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Mongolicae Legationis Commentarius

2023-09-29T13:00:01Z

Creator0077: Created page with 'Mongolicae Legationis Commentarius'

{{Under construction}}
{{Infobox book}}
The '''''Mongolicae Legationis Commentarius''''' (Ambassador to the court of the Great Mogul) is a travel book written by the [[Catalan language|Catalan]] [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] [[Antoni de Montserrat]] between [[1589]] and [[1600]], which describes the vicissitudes experienced during the travels that the author carried out when he was sent as ambassador to the court of the [[Mughal dynasty|great Mughal]] . <ref name="sge">{{Cite journal |last=Sociedad Geográfica Española |title=«Antonio de Montserrat: En la última frontera». |url=http://www.sge.org/sociedad-geografica-espanola/publicaciones/boletines/numeros-publicados/boletin-no-43/antoni-de-montserrat-en-la-ultima-frontera.html |journal=Boletín Nº 43 de la SGE |access-date=2021-07-18}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126074311/http://www.sge.org/sociedad-geografica-espanola/publicaciones/boletines/numeros-publicados/boletin-no-43/antoni-de-montserrat-en-la-ultima-frontera.html|date=2015-11-26}}</ref> In her account, Montserrat records the experiences, the peoples, the cultures and the geography that she was able to observe on her journey from the capital of the [[Mughal Empire]], [[Fatehpur Sikri]], to [[Afghanistan]], passing through the current Indian states from [[Kashmir]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Jammu]], the [[Punjab region|Punjab]] region, [[Pakistan]] or the [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] ranges and the [[Hindu Kush]] .

The book is of great interest because it gives news for the first time of regions, ethnicities, religions, cultures and traditions unknown until then in the West, such as those of the Himalayas, which precisely motivated the Portuguese expedition of [[António de Andrade]] in Tibet - the first European - in 1624. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Wessels |first=C. |title=Early Jesuit travellers in Central Asia 1603-1721 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |year=1997 |isbn=81-206-0741-4 |language=en}}</ref>

The ''Mongolicae Legationis Commentarius'' is complemented by a miniature map widely recognized for its great value and accuracy, which gave it validity until the segle xix and considered the author of the first roof map of the world. <ref name="VilaWeb 2021 w720">{{cite web |date=2021-07-15 |title=De quan els catalans descobrien terra ignota |url=https://www.vilaweb.cat/noticies/de-quan-els-catalans-descobrien-terra-ignota/ |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=VilaWeb |language=ca}}</ref> Although it is generally known as the "Map of the Himalayas", the truth is that Montserrat gives much more extensive descriptions that include India, [[Pakistan]], [[Afghanistan]] and [[Tibet]]. <ref name="VilaWeb 2021 w720" />

In 1582, Montserrat returned to Goa, where he began to write the chronicle in Latin, which he finished after he was released from his captivity, finishing it shortly before his death. It is not clear whether Montserrat wrote the book in Latin or in Portuguese - like ''Relaçam de Equebar, rei dos mogoras'' - although only a Latin version has survived.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* MONTSERRAT de, Antoni; [[Josep Lluís Alay|ALAY, Josep Lluís]] (edició i traducció): ''Ambaixador a la cort del Gran Mogol. Viatges d'un jesuïta català del segle XVI a l'Índia, Pakistan, Afganistan i Himàlaia'', Lleida, 2002.
* Martí Escayol, Maria Antònia. “Antoni de Montserrat in the Mughal Garden of good government European construction of Indian nature”, Word, Image, Text; Studies in Literary and Visual Culture, ed. Shormistha Panja et. al., Orient Blackswan, New Delhi, 2009. {{ISBN|978-81-250-3735-4}}

[[Category:Books about regions]]
[[Category:Geography of India]]

Kamel Hothi

2023-09-19T00:42:46Z

Creator0077: A page for Dr Kamel Hothi OBE

{{Infobox person
| pre-nominals =
| name = Kamel Kaur Hothi
| honorific_suffix = [[Officer of the Order of the British Empire|OBE]]
| image = Dr Kamel Hothi OBE.jpg
| native_name = ਕਮਲ ਕੌਰ ਹੋਥੀ
| birth_place = [[London]], England
| nationality = British
| education = World Sikh University
| occupation = Banker
| years_active = 1979-Present
| employer = Formerly Lloyds Bank
| known_for = Adviser to several organisations
| boards = [[City Sikhs]], Memusa, The Lions Club, [[Queen's Commonwealth Trust|Queen’s Commonwealth Trust]]
| awards = Honorary doctorate, World Sikh University (2011)
| honours = OBE (2017)
}}

'''Kamel Hothi''', [[Officer of the Order of the British Empire|OBE]] (Punjabi: ਕਮਲ ਹੋਥੀ) (born in 1962 in India) is a British banker and financial adviser.

==Career==
[[File:Dr Kamel Hothi OBE renowned for mentoring hundreds of younger Sikh female professionals on how to balance careers and family life.jpg|thumb|Dr Kamel Hothi OBE renowned for mentoring hundreds of Sikh/BAME female professionals |alt=|left]]
Hothi has worked at [[Lloyds Banking Group|Lloyds Bank]] since about 1979.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thelionsclub.co.uk/lions/|title=Our Lions - The Lions Club|work=The Lions Club|access-date=2018-03-25|language=en-US}}</ref> Kamel became TSB's first female manager in the South-east and the bank's first Asian manager. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/student/career-planning/getting-job/my-way-kamel-hothi-of-lloyds-tsb-lists-her-tips-for-success-at-work-395862.html|title=My Way: Kamel Hothi, of Lloyds TSB, lists her tips for success at work|date=2007-10-04|work=The Independent|access-date=2018-03-25|language=en-GB}}</ref> She is ranked in the top 100 most influential black, Asian and minority ethnic leaders in the UK.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-05-24 |title=Ranking: EMpower 100 ethnic minority leaders |url=https://www.ft.com/content/53cf6e1a-3fa9-11e7-82b6-896b95f30f58 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2018-05-15 |website=[[Financial Times]] |language=en-GB}}</ref>

She is credited with developing the Asian Strategy across the Lloyds Banking Group in Britain, which improved access to finance for Ethnic communities. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lloydsbankcommercial.com/uploadedFiles/Longview%20Winter%202011-12%20Full%20Supplement(2).pdf|title=Success built on family values and trust|website=Lloyds Banking Group}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vimeo.com/70770983|title=Kamel Hothi, Business & Community Director, Lloyds Banking Groups talking about Business Connectors}}</ref>

She is an advisory board member of the [[Queen's Commonwealth Trust|Queen’s Commonwealth Trust]] Fund setup in 2018 aimed at connecting young leaders who are working hard to change the world. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.queenscommonwealthtrust.org/team/|title=Our team {{!}} The Queen's Commonwealth Trust|website=www.queenscommonwealthtrust.org|language=en|access-date=2018-05-15}}</ref> and a trustee of the Memusi Foundation, a charity that funds education in [[Kenya]] and [[Tanzania]]. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.memusifoundation.org.uk/p/438/contact-us|title=Contact Us {{!}} Memusi Foundation|website=www.memusifoundation.org.uk|language=en|access-date=2018-03-25}}</ref>

 
== Awards and recognition ==
In the [[2017 Birthday Honours]], Kamel was appointed an Officer of the [[Order of the British Empire]] for services to promoting diversity in banking. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.theasiantoday.com/index.php/2017/06/19/diversity-champion-dr-kamel-hothi-receives-obe-years-queens-birthday-honours/|title=Diversity Champion, Dr Kamel Hothi receives an OBE in this year's Queens Birthday honours - Events, Latest, National, Top Stories - The Asian Today Online|date=2017-06-19|work=The Asian Today Online|access-date=2018-03-25|language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newasianpost.com/asians-recognised-queens-birthday-honours-list-2017/|title=Asians recognised in The Queen's Birthday Honours List 2017 - New Asian Post|website=www.newasianpost.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-03-25}}</ref> She received an honorary degree in 2011 by the World Sikh University for being the architect behind the Asian strategy across Lloyds Banking Group.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/local-news/kamel-hothi-receives-honorary-doctorate-878811|title=Kamel Hothi receives Honorary Doctorate|last=News|first=Manchester Evening|date=2011-12-20|work=men|access-date=2018-03-25}}</ref>

In addition she has received a wide range of awards recognising her professional achievements including:

* Accountancy & Finance award at the British Indian Awards in 2013 <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.asianimage.co.uk/news/business/10428993.Success_and_achievement_honoured_at_British_Indian_Awards/|title=Success and achievement honoured at British Indian Awards|website=Asian Image|language=en|access-date=2018-05-15}}</ref>

* Ranked the Top 10 Diversity Champion in the UK by the Prime Minister Gordan Brown in 2010 <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.desiblitz.com/content/kamel-hothi-a-true-banking-success|title=Kamel Hothi ~ a True Banking Success {{!}} DESIblitz|date=2012-04-08|work=DESIblitz|access-date=2018-05-15|language=en-GB}}</ref>

* Professional Woman of the Year award at the Asian Achievers Awards in 2008 <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world/uk-asian-achievers-awards-announced/story-Cemvchu3wbRnvY5XfaHGjK.html|title=UK Asian Achievers Awards announced|date=2008-12-04|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=2018-05-15|language=en}}</ref>

* Sikh Women in the Community award at the Vaisakhi festival by Mayor of London 2007 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://punjab2000.com/kamel-hothi-asian-markets-director-lloyds-tsb-group/|title=Kamel Hothi – Asian Markets Director, Lloyds TSB Group {{!}} Punjab2000.com|website=punjab2000.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-05-15}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[List of British Sikhs]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hothi, Kamel}}
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Tune for the Dead

2023-09-14T20:23:56Z

Creator0077: Published a valuable publication.

{{Short description|Novel by Chetan Bhagat}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Tune For The Dead
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = First edition
| author = [[Anshul Vijayvargiya]] & [[Debashish Irengbam]]
| audio_read_by =
| title_orig =
| orig_lang_code =
| title_working =
| translator =
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Indian English]]
| series = [[Detective Dhruv Series]]
| release_number =
| subject =
| set_in = India, China
| publisher = [[HarperCollins India]]
| publisher2 =
| pub_date = 30 April 2019
| english_pub_date =
| published =
| media_type = [[Paperback]]
| pages = 208
| awards =
| isbn = 9789353029623
| isbn_note =
| oclc =
| dewey =
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| native_wikisource =
| wikisource =
| notes =
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| website =
| genre = [[Mystery fiction|Mystery]], [[Thriller (genre)|thriller]]
}}
'''''Tune For The Dead''''' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tune for the Dead - Buy Best Crime & Mystery Books and Novels By Debashish Irengbam |url=https://harpercollins.co.in/product/tune-for-the-dead/ |access-date=2023-09-10 |website=HarperCollins Publishers India Books, Novels, Authors and Reviews}}</ref> is a detective fiction novel co-written by Anshul Vijayvargiya and Debashish Irengbam and published by [[HarperCollins India]] in 2019.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Irengbam |first=Debashish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tg2NDwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&hl=en |title=Tune for the Dead: A Detective Dhruv Mystery |last2=Vijayvargiya |first2=Anshul |publisher=Harper Collins |isbn=978-93-5302-962-3 |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Tune For The Dead got positive reviews from the critics with Navmi Krishna of [[The Hindu]] calling it "A pacy crime thriller set in present-day Manali, ''Tune for the Dead'' ticks all the boxes of a detective novel done right"<ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishna |first=Navmi |title=Review of ‘Tune for the Dead’ by Anshul Vijayvargiya & Debashish Irengbam |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/tune-for-the-dead-by-anshul-vijayvargiya-debashish-irengbam-dhruv-in-the-groove/article27158247.ece |access-date=2023-09-10 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

[[The Times of India|The Times Of India]] review said "The plot has a lot of enjoyable revelations twists and surprises making it hard to put down."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Micro review: 'Tune for the Dead' by Debashish Irengbam and Anshul Vijayvargiya |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/reviews/micro-review-tune-for-the-dead-by-debashish-irengbam-and-anshul-vijayvargiya/articleshow/70274456.cms |access-date=2023-09-10 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

[[The Asian Age]] said in its review, "The writing is crisp, the pace steady, the suspense decent, but it’s the character of Dhruv who ensures that the reader doesn’t put down the book"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chhabria |first=Rachna |title=Crisp, atmospheric triple murder mystery has quirky characters |url=https://www.asianage.com/books/040819/crisp-atmospheric-triple-murder-mystery-has-quirky-characters.html |access-date=2023-09-10 |website=The Asian Age}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
<references group="" responsive="1"></references>

== External links ==

* {{official website|url=https://harpercollins.co.in/blog/announcements/harpercollins-india-presents-tune-for-the-dead-a-detective-dhruv-mystery-by-anshul-vijayvargiya-and-debashish-irengbam/|name=Publisher's website}}

[[Category:2019 Indian novels]]
[[Category:Detective novels]]
[[Category:HarperCollins books]]

{{2010s-thriller-novel-stub}}

Akkol, Belagavi

2023-07-20T09:52:11Z

Creator0077:

'''Akkol''' is a village in [[Chikkodi Lok Sabha constituency|Chikodi taluka]] of [[Belagavi District|Belgavi]] district, [[Yajant.kumar]], [[India]].<ref name=":23">{{Cite web |title=Akkol village information |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/6746/study-description |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[2011 Census of India]]|access-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>
{{Infobox settlement
| name =
| native_name = {{IPA-kn|ɐkkoːl}}
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| imagesize =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
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| image_seal =
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| image_map =
| map_alt =
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| coordinates = 
| coor_pinpoint =
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[State of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Shekhar2022]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of Grandposh|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Belagavi district|Belagavi]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Chikkodi Lok Sabha constituency|Khanapur]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Belagavi district#Administrative divisions|Taluka]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type =
| seat =
| government_footnotes =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| leader_name = [[Annasaheb Jolle]]<ref name=pa>{{cite web | url=https://www.newsnation.in/election/lok-sabha-election-2019/lok-sabha-results-2019-bjp-sweeps-in-karnatakaleaves-ruling-coalition-in-tizzy-article-225223.html | title=Lok Sabha Results 2019: BJP sweeps in Karnataka, leaves ruling coalition in tizzy | publisher=News Nation | date=23 May 2019 | accessdate=24 May 2019}}</ref>
| leader_title = [[Member of Legislative Assembly]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_ha = 940
| elevation_m =
| population_note =
| population_as_of = [[2011 Census of India|2011]]
| population_total = 8823
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_footnotes = 4407 males and 4416 females
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time]](UTC+5½)
| utc_offset1 =
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| postal_code_type =
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = Location code
| area_code = 29 / 01 / 0001 / 0001 / 00001200<ref name=":23"/>
}}

==Census==
===2011 Census===
Akkol has a total population of 8,823 peoples, out of which male population is 4,407 while female population is 4,416. Literacy rate of the village is 67.78 percentage.<ref name=":23"/>

===2001 Census===
''See the data at official website''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/20549|title=Belagavi district census report|publisher=[[2011 Census of India]]|access-date=8 July 2023}}</ref>

==Administration==
According to the [[Indian constitution]] and the [[Panchayati Raj Act]], Hebbal village is governed by a [[Sarpanch]] (Head of Village), who is elected as the representative of the village.
As under [[Chikkodi Lok Sabha constituency]], it is under [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] with constituency head [[Annasaheb Jolle]]<ref name=pa/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Belagavi district]]

The Quint

2023-06-20T10:33:05Z

Creator0077: /* Readership */ MOS:RANGE

{{short description|English and Hindi language Indian news website}}

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''The Quint''}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}{{italic title}}
{{Infobox website
| name = ''The Quint''
| logo = The Quint logo with purple background.svg
| type = News
| language = English & Hindi
| owner = Quint Digital Media Limited<ref name="Quint Digital" /> {{small|(formerly known as Gaurav Mercantiles Limited)}}<ref name=":3" />
* [[Raghav Bahl]] & [[Ritu Kapur]] (66.42%)
* [[Haldiram's Pvt Ltd]] (17-18%)
* Elara Capital Ltd (10%)
* Mohan Lal Jain (4.99%)
| CEO = [[Ritu Kapur]]<ref name=":92">{{Cite web|title=Raghav Bahl and Ritu Kapur's The Quint turns 4|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-others-news/raghav-bahl-and-ritu-kapurs-the-quint-turns-4-95499.html|date=20 March 2019|website=exchange4media|language=en|access-date=20 May 2020|archive-date=22 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722100204/https://www.exchange4media.com/media-others-news/raghav-bahl-and-ritu-kapurs-the-quint-turns-4-95499.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| employees = 200 {{small|(as of April 2020)}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Quint sends 45 staffers on indefinite leave without pay, ToI lays off 3 from Sunday magazine|url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2020/04/13/the-quint-sends-45-staffers-on-indefinite-leave-without-pay-toi-lays-off-3-from-sunday-magazine|last=Tiwari|first=Ayush|date=13 April 2020|website=[[Newslaundry]]|language=en|access-date=20 May 2020|archive-date=29 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129075851/https://www.newslaundry.com/2020/04/13/the-quint-sends-45-staffers-on-indefinite-leave-without-pay-toi-lays-off-3-from-sunday-magazine|url-status=live}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|https://www.thequint.com}}
| launch_date = 2015
}}'''''The Quint''''' is an English and [[Hindi]] language Indian general news and opinion website founded by [[Raghav Bahl]] and [[Ritu Kapur]] after their exit from [[Network18]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=How We Are Funded|url=https://www.thequint.com/about-us/how-we-are-funded|website=The Quint|language=en|access-date=2019-05-14|archive-date=14 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514152407/https://www.thequint.com/about-us/how-we-are-funded|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> The publication's journalists have won three [[Ramnath Goenka Excellence in Journalism Awards]] and two [[Red Ink Awards]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

== History ==
In May 2014, [[Raghav Bahl]] and [[Ritu Kapur]], the promoters of [[Network18]] ended their shareholding of the media conglomerate with the takeover by [[Reliance Industries]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Raghav Bahl exits Network18|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/Raghav-Bahl-exits-Network18/article20786685.ece|last=Chatterjee|first=Purvita|date=30 May 2014|website=[[Business Line]]|language=en|access-date=20 May 2020|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112015505/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/Raghav-Bahl-exits-Network18/article20786685.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Following the controversial exit, they founded the [[digital media]] company, Quintillion Media. The company was the first major investor in the tech startup Quintype founded by Amit Rathore.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Datta|first=Kanika|date=2014-12-17|title=For Bahl, it's 18 all over again|work=[[Business Standard India]]|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/for-bahl-it-s-18-all-over-again-114121700898_1.html|access-date=20 May 2020|archive-date=26 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826114353/http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/for-bahl-it-s-18-all-over-again-114121700898_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Quintillion Media launched ''The Quint'' publication in January 2015 on [[Facebook]] and as a website by March 2015.<ref name=":722">{{Cite web|title=The Quint|url=http://india.mom-rsf.org/en/media/detail/outlet/the-quint/|website=Media Ownership Monitor|publisher=[[Reporters without Borders]]|language=en|access-date=30 May 2020|archive-date=9 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609161056/http://india.mom-rsf.org/en/media/detail/outlet/the-quint/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":822">{{Cite web|title=Inside The Quint: The Indian media start-up getting news to younger audiences on mobile {{!}} Media news|url=https://www.journalism.co.uk/news/inside-the-quint-the-indian-media-start-up-getting-news-to-younger-audiences-on-mobile-and-social-media/s2/a659535/|date=2016-07-27|website=www.journalism.co.uk|access-date=2019-05-14|archive-date=14 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914172122/https://www.journalism.co.uk/news/inside-the-quint-the-indian-media-start-up-getting-news-to-younger-audiences-on-mobile-and-social-media/s2/a659535/|url-status=live}}</ref> Quintype took over the digital technology operations of the publication.<ref name=":822" /> By December 2016, ''The Quint'' website had crossed the mark of 10 million unique visitors.<ref>{{Cite web|title=As Arnab Goswami, Raghav Bahl and Barkha Dutt set up their own ventures, here's how they intend to disrupt yet again|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/arnab-goswami-raghav-bahl-to-barkha-dutt-set-up-own-ventures-heres-how-they-intend-to-disrupt-yet-again/569190/|last=Mathur|first=Chandi|date=2017-02-28|website=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]|language=en-US|access-date=20 May 2020|archive-date=29 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129024609/https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/arnab-goswami-raghav-bahl-to-barkha-dutt-set-up-own-ventures-heres-how-they-intend-to-disrupt-yet-again/569190/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In February 2017, ''The Quint'' launched two online content verticals ''Quint Neon'', a lifestyle news section and QuintLabs, a [[multimedia]] exposition platform.<ref name=":5" /> In the same year, it also launched the fact checking initiative ''WebQoof'' and partnered with [[BBC News]] for the production of a video series to combat [[disinformation]].<ref name=":422">{{Cite web |date=1 February 2019 |title=The Quint's WebQoof becomes verified signatory of Poynter Institute 'Code of Principles' |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-others-news/the-qunits-webqoof-becomes-verified-signatory-of-poynter-institute-code-of-principles-94384.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918074751/https://www.exchange4media.com/media-others-news/the-qunits-webqoof-becomes-verified-signatory-of-poynter-institute-code-of-principles-94384.html |archive-date=18 September 2020 |access-date=20 May 2020 |website=exchange4media |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> In September 2018, [[Google|Google India]] entered into a partnership with ''The Quint'', to host the "Bol: Love Your Bhasha" event featuring [[panel discussion]]s on media readership and business strategy with the objective of laying emphasis on the potential of [[Languages of India|Indian languages]].<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite news|date=14 September 2018|title=Quint Hindi and Google India present 'Bol: Love Your Bhasha'|work=exchange4media|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/industry-briefing-news/quint-hindi-and-google-india-present-'bollove-your-bhasha'-92083.html|access-date=30 June 2020|archive-date=30 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630202211/https://www.exchange4media.com/industry-briefing-news/quint-hindi-and-google-india-present-'bollove-your-bhasha'-92083.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The event was attended by Anant Goenka, the executive director of the [[Indian Express Group]], Arvind Pani, the co-founder and CEO of Reverie Language Technologies and the [[Minister of Road Transport and Highways]], [[Nitin Gadkari]], among others.<ref name=":8" />

The offices of ''The Quint'' and Raghav Bahl's residence were raided by the [[Income Tax Department]] of India in October 2018 in connection to an alleged case of tax evasion, the raid was termed as a survey by the Income Tax officers.<ref name=":322">{{Cite web|title=Tax raids on Quint founder Raghav Bahl's Noida home, office|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/media-baron-raghav-bahl-s-premises-raided-by-i-t-dept-over-alleged-tax-evasion/story-dZe2igWwqdTss8AIFOEtUO.html|date=2018-10-11|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2019-05-14|archive-date=14 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514152405/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/media-baron-raghav-bahl-s-premises-raided-by-i-t-dept-over-alleged-tax-evasion/story-dZe2igWwqdTss8AIFOEtUO.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=IT Raids: Attack on press or a case of money laundering?|url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2018/10/12/it-raids-attack-on-press-money-laundering-quint-raghav-bahl|last=Newslaundry|website=Newslaundry|language=en-UK|access-date=2019-11-15|archive-date=15 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115131403/https://www.newslaundry.com/2018/10/12/it-raids-attack-on-press-money-laundering-quint-raghav-bahl|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-10-11|title=IT dept searches premises of Quint founder Raghav Bahl|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/it-dept-searches-premises-of-media-baron-raghav-bahl/articleshow/66159397.cms|access-date=2019-05-14|archive-date=4 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104123356/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/it-dept-searches-premises-of-media-baron-raghav-bahl/articleshow/66159397.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Raghav Bahl released a statement which termed the raid as an attack on journalistic freedom while appealing to the autonomous [[Enforcement Directorate]] to back ''The Quint'' such that a precedent is set against repetition of a similar exercise on any journalistic entity.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Raghav Bahl under I-T scanner: Income Tax department raids premises of Quint, Network18 Group founder|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/raghav-bahl-income-tax-raid-i-t-scanner-premises-quint-network18-group-founder-delhi-noida/1345056/|date=2018-10-11|website=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]|language=en-US|access-date=20 May 2020|archive-date=29 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129020715/https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/raghav-bahl-income-tax-raid-i-t-scanner-premises-quint-network18-group-founder-delhi-noida/1345056/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='Tax department searches were an attempt at a frame-up,' says The Quint's founder Raghav Bahl|url=https://scroll.in/latest/898041/tax-department-searches-were-an-attempt-at-a-frame-up-says-the-quints-founder-raghav-bahl|author=Scroll Staff|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-14|archive-date=14 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514152914/https://scroll.in/latest/898041/tax-department-searches-were-an-attempt-at-a-frame-up-says-the-quints-founder-raghav-bahl|url-status=live}}</ref> The Editors Guild of India raised concerns that while the department was within its rights to carry out inquiries, the conduct of such exercises should not be akin to [[intimidation]] tactics.<ref>{{Cite web|date=24 October 2018|title=In India, tax officials raid offices, home of Quint editor-in-chief and Modi critic|url=https://cpj.org/2018/10/in-india-tax-officials-raid-offices-home-of-quint-.php|website=[[Committee to Protect Journalists]]|language=en|access-date=20 May 2020|archive-date=11 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411202518/https://cpj.org/2018/10/in-india-tax-officials-raid-offices-home-of-quint-.php|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|others=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]]|date=2018-10-11|title=I-T raids on Raghav Bahl's premises: motivated searches will undermine media freedom, says Editors Guild|language=en-IN|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/i-t-raids-on-raghav-bahls-premises-motivated-searches-will-undermine-media-freedom-says-editors-guild/article25192181.ece|issn=0971-751X|access-date=20 May 2020|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109030942/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/i-t-raids-on-raghav-bahls-premises-motivated-searches-will-undermine-media-freedom-says-editors-guild/article25192181.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

