https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Cristine5684 2026-08-01T10:59:51Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.43.6 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nagrakata_Assembly_constituency&diff=519985 2026-05-08T16:53:01Z

<p>Cristine5684: Post</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Nagrakata<br /> | type= SLA<br /> <br /> | map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Nagrakata.map}}<br /> | map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Nagrakata Assembly Constituency<br /> <br /> | map_alt = <br /> | mla = [[Puna Bhengra]]<br /> | party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> | alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]<br /> <br /> | state = [[West Bengal]]<br /> | district = [[Jalpaiguri district|Jalpaiguri]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Alipurduars (Lok Sabha constituency)|Alipurduars]]<br /> | constituency_no = 21<br /> | established = 1962<br /> | electors = 237,305<br /> | reservation = ST<br /> | abolished = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Nagrakata Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Jalpaiguri district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It is reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|scheduled tribes]].<br /> <br /> ==Overview==<br /> As per orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], No. 21 Nagrakata Assembly constituency (ST) comprises the [[Nagrakata (Community development block)|Nagrakat]] and [[Matiali (Community development block)|Matiali]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development blocks]], along with the Banarhat II and Chamurchi [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Dhupguri (Community development block)|Dhupguri]] community development block.&lt;ref name =delimitation&gt;{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 | access-date = 21 June 2001 | work = West Bengal| publisher = Election Commission}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Nagrakata Assembly constituency falls under the No. 2 [[Alipurduars (Lok Sabha constituency)]] (ST).&lt;ref name =delimitation/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !Year<br /> !Name<br /> !colspan=2|Party<br /> |-<br /> |[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Budhu Bhagat<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]<br /> |Bhudhu Bhagat<br /> |-<br /> |[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]<br /> |Punai Oraon<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<br /> |[[Prem Oraon]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Punai Oraon<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=7}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|Chaitan Munda<br /> |-<br /> |[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]<br /> |Sukhmoith (Piting) Oraon<br /> |-<br /> |[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]<br /> |[[Joseph Munda]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]<br /> |[[Sukra Munda]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br /> |rowspan=2| Puna Bhengra<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> <br /> ===2026===<br /> {{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Nagrakata}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = [[Puna Bhengra]]<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:103478}}<br /> |percentage = 50.73<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Sanjay Kujur<br /> |party = Trinamool Congress<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:77620}}<br /> |percentage = 38.06<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Dil Kumar Oraon<br /> |party = Left Front (West Bengal)<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:9708}}<br /> |percentage = 4.76<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Shinu Munda<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:4567}}<br /> |percentage = 2.24<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br /> |party = None of the above (India)<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:2887}}<br /> |percentage = 1.42<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:25858}}<br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:203963}}<br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link|<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |loser = TMC<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2021===<br /> <br /> In the [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], Puna Bhengra of BJP defeated his nearest rival Joseph Munda of TMC.<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin | title= [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Nagrakata}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = [[Puna Bhengra]]<br /> |votes = 94,722<br /> |percentage = 49.55<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = All India Trinamool Congress<br /> |candidate = [[Joseph Munda]]<br /> |votes = 71,247<br /> |percentage = 37.27<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = Sukbir Subba<br /> |votes = 12,442<br /> |percentage = 6.51<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate|<br /> |party = [[Independent politician|Independent]]<br /> |candidate = Robat Munda<br /> |votes = 3,283<br /> |percentage = 1.72<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate|<br /> |party = Progressive People's Party<br /> |candidate = Benam Oraon<br /> |votes = 2,247<br /> |percentage = 1.18<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate|<br /> |party = [[Independent politician|Independent]]<br /> |candidate = Ashan Tirkey<br /> |votes = 1,774<br /> |percentage = 0.93<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate|<br /> |party = [[None of the above|NOTA]]<br /> |candidate = None of the Above <br /> |votes = 5,454<br /> |percentage = 2.85<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 1,91,169<br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |loser = All India Trinamool Congress<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2016===<br /> <br /> In the [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], Sukra Munda of TMC defeated his nearest rival Joseph Munda of Congress.<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin | title= [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Nagrakata (ST) constituency}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = All India Trinamool Congress<br /> |candidate = [[Sukra Munda]] <br /> |votes = 57,306<br /> |percentage = 32.46<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = Joseph Munda <br /> |votes = 54,078<br /> |percentage = 30.63<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = John Barla <br /> |votes = 47,836<br /> |percentage = 27.10<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Akhil Bharatiya Gorkha League<br /> |candidate = Ganesh Lama<br /> |votes = 3,855<br /> |percentage = 2.18<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Indar Deo Oraon<br /> |votes = 3,829<br /> |percentage = 2.17<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Pawan Kumar Kherwar<br /> |votes = 3,442<br /> |percentage = 1.95<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = None of the Above (India)<br /> |candidate = None of the Above <br /> |votes = 6,196<br /> |percentage = 3.51<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 3,228<br /> |percentage = 1.83<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 1,76,542<br /> |percentage = 82.55<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner = All India Trinamool Congress<br /> |loser = Indian National Congress<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2011===<br /> <br /> In the [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], Joseph Munda of Congress defeated his nearest rival Sukhmoith Oraon of CPI(M).<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin | title= [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Nagrakata (ST) constituency}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = Joseph Munda<br /> |votes = 46,537<br /> |percentage = 30.27<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)<br /> |candidate = Sukhmoith (Piting) Oraon<br /> |votes = 43,774<br /> |percentage = 29.77<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Jharkhand Mukti Morcha<br /> |candidate = William Minj<br /> |votes = 40,664<br /> |percentage = 26.45<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Rajesh Lakra<br /> |votes = 20,778<br /> |percentage = 13.51<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 763<br /> |percentage = 0.50<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 1,53,753<br /> |percentage = 83.72<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner = Indian National Congress<br /> |loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1977-2006===<br /> In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006 state assembly elections]], Sukhmoith (Piting) Oraon of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won the 21 Nagrakata (ST) seat defeating his nearest rival Shankar Barik of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. Chaitan Munda of CPI(M) defeated Ganesh Oraon of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]] in 2001, Victor Lakra of Congress in 1996 and Bhadeya Oraon of Congress in 1991. Sukra Oraon of CPI(M) defeated Bhadea Oraon of Congress in 1987. Punai Oraon of CPI(M) defeated Tuna Oraon of Congress in 1982 and Hemraj Bhagat of Congress in 1977.<br /> <br /> ===1962–1972===<br /> Prem Oraon of [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] won in 1972. Punai Oraon of CPI(M) won in 1971. Budhu Bhagat of Congress won in 1969, 1967 and [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]]. In [[1957 West Bengal state assembly election|1957]] Mangru Bhagat of CPI and Budhu Bhagat of Congress won the [[Mal Assembly constituency|Mal]] (ST) joint seat.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist|2}}<br /> <br /> {{Jalpaiguri topics}}<br /> {{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}<br /> <br /> {{West Bengal elections}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Jalpaiguri district]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]<br /> [[Category:1962 establishments in West Bengal]]</div>

Cristine5684 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Natham_R._Viswanathan&diff=520776 2026-05-04T00:15:53Z

<p>Cristine5684: Done!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Natham R. Viswanathan<br /> | honorific_prefix =<br /> | image = Natham Viswanathan.jpg<br /> | caption = <br /> | party = [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1949|12|11}}<br /> | birth_place = Uluppakudi&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Profile of Natham R. Viswanathan|url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/members/profile/131.htm|website=TN Assembly|accessdate=11 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;, [[Natham|Natham, Tamil Nadu]], India<br /> | spouse = <br /> | children = Amarnath, Kavitha, Ranjitha<br /> | alma_mater = Alagappa College<br /> | office1 = Deputy General Secretary of [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br /> | term_start1 = 13 July 2022<br /> | predecessor1 = [[T. T. V. Dhinakaran]]<br /> | 1blankname1 = [[General Secretary of the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|General Secretary]]<br /> | 1namedata1 = [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]<br /> | alongside1 = [[K. P. Munusamy]]<br /> | office2 = Organisation Secretary of [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br /> | term_start2 = 21 August 2017<br /> | term_end2 = 11 July 2022<br /> | 1blankname2 = Co-ordinators<br /> | 1namedata2 = *[[O. Pannerselvam]]<br /> *[[Edappadi K. Palaniswamy]]<br /> | office3 = Minister for Electricity, Prohibition &amp; Excise, [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> | term_start3 = 16 May 2011<br /> | term_end3 = 23 May 2016<br /> | 1blankname3 = Chief Minister<br /> | 1namedata3 = *[[J. Jayalalithaa]]<br /> *[[O. Pannerselvam]]<br /> | predecessor3 = [[Arcot N. Veeraswami]]<br /> | successor3 = [[P. Thangamani]]<br /> | office5 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | term_start5 = 12 May 2021<br /> | term_end5 = <br /> | predecessor5 = M. A. Andi Ambalam<br /> | successor5 = <br /> | constituency5 = [[Natham (State Assembly Constituency)|Natham]]<br /> | term_start6 = 6 October 1999<br /> | term_end6 = 19 May 2016<br /> | predecessor6 = [[M. Andi Ambalam]]<br /> | successor6 = M. A. Andi Ambalam<br /> | constituency6 = [[Natham (State Assembly Constituency)|Natham]]<br /> | office4 = Minister for Transport, [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> | term_start4 = 14 May 2001<br /> | term_end4 = 12 May 2006<br /> | 1blankname4 = Chief Minister<br /> | 1namedata4 = *[[J. Jayalalithaa]]<br /> *[[O. Panneerselvam]]<br /> | predecessor4 = [[K. Ponmudy]]<br /> | successor4 = [[K. N. Nehru]]<br /> | father = A. Ramanathan<br /> | party_position = <br /> }}<br /> '''Natham R. Viswanathan''' (born 11 December 1949) is an Indian politician and deputy general secretary of [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]. He is a member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] from [[Natham (State Assembly Constituency)|Natham Constituency]]. He was the Minister for Electricity and Prohibition and Excise, [[Govt. of Tamil Nadu]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=List of MLAs from Tamil Nadu 2011|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2011_Winner_Runner.pdf|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tamil Nadu|access-date=27 August 2011|archive-date=2 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402043414/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2011_Winner_Runner.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Council of Ministers, Govt. of Tamil Nadu|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/gov_ministers.html|publisher=Govt. of Tamil Nadu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Previously, he was elected to the [[Tamil Nadu legislative assembly]] as an [[Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] candidate from [[Natham (State Assembly Constituency)|Natham constituency]] in [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-election, 1999–2000|1999]] after the death of then legislative member of Natham, [[M. Andi Ambalam]]. He has won consecutively in [[2001 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|2001]], [[2006 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|2006]] and [[2011 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|2011 elections]] in a landslide vote count and has a cult following.&lt;ref&gt;[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf 2001 Tamil Nadu Election Results, Election Commission of India]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf 2006 Tamil Nadu Election Results, Election Commission of India]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=It is advantage for AIADMK in Natham|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/it-is-advantage-for-aiadmk-in-natham/article1686422.ece|accessdate=11 May 2016|agency=The Hindu}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Government of Tamil Nadu}}<br /> {{Council of Ministers of Tamil Nadu}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Viswanathan, R.}}<br /> [[Category:1949 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]<br /> [[Category:State cabinet ministers of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2021–2026]]<br /> <br /> {{AIADMK-politician-stub}}</div>

Cristine5684 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madikeri_Town_Assembly_constituency&diff=514540 2026-04-26T15:30:03Z

<p>Cristine5684: New</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Defunct constituency of the Mysore Legislative Assembly}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}<br /> <br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Mercara Town<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | map_image =<br /> | state = [[Mysore State]] ''([[Coorg State]] till 31 October 1956)''<br /> | electorate = <br /> | established = 1951<br /> | abolished = 1957<br /> | reservation = None<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Madikeri Town Assembly constituency''' (also known as '''Mercara Town'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-06-18 |title=CHASING A DREAM: A JOURNALIST REVISITS MUMBAI AFTER 40 YEARS |url=https://www.coorgnews.in/featuresnewsmakers/chasing-a-dream-a-journalist-revisits-mumbai-after-40-years/#google_vignette |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=Coorg News |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kodagu Ecotourism |url=https://www.kodaguecotourism.com/madikeri.html |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=www.kodaguecotourism.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chander |first=N. J. Ravi |title=Delights of the past and present |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/delights-of-the-past-and-present-3024136 |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;) was a constituency of the [[Mysore Legislative Assembly]] (part of [[Coorg Legislative Assembly]] till 31 October 1956). The lone election to this constituency was conducted in [[1952 Coorg State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] to the legislature of the [[Coorg State|Coorg State (Kodagu)]] in [[India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Q5q4MedrFIC |title=India Votes |year=1968 |page=355}}&lt;/ref&gt; The constituency included [[Madikeri]]. This seat was included to [[Mysore Legislative Assembly]] in 1956 during the [[States Reorganisation Act|reorganisation of the Indian States]] based along linguistic lines, the state of [[Coorg State|Coorg (Kodagu)]] was merged with [[Mysore State]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=1 October 2005 |title=SRC submits report |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/10/01/stories/2005100100040900.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060301045415/http://www.hindu.com/2005/10/01/stories/2005100100040900.htm |archive-date=1 March 2006 |access-date=9 October 2011 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Members of Legislative Assembly ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Year<br /> !Member<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Party<br /> |-<br /> |[[1952 Coorg Legislative Assembly election|1952]]&lt;ref name=&quot;CoorgECI1951&quot; /&gt;<br /> |[[B. S. Kushalappa]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |colspan=5 align=center|1957 onwards: ''Seat does not exist. See [[Madikeri Assembly constituency|Madikeri]]''<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Election results ==<br /> === 1952 ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[1952 Coorg Legislative Assembly election]]: Mercara Town&lt;ref name=&quot;CoorgECI1951&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4106-coorg-1951/ | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951: To the Legislative Assembly of Coorg (Kodagu) | publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] | access-date=2020-05-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022013656/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_COORG.pdf |archive-date=22 October 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = [[B. S. Kushalappa]]<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |votes = 1208<br /> |percentage = 48.42<br /> |change = ''New''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = B. K. Nanjundeshwara<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |votes = 542<br /> |percentage = 21.72<br /> |change = ''New''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = N. R. Gopalakrishna<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |votes = 499<br /> |percentage = 20.00<br /> |change = ''New''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = C. M. Thimmaya<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |votes = 246<br /> |percentage = 9.86<br /> |change = ''New''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 2,495<br /> |percentage = 61.94<br /> |change = ''New''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}<br /> <br /> {{coord|12.422857|75.738903|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Coorg]]<br /> [[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:1957 disestablishments in India]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]<br /> [[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1957]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]</div>

Cristine5684 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhot_Bagan_Moth&diff=491319 2026-04-19T08:56:56Z

<p>Cristine5684: adding a data</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Tibetan Buddhist Temple in West Bengal}}<br /> [[File:Bhot_Bagan_Math,_the_first_Tibetan_Buddhist_Temple_in_the_plains_of_India_at_Ghusuri,_Howrah_38.jpg|thumb|Bhot Bagan Math at Ghusuri]]<br /> '''Bhot Bagan Moth''' popularly known as Mahakal Math is a Tibetan Buddhist Temple located at [[Ghusuri]], [[Howrah district]] in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]]. It is the first Tibetan Buddhist Temple in the plains of India.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bhot Bagan Math, Ghusuri {{!}} Howrah District Website {{!}} India |url=https://howrah.gov.in/tourist-place/bhot-bagan-math-ghusuri/ |access-date=2024-03-04 |language=en-UK}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Howrah Zilla Parishad - Index |url=https://howrahzillaparishad.in/places-of-interest.php |access-date=2024-03-04 |website=howrahzillaparishad.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Moth is a unique monastery with rare combination of [[Shaivism|Shaiva]] and [[Tibetan Buddhism|Tibetan Buddhist]] culture.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bhot Bagan Moth |url=https://wbhc.in/home/place_details/MDJiNWQyMzZjYmMxNjBmOGNhOGQwNjFjNDc0OWZjOWE1Y2QyNmM2NTdjNTFiN2M2ZmQ5ZTI3MzZmOTMxODAxNzBjMmE5ZWRiMTdhMjIzMmRjMjI4OThlMzJmMTUzZmFlOGM4ODNjMzlkOTQ5YzNhMTVlNjgzMGUzYWJjNWM3NTNmQ2t6TDBmRVBYN2VaS250VE9DdExWUEZJNWZMcmpmV3gvNmsveHF0d1FzPQ== |access-date=2024-03-04 |website=West Bengal Heritage Commission |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> The third Panchen Lama wanted to restore the connections between [[Tibet]] and [[India]], he asked English representative [[George Bogle (diplomat)|George Bogle]] to make arrangements. Bogle reported the issue to the then [[Governor-General of India|Governor General of Bengal]] [[Warren Hastings]]. Hastings donated huge lands to Puran Giri (1743–1795), the representative of [[Panchen Lama]] and the Moth was founded in 1776.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dhar |first=Niranjan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0X4RAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Puran+Giri+Ghusuri |title=Vedanta and the Bengal Renaissance |date=1977 |publisher=Minerva Associates (Publications) |isbn=978-0-88386-837-9 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Puran Giri, the famous [[Daśanāmi Sampradaya|Dashnami Saint]] later worshipped Shaivas, [[Hinduism|Hindu]] [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] mixed religious rituals in the Moth.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Bengal (India) |first=West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oDhuAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Puran+Giri+Ghusuri |title=West Bengal District Gazetteers: Howrāh, Amiya Kumar Banerji |date=1972 |publisher=State editor, West Bengal District Gazetteers |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1795, Moth was attacked by armed dacoit and Puran Giri was killed to resist them. Since 1905, the Moth became abandoned and presently the Moth complex is under the supervision of the West Bengal Heritage Commission.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bhot Bagan: The Howrah monastery with a tumultuous history |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/places/howrahs-bhot-bagan-is-a-west-bengal-tibetan-buddhist-monastery-with-a-tumultuous-history/cid/1864945 |access-date=2024-03-04 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Moth complex includes number of brick built dilapidated temples and Vaishnava Mahanta Graveyard.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Huber |first=Toni |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SjzSpGf1eM0C&amp;dq=Bhot+Bagan+Math&amp;pg=PA228 |title=The Holy Land Reborn: Pilgrimage and the Tibetan Reinvention of Buddhist India |date=2008-09-15 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-35650-1 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> * {{Commons category-inline|Bhot Bagan Math}}<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{coord|22.6147|88.3577|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Buddhist monasteries in West Bengal]]<br /> [[Category:16th-century establishments in India]]<br /> [[Category:Religious organizations established in 1776]]<br /> [[Category:Buildings and structures in Howrah district]]<br /> [[Category:Tibetan Buddhist monasteries and temples in India]]</div>

Cristine5684 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khandar_Assembly_constituency&diff=509555 2026-04-15T23:21:21Z

<p>Cristine5684: adding a details - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Rajasthan State, India}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Khandar<br /> | map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-93-Khandar.svg<br /> | mla = [[Jitendra Kumar Gothwal]]<br /> | party = [[Bhartiya Janata Party]]<br /> | latest_election_year = 2023<br /> | state = [[Rajasthan]]<br /> | district = [[Sawai Madhopur district|Sawai Madhopur]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Tonk–Sawai Madhopur Lok Sabha constituency|Tonk-Sawai Madhopur]]<br /> | established = 1962<br /> | reservation = SC<br /> | electors = {{formatnum:247830}}&lt;ref name=election2023&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/rajasthan/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Rajasthan |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{update after|2029|1}}<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | constituency_no = 93<br /> }}<br /> '''Khandar Assembly constituency''' is one of the 200 [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]].&lt;ref name=delimitation2008&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary &amp; Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=ceomap&gt;{{cite web |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/map/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP.pdf |title=New Assembly Constituencies |website=ceorajasthan.nic.in |date=25 January 2006| access-date=12 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> It is part of [[Sawai Madhopur district|Sawai Madhopur]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Castes]].<br /> <br /> == Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Year<br /> !Member<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Party<br /> |-<br /> |[[1962 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br /> |Harphool<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1967 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br /> |C. Lal<br /> |-<br /> |[[1972 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<br /> |Ram Gopal<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1977 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br /> |rowspan=2|Chunni Lal<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1980 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1985 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br /> |Ram Gopal Sisodiya<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1990 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<br /> |Chunni Lal<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bhartiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1993 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1993]]<br /> |Hari Narayan<br /> |-<br /> |[[1998 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1998]]<br /> |rowspan=3|Ashok<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2003 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2003]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<br /> | [[Jitendra Kumar Gothwal]] <br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]] <br /> | [[Ashok (politician)|Ashok]]&lt;ref name=election2018/&gt;<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br /> |[[Jitendra Kumar Gothwal]] <br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Election results ==<br /> === 2023 ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Khandar&lt;ref name=&quot;election2023&quot;/&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = Jitendra Kumar Gothwal<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:92059}}<br /> |percentage = 51.07<br /> |change = {{increase}}12.4<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = Ashok<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:78044}}<br /> |percentage = 43.3<br /> |change = {{decrease}}13.07<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = Ankita Verma<br /> |party = Rashtriya Loktantrik Party<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:2394}}<br /> |percentage = 1.33<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = Manphool Bairwa<br /> |party = Aam Aadmi Party<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:1992}}<br /> |percentage = 1.11<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:2056}}<br /> |percentage = 1.14<br /> |change = {{decrease}}0.59<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:14015}}<br /> |percentage = 7.77<br /> |change = {{decrease}}9.93<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:180253}}<br /> |percentage = 72.73<br /> |change = {{increase}}1.69<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |loser = Indian National Congress<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> <br /> === 2018 ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Khandar&lt;ref name=election2018&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = Ashok Bairwa<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:89028}}<br /> |percentage = 56.37<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = Jitendra Kumar Gothwal<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:61079}}<br /> |percentage = 38.67<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = Ramprakash Raigar<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:2460}}<br /> |percentage = 1.56<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:2736}}<br /> |percentage = 1.73<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:27949}}<br /> |percentage = 17.7<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:157944}}<br /> |percentage = 71.04<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> |winner = Indian National Congress<br /> |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]<br /> * [[Sawai Madhopur district]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}<br /> <br /> {{coord|26.01|76.6|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Sawai Madhopur district]]<br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]<br /> [[Category:1962 establishments in Rajasthan]]</div>

Cristine5684 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mahindra_Thar_ROXX&diff=515044 2026-04-12T11:39:02Z

<p>Cristine5684: Done!</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Five-door variant of the Mahindra Thar SUV introduced in 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox automobile<br /> | name = Mahindra Thar ROXX<br /> | image = Mahindra Thar ROXX on rocks (cropped).jpg<br /> | manufacturer = [[Mahindra &amp; Mahindra]]<br /> | production = 2024–present<br /> | model_years = 2024–present<br /> | assembly = [[India]]: Chakan, Maharashtra<br /> | aka = Thar 5-door<br /> | model_code = W502<br /> | class = [[Compact SUV]]<br /> | body_style = 5-door [[SUV]]<br /> | layout = [[Front-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout|Front-engine, rear-wheel-drive]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Front-engine, four-wheel-drive layout|Front-engine, four-wheel-drive]]<br /> | platform = Mahindra Scorpio-N ladder-frame chassis<br /> | related = [[Mahindra Thar]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Mahindra Scorpio-N]]<br /> | engine = {{ubl <br /> |'''[[Petrol engine|Petrol]]:'''<br /> |2.0&amp;nbsp;L mStallion [[Inline four engine|I4]] [[Turbocharger|turbo]]<br /> |'''[[Diesel engine|Diesel]]:'''<br /> |2.2&amp;nbsp;L [[Mahindra mHawk engine|mHawk]] I4 [[Turbodiesel|turbo]]<br /> }}<br /> | transmission = {{ubl <br /> |6-speed manual<br /> |6-speed automatic<br /> }}<br /> | wheelbase = {{convert|2850|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}<br /> | length = {{convert|4265|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}<br /> | width = {{convert|1820|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}<br /> | height = {{convert|1900|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}<br /> | weight = {{convert|1800-1950|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}<br /> }}<br /> The '''Mahindra Thar ROXX''' is a [[compact SUV]] manufactured by [[Mahindra &amp; Mahindra]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2025-09-18 |title=Who Should Buy the Mahindra Thar and Who Should Opt for the Thar Roxx? |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/auto/cars-uvs/who-should-buy-the-mahindra-thar-and-who-should-opt-for-the-thar-roxx/articleshow/123969501.cms |access-date=2025-10-04 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}&lt;/ref&gt; Launched in September 2024, it is the five-door, long-[[wheelbase]] variant of the [[Mahindra Thar]], intended to offer the off-road capability of the original Thar with additional cabin space and comfort for everyday use.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mahindra Thar Roxx Diesel Automatic vs Mahindra Scorpio N Diesel Automatic: Performance Comparison {{!}} CarDekho.com |url=https://www.cardekho.com/india-car-news/mahindra-thar-roxx-diesel-at-vs-mahindra-scorpio-n-diesel-at-performance-compared-33415.htm |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=CarDekho |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The model is positioned between the [[Mahindra Scorpio-N]] and the Thar three-door, targeting the lifestyle SUV segment in [[India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Merchant |first=Akbar |title=Mahindra Thar, Roxx monthly production to be ramped up to 9,500 units by January |url=https://www.autocarindia.com/car-news/mahindra-thar-roxx-monthly-production-to-be-ramped-up-to-9500-units-by-january-2025-433130 |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=Autocar India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Development and launch ==<br /> The Thar ROXX was unveiled on 15 August 2024 and officially launched in September 2024 across India. It is based on the same body-on-frame platform as the Mahindra Scorpio-N, replacing the compact ladder chassis of the three-door Thar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mahindra Thar sales cross 200,000 in four years since launch |url=https://www.autocarpro.in/analysis-sales/mahindra-thar-tops-200000-sales-new-thar-roxx-accelerates-demand-123572 |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=Autocar Professional |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; This change allowed Mahindra to extend the wheelbase by approximately 300 mm, creating a five-door configuration with improved on-road comfort and interior space.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2024-10-14 |title=Mahindra Thar Roxx deliveries begin: Check price, features, engine options and more |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/auto/cars/mahindra-thar-roxx-deliveries-begin-check-price-features-engine-options-and-more/articleshow/114211383.cms |access-date=2025-10-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The ROXX was introduced in multiple variants, MX1, MX3, MX5, AX3L, AX5L and AX7L, and offered with both petrol and diesel engine options paired with six-speed manual or automatic transmissions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=September 2024 |title=Mahindra launches Thar ROXX SUV in India |url=https://www.autocarindia.com/car-news/mahindra-thar-roxx-launch-2024 |work=Autocar India}}&lt;/ref&gt; At launch, ex-showroom prices ranged between ₹14.99 lakh and ₹19.99 lakh, depending on drivetrain and trim level.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-06-10 |title=John Abraham’s custom Thar Roxx features now for everyone: What’s new? |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/auto/car-news/john-abrahams-custom-thar-roxx-features-now-for-everyone-whats-new/3874771/ |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=The Financial Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === John Abraham Edition ===<br /> In February 2025, Mahindra introduced the ''Thar ROXX John Abraham Edition'', a limited-edition version of the five-door SUV named after Indian actor [[John Abraham]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kulkarni |first=Akshay |date=2025-03-19 |title=Mahindra Thar Roxx Gets New Features - John Abraham Edition Debuts |url=https://www.rushlane.com/mahindra-thar-roxx-gets-new-features-john-abraham-edition-debuts-12520161.html |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=RushLane |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mahindra Teases Special Thar ROXX for John Abraham |url=https://www.carlelo.com/news/mahindra-teases-special-thar-roxx-for-john-abraham |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=www.carlelo.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The edition was part of Mahindra’s marketing campaign emphasizing the Thar’s association with adventure and fitness. It featured a matte-black exterior finish, dark chrome highlights, a red-stitched interior, and an exclusive “JOHN” badging on the tailgate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=जॉन अब्राहम ने खरीदी Mahindra Thar Roxx, कंपनी ने JA बैजिंग के साथ इस धांसू एसयूवी को बनाया खास |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/auto/car-bikes/john-abraham-buys-brand-new-mahindra-thar-roxx-with-custom-made-special-ja-badging-on-exterior-interior-know-details/articleshow/119114231.cms |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mechanically, it was identical to the standard ROXX LX 4X4 variant, powered by the 2.0-litre turbo-petrol or 2.2-litre diesel engine. Mahindra produced a limited number of units, and bookings were opened exclusively through the brand’s online platform.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=February 2025 |title=Mahindra Thar ROXX John Abraham Edition unveiled |url=https://www.autocarindia.com/car-news/mahindra-thar-roxx-john-abraham-edition-launch-2025 |work=Autocar India}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nigam |first=Saumya |last2=News |first2=India TV |date=2025-03-18 |title=Mahindra Thar Roxx for John Abraham: 5 Exclusive features that make it special |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/auto/john-abraham-s-new-mahindra-thar-roxx-5-distinctive-features-you-must-know-2025-03-18-981134 |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=India TV News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Design and features ==<br /> <br /> === Exterior ===<br /> The Thar ROXX retains the design cues of the Thar series, such as flat body panels, circular headlamps, and wide wheel arches, while introducing several distinct elements:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Mahindra Thar Roxx Becomes First-Ever SUV With Dolby Atmos 4-Channel Audio |url=https://www.ndtv.com/auto/mahindra-thar-roxx-becomes-first-ever-suv-with-dolby-atmos-4-channel-audio-8544964 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250601075630/https://www.ndtv.com/auto/mahindra-thar-roxx-becomes-first-ever-suv-with-dolby-atmos-4-channel-audio-8544964 |archive-date=2025-06-01 |access-date=2025-10-04 |work=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=7000 km road trip in Thar Roxx! Views on fuel efficiency &amp; ride quality {{!}} Team-BHP |url=https://www.team-bhp.com/news/7000-km-road-trip-thar-roxx-views-fuel-efficiency-ride-quality |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=Team-BHP.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> * Larger body-coloured front grille with horizontal slats<br /> * Extended wheelbase (2,850 mm) for a five-door layout<br /> * Full-size rear doors, fixed metal roof, and redesigned quarter windows<br /> * Alloy wheels up to 19 inches on higher variants<br /> * A new color palette including ''Stealth Black'', ''Deep Forest'', and ''Desert Beige''<br /> <br /> === Interior ===<br /> The cabin features a revised layout with more equipment than the three-door Thar, including:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Charan |first=Parth |date=June 30, 2025 |title=The Drive Report: Mahindra Thar Roxx (Petrol RWD) |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/automobile/the-drive-report-mahindra-thar-roxx-petrol-rwd-article-13201562.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Mahindra Thar Facelift Interiors Spied- Check Similarities With Thar Roxx |url=https://www.ndtv.com/auto/mahindra-thar-facelift-interiors-spied-check-similarities-with-thar-roxx-8705417 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250713013040/https://www.ndtv.com/auto/mahindra-thar-facelift-interiors-spied-check-similarities-with-thar-roxx-8705417 |archive-date=2025-07-13 |access-date=2025-10-04 |work=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> * 10.25-inch touchscreen [[In-car entertainment|infotainment]] system supporting [[Android Auto]] and [[Apple CarPlay]]<br /> * Digital instrument cluster with off-road telemetry<br /> * Dual-zone climate control, rear [[Air conditioning|AC]] vents, and multiple USB-C ports<br /> * Reclining rear seats with fold-flat capability for increased cargo space<br /> * Safety features such as six airbags, rear-view camera, and hill-descent control<br /> <br /> == Safety ==<br /> {{Bharat NCAP<br /> |year=2024<br /> |description=Mahindra Thar ROXX<br /> |reference_code=mahindra-thar-roxx<br /> |adult_stars=5<br /> |adult_points=31.09<br /> |child_stars=5<br /> |child_points=45.00<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Powertrain and performance ==<br /> The Thar ROXX is available with the same engine lineup as the three-door model:<br /> <br /> * 2.0-litre mStallion turbo-petrol engine producing {{cvt|150|hp|kW|0}} and {{cvt|320|Nm|lbft|0}}<br /> * 2.2-litre mHawk diesel engine producing {{cvt|130|hp|kW|0}} and {{cvt|300|Nm|lbft|0}}<br /> <br /> Both engines are offered with a six-speed manual or six-speed automatic transmission. Drivetrain options include rear-wheel drive (RWD) and four-wheel drive (4WD) with a low-range transfer case. The suspension is tuned slightly softer than that of the three-door model to enhance on-road ride quality.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=September 2024 |title=Mahindra Thar ROXX: 3 reasons to buy and 3 not to |url=https://www.autocarindia.com/auto-features/mahindra-thar-roxx-3-reasons-to-buy-and-3-not-to-436093 |work=Autocar India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Market positioning and sales ==<br /> The Thar ROXX expanded Mahindra’s presence in India’s growing lifestyle SUV category, competing with the [[Suzuki Jimny|Jimny 5-door]] and the [[Force Gurkha|Gurkha 5-door]]. According to sales data reported in May 2025, the Thar ROXX contributed to a significant increase in the Thar lineup’s sales compared with the previous year.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=May 2025 |title=Mahindra Thar and Thar ROXX sales rise 80 percent in May 2025 |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/auto/car-bikes/mahindra-thar-and-thar-roxx-sales-increase-2025/articleshow/121668540.cms |work=Navbharat Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; The model also helped the Thar brand cross 300,000 cumulative sales within five years of the launch of its second generation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=August 2025 |title=Mahindra Thar crosses 3 lakh sales milestone in India |url=https://www.ndtv.com/auto/mahindra-thar-clocks-3-lakh-unit-sales-in-five-years-9365040 |work=NDTV Auto}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In October 2025, Mahindra revised ROXX pricing following changes to India’s goods and services tax (GST) structure on SUVs, reducing prices by up to ₹1.33 lakh per variant.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=October 2025 |title=Mahindra Thar ROXX becomes cheaper despite GST hike |url=https://www.livemint.com/auto-news/thar-roxx-price-cut-2025 |work=LiveMint}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Mainak |date=2025-10-02 |title=Thinking Mahindra Thar Roxx this Diwali? This 5-door SUV becomes cheaper by up to ₹1.33 lakh despite GST hike |url=https://www.livemint.com/auto-news/thinking-mahindra-thar-roxx-this-diwali-this-5-door-suv-becomes-cheaper-by-up-to-rs-1-33-lakh-despite-gst-hike-11759381937931.html |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=mint |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> According to reviews by ''Autocar India'' and ''Hindustan Times Auto'', the Thar ROXX was praised for its additional space, comfort, and practicality while retaining much of the Thar’s off-road capability. Critics noted that although it is more suitable for family use, the larger size and weight make it less agile than the three-door version. Reviewers described it as a “dual-purpose” SUV suited for both urban commuting and moderate adventure driving.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=September 2024 |title=2025 Mahindra Thar ROXX review: bigger, plusher, and more practical |url=https://auto.hindustantimes.com/auto/mahindra-thar-roxx-review |work=Hindustan Times Auto}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=7 Out of 10 Mahindra Thars Sold Are Now Roxx SUVs: We Explain |url=https://www.cartoq.com/car-news/mahindra-thar-roxx-dominates-sales-with-70-percent-market-share/ |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=Cartoq |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> * [[Mahindra Thar]]<br /> * [[Mahindra Scorpio]]<br /> * [[Mahindra &amp; Mahindra]]<br /> * [[Automotive industry in India]]<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> <br /> * [https://auto.mahindra.com/suv/thar-roxx Official Mahindra Thar ROXX website]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Mahindra and Mahindra vehicles}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Mahindra vehicles]]<br /> [[Category:Cars introduced in 2024]]<br /> [[Category:Sport utility vehicles]]</div>

Cristine5684 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Himalayan_monasteries_and_shrines&diff=549491 2026-04-08T18:28:31Z

<p>Cristine5684: Made basic stub v1.</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|none}}<br /> '''List of Himalayan monasteries and shrines''' is a list of [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] monasteries and shrines in the [[Himalayas]].<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> Buddhism had spread to the Himalayan region before CE. It is evident from the fact that during 3rd century BC, Emperor [[Ashoka]] visited [[Nepal]]. ] Vajrayana Buddhism spread to Tibet during the reign of Songtsen [[Songtsen Gampo|Gampo]].<br /> <br /> Consequently, great Buddhist Masters like Vasubandhu, Santarakshaka and Padmasambhava&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Padmasambhava |title=Padmasambhava &amp;#124; Tibetan Buddhism, Guru Rinpoche, 8th Century &amp;#124; Britannica }}&lt;/ref&gt; visited Tibet. This led to the establishment of Buddhist Monasteries all along Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau.<br /> [[File:Stok Monastery Ladakh, India.jpg|thumb|right|Himalayan Monastery]]<br /> Vajrayana Buddhism&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Vajrayana |title=Vajrayana &amp;#124; Tantric Rituals, Mantras &amp; Mudras &amp;#124; Britannica |date=24 November 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt; is followed almost all along the [[Himalayas]] Himalayan range. Monasteries of Vajrayana Buddhism are found throughout Himalayan range in Tibet, Nepal, Bhutan and Pakistan; the earliest being Samye Monastery [[Samye]] in Tibet.<br /> <br /> The religious structures&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://smarthistory.org/buddhist-monasteries/ |title=» Buddhist monasteries }}&lt;/ref&gt; of Vajrayana Buddhism in the Himalayan belt are seen as Monasteries, Lhakhangs/ Gomphas and [[Stupa|Chortens]]. In Mahayana Buddhism they are known as Chaityas, Viharas and Stupas, respectively.<br /> <br /> Monasteries also display colourful motifs and thangkas on its walls.<br /> <br /> == Rituals ==<br /> Tibetan Buddhist monasteries are known for their rich culture and traditions, which are deeply rooted in the teachings of Buddhism. One of the most important aspects of Tibetan Buddhist monasteries is the presence of ritualistic places, which are dedicated to various deities and spiritual practices. Here are some of the most common ritualistic places found in Tibetan Buddhist monasteries and what they are called:<br /> [[File:Prayer hall Kungri Gompha - India.jpg|thumb|right|Dukhang: the central prayer hall]]<br /> [[File:Heruka family with dakinis.jpg|thumb|right|Murals on Monastery walls]]<br /> <br /> ::* Dukhang:&lt;ref&gt;Snellgrove, D. L. (1987). Indo-Tibetan Buddhism: Indian Buddhists and their Tibetan successors (Vol. 1). Shambhala.&lt;/ref&gt; The shrine room is the most important ritualistic place in a Tibetan Buddhist monastery. It is a sacred space where monks and laypeople gather to perform prayers, offerings, and other rituals. The shrine room is often adorned with statues, [https://www.himalayanart.org/search/set.cfm?setID=208 thangkas] (religious paintings), and other symbolic objects that represent the Buddha and other deities.&lt;ref&gt;Lopez, D. S. (1995). The heart sutra explained: Indian and Tibetan commentaries. SUNY Press.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:Akshyobhya mandala Thiksey Monastery.jpg|thumb|Akshyobhya mandala Shey palace]]<br /> ::* Lahkhang&lt;ref&gt;Snellgrove, D. L. (1987). Indo-Tibetan Buddhism: Indian Buddhists and their Tibetan successors (Vol. 1). Shambhala&lt;/ref&gt; is the inner sanctum of the monastery, where the most sacred relics, statues, and thangkas (religious paintings) are housed. It is typically located in the central courtyard of the monastery and is considered to be the most sacred and holiest part of the monastery. The Lahkhang is only accessible to the monks and is used for meditation and religious ceremonies.&lt;ref&gt;Vitali, R. (1990). The kingdom of Gugė: Western Tibet and the Himalayas of Ladakh and Nepal. Serindia Publications&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ::*[[Gompa]] : The place for tantric practices and meditation in Tibetan monasteries is called the &quot;Gompa&quot; or &quot;Meditation Hall.&quot; This is a dedicated space within the monastery where practitioners engage in advanced spiritual practices, including tantric rituals, visualization, and meditation.<br /> <br /> The Gompa&lt;ref&gt;Zangpo, N. (2016). The treasury of knowledge, book 8, part 4: Esoteric instructions (Vol. 4). Shambhala.&lt;/ref&gt; is typically located within the monastery complex and is designed to facilitate deep concentration and inner exploration. The space is usually large, with minimal furnishings, and may be decorated with symbolic images and objects that are relevant to the particular practices being undertaken.&lt;ref&gt;Powers, J. (2013). A concise encyclopedia of Buddhism. Oneworld Publications&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Within the Gompa, practitioners may work with a qualified teacher or guide to deepen their understanding of tantric practices and meditation. They may engage in practices that involve the recitation of mantras, visualization of deities, or other advanced techniques that are aimed at achieving spiritual realization.<br /> [[File:Prayer wheel at Spituk Monastery.jpg|right|thumb|Prayer Wheel at Spituk Monastery India]]<br /> <br /> ::* Stupa: A stupa&lt;ref&gt;Coningham, R. A. E., &amp; Young, R. (2015). The archaeology of South Asia: From the Indus to Asoka, c. 6500 BCE-200 CE. Cambridge University Press.&lt;/ref&gt; is a dome-shaped structure that represents the Buddha's body, speech, and mind. It is a ritualistic place where devotees perform circumambulation (walking around the stupa in a clockwise direction), offer prayers, and make offerings. Stupas are considered to be powerful spiritual objects that radiate positive energy and blessings.&lt;ref&gt;Huntington, J. C., &amp; Huntington, D. S. (2005). The art of ancient India: Buddhist, Hindu, Jain. Weatherhill.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ::* Chorten: A chorten&lt;ref&gt;Dowman, K. (1988). The power-places of Central Tibet: The pilgrim's guide. Routledge&lt;/ref&gt; is a small stupa that is used as a ritualistic place for meditation and offerings. Chortens are often found in the courtyards of Tibetan Buddhist monasteries and are used by monks and laypeople alike.&lt;ref&gt;Snellgrove, D. L. (1987). Indo-Tibetan Buddhism: Indian Buddhists and their Tibetan successors (Vol. 1). Shambhala&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ::* Mandala: A mandala&lt;ref&gt;Snellgrove, D. L. (1987). Indo-Tibetan Buddhism: Indian Buddhists and their Tibetan successors (Vol. 1). Shambhala.&lt;/ref&gt; is a geometric pattern that represents the universe and is used as a ritualistic place for meditation and visualization. Mandalas are often created using coloured sand or other materials and are destroyed after the ritual is complete, symbolizing the impermanence of all things.&lt;ref&gt;Gombrich, R. F. (1997). How Buddhism began: The conditioned genesis of the early teachings. Routledge.&lt;/ref&gt;[[Murals on Tibetan Buddhist monasteries]]<br /> <br /> ::* Prayer Wheel: A prayer wheel&lt;ref&gt;Thurman, R. A. F. (1996). Essential Tibetan Buddhism. Castle Books.&lt;/ref&gt; is a cylindrical wheel that is inscribed with mantras or prayers. It is a ritualistic place where devotees spin the wheel in a clockwise direction, believing that each turn of the wheel generates positive energy and blessings.&lt;ref&gt;Karmay, S. G. (2014). The life of the first Yangsi Rinpoche: Memoirs of the Tibetan resistance. Lexington Books.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> These ritualistic places are an integral part of Tibetan Buddhist monasteries and are used by monks and laypeople alike to connect with their spiritual practice and the teachings of Buddhism<br /> [[File:Thangka at Ralang Monastery sikkim.jpg|thumb|Thangka at Ralang Monastery]]<br /> <br /> == List of Himalayan monasteries and shrines ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! Sr. No.<br /> ! Monastery/Gompha<br /> ! Image<br /> ! Description<br /> |-<br /> |1<br /> |Gorsam Chortan<br /> |[[File:Gorsam Stupa, Zemithang India.jpg|thumb|Gorsam Stupa, Zemithang India]]<br /> |[[:File:Gorsam Stupa, Zemithang India.jpg|Gorsam]] Chorten (Stupa) is at Zemithang 90&amp;nbsp;km from Tawang. The stupa is 186 feet base and 93 feet high, built in<br /> 12 century AD by Monk Lama Pradhar. It is built to resembles 5 century AD, [[Boudhanath|Boudhnath]] Stupa in Nepal.<br /> <br /> [[Chendebji Chorten|Chendebji]] Chortan in Bhutan is of similar design.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |2<br /> |Kungri Monastery<br /> |[[File:Kungri Monastery - India.jpg|thumb|Kungri Monastery – India]]<br /> |Kungri [[:File:Kungri Monastery - India.jpg|Gompha]] is Vajrayana Buddhist temple, Kungri Monastery is located in the Himalayan region India.<br /> It was built in 1330. The Gompha has exquisite murals painted on its walls depicting deities of Vajrayana pantheon..<br /> |-<br /> |3<br /> |Lachung Monastery<br /> |[[File:Lachung Monastery, Sikkim India.jpg|thumb|Lachung Monastery, Sikkim India]]<br /> |Lachung [[:File:Lachung Monastery, Sikkim India.jpg|Monastery]] was built in 1880 situated in North Sikkim, India.<br /> Originally a Bon Monastery is now a Niyamapa Monastery<br /> |-<br /> |4<br /> |Namchi Monastery<br /> |[[File:Namchi monastery Decchen Choyling Gumpa Sikkim India.jpg|thumb|Namchi monastery Decchen Choyling Gumpa Sikkim India]]<br /> |Namchi [[:File:Namchi monastery Decchen Choyling Gumpa Sikkim India.jpg|Buddhist]] Monastery is situated in Sikkim, India. Namchi Monastery has<br /> Decchen Choyling Gumpa built in 1948. In the same premises there is a Nunnery.<br /> |-<br /> |5<br /> |Sang Monastery<br /> |[[File:Sang Monastery, Sikkim India.jpg|thumb|Sang Monastery, Sikkim India]]<br /> |[[:File:Sang Monastery, Sikkim India.jpg|Sang]] Monastery – Karma Dubgyu Chokhorling Monastery, Sikkim built in 1912 AD.<br /> Sang Monastery belongs to Kagyupa sect of Vajrayana Buddhism<br /> |-<br /> |6<br /> |Thiksey Monastery<br /> |[[File:Thiksey Monastery Ladakh India.jpg|thumb|Thiksey Monastery Ladakh India]]<br /> |[[:File:Thiksey Monastery Ladakh India.jpg|Thiksey]] Monastery was built during 15th century. This Monastery belongs to Gelugpa Sect of<br /> Vajrayana Buddhism located at Leh, Ladakh, India<br /> |-<br /> |7<br /> |Ugyenling Monastery<br /> |[[File:Ugyenling monastery.jpg|thumb|Ugyenling monastery]]<br /> |The Ugyenling [[:File:Ugyenling monastery.jpg|monastery]] was built around 1487 by Ugyen Zangpo,<br /> the youngest brother of Terton Pemalinga. The monastery is situated at Tawang India<br /> |-<br /> |8<br /> |Bomdila Monastery<br /> |[[File:Bomdilla Monastery (middle) India.jpg|thumb|Bomdilla Monastery (middle) India]]<br /> |Gontse Gaden Rabgyel Lling [[:File:Bomdilla Monastery (middle) India.jpg|Monastery]] is an important Monastery of Mahayana school of thought.<br /> It was built by the 12th reincarnate of Tsona Gontse Rinpoche in 1965–66.<br /> <br /> It is situated at Tawang in Arunachal Pradesh India.<br /> <br /> There are three gompas; middle Gompa is the oldest of all.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |9<br /> |Kurje Lkhang<br /> |[[File:Kurje lakhang Bhumtang.jpg|thumb|Kurje lakhang Bhumtang]]<br /> |Kurje [[:File:Kurje lakhang Bhumtang.jpg|Lhakhang]] is a Vajrayana Buddhist Shrine built in 1652 by Mingyur Tenpa at Bhumtang,<br /> Bhutan. It is surrounded by 108 chorten walls. The complex houses three revered temples,<br /> <br /> namely: Guru Lhakhang, Sampa Lhundrup Lhakhang and Ka Gon Phor Sum Lhakhang.<br /> |-<br /> |10<br /> |Druk Wangyal Lhakhang<br /> |[[File:Druk Wangyal Lhakhang Bhutan.jpg|thumb|Druk Wangyal Lhakhang Bhutan]]<br /> |Druk Wangyal [[:File:Druk Wangyal Lhakhang Bhutan.jpg|Lhakhang]] at 108 Chortens, Dochu La pass Bhutan.<br /> It is built in 2008 as memorial to celebrate 100 years of monarchy in Bhutan.<br /> |-<br /> |11<br /> |Lippa Monastery<br /> |[[File:Lippa Monastery.jpg|thumb|Lippa Monastery, Himachal Pradesh, India]]<br /> |Lippa [https://hplahaulspiti.nic.in/buddhist-circuits/ Monastery] is situated at Himachal Pradesh, India.The construction was started by Pandit Deva Ram ( 1744) and completed by his son Lama Sonam Dubkey.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Sanskrityayan |first=Rahul |author-link=Rahul Sankrityayan |title=Kinnar Desh Mein |publisher=kitab mahal |language=Hindi}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is at an altitude of 2438 meters.<br /> <br /> The [[:File:Lippa Monastery.jpg|Monastery]] temple is called Goldang Chakodar and houses the ancient religious texts – The Kangyur and Tangyur.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |12<br /> |Likir Monastery<br /> |[[File:Likir Monastery India.jpg|thumb|Likir Monastery Ladakh India]]<br /> |[[:File:Likir Monastery India.jpg|Likir]] Monastery was built during 11th century by Lhachen Gyalopo. It is situated In<br /> Ladakh region of India. The monastery is identified with 23 meters statue of Maitreya Buddha.<br /> |-<br /> |13<br /> |Labrang Monastery<br /> |[[File:Labrang Monastery.jpg|thumb|Labrang Monastery with eight sided roof]]<br /> |Labrang [[:File:Labrang Monastery.jpg|Monastery]] was built in 1843. It belongs to the Nyingmapa School of Tibetan Buddhism.<br /> Labrang Monastery was built in characteristic Sikkimese architecture of Rinchhen Surgyeor;<br /> <br /> the eight sided diamond. It symbolizes indestructibility.<br /> |-<br /> |14<br /> |Enchey Monastery<br /> |[[File:Enchey monastery.jpg|thumb|Enchey Monastery, Sikkim, India]]<br /> |[[:File:Enchey monastery.jpg|Enchey]] Monastery was established in 1909. It belongs to the Nyingmapa School of Tibetan Buddhism.<br /> The Monastery is located in Sikkim, India<br /> |-<br /> |15<br /> |Yang Drung Bon Monastery<br /> (Shurishing Yungdrung Dungdrakling Bon Monastery )<br /> |[[File:Yang Drung Bon Monastery.jpg|thumb|Yang Drung Bon Monastery at Kewzing India]]<br /> |Shurishing Yungdrung [[:File:Yang Drung Bon Monastery.jpg|Dungdrakling]] Bon Monastery is located in Kewzing, Sikkim, India.<br /> It is a 1980 Monastery built in Indo-Tibetan style. The monastery has paintings of Bon Demonical Buddha<br /> <br /> and Bon Deity. Yung Dung school of Bon was founded by Shenrab Miwoche during 14th century.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |16<br /> |Tachog Lhakhang – Tamchoe Monastery<br /> |[[File:Tachog Lhakhang - Tamchoe Monastery.jpg|thumb|Tachog Lhakhang – Tamchoe Monastery, Paro, Bhutan]]<br /> |Tachog [[:File:Tachog Lhakhang - Tamchoe Monastery.jpg|Lhakhang]] means “temple of the hill of the excellent horse.”<br /> The temple was built in 1420 by the architect Thangtong Gyalpo, &quot;Iron Bridge Maker&quot;.<br /> <br /> The Monastery is famous for the iron bridge leading to it, laid on Paro River.[1]<br /> <br /> The monastery is situated at Paro, Bhutan.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |17<br /> |Tashiding Monastery, Sikkim<br /> |[[File:Tashiding Monastery.jpg|thumb|Tashiding Monastery, Sikkim, India]]<br /> |[[:File:Tashiding Monastery.jpg|Tashiding]] Monastery is a Buddhist monastery of the Nyingma sect was founded in 1641.<br /> Ngadak Sempa Chembo. This is the main 'Tashiding Gompa' which is called as Chogyal Lhakhang.<br /> <br /> Tashiding Monastery is situated in Sikkim, India.<br /> |-<br /> |18<br /> |Lhodrak Kharchu Monastery<br /> |[[File:Lhodrak Kharchu Monastery.jpg|thumb|Lhodrak Kharchu Monastery]]<br /> |Lhodrak Kharchu monastery was built in the 1990s in the traditional Dzong architectural style.<br /> It belongs to Nyingma sect of Vajrayana Buddhism. The monastery is located in Bhutan<br /> |-<br /> |19<br /> |Jambay lhakhang Bhutan<br /> |[[File:Jambay lakhang Bhutan.jpg|thumb|Jambay lakhang Bhutan]]<br /> |Jambay Lhakhang is located in Bhumtang, Bhutan. This is an ancient shrine believed to have been built<br /> by 7 century Tibetan king Songtsen Gampo.<br /> <br /> Songtsen Gampo built a series of 108 temples throughout the Himalayas, each one helping to pin down the demoness.<br /> <br /> Jambay Lhakhang was intended to pin down the left knee of the demoness. Kichyu Lhakhang is one another Shrine.<br /> <br /> [https://www.jstor.org/stable/43300266 Gyatso, J. (1987). Down with the demoness: reflections on a feminine ground in Tibet.]<br /> <br /> [https://www.jstor.org/stable/43300266 Feminine ground: Essays on women and Tibet.]<br /> |-<br /> |20<br /> |Sangchen Dorji Lhendrup Nunnery, Bhutan<br /> |[[File:Sangchen Dorji Lhendrup Nunnery.jpg|thumb|Sangchen Dorji Lhendrup Nunnery]]<br /> |Sangchen Dorji Lhendrup Numnnery Bhutan, The Nunnery was established in 2015 as a Buddhist college for Nuns.<br /> The shrine has a14 feet bronze statue of Avalokitesvara, tallest in Bhutan. The Stupa in the vicinity is modelled<br /> <br /> on Swayam-[[Swayambhunath|Bhunath]] Stupa of Nepal,<br /> |-<br /> |21<br /> |Kanum Monastery, India<br /> |[[File:Kanum Monastery, India.jpg|thumb|Kanum Monastery, Himachal Pradesh India]]<br /> |[[:File:Kanum Monastery, India.jpg|Kanum]] Monastery is 12 century Monsatery belonging to Drukpa sect of Vajrayana Buddhism. It houses idol of Avalokiteshwara.<br /> The monastery has evidence of a Hungarian Scholar and explorer, Alexander Csoma de Körös (1784–1842) working there. .<br /> <br /> The monastery is located in Himachal Pradesh, India<br /> <br /> Le Calloc’h, Bernard. “Kanum, the Village of Alexander Csoma de Körös A Narrative of Werner Hoffmeister.<br /> <br /> ” The Tibet Journal, vol. 21, no. 1, 1996, pp.&amp;nbsp;47–57. JSTOR, {{JSTOR|43300561}}. Accessed 27 Feb. 2023.[https://www.jstor.org/stable/43300561]<br /> |-<br /> |22<br /> |Zangdokpalri Monastery, India<br /> (Durpin Gompa)<br /> |[[File:Zangdokpalri Monastery India.jpg|thumb|Zangdokpalri Monastery India]]<br /> |Zangdokpalri Monastery is also known as Durpin Gompa located at Kalimpong, West Bengal, India,<br /> This a Nyingma monastery, originally established by Dudjom Rinpoche 1946,<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |23<br /> |Rabong Gompa, Sikkim India<br /> |[[File:Rabong Gompa - New, Sikkim, India.jpg|thumb|Rabong Gompa – New, Sikkim, India]]<br /> |Rabong Monastery is also called as the Mani Choekerling Complex (in set). This is situated near Tathagatha Stal (Hindi: तथागत स्थल)<br /> at Sikkim India. Rabong Monastery was built in the Sikkimese traditional architecture known as “Rinchhen Surgye”.<br /> <br /> It belongs to the Karma Kagyupa lineage. The Complex houses Mani Lhakhang, Guru Lhakhang among others.<br /> <br /> References:<br /> <br /> 1. &quot;Rabong Monastery and its Preservation&quot; by Jigme T. Lachungpa. In &quot;Buddhist Himalayas: People, Faith and Nature&quot;,<br /> <br /> edited by K.S. Singh and Madhu Jain, pp.&amp;nbsp;263–270. Delhi: Book Faith India, 2009. 2. &quot;The Rabong Monastery and Its Cultural Landscape&quot;<br /> <br /> by Ugen T. Bhutia. In &quot;Himalayan Research Bulletin&quot;, vol. 33, no. 2, pp.&amp;nbsp;49–54. Kathmandu: Association for Nepal and Himalayan Studies, 2013.<br /> <br /> 3. &quot;The Cultural Heritage of Rabong Monastery, Sikkim&quot; by Doma Tshering. In &quot;The Indian Journal of Social Work&quot;, vol. 67, no. 1, pp.&amp;nbsp;77–86.<br /> <br /> Mumbai: Tata Institute of Social Sciences, 2006.<br /> |-<br /> |24<br /> |Ralang Monastery, Sikkim, India<br /> |[[File:Ralang Monastery, Sikkim, India.jpg|thumb|Ralang Monastery, Sikkim, India]]<br /> |Ralang Monastery was established in the 18th century by the 9th Karmapa, Wangchuk Dorje,<br /> It is located in Sikkim, India. The Monastery is associated with Karma Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism.<br /> <br /> References:<br /> <br /> 1. Kapadia, Harish. Ralang Monastery: An Architectural Survey. New Delhi: IGNCA, 1998.<br /> <br /> 2. Martin, Dan. Ralang Monastery: A History. Sikkim: Palchen Choeling Monastic Institute, 2012<br /> |-<br /> |25<br /> |Gangtey Monastery, Bhutan<br /> |[[File:Gangtey Gompa Bhutan.jpg|thumb|Gangtey Monastery Bhutan]]<br /> |The monastery was built in the 17th century by Gyalse Pema Thinley,<br /> The architecture of Gangtey Gompa is typical of Bhutanese monasteries. It is located in the Phobjikha Valley of Bhutan.<br /> <br /> References :<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |26<br /> |Chedibje Chorten Bhutan<br /> |[[File:Chedibje Chorten Bhutan.jpg|thumb|Chedibje Chorten Bhutan]]<br /> |[https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/chendebji-chorten Chendebji] Chorten is Nepalese style stupas such as Boudhanath. It was built during 18th century by Lam Oensey Tshering Wangchuk<br /> The Chendebji Chorten is a four-sided structure, each side featuring a large, painted image of one of the four Buddhas of the Vajrayana tradition.<br /> <br /> It is situated at Trongsa, Bhutan<br /> <br /> Ref: &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/chendebji-chorten&lt;/nowiki&gt; (accessed on 26 March 2023)<br /> |-<br /> |27<br /> |Rupa Monastery, Arunachal Pradesh, India<br /> |[[File:Rupa Monastery Arunachal Pradesh India.jpg|thumb|Rupa Monastery (Pedma Churling Zandok Parley Monastery) Arunachal Pradesh India]]<br /> |[https://ignca.gov.in/online-digital-resources/archaeological-sites/arunachal-pradesh/rupa-monastry/ Rupa] Monastery is a Buddhist monastery located in the West Kameng district of Arunachal Pradesh, India.<br /> It is also called Pedma Churling Zandok Parley Monastery. It belongs to Nyingmapa school of Tibetan Buddhism.<br /> <br /> &lt;nowiki&gt;https://ignca.gov.in/online-digital-resources/archaeological-sites/arunachal-pradesh/rupa-monastry/&lt;/nowiki&gt; (accessed on 26 March 2023)<br /> |-<br /> |28<br /> |Jangi Monastery Gompa Himchal Pradesh India<br /> |[[File:Jangi Monastery Gompa Himacha Pradesh l India.jpg|thumb|Jangi Monastery Gompa Himacha Pradesh l India]]<br /> |[https://whav.aussereurop.univie.ac.at/ic/4237/ Jangi] Monastery Gompa Himchal Pradesh<br /> Jangi Monastery is a Buddhist monastery located in Kinnaur district of Himachal Pradesh. The monastery is also known as the Kinnaur Monastery.<br /> <br /> It belongs to GelugPa school of Vajrayana Buddhism.<br /> <br /> &lt;nowiki&gt;https://whav.aussereurop.univie.ac.at/ic/4237/&lt;/nowiki&gt; (accessed on 26 March 2023)<br /> |-<br /> |29<br /> |Stok Monastery, Ladakh, India<br /> |[[File:Stok Monastery Ladakh, India.jpg|thumb|Stok Monastery Ladakh, India]]<br /> |Stok monastery was built in the 14th century by a lama Lhawang Lotus. The gompa is affiliated to Gelugpa or the Yellow Hat sect of Buddhism.<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |30<br /> |Sakya Tangyud Mionastery, Kaza, India<br /> |[[File:Sakya Tangyud Monastery India.jpg|thumb|Sakya Tangyud Monastery, Kaza, India]]<br /> |Sakya Tangyud Monastery, belongs to the Sakya school of Tibetan Buddhism, located in Kaza, Himachal Pradesh, India.<br /> The monastery was established in 1971 by the late Khempo Tashi Gyaltsen,<br /> <br /> It is one of the largest and most important monasteries of the Sakya school outside of Tibet.<br /> <br /> References:<br /> <br /> 1. Alaka Atreya Chudal, &quot;Sakya Monasteries in India and Bhutan, published in Himalaya,<br /> <br /> the Journal of the Association for Nepal and Himalayan Studies, Vol. 17, No. 1, 1997.<br /> <br /> 2. Kaushik P.D., &quot;The Monasteries of Spiti Valley: Sakya Tangyud and Kye Gompa&quot;,<br /> <br /> published in The Tibet Journal, Vol. 15, No. 2, Summer 1990.<br /> |-<br /> |31<br /> |Memorial Chorten, Bhutan<br /> |[[File:Memorial Chorten Bhutan.jpg|thumb|Memorial Chorten, Thimpu, Bhutan]]<br /> |The Memorial Chorten is a 51.5 meters tall, stupa located in Thimphu, Bhutan. It was built in 1974 in memory of<br /> the third king of Bhutan, Jigme Dorji Wangchuck, &quot;father of modern Bhutan&quot;.<br /> <br /> References:<br /> <br /> 1. Karma Phuntsho, &quot;Buddhism in Bhutan: A Historical Survey&quot;, published in Journal of Bhutan Studies, Vol. 1, No. 1, 1999.<br /> <br /> 2. Michael Aris, &quot;The Religious Iconography of Bhutan&quot;, published in Artibus Asiae, Vol. 37, No. 2/3, 1975.<br /> |-<br /> |32<br /> |Rumtek Monastery (New), Sikkim India<br /> |[[File:Rumtek Monastery NEW.jpg|thumb|Rumtek Monastery (New) Sikkim, India]]<br /> |Rumtek Monastery is known as the Dharma Chakra Centre.<br /> The Monastery was rebuilt in the 1960s by the 16th Karmapa, Rangjung Rigpe Dorje. The monastery is the main seat of the Karmapa lineage, It is located in Sikkim, India<br /> <br /> Rumtek Monastery is known as the Dharma Chakra Centre. It is the main seat of the Karmapa lineage,<br /> <br /> References:<br /> <br /> 1. Martin, P. (2005). Sacred Spaces and Cultural Identity: The Rumtek Monastery in Sikkim. Asian Anthropology, 4(2), 149–169.<br /> <br /> 2. Situ, R. (2003). The Golden Lama of Rumtek: A Social History of the Karmapas of Tibet. Boston: Shambhala Publications.<br /> <br /> 3. Datta, D. (2015). Buddhism in the Northeast: The Case of Rumtek Monastery in Sikkim. Indian Journal of Social Science Researches, 12(2), 101–106.<br /> |-<br /> |33<br /> |Rumtek Monastery (Old), Sikkim, India<br /> |[[File:Rumtek Monastery (Old) Sikkim, India.jpg|thumb|Rumtek Monastery,(New) Sikkim, India]]<br /> |Rumtek Monastery is known as the Dharma Chakra Centre. It was originally built during 18th Century.<br /> The monastery is the main seat of the Karmapa lineage, It is located in Sikkim, India<br /> <br /> References:<br /> <br /> 1. Martin, P. (2005). Sacred Spaces and Cultural Identity: The Rumtek Monastery in Sikkim. Asian Anthropology, 4(2), 149–169.<br /> <br /> 2. Situ, R. (2003). The Golden Lama of Rumtek: A Social History of the Karmapas of Tibet. Boston: Shambhala Publications.<br /> <br /> 3. Datta, D. (2015). Buddhism in the Northeast: The Case of Rumtek Monastery in Sikkim. Indian Journal of Social Science Researches, 12(2), 101–106.<br /> |-<br /> |34<br /> |DoDrul Chorten Sikkim Inida<br /> |[[File:Dodrul Chorten Sikkim India.jpg|thumb|Dodrul Chorten Sikkim India]]<br /> |It is situated at Gangtok city of Sikkim India.<br /> The stupa was built in 1945 by Trulshik Rinpoche. It belong to Nyingma tradition of Tibetan Buddhism.<br /> |-<br /> |35<br /> |Lachen Monastery Sikkim, India<br /> |[[File:Lachen Monastery Gompa.jpg|thumb|Lachen Monastery Sikkim India]]<br /> |Lachen Monastery, also known as Ngodub Choling Monastery. It is a Buddhist monastery located in the Lachen Valley of North Sikkim, India.<br /> Lachen Monastery is also known as Ngodub Choling Monastery. It was built in 1858 AD by the Nyingma Sect of Tibetan Buddhism.<br /> <br /> References<br /> <br /> 1. H. K. Sharma : &quot;Religion and Society in Sikkim: A Historical Perspective&quot; in &quot;Himalayan Anthropology:<br /> <br /> The Indo-Tibetan Interface&quot; edited by Mahesh Sharma, 2003., M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd.<br /> <br /> 2. Jigme Norbu : &quot;Buddhist Monasteries in Sikkim: An Overview&quot;, &quot;Buddhism in South Asia: Studies in Regional Diversity&quot;<br /> <br /> edited by Mahesh Deokar and Peter Skilling, 2018. published by Routledge<br /> |-<br /> |36<br /> |Phensang Monastery, Sikkim India<br /> |[[File:Phensang Monastery, Sikkim India.jpg|thumb|Phensang Monastery, Sikkim India]]<br /> |Phensang Monastery is a Buddhist monastery located in Sikkim, India.<br /> The monastery was founded in 1721 during the ruling period of Jigme Pawo. It belongs to the Nyingmapa sect of Buddhism,<br /> <br /> References:<br /> <br /> 1. O.C. Handa &quot;Buddhist Monasteries of Himachal Pradesh&quot; (Indus Publishing Company, 2005<br /> <br /> 2. P.C. Jain and Daljeet &quot;The Buddhist Monasteries of Sikkim&quot;, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 2007<br /> |-<br /> |37<br /> |Thongsa Gompa, Kalimpong, India<br /> |[[File:Thongsa Gompha, Kalimpong India.jpg|thumb|Thongsa Gompha, Kalimpong India]]<br /> |Thongsa Gompa is also known as the Bhutanese Monastery. It was originally built in 1692 CE and reconstructed during 19th century.<br /> Gompa belongs to Nyingmapa School of Buddhism<br /> <br /> https://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/west-bengal/kalimpong/attractions/thongsa-gompa/a/poi-sig/1284687/356542<br /> |-<br /> |38<br /> |Basgo Monastery, Gompa<br /> |[[File:Basgo Monastery Gompa Ladakh India.jpg|thumb|Basgo Monastery Gompa Ladakh, India]]<br /> |Basgo Monastery is a mud-brick fortress. The monastery was built in the 16th century by the Namgyal dynasty. The monastery holds a 14-meter-high, gilded statue of the Maitreya Buddha.<br /> References 1.Gergan Dorje Thakur : &quot;Ladakh: A Himalayan Treasures&quot;, published by Niyogi Books 2. Martijn van Beek and Jan van der Putten (Ed): &quot;Ladakh: Culture, History and Development Between Himalaya and Karakoram&quot;,<br /> <br /> published by Brill<br /> <br /> 3. Nawang Tsering Shakspo :&quot;Basgo: An Iconographic Analysis&quot;, published by Motilal Banarsidass<br /> <br /> &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.wmf.org/project/basgo-gompa-maitreya-temples&lt;/nowiki&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |39<br /> |Alchi Monastery: Sumtsek Gompa, Ladakh, India<br /> |[[File:Alchi Monastery Sumtsek Gompa.jpg|thumb|Sumtsek Gompa at Alchi Monastery, Ladakh India]]<br /> |Sumtsek Gompa at Alchi Monastery was built in the 11th century and is known for its unique blend of Indian and Tibetan<br /> architectural styles. Alchi monastery holds Dukhang, and Manjushri Temple, in the same premises.<br /> <br /> References:<br /> <br /> 1. Prem Singh Jina &quot;The Buddhist Monasteries of Ladakh&quot;, published by Indus Publishing Company<br /> <br /> 2. Sumit Seth &quot;Alchi: The Living Heritage of Ladakh&quot;, published by Niyogi Books<br /> <br /> 3. Roger Goepper : “Alchi, the Oldest Buddhist Monastery in the Upper Indus Valley: Its History and Artistic Significance&quot;, published by Artibus Asiae Publishers<br /> <br /> 4. Erberto Lo Bue,&quot;The Iconography of the Buddhist Sculpture of Alchi, Western Himalayas, India&quot; by published by River Books.<br /> |-<br /> |40<br /> |Nathang Monastery, Sikkim, India<br /> |[[File:Nathang Monastery Sikkim India.jpg|thumb|Nathang Monastery Sikkim India]]<br /> |Nathang Monastery is a relatively small monastery, established in the 17th century.<br /> It is located in Nubra Valley of Ladakh India. The place is also significant for a battle between British and Tibetan forces, during 19th century.<br /> <br /> https://sikkimtourism.org/nathang-valley/<br /> |-<br /> |41<br /> |Rewalsar Monastery, Himachal Pradesh, India<br /> |[[File:Rewalsar monastery Himachal India.jpg|thumb|Rewalsar Monastery, Himachal Pradesh, India]]<br /> |Rewalsar Monastery, also known as Tso-Pema Monastery. It is a Buddhist monastery in Himachal Pradesh, India.<br /> The monastery belongs to the Nyingma sect of Tibetan Buddhism. It is believed to be found in 12th century by Guru Rinpoche, the great master of Varayana Buddhism.<br /> <br /> References:<br /> <br /> 1. Nawang Tsering Shakspo: &quot;Rewalsar Monastery: A Cultural and Historical Survey&quot; (2010, Indus Publishing Company)<br /> <br /> 2. Pratapaditya Pal: &quot;The Art of Himalaya: Treasures from Nepal and Tibet&quot; (2001, University of California Press) – includes a section on Rewalsar Monastery.<br /> <br /> 3. O.C. Handa :&quot;Buddhist Monasteries of Himachal Pradesh: 6th-8th Century A.D.&quot; (2003, Indus Publishing Company) – includes a chapter on Rewalsar Monastery.<br /> <br /> 4. Sukumar Dutt &quot;Buddhist Monasteries and Monastic Life in Ancient India: From the Third Century BC to the Seventh Century AD&quot; (2004, Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers) – includes a section on Rewalsar Monastery<br /> |-<br /> |42<br /> |Pemayangtse Monastery Sikkim India<br /> |[[File:Pemayangtse Monastery Sikkim India.jpg|thumb|Pemayangtse Monastery Sikkim India]]<br /> |Pemayangtse Monastery monastery was built in 1705 by Lhatsun Namkha Jigme. It is an important monastery of the Nyingma tradition of Tibetan Buddhism. It is situated in Sikkim, India.<br /> References:<br /> <br /> 1. Parul Singh and Prashant Srivastava: &quot;Pemayangtse Monastery: The Sacred Citadel of Nyingma Sect&quot; (2019)<br /> <br /> 2. Peter van Ham &quot;The Pemayangtse Monastery, Sikkim: A Study of Its Architecture and Iconography&quot; (1993)<br /> <br /> 3.R. C. Agrawal and S. K. Saraswati: &quot;Pemayangtse Monastery and Its Sacred Sculptures&quot; (2008)<br /> <br /> 4. S. R. Chakravarti :&quot;Pemayangtse Monastery: An Architectural Marvel of Sikkim&quot; (2005)<br /> |-<br /> |43<br /> |Rangdum Monastery Zanskar India<br /> |[[File:Rangdum Monastery Zanskar India.jpg|thumb|Rangdum Monastery Zanskar India]]<br /> |Rangdum monastery was built by Gelek Yashy Takpa in the 18th century. The monastery belongs to the Gelugpa sect of Tibetan Buddhism. Rangdum Monastery -<br /> <br /> |-<br /> |44<br /> |Stongdey Monastery, Zanskar, India<br /> |[[File:Stongdey Monastery India.jpg|thumb|Stongdey Monastery, Zanskar, India]]<br /> |Stongdey Monastery Monastery, is a Buddhist monastery located in the Zanskar region of Ladakh India. The monastery was founded in the 11th century by the famous translator Rinchen Zangpo and belongs to the Gelugpa sect.<br /> References<br /> <br /> 1. Nawang Tsering Shakspo : &quot;Stongdey Monastery: A Cultural and Historical Survey&quot; (2006, Indus Publishing Company)<br /> <br /> 2. Erberto Lo Bue &quot;Ladakh: The Stongdey Monastery&quot; (1999, Timeless Books)<br /> <br /> 3. Nawang Tsering : &quot;The Stongdey Monastery and Its History&quot; (1991, Ladakh Ecological Development and Environmental Group)<br /> <br /> 4. Sarla Kumari : &quot;Stongdey Monastery, Ladakh: The Red Hat Sect of Tibetan Buddhism&quot; (2007)<br /> <br /> 5. Elizabeth Valdez del Alamo :&quot;The Ritual Life of Tibetan Monks: The Monastery of Stongdey&quot; (1992, Routledge)<br /> |-<br /> |45<br /> |Shanti Stupa, Ladakh, India<br /> |[[File:Shanti stupa Leh India.jpg|thumb|Shanti Stupa, Ladakh, India]]<br /> |Shanti Stupa is a white dome like structure. It was in built in 1991 . It was built a Japanese Buddhist organization to promote world peace and harmony.<br /> The stupa is also known as the Peace Pagoda.<br /> <br /> &lt;nowiki&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanti_Stupa,_Ladakh&lt;/nowiki&gt;<br /> <br /> References<br /> <br /> 1. &quot;Buddhist Stupas in South Asia&quot; by Himanshu Prabha Ray, published by Oxford University Press in 2011. 2, &quot;The Shanti Stupa, Leh: A Case of Buddhist Pilgrimage and Tourism&quot; by Rinsol Ganzin, published in the Journal of Heritage Tourism in 2013.<br /> <br /> 3. &quot;Buddhist Pilgrimage in India: The Ultimate Destination&quot; by Swati Mitra, published by Niyogi Books in 2018,<br /> |-<br /> |46<br /> |Zongkhul Cave Gompa Zanskar, India<br /> |[[File:Zongkhul Cave Gompa.jpg|thumb|Zongkhul Cave Gompa]]<br /> |Zongkhul Cave Gompa is a part of monastery located in the Zanskar region, Ladakh, India.<br /> The Monastery belongs to Drukpa Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism. The cave monastery is said to have been founded by the famous<br /> <br /> Buddhist master Naropa in the 11th century. The monastery is at three levels. Monastery at the entrance; then steps leading up on a hill to a cave gompa<br /> <br /> and further higher is the third gompa where Saint Naropa is believed to have meditated.<br /> <br /> References :<br /> <br /> 1. &quot;Buddhism and the Environment: A Study of the Zanskar Region of Ladakh&quot; by Ranjan Kumar Sinha, published in the Journal of Human Ecology in 2012. 2. &quot;Buddhist Himalayas: People, Faith and Nature&quot; by Olivier Föllmi, published by Thames &amp; Hudson in 2002<br /> <br /> 3. &quot;The Hidden Himalayas: An Anthology of Contemporary Writing&quot; edited by Patrick French and Namita Gokhale, published by John Murray Press in 2009.<br /> |-<br /> |47<br /> |Sanai Gompa, Zanslar, India<br /> |[[File:Sani Gompa.jpg|thumb|Sani Gompa]]<br /> |Sani Gompa, also known as Sani Monastery. It is a Buddhist monastery located in the Zanskar region of Ladakh, India. It is considered to be one of the oldest monasteries dating back to the 2nd century BCE.<br /> Sani Gompa has a blend Indian and Tibetan Buddhist traditions. In the premises of monastery exists holi funerary.<br /> <br /> [[:File:Maitreya at Sani Gompha.jpg]]<br /> <br /> References<br /> <br /> &quot;Buddhism in Ladakh: A Study of the Buddhist Himalayas&quot; by John Bray, published by Oxford University Press in 2014.<br /> <br /> &quot;Buddhist Art in Ladakh: A Brief Overview&quot; by Monisha Ahmed, published in the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society in 1998.<br /> |-<br /> |48<br /> |Diskit Gompa Nubra valley India<br /> |[[File:Diskit Gompa Nubra valley India.jpg|thumb|Diskit Gompa Nubra valley India]]<br /> |Diskit Monastery is located in the Nibra valley of Ladakh, India.<br /> It was found by Changzem Tserab Zangpo during 14th century. It belongs to the Gelugpa school of Vajrayana Buddhism. During the 17th century, the monastery was heavily damaged and later reconstructed.<br /> <br /> [[Diskit Monastery]]<br /> <br /> References :<br /> <br /> &quot;The Himalayan Masters: A Living Tradition&quot; by Pandit Rajmani Tigunait, published by Himalayan Institute Press in 2018.<br /> <br /> &quot;The Development of Monasteries in Ladakh&quot; by Mariko Namba Walter, published in the Journal of Asian Humanities at Kyushu University in 2012.<br /> |-<br /> |49<br /> |Samtanling Gompa, Nubra valley, India<br /> |[[File:Samtanling Gompa.jpg|thumb|Samtanling Gompa]]<br /> |Samtanling Monastery is a Tibetan Buddhist monastery located in the Nubra Valley, Ladakh India. It was founded in the early 19th century by Lama Tsultrim Nima and belongs to the Gelugpa sect of Tibetan Buddhism.<br /> References:<br /> <br /> Nawang Tsering Shakspo :&quot;Samstanling Monastery: A Cultural and Historical Survey&quot; (2009, Indus Publishing Company)<br /> <br /> Erberto Lo Bue : &quot;The Art of Ladakh: Studies on the Monastic Architecture and Murals&quot; (2004, Marg Publications)<br /> <br /> P. Stobdan :&quot;Monasteries of Ladakh&quot; (2010, Niyogi Books) – includes a chapter on Samtanling Gompa.<br /> <br /> Monisha Ahmed and Clare Harris (Ed) :&quot;Ladakh: Culture at the Crossroads&quot; (2005, Marg Publications) – includes a section on Samtanling Gompa.<br /> |-<br /> |50<br /> |Bardan Gompa Zanskar India<br /> |[[File:Bardan Gompa Zanskar India.jpg|thumb|Bardan Gompa Zanskar India]]<br /> |Bardan Monastery was founded in the 16th century by Lama Phuntsog Dorje and belongs to the Drukpa Kagyu sect of Tibetan Buddhism.<br /> The monastery is located in the Zanskar region of India<br /> <br /> References:<br /> <br /> Nawang Tsering Shakspo :&quot;Bardan Monastery: A Cultural and Historical Survey&quot; (2009, Indus Publishing Company)<br /> <br /> P. Stobdan: &quot;Monasteries of Ladakh&quot; (2010, Niyogi Books) – includes a chapter on Bardan Monastery.<br /> <br /> Clare Harris :&quot;Himalayan Buddhist Monasteries&quot; (2002, Oxford University Press) – includes a section on Bardan Monastery.<br /> <br /> Janet Rizvi (Ed)&quot;Ladakh: Crossroads of High Asia&quot; (1996, Oxford University Press) – includes a chapter on Bardan Monastery<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Tibetan monasteries}}<br /> [[Category:Lists of Buddhist monasteries]]<br /> [[Category:Buddhist monasteries|V]]<br /> [[Category:Buddhism in Ladakh| ]]<br /> [[Category:Buddhism in Himachal Pradesh| ]]<br /> [[Category:Buddhism in Nepal| ]]<br /> [[Category:Buddhism in Sikkim| ]]<br /> [[Category:Buddhism in West Bengal| ]]<br /> [[Category:Buddhism in Bhutan| ]]<br /> [[Category:Buddhism in Arunachal Pradesh| ]]<br /> [[Category:Buddhist architecture| ]]</div>

