January 2010}}</ref> Thapa claimed that no political parties in Nepal have the courage to safeguard Nepali nationality, claiming: "Now the onus lies only with the institution of monarchy to safeguard Nepali sovereignty and national unity."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphnepal.com/news_det.php?news_id=5083|title=Nepal monarchy can only safeguard national identity: Kamal Thapa|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=8 January 2010|location=Nepal}}</ref>

He had also challenged the government to re-investigate the royal massacre: "Those blaming former King [[Gyanendra of Nepal|Gyanendra Shah]] for the massacre are now holding power in the government. I challenge them to track down the guilty."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehimalayantimes.com/fullNews.php?headline=Govt+days+numbered%3A+Thapa&NewsID=229463 |title=You searched for Govt days numbered: Thapa |newspaper=[[The Himalayan Times]] |accessdate=2016-08-01}}</ref> RPP-N organised [[bandh]] (Close Down) on 22 February 2010 as part of its agitation demanding timely promulgation of constitution, end of current problems like load shedding and the current political deadlock and referendum on some key issues to be incorporated in the new constitution including constitutional monarchy, Hindu nation and federalism.<ref>[http://www.nepalnews.com/main/index.php/news-archive/2-political/4309-rpp-n-bandh-cripples-valley-life.html]{{dead link}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Kamal Thapa belongs to the Suyal Thapa clan. Kamal Thapa was born on 4 August 1955 in [[Kathmandu]]. He was born to a family with an army background. His father Chhatra Bahadur Thapa was a Colonel in the Royal Nepal Army while his mother was a homemaker. He has two brothers and five sisters. His elder brother is Lt General (Retd) Netra Bahadur Thapa while his younger brother is former President of [[All Nepal Football Association]] [[Ganesh Thapa]], who has been involved in the development of football as a professional sport in Nepal.

==Early career==
Kamal Thapa represented Nepal as a football player having played for Narayani Zone and [[Sankata_Boys_S.C.|Sankata Boys Sports Club]]. He also became the captain of the National Football Team.

Kamal Thapa started his career as the president of National Student Organization during 1973–74. In 1977, he was the Assistant Lecturer for [[Political economy|Political Economy]] in [[Institute of Forestry]] under [[Tribhuwan University]], Nepal. He was the member of Constitution Reform Commission in 1980. He has also been the member secretary of Central Committee of National Youth Service Fund. He was also a cabinet member during the [[Panchayat (Nepal)|Panchayat rule]], rising to the hold portfolios in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Local Development and Ministry of Housing and Physical Planning.{{Citation needed}}

He was the member of Parliament during 1986–1990 and 1995–1998. He was the spokesman for [[Rastriya Prajatantra Party]] (1992–2002) and general secretary in 2003.

He was also a national level football player in his early days. He also served as the president of [[All Nepal Football Association]] (1978–87) and as member of [[National Sports Council (Nepal)|National Sports Council]] (1977–1987). He was also the executive member of [[Asian Football Confederation]] (1982–1990).

Currently, he is the chairman of newly formed Rastriya Prajatantra Party.

==Political career==
===Relationship with King Gyanendra===
Kamal Thapa is known to have a good relationship with ex-monarch Gyanendra Shah, as Kamal Thapa actively took part in the government as homeminister under Shah. But, Gyanendra Shah and Kamal Thapa have never been spotted together publicly after Nepal became a republic. Kamal Thapa still voices for the need of Kingship in a country like Nepal where there are diverse group of people. Thapa states -" I do not voice for king but rather for royal institution (राजसंस्था ) ". In his statement-"म राजा होइन राजसंस्थाको कुरा गरिरहेको छु"

===Deputy prime minister===
[[File:The Deputy Prime Minister of Nepal, Shri Kamal Thapa calls on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on October 19, 2015 (1).jpg|alt=kamal thapa in delhi|thumb|Deputy Prime Minister Shree Kamal Thapa with Indian prime minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on 19 October 2015.]]
He holds the office of deputy prime minister of [[Nepal]] in cabinet of Khadga Prasad Sharma Oli on 12 October 2015.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web|author=Binaj Gurubacharya |url=https://news.yahoo.com/nepals-premier-names-protest-group-leaders-deputies-095943171.html |title=Nepal's new premier names protest group leaders as deputies |website=News.yahoo.com |accessdate=2016-08-01}}</ref>
[[File:The Deputy Prime Minister of Nepal, Shri Kamal Thapa calling on the Union Home Minister, Shri Rajnath Singh, in New Delhi on October 18, 2015.jpg|alt=Thapa with Singh|thumb|Kama Thapa with [[Rajnath Singh]] in New Delhi on 18 October 2015.]]