In January 2019, ''The Quint'' introduced [[subscriptions]] for advertisement free delivery of its content and in July, it also introduced a premium membership initiative for access to [[webinar]]s for members.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|last1=Posetti|first1=Julie|last2=Simon|first2=Felix|last3=Shabbir|first3=Nabeelah|date=October 2019|title=What if Scale Breaks Community? Rebooting Audience Engagement, When Journalism is Under Fire|url=https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2019-10/Posetti_What_if_scale_breaks_community_FINAL.pdf|publisher=[[Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism]]|access-date=29 June 2020|archive-date=6 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106115017/https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2019-10/Posetti_What_if_scale_breaks_community_FINAL.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Raghav Bahl completed his investment in the news publisher over the course of the years, amounting to $21.5 million from the capital gained following the sale of Network18.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhattacharyya|first=Anushree|date=18 June 2019|title=Raghav Bahl invests $7.2 million in The Quint|url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/media/raghav-bahl-invests-7-2-million-in-the-quint/69844213|website=[[The Economic Times]]|language=en|access-date=2 July 2020|archive-date=3 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703021515/https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/media/raghav-bahl-invests-7-2-million-in-the-quint/69844213|url-status=live}}</ref>

In May 2020, ''The Quint'' was acquired by Gaurav Mercantiles through which it was listed on the [[Bombay Stock Exchange]]. The acquisition involved all assets of Quintillion Media excluding [[BloombergQuint]].<ref name=":3">{{cite news |last1=Mampatta |first1=Sachin P. |title=Quint gets listed via little-known trading firm promoted by Raghav Bahl |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/markets/quint-gets-listed-via-little-known-trading-firm-controlled-by-raghav-bahl-120050800058_1.html |access-date=4 June 2020 |work=Business Standard India |date=8 May 2020 |archive-date=1 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200601011702/https://www.business-standard.com/article/markets/quint-gets-listed-via-little-known-trading-firm-controlled-by-raghav-bahl-120050800058_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The transaction of Quintillion Media's assets to Gaurav Mercantiles was made on a related party basis due to the Bahl and Kapur's stake in both the companies and increased the [[borrowing base]] of Gaurav Mercantiles in accordance with the [[Companies Act 2013]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|date=2020-05-07|title=Raghav Bahl transfers Quint's operations under Gaurav Mercantile; also owned by him|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/brandwagon/raghav-bahl-transfers-quints-operations-under-gaurav-mercantile-also-owned-by-him/1950862/|website=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]|language=en-US|access-date=29 June 2020|archive-date=29 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629230404/https://www.financialexpress.com/brandwagon/raghav-bahl-transfers-quints-operations-under-gaurav-mercantile-also-owned-by-him/1950862/|url-status=live}}</ref> Gaurav Mercantiles was earlier a [[ship breaking]] and trading firm which had not made any revenue since March 2018; ergo it entered into a [[debt-for-equity swap]] agreement in which Bahl and Kapur collectively acquired 66.42% of the company's stakes while [[Haldiram Snacks Pvt Ltd]] and the investment bank Elara Capital acquired 17-18% and 10% stake respectively.<ref>{{cite news|date=7 May 2020|title=Raghav Bahl promoted Gaurav Mercantile acquires The Quint|work=Outlook|agency=IANS|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/raghav-bahl-promoted-gaurav-mercantile-acquires-the-quint/1826299|access-date=4 June 2020|archive-date=4 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604162208/https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/raghav-bahl-promoted-gaurav-mercantile-acquires-the-quint/1826299|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Kapur|first1=Narinder|last2=Doshi|first2=Ankit|date=2020-05-06|title=How is Quint valued as Haldiram's owners-backed firm set to buy the news portal?|url=https://www.vccircle.com/how-is-quint-valued-as-haldiram-s-owners-backed-firm-set-to-buy-the-news-portal|website=[[VCCircle]]|language=en-US|access-date=2 July 2020|archive-date=3 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703165719/https://www.vccircle.com/how-is-quint-valued-as-haldiram-s-owners-backed-firm-set-to-buy-the-news-portal|url-status=live}}</ref> Mohan Lal Jain, the former chairman of Gaurav Mecantiles retained 4.99% stake in the company.<ref name=":3" /> In September 2020, Gaurav Mecantiles was renamed to Quint Digital Media Limited.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=Joseph|first=Anto T.|date=7 May 2020|title=What is Raghav Bahl's game plan with the Quint's unusual sale and purchase?|url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2020/05/07/what-is-raghav-bahls-game-plan-with-the-quints-unusual-sale-and-purchase|website=Newslaundry|language=en|access-date=29 June 2020|archive-date=29 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629052844/https://www.newslaundry.com/2020/05/07/what-is-raghav-bahls-game-plan-with-the-quints-unusual-sale-and-purchase|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Quint Digital">{{cite web|access-date=2020-09-30|title=Change in Name of the Company.|url=https://www.bseindia.com/markets/MarketInfo/DispNewNoticesCirculars.aspx?page=20200929-52|website=[[Bombay Stock Exchange]]|date=29 September 2020|archive-date=28 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128202800/https://www.bseindia.com/markets/MarketInfo/DispNewNoticesCirculars.aspx?page=20200929-52|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Content ==
In terms of editorial content, ''The Quint'' is focused on educational and explanatory journalism. The primary mode of presentation is through [[newsletters]], [[multimedia]], [[documentary series]], [[Live broadcast|live video broadcasts]], [[graphic journalism]] and [[podcasts]].<ref name=":5" /> The site has published a range of influential stories on topics concerning [[sexual harassment]], [[freedom of speech]] and [[Hindutva|Hindu nationalism]].<ref name=":42">{{Cite web|last1=Sen|first1=Arijit|last2=Nielsen|first2=Rasmus Kleis|author-link2=Rasmus Kleis Nielsen|date=May 2016|title=Digital Journalism Start-Ups in India|url=https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2017-04/Digital%20Journalism%20Start-ups%20in%20India_0.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806093856/https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2017-04/Digital%20Journalism%20Start-ups%20in%20India_0.pdf|archive-date=6 August 2018|website=[[Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism]]}}</ref> According to [[Reporters Without Borders]], the site differs from other traditional news outlets in its interpretations of news with dedicated sections such as Documentaries and Explainers.<ref name=":722" /> The portal operates ''QuintLab'' which is described as an "innovation wing" of the publication and features an interface of various multimedia storytelling formats.<ref name=":5" /> The co-founder and CEO of ''The Quint'', [[Ritu Kapur]] states that the publication's experimentation is concerted more towards the form and style of presentation that can be developed in a [[digital environment]] rather than the professional craft of journalism itself.<ref name=":42" />

In order to combat [[disinformation]], the publication also operates ''WebQoof'', a fact-checking initiative certified by the [[International Fact-Checking Network]].<ref name=":422" /> The fact-checking unit runs as a [[public service]] and encourages user submissions of claims for verification. Through [[audience participation]], it gains access to hundreds of unverified claims and uses resource intensive techniques of employing journalists to fact-check claims and debunk hoaxes.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":9">{{Cite web|last=Flueckiger|first=Simone|date=2018-06-29|title=How The Quint is tackling misinformation in India|url=https://blog.wan-ifra.org/2018/06/29/how-the-quint-is-tackling-misinformation-in-india|website=[[WAN-IFRA]]|access-date=1 July 2020|archive-date=15 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815053630/https://blog.wan-ifra.org/2018/06/29/how-the-quint-is-tackling-misinformation-in-india|url-status=live}}</ref> ''The Quint'' is in particular involved in combating disinformation on the messenger app [[WhatsApp]] which has been noted to have become a difficult-to-penetrate viral distribution network afflicted by disinformation in India.<ref name=":52">{{Cite web|last=Posetti|first=Julie|date=November 2019|title=Time to step away from the 'bright, shiny things'? Towards a sustainable model of journalism innovation in an era of perpetual change|url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ea046265-9e51-4aa7-af82-105610f3653f/download_file?file_format=pdf&safe_filename=Posetti%2B-%2BTowards%2Ba%2BSustainable%2Bmodel%2Bof%2BJournalism%2BFINAL.pdf&type_of_work=Report|publisher=[[Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism]]|access-date=2 July 2020|archive-date=2 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702231410/https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ea046265-9e51-4aa7-af82-105610f3653f/download_file?file_format=pdf&safe_filename=Posetti%2B-%2BTowards%2Ba%2BSustainable%2Bmodel%2Bof%2BJournalism%2BFINAL.pdf&type_of_work=Report|url-status=live}}</ref> According to [[Ritu Kapur]], the co-founder of the publication, the ''WebQoof'' initiative has a reassuringly high consumption which goes against the presumptions of a [[post-truth]] world.<ref name=":9" /> The publication had also entered into a partnership with [[BBC News]] for the co-production of an educational video series "Swacch Digital India" to highlight the importance of fact-checking to its viewers.<ref name=":5" />

The portal has also been noted for its [[advocacy journalism]] on [[gender]] related issues.<ref name=":5" /> In 2018, the "Talking [[Stalking]]" project on ''QuintLab'' was awarded gold in the "Best Innovation to Engage Youth Audiences" category by the [[World Association of Newspapers and News Publishers]].<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|date=November 2018|title=RIND Survey|url=https://www.pressinstitute.in/file-folder/rindsurvey/RS%20Nov%202018.pdf|journal=Research Institute for Newspaper Development|publisher=[[Press Institute of India]]|volume=39|issue=11|pages=14–15|access-date=29 June 2020|archive-date=30 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630211306/https://www.pressinstitute.in/file-folder/rindsurvey/RS%20Nov%202018.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The project was the first gender themed editorial initiative launched by the publication.<ref name=":5" /> Later, with funding from [[Facebook Inc]], it launched "Me, The Change" editorial campaign focusing on stories of notable women alongside live events to encourage young women to become first time voters and elicit changes in legislation.<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 November 2018|title=The Quint Launches the 'Me, the Change' Initiative|url=https://www.adgully.com/the-quint-launches-the--me-the-change-initiative-81737.html|website=adgully|language=en-US|access-date=30 June 2020|archive-date=3 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703123201/https://www.adgully.com/the-quint-launches-the--me-the-change-initiative-81737.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> As a result of the campaign, the [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]] passed a resolution in support of drafting a bill for making stalking, a non-bailable offence; the publication had previously held a feature event at [[Oxford Bookstore]], [[New Delhi]] to raise support for the Stalking Bill.<ref name=":5" /> In 2019, the "Me, The Change" campaign received the Digipub World Award for "Best Brand Partnership".<ref>{{Cite web|date=31 August 2019|title=The Quint Bags 12 Awards at Digipub World Awards 2019|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/the-quint-wins-big-at-digi-pub-world-awards-2019|website=The Quint|access-date=30 June 2020|archive-date=3 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703102812/https://www.thequint.com/news/india/the-quint-wins-big-at-digi-pub-world-awards-2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":5" />

The news publication operates through three [[Web portal|digital platforms]];<ref name=":6" /> the [[English language]] edition ''The Quint'', the [[Hindi language]] edition ''The Quint Hindi'' and the healthcare news microsite called ''FIT''.<ref name=":3" /> According to [[Raghav Bahl]], co-founder of ''The Quint'', the site's distinctive feature is its broad spectrum of coverage which "includes [[policy]], politics, sports, business, food, entertainment and everything else" extending beyond the "narrow focus" of other news outlets.<ref name=":42" /> It has also been described by [[Reporters Without Borders]] as the first mobile based news service;<ref name=":722" /> the content of ''The Quint'' is primarily emphasized towards distribution through social media and mobile devices.<ref name=":42" /> Since December 2015, the publication has also been in a collaboration with [[Facebook, Inc.]] on its [[Instant Articles]] project and has presence on the social media platforms of [[Facebook]], [[Twitter]], [[Instagram]] and [[YouTube]].<ref name=":42" /><ref name=":5" />

== Reception ==
A story published in the ''[[Columbia Journalism Review]]'' in late 2016 identified ''The Quint'' as one of several independent and recently founded internet-based media platforms – a group that also included ''[[Newslaundry]]'', ''[[Scroll.in]]'', ''[[The News Minute]]'', [[The Wire (India)|''The Wire'']] and [[ScoopWhoop]] – that were attempting to challenge the dominance of India's traditional print and television news companies and their online offshoots.<ref name=":2222">{{Cite news|title=Can the digital revolution save Indian journalism?|language=en|work=Columbia Journalism Review|url=https://www.cjr.org/special_report/india_digital_revolution_startups_scoopwhoop_wire_times.php|access-date=5 July 2017|archive-date=7 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607124936/https://www.cjr.org/special_report/india_digital_revolution_startups_scoopwhoop_wire_times.php|url-status=live}}</ref> ''The Quint'' has also been certified by the [[Poynter Institute]]'s International Fact-Checking Network for its reporting in ''WebQoof'', its in-house fact-checking division.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kaur|first=Kanchan|date=15 December 2019|title=The Quint: Conclusion and recommendations|url=https://ifcncodeofprinciples.poynter.org/application/public/the-quint/773632C0-3AF7-F954-75EA-5014963C12CA|access-date=29 May 2020|website=[[International Fact-Checking Network]]|archive-date=4 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204081206/https://ifcncodeofprinciples.poynter.org/application/public/the-quint/773632C0-3AF7-F954-75EA-5014963C12CA|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Mantas|first=Harrison|date=20 May 2020|title=Why would Indian police issue and then withdraw a manual on misinformation? Political divides could be the answer|url=https://www.poynter.org/fact-checking/2020/why-would-indian-police-issue-and-then-withdraw-a-manual-on-misinformation-political-divides-could-be-the-answer/|access-date=2020-05-29|website=[[Poynter Institute]]|archive-date=27 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527090551/https://www.poynter.org/fact-checking/2020/why-would-indian-police-issue-and-then-withdraw-a-manual-on-misinformation-political-divides-could-be-the-answer/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=24 September 2019|title=Fact checkers team up against disinformation at U.N. GA|url=http://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/fact-check/240890-fact-checkers-team-up-fight-disinformation-united-nations-general-assembly-2019|access-date=2020-05-29|website=[[Rappler]]|archive-date=1 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191001222510/https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/fact-check/240890-fact-checkers-team-up-fight-disinformation-united-nations-general-assembly-2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The publication has received recognition through a number of prestigious awards for its [[public interest]] journalism.<ref name=":5" />

In a report of the [[Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism]], ''The Quint'' was compared with the [[Philippines|Filipino]] news publication [[Rappler]] and the [[South Africa|South African]] online newspaper ''[[Daily Maverick]]'', and described as digital-born commercial news publishers engaged in producing critical independent journalism in destabilising democracies. According to the report, ''The Quint'' has faced extreme external pressure in the form of politically motivated attacks on [[media freedom]], orchestrated digital [[disinformation]] campaigns and significant [[online harassment]] against its journalists; it was noted that online harassment was particularly severe against [[women journalists]], often including threats of violence ranging from [[sexual assault]] to rape and murder.<ref name=":5" />

In February 2017, ''The Quint'' published a sting video focused on how the [[Indian Army|Army]]'s ''[[jawans]]'' were being deployed as [[Batman (military)#India|''sahayaks'']] and performed a variety of menial tasks for officers;<ref name="newslaundry.com">{{Cite web|title=Gunner Roy Mathew's Death Raises Serious Questions That The Quint Must Answer|url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2017/03/03/gunner-roy-mathews-death-raises-serious-questions-that-the-quint-must-answer|website=[[Newslaundry]]|language=en|access-date=2020-01-28|archive-date=28 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128020941/https://www.newslaundry.com/2017/03/03/gunner-roy-mathews-death-raises-serious-questions-that-the-quint-must-answer|url-status=live}}</ref> the profiled [[Naik (military rank)|''naik'']] committed suicide a week afterwards<ref name="Scroll Staff">{{Cite web|title=Sahayak system sting video: HC quashes FIR against journalist accused of abetting jawan's suicide|url=https://scroll.in/latest/920602/sahayak-system-sting-video-hc-quashes-fir-against-journalist-for-allegedly-abetting-jawans-suicide|author=Scroll Staff|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-28|archive-date=16 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416232954/https://scroll.in/latest/920602/sahayak-system-sting-video-hc-quashes-fir-against-journalist-for-allegedly-abetting-jawans-suicide|url-status=live}}</ref> in fear of an impending [[court-martial]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jawan suicide: None responsible for my death, says Lance Naik Roy Mathew in diary|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jawan-suicide-none-responsible-for-my-death-says-lance-naik-roy-mathew-in-diary-4554832/|date=2017-03-05|website=The Indian Express|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-28|archive-date=28 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128020939/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jawan-suicide-none-responsible-for-my-death-says-lance-naik-roy-mathew-in-diary-4554832/|url-status=live}}</ref> The Army subsequently booked the ''Quint'' reporter for abetting his suicide, and violating the [[Official Secrets Act (India)|Official Secrets Act]] of India by trespassing into a prohibited area.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jawan suicide: Reporter who shot sting is booked under OSA, for abetment|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/lance-naik-roy-mathew-jawan-suicide-reporter-who-shot-sting-is-booked-under-osa-for-abetment-4588476/|date=2017-03-28|website=The Indian Express|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-28|archive-date=28 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128020941/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/lance-naik-roy-mathew-jawan-suicide-reporter-who-shot-sting-is-booked-under-osa-for-abetment-4588476/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Army blames media for death of whistle-blower soldier Roy Mathew|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/army-blames-media-for-death-of-whistle-blower-soldier-roy-mathew-4553134/|date=2017-03-03|website=The Indian Express|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-28|archive-date=28 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128021015/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/army-blames-media-for-death-of-whistle-blower-soldier-roy-mathew-4553134/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Quint Reporter Accused Of Abetting Suicide Of Jawan Who Criticised Sahayak System In Sting Video Gets Bail|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/quint-reporter-accused-of-abetting-suicide-of-jawan-who-criticised-sahayak-syste/298692|website=Outloook|access-date=2020-01-28|archive-date=28 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128020941/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/quint-reporter-accused-of-abetting-suicide-of-jawan-who-criticised-sahayak-syste/298692|url-status=live}}</ref> Media critics have since dubbed the sting-operation as "overzealous journalism" with a host of ethical issues.<ref name=":522">{{Cite web|title=The Tragic Consequences of Irresponsible, Overzealous Journalism|url=https://thewire.in/security/quint-roy-mathew-army-soldier-suicide|website=The Wire|access-date=2020-01-28|archive-date=28 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128020938/https://thewire.in/security/quint-roy-mathew-army-soldier-suicide|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="newslaundry.com"/> In 2019, [[Bombay High Court]] quashed all charges against ''The Quint'' noting the Army to be vindictive.<ref name="Scroll Staff"/>

[[Kulbhushan Jadhav]] is an Indian national who was arrested in [[Pakistan]] on charges of terrorism and spying for the [[Research and Analysis Wing]] (RAW) – India's external intelligence agency.<ref name="nytimes22">{{cite web|title=Pakistan Releases Video of Indian Officer, Saying He's a Spy|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/30/world/asia/pakistan-releases-video-of-indian-officer-saying-hes-a-spy.html|author=Salman Masood|date=29 March 2016|work=The New York Times|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330192058/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/30/world/asia/pakistan-releases-video-of-indian-officer-saying-hes-a-spy.html|archive-date=30 March 2016|access-date=30 March 2016}}</ref> After the arrest, on 5 January 2018, ''The Quint'' published a story by the journalist Chandan Nandy which claimed that Jadhav was being used to collect intelligence for India and that two former chiefs of the Research and Analysis Wing had allegedly stated that they were against the recruitment of Jadhav as a spy.<ref name=":232">{{Cite web|title=द क्विंट ने हटायी कुलभूषण जाधव पर विवादित स्टोरी, पाकिस्तान ने पूछा- ये है मीडिया की आजादी?|url=https://www.lokmatnews.in/india/quint-retracted-story-kulbhushan-jadhav-claiming-he-was-raw-agent-pakistans-media-lauded-it/|date=2018-01-06|website=Lokmat|language=hi|access-date=30 May 2020|archive-date=4 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104123358/https://www.lokmatnews.in/india/quint-retracted-story-kulbhushan-jadhav-claiming-he-was-raw-agent-pakistans-media-lauded-it/|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[The Hindu]]'''s [[Frontline magazine|''Frontline'' magazine]] also published a story with a similar claim.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-02-19|title=Pakistan cites articles in Indian media at ICJ to claim Jadhav was a spy|work=[[The Economic Times]]|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/pak-responds-to-indias-arguments-at-icj-over-kulbhushan-jadhavs-case/articleshow/68064040.cms|access-date=22 May 2020|archive-date=4 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804151130/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/pak-responds-to-indias-arguments-at-icj-over-kulbhushan-jadhavs-case/articleshow/68064040.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=India's secret war|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/indias-secret-war/article10055129.ece|last=Swami|first=Praveen|author-link=Praveen Swami|date=16 February 2018|website=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|language=en|access-date=22 May 2020|archive-date=4 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604211242/https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/indias-secret-war/article10055129.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The stories were picked up by Pakistani media agencies as apparent confirmation of Jadhav's affiliation.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jadhav may be serving naval officer, says Indian magazine|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1386827|date=2018-02-02|website=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|language=en|access-date=2019-11-15|archive-date=15 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115002539/https://www.dawn.com/news/1386827|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Quint retracts story which confirmed 'Kulbhushan Jadhav was RAW agent'|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1602223/1-quint-retracts-story-confirmed-kulbhushan-jadhav-raw-agent/|date=2018-01-06|website=[[The Express Tribune]]|language=en-US|access-date=11 December 2018|archive-date=14 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114220356/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1602223/1-quint-retracts-story-confirmed-kulbhushan-jadhav-raw-agent/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Jadhav And The Quint|url=https://nation.com.pk/08-Jan-2018/jadhav-and-the-quint|date=2018-01-08|website=The Nation|language=en|access-date=2020-05-19|archive-date=24 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200524203644/https://nation.com.pk/08-Jan-2018/jadhav-and-the-quint|url-status=live}}</ref> It drew criticism in India; the media watchdog ''Newslaundry'' raised questions on how ''The Quint'' could have been privy to such information.<ref name=":022">{{Cite web|title=What The Quint's recent fiasco tells us about digital journalism|url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2018/01/09/quint-jadhav-story-fiasco-digital-journalism|website=Newslaundry|language=en-UK|access-date=2019-11-15|archive-date=15 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115131801/https://www.newslaundry.com/2018/01/09/quint-jadhav-story-fiasco-digital-journalism|url-status=live}}</ref> The publication retracted the story on 7 January stating that the factual accuracy of the article required rechecking.<ref name=":232" /><ref name=":022" /> The story was later quoted by Pakistan in a related [[International Court of Justice]] case.<ref>{{Cite web|title=कुलभूषण जाधव केस: भारतीय मीडिया ने की पाक की मदद?|url=https://www.punjabkesari.in/national/news/indian-media-will-help-pak-about-kulbhushan-jadhav-case-954552|date=2019-02-20|website=punjabkesari|access-date=2019-11-15|archive-date=15 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115002543/https://www.punjabkesari.in/national/news/indian-media-will-help-pak-about-kulbhushan-jadhav-case-954552|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":122">{{Cite web|title=कुलभूषण जाधव मामला: ICJ में PAK को झटका, केस स्थगित करने की मांग खारिज|url=https://aajtak.intoday.in/story/pakistan-reiterates-its-allegation-that-jadhav-was-raw-agent-cites-indian-media-reports-1-1062720.html|website=aajtak.intoday.in|language=hi|access-date=2019-11-15|archive-date=15 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115002313/https://aajtak.intoday.in/story/pakistan-reiterates-its-allegation-that-jadhav-was-raw-agent-cites-indian-media-reports-1-1062720.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 27 March 2020, during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]], ''The Quint'' published an article which reported that India was in stage-3 transmission ([[community transmission]]). The government's [[Press Information Bureau]] denied the occurrence of community transmission and labeled the story as "misleading". ''[[The Times of India]]'' published a "fact-check" affirming the PIB statement and clarifying that the person being quoted did not have medical qualifications but had a [[PhD]] in [[Quality management]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=FAKE ALERT: Leading digital news portal falsely claims India in Stage 3 of Covid-19 - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/times-fact-check/news/fake-alert-leading-digital-news-portal-falsely-claims-india-in-stage-3-of-covid-19/articleshow/74863286.cms|website=The Times of India|access-date=2020-03-28|archive-date=28 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328182751/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/times-fact-check/news/fake-alert-leading-digital-news-portal-falsely-claims-india-in-stage-3-of-covid-19/articleshow/74863286.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Team|first=BS Web|date=2020-03-27|title=Covid-19: Govt says report on stage 3 misleading, denied by official|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/india-has-entered-stage-3-of-coronavirus-pandemic-120032701891_1.html|access-date=2020-03-28|archive-date=28 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328145348/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/india-has-entered-stage-3-of-coronavirus-pandemic-120032701891_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> However, medical professionals also questioned the basis of the government's continued denial with some asserting that community transmission had already begun in March.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jain|first=Yogesh|date=18 March 2020|title=ICMR has little basis to claim there is no community transmission of COVID-19|url=https://caravanmagazine.in/health/icmr-little-basis-to-claim-no-community-transmission-covid|website=[[The Caravan]]|language=en|access-date=29 June 2020|archive-date=2 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602154739/https://caravanmagazine.in/health/icmr-little-basis-to-claim-no-community-transmission-covid|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Garari|first=Kaniza|date=2020-03-22|title=Has India entered stage three of Covid19 outbreak?|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/220320/has-india-enters-stage-three-of-virus-outbreak.html|website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|language=en|access-date=29 June 2020|archive-date=26 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326081206/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/220320/has-india-enters-stage-three-of-virus-outbreak.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The report published by ''The Quint'' had quoted Girdhar Gyani, the head of the [[NGO]], Association of Healthcare Providers.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Journalism at the time of the pandemic|url=http://theshillongtimes.com/2020/04/24/journalism-at-the-time-of-the-pandemic/|last=Mukhim|first=Pactricia|date=24 April 2020|website=[[The Shillong Times]]|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-19|archive-date=5 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200505141333/http://theshillongtimes.com/2020/04/24/journalism-at-the-time-of-the-pandemic/|url-status=live}}</ref> Later the publication updated the article without any retractions to include information about Girdhar Gyani having been appointed as the convener of a COVID-19 hospital task force.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Agarwal|first=Poonam|date=2020-03-26|title=India May be in Stage 3: COVID-19 Hospital Task Force Convener|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/coronavirus-covid-19-india-in-stage-3-community-transmission-says-dr-gyani-task-force-for-covid-19-hospitals|website=The Quint|language=en|access-date=12 June 2020|archive-date=12 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612223027/https://www.thequint.com/news/india/coronavirus-covid-19-india-in-stage-3-community-transmission-says-dr-gyani-task-force-for-covid-19-hospitals|url-status=live}}</ref> As of 12 June, the [[Ministry of Health (India)|Ministry of Health]] continued to deny any occurrence of community transfer in contradiction to opinions of independent medical experts.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-06-12|title=Why does India deny Covid community transmission?|language=en-GB|work=[[BBC News]]|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-53018912|access-date=29 June 2020|archive-date=7 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707081558/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-53018912|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Awards ===