Cristine5684 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Male&diff=547417 2026-04-04T11:04:00Z

<p>Cristine5684: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Sex of an organism which produces sperm}}<br /> {{About|the male sex|the capital of the Maldives|Malé|other uses}}<br /> {{redirect|Males}}<br /> {{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Mars symbol.svg|thumb|The symbol of the Roman god [[Mars (mythology)|Mars]] (god of war) is often used to represent the male sex. It also stands for the planet [[Mars]] and is the [[alchemical symbol]] for [[iron]].]]<br /> '''Male''' ([[Planet symbols|symbol]]: [[♂]]) is the [[sex]] of an [[organism]] that produces, or is organized to produce, the [[gamete]] (sex cell) known as [[sperm]], which fuses with the larger [[female]] gamete,&lt;ref name=&quot;Lehtonen2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Lehtonen |first1=Jussi |last2=Parker |first2=Geoff A. |author-link2=Geoff Parker |date=1 December 2014 |title=Gamete competition, gamete limitation, and the evolution of the two sexes |url=https://academic.oup.com/molehr/article/20/12/1161/1062990 |journal=Molecular Human Reproduction |language=en |volume=20 |issue=12 |pages=1161–1168 |doi=10.1093/molehr/gau068 |issn=1360-9947 |pmid=25323972 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Fusco2019&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Fusco|first1=Giuseppe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AKGsDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=the+biology+of+reproduction+define+sex|title=The Biology of Reproduction|last2=Minelli|first2=Alessandro|date=10 October 2019 |publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-108-49985-9|pages=111–113|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Hine2015&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Hine |first1=Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gMf9CAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA354 |title=A Dictionary of Biology |last2=Martin |first2=Elizabeth |date=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-871437-8 |page=354 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bhargava |first=Aditi |last2=Arnold |first2=Arthur P |last3=Bangasser |first3=Debra A |last4=Denton |first4=Kate M |last5=Gupta |first5=Arpana |last6=Hilliard Krause |first6=Lucinda M |last7=Mayer |first7=Emeran A |last8=McCarthy |first8=Margaret |last9=Miller |first9=Walter L |last10=Raznahan |first10=Armin |last11=Verma |first11=Ragini |date=2021-05-25 |title=Considering Sex as a Biological Variable in Basic and Clinical Studies: An Endocrine Society Scientific Statement |url=https://academic.oup.com/edrv/article/42/3/219/6159361 |journal=Endocrine Reviews |language=en |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=3 |doi=10.1210/endrev/bnaa034 |issn=0163-769X |pmc=8348944 |pmid=33704446}}&lt;/ref&gt; or [[Egg cell|ovum]], in the process of [[fertilisation]]. A male organism cannot [[sexual reproduction|reproduce sexually]] without access to at least one ovum from a female, but some organisms can reproduce both sexually and [[Asexual reproduction|asexually]].&lt;ref name=Curtis2010&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lively|first=Curtis M.|date=1 March 2010 |title=A Review of Red Queen Models for the Persistence of Obligate Sexual Reproduction|url=https://academic.oup.com/jhered/article/101/suppl_1/S13/757712|journal=Journal of Heredity|language=en|volume=101|issue=suppl_1|pages=S13–S20|doi=10.1093/jhered/esq010|pmid=20421322|issn=0022-1503|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Most male [[mammal]]s, including male humans, have a [[Y chromosome]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Reference|first=Genetics Home|title=Y chromosome|url=https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/chromosome/y/|access-date=22 July 2020 |website=Genetics Home Reference|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Y Chromosome|url=https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Y-Chromosome|access-date=7 September 2020 |website=Genome.gov|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; which codes for the production of larger amounts of [[testosterone]] to develop [[male reproductive organs]].<br /> <br /> In humans, the word ''male'' can also be used to refer to [[gender]], in the social sense of [[gender role]] or [[gender identity]].&lt;ref name=palazzani/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 February 2025 |title=Definition of MALE |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/male |access-date=10 February 2025 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Overview ==<br /> The existence of separate sexes has evolved independently at different times and in different [[lineage (evolution)|lineages]], an example of [[convergent evolution]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Berrill&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Berrill |first=N.J. |title=Sex |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/sex |access-date=22 July 2020 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Klymkowsky-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Klymkowsky |first1=Michael W. |last2=Melanie M. |first2=Cooper |date=4 June 2016 |title=4.9: Sexual dimorphism |language=en |website=Biology LibreTexts |url=https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Book%3A_Biofundamentals_(Klymkowsky_and_Cooper)/04%3A_Social_evolution_and_sexual_selection/4.09%3A_Sexual_dimorphism |access-date=22 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; The repeated pattern is sexual reproduction in [[isogamy|isogamous]] species with two or more [[mating type]]s with gametes of identical form and behavior (but different at the molecular level) to [[anisogamy|anisogamous]] species with [[gamete]]s of male and [[female]] types to [[oogamy|oogamous]] species in which the female gamete is very much larger than the male and has no ability to move. There is a good argument that this pattern was driven by the physical constraints on the mechanisms by which two gametes get together as required for [[sexual reproduction]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dusenbery |first=David B. |url=https://archive.org/details/livingatmicrosca0000duse |title=Living at Micro Scale |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-674-03116-6 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |at=Chapter 20 |url-access=registration}}.&lt;/ref&gt;{{Page needed|date=August 2021}}. But in some species males can reproduce by themselves asexually, for example via [[androgenesis]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Hedtke-2008&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Hedtke |first1=Shannon M. |last2=Stanger-Hall |first2=Kathrin |last3=Baker |first3=Robert J. |last4=Hillis |first4=David M. |author-link4=David Hillis |date=May 2008 |title=All-Male Asexuality: Origin and Maintenance of Androgenesis in the Asian Clam Corbicula |journal=Evolution |volume=62 |issue=5 |pages=1119–1136 |doi=10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00344.x |pmid=18266987 |bibcode=2008Evolu..62.1119H }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schwander-2016&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|first1=Tanja |last1=Schwander |first2=Benjamin P |last2=Oldroyd |date=28 September 2008|title=Androgenesis: where males hijack eggs to clone themselves|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=371 |issue=1706 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2015.0534 |pmid=27619698 |pmc=5031619 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Accordingly, sex is defined across species by the type of gametes produced (i.e.: spermatozoa vs. ova) and differences between males and females in one lineage are not always predictive of differences in another.&lt;ref name=&quot;Klymkowsky-2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Wilcox|first=Christie|title=Why Sex? Biologists Find New Explanations.|url=https://www.quantamagazine.org/why-sex-biologists-find-new-explanations-20200423/|access-date=22 July 2020|website=Quanta Magazine|date=23 April 2020|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Lehtonen|first=Jussi|title=Gamete Size|date=2017|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science|pages=1–4|editor-last=Shackelford|editor-first=Todd K.|place=Cham|publisher=Springer International Publishing|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-16999-6_3063-1|isbn=978-3-319-16999-6|editor2-last=Weekes-Shackelford|editor2-first=Viviana A.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[sexual dimorphism|Male/female dimorphism]] between organisms or reproductive organs of different sexes is not limited to animals; male gametes are produced by [[chytrid]]s, [[diatom]]s and land [[plant]]s, among others. In land plants, ''female'' and ''male'' designate not only the female and male gamete-producing organisms and structures but also the structures of the [[sporophyte]]s that give rise to male and female plants.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}<br /> <br /> == Evolution ==<br /> {{See also|Evolution of sexual reproduction|Sex#Evolution of sex}}<br /> The [[Anisogamy#Evolution|evolution of anisogamy]] led to the evolution of male and female function.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bachtrog-2014&quot; /&gt; Before the evolution of anisogamy, [[mating type]]s in a species were [[Isogamy|isogamous]]: the same size and both could move, catalogued only as &quot;+&quot; or &quot;-&quot; types.&lt;ref name=Sawada/&gt;{{rp|216}} In anisogamy, the mating type is called a gamete. The male gamete is smaller than the female gamete, and usually mobile.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kumar-20192&quot;&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|entry=Anisogamy|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior|publisher=Springer International Publishing|place=Cham |date=2019|pages=1–5|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_340-1|isbn=978-3-319-47829-6 |vauthors=Kumar R, Meena M, Swapnil P|title=Anisogamy |veditors=Vonk J, Shackelford T}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anisogamy remains poorly understood, as there is no fossil record of its emergence. Numerous theories exist as to why anisogamy emerged. Many share a common thread, in that larger female gametes are more likely to survive, and that smaller male gametes are more likely to find other gametes because they can travel faster. Current models often fail to account for why isogamy remains in a few species.&lt;ref name=&quot;Togashi-2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Togashi |first1=Tatsuya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5eOvRTIuLXMC&amp;pg=PA1 |title=The Evolution of Anisogamy: A Fundamental Phenomenon Underlying Sexual Selection |last2=Cox |first2=Paul Alan |date=14 April 2011 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-50082-1 |pages=1–15 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anisogamy appears to have evolved multiple times from isogamy; for example, female [[Volvocales]] (a type of green algae) evolved from the plus mating type.&lt;ref name=&quot;Togashi-2011&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=Sawada&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Sawada |first1=Hitoshi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Adm6BQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA222 |title=Sexual Reproduction in Animals and Plants |last2=Inoue |first2=Naokazu |last3=Iwano |first3=Megumi |date=7 February 2014 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-4-431-54589-7 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|222}} Although sexual evolution emerged at least 1.2 billion years ago, the lack of anisogamous fossil records make it hard to pinpoint when males evolved.&lt;ref name=&quot;PB-2000&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last=Butterfield|first=Nicholas J.|date=2000|title=Bangiomorpha pubescens n. gen., n. sp.: implications for the evolution of sex, multicellularity, and the Mesoproterozoic/Neoproterozoic radiation of eukaryotes|url=https://mr.crossref.org/iPage?doi=10.1666%2F0094-8373%282000%29026%3C0386%3ABPNGNS%3E2.0.CO%3B2|journal=[[Paleobiology (journal)|Paleobiology]]|volume=26|issue=3|page=386|doi=10.1666/0094-8373(2000)026&lt;0386:BPNGNS&gt;2.0.CO;2|bibcode=2000Pbio...26..386B |s2cid=36648568 |access-date=12 April 2021|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; One theory suggests male evolved from the dominant mating type (called mating type minus).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Togashi|first1=Tatsuya|last2=Bartelt|first2=John L.|last3=Yoshimura|first3=Jin|last4=Tainaka|first4=Kei-ichi|last5=Cox|first5=Paul Alan|date=21 August 2012 |title=Evolutionary trajectories explain the diversified evolution of isogamy and anisogamy in marine green algae|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=109|issue=34|pages=13692–13697|doi=10.1073/pnas.1203495109|issn=0027-8424|pmc=3427103|pmid=22869736|bibcode=2012PNAS..10913692T|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Symbol, etymology, and usage &lt;span class=&quot;anchor&quot; id=&quot;Symbol and usage&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;==<br /> === Symbol ===<br /> A common [[gender symbol|symbol]] used to represent the male sex is the [[Mars symbol]] ♂, a circle with an arrow pointing [[Ordinal direction|northeast]]. The [[Unicode]] code-point is:<br /> :{{unichar|2642|MALE SIGN|html=}}<br /> The symbol is identical to the planetary symbol of [[Mars]]. It was first used to denote sex by [[Carl Linnaeus]] in 1751. The symbol is sometimes seen as a stylized representation of the shield and spear of the Roman god [[Mars (mythology)|Mars]]. According to [[William T. Stearn]], however, this derivation is &quot;fanciful&quot; and all the historical evidence favours &quot;the conclusion of the French classical scholar [[Claude de Saumaise]] (Salmasius, 1588{{ndash}}1683)&quot; that it is derived from ''θρ'', the contraction of a Greek name for the planet Mars, which is ''Thouros''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |jstor = 1217734|title = The Origin of the Male and Female Symbols of Biology|journal = Taxon|volume = 11|issue = 4|pages = 109–113|last1 = Stearn|first1 = William T.|year = 1962|doi = 10.2307/1217734 | bibcode=1962Taxon..11..109S }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Etymology ===<br /> Borrowed from [[Old French]] ''masle'', from [[Latin]] ''masculus'' (&quot;masculine, male, worthy of a man&quot;), diminutive of ''mās'' (&quot;male person or animal, male&quot;).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=male {{!}} Etymology, origin and meaning of male by etymonline |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/male#etymonline_v_6731 |website=www.etymonline.com |publisher=[[Etymonline]] |access-date=23 July 2023 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Usage ===<br /> In humans, the word ''male'' can be used in the context of [[gender]], such as for gender role or gender identity of a [[man]] or [[boy]].&lt;ref name=palazzani&gt;{{cite book |last1=Palazzani |first1=Laura |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w8bbP6D7U2UC&amp;pg=PA5 |title=Gender in Philosophy and Law |last2=Bailes |first2=Victoria |last3=Fella |first3=Marina |publisher=Dordrecht : Springer |year=2012 |isbn=978-94-007-4991-7 |series=SpringerBriefs in law |page=v |quote='gender' means human gender, male/female gender}} (eBook)&lt;/ref&gt; For example, according to Merriam-Webster, &quot;male&quot; can refer to &quot;having a gender identity that is the opposite of female&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Definition of MALE |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/male |access-date=2023-03-22 |website=Merriam-Webster |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to the Cambridge Dictionary, &quot;male&quot; can mean &quot;belonging or relating to men&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=male |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/male |website=Cambridge Dictionary}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ''Male'' can also refer to [[gender of connectors and fasteners|a shape of connectors]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book| author =J. Richard Johnson | title= How to Build Electronic Equipment | year =1962 | page=167 | quote=To minimize confusion, the connector portions with projecting prongs are referred to as the 'male' portion, and the sockets as the 'female' portion.| publisher = Rider | location = New York}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | author =Richard Ferncase | title =Film and Video Lighting Terms and Concepts | year=2013 | page=96 | quote= female[:] Refers to a socket type connector, which must receive a male connector | isbn= 978-0-240-80157-5 | publisher = Hoboken Taylor and Francis}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Sex determination ==<br /> {{Main|Sex-determination system}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Anterior view of human female and male, with labels 2.png|thumb|Photograph of an adult male human, with an adult [[female]] for comparison. Both models have partially shaved body hair; e.g. clean-shaven pubic regions.]]<br /> <br /> The sex of a particular organism may be determined by a number of factors. These may be genetic or environmental, or may naturally change during the course of an organism's life. Although most species have only two sexes (either male or female),&lt;ref name=&quot;Berrill&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Klymkowsky-2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=Fusco2019/&gt; [[Hermaphrodite|hermaphroditic]] animals, such as [[worm]]s, have both male and female reproductive organs.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=hermaphroditism {{!}} Definition, Types, &amp; Effects|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/hermaphroditism|access-date=22 July 2020|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Species that are divided into females and males are classified as [[Gonochorism|gonochoric]] in animals, as [[Dioecy|dioecious]] in [[seed plants]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Fusco2019&quot; /&gt; and as [[Dioicy|dioicous]] in [[cryptogam]]s.&lt;ref name=&quot;ShawGoffinet&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Buck WR |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fuOKCOlRngkC |title=Bryophyte Biology |last2=Goffinet |first2=B |date=August 2000 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-66794-4 |editor=Shaw AJ &amp; Goffinet B |location=New York |chapter=Morphology and classification of mosses}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|82}} Males can coexist with hermaphrodites, a [[sexual system]] called [[androdioecy]]. They can also coexist with females and hermaphrodites, a sexual system called [[trioecy]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Leonard |first=Janet L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0rWZDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA1 |title=Transitions Between Sexual Systems: Understanding the Mechanisms of, and Pathways Between, Dioecy, Hermaphroditism and Other Sexual Systems |date=2019-05-21 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-94139-4 |pages=1–3 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Not all species share a common [[sex-determination system]]. In most [[animal]]s, including [[Homo sapiens|humans]], sex is determined [[genetics|genetically]]; however, species such as ''[[Cymothoa exigua]]'' change sex depending on the number of females present in the vicinity.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Ruiz-L |first1=A. |last2=Madrid-V |first2=J. |date=6 March 1992 |title=Studies on the biology of the parasitic isopod Cymothoa exigua Schioedte and Meinert, 1884 and it's relationship with the snapper Lutjanus peru (Pisces: Lutjanidae) Nichols and Murphy, 1922, from commercial catch in Michoacan |url=https://cienciasmarinas.com.mx/index.php/cmarinas/article/view/885 |journal=Ciencias Marinas |language=en |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=19–34 |doi=10.7773/cm.v18i1.885 |bibcode=1992CiMar..18...19R |issn=2395-9053|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Genetic determination ===<br /> Most [[mammal]]s, including [[human]]s, are genetically determined as such by the [[XY sex-determination system]] where males have XY (as opposed to XX in females) [[sex chromosomes]]. It is also possible in a variety of species, including humans, to be [[XX male]] or have other [[karyotypes]]. During [[reproduction]], a male can give either an X sperm or a Y sperm, while a female can only give an X egg. A Y sperm and an X egg produce a male, while an X sperm and an X egg produce a [[female]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=17 July 2018|title=43.1C: Sex Determination|url=https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Book%3A_General_Biology_(Boundless)/43%3A_Animal_Reproduction_and_Development/43.1%3A_Reproduction_Methods/43.1C%3A_Sex_Determination|access-date=2020-07-22|website=Biology LibreTexts|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The part of the Y-chromosome which is responsible for maleness is the sex-determining region of the Y-chromosome, the [[SRY]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Reference|first=Genetics Home|title=SRY gene|url=https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/sry/|access-date=22 July 2020|website=Genetics Home Reference|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The SRY activates [[Sox9]], which forms feedforward loops with [[FGF9]] and [[PGD2|PGD&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;]] in the [[gonad]]s, allowing the levels of these genes to stay high enough in order to cause male development;&lt;ref name=&quot;Moniot&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Moniot | first1=Brigitte | last2=Declosmenil | first2=Faustine | last3=Barrionuevo | first3=Francisco | last4=Scherer | first4=Gerd | last5=Aritake | first5=Kosuke | last6=Malki | first6=Safia | last7=Marzi | first7=Laetitia | last8=Cohen-Solal | first8=Ann | last9=Georg | first9=Ina | last10=Klattig | first10=Jürgen | last11=Englert | first11=Christoph | last12=Kim | first12=Yuna | last13=Capel | first13=Blanche | last14=Eguchi | first14=Naomi | last15=Urade | first15=Yoshihiro | last16=Boizet-Bonhoure | first16=Brigitte | last17=Poulat | first17=Francis | year=2009 | title=The PGD2 pathway, independently of FGF9, amplifies SOX9 activity in Sertoli cells during male sexual differentiation| journal=Development| volume=136| issue=11| pages=1813–1821| pmid = 19429785 | doi=10.1242/dev.032631| pmc=4075598 }}&lt;/ref&gt; for example, Fgf9 is responsible for development of the [[spermatic cord]]s and the multiplication of [[Sertoli cell]]s, both of which are crucial to male sexual development.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal <br /> | last1 = Kim | first1 = Y. <br /> | last2 = Kobayashi | first2 = A. <br /> | last3 = Sekido | first3 = R. <br /> | last4 = Dinapoli | first4 = L. <br /> | last5 = Brennan | first5 = J. <br /> | last6 = Chaboissier | first6 = M. C. <br /> | last7 = Poulat | first7 = F. <br /> | last8 = Behringer | first8 = R. R. <br /> | last9 = Lovell-Badge | first9 = R. <br /> | doi = 10.1371/journal.pbio.0040187 <br /> | last10 = Capel | first10 = B. <br /> | title = Fgf9 and Wnt4 Act as Antagonistic Signals to Regulate Mammalian Sex Determination <br /> | journal = PLOS Biology <br /> | volume = 4 <br /> | issue = 6 <br /> | article-number = e187 <br /> | year = 2006 <br /> | pmid = 16700629 <br /> | pmc =1463023 <br /> | doi-access = free <br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[ZW sex-determination system]], where males have ZZ (as opposed to ZW in females) sex chromosomes, may be found in [[bird]]s and some [[insect]]s (mostly [[Lepidoptera|butterflies and moths]]) and other organisms. Members of the insect order [[Hymenoptera]], such as [[ant]]s and [[bee]]s, are often determined by [[haplodiploidy]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Bachtrog-2014&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Bachtrog D, [[Judith Mank | Mank JE]], Peichel CL, [[Mark Kirkpatrick | Kirkpatrick M]], [[Sarah Otto | Otto SP]], Ashman TL, Hahn MW, Kitano J, Mayrose I, Ming R, Perrin N, Ross L, Valenzuela N, Vamosi JC |date=July 2014 |title=Sex determination: why so many ways of doing it? |journal=PLOS Biology |volume=12 |issue=7 |article-number=e1001899 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.1001899 |pmc=4077654 |pmid=24983465 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; where most males are [[haploid]] and females and some sterile males are [[diploid]]. However, fertile diploid males may still appear in some species, such as ''[[Cataglyphis cursor]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;dip&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Doums |first1=Claudie |title=Fertile diploid males in the ant Cataglyphis cursor: a potential cost of thelytoky? |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00265-013-1606-6 |journal=Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology |year=2013 |volume=67 |issue=12 |pages=1983–1993 |access-date=2 October 2021 |doi=10.1007/s00265-013-1606-6|bibcode=2013BEcoS..67.1983D |s2cid=18141328 |hdl=10261/88167 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Environmental determination ===<br /> In some species of reptiles, such as [[alligator]]s, sex is determined by the temperature at which the egg is incubated. Other species, such as some [[snail]]s, practice sex change: adults start out male, then become female.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Cahill|first1=Abigail E.|last2=Juman|first2=Alia Rehana|last3=Pellman-Isaacs|first3=Aaron|last4=Bruno|first4=William T.|date=December 2015|title=Physical and Chemical Interactions with Conspecifics Mediate Sex Change in a Protandrous Gastropod Crepidula fornicata|journal=The Biological Bulletin|volume=229|issue=3|pages=276–281|doi=10.1086/bblv229n3p276|pmid=26695826|s2cid=22783998|issn=0006-3185}}&lt;/ref&gt; In tropical [[clown fish]], the dominant individual in a group becomes female while the other ones are male.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Bull|first=J. J.|date=March 1980|title=Sex Determination in Reptiles|journal=The Quarterly Review of Biology|volume=55|issue=1|pages=3–21|doi=10.1086/411613|s2cid=85177125|issn=0033-5770}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Secondary sex characteristics ==<br /> {{Main|Secondary sex characteristic}}<br /> <br /> Male animals have evolved to use secondary sex characteristics as a way of displaying traits that signify their [[Fitness (biology)|fitness]]. [[Sexual selection]] is believed to be the driving force behind the development of these characteristics. Differences in physical size and the ability to fulfill the requirements of sexual selection have contributed significantly to the outcome of secondary sex characteristics in each species.&lt;ref name=&quot;Campbell&quot;&gt;{{cite book |vauthors=Campbell B|title=Human Evolution: An Introduction to Man's Adaptations|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1-351-51441-5|year=2017|pages=392–393|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ctwzDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT392}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In many species, males differ from females in more ways than just the production of sperm. For example, in some insects and fish, the male is smaller than the female. In seed plants, the [[flower|sporophyte sex organ]] of a single organism includes both the male and female parts.<br /> <br /> In mammals, including humans, males are typically larger than females. This is often attributed to the need for male mammals to be physically stronger and more competitive in order to win mating opportunities. In humans specifically, males have more body hair and muscle mass than females.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Ellis|first1=Lee|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Skw2mezpvO4C&amp;q=sex+differences+in+size&amp;pg=PA21|title=Sex Differences: Summarizing More than a Century of Scientific Research|last2=Hershberger|first2=Scott|last3=Field|first3=Evelyn|last4=Wersinger|first4=Scott|last5=Pellis|first5=Sergio|last6=Geary|first6=David|last7=Palmer|first7=Craig|last8=Hoyenga|first8=Katherine|last9=Hetsroni|first9=Amir|date=13 May 2013|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-1-136-87493-2|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Page needed|date=August 2021}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Richards|first1=Julia E.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MUw0eHzuH2AC&amp;q=secondary+sex+characteristics&amp;pg=PA277|title=The Human Genome|last2=Hawley|first2=R. Scott|date=12 December 2010|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-08-091865-5|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Page needed|date=August 2021}}<br /> <br /> Birds often exhibit colorful [[plumage]] that attracts females.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=switze|first1=International Conference on Comparative Physiology 1992 Crans|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zunYrumtsR8C&amp;q=sex+differences+in+birds&amp;pg=PA303|title=The Differences Between the Sexes|last2=Bassau|first2=Short &amp;|date=4 August 1994|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-44878-9|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Page needed|date=August 2021}} This is true for many species of birds where the male displays more vibrant colors than the female, making them more noticeable to potential mates. These characteristics have evolved over time as a result of sexual selection, as males who exhibited these traits were more successful in attracting mates and passing on their genes.<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[Boy]]<br /> * [[Man]]<br /> * [[Masculinity]]<br /> * [[Lord]]<br /> * [[Gentleman]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> == Further reading ==<br /> {{commons category|Males|lcfirst=yes}}<br /> {{Wiktionary}}<br /> <br /> * {{cite journal|last=Wedgwood|first=Hensleigh|author-link=Hensleigh Wedgwood|title=On False Etymologies|journal=Transactions of the Philological Society|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3924121;view=1up;seq=78|year=1855|issue=6|page=68}}<br /> <br /> {{Sex (biology)}}<br /> {{Sexual identities}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Male| ]]<br /> [[Category:Terms for men| ]]<br /> [[Category:Sex]]<br /> [[Category:Boys]]</div>

Cristine5684 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Veera_(Tamil_TV_series)&diff=478464 2026-03-29T13:33:52Z

<p>Cristine5684: Creating Entry</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Tamil language TV series}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox television<br /> | image = Veera Tamil Serial.png<br /> | image_size =<br /> | native_name = <br /> | director = Siva Sekar <br /> | writer = <br /> | based_on = <br /> | creator = <br /> | genre = {{ubl|<br /> * [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]<br /> * [[Revenge]]}}<br /> | editor = <br /> | cinematography = K.C. Ramesh<br /> | screenplay = Raghul Kannapiran &lt;br&gt; '''Dialogue''' &lt;br&gt; K.V. Pandiyan <br /> | starring = {{ubl|<br /> * Vaishnavi Arulmozhi<br /> * Arun Crizer<br /> }}<br /> | executive_producer = <br /> | producer = Arun Ira<br /> | num_seasons = <br /> | num_episodes = 573&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/vaishnavi-arulmozhis-veera-completes-300-episodes/articleshow/111709065.cms|title=Vaishnavi Arulmozhi's 'Veera' completes 100 episodes|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=13 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/arjun-and-vaishnu-starrer-veera-completes-300-episodes/articleshow/119697115.cms|title=Arjun and Vaishnu starrer 'Veera' completes 300 episodes|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=29 March 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;!-- as of 3 March 2026 --&gt;<br /> | language = Tamil<br /> | country = [[India]]<br /> | opentheme = <br /> | theme_music_composer = <br /> | network = [[Zee Tamil]]<br /> | company = Sapphire Blue Production<br /> | runtime = 22 minutes<br /> | camera = [[Multi-camera]]<br /> | first_aired = {{Start date|2024|2|26|df=yes}}<br /> | last_aired = present<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Veera''' is a 2024 Indian [[Tamil language]] [[Tamil television drama|television series]] starring Vaishnavi Arulmozhi and Arun Crizer in the leads with Subiksha Kayarohanam, Oorvambu Lakshmi, Pasanga Sivakumar, [[Sibbu Suryan]] and Siddarth Raj were in the prominent roles.&lt;ref name=&quot;Actors&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=New TV serial 'Veera' to premiere soon|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/new-tv-serial-veera-to-premiere-soon-deets-inside/articleshow/107528988.cms|access-date=8 February 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=8 February 2024 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is airing on [[Zee Tamil]] from 26 February 2024 and streaming on [[ZEE5]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=தீபாவளி பண்டிகையுடன் குதூகலமாக தொடங்கிய புது சீரியல் - வீரா முதல் எபிசோட் அப்டேட் |date=26 February 2024 |url=https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/television/zee-tamil-veera-serial-first-episode-update-169690|access-date=26 February 2024 |language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=ஜீ தமிழ் சேனலில் புதிய சீரியல் 'வீரா'! எந்த நேரத்தில் ஒளிபரப்பாகிறது தெரியுமா? |date=21 February 2024 |url=https://zeenews.india.com/tamil/movies/zee-tamil-news-serial-veera-check-show-streaming-timing-and-date-489692|access-date=21 February 2024|language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt; The series is directed by Siva Sekar under the production of ''Sapphire Blue Production''.<br /> <br /> == Synopsis ==<br /> Veera is a young girl who lives with her mother, two sisters and brother. The family revolves around Pandiyan, who, along with his mother, defends Veera's childish antics. Maaran drinks alcohol and spends half his time roaming around town, much to his father's disapproval. His aunt is the only one that offers some support to him, along with his brothers. <br /> <br /> When Pandiyan dies in a road collision caused by Maaran, the tale of events that cause both Veera and Maaran to marry, whilst her older sister Kanmani looks for revenge against Maaran form the premise of the story.<br /> <br /> Veera finds out the truth about Maaran is not caused by Pandian's accident, that is Raghavan. So, Veera falls in love with Maaran just like he falls for Veera.<br /> <br /> Brinda knows that Maaran is not caused by Pandian's accident, that is Raghavan. So she starts respect for him. But still kanmani looks for revenge against Maaran without knowing the truth Raghavan is caused by Pandian's accident.<br /> <br /> But Kanmani finds out the truth about Raghavan is caused by Pandian's accident not Maaran and she understood how Veera loves Maaran and Brinda respects for him.<br /> <br /> So, Kanmani feels sorry for Maaran like &lt;nowiki&gt;''Forgive me, Maaran''&lt;/nowiki&gt;. So, her revenge is destroyed and she starts supporting him and they all aware that Maaran is a kindhearted man, innocent and hero.<br /> <br /> Kanmani avoids Raghavan just like she avoids Maaran for the first time. And finally, Ramachandran finds out the truth about Maaran is not caused by Pandian's accident that is Raghavan.<br /> <br /> So, his father forgives Maaran and Raghavan.<br /> <br /> But actually, Viji killed her brother Pandian not Raghavan. They all aware that and Kanmani loves Raghavan and they are all very happy.<br /> <br /> But the story to be continued.<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> === Main ===<br /> * Vaishnavi Arulmozhi&lt;ref name=&quot;Vaishnavi Arulmozhi&quot; /&gt; as Veera: An Auto Driver, Maaran's wife<br /> * Arun Crizer&lt;ref name=&quot;Actors&quot; /&gt; as Maaran: Veera's husband<br /> <br /> === Recurring ===<br /> * Subiksha Kayarohanam as Kanmani: Ragavan's wife die in serial episode 594 <br /> * Pasanga Sivakumar as Ramachandran: Kaveri Textiles owner, Kaveri's widower<br /> * Oorvambu Lakshmi as Valli: an unmarried woman, Ramachandran's younger sister<br /> * Siddarth Raj as Ragavan: Kanmani's husband, Ramachandran and Kaveri's first son<br /> * Naveen Prince as Karthik: Brindha's husband<br /> * Sankavi Rajendran as Viji: Ramachandran and Valli's relative, Karthik's ex-wife as a fake (Main Antagonist)<br /> * Sowndariya Balu / Hasin as Brindha: Karthik's first wife<br /> * Sudha Pushpa as Muthulakshmi: Pandiyan, Kanmani, Veera &amp; Brindha's mother<br /> * Chandru as Suriya: Maaran's rival<br /> <br /> === Cameo ===<br /> * [[Sibbu Suryan]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Actors&quot; /&gt; as Pandiyan: Muthulakshmi's son<br /> * Niharika Harshu as Kaveri: Ramachandran's wife<br /> * Balaji Thiyagarajan Dayalan as Rajesh: Kanmani's ex-lover (Dead)<br /> * Geetha Saraswathi as Rajesh's mother<br /> * Sasindhar Pushpalingam as Aravind: Veera's ex-fiance <br /> * [[Prajin]] as Raja<br /> * [[Vadivukkarasi]] as Kokila <br /> * [[Arnav Amjath]] as Saravana Velu<br /> * [[Pandiarajan|R. Pandiarajan]] as The Judge<br /> * [[Ram G]] as Arivazhagan: Pandian, Kanmani, Veera &amp; Brindha's cousin<br /> * Jay Srinivas as Cibi<br /> * Naveen Muralidhar<br /> * KPY Yogi<br /> * [[Santhana Bharathi]]<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> === Development ===<br /> Initially, the title of the serial was set to be 'Sivamurugan Textiles'.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=New TV serial 'Sivamurugan Textiles' to premiere soon|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/new-tv-serial-sivamurugan-textiles-to-premiere-soon/articleshow/107224974.cms|access-date=29 January 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=29 January 2024 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Due to undisclosed reasons, the first promo was released with a new name 'Veera' on 8 February 2024.&lt;ref name=&quot;ப்ரோமோ வீடியோ&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=ஜீ தமிழில் என்ட்ரி கொடுக்கும் புது சீரியல்! – வெளியானது ப்ரோமோ வீடியோ|date=10 February 2024 |url=https://littletalks.in/2024/02/10/new-serial-veera-latest-promo-and-update-released/|access-date=10 February 2024|language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> === Casting ===<br /> Vaishnavi Arulmozhi was cast as Veera, marking her return after ''[[Peranbu (TV series)|Peranbu]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vaishnavi&amp;Sibbu Suryan&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=நாயகியாக வைஷ்ணவி... முக்கிய கேரக்டரில் சுப்பு சூரியன் : ஜீ தமிழின் புதிய சீரியல் ப்ரமோ வைரல் |url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil-new-serial-veera-telecast-on-zee-tamil-vaishnavi-and-sibbu-suryan-3656429|access-date=8 February 2024 |website=tamil.indianexpress.com|language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Vaishnavi Arulmozhi&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title='Veera' actress Vaishnavi Arulmozhi: I was offered a role in Barathi Raja sir's movie but my mom politely rejected|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/exclusive-veera-actress-vaishnavi-arulmozhi-i-was-offered-a-role-in-barathi-raja-sirs-movie-but-my-mom-politely-rejected/photostory/107681744.cms|access-date=14 February 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 February 2024 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Arun Crizer was cast as the male lead role, marking his return after ''[[Rajini (TV series)|Rajini]]''. [[Sibbu Suryan]] was cast as in a cameo role.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vaishnavi&amp;Sibbu Suryan&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=ரோஜா தொடர் புகழ் சிப்பு சூர்யன் நடிக்கும் புதிய தொடர்...|date=10 February 2024 |url=https://tamil.timesnownews.com/entertainment/roja-serial-arjun-staring-new-serial-on-zee-tamil-veera-promo-veera-serial-cast-and-crew-promo-telecasting-date-time-sibu-suryan-vaishnavi-article-107575300|access-date=10 February 2024|language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=சிபு சூரியன் நடிக்கும் புதிய தொடர் வீரா...|url=https://m.dinamalar.com/cinema_detail.php?id=119581|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222102048/https://m.dinamalar.com/cinema_detail.php?id=119581|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 February 2024|access-date=21 February 2024|language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> In 17 May 2024, [[Santhana Bharathi]] was brought in for special appearances.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Director and actor Santhana Bharathito play a cameo in 'Veera'|work=The Times of India |date=17 May 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/director-and-actor-santhana-bharathito-play-a-cameo-in-veera/articleshow/110205589.cms|access-date=17 May 2024|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 7 August 2024, [[Prajin]] was cast in special appearance as Raja.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Chinna Thambi fame Prajin Padmanabhan joins the cast of Veera|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=7 August 2024|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/chinna-thambi-fame-prajin-padmanabhan-joins-the-cast-of-veera/articleshow/112350204.cms|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 13 February 2025, [[Pandiarajan|R. Pandiarajan]] was cast in special appearance as Judge.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Actor-director Pandiarajan joins 'Veera'; set to make a smashing cameo|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=13 February 2025|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actor-director-pandiarajan-joins-veera-set-to-make-a-smashing-cameo/articleshow/118205449.cms|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Release ===<br /> The first promo was released on 8 February 2024 featuring Vaishnavi Arulmozhi, Crizer, Sibbu Suryan, Subiksha Kayarohanam and Pasanga Sivakumar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media|people=Veera-Launch Promo|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ORujj5sl16A|title=New Serial Promo {{!}} Zee Tamil}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The show began airing on [[Zee Tamil]] on 26 February 2024 from Monday to Friday, replacing ''[[Maari (TV series)|Maari]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;ப்ரோமோ வீடியோ&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=முடிவுக்கு வரும் முக்கிய சீரியல்..! ஜீ தமிழில் புது வரவாக என்ட்ரி கொடுக்கும் 'வீரா' - வெளியானது ப்ரோமோ வீடியோ|url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/gallery/new-serial-veera-latest-promo-and-update-released-mma-s8l8hx#image1|access-date=9 February 2024|language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=மாரி ஒளிபரப்பான நேரத்தில் &quot;வீரா&quot;, டைம் மாறும் 2 பழைய சீரியல்கள் - வெளியானது முழு விவரம்|url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tv/news/veera-new-serial-update-in-zee-tamil/articleshow/107910282.cms#google_vignette|access-date=22 February 2024|language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=பிரைம் டைமில் களமிறங்கும் வீரா சீரியல்... புதுவரவால் ஜீ தமிழின் பழைய சீரியல்கள் நேரம் அதிரடியாக மாற்றம்|url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/gallery/zee-tamil-maari-and-nala-damayanthi-serial-time-changed-because-of-new-serial-veera-gan-s98q7i|access-date=22 February 2024|language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> The show got a TVR of 3.69 on launching week on 26 February 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-12-15 |title=Tamil TV Serials TRP Ratings this week – December 2023 {{!}}{{!}} Top 20 Tamil Serials List with TRP Rating - Cinebuds |url=https://cinebuds.com/tamil-tv-serials-trp-ratings-this-week/ |access-date=2023-12-17 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; In July 2024, the series was the third most watched serial in [[Zee Tamil]] with 4.11 TVR.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-12-15 |title=Tamil TV Serials TRP Ratings this week – December 2023 {{!}}{{!}} Top 20 Tamil Serials List with TRP Rating - Cinebuds |url=https://cinebuds.com/tamil-tv-serials-trp-ratings-this-week/ |access-date=2023-12-17 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title|tt34799015}}<br /> * [https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/veera/0-6-4z5521331 ''Veera''] at [[ZEE5]]<br /> <br /> {{Zee Tamil shows}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Zee Tamil original programming]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language melodrama television series]]<br /> [[Category:2024 Tamil-language television series debuts]]<br /> [[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]</div>

Cristine5684 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bibliography_of_Bengaluru&diff=491437 2026-03-23T09:08:21Z

<p>Cristine5684: adding pg!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|none}}<br /> &lt;!--FILE AT TOP TO GET 100% TABLE WIDTH--&gt;[[File:Books selected by FIP for the Awards - Flickr - Pratham Books (1).jpg|thumb|A book-stand in Bangalore]]<br /> {{Dynamic list}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}<br /> This is a '''bibliography of [[Bengaluru]]''', books about the city, its history, culture, geography, and its people. Many books have been written on the city. Some of the most notable books are ''The Red Carpet'' (2005) by [[Lavanya Sankaran]], ''Bangalored: The Expat Story'' (2006) by [[Eshwar Sundaresan]], ''Multiple City: Writings on Bangalore'' (2008) by Aditi De etc.&lt;ref name=&quot;Citizen Matters&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Bangalore in Books|url=http://bangalore.citizenmatters.in/articles/280-bangalore-books|publisher=Citizen Matters|access-date=5 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Books review Outlook&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Books review|date = December 2008|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hDEEAAAAMBAJ&amp;q=Multiple++City+aditi+de&amp;pg=PT25|publisher=Outlook|access-date=5 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Other than the books written on Bangalore, there are fictions such as ''[[Riddle of the Seventh Stone]]'' (2010) by [[Monideepa Sahu]], ''The Lilac House: A Novel'' (2012) by [[Anita Nair]], ''The Lost Girl'' (2012) by [[Sangu Mandanna]] etc. which are set in the city.<br /> <br /> == A-N ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Book !! Author/Editor !! Publisher !! ISBN !! Ref<br /> |-<br /> | ''A Bangalore Diary'' || Ajay Bhaskar || Leadstart Publishing || {{ISBN|978-93-82473-75-6}} || &lt;ref name=&quot;Loop&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=A Bangalore Diary|url=http://www.theloop.com.au/AjayBhaskar/portfolio/a-bangalore-diary/122506|access-date=5 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''Assimilation: A Study of North Indians in Bangalore'' || Vijaya Bhaskar Punekar || Popular Prakashan || {{ISBN|978-81-7154-012-9}} || &lt;ref name=&quot;NLA&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Assimilation : a study of north Indians in Bangalore / Vijaya B. Punekar.|url=http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/21324494?selectedversion=NBD164553|access-date=5 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''Bangalore'' || [[Kerry James Evans]] || Consortium Book Sales &amp; Dist || {{ISBN|978-1-55659-405-2}} || &lt;ref name=&quot;KJE Bangalore&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Bangalore|url=https://www.coppercanyonpress.org/books/bangalore-by-kerry-james-evans/|publisher=KJE Bangalore|access-date=5 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Rumpus&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Why I Chose Bangalore|url=http://therumpus.net/2013/09/why-i-chose-bangalore-by-kerry-james-evans-for-the-rumpus-poetry-book-club/|publisher=Rumpus|access-date=5 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''Bangalore - A Century of Tales from City Cantonment'' || Peter Colaco || Via Media Books || || &lt;ref name=&quot;Stories from the streets of Cantonment&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Stories from the streets of Cantonment|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/02/06/stories/2003020600940200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030317100524/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/02/06/stories/2003020600940200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 March 2003|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=5 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''Bangalore: An Expat Survival Guide'' || || Chillibreeze || || &lt;ref name=&quot;Wn&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Kidnap|url=http://wn.com/KIDNAP_|access-date=5 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''Bangalore and Karnataka'' || Rajita Gadagkar || Infinitum Pub. || {{ISBN|978-81-902505-0-4}} || &lt;ref name=&quot;BookAdda B&amp;K&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Bangalore And Karnataka|url=http://www.bookadda.com/books/bangalore-karnataka-rajita-gadagkar-8190250507-9788190250504|publisher=BookAdda|access-date=5 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''Bangalore Baloney'' || Thomas Itty || iMad Services || {{ISBN|978-0-9910587-0-9}} || <br /> |-<br /> | ''Bangalore Blue'' || Terry Kennedy || Split Shift || {{ISBN|978-0-9655547-3-2}} || &lt;ref name=&quot;Bangalore Blue review&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Bangalore Blue review|url=http://www.subtletea.com/bangalorebluereview.htm|access-date=5 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''Bangalore Calling'' || Brinda Sekhar Narayan || Little, Brown Book Group Limited || {{ISBN|978-93-5009-219-4}} || &lt;ref name=&quot;Brinda Narayan&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Brinda Narayan|url=http://www.bangalorecalling.in/author_bio.htm|access-date=5 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''Bangalore Chronicles: A Kidnap'' || Vinay Ramakrishna || Notion Press || {{ISBN|978-93-5206-297-3}} || <br /> |-<br /> | ''Bangalore - Mysore'' || A. Raman || Orient Blackswan || {{ISBN|978-0-86311-431-1}} || &lt;ref name=&quot;Aroon Raman: Life's an adventure&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Aroon Raman: Life's an adventure|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/aroon-raman-life-s-an-adventure-114020701296_1.html|access-date=5 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''Bangalored, the Expat Story'' || Eshwar Sundaresan || East West Books (Madras) || {{ISBN|978-81-88661-44-2}} || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Behind the Silicon Mask|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ovS3qEflmHMC&amp;pg=PT1|year=2013|publisher=Westland|isbn=978-93-82618-39-3|pages=1–}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''Bangalore: the story of a city'' || Maya Jayapal || Eastwest Books (Madras) || {{ISBN|978-81-86852-09-5}} || &lt;ref name=&quot;Wives’ tales&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Wives' tales|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070722/asp/7days/story_8090633.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080214161716/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070722/asp/7days/story_8090633.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 February 2008|access-date=5 February 2016|work=The Telegraph (Calcutta)}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''Bombay to Bangalore'' || [[Sudha Murthy]] || Penguin Books Limited || {{ISBN|978-93-5118-052-4}} || &lt;ref name=&quot;The Times of India Bombay to Banaglore&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=I silently prayed that she should always be happy|url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&amp;Source=Page&amp;Skin=TOINEW&amp;BaseHref=TOIBG/2012/08/13&amp;PageLabel=4&amp;EntityId=Ar00400&amp;ViewMode=HTML|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220070900/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&amp;Source=Page&amp;Skin=TOINEW&amp;BaseHref=TOIBG/2012/08/13&amp;PageLabel=4&amp;EntityId=Ar00400&amp;ViewMode=HTML|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 December 2016|access-date=5 February 2016|work=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''Building Bangalore: Architecture and urban transformation in India’s Silicon Valley'' || John C. Stallmeyer || [[Routledge]] || {{ISBN|978-1-136-90397-7}}<br /> |-<br /> | ''From Bangalore to Brooklyn'' || Primedia E-launch LLC || || {{ISBN|978-1-62209-013-6}} || <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[My Days in the Underworld: Rise of the Bangalore Mafia]]'' || Agni Sreedhar || Westland || {{ISBN|978-93-83260-34-8}} || &lt;ref name=&quot;The gangs of Bangalore&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=The gangs of Bangalore|url=http://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/the-gangs-of-bangalore/article5447870.ece|work=The Hindu|access-date=5 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;The Caravan&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=My Days in the Underworld: Rise of the Bangalore Mafia|url=http://www.caravanmagazine.in/bookshelf/my-days-underworld-rise-bangalore-mafia|publisher=The caravan|access-date=5 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[http://203.200.22.249:8080/jspui/bitstream/123456789/12122/1/Bangalore_through_the_centuries.pdf Bangalore through the Centuries]<br /> |M. Fazlul Hasan<br /> |Historical Publications (Bangalore)<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == O-Z ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Book !! Author/Editor !! Publisher !! ISBN !! Ref<br /> |-<br /> | ''Multiple City: Writings on Bangalore'' || Aditi De || [[Penguin Books India]] || {{ISBN|978-0-14-310025-6}} || &lt;ref name=&quot;Mid-day Cities within our city&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Cities within our city|url=http://archive.mid-day.com/lifestyle/2008/dec/051208-Bangalore-People-Aditi-De-Editors-Multiple-City-Book-Launch-Interviews.htm|publisher=Mid-day|access-date=5 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''Old Bungalows in Bangalore, South India'' || Janet Pott, Elizabeth Staley, Romola Chatterjee || Pott || || <br /> |-<br /> | ''Our Bangalore: A Journey Through Time'' || N. Jagadeesh || Sapna Book House || || <br /> |-<br /> | ''The Promise of the Metropolis: Bangalore's Twentieth Century'' || Janaki Nair || [[Oxford University Press]] || {{ISBN|978-0-19-566725-7}} || &lt;ref name=&quot;Journal of Karnataka Studies&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=The Promise of the Metropolis: Bangalore's Twentieth Century|url=http://journalofkarnatakastudies.org/JKS/articles-pdf/The%20Promise%20of%20the%20Metropolis-Janaki%20Nair.pdf|publisher=Journal of Karnataka Studies|access-date=5 February 2016}}{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |''The Red Carpet''<br /> |Lavanya Sankaran<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | ''The Devadasi and the Saint: The Life and Times of Bangalore Nagarathnamma'' || V. Sriram || East West Books (Madras) || {{ISBN|978-81-88661-70-1}} || &lt;ref name=&quot;Sriram V: The Devadasi and the Saint review&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Sriram V: The Devadasi and the Saint review|url=http://www.boloji.com/index.cfm?md=Content&amp;sd=Articles&amp;ArticleID=3536|access-date=5 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206041047/http://www.boloji.com/index.cfm?md=Content&amp;sd=Articles&amp;ArticleID=3536|archive-date=6 February 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[Bibliography of Boston]]<br /> * [[Bibliography of Paris]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Bangalore}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Bibliographies of cities]]<br /> [[Category:Books about cities in India]]<br /> [[Category:Bengaluru-related lists]]</div>

Cristine5684 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dhanbad_Municipal_Corporation&diff=481289 2026-03-22T14:11:48Z

<p>Cristine5684: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Local civic body in Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox legislature<br /> | name = Dhanbad Municipal Corporation<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | logo = Dhanbad Municipal Corporation.png<br /> | logo_caption = Official logo of Dhanbad Municipal Corporation<br /> | foundation = {{start date and age|2006}}<br /> | leader1_type = [[Mayor (India)|Mayor]]<br /> | leader1 = Sanjeev Singh<br /> | leader2_type = [[Deputy Mayor]]<br /> | leader2 = Arun Chauhan<br /> | leader3_type = [[Municipal commissioner (India)|Municipal Commissioner]]<br /> | leader3 = Satyendra Kumar<br /> | seats = 55<br /> | last_election1 = 2026<br /> | next_election1 = 2031<br /> | meeting_place = <br /> | website = {{url|https://udhd.jharkhand.gov.in/ulb/Dhanbad/Dhanbad.aspx}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Dhanbad Municipal Corporation''' is the civic body that governs [[Dhanbad]], [[Katras]], [[Jharia]], [[Sindri (Dhanbad)|Sindri]], and the surrounding areas in Dhanbad subdivision of [[Dhanbad district]], [[Jharkhand]], [[India]]. Municipal Corporation mechanism in India was introduced during British Rule with formation of municipal corporation in Madras ([[Chennai]]) in 1688, later followed by municipal corporations in Bombay ([[Mumbai]]) and Calcutta ([[Kolkata]]) by 1762.&lt;ref name=&quot;May ref5&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Anupam |title=City Mayors: Indian Mayors |url=http://www.citymayors.com/mayors/indian-mayors.html |access-date=29 October 2021 |publisher=citymayors.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dhanbad Municipal Corporation is headed by [[Mayor]] of city and governed by [[Municipal commissioner (India)|Commissioner]]. Dhanbad Municipal Corporation has been formed with [[Municipal corporation (India)#Functions|functions]] to improve the infrastructure of town.<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> Dhanbad Municipal Corporation was formed in 2006 by combining erstwhile Dhanbad municipality, Jharia [[notified area]], Sindri notified area, Katras notified area, Chattandih notified area, 27 [[census towns]] and 258 villages. It covered an area of 355.77&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; with a population of 1,333,719 (2001 census).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://166.62.42.155/dmc/citizen/ | title = Dhanbad Municipal Corporation | publisher = DMC | access-date = 16 October 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171015150926/http://166.62.42.155/dmc/citizen/ | archive-date = 15 October 2017 | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> During the British period, Dhanbad was a subdivision of [[Manbhum|Manbhum district]]. Bagsuma, located 4 miles east of [[Gobindpur, Jharkhand|Gobindpur]], was the first headquarter of the subdivision. The headquarter was later shifted to Gobindpur and finally to Hirapur mouza in Dhanbad in 1908. Dhanbad was constituted as a separate district in 1956 by carving it out of Manbhum district.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.ecourts.gov.in/About%20Dhanbad%20Civil%20Court|title = Civil Court Dhanbad| publisher= District Court| access-date = 16 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.dhanbad.nic.in/ |title = Dhanbad: Welcome to Coal Capital of India| publisher= Jharkhand Government| access-date = 16 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Geography==<br /> Notification No. 520 dated 12 July 2008 of Jharkhand Gazette (in Hindi) provides a full list of revenue villages placed under Dhanbad Municipal Corporation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://documents.gov.in/JH/11026.pdf |title = Urban Development Department| work= Notification dated 10 July 2008|publisher= Jharkhand Government| access-date = 16 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Economy==<br /> ===Livelihood===<br /> {{Pie chart<br /> |caption= '''Livelihood&lt;br/&gt;in Dhanbad Municipal Corporation'''<br /> |value1 = 0.74<br /> |label1 = Cultivators<br /> |value2 = 1.62<br /> |label2 = Agricultural labourers<br /> |value3 = 2.73<br /> |label3 = Household industries<br /> |value4 = 94.90<br /> |label4 = Other Workers}}<br /> <br /> In Dhanbad Municipal Corporation in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 2,376 and formed 0.74%, agricultural labourers numbered 5,174 and formed 1.62%, household industry workers numbered 8,732 and formed 2.73% and other workers numbered 303,035 and formed 94.90%. Total workers numbered 319,317 and formed 27.47% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 843,155 and formed 72.53% of the population.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://desjhrkhand.nic.in/publications.html | title = District Statistical Handbook, Dhanbad | work = Tables 2.11, Note: The Table does not mention the year for which data is given, but some other tables in the section mention the year as 2011 | publisher = Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Department of Planning and Development, Jharkhand | access-date = 27 October 2017 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;small&gt;Note: In the census records a person is considered a cultivator, if the person is engaged in cultivation/ supervision of land owned. When a person who works on another person's land for wages in cash or kind or share, is regarded as an agricultural labourer. Household industry is defined as an industry conducted by one or more members of the family within the household or village, and one that does not qualify for registration as a factory under the Factories Act. Other workers are persons engaged in some economic activity other than cultivators, agricultural labourers and household workers. It includes factory, mining, plantation, transport and office workers, those engaged in business and commerce, teachers and entertainment artistes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2015_PART_A_DCHB_HAZARIBAGH.pdf | title= District Census Handbook 2011 Hazaribag, Series 21 Part XII A | work= Pages 24-25 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand| access-date = 1 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/small&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Demographics==<br /> As per the [[2011 Census of India]], Dhanbad Municipal Corporation had a total population of 1,162,472 of which 614,722 (53%) were males and 547,750 (47%) were females. Population below 6 years was 148,220. The total number of literates in Dhanbad Municipal Corporation was 805,982 (79.47% of the population over 6 years).&lt;ref name=census2011&gt;{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-JK.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables - Jharkhand | work= Dhanbad|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 23 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Language===<br /> [[Hindi language|Hindi]] is the official language in Jharkhand and [[Urdu language|Urdu]] has been declared as an additional official language.&lt;ref name=&quot;langoff&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |title=Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 50th report (July 2012 to June 2013) |pages= 35 |publisher=Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India |access-date=3 October 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708012438/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |archive-date= 8 July 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Jharkhand legislature had passed a bill according the status of a second official language to several languages in 2011 but the same was turned down by the Governor.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = https://www.telegraphindia.com/1111122/jsp/jharkhand/story_14782656.jsp | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171005050803/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1111122/jsp/jharkhand/story_14782656.jsp | url-status = dead | archive-date = 5 October 2017 | title= Khortha demand for language teachers |publisher= The Telegraph, 22 November 2011| access-date = 3 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/second-official-language-of-jharkhand-governor-syed-ahmad-143959-2011-10-21 | title= Second Language |publisher= India Today, 22 October 2011| access-date = 3 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://post.jagran.com/search/second-official-language-in-jharkhand | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170122203922/http://post.jagran.com/search/second-official-language-in-jharkhand | url-status = dead | archive-date = 22 January 2017 | title= Jharkhand Governor turns down language bill |publisher= Post/Jagran Josh, 19 October 2011 | access-date = 3 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the 2011 census, [[Hindi language|Hindi]] and [[Khortha language|Khortha]] was the mother-tongue (languages mentioned under Schedule 8 of the Constitution of India) of 62.5% of the population in Dhanbad district, followed by [[Bengali language|Bengali]] (19.3%) and Urdu (8.1%). The scheduled tribes constituted 8.4% of the total population of the district. Amongst the scheduled tribes those speaking [[Santali language|Santali]] formed 77.2% of the ST population. Other tribes found in good numbers were: [[Munda people|Munda]], Mahli and Kora.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2009_PART_A_DCHB_DHANBAD.pdf | title= District Census Handbook, Dhanbad, Census of India 2011, Series 21 Part XII A| work= Page 28 – Note on mother-tongue |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand | access-date = 21 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Revenue sources ==<br /> <br /> The following are the Income sources for the Corporation from the Central and State Government.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dh11&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Jadhav |first1=Radheshyam |title=Why civic bodies in India need municipal bonds |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/why-civic-bodies-in-india-need-municipal-bonds/article33237962.ece |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=www.thehindubusinessline.com |date=3 December 2020 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Dh12&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Municipal corporations under severe strain as revenues sink: RBI Report |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy/story/municipal-corporations-under-severe-strain-as-revenues-sink-rbi-report-314215-2021-12-02 |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Business Today |date=2 December 2021 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Dh13&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=If cities are to deliver better quality life, need to have business models which are sustainable |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/if-cities-are-to-deliver-better-quality-life-need-to-have-business-models-which-are-sustainable/642276/ |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Financialexpress |date=17 May 2022 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Revenue from taxes ===<br /> Following is the Tax related revenue for the corporation.<br /> <br /> * Property tax.<br /> * Profession tax.<br /> * Entertainment tax.<br /> * Grants from Central and State Government like Goods and Services Tax.<br /> * Advertisement tax.<br /> <br /> === Revenue from non-tax sources ===<br /> <br /> Following is the Non Tax related revenue for the corporation.<br /> <br /> * Water usage charges.<br /> * Fees from Documentation services.<br /> * Rent received from municipal property.<br /> * Funds from municipal bonds.<br /> <br /> ==Education==<br /> As per 2011 census, schools and colleges per 10,000 population in Dhanbad Municipal Corporation were as follows (average for the district is given in brackets): Primary 2.06 (2.46), Middle 1.42 (1.83), Secondary/ matriculation 0.62 (0.79), senior secondary 0.28 (0.32) and college 0.07 (0.06). The educational facilities available in the statutory towns/ urban areas of the district are very inadequate, in spite of the area having many mining/ industrial establishments.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2009_PART_A_DCHB_DHANBAD.pdf | title= District Census Handbook, Dhanbad, Census of India 2011, Series 21 Part XII A| work= Page 86-87, Table 42: Schools/ colleges per 10,000 population in towns, 2011 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand | access-date = 21 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Wards: Electoral==<br /> Elections for the position of councilors in Dhanbad Municipal Corporation were held in 2015. The electoral outcome in different wards is as follows:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://dhanbad.nic.in/dhanbad_dmc.html |title = Dhanbad Municipal Corporation | work= प्रादेशिक निर्वाचन क्षेत्रों की सूची (in Hindi)|publisher= Jharkhand Government | access-date = 19 October 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://dhanbad.nic.in/dhanbad_inform.html |title = Dhanbad Municipal Corporation | work= प्रादेशिक निर्वाचन क्षेत्रों का आरक्षण (in Hindi)|publisher= Jharkhand Government | access-date = 19 October 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://dhanbad.nic.in/Election/DMC_2015_election_result.html |title = Dhanbad Municipal Corporation Election 2015 | work= Results |publisher= Jharkhand Government | access-date = 19 October 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Ward No ||Boundaries||Neighbourhood||Reservation||Councillor <br /> |-<br /> |1||North: Shiv Mandir, Raghunathpur. South: Kali Mandir, Bajrangbali Mandir. East: Rajganj-Katras Road. West: Bhandaridih, Katras, Topchanchi Road.||[[Katras]], Tilatanr, Bhatmurna, Akash Kinaree<br /> ||OBC||Benode Kumar Goswami<br /> |- <br /> |2||North: Katras. South: Malkera. East: Salanpur, Chhatabad. West: Akash Kinaree.||[[Gobindpur, Jharkhand|Gobindpur]], [[Kailudih]], Bhandardih||Women||Ruhi Nasir<br /> |-<br /> |3||North: Salanpur. South: Chhatabad. East: Katras, Rajganj. West: Bhandardih||Salanpur, [[Katras]]||OBC||Vinayak Kumar Gupta<br /> |-<br /> |4||North: Salanpur. South: Dhanbad CD Block. East: Belunjabad. West: Malkera||Chhatabad, [[Lakarka]], [[Angarpathar]]||SC||Rammurty Singh<br /> |-<br /> |5||North: Katras, Rajganj. South: Dhanbad CD Block, Angarpathra. East: Nagrikala. West: Sendra, Bansjora||[[Chandaur]], Pandeydih, Belujabandh, Ramkanali, Kantapahari, Keshalpur || SC||Rajendra Prasad<br /> |-<br /> |6||North: Baghmara CD Block. South: Ekra River. East: Gaderia Ekra Road. West: Modidih, Sijua, Jogidih||[[Tetulmari]], [[Jogta]], Kankani, Sendra, Bansjora||Women||Mahendra Kumar Mahato<br /> |-<br /> |7||North: Baghmara CD Block. South: Ekra River. East: Tetulmari, Jogta, Kankani. West: Baghmara CD Block||Modidih, Bhadrichak, Bholatanr, [[Sijua]], Jagudih||None||Nanda Dulal Sengupta<br /> |-<br /> |8||North: Baghmara CD Block. South: Ekra River. East: Katri River, Garbhudih, Dhariajoba. West: Kankani, Bansjora, partly Gaderia Ekra Road||[[Loyabad]], Ekra, Gaderia, Basdeopur, Nichitpur||SC||Mahavir Pasi<br /> |-<br /> |9||North: Ekra River. South: Bhagabandh Road. East: Karkend-Katras Road, partly Kenduadih Road. West: Pandar Kanali, Sialgudri||Karkend, [[Chhotaputki]], Baraputki, New Marine Pasi Ghowrah, Gopali Chak, Putki Bazar||SC Women||Savitri Devi<br /> |-<br /> |10||North: railway line. South: Nayadih, Gandudih. East: Matkuria, Joria Nala. West: Kenduadih||[[Godhar]], Dhariajoba, Gandhudih, [[Basaria]], Nimtalla||OBC||Devashis Paswan Akela<br /> |-<br /> |11||North: Baseria. South: Khaira. East: Kustore Road, partly Gangsadih. West: Karkendra||[[Chhatatanr]], Kendua No.4 Biripatty, Hatgola Hariapatty, Muslim Tola, Gariman Patty, Rajput Basti, Naya Dhowrah||OBC||Baby Devi<br /> |-<br /> |12||North:Karkendra. South: Petia. East: Karia Jore and Kustore. West: Baraputki, Aralgaria Rajesh Bera||[[Baliari|Balihari]], Bhagbandh, [[Kenduadih]]||SC||Shova Devi<br /> |-<br /> |13||North: Chas Road. South: Kariajor River. East: Dhaunsar. West: Road towards D&amp;E Blocks||Kustore, Keska Kusunda, Alkusha, Gangsadih, Khaira, Nayadih||SC Woman||Karmi Devi<br /> |-<br /> |14||North: Road towards D Block. South: BCCL drain. East: Road towards B Block. West: Road towards D&amp;E Blocks||[[Bhuli, India|Bhulinagar]] D&amp;E Blocks||None||Md. Nisar Alam<br /> |-<br /> |15||North: Baghmara CD Block.South: By-pass Road, Hirak Road. East: Railway line. West: Bhuli basti||[[Bhuli, India|Bhulinagar]] B&amp;C Blocks||OBC||Mousami Kumari<br /> |-<br /> |16||North: Nawadih. South: Gaya railway line. East: Pandarpala. West: Bhuli B&amp;E Blocks boundary and drain||[[Bhuli, India|Bhulinagar]] A Block, Purvi Bhuli, Azad Nagar, Bhulibasti, Mahatotola, Rawanitola|| OBC||Aruna Kumari<br /> |-<br /> |17||North: Bhuli Road towards temple. South: Dhanbad-Bokaro railway line. East: Bhuli Road overbridge. West: Kamarmakhtumi Road, Matkuria Basti Road||[[Wasseypur]], Nishat Nagar, Kamarmakhtumi Road, Noori Road, Dastola, Bhatta Mahalla, Madina Nagar, Ali Nagar, Bhuli Road Matkuria, Traction Colony||OBC Women||Tarannum Warsi<br /> |-<br /> |18||North: Bhuli Road Railway Line. South: Gongdhudih Godhar. East: Kamarmakhtumi Road. West: Chhota Kharikhabad||Matkuria Karimganj, Jabbar Campus Complex, New Masjid Area, Lala Tola, Rani Colony, Navi Nagar, Anfar Colony, Matkuria Mahato Tola Basti, Maruf Ganj, Adivasi Tola, Gulzar Bagh, Zonal Training, Railway Quarters Area, Chhota Kharikhabad||Women||Ashari Khatun<br /> |-<br /> |19||North: Nawadih. South: Bhuli Road Matkuria. East: Baramuri, Bishunpur. West: Bhulibasti||Pandarpala, Rahmatganj, Das Tola, Mahato Tola, New Kumhar Tola, Islampur, Millat Colony, Samsher Nagar, Asadak Nagar, Gaffar Colony||OBC||Mahjabeen Praveen <br /> |-<br /> |20||North: Gaya railway line, Pandarpala. South: Bhuli Road. East: Dhanbad-Bokaro railway line. West: Kariyajor drain||Naya Bazar, Gachhi Mohalla, Railway Colony, Kawadipatty, Bhuli Road, Karia Joria, Diamond Crossing||None||Ashok Kumar Gupta<br /> |-<br /> |21||North: Dhanbad-Bokaro railway line. South: Joraphatak Road, Satish Chandra Road. East: Dhanbad Jharia Line Bazar Road, Ratneswar Purana Bazar Road. West: Matkuria drain, Joria||Ghurni Jaria check-post, BCCL Colony, Railway Colony, Punjabi Mohalla, Gujarati Mohalla, Gurudwara Mohalla, Karbala Road, Mithu Road, Jamunabai Road, Dari Muhalla, Purana Bazar Road, Sabji Mandi, Telephone Exchange Road, Vikash Nagar||OBC Women||Andila Devi<br /> |-<br /> |22||North: Joraphatak Road. South: Bastacola Jharia, Satish Chandra Road. East: Old railway line. West: Kariajora drain, Nayadih||Bank Morh Ram Krishna Mission, Shanti Bhawan Complex, Shri Ram Plaza Complex, Dhobatanr Saraswati Sishumandir area, Shastrinagar, [[Dhaunsar]], LRD Colony, BM Agrawal Colony, New Delhi Colony up to Mines Rescue Station, Kusunda, Jha Colony || Women||Eklabya Singh<br /> |-<br /> |23||North: Temple Road, DAV Road, Bhagawan Road, Dumaria Road. South: Chandmari Colliery. East: Baganbari Road. West: Joraphatak Road through Gandhinagar Road, Kewal Sons Road, Golard Hotel Road||Gandhi Nagar, Howrah Motors, Urmila Sinha Nursing Home area, Government Well, Shambhu Dharmashala area, Tentultalla Railway Colony, Refugee Market area, Tikiapara Mount Brassia, Dumariatanr||Women||Puspa Devi<br /> |-<br /> |24||North: Thetha. South: Gaya Siding track. East: Barwada Road. West: Pandarpala, Nawadih||Baramuri, Bishunpur, Babudih, VIP Colony, New Chandrasekhar Azad Nagar, Jay Prakash Nagar, Jharudih, Bakerbandh, Rangatanr||None||Manju Devi<br /> |-<br /> |25||North: Hirak Road, Mouza Bhelatanr. South: Mandal Kuli Tank, Gramin Road. East: Saraidhela Mouza. West: Bye Pass Road||Bartanr (on the right side of De Nobli), CMRI Colony, Mandalbasti, Simlabera, Rajwartola, Dhaiya, Memco, Dhirendrapuram, Thakurkulhi, Rattanr, ISM, Labony, Pandit Clinic Road, Harijanbasti, Korangapatty, Karmik Nagar, Bapu Nagar, Veer Kunwar Colony||None||Priya Ranjan<br /> |-<br /> |26||North: Gobindpur Road. South: Jharnapara Road. East: Saraidhela mouza. West: Gobindpur Road||Jharnapara, Etwari Road, Adarsha Nagar, Devipara, Simaldih, Telipara, Masterpara, Durga Mandir Para, J.C.Mullick Road, Preet Vihar Colony, Bauripara, Mairapara, Dompara, Premnagar, DGMS Colony, old ward no.1||None||Nirmal Kumar Mukherjee<br /> |-<br /> |27||North: Mandal Kuli Tank, northern portion of ISM boundary no.22.South: Gobindpur Road. East: Gobindpur Road. West: Barwaadda Road||Housing Colony, Police Line, CPWD Quarters, Court Quarters, DGMS Colony (Office), Income Tax Quarters, Golf Ground to the left of Bartanr, Manoramnagar, Kasturbanagar, Hirapur, UCO Bank area, Office Colony, P&amp;T Colony, Bakerbandh tank||None||Kumar Ankesh Raj<br /> |-<br /> |28||North: Susnilewa Bholatanr. South: Narayanpur, Dhangi. East: Gobindpur, Bagula mouza. West: Theya||Kolakusma, Sabalpur, Chanakyanagar, Nilanchal Colony, Kodadih, Lapidih, Manjhladih, Kusum Vihar, Hindustan Steel Colony, Bholatanr, Susnilewa, Karmiknagar (part)||OBC||Pooja Kumari<br /> |-<br /> |29||North: Gobindpur Road. South: Narayanpur, Damodarpur. East: Kolakusma. West: Hirapur||Jagjivan Nagar, Nutandih, [[Saraidhela]], Krishnanagar, Cooperative Colony, Bank Colony, Sabpara, Dompara, Mochipara, Koylanagar, New Colony||None||Sanju Devi<br /> |-<br /> |30||North: Jharnapara Road. South: Dhanbad-Howrah railway line, Barmasia. East: Damodarpur mouza. West: Kacheri Road, Pachpan boundary, Railway Hospital Road||Jharnapara (part), Hirapur hatia, Gyan Mukherjee Road, Court Quarters, Kacheri Road, Hari Mandir Road, Ajantapara, Abhay Sundari Girls’ School Road, Pandeya Mohalla, Majhibasti North, Loco Tank, DS Colony, Hill Colony, Mada Colony, Hindu Mission Road, Smashan Road, Batkhara Office Road||None||Nirmala Devi<br /> |-<br /> |31||North: Gobindpur Road. South: Barmasia PCC Road. East: Kacheri Road, Pachpan boundary, Railway Hospital Road. West: Dhanbad railway station, C Road||From the Gol Building area to the Hindustan Petroleum area, Old Railway Station Colony, Dhobi Talab, From Kali Mandir to Shyam Babu's stone cottage, northern portion of the Railway Colony, a portion of DS Office Colony, The area to the west of Anchal Office, Bhistipara, Lindsay Club Road, Jacklaysay Quarters, Police Quarters, DC Office||None||Usha Singh<br /> |-<br /> |32||North: Dhanbad-Howrah railway line. South: Dhokhra, Patrakuli, Dahuatanr. East: Damodarpur. West: Manaitanr||Barmasia, Bhuda, Kumharpatty, Gajuatanr, Binode Nagar (part)||None||Rakesh Ram<br /> |-<br /> |33||North: Pran Jiwan Circular Road, Barmasia Road. South: Jharia CD Block. East: Bazar Trading Ground Road. West: Jharia CD Block||Jharna Bera, Patra Kulhi, Duhatanr, Chhat Talab, Manaitanr Basti, Sidhara Talab, Mandi Godam, Bhabatarini Path, Tadrbagan, the area to the east of Gol Building, the area around the lane of old Bank of India||None||Menka Singh<br /> |-<br /> |34||North: Dhanbad Anchal area, the road from Joraphatak to Bera colliery morh. South: The road leading to BOI and Bokapahari. East: The road leading from Dobari Colliery to Jharia, Joria. West: Jharia-Dhanbad Road||[[Bastacola]], Bherakanta||SC Women||Gori Devi<br /> |-<br /> |35||North: Open Cast Project, Dhanbad Anchal. South: The road from Katras Morh, Jharia to Simlabahal. East: Bastacola mouza. West: Sirgija-Horiladih Road||[[Bhagatdih]], Gopalchak, Borgirh||None||Niranjan Kumar<br /> |-<br /> |36||North: Old railway line. South: Main Road Sabji Patti Morh. East: Jharia railway line. West: Katras Mor||Shiv Mandir Road, Gaddi Mohalla, Borapatti, Manbad||OBC Women||Suman Devi<br /> |-<br /> |37||North: Baliapur Road. South: Hanumangarhi. East: Jharia-Dhnuadih Road. West: Jharia Exchange Road||Main Road Jharia, Sonapatti, Dalpatti, Lalbazar, Bata Morh Main Road, Gandhi Road, Golghar Gosala, Gamchhapatti, Fatehpur line, Santosh Nagar, No. 4 Sabji Bagan, Koundiapatti, Balugachha, Chini Kothi, Gujarati Mohalla, station adjacent to Ram Chandra Dal, Lilori Pathra, Purvi Koiribandh, Paschimi Koiribandh, Raj Ground, Katras Morh, Lachminiya Morh, Tina Godam, Sabjipatti ||OBC||Shailendra Kumar Singh<br /> |-<br /> |38||North: Jharia Sabji Main Road. South: Thana Road. East: Dhanbad Exchange Road. West: Railway line Malgarha||Rajbari Manbad, Amlapara Thana Road, New Amlapara, Chowthai Kulhi, Babri Mohallah, Indira Nagar||OBC Women||Jai Kumar<br /> |-<br /> |39||North: Thana Road, Children Road. South: Fire Brigade Station, Baniyahir. East: Bhaga-Sindri Road. West: Horiladih Road||Shah Nagar, Shamser Nagar, Podarpara, Lower Kulhi Vedlibandh||OBC Women||Shiv Kumar Yadav<br /> |-<br /> |40||North: Joria and Borigarh mouza. South: Metalled road. East: Dirt track. West: Middle school, Poria and Joria||Horiladih, Kapoorghara, Sirigja, Bhutgariya, Jitpur||SC||Md. Aftab Ansari<br /> |-<br /> |41||North: Joria. South: Joria. East: Bhaga, Bhowrah railway station. West: Damodar River||Dugri, [[Bhowrah]]||None||Anuranjan Kumar Singh<br /> |-<br /> |42||North: The road leading from Jorapokhar PS to Dumri. South: De Nobli School, Digwadih. East: Jharia-Sindri Main Road. West: Joria drain||[[Jorapokhar]] (part)||OBC||Vinay Kuamar Rajwar<br /> |-<br /> |43||North: Joria. South: The road towards Bhowrah. East: Lodna Project BCCL. West: Drain||[[Jamadoba]], Nunikdih, Bhaga||OBC||Ayesha Khatun<br /> |-<br /> |44||North: The road from Phusbangla to Putki. South: The road from Jorapokhar PS to Dumri Basti. East: Jharia-Sindri Road. West: Joria||[[Jorapokhar]] (part), [[Jealgora]]||Women||Dulaso Devi<br /> |-<br /> |45||North: BCCL Open Cast Project. South: Railway line. East: Kuiyan Colliery MOCP. West: Old Dhanbad-Pathardih railway line||Debari, Naya Kanali, Durgapur, Dhanuadih, Pandeybera, Kujama, Golakdih||ST Women||Kiran Devi<br /> |-<br /> |46||North: The road from No. 4 Jharia to Sabji Bagan (Lodna Road). South: Joria. East: Kujama Mouza, the road to Shramik Kalyan. West: Chutkari, Joria||[[Lodna]], [[Tisra]], Madhuban, Jairampur||SC||Ruma Devi<br /> |-<br /> |47||North: Gope and Suratnr Basti. South: Road to Jairampur. East: PCC Road. West: Railway line||Kamayadih, Bagdihi, Brahmanbarari, [[Jeenagora]], Gultawari||OBC Women||Sanjay Yadav<br /> |-<br /> |48||North: Old railway station (railway line). South: Joria and railway line. East: Paharigora railway line. West: Jharia-Sindri main road||Parghabad, Bhatdih, Radhachak, Noonodih, Chandrabad||None||Nandlal Paswan<br /> |-<br /> |49||North: Tata Washery railway line. South: Damodar River. East: Railway loco yard Pathardih Washery. West: Denobli-Chandankiyari Main Road||Gorkhunti, Mohulbani, Parghabad||None||Swarup Kumar Ray<br /> |-<br /> |50||North: Jharia-Sindri Main Road. South: Adra-Bhaga railway line. East: Pathardih-Sudamdih railway line. West: Denobli-Chandankiyari Main Road||Sawardih, Sutukdih, [[Pathardih]]||None||Chandan Kumar Mahato<br /> |-<br /> |51||North: Jharia-Sindri Road. South: Damodar River. East: Upper Kanda and Het Kanda. West: Damodar River||[[Chasnala]], [[Sudamdih]]||Women||Pushpa Supkar<br /> |-<br /> |52||North: Baliapur CD Block. South: Damodar River. East: Saharpura, Rohragarh. West: Chasnala||Manohartanr, Upper Kanda, Tasra Chakchitanhi, [[Rohraband]] (part), the southern part from Jharia Sindri to Rohraband||Women||Priyanka Devi<br /> |-<br /> |53||North: Baliapur CD Block. South: Jharia-Sindri Road. East: Domgarh, Jamadoba. West: Manohartanr||Saharpura, [[Rohraband]], northern portion of [[Jharia]]-[[Sindri (Dhanbad)|Sindri]]||Women||Champa Devi<br /> |-<br /> |54||North: Baliapur. South: Damodar River. East: Baliapur CD Block. West: Rohraband||Domgarh, [[Sindri (Dhanbad)|Sindri]], [[Jamadoba]]||Women||Sumitra Devi<br /> |-<br /> |55||North: Bandarchuna, Raghunathpur. South: Saharpura. East: Sabalpur. West: Ojhadih, Khadam||Rajabasti, Loharbasti, Simatanr, Rangamati, Part of RM 4, Bauritola, Patel Nagar, Manohartanr, Rehdaghutu, Baghtanr alias Nagraghutu, Barudih, Marchelghutu, Aknaghutu, Talaghutu, Jaintkeghutu, Part of IMTyf ||None||Sahebram Hembram <br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> &lt;small&gt;Note: The reservation chart put up by Dhanbad Municipal Corporation seems to be outdated. The Table above follows the information put up by Dhanbad Municipal Corporation.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Asansol Municipal Corporation]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br />  <br /> {{North Chotanagpur Division topics}}<br /> {{Dhanbad District}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Municipal corporations in Jharkhand]]<br /> [[Category:Dhanbad]]<br /> [[Category:2006 establishments in Jharkhand]]<br /> [[Category:Urban local bodies in Jharkhand]]</div>