===Forming of Rastriya Prajatantra Party-Nepal===
Rastriya Prajatantra Party was established on 15th Jestha, 2047 [[Vikram Samvat|B.S.]] with an objective of providing an alternative democratic force to the nation. Nationalism, democracy and liberalism have remained as the three main ideological pillars of the party. Similarly, sovereignty of the people, competitive multi-party democracy, constitutional monarchy and the principle of rule of law are the political belief of the party. Despite having common agreement on major political issues, unfortunately, due to some technical differences two separate organizations with identical name, ideology and statute came into existence on the same day. Two RPPs contested the general election of 2048 B.S. separately. Obviously the results were not encouraging. Following the serious debacle in the election, under the pressure of party workers two RPPs decided to merge.

RPP held its first general convention in 2050 B.S. in Kathmandu, and unanimously elected former prime-minister [[Surya Bahadur Thapa]] as chairman. Former prime-minister [[Lokendra Bahadur Chand]] and Rajeshore Devkota were elected respectively as leader and co-chairman of the party. As provided in the party statute Padma Sundar Lawati was nominated as vice-chairman and Rabindra Nath Sharma, Pashupati Shamsher Rana and [[Prakash Chandra Lohani]] were nominated as general secretaries. Kamal Thapa became spokesman.

In the second general election held in 2051 B.S. united RPP secured eighteen percent of the total votes polled. Thus RPP became the third largest party in the parliament. Since none of the parties got absolute majority it was a [[hung parliament]]. The political developments that took place during the tenure of the second parliament gave opportunities for two RPP leaders namely [[Surya Bahadur Thapa]] and [[Lokendra Bahadur Chand]] to become the prime-minister of the country successively in the coalition governments. However, during this period the party saw serious differences among the top leadership, which eventually led once again for formal split of the party.

The second general convention of the party took place in 2054 B.S. in [[Birgunj]]. The Birgunj convention elected [[Surya Bahadur Thapa]] once again as chairman. Prakash Chandra Lohani, Pashupati Shamsher Rana and Kamal Thapa were nominated as vice-chairman, general secretary and spokesman respectively. Since two RPPs once again fought the general election with separate identity, the performance naturally were not good. However, it succeeded in retaining its third position in the parliament. Following the general election two factions again merged.

The third general convention held in Pokhara in 2059 B.S. elected Pashupati Samshere Rana as chairman. According to the party statute Padam Sunder Lawoti, Kamal Thapa and Roshan Karki were nominated as vice-chairman, general secretary and spokesperson.

The first-ever special general convention of the party took place in 2062 B.S. in Kathmandu. The special general convention passed a vote of no confidence motion against Pashupati Shamsher Rana and elected Kamal Thapa as chairman of the party. Padma Sunder Lawoti became the vice-chairman of the party.

Chairman Kamal Thapa resigned from his post and [[Rabindra Nath Sharma]] became the chairman of the party on 10th Karkik, 2063. Rabindra Nath Sharma resigned from the post of chairman because of his poor health by the second week of Falgun, 2064 and the chairmanship of the party was handed over to Kamal Thapa again.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rppn.org.np/history.html |title=History |accessdate=2010-08-10 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101103074550/http://rppn.org.np/history.html |archivedate= 3 November 2010 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}{{Hindu Nationalism}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Thapa, Kamal}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:People from Makwanpur District]]
[[Category:Nepalese Hindus]]
[[Category:Government ministers of Nepal]]
[[Category:Rastriya Prajatantra Party politicians]]
[[Category:Foreign Ministers of Nepal]]
[[Category:Deputy Prime Ministers of Nepal]]
[[Category:Nepal MPs 1994–1999]]
[[Category:Members of the Rastriya Panchayat]]
[[Category:Members of the 2nd Nepalese Constituent Assembly]]

Garewal Singh

2022-07-15T16:34:21Z

CrystleA12: proper name. See newspaper obit and the sports ref link

#REDIRECT [[Gurcharan Singh Grewal]]

Satta Doom

2022-04-21T06:07:50Z

CrystleA12: Composed original article content.