* ''The Quint'' won three gold and one bronze at [[WAN–IFRA]] South Asian Digital Media Awards 2016. The publication's website won gold and bronze in the categories of "Best Reader Engagement" and "Best News Mobile Service" respectively.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mahapatro|first=Abhipsha|title=The Quint Wins 3 Golds at South Asian Digital Media Awards 2016|url=https://www.thequint.com/social-buzz/2016/09/21/the-quint-wins-3-golds-at-south-asian-digital-media-awards-2016|website=The Quint}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-09-21|title=Winners of South Asian Digital Media Awards announced; Best in Print – Asia Media awards also presented|url=https://www.wan-ifra.org/articles/2016/09/21/winners-of-south-asian-digital-media-awards-announced-best-in-print-asia-media-a|website=[[WAN-IFRA]]|access-date=30 June 2020|archive-date=2 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702200740/https://www.wan-ifra.org/articles/2016/09/21/winners-of-south-asian-digital-media-awards-announced-best-in-print-asia-media-a|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''The Quint'' won one gold, two silver and one bronze at WAN–IFRA South Asian Digital Media Awards 2018. It won silver in the category of "Best [[Branded content|Branded Content]] Project" for its feature on [[Madhya Pradesh Tourism]].<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=26 September 2018|title=South Asian Digital Media Awards 2018|url=https://events.wan-ifra.org/events/south-asian-digital-media-awards-2018/content/2944|website=[[WAN-IFRA]]|access-date=30 June 2020|archive-date=30 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630201954/https://events.wan-ifra.org/events/south-asian-digital-media-awards-2018/content/2944|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Two of ''The Quint''<nowiki/>'s journalists also won the [[Red Ink Awards]] in 2019.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2019-06-28|title=The Quint Wins in Two Categories at RedInk Awards 2019|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/the-quint-wins-awards-at-the-redink-awards-2019|website=The Quint|language=en|access-date=1 June 2020|archive-date=22 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722115722/https://www.thequint.com/news/india/the-quint-wins-awards-at-the-redink-awards-2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''The Quint'' won one silver and two bronze at WAN–IFRA South Asian Digital Media Awards 2019. The publication's website won bronze in the "Best News Website or Mobile Service" for a second time.<ref>{{Cite web|date=18 February 2020|title=The Wire Wins 'Best News Startup', 'Best Use of Video' at South Asian Digital Media Awards 2019|url=https://thewire.in/media/south-asian-digital-media-awards-wire|website=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]|access-date=30 June 2020|archive-date=30 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630201714/https://thewire.in/media/south-asian-digital-media-awards-wire|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-27|title=Manoramaonline.com Awarded Best News Website of the Year in South Asia.|url=https://www.wan-ifra.org/press-releases/2019/12/27/manoramaonlinecom-awarded-best-news-website-of-the-year-in-south-asia|website=[[WAN-IFRA]]|access-date=30 June 2020|archive-date=1 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701004744/https://www.wan-ifra.org/press-releases/2019/12/27/manoramaonlinecom-awarded-best-news-website-of-the-year-in-south-asia|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Four of ''The Quint''<nowiki/>'s journalists won the [[Ramnath Goenka Excellence in Journalism Awards]] in three categories for 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-20|title=The Quint Wins 3 Ramnath Goenka Excellence in Journalism Awards|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/3-ramnath-goenka-awards-in-journalism|access-date=2020-01-21|website=The Quint|language=en|archive-date=21 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121134616/https://www.thequint.com/news/india/3-ramnath-goenka-awards-in-journalism|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2020-02-06|title=RNG awards: Here's the full list of winners|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ramnath-goenka-journalism-awards-rng-full-list-6226734/|website=[[The Indian Express]]|language=en|access-date=30 May 2020|archive-date=2 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702095059/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ramnath-goenka-journalism-awards-rng-full-list-6226734/|url-status=live}}</ref><nowiki/>

== Readership ==
''The Quint'' website received a monthly unique readership of approximately 16 million as of March 2019. According to [[Google Analytics]], nearly 69% of the readership was estimated to be between the ages of 18 and 34. In addition, the website had a subscriber base of over 175,000 readers on [[WhatsApp]]. The combined monthly exposure of unique users through all internet assets of ''The Quint'' was estimated to be 100 million. Per February 2019 data of [[CrowdTangle]], the publication was the largest digital only news publisher on [[Facebook]].<ref name=":92"/>{{better source needed|date=January 2021}}

Per [[ComScore]] data, the monthly unique readership of website was 24.8 million as of August 2019.<ref name=":42" />

== See also ==

* [[Rappler]]
* [[Daily Maverick]]
* [[BloombergQuint]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://www.thequint.com}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Quint, The}}
[[Category:Indian news websites]]

Cyprus

2022-06-01T22:43:16Z

Creator0077: Published unique article content.

{{short description|Mediterranean Island nation in Europe}}
{{About|the country}}
{{distinguish|Cypress}}

{{Use dmy dates}}
{{EngvarB}}
{{Infobox country
| coordinates = {{Coord|35|10|N|33|22|E|type:city}}
| languages_type = Minority languages
| languages2_type = [[Vernacular]]s
| conventional_long_name = Republic of Cyprus
| native_name = {{unbulleted list|{{native name|el|Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία|italics=off}}|{{native name|tr|Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti}}}}
| image_flag = Flag of Cyprus.svg
| image_coat =
| coa_size = 90
| common_name = Cyprus
| national_motto =
| national_anthem = {{lang|el|[[Hymn to Liberty|Ὕμνος εἰς τὴν Ἐλευθερίαν]]}}{{efn|The Greek national anthem was adopted in 1966 by a decision of the [[Council of Ministers]].<ref>{{cite web |title=National Anthem |url=http://www.presidency.gov.cy/presidency/presidency.nsf/prc34_en/prc34_en?OpenDocument |website=www.presidency.gov.cy |access-date=3 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813155316/http://www.presidency.gov.cy/presidency/presidency.nsf/prc34_en/prc34_en?OpenDocument |archive-date=13 August 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}} {{small|"Hymn to Liberty"}} {{parabr}}{{center|[[File:Greece national anthem.ogg]]}}
| image_map = EU-Cyprus.svg
| map_caption = Location of Cyprus (pictured lower right), showing the Republic of Cyprus in darker green and disputed territory shown in brighter green, with the rest of the [[European Union]] shown in pastel green
| capital = [[Nicosia]]
| largest_city = capital
| official_languages = {{unbulleted list|item_style=line-height:initial;
|[[Greek language|Greek]]
|[[Turkish language|Turkish]]<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Cyprus|access-date=15 January 2016}}</ref>
}}
| languages = {{unbulleted list|item_style=line-height:initial;
|[[Armenian language|Armenian]]
|[[Cypriot Arabic]]
}}
| languages2 = {{unbulleted list|item_style=line-height:initial;
|[[Cypriot Greek]]
|[[Cypriot Turkish]]
}}
| ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list|item_style=line-height:initial;
|[[Greek Cypriots]]
|[[Turkish Cypriots]]
|[[Armenian Cypriots]]
|[[Maronite Cypriots]]
}}
| ethnic_groups_year =
| demonym = Cypriot
| religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap;
|72.3% [[Christianity]]|25.0% [[Islam]]
|1.9% [[Irreligion|No religion]]
|0.8% Other<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/cyprus/religious_demography#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020 |title=Cyprus |work=Global Religious Future |publisher=Pew Research Center |access-date=13 July 2021 |archive-date=17 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717053131/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/cyprus/religious_demography#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
| religion_year = 2020; including [[Northern Cyprus]]
| government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[republic]]
| leader_title1 = [[President of Cyprus|President]]
| leader_name1 = [[Nikos Christodoulides]]
| leader_title2 = [[Vice President of Cyprus|Vice-President]]
| leader_name2 = Vacant{{efn|The vice presidency is reserved for a Turkish Cypriot. However the post has been vacant since the [[Turkish invasion of Cyprus|Turkish invasion]] in 1974.<ref name=CIA2019/>}}
| leader_title3 = [[President of the House of Representatives (Cyprus)|President of the House of Representatives]]
| leader_name3 = [[Annita Demetriou]]
| legislature = {{nowrap|[[House of Representatives (Cyprus)|House of Representatives]]}}
| sovereignty_type = Independence {{nobold|from the United Kingdom}}
| established_event1 = [[London-Zürich Agreements]]
| established_date1 = 19 February 1959
| established_event2 = Independence proclaimed
| established_date2 = 16 August 1960
| established_event3 = [[Independence Day (Cyprus)|Independence Day]]
| established_date3 = 1 October 1960
| established_event4 = [[2004 enlargement of the European Union|Joined]] the EU
| established_date4 = 1 May 2004
| area_km2 = 9,251
| area_label = Total{{efn|name=island|Including Northern Cyprus, the [[United Nations Buffer Zone in Cyprus|UN buffer zone]] and [[Akrotiri and Dhekelia]].}}
| area_rank = 162nd 
| area_sq_mi = 3,572 
| percent_water = 0.11<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Cyprus|accessdate=29 April 2022}}</ref>
| population_estimate = {{UN_Population|Cyprus}}{{efn|name=island}}{{UN_Population|ref}}
| population_census = 838,897{{efn|Excluding Northern Cyprus.}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cystat.gov.cy/mof/cystat/statistics.nsf/All/732265957BAC953AC225798300406903?OpenDocument&sub=2&sel=1&e= |title=Statistical Service – Population and Social Conditions – Population Census – Announcements – Preliminary Results of the Census of Population, 2011 |language=el |publisher=Statistical Service of the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Cyprus |access-date=29 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115100623/http://www.cystat.gov.cy/mof/cystat/statistics.nsf/All/732265957BAC953AC225798300406903?OpenDocument&sub=2&sel=1&e= |archive-date=15 January 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| population_estimate_year = {{UN_Population|Year}}
| population_estimate_rank = 158th
| population_census_year = 2011
| population_density_km2 = 123.4{{efn|name=island}}<ref>{{cite web |author=United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, [[United Nations Population Division|Population Division]] |year=2013 |title=World Population Prospects: The 2012 Revision, DB02: Stock Indicators |location=New York |url=http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/ASCII-Data/DISK_NAVIGATION_ASCII.htm |access-date=18 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150507213545/http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/ASCII-Data/DISK_NAVIGATION_ASCII.htm |archive-date=7 May 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| population_density_rank = 82nd
| population_density_sq_mi = 319.5 
| GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $49.857 billion<ref name="WEO database">{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2023 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/April/weo-report?c=423,&s=NGDP_RPCH,NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,PCPIPCH,LUR,LP,&sy=2019&ey=2023&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |access-date=12 April 2023 |location=Washington, D.C. |archive-date=12 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412160839/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/April/weo-report?c=423,&s=NGDP_RPCH,NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,PCPIPCH,LUR,LP,&sy=2019&ey=2023&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| GDP_PPP_year = 2023
| GDP_PPP_rank = 124th
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $54,611<ref name="WEO database" />
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 31st
| GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $30.864 billion<ref name="WEO database" />
| GDP_nominal_year = 2023
| GDP_nominal_rank = 105th
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $33,807<ref name="WEO database" />
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 31st
| Gini = 29.4 
| Gini_year = 2021
| Gini_change = increase 
| Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web |title=Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income - EU-SILC survey |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tessi190/default/table?lang=en |publisher=[[Eurostat]] |access-date=3 May 2023 |location=Luxembourg |archive-date=9 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009091832/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tessi190/default/table?lang=en |url-status=live }}</ref>
| Gini_rank =
| HDI = 0.896 
| HDI_year = 2021 
| HDI_change = increase 
| HDI_ref = <ref>{{cite web |title=Country Insights |url=https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/country-insights |publisher=[[Human Development Report]] Office, [[United Nations Development Programme]] |access-date=8 September 2022 |location=New York |archive-date=12 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712063231/https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/country-insights |url-status=live }}</ref>
| HDI_rank = 29th
| currency = [[Euro]] ([[Euro sign|€]])
| currency_code = EUR
| time_zone = [[Eastern European Time|EET]]
| utc_offset = +2
| utc_offset_DST = +3
| time_zone_DST = [[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]]
| drives_on = left
| calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Cyprus|+357]]
| cctld = [[.cy]]{{efn|The [[.eu]] domain is also used, shared with other [[European Union]] member states.}}
| footnotes =
| today =
}}

'''Cyprus'''{{efn|{{lang-el|Κύπρος|translit=Kýpros}} {{IPA-el|ˈcipros}}; {{lang-tr|Kıbrıs}} {{IPA-tr|ˈkɯbɾɯs}}}} ({{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Cyprus.ogg|ˈ|s|aɪ|p|r|ə|s}}), officially the '''Republic of Cyprus''',{{efn|{{Lang-el|Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία |translit=Kypriakí Dimokratía |links=no}}, {{IPA-el|cipriaˈci ðimokraˈti.a}}, lit: Cypriot Republic; {{lang-tr|Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti |links=no}}, {{IPA-tr|ˈkɯbɾɯs ˈdʒumhuɾijeti}}, lit: Republic of Cyprus}} is an [[island country]] located in the eastern [[Mediterranean Sea]]. It is geographically in [[Western Asia]], but culturally and geopolitically [[Southeastern Europe]]an. [[Geography of Cyprus|Cyprus]] is the third largest and third-most populous island in the Mediterranean.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/biggest-islands-in-the-mediterranean-sea.html |title=Biggest Islands In The Mediterranean Sea By Area |work=WorldAtlas |access-date=11 May 2018 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180512043924/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/biggest-islands-in-the-mediterranean-sea.html |archive-date=12 May 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-most-populated-islands-in-the-mediterranean-sea.html|title=The Most Populated Islands In The Mediterranean Sea |work=WorldAtlas |access-date=11 May 2018 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180512043814/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-most-populated-islands-in-the-mediterranean-sea.html |archive-date=12 May 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> It is located north of [[Egypt]], east of [[Greece]], south of [[Turkey]], and west of [[Lebanon]] and [[Syria]]. Its capital and largest city is [[Nicosia]]. The northeast portion of the island is ''[[de facto]]'' governed by the self-declared [[Northern Cyprus|Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus]], a claim recognised only by Turkey.

The [[Prehistoric Cyprus|earliest known human activity]] on the island dates to around the [[10th millennium BC]]; it is home to some of the oldest water wells in the world.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite news |title=Stone Age wells found in Cyprus |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/8118318.stm |url-status=live |access-date=31 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005060232/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8118318.stm |archive-date=5 October 2013}}</ref> Cyprus was settled by [[Mycenaean Greece|Mycenaean Greeks]] in two distinct waves in the 2nd millennium BC, which left a lasting impact on the island's culture, language, and architecture; archaeological remains include well-preserved ruins from the [[Hellenistic period]], such as [[Salamis, Cyprus|Salamis]] and [[Kourion]]. As a strategic location in the [[Eastern Mediterranean]], Cyprus has been contested and occupied by various powers since [[List of ancient great powers|antiquity]]; it was successively ruled by the [[Neo-Assyrian Empire|Assyrians]], [[Ancient Egypt|Egyptians]], and [[Achaemenid Empire|Persians]] before [[Alexander the Great]] seized it in 333 BC. Cyprus subsequently formed part of the [[Ptolemaic Kingdom]] until it was annexed by [[Roman Empire|Rome]] in 58 BC. It remained part of the [[Byzantine Empire|Eastern Roman Empire]] and intermittingly came under [[Arabs|Arab]] control, sometimes jointly with the Romans. The thousand years of Roman presence in Cyprus was ended by the [[Third Crusade]], after which the French [[House of Lusignan|Lusignan dynasty]] took control of the island. Then followed rule by the [[Republic of Venice|Venetians]], from which Cyprus was subsequently conquered by the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]] in 1571.

Cyprus was placed under the [[United Kingdom]]'s administration based on the [[Cyprus Convention]] in 1878 and was formally annexed by the U.K. in 1914.<ref name="Lausanne-Egypt-Sudan-Cyprus">{{cite web |url=http://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Treaty_of_Lausanne |title=Treaty of Lausanne |access-date=7 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112221242/http://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Treaty_of_Lausanne |archive-date=12 January 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> During British rule, the future of Cyprus became a matter of disagreement between the island's inhabitants: The [[Greek Cypriots|Greek Cypriot]] majority, which comprised 77% of the total population, sought [[Enosis|union with Greece (''Enosis'')]], while the [[Turkish Cypriots|Turkish Cypriot]] minority of 18% initially favoured British rule and later the partition of Cyprus.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Trimikliniotis |first1=Nicos |title=Beyond a Divided Cyprus: A State and Society in Transformation |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1-137-10080-1 |page=104 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zS_HAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA104}}</ref>

Following an [[Cyprus Emergency|armed campaign in the 1950s]], Cyprus was [[London and Zürich Agreements|granted independence]] in 1960.<ref name=independence/> The [[Bloody Christmas (1963)|crisis of 1963–64]], which escalated intercommunal violence between Greeks and Turks, resulted in the displacement of more than 25,000 Turkish Cypriots into [[Turkish Cypriot enclaves|enclaves]]<ref name="Hoffmeister" />{{rp|56–59}}<ref name=IntercommunalViolence/> and led to the withdrawal of Turkish Cypriots from government and other state institutions. On 15 July 1974, a [[1974 Cypriot coup d'état|coup d'état]] was staged by [[Greek junta|Greek dictator]] [[Dimitrios Ioannidis|Dimitrios Ioannides]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Mallinson |first=William |title=Cyprus: A Modern History |publisher=I. B. Tauris |year=2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HEjkuhF2GsMC&pg=PA81|isbn=978-1-85043-580-8 |page=81}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/2297653.stm |title=website |work=BBC News |access-date=25 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040726144124/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/2297653.stm |archive-date=26 July 2004 |url-status=live}}</ref> with the support of [[EOKA B|Greek Cypriot ultranationalists]] and mutineers in the [[Cypriot National Guard]],<ref name=danopoulos/> in an attempt at ''enosis;'' this action precipitated the [[Turkish invasion of Cyprus|Turkish invasion of the island]] on 20 July,<ref name="Benvenisti2012">{{cite book |author=Eyal Benvenisti |title=The International Law of Occupation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JKgeX_sdQG0C&pg=PA191 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-958889-3 |page=191 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910212611/https://books.google.com/books?id=JKgeX_sdQG0C&pg=PA191 |archive-date=10 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> which [[Cypriot refugees|displaced]] over 150,000 Greek Cypriots<ref>Barbara Rose Johnston, Susan Slyomovics. ''Waging War, Making Peace: Reparations and Human Rights'' (2009), American Anthropological Association Reparations Task Force, [https://books.google.com/books?id=jOU9_BQU9SYC&pg=PA211 p. 211] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412133508/https://books.google.com/books?id=jOU9_BQU9SYC&pg=PA211 }}</ref><ref>Morelli, Vincent. ''Cyprus: Reunification Proving Elusive'' (2011), DIANE Publishing, [https://books.google.com/books?id=dyWwReoc81oC&pg=PA10 p. 10] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413033218/https://books.google.com/books?id=dyWwReoc81oC&pg=PA10& }}</ref> and 50,000 Turkish Cypriots.<ref>Borowiec, Andrew. ''Cyprus: A Troubled Island'' (2000), Greenwood Publishing Group, [https://books.google.com/books?id=hzEDg6-d80MC&pg=PA125 p. 125] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412142842/https://books.google.com/books?id=hzEDg6-d80MC&pg=PA125 }}</ref> The military occupation of [[Northern Cyprus]] culminated in the establishment of a separate Turkish Cypriot state [[Declaration of Independence of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus|by unilateral declaration]] in 1983; the move was widely condemned by the [[international community]], with Turkey alone [[List of states with limited recognition|recognising]] the new state. These events and the resulting political situation are matters of [[Cyprus dispute|continuing dispute]].

Notwithstanding its tumultuous history, the Republic of Cyprus is a developed democracy with an [[developed country|advanced]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2001/01/data/index.htm#changes |title=World Economic Outlook Database May 2001 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|access-date=28 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726075802/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2001/01/data/index.htm#changes |archive-date=26 July 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[high income economy|high-income economy]] and a very high [[Human Development Index]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-classifications/country-and-lending-groups#High_income |title=Country and Lending Groups |publisher=[[World Bank]] |access-date=11 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110318125456/http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-classifications/country-and-lending-groups |archive-date=18 March 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Human Development Index (HDI)–2011 Rankings|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/ |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |access-date=4 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112042847/http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/ |archive-date=12 January 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> It has been a member of the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] since 1961 and was a [[Cyprus and the Non-Aligned Movement|founding member]] of the [[Non-Aligned Movement]] until [[Cyprus in the European Union|joining the European Union]] in 2004,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nam.gov.za/background/background.htm#4|title=The Non-Aligned Movement: Background Information |publisher=[[Non-Aligned Movement]] |access-date=19 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160209210107/http://www.nam.gov.za/background/background.htm#4 |archive-date=9 February 2016}}</ref> [[Eurozone|adopting the euro]] in 2008.<ref>{{cite web |title=Human Development Index (HDI)–2011 Rankings |url=https://web.stanford.edu/class/e297c/war_peace/confrontation/hcypruseu.html |publisher=[[Stanford University]] |access-date=17 November 2019 |archive-date=3 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403004203/http://web.stanford.edu/class/e297c/war_peace/confrontation/hcypruseu.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> Owing to its climate, scene beauty, and cultural heritage, Cyprus is a major tourist destination in the Mediterranean.<ref name="PenderSharpley2005">{{cite book |author1=Lesley Pender |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R9r90RAJM5cC&pg=PA273 |title=The Management of Tourism |author2=Richard Sharpley |publisher=SAGE |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7619-4022-7 |page=273 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910231130/https://books.google.com/books?id=R9r90RAJM5cC&pg=PA273 |archive-date=10 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Sharpley2012">{{cite book |author=Richard Sharpley |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=id8Me6CogPYC&pg=PT296 |title=Tourism Development and the Environment: Beyond Sustainability? |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-57330-9 |page=296 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918182700/https://books.google.com/books?id=id8Me6CogPYC&pg=PT296 |archive-date=18 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="RichardJohn2002">{{cite book |author1=Sharpley, Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wvo1sIjZH3UC&pg=PA334 |title=Tourism and Development: Concepts and Issues |author2=Telfer, David John |publisher=Channel View Publications |year=2002 |isbn=978-1-873150-34-4 |page=334 |access-date=22 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918222742/https://books.google.com/books?id=Wvo1sIjZH3UC&pg=PA334 |archive-date=18 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Etymology==
[[File:Geology of Cyprus-SkiriotissaMine.jpg|thumb|A copper mine in Cyprus. In antiquity, Cyprus was a major source of copper.]]