Cristine5684 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nasser_Hussain&diff=448197 2026-03-16T21:41:07Z

<p>Cristine5684: General cleanup and improvements</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|English cricketer (born 1968)}}<br /> {{About|the English cricketer|the Indian rugby union footballer|Nasser Hussain (rugby union)|those of a similar name|Nasser Hussein (disambiguation){{!}}Nasser Hussein}}<br /> {{distinguish|Nasir Hossain|Nasir Hossain (Sylhet cricketer)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}<br /> {{Use British English|date=May 2011}}<br /> {{Infobox cricketer<br /> | name = Nasser Hussain<br /> | honorific_suffix = [[OBE]]<br /> | <br /> | caption = Hussain in 2005<br /> | country = England<br /> | fullname = Nasser Hussain<br /> | nickname = Nashwan, Nass, Beaky<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1968|3|28|df=y}}&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/pictures/image/0,10593,-10904717659,00.html |title=England squad 2003 v South Africa: Nasser Hussain |website=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=25 March 2024}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> | birth_place = [[Madras]], India<br /> | family = [[Jawad Hussain]] (father)&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;[[Mel Hussain]] (brother)&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;Abbas Hussain (brother)&amp;lt;br&amp;gt;[[Benazir Hussain]] (sister)&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;[[Reece Hussain]] (nephew)<br /> | heightm = 1.83<br /> | batting = Right-handed<br /> | bowling = Right-arm [[leg spin|leg break]]<br /> | role = [[Batting order (cricket)#Top order|Top-order batter]]<br /> | international = true<br /> | internationalspan = 1989–2004<br /> | testdebutdate = 24 February<br /> | testdebutyear = 1990<br /> | testdebutagainst = West Indies<br /> | testcap = 542<br /> | lasttestdate = 20 May<br /> | lasttestyear = 2004<br /> | lasttestagainst = New Zealand<br /> | odidebutdate = 30 October<br /> | odidebutyear = 1989<br /> | odidebutagainst = Pakistan<br /> | odicap = 105<br /> | lastodidate = 2 March<br /> | lastodiyear = 2003<br /> | lastodiagainst = Australia<br /> | odishirt = 3<br /> | club1 = [[Essex County Cricket Club|Essex]]<br /> | year1 = {{nowrap|1987–2004}}<br /> | columns = 4<br /> | column1 = [[Test cricket|Test]]<br /> | matches1 = 96<br /> | runs1 = 5,764<br /> | bat avg1 = 37.18<br /> | 100s/50s1 = 14/34<br /> | top score1 = 207<br /> | deliveries1 = 30<br /> | wickets1 = 0<br /> | bowl avg1 = –<br /> | fivefor1 = –<br /> | tenfor1 = –<br /> | best bowling1 = –<br /> | catches/stumpings1 = 67/–<br /> | column2 = [[One Day International|ODI]]<br /> | matches2 = 88<br /> | runs2 = 2,332<br /> | bat avg2 = 30.28<br /> | 100s/50s2 = 1/16<br /> | top score2 = 115<br /> | deliveries2 = –<br /> | wickets2 = –<br /> | bowl avg2 = –<br /> | fivefor2 = –<br /> | tenfor2 = –<br /> | best bowling2 = –<br /> | catches/stumpings2 = 40/–<br /> | column3 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]<br /> | matches3 = 334<br /> | runs3 = 20,698<br /> | bat avg3 = 42.06<br /> | 100s/50s3 = 52/108<br /> | top score3 = 207<br /> | deliveries3 = 312<br /> | wickets3 = 2<br /> | bowl avg3 = 161.50<br /> | fivefor3 = 0<br /> | tenfor3 = 0<br /> | best bowling3 = 1/38<br /> | catches/stumpings3 = 350/–<br /> | column4 = [[List A cricket|LA]]<br /> | matches4 = 364<br /> | runs4 = 10,732<br /> | bat avg4 = 36.75<br /> | 100s/50s4 = 10/72<br /> | top score4 = 161[[not out|*]]<br /> | deliveries4 = –<br /> | wickets4 = –<br /> | bowl avg4 = –<br /> | fivefor4 = –<br /> | tenfor4 = –<br /> | best bowling4 = –<br /> | catches/stumpings4 = 161/–<br /> | date = 15 October<br /> | year = 2007<br /> | source = https://www.espncricinfo.com/player/nasser-hussain-14325 ESPNcricinfo<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Nasser Hussain''' {{post-nominals|OBE}} (born 28 March 1968) is an English [[cricket]] commentator and former player who captained the [[England cricket team]] between 1999 and 2003, with his overall international career extending from 1990 to 2004. A pugnacious right-handed batsman, Hussain scored over 30,000 runs from more than 650 matches across all [[First-class cricket|first-class]] and [[List A cricket|List-A]] cricket, including 62 centuries. His highest Test score of 207, scored in the first Test of the [[Australian cricket team in England in 1997|1997 Ashes]] at [[Edgbaston Cricket Ground|Edgbaston]], was described by ''[[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack|Wisden]]'' as &quot;touched by genius&quot;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/match/63754.html|title=England v Australia Scorecard|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=28 September 2009|archive-date=20 April 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420161704/http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/statsguru/engine/match/63754.html|url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; He played 96 Test matches and 88 [[One Day International]] games in total. In Tests he scored 5,764 runs, and he took 67 catches, fielding predominantly in the second slip and gully.<br /> <br /> Born in [[Chennai|Madras]], Hussain was led into cricket by his father, and his family moved to England when Hussain was a young child. He joined Essex in 1987 after developing from a [[Spin bowling|spin bowler]] to batsman while at school and playing for the various Essex youth teams, as the leg-spin of his youth deserted him. He was selected for England initially on the back of 990 runs scored for Essex in the [[County Championship]] of 1989, though injury and poor form would limit his international caps during the early 1990s to three Tests of a 1990 West Indies tour, and four further matches in 1993. Only in 1996 did he become a regular England Test cricketer.<br /> <br /> Although regarded as somewhat of a firebrand in his youth,&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/153296.html | title=First Cornhill Test – England v Australia | publisher=ESPNcricinfo | work=Wisden | year=1998 | access-date=2 March 2014 | author=Etheridge, John | archive-date=1 August 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801114058/http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/153296.html | url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Hussain succeeded [[Alec Stewart]] as captain in 1999 and led England in forty-five Test matches until resigning in 2003. Overseeing four consecutive Test series victories and England's rise to third in the Test rankings, Hussain is regarded as one of England's most able captains. [[Simon Barnes]] of ''The Times'' wrote that Hussain was &quot;perhaps the finest captain to hold the office.&quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/cricket/article434705.ece|title=Why we should present ashes to man who slew weasel of defeatism|last=Barnes|first=Simon|date=28 May 2004|work=[[The Times]] Online|access-date=28 September 2009|location=London|archive-date=14 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214192455/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/cricket/article434705.ece|url-status=dead}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; After resigning the captaincy, Hussain played on in Test cricket until the debut Test of future captain [[Andrew Strauss]] – the ability of whom was witnessed by Hussain who scored a century in the same match – and growing calls for him to leave the team, prompted him to yield his position and retire. He joined [[Sky Sports]] as a commentator shortly thereafter. His 2005 autobiography ''Playing With Fire'' won the Best Autobiography category of the 2005 [[British Sports Book Awards]].&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;British Sports Book Awards&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://sportsbookawards.com/previous-winners/|title=Previous winners|publisher=British Sports Book Awards|access-date=29 March 2020|archive-date=2 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802160536/https://sportsbookawards.com/previous-winners/|url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> == Early years ==<br /> <br /> Hussain was born in [[Chennai|Madras]], India into a [[Muslim]] family. His father, [[Jawad Hussain|Raza Jawad 'Joe' Hussain]], was a keen cricketer and [[field hockey]] player. He was a descendant of [[Muhammad Ali Khan Wallajah]], the [[Nawab]] of [[Arcot State]] in the second half of the 18th century.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |last1=Hussain |first1=Abid |title=Hussain makes history |url=https://www.rediff.com/sports/1999/jul/06nasser.htm |website=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=18 August 2018 |date=6 July 1999 |archive-date=19 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819010900/https://www.rediff.com/sports/1999/jul/06nasser.htm |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Nasser's mother Shireen (originally Patricia Price)&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;mother1&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cricketcountry.com/articles/nasser-hussain-the-man-who-transformed-english-cricket-with-duncan-fletcher-24564|access-date=6 January 2017|title=Nasser Hussain: The man who transformed English cricket with Duncan Fletcher|date=28 March 2013|archive-date=7 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107101111/http://www.cricketcountry.com/articles/nasser-hussain-the-man-who-transformed-english-cricket-with-duncan-fletcher-24564|url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; is [[English people|English]].&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;mother2&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web|last1=Scott|first1=Brough|title=To have my son captain England in India. It couldn't get any better.|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/cricket/3016523/To-have-my-son-captain-England-in-India.-It-couldnt-get-any-better.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/cricket/3016523/To-have-my-son-captain-England-in-India.-It-couldnt-get-any-better.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|website=Telegraph UK|date=10 November 2001 |access-date=6 January 2017}}{{cbignore}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; As a child, Nasser's first experiences of cricket were family visits to [[Chepauk Stadium|Chepauk]], where his older brothers [[Mel Hussain|Mehriyar 'Mel' Hussain]] – who would go on to play briefly for [[Worcestershire County Cricket Club|Worcestershire]] – and Abbas used to bat on the outfield while he chased after the ball. His father moved the family to England in 1975. Hussain recalled in his 2005 autobiography that the family gave up a prosperous life in India – where the family were comfortable – in order to obtain for the children the benefits of the English educational system.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Hussain (2005) p. 29.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The family moved to [[Ilford]], and Hussain later took charge of the indoor cricket school in Ilford where he used to bowl for hours on end at his elder brothers. He was a talented leg-spin bowler, and with his ability starting to show, at just eight years old, Hussain was selected to play for the Essex Under-11s, and at 12 years old, was the youngest to play for Essex Under-15s.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/2379577/Nasser-Hussain-factfile.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/2379577/Nasser-Hussain-factfile.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Nasser Hussain factfile|date=25 May 2004|work=[[Www.telegraph.co.uk|Telegraph.co.uk]]|access-date=28 September 2009 | location=London}}{{cbignore}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; He meanwhile continued his education at [[Forest School, Walthamstow]].{{citation needed|date=July 2025}}<br /> <br /> At the age of 14 Hussain was selected to play for England Schools where he first came into contact with his friend and future England colleague [[Michael Atherton|Mike Atherton]]. Born five days apart, Hussain and Atherton soon found their careers progressing in parallel as they captained, batted and bowled [[Leg spin|legspin]] for England age-group teams.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Wisden Almanack&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.cricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/154922.html | title=Five Cricketers of the year – Scyld Berry | publisher=[[Wisden Almanack]] | date=5 September 2009 | access-date=5 September 2009 | archive-date=19 November 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119180128/https://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/154922.html | url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; As well as Atherton, who was considered the &quot;Golden Boy&quot; of the North at the time, Hussain played with and against others such as [[Mark Ramprakash]], [[Graham Thorpe]] and [[Trevor Ward (cricketer)|Trevor Ward]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Hussain (2005) p. 37.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; At the age of 15, and captain of England Schools, Hussain &quot;grew a foot in height in the winter&quot; and the trajectory of his bowling was altered. He recounts &quot;I went from bowling out [[Graham Gooch]] in the indoor school with everyone watching, to hitting the roof of the net or bowling triple-bouncers to deadly silence.&quot;&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Wisden Almanack&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> Hussain's father initially refused to accept that his son could not bowl to the previous high standards and continued to push him into bowling, while Hussain, full of frustration at his sudden loss of ability felt he was letting his father down.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Hussain (2005) pp. 41–45.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Concerns over his father's expectations of him would continue throughout Hussain's career, as he related in his biography after retiring.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Hussain (2005) pp. 30–35.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; After the loss of his bowling, Hussain dropped behind his contemporaries; Atherton, Ramprakash and [[Martin Bicknell]] all began to receive professional county contracts while Hussain was not being selected for representative games and England tours. Hussain switched to batting while he was still captain of Essex under-16s and moved himself up the order to get more runs and to bowl less. His batting progressed, and in that year he became the first under-16 at Forest to score 1,000 runs in a season since 1901.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Wisden Almanack&quot;/&amp;gt; Hussain himself admitted that batting never came as naturally to him as leg-spin bowling. Throughout his career he batted with little left elbow and plenty of bottom hand, and backed-up with the bat in his right hand.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Wisden Almanack&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> While continuing with his cricket, he also studied [[Natural science|Natural Sciences]] at the [[Durham University|University of Durham]] – a strong cricketing university – where he belonged to the [[College of St Hild and St Bede, Durham|College of St Hild and St Bede]]. He graduated in 1989 with a [[Bachelor of Science]] (BSc) degree.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|title=Durham University sporting excellence on show at The Ashes|url=https://www.dur.ac.uk/news/newsitem/?itemno=18405|work=News|publisher=Durham University|access-date=12 August 2013|date=2 August 2013|archive-date=20 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130820143715/https://www.dur.ac.uk/news/newsitem/?itemno=18405|url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==Test cricket==<br /> Hussain made his Test cricket debut in 1990 against the [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]] with the match ending just before lunch on the final day. England won the test by nine wickets, but lost the series 2–1.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/current/story/152032.html|title=WEST INDIES v ENGLAND 1989-90|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=28 September 2009|archive-date=19 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119180132/https://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/152032.html|url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> Hussain was subsequently not picked for the next three years. He was regarded as a bit of a &quot;hot-head&quot;, and his fiery temper briefly jeopardised his prospects of an international career.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;The BBC&quot;&amp;gt;{{Citation| url = https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/england/3750083.stm| title = Nasser Hussain England's man of Steel| access-date = 25 September 2010| publisher=BBC| date = 27 May 2004| archive-date = 17 June 2004| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20040617055251/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/england/3750083.stm| url-status = live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; At Essex, Hussain continued to score runs and impressed his county colleague and England captain Graham Gooch enough to have a Test reprieve. He was thus selected for the 3rd Ashes Test of 1993, in which he scored 71 and 47 not out, ensuring his selection for the rest of the series. It was enough to secure his place for the subsequent winter tour of the West Indies. Before the Test series, Hussain participated in a warm-up match against [[St Kitts and Nevis]], in which he was dismissed for a [[duck (cricket)|duck]] by [[John Maynard (cricketer)|John &quot;The Dentist&quot; Maynard]],&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |last1=Miller |first1=Andrew |title=The Dentist from Nevis |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/the-dentist-from-nevis-287173 |website=ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN Sports Media |access-date=3 December 2025 |location=UK |date=25 March 2007}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; and subsequently, again was not picked for the next three years of Test matches.<br /> <br /> Hussain was picked again for a Test series against India in the summer of 1996. The number 3 batting position had been troublesome for England for some time. England had tried all manner of combinations at No. 3, from the left-field [[Jason Gallian]] to the veteran [[Robin Smith (cricketer)|Robin Smith]], via the temperamentally suspect pairing of [[Graeme Hick]] and Mark Ramprakash. &quot;A lot is made of your batting position,&quot; Hussain recalled to ESPNcricinfo, &quot;but I always felt, and I did back then when [[David Lloyd (cricketer)|David Lloyd]] rang me up and asked me to bat No. 3, that if you're good enough to be playing Test cricket, you should be good enough to move from No. 5 to No. 3&quot;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/engvwi2009/content/story/403292.html|title=Shades of Hussain as Bopara arrives|last=Miller|first=Andrew|date=6 May 2009|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=28 September 2009|archive-date=12 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100912060253/http://www.cricinfo.com/engvwi2009/content/story/403292.html|url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> Hussain scored 128 in the first innings. Hussain was awarded Man of The Match and with another century in the last Test that summer was awarded Man of the Series.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/current/story/153535.html|title=ENGLAND v INDIA|first=Field|last=David|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=28 September 2009|archive-date=19 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119180243/https://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/153535.html|url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ===Test captain===<br /> Hussain was the [[captain (cricket)|captain]] of the England team for 45 [[Test cricket|Test match]]es from 1999 to 2003; as of 2021 the sixth most for an England captain, with his 17 Test victories the seventh most as England captain. His percentage of Tests won was higher than any of the previous eight captains since [[Bob Willis]] retired in 1984.<br /> <br /> Hussain became Test captain in July 1999, taking over from Alec Stewart for the series against [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand]] at home, after which he was booed by the England fans as he and his team stood on the pavilion balcony. In 2000 he led England to a 3–1 victory over the [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]] at home, and in that winter, the England team beat both [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]] and [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]] away. Under Hussain, England won four Test series in a row and rose to third place in the ICC Test Championship table when it was launched, after being ninth and last in the prototype Wisden World Championship in September 1999.<br /> <br /> Hussain was captain of both the Test and [[One Day International]] England teams until after the [[2003 Cricket World Cup]], when England failed to make the second round after boycotting their match against [[Zimbabwe national cricket team|Zimbabwe]] in [[Harare]], citing security concerns. But as he stated in his autobiography ''Playing With Fire'', the whole Zimbabwe question and the responsibility of whether or not to play against Zimbabwe was left to the captain and it was a question that &quot;kept him awake at night&quot;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Hussain (2005) pp. 2–10.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> Immediately after the 2003 Cricket World Cup, he stepped down as one-day captain, being replaced by [[Michael Vaughan]]. Later in 2003, Hussain announced his retirement as Test captain after England's Test series against [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]], again being replaced by Vaughan.<br /> <br /> Hussain continued as a batsman in the Test team until May 2004; in his final Test, against New Zealand at [[Lord's]], he scored 34 and 103 not out, hitting the winning runs.<br /> <br /> [[Sachin Tendulkar]] wrote in his autobiography ''Playing It My Way: My Autobiography'' that<br /> <br /> &amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;Among the Captains I have played against, I consider Nasser Hussein the best. He was an excellent strategist ... He was a very good thinker about the game and was proactive. Nasser would not place a fielder in a particular position after a shot was played. Rather, he had the ability to anticipate the shot and would place a fielder well in advance, making a real difference to his team.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Sachin Tendulkar, ''Playing It My Way: My Autobiography'', with Boria Majmuder, 2014, Hodder &amp;amp; Stoughton&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> Hussain has the record of the most consecutive Test [[Toss (cricket)|tosses]] lost as captain, losing 10 in a row between November 2000 and December 2001.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web |url=https://twitter.com/AWSStats/status/1217764153940742144 |title=Andrew Samson, Cricket Statistician, Twitter |access-date=16 January 2020 |archive-date=17 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200117103619/https://twitter.com/AWSStats/status/1217764153940742144 |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/current/team/1.html|title=ESPNcricinfo - England - Test matches - Team analysis|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=6 May 2021|archive-date=20 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170720131328/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/current/team/1.html|url-status=live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==One Day Internationals==<br /> <br /> Hussain's highest ODI score of 115 occurred against India in the final of the [[2002 NatWest Series]], during a game that was described by [[BBC]] correspondent [[Jonathan Agnew]] as &quot;the most exciting one-day international I have ever seen.&quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Citation| url = https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/england/2126843.stm| title = Young Stars Shine at Lords| access-date = 26 September 2010| publisher=BBC Sport| date = 13 July 2002| archive-date = 8 May 2004| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20040508112949/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/england/2126843.stm| url-status = live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; For some time before the game, Hussain's insistence on batting at number three and even his inclusion in the team had been repeatedly questioned by several members of the press, most notably Sky Sports commentators (and Hussain's future colleagues) [[Ian Botham]] and Bob Willis.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Citation| url = https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/england/2127810.stm| title = Harsh on Hussain| access-date = 26 September 2010| publisher=BBC Sport| date = 14 July 2002| archive-date = 31 July 2004| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20040731140941/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/england/2127810.stm| url-status = live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; His innings included a partnership of 185 with [[Marcus Trescothick]] (who scored 109 himself). After reaching his century Hussain courted controversy by gesturing wildly, pointing to the number 3 on his back and raising three fingers to the media box.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Citation| url = https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/england/2126684.stm| title = Hero Kaif takes India home| access-date = 26 September 2010| publisher=BBC Sport| date = 13 July 2002| archive-date = 24 April 2006| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060424042725/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/england/2126684.stm| url-status = live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; [[India national cricket team|India]] were set a target of 326 to win and completed the chase with three balls to spare.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;Cricinfo&quot;&amp;gt;{{Citation| url = http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/66292.html| title = England v India at Lords 2002| access-date = 26 September 2010| publisher=ESPNcricinfo| archive-date = 23 May 2010| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100523033339/http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/66292.html| url-status = live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==Post-playing career==<br /> Within hours of Hussain announcing his retirement from cricket, it was confirmed that he would join the Sky Sports commentary team on a full-time basis alongside other former England captains Bob Willis, [[David Gower]] and Ian Botham and his former England coach [[David Lloyd (cricketer)|David Lloyd]]. &quot;We now have the most experienced line-up ever seen in a commentary box&quot;, said Vic Wakeling of Sky. &quot;Four former England captains with over 400 Tests, 20,000 runs, and 700 wickets between them – and each is a former [[Wisden Cricketers of the Year|Wisden Cricketer of the Year]].&quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Citation| url = http://www.espncricinfo.com/england/content/story/141244.html| title = Hussain to join Sky Sports| access-date = 25 May 2012| publisher=[[ESPN]]| date = 27 May 2004| archive-date = 11 August 2014| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140811072001/http://www.espncricinfo.com/england/content/story/141244.html| url-status = live}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; In August 2011, in a match between India and England, comments made by Hussain against the Indian team created a stir among some cricket fans: &quot;I would say the difference between the two is the fielding. England are all-round a good fielding side. I do believe that India have few... 3 or 4 very good fielders and one or two donkeys in the field still.&quot;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |url=http://sports.ndtv.com/ind-eng-2011/news/177873-nasser-hussain-calls-indian-fielders-donkeys |title=Nasser Hussain calls Indian fielders 'donkeys' |publisher=NDTV Sports |date=2 September 2011 |access-date=16 June 2013 |archive-date=10 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810052754/http://sports.ndtv.com/ind-eng-2011/news/177873-nasser-hussain-calls-indian-fielders-donkeys |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> In 2004, Hussain released his autobiography, ''Playing with Fire''. It won the Best Autobiography category of the 2005 [[British Sports Book Awards]].&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;British Sports Book Awards&quot;/&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> In 2005 He was awarded Honorary Life Membership of the [[Marylebone Cricket Club]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=MCC Honorary Life Members |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/the-club/mcc-honorary-life-members |website=The Marylebone Cricket Club |access-date=4 March 2022 |language=en |archive-date=26 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226055921/https://www.lords.org/mcc/the-club/mcc-honorary-life-members |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> Since 2010 he has coached at [[New Hall School]], an independent school in [[Essex]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.newhallschool.co.uk/cricket |title=Senior School – Cricket |publisher=Newhallschool.co.uk |access-date=10 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028222219/http://www.newhallschool.co.uk/Cricket |archive-date=28 October 2012 |url-status=dead }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> He played himself in the 2011 [[Bollywood]] film ''[[Patiala House (film)|Patiala House]]'', in which [[Akshay Kumar]] played the leading role.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1535467/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm |title=Patiala House (2011) Full Cast &amp;amp; Crew |publisher=IMDb.com |access-date=1 September 2014 |archive-date=15 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220515023140/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1535467/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> He is one of Sky Cricket's leading commentators alongside Michael Atherton, Ian Ward and Stuart Broad.<br /> <br /> ==Personal life==<br /> Hussain has been married to Karen since 1993. They have two sons, Joel and Jacob, and a daughter, Layla, all three of whom play for Hutton Cricket Club in Hussain's home county of Essex. The club was featured in a short documentary surrounding the development of women's grassroots cricket.<br /> <br /> His brother [[Mel Hussain|Mehriyar]] also played first-class cricket.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web | author1 = Biographydesk | url = https://biographydesk.com/biography-of-nasser-hussain/ | title = Biography of Nasser Hussain | work=Biography Desk | date = 6 July 2017 | access-date = 10 August 2021 | archive-date = 10 August 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210810202848/https://biographydesk.com/biography-of-nasser-hussain/ | url-status = live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==Honours==<br /> * He was made an [[Order of the British Empire|Officer of the Order of the British Empire]] (OBE) in the Civil Division &quot;For services to Cricket&quot; in the [[2002 New Year Honours|2002 New Years Honours List]].<br /> * He was awarded Honorary Life Membership of the [[Marylebone Cricket Club]] in 2005.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |title=MCC Honorary Life Members |url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/the-club/mcc-honorary-life-members |website=The Marylebone Cricket Club |access-date=6 March 2022 |language=en |archive-date=26 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226055921/https://www.lords.org/mcc/the-club/mcc-honorary-life-members |url-status=live }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ===Sources===<br /> * {{cite book | title=Playing With Fire | publisher=Michael Joseph Ltd | author=Hussain, Nasser | year=2005 | isbn=0718144872 | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/playingwithfire0000huss }}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{commons category}}<br /> * {{ESPNcricinfo|id=14325}}<br /> <br /> {{s-start}}<br /> {{s-sports}}<br /> {{succession box|<br /> before=[[Paul Prichard]]|<br /> title=[[Essex County Cricket Club|Essex County Captain]]|<br /> years=1999|<br /> after=[[Ronnie Irani]]|<br /> }}<br /> {{succession box|<br /> before=[[Alec Stewart]]|<br /> title=[[English national cricket captains|English national cricket captain]]|<br /> years=1999–2003|<br /> after=[[Michael Vaughan]]<br /> }}<br /> {{s-end}}<br /> {{Navboxes<br /> |title= Captaincy <br /> |bg= skyblue<br /> |fg= #000060<br /> |bordercolor=#000060<br /> |list1=<br /> {{England Test cricket captains}}<br /> {{England ODI cricket captains}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Navboxes<br /> |title= England squads <br /> |bg= skyblue<br /> |fg= #000060<br /> |bordercolor=#000060<br /> |list1=<br /> {{England 1999 Cricket World Cup squad}}<br /> {{England 2003 Cricket World Cup squad}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Hussain, Nasser}}<br /> [[Category:1968 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Alumni of the College of St Hild and St Bede, Durham]]<br /> [[Category:English people of Indian descent]]<br /> [[Category:British Asian cricketers]]<br /> [[Category:Cricketers at the 1999 Cricket World Cup]]<br /> [[Category:Cricketers at the 2003 Cricket World Cup]]<br /> [[Category:English autobiographers]]<br /> [[Category:English cricket commentators]]<br /> [[Category:England One Day International cricketers]]<br /> [[Category:England Test cricketers]]<br /> [[Category:English cricketers]]<br /> [[Category:English cricketers of 1969 to 2000]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century English sportsmen]]<br /> [[Category:England Test cricket captains]]<br /> [[Category:Essex cricketers]]<br /> [[Category:Essex cricket captains]]<br /> [[Category:Indian emigrants to England]]<br /> [[Category:Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers]]<br /> [[Category:Officers of the Order of the British Empire]]<br /> [[Category:People educated at Forest School, Walthamstow]]<br /> [[Category:Cricketers from Chennai]]<br /> [[Category:Wisden Cricketers of the Year]]<br /> [[Category:Indian people of English descent]]<br /> [[Category:People from Ilford]]<br /> [[Category:Cricketers from the London Borough of Redbridge]]<br /> [[Category:Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom]]<br /> [[Category:British Universities cricketers]]<br /> [[Category:Test and County Cricket Board Under-25s XI cricketers]]<br /> [[Category:Hussain family]]<br /> [[Category:Sportspeople of English descent]]<br /> [[Category:Sportspeople of Indian descent]]<br /> [[Category:English cricket podcasters]]</div>

Cristine5684 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ramesh_Babaji_Maharaj&diff=529240 2026-03-15T04:03:04Z

<p>Cristine5684: creating the entry more to come</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian social worker from Uttar Pradesh}}<br /> {{Orphan|date=March 2026}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Ramesh Babaji Maharaj<br /> | image = <br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_date = <br /> | birth_place = India<br /> | occupation = {{hlist | Social worker}}<br /> | known_for = Founder of ''Mataji Gaushala'', [[Cow protection movement]]<br /> | awards = {{Plainlist|<br /> * [[Padma Shri]] (2019)<br /> }}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Ramesh Babaji Maharaj''' is a social worker based in [[Barsana]], Uttar Pradesh.&lt;ref name=&quot;TOI2019&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=26 January 2019 |title=10 from UP get Padma Shri award |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/10-from-up-get-padma-shri-award/articleshow/67697537.cms |access-date=27 April 2025 |work=The Times of India |quote=Ramesh Babaji Maharaj, 80-year-old seer from Mathura, has been awarded for his work in animal welfare, particularly for cows.}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is primarily known as the founder of Mataji Gaushala, a large cow shelter in Barsana dedicated to rescuing and caring for cows.&lt;ref name=&quot;MatajiGaushalaAbout&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=About Us |url=https://www.matajigaushala.org/who-we-are |access-date=27 April 2025 |publisher=Mataji Gaushala |quote=The project of Gau Sewa and Gau raksha, was founded by Param Pujya Shri Ramesh Baba Ji Maharaj, a renounced saint living in Maan Mandir, Barsana.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BrajRasik&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Mataji Goshala, Barsana |url=https://www.brajrasik.org/articles/5b2f62e29f7ab760360f9cc0/mataji-goshala-barsana |access-date=27 April 2025 |publisher=Braj Rasik |quote=Mataji Goshala is located in Barsana, Serving over 40,000 cows. Goshala is running under the guidance of Shri Ramesh Baba Ji - Maan Mandir.}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was awarded the [[Padma Shri]], India's fourth-highest civilian honour, in 2019 for his social work in the field of animal welfare.&lt;ref name=&quot;PIB2019&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=25 January 2019 |title=Padma Awards 2019 announced |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1561492 |access-date=27 April 2025 |publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India |quote=Padma Shri (94)... Shri Ramesh Babaji Maharaj Social Work-Animal Welfare Uttar Pradesh}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FinancialExpress2019&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=26 January 2019 |title=Padma Awards 2019: Check complete list of 112 distinguished people |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/government-announces-padma-awards-2019-check-complete-list-of-112-distinguished-people/1455609/ |access-date=27 April 2025 |work=Financial Express}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Work ==<br /> Ramesh Babaji Maharaj's primary work revolves around providing service and shelter to cows. He founded Mataji Gaushala in Barsana, starting in 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;MatajiGaushalaAbout&quot; /&gt; The organization focuses on rescuing injured, sick, or abandoned cows and providing them with shelter, food, and medical care. The shelter cares for tens of thousands of cows, making it one of the largest such shelters in India.&lt;ref name=&quot;BrajRasik&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AriseBharat&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=5 June 2020 |title=Padma Awards for Environment Conservation |url=https://arisebharat.com/2020/06/05/padma-awards-for-environment-conservation/ |access-date=27 April 2025 |work=Arise Bharat |quote=Founder of Mataji Gaushala, Shri Ramesh Babaji Maharaj from Uttar Pradesh has been conferred the award for his contribution towards taking care of 45,000 cows and establishing India's largest Bio-gas plant.}}&lt;/ref&gt; The shelter also operates a large bio-gas plant utilizing cow dung.&lt;ref name=&quot;AriseBharat&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Awards ==<br /> <br /> * [[Padma Shri]] (2019)&lt;ref name=&quot;PIB2019&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TimesNow2019&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=25 January 2019 |title=Padma Awards 2019: Social, environmental and animal welfare crusaders who have been awarded for their efforts |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/mirror-now/in-focus/article/padma-bhushan-vibhushan-shri-awards-2019-republic-day-rashtrapati-bhavan-social-crusaders/354160 |access-date=27 April 2025 |work=Times Now |quote=Shri Ramesh Babaji Maharaj from Uttar Pradesh and Shri Shabbir Sayyad from Maharashtra have been conferred the Padma Shri award for their efforts towards the welfare of animals.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> * [[Cow protection movement]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Social Work}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in social work]]<br /> [[Category:People from Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]</div>

Cristine5684 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laxman_Singh_(conservationist)&diff=511982 2026-03-14T21:05:10Z

<p>Cristine5684: Bio!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian social activist and water conservationist}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Laxman Singh<br /> | image = <br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_date = <br /> | birth_place = Lapodiya village, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India<br /> | death_date = <br /> | death_place = <br /> | occupation = Social activist, Water conservationist<br /> | known_for = [[Water conservation]], [[Chauka]] system<br /> | organization = [[GVNML|Gram Vikas Nav Yuvak Mandal Lapodiya]] (GVNML)<br /> | awards = [[Padma Shri]] (2023)&lt;br&gt;[[Indira Priyadarshini Vrikshamitra Awards|Vrikshamitra Award]] (1994)<br /> }}<br /> '''Laxman Singh''' is an Indian social activist and water conservationist from Lapodiya village in [[Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Harsha Kumari |last2=Srinivasan |first2=Chandrashekar |title=How One Rajasthan Village Still Has Water Even After A Long, Dry Summer |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/how-one-rajasthan-village-still-has-water-even-after-a-long-dry-summer-2069363 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |date=14 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; known for his work in water conservation&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Khan |first1=Shoeb |title=Since the summer of 1969, he cut soil with a shovel to script water history in Rajasthan village |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/since-the-summer-of-1969-he-cut-soil-with-a-shovel-to-script-water-history/articleshow/97756466.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=9 February 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; and developing water conservation techniques such as [[Chauka]], which has helped improve the livelihoods of villagers in Rajasthan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Indra Shekhar |title=Meet the Water Warrior, Laxman Singh, Who Invented a New Method of Water Conservation |url=https://thewire.in/environment/laxman-singh-chauka-system-water-conservation-rajasthan |publisher=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |date=7 April 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=The chauka magic |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/the--chauka-magic-20492 |publisher=[[Down to Earth (magazine)|Down to Earth]] |date=30 September 1999}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is the founder of non-profit organisation [[GVNML|Gram Vikas Nav Yuvak Mandal Lapodiya]] (GVNML).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Shaurabh |title=Saving raindrops for thirty years |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/deep-focus/saving-raindrops-for-thirty-years/articleshow/52058307.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=1 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Government of India awarded him the [[Padma Shri]] for his work in conserving water and protecting the environment.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=जयपुर के लक्ष्मण सिंह को पद्मश्री:पानी बचाने की चौका तकनीक से तालाब रिचार्ज किए, चारागाह बचाए |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/news/president-awarded-padmshri-to-laxman-singh-lapodia-for-water-consrvation-131070956.html |publisher=[[Dainik Bhaskar]] |date=22 March 2023 |language=Hindi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Life and work ==<br /> Laxman Singh hails from a farming background. He has dedicated over four decades of his life to water conservation efforts. In 1977, at the age of 18, his journey began when he witnessed water scarcity in his village.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Abraham |first1=Bobins |title=World Water Week: How Laxman Singh Turned Rajasthan's Lapodia Into A Drought-Proof Village |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/world-water-week-how-laxman-singh-turned-rajasthans-lapodia-into-a-drought-proof-village-612755.html |publisher=[[India Times]] |date=23 August 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; He started restoring the village's old ponds through voluntary efforts when he saw his villagers forced to draw water from deep wells and witnessed others leaving the village for better opportunities in urban areas. Singh went on to construct numerous ponds in the village using a technique he invented known as the 'chauka system,' which helps conserve rainwater.&lt;ref name=tv9&gt;{{cite news |last1=Parikh |first1=Awadhesh |title=लापोड़िया के लक्ष्मण सिंह को पद्मश्री, चोका सिस्टम से बदली गांव की तस्वीर…जल संरक्षण सिखाने गए इजराइल |url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/state/rajasthan/jaipur-lapodiya-village-lakshman-singh-water-conservation-got-padma-shri-award-2023-au275-1682973.html |publisher=[[TV9 Bharatvarsh]] |date=26 January 2023 |language=Hindi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[Chauka]] system involves creating mud ridges to slow down water flow and enable percolation into the ground. The water then accumulates in interconnected ponds, allowing overflow to move to the next one. This method has made his village Laporia drought-proof. Singh has since spread the idea to over 200 other villages which has benefited more than 3.5 Lakh people.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Unsung Lakshman Singh |url=https://www.unsung.in/lakshman-singh/ |publisher=Unsung.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Laxman Singh founded the [[GVNML|Gram Vikas Nav Yuvak Mandal]], an NGO to engage youth in community development. He inspired about 80 youngsters to build ponds in the village and encouraged neighbouring villages to do the same.&lt;ref name=tv9/&gt;<br /> Singh established schools in approximately 50 villages, providing free education regardless of socio-economic status. He managed these schools from 1980 to 2006, ultimately closing them when government schools were established in these areas.&lt;ref name=tv9/&gt;<br /> <br /> He also holds a bachelor's degree in Social Work from [[Rajasthan University]].&lt;ref name=Ashoka/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Awards and recognition ==<br /> Laxman Singh was awarded the Loknayak Jaiprakash Award in Delhi on 11 October 2022. In 2023, he was conferred with the [[Padma Shri]], the fourth highest civilian honor of India, in recognition of his contributions to social work.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Pandey |first1=Santosh |title=पद्मश्री पाने वाले लक्ष्मण ने जल संरक्षण और शिक्षा के लिए वर्षों से जगाई अलख, बदल गई हजारों की 'डगर' |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/rajasthan/laxman-singh-laporiya-awakened-for-years-for-water-conservation-and-education-in-rajasthan-ann-2317592 |publisher=[[ABP News]] |date=26 January 2023 |language=Hindi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1991, he was honored with the Nehru Youth Award by the [[Nehru Yuva Kendra Sangathan|Nehru Yuva Kendra]] (NYK) Sangathan, under the [[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports]], India. In 1994, he received the [[Indira Priyadarshini Vrikshamitra Awards|Indira Priyadarshini Vriksha Mitra Award]] from the [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change|Ministry of Environment and Forests]], [[Government of India]]. In 1998, he was elected as an [[Ashoka Fellow]].&lt;ref name=Ashoka&gt;{{cite news |title=Ashoka Fellow since 1998 Laxman Singh |url=https://www.ashoka.org/en-in/fellow/laxman-singh |publisher=Ashoka.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == In popular culture ==<br /> The 2021 documentary film, ''Lakshmanrekha'', directed by [[Nandan Saxena]] and Kavita Bahl and produced by [[Public Service Broadcasting Trust]] and [[Films Division of India|Films Division]], portrays the life and work of Laxman Singh.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Ravi |first1=S. |title=Documentary 'Lakshmanrekha' sheds light on indigenous methods for preserving water |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/documentary-lakshmanrekha-sheds-light-on-indigenous-methods-for-preserving-water/article30575009.ece |date=16 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116161637/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/documentary-lakshmanrekha-sheds-light-on-indigenous-methods-for-preserving-water/article30575009.ece |archive-date=16 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[Chauka]]<br /> * [[GVNML]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> {{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Social Work}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Lakshman}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian conservationists]]<br /> [[Category:Water conservation in India]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in social work]]<br /> [[Category:People from Jaipur district]]<br /> [[Category:Social workers from Rajasthan]]<br /> [[Category:Activists from Rajasthan]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>

Cristine5684 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karan_Johar&diff=445044 2026-03-14T15:40:08Z

<p>Cristine5684: minor edit</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian filmmaker, producer, and TV personality (born 1972)}}<br /> {{pp-protected|small=yes}}<br /> {{use Indian English|date=February 2026}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Karan Johar<br /> | image = Karan Johar at 2025 Cannes Homebound Photocall 2 (cropped).jpg<br /> | caption = Johar at the [[2025 Cannes Film Festival]]<br /> | birthname = Rahul Kumar Johar&lt;ref name=&quot;NDTVname&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Basu |first1=Nilanjana |title=Koffee With Karan 6:, Vicky Kaushal Discover Karan Johar Was Originally Named As... |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/koffee-with-karan-6-ayushmann-khurrana-vicky-kaushal-discover-karan-johar-was-originally-named-as-1963483 |access-date=16 December 2018 |work=[[NDTV]] |publisher=NDTV Convergence Limited |date=16 December 2018 |archive-date=16 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216214144/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/koffee-with-karan-6-ayushmann-khurrana-vicky-kaushal-discover-karan-johar-was-originally-named-as-1963483 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1972|05|25|df=yes}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India<br /> | alma_mater = [[H.R. College of Commerce and Economics|H.R. College of Commerce]]<br /> | occupation = {{hlist|Film director|producer|television presenter}}<br /> | organization = [[Dharma Productions]]<br /> | years_active = 1989–present<br /> | children = 2<br /> | father = [[Yash Johar]]<br /> | relatives = [[List of Hindi film families#Chopra-Johar family|Chopra-Johar family]]<br /> | awards = [[List of awards and nominations received by Karan Johar|Full list]]<br /> | honours = [[Padma Shri]] (2020)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url=https://padmaawards.gov.in/AwardeeTickets2020.aspx| title=Padma Awards 2020| publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs (Govt. of India)| access-date=27 April 2020| archive-date=13 May 2020| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513080056/https://padmaawards.gov.in/AwardeeTickets2020.aspx| url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | signature = Karan Johar Signature.png<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Karan Kumar Johar'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=KARAN YASH JOHAR {{!}} DIN : 00013096 |url=https://www.indiafilings.com/search/karan-yash-johar-din-00013096 |access-date=2024-11-08 |website=IndiaFilings |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; (born '''Rahul Kumar Johar'''; 25 May 1972),&lt;ref name=&quot;NDTVname&quot; /&gt; often informally referred to as '''KJo''',&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/more/news/view/id/1449536 | title=KJo meets Kareena on sets of Heroine | website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] | access-date=8 June 2012 | archive-date=11 June 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120611024124/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/more/news/view/id/1449536 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; is an Indian filmmaker, producer and television personality who primarily works in [[Hindi cinema]]. He has launched the careers of several successful actors and filmmakers under his company [[Dharma Productions]]. The recipient of [[List of awards and nominations received by Karan Johar|several accolades]], including four [[National Film Awards]] and eight [[Filmfare Awards]], he has been honoured with the [[Padma Shri]] by the [[Government of India]] in 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/padma-shri-for-ekta-kapoor-karan-johar-kangana-ranaut-and-adnan-sami-1640169-2020-01-25|title=Padma Shri for Ekta Kapoor, Karan Johar, Kangana Ranaut and Adnan Sami|newspaper=India Today|language=en|access-date=26 January 2020|agency=Ist|archive-date=25 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125223024/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/padma-shri-for-ekta-kapoor-karan-johar-kangana-ranaut-and-adnan-sami-1640169-2020-01-25|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The son of producer [[Yash Johar]], he made his directorial debut with the romantic comedy-drama ''[[Kuch Kuch Hota Hai]]'' (1998)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2018-10-16 |title=As ‘Kuch Kuch Hota Hai’ completes 20 glorious years, Karan Johar talks about his debut stint |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/as-kuch-kuch-hota-hai-completes-20-glorious-years-karan-johar-talks-about-his-debut-stint/articleshow/66231963.cms |access-date=2026-02-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;, which earned him the [[National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment]] (as director)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2025-09-24 |title=Karan Johar on his National Award win: 'After 27 years coming back to same category is ...' |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/karan-johar-on-national-award-win-after-27-years-coming-back-to-the-same-category-is-/articleshow/124071245.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-02-27 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}&lt;/ref&gt;, the [[Filmfare Award for Best Director]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Karan Johar Birthday: 5 Award-winning Movies by the Multi-faceted Showman |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/karan-johar-birthday-5-award-winning-movies-by-the-multi-faceted-showman-7903477.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20230608031614/https://www.news18.com/movies/karan-johar-birthday-5-award-winning-movies-by-the-multi-faceted-showman-7903477.html |archive-date=2023-06-08 |access-date=2026-02-27 |work=News18 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the [[Filmfare Award for Best Screenplay]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kuch Kuch Hota Hai {{!}} Indian Cinema - The University of Iowa |url=https://indiancinema.sites.uiowa.edu/kuch-kuch-hota-hai |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=indiancinema.sites.uiowa.edu |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;. His next films, the family drama ''[[Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham]]'' (2001) and the musical romantic drama ''[[Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna]]'' (2006), were both major commercial successes in both domestic and overseas markets. His social drama ''[[My Name Is Khan]]'' (2010) earned him his second Filmfare Award for Best Director. Johar produced the spy thriller ''[[Raazi]]'' (2018) and the biopic ''[[Shershaah]]'' (2021), both of which won him the [[Filmfare Award for Best Film]], with the latter also earning him the [[National Film Award – Special Jury Award (feature film)|National Film Award – Special Jury Mention]] as producer.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://theprint.in/feature/very-honoured-very-humbled-karan-johar-as-shershaah-wins-national-film-award/1807687/|title=&quot;Very honoured, very humbled&quot;: Karan Johar as 'Shershaah' wins National Film Award|website=[[The Print]]|date=17 October 2023|access-date=17 October 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later, as producer of the fantasy film ''[[Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva]]'' (2022), he won the inaugural [[National Film Award for Best Film in AVGC]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/celebrities/national-award-karan-johar-wins-ayan-mukerji-brahmastra-part-1-alia-bhatt-ranbir-kapoor|title=Karan Johar Wins Third National Award With Ayan Mukerji-Directorial 'Brahmastra'|website=[[The Quint]]|date=9 October 2024|access-date=20 March 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Johar returned to directing with the romantic comedy-drama ''[[Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani]]'' (2023), which earned him another National Film Award for [[National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment|Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment]].&lt;ref name=&quot;NA&quot;/&gt; He then went on to produce the drama ''[[Homebound (2025 film)|Homebound]]'' (2025), which was chosen as the [[List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film|Indian entry]] for the [[Academy Award for Best International Feature Film|Best International Feature Film]] at the [[98th Academy Awards]], and was subsequently shortlisted in the category.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/homebound-indias-official-entry-oscars-2026-karan-johar-neeraj-ghaywan-express-delight/ |title=Homebound is India's official entry for Oscars 2026, Karan Johar and Neeraj Ghaywan express delight |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=19 September 2025 |access-date=25 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Homebound Shortlisted For Oscars 2026, 'Over The Moon' Karan Johar Writes Emotional Note |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/homebound-shortlisted-for-oscars-2026-over-the-moon-karan-johar-writes-emotional-note-9829343 |website=NDTV |date=2025-12-17 |access-date=2025-12-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; These, along with [[List of Dharma Productions films|other films]] he has directed or produced under his company, have established him as one of the leading filmmakers in Hindi cinema.<br /> <br /> Johar has also ventured into other avenues of the entertainment industry. He hosts a television talk show, ''[[Koffee with Karan]]'' since 2004,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-08-09 |title=Karan Johar on Koffee With Karan: ''Never thought I would get this far, hosting seven seasons'' |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/karan-johar-on-koffee-with-karan-never-thought-i-would-get-this-far-hosting-seven-seasons-11031561.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809101327/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/karan-johar-on-koffee-with-karan-never-thought-i-would-get-this-far-hosting-seven-seasons-11031561.html |archive-date=9 August 2022 |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; a dating show ''What the Love!'' and a radio show ''Calling Karan'', and appeared as a judge on competition reality shows ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa]]'' and ''[[India's Got Talent]]''.<br /> <br /> == Early and personal life ==<br /> <br /> Karan Johar was born on 25 May 1972 in [[Bombay]], India, to a [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] father, film producer [[Yash Johar]], founder of [[Dharma Productions]], and a [[Sindhis|Sindhi]] mother, Hiroo Johar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/leading-actresses-are-paranoid-as-parents-karan-johar/story-jJEEZJ8rvodM67le1MHAnO.html|title=Leading actresses are paranoid as parents: Karan Johar|work=Hindustan Times|date=30 June 2017|access-date=7 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://penguin.co.in/book/non-fiction/an-unsuitable-boy-2/|title=An Unsuitable Boy: Overview|work=Penguin India|access-date=7 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; He grew up in a &quot;[[Cosmopolitanism|cosmopolitan]] house&quot; where the family communicated in English, and his father, an [[Arya Samaj|Arya Samaji]], would recite [[Hinduism|Hindu]], [[Sikhism|Sikh]], and [[Christianity|Christian]] prayers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Johar |first1=Karan |title=An Unsuitable Boy |last2=Saxena |first2=Poonam |date=2017 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-670-08753-2 |location=Gurgaon, Haryana, India |pages=6}}&lt;/ref&gt; He studied at Green Lawns High School and later [[H.R. College of Commerce and Economics]], both in Mumbai.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/news/2009/karan-nostalgia-college-220909.html |title=Karan Johar goes back to college |publisher=Hrcollege.edu |date=22 September 2009 |access-date=27 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Johar attempted admission to [[The Doon School]] but was declined due to scoring zero in mathematics.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Johar |first1=Karan |title=An Unsuitable Boy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tNbeDQAAQBAJ |date=2018 |publisher=[[Penguin India]] |location=New Delhi |isbn=9780670087532 |page=36}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He began his career as a child actor, playing Shrikant in the 1989 [[Doordarshan]] serial ''[[Indradhanush]]'', and was influenced by [[Raj Kapoor]], Yash Chopra, and [[Sooraj Barjatya]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Rediffinterview&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/1998/dec/09kuch.htm|title='All the women I meet keep telling me how much they cried in the film! That's what made it a hit, I guess.'|date=9 December 1998|author=Nandy, Pritish|work=Rediff.Com|access-date=6 March 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/1998/oct/15joh.htm|title='I'm a little scared'|date=15 October 1998|author=V S Srinivasan|work=Rediff.Com|access-date=6 March 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; He briefly followed [[numerology]] for film titles but stopped after watching ''[[Lage Raho Munna Bhai]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/delhi-times/karan-to-drop-letter-k/articleshow/2115546.cms|title=Karan to drop letter K|work=The Times of India|first1=Rubina A|last1=Khan|date=7 October 2006|access-date=30 June 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Johar has publicly discussed his [[sexual orientation]], stating, &quot;Everybody knows what my sexual orientation is,&quot; and in February 2017, he became a father to twins, son Yash and daughter Roohi, via [[surrogacy]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=8 January 2017 |title=Karan Johar on being gay: Everybody knows what my sexual orientation is |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/karan-johar-gay-shah-rukh-khan-biography-an-unsuitable-boy-953828-2017-01-08 |website=[[India Today]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; He named his son after his father, Yash Johar, and his daughter after his mother, Hiroo Johar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=6 March 2017 |title=Alia Bhatt to Priyanka Chopra: Celebrities Congratulate Karan Johar on Becoming a Father |url=http://www.news18.com/news/movies/alia-bhatt-to-priyanka-chopra-celebrities-congratulate-karan-johar-on-becoming-a-father-1356482.html |work=[[News18]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2020, following the [[death of Sushant Singh Rajput]], Johar faced criticism and allegations of promoting [[nepotism]] in Bollywood, particularly regarding casting of star children.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=15 June 2020 |title=After Sushant Singh Rajput's Death, Why Karan Johar And Alia Bhatt Are Trending |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/after-sushant-singh-rajputs-death-why-karan-johar-and-alia-bhatt-are-trending-2246354 |website=NDTV}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=3 July 2020 |title=Karan not out of Sooryavanshi |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/030720/karan-not-out-of-sooryavanshi.html |website=Deccan Chronicle}}&lt;/ref&gt; Johar defended his casting choices, highlighting the number of debut directors and outsider talents introduced by his production house.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=21 August 2019 |title=Karan Johar on nepotism: Why don't I get credit for bringing outsiders to Bollywood as filmmakers? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/karan-johar-on-nepotism-why-don-t-i-get-credit-for-bringing-outsiders-to-bollywood-as-filmmakers-1587585-2019-08-21 |website=India Today}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Film career ==<br /> === Director ===<br /> <br /> ==== Initial work, debut and breakthrough (1995–2001) ====<br /> Johar entered the film industry as an assistant director and actor on his cousin, [[Aditya Chopra]]'s {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge]]}} (1995), which is one of the most successful films to date.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Karan Johar's excited and we have 'mentor' Aditya Chopra to thank |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/karan-johar-s-excited-and-we-have-mentor-aditya-chopra-to-thank/story-NacKz1eixYnTgKRPaz8urJ.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=13 May 2020 |language=en |date=27 September 2015 |archive-date=11 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711101244/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/karan-johar-s-excited-and-we-have-mentor-aditya-chopra-to-thank/story-NacKz1eixYnTgKRPaz8urJ.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> He made his own directorial debut with the romantic comedy-drama ''[[Kuch Kuch Hota Hai]]'' (1998). The first half of the film centers on a college love triangle between an insensitive boy ([[Shah Rukh Khan]]), his tomboyish best friend ([[Kajol]]), and the prettiest girl at the college ([[Rani Mukerji]]), while the second half centers on the now-widowed boy's attempt to reconnect with his best friend who is now engaged to marry a businessman ([[Salman Khan]]). The film emerged as a major blockbuster at the box-office and received positive reviews from critics. Writing for ''PlanetBollywood.com'', critic Anish Khanna commented that &quot;Johar makes an impressive directorial debut, has a good script sense, and knows how to make a film with S-T-Y-L-E.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Khanna |first=Anish |url=http://www.planetbollywood.com/Film/kkhh.html |website=PlanetBollywood.com |title=Film Review: Kuch Kuch Hota Hai |date=16 October 1998 |access-date=25 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813080020/http://www.planetbollywood.com/Film/kkhh.html |archive-date=13 August 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; It won the [[National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment]]. It swept most of the major awards at the [[44th Filmfare Awards]], including [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]], [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]], and all four acting awards.<br /> <br /> Johar achieved his breakthrough with the ensemble family drama ''[[Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham]]'' (2001). The film starred [[Amitabh Bachchan]] as an egotistical rich industrialist, [[Jaya Bachchan]] as his compassionate wife, and [[Shah Rukh Khan]] and [[Hrithik Roshan]] as their two sons. It also featured [[Kajol]] and [[Kareena Kapoor Khan|Kareena Kapoor]] as sisters from a lower-class family who become the love interests of Khan and Roshan respectively. The film emerged as Johar's second consecutive major blockbuster at the box-office and received positive reviews from critics. Critic [[Taran Adarsh]] commented that Johar &quot;confirms the fact that he is the brightest in film firmament. The premise [of the film] is simple, but it is the storytelling that deserves the highest marks.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Adarsh|first=Taran|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/201895|website=Bollywood Hungama|title=Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham|date=11 December 2001|access-date=25 August 2014|archive-date=21 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421165706/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/201895/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham'' earned him his second nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Director.<br /> <br /> ==== Widespread success (2006–10) ====<br /> [[File:SRK Kajol &amp; Karan.jpg|thumb|Johar with [[Shah Rukh Khan]] and [[Kajol]] at a promotional event for ''[[My Name Is Khan]]'' in 2010]]<br /> Johar's third directorial venture was the ensemble musical romantic drama ''[[Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna]]'' (2006), which dealt with the controversial subject of [[Infidelity|marital infidelity]], emotional dissatisfaction, and dysfunctional relationships set against the backdrop of [[Non-Resident Indians|non-resident Indians]] (NRIs) living in [[New York City]]. The film's plot follows a washed-up athlete ([[Shah Rukh Khan]]), whose frustration with his wife ([[Preity Zinta]]) results in an [[Affair#Extramarital affair|extramarital affair]] with a family friend ([[Rani Mukerji]]), a schoolteacher who is also unhappy with her marriage to her childhood friend ([[Abhishek Bachchan]]). The film emerged as Johar's third consecutive major blockbuster at the box-office and emerged as the highest-grossing Indian film of all time in overseas markets at the time. It received highly positive reviews from critics who praised Johar's departure from the directorial style of his first two films. [[Rajeev Masand]] wrote, &quot;Few writers have such solid control over their screenplay as Johar does. Few understand the intricacies of narrative as well as he does. Johar goes from highs to lows, from plateaus to peaks with the ease of a pro. He knows exactly how to turn a seemingly ordinary scene into something special with just that one line of dialogue, or that hint of background music.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Masand|first=Rajeev|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/masands-verdict--kabhi-alvida-naa-kehna/18315-8.html|website=IBN Live|title=Masand's Verdict: ''Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna''|date=29 April 2010|access-date=25 August 2014|archive-date=11 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011122200/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/masands-verdict--kabhi-alvida-naa-kehna/18315-8.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; The script of the film which was co-written by Johar received recognition by a number of critics and was invited to be included in the library of the [[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]]. ''Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna'' earned him his third nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Director.<br /> <br /> Johar's next directorial venture was the social drama ''[[My Name Is Khan]]'' (2010), his first film not written by him. The plot follows a Muslim man with [[Asperger's syndrome]] and his Hindu wife, played by [[Shah Rukh Khan]] and [[Kajol]], who live in [[San Francisco]] and face racial prejudice after [[September 11 attacks|11 September attacks]]. The film emerged as Johar's fourth consecutive major blockbuster in both domestic and overseas markets, and received rave reviews from critics who praised Johar's unconventional directorial style. Critic Subhash K. Jha wrote that the film &quot;is a flawless work, as perfect in content, tone, and treatment as any film can get.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Jha|first=Subhash K|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Hug-your-neighbour-watch-My-Name-Is-Khan/articleshow/5569497.cms?referral=PM|website=Times of India|title=Hug your neighbor, watch My Name Is Khan!|date=13 February 2010|access-date=25 August 2014|archive-date=27 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227171739/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Hug-your-neighbour-watch-My-Name-Is-Khan/articleshow/5569497.cms?referral=PM|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''My Name Is Khan'' won Johar his second Filmfare Award for Best Director.<br /> <br /> ==== Continued success and experimental projects (2012–18) ====<br /> For his next feature film ''[[Student of the Year]]'' (2012), Johar chose not to cast established actors for his lead roles and instead recruited three debutante actors ([[Sidharth Malhotra]], [[Alia Bhatt]] and [[Varun Dhawan]]). The plot revolved around the quest of a group of students who are all gunning for the title of &quot;Student of the Year&quot; at their college. The film emerged as a moderate commercial success and received mixed reviews from critics. Some called it &quot;supremely entertaining and enjoyable,&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Nahta|first=Komal|url=http://komalsreviews.wordpress.com/2012/10/19/student-of-the-year-review/|website=Komal Nahta's Blog|title=STUDENT OF THE YEAR Review|date=19 October 2012|access-date=25 August 2014|archive-date=6 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106031426/http://komalsreviews.wordpress.com/2012/10/19/student-of-the-year-review/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; while others called it &quot;a film which suffers from the lack-of-a-story syndrome.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Bhattacharya|first=Ananya|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bollywood/student-of-the-year-review-watch-out-for-the-newcomers-infectious-charm_121315.html|website=Zee News|title='Student of the Year' review: Watch out for the newcomers' infectious charm!|date=1 December 2012|access-date=25 August 2014|archive-date=16 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150516225904/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bollywood/student-of-the-year-review-watch-out-for-the-newcomers-infectious-charm_121315.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Johar then teamed up with [[Zoya Akhtar]], [[Anurag Kashyap]], and [[Dibakar Banerjee]] for [[Bombay Talkies (film)|''Bombay Talkies'']] (2013), an [[anthology film]] released to celebrate the centenary year of Hindi cinema. Each of these directors made one short film to contribute to the large anthology. The plot of Johar's film followed a magazine editor (Rani Mukerji) who discovers that her husband ([[Randeep Hooda]]) is gay after an interaction with an intern at her office ([[Saqib Saleem]]). The film did not perform well at the box-office, but earned positive reviews from critics, with major praise for Johar's segment earning him a nomination for the [[Queer Palm]] award at the [[2013 Cannes Film Festival]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ritesh Batra's Lunchbox wins Critics Week Viewers Choice Award at Cannes Film Festival 2013|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/cannes-film-festival-2013/story/dabba-wins-critics-week-viewers-choice-award-at-cannes-164194-2013-05-23 |date=24 May 2013 |publisher=India Today |access-date=25 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Johar's next directorial venture was the musical romantic drama ''[[Ae Dil Hai Mushkil (film)|Ae Dil Hai Mushkil]]'' (2016). The film featured [[Ranbir Kapoor]] as a man dealing with an unrequited love for his best friend, played by [[Anushka Sharma]]. It also featured [[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan]] as an older woman who engages in a brief relationship with Kapoor's character, and [[Fawad Khan]] as the love interest of Sharma's character. The film emerged as his fifth major blockbuster at the box-office and received positive reviews from critics, who called it &quot;Johar's most grown-up film yet.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Bhave|first=Nihit|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/ae-dil-hai-mushkil/movie-review/55112044.cms|website=Times of India|title=Ae Dil Hai Mushkil Movie Review|date=28 October 2016|access-date=16 August 2018|archive-date=6 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806004136/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/Ae-Dil-Hai-Mushkil/movie-review/55112044.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Ae Dil Hai Mushkil'' earned him his fifth nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Director.<br /> [[File:Karan Johar filmfare.jpg|upright|thumb|Johar in 2016]]<br /> Johar teamed up again with Zoya Akhtar, Anurag Kashyap, and Dibakar Banerjee for ''[[Lust Stories]]'' (2018), an anthology film released on [[Netflix]] that served as a follow-up to ''Bombay Talkies''. The film was praised for its exploration of female sexuality, a subject rarely dealt with in Indian films. Johar's segment revolved around a newly married schoolteacher ([[Kiara Advani]]) whose husband ([[Vicky Kaushal]]) fails to recognize her lack of sexual satisfaction.<br /> <br /> ==== Career expansion (2018–present) ====<br /> In August 2018, Johar took to Twitter to announce his next film ''Takht'', a [[historical drama|period drama]] based in the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal era]]. It was supposed to feature an ensemble star cast of [[Ranveer Singh]], Kareena Kapoor, Alia Bhatt, [[Vicky Kaushal]], [[Bhumi Pednekar]], [[Janhvi Kapoor]], and [[Anil Kapoor]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/karan-johar-reveals-first-details-about-takht-compares-it-to-k3g/story-hl9io0j7TL0T7GntobrP7K.html|title=Takht is about 2 warring brothers, expect K3G of Mughal era: Karan Johar on Ranveer Singh, Kareena Kapoor film|date=10 August 2018|access-date=30 November 2018|language=en|archive-date=30 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130113058/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/karan-johar-reveals-first-details-about-takht-compares-it-to-k3g/story-hl9io0j7TL0T7GntobrP7K.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; With a screenplay by Sumit Roy, dialogues by Hussain Haidry, and music composed by [[A. R. Rahman]], it was supposed to be the second film directed by Johar that was not written by himself.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/takht-karan-johar-alia-bhatt-ranveer-singh-janhvi-kapoor-5298675|title=Takht: Karan Johar ropes in Alia Bhatt, Ranveer Singh, Janhvi Kapoor, Kareena Kapoor and others for his next directorial|date=9 August 2018|website=The Indian Express|access-date=12 August 2018|language=en-US|archive-date=11 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180811052030/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/takht-karan-johar-alia-bhatt-ranveer-singh-janhvi-kapoor-5298675/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In an interview with ''[[Firstpost]]'', Johar stated that ''Takht'' would begin filming in September 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/karan-johar-deciding-against-directing-054436987.html|title=Karan Johar on deciding against directing Kalank, Student of the Year 2, and why it's too late to be in a relationship|access-date=2 December 2018|language=en-IN|archive-date=2 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202155116/https://in.news.yahoo.com/karan-johar-deciding-against-directing-054436987.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, owing to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], the entire project was postponed, with Johar stating that he would pick it up again in the future.<br /> <br /> In 2020, he reteamed with Banerjee, Akhtar and Kashyap for the [[Horror film|horror]] anthology film [[Ghost Stories (2020 film)|''Ghost Stories'']], the sequel to ''Lust Stories''. ''Ghost Stories'' premiered on Netflix on 1 January 2020. His segment in the film told the story of a newly-married woman ([[Mrunal Thakur]]) and her experience with her husband's ([[Avinash Tiwary]]) [[post-traumatic stress disorder]]. Unlike its predecessors, it received mixed-to-negative reviews from critics upon release.<br /> <br /> In July 2021, it was announced that Johar would direct a romantic comedy family drama instead, titled ''[[Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani]]''. The film starred [[Dharmendra]], Jaya Bachchan, [[Shabana Azmi]], Ranveer Singh, and Alia Bhatt in lead roles. It was released on 28 July 2023 and emerged as a critical and commercial success, ranking as the [[List of Hindi films of 2023|seventh highest-grossing Bollywood film of the year]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/rocky-aur-rani-ki-prem-kahani-gets-thumbs-critics-861127|title=Rocky Aur Rani Ki Prem Kahani Gets Thumbs Up From Critics|website=[[International Business Times]]|date=27 July 2023 |access-date=24 August 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/rocky_aur_rani_kii_prem_kahaani|title=Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani|website=Rotten Tomatoes|access-date=15 August 2023|archive-date=29 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230729133255/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/rocky_aur_rani_kii_prem_kahaani|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=7962|title=Rocky Aur Rani Ki Prem Kahaani Emerges HIT Due to Overseas|website=[[Box Office India]]|access-date=24 August 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-collections/worldwide/2023/|title=Bollywood Top Grossers Worldwide 2023|access-date=24 August 2023|website=Bollywood Hungama}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film earned Johar several awards including the [[National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment]].&lt;ref name=&quot;NA&quot;&gt;{{cite web |first=Tanisha |last=Bhattacharya |title =71st National Film Awards: Karan Johar's Rocky Aur Rani Led By Alia-Ranveer Scores Big |url =https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/71st-national-film-awards-karan-johars-rocky-aur-rani-led-by-alia-ranveer-scores-big-9001161 |website=NDTV|date=1 August 2025 |access-date=1 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On his 52nd birthday in 2024, Johar announced that his next directorial, set to release in the second half of 2025.<br /> <br /> === Producer ===<br /> {{Main|Dharma Productions}}<br /> Johar's directorial work (with the exception of [[anthology film]]s [[Bombay Talkies (film)|''Bombay Talkies'']] (2013), ''[[Lust Stories]]'' (2018) and [[Ghost Stories (2020 film)|''Ghost Stories'']] (2020)) has been produced under the [[Dharma Productions]] banner, founded by his father Yash Johar and taken over by him after his father's death in 2004. In addition to his own directorial work, he has produced several films by other directors under the Dharma banner. Many of these films have become major critical and commercial successes including ''[[Kal Ho Naa Ho]]'' (2003), ''[[Dostana (2008 film)|Dostana]]'' (2008), ''[[Wake Up Sid]]'' (2009), ''[[I Hate Luv Storys]]'' (2010), ''[[Agneepath (2012 film)|Agneepath]]'' (2012), a [[Agneepath (1990 film)|remake of the 1990 cult classic movie of the same name]], ''[[Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani]]'' (2013), ''[[2 States (2014 film)|2 States]]'' (2014), ''[[Humpty Sharma Ki Dulhania]]'' (2014), ''[[Kapoor &amp; Sons]]'' (2016), ''[[Dear Zindagi]]'' (2016), ''[[Badrinath Ki Dulhania]]'' (2017), ''[[Raazi]]'' (2018), ''[[Simmba]]'' (2018), ''[[Dhadak]]'' (2018), [[Kesari (2019 film)|''Kesari'']] (2019), ''[[Good Newwz]]'' (2019), ''[[Sooryavanshi]]'' (2021), and ''[[Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva]]'' (2022). <br /> <br /> == Other work ==<br /> Johar made his acting debut in the 1989 television series ''[[Indradhanush]]''. In addition to working as an assistant director on {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge]]}} (1995), Johar was an actor in the film, playing the minor role of a friend of [[Shah Rukh Khan]]’s character. Since then, he has made cameo appearances playing himself in films like ''[[Om Shanti Om]]'' (2007), ''[[Fashion (2008 film)|Fashion]]'' (2008), and ''[[Luck by Chance]]'' (2009).<br /> <br /> He got his first full-fledged film role alongside [[Ranbir Kapoor]] and [[Anushka Sharma]] in [[Anurag Kashyap]]’s period drama [[Bombay Velvet|''Bombay'' ''Velvet'']] (2015), in which he played the main antagonist. Although the film did not perform well at the box-office, Johar earned mixed-to-positive reviews for his performance. Critic Sarita A. Tanwar commented, &quot;The only consolation in the film is Johar who brings a lot of dignity to the character of Khambatta... which is commendable since this is totally outside his comfort space.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Tanwar|first=Sarita A|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-bombay-velvet-review-erratic-screenplay-outlandish-costumes-and-garrish-make-up-botches-up-grand-set-up-2086117|website=DNA India|title='Bombay Velvet' review: Despite earnest performances, the film somehow gets derailed|date=16 May 2015|access-date=26 May 2015|archive-date=26 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526180830/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-bombay-velvet-review-erratic-screenplay-outlandish-costumes-and-garrish-make-up-botches-up-grand-set-up-2086117|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:Ileana and Karan Johar.jpg|thumb|right|KJo with [[Ileana D'Cruz]] and [[Nimrat Kaur]] at &quot;KJo For Gehna&quot; line|200x200px]]<br /> Johar has worked as a costume designer for [[Shah Rukh Khan]] on many films like {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge]]}} (1995), ''[[Dil To Pagal Hai]]'' (1997), ''[[Duplicate (1998 film)|Duplicate]]'' (1998), ''[[Mohabbatein]]'' (2000), ''[[Main Hoon Na]]'' (2004), ''[[Veer-Zaara]]'' (2004), and ''[[Om Shanti Om]]'' (2007).<br /> <br /> Johar is the host of ''[[Koffee with Karan]]'', a talk show where he interviews actors, directors, producers, and other prominent members of the Hindi film industry. The series has run intermittently since 2004, with eight seasons {{as of|2024|01|lc=y}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;MD1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Basu |first1=Mohar |title=Koffee With Karan Season 6: New Elements To Watch Out For This Year |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/koffee-with-karan-season-6-new-elements-to-watch-out-for-this-year/19350181 |access-date=7 September 2018 |work=[[Mid-Day]] |publisher=Mid-day Infomedia |date=24 April 2018 |archive-date=7 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907071200/https://www.mid-day.com/articles/koffee-with-karan-season-6-new-elements-to-watch-out-for-this-year/19350181 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Since 2012, he has served as a judge on the reality shows ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa]]'' (with [[Madhuri Dixit]] and [[Remo D'Souza|Remo D’Souza]]), ''[[India's Got Talent]]'' (with [[Malaika Arora Khan]], [[Kirron Kher]], and [[Farah Khan]]) and ''[[India's Next Superstars]]'' (with [[Rohit Shetty]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Karan Johar, Rohit Shetty to judge a new talent show|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-karan-johar-rohit-shetty-to-judge-a-new-talent-show-2557527|access-date=3 November 2017|agency=Chaya Unnikrishnan|publisher=DNA|archive-date=4 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171104162156/http://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-karan-johar-rohit-shetty-to-judge-a-new-talent-show-2557527|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In January 2022, he appeared as a judge on the [[Colors TV]]'s show ''[[Hunarbaaz: Desh Ki Shaan]]'' along with [[Mithun Chakraborty]] and [[Parineeti Chopra]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Karan Johar shares first glimpse of talent show 'Hunarbaaz' featuring co-judges Parineeti Chopra, Mithun Chakraborty and hosts Bharti-Haarsh – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/karan-johar-shares-first-glimpse-of-talent-show-hunarbaaz-featuring-co-judges-parineeti-chopra-mithun-chakraborty-and-hosts-bharti-haarsh/articleshow/88449619.cms|access-date=5 February 2022|website=The Times of India|date=23 December 2021|language=en|archive-date=17 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117191318/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/karan-johar-shares-first-glimpse-of-talent-show-hunarbaaz-featuring-co-judges-parineeti-chopra-mithun-chakraborty-and-hosts-bharti-haarsh/articleshow/88449619.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Johar is also an investor in an AI-led adtech influencer marketing platform Konfluence. The company had raised a pre-series funding of $4 million as of 8 February 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/entertainment/karan-johar-zerodhas-nikhil-kamath-invest-in-influencer-marketing-platform-kofluence-8064221.html|title=Karan Johar, Zerodha's Nikhil Kamath invest in influencer marketing platform Kofluence|date=8 February 2022|access-date=7 March 2023|archive-date=7 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307125955/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/entertainment/karan-johar-zerodhas-nikhil-kamath-invest-in-influencer-marketing-platform-kofluence-8064221.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2024, Johar invested in the {{ill|Fashion Entrepreneur Fund|en}}, a venture studio supporting fashion and lifestyle startups in India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=22 October 2024 |title=Karan Johar, who has a whopping net worth of Rs 1,400 Crore, has invested his wealth in 9 successful brands |url=https://www.gqindia.com/content/karan-johar-who-has-a-whopping-net-worth-of-rs-1400-crore-has-invested-his-wealth-in-9-successful-brands-check-out-the-companies-he-owns-and-others-in-which-he-has-invested-his-money |access-date=8 October 2025 |website=GQ India |publisher=Condé Nast India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Filmography ==<br /> === Film ===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Year<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Title<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Director<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Producer<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Writer<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Notes<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|1998<br /> |''[[Kuch Kuch Hota Hai]]''<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|2001<br /> |{{Lang|hi-latn|[[Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham]]}}<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|2003<br /> |''[[Kal Ho Naa Ho]]''<br /> |<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|2005<br /> |''[[Kaal (2005 film)|Kaal]]''<br /> |<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|2006<br /> |''[[Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna]]''<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|2008<br /> |''[[Dostana (2008 film)|Dostana]]''<br /> |<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|2009<br /> |''[[Wake Up Sid]]''<br /> |<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Kurbaan (2009 film)|Kurbaan]]''<br /> |<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|2010<br /> |''[[My Name Is Khan]]''<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[I Hate Luv Storys]]''<br /> |<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[We Are Family (2010 film)|We Are Family]]''<br /> |<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|2012<br /> |''[[Agneepath (2012 film)|Agneepath]]''<br /> |<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Ek Main Aur Ekk Tu]]''<br /> |<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Student of the Year]]''<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|2013<br /> |''[[Bombay Talkies (film)|Bombay Talkies]]''<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> | Segment: &quot;[[Bombay Talkies (film)#Ajeeb Dastaan Hai Yeh|Ajeeb Dastaan Hai Yeh]]&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Gippi]]''<br /> |<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani]]''<br /> |<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Gori Tere Pyaar Mein]]''<br /> |<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|2014<br /> |''[[Hasee Toh Phasee]]''<br /> |<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[2 States (2014 film)|2 States]]''<br /> |<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Humpty Sharma Ki Dulhania]]''<br /> |<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Ungli]]''<br /> |<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|2015<br /> | |''[[All India Bakchod Knockout]]''<br /> |<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | |''[[Brothers (2015 film)|Brothers]]''<br /> |<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | |''[[Shaandaar (2015 film)|Shaandaar]]''<br /> |<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|2016<br /> | |''[[Kapoor &amp; Sons]]''<br /> |<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | |''[[Baar Baar Dekho]]''<br /> |<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | |''[[Ae Dil Hai Mushkil]]''<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | |''[[Dear Zindagi]]''<br /> |<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|2017<br /> | |''[[Ok Jaanu]]''<br /> |<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | |''[[Badrinath Ki Dulhania]]''<br /> |<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | |''[[Ittefaq (2017 film)|Ittefaq]]''<br /> |<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|2018<br /> | ''[[Lust Stories]]''<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |4{{small|th}} segment<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Raazi]]''<br /> |<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Dhadak]]''<br /> |<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Simmba]]''<br /> |<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2019<br /> |''[[Kesari (2019 film)|Kesari]]''<br /> |<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Kalank]]''<br /> |<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Student of the Year 2]]''<br /> |<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Drive (2019 film)|Drive]]''<br /> |<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Good Newwz]]''<br /> |<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|2020<br /> |''[[Ghost Stories (2020 film)|Ghost Stories]]''<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> | 4{{small|th}} segment<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Guilty (2020 film)|Guilty]]''<br /> |<br /> | {{yes}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Bhoot – Part One: The Haunted Ship]]''<br /> |<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Gunjan Saxena: The Kargil Girl]]''<br /> |<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2021<br /> |''[[Shershaah]]''<br /> |<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Meenakshi Sundareshwar]]''<br /> |<br /> | {{yes}}<br /> | <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Sooryavanshi]]''<br /> |<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Ajeeb Daastaans]]''<br /> |<br /> | {{yes}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Searching for Sheela]]''<br /> |<br /> | {{yes}}<br /> |<br /> | Documentary<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|2022<br /> |''[[Gehraiyaan (film)|Gehraiyaan]]''<br /> |<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Jugjugg Jeeyo]]''<br /> |<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |[[Liger (film)|''Liger'']]<br /> |<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva]]''<br /> |<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Govinda Naam Mera]]''<br /> |<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2023<br /> |''[[Selfiee]]''<br /> |<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani]]''<br /> | {{yes}}<br /> | {{yes}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kill (film)|Kill]]''<br /> | <br /> | {{yes}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|2024<br /> | ''[[Yodha (2024 film)|Yodha]]''<br /> |<br /> | {{yes}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Ae Watan Mere Watan]]'' <br /> |<br /> | {{yes}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Mr. &amp; Mrs. Mahi]]'' <br /> |<br /> | {{yes}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Bad Newz (film)|Bad Newz]]''<br /> | <br /> | {{yes}}<br /> | <br /> | {{no wrap|Also directed &quot;Jaanam&quot;}} music video&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/scoop-karan-johar-directed-tripti-dimri-vicky-kaushals-passion-jaanam/|title=SCOOP: Karan Johar directed Triptii Dimri and Vicky Kaushal's passion in 'Jaanam'|website=Bollywood Hungama|date=July 10, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/karan-johar-vicky-kaushal-triptii-dimri-intimate-scenes-jaanam-song-bad-newz-report-8961691.html|title=Karan Johar Played THIS Role in Vicky Kaushal-Triptii Dimri's Intimate Song Jaanam: Report|website=News18|date=11 July 2024 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Jigra]]''<br /> | <br /> | {{yes}}<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; rowspan=9 |2025<br /> | ''[[Nadaaniyan]]''<br /> |<br /> | {{yes}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Akaal: The Unconquered]]''<br /> |<br /> | {{yes}}<br /> |<br /> ||[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] film<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kesari Chapter 2]]''<br /> | <br /> | {{yes}}<br /> | <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Aap Jaisa Koi (film)|Aap Jaisa Koi]]''<br /> | <br /> | {{yes}}<br /> |<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Sarzameen]]''<br /> | <br /> | {{yes}}<br /> | <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Dhadak 2]]''<br /> |<br /> | {{yes}} <br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Homebound (2025 film) |Homebound]]''<br /> | <br /> | {{yes}}<br /> | <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Sunny Sanskari Ki Tulsi Kumari]]''<br /> |<br /> | {{yes}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Tu Meri Main Tera Main Tera Tu Meri]]''<br /> |<br /> | {{yes}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |}&lt;!-- Do not add future projects until filming has begun as verified by a reliable source per WP:FILMOGRAPHY --&gt; <br /> <br /> ==== Acting roles ====<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Year<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Title<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Role<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Notes<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1995 || {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge]]}} || Monty || Also assistant director<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2003 || ''[[Kal Ho Naa Ho]]'' || Customer in café || Uncredited<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2005 || ''[[Home Delivery|Home Delivery: Aapko... Ghar Tak]]'' || Himself<br /> |rowspan=11|Cameo<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; rowspan=2|2006 || ''[[Alag]]'' || Himself <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna]]'' || Passenger on the train <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; rowspan=2|2007 || ''[[Salaam-e-Ishq]]'' || Himself (voice) <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Om Shanti Om]]'' || Himself <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; rowspan=2| 2008 || ''[[C Kkompany]]'' || Himself <br /> |-<br /> |''[[Fashion (2008 film)|Fashion]]'' || Himself <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2009 || ''[[Luck by Chance]]'' || Himself<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2014 || ''[[Hasee Toh Phasee]]'' || Client <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; rowspan=3|2015 || ''[[Shamitabh]]'' || Himself <br /> |-<br /> <br /> | ''[[Shaandaar (2015 film)|Shaandaar]]'' || Himself<br /> |-<br /> <br /> | ''[[Bombay Velvet]]'' || Kaizad Khambatta || <br /> |-<br /> <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; rowspan=2|2018 || ''[[Welcome to New York (2018 film)|Welcome To New York]]'' || Karan/Arjun || Double role <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Simmba]]'' || In Dance number || Cameo in song &quot;[[Aankh Maarey]]&quot;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2019 || ''[[Good Newwz]]'' || Himself || Cameo in song {{no wrap|&quot;Chandigarh Mein&quot; }}<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2024<br /> |''[[Modern Masters: S. S. Rajamouli]]''<br /> |Himself<br /> |Documentary<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |2025<br /> |''[[Sunny Sanskari Ki Tulsi Kumari]]''<br /> |Himself<br /> |Cameo<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Television ===<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> <br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Year<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Title<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Role<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Notes<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1989 || ''[[Indradhanush]]'' || Srikanth ||<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2004–present || ''[[Koffee with Karan]]'' || Host<br /> | rowspan=8|Reality show<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2008 || ''Say Shava Shava''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/simi-karan-say-shava-shava/story-8RRvkjmp9FtmzQtc6fzviN.html|title=Simi, Karan say Shava Shava|date=2 January 2008|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=1 January 2023|archive-date=1 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101050708/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/simi-karan-say-shava-shava/story-8RRvkjmp9FtmzQtc6fzviN.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; || rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | Judge<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2012–2022 || ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa]]''<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2012–2018 || ''[[India's Got Talent]]''<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2017 || ''[[Dil Hai Hindustani]]''<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2018 || ''[[India's Next Superstars]]''<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2020 || ''[[What the Love! with Karan Johar]]'' || Host<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2021 || ''[[Bigg Boss OTT (Hindi TV series) season 1|Bigg Boss OTT 1]]''<br /> |Host<br /> |-<br /> | [[52nd International Film Festival of India|''IFFI opening ceremony'']] || Host||Television special<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2020–present<br /> |''[[Fabulous Lives of Bollywood Wives]]''<br /> |Guest <br /> | Reality show; also executive producer <br /> |-<br /> <br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; rowspan=3 |2022<br /> |''[[The Fame Game (TV series)|The Fame Game]]''<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> | Executive producer <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Hunarbaaz: Desh Ki Shaan]]'' || Judge||<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 16|Bigg Boss 16]]''<br /> |Host<br /> | {{no wrap|Reality show;}} ({{small|3rd &amp; 18th week}})<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2023<br /> |''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 17|Bigg Boss 17]]''<br /> |Host<br /> | Reality show; ({{small|7th &amp; 13th week}})<br /> |-<br /> <br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2024<br /> |''[[Showtime (Indian TV series)|Showtime]]''<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> | Executive producer<br /> |-<br /> | ''Love Storiyaan''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= https://deadline.com/2024/02/love-storiyaan-prime-video-launch-1235814788/|title= 'Love Storiyaan': Prime Video Hands Doc Series About Real-Life Indian Love Stories A Valentine's Day Date|website=Deadline|date= 6 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> | Documentary; executive producer<br /> |-<br /> <br /> | ''[[Gyaarah Gyaarah]]''<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> |rowspan=2| Executive producer <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Call Me Bae]]''<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[The Tribe (2024 TV series)|The Tribe]]''<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> | Reality show; executive producer <br /> |-<br /> <br /> | style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; rowspan=2|2025<br /> | ''[[Do You Wanna Partner]]''<br /> | {{n/a}}<br /> | Executive producer<br /> |-<br /> |''[[The Ba***ds of Bollywood]]''<br /> |Himself<br /> |Cameo<br /> |-<br /> <br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Bibliography ==<br /> <br /> * {{Cite book|last1=Johar|first1=Karan|title=[[An Unsuitable Boy]]|last2=Saxena|first2=Poonam|publisher=[[Penguin Books India]]|year=2017|isbn=978-0-670-08753-2 |ref=none}}<br /> <br /> == Awards and honours ==<br /> {{Main|List of awards and nominations received by Karan Johar}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> {{Commons category}}<br /> * {{IMDb name|0424103}}<br /> * {{facebook|karanjohar}}<br /> {{Navboxes<br /> | title = Awards for Karan Johar<br /> | list1 =<br /> {{ApsaraAwardBestDirector}}<br /> {{Filmfare Award for Best Director}}<br /> {{FilmfareAwardBestDialogue}}<br /> {{FilmfareAwardBestScreenplay}}<br /> {{IIFAAwardBestDirector}}<br /> {{ScreenAwardBestDirector}}<br /> {{ZeeCineAwardBestDirector}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Karan Johar}}<br /> {{Dharma Productions}}<br /> {{India Animation Industry}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Johar, Karan}}<br /> [[Category:1972 births]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]<br /> [[Category:Indian costume designers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male film actors]]<br /> [[Category:Film producers from Mumbai]]<br /> [[Category:Indian television talk show hosts]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Film directors from Mumbai]]<br /> [[Category:Punjabi people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Sindhi people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Hindus]]<br /> [[Category:Punjabi Hindus]]<br /> [[Category:Arya Samajis]]<br /> [[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]<br /> [[Category:Screen Awards winners]]<br /> [[Category:Zee Cine Awards winners]]<br /> [[Category:International Indian Film Academy Awards winners]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian designers]]<br /> [[Category:Directors who won the Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment National Film Award]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]<br /> [[Category:Indian LGBTQ film directors]]<br /> [[Category:Indian LGBTQ entertainers]]<br /> [[Category:LGBTQ television directors]]<br /> [[Category:LGBTQ fashion designers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian LGBTQ screenwriters]]<br /> [[Category:Indian LGBTQ actors]]<br /> [[Category:LGBTQ film producers]]<br /> [[Category:Theatre owners]]<br /> [[Category:Film exhibitors]]</div>