{{Short description|Sikh drummer and author of the Guru Granth Sahib}}

{{Infobox religious biography
| religion = [[Sikhism]]
| name = Satta Doom
| image = Detail of a drummer playing the jori instrument, possibly Bhai Satta Doom (alt. spelt as Bhai Satta Dum), from a fresco of Guru Hargobind with Sikh musicians.jpg
| caption = Detail of a drummer playing the jori instrument, possibly Bhai Satta Doom, from a fresco of Guru Hargobind with Sikh musicians
| honorific prefix = Bhai
| known_for = *[[Jori (instrument)|Jori]] player
*[[Writers of the Guru Granth Sahib|Contributor]] of the [[Guru Granth Sahib]]
| relatives = [[Balvand Rai]] (brother)
}}
{{Sikhism sidebar}}

'''Satta Doom''' ([[Floruit|fl.]] late 16th to early 17th century), also spelt as '''Satta Dum''', was a drummer and author of eight verses found within the [[Guru Granth Sahib]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Nayar |first=Kamala Elizabeth |title=The Sikh View on Happiness: Guru Arjan’s Sukhmani |last2=Sandhu |first2=Jaswinder Singh |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2020 |isbn=9781350139893 |pages=219 |chapter=Notes |quote=Bhai Rai Balwand was a Muslim rebab musician and Satta was a Muslim drummer during the time of Guru Angad up to the time of Guru Arjan; they both sang gurbani-kirtan and composed a Ramkali var that was included in the Guru Granth Sahib (pp. 966-8).}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Prithi Pal |title=The History of Sikh Gurus |publisher=Lotus Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-81-8382-075-2 |location=New Delhi |pages=170–171}}</ref>

== Biography ==
He was born a Muslim in a Doom-[[Mirasi]] family.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Harbans |title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism |publisher=Punjabi University, Patiala |year=2002 |edition=4th |pages=269–70}}</ref> He started playing music for the Sikhs during the [[Guru Gaddi|guruship]] of [[Guru Angad]].<ref name=":1" /> He was a drummer whilst his brother, [[Balvand Rai]], was a [[rababi]] (rebec player).<ref name=":4" /> Some sources describe him as a rababi, like his brother, rather than a drummer.<ref name=":02" /> They would play [[kirtan]] at the Sikh gurus' ''[[Durbar (court)|durbar]]'' (court).<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Kapūra |first=Prithīpāla Siṅgha |title=Perspectives on Sikhism: Papers Presented at the International Seminar on Sikhism: a Religion for the Third Millenium Held at Punjabi University, Patiala on 27-29 March 2000 |last2=Singh |first2=Dharam |publisher=Publication Bureau, Punjabi University |year=2001 |isbn=9788173807367 |pages=117}}</ref> At some point, him and his brother abandoned the company and employment of the Guru but returned after facing hardships, where they were forgiven.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Fenech |first=Louis E. |title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism |last2=McLeod |first2=William H. |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1 |edition=3rd |series=Historical Dictionaries of Religions, Philosophies, and Movements Series |location=Lanham, Maryland |pages=57 |quote=BALVAND AND SATTA. Rai Balvand and Satta the Dum were two rabab players who, according to tradition, sang kirtan for Guru Angad. After some years they became increasingly insubordinate and left the Guru's service. When they lost popularity, they were humbled. To signal their contrition they wrote the first five stanzas of Tikke di Var, composing the remaining three stanzas in the time of Guru Arjan.}}</ref> They then wrote hymns for penance for their past mistakes, which would form part of the Adi Granth.<ref name=":02" /> The compositions he co-composed with his brother Balvand can be found on pages 966–968 of the Guru Granth Sahib under the title of ''Ramkali ki Vaar Rai Balwand tatta Satte doom akhi''.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Chauhan |first=G. S. |title=Bani of Bhagats |publisher=Hemkunt Publishers |year=2006 |isbn=9788170103561 |edition=1st |location=New Delhi |pages=137–39}}</ref><ref name=":02"/>

In his hymns, he emphasized the continuity of the guruship from Nanak to Angad, referring to the latter as having been sat on the [[Panj Takht|''takht'']] (throne) of Nanak.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Grewal |first=Jagtar Singh |title=Guru Gobind Singh (1666–1708): Master of the White Hawk |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2019 |isbn=978-0-19-949494-1 |edition=1st |location=New Delhi |quote=Rai Balwand and Satta refer to Guru Angad being seated on the throne (takht) of Guru Nanak.}}</ref> It further praises the first five gurus of the Sikhs.<ref name=":3" />

== See also ==

* [[Jori (instrument)]]
* [[Pakhavaj|Pakhawaj]]
* [[Sikh music]]
* [[Babak (Rababi)]]
* [[Bhai Mardana]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Writers of Guru Granth Sahib}}
{{Sikhism}}
[[Category:Guru Granth Sahib]]
[[Category:Sikh writers]]
[[Category:Performers of Sikh music]]