The earliest attested reference to ''Cyprus'' is the 15th century BC [[Mycenaean Greek]] {{lang|gmy|{{script|Linb|𐀓𐀠𐀪𐀍}}}}, ''ku-pi-ri-jo'',<ref>{{cite book |last=Strange |first=John|title=Caphtor : Keftiu : a new investigation |year=1980 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden |isbn=978-90-04-06256-6|page=167 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c9QUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA154 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911013629/https://books.google.com/books?id=c9QUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA154 |archive-date=11 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> meaning "Cypriot" (Greek: {{lang|grc|Κύπριος}}), written in [[Linear B]] syllabic script.<ref>[http://www.palaeolexicon.com/ Palaeolexicon] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110203111627/http://palaeolexicon.com/ }}, Word study tool of ancient languages</ref>
The classical Greek form of the name is {{lang|grc|Κύπρος}} (''Kýpros'').

The etymology of the name is unknown.
Suggestions include:
* the Greek word for the [[Cupressus|Mediterranean cypress tree]] (''[[Cupressus sempervirens]]''), κυπάρισσος (''kypárissos'')
* the Greek name of the [[Lawsonia inermis|henna tree]] (''Lawsonia alba''), κύπρος (''kýpros'')
* an [[Eteocypriot]] word for copper. It has been suggested, for example, that it has roots in the [[Sumerian language|Sumerian]] word for copper (''zubar'') or for [[bronze]] (''kubar''), from the large deposits of copper ore found on the island.<ref name=Beekes/>

Through overseas trade, the island has given its name to the [[Classical Latin]] word for copper through the phrase ''aes Cyprium'', "metal of Cyprus", later shortened to ''Cuprum''.<ref name=Beekes>[[Robert S. P. Beekes|R. S. P. Beekes]], ''Etymological Dictionary of Greek'', Brill, 2009, p. 805 (''s.v.'' "Κύπρος").</ref><ref>Fisher, Fred H. ''Cyprus: Our New Colony And What We Know About It''. London: George Routledge and Sons, 1878, pp. 13–14.</ref>

The standard [[demonym]] relating to Cyprus or its people or culture is ''[[Cypriot (disambiguation)|Cypriot]]''. The terms ''Cypriote'' and ''Cyprian'' (later [[Cyprian (disambiguation)|a personal name]]) are also used, though less frequently.

The state's official name in [[Greek language|Greek]] literally translates to "Cypriot Republic" in English, but this translation is not used officially; "Republic of Cyprus" is used instead.

==History==
{{Main|History of Cyprus|Timeline of Cypriot history}}
[[File:Choirokoitia.jpg|thumb|Archaeological site of [[Khirokitia]] with early remains of human habitation during the Aceramic Neolithic period (reconstruction)]]

===Prehistoric and Ancient Cyprus===
{{Main|Prehistoric Cyprus|Ancient history of Cyprus}}

The earliest confirmed site of human activity on Cyprus is [[Aetokremnos]], situated on the south coast, indicating that [[hunter-gatherer]]s were active on the island from around [[10th millennium BC|10,000 BC]],<ref>Mithen, S. ''After the Ice: A Global Human History, 20000 BC–5000 BC''. Boston: Harvard University Press 2005, p. 97. [https://books.google.com/books?id=NVygmardAA4C&pg=PA97] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910191921/https://books.google.com/books?id=NVygmardAA4C&pg=PA97}}</ref> with settled [[village communities]] dating from 8200 BC. The arrival of the first humans correlates with the extinction of the 75 cm high [[Cyprus dwarf hippopotamus]] and 1 metre tall [[Cyprus Dwarf Elephant|Cyprus dwarf elephant]], the only large mammals native to the island.<ref name="ASOR on Cyprus">{{cite book |title=The Earliest Prehistory of Cyprus: From Colonization to Exploitation |year=2001 |publisher=[[American Schools of Oriental Research]] |location=Boston, MA |url=http://www.asor.org/pubs/books-monographs/swiny.pdf |editor=Stuart Swiny |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606210529/http://www.asor.org/pubs/books-monographs/swiny.pdf |archive-date=6 June 2016}}</ref> [[Water well]]s discovered by [[archaeologist]]s in western Cyprus are believed to be among the oldest in the world, dated at 9,000 to 10,500 years old.<ref name="autogenerated2" />

Remains of an 8-month-old cat were discovered buried with a human body at a separate [[Neolithic]] site in Cyprus.<ref name="nytimes2007">{{cite news |last=Wade |first=Nicholas |title=Study Traces Cat's Ancestry to Middle East |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/29/health/29iht-29cat.6404420.html |access-date=4 October 2012 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509004708/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/29/health/29iht-29cat.6404420.html |archive-date=9 May 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> The grave is estimated to be 9,500 years old (7500 BC), predating [[ancient Egypt]]ian civilisation and pushing back the [[Domestication of the cat|earliest known feline-human association]] significantly.<ref name="walton2004">{{cite news |first=Marsha |last=Walton |title=Ancient burial looks like human and pet cat |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2004/TECH/science/04/08/cats.cyprus/index.html |publisher=CNN |access-date=23 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222092756/http://edition.cnn.com/2004/TECH/science/04/08/cats.cyprus/index.html |archive-date=22 December 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref> The remarkably well-preserved Neolithic village of [[Khirokitia]] is a UNESCO [[World Heritage Site]], dating to approximately 6800 BC.<ref>Simmons, A. H. ''Faunal extinction in an island society: pygmy hippopotamus hunters of Cyprus''. New York: Springer 1999, p. 15. [https://books.google.com/books?id=hCwYwyEBXEAC&pg=PA15] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412181518/https://books.google.com/books?id=hCwYwyEBXEAC&pg=PA15}}</ref>

During the Late Bronze Age, the island experienced two waves of Greek settlement.<ref name="TTW1">Thomas, Carol G. and Conant, Craig: ''The Trojan War'', pp. 121–122. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2005. {{ISBN|0-313-32526-X}}, 9780313325267.</ref> The first wave consisted of [[Mycenaean Greece|Mycenaean Greek]] traders, who started visiting Cyprus around 1400 BC.<ref>[[Andreas G. Orphanides]], "Late Bronze Age Socio-Economic and Political Organization, and the Hellenization of Cyprus", Athens Journal of History, volume 3, number 1, 2017, pp. 7–20</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YOwOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA168 |title=Greek Pottery in the Bronze Age |author=A.D. Lacy |page=168 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915234014/https://books.google.com/books?id=YOwOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA168 |archive-date=15 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov">{{cite web |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field%28DOCID+cy0013%29 |title=Library of Congress Country Studies. ''Cyprus'' |publisher=Lcweb2.loc.gov |access-date=1 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090110091429/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID+cy0013%29 |archive-date=10 January 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> A major wave of Greek settlement is believed to have taken place following the [[Late Bronze Age collapse]] of Mycenaean Greece from 1100 to 1050 BC, with the island's predominantly Greek character dating from this period.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov" /><ref>Thomas, Carol G. ''The Trojan War''. Santa Barbara, CA, USA: Greenwood Publishing Group 2005. p. 64. [https://books.google.com/books?id=UzASgBf2W10C&pg=PA98] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151203171026/https://books.google.com/books?id=UzASgBf2W10C&pg=PA98}}</ref> The first recorded name of a Cypriot king is ''Kushmeshusha'', as appears on letters sent to Ugarit in the 13th century BCE.<ref name="Cline2015">{{cite book |author=Eric H. Cline |title=1177 B.C.: The Year Civilization Collapsed |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_M1bCgAAQBAJ |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-7449-1}}</ref> Cyprus occupies an important role in [[Greek mythology]], being the birthplace of [[Aphrodite]] and [[Adonis]], and home to [[Cinyras|King Cinyras]], [[Teucer]] and [[Pygmalion (mythology)|Pygmalion]].<ref>Stass Paraskos, The Mythology of Cyprus (London: Orage Press, 2016) p.1f</ref> Literary evidence suggests an early Phoenician presence at [[Kition]], which was under [[Tyre, Lebanon|Tyrian]] rule at the beginning of the 10th century BC.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hadjisavvas |first=Sophocles |title=The Phoenician Period Necropolis of Kition, Volume I |year=2013 |publisher=Shelby White and Leon Levy Program for Archaeological Publications |url=http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~semitic/wl/publications/2012/hadjisavvas.html |page=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304111945/http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~semitic/wl/publications/2012/hadjisavvas.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=9 September 2019 }}</ref> Some [[Phoenicia]]n merchants who were believed to come from [[Tyre, Lebanon|Tyre]] [[colony|colonised]] the area and expanded the political influence of Kition. After c. 850 BC, the sanctuaries [at the Kathari site] were rebuilt and reused by the Phoenicians.[[File:Kition, Zeus Keraunios.jpg|thumb|upright|Zeus Keraunios, 500–480 BC, Nicosia museum]]

Cyprus is at a strategic location in the Middle East.<ref name="Cohen1995">{{cite book |author=Getzel M Cohen |title=The Hellenistic Settlements in Europe, the Islands and Asia Minor |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BnsPcZW4G7YC&pg=PA35 |year=1995 |publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-91408-7 |page=35 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911021830/https://books.google.com/books?id=BnsPcZW4G7YC&pg=PA35 |archive-date=11 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Stewart2008">{{cite book |author=Charles Anthony Stewart |title=Domes of Heaven: The Domed Basilicas of Cyprus |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R6ux8tRBHq4C&pg=PA69 |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-549-75556-2 |page=69 |access-date=20 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915232126/https://books.google.com/books?id=R6ux8tRBHq4C&pg=PA69 |archive-date=15 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="SpillingSpilling2010">{{cite book |author1=Michael Spilling |author2=Jo-ann Spilling |title=Cyprus |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ldSQLD985i4C&pg=PA23 |year=2010 |publisher=Marshall Cavendish |isbn=978-0-7614-4855-6 |page=23 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412132426/https://books.google.com/books?id=ldSQLD985i4C&pg=PA23 |archive-date=12 April 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> It was ruled by the [[Neo-Assyrian Empire]] for a century starting in 708 BC, before a brief spell under Egyptian rule and eventually [[Achaemenid Empire|Achaemenid]] rule in 545 BC.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov" /> The Cypriots, led by [[Onesilus]], king of Salamis, joined their fellow Greeks in the [[Ionia]]n cities during the unsuccessful [[Ionian Revolt]] in 499 BC against the Achaemenids. The revolt was suppressed, but Cyprus managed to maintain a high degree of autonomy and remained inclined towards the Greek world.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov" />
During the whole period of the Persian rule, there is a continuity in the reign of the Cypriot kings and during their rebellions they were crushed by Persian rulers from Asia Minor, which is an indication that the Cypriots were ruling the island with directly regulated relations with the Great King and there wasn't a Persian satrap.<ref name="ALEXANDER_THE_GREAT_AND_THE_KINGDOMS_OF_CYPRUS_A_RECONSIDERATION ALEXANDER THE GREAT AND THE KINGDOMS OF CYPRUS -- A RECONSIDERATION">{{Cite web |url=https://www.academia.edu/8861166/ |title=ALEXANDER_THE_GREAT_AND_THE_KINGDOMS_OF_CYPRUS_A_RECONSIDERATION ALEXANDER THE GREAT AND THE KINGDOMS OF CYPRUS -- A RECONSIDERATION |access-date=7 August 2022 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807195911/https://www.academia.edu/8861166 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Kingdoms of Cyprus enjoyed special privileges and a semi-autonomous status, but they were still considered vassal subjects of the Great King.<ref name="ALEXANDER_THE_GREAT_AND_THE_KINGDOMS_OF_CYPRUS_A_RECONSIDERATION ALEXANDER THE GREAT AND THE KINGDOMS OF CYPRUS -- A RECONSIDERATION"/>

The island was conquered by [[Alexander the Great]] in 333 BC and Cypriot navy helped Alexander during the [[siege of Tyre (332 BC)]]. Cypriot fleet were also sent to help [[Amphoterus (admiral)|Amphoterus]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0530%3Abook%3D3%3Achapter%3D6%3Asection%3D3 |title=Arrian, Anabasis, 3.6.3 |access-date=7 August 2022 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807201301/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2008.01.0530:book%3D3:chapter%3D6:section%3D3 |url-status=live }}</ref> In addition, Alexander had two Cypriot generals [[Stasander]] and [[Stasanor]] both from the [[Soli, Cyprus|Soli]] and later both became satraps in Alexander's empire.
Following Alexander's death, the [[Partition of Babylon|division of his empire]], and the subsequent [[Wars of the Diadochi]], Cyprus became part of the [[Hellenistic civilization|Hellenistic empire]] of [[Ptolemaic Kingdom|Ptolemaic Egypt]]. It was during this period that the island was fully [[Hellenized]]. In 58 BC Cyprus was acquired by the [[Roman Republic]].<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov"/>

===Roman Cyprus===
{{main|Roman Cyprus}}

===Middle Ages===
{{Main|Cyprus in the Middle Ages|Kingdom of Cyprus}}
[[File:Nicosia by Giacomo Franco.jpg|thumb|The [[Walls of Nicosia]] were built by the Venetians to defend the city in case of an Ottoman attack.]]
[[File:Kyrenia 01-2017 img11 Castle exterior.jpg|thumb|[[Kyrenia Castle]] was originally built by the Byzantines and enlarged by the Venetians.]]
When the [[Roman Empire]] was divided into Eastern and Western parts in 286, Cyprus became part of the East Roman Empire (also called the [[Byzantine Empire]]), and would remain so for some 900 years. Under Byzantine rule, the Greek orientation that had been prominent since antiquity developed the strong Hellenistic-Christian character that continues to be a hallmark of the Greek Cypriot community.<ref name="Country Study attribution">{{Country study |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Federal Research Division, Library of Congress |country=Cyprus |abbr=cy |title=Cyprus: A Country Study |url= https://www.loc.gov/item/92036090/ |edition=Fourth |editor-last=Solsten |editor-first=Eric |year=1993 |isbn=0-8444-0752-6 |last1=Keefe |first1=Eugene K. |last2=Solsten |first2=Eric |chapter=Historical Setting |pages=10–12}}</ref>

Beginning in 649, Cyprus endured several attacks launched by raiders from the [[Levant]], which continued for the next 300 years. Many were quick piratical raids, but others were large-scale attacks in which many Cypriots were slaughtered and great wealth carried off or destroyed.<ref name="Country Study attribution"/> There are no Byzantine churches which survive from this period; thousands of people were killed, and many cities – such as [[Salamis, Cyprus|Salamis]] – were destroyed and never rebuilt.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov" /> Byzantine rule was restored in 965, when Emperor [[Nikephoros II Phokas]] scored decisive victories on land and sea.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov" />

In 1156 [[Raynald of Châtillon]] and [[Thoros II, Prince of Armenia|Thoros II of Armenia]] brutally sacked Cyprus over a period of three weeks, stealing so much plunder and capturing so many of the leading citizens and their families for ransom, that the island took generations to recover. Several Greek priests were mutilated and sent away to Constantinople.<ref>Norwich, J. J. (1995) ''Byzantium: The Decline and Fall''. London: Viking, p. 121</ref>

In 1185 [[Isaac Komnenos of Cyprus|Isaac Komnenos]], a member of the Byzantine imperial family, took over Cyprus and declared it independent of the Empire. In 1191, during the [[Third Crusade]], [[Richard I of England]] captured the island from Isaac.<ref>Riddle, J.M. ''A History of the Middle Ages''. Lanham, MD, USA: Rowman & Littlefield 2008. p. 326. [https://books.google.com/books?id=rhWpPr93KjMC&pg=PA326] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915220219/https://books.google.com/books?id=rhWpPr93KjMC&pg=PA326}}</ref> He used it as a major supply base that was relatively safe from the [[Saracen]]s. A year later Richard sold the island to the [[Knights Templar]], who, following a bloody revolt, in turn sold it to [[Guy of Lusignan]]. His brother and successor [[Aimery of Cyprus|Aimery]] was recognised as [[Kingdom of Cyprus|King of Cyprus]] by [[Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor]].<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov" />

Following the death in 1473 of [[James II of Cyprus|James II]], the last Lusignan king, the [[Republic of Venice]] assumed control of the island, while the late king's Venetian widow, Queen [[Catherine Cornaro]], reigned as figurehead. Venice formally annexed the [[Kingdom of Cyprus]] in 1489, following the abdication of Catherine.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov" /> The Venetians fortified [[Nicosia]] by building the [[Walls of Nicosia]], and used it as an important commercial hub. Throughout Venetian rule, the [[Ottoman Empire]] frequently raided Cyprus. In 1539 the Ottomans destroyed [[Limassol]] and so fearing the worst, the Venetians also fortified [[Famagusta]] and [[Kyrenia]].<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov" />

Although the Lusignan French aristocracy remained the dominant social class in Cyprus throughout the medieval period, the former assumption that Greeks were treated only as serfs on the island<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov" /> is no longer considered by academics to be accurate. It is now accepted that the medieval period saw increasing numbers of Greek Cypriots elevated to the upper classes, a growing Greek [[middle class|middle ranks]],<ref>See James G. Schryver, 'Colonialism or Conviviencia in Frankish Cyprus?' in I.W. Zartman (ed.), ''Understanding Life in the Borderlands: Boundaries in Depth and in Motio'' (Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 2010) pp. 133–159; see also Evangelia Skoufari "Cyprus during the 16th century: a Frankish kingdom, a Venetian colony, a multicultural society", in ''Joves pensant la Mediterrània – Mar de diàleg'', no. 5 dir. Enric Olivé Serret, Tarragona, Publicacions de la Universitat Rovira y Virgili, Tarragona 2008, pp. 283–295.</ref> and the Lusignan royal household even marrying Greeks. This included King [[John II of Cyprus]] who married [[Helena Palaiologina]].<ref>Benjamin Arbel, David Jacoby, ''Intercultural Contacts in the Medieval Mediterranean'', (London: Taylor and Francis, 1996) p. 45</ref>

===Cyprus under the Ottoman Empire===
[[File:Atlas Ortelius KB PPN369376781-073av-073br.jpg|thumb|left|''Cypri insvla nova descript 1573'', Ioannes á Deutecum f[ecit]. Map of Cyprus newly drawn by Johannes van Deutecom, 1573.]]
{{Main|Ottoman Cyprus}}
In 1570, a full-scale Ottoman assault with 60,000 troops brought the island under Ottoman control, despite stiff resistance by the inhabitants of Nicosia and Famagusta. Ottoman forces capturing Cyprus [[Cyprus massacre|massacred]] many Greek and Armenian Christian inhabitants.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://countrystudies.us/cyprus/7.htm |editor=Eric Solsten |title=Cyprus: A Country Study |location=Washington |publisher=GPO for the Library of Congress |website=Countrystudies.us |access-date=16 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117041546/http://countrystudies.us/cyprus/7.htm |archive-date=17 January 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> The previous Latin elite were destroyed and the first significant demographic change since antiquity took place with the formation of a Muslim community.<ref name=Mallinson>{{cite book |last=Mallinson |first=William |title=Cyprus: A Modern History |publisher= I. B. Tauris |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HEjkuhF2GsMC&pg=PA81 |isbn= 978-1-85043-580-8 |page=1}}</ref> Soldiers who fought in the conquest settled on the island and Turkish peasants and craftsmen were brought to the island from [[Anatolia]].<ref>{{citation |last=Orhonlu |first=Cengiz |year=2010 |chapter=The Ottoman Turks Settle in Cyprus |title=The First International Congress of Cypriot Studies: Presentations of the Turkish Delegation |editor1-last=Inalcık |editor1-first=Halil |page=99 |publisher=Institute for the Study of Turkish Culture}}</ref> This new community also included banished Anatolian tribes, "undesirable" persons and members of various "troublesome" Muslim sects, as well as a number of new converts on the island.<ref>{{citation |last=Jennings |first=Ronald |year=1993 |title=Christians and Muslims in Ottoman Cyprus and the Mediterranean World, 1571–1640 |page=232 |publisher=New York University Press |isbn=978-0-8147-4181-8}}</ref>
[[File:Buyuk Han, Nicosia - panoramio.jpg|thumb|[[Büyük Han]], a [[caravanserai]] in Nicosia, is an example of the surviving Ottoman architecture in Cyprus.]]
The Ottomans abolished the [[feudal]] system previously in place and applied the [[Millet (Ottoman Empire)|millet system]] to Cyprus, under which non-Muslim peoples were governed by their own religious authorities. In a reversal from the days of Latin rule, the head of the [[Church of Cyprus]] was invested as leader of the Greek Cypriot population and acted as mediator between Christian Greek Cypriots and the Ottoman authorities. This status ensured that the Church of Cyprus was in a position to end the constant encroachments of the Roman Catholic Church.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.cy/mfa/Embassies/Embassy_Madrid.nsf/all/6A33D29D666143A6C1257A36002ECA14/$file/ChipreUnaVisionHistorica.pdf?openelement |title=Cyprus a Historical Overview (Chipre Una Visión Historica) |work=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Cyprus website |first=William |last=Mallinson |format=PDF |language=es |access-date=22 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017133438/http://www.mfa.gov.cy/mfa/Embassies/Embassy_Madrid.nsf/all/6A33D29D666143A6C1257A36002ECA14/$file/ChipreUnaVisionHistorica.pdf?openelement |archive-date=17 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ottoman rule of Cyprus was at times indifferent, at times oppressive, depending on the temperaments of the sultans and local officials, and the island began over 250 years of economic decline.<ref name="Cyprus – Ottoman Rule">[http://countrystudies.us/cyprus/7.htm Cyprus – Ottoman Rule] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117041546/http://countrystudies.us/cyprus/7.htm }}, ''U.S. Library of Congress''</ref>

The ratio of Muslims to Christians fluctuated throughout the period of Ottoman domination. In 1777–78, 47,000 Muslims constituted a majority over the island's 37,000 Christians.<ref>{{citation |last=Hatay |first=Mete |year=2007 |title=Is the Turkish Cypriot population shrinking?|url=http://www.prio.org/Global/upload/Cyprus/Publications/Is%20the%20Turkish%20Cypriot%20Population%20Shrinking.pdf |page=19 |publisher=International Peace Research Institute |isbn=978-82-7288-244-9 |access-date=7 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702022552/https://www.prio.org/Global/upload/Cyprus/Publications/Is%20the%20Turkish%20Cypriot%20Population%20Shrinking.pdf |archive-date=2 July 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> By 1872, the population of the island had risen to 144,000, comprising 44,000 Muslims and 100,000 Christians.<ref>''Osmanli Nufusu 1830–1914'' by [[Kemal Karpat]], {{ISBN|975-333-169-X}} and ''Die Völker des Osmanischen'' by Ritter zur Helle von Samo.</ref> The Muslim population included numerous [[crypto-Christians]],<ref name="Jennings1992">{{cite book |author=Ronald Jennings |title=Christians and Muslims in Ottoman Cyprus and the Mediterranean World, 1571–1640 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dslYF9LopnMC&pg=PT596 |publisher=NYU Press |isbn=978-0-8147-4318-8 |pages=596– |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412181717/https://books.google.com/books?id=dslYF9LopnMC&pg=PT596 |archive-date=12 April 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> including the [[Linobambaki]], a crypto-Catholic community that arose due to religious persecution of the Catholic community by the Ottoman authorities;<ref name="Jennings1992"/><ref name="Savile1878">{{cite book |author=Captain A. R. Savile|title=Cyprus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nxj9a-Stax4C&pg=PA130|year=1878 |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |page=130 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911024127/https://books.google.com/books?id=nxj9a-Stax4C&pg=PA130 |archive-date=11 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> this community would assimilate into the Turkish Cypriot community during British rule.<ref name="Pericleous2009">{{cite book |author=Chrysostomos Pericleous |title=Cyprus Referendum: A Divided Island and the Challenge of the Annan Plan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PHQAAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA131 |year=2009 |publisher=I.B.Tauris |isbn=978-0-85771-193-9 |page=131 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911014545/https://books.google.com/books?id=PHQAAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA131 |archive-date=11 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

As soon as the [[Greek War of Independence]] broke out in 1821, several Greek Cypriots left for Greece to join the Greek forces. In response, the Ottoman governor of Cyprus arrested and executed 486 prominent Greek Cypriots, including the Archbishop of Cyprus, [[Kyprianos of Cyprus|Kyprianos]], and four other bishops.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mirbagheri |first1=Farid |title=Historical dictionary of Cyprus |publisher=Scarecrow Press |location=Lanham, Md. [u.a.] |isbn=978-0-8108-6298-2 |pages=xxvii, 124 |edition=[Online-Ausg.]. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f82Jn_H4VukC}}</ref> In 1828, modern Greece's first president [[Ioannis Kapodistrias]] called for union of Cyprus with Greece, and numerous minor uprisings took place.<ref name="William Mallinson, Bill Mallinson 2005 pp.10">{{cite book |author1=William Mallinson |author2=Bill Mallinson |title=Cyprus: a modern history |url=https://archive.org/details/cyprusmodernhist00mall |url-access=limited |publisher=I.B.Tauris |year= 2005 |page=[https://archive.org/details/cyprusmodernhist00mall/page/n30 10]|isbn=978-1-85043-580-8}}</ref> Reaction to Ottoman misrule led to uprisings by both Greek and Turkish Cypriots, although none were successful. After centuries of neglect by the Ottoman Empire, the poverty of most of the people and the ever-present tax collectors fuelled Greek nationalism, and by the 20th century the idea of ''[[enosis|union]]'' with newly independent Greece was firmly rooted among Greek Cypriots.<ref name="Cyprus – Ottoman Rule" />

Under Ottoman rule, numeracy, school enrolment and literacy rates were all low. They persisted some time after Ottoman rule ended, and then increased rapidly during the twentieth century.<ref>{{cite book |author=Baten, Jörg |title=A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=51 |isbn=978-1-107-50718-0}}</ref>

===Cyprus under the British Empire===
{{Main|British Cyprus|Modern history of Cyprus|Cyprus Emergency}}
[[File:Hosting the British flag at Nicosia.jpg|thumb|upright|Hoisting the British flag at Nicosia]]

In the aftermath of the [[Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)]] and the [[Congress of Berlin]], Cyprus was [[Cyprus Convention|leased]] to the [[British Empire]] which de facto took over its administration in 1878 (though, in terms of sovereignty, Cyprus remained a ''[[de jure]]'' Ottoman territory until 5 November 1914, together with [[Khedivate of Egypt|Egypt and Sudan]])<ref name="Lausanne-Egypt-Sudan-Cyprus"/> in exchange for guarantees that Britain would use the island as a base to protect the Ottoman Empire against possible Russian aggression.<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov" />

[[File:Cypriot demonstration 1930.jpg|thumb|[[Greek Cypriots|Greek Cypriot]] demonstrations for [[Enosis]] (union with Greece) in 1930]]
The island would serve Britain as a key military base for its colonial routes. By 1906, when the Famagusta harbour was completed, Cyprus was a strategic naval outpost overlooking the [[Suez Canal]], the crucial main route to India which was then Britain's most important overseas possession. Following the outbreak of the [[First World War]] and the decision of the Ottoman Empire to join the war on the side of the [[Central Powers]], on 5 November 1914 the British Empire formally annexed Cyprus and declared the Ottoman ''[[Khedive|Khedivate]]'' of [[Khedivate of Egypt|Egypt and Sudan]] a [[Sultanate of Egypt|''Sultanate'' and British protectorate]].<ref name="Lausanne-Egypt-Sudan-Cyprus"/><ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov"/>

In 1915, Britain offered Cyprus to Greece, ruled by King [[Constantine I of Greece]], on condition that Greece join the war on the side of the British. The offer was declined. In 1923, under the [[Treaty of Lausanne (1923)|Treaty of Lausanne]], the nascent Turkish republic relinquished any claim to Cyprus,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Xypolia |first=Ilia |title='Cypriot Muslims among Ottomans, Turks and British |journal=Bogazici Journal |year=2011 |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=109–120 |doi=10.21773/boun.25.2.6 |doi-access=free}}</ref> and in 1925 it was declared a British [[crown colony]].<ref name="lcweb2.loc.gov" /> During the [[Second World War]], many Greek and Turkish Cypriots enlisted in the [[Cyprus Regiment]].