Cristine5684 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chempakassey_Higher_Secondary_School,_Bhoothakkulam&diff=493789 2026-03-09T07:07:48Z

<p>Cristine5684: redirect created</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[Poothakkulam#Educational institutions]]<br /> <br /> {{Rcat shell|<br /> {{R from school}}<br /> }}</div>

Cristine5684 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paropakaram&diff=524551 2026-03-06T06:04:10Z

<p>Cristine5684: creating the info nd citations</p> <hr /> <div>{{No plot|date=September 2024}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | image = Paropakaram.jpg<br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster<br /> | director = [[Kamal Ghosh]]<br /> | screenplay = Udhayakumar<br /> | story = Devaki Bose<br /> | starring = [[G. Varalakshmi]]&lt;br /&gt;Ramesh Sharma&lt;br /&gt;[[Savitri (actress)|Savithri]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Mukkamala (actor)|Mukkamala]]<br /> | cinematography = Kamal Ghosh<br /> | editing = Prakash&lt;br /&gt;Kandasamy<br /> | music = [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]<br /> | studio = Shobha Films<br /> | released = {{film date|df=yes|1953|10|9|ref1=}}<br /> | runtime = 165 minutes<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Tamil&lt;br /&gt;Telugu<br /> }}<br /> '''''Paropakaram''''' ({{translation|Willingness to help others}}) is a 1953 Indian [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by [[Kamal Ghosh]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=16 October 2015 |title=The wizard of lens |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/remembering-kamal-ghosh-the-cinematographer-and-director/article7769446.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20151017052612/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/remembering-kamal-ghosh-the-cinematographer-and-director/article7769446.ece |archive-date=17 October 2015 |access-date=22 June 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film stars Ramesh Sharma and [[Savitri (actress)|Savithri]]. It was produced simultaneously in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] languages with the same title.&lt;ref name=&quot;anandan&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |author-link=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |author-link2=Paul Willemen |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] and [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |pages=629 |orig-date=1994}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was released on 9 October 1953.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=9 October 1953 |title=Paropakaram |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&amp;dat=19531009&amp;printsec=frontpage&amp;hl=en |access-date=21 March 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> List adapted from the database of [[Film News Anandan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;anandan&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=1953 – பரோபகாரம் – ஹோபா பிலிம்ஸ் (த-தெ) |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1953-cinedetails19.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170622054000/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1953-cinedetails19.asp |archive-date=22 June 2017 |access-date=22 June 2017 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{Col-begin|width=65%}}<br /> {{Col-2}}<br /> ;Male cast<br /> *Ramesh Sharma<br /> *[[C. S. R. Anjaneyulu|C. S. R.]]<br /> *[[Mukkamala (actor)|Mukkamala]]<br /> *[[Relangi (actor)|Relangi]]<br /> * C. V. V. Panthulu<br /> *[[Rajanala Nageswara Rao|R. Nageswara Rao]]<br /> {{Col-2}}<br /> ;Female cast<br /> *[[G. Varalakshmi]]<br /> *[[Savitri (actress)|Savithri]]<br /> {{Col-end}}<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> The film was directed was by [[Kamal Ghosh]] who also handled the cinematography. Editing was done by Prakash and Kandasamy. Devaki Bose wrote the story and Udhayakumar wrote the dialogues. Art direction was done by Kotvankar. R. N. Nagaraja Rao carried out the still photography. The film was shot and processed at [[Vijaya Vauhini Studios]].&lt;ref name=&quot;anandan&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> Music was composed by [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] while the lyrics were penned by Kavi Lakshmanadas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Neelamegam |first=G. |title=Thiraikalanjiyam&amp;nbsp;— Part 1 |date=December 2014 |publisher=Manivasagar Publishers |edition=1st |location=Chennai |pages=55 |language=Tamil}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:95%;&quot;<br /> ! Song !! Singer/s !! Length<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Jayam Tharum Deivame&quot; || [[P. Leela]]||<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Nenjame Povaayi&quot; || rowspan=3|[[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]|| 02:47<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Inimaiyaana Samsaarame&quot; || 02:36<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Jodi Maattukkulle&quot; || 02:14<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Manidhaa Nara Janmam&quot; || [[Madhavapeddi Satyam|M. Satyam]] &amp; group ||<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Mano Ullaasa Geethathile...Meikaadhalil&quot; || Ghantasala || 03:10<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Ullamadhil Edho Thulli&quot; || P. Leela || 02:07<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Ezhaigalin Ulagame&quot; || [[A. P. Komala]]||<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Viraindhu Povom&quot; || ||<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Vaazhve Sogam Thaanaa&quot; ||P. Leela, [[A. M. Rajah]], Ghantasala &amp; A. P. Komala || 04:09<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Kangal Sorndhu&quot; || P. Leela || 03:05<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> *{{IMDb title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1953 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:1953 multilingual films]]<br /> [[Category:1953 Tamil-language films]]<br /> [[Category:1953 Telugu-language films]]<br /> [[Category:1953 drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Ghantasala (musician)]]<br /> [[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian multilingual films]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]</div>

Cristine5684 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Keka_(film)&diff=509178 2026-03-03T18:07:00Z

<p>Cristine5684: adding a stub - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{No plot|date=April 2024}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Keka<br /> | image = Keka (film).jpg<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = DVD cover<br /> | native_name = &lt;!-- {{Infobox name module|language|title}} or {{Infobox name module|title}} --&gt;<br /> | director = [[Teja (director)|Teja]]<br /> | writer = Teja<br /> | screenplay = <br /> | story = <br /> | based_on = &lt;!-- {{Based on|title of the original work|creator of the original work|additional creator(s), if necessary}} --&gt;<br /> | producer = Teja&lt;br /&gt; K. Jagadeesh Reddy<br /> | starring = {{plainlist|*Ajay<br /> *[[V. N. Anoop Kumar|Anoop Kumar]]<br /> *Ishana<br /> }}<br /> | narrator = <br /> | cinematography = [[P. C. Sreeram]]<br /> | editing = Shankar<br /> | music = [[Chakri (composer)|Chakri]]<br /> | studio = &lt;!-- or: | production_companies = --&gt;<br /> | distributor = <br /> | released = {{Film date|df=yes|2008|10|26|ref1=&lt;ref name=&quot;I&quot; /&gt;}}<br /> | runtime = <br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Telugu<br /> | budget = <br /> | gross = <br /> }}<br /> '''''Keka ''''' ({{Translation|Scream}}) is a 2008 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic drama film]] directed by [[Teja (director)|Teja]] and starring Ajay, [[V. N. Anoop Kumar|Anoop Kumar]] and Ishana. The film was released to highly negative reviews.<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> {{cast listing|<br /> *Ajay as Raja<br /> *[[V. N. Anoop Kumar|Anoop Kumar]] as Kiran<br /> *Ishana as Sujata<br /> *Soumya as Meghna<br /> *[[Dharmavarapu Subramanyam]] as Constable<br /> *[[Rallapalli (actor)|Rallapalli]] as Doctor<br /> *[[Thalaivasal Vijay]] as Kiran's father<br /> *[[Nimu Bhowmik]] as Head of orphanage<br /> *[[Duvvasi Mohan]] as Orphanage Helper<br /> *[[Vaiyapuri]] as Police Inspector<br /> *[[Mayilsamy]] as Shopkeeper<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Dubbing artists'''{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}<br /> *[[Navdeep]] for Raja<br /> *[[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]] for Kiran<br /> *[[Raasi (actress)|Raasi]] for Ishana<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> The film featured 36 newcomers including [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]]'s son Raja.&lt;ref name=&quot;R&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rajamani |first=Radhika |date=16 October 2008 |title='Telugu films are crude' |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2008/oct/16slde1.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409022205/https://m.rediff.com/movies/2008/oct/16slde1.htm |archive-date=9 April 2024 |access-date=10 April 2024 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bubbly was renamed Ishana by Teja although officially she is unnamed by her family due to astrological reasons.&lt;ref name=&quot;R&quot; /&gt; Initially Chennai-based [[Ilaiyaraaja]] was to compose the music but after [[Teja (director)|Teja]] fell sick and couldn't shift between cities, he opted for Hyderabad-based [[Chakri (composer)|Chakri]].&lt;ref name=&quot;I&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 October 2008 |title=Interview with Teja |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/teja2008.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409022201/https://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/teja2008.html |archive-date=9 April 2024 |access-date=10 April 2024 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film was shot in 60 days in Bangalore, Kolkata, Hyderabad and Rajasthan.&lt;ref name=&quot;R&quot; /&gt; The film was simultaneously shot in Tamil as ''Manase Manase'', but that version was never released.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 January 2011 |title=itsv – bitsv |url=http://www.hindu.com/cp/2011/01/02/stories/2011010250100400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110426042247/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2011/01/02/stories/2011010250100400.htm |archive-date=26 April 2011 |access-date=10 April 2024 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> {{Track listing<br /> | headline = Soundtrack<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | all_music = [[Chakri (composer)|Chakri]]<br /> <br /> | title1 = Jhum Jhum Jhummani<br /> | lyrics1 = [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]]<br /> | extra1 = Venu, Pranavi<br /> | length1 = <br /> <br /> | title2 = Adigava Mataina<br /> | lyrics2 = [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]]<br /> | extra2 = [[Hemachandra (singer)|Hemachandra]], [[Kousalya (singer)|Kousalya]]<br /> | length2 = <br /> <br /> | title3 = Gayalu Palike Geyam<br /> | lyrics3 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]<br /> | extra3 = Harshika, Sudha<br /> | length3 = <br /> <br /> | title4 = Keka Petti Keka Petti<br /> | lyrics4 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]<br /> | extra4 = Chakri<br /> | length4 = <br /> <br /> | title5 = Love You I Love You<br /> | lyrics5 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]<br /> | extra5 = Chakri<br /> | length5 = <br /> <br /> | title6 = Chitti Chilakavo<br /> | lyrics6 = [[Veturi]]<br /> | extra6 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], Kousalya<br /> | length6 = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> The film was released on 26 October 2008.&lt;ref name=&quot;I&quot; /&gt; A critic from ''[[Rediff.com]]'' rated the film two-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote that &quot;Director Teja seems to have got embroiled in the stereotypical pattern of filmmaking. Gone is the freshness associated with his films (as his earlier films Chitram and Jayam reflect). One can't help but wonder if he has lost his touch&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rajamani |first=Radhika |date=23 October 2008 |title=Keka: Same old love story |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/oct/23sskeka.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707215800/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/oct/23sskeka.htm |archive-date=7 July 2022 |access-date=10 April 2024 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A critic from ''[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]'' rated the film one out of five and wrote that &quot;''Keka'' is a movie three years too late&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 October 2008 |title='Keka' deserves a miss (Telugu Movie Review) |url=https://www.indiaforums.com/article/keka-deserves-a-miss-telugu-movie-review_8984 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407210059/https://www.indiaforums.com/article/keka-deserves-a-miss-telugu-movie-review_8984 |archive-date=7 April 2024 |access-date=10 April 2024 |website=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]] |via=India Forums}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> *{{IMDb title|2358074}}<br /> <br /> {{Teja (film director)}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2008 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:2008 Telugu-language films]]<br /> [[Category:2008 films]]<br /> [[Category:2008 romantic drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by Teja (film director)]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Chakri]]<br /> [[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]</div>

Cristine5684 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Padmavati_(Hinduism)&diff=477973 2026-03-03T16:25:46Z

<p>Cristine5684: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Hindu goddess}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}<br /> <br /> {{Infobox deity<br /> | type = Hindu<br /> | image = File:Goddess Padmavati.jpg<br /> | name = Padmavati<br /> | caption = Image of Padmavati<br /> | other_names = {{hlist|Alamelu Manga|Alar Mel Mangai}}<br /> | animals = <br /> | venerated_in = [[Sri Vaishnavism]]<br /> | affiliation = [[Avatar]] of [[Lakshmi]]<br /> | temple = [[Padmavati Temple|Padmavati Temple, Tiruchanur]]<br /> | consort = [[Venkateshvara]]<br /> | parents = Akasha Raja, Dharani Devi<br /> | mount = Elephant<br /> | deity_of = <br /> | symbol = Golden Lotus<br /> }}<br /> [[File:Padmavathi Ammavari Temple.JPG|thumb|right|[[Padmavati Temple|Padmavati Temple, Tiruchanur]]]]<br /> '''Padmavati''' ({{langx|sa|पद्मावती|lit=she of the lotus}}), also known as '''Alarmel Mangai''' ({{langx|ta|அலர்மேல் மங்கை|lit=Goddess at top of Lotus}})&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=Kn7NDN5c1l8C&amp;dq=padmavati+alamelu&amp;pg=PA401 South India handbook: the travel guide] by Robert Bradnock, Roma Bradnock.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=அலர்மேல் மங்கை |date=2023-03-25 |work=தமிழ் விக்சனரி |url=https://ta.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88 |access-date=2025-01-07 |language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt; or '''Alamelu Manga'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Dalal&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |surname=Dalal |given=Roshen |title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide |year=2010 |url={{Google books|DH0vmD8ghdMC|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |place=New Delhi |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-341421-6 |page=291}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=Kn7NDN5c1l8C&amp;dq=padmavati+alamelu&amp;pg=PA401 South India handbook: the travel guide] by Robert Bradnock, Roma Bradnock.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=அலர்மேல் மங்கை |date=2023-03-25 |work=தமிழ் விக்சனரி |url=https://ta.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88 |access-date=2025-01-07 |language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt; is a [[Devi|Hindu goddess]] and the consort of the deity [[Venkateshvara|Venkateshwara]], a form of [[Vishnu]]. She is described as the adopted daughter of a local king and an [[avatar]] of goddess [[Lakshmi]], the consort of Vishnu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dalal&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Pattanaik, D. |title=Vishnu: an introduction |place=Mumbai |publisher=Vakils, Feffer and Simons |year=1999 |page=69}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> The most prominent shrine of Padmavati is [[Padmavathi Temple|Padmavati Ammavari Temple]] situated at [[Tiruchanur]], a suburb of [[Tirupati]]. Tradition dictates that every pilgrim to Tirupati must offer obeisance at this temple before visiting the [[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala]], the central temple of her consort.<br /> <br /> [[File:Painting of Padmavati.jpg|thumb|Painting of Padmavati, Koodal Alagar Temple, Madurai]]<br /> <br /> ==Hymns==<br /> Padmavathi is a major deity in Hinduism worshipped as an aspect of the goddess [[Lakshmi]] and her second aspect, [[Bhumi (goddess)|Bhumi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Dalal&quot; /&gt; It is believed that her intercession is indispensable to gaining the favour of the lord, it is also believed that Lakshmi is omnipresent, illimitable, and the bestower of [[Moksha|moksham]] along with Vishnu in [[Sri Vaishnavism]].<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[Padmavathi Temple, Tiruchanur]]<br /> *[[Tiruchanur]]<br /> *[[Sri Padmavati Mahila Visvavidyalayam]], a university named after Padmavati<br /> *[[Mahalakshmi Temple, Kolhapur]]<br /> *[[Ammavaru]]<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> &lt;references group=&quot;note&quot; /&gt;<br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> *[https://web.archive.org/web/20060113170607/http://www.tirumala.org/ptv_tpt_tiruchanoor.htm The Tirumala-Tirupati Devasthanam website]<br /> *[http://www.alamelumanga.org Sri Venkatdhvari Kavi's Sri Lakshmi Saharam Praising Alarmelmanga Thayar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100202032152/http://www.alamelumanga.org/ |date=2 February 2010 }}<br /> <br /> {{HinduMythology}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Forms of Lakshmi]]<br /> [[Category:Tirumala Venkateswara Temple]]<br /> [[Category:Hindu goddesses]]</div>

Cristine5684 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Bidar&diff=502921 2026-02-28T06:22:24Z

<p>Cristine5684: adding new post - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|none}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}<br /> {{primary sources|date=March 2015}}<br /> <br /> [[Bidar]] is a historic place and city located in the north-eastern part of the South Indian state of [[Karnataka]]. Bidar is situated and built on the brink of a [[plateau]], and thus stands above the lowlands (''talghat'') towards the north and the east.&lt;ref name=gy&gt;{{cite book|author1=Ghulam Yazdani|author-link=Ghulam Yazdani|title=Bidar: Its History and Monuments|date=10 June 1944|publisher=Oxford University Press on behalf of Archaeological Department, [[Nizam]]'s Government|location=Hyderabad}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|1}}<br /> <br /> ==Ancient period==<br /> Traditional tales describe Bidar as the place where [[Vidura]] (one of the central character in the [[hindu]] epic [[Mahabharata]]) lived and the place was thus known as Viduranagara.&lt;ref name=gaz&gt;{{cite book|title=Karnataka Gazetteer|date=1 January 1983|publisher=Govt. of Karnataka|edition=Second}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> Legend has associated Bidar with the ancient [[Vidarbha Kingdom|kingdom of Vidarbha]], to which references are found in early [[Hindu literature]].&lt;ref&gt;Malavikagnimitra; [[Mahabharata]]; the Harivamsa, [[Bhagavata Purana|Bhagavata]], and a few other [[Puranas]].&lt;/ref&gt; But the situation of the latter kingdom has been determined by modern research, and it is now considered that Vidarbha occupied the country which was called [[Berar Province|Berar]]. The rulers of the kingdom are supposed to have been vassals of the Andhra ''rajas'', whose dominions covered the plateau of the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] and at times extended over a much wider area. Bidar, which is some {{convert|200|mi|km}} south-east of [[Paithan]], the ancient capital of the Andhra kings, must have been included in the territory of the latter, and it has been associated with Vidarbha apparently on account of the similarity in names Bidar and Vidarbha. The identity of Bidar with Vidarbha was, however, a common belief in [[Firishta]]'s time, for he, when referring to the romances of the early rulers of [[Bidar district|Bidar]], describes the love-story of ''[[Nala]]'' and ''[[Damayanti]]'' (daughter of ''Raja Bhima'' of Vidarbha).&lt;ref name=gy /&gt;{{rp|3}}<br /> <br /> The ancient [[megalithic culture]] began from about 1200 B.C.-1100 B.C., flourished up to about 3rd and 2nd century B.C. and survived up to c. 100 B.C. The megalithic culture of the region perhaps had intrusions of two Megalithic strains of different sort from the [[Vidharba|Vidharba region]] and eastern India, indicating respectively by certain [[pottery]] types particularly lids and also by horse-bits &amp; copper objects on the one hand and the stone alignments on the other in north-eastern part of Karnataka.&lt;ref name=gaz /&gt;{{rp|214}}<br /> <br /> This region formed the southern part of [[Mauryan Empire]] as attested by the edicts of [[Ashoka]]. It came to be a part of Mauryan empire by the fact that Mauryas defeated the [[Nandas]] and became the heirs to the Nanda Empire in which Karnataka was also included. [[Bindusara]] ruled over the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] including the parts of Karnataka.&lt;ref name=gaz /&gt;{{rp|215}}<br /> <br /> [[Satavahanas]] dominated the post-Mauryan period for about four centuries. [[Gautamiputra Satakarni]] established his reign which was succeeded by his son [[Vashishtiputra Pulumāyi]]. Coins of this period are found in plenty in the deccan region which can be dated to a period from the 1st century to 3rd century.&lt;ref name=gaz /&gt;{{rp|217}}<br /> <br /> ==Classical period==<br /> During the [[Kadamba dynasty|Kadamba]]'s reign, the rule of ''Mayurasharma'' (325–345) and that of ''Kakusthavarma'' (405–430) were prominent.&lt;ref name=gaz /&gt;{{rp|220}} Their rule was confined up to the southern part of [[Bidar district]]. Kadambas extended their patronage to [[Shaiva]], [[Vaishnava]] and [[Jainism|Jaina]] ''dharmas''.&lt;ref name=gaz /&gt;{{rp|221}} Their rule lasted for over 200 years.<br /> <br /> The history of the (Deccan) region in general and Karnataka in particular assumes special significance with the commencement of the rule of the [[Chalukyas of Badami]] (c. 500–757) also called as the ''Early Western Chalukyas'' to distinguish them from the Later Chalukyas who ruled from their Capital at [[Kalyani (Ancient Capital)|Kalyana]].&lt;ref name=gaz /&gt;{{rp|231}} The Chinese traveller [[Hieun-Tsang]] visited the Chalukyan kingdom during 634–635 under the reign of [[Pulakeshi II]] and has paid a handsome tribute to the king and the prosperity of the kingdom.&lt;ref name=gaz /&gt;{{rp|234}} ''Kirtivarma II'' (c.745–757) was the last ruler of the dynasty which was established by ''Jayasimha'' who ruled between 500 and 520.<br /> <br /> ==Medieval period==<br /> [[Rashtrakutas]] established their rule from early 750s which lasted till early 970s. They were highly distinguished dynasties of the Deccan &amp; Karnataka. Some accounts relate them to [[Latur]] as the place of their origins.&lt;ref name=gaz /&gt;{{rp|238}} ''Krishna I'' and ''Govinda III'' were the great kings of the period. [[Amoghavarsha I]] moved the capital to [[Manyakheta]] (present day Malkhed) and beautified it. He patronised many religions including [[Buddhism]].&lt;ref name=gaz /&gt;{{rp|242}} After a long reign of 64 years, he died in 878 and was succeeded by his son, ''Krishna II'', who later developed friendly relations with the ''Arabs''.<br /> <br /> The Rashtrakuta Empire was perhaps the most extensive than any of their Hindu successors in the Deccan. In no other period of ancient Indian history did the Deccan enjoy their political prestige which it did during the time of Rashtrakutas. The remarks of Arab traveller ''Sulaiman'' (851) that this empire was one of the four great empires of the world and they were the most feared rulers of India.&lt;ref name=gaz /&gt;{{rp|243}} Temple building saw a great boom in this period. [[Ellora]] and other rock-cut / cave temples have been built under this dynasty.<br /> <br /> The [[Chalukyas of Kalyana]] were so called because they ruled from their capital Kalyananagara (modern day [[Basavakalyan]]) and are considered to be the descendants of the ''Chalukyas of Badami''. The first king of the dynasty was ''Taila II'' (''[[Tailapa II]]'') who ruled from 973–997 after overthrowing ''Karka II'', the last king of Rashtrakutas. The famous [[kannada]] poet ''[[Ranna (Kannada poet)|Ranna]]'' also mentions of him belonging to Badami lineage. ''Taila II'' fought against the [[Cholas]] and defeated [[Rajaraja Chola]] in 992 and later his son Ahavamalla ([[Satyashraya]]) in 995 again defeated Chola's Army.&lt;ref name=gaz /&gt;{{rp|245}}<br /> <br /> ''Satyashraya'' who had the titles of ''Ahavamalla'', ''Irivabedanga'', ''Sahasabhima'' and ''Sattiga'' ruled from 997 to 1008 The hostility between Chalukyas and Cholas continued during this period also. [[Rajaraja Chola I]] and later his son [[Rajendra Chola]] marched against ''Satyashraya''. The Cholas came up to [[Bijapur]] (present day Vijayapura) and ransacked the whole kingdom causing great violence. But ''Satyashraya'' drove them back. Ranna was patronised by ''Satyashraya''.&lt;ref name=gaz /&gt;{{rp|246}} Despite his military engagements, he built his capital [[Basavakalyan|Kalyana]] and made it famous.&lt;ref name=gaz /&gt;{{rp|247}}<br /> <br /> The fifty-year rule of [[Vikramaditya VI]] (1076–1127) was a glorious period in Karnataka's history. Many temples were built in this period which have some of the finest sculpture. In the temple at Jalsangi ([[Jalasangvi]]) is a beautiful sculpture which depicts a young woman writing an inscription paying great tribute to ''Vikramaditya VI''. Thus Karnataka became a great centre of cultural activities.&lt;ref name=gaz /&gt;{{rp|248}} He was succeeded by [[Someshvara III]] (father of ''Taila III'').<br /> <br /> During the reign of [[Tailapa III|Taila III]] (1149–1162), the Kalachuri [[Bijjala II]] was first to rebel against the Chalukyans and was largely responsible for the downfall of Chalukyas. By 1153, he proclaimed independence and occupied many parts of the Chalukyan kingdom. Thus was the [[Kalachuris of Kalyani|southern Kalachuri]] established.&lt;ref name=gaz /&gt;{{rp|249}}<br /> <br /> The Kalachuris belonged to the Kattacchhuri family which ruled in [[Madhya Pradesh]]. ''Bijjala II'' was son of ''Permadi''. Kalachuri chiefs were subordinates to the Chalukyans and were also in matrimonial alliances with them. ''Bijjala II'' was also a grandson of ''Vikramaditya VI''. In about 1162, ''Bijjala II'' defeated ''Taila III'' replacing him as King. But his rule came to an end after 5 years due to opposition by the loyal feaudatories of Chalukyas. In all his political activities, Bijjala II was greatly helped by his able General ''Kasapayyanayaka''. Bijjalas treasurer was the celebrated religious leader [[Basaveshwara]]. ''Bijjala II'' died in 1167&lt;ref name=gaz /&gt;{{rp|250}} Singhana was the last king of Kalachuri Dynasty which ended in 1184.&lt;ref name=gaz /&gt;{{rp|252}}<br /> <br /> [[Someshvara IV]] (successor of ''Taila III'') who had left the kingdom and ruled in nominal capacity re-captured the kingdom from Kalachuris in 1184 with the help of his able General ''Brahma'' and ruled until 1186. He was then challenged by the [[Hoysalas]] and [[Seunas]]. He lived up to 1198 as testified by the inscriptions but he was no longer the Chalukyan monarch. Hoysala [[Veera Ballala II|Ballala II]] took over the [[Basavakalyan fort]].&lt;ref name=gaz /&gt;{{rp|253}}<br /> <br /> During all this period it was political supremacy and cultural development moving hand in hand. In administration it evolved new principles which made the people happy and kingdoms prospered. Some of the luminaries in [[Kannada]] and [[Samskrita]] flourished in this era. The period also marked inauguration of a new social and religious movement under the leadership if Basaveshwara. This helped the growth of [[Vachana]] literature in Kannada.&lt;ref name=gaz /&gt;{{rp|253}}<br /> <br /> In the [[Excavations, Archaeological|excavations]] carried out by the Archaeological Department, ''State of Hyderabad'', some sculptures and broken tablets bearing inscriptions have been found in the [[Bidar fort]]; but they do not carry back the history of the place earlier than the 10th century, when it was apparently included in the kingdom of the later [[Chalukyas of Kalyani|Chalukyas]] (A.D. 974–1190), whose capital, Kalyani (present day [[Basavakalyan]]) is only {{convert|36|mi|km}} west of [[Bidar]]. The power of the Chalukyas, however, rapidly declined during the rule of the last three kings of the dynasty, and a large portion of their territory was occupied by the [[Yadavas of Deogiri]] and the [[Kakatiyas of Warangal]], whose kingdoms were at the zenith of their glory in the eleventh and twelfth centuries. Bidar was apparently annexed to the Kakatiya kingdom, for in 1322, when Prince ''Ulugh Khan'' marched upon [[Warangal]], he besieged and conquered the town of [[Bidar]], which was on the frontiers of [[Telangana]].&lt;ref name=gy /&gt;{{rp|3}}<br /> <br /> An inscription of ''Ghiyath-ud-Din Tughluq'', dated 1323, recently found at Kalyani, shows that the latter town was also conquered by Ulugh Khan in this expedition, but the absence of Kalyani's name in this connexion in contemporary history shows that Bidar at that time was a more important town than Kalyani, the glory of which seems to have faded with the decline of the [[Chalukyas]]. In this inscription Kalyani is mentioned as only a ''qasba'', or minor town.&lt;ref name=gy /&gt;{{rp|3}}<br /> <br /> === Bahmani Sultanate ===<br /> {{Main|Bahmani Sultanate}}<br /> The [[Delhi Sultanate]] invaded the area first by [[Allauddin Khilji]], and later, [[Muhammad Tughlaq|Muhammed-bin-Tughluq]] took control of entire [[Deccan sultanates|Deccan]] including Bidar. In the middle of the 14th century, the Sultan of Delhi's officers that were stationed in Deccan rebelled and this resulted in the establishment of [[Bahamani|Bahmanid Dynasty]] in 1347 at Gulbarga/Hasanabad (present [[Kalaburagi]]). There was frequent warfare between the Bahmanids and the [[Vijaynagar Empire|Vijaynagar Kingdom]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.bidartourism.com/history.html |title=History of Bidar |access-date=27 August 2014 |archive-date=3 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903204128/http://www.bidartourism.com/history.html |url-status=usurped }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The history of the present fort at Bidar is attributed to the sultan [[Ahmad Shah I Wali|Ahmed Shah Wali Bahmani]], the sultan of the Bahmani dynasty till 1427, when he shifted his capital from Gulbarga to Bidar since it had better climatic conditions and was also a fertile and fruit-bearing land. The earliest recorded history of its existence as a small and strong fort is also traced to prince Ulugh Khan in 1322, whereafter it came under the reign of the [[Tughlaq dynasty]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=http://kannadasiri.kar.nic.in/heritage/heritage_areas.htm | title=Heritage Areas}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> With the establishment of the Bahmanid dynasty (1347), Bidar was occupied by Sultan Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah Bahmani. During the rule of Ahmad Shah I (1422–1486), Bidar was made the capital city of [[Bahmani Kingdom]].{{sfn|Yazdani, 1947|pp=5}}&lt;ref name=&quot;sen2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=106–108}}&lt;/ref&gt; The old fort was rebuilt and [[madrasa]]s, [[mosques]], palaces, and gardens were raised. [[Mahmud Gawan]], who became the [[prime minister]] in 1466, was a notable figure in the history of Bidar. &lt;!--Bidar remained under the [[Barid Shahi Dynasty|Barid Shahi dynasty]] until conquest by the [[Bijapur Sultanate]] in 1619.--&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Early modern period==<br /> {{Expand section|date=August 2024}}{{more citations needed|section|date=July 2024}}<br /> <br /> === Bidar and Bijapur sultanates ===<br /> {{Main|Bidar Sultanate}}<br /> The [[Bidar Sultanate]] (also known as Barid Shahi dynasty) ruled the city formally from 1542 to 1619, although they formally held power since 1492. The dynasty was founded by [[Qasim Barid I|Qasim Barid]], who served as Prime Minister of the [[Bahmani Sultanate]]. His son Amir Barid succeeded him as Prime Minister and later became ''de facto'' ruler when the last Bahmani ruler fled from Bidar.<br /> <br /> [[Ali Barid Shah I]], son of Amir Barid was the first to assume the royal title of ''Shah''. He also played a key role in the [[Battle of Talikota]].{{citation needed|date=July 2024}} The Bidar Sultanate ruled Bidar until its conquest by the [[Sultanate of Bijapur]] in 1619.<br /> <br /> [[Aurangazeb|Aurangzeb]] came to Bidar after his father, [[Padshah]] (emperor) [[Shah Jahan]], appointed him the Prince of Deccan. He wrested the Bidar Fort from the Adil Shahis after a 21-day war in 1656. With this, Bidar became a part of the [[Mughal dynasty]] for the second time.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=An occasion to recall Aurangazeb's association with this historic city|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/an-occasion-to-recall-aurangazebs-association-with-this-historic-city/article1505356.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=5 March 2015|date=3 March 2011|last1=Desai|first1=Rishikesh Bahadur}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Britanica&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/64749/Bidar|title=Geography and travel|access-date=2009-11-08|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091204074805/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/64749/Bidar| archive-date= 4 December 2009 | url-status= live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Bidar Subah ===<br /> [[File:Elaborately illustrated map of the Bidar Subah of the Mughal Empire, commissioned by Jean Baptiste Joseph Gentil, ca.1770.jpg|thumb|Elaborately illustrated map of the Bidar Subah of the Mughal Empire, commissioned by Jean Baptiste Joseph Gentil, ca.1770]]<br /> Following Bidar's conquest by the [[Mughal Empire]] in 1656, it was made the capital of the new Bidar [[Subah]], (an imperial top-level province) which [[Telangana Subah]] was merged into the next year.{{sfn|Haig, 1907|pp=102}}<br /> <br /> ==Hyderabad State and British colonial rule==<br /> {{Expand section|date=August 2024}}<br /> In 1724, Bidar became a part of the Asaf Jahi Kingdom of the [[Nizams]]. Third son of Asaf jah l (Nizam l) [[Mir Sa'id Muhammad Khan, Salabat Jang]] ruled from [[Bidar fort]] from 1751 to 1762, till his brother Mir Nizam Ali Khan Asaf Jah III imprisoned him in this fort, and was killed in Bidar fort on 16 September 1763. ''Mohammedabad'' old name of Bidar is also on his name. It was connected to Hyderabad by rail in the early 20th century.{{sfn|Yazdani, 1947|pp=20}}<br /> <br /> ==Post-independence period==<br /> {{Expand section|date=August 2024}}<br /> After India's independence, in 1956 all Kannada speaking areas were merged to form the Mysore State and Bidar became part of the new Mysore (now Karnataka) state.&lt;ref name=&quot;Britanica&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sherwani&quot;&gt;{{Cite book<br /> | last = Sherwani | first = Haroon Khan<br /> | title = Cultural trends in medieval India: architecture, painting, literature &amp; language<br /> | pages = 14–16<br /> | access-date = 2009-11-07<br /> | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=u_YtAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Gulbarga+Fort<br /> | publisher = Asia Pub. House<br /> | year = 1969<br /> | isbn = 9780210981436<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;online&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/g/019pho0000430s6u00044000.html|title=Gulbarga Fort|access-date=2009-11-07|publisher=British Library On Line gallery|archive-date=18 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018115928/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/g/019pho0000430s6u00044000.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> ===Citations===<br /> {{source-attribution}}<br /> {{Reflist|2}}<br /> <br /> ===Sources===<br /> * {{cite book |title=Historic Landmarks of the Deccan |last1=Haig |first1=Major T. W. |year=1907 |publisher=Pioneer Press, Allahabad |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Historic_Landmarks_of_the_Deccan |ref={{sfnref|Haig, 1907}}}}<br /> * {{cite book |title=Bidar, Its History and Monuments |last=Yazdani |first=Ghulam |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279710/page/n1 |year=1947 |publisher=Oxford University Press |ref={{sfnref|Yazdani, 1947}}}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Bidar]]<br /> [[Category:Bidar district]]<br /> [[Category:History of Karnataka by city|Bidar]]</div>

Cristine5684 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Navy_Sports_Club&diff=504115 2026-02-25T11:36:09Z

<p>Cristine5684: adding a data</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Football club of Indian Navy}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}<br /> {{Infobox football club<br /> | clubname = Indian Navy Sports Club<br /> | image = <br /> | image_size = 200px<br /> | fullname = Indian Navy Sports Club<br /> | nickname = The Sailors&lt;ref name=&quot;IN 2015&quot;/&gt;<br /> | short name = INFT &lt;br/&gt; INDNAV<br /> | founded = <br /> | ground = ''Various''<br /> | capacity = <br /> | owner = [[Services Sports Control Board]] &lt;br/&gt;[[Indian Navy]]<br /> | mgrtitle = Head coach<br /> | manager = Raman Rai<br /> | league = ''Various''<br /> | season = <br /> | position = <br /> | current = <br /> | pattern_la1 = <br /> | pattern_b1 = _blackrightsash<br /> | pattern_ra1 = <br /> | pattern_sh1 = _white_stripes_adidas<br /> | pattern_so1 = <br /> | leftarm1 = 000080<br /> | body1 = 000080<br /> | rightarm1 = 000080<br /> | shorts1 = 000000<br /> | socks1 = 000080<br /> | pattern_la2 = <br /> | pattern_b2 = _thindarkbluestripes<br /> | pattern_ra2 = <br /> | pattern_sh2 = <br /> | pattern_so2 = <br /> | leftarm2 = 1C1CF0<br /> | body2 = FFFFFF<br /> | rightarm2 = 1C1CF0<br /> | shorts2 = FFFFFF<br /> | socks2 = FFFFFF<br /> | website = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Indian Navy Sports Club''' serves as a [[association football|football]] and [[cricket]] section of the [[Indian Navy]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-09-12|title=Match Report Indian Navy v KBFC|url=https://keralablastersfc.in/match-report-indian-navy-v-kbfc/|url-status=dead|access-date=2021-11-21|website=Kerala Blasters FC|archive-date=14 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914070709/https://keralablastersfc.in/match-report-indian-navy-v-kbfc/}}&lt;/ref&gt; The team used to compete in the [[Mumbai Football League|MDFA Elite League]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Yadav|first1=Siddharth|title=MFA Elite Division 2016–17: The Big Preview|url=http://www.footballcounter.com/2016/mdfa-elite-division-2016-17-big-preview/|access-date=7 December 2016|website=footballcounter.com|publisher=Football Counter|date=12 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804170231/https://www.footballcounter.com/2016/mdfa-elite-division-2016-17-big-preview/|archive-date=4 August 2018|location=Mumbai}}&lt;/ref&gt; It regularly participates in the [[Durand Cup]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.espn.in/football/india-ind/story/4750058/durand-cup-2022-review-curtain-raiser-indian-football-season?platform=amp|title=Durand Cup 2022 review: The perfect curtain-raiser to the Indian football season|website=www.espn.in|publisher=[[ESPN]]|first=Aaditya|last=Narayan|date=19 September 2022|access-date=20 September 2022|location=Kolkata|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920142913/https://www.espn.in/football/india-ind/story/4750058/durand-cup-2022-review-curtain-raiser-indian-football-season?platform=amp|archive-date=20 September 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; and as guests on various regional tournaments. It consists of the Indian Navy officials.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=India 2005–06|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india06.html|website=RSSSF|access-date=5 February 2023|archive-date=14 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114172539/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/india06.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=126th Durand Cup|url=http://www.kolkatafootball.com/126durand_cup_2013/index.html|website=KolkataFootball|access-date=28 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304125532/http://www.kolkatafootball.com/126durand_cup_2013/index.html|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Honours==<br /> [[File:Surg Rear Admiral Girish Gupta handing over the Services football trophy to Indian Navy team.jpg|thumb|Indian Navy players celebrating with Services Cup trophy in 2013]]<br /> <br /> ===League===<br /> *'''[[Mumbai Football League]]'''<br /> ** Champions (2): 1954, 1957<br /> *'''[[Kerala Premier League]]'''<br /> ** Champions (1): [[2018–19 Kerala Premier League|2018–19]]<br /> <br /> ===Cup===<br /> * '''[[IFA Shield]]'''<br /> ** Runners-up (1): 1960<br /> * '''[[Nadkarni Cup]]'''<br /> ** Champions (1): 1957<br /> ** Runners-up (1): 1962<br /> * '''Services Cup'''<br /> ** Champions (1): 2013<br /> * '''GV Raja all-India football tournament'''<br /> ** Champions (2): 2015,&lt;ref name=&quot;IN 2015&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2015/late-penalty-helps-indian-navy-to-see-off-rcf/|title=Late penalty helps Indian Navy see off RCF|date=17 September 2015|access-date=19 April 2023|website=footballcounter.com|archive-date=2 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202202111/https://www.footballcounter.com/2015/late-penalty-helps-indian-navy-to-see-off-rcf/}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2016&lt;ref name=&quot;Championship&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sonylijin.com/2017/11/sbi-kerala-will-face-defending-champion.html?m=1|title=SBI Kerala will face the defending champion Indian Navy in the final of 12th GV Raja all-India football tournament|access-date=19 April 2023|website=sonylijin.com|archive-date=19 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419063359/https://www.sonylijin.com/2017/11/sbi-kerala-will-face-defending-champion.html?m=1}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ** Runners-up (1): 2017&lt;ref name=&quot;Championship&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Army Red football team|Army Red]]<br /> * [[Army Green football team|Army Green]]<br /> * [[Indian Air Force football team|Indian Air Force]]<br /> * [[Services football team]]<br /> * [[Railways football team]]<br /> * [[Assam Rifles football team|Assam Rifles]]<br /> * [[Central Reserve Police Force Sporting Club|Central Reserve Police Force SC]]<br /> * [[Army Service Corps (India)|Indian Army Service Corps]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Football in India}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Military football clubs in India|Navy]]<br /> [[Category:Organizations with year of establishment missing]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Navy]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{India-mil-stub}}<br /> {{India-footyclub-stub}}</div>

Cristine5684 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Itanagar_Wildlife_Sanctuary&diff=504833 2026-02-22T22:06:13Z

<p>Cristine5684: adding new post - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox protected area<br /> | name = Itanagar Wildlife Sanctuary<br /> | iucn_category = IV<br /> | relief = 1<br /> | mapframe = Yes<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | other_name = <br /> | image_skyline = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | nickname = <br /> | map = India Arunachal Pradesh#India<br /> | label_position = right<br /> | map_caption = Location in Arunachal Pradesh, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|27|04|06.5|N|93|34|52.9|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | established = 2 February 1978&lt;ref name=&quot;Arunachal Times&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Staff Reporter |title=Org seeks de-reservation of Itanagar Wildlife Sanctuary |url=https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2020/09/24/org-seeks-de-reservation-of-itanagar-wildlife-sanctuary/ |access-date=8 June 2021 |publisher=The Arunachal Times Publications Pvt. Ltd |date=24 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | governing_body = [http://arunachalforests.gov.in/ '''Secretary (Environment &amp; Forest), Government of Arunachal Pradesh''']<br /> | area_km2 = 140.30<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''Itanagar wildlife sanctuary''' was established in 1968 with the aim to conserve the biodiversity around the [[Itanagar]] sanctuary. The reserve forest around Itanagar became part of the sanctuary. The sanctuary has geographical boundary limits as River Pam to the east, Pachin in the south, Neorochi on the north-East and the Chingke stream in the north. The terrain is mostly hilly. Since the sanctuary is close to the city, it plays an important role in environmental education.<br /> <br /> == Flora ==<br /> The forest can be classified into Tropical Semievergreen and wet evergreen forest. Pure patches of Bamboos are seen intermittently. The most common Bamboo species are [[Bambusa pallida]] (Bijuli)and [[Bambusa|Bambusa hamiltonii]] (kako). The other tree species are [[Duabanga grandiflora]] (Khokan), [[Amoora wallichii|Amoora wallichi]] (Aman) [[Toona ciliata]] (poma), Magnolia sps (Sopa), [[Schima wallichii|Schima wallichi]] (Makrisal), [[Castanopsis indica]] (Hingori).&lt;ref name=&quot;Arunachal Forest&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=PCCF Arunachal Pradesh |title=Itanagar Wildlife Sanctuary |url=http://arunachalforests.gov.in/itanagar_wildlife_sanctuary.html |website=www.arunachalforests.gov.in |publisher=Department of Forests &amp; Environment, Govt. of Arunachal Pradesh |access-date=8 June 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> == Fauna ==<br /> The Itanagar Sanctuary is rich in biodiversity. The animals found in the sanctuary include [[tiger]], [[leopard]], [[clouded leopard]], [[Asian elephant]], [[gaur]], [[Sloth bear|sloth Bear]], [[Barking Deer]], [[marbled cat]], [[capped langur]], [[slow loris]]. The state bird [[hornbill]] is a regular sight in the sanctuary. The [[White-winged duck|white winged duck]] (''Cairina scutolata'') is also found.&lt;ref name=&quot;Birdlife&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Kumar |first1=R. Suresh |last2=Bhatt |first2=Bharat Bhushan |last3=Choudhury |first3=Anwaruddin |title=Itanagar Wildlife Sanctuary |url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/itanagar-wildlife-sanctuary-iba-india |website=[[BirdLife International]] |access-date=4 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Threats to the sanctuary==<br /> Since the sanctuary is having human population living around, there is a continuous threat from the people who engage in [[illegal hunting]], fishing, fires, grazing, and [[wikt:Special:Search/encroachment|encroachment]] on the sanctuary area. The local organisations are demanding denotification of certain portion of the sanctuary due to encrochment.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arunachal Times&quot; /&gt;<br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Arunachal Pradesh}}<br /> {{North East India}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Arunachal Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Tiger reserves of India]]<br /> [[Category:Tourism in Northeast India]]</div>

Cristine5684 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belpahar_English_Medium_School&diff=473113 2026-02-22T18:40:31Z

<p>Cristine5684: minor cleanup</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Primary, middle, higher, 10+2 school in Odisha, India}}<br /> {{more citations needed|date=May 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox school<br /> | name = Belpahar English Medium School (BEMS)<br /> | image =<br /> | image_size = 100px<br /> | caption = BEMS logo<br /> | motto = '''''Labour to Learn and Lead with Love'''''<br /> | established = 1968<br /> | type = [[primary school|Primary]], [[middle school|Middle]], [[high school|Higher]], [[10+2]]<br /> | location = [[Belpahar]], [[Jharsuguda]], [[Odisha]]<br /> | campus = TRL Krosaki Township, [[Belpahar]]<br /> | district = [[Jharsuguda]]<br /> | state = [[Odisha]]<br /> | gender = Both Male and Female<br /> | school_code = OR038<br /> | status = Running<br /> | postal_code = 768218<br /> | country = [[India]]<br /> | affiliation = [[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations|CISCE]]<br /> | classes = Class I to Class XII<br /> | head_label = Principal<br /> | principal = Mr. Sanjay Kumar Mishra<br /> | houses = '''Gandhi''', '''Radhakrishnan''', '''Tagore''', '''Tata'''<br /> | staff = 55<br /> | enrollment = 1325<br /> | website = <br /> }}<br /> [[File:Belpahar English Medium School in 2017.jpg|thumb|alt=BEMS in 2017|Belpahar English Medium School in 2017]]<br /> <br /> '''Belpahar English Medium School''' (School Code '''OR038''') is a co-educational Higher Secondary School (HSC) of [[Belpahar]] region in [[Odisha]] affiliated to [[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations|CISCE]], [[New Delhi]] for [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education|ICSE]] (Class X) and [[Indian School Certificate|ISC]] (Class XII).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.icbse.com/schools/belpahar-english-medium-school/or038|title= BEMS ICSE school}}&lt;/ref&gt; As of 2022, BEMS is headed by Mr. Abhaya Kumar Swain, principal.<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> The school started as a [[kindergarten]] School in the year 1968 by The Hand Maids of Mary, [[Sundergarh]] with the objective of offering primary education to the children of the officers of Tata Refractories Limited, now known as TRL Krosaki Refractories Limited. In 1977, it was taken over by the company. As of 2016 this school is under the aegis of Belpahar Educational Society (BEST).<br /> <br /> ==Uniform==<br /> The students of the school wear uniform. White half sleeved shirt, house T-Shirt, belt, school tie, white socks, white canvas shoes, navy blue socks and navy blue blazer for winter are common for all classes. Boys of Classes I to V must have white shorts, steel grey shorts, black laced boots, while those from Classes VI to XII must wear white trousers, steel grey trousers, black laced boots.&lt;br /&gt; Girls irrespective of their classes must wear white knee length box pleaded skirts, steel grey neck pinafore, navy blue and white winter stockings and black buckled shoes.<br /> <br /> ==House system==<br /> Students after their admissions are horizontally divided into houses. The four houses are Gandhi with red colour, Radhakrishnan with green colour, Tagore with yellow colour and Tata with blue colour. These houses are named after great Indian leaders – Gandhi standing for [[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi]], Radhakrishnan for Dr. [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]], Tagore for [[Rabindranath Tagore]] and Tata for [[J. R. D. Tata]].<br /> <br /> ==Activities==<br /> The school is represented every year in various district, state and national level competitions. It also holds competitive examinations like Talent Search Competition (TSE), National Olympiads and quizzes headed by the principal of the school. It has also got awards for doing well in [[National Cadet Corps (India)|NCC]], tennikoit, [[association football|football]], [[cricket]], [[badminton]], [[chess]] and kick boxing.{{citation needed|date=June 2016}} [[Sambalpur]] [[National Cadet Corps (India)|NCC]] Group secured an overall first position in the Odisha directorate inter-group competition for boys at Thal Sainik Camp (TSC) in Puri. Cadets from the school performed well in both senior and junior categories. The cadets were selected in the Odisha Directed team.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120906/jsp/odisha/story_15941132.jsp#.V2VDoTNw2AQ|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812062042/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120906/jsp/odisha/story_15941132.jsp#.V2VDoTNw2AQ|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 12, 2016|title=BEMS good performance in NCC}}&lt;/ref&gt; The school also represented the BOURNVITA Quiz competition. Chiranjibi Pradhan represented BEMS in TCS IT WIZ Bhubaneshwar edition, 2018 and secured a historic win for the school.<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[Education in India]]<br /> *[[Jharsuguda]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{Google maps|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Belpahar+English+Medium+School/@21.800036,83.8627232,334m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x3a20dedc63d47167:0x236143648a75f745!8m2!3d21.800031!4d83.8638189|title= Belpahar English Medium School}}<br /> <br /> {{Portal bar|India|Education}}<br /> <br /> {{coord|21.800036|83.8627232|type:school|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Schools in Odisha]]<br /> [[Category:Jharsuguda district]]<br /> [[Category:1968 establishments in Orissa]]<br /> [[Category:Educational institutions established in 1968]]</div>

Cristine5684 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sunpat_(film)&diff=538395 2026-02-22T04:44:07Z

<p>Cristine5684: Stub...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = <br /> | image = Sunpat flim poster.jpg<br /> | caption = <br /> | director = Rahul Rawat<br /> | writer = {{ubl|Rahul Rawat| Anuj Bisht}}<br /> | producer = <br /> | editing = {{ubl|Rahul Rawat| Rohit Rawat}}<br /> | music = Ishan Dobhal (Pandavaas)<br /> | cinematography = Veeru Singh Baghel<br /> | distributor = Uttarakhand Film Company<br /> | released = {{Film date|df=y|2021|11|20|[[Uttarakhand]]|ref1=}}<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = [[Garhwali language|Garhwali]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Sunpat''''' is an Indian film in [[Garhwali language|Garhwali]], a language from [[Uttarakhand]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=IFFI 52, 026: Garhwali film Sunpat addresses the migration crisis |url=https://www.filmfestivals.com/blog/siraj_syed/iffi_52_026_garhwali_film_sunpat_addresses_the_migration_crisis |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=www.filmfestivals.com }}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> The film, directed by Rahul Rawat, is the first film from Uttarakhand to be screened at the [[International Film Festival of India]]. It was selected under the panorama section for the [[52nd International Film Festival of India]] held at [[Goa]], where it had its world premiere on 20 November 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-11-16 |title=Sunpat becomes 1st Uttarakhand film to be screened at IFFI 2021; director says 'wanted to highlight hardships faced by people in hills' |url=https://english.jagran.com/entertainment/sunpat-becomes-1st-uttarakhand-film-to-be-screened-at-iffi-2021-director-says-wanted-to-highlight-hardships-faced-by-people-in-hills-10035070 |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=Jagran English }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=rakhee |title=IFFI 2021 : Uttarakhand के ग्रामीण परिवेश की झलक और पहाड़ों में जीवन का संघर्ष दिखाती है फिल्म Sunpat |url=https://hindi.asianetnews.com/bollywood/film-sunpat-screened-at-goa-film-festival-first-time-any-film-from-uttarakhand-kpj-r348s1 |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title='Sunpat' is a story of love and friendship set in the backdrop of migration driven crisis in the villages of Uttarakhand: Director Rahul Rawat at IFFI52 |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1774991 |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=pib.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Watch Sunpat Movie Online, Release Date, Trailer, Cast and Songs {{!}} Drama Film |url=https://www.digit.in/digit-binge/movies/sunpat-782585.html |access-date=2022-08-26 |website=www.digit.in |archive-date=22 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922103409/https://www.digit.in/digit-binge/movies/sunpat-782585.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Eapen |first=Nikhil |date=2021-12-10 |title=IFFI 2021 reflected the growing appeal of India's highly accomplished regional cinema |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/iffi-2021-reflected-the-growing-appeal-of-indias-highly-accomplished-regional-cinema/article37925502.ece |access-date=2022-08-26 |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title|id=13871716}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2021 Indian films]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{India-film-stub}}</div>

Cristine5684 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liberation_Tigers_of_Tamil_Eelam&diff=461538 2026-02-19T11:54:00Z