The Greek Cypriot population, meanwhile, had become hopeful that the British administration would lead to ''enosis''. The idea of ''enosis'' was historically part of the ''[[Megali Idea]]'', a greater political ambition of a Greek state encompassing the territories with large Greek populations in the former Ottoman Empire, including Cyprus and [[Asia Minor]] with a capital in [[Constantinople]], and was actively pursued by the [[Cypriot Orthodox Church]], which had its members educated in Greece. These religious officials, together with Greek military officers and professionals, some of whom still pursued the ''Megali Idea'', would later found the guerrilla organisation [[EOKA]] ''(Ethniki Organosis Kyprion Agoniston'' or National Organisation of Cypriot Fighters).<ref name="lindsay14">{{cite book |last1=Ker-Lindsay |first1=James |title=The Cyprus Problem: What Everyone Needs to Know |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-975716-9 |pages=14–5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xTL382g5sWwC |quote=They hoped that the transfer of administration would pave the way for the island to be united with Greece—an aspiration known as 'enosis.' At the time, these calls for enosis were not just limited to Cyprus. Instead, Cyprus was part of a wider political movement ... This overarching political ambition was known as the Megali Idea (Great Idea).}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lange |first1=Matthew |title=Educations in Ethnic Violence: Identity, Educational Bubbles, and Resource Mobilization |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-50544-4 |page=88 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ac2NRpHoY3EC}}</ref> The Greek Cypriots viewed the island as historically Greek and believed that union with Greece was a natural right.<ref name="diez83" /> In the 1950s, the pursuit of ''enosis'' became a part of the Greek national policy.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Huth |first1=Paul |title=Standing Your Ground: Territorial Disputes and International Conflict |publisher=University of Michigan Press |isbn=978-0-472-02204-5 |page=206 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NIAc-R5fgQoC |quote=From early 1950s onward Greece has favored union with Cyprus through a policy of enosis}}</ref>

[[File:Street riot in Nicosia 1956.jpg|thumb|A British soldier facing a crowd of Greek Cypriot demonstrators in Nicosia (1956)]]

Initially, the Turkish Cypriots favoured the continuation of the British rule.<ref name=papadakis2>{{cite book |last1=Papadakis |first1=Yiannis |last2=Peristianis |first2=Nicos |last3=Welz |first3=Gisela |title=Divided Cyprus: Modernity, History, and an Island in Conflict |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-11191-3 |page=2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wzPG7b_m4swC&pg=PA2}}</ref> However, they were alarmed by the Greek Cypriot calls for ''enosis'', as they saw the union of [[Cretan State|Crete]] with Greece, which led to the exodus of [[Cretan Turks]], as a precedent to be avoided,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Isachenko |first1=Daria |title=The Making of Informal States: Statebuilding in Northern Cyprus and Transdniestria |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-0-230-39207-6 |page=37 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FQeVnXmjBzYC&pg=PA37}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Pericleous |first1=Chrysostomos |title=Cyprus Referendum: A Divided Island and the Challenge of the Annan Plan |publisher=I.B. Tauris |isbn=978-0-85771-193-9 |pages=135–6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PHQAAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA135}}</ref> and they took a pro-partition stance in response to the militant activity of EOKA.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mirbagheri |first1=Farid |title=Historical Dictionary of Cyprus |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-6298-2 |page=xiv|quote=Greek Cypriots engaged in a military campaign for enosis, union with Greece. Turkish Cypriots, in response, expressed their desire for taksim, partition of the island.}}</ref> The Turkish Cypriots also viewed themselves as a distinct ethnic group of the island and believed in their having a separate right to [[self-determination]] from Greek Cypriots.<ref name=diez83>{{cite book |last1=Diez |first1=Thomas |title=The European Union and the Cyprus Conflict: Modern Conflict, Postmodern Union |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=978-0-7190-6079-3 |page=83 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A4QTUWBEC2kC&pg=PA83}}</ref> Meanwhile, in the 1950s, Turkish leader [[Adnan Menderes|Menderes]] considered Cyprus an "extension of Anatolia", rejected the partition of Cyprus along ethnic lines and favoured the annexation of the whole island to Turkey. Nationalistic slogans centred on the idea that "Cyprus is Turkish" and the ruling party declared Cyprus to be a part of the Turkish homeland that was vital to its security. Upon realising that the fact that the Turkish Cypriot population was only 20% of the islanders made annexation unfeasible, the national policy was changed to favour partition. The slogan "Partition or Death" was frequently used in Turkish Cypriot and Turkish protests starting in the late 1950s and continuing throughout the 1960s. Although after the Zürich and London conferences Turkey seemed to accept the existence of the Cypriot state and to distance itself from its policy of favouring the partition of the island, the goal of the Turkish and Turkish Cypriot leaders remained that of creating an independent Turkish state in the northern part of the island.<ref name="(Ozkan)2012">{{cite book |author=Behlul (Behlul) Ozkan (Ozkan) |title=From the Abode of Islam to the Turkish Vatan: The Making of a National Homeland in Turkey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kCArlsRcHUMC&pg=PA199 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-18351-1 |page=199 |quote=In line with the nationalist rhetoric that "Cyprus is Turkish", Menderes predicated his declaration upon the geographic proximity between Cyprus and Anatolia, thereby defining "Cyprus as an extension of Anatolia". It was striking that Menderes rejected partitioning the island into two ethnic states, a position that would define Turkey's foreign policy regarding Cyprus after 1957|access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915212612/https://books.google.com/books?id=kCArlsRcHUMC&pg=PA199 |archive-date=15 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BellingeriKappler2005">{{cite book |author1=G. Bellingeri |author2=T. Kappler |title=Cipro oggi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pUcSji-f1zYC&pg=PA27 |year=2005 |publisher=Casa editrice il Ponte |isbn=978-88-89465-07-3 |pages=27–29 |quote=The educational and political mobilisation between 1948–1958, aiming at raising Turkish national consciousness, resulted in the involving Turkey as motherland in the Cyprus Question. From then on, Turkey, would work hand in hand with the Turkish Cypriot leadership and the British government to oppose the Greek Cypriot demand for Enosis and realise the partition of Cyprus, which meanwhile became the national policy. |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911010743/https://books.google.com/books?id=pUcSji-f1zYC&pg=PA27 |archive-date=11 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In January 1950, the Church of Cyprus organised a [[Cypriot enosis referendum, 1950|referendum]] under the supervision of clerics and with no Turkish Cypriot participation,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Grob-Fitzgibbon |first1=Benjamin |title=Imperial Endgame: Britain's Dirty Wars and the End of Empire |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-0-230-30038-5 |page=285}}</ref> where 96% of the participating Greek Cypriots voted in favour of ''enosis'',<ref name="Tatum2002">{{cite book|author=Dale C. Tatum |title=Who Influenced Whom?: Lessons from the Cold War |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=70NxlYekQIgC&pg=PA43 |access-date=21 August 2013 |publisher=University Press of America |isbn=978-0-7618-2444-2 |page=43 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012220734/http://books.google.com/books?id=70NxlYekQIgC&pg=PA43 |archive-date=12 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Kourvetaris, George A. |title=Studies on modern Greek society and politics |publisher=East European Monographs |year=1999 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bE5oAAAAMAAJ&q=90%25 |page=347 |isbn=978-0-88033-432-7}}</ref><ref name="Hoffmeister" />{{rp|9}} The Greeks were 80.2% of the total island' s population at the time ([[Demographics of Cyprus|census 1946]]). Restricted autonomy under a constitution was proposed by the British administration but eventually rejected. In 1955 the EOKA organisation was founded, seeking union with Greece through armed struggle. At the same time the [[Turkish Resistance Organisation]] (TMT), calling for Taksim, or partition, was established by the Turkish Cypriots as a counterweight.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cyprus-conflict.net/www.cyprus-conflict.net/mavratsas.html |title=Politics, Social Memory, and Identity in Greek Cyprus since 1974 |author=Caesar V. Mavratsas |publisher=cyprus-conflict.net |access-date=13 October 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080605233259/http://www.cyprus-conflict.net/www.cyprus-conflict.net/mavratsas.html |archive-date=5 June 2008}}</ref> British officials also tolerated the creation of the Turkish underground organisation T.M.T. The Secretary of State for the Colonies in a letter dated 15 July 1958 had advised the Governor of Cyprus not to act against T.M.T despite its illegal actions so as not to harm British relations with the Turkish government.<ref name="BellingeriKappler2005" />

===Independence and inter-communal violence===
{{Main|Cyprus crisis of 1963–64}}
{{multiple image
|align = right
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|image1 = Makarios III and Robert F. Wagner NYWTS cropped.jpg
|width1 = 135
|image2 = Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F014934-0068, Fazil Kutschuk.jpg
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|footer = The first president of Cyprus, [[Makarios III]] (left) and the first vice-president of Cyprus, [[Fazıl Küçük]] (right).
}}Cyprus was placed under the [[United Kingdom]]'s administration based on the [[Cyprus Convention]] in 1878 and was formally annexed by the UK in 1914. The future of the island became a matter of disagreement between the two prominent ethnic communities, [[Greek Cypriots]], who made up 77% of the population in 1960, and [[Turkish Cypriots]], who made up 18% of the population. From the 19th century onwards, the Greek Cypriot population pursued ''[[enosis]]'', union with [[Greece]], which became a Greek national policy in the 1950s.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Faustmann |first1=Hubert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AzIXtVdDDwgC&pg=PA48 |title=The Government and Politics of Cyprus |last2=Ker-Lindsay |first2=James |publisher=Peter Lang |year=2008 |isbn=978-3-03911-096-4 |page=48}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Mirbagheri |first1=Farid |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f82Jn_H4VukC&pg=PA25 |title=Historical Dictionary of Cyprus |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=9780810862982 |page=25}}</ref> The Turkish Cypriot population initially advocated the continuation of the British rule, then demanded the annexation of the island to Turkey, and in the 1950s, together with Turkey, established a policy of ''[[Taksim (politics)|taksim]]'', the partition of Cyprus and the creation of a Turkish polity in the north.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Trimikliniotis |first1=Nicos |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zS_HAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA104 |title=Beyond a Divided Cyprus: A State and Society in Transformation |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1-137-10080-1 |page=104}}</ref>[[File:Ethnographic distribution in Cyprus 1960.jpg|thumb|Ethnic map of Cyprus according to the 1960 census]]
On 16 August 1960, Cyprus attained independence after the [[Zürich and London Agreement]] between the United Kingdom, Greece and Turkey. Cyprus had a total population of 573,566; of whom 442,138 (77.1%) were Greeks, 104,320 (18.2%) Turks, and 27,108 (4.7%) others.<ref name="countrystudies.us">[http://countrystudies.us/cyprus/21.htm Eric Solsten, ed. ''Cyprus: A Country Study''] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511100228/http://countrystudies.us/cyprus/21.htm }}, Library of Congress, Washington, DC, 1991.</ref> The UK retained the two [[Sovereign Base Areas]] of [[Akrotiri and Dhekelia]], while government posts and public offices were allocated by ethnic quotas, giving the minority Turkish Cypriots a permanent veto, 30% in parliament and administration, and granting the three mother-states guarantor rights.

However, the division of power as foreseen by the constitution soon resulted in legal impasses and discontent on both sides, and nationalist militants started training again, with the military support of Greece and Turkey respectively. The Greek Cypriot leadership believed that the rights given to Turkish Cypriots under the 1960 constitution were too extensive and designed the [[Akritas plan]], which was aimed at reforming the constitution in favour of Greek Cypriots, persuading the international community about the correctness of the changes and violently subjugating Turkish Cypriots in a few days should they not accept the plan.<ref name="country12">[http://countrystudies.us/cyprus/12.htm Eric Solsten, ed. ''Cyprus: A Country Study''] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111012050603/http://countrystudies.us/cyprus/12.htm }}, Library of Congress, Washington, DC, 1991.</ref> Tensions were heightened when Cypriot President Archbishop [[Makarios III]] called for [[Zürich and London Agreement#13 Amendments proposed by Makarios III|constitutional changes]], which were rejected by Turkey<ref name="Hoffmeister">{{cite book |author=Hoffmeister, Frank |title=Legal aspects of the Cyprus problem: Annan Plan and EU accession |publisher=EMartinus Nijhoff Publishers |year=2006 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LZXbg3ZwvGoC |isbn=978-90-04-15223-6}}</ref>{{rp|17–20}} and opposed by Turkish Cypriots.<ref name="country12" />

Intercommunal violence [[Bloody Christmas (1963)|erupted]] on 21 December 1963, when two Turkish Cypriots were killed at an incident involving the Greek Cypriot police. The violence resulted in the death of 364 Turkish and 174 Greek Cypriots,<ref name=oberling120>Oberling, Pierre. ''The road to Bellapais'' (1982), Social Science Monographs, [https://books.google.com/books?id=XIK6AAAAIAAJ&q=According+to+official+records%2C+364+Turkish+Cypriots+and+174+Greek+Cypriots+were+killed+during+the+1963-1964+crisis. p. 120] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428082807/https://books.google.com/books?id=XIK6AAAAIAAJ&q=According+to+official+records,+364+Turkish+Cypriots+and+174+Greek+Cypriots+were+killed+during+the+1963-1964+crisis. }}: "According to official records, 364 Turkish Cypriots and 174 Greek Cypriots were killed during the 1963–1964 crisis."</ref> destruction of 109 Turkish Cypriot or mixed villages and displacement of 25,000–30,000 Turkish Cypriots. The crisis resulted in the end of the Turkish Cypriot involvement in the administration and their claiming that it had lost its legitimacy;<ref name="Hoffmeister" />{{rp|56–59}} the nature of this event is still controversial. In some areas, Greek Cypriots prevented Turkish Cypriots from travelling and entering government buildings, while some Turkish Cypriots willingly withdrew due to the calls of the Turkish Cypriot administration.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ker-Lindsay |first1=James |title=The Cyprus Problem: What Everyone Needs to Know |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-975716-9 |pages=35–6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xTL382g5sWwC}}</ref> Turkish Cypriots started living in [[Turkish Cypriot enclaves|enclaves]]. The republic's structure was changed, unilaterally, by Makarios, and Nicosia was divided by the [[Green Line (Cyprus)|Green Line]], with the deployment of [[UNFICYP]] troops.<ref name="Hoffmeister" />{{rp|56–59}}

In 1964, Turkey threatened to invade Cyprus<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/10/newsid_3037000/3037898.stm |work=BBC News |access-date=25 October 2009 |title=1964: Guns fall silent in Cyprus |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217190225/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/10/newsid_3037000/3037898.stm |archive-date=17 December 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> in response to the continuing [[Cypriot intercommunal violence]], but this was stopped by a strongly worded telegram from the US President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] on 5 June, warning that the US would not stand beside Turkey in case of a consequential Soviet invasion of Turkish territory.<ref>{{cite book |title=Johnson's 1964 letter to Inonu and Greek lobbying of the White House |author=Jacob M. Landau|publisher=Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Leonard Davis Institute for International Relations |year=1979}}</ref> Meanwhile, by 1964, ''enosis'' was a Greek policy and would not be abandoned; Makarios and the Greek prime minister [[Georgios Papandreou]] agreed that ''enosis'' should be the ultimate aim and King [[Constantine II of Greece|Constantine]] wished Cyprus "a speedy union with the mother country". Greece dispatched 10,000 troops to Cyprus to counter a possible Turkish invasion.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mirbagheri |first1=Farid |title=Cyprus and International Peacemaking 1964–1986 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-67752-6 |page=28 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Znp9AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28}}</ref>

Following [[Cyprus Emergency|nationalist violence in the 1950s]], Cyprus was [[London and Zürich Agreements|granted independence]] in 1960.<ref name="independence">[http://www.parliament.cy/parliamenteng/index.htm Cyprus date of independence] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060613002758/http://www.parliament.cy/parliamenteng/index.htm}} (click on Historical review)</ref> The [[Bloody Christmas (1963)|crisis of 1963–64]] brought further [[Cypriot intercommunal violence|intercommunal violence]] between the two communities, displaced more than 25,000 Turkish Cypriots into [[Turkish Cypriot enclaves|enclaves]]<ref name="Hoffmeister" />{{rp|56–59}}<ref name="IntercommunalViolence">{{cite web |title=U.S. Library of Congress – Country Studies – Cyprus – Intercommunal Violence |url=http://countrystudies.us/cyprus/13.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623135118/http://countrystudies.us/cyprus/13.htm |archive-date=23 June 2011 |access-date=25 October 2009 |publisher=Countrystudies.us}}</ref> and brought the end of Turkish Cypriot representation in the republic. On 15 July 1974, a [[1974 Cypriot coup d'état|coup d'état]] was staged by [[EOKA B|Greek Cypriot nationalists]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Mallinson |first=William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HEjkuhF2GsMC&pg=PA81 |title=Cyprus: A Modern History |publisher=I. B. Tauris |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-85043-580-8 |page=81}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=website |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/2297653.stm |url-status=live |access-date=25 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040726144124/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/2297653.stm |archive-date=26 July 2004}}</ref> and elements of the [[Greek military junta of 1967–1974|Greek military junta]]<ref name="danopoulos">{{cite book |author1=Constantine Panos Danopoulos |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wU_587RXIvsC&pg=PA260 |title=Civil-military Relations, Nation Building, and National Identity: Comparative Perspectives |author2=Dhirendra K. Vajpeyi |author3=Amir Bar-Or |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-275-97923-2 |page=260 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915230348/https://books.google.com/books?id=wU_587RXIvsC&pg=PA260 |archive-date=15 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> in an attempt at ''enosis''. This action precipitated the [[Turkish invasion of Cyprus]] on 20 July,<ref name="Benvenisti2012"/> which led to the capture of the present-day territory of [[Northern Cyprus]] and the [[Cypriot refugees|displacement]] of over 150,000 Greek Cypriots<ref>Barbara Rose Johnston, Susan Slyomovics. ''Waging War, Making Peace: Reparations and Human Rights'' (2009), American Anthropological Association Reparations Task Force, [https://books.google.com/books?id=jOU9_BQU9SYC&pg=PA211 p. 211] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412133508/https://books.google.com/books?id=jOU9_BQU9SYC&pg=PA211}}</ref><ref>Morelli, Vincent. ''Cyprus: Reunification Proving Elusive'' (2011), DIANE Publishing, [https://books.google.com/books?id=dyWwReoc81oC&pg=PA10 p. 10] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413033218/https://books.google.com/books?id=dyWwReoc81oC&pg=PA10&}}</ref> and 50,000 Turkish Cypriots.<ref>Borowiec, Andrew. ''Cyprus: A Troubled Island'' (2000), Greenwood Publishing Group, [https://books.google.com/books?id=hzEDg6-d80MC&pg=PA125 p. 125] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412142842/https://books.google.com/books?id=hzEDg6-d80MC&pg=PA125}}</ref> A separate Turkish Cypriot state in the north was [[Declaration of Independence of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus|established by unilateral declaration]] in 1983; the move was widely condemned by the [[international community]], with Turkey alone [[List of states with limited recognition|recognising]] the new state. These events and the resulting political situation are matters of a [[Cyprus dispute|continuing dispute]].

===1974 coup d'état, invasion, and division===
{{Main|1974 Cypriot coup d'état|Turkish invasion of Cyprus}}
[[File:Famagusta-Varosha 2007.JPG|thumb|[[Varosha, Famagusta|Varosha (Maraş)]], a suburb of Famagusta, was abandoned when its inhabitants fled in 1974 and remains under Turkish military control.]]
On 15 July 1974, the [[Greek military junta of 1967–1974|Greek military junta]] under [[Dimitrios Ioannides]] carried out a [[1974 Cypriot coup d'état|coup d'état]] in Cyprus, to [[Enosis|unite the island with Greece]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Papadakis |first1=Yiannis |title=Nation, narrative and commemoration: political ritual in divided Cyprus |journal=History and Anthropology |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=253–270 |doi=10.1080/0275720032000136642 |s2cid=143231403 |quote=culminating in the 1974 coup aimed at the annexation of Cyprus to Greece}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Atkin |first1=Nicholas |last2=Biddiss |first2=Michael |last3=Tallett |first3=Frank |title=The Wiley-Blackwell Dictionary of Modern European History Since 1789 |isbn=978-1-4443-9072-8 |page=184 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1QyXCTW_MCQC }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Journal of international law and practice, Volume 5 |publisher=Detroit College of Law at Michigan State University |page=204}}</ref> The coup ousted president [[Makarios III]] and replaced him with pro-[[enosis]] nationalist [[Nikos Sampson]].<ref name="Time">{{Cite magazine |title=Cyprus: Big Troubles over a Small Island |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,911440,00.html |access-date=13 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111221060408/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,911440,00.html |archive-date=21 December 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In response to the coup,{{efn|See:<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ronen |first1=Yaël |title=Transition from Illegal Regimes under International Law |date=2011 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-49617-9 |page=62 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4OEHtL5xoroC |quote=Tensions escalated again in July 1974, following a coup d'état by Greek Cypriots favouring a union of Cyprus with Greece. In response to the coup, Turkey invaded Cyprus.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bryant |first1=Rebecca |last2=Papadakis |first2=Yiannis|title=Cyprus and the Politics of Memory: History, Community and Conflict |publisher=I.B.Tauris |isbn=978-1-78076-107-7 |page=5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y4WUhDjksUUC|quote=In response to the coup, Turkey launched a military offensive in Cyprus that divided the island along the Green Line, which now splits the entire island.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Diez |first1=Thomas |title=The European Union and the Cyprus Conflict: Modern Conflict, Postmodern Union |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=978-0-7190-6079-3 |page=105|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A4QTUWBEC2kC |quote=Turkey did, however, act unilaterally in 1974, in response to a military coup in Cyprus instigated by the military junta ruling then in Greece with the apparent objective of annexing the island.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ker-Lindsay |first1=James |last2=Faustmann |first2=Hubert |last3=Mullen |first3=Fiona |title=An Island in Europe: The EU and the Transformation of Cyprus |publisher=I.B. Tauris |page=3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R1QEn3G4L7MC|quote=Divided since 1974, when Turkish forces invaded in response to a Greek led coup, many observers felt that taking in the island would either be far too risky or far too problematic. |isbn=9781848856783}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Mirbagheri |first1=Faruk |title=Historical Dictionary of Cyprus |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-6298-2 |page=43 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f82Jn_H4VukC |quote=On 20 July 1974, in response to the coup and justifying its action under the Treaty of Guarantee, Turkey landed forces in Kyrenia.}}</ref>}} five days later, on 20 July 1974, the [[Turkish invasion of Cyprus|Turkish army invaded]] the island, citing a right to intervene to restore the constitutional order from the 1960 [[Treaty of Guarantee (1960)|Treaty of Guarantee]]. This justification has been rejected by the United Nations and the international community.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gray |first1=Christine |title=International Law and the Use of Force |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-102162-6 |page=94 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qnFCAgAAQBAJ}}</ref>

The Turkish air force began bombing Greek positions in Cyprus, and hundreds of [[paratroopers]] were dropped in the area between Nicosia and Kyrenia, where well-armed Turkish Cypriot enclaves had been long-established; while off the Kyrenia coast, Turkish troop ships landed 6,000 men as well as tanks, trucks and armoured vehicles.<ref name="Theodoracopulos1978">{{cite book |author=Taki Theodoracopulos |title=The Greek Upheaval: Kings, Demagogues, and Bayonets |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZPscAAAAYAAJ |publisher=Caratzas Bros. |isbn=978-0-89241-080-4 |page=66 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911011201/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZPscAAAAYAAJ |archive-date=11 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="SolstenDivision1993">{{cite book |author1=Eric Solsten |author2=Library of Congress. Federal Research Division |title=Cyprus, a country study |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5UuFAAAAIAAJ |year=1993 |publisher=Federal Research Division, Library of Congress |isbn=978-0-8444-0752-4 |page=219 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905234346/https://books.google.com/books?id=5UuFAAAAIAAJ |archive-date=5 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Three days later, when a ceasefire had been agreed,<ref name="O'MalleyCraig2001">{{cite book |author1=Brendan O'Malley |author2=Ian Craig |title=The Cyprus Conspiracy: America, Espionage and the Turkish Invasion |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Jz3AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA195 |publisher=I.B. Tauris |isbn=978-0-85773-016-9 |pages=195–197 |access-date=11 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412182115/https://books.google.com/books?id=4Jz3AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA195 |archive-date=12 April 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Turkey had landed 30,000 troops on the island and captured Kyrenia, the corridor linking Kyrenia to Nicosia, and the Turkish Cypriot quarter of Nicosia itself.<ref name="O'MalleyCraig2001" /> The junta in [[Athens]], and then the Sampson regime in Cyprus fell from power. In Nicosia, [[Glafkos Clerides]] temporarily assumed the presidency.<ref name="O'MalleyCraig2001" /> But after the peace negotiations in [[Geneva]], the Turkish government reinforced their Kyrenia bridgehead and started a second invasion on 14 August.<ref name="Bose2009">{{cite book |author=Sumantra Bose |title=Contested Lands: Israel-Palestine, Kashmir, Bosnia, Cyprus, and Sri Lanka |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KKZcgOJPjVkC&pg=PA86 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-02856-2 |page=86 |access-date=11 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412133548/https://books.google.com/books?id=KKZcgOJPjVkC&pg=PA86 |archive-date=12 April 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> The invasion resulted in [[Morphou]], [[Karpass Peninsula|Karpass]], Famagusta and the [[Mesaoria]] coming under Turkish control.