<p>Cristine5684: brief adjust structure to improve readability and updated info</p> <hr /> <div>{{pp|small=yes}}<br /> {{Short description|Tamil militant organisation in Sri Lanka (1976–2009)}}<br /> {{Redirect|LTTE|letters to the editor|Letter to the editor}}<br /> {{pp-move-indef}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}<br /> {{EngvarB|date=May 2021}}<br /> {{EngvarB|date=July 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox militant organization<br /> | name = Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam<br /> | logo = Ltte_emblem.jpg<br /> | caption = LTTE emblem<br /> | native_name = தமிழீழ விடுதலைப் புலிகள் &lt;br /&gt; දෙමළ ඊලාම් විමුක්ති කොටි සංවිධානය<br /> | native_name_lang = ta<br /> | other_name = Tamil Tigers; LTTE<br /> | leader = [[Velupillai Prabhakaran]]{{KIA}}<br /> | dates = 5 May 1976–18 May 2009&lt;br&gt;({{age in years and days|1976|05|05|2009|05|18}})<br /> | predecessor = [[Tamil New Tigers]]<br /> | country = [[Sri Lanka]]<br /> | motives = Creation of an [[independent state]] of [[Tamil Eelam]] in the [[Northern Province, Sri Lanka|Northern Province]] and the [[Eastern Province, Sri Lanka|Eastern Province]] of [[Sri Lanka]]<br /> | ideology = [[Sri Lankan Tamil Nationalism|Tamil nationalism]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Left-wing nationalism]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Revolutionary socialism]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Egalitarianism]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Secularism]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Separatism]]<br /> | status = {{ubl|Inactive|Militarily defeated in May 2009}}<br /> | size = 18,000, as of 2004, excluding divisions&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://acd.iiss.org/armedconflict/MainPages/dsp_ConflictWeapons.asp?ConflictID=174&amp;YearID=961#2007 |title=''Armed Conflicts Database'', 2007 |access-date=27 November 2020 |archive-date=11 May 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060511134040/http://acd.iiss.org/armedconflict/MainPages/dsp_ConflictWeapons.asp?ConflictID=174&amp;YearID=961#2007 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | revenue = US$300+&amp;nbsp;million prior to the military defeat&lt;ref name=&quot;lakabim&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;icg1&quot;/&gt;<br /> | financing = Contributions from Tamil diaspora (mostly voluntary, sometimes coerced), overseas investments,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Chalk|first1=Peter|title=The Tigers Abroad: How the LTTE Diaspora Supports the Conflict in Sri Lanka |journal=Third World Quarterly |date=2008 |volume=9|issue=2 |page=101 |jstor=43133783 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43133783 |access-date=31 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; smuggling&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Sutton |first1=Mitchell |last2=DeSilva-Ranasinghe |first2=Serge |title=Transnational crime in Sri Lanka |publisher=Australian Strategic Policy Institute|url=https://www.aspi.org.au/report/transnational-crime-sri-lanka-future-considerations-international-cooperation/|date=2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; and taxation under LTTE-controlled areas&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Stokke |first1=Kristian |title=Building the Tamil Eelam State: Emerging State Institutions and Forms of Governance in LTTE-Controlled Areas in Sri Lanka |journal=Third World Quarterly |date=2006 |volume=27 |issue=6 |page=1034 |doi=10.1080/01436590600850434 |jstor=4017738 |s2cid=45544298 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/4017738 |access-date=15 December 2023| issn = 0143-6597}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | battles = [[Sri Lankan civil war|Sri Lankan Civil War]]<br /> | flag = [[File:Tamil Eelam Flag.svg|120px]]<br /> | website = {{Official website|https://web.archive.org/web/20050412081730/http://www.eelam.com/ }} (now defunct)<br /> }}<br /> {{Sri Lankan Tamil history}}<br /> The '''Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam''' ('''LTTE'''; {{langx|ta|தமிழீழ விடுதலைப் புலிகள்|translit=Tamiḻīḻa viṭutalaip pulikaḷ}}, {{langx|si|දෙමළ ඊලාම් විමුක්ති කොටි සංවිධානය|translit= Demaḷa īlām vimukti koṭi saṁvidhānaya}}; also known as the '''Tamil Tigers''') was a [[Sri Lankan Tamils|Tamil]] militant organization, that was based in northern and eastern [[Sri Lanka]]. The LTTE fought to create an [[Independence|independent]] [[Sri Lankan Tamils|Tamil]] state called [[Tamil Eelam]] in the northeast of the island&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; in response to [[List of attacks on civilians attributed to Sri Lankan government forces|violent persecution]] and [[Sinhala Only Act|discriminatory policies]] against [[Sri Lankan Tamils]] by the [[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]]-dominated [[Government of Sri Lanka|Sri Lankan government]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Kingsbury |first=Damien |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zroYEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA54 |title=Separatism and the State |date=27 February 2021 |publisher=[[Taylor &amp; Francis]] |isbn=978-1-000-36870-3 |page=54 |language=en |access-date=8 March 2024 |archive-date=8 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308051932/https://books.google.com/books?id=zroYEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA54 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The leader of the LTTE, [[Velupillai Prabhakaran]], cited the [[1958 anti-Tamil pogrom]] as one of the factors that led him to militancy. In 1975, he assassinated the [[Mayor of Jaffna]], [[Alfred Thangarajah Duraiappah|Alfred Duraiappah]], in revenge for the [[1974 Tamil conference incident]]. The LTTE was subsequently founded in 1976 as a reaction to the [[Sri Lankan Constitution of 1972]] which prescribed [[Buddhism]] as the primary religion of the country, and [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]] as its national language.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Vukovic |first1=Sinisa |author-link1= |date=2015 |title=International Multiparty Mediation and Conflict Management |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=9781317610724 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_PuoCgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Ltte+riots+1956+Prabhakaran&amp;pg=PT167 |access-date=14 June 2023 |archive-date=20 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020100005/https://books.google.com/books?id=_PuoCgAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Ltte+riots+1956+Prabhakaran&amp;pg=PT167 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Hogan |first1=Patrick Colm |author-link1= |date=2009 |title=Understanding Indian Movies: Culture, Cognition, and Cinematic imagination |publisher=[[University of Texas Press]] |isbn=9780292779556 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O1yubyUWGuMC&amp;dq=Prabhakaran+1958&amp;pg=PA59 |access-date=14 June 2023 |archive-date=20 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020100003/https://books.google.com/books?id=O1yubyUWGuMC&amp;dq=Prabhakaran+1958&amp;pg=PA59 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Arena |first1=Michael P. |author-link1= |last2=Arrigo |first2=Bruce A. |author-link2= |date=1974 |title=The Terrorist Identity: Explaining the Terrorist Threat |publisher=NYU Press |isbn=9780814707593 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-C6hBwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA189 |access-date=14 June 2023 |archive-date=20 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020100004/https://books.google.com/books?id=-C6hBwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA189 |url-status=live }}p.189&lt;/ref&gt; The LTTE was involved in attacks on government targets, policemen and local politicians and moved on to armed clashes against the [[Sri Lanka Armed Forces|armed forces]]. Oppression against Sri Lankan Tamils continued by Sinhalese mobs, notably during the [[1977 anti-Tamil pogrom]] and the 1981 [[Burning of Jaffna Public Library|burning of the Jaffna Public Library]]. Following the watershed [[Black July]] anti-Tamil pogrom in 1983 orchestrated by members of the government, there was a dramatic growth of [[Sri Lankan Tamil militant groups|Tamil militant groups]] and a full-scale [[insurgency]] began, marking the start of the [[Sri Lankan civil war]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; By 1986, the LTTE had emerged as the dominant Tamil militant group in Sri Lanka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Cronin-Furman |first1=Kate |last2=Arulthas |first2=Mario |date=2024-09-01 |title=How the Tigers Got Their Stripes: A Case Study of the LTTE's Rise to Power |journal=Studies in Conflict &amp; Terrorism |volume=47 |issue=9 |pages=1006–1025 |doi=10.1080/1057610X.2021.2013753 |issn=1057-610X|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; It would go on to be widely regarded as among the most effective and disciplined insurgent groups in the world.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Moorcraft |first=Paul L. |title=Total destruction of the Tamil Tigers: the rare victory of Sri Lanka's long war |publisher=Pen &amp; Sword Military |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-78159-153-6 |location=Barnsley, South Yorkshire |page=91}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Hashim |first=Ahmed |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kFHEMaLZx6gC&amp;pg=PA34 |title=When Counterinsurgency Wins: Sri Lanka's Defeat of the Tamil Tigers |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-8122-4452-6 |pages=32–34}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Initially starting out as a [[Guerrilla warfare|guerrilla force]], the LTTE increasingly came to resemble conventional armed forces with a well-developed military wing that included a [[Sea Tigers|navy]], an [[Air Tigers|airborne unit]],&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC 2007-04-29&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6604645.stm|title=Sri Lanka rebels in new air raid|agency=[[BBC News]]|work=|date=29 April 2007|access-date=9 February 2009|archive-date=16 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416221254/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6604645.stm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; an intelligence wing, and [[Black Tigers|a specialised suicide attack unit]]. The LTTE perfected suicide bombing as a tactic. It engaged in a [[hybrid warfare]] encompassing both military and civilian targets.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; The LTTE was also notable for using women and children in combat, and carrying out a number of high-profile [[#Assassinations|assassinations]], including former Indian prime minister [[Rajiv Gandhi]] in 1991.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stanford&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Liberation Tigers of Tamil Elam &amp;#124; Mapping Militant Organizations |url=https://web.stanford.edu/group/mappingmilitants/cgi-bin/groups/view/225 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171123020237/https://web.stanford.edu/group/mappingmilitants/cgi-bin/groups/view/225 |archive-date=23 November 2017 |access-date=26 April 2019 |website=}}&lt;/ref&gt; The LTTE was [[#Proscription as a terrorist group|designated as a terrorist organisation]] by 33 countries, including the European Union, Canada, the United States and India.<br /> <br /> Over the course of the conflict, the LTTE frequently exchanged control of territory in the north-east with the Sri Lankan military, with the two sides engaging in intense military confrontations. It was involved in four unsuccessful rounds of peace talks with the Sri Lankan government and at its peak in 2000, the LTTE was in control of 76% of the landmass in the Northern and Eastern provinces of Sri Lanka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.defence.lk/new.asp?fname=Humanitarian|title=Humanitarian Operation Timeline, 1981–2009|publisher=[[Ministry of Defence (Sri Lanka)]]|access-date=2 August 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110827212530/http://www.defence.lk/new.asp?fname=Humanitarian|archive-date=27 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Prabhakaran headed the organisation from its inception until his death in 2009.&lt;ref name=&quot;lttldr&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/may/18/tamil-tigers-ltte-prabhakaran-death-srilanka|title=Prabhakaran's death and fall of LTTE lead to street celebrations in Sri Lanka|author=Mark Tran|date=May 2009|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=24 August 2011|location=London|archive-date=1 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210701111859/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/may/18/tamil-tigers-ltte-prabhakaran-death-srilanka|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Between 1983 and 2009, at least [[Casualties of the Sri Lankan civil war|100,000 were killed]] in the civil war, of which many were Sri Lankan Tamils.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Sri Lanka's war 10 years on: Finding Father Francis |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-48300279 |access-date=22 March 2021 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=18 May 2019 |location=London, U.K. |archive-date=10 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210234516/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-48300279 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|last=Mahr|first=Krista|title=Sri Lanka to Start Tally of Civil-War Dead|url=https://world.time.com/2013/11/28/sri-lanka-to-start-tally-of-civil-war-dead/|magazine=Time|date=28 November 2013|via=world.time.com|access-date=26 April 2019|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225155736/http://world.time.com/2013/11/28/sri-lanka-to-start-tally-of-civil-war-dead/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Many Sri Lankan Tamils also left Sri Lanka for various destinations, mainly Western countries and India, forming the pivotal [[Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora|Tamil diaspora]] estimated at one million.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Oj7VEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA243 |title=Hindu Diasporas |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2023 |isbn=978-0-19-886769-2 |editor-last=Jacobsen |editor-first=Knut A. |page=243}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> {{cleanup rewrite||section|date=December 2012}}<br /> <br /> ===Background===<br /> {{See also|Origins of the Sri Lankan civil war}}<br /> Emergence of Tamil militancy has its roots in the political developments and ethnic tensions in post-independent Sri Lanka. Sinhalese-led governments attempted to reduce the increased presence of the Tamil minority in government jobs,&lt;ref name=&quot;sherman&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;secu&quot;/&gt; which led to ethnic discrimination, seeded hatred and divisive policies&lt;ref name=DailyFT&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ft.lk/opinion/Sinhala-Only-Act-destroyed-peaceful-Sri-Lanka--Prof--Rohan-Gunaratna/14-650183|title=Sinhala Only Act destroyed peaceful Sri Lanka|website=ft.lk|access-date=17 December 2019|archive-date=1 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210701111844/https://www.ft.lk/opinion/Sinhala-Only-Act-destroyed-peaceful-Sri-Lanka--Prof--Rohan-Gunaratna/14-650183|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; including the &quot;[[Sinhala Only Act]]&quot; and [[1958 anti-Tamil pogrom|anti-Tamil riots]], which gave rise to separatist ideologies among many Tamil leaders.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;/&gt; By the late 1970s, initial non-violent political struggle for an independent Tamil state was used as justification for a secessionist insurgency led by the LTTE.&lt;ref name=&quot;sherman&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BlCXRQo__6oC|title=The Political Economy of Armed Conflict: Beyond Greed and Grievance|publisher=[[Lynne Rienner Publishers]]|last=Sherman|first=Jake|year=2003|location=New York|page=198|isbn=978-1-58826-172-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;secu&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Security And Development: Investing in Peace And Prosperity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YXHRX20ibVAC|publisher=[[Routledge]]|last1=Picciotto|first1=Robert|last2=Weaving|first2=Rachel|year=2006|location=[[London]]|page=171|isbn=978-0-415-35364-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the early 1970s, the [[United Front (Sri Lanka)|United Front]] government of [[Sirimavo Bandaranaike]] introduced the [[policy of standardisation]] to curtail the number of Tamil students selected for certain faculties in the universities.&lt;ref&gt;Chelvadurai Manogaran, Ethnic conflict and reconciliation in Sri Lanka, University of Hawaii press, 1987, p116&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;A. Jeyaratnam Wilson, The Break-up of Sri Lanka<br /> The Sinhalese-Tamil Conflict, Hurst Publishers, 1988, p131&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;C.R. Da Silva, The impact of Nationalism on Education: The school Take-over 1961 and the University Admissions Crisis 1970-1975, Collective Identities, Nationalism, and Protests in Modern Sri Lanka, pp.486&lt;/ref&gt; In 1972, the government added a district quota as a parameter within each language. A student named Satiyaseelan formed ''Tamil Manavar Peravai'' (Tamil Students League) to counter this.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sangam.org/articles/view2/?uid=991|title=Pirapaharan, Chapter 42|author=T. Sabaratnam|publisher=Sangam.org|access-date=27 July 2011|archive-date=1 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210701054055/https://www.sangam.org/articles/view2/?uid=991|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://tamilnation.co/forum/sivaram/940508eelam_history.htm|title=The Exclusive Right to Write Eelam History|author=Taraki Sivaram|date=May 1994|publisher=Tamil Nation|access-date=27 July 2011|author-link=Taraki Sivaram|archive-date=19 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111119055553/http://tamilnation.co/forum/sivaram/940508eelam_history.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; This group comprised Tamil youth who advocated the rights of students to have fair enrolment. Inspired by the failed [[1971 JVP insurrection|1971 insurrection]] of [[Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna]], it was the first Tamil militant group of its kind.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.thebottomline.lk/2007/11/28/B34.htm |title=The JVP and Tamil militancy |author=T. Sabaratnam |publisher=BottomLine |access-date=17 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080929235805/http://www.thebottomline.lk/2007/11/28/B34.htm |archive-date=29 September 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt; It consisted of around 40 Tamil youth, including [[Ponnuthurai Sivakumaran]] (later, the leader of the Sivakumaran group), K. Pathmanaba (one of the founder members of [[Eelam Revolutionary Organisation of Students|EROS]]) and [[Velupillai Prabhakaran]], an 18-year-old youth from [[Valvettithurai]] (VVT).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://dspace.vidyanidhi.org.in:8080/dspace/bitstream/2009/5624/4/JNU-2005-087-3.pdf |title=Formation of the TULF: A formal background |access-date=27 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004015600/http://dspace.vidyanidhi.org.in:8080/dspace/bitstream/2009/5624/4/JNU-2005-087-3.pdf |archive-date=4 October 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1972, Prabhakaran teamed up with Chetti Thanabalasingam in Jaffna to form the [[Tamil New Tigers]] (TNT), with Thanabalasingham as its leader.&lt;ref name=&quot;rohang&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://212.150.54.123/articles/articledet.cfm?articleid=57 |title=International and Regional Implications of the Sri Lankan Tamil Insurgency |author=Rohan Gunaratna |date=December 1998 |access-date=27 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930204349/http://212.150.54.123/articles/articledet.cfm?articleid=57 |archive-date=30 September 2011 |author-link=Rohan Gunaratna }}&lt;/ref&gt; After he was killed, Prabhakaran took over.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4lurfqV-60AC&amp;pg=PA73 |title=Cold Terror: How Canada Nurtures and Exports Terrorism Around the World|author=Stewart Bell|access-date=27 July 2011|isbn=9780470739051|date=23 July 2009|publisher=Wiley }}&lt;/ref&gt; At the same time, [[Nadarajah Thangathurai]] and [[Selvarajah Yogachandran]] (better known by his ''[[nom de guerre]]'' Kuttimani) were also involved in discussions about an insurgency.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.vgweb.org/acslu/tamil_view.htm|title=Separatist Conflict in Sri Lanka: A Tamil View|publisher=vgweb.org|access-date=27 July 2011|archive-date=27 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627213850/http://www.vgweb.org/acslu/tamil_view.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; They would later (in 1979) create a separate organisation named [[Tamil Eelam Liberation Organisation]] (TELO) to campaign for the establishment of an independent [[Tamil Eelam]]. These groups, along with another prominent figure of the armed struggle, Ponnuthurai Sivakumaran, were involved in several hit-and-run operations against pro-government Tamil politicians, [[Sri Lanka Police]] and civil administration during the early 1970s. These attacks included throwing bombs at the residence and the car of [[SLFP]] [[Jaffna]] Mayor, [[Alfred Duraiyappah]], placing a bomb at a carnival held in the stadium of Jaffna city (now &quot;Duraiyappah stadium&quot;) and [[Neervely]] bank robbery. The [[1974 Tamil conference incident]] during which intervention by Sri Lankan police resulted in 11 dead&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=DeVotta |first=Neil |year=2009 |title=The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam and the Lost Quest for Separatism in Sri Lanka |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/as.2009.49.6.1021 |journal=[[Asian Survey]] |volume=49 |number=6 |page=1027 |doi=10.1525/as.2009.49.6.1021 |jstor=10.1525/as.2009.49.6.1021 |access-date=20 February 2021 |archive-date=27 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627213848/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/as.2009.49.6.1021 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; also sparked the anger of these militant groups. Both Sivakumaran and Prabhakaran attempted to assassinate Duraiyappah in revenge for the incident. Sivakumaran committed suicide on 5 June 1974, to evade capture by Police.&lt;ref name=&quot;sivakum&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lankanewspapers.com/news/2008/6/29020_space.html|title=Pon Sivakumaran, The first Martyr decided to die than suffer the torture in the event of enemy capture|publisher=Sri Lanka Newspapers|access-date=17 August 2011|archive-date=4 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904004112/http://www.lankanewspapers.com/news/2008/6/29020_space.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 27 July 1975, Prabhakaran assassinated Duraiyappah, who was branded as a &quot;traitor&quot; by [[TULF]] and the insurgents alike. Prabhakaran shot and killed the Mayor when he was visiting the Krishnan temple at Ponnalai.&lt;ref name=&quot;rohang&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hoffman139&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RSzyEx4do48C|last=Hoffman|first=Bruce|title=Inside Terrorism|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|location=New York|year=2006|page=139|isbn=978-0231-126-99-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Founding and rise to power===<br /> {{See also|Sri Lankan Civil War|List of commanders of the LTTE}}<br /> [[File: Uniform of LTTE Cadres.png|thumb|TL: Ground Troops, TR:Air Force, BL: Black Tigers (Suicide Bombers) and BR: Naval Forces]]<br /> The LTTE was founded on 5 May 1976 as the successor to the Tamil New Tigers. [[Uma Maheswaran]] became its leader, and Prabhakaran its military commander.&lt;ref name=&quot;jbsj6058&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://dbsjeyaraj.com/dbsj/archives/6058|title=Thirty Sixth Birth Anniversary of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam|publisher=dbsjeyaraj.com|date=5 May 2012|access-date=5 May 2012|last=Jeyaraj|first=D. B. S.|author-link=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508114714/http://dbsjeyaraj.com/dbsj/archives/6058|archive-date=8 May 2012|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A five-member committee was also appointed. It has been stated that Prabhakaran sought to &quot;refashion the old TNT/new LTTE into an elite, ruthlessly efficient, and highly professional fighting force&quot;,&lt;ref name=&quot;Hoffman139&quot;/&gt; by the terrorism expert [[Rohan Gunaratna]]. Prabhakaran kept the numbers of the group small and maintained a high standard of training.&lt;ref&gt;[[Rohan Gunaratna|Gunaratna, Rohan]], &quot;The Rebellion in Sri Lanka: Sparrow Tactics to Guerrilla Warfare (1971–1996),&quot; p. 13.&lt;/ref&gt; The LTTE carried out low-key attacks against various government targets, including policemen and local politicians.<br /> <br /> ====TULF support====<br /> [[Tamil United Liberation Front]] leader [[Appapillai Amirthalingam]], who was in 1977 elected as the [[Leader of the Opposition (Sri Lanka)|Opposition leader]] of [[Sri Lanka Parliament]], clandestinely supported the LTTE. Amirthalingam believed that if he could exercise control over the Tamil insurgent groups, it would enhance his political position and pressure the government to agree to grant political autonomy to the Tamils. Thus, he provided letters of reference to the LTTE and to other Tamil insurgent groups to raise funds. Both Uma Maheswaran (a former [[surveyor]]) and Urmila Kandiah, the first female member of the LTTE, were prominent members of the TULF youth wing.&lt;ref name=&quot;rohang&quot;/&gt; Maheswaran was the secretary of TULF Tamil Youth Forum, Colombo branch. Amirthalingam introduced Prabhakaran to N. S. Krishnan, who later became the first international representative of LTTE. It was Krishnan who introduced Prabhakaran to [[Anton Balasingham]], who later became the chief political strategist and chief negotiator of LTTE, which split for the first time in 1979. Uma Maheswaran was found to be having a love affair with Urmila Kandiah, which was against the code of conduct of LTTE. Prabhakaran expelled him and Maheswaran formed [[People's Liberation Organisation of Tamil Eelam]] (PLOTE) in 1980.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Clarance |first=William |title=Ethnic warfare in Sri Lanka and the UN crisis |year=2007 |publisher=Pluto Press |location=London |isbn=9780745325262 |pages=43 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1980, [[Junius Richard Jayewardene]]'s government agreed to devolve power by the means of District Development Councils upon the request of TULF. By this time, LTTE and other insurgent groups wanted [[Tamil Eelam|a separate state]]. They had no faith in any sort of political solution. Thus the TULF and other Tamil political parties were steadily marginalized and insurgent groups emerged as the major force in the north. During this period of time, several other insurgent groups came into the arena, such as [[Eelam Revolutionary Organisation of Students]] (1975), [[Tamil Eelam Liberation Organization]] (1979), PLOTE (1980), [[Eelam People's Revolutionary Liberation Front]] (1980) and [[Tamil Eelam Liberation Army]] (1982). LTTE ordered civilians to boycott the local government elections of 1983 which TULF contested. Voter turnout became as low as 10%. Thereafter, Tamil political parties were largely unable to represent the Tamil people as insurgent groups took over their position.&lt;ref name=&quot;rohang&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Thirunelveli attack, 1983====<br /> {{See also|Four Four Bravo}}<br /> [[File:LTTE leaders at Sirumalai camp.jpg|thumb|LTTE leaders at Sirumalai camp, Tamil Nadu, India in 1984 while they are being trained by [[Research and Analysis Wing|RAW]] (from L to R, weapon carrying is included within brackets) – Lingam; Prabhakaran's bodyguard ([[AK-63|Hungarian AK]]), [[Batticaloa]] commander Aruna ([[Beretta Model 38]] SMG), LTTE founder-leader [[Prabhakaran]] ([[pistol]]), [[Trincomalee]] commander Pulendran ([[AK-47]]), [[Mannar, Sri Lanka|Mannar]] commander Victor ([[M203]]) and Chief of Intelligence [[Pottu Amman (Tamil militant)|Pottu Amman]] ([[M16 rifle|M 16]]).]]<br /> <br /> Following a Sri Lankan Army ambush in Meesalai in which two LTTE members were killed including its military commander [[Seelan]], the LTTE sought revenge by launching its first attack on the Army. On 23 July 1983, the LTTE ambushed the Army patrol [[Four Four Bravo ambush|Four Four Bravo]] in [[Thirunelveli, Sri Lanka|Thirunelveli]], Jaffna, and killed thirteen soldiers.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jeyaraj |first=D.B.S. |date=19 July 2023 |title=Black July begins: Meesalai Army attack and Thinnavely LTTE ambush |url=https://www.ft.lk/columns/Black-July-begins-Meesalai-Army-attack-and-Thinnavely-LTTE-ambush/4-750783 |website=Daily FT}}&lt;/ref&gt; The ambush provided the pretext for the pre-planned [[Black July]] pogrom to be unleashed against the Tamil community in which 3,500-4,000 Tamils were killed.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jeyaraj |first=D.B.S. |date=12 July 2023 |title=&quot;Black July&quot;: Anatomy of an Anti-Tamil pogrom |url=https://www.ft.lk/columns/Black-July-Anatomy-of-an-Anti-Tamil-pogrom/4-750491 |website=Daily FT}}&lt;/ref&gt; Before the pogrom the LTTE had only 30 full-time members.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Subsequently, thousands of outraged Tamil youths joined Tamil militant groups to fight the Sri Lankan government, in what is considered a major catalyst to the insurgency in Sri Lanka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Harrison |first=Frances |date=23 July 2003 |title=Twenty years on - riots that led to war |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3090111.stm |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; Among the notable members to join the LTTE following the pogrom included its eastern commander [[Karuna Amman]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jeyaraj |first=D.B.S. |date=9 April 2004 |title=The Eastern warlord |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/article30221966.ece |website=Frontline}}&lt;/ref&gt; its police chief [[Balasingham Nadesan]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bulathsinghala |first=Frances |date=12 October 2003 |title=Tiger cops learn Sinhala |url=https://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2003/10/12/fea01.html |website=Sunday Observer}}&lt;/ref&gt; and its first suicide attacker [[Captain Miller (Tamil militant)|Captain Miller]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pleven |first=Liam |date=19 July 2005 |title=Secrets of their success: Politics, not faith, fuel the suicide bombers of Sri Lanka |url=http://www.newsday.com/news/nationworld/world/ny-wosri194349519jul19%2C0%2C331263.story |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050814004823/http://www.newsday.com/news/nationworld/world/ny-wosri194349519jul19%2C0%2C331263.story |archive-date=14 August 2005 |website=Newsday}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Indian support====<br /> {{See also|Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan Civil War}}<br /> In reaction to various geopolitical and economic factors, from August 1983 to May 1987, India, through its intelligence agency the [[Research and Analysis Wing]] (RAW), provided arms, training and monetary support to six Sri Lankan Tamil insurgent groups including the LTTE. During that period, 32 camps were set up in India to train these 495 LTTE insurgents,&lt;ref name=&quot;sndayt&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://sundaytimes.lk/970119/plus4.html|title=LTTE: the Indian connection|newspaper=Sunday Times|year=1997|access-date=25 July 2011|archive-date=15 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915053716/http://sundaytimes.lk/970119/plus4.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; including 90 women who were trained in 10 batches.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/19971212/34650923.html |title=Uppermost in our minds was to save the Gandhis' name |newspaper=Express India |year=1997 |access-date=25 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070811204127/http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/19971212/34650923.html |archive-date=11 August 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The first batch of Tigers were trained in [[Establishment 22]] based in [[Chakrata]], Uttarakhand. The second batch, including LTTE intelligence chief [[Pottu Amman (Tamil militant)|Pottu Amman]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=http://www.nation.lk/2009/10/04/militarym.htm|title=Pottu Amman: Patient but ruthless Tiger|magazine=The Nation|year=2009|access-date=28 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100530122902/http://www.nation.lk/2009/10/04/militarym.htm|archive-date=30 May 2010|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; trained in [[Himachal Pradesh]]. Prabakaran visited the first and the second batch of Tamil Tigers to see them training.&lt;ref name=&quot;Transcript- Rohan Gunaratne&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.llrcarchive.org/2010/10/rohan-gunaratne/|title=Transcript- Rohan Gunaratne|publisher=[[Lessons Learnt and Reconciliation Commission]]|year=2010|access-date=28 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119072710/http://www.llrcarchive.org/2010/10/rohan-gunaratne/|archive-date=19 January 2012|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Eight other batches of LTTE were trained in Tamil Nadu. [[Thenmozhi Rajaratnam]] ''alias'' Dhanu, who carried out the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi and Sivarasan, the key conspirator, were among the militants trained by RAW in [[Nainital]], India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=Killing Rajiv Gandhi: Dhanu's sacrificial metamorphosis in death|year=2009|doi=10.1080/19472490903387191|volume=1|journal=South Asian History and Culture|pages=25–41|last1 = Roberts|first1 = Michael|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In April 1984, the LTTE formally joined a common militant front, the [[Eelam National Liberation Front]] (ENLF), a union between LTTE, TELO, EROS and EPRLF.&lt;ref name=&quot;cs-tmg&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Tamil Militant Groups|journal=Sri Lanka: A Country Study|year=1988|author1=Russell R. Ross|author2=Andrea Matles Savada|url=http://countrystudies.us/sri-lanka/72.htm|access-date=2 May 2007|archive-date=19 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110919182250/http://countrystudies.us/sri-lanka/72.htm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Clashes with other insurgent groups====<br /> TELO usually held the Indian view of problems and pushed for India's view during peace talks with Sri Lanka and other groups. LTTE denounced the TELO view and claimed that India was only acting on its own interest.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Mehta |first=Raj K. |title=Lost Victory: The Rise &amp; Fall of LTTE Supremo, V. Prabhakaran |date=2010 |publisher=Pentagon Security International |location=New Delhi |isbn=9788182744431 |pages=51–52 |edition=1st |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; As a result, the LTTE broke from the ENLF in 1986. Soon fighting broke out between the TELO and the LTTE and clashes occurred over the next few months.&lt;ref name=Hellmann-rajanayagam1994&gt;{{Cite book|last=Hellmann-rajanayagam|first=D.|year=1994|title=The Tamil Tigers: Armed Struggle for Identity|publisher=Franz Steiner Verlag|page=164|isbn=978-3-515-06530-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;cw-eb&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=O'Ballance|first=Edgar|title=The Cyanide War: Tamil Insurrection in Sri Lanka 1973–88|publisher=Brassey's|year=1989|location=London|page=61|isbn=978-0-08-036695-1}}&lt;/ref&gt; As a result, almost the entire TELO leadership and at least 400 TELO militants were killed by the LTTE.&lt;ref name=&quot;cw-eb62&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=O'Ballance|first=Edgar|title=The Cyanide War: Tamil Insurrection in Sri Lanka 1973–88|publisher=Brassey's|year=1989|location=London|page=62|isbn=978-0-08-036695-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Wilson|first=A. Jeyaratnam|title=Sri Lankan Tamil Nationalism: Its Origins and Development in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries|publisher=[[University of British Columbia Press]]|page=128|date=June 2000|isbn=978-0-7748-0760-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=M. R. Narayan Swamy|title=Tigers of Lanka: from Boys to Guerrillas|publisher=South Asia Books|pages=191–198|date=August 1995|isbn=978-81-220-0386-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; The LTTE attacked training camps of the [[EPRLF]] a few months later, forcing it to withdraw from the [[Jaffna Peninsula]].&lt;ref name=&quot;cs-tmg&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;cw-eb62&quot;/&gt; Notices were issued to the effect that all remaining Tamil insurgents join the LTTE in Jaffna and in [[Madras]], where the Tamil groups were headquartered. With the major groups including the TELO and EPRLF eliminated, the remaining 20 or so Tamil insurgent groups were then absorbed into the LTTE, making Jaffna an LTTE-dominated city.&lt;ref name=&quot;cw-eb62&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Another practice that increased support by Tamil people was LTTE's members taking an oath of loyalty which stated LTTE's goal of establishing a state for the Sri Lankan Tamils.&lt;ref name=Hellmann-rajanayagam1994/&gt;&lt;ref name=Roberts2005&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Roberts|first=M.|year=2005|title=Tamil Tiger &quot;Martyrs&quot;: Regenerating Divine Potency?|journal=Studies in Conflict &amp; Terrorism|volume=28|issue=6|pages=493–514|doi=10.1080/10576100590950129|s2cid=109066751}}&lt;/ref&gt; LTTE members were prohibited from smoking cigarettes and consuming alcohol in any form. LTTE members were required to avoid their family members and avoid communication with them. Initially, LTTE members were prohibited from having love affairs or sexual relationships as it could deter their prime motive, but this policy changed after Prabhakaran married Mathivathani Erambu in October 1984.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Ezrow |first=Natasha M. |title=Global Politics and Violent Non-state Actors |date=2017 |publisher=SAGE PUBLICATIONS |location=University of Essex, UK |isbn=9781526421579 |pages=94 |edition=1st |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===IPKF period===<br /> {{Main|Indian Peace Keeping Force}}<br /> <br /> In July 1987, faced with growing anger among its own Tamils and a flood of refugees,&lt;ref name=&quot;cs-tmg&quot;/&gt; India intervened directly in the conflict for the first time by initially [[Operation Poomalai|airdropping food parcels into Jaffna]]. After negotiations, India and Sri Lanka entered into the [[Indo-Sri Lanka Accord]]. Though the conflict was between the Tamil and Sinhalese people, India and Sri Lanka signed the peace accord instead of India influencing both parties to sign a peace accord among themselves. The peace accord assigned a certain degree of regional autonomy in the Tamil areas, with Eelam People's Revolutionary Liberation Front (EPRLF) controlling the regional council and called for the Tamil militant groups to surrender. India was to send a [[peacekeeping]] force, named the [[Indian Peace Keeping Force]] (IPKF), part of the [[Indian Army]], to Sri Lanka to enforce the disarmament and to watch over the regional council.&lt;ref&gt;The Peace Accord and the Tamils in Sri Lanka. Hennayake S.K. Asian Survey, Vol. 29, No. 4. (April 1989), pp. 401–15.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Stokke2000a&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Stokke|first=K.|author2=Ryntveit, A.K.|year=2000|title=The Struggle for Tamil Eelam in Sri Lanka|journal=Growth and Change: A Journal of Urban and Regional Policy|volume=31|issue=2|pages=285–304|doi=10.1111/0017-4815.00129|bibcode=2000GroCh..31..285S }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====War against IPKF====<br /> Although the Tamil militant organizations did not have a role in the Indo-Lanka agreement,&lt;ref name=Hellmann-rajanayagam1994/&gt; most groups, including EPRLF, TELO, EROS, and PLOTE, accepted it.&lt;ref name=&quot;cw-eb91-94&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=O'Ballance|first=Edgar|title=The Cyanide War: Tamil Insurrection in Sri Lanka 1973–88|publisher=Brassey's|year=1989|location=London|pages=91–4|isbn=978-0-08-036695-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;terror1&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Contending with Terrorism: Roots, Strategies, and Responses|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zTWnisKC1SUC|publisher=[[MIT Press]]|last1=Brown|first1=Michael E.|last2=Coté, Jr.|first2=Owen R.|last3=Lynn-Jones|first3=Sean M.|year=2010|location=New York|page=214|isbn=978-0-262-51464-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; LTTE rejected the accord because they opposed EPRLF's [[Annamalai Varadaraja Perumal|Varadaraja Perumal]] as the chief ministerial candidate for the merged [[North Eastern Province, Sri Lanka|North Eastern Province]].&lt;ref name=Stokke2000a/&gt; The LTTE named three alternate candidates for the position, which India rejected.&lt;ref name=&quot;cw-eb91-94&quot;/&gt; The LTTE subsequently refused to hand over their weapons to the IPKF.&lt;ref name=Hellmann-rajanayagam1994/&gt; The LTTE's political leader for Jaffna peninsula [[Thileepan]] died during a hunger strike directed at the Indian government after it had failed to meet his demands; and on 5 October 12 LTTE cadres detained by the Sri Lankan Navy [[1987 Suicide of Tamil Tigers|committed suicide]] when the Sri Lankan Army attempted to take them to Colombo for interrogation after the IPKF refused to intervene and secure their release under the accord. Major General [[Harkirat Singh (general)|Harkirat Singh]] [[Jyotindra Nath Dixit|J.N.Dixit]] and [[Depinder Singh]] were against handing over the LTTE cadres to the Sri Lankan Army but due to orders from New Delhi they agreed. The LTTE walked out of the accord after the mass suicide. [[Harkirat Singh (general)|Harkirat Singh]] blamed the diplomats and the Army headquarters for the turn of events leading to the conflict.&lt;ref name=&quot;Singh 2002 p.&quot;&gt;{{cite book | last=Singh | first=D. | title=The IPKF in Sri Lanka | publisher=Trishul Publications | year=2002 | isbn=978-81-85384-05-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5mRuAAAAMAAJ | access-date=17 Apr 2023 | page=83 | archive-date=28 May 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528024753/https://books.google.com/books?id=5mRuAAAAMAAJ | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Tamil Nation &amp; Beyond - தமிழ் தேசியம் 1987&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Thileepan's Fast to Death - Jaffna - September 1987 | website=Tamil Nation &amp; Beyond - தமிழ் தேசியம் | date=14 Nov 1987 | url=https://tamilnation.org/indictment/indict046.htm#a7 | access-date=17 Apr 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sangarasivam 2022 p. 195&quot;&gt;{{cite book | last=Sangarasivam | first=Y. | title=Nationalism, Terrorism, Patriotism: A Speculative Ethnography of War | publisher=Springer International Publishing | year=2022 | isbn=978-3-030-82665-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UWZXEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA195 | access-date=17 Apr 2023 | page=195 | archive-date=28 May 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528024754/https://books.google.com/books?id=UWZXEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA195 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Singh 2007 p.&quot;&gt;{{cite book | last=Singh | first=Harkirat | title=Intervention in Sri Lanka: The I.P.K.F. Experience Retold | publisher=Manohar Publishers &amp; Distributors | year=2007 | isbn=978-81-7304-705-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_7afAAAAMAAJ | access-date=16 Apr 2023 | page= | archive-date=28 May 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528024754/https://books.google.com/books?id=_7afAAAAMAAJ | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Heynes 2016 p. 121&quot;&gt;{{cite book | last=Heynes | first=S. | title=The Bleeding Island: Scars and Wounds | publisher=Partridge Publishing India | year=2016 | isbn=978-1-4828-7478-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_OVEDAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT121 | access-date=16 Apr 2023 | page=121 | archive-date=28 May 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528024753/https://books.google.com/books?id=_OVEDAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT121 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Krishna 1999 p. 2-PA182&quot;&gt;{{cite book | last=Krishna | first=S. | title=Postcolonial Insecurities: India, Sri Lanka, and the Question of Nationhood | publisher=University of Minnesota Press | series=Borderlines (Minneapolis, Minn.) | year=1999 | isbn=978-1-4529-0387-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_Xq4GnaraYUC&amp;pg=RA2-PA182 | access-date=16 Apr 2023 | page=2-PA182 | archive-date=28 May 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528024754/https://books.google.com/books?id=_Xq4GnaraYUC&amp;pg=RA2-PA182 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NDTV.com 2019&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=LTTE Leaders Swallowed Cyanide Pills - And Everything Changed For India | website=NDTV.com | date=22 Feb 2019 | url=https://www.ndtv.com/book-excerpts/ltte-leaders-swallowed-cyanide-pills-and-everything-changed-for-india-1661795 | access-date=17 Apr 2023 | archive-date=17 April 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417052024/https://www.ndtv.com/book-excerpts/ltte-leaders-swallowed-cyanide-pills-and-everything-changed-for-india-1661795 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Rediff.com 1987&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Rediff On The NeT: J N Dixit reveals the genesis of LTTE chief Prabhakaran's antagonism for India | website=Rediff.com | date=6 Oct 1987 | url=https://www.rediff.com/news/nov/04dixi10.htm | access-date=17 Apr 2023 | archive-date=22 April 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422011502/https://www.rediff.com/news/nov/04dixi10.htm | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Thus LTTE engaged in military conflict with the Indian Army, and launched its first attack on an Indian army rations truck on 8 October, killing five Indian para-commandos who were on board by strapping [[Necklacing|burning tire]]s around their necks. The government of India stated that the IPKF should disarm the LTTE by force.&lt;ref name=&quot;cw-eb100&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=O'Ballance |first=Edgar |title=The Cyanide War: Tamil Insurrection in Sri Lanka 1973–88 |publisher=Brassey's |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-08-036695-1 |location=London |page=100}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Indian Army launched assaults on the LTTE, including a month-long campaign, ''[[Operation Pawan]]'' to win control of the Jaffna Peninsula. The ruthlessness of this campaign, and the Indian army's subsequent anti-LTTE operations, which included [[Jaffna hospital massacre|civilian massacres]] and [[Sexual violence against Tamils in Sri Lanka#IPKF period|rapes]] made it extremely unpopular among many Tamils in Sri Lanka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Chattopadhyaya |first=Haraprasad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MRU6QKPBTFQC&amp;pg=PA112 |title=Ethnic Unrest in Modern Sri Lanka: An Account of Tamil-Sinhalese Race Relations |date=1994 |publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=978-81-85880-52-5 |pages=112–113 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Premadasa government support====<br /> The Indian intervention was also unpopular among the Sinhalese majority. Prime Minister [[Ranasinghe Premadasa]] pledged to withdraw IPKF as soon as he was elected president during his presidential election campaign in 1988. After being elected, in April 1989, he started negotiations with LTTE. President Premadasa ordered the [[Sri Lanka Army]] to clandestinely hand over arms consignments to the LTTE to fight the IPKF and its proxy, the Tamil National Army (TNA). These consignments included RPGs, mortars, self-loading rifles, [[Type 81 assault rifle]], [[Type 56 assault rifle|T56 automatic rifles]], [[pistol]]s, [[hand grenades]], ammunition, and communications sets.&lt;ref name=&quot;atimesd&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/DH31Df01.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020917085415/http://atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/DH31Df01.html|url-status=dead |archive-date=17 September 2002|work=Asia Times|title=Chapter 55: Assassination of Athulathmudali|access-date=28 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Moreover, millions of dollars were also passed on to the LTTE.&lt;ref name=&quot;lankal&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lankalibrary.com/phpBB/viewtopic.php?t=690|publisher=Lanka Library|title=Arming the enemy – Handing over arms to the LTTE|access-date=28 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402142915/http://www.lankalibrary.com/phpBB/viewtopic.php?t=690|archive-date=2 April 2012|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===After IPKF===<br /> The last members of the IPKF, which was estimated to have had a strength of well over 100,000 at its peak, left the country in March 1990 upon the request of President Premadasa. Unstable peace initially held between the government and the LTTE, and peace talks progressed towards providing devolution for Tamils in the north and east of the country. A ceasefire held between LTTE and the government from June 1989 to June 1990, but broke down as LTTE [[1990 massacre of Sri Lankan Police officers|massacred 600 police officers]] in the [[Eastern Province, Sri Lanka|Eastern Province]].&lt;ref name=&quot;at&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.atimes.com/ind-pak/DF15Df01.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020917071933/http://www.atimes.com/ind-pak/DF15Df01.html|url-status=dead |archive-date=17 September 2002|title=Sri Lanka: The Untold Story, Chapter 44: Eelam war – again|access-date=28 July 2011|year=2002|author=K. T. Rajasingham|work=Asia Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Fighting continued throughout the 1990s, and was marked by two key assassinations carried out by the LTTE: those of former Indian Prime Minister [[Rajiv Gandhi]] in 1991, and Sri Lankan President [[Ranasinghe Premadasa]] in 1993, using suicide bombers on both occasions. The fighting briefly halted in 1994 following the election of [[Chandrika Kumaratunga]] as President of Sri Lanka and the onset of peace talks, but fighting resumed after LTTE [[Bombing of SLNS Sooraya and SLNS Ranasuru|sacked two SLN gunboats]] on 19 April 1995.&lt;ref name=&quot;ips-peace&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=A Look at the Peace Negotiations |publisher=Inter Press Service |year=2003 |url=http://ipsnews.net/srilanka/timeline.shtml |access-date=9 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203234416/http://ipsnews.net/srilanka/timeline.shtml |archive-date=3 February 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In a series of military operations that followed, the [[Sri Lanka Armed Forces]] recaptured the Jaffna Peninsula.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/5/newsid_4618000/4618661.stm|title=Jaffna falls to Sri Lankan army|work=BBC News|agency=[[BBC News]]|date=5 December 1995|access-date=9 February 2009|archive-date=26 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161126171717/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/5/newsid_4618000/4618661.stm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Further offensives followed over the next three years, and the military captured large areas in the north of the country from the LTTE, including areas in the [[Vanni region]], the town of [[Kilinochchi]], and many smaller towns. From 1998 onward, the LTTE regained control of these areas, which culminated in the capture in April 2000 of the strategically important [[Elephant Pass]] base complex, located at the entrance of the Jaffna Peninsula, after prolonged fighting against the Sri Lanka Army.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1709/17091240.htm|title=The fall of Elephant Pass|author=V. S. Sambandan|date=April 2000|publisher=Hindu Net|access-date=9 February 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20071017211759/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1709/17091240.htm|archive-date=17 October 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Mahattaya]], a one-time deputy leader of LTTE, was accused of treason by the LTTE and killed in 1994.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.infolanka.com/org/srilanka/issues/AI(96).html AI 1996 Annual Report – Sri Lanka entry] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091231012111/http://infolanka.com/org/srilanka/issues/AI(96).html |date=31 December 2009 }}.&lt;/ref&gt; He is said to have collaborated with the Indian [[Research and Analysis Wing]] to remove Prabhakaran from the LTTE leadership.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.sangam.org/PIRABAKARAN/Part22.htm |title=The Pirabhakaran Phenomenon Part 22 |publisher=Sangam.org |access-date=31 January 2013 |archive-date=23 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090523101317/http://www.sangam.org/PIRABAKARAN/Part22.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===2002 ceasefire===<br /> [[File:LTTE bike platoon north of Killinochini may 2004.jpg|thumb|left|An LTTE [[bicycle infantry]] [[platoon]] north of [[Kilinochchi]] in 2004]]<br /> <br /> In 2002, the LTTE dropped its demand for a separate state,&lt;ref name=&quot;dawn1&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://archives.dawn.com/2002/09/19/int1.htm|title=LTTE drops demand for separate state|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|DAWN]]|date=19 September 2002|access-date=5 May 2012|last=Bulathsinghala|first=Frances|location=Thailand}}&lt;/ref&gt; instead demanding a form of regional autonomy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=At Any Cost: National Liberation Terrorism|author=Samuel M. Katz|year=2004|publisher=Twenty-First Century Books|isbn=978-0-8225-0949-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TEY_drrYRWsC&amp;q=%22ltte%22%22regional+autonomy%22&amp;pg=PT52}}&lt;/ref&gt; Following the landslide election defeat of Kumaratunga and [[Ranil Wickramasinghe]] coming to power in December 2001, the LTTE declared a unilateral ceasefire.&lt;ref name=unilateral&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/12/25/stories/2004122504691200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041227095400/http://www.hindu.com/2004/12/25/stories/2004122504691200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 December 2004|title=LTTE for talks|access-date=20 April 2008|last=V.S.|first=Sambandan|date=25 December 2004|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Sri Lankan Government agreed to the ceasefire, and in March 2002 the Ceasefire Agreement (CFA) was signed. As part of the agreement, Norway and other [[Nordic countries]] agreed to jointly monitor the ceasefire through the [[Sri Lanka Monitoring Mission]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.hrw.org/english/docs/2004/07/27/slanka9153.htm Sri Lanka: New Killings Threaten Ceasefire] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080918133854/http://www.hrw.org/english/docs/2004/07/27/slanka9153.htm |date=18 September 2008 }}, ''Human Rights Watch'', 28 July 2004.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Six rounds of peace talks between the Government of Sri Lanka and LTTE were held, but they were temporarily suspended after the LTTE pulled out of the talks in 2003 claiming &quot;certain critical issues relating to the ongoing peace process&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2216.cms |title=Lankan PM calls LTTE to end talk deadlock |newspaper=The Times of India |date=2 June 2003 |access-date=9 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113165032/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2216.cms |archive-date=13 January 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2003/04/27/bus01.html|title=Business community urges LTTE to get back to negotiating table|date=27 April 2003|publisher=The Associated Newspapers of Ceylon|work=Sunday Observer|access-date=9 February 2009|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211060420/http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2003/04/27/bus01.html|archive-date=11 February 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2003 the LTTE proposed an [[Interim Self Governing Authority|Interim Self-Governing Authority]] (ISGA). This move was approved of by the international community but rejected by the Sri Lankan President.&lt;ref name= &quot;McConnell2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=McConnell|first=D.|year=2008|title=The Tamil people's right to self-determination|journal=Cambridge Review of International Affairs|volume=21|issue=1|pages=59–76|url=http://www.informaworld.com/index/790622093.pdf|access-date=25 March 2008|doi=10.1080/09557570701828592|s2cid=154770852}}&lt;/ref&gt; The LTTE boycotted the presidential election in December 2005. While LTTE claimed that the people under its control were free to vote, it is alleged that they used threats to prevent the population from voting. The United States condemned this.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sinhala/highlights/story/2005/11/051122_ltte_boycott.shtml|title=LTTE supported Rajapakse presidency?|last=Pathirana|first=Saroj|date=23 November 2005|work=BBC News|agency=[[BBC News]]|access-date=9 February 2009|archive-date=27 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090427173003/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sinhala/highlights/story/2005/11/051122_ltte_boycott.shtml|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:Amma-4--maveerarnaal-2002.jpg|thumb|A mother of a dead LTTE cadre raises the [[Flag of Tamil Eelam|Tamil Eelam flag]] on [[Maaveerar Naal]] 2002 in Germany]]<br /> The new government of Sri Lanka came into power in 2006 and demanded to abrogate the ceasefire agreement, stating that the ethnic conflict could only have a military solution, and that the only way to achieve this was by eliminating the LTTE.&lt;ref&gt;[[R. Cheran]] (April 2009) ''[https://archive.today/20120715115421/http://therealnews.com/id/3549/April 9, 2009/UN+calls+for+ceasefire+fire+in+Sri+Lanka UN calls for ceasefire fire in Sri Lanka]'' at ''[[The Real News]]''&lt;/ref&gt; Further peace talks were scheduled in [[Oslo]], Norway, on 8 and 9 June 2006, but cancelled when the LTTE refused to meet directly with the government delegation, stating its fighters were not being allowed safe passage to travel to the talks. Norwegian mediator [[Erik Solheim]] told journalists that the LTTE should take direct responsibility for the collapse of the talks.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc10&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sinhala/news/story/2006/06/060609_saroj-oslo.shtml|title=Collapse of talks|last=Pathirana|first=Saroj|work=BBC News|agency=BBC News|date=9 June 2006|access-date=9 February 2009|archive-date=15 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115000005/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sinhala/news/story/2006/06/060609_saroj-oslo.shtml|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rifts grew between the government and LTTE, and resulted in a number of ceasefire agreement violations by both sides during 2006. Suicide attacks,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.beehive.govt.nz/release/pm+condemns+suicide+bomb+attack+sri+lanka|title=PM condemns suicide bomb attack in Sri Lanka|date=17 October 2006|publisher=New Zealand Government|access-date=9 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114035727/http://www.beehive.govt.nz/release/pm+condemns+suicide+bomb+attack+sri+lanka|archive-date=14 January 2009|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; military skirmishes, and air raids took place during the latter part of 2006.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.globalinsight.com/SDA/SDADetail5671.htm|title=Military Launches Airstrike Against LTTE After Suicide Bombing in Sri Lanka|publisher=Global Insight|year=2007|access-date=9 February 2009|archive-date=1 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090601184134/http://www.globalinsight.com/SDA/SDADetail5671.htm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4941744.stm|title=Bomb targets Sri Lanka army chief|work=BBC News|agency=[[BBC News]]|date=25 April 2006|access-date=9 February 2009|archive-date=30 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930114505/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4941744.stm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Between February 2002 to May 2007, the [[Sri Lanka Monitoring Mission]] documented 3,830 ceasefire violations by the LTTE, with respect to 351 by the security forces.&lt;ref name=&quot;rep&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Humanitarian Operation – Factual Analysis, July 2006 – May 2009 |url=http://www.defence.lk/news/20110801_Conf.pdf |publisher=[[Ministry of Defence (Sri Lanka)]] |date=1 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055103/https://www.defence.lk/news/20110801_Conf.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Military confrontation continued into 2007 and 2008. In January 2008 the government officially pulled out of the Cease Fire Agreement.&lt;ref name=&quot;afp&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.france24.com/france24Public/en/archives/news/world/20080102-sri-lanka-tamil-tiger-cease-fire-end.php |title=Government ends ceasefire with Tamil Tigers |publisher=France 24 |work=France 24 International News |agency=[[Agence France-Presse]] |date=2 January 2008 |access-date=9 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207001924/http://www.france24.com/france24Public/en/archives/news/world/20080102-sri-lanka-tamil-tiger-cease-fire-end.php |archive-date=7 February 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Dissension===<br /> {{See also|Colonel Karuna}}<br /> In the most significant show of dissent from within the organisation, a senior LTTE commander named [[Colonel Karuna]] (''[[nom de guerre]]'' of Vinayagamoorthi Muralitharan) broke away from the LTTE in March 2004 and formed the TamilEela Makkal Viduthalai Pulikal (later [[Tamil Makkal Viduthalai Pulikal]]), amid allegations that the northern commanders were overlooking the needs of the eastern Tamils. The LTTE leadership accused him of mishandling funds and questioned him about his recent personal behaviour. He tried to take control of the eastern province from the LTTE, which caused clashes between the LTTE and TMVP. The LTTE suggested that TMVP was backed by the government,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&amp;artid=11391|title=Karuna removed from the LTTE|date=6 March 2004|publisher=TamilNet report|access-date=7 October 2008|archive-date=1 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210701071431/https://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&amp;artid=11391|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the Nordic SLMM monitors corroborated this.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.slmm.lk/intros/FINAL%20GENEVA%20REPORT%20AFTER%20CORRECTIONS%20ON%201st%20of%20JUNE.pdf |title=Sri Lanka Monitoring Mission |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060928114856/http://www.slmm.lk/intros/FINAL%20GENEVA%20REPORT%20AFTER%20CORRECTIONS%20ON%201st%20of%20JUNE.pdf |archive-date=28 September 2006 }}&lt;/ref&gt; It was later revealed that UNP Member of Parliament [[Seyed Ali Zahir Moulana]] had played an important role in the defection of Colonel Karuna from the LTTE to the Government.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title = Online edition of Sunday Observer – Business|url = https://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2004/06/27/fea09.html|website = www.sundayobserver.lk|access-date = 9 November 2015|url-status = live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150924120715/http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2004/06/27/fea09.html|archive-date = 24 September 2015|df = dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Military defeat===<br /> {{Main|Eelam War IV}}<br /> <br /> [[Mahinda Rajapaksa]] was [[2005 Sri Lankan presidential election|elected as the president of Sri Lanka]] in 2005. After a brief period of negotiations, LTTE pulled out of peace talks indefinitely.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc9&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sinhala/news/story/2006/04/printable/060423_eu_ban.shtml|title=EU ban on LTTE urged|publisher=BBCNews|date=23 April 2006|access-date=28 July 2011|archive-date=14 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114105913/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sinhala/news/story/2006/04/printable/060423_eu_ban.shtml|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sporadic violence had continued and on 25 April 2006, LTTE tried to assassinate Sri Lankan Army Commander [[Lieutenant General]] [[Sarath Fonseka]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4941744.stm|title=Bomb targets Sri Lanka army chief|work=BBC News|date=25 April 2006|access-date=4 January 2010|archive-date=30 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930114505/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4941744.stm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Following the attack, the [[European Union]] proscribed the LTTE as a terrorist organisation.&lt;ref name=&quot;hindu1&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/05/31/stories/2006053117200100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060601100958/http://www.hindu.com/2006/05/31/stories/2006053117200100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 June 2006|title=European Union bans LTTE|date=31 May 2006|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}&lt;/ref&gt; A new crisis leading to the first large-scale fighting since signing of the ceasefire occurred when the LTTE closed the [[sluice gate]]s of the Mavil Oya ([[Mavil Aru]]) reservoir on 21 July 2006, and cut the [[water supply]] to 15,000 villages in government controlled areas.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc12&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/5249884.stm|title=Sri Lanka forces attack reservoir|work=BBC News|date=6 August 2006|access-date=4 January 2010|archive-date=16 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416231229/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/5249884.stm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; This dispute developed into a full-scale war by August 2006.<br /> <br /> After the breakdown of the peace process in 2006, the Sri Lankan military launched a major offensive against the Tigers, defeating the LTTE militarily and bringing the entire country under its control. Human rights groups criticised the nature of the victory which included the internment of Tamil civilians in [[Internment|concentration]] camps with little or no access to outside agencies.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/sep/13/tamils-camps-sri-lanka|title=Harassed Tamils languish in prison-like camps in Sri Lanka|last=Ramesh|first=Randeep|date=13 September 2009|work=The Guardian|access-date=15 July 2017|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=1 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210701103442/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/sep/13/tamils-camps-sri-lanka|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Victory over the Tigers was declared by Sri Lankan President [[Mahinda Rajapaksa]] on 16 May 2009,&lt;ref name=&quot;st-end&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=President to announce end of war|date=17 May 2009|url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/090517/News/sundaytimesnews_01.html|work=Times Online|access-date=16 May 2009|archive-date=20 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090520145117/http://www.sundaytimes.lk/090517/News/sundaytimesnews_01.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the LTTE admitted defeat on 17 May 2009.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.news.com.au/story/0,27574,25496902-401,00.html |title=''Tamil Tigers'' admit defeat in civil war after 37-year battle |publisher=News.com.au |date=17 May 2009 |access-date=17 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090519011848/http://www.news.com.au/story/0%2C27574%2C25496902-401%2C00.html |archive-date=19 May 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Prabhakaran was killed by government forces on 19 May 2009. [[Selvarasa Pathmanathan]] succeeded Prabhakaran as leader of the LTTE, but he was later arrested in Malaysia and handed over to the Sri Lankan government in August 2009.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/08/09/stories/2009080952680900.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090811045105/http://www.hindu.com/2009/08/09/stories/2009080952680900.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 August 2009|title='Operation KP': the dramatic capture and after|first=D.B.S.|last=Jeyaraj|location=Chennai, India|date=9 August 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Defeat in the East====<br /> {{main|Eastern Theatre of Eelam War IV}}<br /> [[Eelam War IV]] had commenced in the East. Mavil Aru came under the control of the Sri Lanka Army by 15 August 2006. Systematically, [[Sampoor]], [[Vakarai (Sri Lanka)|Vakarai]], Kanjikudichchi Aru and [[Batticaloa]] also came under military control. The military then captured Thoppigala, the Tiger stronghold in [[Eastern Province, Sri Lanka|Eastern Province]] on 11 July 2007. [[IPKF]] had failed to capture it from LTTE during its offensive in 1988.&lt;ref name=&quot;Baron's cap battle-2007-07-11&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Sri Lanka declares fall of rebel east, Tigers defiant|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSCOL15933520070711|access-date=11 July 2007|date=11 July 2007|archive-date=27 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627213849/https://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSCOL15933520070711|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Defeat in the North====<br /> {{main|2008–2009 SLA Northern offensive|Northern Theatre of Eelam War IV}}<br /> Sporadic fighting had been happening in the North for months, but the intensity of the clashes increased after September 2007. Gradually, the defence lines of the LTTE began to fall. The advancing military confined the LTTE into rapidly diminishing areas in the North. Earlier, on 2 November 2007, [[S. P. Thamilselvan]], who was the head of the rebels' political wing, was killed during another government air raid.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7074450.stm|title=Senior Tamil Tiger leader killed|work=BBC News|date=2 November 2007|access-date=31 December 2007|archive-date=27 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627213850/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7074450.stm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 2 January 2008, the Sri Lankan government officially abandoned the ceasefire agreement. By 2 August 2008, LTTE lost the [[Mannar District]] following the fall of Vellankulam town. Troops captured [[Pooneryn]] and [[Maankulam (Sri Lanka)|Mankulam]] during the final months of 2008.<br /> <br /> On 2 January 2009, the President of Sri Lanka, [[Mahinda Rajapaksa]], announced that the Sri Lankan troops had captured [[Kilinochchi]], the city which the LTTE had used for over a decade as its de facto administrative capital.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/01/03/stories/2009010357740100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090124013634/http://www.hindu.com/2009/01/03/stories/2009010357740100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 January 2009|title=Kilinochchi captured in devastating blow to LTTE|last=Reddy|first=B. Muralidhar|date=3 January 2009|access-date=9 February 2009|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=xinhuanet-10596928&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-01/03/content_10596928.htm|title=The fall of rebel headquarters: what does it hold for Sri Lanka?|date=3 January 2009|author=Mahendra|publisher=Xinhuanet|agency=[[Xinhua News Agency]]|access-date=9 February 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090604103501/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-01/03/content_10596928.htm|archive-date=4 June 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2009/01/02/world/AP-AS-Sri-Lanka-Civil-War.html?_r=1 |title=Sri Lanka Says Troops Have Rebel Capital |date=2 January 2009 |newspaper=New York Times |agency=[[Associated Press]] |access-date=9 February 2009 }}{{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt; On the same day, President Rajapaksa called upon LTTE to surrender.&lt;ref name=&quot;rep&quot;/&gt; It was stated that the loss of Kilinochchi had caused substantial damage to the LTTE's public image,&lt;ref name=xinhuanet-10596928/&gt; and that the LTTE was likely to collapse under military pressure on multiple fronts.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.island.lk/2009/01/03/editorial.html|title=Editorial: A blow to global terror|publisher=Upali Newspapers|work=The Island Online|access-date=9 February 2009|archive-date=24 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090624062509/http://www.island.lk/2009/01/03/editorial.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; As of 8 January 2009, the LTTE abandoned its positions on the Jaffna peninsula to make a last stand in the jungles of [[Mullaitivu]], their last main base.&lt;ref name=&quot;mod-bbc-01/08/09&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7817110.stm|title=Army 'takes more Tiger territory'|date=8 January 2009|work=BBC News|agency=[[BBC News]]|access-date=8 January 2009|archive-date=8 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108095006/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7817110.stm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Jaffna Peninsula was captured by the Sri Lankan Army by 14 January.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601091&amp;sid=aehebYR1I8gI&amp;refer=india|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120721035858/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601091&amp;sid=aehebYR1I8gI&amp;refer=india|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 July 2012|title=Sri Lankan Military Seizes Last Rebel Base on Jaffna Peninsula|last=Johnson|first=Ed|date=14 January 2009|publisher=Bloomberg|agency=[[Bloomberg L.P.]]|access-date=9 February 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 25 January 2009, SLA troops &quot;completely captured&quot; Mullaitivu town, the last major LTTE stronghold.&lt;ref name=&quot;mod-bbc-01/25/09&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Last Tamil Tiger bastion 'taken'|date=25 January 2009|work=BBC News|agency=[[BBC News]]|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7849684.stm|access-date=25 January 2009|archive-date=25 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090125205609/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7849684.stm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> President [[Mahinda Rajapaksa]] declared military victory over the Tamil Tigers on 16 May 2009, after 26 years of conflict.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8053542.stm Sri Lanka army 'defeats rebels'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090523142300/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8053542.stm |date=23 May 2009 }}, [[BBC]], 16 May 2009&lt;/ref&gt; The rebels offered to lay down their weapons in return for a guarantee of safety.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article6301821.ece Fears of mass suicide as Tamil Tigers face final defeat] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090519195308/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article6301821.ece |date=19 May 2009 }}, [[The Times]], 17 May 2009&lt;/ref&gt; On 17 May 2009, LTTE's head of the Department of International Relations, [[Selvarasa Pathmanathan]] conceded defeat, saying in an email statement, &quot;this battle has reached its bitter end&quot;.<br /> <br /> ====Aftermath====<br /> With the end of the hostilities, 11,664 LTTE members, including 595 [[Child soldiers in Sri Lanka|child soldiers]] surrendered to the Sri Lankan military.&lt;ref name=&quot;obsys&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2011/06/05/sec03.asp|title=Sri Lankan experience proves nothing is impossible|publisher=The Sunday Observer|date=5 June 2011|access-date=5 June 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608160932/http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2011/06/05/sec03.asp|archive-date=8 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Approximately 150 hardcore LTTE cadres and 1,000 mid-level cadres escaped to India.&lt;ref name=&quot;meht&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/364741/Colombo-recalls-splendid-victory.html|title=Colombo recalls splendid victory|publisher=The Pioneer|date=31 August 2011|access-date=31 August 2011|archive-date=1 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210701111857/https://www.dailypioneer.com/364741/Colombo-recalls-splendid-victory.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The government detained surrendered cadres for &quot;rehabilitation&quot; under a National Action Plan for the Re-integration of Ex-combatants while allegations of torture, rape and murder of detainees were reported by international human rights bodies.&lt;ref name=&quot;hrw1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2010/02/02/legal-limbo-0|title=The Uncertain Fate of Detained LTTE Suspects in Sri Lanka|publisher=Human rights Watch|date=3 February 2010|access-date=3 February 2010|archive-date=26 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626100141/http://www.hrw.org/reports/2010/02/02/legal-limbo-0|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; They were divided into three categories; hardcore, non-combatants, and those who were forcibly recruited (including child soldiers). Twenty-four rehabilitation centres were set up in Jaffna, Batticaloa, and Vavuniya. Among the apprehended cadres, there had been about 700 hardcore members. Some of these cadres were integrated into the [[State Intelligence Service (Sri Lanka)|State Intelligence Service]] to tackle the internal and external networks of LTTE.&lt;ref name=&quot;obshgd&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sangam.org/2011/03/Surrendered_Cadres.php?uid=4299&amp;print=true|title=Sri Lanka &quot;Taming The Tigers&quot;|publisher=Sangam.org|date=March 2011|access-date=1 August 2011|archive-date=29 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629134523/https://www.sangam.org/2011/03/Surrendered_Cadres.php?uid=4299&amp;print=true|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; By August 2011, the government had released more than 8,000 cadres, and 2,879 remained.&lt;ref name=&quot;dm1&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.dailymirror.lk/news/12840-rehabilitation-in-final-stages.html|title=Rehabilitation in final stages|newspaper=Daily Mirror|date=8 August 2011|access-date=9 August 2011|archive-date=29 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629084218/https://www.dailymirror.lk/news/12840-rehabilitation-in-final-stages.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Continued operations===<br /> After the death of LTTE leader Prabhakaran and the most powerful members of the organisation, Selvarasa Pathmanathan (alias ''KP'') was its sole first generation leader left alive. He assumed duty as the new leader of LTTE on 21 July 2009. A statement was issued, allegedly from the executive committee of the LTTE, stating that Pathmanathan had been appointed leader of the LTTE.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=New political formation of LTTE claimed|url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&amp;artid=29822|publisher=[[TamilNet]]|date=21 July 2009|access-date=26 July 2009|archive-date=1 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210701030605/https://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&amp;artid=29822|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; 15 days after the announcement, on 5 August 2009, a Sri Lankan military intelligence unit, with the collaboration of local authorities, captured Pathmanathan in the [[Tune Hotels#Malaysia|Tune Hotel]], in downtown [[Kuala Lumpur]], Malaysia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=LTTE New Leader Kumaran Pathmanathan (KP) arrested in Malaysia and transported to Sri Lanka|url=http://www.tamilsydney.com/content/view/2352/37/|publisher=Tamil Sydney|date=6 August 2009|access-date=28 July 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929151057/http://www.tamilsydney.com/content/view/2352/37/|archive-date=29 September 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Ministry of Defence (Sri Lanka)|Sri Lanka Ministry of Defence]] alleges that [[Perinpanayagam Sivaparan]] ''alias'' Nediyavan of the Tamil Eelam People's Alliance (TEPA) in [[Norway]], Suren Surendiran of [[British Tamils Forum]] (BTF), Father [[S. J. Emmanuel]] of [[Global Tamil Forum]] (GTF), [[Visvanathan Rudrakumaran]] of [[Transnational Government of Tamil Eelam]] (TGTE) and Sekarapillai Vinayagamoorthy ''alias'' Kathirgamathamby Arivazhagan ''alias'' Vinayagam, a former senior intelligence leader are trying to revive the organisation among the [[Tamil diaspora]].&lt;ref name=&quot;lakabim&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lakbimanews.lk/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=2028%3Altte-international-presents-an-enduring-threat&amp;Itemid=56|title=LTTE international presents an enduring threat|date=July 2011|publisher=Lakbima News|access-date=29 July 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110919120831/http://www.lakbimanews.lk/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=2028%3Altte-international-presents-an-enduring-threat&amp;Itemid=56|archive-date=19 September 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;satpo&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/shrilanka/terroristoutfits/Ltte.htm|title=Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE)|date=May 2002|publisher=satp.org|access-date=28 July 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807013015/http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/shrilanka/terroristoutfits/Ltte.htm|archive-date=7 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;LA&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.defence.lk/new.asp?fname=20110801_LAUvdo |title=Lies Agreed Upon |publisher=[[Ministry of Defence (Sri Lanka)|Sri Lanka Ministry of Defence]] |date=1 August 2011 |access-date=28 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124032704/http://www.defence.lk/new.asp?fname=20110801_LAUvdo |archive-date=24 November 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Perinpanayagam Sivaparan alias Nediyawan|url=http://www.lankaweb.com/news/items/2009/08/14/nediyawan-rumoured-to-be-the-next-ltte-leader-is-questioned-by-norwegian-police-says-tamil-website-in-london/|date=14 August 2009|access-date=28 July 2011|archive-date=16 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416234733/http://www.lankaweb.com/news/items/2009/08/14/nediyawan-rumoured-to-be-the-next-ltte-leader-is-questioned-by-norwegian-police-says-tamil-website-in-london/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Subsequently, in May 2011, Nediyavan, who advocates an armed struggle against the Sri Lankan state, was arrested and released on bail in Norway, pending further investigation.&lt;ref name=&quot;lankap&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lankapuvath.lk/index.php/latest-news/general1/15468-lttes-nediyavan-released-on-bail-in-norway |title=LTTE's Nediyavan released on bail in Norway |date=May 2011 |publisher=Lanka Puvath |access-date=28 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005020332/http://www.lankapuvath.lk/index.php/latest-news/general1/15468-lttes-nediyavan-released-on-bail-in-norway |archive-date=5 October 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Divisions==<br /> {{Main|Divisions of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam}}<br /> [[File:Tamil Tiger women at war.jpg|thumb|left|LTTE women's wing marching in a parade.]]<br /> <br /> The LTTE was viewed as a disciplined and militarised group with a leader of a significant military and organisational skills.&lt;ref name=wilson/&gt; Three major divisions of the LTTE were the military, intelligence, and political wings.<br /> <br /> The military wing consisted of at least 11 separate divisions including the conventional fighting forces, [[Charles Anthony Brigade|Charles Anthony Regiment]] and [[Jeyanthan Brigade|Jeyanthan Regiment]]; the [[suicide attack|suicide wing]] called the [[Black Tigers]]; naval wing [[Sea Tigers]], air-wing [[Air Tigers]], LTTE leader Prabhakaran's personal security divisions, Imran Pandian regiment and Ratha regiment;&lt;ref name=&quot;lankawatch&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=For This All that Blood was Shed|url=http://srilankawatch.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=33&amp;Itemid=1|work=Sri Lanka Watch|date=13 April 2009|access-date=31 July 2011|archive-date=16 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416222231/http://srilankawatch.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=33&amp;Itemid=1|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; auxiliary military units such as Kittu artillery brigade, Kutti Sri mortar brigade, Ponnamman mining unit and hit-and-run squads like Pistol gang. Charles Anthony brigade was the first conventional fighting formation created by LTTE. The Sea Tiger division was founded in 1984, under the leadership of [[Thillaiyampalam Sivanesan]] ''alias'' Soosai. LTTE acquired its first [[light aircraft]] in the late 1990s. [[Vaithilingam Sornalingam]] ''alias'' Shankar was instrumental in creating the Air Tigers.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tamil 2391&quot;&gt;[http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&amp;artid=2391 Tiger Air Wing participates in celebrations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429105859/https://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&amp;artid=2391 |date=29 April 2021 }}. [[TamilNet]], 28 November 1998.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Tamil 2388&quot;&gt;[http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&amp;artid=2388 Tigers confirm Air wing] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523161540/http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&amp;artid=2388 |date=23 May 2011 }}. [[TamilNet]], 27 November 1998.&lt;/ref&gt; It carried out nine air attacks since 2007, including a [[2009 suicide air raid on Colombo|suicide air raid]] targeting [[Sri Lanka Air Force]] [[SLAF Colombo|headquarters, Colombo]] in February 2009. LTTE was the only rebel organisation to have an air force.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tamil Tigers may be second richest rebel group worldwide|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/OQWWOS6DFlqcBV8Ov4gM5H/Tamil-Tigers-may-be-second-richest-rebel-group-worldwide.html|agency=[[Reuters]]|date=25 July 2007|website=Livemint|language=en|access-date=15 May 2020|archive-date=1 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210701103442/https://www.livemint.com/Politics/OQWWOS6DFlqcBV8Ov4gM5H/Tamil-Tigers-may-be-second-richest-rebel-group-worldwide.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; LTTE intelligence wing consisted of Tiger Organisation Security Intelligence Service ''aka'' TOSIS, run by Pottu Amman, and a separate military intelligence division. The LTTE cadres were required to follow a strict code of conduct which included prohibition on smoking and consumption of alcohol, with sexual relationships also being regulated. Each member carried a cyanide capsule to commit suicide in case of capture.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Malešević |first=Siniša |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E0t6EAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA92 |title=Why Humans Fight |date=2022-10-06 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-009-16279-1 |pages=92–93 |language=en |access-date=1 July 2023 |archive-date=1 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701202112/https://books.google.com/books?id=E0t6EAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA92 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {| style=&quot;text-align:center; float:right; font-size:85%; margin-left:2em; margin:auto;&quot; class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+ Aircraft that had been in LTTE possession&lt;ref name=&quot;rep&quot;/&gt; by 2006<br /> !Type of Aircraft !! Quantity<br /> |-<br /> ![[Ultralight aviation#Types|Microlight aircraft]]<br /> |2<br /> |-<br /> ![[Zlín Z 43|Zlín Z 143]]<br /> |5<br /> |-<br /> ![[Helicopter]]s<br /> |2<br /> |-<br /> ![[Unmanned aerial vehicle]]s<br /> |2<br /> |}<br /> <br /> The LTTE operated a systematic and powerful political wing, which functioned like a separate state in the LTTE controlled area. In 1989, it established a political party named [[People's Front of Liberation Tigers]], under [[Gopalaswamy Mahendraraja]] ''alias'' Mahattaya. It was abandoned soon after. Later, [[S. P. Thamilselvan]] was appointed the head of the political wing. He was also a member of the LTTE delegation for Norwegian brokered peace talks. After the death of Thamilselvan in November 2007, [[Balasingham Nadesan]] was appointed as its leader.&lt;ref name=&quot;chen&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Nadesan to head LTTE political wing |url=http://news.chennaionline.com/newsitem.aspx?NEWSID=8b48a16c-65fa-4aae-8105-92ecc39aafa7&amp;CATEGORYNAME=NATL |work=Chennai Online |date=November 2007 |access-date=31 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005155608/http://news.chennaionline.com/newsitem.aspx?NEWSID=8b48a16c-65fa-4aae-8105-92ecc39aafa7&amp;CATEGORYNAME=NATL |archive-date= 5 October 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Major sections within the political wing include International peace secretariat, led by Pulidevan, LTTE Police, LTTE court, [[Bank of Tamil Eelam]], Sports division and the &quot;Voice of Tigers&quot; [[radio broadcasting]] station of LTTE.<br /> <br /> LTTE used female cadres for military engagements. Its women's wing consisted of Malathi and Sothiya Brigades.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.asiantribune.com/?q=node/18053|title=How the LTTE was destroyed and power grab for the international network {{!}} Asian Tribune|website=asiantribune.com|language=en|access-date=1 June 2018|archive-date=29 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629030601/http://www.asiantribune.com/?q=node/18053|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Governance==<br /> {{See also|Interim Self-Governing Authority}}<br /> [[File:Kilinochchi court of de-facto State Tamil Eelam.jpg|left|thumb|[[Kilinochchi District]] court in LTTE-administered [[Tamil Eelam]]]]<br /> <br /> During its active years, the LTTE had established and administered a de facto state under its control, named [[Tamil Eelam]] with [[Kilinochchi]] as its administrative capital, and had managed a government in its territory, providing [[state function]]s such as courts, a police force, a human rights organisation, and a humanitarian assistance board,&lt;ref name=Stokke2006&gt;{{cite journal|last = Stokke|first = K.|year = 2006|title = Building the Tamil Eelam State: emerging state institutions and forms of governance in LTTE-controlled areas in Sri Lanka|journal = Third World Quarterly|volume = 27|issue = 6|pages = 1021–1040|doi = 10.1080/01436590600850434|url = http://padippakam.com/document/ltte/General/v100636.pdf|citeseerx = 10.1.1.466.5940|s2cid = 45544298|access-date = 25 October 2017|archive-date = 22 September 2017|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170922005956/http://padippakam.com/document/ltte/General/v100636.pdf|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt; a health board, and an education board.&lt;ref name=&quot;McConnell2008&quot;/&gt; However, the court system, composed of young judges with little or no legal training had operated without codified or defined legal authority, and essentially operated as agents of the LTTE rather than as an independent judiciary.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=1996 Human Rights Report: Sri Lanka |url=https://1997-2001.state.gov/global/human_rights/1996_hrp_report/srilanka.html |website=1997-2001.state.gov |access-date=19 December 2021 |archive-date=19 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219200055/https://1997-2001.state.gov/global/human_rights/1996_hrp_report/srilanka.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; It ran a bank ([[Bank of Tamil Eelam]]), a radio station (Voice of Tigers) and a television station ([[National Television of Tamil Eelam]]).&lt;ref name=Ranganathan2002&gt;{{cite journal|last = Ranganathan | first = M.|year = 2002|title = Nurturing a Nation on the Net: The Case of Tamil Eelam|journal = Nationalism and Ethnic Politics|volume = 8|issue = 2|pages = 51–66|doi=10.1080/13537110208428661 |s2cid = 144811729}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the LTTE-controlled areas, women reported lower levels of domestic violence because &quot;the Tigers had a de facto justice system to deal with domestic violence.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/5050/rahila-gupta/sri-lanka-women-in-conflict|title=Sri Lanka: women in conflict|website=[[openDemocracy]]|access-date=11 June 2016|archive-date=12 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170412083447/https://www.opendemocracy.net/5050/rahila-gupta/sri-lanka-women-in-conflict|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[United States Department of State]] described LTTE's governance as an &quot;authoritarian military rule&quot; that violated civil liberties and discriminated against minorities.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2003, the LTTE issued a proposal to establish an [[Interim Self Governing Authority|Interim Self-Governing Authority]] in the eight districts of the North and East which it controlled. The ISGA was to be entrusted with powers such as the right to impose law, collect taxes and oversee the rehabilitation process until a favourable solution was reached after which elections would be held. The ISGA would consist of members representing the LTTE, GoSL and the [[Sri Lankan Moors|Muslim]] community. According to the proposal, this LTTE administration intended to be a [[secularism|secular]] one with principal emphasis on prohibition of discrimination and protection of all communities.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Local perception and support===<br /> Due to its military victories, policies, call for national [[self-determination]] and constructive [[Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism|Tamil nationalist]] platform, the LTTE was supported by major sections of the Tamil community.&lt;ref name=wilson&gt;{{cite book|last=Wilson|first=A. J.|year=2000|title=Sri Lankan Tamil Nationalism: Its Origins and Development in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries|publisher=C. Hurst &amp; Co. Publishers|pages = 24,131–132| location=Sydney|isbn=978-1-85065-338-7|oclc=237448732}}&lt;/ref&gt; Based on the survey of the Jaffna population by the BBC and Reuters journalists, a U.S. diplomatic cable from 1994 stated that support for the LTTE was fairly strong among the Jaffna population who admired the discipline of the LTTE's administrative service, and that majority of Jaffna residents would choose the LTTE over the Sri Lankan Army given the choice.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-12-27 |title=WikiLeaks: US On LTTE's Invocation Of The 'Eritrea' Mantra |url=https://www.colombotelegraph.com/index.php/wikileaks-us-on-lttes-invocation-of-the-eritrea-mantra/ |access-date=2023-06-25 |website=Colombo Telegraph |language=en-US |archive-date=25 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230625175730/https://www.colombotelegraph.com/index.php/wikileaks-us-on-lttes-invocation-of-the-eritrea-mantra/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; According to the assessments by independent observers, the LTTE administration of justice gained &quot;significant social acceptance&quot;, and its courts were broadly seen as &quot;more efficient, less expensive, and less vulnerable to corruption than their Sri Lankan counterparts.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Provost |first=René |title=Rebel Jurisdiction, Due Process, and Tamil Tiger Justice |date=2021-06-25 |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/39885/chapter/340095729 |work=Rebel Courts |pages=245, 247 |access-date=2023-06-25 |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en |doi= |isbn=978-0-19-091222-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; The LTTE police force also had &quot;a high degree of legitimacy&quot; among Tamil civilians who viewed it as &quot;an uncorrupt and important stabilizing factor in the region.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Mampilly |first=Zachariah Cherian |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt7zfvj |title=Rebel Rulers: Insurgent Governance and Civilian Life during War |date=2011 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-0-8014-4913-0 |edition=1 |pages=116 |jstor=10.7591/j.ctt7zfvj |access-date=25 June 2023 |archive-date=25 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230625221941/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt7zfvj |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; A survey carried out by the Centre for Policy Alternatives in 2002 from a sample of 89 Sri Lankan Tamils found that 89% regarded the LTTE as their sole representatives.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report |url=https://noolaham.net/project/28/2770/2770.pdf |title=Peace Confidence Index (PCI), Top-Line Results |date=November 2002 |publisher=Social Indicator |page=29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519132646/https://noolaham.net/project/28/2770/2770.pdf |archive-date=19 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> However, [[University Teachers for Human Rights|University Teachers for Human Rights (Jaffna)]], a local human rights NGO that has been [[University Teachers for Human Rights#Reception|accused of anti-LTTE bias]] by some critics, claimed that &quot;by combination of internal terror and narrow nationalist ideology the LTTE succeeded in atomising the community. It took away not only the right to oppose but even the right to evaluate, as a community, the course they were taking. This gives a semblance of illusion that the whole society is behind the LTTE.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;uthrj&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.uthr.org/history.htm|title=History of the Organisation|date=January 2000|publisher=The University Teachers for Human Rights (Jaffna)|access-date=30 June 2015|archive-date=13 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090713034813/http://www.uthr.org/history.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; After meeting with the Tamil civil society in Jaffna in 2001, Jehan Perera, the executive director of the National Peace Council of Sri Lanka, observed that fear was not the only factor that impelled civic groups in Jaffna to speak in favour of the LTTE but that the Jaffna people had recognized the LTTE's military strength and pragmatically accepted it as the main player in achieving a negotiated settlement.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Perera |first=Jehan |date=15 April 2001 |title=The Pragmatic Message from Jaffna |pages=19–20 |work=Tamil Times |url=https://noolaham.net/project/36/3600/3600.pdf#page=19 |access-date=17 April 2023 |archive-date=7 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207112656/https://noolaham.net/project/36/3600/3600.pdf#page=19 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Ideology==<br /> The LTTE was a self-styled national liberation organisation with the primary goal of establishing an independent Tamil state. Tamil nationalism was the primary basis of its ideology.