International pressure led to a ceasefire, and by then 36% of the island had been taken over by the Turks and 180,000 Greek Cypriots had been evicted from their homes in the north.<ref>U.S. Congressional Record, V. 147, Pt. 3, 8 March 2001 to 26 March 2001 [https://books.google.com/books?id=fJ9DhiRRtIoC&pg=PA4095] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910224624/https://books.google.com/books?id=fJ9DhiRRtIoC&pg=PA4095}}</ref> At the same time, around 50,000 Turkish Cypriots were displaced to the north and settled in the properties of the displaced Greek Cypriots. Among a variety of sanctions against Turkey, in mid-1975 the US Congress imposed an arms embargo on Turkey for using US-supplied equipment during the [[Turkish invasion of Cyprus]] in 1974.<ref>{{cite book |title=Turkey and the United States: The Arms Embargo Period |publisher=Praeger Publishers (5 August 1986) |isbn=978-0275921415 |year=1986}}</ref> There were 1,534 Greek Cypriots<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cyprus-mail.com/news/main.php?id=34064&cat_id=1 |title=Over 100 missing identified so far |newspaper=Cyprus Mail |access-date=13 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927202937/http://www.cyprus-mail.com/news/main.php?id=34064&cat_id=1 |archive-date=27 September 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and 502 Turkish Cypriots<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cyprus-mail.com/news/main.php?id=30795&cat_id=1 |title=Missing cause to get cash injection |newspaper=Cyprus Mail |access-date=13 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930014514/http://www.cyprus-mail.com/news/main.php?id=30795&cat_id=1 |archive-date=30 September 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> missing as a result of the fighting from 1963 to 1974.

The Republic of Cyprus has ''[[de jure]]'' [[sovereignty]] over the entire island, including its [[territorial waters]] and [[exclusive economic zone]], with the exception of the Sovereign Base Areas of [[Akrotiri and Dhekelia]], which remain under the UK's control according to the [[London-Zürich Agreements|London and Zürich Agreements]]. However, the Republic of Cyprus is de facto partitioned into two main parts: the area under the effective control of the Republic, located in the south and west and comprising about 59% of the island's area, and the north,<ref>{{cite web |title=According to the United Nations Security Council Resolutions 550 and 541 |url=https://www.un.org/documents/sc/res/1984/scres84.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090319123420/http://www.un.org/documents/sc/res/1984/scres84.htm |archive-date=19 March 2009 |access-date=27 March 2009 |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> administered by the self-declared [[Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus]], covering about 36% of the island's area. Another nearly 4% of the island's area is covered by the [[United Nations Buffer Zone in Cyprus|UN buffer zone]]. The international community considers the northern part of the island to be territory of the Republic of Cyprus occupied by Turkish forces.{{efn|See:<ref name="Conference2007">{{cite book |author=European Consortium for Church-State Research. Conference |title=Churches and Other Religious Organisations as Legal Persons: Proceedings of the 17th Meeting of the European Consortium for Church and State Research, Höör (Sweden), 17–20 November 2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hogL92shGUIC&pg=PA50 |year=2007 |publisher=Peeters Publishers |isbn=978-90-429-1858-0 |page=50 |quote=There is little data concerning recognition of the 'legal status' of religions in the occupied territories, since any acts of the 'Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus' are not recognized by either the Republic of Cyprus or the international community.|access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412144859/https://books.google.com/books?id=hogL92shGUIC&pg=PA50 |archive-date=12 April 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Quigley">{{cite book |author=Quigley |title=The Statehood of Palestine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iTR3BQ0aJ6UC&pg=PA164 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-49124-2 |page=164 |quote=The international community found this declaration invalid, on the ground that Turkey had occupied territory belonging to Cyprus and that the putative state was therefore an infringement on Cypriot sovereignty. |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906001102/https://books.google.com/books?id=iTR3BQ0aJ6UC&pg=PA164 |archive-date=6 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Tocci2004">{{cite book |author=Nathalie Tocci |author-link=Nathalie Tocci |title=EU Accession Dynamics and Conflict Resolution: Catalysing Peace Or Consolidating Partition in Cyprus?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T6Z0Io3kQZ4C&pg=PA56 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. |isbn=978-0-7546-4310-4 |page=56 |quote=The occupied territory included 70 percent of the island's economic potential with over 50 percent of the industrial ... In addition, since partition Turkey encouraged mainland immigration to northern Cyprus. ... The international community, excluding Turkey, condemned the unilateral declaration of independence (UDI) as a. |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915202840/https://books.google.com/books?id=T6Z0Io3kQZ4C&pg=PA56 |archive-date=15 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="WivelSteinmetz2013">{{cite book |author1=Dr Anders Wivel |author2=Robert Steinmetz |title=Small States in Europe: Challenges and Opportunities |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iUeWqEjS6-IC&pg=PA165 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. |isbn=978-1-4094-9958-9 |page=165 |quote=To this day, it remains unrecognised by the international community, except by Turkey |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150922110421/https://books.google.com/books?id=iUeWqEjS6-IC&pg=PA165 |archive-date=22 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Neville2013">{{cite book|author=Peter Neville |title=Historical Dictionary of British Foreign Policy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dVosJPY04xAC&pg=PA293 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-7371-1 |page=293 |quote=Ecevit ordered the army to occupy the Turkish area on 20 July 1974. It became the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, but Britain, like the rest of the international community, except Turkey, refused to extend diplomatic recognition to the enclave. British efforts to secure Turkey's removal from its surrogate territory after 1974 failed. |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918212811/https://books.google.com/books?id=dVosJPY04xAC&pg=PA293 |archive-date=18 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>}} The occupation is viewed as illegal under international law and amounting to illegal occupation of EU territory since Cyprus became a member of the [[European Union]].<ref name="Ker-LindsayFaustmann2011">{{cite book |author1=James Ker-Lindsay |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R1QEn3G4L7MC&pg=PA15 |title=An Island in Europe: The EU and the Transformation of Cyprus |author2=Hubert Faustmann |author3=Fiona Mullen |publisher=I.B.Tauris |isbn=978-1-84885-678-3 |page=15 |quote=Classified as illegal under international law, and now due to Cyprus' accession into the [[European Union]] is also an illegal occupation of EU territory. |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918194718/https://books.google.com/books?id=R1QEn3G4L7MC&pg=PA15 |archive-date=18 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Post-division===
[[File:Cy-map.png|thumb|upright=1.6|A map showing the division of Cyprus]]

After the restoration of constitutional order and the return of Archbishop [[Makarios III]] to Cyprus in December 1974, Turkish troops remained, occupying the northeastern portion of the island. In 1983, the [[Assembly of the Republic (Northern Cyprus)|Turkish Cypriot parliament]], led by the Turkish Cypriot leader [[Rauf Denktaş]], [[Declaration of Independence of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus|proclaimed]] the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC), which is recognised only by Turkey.<ref name=CIA2019/>

The events of the summer of 1974 dominate the [[Cyprus dispute|politics]] on the island, as well as [[Greco-Turkish relations]]. [[Turkish settlers in Northern Cyprus|Turkish settlers]] have been settled in the north with the encouragement of the Turkish and Turkish Cypriot states. The Republic of Cyprus considers their presence a violation of the [[Geneva Convention]],<ref name="Hoffmeister" />{{rp|56–59}} whilst many Turkish settlers have since severed their ties to Turkey and their second generation considers Cyprus to be their homeland.<ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Human Rights, Volume 5 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0195334029 |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofhu0005unse_j7e0/page/460 460] |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofhu0005unse_j7e0 |url-access=registration}}</ref>
[[File:EU Foreign Ministers Gymnich Meeting in Cyprus. 7.-8. September 2012 (7954502290).jpg|thumb|Foreign Ministers of the European Union countries in Limassol during Cyprus Presidency of the EU in 2012]]
The Turkish invasion, the ensuing occupation and the declaration of independence by the TRNC have been condemned by United Nations resolutions, which are reaffirmed by the Security Council every year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cyprusun.org/?cat=52 |title=Full list UN Resolutions on Cyprus |publisher=Un.int |access-date=29 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120930051656/http://www.cyprusun.org/?cat=52 |archive-date=30 September 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> Attempts to resolve the Cyprus dispute have continued. In 2004, the [[Annan Plan]], drafted by the UN Secretary General [[Kofi Annan]], was put to a [[Cypriot Annan Plan referendums, 2004|referendum]] in both Northern Cyprus and the Cypriot Republic. 65% of Turkish Cypriots voted in support of the plan and 74% Greek Cypriots voted against the plan, claiming that it disproportionately favoured the Turkish side.<ref name="palley">{{cite book |last=Palley |first=Claire |title=An International Relations Debacle: The UN Secretary-general's Mission of Good Offices in Cyprus 1999–2004 |publisher=Hart Publishing |page=224 |isbn=978-1-84113-578-6}}</ref> In total, 66.7% of the voters [[Cypriot Annan Plan referendum, 2004|rejected the Annan Plan]].

On 1 May 2004 Cyprus joined the [[European Union]], together with nine other countries.<ref>Stephanos Constantinides & Joseph Joseph, 'Cyprus and the European Union: Beyond Accession', ''Études helléniques/Hellenic Studies'' 11 (2), Autumn 2003</ref> Cyprus was accepted into the EU as a whole, although the EU legislation is suspended in Northern Cyprus until a final settlement of the Cyprus problem.

Efforts have been made to enhance freedom of movement between the two sides. In April 2003, Northern Cyprus unilaterally eased border restrictions, permitting Cypriots to cross between the two sides for the first time in 30 years.<ref>{{cite news |url-status=live |title=Emotion as Cyprus border opens |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2969089.stm |access-date=3 May 2016 |work=BBC News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304065858/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2969089.stm |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> In March 2008, a wall that had stood for decades at the boundary between the Republic of Cyprus and the [[United Nations Buffer Zone in Cyprus|UN buffer zone]] was demolished.<ref name="BBC-Cypriots">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6433045.stm |title=Greek Cypriots dismantle barrier |work=BBC News |access-date=7 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307041606/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6433045.stm |archive-date=7 March 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref> The wall had cut across [[Ledra Street]] in the heart of Nicosia and was seen as a strong symbol of the island's 32-year division. On 3 April 2008, Ledra Street was reopened in the presence of Greek and Turkish Cypriot officials.<ref>[http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/04/03/europe/EU-GEN-Cyprus-Ledra-Street.php Ledra Street crossing opens in Cyprus] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080615132540/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/04/03/europe/EU-GEN-Cyprus-Ledra-Street.php }}. [[Associated Press]] article published on [[International Herald Tribune]] Website, 3 April 2008</ref> North and South relaunched reunification talks in 2015,<ref>{{cite news |last=Hadjicostis |first=Menelaos |title=UN envoy says Cyprus reunification talks to resume May 15 |url=https://apnews.com/b80d6a4b9c50403589f4582f7ebcf0d6 |work=Associated Press News |access-date=24 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524115638/http://www.apnewsarchive.com/2015/UN-envoy-says-divided-Cyprus-rival-leaders-to-restart-stalled-reunification-talks-May-15/id-b80d6a4b9c50403589f4582f7ebcf0d6 |archive-date=24 May 2015 | url-status=live }}</ref> but these collapsed in 2017.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Smith |first1=Helena |title=Cyprus reunification talks collapse amid angry scenes |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jul/07/cyprus-reunification-talks-collapse-amid-angry-scenes |website=The Guardian |access-date=1 March 2021 |archive-date=7 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707144641/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jul/07/cyprus-reunification-talks-collapse-amid-angry-scenes |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[European Union]] issued a warning in February 2019 that Cyprus, an EU member, was selling [[Passports of the European Union|EU passports]] to Russian oligarchs, saying it would allow [[organised crime]] syndicates to infiltrate the EU.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/02/cyprus-golden-passports-bring-russians-eu-190202172320680.html |title=Cyprus 'golden passports' bring Russians into the EU |work=Al Jazeera |access-date=4 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204165732/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/02/cyprus-golden-passports-bring-russians-eu-190202172320680.html |archive-date=4 February 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2020, leaked documents revealed a wider range of former and current officials from Afghanistan, China, Dubai, Lebanon, the Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, Ukraine and Vietnam who bought a Cypriot citizenship prior to a change of the law in July 2019.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/08/exclusive-cyprus-sold-passports-politically-exposed-persons-200823204320183.html |title=Exclusive: Cyprus sold passports to 'politically exposed persons' |work=Al Jazeera |access-date=24 August 2020 |archive-date=24 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824100832/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/08/exclusive-cyprus-sold-passports-politically-exposed-persons-200823204320183.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rakopoulos |first1=Theodoros |last2=Fischer |first2=Leandros |title=In Cyprus, the Golden Passports Scheme Shows Us How Capitalism and Corruption Go Hand in Hand |journal=Jacobin |url=https://jacobinmag.com/2020/11/cyprus-golden-passports-citizenship-corruption |access-date=13 November 2020 |archive-date=12 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112225241/https://jacobinmag.com/2020/11/cyprus-golden-passports-citizenship-corruption |url-status=live }}</ref> Cyprus and Turkey have been [[Cyprus–Turkey maritime zones dispute|engaged in a dispute]] over the extent of their [[exclusive economic zone]]s, ostensibly sparked by oil and gas exploration in the area.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cyprus: EU 'appeasement' of Turkey in exploration row will go nowhere |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-greece-turkey-eu-cyprus-idUSKCN25D1FZ |work=Reuters |access-date=13 September 2020 |archive-date=17 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817150821/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-greece-turkey-eu-cyprus-idUSKCN25D1FZ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Geography==
{{Main|Geography of Cyprus}}
[[File:Cyprus sentinel2.jpg|thumb|A [[Sentinel-2]] image of Cyprus taken in 2022]]
[[File:Sea caves Cape Greco 9.jpg|thumb|Sea caves at [[Cape Greco]]]]

Cyprus is the third largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, after the [[List of islands of Italy|Italian islands]] of [[Sicily]] and [[Sardinia]]<ref name=CIA2019/> (both in terms of area and population). It is also the [[List of islands by area|world's 80th largest by area]] and [[List of islands by population|world's 51st largest by population]]. It measures {{convert|240|km|mi|0}} long from end to end and {{convert|100|km|mi|0}} wide at its widest point, with Turkey {{convert|75|km|mi|0}} to the north. It lies between latitudes [[34th parallel north|34°]] and [[36th parallel north|36° N]], and longitudes [[32nd meridian east|32°]] and [[35th meridian east|35° E]].

Other neighbouring territories include Syria and Lebanon to the east and southeast ({{convert|105|and|108|km|mi|0}}, respectively), Israel {{convert|200|km|mi|0}} to the southeast, The Gaza Strip 427 kilometres (265 mi) to the southeast, Egypt {{convert|380|km|mi|0}} to the south, and Greece to the northwest: {{convert|280|km|mi|0}} to the small [[Dodecanese|Dodecanesian]] island of [[Kastellorizo]] (Megisti), {{convert|400|km|mi|0}} to [[Rhodes]] and {{convert|800|km|mi|0}} to the Greek mainland. Sources alternatively place Cyprus in Europe,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/countries/cyprus-facts/ |title=Travel – National Geographic |website=travel.nationalgeographic.com |access-date=19 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817175131/http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/countries/cyprus-facts/ |archive-date=17 August 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1016541.stm |title=BBC News – Cyprus country profile |access-date=1 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728172734/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1016541.stm |archive-date=28 July 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Europe map / Map of Europe – Facts, Geography, History of Europe – Worldatlas.com |url=http://worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/eu.htm |access-date=20 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150516064446/http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/eu.htm |archive-date=16 May 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> or Western Asia and the Middle East.<ref>{{cite web |title=United Nations Statistics Division- Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications (M49) |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm#asia |website=United |publisher=[[United Nations Statistics Division|UNSD]] |access-date=20 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100417070721/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm#asia |archive-date=17 April 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Cyprus|access-date=15 May 2007}}</ref>

The physical relief of the island is dominated by two mountain ranges, the [[Troodos Mountains]] and the smaller [[Kyrenia Mountains|Kyrenia Range]], and the central plain they encompass, the [[Mesaoria]]. The Mesaoria plain is drained by the [[Pedieos River]], the longest on the island. The Troodos Mountains cover most of the southern and western portions of the island and account for roughly half its area. The highest point on Cyprus is [[Mount Olympus (Cyprus)|Mount Olympus]] at {{convert|1952|m|abbr=on}}, located in the centre of the Troodos range. The narrow Kyrenia Range, extending along the northern coastline, occupies substantially less area, and elevations are lower, reaching a maximum of {{convert|1024|m|abbr=on}}. The island lies within the [[Anatolian Plate]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Erdik |first1=Mustafa |title=Strong Ground Motion Seismology |year=2013 |page=469|author-link=Mustafa Erdik}}</ref>

Cyprus contains the [[Cyprus Mediterranean forests]] ecoregion.<ref name="DinersteinOlson2017">{{cite journal |last1=Dinerstein |first1=Eric |last2=Olson |first2=David |last3=Joshi |first3=Anup |last4=Vynne |first4=Carly |last5=Burgess |first5=Neil D. |last6=Wikramanayake |first6=Eric |last7=Hahn |first7=Nathan |last8=Palminteri |first8=Suzanne |last9=Hedao |first9=Prashant |last10=Noss |first10=Reed |last11=Hansen |first11=Matt |last12=Locke |first12=Harvey |last13=Ellis |first13=Erle C |last14=Jones |first14=Benjamin |last15=Barber |first15=Charles Victor |last16=Hayes |first16=Randy |last17=Kormos |first17=Cyril |last18=Martin |first18=Vance |last19=Crist |first19=Eileen |last20=Sechrest |first20=Wes |last21=Price |first21=Lori |last22=Baillie |first22=Jonathan E. M. |last23=Weeden |first23=Don |last24=Suckling |first24=Kierán |last25=Davis |first25=Crystal |last26=Sizer |first26=Nigel |last27=Moore |first27=Rebecca |last28=Thau |first28=David |last29=Birch |first29=Tanya |last30=Potapov |first30=Peter |last31=Turubanova |first31=Svetlana |last32=Tyukavina |first32=Alexandra |last33=de Souza |first33=Nadia |last34=Pintea |first34=Lilian |last35=Brito |first35=José C. |last36=Llewellyn |first36=Othman A. |last37=Miller |first37=Anthony G. |last38=Patzelt |first38=Annette |last39=Ghazanfar |first39=Shahina A. |last40=Timberlake |first40=Jonathan |last41=Klöser |first41=Heinz |last42=Shennan-Farpón |first42=Yara |last43=Kindt |first43=Roeland |last44=Lillesø |first44=Jens-Peter Barnekow |last45=van Breugel |first45=Paulo |last46=Graudal |first46=Lars |last47=Voge |first47=Maianna |last48=Al-Shammari |first48=Khalaf F. |last49=Saleem |first49=Muhammad |title=An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm |journal=BioScience |volume=67 |issue=6 |year=2017 |pages=534–545 |issn=0006-3568 |doi=10.1093/biosci/bix014 |pmid=28608869 |pmc=5451287}}</ref> It had a 2018 [[Forest Landscape Integrity Index]] mean score of 7.06/10, ranking it 59th globally out of 172 countries.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{cite journal |last1=Grantham |first1=H. S. |last2=Duncan |first2=A. |last3=Evans |first3=T. D. |last4=Jones |first4=K. R. |last5=Beyer |first5=H. L. |last6=Schuster |first6=R. |last7=Walston |first7=J. |last8=Ray |first8=J. C. |last9=Robinson |first9=J. G. |last10=Callow |first10=M. |last11=Clements |first11=T. |last12=Costa |first12=H. M. |last13=DeGemmis |first13=A. |last14=Elsen |first14=P. R. |last15=Ervin |first15=J. |last16=Franco |first16=P. |last17=Goldman |first17=E. |last18=Goetz |first18=S. |last19=Hansen |first19=A. |last20=Hofsvang |first20=E. |last21=Jantz |first21=P. |last22=Jupiter |first22=S. |last23=Kang |first23=A. |last24=Langhammer |first24=P. |last25=Laurance |first25=W. F. |last26=Lieberman |first26=S. |last27=Linkie |first27=M. |last28=Malhi |first28=Y. |last29=Maxwell |first29=S. |last30=Mendez |first30=M. |last31=Mittermeier |first31=R. |last32=Murray |first32=N. J. |last33=Possingham |first33=H. |last34=Radachowsky |first34=J. |last35=Saatchi |first35=S. |last36=Samper |first36=C. |last37=Silverman |first37=J. |last38=Shapiro |first38=A. |last39=Strassburg |first39=B. |last40=Stevens |first40=T. |last41=Stokes |first41=E. |last42=Taylor |first42=R. |last43=Tear |first43=T. |last44=Tizard |first44=R. |last45=Venter |first45=O. |last46=Visconti |first46=P. |last47=Wang |first47=S. |last48=Watson |first48=J. E. M. |title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material |journal=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |year=2020 |page=5978 |issn=2041-1723 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3 |pmid=33293507 |pmc=7723057|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G }}</ref>

[[Geopolitics|Geopolitically]], the island is subdivided into four main segments. The Republic of Cyprus occupies the southern two-thirds of the island (59.74%). The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus occupies the northern third (34.85%), and the United Nations-controlled [[Green Line (Cyprus)|Green Line]] provides a [[buffer zone]] that separates the two and covers 2.67% of the island. Lastly, [[Sovereign Base Areas|two bases under British sovereignty]] are located on the island: [[Akrotiri and Dhekelia]], covering the remaining 2.74%.

===Climate===
{{Main|Climate of Cyprus}}
[[File:Chionistra winter 1.JPG|thumb|The [[Troodos Mountains]] experience heavy snowfall in winter.]]
Cyprus has a [[Subtropics|subtropical climate]] – [[Mediterranean climate|Mediterranean]] and [[Semi-arid climate|semi-arid]] type (in the north-eastern part of the island) – [[Köppen climate classification]]s ''Csa'' and ''BSh'',<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Peel, M. C. |author2=Finlayson B. L. |author3=McMahon, T. A. |name-list-style=amp | year=2007 |title=Updated world map of the Köppen – Geiger climate classification |journal=Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=1633–1644 |doi=10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007 |bibcode=2007HESS...11.1633P |issn=1027-5606 |doi-access=free}} ''(direct: [http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf Final Revised Paper] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203170339/http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf }})''</ref><ref>[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/malta/ CIA Factbook] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210402195116/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/malta/ }} – Geographic location</ref> with very mild winters (on the coast) and warm to hot summers. Snow is possible only in the Troodos Mountains in the central part of island. Rain occurs mainly in winter, with summer being generally dry.

Cyprus has one of the warmest climates in the Mediterranean part of the European Union.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cyprus holiday weather |url=https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/travel/holiday-weather/europe/cyprus/cyprus-weather |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=Met Office |language=en |archive-date=1 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501205120/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/travel/holiday-weather/europe/cyprus/cyprus-weather |url-status=live }}</ref> The average annual temperature on the coast is around {{convert|24|°C|°F|abbr=on}} during the day and {{convert|14|°C|°F|abbr=on}} at night. Generally, summers last about eight months, beginning in April with average temperatures of {{convert|21|-|23|C|F}} during the day and {{convert|11|-|13|C|F}} at night, and ending in November with average temperatures of {{convert|22|-|23|C|F}} during the day and {{convert|12|–|14|C|F}} at night, although in the remaining four months temperatures sometimes exceed {{convert|20|°C|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name="meteorological1">{{cite web |url=http://www.moa.gov.cy/moa/MS/MS.nsf/DMLclimet_reports_en/DMLclimet_reports_en?OpenDocument&Start=1&Count=1000&Expand=1 |title=Meteorological Service – Climatological and Meteorological Reports |access-date=25 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100621054634/http://www.moa.gov.cy/moa/ms/ms.nsf/DMLclimet_reports_en/DMLclimet_reports_en?OpenDocument&Start=1&Count=1000&Expand=1 |archive-date=21 June 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Sunshine hours on the coast are around 3,200 per year, from an average of 5–6 hours of sunshine per day in December to an average of 12–13 hours in July.<ref name="weather2travel">{{cite web |url=http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/cyprus/ |title=Cyprus Climate Guide |access-date=5 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091201044557/http://www.weather2travel.com/climate-guides/cyprus/ |archive-date=1 December 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> This is about double that of cities in the northern half of Europe; for comparison, London receives about 1,540 per year.<ref name=London_climate>{{cite web |url = http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/climate/gcpv7fnqu |title=Met Office: Climate averages 1981–2010 |publisher=[[Met Office]] |access-date=28 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405045424/http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/climate/gcpv7fnqu |archive-date=5 April 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> In December, London receives about 50 hours of sunshine<ref name=London_climate /> while coastal locations in Cyprus about 180 hours (almost as much as in May in London).

===Water supply===
[[File:Kouris Dam - overflow day 8 April 2012.jpg|thumb|[[Kouris Dam]] overflow in April 2012]]

Cyprus suffers from a chronic shortage of water. The country relies heavily on rain to provide household water, but in the past 30 years average yearly precipitation has decreased.<ref name=meteo>{{cite web |author1=Department of Meteorology |title=The Climate of Cyprus |url=http://www.moa.gov.cy/moa/MS/MS.nsf/DMLcyclimate_en/DMLcyclimate_en?OpenDocument |access-date=8 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614000827/http://www.moa.gov.cy/moa/ms/ms.nsf/DMLcyclimate_en/DMLcyclimate_en?opendocument |archive-date=14 June 2015 |quote=Statistical analysis of rainfall in Cyprus reveals a decreasing trend of rainfall amounts in the last 30-year[s].}}</ref> Between 2001 and 2004, exceptionally heavy annual rainfall pushed water reserves up, with supply exceeding demand, allowing total storage in the island's reservoirs to rise to an all-time high by the start of 2005.
However, since then demand has increased annually – a result of local population growth, foreigners moving to Cyprus and the number of visiting tourists – while supply has fallen as a result of more frequent droughts.<ref name=meteo />

Dams remain the principal source of water both for domestic and agricultural use; Cyprus has a total of 107 dams (plus one currently under construction) and reservoirs, with a total water storage capacity of about {{convert|330000000|m3|-9|abbr=on}}.<ref>[http://www.moa.gov.cy/moa/wdd/Wdd.nsf/All/F1C37F7EC2249715C2256CC50039DDD5?OpenDocument&highlight=108%20dams Dams of Cyprus] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014105005/http://www.moa.gov.cy/moa/wdd/Wdd.nsf/All/F1C37F7EC2249715C2256CC50039DDD5?OpenDocument&highlight=108%20dams }} Water Development Department, Republic of Cyprus.</ref> Water [[desalination]] plants are gradually being constructed to deal with recent years of prolonged drought.

The Government has invested heavily in the creation of water desalination plants which have supplied almost 50 per cent of domestic water since 2001. Efforts have also been made to raise public awareness of the situation and to encourage domestic water users to take more responsibility for the conservation of this increasingly scarce commodity.

Turkey has built a water pipeline under the Mediterranean Sea from [[Anamur]] on its southern coast to the northern coast of Cyprus, to supply Northern Cyprus with potable and irrigation water ''(see [[Northern Cyprus Water Supply Project]])''.

=== Flora and fauna ===
Cyprus is home to a number of [[Endemism|endemic]] species, including the [[Cypriot mouse]], the [[Quercus alnifolia|golden oak]] and the [[Cedrus brevifolia|Cyprus cedar]].

==Politics==
{{Main|Politics of Cyprus}}
[[File:Parlanet cyprus.jpg|thumb|left|[[Presidential Palace, Nicosia]]]]

Cyprus is a [[presidential republic]]. The head of state and of the government is elected by a process of [[universal suffrage]] for a five-year term. Executive power is exercised by the government with legislative power vested in the [[House of Representatives (Cyprus)|House of Representatives]] whilst the Judiciary is independent of both the executive and the legislature.

The 1960 Constitution provided for a presidential system of government with independent executive, legislative and judicial branches as well as a complex system of checks and balances including a weighted power-sharing ratio designed to protect the interests of the Turkish Cypriots. The executive was led by a Greek Cypriot president and a Turkish Cypriot vice-president elected by their respective communities for five-year terms and each possessing a right of veto over certain types of legislation and executive decisions. Legislative power rested on the House of Representatives who were also elected on the basis of separate voters' rolls.

[[File:Christodoulides2019a.jpg|thumb|upright=0.5|[[Nikos Christodoulides]], [[President of Cyprus]] since February 2023]]

Since 1965, following clashes between the two communities, the [[Turkish Cypriot]] seats in the House remain vacant. In 1974 Cyprus was divided de facto when the Turkish army occupied the northern third of the island. The Turkish Cypriots subsequently declared independence in 1983 as the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus but were recognised only by Turkey. In 1985 the TRNC adopted a constitution and held its first elections. The United Nations recognises the sovereignty of the Republic of Cyprus over the entire island of Cyprus.

The [[House of Representatives (Cyprus)|House of Representatives]] currently has 56 members elected for a five-year term by [[proportional representation]], and three observer members representing the [[Armenians in Cyprus|Armenian]], [[Roman Catholicism in Cyprus|Latin]] and [[Maronites in Cyprus|Maronite]] minorities. 24 seats are allocated to the [[Turkish people|Turkish]] community but remain vacant since 1964. The political environment is dominated by the communist [[Progressive Party of Working People|AKEL]], the liberal conservative [[Democratic Rally]], the [[centrism|centrist]]<ref>{{cite web |author=DotNetNuke |url=http://www.diko.org.cy/DesktopDefault.aspx?tabid=24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070611174508/http://www.diko.org.cy/DesktopDefault.aspx?tabid=24 |archive-date=11 June 2007 |title=Ιδεολογική Διακήρυξη του Δημοκρατικού Κόμματος |publisher=Diko.org.cy |access-date=6 January 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Democratic Party (Cyprus)|Democratic Party]] and the [[social democracy|social-democratic]] [[Movement for Social Democracy|EDEK]].

In 2008, [[Dimitris Christofias]] became the country's first Communist head of state. Due to his involvement in the [[2012–13 Cypriot financial crisis]], Christofias did not run for re-election in 2013. The Presidential election in 2013 resulted in [[Democratic Rally]] candidate [[Nicos Anastasiades]] winning 57.48% of the vote. As a result, Anastasiades was sworn in on 28 February 2013. Anastasiades was re-elected with 56% of the vote in the [[Cypriot presidential election, 2018|2018 presidential election]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tribune.gr/world/news/article/434054/nikitis-ton-eklogon-stin-kypro-56-o-nikos-anastasiadis.html |title=Νικητής των εκλογών στην Κύπρο με 56% ο Νίκος Αναστασιάδης |first=Αίθουσα |last=Σύνταξης |access-date=5 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205003251/http://www.tribune.gr/world/news/article/434054/nikitis-ton-eklogon-stin-kypro-56-o-nikos-anastasiadis.html |archive-date=5 February 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-17217956 |title=Cyprus country profile |work=BBC News |access-date=13 July 2021 |archive-date=8 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208054957/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-17217956 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 28 February 2023, [[Nikos Christodoulides]], the winner of the 2023 presidential [[2023 Cypriot presidential election|election]] run-off, was sworn in as the eighth president of the Republic of Cyprus.<ref>{{cite news |title=New Cyprus president sworn in |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230228-new-cyprus-president-sworn-in |work=France 24 |language=en |access-date=16 March 2023 |archive-date=28 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228220614/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230228-new-cyprus-president-sworn-in |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Administrative divisions===
{{Main|Districts of Cyprus|List of cities, towns and villages in Cyprus}}
The Republic of Cyprus is divided into six districts: [[Nicosia District|Nicosia]], [[Famagusta District|Famagusta]], [[Kyrenia District|Kyrenia]], [[Larnaca District|Larnaca]], [[Limassol District|Limassol]] and [[Paphos District|Paphos]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://europa.eu/abc/maps/members/cyprus_en.htm |title=EUROPA – The EU at a glance – Maps – Cyprus |work=Europa (web portal) |access-date=27 March 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090418223806/http://europa.eu/abc/maps/members/cyprus_en.htm |archive-date=18 April 2009}}</ref>
{{centre|
{{image label begin |image=Cyprus districts not named.svg |width=550}}
{{Image label|x=0.34|y=0.34|scale=600 |text=[[Nicosia District|Nicosia]]}}
{{Image label|x=0.26|y=0.48|scale=600 |text=[[Limassol District|Limassol]]}}
{{Image label|x=0.47|y=0.44|scale=600 |text=[[Larnaca District|Larnaca]]}}
{{Image label|x=0.08|y=0.42|scale=600 |text=[[Paphos District|Paphos]]}}
{{Image label|x=0.585|y=0.27|scale=600 |text=[[Famagusta District|Famagusta]]}}
{{Image label|x=0.37|y=0.215|scale=600 |text=[[Kyrenia District|Kyrenia]]}}
{{image label end}}
}}


===Exclaves and enclaves===
[[File:Dhekelia Power Station.jpg|thumb|[[Dhekelia Power Station]]]]

Cyprus has four [[exclave]]s, all in territory that belongs to the [[Akrotiri and Dhekelia|British Sovereign Base Area of Dhekelia]]. The first two are the villages of [[Ormidhia]] and [[Xylotymvou]]. The third is the [[Dhekelia Power Station]], which is divided by a British road into two parts. The northern part is the [[Electricity Authority of Cyprus|EAC]] refugee settlement. The southern part, even though located by the sea, is also an exclave because it has no [[territorial waters]] of its own, those being UK waters.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://geosite.jankrogh.com/dhekelia.htm |title=Dhekelia |publisher=Geosite.jankrogh.com |access-date=28 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424181230/http://geosite.jankrogh.com/dhekelia.htm |archive-date=24 April 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[United Nations Buffer Zone in Cyprus|UN buffer zone]] runs up against Dhekelia and picks up again from its east side off [[Ayios Nikolaos, SBA|Ayios Nikolaos]] and is connected to the rest of Dhekelia by a thin land corridor. In that sense the buffer zone turns the [[Paralimni]] area on the southeast corner of the island into a de facto, though not ''[[de jure]]'', exclave.

===Foreign relations===
{{Main|Foreign relations of Cyprus}}
The Republic of Cyprus is a member of the following international groups: [[Australia Group]], [[Commonwealth of Nations|CN]], [[Council of Europe|CE]], [[CFSP]], [[EBRD]], [[European Investment Bank|EIB]], [[EU]], [[FAO]], [[IAEA]], [[IBRD]], [[ICAO]], [[International Chamber of Commerce|ICC]], [[International Criminal Court|ICCt]], [[International Trade Union Confederation|ITUC]], [[International Development Association|IDA]], [[IFAD]], [[International Finance Corporation|IFC]], [[IHO]], [[International Labour Organization|ILO]], [[International Monetary Fund|IMF]], [[International Meteorological Organization|IMO]], [[Interpol]], [[IOC]], [[International Organization for Migration|IOM]], [[Inter-Parliamentary Union|IPU]], [[ITU]], [[MIGA]], [[Non-Aligned Movement|NAM]], [[Nuclear Suppliers Group|NSG]], [[OPCW]], [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe|OSCE]], [[Permanent Court of Arbitration|PCA]], UN, [[UNCTAD]], [[UNESCO]], [[UNHCR]], [[United Nations Industrial Development Organization|UNIDO]], [[UPU]], [[World Confederation of Labour|WCL]], [[World Customs Organization|WCO]], [[World Federation of Trade Unions|WFTU]], [[WHO]], [[WIPO]], [[WMO]], [[WToO]], [[World Trade Organization|WTO]].<ref name="CIA2019">{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Cyprus|access-date=22 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/archives/enlargement_process/past_enlargements/eu10/cyprus_en.htm |title=European Commission – Enlargement: Archives Country Profiles |work=Europa (web portal) |access-date=6 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204003532/http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/archives/enlargement_process/past_enlargements/eu10/cyprus_en.htm |archive-date=4 February 2009}}</ref>

===Armed forces===
{{Main|Cypriot National Guard}}
[[File:Dmitry Medvedev in Cyprus 7 October 2010-2.jpeg|thumb|Welcoming ceremony of the former [[president of Russia|Russian president]] [[Dmitry Medvedev]] by the soldiers of the [[Cypriot National Guard]].]]
The Cypriot National Guard is the main military institution of the Republic of Cyprus. It is a [[combined arms]] force, with land, air and naval elements. Historically all men were required to spend 24 months serving in the National Guard after their 17th birthday, but in 2016 this period of compulsory service was reduced to 14 months.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://greece.greekreporter.com/2016/07/15/cyprus-drastically-reduces-mandatory-army-service-to-14-months/ |title=Cyprus Drastically Reduces Mandatory Army Service to 14 Months - GreekReporter.com |first=Kerry |last=Kolasa-Sikiaridi |access-date=21 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713184252/http://greece.greekreporter.com/2016/07/15/cyprus-drastically-reduces-mandatory-army-service-to-14-months/ |archive-date=13 July 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Annually, approximately 10,000 persons are trained in recruit centres. Depending on their awarded speciality the conscript recruits are then transferred to speciality training camps or to operational units.

While until 2016 the armed forces were mainly conscript based, since then a large Professional Enlisted institution has been adopted (ΣΥΟΠ), which combined with the reduction of conscript service produces an approximate 3:1 ratio between conscript and professional enlisted.

===Law, justice and human rights===
{{Main|Cyprus Police|Human rights in Cyprus}}
[[File:Supreme Court of Justice old square Nicosia Republic of Cyprus Cyprus 2.jpg|thumb|Supreme Court of Justice]]
The [[Cyprus Police]] (Greek: {{lang|el|Αστυνομία Κύπρου}}, {{lang-tr|Kıbrıs Polisi}}) is the only National Police Service of the Republic of Cyprus and is under the Ministry of Justice and Public Order since 1993.<ref name="portal">Cyprus Government Web Portal{{cite web |title= Defence – Security – Police
|url= http://www.cyprus.gov.cy/portal/portal.nsf/0/E58D7CBF76D5A989C225701400505902?OpenDocument
|access-date=11 October 2012}}{{Dead link |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

In "Freedom in the World 2011", Freedom House rated Cyprus as "free".<ref>[http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2011/cyprus Freedom in the World 2011 Report > Cyprus] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130307040239/http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2011/cyprus }}. Retrieved 28 June 2013. Also, p. 29.</ref> In January 2011, the Report of the Office of the [[United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]] on the question of Human Rights in Cyprus noted that the ongoing division of Cyprus continues to affect human rights throughout the island "including freedom of movement, human rights pertaining to the question of missing persons, discrimination, the right to life, freedom of religion, and economic, social and cultural rights".<ref name=ohchr>{{cite web |url=http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/16session/A-HRC-16-21.pdf |title=Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on the question of human rights in Cyprus: 16th Session, Human Rights Council, United Nations |publisher=Ohchr.org |access-date=14 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731132114/http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/16session/A-HRC-16-21.pdf |archive-date=31 July 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> The constant focus on the division of the island can sometimes mask other human rights issues.{{citation needed}}

In 2014, Turkey was ordered by the [[European Court of Human Rights]] to pay well over $100m in compensation to Cyprus for the invasion;<ref name="Guardian ECHR order">{{Cite news |last=Borger |first=Julian |title = European court orders Turkey to pay damages for Cyprus invasion |url=https://www.theguardian.com/law/2014/may/12/european-court-human-rights-turkey-compensation-cyprus-invasion |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=8 April 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150414060240/http://www.theguardian.com/law/2014/may/12/european-court-human-rights-turkey-compensation-cyprus-invasion |archive-date=14 April 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Ankara]] announced that it would ignore the judgment.<ref name="Reuters ignore">{{Cite news |last1=Karadeniz |first1=Tulay |last2=Tokasabay |first2=Ece |title=Turkey to ignore court order to pay compensation to Cyprus |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-cyprus-davutoglu-idUSBREA4C0AX20140513 | work=Reuters |access-date=7 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924200741/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/05/13/us-turkey-cyprus-davutoglu-idUSBREA4C0AX20140513 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2014, a group of Cypriot refugees and a European parliamentarian, later joined by the Cypriot government, filed a complaint to the International Court of Justice, accusing Turkey of violating the [[Geneva Conventions]] by directly or indirectly transferring [[Turkish settlers in Northern Cyprus|its civilian population]] into occupied territory.{{citation needed }} Other violations of the Geneva and the Hague Conventions—both ratified by Turkey—amount to what archaeologist Sophocles Hadjisavvas called "the organized destruction of Greek and Christian heritage in the north".<ref name=hadji /> These violations include looting of cultural treasures, deliberate destruction of churches, neglect of works of art, and altering the names of important historical sites, which was condemned by the [[International Council on Monuments and Sites]]. Hadjisavvas has asserted that these actions are motivated by a Turkish policy of erasing the Greek presence in Northern Cyprus within a framework of ethnic cleansing. But some perpetrators are just motivated by greed and are seeking profit.<ref name=hadji>{{cite journal |last=Hadjisavvas |first=S. |year=2015 |title=Perishing Heritage: The Case of the Occupied Part of Cyprus |jstor=10.5325/jeasmedarcherstu.3.2.0128 |journal=Journal of Eastern Mediterranean Archaeology & Heritage Studies |volume=3 |number=2 |pages=128–140 |doi=10.5325/jeasmedarcherstu.3.2.0128}} Quote on p. 129: "the deliberate destruction of [Greek] heritage as an instrument toward the obliteration of an identity of a people in the framework of ethnic cleansing."</ref> Art law expert Alessandro Chechi has classified the connection of cultural heritage destruction to ethnic cleansing as the "Greek Cypriot viewpoint", which he reports as having been dismissed by two [[Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe|PACE]] reports. Chechi asserts joint Greek and Turkish Cypriot responsibility for the destruction of cultural heritage in Cyprus, noting the destruction of Turkish Cypriot heritage in the hands of Greek Cypriot extremists.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chechi |first1=Alessandro |editor1-last=Benzo |editor1-first=Andrea |editor2-last=Ferrari |editor2-first=Silvio |title=Between Cultural Diversity and Common Heritage: Legal and Religious Perspectives on the Sacred Places of the Mediterranean |publisher=Routledge |pages=314–316 |chapter=Sacred heritage in Cyprus: bolstering protection through the implementation of international law standards and the adoption of an object-oriented approach}}</ref>

==Economy==
{{Main|Economy of Cyprus}}
[[File:Cyprus Product Exports (2019).svg|upright=1.3|thumb|right|A proportional representation of Cyprus's exports, 2019]]
[[File:Cyprus central bank Nicosia Republic of Cyprus.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Central Bank of Cyprus]]]]

In the early 21st century the Cypriot economy has diversified and become prosperous.<ref name=econ /> However, in 2012 it became affected by the [[European sovereign-debt crisis|Eurozone financial and banking crisis]]. In June 2012, the Cypriot government announced it would need €{{Nowrap|1.8 billion}} in foreign aid to support the [[Cyprus Popular Bank]], and this was followed by [[Fitch Group|Fitch]] downgrading Cyprus's credit rating to [[junk status]].<ref name=BBCJune>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-18577983 |title=Cyprus's credit rating cut to junk status by Fitch |work=BBC News |publisher=BBC News Online |access-date=25 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120628131610/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-18577983 |archive-date=28 June 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> Fitch said Cyprus would need an additional €{{Nowrap|4 billion}} to support its banks and the downgrade was mainly due to the exposure of [[Bank of Cyprus]], Cyprus Popular Bank and [[Hellenic Bank]], Cyprus's three largest banks, to the [[Greek government-debt crisis|Greek financial crisis]].<ref name=BBCJune />

[[File:BlueEurozone.svg|thumb|Cyprus is part of a monetary union, the [[eurozone]] (dark blue) and of the [[Internal Market (European Union)|EU single market]].]]
The [[2012–2013 Cypriot financial crisis]] led to an agreement with the [[Eurogroup]] in March 2013 to split the country's second largest bank, the Cyprus Popular Bank (also known as Laiki Bank), into a "bad" bank which would be wound down over time and a "good" bank which would be absorbed by the Bank of Cyprus. In return for a €10 billion [[bailout]] from the [[European Commission]], the [[European Central Bank]] and the [[International Monetary Fund]], often referred to as the "troika", the Cypriot government was required to impose a significant [[haircut (finance)|haircut]] on [[deposit insurance|uninsured deposits]], a large proportion of which were held by wealthy [[Russians]] who used Cyprus as a [[tax haven]]. Insured deposits of €100,000 or less were not affected.<ref>{{cite web |title=Eurogroup Statement on Cyprus|url=http://eurozone.europa.eu/newsroom/news/2013/03/eg-statement-cyprus-25-03-13/ |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171011040449/http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/splash/?requested=%2fcouncil-eu%2feurogroup%2f |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 October 2017 |publisher=[[Eurogroup]]|access-date=30 March 2013 }}</ref><ref name=ReutersNewdeal>{{cite news |author=Jan Strupczewski |author2=Annika Breidthardt |title=Last-minute Cyprus deal to close bank, force losses |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cyprus-parliament-idUSBRE92G03I20130325 |access-date=25 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130325042059/https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/03/25/us-cyprus-parliament-idUSBRE92G03I20130325 |archive-date=25 March 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Ekathimerini>{{cite news |title=Eurogroup signs off on bailout agreement reached by Cyprus and troika |newspaper=Ekathimerini |location=Greece |url=http://www.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/_w_articles_wsite1_1_25/03/2013_489702 |access-date=25 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130326124216/http://www.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/_w_articles_wsite1_1_25/03/2013_489702 |archive-date=26 March 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Limassol New General Hospital 03.JPG|thumb|upright=0.75|Limassol General Hospital]]
According to the 2017 International Monetary Fund estimates, its [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|per capita GDP]] (adjusted for [[purchasing power parity|purchasing power]]) at [[international dollar|$]]36,442 is below the average of the European Union.<ref>[http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2017&ey=2017&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=16&pr1.y=7&c=423&s=PPPPC&grp=0&a= Cyprus, World Economic Outlook Database, April 2017] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014103154/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2017&ey=2017&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=16&pr1.y=7&c=423&s=PPPPC&grp=0&a= }}, International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 3 October 2017.</ref><ref>[http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=48&pr.y=4&sy=2017&ey=2017&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=998&s=PPPPC&grp=1&a=1 European Union, World Economic Outlook Database, April 2017] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004034622/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=48&pr.y=4&sy=2017&ey=2017&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=998&s=PPPPC&grp=1&a=1 }}, International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 3 October 2017.</ref> Cyprus has been sought as a base for several offshore businesses for its low tax rates. Tourism, financial services and shipping are significant parts of the economy. Economic policy of the Cyprus government has focused on meeting the criteria for admission to the European Union. The Cypriot government adopted the euro as the national currency on 1 January 2008, replacing the [[Cypriot pound]].<ref name=econ>{{cite web |url=http://www.cyprus.gov.cy/portal/portal.nsf/All/2E23E22A811DE449C2256EBD004F3BEB?OpenDocument |title=Cyprus Economy |access-date=4 May 2007 |work=Republic of Cyprus |publisher=cyprus.gov.cy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623090342/http://www.cyprus.gov.cy/portal/portal.nsf/All/2E23E22A811DE449C2256EBD004F3BEB?OpenDocument |archive-date=23 June 2012}}</ref>