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.lankaweb.com/news/items07/250407-5.html |title=The American government's assessment of Prabhakaran |website=LankaWeb |access-date=11 June 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024141206/http://www.eelamweb.com/leader/ |archive-date=24 October 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt; LTTE claimed to strive for a [[Democracy|democratic]], [[secular]] state that is based on [[socialism]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Niels Terpstra &amp; Georg Frerks |date=2017 |title=Rebel Governance and Legitimacy: Understanding the Impact of Rebel Legitimation on Civilian Compliance with the LTTE Rule |journal=Civil Wars |volume=19 |page=297 |doi=10.1080/13698249.2017.1393265 |doi-access=free |number=3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Its leader Velupillai Prabhakaran was influenced by Indian freedom fighters such as [[Subhas Chandra Bose]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.eelamweb.com/leader/interview/in_199404/|title=Tamil National Leader Hon. V. Pirapaharan's Interview 'How I Became a Freedom Fighter' April 1994|website=eelamweb.com|access-date=11 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803235329/http://www.eelamweb.com/leader/interview/in_199404/|archive-date=3 August 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; The organisation denied being a separatist movement and saw itself as fighting for self-determination and restoration of sovereignty in what it recognised as [[Sri Lankan Tamils|Tamil]] homeland.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9AKqCT5DeZcC&amp;pg=PA85|title=When Counterinsurgency Wins: Sri Lanka's Defeat of the Tamil Tigers|last=Hashim|first=Ahmed S.|date=28 May 2013|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=978-0812206487|page=85|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although most Tigers were Hindus, the LTTE was an avowedly secular organisation; religion did not play any significant part in its ideology.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2005/07/17/suicide-bombs-potent-tools-of-terrorists/e11ed483-9936-45c0-b6c6-2653d4519ff5/|title=Suicide Bombs Potent Tools of Terrorists|newspaper=[[Washington Post]]|access-date=11 June 2016|date=17 July 2005|archive-date=14 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114222436/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2005/07/17/suicide-bombs-potent-tools-of-terrorists/e11ed483-9936-45c0-b6c6-2653d4519ff5/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Prabhakaran criticised what he saw as the oppressive features of traditional Hindu Tamil society, such as the [[caste system]] and [[gender inequality]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Velupillai Pirabaharan - Womens International Day 1992 |url=https://tamilnation.org/ltte/vp/messages_speeches/vp9203.htm |access-date=2023-04-27 |website=tamilnation.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; The LTTE presented itself as a revolutionary movement seeking widespread change within Tamil society, not just independence from the Sri Lankan state. Therefore, its ideology called for the removal of caste discrimination and support for women's liberation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rD2KEOqVV5MC&amp;pg=PA126|title=Women and Political Violence: Female Combatants in Ethno-National Conflict|last=Alison|first=Miranda|date=21 January 2009|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781134228942|page=126|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Prabhakaran described his political philosophy as &quot;[[revolutionary socialism]]&quot;, with the goal of creating an &quot;[[egalitarian society]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.eelamweb.com/leader/interview/in_1986/|title=Tamil National Leader Hon. V. Pirapaharan's Interview|website=eelamweb.com|access-date=11 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803164100/http://www.eelamweb.com/leader/interview/in_1986/|archive-date=3 August 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, by 2002 with the shift in geopolitical climate, Prabhakaran endorsed &quot;open market economy&quot;, but he pointed out that the question about the proper economic system can be considered only after the ethnic problem had been solved.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.eelamview.com/2011/11/17/hon-v-prabhakaran-press-conference-at-killinochi-2002/|title=Hon. V. Pirabaharan: Press conference at Killinochi 2002|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406214016/http://www.eelamview.com/2011/11/17/hon-v-prabhakaran-press-conference-at-killinochi-2002/|archive-date=6 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Global network==<br /> {{see also|Affiliates to the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam}}<br /> LTTE had developed a large international network since the days of N. S. Krishnan, who served as its first international representative. In the late 1970s, TULF parliamentarian and opposition leader [[A. Amirthalingam]] provided letters of reference for fundraising, and [[V. N. Navaratnam]], who was an executive committee member of the [[Inter-Parliamentary Union]] (IPU), introduced many influential and wealthy Tamils living overseas to Tamil insurgent leaders.&lt;ref name=&quot;rohang&quot;/&gt; Navaratnam also introduced LTTE members to the members of [[Polisario Front]], a national [[liberation movement]] in Morocco, at a meeting held in [[Oslo]], Norway.&lt;ref name=&quot;rohang&quot;/&gt; In 1978, during the world tour of Amirthalingam (with London-based Eelam activist S. K. Vaikundavasan), he formed the World Tamil Coordinating Committee (WTCC), which was later found to be an LTTE front organisation.&lt;ref name=&quot;tamilnation&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://tamilnation.co/terrorism/us/ltte/070425arrest.htm|title=World Tamil Coordinating Committee representative arrested in New York says U.S. Justice Department|date=December 2007|publisher=Tamil Nation|access-date=29 July 2011|archive-date=6 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306052359/http://tamilnation.co/terrorism/us/ltte/070425arrest.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; The global contacts of LTTE grew steadily since then. At the height of its power, LTTE had 42 offices worldwide. The international network of LTTE engages in propaganda, fundraising, arms procurement, and shipping.&lt;ref name=&quot;Transcript- Rohan Gunaratne&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> There were three types of organisations that engage in propaganda and fund raising—Front, Cover, and Sympathetic. Prior to the ethnic riots of 1983, attempts to raise funds for a sustaining military campaign were not realised. It was the mass exodus of Tamil civilians to India and western countries following the [[Black July]] ethnic riots, which made this possible. As the armed conflict evolved and voluntary donations lessened, LTTE used force and threats to collect money.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sangam.org/NEWSEXTRA/ExtortionClaims.htm|title=Tamil Canadians Dismiss Extortion Claims|publisher=sangam.org|date=27 August 1999|access-date=29 July 2011|archive-date=1 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210701072212/https://www.sangam.org/NEWSEXTRA/ExtortionClaims.htm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.colombopage.com/archive_11A/May24_1306259966CH.php|title=Dutch authorities seek permission to question KP and other former LTTE leaders in Sri Lanka|publisher=Colombo Page|date=24 May 2011|access-date=29 July 2011|archive-date=18 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110818213028/http://www.colombopage.com/archive_11A/May24_1306259966CH.php|url-status=usurped}}&lt;/ref&gt; LTTE was worth US$200–300 million at its peak.&lt;ref name=&quot;lakabim&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;icg1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/asia/south-asia/sri-lanka/186%20The%20Sri%20Lankan%20Tamil%20Diaspora%20after%20the%20LTTE.pdf|title=The Sri Lankan Tamil Diaspora After the LTTE|date=February 2010|publisher=[[International Crisis Group]]|access-date=24 August 2011|archive-date=20 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160520100753/http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/asia/south-asia/sri-lanka/186%20The%20Sri%20Lankan%20Tamil%20Diaspora%20after%20the%20LTTE.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; The group's global network owned numerous business ventures in various countries. These include investment in real estate, shipping, grocery stores, gold and jewellery stores, gas stations, restaurants, production of films, mass media organisations (TV, radio, print), and industries. It was also in control of numerous charitable organisations, which included, according to the U.S. Department of the Treasury, the [[Tamils Rehabilitation Organisation]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ombw&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ombwatch.org/node/3540 |title=Tamil Rehabilitation Organization and its U.S. Branch Shut Down |date=4 December 2007 |publisher=ombwatch.org |access-date=29 July 2011 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706154345/http://www.ombwatch.org/node/3540 |archive-date=6 July 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Arms Procurement and shipping activities of LTTE were largely clandestine. Prior to 1983, it procured weapons mainly from [[Afghanistan]] via the [[Indo-Pakistani border]]. Explosives were purchased from commercial markets in India. From 1983 to 1987, LTTE acquired a substantial amount of weapons from [[Research and Analysis Wing|RAW]] and from Lebanon, Cyprus, Singapore, and Malaysia-based arms dealers. LTTE received its first consignment of arms from Singapore in 1984 on board the MV ''Cholan'', the first ship owned by the organisation. Funds were received and cargo cleared at [[Chennai Port]] with the assistance of [[M. G. Ramachandran]], the [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]].&lt;ref name=&quot;pirapa&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sangam.org/articles/view2/?uid=658|title=Foundation for Tamil Eelam|author=T. Sabaratnam|publisher=ombwatch.org|access-date=29 July 2011|archive-date=1 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210701162439/https://www.sangam.org/articles/view2/?uid=658|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In November 1994, the LTTE was able to purchase 60 tonnes of explosives (50 tonnes of [[TNT]] and 10 tonnes of [[RDX]]) from Rubezone Chemical plant in [[Ukraine]], providing a forged [[Ministry of Defence (Bangladesh)|Bangladeshi Ministry of Defence]] [[end-user certificate]].&lt;ref name=&quot;nytr&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/03/07/world/tamil-guerrillas-in-sri-lanka-deadly-and-armed-to-the-teeth.html?pagewanted=5|title=Tamil Guerrillas in Sri Lanka: Deadly and Armed to the Teeth|author=T. Sabaratnam|newspaper=New York Times|access-date=29 July 2011|date=7 March 1998|archive-date=16 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216174848/https://www.nytimes.com/1998/03/07/world/tamil-guerrillas-in-sri-lanka-deadly-and-armed-to-the-teeth.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Payments for the explosives were made from a [[Citibank Singapore|Citibank account in Singapore]] held by Selvarasa Pathmanathan. Consignment was transported on board MV Sewne. The same explosives were used for the [[Central Bank bombing]] in 1996. Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Cambodia and Indonesia remained the most trusted outposts of LTTE, after India alienated it following the [[assassination of Rajiv Gandhi]].<br /> <br /> [[File:LTTE Sea Tigers attack vessel by sunken SL freighter.JPG|thumb|A LTTE Sea Tiger fast attack fibreglass boat passing a Sri Lankan freighter sunk by the Sea Tigers just north of the village of [[Mullaitivu]], North-eastern Sri Lanka]]<br /> According to [[Rohan Gunaratna]], since late 1997, [[North Korea]] became the principal country to provide arms, ammunition, and explosives to the LTTE. The deal with North Korean government was carried out by Ponniah Anandaraja ''alias'' Aiyannah, a member of World Tamil Coordinating Committee of the United States and later, the accountant of LTTE.&lt;ref name=&quot;Transcript- Rohan Gunaratne&quot;/&gt; According to the Sri Lankan government, he worked at the North Korean embassy in [[Bangkok]] since late 1997. LTTE had nearly 20-second-hand ships, which were purchased in Japan, and registered in [[Panama]] and other Latin American countries.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.priu.gov.lk/news_update/Current_Affairs/ca201101/20110107ltte_runs_illegal_operations_overseas.htm|title=LTTE runs illegal operations overseas – Minister Gunawardena|publisher=priu.gov.lk|year=2011|access-date=29 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111131341/http://www.priu.gov.lk/news_update/Current_Affairs/ca201101/20110107ltte_runs_illegal_operations_overseas.htm|archive-date=11 January 2012|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; These ships mostly transported general cargo, including paddy, sugar, timber, glass, and fertilizer. But when an arms deal was finalized, they travelled to North Korea, loaded the cargo and brought it to the equator, where the ships were based. Then on board [[Merchant ship#Tanker|merchant tankers]], weapons were transferred to the sea of [[Alampil]], just outside the territorial waters in Sri Lanka's [[exclusive economic zone]]. After that, small teams of [[Sea Tigers]] brought the cargo ashore. The [[Sri Lanka Navy]], during 2005–08 destroyed at least 11 of these cargo ships belonged to LTTE in the [[international waters]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lankapuvath.lk/index.php/latest-news/security/11261-ltte-ships-still-being-used-for-illegal-activities- |title=LTTE ships still being used for illegal activities |publisher=Lanka Puvath |year=2011 |access-date=29 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005020406/http://www.lankapuvath.lk/index.php/latest-news/security/11261-ltte-ships-still-being-used-for-illegal-activities- |archive-date=5 October 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.navy.lk/index.php?id=410|title=Sri Lanka Navy destroy three LTTE ships and demolish their arms shipment capabilities|publisher=[[Sri Lanka Navy]]|year=2007|access-date=29 July 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071026220806/http://www.navy.lk/index.php?id=410|archive-date=26 October 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> LTTE's last shipment of weapons was in March 2009, towards the end of the war. The merchant vessel ''Princess Iswari'' went from [[Indonesia]] to [[North Korea]] under captain Kamalraj Kandasamy ''alias'' Vinod, loaded the weapons and came back to international waters beyond Sri Lanka. But due to the heavy naval blockades set up by the Sri Lankan Navy, it could not deliver the arms consignment. Thus it dumped the weapons in the sea. The same ship, after changing its name to MV ''Ocean Lady'', arrived in [[Vancouver]] with 76 migrants, in October 2009.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.asiantribune.com/news/2010/08/04/tamil-migrant-ship-mv-sun-sea-will-arrive-canada-aug-14th|title=Tamil Migrant Ship M/V Sun Sea will arrive Canada by Aug 14th|newspaper=[[Asian Tribune]]|year=2010|access-date=29 July 2011|archive-date=1 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101062012/http://www.asiantribune.com/news/2010/08/04/tamil-migrant-ship-mv-sun-sea-will-arrive-canada-aug-14th|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; In December 2009, The Sri Lankan Navy apprehended a merchant vessel belonging to LTTE, ''Princess Chrisanta'' in Indonesia and brought it back to Sri Lanka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.navy.lk/index.php?id=2076 |title=The acquired LTTE ship, &quot;PRINCESS CHRISANTA&quot; brought in to Colombo Harbour by Sri Lanka Navy |publisher=[[Sri Lanka Navy]] |year=2009 |access-date=30 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102235419/http://www.navy.lk/index.php?id=2076 |archive-date=2 November 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations]] (USSFRC) and Ethiopian based [[Jimma Times]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.jimmatimes.com/article/Latest_News/Latest_News/Sri_Lanka_finds_LTTE_fighter_planes_in_Eritrea_Report/32664 |title=Sri Lanka finds LTTE fighter planes in Eritrea – Report |work=[[Jimma Times]] |year=2009 |access-date=30 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003123953/http://www.jimmatimes.com/article/Latest_News/Latest_News/Sri_Lanka_finds_LTTE_fighter_planes_in_Eritrea_Report/32664 |archive-date=3 October 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; claimed that the [[Eritrean government]] had provided direct military assistance, including light aircraft to LTTE, during the 2002–03 period when the LTTE was negotiating with the Sri Lankan government via the Norwegian mediators.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.defence.lk/new.asp?fname=20070901_01|title=Eritrea providing direct military assistance to LTTE – USSFRC|publisher=Ministry of Defense|year=2007|access-date=30 July 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923173238/http://www.defence.lk/new.asp?fname=20070901_01|archive-date=23 September 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.asiantribune.com/node/7243|title=Axis of Evil: Norway-LTTE-Eritrea, and call to 'expose double standard of the West'|newspaper=Asian Tribune|year=2007|access-date=30 July 2011|archive-date=23 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523214320/http://www.asiantribune.com/node/7243|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was also alleged that [[Erik Solheim]], the chief Norwegian facilitator, helped LTTE to establish this relationship.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lankaweb.com/news/items/2009/09/28/norway-solheim-helped-establish-ltte-eritrea-links-for-arms-deals/|title=Norway, Solheim helped establish LTTE-Eritrea links for arms deals|publisher=Lanka Web|year=2009|access-date=30 July 2011|archive-date=27 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627213859/http://www.lankaweb.com/news/items/2009/09/28/norway-solheim-helped-establish-ltte-eritrea-links-for-arms-deals/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; These allegations and a suspicion from within the Sri Lankan armed forces, that LTTE had considerable connections and assets in Eritrea and that its leader Prabhakaran might try to flee to Eritrea in the final stages of war, prompted the Sri Lankan government to establish diplomatic relations with Eritrea in 2009.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lankanewspapers.com/news/2007/10/20603.html|title=Prabhakaran's latest fireworks aimed at hitting headlines|publisher=Lanka Newspapers|year=2009|access-date=30 July 2011|archive-date=6 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406171703/http://www.lankanewspapers.com/news/2007/10/20603.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2013, Thiruthanikan Thanigasalam and Sahilal Sabaratnam were sentenced to 25 years in prison in [[Brooklyn]] in connection of attempting to purchase high-powered weaponry for the LTTE. They were caught in a FBI undercover sting operation while attempting to purchase surface-to-air missiles, missile launchers, and assault rifles.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Two Defendants Sentenced to 25 Years in Prison for Conspiring to Provide Material Support to the LTTE, a Foreign Terrorist Organization |url=https://archives.fbi.gov/archives/newyork/press-releases/2010/nyfo012510.htm |website=fbi.gov |publisher=FBI, U.S. Department of Justice |access-date=27 May 2023 |archive-date=27 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527133128/https://archives.fbi.gov/archives/newyork/press-releases/2010/nyfo012510.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Proscription as a terrorist group==<br /> {{Further|Criminal charges levelled against the LTTE}}<br /> <br /> Thirty-three countries currently [[List of designated terrorist organizations|list]] the LTTE as a terrorist organization.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/publication/9242 |title=Council on Foreign Relations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100526145855/http://www.cfr.org/publication/9242/ |archive-date=26 May 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.tkb.org/Group.jsp?groupID=3623 |title=MIPT Terrorism Knowledge Base |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819102855/http://www.tkb.org/Group.jsp?groupID=3623 |archive-date=19 August 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; As of October 2019, these include:<br /> <br /> * {{Flag|India}} (since 1992)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Indian Court upholds LTTE ban|date=11 November 2008|work=BBC News|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sinhala/news/story/2008/11/081111_india_ltte.shtml|access-date=11 February 2009|archive-date=24 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090524001205/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sinhala/news/story/2008/11/081111_india_ltte.shtml|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * {{Flag|United States}} (designated as [[Foreign Terrorist Organizations]] by the [[United States Department of State|Department of State]] since 8 October 1997. Named as a [[Specially Designated Global Terrorist]] (SDGT) since 2 November 2001)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/s/ct/rls/fs/37191.htm |title=Foreign Terrorist Organizations |publisher=U.S. Government, Office of Counterterrorism |date=11 October 2005 |access-date=9 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117015042/https://2001-2009.state.gov/s/ct/rls/fs/37191.htm |archive-date=17 November 2017 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Treasury Targets U.S. Front for Sri Lankan Terrorist Organization |date=11 February 2009 |publisher=US Department of the Treasury |url=http://www.ustreas.gov/press/releases/tg22.htm |access-date=11 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090217023833/http://ustreas.gov/press/releases/tg22.htm |archive-date=17 February 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * {{Flag|United Kingdom}} (designated a Proscribed Terrorist Group under the [[Terrorism Act 2000]] since 29 March 2001)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite act |title=Terrorism Act 2000 |title-link=Terrorism Act 2000 |date=2000-07-20 |reporter=UK Public General Acts |volume=2000 c. 11 |chapter=Schedule 2: Proscribed Organisations |chapter-url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2000/11/schedule/2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121085241/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2000/11/schedule/2 |archive-date=2013-01-21 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * {{Flag|European Union}} (since 2006; 27 countries)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:023:0037:01:EN:HTML|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120527000307/http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:023:0037:01:EN:HTML|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 May 2012|title=Council Common Position 2009/67/CFSP|publisher=Council of the European Union|date=26 January 2009|access-date=9 February 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * {{Flag|Canada}} (since 2006)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.psepc.gc.ca/prg/ns/le/cle-en.asp#ltte |title=Currently listed entities: LTTE |date=28 November 2008 |publisher=Canadian Government |access-date=9 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061119150657/http://www.psepc.gc.ca/prg/ns/le/cle-en.asp |archive-date=19 November 2006 }}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> * {{Flag|Sri Lanka}} (from January 1998 to 4 September 2002,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Peace talks team for Thailand finalised: Government lifts LTTE proscription |date=5 September 2002 |newspaper=Daily News |url=http://www.dailynews.lk/2002/09/05/new001.html |access-date=11 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118172722/https://www.dailynews.lk/2002/09/05/new001.html |archive-date=18 January 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and again from 7 January 2009)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.defence.lk/new.asp?fname=20090107_15 |title=LTTE is banned by the SL Govt: with immediate effect |date=7 January 2009 |publisher=Ministry of Defence, Sri Lanka |access-date=9 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211081343/http://www.defence.lk/new.asp?fname=20090107_15 |archive-date=11 February 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * {{Flag|Malaysia}} (since 2014)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-malaysia-sri-lanka-idUSKBN1WP1P9|title=Malaysia arrests two politicians suspected of links to Sri Lanka rebel group|date=10 October 2019|work=Reuters|access-date=11 October 2019|language=en|archive-date=27 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627213858/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-malaysia-sri-lanka-idUSKBN1WP1P9|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The framing of ''terrorism'', despite having no universally accepted definition, carries a connotation of moral illegitimacy and, as proscription, is used by states to criminalize their opponents and justify &quot;extreme&quot; measures against them.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Ingram |first1=Alan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HTKkRbOlvEMC&amp;pg=PA111 |title=Spaces of Security and Insecurity: Geographies of the War on Terror |last2=Dodds |first2=Klaus |publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-7546-7349-1 |page=111}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the Sri Lankan context, proscription is also used to delegitimize the LTTE's political objective of establishing an independent state. There is resistance in the international community to the alteration of state boundaries by force and no state recognized Tamil claim of self-determination. The proscriptions by Western states reflected their opposition to LTTE's political objective than concern about its threat to their own national security.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Nadarajah |first1=Suthaharan |last2=Sriskandarajah |first2=Dhananjayan |date=2005 |title=Liberation struggle or terrorism? The politics of naming the LTTE |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/0143659042000322928 |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=26 |issue=1 |page=96 |doi=10.1080/0143659042000322928 |issn=0143-6597|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; Moreover, despite its human rights abuses, Western states regarded Sri Lanka as a democratic ally in their promotion of a [[Liberal international order|global liberal order]] and were committed to upholding its sovereignty. Hence, proscription was also used by these states to shape the conduct of the LTTE and Tamil diaspora to align with their foreign policy aims.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nadarajah |first=Suthaharan |date=2018-03-04 |title=The Tamil Proscriptions: Identities, Legitimacies, and Situated Practices |journal=Terrorism and Political Violence |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=278–297 |doi=10.1080/09546553.2018.1432214 |issn=0954-6553|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> The first country to ban the LTTE was its brief ally, India, following the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi in 1991.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; The Indian change of policy came gradually, starting with the IPKF-LTTE conflict and culminating with the assassination. India opposes the proposed [[Tamil Eelam]] that LTTE wanted to establish, fearing that it would lead to [[Tamil Nadu]]'s separation from India despite its integration into the national mainstream.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chellaney |first=Brahma |date=9 October 2009 |title=Behind The Sri Lankan Bloodbath |url=https://www.forbes.com/2009/10/08/tamil-tigers-rajiv-gandhi-opinions-contributors-sri-lanka.html |website=Forbes}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2012 after the LTTE's defeat, the Indian Government extended the ban on the LTTE on the grounds of its alleged &quot;strong anti-India posture and threat to the security of Indian nationals&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=14 July 2012 |title=India extends ban on LTTE |url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/india-extends-ban-on-ltte_787439.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210701152620/https://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/india-extends-ban-on-ltte_787439.html |archive-date=1 July 2021 |access-date=14 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> Sri Lanka first banned the LTTE in 1998, lifted the ban before signing the ceasefire agreement in 2002 and reintroduced the ban in 2009.&lt;ref name=&quot;ltteban&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Kasturisinghe |first=Channa |date=11 January 2009 |title=LTTE ban: Step towards law and order in regained areas |url=http://www.nation.lk/2009/01/11/newsfe5.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512223657/http://www.nation.lk/2009/01/11/newsfe5.htm |archive-date=12 May 2013 |access-date=23 May 2012 |work=[[The Nation (Sri Lanka)|The Nation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The United States proscribed the LTTE as a foreign terrorist organization in October 1997. A U.S. ambassador later explained that the main rationale behind the ban was to prevent LTTE's fundraising and for it to negotiate with the Sri Lankan government. [[The Pentagon]] had launched a military programme in March 1996 to train the Sri Lankan military after a series of LTTE attacks which affected U.S. commercial interests on the island but it failed to weaken the LTTE due to its procurement of conventional weapons with funds raised overseas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Rajah |first=A. R. Sriskanda |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781351968003 |title=Government and Politics in Sri Lanka: Biopolitics and Security |date=2017-04-21 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-26571-1 |edition=1 |pages=105 |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781315265711}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2003, the U.S. Deputy Secretary of State, [[Richard Armitage (government official)|Richard Armitage]], urged the LTTE to renounce its armed struggle for separate state and to accept the Sri Lankan government's sovereignty in order for the proscription to be lifted.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The European Union (EU) banned LTTE as a terrorist organization on 17 May 2006. In a statement, the [[European Parliament]] said that the LTTE did not represent all Tamils and called on it to &quot;allow for political pluralism and alternate democratic voices in the northern and eastern parts of Sri Lanka&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;hindu1&quot; /&gt; Pressure from the United States, which assisted Sri Lanka's war efforts, played a critical role in getting Canada and the EU to ban the LTTE.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Washington's criminal role in the Sri Lankan state's anti-Tamil war |url=https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2009/01/pers-j12.html |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=World Socialist Web Site |date=12 January 2009 |language=en |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414071824/https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2009/01/pers-j12.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The then Sri Lankan Foreign Minister [[Mangala Samaraweera]] later recounted that there was a difficulty in adopting the ban as a unanimous decision due to the opposition from seven countries in the 25-member EU and that consensus was finally achieved only after he had met with the US Secretary of State [[Condoleezza Rice]] several times.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2012-04-04 |title=Rajapaksa: Then And Now |url=https://www.colombotelegraph.com/index.php/rajapaksa-then-and-now/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Colombo Telegraph |language=en-US |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414071827/https://www.colombotelegraph.com/index.php/rajapaksa-then-and-now/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Swedish Major General [[Ulf Henricsson]], the head of the [[Sri Lanka Monitoring Mission]] (SLMM) whom the EU had consulted before the ban, opposed the ban, warning it gave the Sri Lankan government &quot;carte blanche&quot; to seek a military solution. He warned the EU in a memo that a ban would lead to an increase in attacks and violence. He later described the ban as a decision made in the &quot;coffee shops in [[Brussels]]&quot; where EU members had failed to read the memo carefully.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2006-08-25 |title=Swedish general slams EU for terror listing Tamil Tigers |url=https://euobserver.com/news/22264 |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=EUobserver |language=en |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414071826/https://euobserver.com/news/22264 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 24, 2006 |title=EU ban gave Sri Lanka Carte Blanche - SLMM Head |url=https://tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&amp;artid=19362 |access-date=April 14, 2023 |website=TamilNet |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414071826/https://tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&amp;artid=19362 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; He further stated that as part of the global [[war on terror]] the EU listened to only the Sri Lankan government's version of events and that the government should have also been listed as it &quot;used the same methods&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=February 24, 2014 |title=EU made big mistake in banning LTTE: Henricsson, former head of SLMM |url=https://tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=79&amp;artid=37067 |access-date=April 14, 2023 |website=TamilNet |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414071826/https://tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=79&amp;artid=37067 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> In October 2014, the [[European Court of Justice]] (ECJ) annulled the anti-terrorism sanctions and several other restrictions placed on the LTTE in 2006. The court noted that the basis of proscribing the LTTE had been based on &quot;imputations derived from the press and the Internet&quot; rather than on direct investigation of the group's actions, as required by law.&lt;ref name=&quot;ovtrn&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/sri-lanka-ltte-eu-idINL6N0SB3PZ20141016 |title=EU court overturns Tamil Tiger sanctions but maintains asset freeze |publisher=Reuters.in |access-date=20 October 2014 |newspaper=Reuters |date=16 October 2014 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101062013/http://in.reuters.com/article/sri-lanka-ltte-eu-idINL6N0SB3PZ20141016 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ovtrn2&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141017/nation-current-affairs/article/european-court-annuls-sanctions-ltte |title=European court annuls sanctions on LTTE |newspaper=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=20 October 2014 |date=17 October 2014 |archive-date=19 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019195923/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/141017/nation-current-affairs/article/european-court-annuls-sanctions-ltte |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later, in March 2015, the EU reimposed the sanctions and restrictions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.dailymirror.lk/67563/eu-reimpose-ban-on-ltte-dy-minister |title=EU reimposes ban on LTTE: SL |newspaper=The Daily Mirror |access-date=3 May 2015 |archive-date=1 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210701010701/https://www.dailymirror.lk/67563/eu-reimpose-ban-on-ltte-dy-minister |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In July 2017, the LTTE was removed from the terrorism blacklist of the EU's top court, stating that there was no evidence to show of LTTE carrying out attacks after its military defeat in 2009.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-eu-palestinians-hamas/top-eu-court-keeps-hamas-on-eu-terror-list-refers-case-back-idUSKBN1AB0VE |title=EU court keeps Hamas on terrorism list, removes Tamil Tigers |date=26 July 2017 |work=Reuters |access-date=18 September 2017 |archive-date=27 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627213851/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-eu-palestinians-hamas/top-eu-court-keeps-hamas-on-eu-terror-list-refers-case-back-idUSKBN1AB0VE |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, despite the ECJ ruling, the EU stated the LTTE remains listed as a terrorist organization by the EU.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://dailynews.lk/2017/07/27/local/123360/ltte-remain-eu%E2%80%99s-terrorism-list-despite-ecj%E2%80%99s-ruling|title=LTTE to remain on EU's terrorism list despite ECJ's ruling|date=27 July 2017|work=[[Daily News (Sri Lanka)]]|access-date=19 September 2017|archive-date=29 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629130112/http://www.dailynews.lk/2017/07/27/local/123360/ltte-remain-eu%E2%80%99s-terrorism-list-despite-ecj%E2%80%99s-ruling|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 12 November 2014, the Malaysian government listed the by-then defunct LTTE as a terrorist group amid allegations of its revival attempts in the country.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Referring to a letter he purportedly wrote on 12 February 2020 as the Prime Minister to the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (Malaysia)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] requesting the LTTE's removal from its list of terrorist groups, former Malaysian premier [[Mahathir Mohamad]] later explained that the LTTE had not harmed Malaysia and that a group should not be labelled as terrorists simply because other countries do so, since he had met with the leader of the [[Hamas]] despite the U.S. having banned it as a terrorist organization.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Razak |first=Radzi |date=2020-09-03 |title=Dr Mahathir: LTTE like Hamas, accused of being terrorists by others |url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2020/09/03/dr-mahathir-ltte-like-hamas-accused-of-being-terrorists-by-others/1899778 |access-date=2023-06-10 |website=Malay Mail |language=en |archive-date=10 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610212226/https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2020/09/03/dr-mahathir-ltte-like-hamas-accused-of-being-terrorists-by-others/1899778 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; However, responding to the suggestion of the Attorney General (AG) to review the list of gazetted terrorist organizations after the AG dropped charges against 12 alleged LTTE sympathizers, then Minister of Home Affairs [[Muhyiddin Yassin]] stated on 22 February 2020 that the LTTE would remain listed as a terrorist organization, claiming its &quot;ideology&quot; posed threat to Malaysia's public order and security.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2020-02-22 |title=Malaysia's Home Minister says LTTE remains a terror group, snubs comments by A-G Thomas |language=en |work=The Straits Times |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/malaysias-home-minister-says-ltte-remains-a-terror-group-snubs-comments-by-a-g-thomas |access-date=2023-06-10 |issn= |archive-date=10 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610212225/https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/malaysias-home-minister-says-ltte-remains-a-terror-group-snubs-comments-by-a-g-thomas |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Yassin, a [[Ketuanan Melayu|Malay nationalist]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine |date=2020-03-04 |title=Here's Why Malaysia's New Leader Could Inflame Racial Politics |url=https://time.com/5794223/malaysia-prime-minister-muhyiddin-yassin-mahathir-mohamad/ |access-date=2023-06-10 |magazine=Time |language=en |archive-date=10 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610212225/https://time.com/5794223/malaysia-prime-minister-muhyiddin-yassin-mahathir-mohamad/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; has been accused of using the ban to mastermind the &quot;politically motivated&quot; arrests of [[Malaysian Indians|Indian Tamil]] members of the [[Democratic Action Party]] over alleged LTTE links.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Palanisamy |first=Ramasamy |date=2022-11-15 |title=&quot;Muhyiddin, don't forget how you were the LTTE arrests mastermind&quot; |url=https://focusmalaysia.my/muhyiddin-dont-forget-how-you-were-the-ltte-arrests-mastermind/ |access-date=2023-06-10 |newspaper=Focus Malaysia - Business &amp; Beyond |language=en-US |archive-date=10 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610212226/https://focusmalaysia.my/muhyiddin-dont-forget-how-you-were-the-ltte-arrests-mastermind/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The LTTE leader Prabhakaran contested the terrorist designation of his organization, asserting that the international community had been influenced by the &quot;false propaganda&quot; of the Sri Lankan state and said that there was no coherent definition of the concept of terrorism. He also maintained that the LTTE was a national liberation organization fighting against &quot;[[state terrorism]]&quot; and &quot;racist oppression&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=%252013&amp;artid=16429|title=LTTE to intensify struggle for self-determination if reasonable political solution is not offered soon|website=[[TamilNet]]|access-date=11 June 2016|archive-date=1 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210701054119/https://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=%252013&amp;artid=16429|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; He urged Western powers engaged in the war on terror to provide &quot;a clear and comprehensive definition of the concept of terrorism that would distinguish between freedom struggles based on the right to self-determination and blind terrorist acts based on fanaticism.&quot; He also complained that human rights violators such as Sri Lanka joining the alliance in the war on terror posed threat to &quot;the legitimate political struggles of the oppressed humanity&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Prabhakaran asks West to redefine terrorism |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2001/11/28/stories/03280003.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011217193221/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2001/11/28/stories/03280003.htm |archive-date=December 17, 2001 |access-date=2023-04-27 |website=The Hindu}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Maha Veerar Naal Address, 2001 |url=https://tamilnation.org/ltte/vp/mahaveerar/vp01.htm |access-date=2023-04-27 |website=tamilnation.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Suicide attacks==<br /> {{Main| Black Tigers}}<br /> [[File:Flags Kopai Heroes Graveyard Jaffna 2004.jpg|thumb|[[Kopay]] memorial for fallen Tamil combatants]]<br /> One of the main divisions of LTTE included the [[Black Tigers]], an elite fighting wing of the movement, whose mission included carrying out [[suicide attack]]s against enemy targets.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stanford&quot; /&gt; The LTTE conducted its first suicide attack on 5 July 1987 when [[Captain Miller (Tamil militant)|Captain Miller]] rammed a truck filled with explosives into a Sri Lankan Army base in Jaffna killing scores of soldiers. Black Tigers as a division would be established years later. Its two strategic purposes were to compensate for the LTTE's lack of heavy weaponry and to serve as a [[commando]] unit to access difficult targets. Its members were carefully selected and underwent intense training.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Hopgood |first=Stephen |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=211orfsU0UYC&amp;pg=PA43 |title=Making Sense of Suicide Missions |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-19-929797-9 |pages=43–76 |chapter=Tamil Tigers, 1987–2002}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> According to the [[International Institute for Strategic Studies]], LTTE was the first insurgent organization to use concealed [[explosive belt]]s and vests.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://acd.iiss.org/armedconflict/Mainpages/dsp_ConflictBackground.asp?ConflictID=174 |title=Sri Lanka (LTTE) Historical Background |publisher=[[International Institute for Strategic Studies]] |work=IISS Armed Conflict Database |year=2003 |access-date=9 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090112100340/http://acd.iiss.org/armedconflict/Mainpages/dsp_ConflictBackground.asp?ConflictID=174 |archive-date=12 January 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; According to the [[Ministry of Defence (Sri Lanka)|Sri Lankan Ministry of Defence]], the LTTE stated that out of the deceased Black Tigers, 274 were male and 104 were female.&lt;ref name=&quot;rep&quot; /&gt; Experts estimated that the Black Tigers had carried out most of the suicide attacks recorded around the world by the time the Sri Lankan civil war ended in 2009. The LTTE is credited with popularizing the tactic globally.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |title=The Birthplace of Suicide Bombing: Sri Lanka's Grim History |url=https://time.com/5575956/sri-lanka-history-suicide-bombings-birthplace-invented/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811134811/https://time.com/5575956/sri-lanka-history-suicide-bombings-birthplace-invented/ |archive-date=11 August 2021 |access-date=11 August 2021 |magazine=Time |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, most of the LTTE suicide attacks were carried out against military targets in the north and east of the country;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; a quarter had been political assassinations and unlike other groups the LTTE primarily used such attacks as part of its insurgency strategy rather than to terrorize civilians.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Moghadam |first=Assaf |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RMeqBfA9-RUC&amp;pg=PA22 |title=The Globalization of Martyrdom: Al Qaeda, Salafi Jihad, and the Diffusion of Suicide Attacks |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-4214-0144-7 |page=22}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sometimes civilians were also killed such as in the 1998 attack on [[Temple of the Tooth|Dalada Maligawa]] killing eight civilians.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 January 1998 |title=11 Killed in Truck Bombing At Sri Lanka Buddhist Site |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/01/26/world/11-killed-in-truck-bombing-at-sri-lanka-buddhist-site.html |website=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Black Tiger wing also carried out attacks on several high-profile political figures.&lt;ref name=Gambetta2005&gt;{{Cite book|last=Gambetta|first=D.|date=26 May 2005|title=Making sense of suicide missions|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|location=New York|isbn=978-0-19-927699-8|pages=60–70}}&lt;/ref&gt; Three notable attacks includes the [[assassination of Rajiv Gandhi]], the former Prime Minister of India, on 21 May 1991,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Tamil Tiger 'regret' over Gandhi|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/5122032.stm?ls|work=[[BBC]]|date=27 June 2006|access-date=10 May 2007|archive-date=1 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210701054115/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/5122032.stm?ls|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=We killed Rajiv, confesses LTTE|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1686574.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=28 June 2006|access-date=10 May 2007|archive-date=7 May 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070507031135/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1686574.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; the assassination of [[Ranasinghe Premadasa]], the [[President of Sri Lanka]], on 1 May 1993,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|first=Mark|last=Baker|title=Hopes high for end to Sri Lanka war|url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2002/09/15/1032054710030.html|work=[[The Age]]|date=16 September 2002|access-date=10 May 2007|location=Melbourne|archive-date=10 January 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080110232214/http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2002/09/15/1032054710030.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the failed assassination attempt of [[Chandrika Kumaratunga]], the Sri Lankan President, on 18 December 1999, which resulted in the loss of her right eye.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Sri Lanka: In the name of clemency |url=http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1701/17010320.htm |work=Front Line |date=21 January 2000 |access-date=18 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060521213649/http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1701/17010320.htm |archive-date=21 May 2006 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Black Tiger cadres killed in action were highly glorified and their families were given the &quot;Maaveerar family&quot; status, just like normal LTTE cadres. Also, these families were honoured with the &quot;''Thamizheezha Maravar pathakkam''&quot; (Warrior medal of Tamil Eelam), one of the higher honours of Tamil Eelam.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&amp;artid=27035|title=TamilNet|access-date=30 July 2021|archive-date=30 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730213040/https://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&amp;artid=27035|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Black Tiger members were given a chance to have his/her last supper with the LTTE leader Prabhakaran, which was a rare honour, motivating LTTE cadres to join the Black Tiger wing.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Unmasking of Prabhakaran|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/publication/idr/vol_17%282%29/sp_sinha.htm|access-date=10 August 2011|archive-date=29 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429163243/https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/publication/idr/vol_17(2)/sp_sinha.htm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Assassinations==<br /> {{Main|List of assassinations of the Sri Lankan Civil War|Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi}}<br /> {| style=&quot;text-align:center; float:right; font-size:85%; margin-left:2em; margin:auto;&quot; class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+ Political figures who were considered as assassinated by LTTE (Source: Sri Lankan Ministry of Defence)&lt;ref name=&quot;rep&quot;/&gt;<br /> !Position/Status !! Number<br /> |-<br /> ![[President of Sri Lanka]]<br /> |1<br /> |-<br /> !Ex-[[Prime Minister of India]]<br /> |1<br /> |-<br /> !Presidential candidate<br /> |1<br /> |-<br /> !Leaders of [[List of political parties in Sri Lanka|political parties]]<br /> |10<br /> |-<br /> ![[Cabinet of Sri Lanka|Cabinet ministers]]<br /> |7<br /> |-<br /> !Members of Parliament<br /> |37<br /> |-<br /> !Members of [[Local government in Sri Lanka|provincial councils]]<br /> |6<br /> |-<br /> !Members of Pradeshiya Sabha<br /> |22<br /> |-<br /> !Political party organisers<br /> |17<br /> |-<br /> !Mayors<br /> |4<br /> |}<br /> <br /> The LTTE has been condemned by various groups for assassinating political and military opponents. The LTTE assassinated several leading Tamil politicians such as [[A. Amirthalingam|Appapillai Amirthalingam]], the former Leader of the Opposition;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=D.B.S. Jeyaraj |title=How LTTE murdered senior Tamil leader Amirthalingam 30 years ago… |url=https://www.dailymirror.lk/opinion/How-LTTE-murdered-senior-Tamil-leader-Amirthalingam-30-years-ago/172-171054 |access-date=27 May 2025 |publisher=Daily Mirror}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the Sri Lankan government has accused the LTTE of assassinating [[Lakshman Kadirgamar]], the former Foreign Minister whom the LTTE considered a &quot;traitor&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 August 2005 |title=Tigers deny killing minister |url=https://www.bbc.com/sinhala/news/story/2005/08/050813_kadir_ltte |website=BBC Sinhala}}&lt;/ref&gt; The assassination of the Sri Lankan president [[Ranasinghe Premadasa]] is attributed to LTTE. The seventh Prime Minister of the Republic of [[India]], [[Rajiv Gandhi]], was [[Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi|assassinated]] by an LTTE suicide bomber Thenmozhi Rajaratnam on 21 May 1991.&lt;ref name=JIGR/&gt; On 24 October 1994, LTTE detonated a bomb during a political rally in Thotalanga-Grandpass, which killed most of the prominent politicians of the [[United National Party]], including presidential candidate [[Gamini Dissanayake]] [[Member of parliament|MP]], Cabinet ministers [[Weerasinghe Mallimarachchi]] and [[G. M. Premachandra]], [[Ossie Abeygunasekara]] [[Member of parliament|MP]] and Gamini Wijesekara [[Member of parliament|MP]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Q&amp;A: Sri Lanka, killing of Former Sri Lankan Foreign Minister Lakshman Kadiragamar was killed by LTTE in 2005. elections|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4441820.stm|work=[[BBC]]|date=February 2009|access-date=10 May 2007|archive-date=8 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808200707/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4441820.stm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Sri Lanka: Searching for a solution|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/412014.stm|work=[[BBC]]|date=11 August 1999|access-date=10 May 2007|archive-date=30 June 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030630052420/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/412014.stm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Specifically in relation to the [[TELO]], the LTTE has said that it had to perform preemptive [[self-defence]] because the TELO was in effect functioning as a proxy for India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1617/16171020.htm |title=Chronicle of murders |author=T. S. Subramanian |date=August 1999 |publisher=Hindu Net |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709205128/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1617/16171020.htm |archive-date=9 July 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Human rights violations==<br /> Numerous countries and international organizations have accused the LTTE of attacking civilians and recruiting children.&lt;ref name=JIGR&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.janes.com/security/international_security/news/usscole/jir001020_1_n.shtml |title=Suicide terrorism: a global threat |publisher=[[Jane's Information Group]] |date=20 October 2000 |access-date=9 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204184847/http://www.janes.com/security/international_security/news/usscole/jir001020_1_n.shtml |archive-date=4 February 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Attacks on civilians===<br /> {{Main|List of attacks attributed to the LTTE}}<br /> <br /> The LTTE carried out several attacks on civilian targets. The first notable attack to take place outside of its claimed territory was the [[Anuradhapura massacre]] in 1985 which the LTTE stated was in retaliation to the [[1985 Valvettiturai massacre|Valvettiturai massacre]] of Tamil civilians.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tempest |first=Rone |date=21 June 1985 |title=Massacre That 'Woke Everybody Up' Helped Bring Truce in Sri Lanka |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-06-21-mn-11531-story.html |website=Los Angeles Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Other notable attacks include the [[Aranthalawa massacre]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.dailynews.lk/2007/05/24/news26.asp |title=Aranthalawa massacre, one of the darkest chapters in Lankan history |access-date=4 January 2009 |first=Nadira |last=Gunatilleke |newspaper=Daily News |date=24 May 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207024052/http://www.dailynews.lk/2007/05/24/news26.asp |archive-date= 7 February 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Kattankudy mosque massacre]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.amnestyusa.org/document.php?lang=e&amp;id=5E7F89A231872062802569A600601598|title=Human rights violations in a context of armed conflict|access-date=4 January 2009|publisher=Amnesty International USA|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214094900/http://www.amnestyusa.org/document.php?lang=e&amp;id=5E7F89A231872062802569A600601598|archive-date=14 February 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; the [[Kebithigollewa massacre]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.america.gov/st/washfile-english/2006/June/20060615115032ndyblehs0.351742.html |title=United States Condemns Terrorist Attack on Sri Lankan Bus |access-date=4 January 2009 |first=David |last=Shelby |publisher=US Department of State |date=15 June 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202201603/http://www.america.gov/st/washfile-english/2006/June/20060615115032ndyblehs0.351742.html |archive-date=2 February 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and the [[Dehiwala train bombing]].&lt;ref name=&quot;news.bbc.co.uk&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/51435.stm|title=Timeline of the Tamil conflict|access-date=4 January 2009|work=BBC News|date=4 September 2000|archive-date=15 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115184711/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/51435.stm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Civilians have also been killed in attacks on economic targets, such as the [[Central Bank bombing]].&lt;ref name=&quot;news.bbc.co.uk&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/31/newsid_4083000/4083095.stm|title=1996: Fifty dead in Sri Lanka suicide bombing|access-date=4 January 2009|work=BBC News|date=31 January 1996|archive-date=3 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203171501/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/31/newsid_4083000/4083095.stm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to Udalagama and de Silva, between 3,700 and 4,100 civilians were killed in &quot;terrorist acts&quot; attributed to the LTTE, a &quot;somewhat modest&quot; proportion of the overall civilian [[Casualties of the Sri Lankan Civil War|death toll]] during the war.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Hawdon |first1=James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jLdKBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA98 |title=The Causes and Consequences of Group Violence: From Bullies to Terrorists |last2=Ryan |first2=John |last3=Lucht |first3=Marc |date=2014-08-06 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-0-7391-8897-2 |pages=98 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> The LTTE leader Prabhakaran denied allegations of killing innocent Sinhalese civilians, claiming to condemn such acts of violence. In the case of Sinhalese in colonized areas, he claimed that LTTE had instead attacked armed [[Sri Lankan Home Guard|Home Guard]]s who were &quot;death-squads let loose on Tamil civilians&quot; and Sinhalese settlers who were &quot;brought to the Tamil areas to forcibly occupy the land.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.eelamweb.com/leader/interview/in_eye_1986/|title=Tamil National Leader Hon. V. Pirapaharan's Interview &quot;The Eye of the Tiger&quot;|website=eelamweb.com|access-date=11 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303192631/http://www.eelamweb.com/leader/interview/in_eye_1986/|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.eelamweb.com/leader/messages/military/1986/|title=Tamil National Leader Hon. V. Pirapaharan's Military Campaign messages|website=eelamweb.com|access-date=11 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701163345/http://www.eelamweb.com/leader/messages/military/1986/|archive-date=1 July 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; The continuous inflow of Sinhalese settlers into Tamil areas since the 1950s, encouraged by the government to undermine claims of a Tamil homeland, had become a source of inter-ethnic violence and had been one of the major grievances expressed by the LTTE.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KKZcgOJPjVkC&amp;pg=PA21|title=Contested Lands|last=Bose|first=Sumantra|date=30 June 2009|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674028562|page=21|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The LTTE also denied massacring Muslims, stating that they were allies against the Sinhalese state.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyt eravur&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=13 August 1990 |title=Rebels Reported to Kill 119 in Sri Lanka |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/08/13/world/rebels-reported-to-kill-119-in-sri-lanka.html |access-date=9 February 2021 |work=The New York Times |agency=Associated Press |archive-date=16 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416233244/https://www.nytimes.com/1990/08/13/world/rebels-reported-to-kill-119-in-sri-lanka.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; LTTE sympathizers often claim that Karuna, while he was a commander, was solely responsible for many attacks, especially in the Eastern Province.&lt;ref name=&quot;amarasingam&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Amarnath Amarasingam|title= Pain, Pride, and Politics: Social Movement Activism and the Sri Lankan Tamil Diaspora in Canada|date= 15 September 2015|page=57|publisher= University of Georgia Press|isbn= 9780820348148}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Child soldiers===<br /> {{See also|Militant use of children in Sri Lanka}}<br /> The LTTE has been accused of recruiting and using child soldiers to fight against Sri Lankan government forces.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rsd/rsddocview.html?tbl=RSDCOI&amp;id=43cfaea725&amp;count=1|title=Human Rights Watch World Report 2006 – Sri Lanka|date=18 January 2006|publisher=[[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]]|access-date=10 February 2009|archive-date=26 May 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070526083950/http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rsd/rsddocview.html?tbl=RSDCOI&amp;id=43cfaea725&amp;count=1|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2004/childsoldiers0104/16.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070516141422/http://www.hrw.org/reports/2004/childsoldiers0104/16.htm|archive-date=16 May 2007|title=Child Soldier Use 2003: A Briefing for the 4th UN Security Council Open Debate on Children and Armed Conflict: Sri Lanka|date=January 2003|publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]|access-date=13 February 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; The LTTE was accused of having up to 5,794 child soldiers in its ranks since 2001.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/2006/1129/p07s02-wosc.html|title=Outrage over child soldiers in Sri Lanka|last=Raman|first=Nachammai|date=29 November 2006|newspaper=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]|access-date=10 February 2009|archive-date=13 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113151616/http://www.csmonitor.com/2006/1129/p07s02-wosc.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name =unplea&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4712318.stm|title=UN plea to Tigers on child troops|date=14 February 2006|work=BBC News|agency=[[BBC News]]|access-date=9 February 2009|archive-date=12 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090112105654/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4712318.stm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amid international pressure, the LTTE announced in July 2003 that it would stop conscripting child soldiers, but [[UNICEF]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/04/28/asia/AS-GEN-Sri-Lanka-Child-Soldiers.php |title=UN says Sri Lankan group continues to recruit child soldiers |date=27 April 2007 |newspaper=International Herald Tribune |agency=[[Associated Press]] |access-date=10 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028173552/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/04/28/asia/AS-GEN-Sri-Lanka-Child-Soldiers.php |archive-date=28 October 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Human Rights Watch]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/english/docs/2005/01/14/slanka10016.htm|title=Sri Lanka: Child Tsunami Victims Recruited by Tamil Tigers|date=13 January 2005|publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]|access-date=9 February 2009|archive-date=10 November 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081110040941/http://hrw.org/english/docs/2005/01/14/slanka10016.htm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; have accused it of reneging on its promises, and of conscripting Tamil children orphaned by [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami|the tsunami]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4171251.stm|title=Tamil Tigers 'drafting children'|date=13 January 2005|work=BBC News|agency=[[BBC News]]|access-date=9 February 2009|archive-date=15 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115143602/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4171251.stm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; N. Malathy, the former secretary of [[North East Secretariat on Human Rights|NESOHR]], accused the UNICEF of sensationalizing this issue to fundraise and falsely listing disabled and orphaned children in the LTTE orphanages as child soldiers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=N. |first=Malathy |url=https://archive.org/details/a-fleeting-moment-in-my-country/page/94/mode/1up |title=A Fleeting Moment In My Country: The Last Years of the LTTE De-facto State |publisher=Clarity Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-9845255-5-3 |pages=94–95}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 18 June 2007, the LTTE released 135 children under 18 years of age. UNICEF, along with the United States, stated that there had been a significant drop in LTTE recruitment of children, but claimed in 2007 that 506 child recruits remain under the LTTE.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://web.amnesty.org/library/index/engASA370172007?open&amp;of=eng-LKA |title=Sri Lanka: Amnesty International urges LTTE to live up to its pledge to end child recruitment |publisher=[[Amnesty International]] |date=10 July 2007 |access-date=9 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022100510/http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGASA370172007?open&amp;of=ENG-LKA |archive-date=22 October 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt; A report released by the LTTE's Child Protection Authority (CPA) in 2008 stated that less than 40 soldiers under age 18 remained in its forces.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ltteps.org/?view=2095&amp;folder=17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716163102/http://www.ltteps.org/?view=2095&amp;folder=17|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 July 2011|title=Status of UNICEF database on underage LTTE members|date=23 January 2009|publisher=Peace Secretariat of Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam|access-date=9 February 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2009 a [[Special Representative of the Secretary-General]] of the United Nations said the Tamil Tigers &quot;continue to recruit children to fight on the frontlines&quot;, and &quot;use force to keep many civilians, including children, in harm's way&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;srsc-comment&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Security Council open debate on children and armed conflict: Statement by SRSG Radhika Coomaraswamy|date=29 April 2009|url=http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900SID/SNAA-7RL3KL?OpenDocument|work=Relief Web|access-date=15 May 2009|archive-date=3 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090603022415/http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900SID/SNAA-7RL3KL?OpenDocument|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; During the violent parts of the war, though some children were forcefully recruited, many voluntarily joined the LTTE after witnessing or experiencing abuses by Sri Lankan security forces, seeking to &quot;protect their families or to avenge real or perceived abuses.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2004/11/10/living-fear/child-soldiers-and-tamil-tigers-sri-lanka|title=Living in Fear|date=11 November 2004|website=Human Rights Watch|access-date=11 June 2016|archive-date=13 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613080703/https://www.hrw.org/report/2004/11/10/living-fear/child-soldiers-and-tamil-tigers-sri-lanka|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, the Sri Lankan government's National Child Protection Authority alleged that since the ceasefire children were more likely to be forcibly recruited.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=IV. LTTE Recruitment of Children During the Cease-Fire |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2004/srilanka1104/5.htm#_Toc86826243 |website=hrw.org |publisher=Human Rights Watch |access-date=3 May 2020 |archive-date=24 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924031703/https://www.hrw.org/reports/2004/srilanka1104/5.htm#_Toc86826243 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The LTTE argued that instances of child recruitment occurred mostly in the eastern province, under the purview of former LTTE regional commander [[Colonel Karuna]]. After leaving the LTTE and forming the [[TMVP]], it is alleged that Karuna continued to forcibly kidnap and induct child soldiers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/holnus/001200801311401.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=7 March 2009 |location=Chennai, India |title=Karuna faction recruiting child soldiers in Lanka: UN |date=31 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107152624/http://www.hindu.com/holnus/001200801311401.htm |archive-date=7 November 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Soon after Karuna's defection, the LTTE began an intensive campaign to re-recruit Karuna's former cadres, including child soldiers. Many of the former child soldiers were re-recruited by the LTTE, often by force.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Living in Fear: Child Soldiers and the Tamil Tigers in Sri Lanka |url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2004/11/10/living-fear/child-soldiers-and-tamil-tigers-sri-lanka |publisher=Human Rights Watch |language=en |date=10 November 2004 |access-date=11 June 2016 |archive-date=13 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613080703/https://www.hrw.org/report/2004/11/10/living-fear/child-soldiers-and-tamil-tigers-sri-lanka |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Forced displacement===<br /> <br /> {{Main|1987 Eastern Province massacres|Expulsion of Muslims from the Northern province by LTTE}}<br /> <br /> Following the [[1985 Trincomalee massacres|anti-Tamil violence in Trincomalee District in 1985]], where security forces and Sinhalese mobs massacred about 200 Tamils and displaced their entire population from the [[Trincomalee|town]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Gassbeek&quot;&gt;{{cite thesis |type=PhD |last=Gassbeek |first=Timmo |date=2010 |title=Bridging troubled waters? Everyday inter-ethnic interaction in a context of violent conflict in Kottiyar Pattu, Trincomalee, Sri Lanka |publisher=Wageningen University |url=https://edepot.wur.nl/138278 |page=144-157 |access-date=23 May 2023 |archive-date=20 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520203800/https://edepot.wur.nl/138278 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; the LTTE carried out a series of attacks on Sinhalese in the area forcing thousands to flee in 1986.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report|author=&lt;!-- not stated --&gt;|title=SRI LANKA'S EASTERN PROVINCE: LAND, DEVELOPMENT, CONFLICT|url=https://www.justice.gov/file/278266/dl?inline=|date=15 October 2008|publisher=International Crisis Group|page=13|access-date=4 April 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; In October 1987, the LTTE took advantage of communal violence in the [[Eastern Province, Sri Lanka|Eastern Province]], particularly in the [[Trincomalee District]]. LTTE gunmen led Tamil rioters and ordered Sinhalese to leave, threatening their lives. By 4 October, 5,000 Sinhalese were made homeless. Following the [[1987 Suicide of Tamil Tigers|suicide of 12 LTTE detainees]] under the Sri Lankan Army custody, LTTE massacred Sinhalese civilians throughout the Eastern Province. By the end of the week, about 200 Sinhalese were dead and 20,000 had fled the Eastern Province.&lt;ref name=&quot;rubin&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Rubin |first1=Barnett |title=Cycles of Violence: Human Rights in Sri Lanka Since the Indo-Sri Lanka Agreement |publisher=Human Rights Watch |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=b7F-dUh5_j8C&amp;pg=PA511111 |access-date=8 December 2018|isbn=9780938579434 |year=1987 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Further evictions of Muslim residents happened in the north in 1990, and the east in 1992. Yogi, the LTTE's political spokesman, stated that this expulsion was carried out in retaliation for the [[Veeramunai massacres|atrocities committed against Tamils in the Eastern Province]] by Muslims, who were seen by the LTTE as collaborators with the Sri Lankan Army.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 May 1991 |title=CHAPTER 6: The Social Fabric and Communal Relations: 6.1.2 Yogis' speech |url=https://uthr.org/Reports/Report7/chapter6.htm#_Toc516626374 |website=UTHR(J)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2016-11-01|title=Northern Muslim Expulsion &amp; Tamil Leadership|url=https://www.colombotelegraph.com/index.php/northern-muslim-expulsion-tamil-leadership/|access-date=2021-04-27|website=Colombo Telegraph|language=en-US|archive-date=18 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818065108/https://www.colombotelegraph.com/index.php/northern-muslim-expulsion-tamil-leadership/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sri Lankan Defence Ministry, Human Rights Watch, among others, have described the forcible removal of Sinhalese and Muslim inhabitants from areas under its control as &quot;ethnic cleansing&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/13/stories/2007041304441600.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070501115556/http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/13/stories/2007041304441600.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 May 2007|title=Ethnic cleansing: Colombo|last=Reddy|first=B. Muralidhar|date=13 April 2007|access-date=9 February 2009|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Recurring Nightmare |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2008/srilanka0308/2.htm |website=www.hrw.org |access-date=28 May 2023 |archive-date=28 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528024533/https://www.hrw.org/reports/2008/srilanka0308/2.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> During the peace talks in 2002, the LTTE formally apologised to the Muslims for the expulsion and invited them back, stating that the [[North Eastern Province, Sri Lanka|north-east]] also belonged to them.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=5 April 2002 |title=Tamil Tigers apologise to Sri Lanka's Muslims |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/tamil-tigers-apologise-to-sri-lanka-s-muslims-1.419018 |newspaper=The Irish Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2003, the LTTE formally recognised the rights of the Muslim and Sinhalese communities to be present in the north-east in their [[Interim Self Governing Authority|ISGA]] proposals.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=1 November 2003 |title=Full text: Tamil Tiger proposals |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3232913.stm |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Mistreatment of prisoners===<br /> ==== Executions====<br /> {{See also|1990 massacre of Sri Lankan Police officers}}<br /> The LTTE executed prisoners of war on a number of occasions despite its declaration in 1988 that it would abide by the [[Geneva Conventions]]. One such incident was the mass murder of 600 unarmed Sri Lankan Police officers in 1990, in Eastern Province, after they surrendered to the LTTE on the request of President Ranasinghe Premadasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;lank1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lankanewspapers.com/news/2011/6/67843.html|title=Recalling the saddest day in Lankan Police history|access-date=12 June 2011|year=2011|work=Lanka Newspapers|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615103423/http://www.lankanewspapers.com/news/2011/6/67843.html|archive-date=15 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1993, LTTE killed 200 Sri Lanka Army soldiers, captured in the naval base at Pooneryn, during the [[Battle of Pooneryn]].&lt;ref name=&quot;armyt&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.army.lk/morenews.php?id=18242|title=Strategic Pooneryn's fall a humiliating blow to Tiger Supremo; Battle of Pooneryn efficiently accomplished|access-date=12 June 2011|work=[[Sri Lanka Army]]}}{{Dead link|date=June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Few months earlier they had executed an officer and several soldiers captured during the [[Battle of Janakapura]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=SPECIAL REPORT 5 FROM MANAL AARU TO WELI OYA AND THE SPIRIT OF JULY 1983 |url=https://uthr.org/SpecialReports/spreport5.htm#_Toc512569427 |website=uthr.org |publisher=[[University Teachers for Human Rights]] |access-date=22 September 2021 |archive-date=17 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917155609/https://uthr.org/SpecialReports/spreport5.htm#_Toc512569427 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1996, LTTE executed 207 military officers and soldiers who had surrendered to the LTTE during [[Battle of Mullaitivu (1996)]].&lt;ref name=&quot;SR&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://sundaytimes.lk/961013/sitrep.html|title=The Sunday Times Situation Report|website=sundaytimes.lk|access-date=31 July 2018|archive-date=31 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131202209/http://sundaytimes.lk/961013/sitrep.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.crimesofwar.org/cgi-sys/suspendedpage.cgi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081231051315/http://www.crimesofwar.org/thebook/quarter-giving-no.html|url-status=dead|title=Quarter, Giving No|last=Burns|first=John|archive-date=31 December 2008|website=crimesofwar.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; The LTTE has also been accused of executing civilian Tamils accused of dissent. [[Rajan Hoole]] of [[University Teachers for Human Rights|UTHR(J)]] claims that various dissident sources allege that the number of Tamil dissenters and prisoners from rival armed groups clandestinely killed by the LTTE in detention or otherwise ranges from 8,000 - 20,000,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Hoole |first1=Rajan |title=Sri Lanka: The arrogance of power : myths, decadence &amp; murder |date=2001 |isbn=978-9559447047 |url=https://www.colombotelegraph.com/index.php/a-monstrosity/ |access-date=3 February 2021 |chapter=Tamils &amp; The Political Culture Of Auto-Genocide –XII: A Monstrosity |publisher=University Teachers for Human Rights (Jaffna) |archive-date=3 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203042511/https://www.colombotelegraph.com/index.php/a-monstrosity/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; although he later stated that western agencies dismissed his figures as exaggeration.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hoole |first=R. |date=2009-03-01 |title=Sri Lanka: Ethnic Strife, Fratricide, and the Peace vs. Human Rights Dilemma |url=https://academic.oup.com/jhrp/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/jhuman/hun003 |journal=Journal of Human Rights Practice |language=en |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=120–139 |doi=10.1093/jhuman/hun003 |issn=1757-9619|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Torture====<br /> The LTTE tortured suspects based on the victim's refusal to co-operate and for giving information to the Sri Lankan army or IPKF.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Block |first1=Wendell |last2=Lee |first2=Jessica Lee |last3=Vijayasingham |first3=Kera |title=Mercy for money: Torture's link to profit in Sri Lanka, a retrospective review |journal=Torture |date=10 October 2017 |volume=27 |issue=1 |page=37 |doi=10.7146/torture.v27i1.26532 |pmid=28607228 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Torture was also practised on child soldiers who attempted to flee military service such as by being left out in the sun.&lt;ref name=&quot;unhrc&quot;&gt;{{cite report|url=https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/OISL/Abduction.doc|date=September 2015|title=Report of the OHCHR Investigation on Sri Lanka, September 2015|publisher=OHCHR|page=1|access-date=15 March 2021|archive-date=16 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416225217/https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/OISL/Abduction.doc|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sri Lankan soldiers and police officers taken as prisoners were also tortured by the LTTE during interrogations. LTTE prison conditions were often poor and many prisoners died due to infections from their wounds.&lt;ref name=&quot;jayatunge&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Jayatunge |first1=Ruwan |date=22 June 2014 |title=The POWs Of The Eelam War |url=https://www.colombotelegraph.com/index.php/the-pows-of-the-eelam-war/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210701113439/https://www.colombotelegraph.com/index.php/the-pows-of-the-eelam-war/ |archive-date=1 July 2021 |access-date=15 March 2021 |publisher=Colombo Telegraph}}&lt;/ref&gt; Among the methods of torture included burning with heated metal, hanging the victim upside down and beating them, slashing with razors and electroshocking.&lt;ref name=&quot;amnesty torture&quot;&gt;{{cite report |url=https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/132000/act400132000en.pdf#page=18 |title=Take a Step to Stamp Out Torture |date=2000 |publisher=Amnesty International |page=18 |access-date=1 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627213850/https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/132000/act400132000en.pdf#page=18 |archive-date=27 June 2021 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;jayatunge&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===War crimes during the final stages of the Sri Lankan civil war===<br /> {{main|Alleged war crimes during the Sri Lankan Civil War}}There are [[Alleged war crimes during the Sri Lankan Civil War|allegations that war crimes]] were committed by the Sri Lankan military and the LTTE during the last stages of the Sri Lankan civil war. The alleged war crimes include attacks on civilians and civilian buildings by both sides, executions of combatants and prisoners by both sides, keeping civilians as hostages by the LTTE, and recruitment of child soldiers by both the LTTE, and the TMVP, a Sri Lankan Army paramilitary group.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2009/10/22/sri-lanka-us-war-crimes-report-details-extensive-abuses|title=Sri Lanka: US War Crimes Report Details Extensive Abuses|date=22 October 2009|publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]|access-date=17 January 2010|archive-date=16 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100116224244/http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2009/10/22/sri-lanka-us-war-crimes-report-details-extensive-abuses|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.thesundayleader.lk/2010/12/08/govt-ltte-executed-soldiers/|title=Govt.: LTTE Executed Soldiers|date=8 December 2010|publisher=[[The Sunday Leader]]|access-date=17 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101212104240/http://www.thesundayleader.lk/2010/12/08/govt-ltte-executed-soldiers/|archive-date=12 December 2010|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Darusman|first1=Marzuki|url=https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/POC%20Rep%20on%20Account%20in%20Sri%20Lanka.pdf|title=Report of the Secretary-General's Panel of Experts on Accountability in Sri Lanka|last2=Sooka|first2=Yasmin|last3=Ratner|first3=Steven R.|date=31 March 2011|publisher=[[United Nations]]|page=ii-iii|author-link1=Marzuki Darusman|access-date=23 February 2024|archive-date=13 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313081933/https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/POC%20Rep%20on%20Account%20in%20Sri%20Lanka.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Senanayake |first=Shimali |date=24 January 2007 |title=Sri Lankan Army involved in child conscription, report says - Asia - Pacific - International Herald Tribune |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/24/world/asia/24iht-lanka.4323345.html |work=The New York Times |access-date=23 February 2024 |archive-date=23 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223163349/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/24/world/asia/24iht-lanka.4323345.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> A [[Report of the Secretary-General's Panel of Experts on Accountability in Sri Lanka|panel of experts]] appointed by [[UN Secretary-General]] (UNSG) [[Ban Ki-moon]] to advise him on the issue of accountability with regard to any alleged violations of [[international human rights]] and [[humanitarian law]] during the final stages of the civil war found &quot;credible allegations&quot; which, if proven, indicated that [[war crime]]s and [[crimes against humanity]] were committed by the Sri Lankan military and the LTTE.&lt;ref name=Island160411&gt;{{cite news|title=Report of the UNSG's panel of experts on accountability in SL|url=http://www.island.lk/index.php?page_cat=article-details&amp;page=article-details&amp;code_title=23146|newspaper=The Island, Sri Lanka|date=16 April 2011|access-date=22 April 2011|archive-date=23 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110423032125/http://www.island.lk/index.php?page_cat=article-details&amp;page=article-details&amp;code_title=23146|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=TN160411&gt;{{cite news|title=UN panel admits international failure in Vanni war, calls for investigations|url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=79&amp;artid=33808|newspaper=[[TamilNet]]|date=16 April 2011|access-date=22 April 2011|archive-date=18 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110418010427/http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=79&amp;artid=33808|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=DM160411&gt;{{cite news|title=Summary of UN Panel report|url=http://www.dailymirror.lk/top-story/10913-summary-of-un-panel-report.html|newspaper=[[Daily Mirror (Sri Lanka)]]|date=16 April 2011|access-date=22 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110419065233/http://www.dailymirror.lk/top-story/10913-summary-of-un-panel-report.html|archive-date=19 April 2011|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; The panel has called on the UNSG to conduct an independent international inquiry into the alleged violations of [[international law]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Sri Lankan military committed war crimes: U.N. panel|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/article1701700.ece|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=16 April 2011|location=Chennai, India|access-date=22 April 2011|archive-date=8 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108084149/http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/article1701700.ece|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=france24&gt;{{cite news|title=Leaked UN report urges Sri Lanka war crimes probe |url=http://www.france24.com/en/20110416-leaked-un-report-urges-sri-lanka-war-crimes-probe |newspaper=[[France24]] |date=16 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110503173006/http://www.france24.com/en/20110416-leaked-un-report-urges-sri-lanka-war-crimes-probe |archive-date=3 May 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{Portal|Sri Lanka|Tamils}}<br /> {{Div col|colwidth=30em}}<br /> * [[2009 Tamil diaspora protests]]<br /> * [[Black July]]<br /> * [[Eelam War (disambiguation)|Eelam War]]<br /> * [[List of assassinations of the Sri Lankan Civil War]]<br /> * [[List of attacks attributed to the LTTE]]<br /> * [[List of attacks on civilians attributed to Sri Lankan government forces]]<br /> * [[Militant use of children in Sri Lanka]]<br /> * [[Sri Lankan Tamil militant groups]]<br /> * [[Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism]]<br /> * [[Transnational Government of Tamil Eelam]]<br /> {{Div col end}}<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{reflist|group=note}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> ===Bibliography===<br /> {{Refbegin}}<br /> * {{Cite book|last=Balasingham|first=Adele|author-link=Adele Ann Wilby|title=The Will to Freedom – An Inside View of Tamil Resistance|publisher=Fairmax Publishing Ltd|edition=2nd|year=2003|isbn=978-1-903679-03-6}}<br /> * {{Cite book|last=Balasingham|first=Anton|author-link=Anton Balasingham|title=War and Peace – Armed Struggle and Peace Efforts of Liberation Tigers|publisher=Fairmax Publishing Ltd|edition=|year=2004|isbn=978-1-903679-05-0}}<br /> * {{Cite book|last=De Votta|first=Neil|title=Blowback: Linguistic Nationalism, Institutional Decay, and Ethnic Conflict in Sri Lanka|publisher=[[Stanford University Press]]|year=2004|isbn=978-0-8047-4924-4}}<br /> * {{Cite book|last1=Gamage|first1=Siri|last2=Watson|first2=I. B.|title=Conflict and Community in Contemporary Sri Lanka – 'Pearl of the East' or 'Island of Tears'?|publisher=[[Sage Publications]]|year=1999|isbn=978-0-7619-9393-3}}<br /> * {{cite book |last1=Gates |first1=Scott |last2=Roy |first2=Kaushik |author1-link=Scott Gates (academic) |title=Unconventional Warfare in South Asia, 1947 to the Present |year=2011 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Farnham, England |isbn=978-0754629771 |language=en}}<br /> * {{Cite book|last=Gunaratna|first=Rohan|author-link=Rohan Gunaratna|title=Sri Lanka's Ethnic Crisis and National Security|publisher=South Asian Network on Conflict Research|edition=|year=1998|isbn=978-955-8093-00-9}}<br /> * {{Cite book|last=Gunaratna|first=Rohan|author-link=Rohan Gunaratna|title=War and Peace in Sri Lanka: With a Post-Accord Report from Jaffna|publisher=Institute of Fundamental Studies|edition=|year=1987|isbn=978-955-26-0001-2}}<br /> * {{Cite book|last=Hellmann-Rajanayagam|first=Dagmar|title=The Tamil Tigers: Armed Struggle for Identity |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=1994|isbn=978-3-515-06530-6}}<br /> * {{Cite book|last=La|first=J|title=Forced remittances in Canada's Tamil enclaves|publisher=Peace review 16:3|date= 2004|pages=379–385|isbn=978-3-515-06530-6}}<br /> * {{Cite book|last=Mehta|first=Raj|title=Lost Victory: The Rise &amp; Fall of LTTE Supremo, V. Prabhakaran|publisher=Pentagon Press|edition=|year=2010|isbn=978-81-8274-443-1}}<br /> * {{Cite book|last=Pratap|first=Anita|title=Island of Blood: Frontline Reports From Sri Lanka, Afghanistan and Other South Asian Flashpoints|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|year=2001|isbn=978-0-14-302906-9}}<br /> * {{Cite book|last=Swamy|first=M.R. Narayan|title=Inside an Elusive Mind Prabhakaran: The First Profile of the Worlds Most Ruthless Guerrilla Leader|publisher=Literate World, Inc.|edition=|year=2003|isbn=978-81-220-0657-5}}<br /> * {{Cite book|last=Swamy|first=M. R. Narayan|title=The Tiger Vanquished: LTTE's Story|publisher=Sage Publications Pvt. Ltd|edition=|year=2010|isbn=978-81-321-0459-9}}<br /> * {{Cite book|last=Swamy|first=M. R. Narayan|title=Tigers of Lanka: From Boys to Guerrillas|publisher=Konark Publishers|edition=2nd|year=2002|isbn=978-81-220-0631-5}}<br /> * {{cite book|author=Chellamuthu Kuppusamy |url=https://www.nhm.in/shop/978-81-8493-168-6.html |title=Prabhakaran: The Story of His Struggle for Eelam |publisher=New Horizon Media Pvt Ltd |year=2009 |isbn=978-81-8493-168-6 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121117103238/http://nhm.in/shop/978-81-8493-168-6.html |archive-date=17 November 2012 }}<br /> * {{cite book|author=Chellamuthu Kuppusamy |url=https://www.nhm.in/shop/978-81-8493-039-9.html |title=பிரபாகரன்: ஒரு வாழ்க்கை |publisher=New Horizon Media Pvt Ltd |year=2008 |isbn=978-81-8493-039-9 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121226135408/https://www.nhm.in/shop/978-81-8493-039-9.html |archive-date=26 December 2012 }}<br /> {{Refend}}<br /> <br /> ===Reviews===<br /> {{Refbegin}}<br /> * {{cite web|url=http://hrw.org/reports/2004/childsoldiers0104/index.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070516141422/http://www.hrw.org/reports/2004/childsoldiers0104/16.htm|archive-date=16 May 2007|title=Child Soldier Use 2003: A Briefing for the 4th UN Security Council Open Debate|publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]|date=January 2003|access-date=13 February 2009}}<br /> * {{cite web|url=https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/2008/january/tamil_tigers011008|title=Taming the Tamil Tigers, from Here in the U.S.|publisher=[[Federal Bureau of Investigation]]|date=January 2008|access-date=30 July 2011|archive-date=13 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413104631/https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/2008/january/tamil_tigers011008|url-status=live}}<br /> {{Refend}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Commons category}}<br /> <br /> ===LTTE web sites===<br /> * {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050412081730/http://www.eelam.com/ |title=Official website |date=dmy}}<br /> * [http://www.tamilnet.com/ Tamilnet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090820091139/http://www.tamilnet.com/ |date=20 August 2009 }} Pro Rebel Website<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190417120957/http://tamileelamnews.com/ Tamil Eelam News] Tamil Eelam news site<br /> <br /> ===Sri Lanka Government===<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055103/https://www.defence.lk/news/20110801_Conf.pdf Humanitarian Operation – Factual Analysis, July 2006 – May 2009] A report on strength and impact of LTTE from [[Ministry of Defence (Sri Lanka)|Sri Lanka Ministry of Defence]]<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110827212530/http://www.defence.lk/new.asp?fname=Humanitarian Humanitarian Operation timeline, 1981–2009] The history of Sri Lankan armed forces operations and area controlled by LTTE<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071012005118/http://www.defence.lk/pps/LTTEinbrief.pdf Sri Lanka Ministry of Defence LTTE in Brief] An overview of LTTE by [[Ministry of Defence (Sri Lanka)|Sri Lanka Ministry of Defence]]<br /> <br /> ===International organisations===<br /> * [https://fas.org/irp/world/para/docs/com77e.htm An analysis of Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam organization and operations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503040217/https://fas.org/irp/world/para/docs/com77e.htm |date=3 May 2021 }} by [[Federation of American Scientists]]<br /> * [http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/asia/south-asia/sri-lanka/186%20The%20Sri%20Lankan%20Tamil%20Diaspora%20after%20the%20LTTE.pdf Sri Lankan Tamil Diaspora After LTTE] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160520100753/http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/asia/south-asia/sri-lanka/186%20The%20Sri%20Lankan%20Tamil%20Diaspora%20after%20the%20LTTE.pdf |date=20 May 2016 }} Relationship between LTTE and the Tamil diaspora, and consequences of LTTE defeat, by [[International Crisis Group]]<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100526145855/http://www.cfr.org/publication/9242/ Background information on the Tamil Tigers] by [[Council on Foreign Relations]]<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130123121540/http://adl.org/terrorism/symbols/liberation_tigers_te2.asp Overview of Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam] by [[Anti-Defamation League]]<br /> * [https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/ltte0306webwcover.pdf Funding the &quot;Final War&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007031417/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/ltte0306webwcover.pdf |date=7 October 2012 }} A [[Human Rights Watch]] report on LTTE's fund raising strategies<br /> * [https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/ltte1208webwcover_1.pdf Trapped and Mistreated] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309165607/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/ltte1208webwcover_1.pdf |date=9 March 2021 }} Human rights violations of LTTE, a [[Human Rights Watch]] report<br /> <br /> ===International press===<br /> * [https://www.csmonitor.com/2009/0503/p06s04-wosc.html &quot;Sri Lankan Civilians Trapped by Tamil Tigers 'Last Stand{{'&quot;}}] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090506034536/http://www.csmonitor.com/2009/0503/p06s04-wosc.html |date=6 May 2009 }}—Article in ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]'', 3 May 2009<br /> * [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article6315015.ece &quot;Guerrilla Tactics – How the Tamil Tigers Were Beaten in an 'Unwinnable' War&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090521132003/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article6315015.ece |date=21 May 2009 }}—Article in ''[[The Times]]'', 19 May 2009<br /> * [http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2009/02/rise-and-fall-of-ltte-overview.html &quot;Rise and Fall of the LTTE – An Overview&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210701152633/http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2009/02/rise-and-fall-of-ltte-overview.html |date=1 July 2021 }}—A [[Sri Lanka Guardian]] article on characteristics of LTTE<br /> <br /> {{Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam|state=expanded}}<br /> {{Sri Lankan Civil War}}<br /> {{Sri Lankan Tamil people}}<br /> {{Terror outfits}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam}}<br /> [[Category:Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam| ]]<br /> [[Category:Sri Lankan civil war]]<br /> [[Category:1976 establishments in Sri Lanka]]<br /> [[Category:2009 disestablishments in Sri Lanka]]<br /> [[Category:Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi]]<br /> [[Category:Defunct organizations designated as terrorist in Asia]]<br /> [[Category:Factions in the Sri Lankan civil war]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Peace Keeping Force]]<br /> [[Category:Left-wing militant groups]]<br /> [[Category:Organizations based in Asia designated as terrorist]]<br /> [[Category:Organizations designated as terrorist by Canada]]<br /> [[Category:Organisations designated as terrorist by the European Union]]<br /> [[Category:Organisations designated as terrorist by India]]<br /> [[Category:Organisations designated as terrorist by Malaysia]]<br /> [[Category:Organisations designated as terrorist by Sri Lanka]]<br /> [[Category:Organisations designated as terrorist by the United Kingdom]]<br /> [[Category:Organizations designated as terrorist by the United States]]<br /> [[Category:Organizations disestablished in 2009]]<br /> [[Category:Organizations established in 1976]]<br /> [[Category:Resistance movements]]<br /> [[Category:Separatism in Sri Lanka]]</div>

Cristine5684 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Binu_Adimali&diff=491804 2026-02-18T07:24:44Z

<p>Cristine5684: New New Bio From Scratch!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian comedian and actor}}<br /> {{Sources exist|date=July 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | citizenship = Indian<br /> | occupation = {{hlist|Actor|Comedian}}<br /> | years_active = 2013—present<br /> }}<br /> '''Binu Adimali''' is an Indian comedian and actor who primarily works in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam Film Industry]].<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !Year<br /> !Title<br /> !Role<br /> !Notes<br /> !{{refh}}<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2013<br /> |''[[Black Butterfly (2013 film)|Black Butterfly]]''<br /> |Cycle Repairer<br /> |Debut film<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Housefull (2013 film)|Housefull]]''<br /> |Espade<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2014<br /> |''[[Ithihasa]]''<br /> |Rarichan<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2015<br /> |''[[Vishwasam Athallae Ellaam]]''<br /> |Varkey<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Pathemari]]''<br /> |Man in Cafeteria<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;7&quot;|2016<br /> |''[[Paavada]]''<br /> |Sugathan<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Darvinte Parinamam]]''<br /> |Jayan<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[King Liar]]''<br /> |Police Constable<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''Crayons''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Welcome to Central Jail]]''<br /> |Shibu<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Kattappanayile Rithwik Roshan]]''<br /> |Peon<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[10 Kalpanakal]]''<br /> |Jomon<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|2017<br /> |''[[Georgettan's Pooram]]''<br /> |Villager<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Godha (film)|Godha]]''<br /> |Rogue Man<br /> |Cameo<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Velipadinte Pusthakam]]''<br /> |Villager<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;8&quot;|2018<br /> |''[[Carbon (2018 film)|Carbon]]''<br /> |Thankachen<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Kuttanadan Marpappa]]''<br /> |Mathai<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Parole (2018 film)|Parole]]''<br /> |Jailer<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''Naam''<br /> |Suganan<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Kamuki]]''<br /> |Professor<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Oru Pazhaya Bomb Kadha]]''<br /> |Villager<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Johny Johny Yes Appa]]''<br /> |Security<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Thattumpurath Achuthan]]''<br /> |Police Constable<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;6&quot;|2019<br /> |''[[An International Local Story]]''<br /> |Josey<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Mask (2019 film)|Mask]]''<br /> |Police Constable<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''Vakathiruvu''<br /> |Kelu<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Kumbarees]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Mohabbathin Kunjabdulla]]''<br /> |Bus Passenger<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Munthiri Monchan]]''<br /> |Kambi Rajan<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|2020<br /> |''[[Shylock (2020 film)|Shylock]]''<br /> |Production Controller Saji<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Mariyam Vannu Vilakkoothi]]''<br /> |Police Constable<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Dhamaka (2020 film)|Dhamaka]]''<br /> |Company Manager <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2021<br /> |''[[Tsunami (2021 film)|Tsunami]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Keshu Ee Veedinte Nadhan]]''<br /> |George<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;5&quot;|2022<br /> |''[[Karnan Napoleon Bhagath Singh]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Member Rameshan 9aam Ward]]''<br /> |Broker Advocate<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Pathaam Valavu]]''<br /> |Constable Charlie<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Jo and Jo]]''<br /> |Shibu<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''Veekam''<br /> |Security Guard<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2023<br /> |''[[Jailer (2023 Malayalam film)|Jailer]]''<br /> |Shankaran<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2024<br /> |''Palayalam P. C.''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2025<br /> |''[[916 Kunjoottan]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Controversy==<br /> On 14 March 2024, Jinesh filed a case against Binu for abusing and destroying his camera. Later Binu claimed the allegations filed are absurd.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 March 2024 |title=Binu Adimali brushes away allegations, says it is baseless |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/allegations-shocking-responds-binu-adimali-f124294a |access-date=2025-06-25 |website=@mathrubhumi |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title='That video, most painful incident in my life'; Binu Admiali gets emotional while responding to allegations |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=1267795&amp;u=that-video-most-painful-incident-in-my-life-binu-admiali-gets-emotional-while-responding-to-allegations-1267795 |access-date=2025-06-25 |website=keralakaumudi.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 March 2024 |title=Actor Binu Adimali accused of attacking former social media manager, vandalising camera |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/serious-allegations-against-actor-binu-adimali-c05fca41 |access-date=2025-06-25 |website=@mathrubhumi |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb name|nm7561226}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Adimali, Binu}}<br /> [[Category:Indian male comedians]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male actors]]<br /> [[Category:Artists from Kerala]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]</div>

Cristine5684 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mumbai_Khiladis&diff=519007 2026-02-14T16:09:21Z

<p>Cristine5684: Data!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Team in Ultimate Kho Kho}}<br /> {{Unreliable sources|date=September 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox sports team<br /> | image = Mumbai Khiladis.jpg<br /> | name = Mumbai Khiladis<br /> | full_name = Mumbai Khiladis<br /> | nickname = Khiladis<br /> | short_name = MK<br /> | founded = 2022<br /> | city = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]<br /> | sport = Kho kho<br /> | league = [[Ultimate Kho Kho]]<br /> | owner = <br /> | coach = <br /> | captain = <br /> | titles = <br /> }}<br /> The '''Mumbai Khiladis''' ('''MK''') are a team in [[Ultimate Kho Kho]] (UKK). They finished 5th in the [[2022 Ultimate Kho Kho season|inaugural UKK season]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Reviewing the performances of all teams in the maiden UKK season |url=https://www.ultimatekhokho.com/news/reviewing-the-performances-of-all-teams-in-the-maiden-ukk-season |access-date=2023-12-17 |website=Ultimate Kho Kho |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aniket Pote is the captain.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mohamed |first=Farzan |date=2023-12-17 |title=Mumbai Khiladis announce Aniket Pote as captain for Ultimate Kho Kho Season 2 |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/kho-kho/news-mumbai-khiladis-announce-aniket-pote-captain-ultimate-kho-kho-season-2 |access-date=2023-12-17 |website=www.sportskeeda.com |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; MK are owned by [[Punit Balan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2023-12-16 |title=Mumbai Khiladis team undergoes rigorous training as they gear up for Ultimate Kho Kho Season 2 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/mumbai-khiladis-team-undergoes-rigorous-training-as-they-gear-up-for-ultimate-kho-kho-season-2/articleshow/106050001.cms |access-date=2023-12-23 |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> In 2023, MK secured over {{INRConvert|8.30|c}} in sponsorships.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-12-26 |title=Ultimate Kho Kho Season 2: Punit Balan Group owned Mumbai Khiladis onboard 5 major brands, secures over ₹8.30 cr in sponsorship |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/sports/ultimate-kho-kho-season-2-punit-balan-group-owned-mumbai-khiladis-onboard-5-major-brands-secures-over-830-cr-in-sponsorship-18646211.htm |access-date=2023-12-26 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Results ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+<br /> !Season<br /> !League stage<br /> position<br /> !Furthest<br /> stage reached<br /> !Opponent<br /> !Result<br /> !Ref.<br /> |-<br /> |[[2022 Ultimate Kho Kho|2022]]<br /> |5th<br /> |League Stage<br /> |N/A<br /> |Eliminated<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mohamed |first=Farzan |date=2023-12-27 |title=Ultimate Kho Kho 2022 Points Table: Where did the teams finish after the league stage in Ultimate Kho Kho Season 1? |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/kho-kho/ultimate-kho-kho-league-2022-points-table-where-teams-finish-league-stage-ultimate-kho-kho-season-1 |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=www.sportskeeda.com |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[2023-24 Ultimate Kho Kho|2023-24]]<br /> |5th<br /> |League Stage<br /> |N/A<br /> |Eliminated<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chhabria |first=Vinay |date=2024-01-10 |title=Ultimate Kho Kho 2023 Points Table: Updated standings after Chennai Quick Guns vs Gujarat Giants, Match 30 |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/kho-kho/news-ultimate-kho-kho-2023-points-table-updated-standings-chennai-quick-guns-vs-gujarat-giants-match-30 |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=www.sportskeeda.com |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> {{improve categories|date=December 2023}}<br /> {{Ultimate Kho Kho}}<br /> [[Category:Ultimate Kho Kho teams]]</div>

Cristine5684 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhupal_Chandra_Panda&diff=491368 2026-02-06T06:03:02Z

<p>Cristine5684: adding a entry</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Bengali revolutionary (1913-1996)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Bhupal Chandra Panda<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date text| 16 July 1911}}<br /> | birth_place = Daudpur, [[Nandigram]], [[British India]] (Present day in [[Purba Medinipur district]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]])<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age text|8 October 1992|16 July 1911 }}<br /> | death_place = [[Bidhannagar]], [[Kolkata]], [[India]]<br /> | alma_mater = [[Nandigram Brajamohan Tewary Sikshaniketan]], [[Prabhat Kumar College]]<br /> | occupation = [[Revolutionary]]<br /> | organization = [[Bengal Volunteers]]<br /> | movement = [[Indian Freedom Movement]]<br /> | citizenship = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> ''' Bhupal Chandra Panda''' (25 December 1913 – 16 September 1996) was an Indian revolutionary and member of the [[Bengal Volunteers]] who carried out assassinations against British colonial officials in an attempt to secure Indian independence.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.literacyparadise.com/2020/08/List-of-Bengali-Freedom-Fighters-in-Cellular-Jail.html | title=আন্দামান সেলুলার জেলের ৩৯০ জন বাঙালি স্বাধীনতা সংগ্রামীর তালিকা }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://midnapore.in/people/Freedom-fighter-Saroj-Roy-MLA-Garbeta.html| title=Freedom fighter Saroj Roy MLA Garbeta}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early life and education ==<br /> Bhupal Chandra Panda was born in [[Nandigram]] in the year 1911. [[Jaminder]] Braja Mohan Vidyaratna and Swarnamoyee Devi were his parents. After passing the matriculation examination from [[Nandigram Brajamohan Tewary Sikshaniketan|Nandigram BMT Sikshaniketan]] he was admitted to [[Prabhat Kumar College]], [[Contai]] for further studies. He was a student of first batch in this college. At that time he worked alongside leaders like [[Birendranath Sasmal]] to organise the Pichhaboni Salt Satyagragha and suffered physical torture by British Police. Later he joined the [[Bengal Volunteers]], a revolutionary organisation of [[British India]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Sansad Bangali Charitavidhan (Bengali)|last=Vol I|first=Subodhchandra Sengupta &amp; Anjali Basu|publisher=Sahitya Sansad|year=2002|isbn=81-85626-65-0|location=Kolkata|pages=297}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Revolutionary activities ==<br /> After joining the Bengal Volunteers he formed a group with the members of [[Bengal Volunteers|BV]]. The members of this group conducted a number of Swadeshi robberies in several areas in undivided Bengal in order to raise funds for buying arms and ammunitions for revolutionary activities. He was convicted in the murder case of Magistrate Burge as he was collecting money for this purpose but it could not be proved [[beyond reasonable doubt]] due to the prodigious defence by [[Barrister]] [[Birendranath Sasmal]], who managed to completely acquit him.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://radhikaranjan.blogspot.com/2014/06/505-bhupal-panda-1907-1992-506.html|title= Bhupal Panda |website=radhikaranjan.blogspot.com |date= 13 June 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; But he was convicted in a political robbery case in Kulmoni dacoity Case under Narayangarh Police Jurisdiction. He was arrested from [[Belda railway station|Belda Railway Station]] with a friend. Later, he was punished for [[life imprisonment]] in [[Cellular Jail|Andaman]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url= https://biplabisabyasachi.com/paschim-medinipur/that-was-the-historic-day-of-the-assassination-of-the-oppressive-british-district-magistrate-burge/|title=Historic Day |access-date=24 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; where he was joined with the other members of the [[Bengal Volunteers]] i.e. Kamakhya Charan Ghosh, Sonatan Roy, Nanda Dulal Singh, Sukumar Sen Gupta, [[Santi Gopal Sen]], [[Prabhanshu Sekhar Pal]], and Sailesh Chandra Ghose etc.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title= Islands Of India |first=Dr. Sarit Kumar | last=Mukerji |publisher= Publications Division |date= 15 December 2009| isbn= 9788123022857|pages=242 }}&lt;/ref&gt; After release he took the leadership of [[Tebhaga movement|Tebhaga Movement]] in the undivided [[Midnapore district]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=বেঙ্গল ভলান্টিয়ার|last=Madhumanti | first=Sengupta |publisher= Ananda Publishers |date= 1 January 2016 |isbn=978-9389876772|location= Kolkata |pages=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/600128/|title= Emperor vs Nirmal Jiban Ghose And Ors. on 30 August, 1934|access-date=28 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.abhilekh-patal.in/jspui/handle/123456789/2696808|title=Assassination Of Mr. B.E.J. Burge, I.C.S.|access-date=28 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://wbcorrectionalservices.gov.in/history_heritage03.html|title=Midnapore Central Correctional Home|website=wbcorrectionalservices.gov.in|access-date=24 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Chronological Dictionary of India's Independence|first=Kali Charan | last=Ghosh|publisher=Sahitya Sansad|year=2012|isbn=978-81-86806-20-3|location=Kolkata|pages=87}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url= https://www.midnapore.in/freedomfighters/b6.html |title=Bengal Volunteers of Midnapore|access-date=24 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y74pDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=Bhattacharya+killed+magistrate+Douglas&amp;pg=PA151|title=Gentlemanly Terrorists: Political Violence and the Colonial State in India|first=Durba | last=Ghosh|date=20 July 2017|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781107186668|access-date=11 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Later life ==<br /> After independence of India, Panda won several elections, which included the [[Nandigram Assembly constituency|Nandigram]] seat of West Bengal Assembly in 1957, 1967, 1969, 1971, 1972 and 1982, total six times. All time he was the winner of the Assembly poll as a [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] candidate. For the rest of his life he worked as a social worker. He died on 8 October 1992&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url= https://bengali.oneindia.com/nandigram-assembly-elections-wb-210/|title= নন্দীগ্রাম অতীত নির্বাচন |website= bengali.oneindia.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/west-bengal/1969/nandigram/bhupal-chandra-panda|title= Bhupal Chandra Panda, Nandigram Assembly Election 1969 – Latest News &amp; Results|website= latestly.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/elections/assembly-elections-2021/west-bengal/nandigram/previous-result|title=Bhupal Chandra Panda, Nandigram Assembly Election 1969 – Latest News &amp; Results|website= lokmattimes.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> {{Indian Revolutionary Movement}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Panda, Bhupal Chandra}}<br /> [[Category:1911 births]]<br /> [[Category:1992 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Revolutionary movement for Indian independence]]<br /> [[Category:Indian nationalism]]<br /> [[Category:Revolutionaries from West Bengal]]<br /> [[Category:Bengali politicians]]<br /> [[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1957–1962]]<br /> [[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1967–1969]]<br /> [[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1969–1971]]<br /> [[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1971–1972]]<br /> [[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1972–1977]]<br /> [[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1982–1987]]<br /> [[Category:Indian independence activists from Bengal]]<br /> [[Category:Communist Party of India politicians from West Bengal]]</div>

Cristine5684 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chaitanya_Desai&diff=493116 2026-02-06T02:56:55Z

<p>Cristine5684: New New Stub Added Tags</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}<br /> <br /> '''Chaitanya Desai''' (born 1973)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Chaitanya Makarandbhai Desai(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- AKOTA(VADODARA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Gujarat2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=6034 |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=www.myneta.info}}&lt;/ref&gt; is an Indian politician from [[Gujarat]]. He is a member of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] from Akota Assembly constituency in [[Vadodara district]]. He won the [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]] representing the Bharatiya Janata Party.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Live |first=A. B. P. |date=2022-12-08 |title=Akota Election 2022 Final Results Live: Bjp Candidate Chaitanya Makarandbhai Desai Wins From Akota , Details Inside |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/akota-election-result-2022-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-result-winner-loser-tally-bjp-congress-aap-gujarat-assembly-election-result-news-1568295 |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2022-12-09 |title=Gujarat Election Results 2022: Full list of winners &amp; constituencies |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/gujarat-election-results-2022-full-list-of-winners-constituencies/articleshow/96105904.cms |access-date=2025-01-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-12-08 |title=Gujarat Election 2022: Winning candidates from BJP, Congress, AAP |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/gujarat-assembly-polls-2022/story/gujarat-election-results-2022-full-list-of-winning-candidates-parties-across-182-seats-2306611-2022-12-08 |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early life and education ==<br /> Desai is from [[Akota]], Vadodara district, Gujarat. He is the son of Makarandbhai Desai. He studied Class 11 at Vidyakunj High School, Vadodara and passed the examinations in the science stream in 1992. Later, he discontinued the studies. He is a businessman and his wife is also into business.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> Desai won from [[Akota Assembly constituency]] representing [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in the 2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election. He polled 113,359 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Rutvij Patel of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 77,753 votes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenDec2022/ConstituencywiseS06143.htm?ac=143 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205174848/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenDec2022/ConstituencywiseS06143.htm?ac=143 |archive-date=2023-02-05 |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=results.eci.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Akota Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Chaitanya Makarandbhai Desai Of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/elections/akota-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-6563287.html |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=News18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-12-09 |title=Gujarat Assembly Election Results 2022: Full list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/gujarat-assembly-elections-2022-winning-candidates-constituency-8312674/ |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Desai, Chaitanya}}<br /> [[Category:1973 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]<br /> [[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2022–2027]]<br /> [[Category:People from Vadodara district]]</div>

Cristine5684 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philadelphia_Austen_Hancock&diff=525364 2026-01-29T19:24:33Z

<p>Cristine5684: creating a entry more to come</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|English socialite (1730–1792)}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Philadelphia Austen Hancock<br /> | image = Joshua Reynolds - Tysoe Hancock and his Family with an Indian Maid - WGA19338.jpg<br /> | caption = Portrait of Hancock (right) with her family and maid<br /> | birth_date = 15 May 1730<br /> | birth_place = <br /> | death_date = 26 February 1792 (aged 61)<br /> | death_place = <br /> | resting_place = [[St John-at-Hampstead]], London<br /> | parents = William Austen&lt;br&gt;Rebecca Hampson Walter<br /> | spouse = [[Tysoe Hancock]]<br /> | children = [[Eliza de Feuillide]]<br /> | relatives = {{plain list|<br /> * [[George Austen (cleric)|George Austen]] (brother)<br /> * [[James Austen]] (nephew)<br /> * [[Edward Austen Knight]] (nephew)<br /> * [[Henry Thomas Austen]] (nephew; son-in-law)<br /> * [[Cassandra Austen]] (niece)<br /> * [[Francis Austen]] (nephew)<br /> * [[Jane Austen]] (niece)<br /> * [[Charles Austen]] (nephew)<br /> }}<br /> }}<br /> '''Philadelphia Austen Hancock''' (15 May 1730 – 26 February 1792) was an English socialite and the aunt of [[Jane Austen]]. Throughout her life, rumours circulated in India and England that she was the mistress of [[Warren Hastings]], who was the godfather and suspected father of her daughter, [[Eliza de Feuillide]].<br /> <br /> == Biography ==<br /> Hancock was born Philadelphia Austen on 15 May 1730 into a family that was part of the [[landed gentry]]. Her father, William Austen, was a surgeon.&lt;ref name=&quot;geri&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-10-21 |title=Philadelphia Austen Hancock: Eliza de Feuillide's Mother |url=https://www.geriwalton.com/philadelphia-austen-hancock-eliza-de-feuillides-mother/ |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=Geri Walton |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her mother, Rebecca Hampson Walter, had been married before.&lt;ref name= geri/&gt; She was the older sister of Rev. [[George Austen (clergyman)|George Austen]], an Anglican clergyman and the father of novelist [[Jane Austen]]. Hancock was also the sister of Hampson Austen and Leonora Austen, and the half-sister of William Hampson Walter.&lt;ref name= geri/&gt; Her mother died on 2 February 1733 and her father died in 1737.&lt;ref name= geri/&gt; Left orphaned, the Austen children were sent to live with relatives and were financially cared for by a trust their father had set up.&lt;ref name= geri/&gt; George and Leonora went to live with their wealthy uncle, Francis Austen of [[Sevenoaks]], and Philadelphia was sent to live with the Freeman family, who were wealthy relatives on her mother's side.&lt;ref name=&quot;jstor&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Le Faye |first=Deirdre |date=1979 |title=Jane Austen and Her Hancock Relatives |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/514759 |journal=The Review of English Studies |volume=30 |issue=117 |pages=12–27 |jstor=514759 |issn=0034-6551}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 9 May 1745, Hancock was apprenticed to a [[milliner]] named Mrs. Cole in [[Covent Garden]].&lt;ref name= geri/&gt; She completed her apprenticeship but, as she had no substantial dowry, she decided to focus on marrying a wealthy husband.&lt;ref name= geri/&gt; Her uncle served as a financial agent to [[Tysoe Hancock|Tysoe Saul Hancock]], a respectable surgeon and member of the [[East India Company]].&lt;ref name= geri/&gt; She set sail for [[Madras]] in [[British India]] on 18 January 1752 aboard ''HMS Bombay Castle'', with expectations of marriage.&lt;ref name= geri/&gt; Officially, the reason for her trip was to visit friends who lived at [[Fort St. David]].&lt;ref name= geri/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mollands&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jane Austen, Her Life and Letters: A Family Record by William Austen-Leigh and Richard Arthur Austen-Leigh - Chapter III |url=http://www.mollands.net/etexts/lifeandletters/lal3.html |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=www.mollands.net}}&lt;/ref&gt; She arrived in India on 8 August 1752.&lt;ref name= geri/&gt; On 22 February 1753, she married Hancock in [[Cuddalore]].&lt;ref name= geri/&gt; The couple lived at Fort St. David until 1759, when they moved to [[Fort William, India|Fort William]] in [[Calcutta]].&lt;ref name= geri/&gt; It was during this time that she became friends with East India Company employee [[Warren Hastings]].&lt;ref name= geri/&gt; Hastings was the British Resident in the Bengali capital of Murshidabad at the start of a meteoric career.&lt;ref name=tbullpage27and28andbook&gt;<br /> Patrick Turnbull, Warren Hastings. (New English Library, 1975)<br /> &lt;/ref&gt; After Hasting's wife died in 1759, Hancock helped care for the children. Hastings later gifted her a rosewood Indian writing desk inlaid with ivory to thank her for her assistance.&lt;ref name= geri/&gt;<br /> <br /> In December 1761, Hancock gave birth to a daughter, [[Eliza de Feuillide|Eliza]], who was named after the stillborn daughter of her godfather, Hastings.&lt;ref name=&quot;jane&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Eliza de Feuillide: Jane Austen's 'Outlandish Cousin' |url=https://janeausten.co.uk/blogs/jane-austen-life/eliza-de-feuillide-jane-austens-outlandish-cousin |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=Jane Austen Centre and the Jane Austen Online Gift Shop |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Even prior to the birth, rumours circulated throughout society that Hastings, not Hancock, was the biological father.&lt;ref name= geri/&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1765, the Hancocks returned to England aboard ''[[HMS Medway (1755)|HMS Medway]]'', accompanied by their Indian servants: Dido, Diana, Silima, and Clarinda.&lt;ref name= geri/&gt; They arrived in London in the summer of 1765.&lt;ref name= geri/&gt;<br /> <br /> The artist [[John Smart]] painted a miniature portrait of Hancock, likely in 1768.&lt;ref name= jstor/&gt; Struggling financially, her husband returned to India with their maid, Clarinda, where he died in 1775.&lt;ref name= geri/&gt;&lt;ref name= jane/&gt; Philadelphia's daughter received an annual income of £700 a year from a £10,000 trust set up by Hastings, which provided for the family.&lt;ref name= geri/&gt; Hancock went on a tour of Europe in 1777 with the intentions of finding a [[finishing school]] to send her daughter to. They first visited Germany, followed by Belgium in 1778.&lt;ref name= geri/&gt; By October 1779 they settled in Paris, where they were introduced to [[Marie Antoinette]] and [[Marie Thérèse Louise of Savoy, Princesse de Lamballe]].&lt;ref name= geri/&gt; Hancock's connections in Parisian [[high society (social class)|high society]] led to the marriage of her daughter to Jean Capot, Comte de Feuillide in 1781.&lt;ref name= geri/&gt; Following her daughter's marriage, she went to live with her in [[Nérac]].&lt;ref name= geri/&gt; They travelled to England to visit relatives and settle financial problems on multiple occasions, eventually settling back there during the [[French Revolution]].&lt;ref name= geri/&gt;<br /> <br /> Hancock died from breast cancer on 26 February 1792. She is buried in the churchyard at [[St John-at-Hampstead]] in London.&lt;ref name= geri/&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Jane Austen}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1730 births]]<br /> [[Category:1792 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Austen family|Philadelphia]]<br /> [[Category:English socialites]]<br /> [[Category:British people in British India]]<br /> [[Category:Deaths from breast cancer]]</div>

Cristine5684 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kamarkuchi_N._C.&diff=507962 2026-01-22T03:12:54Z

<p>Cristine5684: adding new post - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Villages in Kamrup Metropolitan district}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Kamarkuchi N.C.<br /> | other_name = <br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | settlement_type = Village<br /> | etymology = <br /> | pushpin_map = India Assam#India<br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Map of Assam<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|26.118|91.904|display=inline,title}}<br /> | coordinates_footnotes = <br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Assam]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Kamrup Metropolitan district|Kamrup Metro]]<br /> | subdivision_type3 = [[Region]]<br /> | subdivision_name3 = [[Sonapur, Assam|Sonapur]]<br /> | established_title = <br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | seat_type = <br /> | seat = <br /> | leader_party = <br /> | leader_title = <br /> | leader_name = <br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_total_km2 = <br /> | elevation_m = 54<br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_total = 246<br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Assamese language|Assamese]]<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = Postal code<br /> | postal_code = 782402 <br /> | area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in India|STD Code]]<br /> | area_code = 03624<br /> | blank_name_sec1 = [[Census of India|Census]] code<br /> | blank_info_sec1 = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> | pushpin_map_alt = [[Kamrup Metropolitan district]]<br /> | area_total_ha = 188.16<br /> | registration_plate = AS-01<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Kamarkuchi N.C.''' is a small census village near [[Sonapur, Assam|Sonapur]] of [[Guwahati]] city in [[Kamrup Metropolitan district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Assam]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Rauktis |first1=Mary Elizabeth |title=Creating Successful Community and Academic Partnerships in Service-Learning: Case Studies from India and South Asia, Southeast Asia, Central and Latin America |date=2025 |publisher=Springer Nature Switzerland |location=Cham |isbn=9783031942938 |page=49 |edition=1st 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Singer Zubeen Garg cremated with full state honours in Assam's Kamarkuchi |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/singer-zubeen-garg-cremated-with-full-state-honours-in-assams-kamarkuchi-101758605792737.html |access-date=22 January 2026 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=23 September 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; As per [[2011 Census of India]], Kamarkuchi N.C. village has population of 246 people of which 116 are males while 130 are females.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=PCA: Primary Census Abstract C.D. Block wise, Assam - District Kamrup Metropolitan - 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/41001/download/44632/PCA_CDB-1823-F-Census.xlsx |website=Census Digital Library |publisher=[[Census of India]] |access-date=22 January 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ''Kamarkuchi N.C.'' village is known for the singer [[Zubeen Garg]]'s cremation place.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Behera |first1=Snigdha Sweta |title=Assamese singer Zubeen Garg's last rites: Fans gather at crematorium Kamarkuchi NC village. {{!}} Watch |url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/bollywood/assamese-singer-zubeen-garg-s-last-rites-fans-gather-at-crematorium-kamarkuchi-nc-village-watch-1758602779602 |access-date=22 January 2026 |work=[[WION]] |date=23 September 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Ten Bigha Land, Memorials: Assam Cabinet Honours Zubeen Garg Ahead Of Final Rites On Sep 23 |url=https://www.news18.com/india/ten-bigha-land-memorials-assam-cabinet-honours-zubeen-garg-ahead-of-final-rites-on-sep-23-9587663.html |access-date=22 January 2026 |work=[[CNN-News18|News 18]] |date=21 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;!-- Inline citations added to your article will automatically display here. See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:REFB for instructions on how to add citations. --&gt;<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Human settlement]]<br /> [[Category:Villages in Kamrup Metropolitan district]]</div>

Cristine5684 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Woodrow_Wilson_International_Center_for_Scholars&diff=478527 2026-01-12T05:13:34Z

<p>Cristine5684: Creating Entry</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[Wilson Center]]<br /> <br /> {{Redirect category shell|<br /> {{R from long name}}<br /> {{R from move}}<br /> }}</div>

Cristine5684 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madhu_Khanna&diff=514433 2025-12-22T21:51:03Z

<p>Cristine5684: Stub</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian academic}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}<br /> {{BLP sources|date=December 2014}}<br /> [[File:Prof. (Dr.) Madhu Khanna.png|thumb|]]<br /> '''Madhu Khanna''' is an Indian scholar based in [[Delhi]] who works on [[Hindu studies|Indic studies]], [[Religious studies|Religious Studies]] and [[Tantra|Tantric studies]]. She is a well-known expert on the goddess centric [[Shaktism|Śakta]] tantric traditions of [[India]]. At present she serves as the Director and founding trustee of [[Tantra Foundation]] and [[Shrikunja]]. She is also currently serving as a subject expert to the Acarya Shankar Sanskritik Ekta Nyas, set up by the culture department of the Madhya Pradesh government for their Omkareshwar Project.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Adi Sankaracarya Omkareshvar Project |url=https://statueofoneness.in/about-project |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-date=4 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204090723/https://statueofoneness.in/about-project |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; At present she also serves in the academic council of Nalanda University&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Academic Council |url=https://nalandauniv.edu.in/about-nalanda/governance/ |access-date=2022-09-08 |website=Nalanda University |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; and in the fellowship council of the Indian Institute of Advanced Studies, Shimla.  She has many research papers as well as several books and exhibition catalogues to her credit. She has contributed to three national projects, as well as several research projects for the Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts ([[Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts|IGNCA]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts Website|url= http://ignca.nic.in/|accessdate=28 December 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Education==<br /> Khanna obtained her PhD in [[Indology]]/[[Religious studies|Religious Studies]] from the Faculty of [[Oriental Studies]], [[University of Oxford]], in 1986. Her PhD thesis was on ''The Concept and Liturgy of the [[Sri Yantra|Sricakra]] based on [[Sivananda's Trilogy]]'', under the supervision of Professor [[Alexis Sanderson]], Ethics and Religion, [[All Souls College]], [[University of Oxford]]. Her subject was Esoteric Hinduism, with special reference to Hindu [[Tantra]] and Goddess Traditions. Her research has shown that the origins of [[Sri Vidya]] as a central doctrine of [[Shaktism]] were in [[Kashmir]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2014}}<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> Khanna has served as a Professor of Religious/ Indic Studies and Director for the Centre for the Study of Comparative Religion and Civilizations, [[Jamia Millia Islamia]], New Delhi. There she taught Hindu Studies, cross-cultural studies in the areas of Religion and Gender, Religion and Ecology and Religion and the Arts. These courses introduced by her were taught for the first time in India at Jamia. She is also credited with organising the first-ever international Religious Studies conference at Jamia. After completing her tenure at Jamia, she was awarded the Tagore National Fellowship by the National Museum, New Delhi.<br /> <br /> Prior to this, she has been Associate Professor ([[Religious studies]]/[[Indology|Indic studies]]) at the [[Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts|IGNCA]], where she researched and organised all major, inter-disciplinary research projects and exhibitions. Notably: ''[[Prakriti]]: Man in Harmony with the Elements'', a cross-cultural, inter-disciplinary project; ''[[Ṛta|Rta]]: Cosmic Order &amp; Chaos'', a cross-cultural seminar which explored the multi-faceted Vedic concept of [[Ṛta|Rta]], which pervades all aspects of life, the natural order, the human world, the social and the moral worlds, as well as the arts; and ''Rupa-Pratirupa: Man, Mind &amp; Mask'', to name a few. She conceptualised and executed ''Narivada: Gender, Culture &amp; Civilization Network'' of the Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts (IGNCA), Delhi. Narada is a pioneer project that revisions and contextualizes women's cultural resources and knowledge systems in South Asia as an integral element in [[Gender Studies]].<br /> <br /> She has also been involved with three research-based, multi-media-exhibition projects of national interest in collaboration with the Sacred World Research Laboratory, New Delhi. The most recent of these was a project commissioned by Ayush, Ministry of Health. The project was titled ''Planet Health: Green Consciousness in [[Ayurveda]] and [[Yoga]], A Multimedia Exhibit'' (2010). For this project in her capacity as Honorary Director for Content Research, Documentation and Production, she produced 150 documentary videos on Indian health heritage, namely Ayurveda and yoga. The project involved interviews with scholars, masters of yoga and experts in Ayurveda. For the ''[[Eternal Gandhi Multimedia Museum]] Exhibit'' (2002), she produced the content research on the life and philosophy of [[Mahatma Gandhi]]. The videos are exhibited in 51 interactive installations permanently housed in the memorial [[Gandhi Smriti]], [[Birla House]], New Delhi, where the Mahatma was assassinated. The Mahavira Mahatma Award was conferred upon Madhu Khanna by the Times Foundation, New Delhi, in 2005 for her work on this project. ''The Crossing Project: Living, Dying and Transformation in Benaras'' (2002) was sponsored by Xerox PARC, [[Palo Alto Research Center]]. She was conferred the Excellence in Research certificate by Xerox PARC for this project. ''The Crossing Project'' won the following awards: Winner Prix Arts Electronica, [[Linz]], Austria, 2002; Winner ''[[ID Magazine]]'' Gold Prize, Interactive Review, New York, 2002; Jury's Recommendation, CG Arts Festival, Japan, 2002. Currently, she is the President and Founding Member of the [[Tantra Foundation]] in New Delhi. She recently initiated an ecological project, ''Shri Kunja – A Rural Centre for Eco Heritage'' in Bamunara village, [[Burdwan]], West Bengal, to create a [[herbarium]] of traditional plants based on ancient Hindu scriptures to promote programmes for ecological sustainability.<br /> <br /> ==Awards==<br /> * 2005: Mahavir Mahatma Award conferred by Times Foundation, New Delhi, for the ''Eternal Gandhi'' Multimedia Museum Exhibit at the Gandhi Smriti, New Delhi (joint award with [[Ranjit Makkuni]], Sacred World Research Laboratory).<br /> * 2002: Excellence in Research certificate by Xerox PARC, Palo Alto, for ''The Crossing Project: Living, Dying and Transformation in Benaras''<br /> * 2000 Awarded Sarasvati Ratna Abhisekha, Bharat Gaurava Sammana, by Samaratha Siksha Samiti, Delhi for contribution to Tantra-studies. <br /> * 1991–1993: The [[Homi J. Bhabha|Homi Bhabha]] Fellowship Award for advanced research by the Homi Bhabha Fellowships Council, [[Bombay]]<br /> * 1980-1982 Inlaks Foundation Award for doctoral research in Sanskrit Studies at the Oxford University.<br /> <br /> ==Selected works==<br /> ===Books===<br /> * ''The Sricakra as Goddess Tripurasundari: History, Symbol &amp; Ritual''. Madhu Khanna. Forthcoming 2023–2024.{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}<br /> * Tantra on the Edge: Inspirations and Experiments in Twentieth-Century Indian Art. Madhu Khanna. Published by Delhi Art Gallery, New Delhi, 2022. {{ISBN|978-93-81217-91-7}}<br /> * [https://link.springer.com/referencework/10.1007/978-94-024-1036-5 Encyclopaedia of Indian religion: Hinduism and Tribal Religions]. Edited by Jeffery Long, Rita D Sherma, Pankaj Jain and Madhu Khanna. Published by Springer Nature B.V. 2022. {{ISBN| 978-94-024-1187-4}}<br /> * ''[https://www.amazon.com/Saktapramodah-Nandan-Singh-Madhu-Khanna/dp/8124606897 Saktapramodah of Deva Nandan Singh]''. Edited with introduction in English by Madhu Khanna. Published in collaboration with Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan and Tantra Foundation. D.K. Printworld, New Delhi, 2013. {{ISBN|978-81-246-0689-6}}.<br /> * ''Asian Perspectives on the World’s Religions after 11 September''. Arvind Sharma and Madhu Khanna (Editors). Praeger, ABC-CLIO, LLC, California, 2013. {{ISBN|978-0-313-37896-6}}, E {{ISBN|978-0-313-37897-3}}.<br /> * [https://www.amazon.com/Thirty-Minor-Upanisads-English-Khanna/dp/B09FQBTK8S ''Thirty Minor Upanisadas''.] Translated by K. Narayanasvami Aiyar. Edited by Madhu Khanna. Tantra Foundation, New Delhi, 2011. {{ISBN|81208-1565-3}}.<br /> * ''The Subtle Body: An Illuminated Tantric Scroll''. Sarabhai Foundation, Ahmedabad, 2005. {{ISBN|8186980261}}.<br /> * ''[https://www.amazon.com/Yantra-Tantric-Symbol-Cosmic-Unity/dp/0500272344/ref=sr_1_1?crid=GREZBGJYZIAU&amp;keywords=madhu+khanna&amp;qid=1662556691&amp;s=books&amp;sprefix=madhu+khan%2Cstripbooks-intl-ship%2C395&amp;sr=1-1 Yantra: The Tantric Symbol of Cosmic Unity]. Madhu Khanna''. Thames and Hudson, 1994. Inner Traditions, 1997 (Reprint), 2003 (Reprint). {{ISBN|978-0-89281-132-8}}. German edition: ''Yantra: Das Grosse Yantra-Buch – Symbol der Kosmischen Einheit'', Aurum Verlag, Freiburg, 1980. {{ISBN|978-3-591-08138-2}}. Italian edition: ''Yanta: Il Simbolo Tantrico dell'Unita Cosmica'', Edizioni Mediterranee, Milan, 2002. {{ISBN|88-272-1472-0}}.<br /> * ''[https://www.amazon.com/Rta-Cosmic-Order-Madhu-Khanna/dp/8124602522/ref=sr_1_5?crid=GREZBGJYZIAU&amp;keywords=madhu+khanna&amp;qid=1662556691&amp;s=books&amp;sprefix=madhu+khan%2Cstripbooks-intl-ship%2C395&amp;sr=1-5 Rta, The Cosmic Order]''. Edited by Madhu Khanna. Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts &amp; D.K. Printworld, New Delhi, 2004. {{ISBN|8124602522}}.<br /> * ''Art, the Integral Vision: A Volume of Essays in Felicitation of Kapila Vatsyayan''. Kapila Vatsyayan, Baidyanath Saraswati, S C Malik, &amp; Madhu Khanna. DK Printworld. 1995.<br /> * [https://www.amazon.com/Tantric-Way-Art-Science-Ritual/dp/0500270880/ref=sr_1_3?crid=GREZBGJYZIAU&amp;keywords=madhu+khanna&amp;qid=1662556691&amp;s=books&amp;sprefix=madhu+khan%2Cstripbooks-intl-ship%2C395&amp;sr=1-3 ''The Tantric Way: Art, Science, Ritual. Ajit Mookerjee &amp; Madhu Khanna''.] Thames and Hudson, 1977 (Reprint). 1989 (Reprint), 1993 (Reprint), 1994 (Reprint), 1996 (Reprint). {{ISBN|0-500-27088-0}}. French edition: ''La voie du Tantra: Art, Science, Rituel''. Seuil, Paris, 1978; 2004 (Reprint). German edition: Die Welt des Tantra in Bild und Deutung. Otto Wilehelm Berth Verlag, Munich, 1978; 1987 (Reprint). {{ISBN|978-3-502-65471-1}}. Danish edition: Forlaget Rhodes, Copenhagen, 1979. {{ISBN|87-74-96-6618}}.<br /> <br /> === Exhibition catalogues ===<br /> * ''The Crossing Project: Living, Dying and Transformation in Banaras''. Co-author. Sacred World Foundation, New Delhi and San Francisco, 2002.<br /> * ''An Exhibition on Tantra Art Collection'' by Shinsocha, Tokyo. Contributor.<br /> * ''Man &amp; Mask: Rupa-Pratirupa: An Exhibition from the IGNCA Collection of Masks''. Editor. Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts, 1998.<br /> * ''Rta-Ritu: Cosmic Order and Cycle of Seasons''. Editor. Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts, 1996.<br /> * ''Prakriti: Man in Harmony with the Elements''. Editor. Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts, 1994.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> * [http://ignca.nic.in/mkhn0001.htm Articles by Madhu Khanna] IGNCA<br /> * [https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/tantra-on-the-edges-aesthetic-and-esoteric/2593086/ Tantra on the Edge review by Dr. Bibek Debroy]<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [http://tantralibrary.com/ Tantra Foundation Library, website]<br /> * https://www.ciis.edu/ciis-news-and-events/news/tantra-scholar-madhu-khanna-at-ciis {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323163749/https://www.ciis.edu/ciis-news-and-events/news/tantra-scholar-madhu-khanna-at-ciis |date=23 March 2023 }}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Khanna, Madhu}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian women historians]]<br /> [[Category:Alumni of the University of Oxford]]<br /> [[Category:Indian women scholars]]<br /> [[Category:Indian art historians]]<br /> [[Category:Indian historians of religion]]<br /> [[Category:Academic staff of Jamia Millia Islamia]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]<br /> [[Category:Hindu studies scholars]]<br /> [[Category:Scholars from Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:Educators from Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:Women educators from Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian women]]</div>

Cristine5684 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_Amarnath_Yatra_massacre&diff=482597 2025-12-14T08:10:37Z

<p>Cristine5684: adding entry!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Mass murder of Hindu pilgrims}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox civilian attack<br /> | title = 2017 Amarnath Yatra attack<br /> | partof = [[Kashmir conflict]]<br /> | image = <br /> | image_size = <br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | map = <br /> | map_size = <br /> | map_alt = <br /> | map_caption = <br /> | location = [[Anantnag district]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-07-11 |title=Bus Carrying Slain Amarnath Pilgrims Was Not Part Of Official Convoy, Yatris Not Registered: Reports |url=https://www.huffpost.com/archive/in/entry/bus-carrying-slain-amarnath-pilgrims-was-not-part-of-official-co_in_5c11efb4e4b0508b21360f92 |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=HuffPost |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | target = Bus carrying pilgrims&lt;ref name=Threearrested/&gt;<br /> | coordinates = <br /> | date = {{start date and age|df=yes|2017|07|10}}<br /> | time = Night<br /> | timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | type = [[Mass shooting]]<br /> | fatalities = 8 <br /> | injuries = 18<br /> | victims = [[Hindu]] pilgrims<br /> | perpetrators= [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]]&lt;ref name=refuses/&gt;<br /> | assailants = 4 [[Lashkar-e-Taiba|LeT]] attackers; three logistics providers&lt;ref name=Threearrested/&gt;<br /> | weapons = <br /> | numparts = &lt;!-- or | numpart = --&gt;<br /> | dfens = &lt;!-- or | dfen = --&gt;<br /> | motive = <br /> | inquiry = <br /> | coroner = <br /> | accused = '''Attackers, all killed:'''&lt;br&gt;Abu Ismail &lt;small&gt;(mastermind)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref name=toi2/&gt;&lt;br&gt;Yawar Bashir&lt;br&gt;Furqan&lt;br&gt; Maawiya&lt;ref name=&quot;3LeT&quot;/&gt;&lt;br&gt;'''Logistic support, all arrested:'''&lt;br&gt;Bilal Ahmed Reshi&lt;br&gt;Aizaj Wagey&lt;br&gt; Zahoor Ahmed&lt;ref name=Threearrested/&gt;<br /> | convicted = <br /> | verdict = <br /> | convictions = <br /> | module =<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Terrorist attacks in India (since 2001)}}<br /> <br /> On 10 July 2017, the first Monday of the month of&amp;nbsp;[[Shraavana]], 8 [[Hindu]] civilian pilgrims (seven of whom were women), en route from [[Amarnath Temple]] in [[Kashmir Valley]] ([[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]), were killed in an Islamist terror attack.&lt;ref name=terr4&gt;[https://www.thequint.com/news/2017/07/10/anantnag-terrorist-attack 8 Dead in the Biggest Terror Attack on Amarnath Yatra in Years.], [https://www.thequint.comThe Quint]{{Dead link|date=September 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, 11 July 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jaleel |first=Muzamil |date=2017-07-11 |title=Why Amarnath Yatra terror attack signals crossing of a red line in Kashmir |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/amarnath-yatra-terror-attack-why-attack-signals-crossing-of-a-red-line-in-kashmir-4744955/ |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The pilgrims mostly belonged to the Indian state of [[Gujarat]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/terror-attack-on-amarnath-pilgrims-10-key-updates/articleshow/59545407.cms|title=Terror attack on amarnath pilgrims|website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=11 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;abu1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Munshi |first=Suhas |date=2017-07-11 |title=Abu Ismail, Man Who Could be LeT Boss, in Crosshairs for Amarnath Attack |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/amarnath-yatra-terror-attack-abu-ismail-the-man-who-could-be-let-boss-in-cross-hairs-1457911.html |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=News18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; At least 19 others were injured in the attack.&lt;ref name=&quot;huff1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bose |first=Adrija |date=2017-07-11 |title=A Look At The Bloody History Of Terror Attacks On Amarnath Yatra Pilgrims |url=https://www.huffpost.com/archive/in/entry/a-look-back-at-the-bloody-history-of-terror-attacks-on-amarnath_in_5c11efbbe4b0508b21361024 |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=HuffPost |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Background ==<br /> [[File:Amarnath_Yatra_-Jammu_%26_Kashmir.jpg|thumb|300px|left|[[Amarnath Temple#Yatra (pilgrimage) details and routes|Amarnath Yatra]] in the glacial heights of [[Himalayas]] in the [[Kashmir Valley]].]]<br /> The 48-day July–August annual Hindu pilgrimage, undertaken by up to 600,000 or more pilgrims to the {{convert|130|ft}}-high glacial Amarnath cave shrine of [[stalagmite|iced stalagmite]] [[Lingam|Shiv linga]] at {{convert|12756|ft}} in [[Himalayas]], is called ''[[Amarnath Temple#Yatra (pilgrimage) details and routes|Amarnath Yatra]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=bhole bhandari charitable trust provides and furnish full information about amarnath yatra in india |url=http://www.amarnathyatra.org/yatra.htm |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=www.amarnathyatra.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Amarnath Yatra Tourism Information |url=http://www.oneindiaonline.com/amarnath-yatra-tourism.php |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=One India Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Nelson |first=Paula |date=2012-07-13 |title=Amarnath: Journey to the shrine of a Hindu god |url=http://archive.boston.com/bigpicture/2012/07/amarnath_journey_to_the_shrine.html |access-date=2024-11-01 |work=Boston.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; It begins with a {{convert|43|km}} mountainous trek from the Nunwan and Chandanwari base camps at [[Pahalgam]] and reaches the cave-shrine after night halts at [[Sheshnag Lake]] and [[Panchtarni]] camps.&lt;ref name=&quot;camps1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=2016-08-18 |title=Amarnath yatra ends, least number of pilgrims in decade |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Amarnath-yatra-ends-least-number-of-pilgrims-in-decade/article14576514.ece |access-date=2024-11-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The yatra is both a way of earning revenue by the state government by imposing tax on pilgrims,&lt;ref name=&quot;bjp1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=2010-06-18 |title=Remove entry fee on buses to Vaishno Devi, Amarnath: BJP |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Remove-entry-fee-on-buses-to-Vaishno-Devi-Amarnath-BJP/articleshow/6064803.cms |access-date=2024-11-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; and a way of making a living for the local [[Bakarwal|Shia Muslim Bakarwal-Gujjars]] by taking a portion of the revenue and by offering services to the Hindu pilgrims, and this source of income has been threatened by the Islamist Kashmiri Sunni militant groups who have banned and attacked the yatra numerous times,&lt;ref name=mus1&gt;{{cite book|author=Carl W. Ernst|title=Refractions of Islam in India: Situating Sufism and Yoga|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AzzUDAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT211|year=2016|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-93-5150-964-6|page=211}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SufiShia&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=2016-07-17 |title=Muslim group asks for reviving Amarnath Yatra |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Muslim-group-asks-for-reviving-Amarnath-Yatra/articleshow/53247175.cms |access-date=2024-11-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=harkatban&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/1998/jul/09kash.htm |title=Rediff On The NeT: Harkatul Mujaheedin 'bans' Amarnath Yatra |work=Rediff.com |date=9 July 1998 |access-date=2013-04-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; as well as by recent massacres of at least 59 people prior to July 2017 on this yatra, causing the deaths of mostly Hindu pilgrims, in addition to at least 10 Muslim civilians, and several Muslims in the security forces.&lt;ref name=shesh2/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;oneind1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Nanjappa |first=Vicky |date=2017-07-11 |title=Amarnath yatra has been attacked thrice in the past |url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/amarnath-yatra-has-been-attacked-thrice-the-past-2491675.html |access-date=2024-11-01 |work=One India}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;annual1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=2017-07-11 |title=Live: Amarnath yatra attack condemnation reflects Kashmiriyat: Rajnath |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/amarnath-yatra-attack-follow-up/article19256586.ece |access-date=2024-11-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=ind1/&gt;&lt;ref name=kh1/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Previous massacres===<br /> {{See also|2000 Amarnath pilgrimage massacre}}<br /> Prior to this incident, Islamist terrorists attacked the Amaranath yatra at least 3 times, in 2000, 2001 and 2002, killing at least 54 Hindu pilgrims and injuring at least another 105 people, all unarmed, as well as resulting in the deaths of at least 10 Muslim civilian support service providers and at least 6 security personnel.&lt;ref name=shesh2/&gt;&lt;ref name=oneind1/&gt;&lt;ref name=kh1/&gt;&lt;ref name=tribjk1/&gt;&lt;ref name=fp1/&gt;<br /> <br /> On 2 August 2000, [[Hizbul Mujahideen]] (designated a terrorist organisation by [[India]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/uniquepage.asp?id_pk=292|title=Ministry of Home Affairs:: BANNED ORGANISATIONS|date=29 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130129051543/http://mha.nic.in/uniquepage.asp?id_pk=292|archive-date=2013-01-29|url-status=dead|access-date=2017-05-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[European Union]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32015D2430|title=COUNCIL DECISION (CFSP) 2015/2430 of 21 December 2015|website=eur-lex.europa.eu|access-date=2017-05-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[United States]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=US adds 4 Indian outfits to terror list|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2004/apr/30us1.htm|access-date=13 May 2015|publisher=Rediff|date=30 April 2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;) [[2000 Amarnath pilgrimage massacre#2000 Amarnath pilgrim massacre at Pahalgam base camp|massacred at least 32 Hindu pilgrims and injured at least 60 people]] in a two-hour long indiscriminate shoot-out at the Nunwan base camp in [[Anantnag district]], causing the deaths of 21 Hindu pilgrims and 7 unarmed Muslim shopkeepers as well as three security force officers.&lt;ref name=oneind1/&gt; This attack on Amarnath yatra was part of the larger [[2000 Amarnath pilgrimage massacre|1 and 2 August 2000 Kashmir massacre]] in 5 separate coordinated terrorist attacks that killed at least 89 (official count) to 105 people (as reported by [[Press Trust of India|PTI]]), and injured at least 62 more.&lt;ref name=&quot;tribjk1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2000-08-02 |title=Night of massacres leaves 105 dead in valley |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com:443/2000/20000803/main1.htm |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=Tribune India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 20 July 2001, a terrorist threw two grenades and fired indiscriminately on a pilgrim night camp at Sheshnag Lake en route Amarnath shrine, killing at least 13 and injured another 15 people. Those killed included 5 Hindu male pilgrims, 3 Hindu female pilgrims, 3 Muslim civilians providing support services to pilgrims, and 2 members of the security forces.&lt;ref name=&quot;shesh2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Fazili |first=Ehsan |date=2001-07-21 |title=6 pilgrims among 13 killed in 2 blasts |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com:443/2001/20010722/main1.htm |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=[[Tribune India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=oneind1/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fp1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-07-11 |title=Amarnath Yatra devotees have faced repeated terror attacks: Here's the blood-soaked history of pilgrimage |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/amarnath-yatra-devotees-have-faced-repeated-terror-attacks-heres-the-blood-soaked-history-of-pilgrimage-3799091.html |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 6 August 2002, terrorists from al-Mansuriyan, a front group of the [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]], massacred 9 pilgrims and injured 30 near the Nunwan pilgrimage base camp.&lt;ref name=oneind1/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;kh1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 2003 |title=Chronology of Major Killings in Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://www.kashmirherald.com/apr2003/jkmassacres.html |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=Kashmir Herald}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 7 July 2017, terrorists attacked a civilian bus that was on the [[Baltal, Jammu and Kashmir|Baltal]]-[[Jammu]] route where vehicles are not allowed after 7 p.m. A tyre of the bus was punctured, taking several hours to repair. Pilgrims are not allowed to travel on the route without road-opening parties and security escorts which were withdrawn at around 7:30 p.m. due to the curfew. The bus was not registered with the Amarnath shrine board. Seven pilgrims were killed and 32 others, including security forces, were injured.&lt;ref name=&quot;ind1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-07-11 |title=Amarnath terror attack survivor narrates tale of punctured bus tyre and terrorist strike |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/amarnath-yatra-terrorist-attack-kashmir-tyre-puncture-1023541-2017-07-10 |website=India Today}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Attack==<br /> After the arrests of three locals described as &quot;co-conspirators&quot; in August 2017 who had provided logistical support to the attackers, Munir Khan, [[Inspector General of Police|IGP]] (Kashmir), stated that four [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] militants were involved in it. He said they had planned to carry out an attack a day earlier but there was no movement of [[Central Reserve Police Force|CRPF]] or Amarnath pilgrim vehicle in isolation. He stated it was purely an act of terrorism carried out with the motive of spreading fear. He added that a pilgrim vehicle was there on the day of the attack so they attacked it, had it been a CRPF vehicle, they would have attacked it as well. He further clarified that the attack was first aimed at the police post in the area but unfortunately the bus also came under attack.&lt;ref name=&quot;Threearrested&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=2017-08-06 |title=Three arrested for attack on Amarnath yatris: IGP Kashmir Munir Khan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/three-arrested-for-attack-on-amarnath-yatris-igp-kashmir-munir-khan/articleshow/59941109.cms |access-date=2024-11-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2017-08-06 |title=Pakistan-based Lashkar-e-Taiba behind Amarnath terror attack: J&amp;K police |url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/oVrG6Sb9lQQ8tfeGZrn3XK/Pakistanbased-LashkareTaiba-behind-Amarnath-terror-attack.html |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=Livemint}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The security agencies had earlier investigated whether the bus was the target or was it incidental.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sen |first=Sudhi Ranjan |date=2017-07-12 |title=Was Amarnath pilgrim bus original target of Anantnag attack? Cops wade through maze of clues |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/amarnath-terror-attack-police-wades-through-clues-1023756-2017-07-12 |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Earlier according to IGP of Kashmir range Munir Khan and a statement by the [[Jammu and Kashmir Police]], the gunmen had first attacked a police bunker in Botengo which was retaliated, without any casualties being caused in the exchange of fire. Munir added that the gunmen later attacked a police post at [[Khanabal]] with the fire being returned and the bus carrying the pilgrims being caught in the crossfire, with seven pilgrims being killed.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Rajnish |last2=Jameel |first2=Yusuf |date=2017-07-12 |title=J&amp;K says Lashkar behind attack, security review on |url=https://www.asianage.com/india/all-india/120717/jk-says-lashkar-behind-attack-security-review-on.html |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=Asian Age |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to the [[Central Reserve Police Force|CRPF]], the gunmen had first fired at a combined picket of CRPF and state police, after which they attacked the bus and later fired upon a camp at Arwani. The investigative report of the state police's [[Crime Investigation Department (India)|CID]] contradicted this, suggesting that the bus was attacked by two sets of terrorists, first at a petrol pump in Batingu at 8:17 p.m and again a few minutes later after which the bus was escorted by a police patrol van to police lines in Anantnag.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bhalla |first=Abhishek |date=2017-07-12 |title=Jammu and Kashmir CID report varies from CRPF version |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-jammu-and-kashmir-cid-report-varies-from-crpf-version-2499366 |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=DNA India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The white coloured bus number plated (GJ09Z9979) at which the firing took place carried about 50 pilgrims. It was reported by the Indian media that the attack was carried out by 3-5 terrorists at the location of [[Khanabal]].&lt;ref name=&quot;crpf1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-07-10 |title=Terror Attack on Amarnath Yatra Pilgrims: How it Unfolded |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/terror-attack-on-amarnath-yatra-pilgrims-how-it-unfolded-1457449.html |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=News18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=terr3/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2017-07-11 |title=Terror attack on Amarnath yatra: 7 pilgrims killed, 19 injured in Anantnag |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/terror-attack-on-amarnath-yatra-7-pilgrims-killed-in-anantnag-117071001273_1.html |access-date=2024-11-01 |work=[[Business Standard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;today1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=2017-07-11 |title=Amarnath attack: How the hero bus driver drove through bullets to save many lives |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/amarnath-yatra-attack-bus-driver-jammu-and-kashmir-1023599-2017-07-11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170712060940/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/amarnath-yatra-attack-bus-driver-jammu-and-kashmir/1/999232.html |archive-date=12 July 2017 |access-date=12 July 2017 |website=India Today}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although the bus contained more than 50 people, a larger number of casualties was prevented to a great extent due to the actions of the bus driver, Saleem Mirza.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mirza&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=2017-07-12 |title=God gave me strength': Amarnath bus driver Saleem Mirza who was hailed a hero |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/god-gave-me-strength-amarnath-bus-driver-who-kept-going-despite-the-terrorist-attack/story-iclxOE5MYTCTtbJd0KaojK.html |access-date=12 July 2017 |website=Hindustan Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Despite the bus being fired on by the bullets in all directions, the bus driver continued driving the bus in a calm manner for about 1&amp;nbsp;km before stopping at an intersection.&lt;ref name=&quot;today1&quot;/&gt; The [[Inspector General of Police|Inspector General]] of CRPF in Kashmir, Muneer Khan, said that [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]], allegedly founded by [[Hafiz Muhammad Saeed|Hafiz Saeed]] was behind the attack.&lt;ref name=&quot;tn1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-07-11 |title=Amarnath Yatra Attack: LeT commander responsible behind attack, says IG; bodies of victims reach Surat |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/video/amarnath-yatra-terror-attack-vaishnodevi-shrine-terrorist-jammu-and-kashmir/65571 |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=Times Now News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fp11&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-07-11 |title=Amarnath Yatra attack highlights: Centre announces Rs seven lakh compensation for kin of those killed |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/amarnath-yatra-terrorist-attack-live-pilgrimage-to-continue-uninterrupted-today-as-political-parties-call-for-jammu-bandh-rajnath-narendra-modi-kashmir-3798917.html |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Seven pilgrims from Gujarat, Maharashtra, and Telangana, including six women were killed in the attack.&lt;ref name=terr3/&gt;&lt;ref name=terr5/&gt; Another pilgrim succumbed to her injuries on 16 July.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=2017-07-16 |title=Amarnath Terror Attack: Pilgrim Dies in Hospital, Number of Deaths Now 8 |url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/amarnath-terror-attack-pilgrim-dies-in-hospital-number-of-deaths-now-8-1725345 |access-date=2024-11-01 |work=NDTV}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Aftermath==<br /> The bodies of the seven Amarnath pilgrims killed in the terror attack in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] were brought to [[Gujarat]]'s [[Surat]] airport along with the injured and their family members in an Indian Air Force plane. The [[Government of Gujarat]] announced a compensation of {{INR convert|600000}} for the relatives of every killed victims and {{INR convert|200000}} for the injured victims. Subsequently, the [[Government of India]] announced compensation of {{INR convert|700000}} for the killed victims and {{INR convert|100000}} for the injured victims.&lt;ref name=&quot;rediff1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=11 July 2017 |title=Latest updates on the Amarnath Yatra terror attack |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/amarnath-yatra-attack-latest-updates/20170711.htm |access-date=11 July 2017 |publisher=Rediff}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] State Chief Minister paid a visit to the injured victims of the attack at the hospital. During her visit she spoke to Indian media she said the attack is a &quot;Blot on all Muslims and Kashmiri&quot; and the &quot;Head of every Kashmiri hangs in shame over the incident&quot;. She further said that she have no words to condemn the terror attack.&lt;ref name=&quot;today1&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Bus driver Saleem Mirza who was hailed as a hero due to his act of bravery spoke to Indian media and said &quot;God gave me strength to save lives of people&quot;. The Government of [[Gujarat]]'s Chief Minister [[Vijay Rupani]] thanked Mirza as he saved lives despite heavy firing. Rupani informed the Indian media that the Government of Gujarat will nominate Mirza for the bravery award with the [[Government of India]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Mirza&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Police officials stated, that the attack was carried out by [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] and the attack was masterminded by a [[Pakistani]] terrorist named Abu Ismail, a local LeT commander who is also thought to be the future successor of Abu Dujana, Lashkar's chief commander in Kashmir. He was also assisted by some Kashmiri militants. A manhunt was launched by security forces to capture Ismail.&lt;ref name=&quot;abu1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Security forces' action ===<br /> Security forces, including J&amp;K Police and [[Paramilitary forces of India|Central Paramilitary forces of India]], jointly intensified the [[cordon and search]] grid-based ongoing ''&quot;Operation Hunt Down&quot;'' to track and kill the LeT, Jaish-e-Mohammad and Hizbul Mujahideen terrorists placed on the identified &quot;hit list&quot;, and had already killed 102 terrorists from 1 January to 14 July 2017, including the extermination of terrorists responsible for the killing of seven J&amp;K Police cops and the [[Nowhatta Mob Lynching 2017|lynching of DSP Ayub Pandith]], while a colossal hunt was on for mastermind of terrorist attack on Amarnath Yatra, [[Lashkar-e-Taiba|LeT]] commander ''Abu Ismail''.&lt;ref name=&quot;toi2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=2017-07-14 |title=Security forces killed 102 terrorists in J&amp;K in 7 months, more on hit list |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/security-forces-killed-102-terrorists-in-jk-in-7-months-more-on-hit-list/articleshow/59598301.cms |access-date=2024-11-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> All overground {{clarify|date=October 2024}} workers who had provided logistic support to the terrorists had been identified by 24 July.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=2017-07-14 |title=Lashkar-e-Taiba 'over ground workers' who aided Amarnath attack identified: JK Police |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/lashkar-e-taiba-over-ground-workers-who-aided-amarnath-attack-identified-police-4765320/ |access-date=2024-11-01 |newspaper=The Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt; All of them had been arrested by 27 July.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2017-08-01 |title=All OGWs involved in Amarnath yatra attack arrested, militants identified |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/all-ogws-involved-in-amarnath-yatra-attack-arrested-militants-identified/ |access-date=2024-11-01 |work=Daily Excelsior}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abu Ismail, the main accused, was killed along with an associate Abu Kassim on 14 September by security forces in [[Nowgam]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Rashid |first=Toufiq |date=15 September 2017 |title=Amarnath attack mastermind Abu Ismail among two Lashkar terrorists killed in Kashmir |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/amarnath-attack-mastermind-abu-ismail-could-be-among-two-militants-killed-in-kashmir-sources/story-31XOdXktjwTczkjSkogX5L.html |work=Hindustan Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yawar Basir, Furqan and Abu Maviya were killed on 5 December.&lt;ref name=&quot;3LeT&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=2017-12-05 |title=3 LeT terrorists involved in Amarnath Yatra attack killed in encounter in Kashmir |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/3-let-terrorists-killed-in-encounter-in-south-kashmir/articleshow/61925047.cms |access-date=2024-11-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Reactions ==<br /> ''Rediff'' reported the attack as the worst attack carried out on the annual pilgrimage since 2001.&lt;ref name=&quot;rediff1&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The attack was condemned by many including Prime Minister of India [[Narendra Modi]], Union Home Minister of India [[Rajnath Singh]], Chief Minister of J&amp;K [[Mehbooba Mufti]], National Conference party leader [[Omar Abdullah]]. Several Organisations, such as [[Jammu &amp; Kashmir National Conference|J&amp;K National Conference]] (JKNC), [[Indian National Congress]], [[Vishwa Hindu Parishad]], [[Bhim Singh (politician)#Founding leader of Panthers Party.2C 1982|National Panthers Party]], etc. condemned the attack and called for a strike in Jammu Valley in protest against the attack. Also, Mobile and Internet services were suspended in Jammu region in view of the attack as a measure to prevent any kind of rumour mongering.&lt;ref name=&quot;terr3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-07-10 |title=Amarnath Yatra terror attack: Five women among seven killed; Ramnath Kovind condemns the attack |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/two-amarnath-pilgrims-killed-four-injured-in-terror-attack-in-anantnag-kashmir/ |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;terr5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Live: Amarnath Yatra Terror Attack – 'We Will Be Back', Say Pilgrims |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/live-updates-amarnath-yatra-pilgrims-attacked-by-terrorists-in-anantnag-7-killed-1723052 |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=NDTV}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;terr1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-07-11 |title=Terrorists attack bus in Jammu and Kashmirs Anantnag district, kill seven Amarnath pilgrims |url=https://zeenews.india.com/jammu-and-kashmir/seven-amarnath-yatris-killed-in-terror-attack-in-jks-anantnag-2022721.html |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=Zee News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:Shraddhanjali(2).jpg|thumb|Protest in Gujarat]]<br /> <br /> The local political party (Jammu and Kashmir Pradesh Congress Committee)'s president, G A Mir, condemned the attack and described it as shocking and highly shameful. More than 200 activists of the JKPCC thronged the Rehari belt of Jammu city and held protests against the killing of pilgrims. They raised anti-government and anti-[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] slogans and demanded that the government should be sacked.&lt;ref name=&quot;rediff1&quot;/&gt;<br /> [[File:Shraddhanjali.jpg|thumb|Protest in Gujarat]]<br /> <br /> Protesters in the [[Jammu Division]] burnt [[Pakistani]] flags in protest of the terrorist attack. They expressed a lack of confidence in the [[Mehbooba Mufti]] government and demanded the imposition of [[Governor's Rule]] in the State.&lt;ref name=&quot;rediff1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-07-11 |title=Amarnath Yatra terror attack: Protests rock Jammu against killing of pilgrims |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/amarnath-yatra-terror-attack-protests-rock-jammu-against-killing-of-pilgrims/759135/ |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=Financial Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; After being blamed for the attack by the police, a LeT spokesman condemned the attack and termed it un-Islamic. They denied they were involved in the attack, blaming it instead on the Indian intelligence agencies.&lt;ref name=&quot;refuses&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jameel |first=Yusuf |date=11 July 2017 |title=LeT denies Amarnath attack charge; blames Indian intel |url=https://www.asianage.com/india/all-india/110717/let-refuses-amarnath-attacks-responsibility-blames-indian-intelligence.html |website=The Asian Age}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-07-11 |title=Lashkar condemns attack on Amarnath pilgrims, calls it 'reprehensible, unIslamic' |url=https://kashmirvision.in/2017/07/11/lashkar-e-toiba-condemns-attack-on-amarnath-pilgrims-calls-it-reprehensible-unislamic/ |access-date=11 July 2017 |website=Kashmir Vision}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[2000 Amarnath pilgrimage massacre]]<br /> * [[2003 Nadimarg massacre]]<br /> * [[List of terrorist incidents in India]]<br /> * [[List of massacres in India]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{official website|http://www.shriamarnathjishrine.com}}<br /> * [http://www.boston.com/bigpicture/2012/07/amarnath_journey_to_the_shrine.html Amarnath: Journey to the shrine of a Hindu god], ''[[Boston Globe]]'' news story in pictures, 13 July 2012.<br /> * [http://www.kashmirherald.com/apr2003/jkmassacres.html Chronology of Major Killings in Jammu and Kashmir.]<br /> <br /> {{Kashmir conflict}}<br /> {{coord missing|Jammu and Kashmir}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Amarnath Yatra attack}}<br /> [[Category:2017 murders in India]]<br /> [[Category:2010s in Jammu and Kashmir]]<br /> [[Category:July 2017 crimes in Asia]]<br /> [[Category:Massacres in 2017]]<br /> [[Category:Massacres of Hindus in Kashmir]]<br /> [[Category:Massacres in Jammu and Kashmir]]<br /> [[Category:Terrorist incidents in India in 2017]]<br /> [[Category:July 2017 in India]]<br /> [[Category:Terrorist incidents in Jammu and Kashmir]]<br /> [[Category:Islamic terrorist incidents in 2017]]<br /> [[Category:Lashkar-e-Taiba attacks]]<br /> [[Category:Anantnag district]]<br /> [[Category:Terrorist incidents on buses in India]]<br /> [[Category:2017 road incidents in Asia]]<br /> [[Category:2017 mass shootings in Asia]]<br /> [[Category:Mass shootings in Jammu and Kashmir]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century mass murders in India]]<br /> [[Category:Violence against women in India]]<br /> [[Category:Massacres in India]]</div>

Cristine5684 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Julia_Jacobs_Harpster&diff=506674 2025-12-10T02:56:29Z

<p>Cristine5684: adding data</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|American missionary}}<br /> [[File:JuliaJacobsHarpster.tif|thumb|Julia Jacobs Harpster (1846-1935), Lutheran missionary in India]]<br /> '''Julia Jacobs Harpster''' (December 17, 1846 – July 1, 1935) was an American missionary working among women in India.<br /> <br /> ==Early life and education==<br /> Mary Julia Jacobs was born in [[Gettysburg, Pennsylvania]], in 1846, daughter of Dr. Michael Jacobs and Julia M. Eyster Jacobs. Her father was a professor of mathematics and chemistry at [[Gettysburg College]]. She attended school at The Maplewood in [[Pittsfield, Massachusetts]].&lt;ref&gt;John William Leonard, ed., [https://books.google.com/books?id=COsLAAAAIAAJ&amp;q=nursing&amp;pg=PA364 ''Woman's Who's Who of America''] (American Commonwealth Publishing 1914): 364.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> Julia Jacobs Harpster went to India as a Lutheran missionary with her husband in 1893, based at [[Rajahmundry]]. She was superintendent of the Industrial School for Mohammedan Women, which taught gold and silver embroidery and other handwork skills to Muslim widows and other women in need of paid employment; she also supervised a bookstore in Rajahmundry and raised funds for the mission's work there with the sale of [[postcards]] depicting Indian scenes.&lt;ref name=&quot;Drach&quot;&gt;George Drach, Calvin F. Kuder, [https://archive.org/stream/telugumissionofg00draciala#page/n5/mode/2up ''The Telugu Mission of the General Council of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in North America''] (General Council Publication House 1914): 361.&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;The silent influence of her winsome Christian spirit is a potent factor among her heathen pupils,&quot; a denominational publication wrote of Julia Harpster.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=4BsRAAAAIAAJ&amp;dq=India+Harpster&amp;pg=RA1-PA15 &quot;The Eastertide Calendar&quot;] ''Luther League Review'' 16(1903): 15-16.&lt;/ref&gt; In 1902, she published a book of photographs, ''Among the Telugoos: Illustrating Mission Work in India''.&lt;ref&gt;M. Julia Harpster, [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=loc.ark:/13960/t4jm2zd75;view=1up;seq=9 ''Among the Telugoos: Illustrating Mission Work in India''] (Lutheran Publication Society 1902).&lt;/ref&gt; She and her husband were credited with founding &quot;India Lace Day&quot;, an annual observance in American Lutheran churches where funds were raised for women lacemakers in India, and shipments of supplies were sent for their use.&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=8SczAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=bQAGAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=4838%2C363991 &quot;Mrs. Julia Harpster, Gettysburg Native, Dies in Chambersburg&quot;] ''Gettysburg Compiler'' (June 8, 1935): 1.&lt;/ref&gt; The Harpsters retired from their work in Rajahmundry in 1909.&lt;ref name=&quot;Drach&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Personal life==<br /> Julia Jacobs married Rev. Dr. John Henry Harpster in 1882. Her husband had already served years in missionary work in India, from 1871 to 1876, and was a veteran of the Union Army during the [[American Civil War]]. She was widowed when he died in 1911.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/5544230/john_henry_harpster/ &quot;Dr. J. H. Harpster&quot;] ''Brooklyn Daily Eagle'' (February 1, 1911): 3. via [[Newspapers.com]]{{open access}}&lt;/ref&gt; As a memorial to her husband, Julia Harpster donated some land in [[Kotagiri]] to the Lutheran missions there, to build bungalows for their work.&lt;ref name=&quot;Drach&quot; /&gt; She died in 1935, age 88.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/5544587/julia_jacobs_harpster/ &quot;Mrs. M. J. Harpster Funeral Rites Today&quot;] ''Gettysburg Times'' (July 3, 1935): 1. via [[Newspapers.com]]{{open access}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Her brothers were the Rev. Dr. [[Henry Eyster Jacobs]], president of [[Lutheran Theological Seminary at Philadelphia]], and a judge, Michael William Jacobs. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/5544593/julia_jacobs_harpster/ &quot;Widow of India Missionary is Dead at 88 Yrs.&quot;] ''Gettysburg Times'' (July 2, 1935): 1. via [[Newspapers.com]]{{open access}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{Find a Grave|17057979}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Harpster, Julia Jacobs}}<br /> [[Category:1846 births]]<br /> [[Category:1935 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:People from Gettysburg, Pennsylvania]]<br /> [[Category:American Lutheran missionaries]]<br /> [[Category:Lutheran missionaries in India]]<br /> [[Category:Female Christian missionaries]]<br /> [[Category:Lutherans from Pennsylvania]]<br /> [[Category:American missionaries in India]]</div>

Cristine5684 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madhusudan_Bhattacharya&diff=514500 2025-12-03T02:46:47Z

<p>Cristine5684: Pg!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}<br /> <br /> '''Madhusudan Bhattacharya''' (born 1950)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Madhusudan Bhattacharya(All India Trinamool Congress(AITC)):Constituency- MEMARI(PURBA BARDHAMAN) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/WestBengal2021/candidate.php?candidate_id=1250 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=www.myneta.info}}&lt;/ref&gt; is an Indian politician from [[West Bengal]]. He is a member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from [[Memari Assembly constituency]] in [[Purba Bardhaman district]]. He won the [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[All India Trinamool Congress]] party.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-05-02 |title=Memari, West Bengal Assembly election result 2021 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/memari-west-bengal-assembly-election-result-2021-live-updates-1797347-2021-05-01 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-05-03 |title=West Bengal Election Results 2021: Here's full list of winners - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/west-bengal-election-results-2021-heres-full-list-of-winners-9169581.htm |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2021-05-03 |title=West Bengal election results 2021: Checkout the list of winning candidates |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/west-bengal-election-results-2021-checkout-the-list-of-winning-candidates/articleshow/82356274.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-03-05 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early life and education ==<br /> Bhattacharya is from [[Memari]], Purba Bardhaman district, West Bengal. He is the son of late Kanai Bhattacharya. He completed his Master of Arts in English in 1974 at the [[University of Burdwan]]. He is a retired school teacher.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> Bhattacharya won from Memari Assembly constituency representing the All India Trinamool Congress in the 2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election. He polled 104,851 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Bhismadeb Bhattacharya of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 23,078 votes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Memari Election Result 2021 Live Updates:Madhusudan Bhattacharya of TMC Wins. |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/memari-election-result-2021-live-updates-memari-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-3695336.html |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=News18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Memari Election Results 2021 LIVE, Vote Counting, Leading, Trailing, Winners West bengal Memari Constituency Election News LIVE |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/west-bengal-election-results-2021/wb-memari-constituency-265.html |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Memari Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/memari-west-bengal-assembly-constituency |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=resultuniversity.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Bhattacharya, Madhusudan}}<br /> [[Category:1950 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]<br /> [[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2021–2026]]<br /> [[Category:Politicians from Purba Bardhaman district]]<br /> [[Category:University of Burdwan alumni]]</div>

Cristine5684 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Military_College_of_Materials_Management&diff=517616 2025-11-29T11:49:38Z

<p>Cristine5684: Creating!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Training institute in Madhya Pradesh, India}}<br /> {{Infobox university<br /> | name = Military College of Materials Management, Jabalpur<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | former_name = <br /> | image = File:Mcmm logo.png<br /> | image_size = 200px<br /> | caption = <br /> | motto = Strength through Knowledge<br /> | motto_lang = [[English]]<br /> | mottoeng = <br /> | established = {{Start date and age|1 October 1925}}<br /> | type = [[Military academies in India|Military Academy]]<br /> | head_label = [[Commandant of the Indian Military Academy|Commandant]]<br /> | head = Lt. Gen. Sanjay Sethi<br /> | city = Jabalpur<br /> | state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> | country = India<br /> | students = <br /> | coordinates = {{coord|23.1499|79.9856|type:landmark_region:IN-UT|display=inline,title}}<br /> | campus = {{convert|1007|acre|ha}}<br /> | colours = <br /> | free_label = <br /> | free = <br /> | logo = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> | logo_size = <br /> }}<br /> The '''Military College of Materials Management''' (MCMM), located in Jabalpur,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Sabry |first1=Fouad |title=Military Education and Training: Forging Elite Forces, Tactics, Strategy, and Discipline in 21st Century Warfare |date=31 May 2024 |publisher=One Billion Knowledgeable |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YswLEQAAQBAJ&amp;dq=College%20of%20Material%20Management%20jabalpur&amp;pg=PT115 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Sonalker |first1=Manoher V. |title=India: The Giant Awakens! |date=2007 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers &amp; Dist |isbn=978-81-269-0769-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6ude3tdrUn4C&amp;dq=College%20of%20Material%20Management%20jabalpur&amp;pg=PA285 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; is a premier training institute under the Army Ordnance Corps of the Indian Army. The college specializes in various logistics courses, including basic ordnance management, advanced material management, higher munition courses, and quartermaster courses designed for officers, Junior Commissioned Officers (JCOs), and Non-Commissioned Officers (NCOs). Additionally, MCMM provides training for technical clerks and store keeper technical personnel within the [[Indian Army]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Khandekar |first1=Prashant |title=Under the Wings, On the Tarmac: A SERVICEGRAPHY OF AN IAF ENGINEER |date=4 September 2019 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-64546-823-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BRStDwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=College+of+Material+Management+jabalpur&amp;pg=PT152 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=ARTRAC investiture ceremony held |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/artrac-investiture-ceremony-held-501627 |access-date=8 July 2024 |work=The Tribune}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> MCMM operates as an autonomous college affiliated with Rani Durgavati Vishwa Vidyalaya (RDVV). The institute also extends its training programs to officers from allied foreign nations. The college is headed by the Commandant, a three-star officer in the Indian Army. The current Commandant is Lieutenant General Sanjay Sethi, AVSM, VSM.<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> The ridge, now known as Sita Pahari was government land reserved for forest and grazing. It was adjunct to ‘Chitapaar’ a revenue village of the Jabalpur district in then central provinces of India. In 1899, the Jabalpur Brigade established temporary accommodations on the ridge. Permanent buildings were constructed between 1907 and 1910, and the ridge was fully occupied by 1915.Following the outbreak of World War I, the ridge remained vacant until March 1916, when the 2/7 Hampshire Regiment occupied the barracks. In 1925, the 2/7 Hampshire Regiment was relieved by the 1st Hampshire Regiment, which continued to reside there until 1943<br /> <br /> The Military College of Materials Management (MCMM) was established on 1 October 1925 as the Indian Army Ordnance Corps (IAOC) School of Instructions at Kirkee. It moved to Jabalpur on 13 February 1939, initially located at Roberts Barracks, and relocated to Sita Pahari in 1948. In 1950, the school was renamed the AOC School, and on 8 April 1987, it became the College of Materials Management (CMM). Affiliated with Rani Durgavati Vishwa Vidyalaya (RDVV) in 1991, CMM was granted autonomous status on 1 July 1991. The college was a runner-up for the Golden Peacock National Award for excellence in training in 2000. It received unit citations on Republic Day 2017 and Army Day 2023. On 30 August 2023, CMM was renamed the Military College of Materials Management (MCMM)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=College of Materials Management |url=https://indianarmy.nic.in/about/haws-army-establishments/cmm-army-establishments |website=Indianarmy.nic.in |access-date=8 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Faculty==<br /> The Military College of Materials Management (MCMM) provides comprehensive training in Ordnance logistics through several specialized faculties:<br /> <br /> ===Faculty of Higher Ordnance Management (FOHOM)===<br /> The Faculty of Higher Ordnance Management, formerly known as the Staff Officers Wing, was renamed in 1987 when the Army Ordnance Corps (AOC) School transitioned to the College of Materials Management (CMM). As the senior-most faculty at MCMM, FOHOM is responsible for publishing the &quot;Materials Manager,&quot; the professional journal of the AOC.<br /> <br /> ===Faculty of Munitions (FOM)===<br /> The Faculty of Munitions offers basic, advanced, and higher training in armament and ammunitions technology. This includes the handling of Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs) and the management of ammunition warehousing.<br /> <br /> ===Faculty of Logistics Support (FOLS)===<br /> The Faculty of Logistics Support trains Officers, Junior Commissioned Officers (JCOs), Other Ranks, and civilian employees of the Army Ordnance Corps in materials management and effective ordnance support. It also provides training to all branches of the army to effectively perform Quarter Master duties within their respective units.<br /> <br /> ===Faculty of Combat Equipment (FOCE)===<br /> The Faculty of Combat Equipment trains Officers and Other Ranks of the Army Ordnance Corps, other branches of the army, and civilian storekeepers of the AOC in inventory management for combat equipment. This ensures effective combat ordnance logistics support to the Indian Army during both peace and wartime.<br /> <br /> ===Faculty of Computer Technology (FOCT)===<br /> The Faculty of Computer Technology provides training in basic networking, customized software, and Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) solutions to Officers, Junior Commissioned Officers, Other Ranks, and civilian employees of the Army Ordnance Corps.<br /> <br /> ===Recruit Training Wing (RTW)===<br /> The Recruit Training Wing is responsible for providing basic technical training certification to recruits and civilians of the Army Ordnance Corps, as well as recruits from other branches of the Indian Army. These faculties collectively ensure that personnel of the Army Ordnance Corps and other branches of the Indian Army receive comprehensive training in ordnance logistics, materials management, and related technologies.<br /> <br /> ==The Faculty of Management Studies (FOMS)==<br /> <br /> The Faculty of Management Studies (FOMS), established in 1995, was the youngest faculty of MCMM. Over time, FOMS developed into a recognized entity in the field of management studies. In 2004, it was separated from MCMM and reestablished at Greater Noida as the [[Army Institute of Management and Technology, Greater Noida|<br /> Army Institute of Management and Technology (AIMT)]] under the aegis of the Army Welfare Education Society (AWES). AIMT is now a well-regarded business institute in India.<br /> <br /> ==Course==<br /> * AOC Specific <br /> **Basic Ordnance Management (BOM)<br /> ** Advance Materials Management (AMM)<br /> ** Senior Management Ordnance Course (SMOC)<br /> ** Ordnance Officers Information Technology (OOIT)<br /> ** Higher Munitions (HM)<br /> ** Higher Ordnance Management (HOM)<br /> * All Arms and services <br /> ** Quarter Master Course (QM)<br /> ** Administration and Logistics Management Course (ALMC)<br /> * PMF and State Police<br /> ** State Police Improvised Explosive Devices (IED) Course<br /> <br /> == List of Commandants ==<br /> The '''Commandant of Military College of Materials Management''' is the overall in-charge of all the functioning of Military College of Materials Management, Jabalpur. The Commandant of the college is a [[three-star rank]] officer ([[Lieutenant General]]) from the [[Indian Army]].<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+ List of Commandants<br /> ! S. No !! Name!! Appointment Date !!Left office<br /> |-<br /> | 1 || Col WT Wilson || 01-Jun-47 || 05-Dec-47<br /> |-<br /> | 2 || Col TSA Dega || 06-Dec-47 || 05-Jan-48<br /> |-<br /> | 3 || Col JH Blyth || 06-Jan-48 || 13-Aug-48<br /> |-<br /> | 4 || Col TSA Dega || 14-Aug-48 || 12-Jul-49<br /> |-<br /> | 5 || Col Rajinder Singh || 13-Jul-49 || 07-Jul-54<br /> |-<br /> | 6 || Col Mukhtar Singh || 08-Jul-54 || 16-Aug-57<br /> |-<br /> | 7 || Col SN Mubayi || 17-Aug-57 || 06-Aug-60<br /> |-<br /> | 8 || Col RC Lal || 01-Sep-60 || 16-Apr-61<br /> |-<br /> | 9 || Col N Sen || 31-Oct-61 || 18-Dec-63<br /> |-<br /> | 10 || Col LFA King || 21-Dec-63 || 22-Jan-66<br /> |-<br /> | 11 || Col IPS Sethi || 12-Mar-66 || 11-Jul-68<br /> |-<br /> | 12 || Brig HL Khurana || 12-Jul-68 || 28-Jul-71<br /> |-<br /> | 13 || Brig RP Tugnait || 29-Jul-71 || 09-Feb-73<br /> |-<br /> | 14 || Col PL Chatterjee, AVSM || 10-Feb-73 || 06-Mar-73<br /> |-<br /> | 15 || Brig PL Chatterjee, AVSM || 14-Jan-74 || 14-Jul-74<br /> |-<br /> | 16 || Brig AR Jain || 08-Aug-74 || 30-Apr-76<br /> |-<br /> | 17 || Brig IPS Brar, AVSM || 01-May-76 || 19-Aug-78<br /> |-<br /> | 18 || Brig Ranjit Singh Herr || 20-Aug-78 || 21-Dec-80<br /> |-<br /> | 19 || Maj Gen HM Thakur || 22-Dec-80 || 31-May-83<br /> |-<br /> | 20 || Maj Gen AM Nandkeolyar, AVSM || 04-Jun-83 || 10-Jul-85<br /> |-<br /> | 21 || Lt Gen ML Yadava || 11-Jul-85 || 01-Jun-86<br /> |-<br /> | 22 || Maj Gen Gurbakhash Singh, AVSM || 02-Jun-86 || 30-Sep-86<br /> |-<br /> | 23 || Lt Gen Virender Partap, AVSM, ADC || 16-Dec-86 || 18-Dec-87<br /> |-<br /> | 24 || Maj Gen S Mohindra || 19-Dec-87 || 15-Feb-88<br /> |-<br /> | 25 || Maj Gen SK Kar, VSM || 16-Feb-88 || 31-Mar-89<br /> |-<br /> | 26 || Lt Gen RP Agrawal, PVSM, VSM || 01-Apr-89 || 10-Nov-89<br /> |-<br /> | 27 || Lt Gen DV Kalra, PVSM, AVSM || 17-Nov-89 || 24-Feb-92<br /> |-<br /> | 28 || Maj Gen SC Chatrath, VSM || 25-Feb-92 || 28-Feb-93<br /> |-<br /> | 29 || Maj Gen AC Sharma, AVSM, VSM || 10-Mar-93 || 30-Nov-93<br /> |-<br /> | 30 || Lt Gen Prem Sagar || 01-Dec-93 || 31-Jul-94<br /> |-<br /> | 31 || Maj Gen AC Sharma, AVSM, VSM || 01-Aug-94 || 30-Apr-96<br /> |-<br /> | 32 || Maj Gen YS Teja, VSM || 30-Apr-96 || 04-Dec-97<br /> |-<br /> | 33 || Lt Gen Vijay Lall, PVSM, AVSM, ADC || 05-Dec-97 || 21-Dec-00<br /> |-<br /> | 34 || Lt Gen TJS Gill, PVSM || 22-Dec-00 || 25-Jan-02<br /> |-<br /> | 35 || Lt Gen RS Sherawat, PVSM, AVSM, VSM || 26-Jan-02 || 24-Jun-03<br /> |-<br /> | 36 || Maj Gen MS Ahluwalia || 25-Jun-03 || 30-Oct-03<br /> |-<br /> | 37 || Lt Gen TA D’Cunha, PVSM, ADC || 01-Nov-03 || 31-Aug-04<br /> |-<br /> | 38 || Maj Gen RD Singh || 18-Sep-04 || 06-Sep-05<br /> |-<br /> | 39 || Lt Gen (Dr) DDS Sandhu, PVSM, ADC || 06-Sep-05 || 29-Jun-06<br /> |-<br /> | 40 || Lt Gen BS Sisodia, AVSM, VSM || 19-Oct-06 || 31-Dec-07<br /> |-<br /> | 41 || Maj Gen Anil Sarup || 13-Apr-08 || 31-Jul-09<br /> |-<br /> | 42 || Maj Gen Narendra Dogra || 01-Aug-09 || 06-Mar-10<br /> |-<br /> | 43 || Maj Gen Ajay Seth || 07-Mar-10 || 12-Jul-11<br /> |-<br /> | 44 || Lt Gen Gautam Moorthy, PVSM, AVSM, VSM, ADC || 13-Jul-11 || 31-Jul-12<br /> |-<br /> | 45 || Lt Gen AS Rawat || 01-Sep-12 || 30-Sep-15<br /> |-<br /> | 46 || Maj Gen RS Rathore || 01-Oct-15 || 26-Jan-16<br /> |-<br /> | 47 || Lt Gen NK Mehta, VSM || 27-Jan-16 || 20-May-18<br /> |-<br /> | 48 || Lt Gen Dalip Singh, PVSM, VSM || 01-Jun-18 || 19-Jan-19<br /> |-<br /> | 49 || Lt Gen RKS Kushwaha, AVSM || 01-Feb-19 || 19-Sep-20<br /> |-<br /> | 50 || Lt Gen Rakesh Kapoor, VSM || 01-Oct-20 || 31-Aug-23<br /> |-<br /> | 51 || Lt Gen Sanjay Sethi, AVSM, VSM || 01-Sep-23 || Till Date<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==List of Deputy Commandants &amp; Chief Instructor==<br /> <br /> The Deputy Commandant &amp; Chief Instructor of Military College of materials Management is second in hierarchy after Commandant, who is overall in charge of training activities of Military College of Materials Management, Jabalpur. The Deputy Commandant &amp; Chief Instructor is a two-star rank officer (Major General) from the Indian Army.<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> <br /> |+ List of DC&amp;CI<br /> <br /> |-<br /> <br /> ! S. No !! Name of DC&amp;CI !! Period<br /> <br /> |-<br /> <br /> | 1 || Maj Gen DD Ghoshal || 1999<br /> <br /> |-<br /> <br /> | 2 || Maj Gen S Mediratta || 2000<br /> <br /> |-<br /> <br /> | 3 || Brig RP Gopal || 2001<br /> <br /> |-<br /> <br /> | 4 || Brig AK Chopra, SM || 2002<br /> <br /> |-<br /> <br /> | 5 || Maj Gen M S Ahluwalia || 2003<br /> <br /> |-<br /> <br /> | 6 || Maj Gen TA D Cunha || 2003<br /> <br /> |-<br /> <br /> | 7 || Maj Gen RD Singh || 2004<br /> <br /> |-<br /> <br /> | 8 || Brig Somen Brahma (Officiating) || 2005<br /> <br /> |-<br /> <br /> | 9 || Brig Narender Dogra (Officiating) || 2007<br /> <br /> |-<br /> <br /> | 10 || Brig AK Seth (Officiating) || 2009<br /> <br /> |-<br /> <br /> | 11 || Brig V G Subramanian (Officiating) || 2010<br /> <br /> |-<br /> <br /> | 12 || Maj Gen AK Seth || 2011<br /> <br /> |-<br /> <br /> | 13 || Brig SS Lamba, SM (Officiating) || 2011<br /> <br /> |-<br /> <br /> | 14 || Brig VP Shahi (Officiating) || 2012<br /> <br /> |-<br /> <br /> | 15 || Maj Gen Anil Kumar || 2013<br /> <br /> |-<br /> <br /> | 16 || Maj Gen RS Rathore || 2015<br /> <br /> |-<br /> <br /> | 17 || Brig RA Mandhar (Officiating) || 2016<br /> <br /> |-<br /> <br /> | 18 || Brig Narendra B Patil (Officiating) || 2016<br /> <br /> |-<br /> <br /> | 19 || Maj Gen Deepinder Singh || 2017<br /> <br /> |-<br /> <br /> | 20 || Maj Gen Rajendra Bana || 2020<br /> <br /> |-<br /> <br /> | 21 || Maj Gen Suresh Chandra Tandi, VSM || 2022<br /> <br /> |-<br /> <br /> | 22 || Maj Gen Vikram Taneja || 2022<br /> <br /> |-<br /> <br /> | 23 || Brig GM Atri (Officiating) || 2023<br /> <br /> |-<br /> <br /> | 24 || Maj Gen NKV Patil, SM || 2023<br /> <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==See also ==<br /> * [[Military academies in India]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> {{Indian military academies and colleges}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Military academies]]<br /> [[Category:Military education and training in India]]<br /> [[Category:Military academies of India]]</div>

Cristine5684 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nishanth_Russo&diff=522240 2025-11-07T20:08:18Z

<p>Cristine5684: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian actor}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = <br /> | image = <br /> | imagesize = <br /> | othername = <br /> | birth_name = <br /> | birth_date = <br /> | birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India<br /> | death_date = <br /> | death_place = <br /> | occupation = Actor<br /> | yearsactive = 2018–Present<br /> | spouse = <br /> | parents = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Nishanth Russo''' is an Indian actor who works in Tamil-language films. <br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> Nishanth Russo made his debuted in film ''[[Antony (2018 film)|Antony]]'' in 2018 under the stage name of Nishanth.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2017-12-10 |title=Antony is a tribute to the late Raghuvaran |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/antony-is-a-tribute-to-the-late-raghuvaran/articleshow/62008580.cms |access-date=2025-03-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; He later appeared in ''[[Pandrikku Nandri Solli]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2020-03-10 |title=Pandrikku Nandri Solli is about the hunt for a pig statue |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/pandrikku-nandri-solli-is-about-the-hunt-for-a-pig-statue/articleshow/74552492.cms |access-date=2025-03-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film received mixed reviews, with [[OTTplay]] stating, &quot;The movie, which has a handful of neatly written and suspense-filled sequences, keeps the audience engaged.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pandrikku Nandri Solli movie review: A middling outing with a handful of compelling scenes |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/pandrikku-nandri-solli-movie-review-a-middling-outing-with-a-handful-of-compelling-scenes/4f0af5c4e812 |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2023, he co-starred in ''[[Parundhaaguthu Oor Kuruvi]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rajendran |first=Gopinath |date=2022-06-19 |title=Parundhaaguthu Oor Kuruvi to be a survival thriller |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/Jun/19/parundhaaguthu-oor-kuruvi-to-be-a-survival-thriller-32189.html |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; along with [[Vivek Prasanna]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2022-10-07 |title=Survival thriller Parunthaagudhu Oor Kuruvi is based on a true incident |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/survival-thriller-parunthaagudhu-oor-kuruvi-is-based-on-a-true-incident/articleshow/94707101.cms |access-date=2025-03-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Cinema Express]]'' critic wrote that &quot;Parundhaaguthu Oor Kuruvi has a decent premise and a fairly exciting plot&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sundar |first=Anusha |date=2023-03-24 |title=Parundhaaguthu Oor Kuruvi Movie Review: A twisty but superficial thriller |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2023/Mar/24/parundhaaguthu-oor-kuruvi-movie-review-a-twisty-but-superficial-thriller-41478.html |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2025, he appeared in ''[[Seesaw (film)|Seesaw]]'' directed by Guna Subramaniam.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=nirmal |title=നട്ടി നടരാജ് നായകന്‍; ഇന്‍വെസ്റ്റിഗേറ്റീവ് ക്രൈം ത്രില്ലര്‍ 'സീസോ' 3 ന് |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/seesaw-tamil-movie-from-january-3-natty-natraj-spdaob |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=Asianet News Malayalam |language=ml}}&lt;/ref&gt; Followed by the comedy ''[[Sotta Sotta Nanaiyuthu]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Sotta Sotta Nanaiyuthu Movie Review: Much ado about a hairline |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/sotta-sotta-nanaiyuthu/movie-review/123568357.cms |access-date=2025-08-28 |work=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Filmography ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+<br /> !Year<br /> !Film<br /> !Role<br /> !Notes<br /> |-<br /> |2018<br /> |[[Antony (2018 film)|''Antony'']]<br /> |Antony<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|credited as Nishanth<br /> |-<br /> |2022<br /> |''[[Pandrikku Nandri Solli]]''<br /> |Devaraj<br /> |-<br /> |2023<br /> |''[[Parundhaaguthu Oor Kuruvi]]''<br /> |Aadhi<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2025<br /> |''[[Seesaw (film)|Seesaw]]''<br /> | Adhavan<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Sotta Sotta Nanaiyuthu]]''<br /> |Raja<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |TBD<br /> |{{Pending film|Konjanaal Poru Thalaiva}}<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=DTNEXT |date=2025-01-10 |title=Konjanaal Poru Thalaiva, a commercial entertainer focusing on suicide |url=https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/konjanaal-poru-thalaiva-a-commercial-entertainer-focusing-on-suicide-818831 |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=www.dtnext.in |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> == External links ==<br /> <br /> * {{IMDb name|14620392|Nishanth Russo}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Russo, Nishanth}}<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors from Chennai]]</div>

Cristine5684 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=P._Jayarajan&diff=447916 2025-09-24T05:54:12Z

<p>Cristine5684: updated</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|CPM State Committee Member}}<br /> {{Distinguish|E. P. Jayarajan|M. V. Jayarajan}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | image = P jayarajan 01.jpg<br /> | name = P. Jayarajan<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1952|11|27|df=y}}&lt;ref name=&quot;klapage0&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/members/m87.htm |access-date=9 April 2019 |title=Members - Kerala Legislature }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | birth_place = [[Kadirur]], [[Kannur]], [[Madras State]], [[India]]<br /> | residence = [[Kuthuparamba|Koothuparamba]]<br /> | death_date = <br /> | death_place = <br /> | constituency = <br /> | office = Vice Chairman of Kerala State Khadi and Village Industries Board<br /> | term_start = 12 November 2021 <br /> | term_end =<br /> | predecessor = [[Shobhana George]] <br /> | office1 = Secretary, [[CPI(M)]] [[Kannur District]] Committee<br /> | term_start1 = 13 December 2010<br /> | term_end1 = 11 March 2019<br /> | successor1 = [[M. V. Jayarajan]]<br /> | office2 = Member of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | constituency2 = [[Kuthuparamba (State Assembly constituency)|Kuthuparamba]]<br /> | term_start2 = 2001<br /> | term_end2 = 2011<br /> | predecessor2 = [[K. K. Shailaja]]<br /> |successor2 = [[K. P. Mohanan]]<br /> | party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]<br /> | parents = Kunhiraman &lt;br&gt; Deviamma<br /> | spouse = Yamuna T. P.<br /> | relatives = [[P. Sathidevi]] (sister)<br /> | children = 2<br /> | footnotes = <br /> | source = <br /> }}<br /> '''P. Jayarajan''' (born 27 November 1952) is a member&lt;ref name=&quot;cpimkeralaeng0&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cpimkerala.org/eng/state-committee-36.php |title=State Committee |author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |website=CPI(M) Kerala |access-date=9 April 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt; of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] Kerala state committee and former member of the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] who represented [[Kuthuparamba|Koothuparamba]] constituency from 2001 to 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://myneta.info/ker2006/candidate.php?candidate_id=14|title=P JAYARAJAN|website=My Neta|access-date=22 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/udf-jolted-in-kerala/302485|title=UDF jolted in Kerala|website=Outlook|access-date=22 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/2005/06/06/stories/2005060601310700.htm|title=Historic win for LDF in bypolls|date=6 June 2005|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=22 March 2019}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/kuthuparamba-kerala-assembly-constituency|title=Kuthuparamba Assembly Constituency Election Result|website=Result University|access-date=22 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; He served as the secretary of CPI(M) [[Kannur district|Kannur]] District Committee from 2010 until he was replaced by M.V. Jayarajan in March 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2018/jan/30/p-jayarajan-re-elected-cpim-kannur-district-secretary-1765340.html|title=P Jayarajan re-elected CPI(M) Kannur district secretary|website=The New Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2019/mar/12/mv-jayarajan-elected-cpm-kannur-district-secretary-1949845.html|title=MV Jayarajan elected CPM Kannur district secretary|website=The New Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt; In March 2019 he was named the [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]] candidate from [[Vatakara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vatakara]] for the [[2019 Indian general election|2019 Indian General Elections]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/election/2019/loksabha-election/p-jayarajan-to-be-cpm-candidate-in-vadakara-1.3624836|title=P Jayarajan to be CPM candidate in Vadakara|website=Mathrubhumi|access-date=22 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Personal life ==<br /> P. Jayrajan was born on 27 November 1952 to Kunhiraman and Deviamma at [[Kadirur]]. Jayarajan's wife Yamuna is the secretary of Kuthuparamba Cooperative Rural Bank, and they have two sons. He is the brother of [[P. Sathidevi]], [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] state committee member and former [[Member of parliament (India)|MP]] from [[Vatakara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vadakara]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://keralaassembly.org/lok/sabha/biodata.php4?no=9&amp;name=P.%20Satheedevi|title=Biodata of Ms. P. Satheedevi (CPIM)|work=Kerala Assembly|access-date=23 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/2004/05/14/stories/2004051401691300.htm|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Only two women make it in Kerala|date=2004-05-14|access-date=23 March 2019}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt; She is serving as the chairperson of [[Kerala Women's Commission]] since 1 October 2021.<br /> <br /> == Political career ==<br /> Jayarajan's entry to politics was through the students’ movement. He served as the district secretary and president of the [[Students' Federation of India|SFI]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/p-jayarajan-to-helm-cpim-in-kannur-again/article22580030.ece|title=P. Jayarajan to helm CPI(M) in Kannur again|work=The Hindu|access-date=23 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; He became a member of the [[CPI(M)]] in 1972, and went on to serve as its [[Kuthuparamba|Koothuparamba]] area secretary for 10 years. He was then elected to the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] Kannur district secretariat, and later, in 1998, to the state committee.<br /> <br /> He was appointed the secretary of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] Kannur district committee in December 2010 and was re-elected subsequently in 2012 and 2015. He went on to hold the position until March 2019, when, after being named the [[Left Democratic Front|LDF]] candidate from Vatakara for the 2019 Indian General Elections, he was replaced by M.V. Jayarajan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Electoral career ===<br /> P. Jayarajan was first elected to the Eleventh Kerala Legislative Assembly from Koothuparamba constituency in 2001. His election was declared void by the [[Supreme Court of India|SCI]] on 11 January 2005. Later, in the by-election held on 5 June 2005, he was re-elected to the Legislative Assembly. He continued to win the seat in 2006, when fresh elections were held to Twelfth Kerala Legislative Assembly.&lt;ref name=&quot;klapage0&quot; /&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+Kerala Legislative Assembly Election<br /> !Year<br /> !Constituency<br /> !Closest Rival<br /> !Majority<br /> (Votes)<br /> !Won/Lost<br /> |-<br /> |2001<br /> |Kuthuparamba<br /> |K.Prabhakaran ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])<br /> |18620<br /> |Won&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Kerala Assembly Election Results in 2001|url=https://www.elections.in/kerala/assembly-constituencies/2001-election-results.html|access-date=2021-05-07|website=www.elections.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2005<br /> By- Election<br /> |Kuthuparamba<br /> |K.Prabhakaran ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])<br /> |45377<br /> |Won<br /> |-<br /> |2006<br /> |Kuthuparamba<br /> |Adv.Sajeev Joseph ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])<br /> |38327<br /> |Won&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Kerala Assembly Election Results in 2006|url=https://www.elections.in/kerala/assembly-constituencies/2006-election-results.html|access-date=2021-05-07|website=www.elections.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+Parliamentary Election<br /> !Year<br /> !Constituency<br /> !Closest Rival<br /> !Majority<br /> (Votes)<br /> !Won/ Lost<br /> |-<br /> |2019<br /> |Vadakara<br /> |[[K. Muraleedharan]] ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])<br /> |85364<br /> |Lost&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Kerala Lok Sabha Election Results 2019 - State Wise and Party Wise Results|url=https://www.elections.in/kerala/index.html/|access-date=2021-05-07|website=Elections in India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==== 2019 Lok Sabha Elections ====<br /> P. Jayarajan was named the LDF candidate for [[Vatakara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vatakara constituency]] for the 2019 Lok Sabha elections by the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]. He lost to [[K. Muraleedharan]] by a margin of 84,663 votes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Vadakara Lok Sabha Election Results 2019 Live: Vadakara Constituency Election Results, News, Candidates, Vote Paercentage|url=https://www.news18.com/lok-sabha-elections-2019/kerala/vadakara-election-result-s11p03/|access-date=2021-01-18|website=News18}}&lt;/ref&gt; His sister and CPI(M) leader P. Sathidevi had represented the constituency from [[2004 Indian general election|2004 to 2009]].<br /> <br /> === Trade Union Leadership ===<br /> Jayarajan was formerly the president of the [[Centre of Indian Trade Unions|CITU]] Kannur district committee. He has also rendered service as the president of Rubco Employees Union, the president of [[Aralam]] Farm Workers Union &amp; as president of [[Kuthuparamba]] Area Head Load Workers Union.&lt;ref name=&quot;klapage0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Attempt on life ===<br /> Jayarajan was attacked by [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|RSS]] on 25 August 1999 at his house at Kathiroor owing to political animosity. He was severely injured as one of his arms was nearly chopped off and the other lost a thumb.<br /> <br /> Six of the nine accused were found guilty later in 2007.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/india/six-bjp-rss-men-found-guilty-in-attempt-to-murder-case/story-ispfF6czebOsj0OkgKRkNP.html|title=Six BJP/RSS men found guilty in attempt to murder case|website=The Hindustan Times|date=28 June 2007|access-date=23 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Philanthropy ==<br /> Jayarajan is the chairman of Initiative for Rehabilitation and Palliative Care (IRPC)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/offbeat/a-surprise-meeting-and-a-weeping-kadannappally-english-news-1.1355846|title=A surprise meeting and a weeping Kadannappally|website=Mathrubhumi|access-date=26 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://malayalam.oneindia.com/news/kerala/actress-priyanka-visited-irpc-in-kannur/articlecontent-pf201192-187768.html|title=നടി പ്രിയങ്കയെത്തി അമ്മമാർക്ക് സാന്ത്വനമേകാൻ; മാറോടണച്ച് അമ്മമാരും,കണ്ണൂരിലെ ഐആര്‍പിസിയിൽ സംഭവിച്ചത്|website=One India Malayalam|date=3 December 2017|access-date=26 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/49213620.cms|title=CPM to offer palliative care for pilgrims|website=Times of India|date=4 October 2015 |access-date=26 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; that was founded with the aim of provided [[palliative care]]. It has subsequently expanded its spheres of influence with activities like ''kanivu,'' which provides training and jobs to the [[Disability|differently abled]] and ''unarvu,'' which aims at creating educational awareness among children in tribal [[Hamlet (place)|hamlets]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://peoplesdemocracy.in/2018/1125_pd/cpim-reaches-people-through-palliative-care-movement-kerala|title=CPI(M) Reaches People through Palliative Care Movement in Kerala|website=People's Democracy|access-date=26 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Controversies==<br /> In August 2012: He has been named as the 32nd accused in [[Death of Ariyil Shukoor|Shukoor murder case 2012]] the charge sheet by police and was in judicial custody at the Kannur jail after his arrest 1 August 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/kerala-senior-cpm-leader-p-jayarajan-charged-with-murder-conspiracy-in-shukkoor-killing-5578758/ |title=Kerala: Senior CPM leader P Jayarajan charged with murder, conspiracy in Shukkoor killing |date=11 February 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Jayarajan, P}}<br /> [[Category:1952 births]]<br /> [[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from Kerala]]<br /> [[Category:People from Kannur district]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]</div>

Cristine5684 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_chief_ministers_of_Telangana&diff=473008 2025-05-26T17:46:06Z

<p>Cristine5684: expanded content</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[Chief Minister of Telangana]]<br /> {{Rcat shell|<br /> {{R from move}}<br /> }}</div>

Cristine5684 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kulasekhar&diff=511006 2025-05-02T01:46:26Z

<p>Cristine5684: adding a page - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian lyricist (1971–2024)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox musical artist<br /> | name = Kulasekhar<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_name = <br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date|1971|08|15|df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = <br /> | death_date = {{Death date and age|2024|11|26|1971|08|15|df=y}}<br /> | death_place = <br /> | other_names = <br /> | occupation = {{hlist|Lyricist|writer|director}}<br /> | years_active = 2000–2008<br /> | known_for = <br /> | notable_works = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Kulasekhar''' (15 August 1971 – 26 November 2024) was an Indian lyricist known for his works in [[Telugu cinema]].&lt;ref name=&quot;deccanchronicle.com2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=The curious case of Kulasekhar|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/131219/entertainment-tollywood/article/curious-case-kulasekhar|website=deccanchronicle.com|publisher=దక్కన్ క్రానికల్|accessdate=24 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; He wrote lyrics for over 100 films and had multiple collaborations with director [[Teja (director)|Teja]] and music director [[R. P. Patnaik]].<br /> <br /> Kulasekhar began suffering from memory loss in 2008 due to a mental health condition. This coincided with his directorial debut, ''Premalekha Rasa'' (2007), which turned out to be an unsuccessful venture and did not receive a theatrical release for a long time. In 2013, he was arrested for temple theft, later deemed mentally unstable, and sent for treatment. He faced few more arrests for theft accusations, struggled with multiple health problems, and ultimately died in 2024.<br /> <br /> == Early life ==<br /> Kulasekhar was born on 15 August 1971 in [[Simhachalam]] to T. P. Sriramachandracharyulu and Ranganayakamma. Kulasekhar developed an interest in music and literature from an early age. After completing his formal education, he joined [[ETV Network]] as a reporter and later worked with multiple media institutions.&lt;ref name=&quot;గీత రచయిత కులశేఖర్‌ ఇకలేరు&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Film career ==<br /> Kulasekhar joined as an apprentice to [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]] to learn the skills of writing lyrics for film songs. His debut came with ''[[Chitram]]'' (2002), directed by debutant [[Teja (director)|Teja]] and composed by [[R. P. Patnaik]]. Kulasekhar went on to write songs for over 150 films, including ''[[Nuvvu Nenu]]'' (2001), ''[[Manasantha Nuvve]]'' (2001), ''[[Santosham (2002 film)|Santosham]]'' (2002), ''[[Jayam (2002 film)|Jayam]]'' (2002), ''[[Dil (2003 film)|Dil]]'' (2003), ''[[Gharshana]]'' (2004), and ''[[Bommarillu]]'' (2006), among others. He had multiple collaborations with director Teja and music director R. P. Patnaik.&lt;ref name=&quot;గీత రచయిత కులశేఖర్‌ ఇకలేరు&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Personal life and death ==<br /> On 24 October 2013, he was arrested by the police in [[Kakinada]] for stealing a Satha gopam in Sree Balatripura Sundari Temple and was sentenced to six months in prison. Later, the investigating police determined that he was mentally unstable, and he was subsequently transferred to [[Rajahmundry]] for treatment.&lt;ref name=&quot;indiatimes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tollywood Lyric writer Kulasekhar arrested |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Tollywood-Lyric-writer-Kulasekhar-arrested/articleshow/27579110.cms |access-date=24 October 2017 |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |publisher=టైమ్స్ ఆఫ్ ఇండియా}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;deccanchronicle.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=The curious case of Kulasekhar |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/131219/entertainment-tollywood/article/curious-case-kulasekhar |access-date=24 October 2017 |website=deccanchronicle.com |publisher=దక్కన్ క్రానికల్}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;indiatimes2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Tollywood Lyric writer Kulasekhar arrested|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Tollywood-Lyric-writer-Kulasekhar-arrested/articleshow/27579110.cms|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|publisher=టైమ్స్ ఆఫ్ ఇండియా|accessdate=24 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; In another incident, he was arrested for suspicion of theft in temple near [[Banjara Hills]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=26 November 2024 |title=Highs &amp; tragic lows: Ailing lyricist Kulasekhar passes away at 53 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/beloved-lyricist-kulasekhar-passes-away-at-53-a-journey-from-stardom-to-struggles/articleshow/115706418.cms |access-date=4 December 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> According to his friends in [[Hyderabad]], Kulasekhar lost his memory due to a brain disease around 2008. R. P. Patnaik mentioned that Kulasekhar would often disappear for three or four days a few years ago, without anyone knowing for where he left for. His close friends also revealed that he might not even remember his father's death. Kulasekhar’s wife works at a private company and takes care of their two children. Kulasekhar directed a film ''Premalekha Rasa'' (2007) during his peak as a lyricist which was unsuccessful even to get released in theatres for a long time. According to the friends, this also contributed to his depression and subsequent health issues.&lt;ref name=&quot;ఒకప్పుడు సినీగేయ రచయిత ఇప్పుడు మానసిక రోగి2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last1=తెలుగు వెబ్ దునియా|title=ఒకప్పుడు సినీగేయ రచయిత ఇప్పుడు మానసిక రోగి|url=http://telugu.webdunia.com/article/telugu-cinema-articles/ఒకప్పుడు-సినీగేయ-రచయిత-ఇప్పుడు-మానసిక-రోగి-113122000068_1.htm|website=telugu.webdunia.com|accessdate=24 October 2017}}{{Dead link|date=December 2024|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Kulasekhar died on 26 November 2024, while receiving treatment for a serious illness at Gandhi Hospital in Hyderabad. He was 53, and survived by his wife and two children.&lt;ref name=&quot;గీత రచయిత కులశేఖర్‌ ఇకలేరు..&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Chitrajyothy|title=గీత రచయిత కులశేఖర్‌ ఇకలేరు.. {{!}} Lyric writer Kulasekhar is no more avm|url=https://www.chitrajyothy.com/2024/tollywood/lyric-writer-kulasekhar-is-no-more-avm-58904.html|accessdate=27 November 2024|date=26 November 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127042949/https://www.chitrajyothy.com/2024/tollywood/lyric-writer-kulasekhar-is-no-more-avm-58904.html|archivedate=27 November 2024|language=te}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lyricist kulasekhar: పాటల రచయిత కుల శేఖర్‌ ఇకలేరు|url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/lyricist-kulasekhar-passed-away/0210/124212661|access-date=26 November 2024|website=EENADU|language=te}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;గీత రచయిత కులశేఖర్‌ ఇకలేరు&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Eenadu|title=గీత రచయిత కులశేఖర్‌ ఇకలేరు|url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/famous-telugu-lyricist-kulasekhar-passes-away/0201/124212817|accessdate=27 November 2024|work=|date=27 November 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127042348/https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/famous-telugu-lyricist-kulasekhar-passes-away/0201/124212817|archivedate=27 November 2024|language=te}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Highs &amp; tragic lows: Ailing lyricist Kulasekhar passes away at 53&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=The Times of India|title=Highs &amp; tragic lows: Ailing lyricist Kulasekhar passes away at 53|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/beloved-lyricist-kulasekhar-passes-away-at-53-a-journey-from-stardom-to-struggles/articleshow/115706418.cms|accessdate=27 November 2024|date=26 November 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127043121/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/beloved-lyricist-kulasekhar-passes-away-at-53-a-journey-from-stardom-to-struggles/articleshow/115706418.cms|archivedate=27 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Filmography ==<br /> {{colbegin}}<br /> * ''[[Chitram]]'' (2000)&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=26 November 2024 |title=Tollywood mourns the loss of lyricist Kulasekhar |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/tollywood-mourns-the-loss-of-lyricist-kulasekhar-924751 |access-date=4 December 2024 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * ''[[Mrugaraju]]'' (2001)&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> * ''[[Nuvvu Nenu]]'' (2001)&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> * ''[[Manasantha Nuvve]]'' (2001)&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> * ''[[Kalusukovalani]]'' (2002)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-kalusukovalani.html|title=Movie review - Kalusukovalani|last=Jeevi|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|date=8 February 2002|access-date=3 December 2022|archive-date=3 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203231814/https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-kalusukovalani.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> * ''[[Santosham (2002 film)|Santhosham]]'' (2002)&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> * ''[[Jayam (2002 film)|Jayam]]'' (2002)&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> * ''[[Sontham (2002 film)|Sontham]]'' (2002)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-sontham.html | title=Movie review - Sontham| work=[[Idlebrain.com]] | accessdate=15 June 2018 | archive-date=6 October 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006041122/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-sontham.html | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * ''[[Ninu Choodaka Nenundalenu]]'' (2002)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kiran |title=Ninu Choodaka Nenundalenu Audio Review |url=http://www.telugucinema.cc/artman/publish/ninuchoodakanenundalenu_audio.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030106060538/http://www.telugucinema.cc/artman/publish/ninuchoodakanenundalenu_audio.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-date=2003-01-06 |access-date=6 December 2024 |website=[[Telugucinema.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * ''[[Dil (2003 film)|Dil]]'' (2003)&lt;ref name=&quot;Highs &amp; tragic lows: Ailing lyricist Kulasekhar passes away at 53&quot; /&gt;<br /> * ''[[Gharshana]]'' (2004; also dialogues)&lt;ref name=&quot;Highs &amp; tragic lows: Ailing lyricist Kulasekhar passes away at 53&quot; /&gt;<br /> * ''[[Avunanna Kadanna]]'' (2005)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Avunanna Kadanna - audio function - Telugu Cinema - Uday kiran, Sada |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-avunannakadanna.html |access-date=4 December 2024 |website=www.idlebrain.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * ''[[Bommarillu]]'' (2005)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bommarillu - Telugu cinema Review - Siddardha &amp; Genelia |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-bommarillu.html |access-date=4 December 2024 |website=www.idlebrain.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *''[[Andamaina Manasulo]]'' (2008; also dialogues)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/muhurat-andamainamanasulo.html|title=Movie launch - Andamaina Manasulo...|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|date=7 September 2007|access-date=23 November 2022|archive-date=23 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123041151/https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/muhurat-andamainamanasulo.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{colend}}<br /> <br /> == Songs ==<br /> His songs include:&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;గీత రచయిత కులశేఖర్‌ ఇకలేరు&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> * &quot;Gajuvaka Pilla&quot; - ''[[Nuvvu Nenu]]''<br /> * &quot;Priyatama Telusuna&quot; - ''[[Nuvvu Nenu]]''<br /> * &quot;Andamaina Manasulo&quot; - ''[[Jayam (2002 film)|Jayam]]''<br /> * &quot;Naa Gundelo&quot; - ''[[Nuvvu Nenu]]''<br /> * &quot;Cheliya Cheliya&quot; - ''[[Gharshana]]''<br /> * &quot;Nanne Nanne&quot; - ''[[Gharshana]]''<br /> * &quot;Ye Chilipi&quot; - ''[[Gharshana]]''<br /> * &quot;Andagada&quot; - ''[[Gharshana]]''<br /> * &quot;Teeya Teeyani Kalalanu&quot; - ''[[Sreeram]]''<br /> * &quot;Enduko Emito&quot; - ''[[Dil (2003 film)|Dil]]''<br /> * &quot;Yemaindi Ee Vela&quot; - ''[[Aadavari Matalaku Arthale Verule]]''<br /> * &quot;Egire Mabbulalona&quot; - ''[[Happy (2006 film)|Happy]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Happy - audio function - Telugu Cinema - Allu Arjun, Genelia |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-happy.html |access-date=4 December 2024 |website=www.idlebrain.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{IMDb name|0994926}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1971 births]]<br /> [[Category:2024 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Indian lyricists]]<br /> [[Category:People from Visakhapatnam]]<br /> [[Category:Telugu-language lyricists]]</div>

Cristine5684 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pramod_Navalkar&diff=471739 2025-03-21T22:35:25Z

<p>Cristine5684: added references</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}<br /> '''Pramod Sachchidanand Navalkar''' (23 Jan 1935 – 20 Nov 2007) was an Indian politician and member of the [[Shiv Sena]] political party. A legislator for over thirty years, he served as cabinet minister in the [[Government of Maharashtra]] from 1995 to 1999, holding the Cultural Affairs portfolio.<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> ===Journalism===<br /> Navalkar began his career as a journalist and commentator while he was still a college student. In 1955, he began writing a weekly column titled '''Bhatkyaachee Bhramanti''' (&quot;Man About Town&quot;) in the [[Marathi language]] daily ''Navshakti.'' He is known as ''&quot;Bhramantikaar&quot;'' in Literature. The column, which dealt with political, social and cultural issues, ran continuously for 52 years without a break, and ended only with his death. This consistency earned him a mention in the [[Guinness Book of World Records]] for the longest-running [[op-ed]] column in the world.<br /> <br /> ===Politics===<br /> His career as a successful journalist and writer led him gradually to politics. Navalkar was one of the earliest members of the [[Shiv Sena]]. He joined that newly founded party in 1968, and remained with it till his death fifty years later, exhibiting a degree of steadfastness and loyalty which is rare in Indian politics. He was elected as a corporator to the [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation|Bombay Municipal Corporation]] on the Shiv Sena ticket from a ward in [[Girgaum]], [[Mumbai]], in 1968. In 1972, he became a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|state legislator]] after winning the assembly election to the [[Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha]] from the [[Girgaum]] ([[Royal Opera House (Mumbai)|Opera House]]) constituency in south [[Mumbai]], winning by over 25,000 votes.&lt;ref name=TOI&gt;{{cite news|last1=Mishra|first1=Ambarish|title=Navalkar, Sena leader, is dead|url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Layout/Includes/pastissues2/ArtWin.asp?From=Archive&amp;Source=Page&amp;Skin=pastissues2&amp;BaseHref=TOIM%2F2007%2F11%2F21&amp;ViewMode=HTML&amp;PageLabel=1&amp;EntityId=Ar00110&amp;AppName=2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331044508/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Layout/Includes/pastissues2/ArtWin.asp?From=Archive&amp;Source=Page&amp;Skin=pastissues2&amp;BaseHref=TOIM%2F2007%2F11%2F21&amp;ViewMode=HTML&amp;PageLabel=1&amp;EntityId=Ar00110&amp;AppName=2|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 March 2016|accessdate=7 December 2015|newspaper=Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; After this, he consistently won the election to the upper house ([[Maharashtra Vidhan Parishad]]) from the Mumbai Graduates’ constituency from 1986 to 2006.&lt;ref name=&quot;dnaindia&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-shiv-sena-leader-pramod-navalkar-passes-away-1134415|title=Shiv Sena leader Pramod Navalkar passes away &amp;#124; Latest News &amp;amp; Updates at Daily News &amp;amp; Analysis |publisher= dnaindia.com| accessdate=2014-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; Between 1995 and 1999, he served as minister of cultural affairs when his party, the [[Shiv Sena]], was in power in [[Maharashtra]]. He was instrumental in projects like Nana Nani (for the elderly) parks.<br /> <br /> ==Personal life==<br /> Navalkar was born into a middle-class Marathi-speaking family. His father's name was Sachchidanand Navalkar. At a young age (just short of 20), Navalkar was married to Vandana, a lady of his own community and similar background. The marriage, which was arranged by their parents in the usual Indian tradition, was harmonious and happy. The couple celebrated their 50th wedding anniversary about two years before Navalkar died. They were the parents of two daughters, Reshma and Shilpa, who are married to educated gentlemen and well-settled with their own families.<br /> <br /> Navalkar was a long-time diabetic. In 1995, just around the time he became a cabinet minister in the state government, Navalkar also underwent a heart by-pass operation. He died of a heart attack at his residence in Mumbai on Tuesday, 20 Nov 2007, at the age of 72. He was survived by his wife of over 50 years and two daughters.&lt;ref name=&quot;dnaindia&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Navalkar, Pramod}}<br /> [[Category:Shiv Sena politicians]]<br /> [[Category:2007 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Indian columnists]]<br /> [[Category:Writers from Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:Members of the Maharashtra Legislative Council]]<br /> [[Category:1935 births]]<br /> [[Category:Politicians from Mumbai]]<br /> [[Category:State cabinet ministers of Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:Leaders of the opposition in the Maharashtra Legislative Council]]<br /> [[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 1972–1978]]<br /> [[Category:Marathi politicians]]</div>

Cristine5684 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thiruvalluvar_Temple,_Tiruchuli&diff=540976 2025-02-22T11:12:31Z

<p>Cristine5684: Stub...</p> <hr /> <div>'''Tiruchuli Thiruvalluvar Temple''' is a [[Hindu]] temple at [[Pudupatti, Virudhunagar|Periya Pudupatti]] in [[Tiruchuli]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]], dedicated to poet-saint [[Valluvar]], the author of the [[Kural]] text. It is one of the few temples in the state of Tamil Nadu dedicated to Valluvar. Valluvar is worshiped as the 64th [[Nayanars|nayanmar]] of the [[Shivism|Shaivite]] tradition and is taken in annual procession.<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> The Thiruvalluvar temple at Tiruchuli was constructed in 1929.{{sfn|''The Times of India'', 9 November 2019|p=}} Initial worship began with poojas performed to a picture of Valluvar, to whom a statue was later sculpted.{{sfn|Kannan, ''The New Indian Express'', 11 March 2013}}<br /> <br /> == The temple ==<br /> The temple is located near [[Pudupatti, Virudhunagar|Periya Pudupatti]] village of [[Tiruchuli]] near [[Aruppukkottai]] in [[Virudhunagar district]] of Tamil Nadu.<br /> <br /> The villagers of Periya Pudupatti regard saint Valluvar as a common deity and have the tradition of worshiping him before initiating any new venture such as conducting a wedding.{{sfn|''The Times of India'', 9 November 2019|p=}}<br /> <br /> Annual festivals at the temple include the [[Thiruvalluvar Day]] in January and the full moon day in the [[Tamil month]] of ''Maasi'' (February–March).{{sfn|''The Times of India'', 9 November 2019|p=}} Customs during these festivals include making vows and redeeming them by carrying pots of sprouted lentils (mullaipari) on their heads.{{sfn|''The Times of India'', 9 November 2019|p=}} Pongal is cooked during these festivals and Valluvar's idol is taken in a procession as the 64th [[Nayanars|nayanmar]] of the [[Shivism|Shaivite]] tradition,{{sfn|Kannan, ''The New Indian Express'', 11 March 2013}} after which the dish is offered to Valluvar.{{sfn|''The Times of India'', 9 November 2019|p=}} The pujas are performed according to Hindu tradition with camphor, garlands, and lighting of lamps.{{sfn|''The Times of India'', 9 November 2019|p=}} The chief worshipers in the Periya Pudupatti village are the [[Valluvar (caste)|Valluvar community]], who are into fortune-telling.{{sfn|Kannan, ''The New Indian Express'', 11 March 2013}} Nevertheless, people of all religions visit the temple and make offerings.{{sfn|''The Times of India'', 9 November 2019|p=}}<br /> <br /> == Festivals ==<br /> The temple conducts the annual ''guru pooja'' during the Tamil month of ''Maasi'' (February–March), on the death anniversary of Valluvar. Locals claim that this is the only temple that conducts a guru pooja for Valluvar.{{sfn|Kannan, ''The New Indian Express'', 11 March 2013}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{Portal|India|Hinduism}}<br /> * [[Thiruvalluvar Temple, Mylapore]]<br /> <br /> ==Citations==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{refbegin}}<br /> * {{cite news | last = | title = Pujas are regular at this temple for Thiruvalluvar | newspaper = The Times of India | location = Madurai | publisher = The Times Group | date = 9 November 2019 | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/pujas-are-regular-at-this-temple-for-thiruvalluvar/articleshow/71976726.cms | access-date = 9 June 2024|ref={{sfnRef|''The Times of India'', 9 November 2019}} }}<br /> * {{cite news | last = Kannan | first = Kaushik | title = Saint poet's guru pooja at Tiruchuli | newspaper = The New Indian Express | location = Tiruchuli | publisher = Express Publications | date = 11 March 2013 | url = https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2013/mar/11/saint-poets-guru-pooja-at-tiruchuli-457417.html | access-date = 3 September 2020|ref={{sfnRef|Kannan, ''The New Indian Express'', 11 March 2013}}}}<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> * {{cite book | last = Mudaliar| first = Nathamuni | title = Thirumayilai Thalapuranam | publisher = Noble Press | date = 1929 | location = Chennai }}<br /> <br /> {{Tirukkural|state=collapsed}}<br /> <br /> {{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Hindu temples in Virudhunagar district]]<br /> [[Category:Hindu temples in Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Tirukkural]]<br /> [[Category:Memorials to Valluvar]]<br /> [[Category:Buildings and structures completed in the 20th century]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century establishments in India]]</div>

Cristine5684 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karen_Anand&diff=508548 2025-02-18T09:43:30Z

<p>Cristine5684: adding post - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}<br /> {{Short description|Indian food writer}}<br /> {{COI|date=June 2021}}<br /> <br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Karen Anand<br /> | image = Karen_Anand.jpg<br /> | birth_date = {{Age as of date|23|1983}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Mumbai]], India<br /> }}<br /> '''Karen Anand''' is an Indian [[food writer]], television personality, and restaurant consultant.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=12 September 2016|title=The good Earth|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/The-good-Earth/article14634840.ece|access-date=2021-06-26|issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anand founded Karen's Gourmet Kitchen, a [[gourmet]] food company; and Markets by Karen Anand.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The rise of the organic food movement in India|url=https://www.vogue.in/content/the-rise-of-the-organic-food-movement-in-india|access-date=2021-06-26|website=Vogue India|language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt; She has authored 20 books and hosted three television shows.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Pandeya|first=Radhieka|date=21 October 2007|title=A quickie in the kitchen|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/a-quickie-in-the-kitchen-107102101005_1.html|access-date=2021-06-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early life of Ms. Anand==<br /> Anand was born in [[Mumbai]]. Her family moved to London in 1966.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cooking around the clock|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/cooking-around-the-clock/cid/1542928|access-date=2021-06-26|website=The Telegraph (India)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp; She went to [[St Dominic's School|St. Dominic's School]] for girls. She completed her degree in [[International Relations]] and French at [[University of Sussex|Sussex University]]. She also studied at the Ecole des Sciences Politiques in Paris before returning to India in 1984.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|first1=Shivani|last1=Kagti|date=21 February 2015|title=An epicurean journey|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/you/karen-anand-food/articleshow/46326434.cms|access-date=2021-06-26|website=Bangalore Mirror|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; She is married twice and has 2 children. She briefly trained at Lucas Carton, a three [[Michelin star]] restaurant in Paris.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Ghatak|first=Lopamudra|title=This gourmet expert has the right success recipe|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/this-gourmet-expert-has-the-right-success-recipe/articleshow/1010623.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2021-06-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Culinary career ==<br /> Anand began her career in the F&amp;B consultancy business in 1989.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=In conversation with Karen Anand|url=https://www.cntraveller.in/story/conversation-karen-anand/|access-date=2021-06-26|website=Condé Nast Traveller India|language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt; She started her career with the Salad Bar at the Piano Bar in Mumbai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=23 December 2007|title=Feasts from sunny shores|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/feasts-from-sunny-shores/253268/|access-date=2021-06-26|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Robot butler on my food safari|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2017/apr/07/robot-butler-on-my-food-safari-1591134.html|access-date=2021-06-26|website=The New Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt; She has contributed to the concept research and menus for [[Dishoom (restaurant)|Dishoom]], a Bombay-style café in London.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=London's beating us at Indian food, says Karen Anand|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/food/curry-over/cid/1666955|access-date=2021-06-26|website=The Telegraph (India)}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> She and her husband Yadu Sankalia started the Pune Farmers’ Market in 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=16 October 2020|title=A briefing on India's famous bazaars and farmer's markets|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/an-update-on-some-of-the-countrys-famous-bazaars-and-farmers-markets/article32871108.ece|access-date=2021-06-26|issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; This market is spread across eight cities in India. Her gourmet business re-emerged as Ks Kitchen in 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=20 February 2016|title=Interview: food writer Karen Anand on finding her passion in Paris and making local produce sexy in Pune|url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/food-drink/article/1913890/interview-food-writer-karen-anand-finding-her|access-date=2021-06-26|website=South China Morning Post|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The business is handled by Sankalia and her sons Param and Sasha. Anand oversees recipe development, innovations, and R&amp;D.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=19 November 2016|title=A blend of old and new|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/A-blend-of-old-and-new/article16668282.ece|access-date=2021-06-26|issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Anand has authored the yearly ''Times Food Guide'' for Pune for 7 years. She has also written for articles for [[BBC]] Good Food, ''[[Good Housekeeping]]'', ''[[Bombay Times]]'', ''[[The Independent]]'', ''[[Condé Nast Traveller]]'',&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Karen Anand|url=https://www.cntraveller.in/author/karen-anand/|access-date=2021-06-26|website=Condé Nast Traveller India|language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt; and ''[[Hindustan Times]] Brunch''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=22 June 2019|title=Gourmet Secrets by Karen Anand: For the love of Asian food|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/gourmet-secrets-by-karen-anand-for-the-love-of-asian-food/story-cnD27wxzMTFRsDtMxhcJ4N.html|access-date=2021-06-26|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her current column on Food &amp; Travel is featured in the [[The Sunday Telegraph|Sunday Telegraph]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=20 July 2019|title=Gourmet Secrets by Karen Anand: Caring for the carpaccio|url=https://indiansapidnews.com/lifestyle/gourmet-secrets-by-karen-anand-caring-for-the-carpaccio/|access-date=2021-06-26|website=Indiansapidnews.com|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Books and TV Shows ==<br /> Anand is an author with 20 books under her belt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Karen Anand Cookbooks, Recipes and Biography {{!}} Eat Your Books|url=https://www.eatyourbooks.com/authors/9917/karen-anand|access-date=2021-06-26|website=www.eatyourbooks.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Karen Anand|url=https://www.amazon.com/Karen-Anand/e/B001JX71K4?ref=dbs_a_mng_rwt_scns_share|access-date=2021-06-26|publisher=Amazon.com|language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her TV experience includes a 52-episode travel food show in 1995 called the Good Food Guide for [[Star World]];&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Karen Anand|url=https://harpercollins.co.in/author-details/karen-anand/|access-date=2021-06-26|website=HarperCollins Publishers India}}&lt;/ref&gt; a 12-part series on Mumbai restaurants for Treadmill [[CNBC]] and a 38-part series Cook Na Kaho, for [[Star One (Indian TV channel)|Star One]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Moudgil|first=Reema|title=Karen Anand: It Is All About Passion – Unboxed Writers|url=http://unboxedwriters.com/karen-anand-it-is-all-about-passion/|access-date=2021-06-26|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Awards ==<br /> Anand was awarded the Food &amp; Spirit Award (Trophée de l’Esprit Alimentaire) for Culture from the [[French Government Commission for the Protection of National Interests|French Government]] in 2006&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Trophée de l'Esprit alimentaire Le Québecois Hubert Sacy lauréat|url=https://www.terre-net.fr/actualite-agricole/france-local/article/le-quebecois-hubert-sacy-laureat-203-35328.html|access-date=2021-06-26|website=Terre-net}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=6ème édition des Trophées de l'Esprit alimentaire|url=https://www.agroligne.com/ou-se-rencontrent-ils/france/22571-6eme-edition-des-trophees-de-l-8217-esprit-alimentaire.html|access-date=2021-06-26|website=agroligne.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the French Ambassadors Travel Writers Award in 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=22 November 2019|title=Atout France hosts 5th edition of Ambassador's Travel Awards 2019 in Mumbai|url=https://voyagersworld.in/2019/11/22/atout-france-hosts-5th-edition-of-ambassadors-travel-awards-2019-in-mumbai/|access-date=2021-06-26|website=VOYAGER'S WORLD|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Anand, Karen}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> [[Category:Alumni of the University of Sussex]]<br /> [[Category:British writers of Indian descent]]<br /> [[Category:British women food writers]]<br /> [[Category:Businesspeople from Kent]]<br /> [[Category:Businesspeople from Mumbai]]<br /> [[Category:Indian emigrants to England]]<br /> [[Category:Indian restaurateurs]]<br /> [[Category:Indian women food writers]]<br /> [[Category:Television personalities from Kent]]<br /> [[Category:Writers from Kent]]<br /> [[Category:Writers from Mumbai]]</div>

Cristine5684 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=P._C._Mittal_Memorial_Bus_Terminus&diff=523320 2024-09-14T01:37:25Z

<p>Cristine5684: </p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Bus terminal in North Bengal, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox station<br /> | name = P.C. Mittal Memorial Bus Terminus<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | symbol_location = bus<br /> | type = Private Bus Terminus<br /> | image = PC Mittal bus terminus.png<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = Front View of P.C. Mittal Memorial Bus Terminus&lt;br /&gt;P.C. Mittal Memorial Bus Terminus, Siliguri<br /> | other_name = Dooars Bus Stand<br /> | address = Sevoke road, Siliguri–734001 Dist: Darjeeling, [[West Bengal]]<br /> | country = India<br /> | coordinates = {{Coord|26.74195| 88.434638|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline,title}}<br /> | elevation = {{convert|120|m|ft}}<br /> | owned = [[PCM Group of Industries]]<br /> | operator = Siliguri Municipal Corporation<br /> | platforms = 28<br /> | bus_operators = [[NBSTC]] and Private operators<br /> | bus_routes = 10present<br /> | connections = [[North Bengal]], [[Bhutan]]<br /> | structure = Standard<br /> | parking = Available<br /> | bicycle = Available<br /> | accessible = ♿ Ok<br /> | code = <br /> | zone = Siliguri<br /> | website = <br /> | opened = 03/02/2001<br /> | closed = &lt;!-- {{End date|YYYY|MM|DD|df=y}} --&gt;<br /> | passengers = 5,000 -20,000 per day<br /> | pass_year = <br /> | pass_rank = <br /> | map_type = India West Bengal#India<br /> | map_caption = Location in [[West Bengal]]##Location in India<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''P.C. Mittal Memorial Bus Terminus''' is a bus terminal located on Sevoke Road, [[Siliguri]], [[Darjeeling district|District Darjeeling]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=P.C.Mittal Bus Terminus in Siliguri Phone Number Address Photos Website - by SabMilega.com|url=https://sabmilega.com/siliguri/p-c-mittal-bus-terminus-siliguri-150291|access-date=2021-09-09|website=sabmilega.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is from {{cvt|5.4|km}} from [[Siliguri Junction railway station|Siliguri Junction]] railway station and about {{cvt|8.2|km}} from [[New Jalpaiguri Junction railway station|New Jalpaiguri Railway Station]]. Both State owned [[North Bengal State Transport Corporation|North Bengal State Transport Corporation (NBSTC)]] buses and private buses ply from here.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Siliguri eyes traffic revamp before festive season|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/siliguri-eyes-traffic-revamp-before-festive-season/cid/1828706|access-date=2021-09-09|website=The Telegraph Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some bus routes may be shifted to this terminal to reduce traffic congestion.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-08-10|title=State plans to implement water project for Siliguri|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/bengal/state-implementation-water-project-siliguri-1502992325.html|access-date=2021-09-09|website=The Statesman|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Siliguri civic body to develop alternative road along Mahananda river to reduce traffic congestion|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/plans-to-ease-traffic-flow-in-siliguri/cid/1822809|access-date=2021-09-09|website=The Telegraph Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Terminus is named after P.C. Mittal, a social worker and a businessman, who was a resident of the [[Darjeeling District]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=PC Mittal Bus Stand {{!}} Bus Stand In Siliguri|url=https://1001things.org/pc-mittal-bus-stand-siliguri-west-bengal-india/|date=8 August 2014|access-date=2021-09-09|website=1001 Things About North Bengal, North East India &amp; Bhutan|language=en-IN|quote=The bus terminus was inaugurated by Shri [[Buddhadev Bhattacharya]] the then chief minister of west Bengal.... The bus stand has acted as a catalyst to the real estate development in the region and its adjoining areas. The stand is centrally located and is a Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) project of the PCM Group.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> This bus terminus is maintained by Siliguri Municipal Corporation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=PCM Group of Industries - P.C. Mittal Memorial Bus Terminus|url=http://www.pcmgroup.co.in/csr_bus_terminus.html|access-date=2021-09-09|website=PCM Group of Industries}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2021, plans to refurbish the terminus were announced.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-09-11|title=PCM Group to revive 20-year-old bus terminus in Siliguri|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/siliguri-bus-terminus-revamp-on-radar/cid/1830186|access-date=2021-10-01|website=The Telegraph}}&lt;/ref&gt; The buses from this station connects [[Alipurduar district]], [[Kalimpong District]], [[Cooch Behar district]] and [[Jalpaiguri district]] of [[West Bengal]].<br /> <br /> == Amenities ==<br /> * Parking<br /> * Washroom<br /> * Restroom<br /> * Food stall<br /> * Bookstore<br /> * Newspaper seller<br /> * Information center<br /> * 24×7 Transit<br /> * [[Ola Cabs]], [[Uber]], [[Rapido (company)|Rapido]]<br /> <br /> == Bus routes ==<br /> *Siliguri-[[Jaigaon]]<br /> *Siliguri-[[Malbazar]]<br /> *Siliguri-[[Cooch Bihar]]<br /> *Siliguri-[[Alipurduar]]<br /> *Siliguri-[[Phuentsholing]]<br /> *Siliguri-[[Gorubathan]]<br /> * Siliguri-[[Birpara]]<br /> * Siliguri-[[Sevoke]]-[[Odlabari]]<br /> * Siliguri-[[Hasimara]]<br /> * Siliguri-[[Binnaguri]]<br /> * Siliguri-[[Lataguri]]<br /> * Siliguri-[[Banarhat]]<br /> * Siliguri-[[Lava, West Bengal|Lava]]<br /> * Siliguri-[[Jaldhaka]]<br /> * Siliguri-[[Kalchini]]<br /> * Siliguri-[[Gairkata]]<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Tenzing Norgay Bus Terminus|Tenzing Norgay Bus Terminus (Siliguri)]]<br /> * [[Sikkim Nationalised Transport Bus Terminus (Siliguri)]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Bus stations in India]]<br /> [[Category:Buildings and structures in Darjeeling district]]<br /> [[Category:Transport in Siliguri]]</div>

Cristine5684 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autonomous_State_Medical_College,_Shahjahanpur&diff=472976 2024-06-02T19:09:16Z

<p>Cristine5684: improved article</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[Pt. Ram Prasad Bismil Autonomous State Medical College, Shahjahanpur]]<br /> <br /> {{Redirect category shell|<br /> {{R from move}}<br /> }}</div>

Cristine5684 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Modakurichi_(disambiguation)&diff=518031 2024-02-07T03:18:00Z

<p>Cristine5684: New</p> <hr /> <div>'''[[Modakurichi]]''' is a neighbourhood in Modakurichi, Tamil Nadu, India.<br /> <br /> '''Modakurichi''' may also refer to:<br /> * [[Modakurichi]] town<br /> * [[Modakurichi block]]<br /> * [[Modakurichi taluk]] <br /> * [[Modakkurichi (state assembly constituency)]] <br /> {{geodis}}</div>

Cristine5684 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kathirvel&diff=508930 2024-01-29T08:30:30Z

<p>Cristine5684: Redirect page</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[Ajmal Ameer]]</div>

Cristine5684 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=2000%E2%80%9301_Duleep_Trophy&diff=482101 2024-01-28T22:28:54Z

<p>Cristine5684: adding entry!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|40th season of the Duleep Trophy in India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox cricket tournament<br /> | name = 2000–01 Duleep Trophy<br /> | image = <br /> | imagesize = <br /> | fromdate = 4 January 2001<br /> | todate = 4 February 2001<br /> | caption = <br /> | administrator = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]<br /> | cricket format = [[First-class cricket]]<br /> | tournament format = [[Round-robin tournament|Round-robin]]<br /> | host = <br /> | champions = [[North Zone cricket team|North Zone]]<br /> | count = 14<br /> | participants = 5<br /> | matches = 10<br /> | attendance = <br /> | most runs = [[Dinesh Mongia]] (NZ) (532)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Batting and Fielding in Duleep Trophy 2000/01 (Ordered by Runs) |url-access=subscription |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Duleep_Trophy_2000-01/Batting_by_Runs.html|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=24 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | most wickets = [[Debasis Mohanty]] (EZ) (23)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Bowling in Duleep Trophy 2000/01 (Ordered by Wickets) |url-access=subscription |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Duleep_Trophy_2000-01/Bowling_by_Wickets.html|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=24 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | website = <br /> | previous_year = 1999–2000<br /> | previous_tournament = 1999–2000 Duleep Trophy<br /> | next_year = 2001–02<br /> | next_tournament = 2001–02 Duleep Trophy<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''2000–01 Duleep Trophy''' was the 40th season of the [[Duleep Trophy]], a [[first-class cricket|first-class]] cricket tournament contested by five zonal teams of India: [[Central Zone cricket team|Central Zone]], [[East Zone cricket team|East Zone]], [[North Zone cricket team|North Zone]], [[South Zone cricket team|South Zone]] and [[West Zone cricket team|West Zone]].<br /> <br /> North Zone won the title by finishing first on the points table.<br /> <br /> ==Points table==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; width:65%&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Team !! Matches !! Won !! Lost !! Drawn (WF) !! Drawn (LF) !! Points !! Quotient<br /> |--bgcolor=&quot;#ccffcc&quot;<br /> | [[North Zone cricket team|North Zone]] || 4 || 1 || 0 || 3 || 0 || '''23''' || 1.629<br /> |-<br /> | [[Central Zone cricket team|Central Zone]] || 4 || 1 || 0 || 1 || 2 || '''19''' || 1.086<br /> |-<br /> | [[West Zone cricket team|West Zone]] || 4 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 3 || '''17''' || 1.336<br /> |-<br /> | [[East Zone cricket team|East Zone]] || 4 || 1 || 2 || 1 || 0 || '''13''' || 0.614<br /> |-<br /> | [[South Zone cricket team|South Zone]] || 4 || 0 || 2 || 1 || 1 || '''8''' || 0.693<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Source: [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/Tables/1/Duleep_Trophy_2000-01.html]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Duleep_Trophy_2000-01.html Series home at CricketArchive]<br /> <br /> {{Duleep Trophy}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:2000-01 Duleep Trophy}}<br /> [[Category:Duleep Trophy seasons]]<br /> [[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 2000–01|Duleep Trophy]]<br /> [[Category:2001 in Indian cricket|Duleep Trophy]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{Indian-domestic-cricket-competition-stub}}</div>

Cristine5684 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rise_of_Sivagami&diff=530540 2024-01-09T03:56:15Z

<p>Cristine5684: Redirect article</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[The Rise of Sivagami]]</div>

Cristine5684