Cyprus is the last EU member fully isolated from energy interconnections and it is expected that it will be connected to European network via the [[EuroAsia Interconnector]], a 2000 MW [[high-voltage direct current]] [[submarine power cable|undersea power cable]].<ref name="EA">{{cite web |url=http://www.euroasia-interconnector.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/EuroAsia_Interconnector_Project_Overall_leaflet_English.pdf |title=The EuroAsia Interconnector |access-date=20 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216204549/http://www.euroasia-interconnector.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/EuroAsia_Interconnector_Project_Overall_leaflet_English.pdf |archive-date=16 February 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[EuroAsia Interconnector]] will connect Greek, Cypriot, and Israeli power grids. It is a leading Project of Common Interest of the [[European Union]] and also priority Electricity Highway Interconnector Project.<ref name="EU">{{cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/inea/en/connecting-europe-facility/cef-energy/projects-by-country/multi-country/3.10.1-0004-cyel-s-m-16 |title=EU Projects by country |access-date=20 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117013332/https://ec.europa.eu/inea/en/connecting-europe-facility/cef-energy/projects-by-country/multi-country/3.10.1-0004-cyel-s-m-16 |archive-date=17 January 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="FU">{{cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/topics/infrastructure/projects-common-interest/funding-projects-common-interest |title=Funding for Projects of Common Interest – Energy – European Commission |website=Energy |access-date=20 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127083951/https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/topics/infrastructure/projects-common-interest/funding-projects-common-interest |archive-date=27 January 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In recent years significant quantities of offshore natural gas have been discovered in the area known as [[Block 12|Aphrodite]] (at the exploratory drilling block 12) in Cyprus's exclusive economic zone ([[EEZ]]),<ref>{{cite news |last=Gilson |first=George |title=Something sizzling in Cyprus: gas shakes regional chessboard |url=http://www.athensnews.gr/issue/13427/36582 |newspaper=[[Athens News]] |access-date=7 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120128165535/http://www.athensnews.gr/issue/13427/36582 |archive-date=28 January 2012}}</ref> about {{convert|175|km|0|abbr=off}} south of Limassol at 33°5'40″N and 32°59'0″E.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ali |first=Jaber |title=Lebanese Cabinet discusses offshore energy policies |url=http://www.middle-east-confidential.com/1470-lebanese-cabinet-discusses-offshore-energy-policies.html |newspaper=Middle East Confidential |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118191351/http://www.middle-east-confidential.com/1470-lebanese-cabinet-discusses-offshore-energy-policies.html |archive-date=18 January 2012 |access-date=7 September 2011}}</ref> However, Turkey's offshore drilling companies have accessed both natural gas and oil resources since 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkey-may-drill-for-oil-and-gas-in-cyprus-minister.aspx?PageID=238&NID=55114&NewsCatID=348 |title=Turkey may drill for oil and gas in Cyprus: Minister – ENERGY |access-date=1 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202172134/http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkey-may-drill-for-oil-and-gas-in-cyprus-minister.aspx?PageID=238&NID=55114&NewsCatID=348 |archive-date=2 February 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> Cyprus demarcated its maritime border with Egypt in 2003, with Lebanon in 2007,<ref>{{cite web |title=Cyprus – Exclusive Economic Zone – Turkey's provocative behaviour |url=http://www.cyprus.gov.cy/moi/pio/pio.nsf/0/FE475A6A54F2F7B2C225757100257AD4?opendocument |publisher=Republic of Cyprus |access-date=7 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111063117/http://www.cyprus.gov.cy/moi/pio/pio.nsf/0/FE475A6A54F2F7B2C225757100257AD4?opendocument |archive-date=11 January 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> and with Israel in 2010.<ref>{{cite news |title='Don't attempt to test Turkey's past' |url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=8216don8217t-attempt-to-test-turkey8217s-past8217-2011-09-06 |newspaper=[[Hürriyet Daily News]] |location=Istanbul |access-date=7 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110908052540/http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=8216don8217t-attempt-to-test-turkey8217s-past8217-2011-09-06 |archive-date=8 September 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> In August 2011, the US-based firm [[Noble Energy]] entered into a production-sharing agreement with the Cypriot government regarding the block's commercial development.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ament |first=Carol|title=Full speed ahead for Cyprus drilling|url=http://famagusta-gazette.com/full-speed-ahead-for-cyprus-drilling-p12736-69.htm|access-date=7 September 2011|newspaper=Famagusta Gazette|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326132611/http://famagusta-gazette.com/full-speed-ahead-for-cyprus-drilling-p12736-69.htm|archive-date=26 March 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Turkey, which does not recognise the border agreements of Cyprus with its neighbours,<ref>{{cite news |title=Noble Energy: Good chance of large gas find off Cyprus |url=http://www.neurope.eu/article/noble-energy-good-chance-large-gas-find-cyprus |newspaper=New Europe |access-date=7 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330094744/http://www.neurope.eu/article/noble-energy-good-chance-large-gas-find-cyprus |archive-date=30 March 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> threatened to mobilise its naval forces if Cyprus proceeded with plans to begin drilling at Block 12.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ankara threatens naval action over Cyprus' Block 12 drill |url=http://www.panarmenian.net/eng/news/77401/Ankara_threatens_naval_action_over_Cyprus_Block_12_drill |newspaper=[[PanARMENIAN.Net]] |access-date=7 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406202940/http://www.panarmenian.net/eng/news/77401/Ankara_threatens_naval_action_over_Cyprus_Block_12_drill |archive-date=6 April 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> Cyprus's drilling efforts have the support of the US, EU, and UN, and on 19 September 2011 drilling in Block 12 began without any incidents being reported.<ref>{{cite news |title=Turkey's Miscalculation Over Cypriot Drilling |url=https://www.stratfor.com/sample/geopolitical-diary/turkeys-miscalculation-over-cypriot-drilling |work=Stratfor News |access-date=12 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614012637/https://www.stratfor.com/sample/geopolitical-diary/turkeys-miscalculation-over-cypriot-drilling |archive-date=14 June 2015}}</ref>

Because of the heavy influx of tourists and foreign investors, the property rental market in Cyprus has grown in recent years.{{when}}<ref name=tourism>{{cite web |url=http://www.apropertyincyprus.com/cyprus/ |title=Growth in tourism has stimulated the property market in Cyprus |access-date=15 December 2008 |publisher=apropertyincyprus.com |work=Property Abroad |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218094211/http://www.apropertyincyprus.com/cyprus/ |archive-date=18 December 2008}}</ref> In late 2013, the Cyprus Town Planning Department announced a series of incentives to stimulate the property market and increase the number of property developments in the country's town centres.<ref name=property>{{cite web |url=http://www.urban-keys.com/urban_keys_news.asp?ID=19 |title=New Incentives for Town Centres in Cyprus |publisher=urban-keys.com |work=Cyprus real Estate |access-date=11 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304092250/http://www.urban-keys.com/urban_keys_news.asp?ID=19 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> This followed earlier measures to quickly give immigration permits to third country nationals investing in Cyprus property.<ref name=Immigration>{{cite web |url=http://www.urban-keys.com/urban_keys_news.asp?ID=6 |title=Immigration Permits for Investors in Cyprus |publisher=urban-keys.com |work=Cyprus real Estate |access-date=16 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304075656/http://www.urban-keys.com/urban_keys_news.asp?ID=6 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
{{Main|Transport in Cyprus|Communications in Cyprus}}
{{multiple image
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|image2 = Cranes Limassol Harbour 20110703.jpg
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|footer = The [[port of Limassol]], the busiest in Cyprus
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Cyprus is one of only three EU nations in which vehicles drive on the [[Right- and left-hand traffic|left-hand side of the road]], a remnant of British colonisation (the others being Ireland and Malta). [[Roads and motorways in Cyprus|A series of motorways]] runs along the coast from [[Paphos]] east to [[Ayia Napa]], with two motorways running inland to Nicosia, one from Limassol and one from [[Larnaca]].

Per capita private car ownership is the 29th-highest in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IS.VEH.NVEH.P3 |title=World Bank Data: Motor vehicles (per 1,000 people) |publisher=[[The World Bank]] |access-date=27 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209114811/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IS.VEH.NVEH.P3 |archive-date=9 February 2014}}</ref> There were approximately 344,000 privately owned vehicles, and a total of 517,000 registered motor vehicles in the Republic of Cyprus in 2006.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mcw.gov.cy/mcw/PWD/PWD.nsf/All/1099BBC9002543B4C225713B00147808?Opendocument |title=''Public Works Department official statistics'' |publisher=Mcw.gov.cy |access-date=25 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326001533/http://www.mcw.gov.cy/mcw/PWD/PWD.nsf/All/1099BBC9002543B4C225713B00147808?Opendocument |archive-date=26 March 2012}}</ref> In 2006, plans were announced to improve and expand bus services and other public transport throughout Cyprus, with the financial backing of the [[European Union]] Development Bank. In 2010 the new bus network was implemented.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cyprusbybus.com/ |title=Cyprus By Bus |access-date=16 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218190605/http://www.cyprusbybus.com/ |archive-date=18 February 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Cyprus has two international airports in the government-controlled areas, the busier one being in [[Larnaca International Airport|Larnaca]] and the other in [[Paphos International Airport|Paphos]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Stateman's Yearbook |publisher=Routledge |page=386 |chapter=Cyprus}}</ref> The [[Ercan International Airport]] is the only active one in the north, but all international flights there must have a stopover in Turkey.<ref>{{cite web |title='Direct' flights to the north will go via Turkey |url=https://cyprus-mail.com/2022/09/23/direct-flights-to-the-north-will-go-via-turkey/ |publisher=Cyprus Mail |access-date=23 January 2023 |archive-date=23 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123001834/https://cyprus-mail.com/2022/09/23/direct-flights-to-the-north-will-go-via-turkey/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The main [[harbour]]s of the island are [[Limassol Port|Limassol]] and [[Larnaca]], which service cargo, passenger and [[cruise ship]]s.

[[CYTA|Cyta]], the [[Public ownership|state-owned]] telecommunications company, manages most telecommunications and Internet connections on the island. However, following deregulation of the sector, a few private telecommunications companies emerged, including [[Monaco Telecom|epic]], [[Cablenet]], [[OTEnet Telecom]], [[Omega Telecom]] and [[PrimeTel]]. In the Turkish-controlled area of Cyprus, two different companies administer the mobile phone network: [[Turkcell]] and [[KKTC Telsim]].{{Citation needed}}

==Demographics==
{{Main|Demographics of Cyprus|List of cities, towns and villages in Cyprus}}
[[File:Cyprus-demography.png|thumb|left|Population growth, 1961–2003 (numbers for the entire island, excluding Turkish settlers residing in Northern Cyprus).]]
[[File:Cypruspop-2010.svg|thumb|left|2010 population by age and gender]]

According to the CIA World Factbook, in 2001 [[Greek Cypriots]] comprised 77%, [[Turkish Cypriots]] 18%, and others 5% of the Cypriot population.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2075.html#cy |title=The World Factbook – Ethnic Groups |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |access-date=22 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625160623/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2075.html#cy |archive-date=25 June 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> At the time of the 2011 government census, there were 10,520 people of [[Russians in Cyprus|Russian]] origin living in Cyprus.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Boyle |first1=Kevin |last2=Sheen |first2=Juliet |year=1997 |title=Freedom of Religion and Belief: A World Report |url=https://archive.org/details/freedomofreligio00kevi |url-access=registration |publisher=Routledge |page=[https://archive.org/details/freedomofreligio00kevi/page/288 288]|isbn=978-0-415-15978-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Salih |first=Halil Ibrahim |year=2004 |title=Cyprus: Ethnic Political Counterpoints |publisher=University Press of America |page=121 |isbn=978-0-415-15978-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Karoulla-Vrikki |first=Dimitra |year=2009 |chapter=Greek in Cyprus: Identity Oscillations and Language Planning |title=Standard languages and language standards: Greek, past and present |editor1-last=Georgakopoulou |editor1-first=Alexandra |editor2-last=Silk |editor2-first=M.S. |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |page=188 |isbn=978-0-7546-6437-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Hadjipavlou |first=Maria |year=2002 |chapter=Cyprus: A Partnership Between Conflict Resolution and Peace Education |title=Peace Education: The Concept, Principles, and Practices Around the World |editor1-last=Salomon |editor1-first=Gavriel |editor2-last=Nevo |editor2-first= Baruch |publisher=Routledge |page=195 |isbn=978-0-8058-4193-0}}</ref>

According to the first population census after the declaration of independence, carried out in December 1960 and covering the entire island, Cyprus had a total population of 573,566, of whom 442,138 (77.1%) were Greeks, 104,320 (18.2%) Turkish, and 27,108 (4.7%) others.<ref name="countrystudies.us" /><ref name="Shrinking">Hatay, Mete "Is the Turkish Cypriot Population Shrinking?", International Peace Research Institute, 2007. Pages 22–23.</ref>

Due to the inter-communal ethnic tensions between 1963 and 1974, an island-wide census was regarded as impossible. Nevertheless, the Cypriot government conducted one in 1973, without the Turkish Cypriot populace.<ref>{{cite book |last=St John-Jones |first=L.W. |year=1983 |title=The Population of Cyprus: Demographic Trends and Socio-Economic Influences |place=London |publisher=Maurice Temple Smith Ltd |page=17 |isbn=978-0-85117-232-3}}</ref> According to this census, the Greek Cypriot population was 482,000. One year later, in 1974, the Cypriot government's Department of Statistics and Research estimated the total population of Cyprus at 641,000; of whom 506,000 (78.9%) were Greeks, and 118,000 (18.4%) Turkish.<ref>{{cite web |author=Cyprus Ministry of Interior |year=1992 |title=The Demographic Structure of Cyprus |url=http://www.moi.gov.cy/moi/pio/pio.nsf/All/20C7614D06858E9FC2256DC200380113/$file/cuco%20report.pdf?OpenElement |publisher=Parliamentary Assembly |page=6 |access-date=22 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110107111845/http://www.moi.gov.cy/MOI/pio/pio.nsf/All/20C7614D06858E9FC2256DC200380113/$file/cuco%20report.pdf?OpenElement |archive-date=7 January 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> After the partition of the island in 1974, the government of Cyprus conducted six more censuses: in 1976, 1982, 1992, 2001, 2011 and 2021; these excluded the Turkish population which was resident in the northern part of the island.<ref name="Shrinking" />

According to the Republic of Cyprus's estimate in 2005, the number of Cypriot citizens currently living in the Republic of Cyprus is around 871,036. In addition to this, the Republic of Cyprus is home to 110,200 foreign permanent residents<ref>{{citation |author=Republic of Cyprus Statistical Service|year=2006 |title= Demographic Report 2005 |location=Nicosia |publisher=Republic of Cyprus Statistical Service|page=12}}</ref> and an estimated 10,000–30,000 undocumented illegal immigrants currently living in the south of the island.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nicos |first1=Trimikliniotis |last2=Demetriou |first2=Corina |year=2007 |title=Active Civic Participation of Immigrants in Cyprus |url=http://www.politis-europe.uni-oldenburg.de/download/Cyprus.pdf |publisher=POLITIS |page=8 |access-date=22 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511082254/http://www.politis-europe.uni-oldenburg.de/download/Cyprus.pdf |archive-date=11 May 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> According to the Republic of Cyprus's website, the population was 856,857 at the Census in 2011 and 918,100 at the 2021 Census

{| class="infobox" style="float:right;"
|-
|colspan="2"|'''Largest groups of foreign residents'''
|-\
! Nationality || Population (2011)
|-
|{{flagu|Greece}} || 29,321
|-
|{{flagu|United Kingdom}} || 24,046
|-
|{{flagu|Romania}} || 23,706
|-
|{{flagu|Bulgaria}} || 18,536
|-
|{{flagu|Philippines}} || 9,413
|-
|{{flagu|Russia}} || 8,164
|-
|{{flagu|Sri Lanka}} || 7,269
|-
|{{flagu|Vietnam}} || 7,028
|-
|{{flagu|Syria}} || 3,054
|-
|{{flagu|India}} || 2,933
|}

According to the 2006 census carried out by Northern Cyprus, there were 256,644 ([[de jure]]) people living in Northern Cyprus. 178,031 were citizens of Northern Cyprus, of whom 147,405 were born in Cyprus (112,534 from the north; 32,538 from the south; 371 did not indicate what part of Cyprus they were from); 27,333 born in Turkey; 2,482 born in the UK and 913 born in Bulgaria. Of the 147,405 citizens born in Cyprus, 120,031 say both parents were born in Cyprus; 16,824 say both parents born in Turkey; 10,361 have one parent born in Turkey and one parent born in Cyprus.<ref name=TRNC2006>{{cite web |url=http://nufussayimi.devplan.org/Census%202006.pdf |title=Census.XLS |access-date=25 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116120824/http://nufussayimi.devplan.org/Census%202006.pdf |archive-date=16 January 2013}}</ref>

In 2010, the [[International Crisis Group]] estimated that the total population of Cyprus was 1.1 million,<ref name="ICG">{{cite web |author=International Crisis Group |year=2010 |title=Cyprus: Bridging the Property Divide |url=http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/europe/turkey-cyprus/cyprus/210%20Cyprus%20-%20Bridging%20the%20Property%20Divide.ashx |publisher=International Crisis Group |page=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111103083632/http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/europe/turkey-cyprus/cyprus/210%20Cyprus%20-%20Bridging%20the%20Property%20Divide.ashx |archive-date=3 November 2011}}</ref> of which there was an estimated 300,000 residents in the north, perhaps half of whom were [[Turkish settlers in Northern Cyprus|either born in Turkey]] or are children of such settlers.<ref>{{cite web |author=International Crisis Group |year=2010 |title=Cyprus: Bridging the Property Divide |url=http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/europe/turkey-cyprus/cyprus/210%20Cyprus%20-%20Bridging%20the%20Property%20Divide.ashx |publisher=International Crisis Group |page=2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111103083632/http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/europe/turkey-cyprus/cyprus/210%20Cyprus%20-%20Bridging%20the%20Property%20Divide.ashx |archive-date=3 November 2011}}</ref>

The villages of [[Rizokarpaso]] (in Northern Cyprus), Potamia (in Nicosia district) and [[Pyla]] (in [[Larnaca District]]) are the only settlements remaining with a mixed Greek and Turkish Cypriot population.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/cyprus-population/ |website=WorldPopulationReview.com |access-date=25 January 2019 |title=Cyprus Population 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223171935/http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/cyprus-population/ |archive-date=23 February 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup|Y-Dna haplogroups]] are found at the following frequencies in Cyprus: [[Haplogroup J (Y-DNA)|J]] (43.07% including 6.20% J1), [[Haplogroup E1b1b (Y-DNA)|E1b1b]] (20.00%), [[Haplogroup R1 (Y-DNA)|R1]] (12.30% including 9.2% R1b), [[Haplogroup F (Y-DNA)|F]] (9.20%), [[Haplogroup I (Y-DNA)|I]] (7.70%), [[Haplogroup K (Y-DNA)|K]] (4.60%), [[Haplogroup A (Y-DNA)|A]] (3.10%).<ref>(n=65), {{Cite journal
|last1= Capelli |first1= C.
|last2= Redhead |first2= N.
|last3= Romano |first3= V.
|last4= Cali |first4= F.
|last5= Lefranc |first5= G.
|last6= Delague |first6= V.
|last7= Megarbane |first7= A.
|last8= Felice |first8= A. E.
|last9= Pascali |first9= V. L.
|last10= Neophytou |first10= P. I.
|last11= Poulli |first11= Z.
|last12= Novelletto |first12= A.
|last13= Malaspina |first13= P.
|last14= Terrenato |first14= L.
|last15= Berebbi |first15= A.
|last16= Fellous |first16= M.
|last17= Thomas |first17= M. G.
|last18= Goldstein |first18= D. B.
|title = Population Structure in the Mediterranean Basin: A Y Chromosome Perspective
|doi = 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2005.00224.x
|journal= Annals of Human Genetics
|volume= 70
|issue= 2
|pages= 207–225
|year= 2006
|pmid= 16626331
| hdl = 2108/37090
| s2cid = 25536759
| hdl-access = free
}}</ref> J, K, F and E1b1b haplogroups consist of lineages with differential distribution within Middle East, North Africa and Europe.

Outside Cyprus there are significant and thriving diasporas - both a [[Greek Cypriot diaspora]] and a [[Turkish Cypriot diaspora]] - in the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, the United States, Greece and Turkey.

{{Largest cities of Cyprus}}

===Religion===
{{Main|Religion in Cyprus}}
{{bar box
|title=[[Religion in Cyprus]] ([[Pew Research Center|Pew Research]])<ref name=pew>{{cite web |url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/cyprus/religious_demography#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2010 |title=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project: Cyprus |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717053131/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/cyprus/religious_demography#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2010 |archive-date=17 July 2014 |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]] |date=2010}}</ref><ref name="CIA">{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Cyprus|access-date=9 February 2010}}</ref>
|titlebar=#ddd
|left1=religion
|right1=percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Eastern Orthodoxy]]|purple|78}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|20}}
{{bar percent|Other|grey|1}}
{{bar percent|None|black|1}}
}}
{{multiple image
|align=right
|image1= Kykko Monastery 2.jpg
|width1= 180
|alt1=
|caption1=
|image2= Larnaca 01-2017 img30 Salt Lake.jpg
|width2= 180
|alt2=
|caption2=
|footer= [[Kykkos Monastery]] in [[Pedoulas]] (left) and [[Hala Sultan Tekke]] near [[Larnaca Salt Lake]] (right).
}}
The majority of Greek Cypriots identify as [[Christians]], specifically [[Church of Cyprus|Greek Orthodox]],<ref name="CIA" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cyprus.gov.cy/portal/portal.nsf/All/817E9279C04E4480C2257023002B858C?OpenDocument |title=About Cyprus – Towns and Population |work=Government Web Portal – Areas of Interest |publisher=[[Government of Cyprus]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225142919/http://www.cyprus.gov.cy/portal/portal.nsf/All/817E9279C04E4480C2257023002B858C?OpenDocument |archive-date=25 February 2012 |access-date=9 February 2010}}</ref><ref name="Congress">{{cite web |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/cytoc.html |title=A Country Study: Cyprus |last=Solsten |first=Eric |work=[[Federal Research Division]] |publisher=[[Library of Congress]] |access-date=9 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110905040619/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/cytoc.html |archive-date=5 September 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> whereas most Turkish Cypriots are adherents of [[Sunni Islam]]. The first [[President of Cyprus]], [[Makarios III]], was an [[archbishop]].

[[Hala Sultan Tekke]], situated near the [[Larnaca Salt Lake]] is an object of [[pilgrimage]] for Muslims.

According to the 2001 census carried out in the Government-controlled area,<ref name=2001census>{{cite web |url=http://www.mof.gov.cy/mof/cystat/statistics.nsf/populationcondition_en/populationcondition_en?OpenDocument&sub=2&e= |publisher=Statistical Service of Cyprus: Population and Social Statistics |title=Main Results of the 2001 Census |access-date=28 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821110627/http://www.mof.gov.cy/mof/cystat/statistics.nsf/populationcondition_en/populationcondition_en?OpenDocument&sub=2&e= |archive-date=21 August 2010}}</ref> 94.8% of the population were [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox]], 0.9% [[Armenian religion in Cyprus|Armenians]] and [[Maronite Church|Maronites]], 1.5% Roman Catholics, 1.0% [[Church of England]], and 0.6% Muslims. There is also a [[History of the Jews in Cyprus|Jewish community on Cyprus]]. The remaining 1.3% adhered to other religious denominations or did not state their religion. As of 2021, it is estimated that there are 13,280 [[Sikhs]] in Cyprus (1.1% of population), making it the third largest national proportion of Sikhs in the world. The Greek Orthodox, [[Armenian Apostolic Church]], and both the Maronite and [[Latin Church|Latin]] Catholics are constitutionally recognized denominations and exempt from taxes.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://acninternational.org/religiousfreedomreport/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Cyprus.pdf |title=Religious Freedom in the World Report 2021: Cyprus |publisher=ACN International |access-date=8 February 2023 |archive-date=22 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222201819/https://acninternational.org/religiousfreedomreport/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Cyprus.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=64c |title=Cyprus |publisher=ARDA |access-date=8 February 2023 |archive-date=2 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102221049/https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=64c |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Languages===
{{Main|Languages of Cyprus}}
[[File:Armenian Alphabet.jpg|thumb|left|The Armenian Alphabet at the [[Melkonian Educational Institute]]. [[Armenian language|Armenian]] is recognised as a minority language in Cyprus.]]

Cyprus has two official languages, Greek and [[Turkish language|Turkish]].<ref name=languages>{{Cite book |url=http://www.presidency.gov.cy/presidency/presidency.nsf/all/1003AEDD83EED9C7C225756F0023C6AD/$file/CY_Constitution.pdf |title=The Constitution of the Republic of Cyprus |publisher=President of the Republic of Cyprus |section=Article 3 |page=2 |access-date=18 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203001544/http://www.presidency.gov.cy/presidency/presidency.nsf/all/1003AEDD83EED9C7C225756F0023C6AD/$file/CY_Constitution.pdf |archive-date=3 December 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Armenian language|Armenian]] and [[Cypriot Maronite Arabic]] are recognised as minority languages.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://languagecharter.eokik.hu/sites/StatesParties/Cyprus.htm |title=Implementation of the Charter in Cyprus |work=Database for the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages |publisher=Public Foundation for European Comparative Minority Research |access-date=20 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140207055025/http://languagecharter.eokik.hu/sites/StatesParties/Cyprus.htm |archive-date=7 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ec.europa.eu/education/languages/archive/languages/langmin/euromosaic/cy1_en.html |title=EUROPA – Education and Training – Regional and minority languages – Euromosaïc study |work=Europa (web portal) |access-date=3 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100704194723/http://ec.europa.eu/education/languages/archive/languages/langmin/euromosaic/cy1_en.html |archive-date=4 July 2010}}</ref> Although without official status, English is widely spoken and it features widely on road signs, public notices, and in advertisements, etc.<ref name="Ammon et al. 2006">{{cite book |editor1-last=Ammon |editor1-first=Ulrich |editor2-last=Dittmar |editor2-first=Norbert |editor3-last=Mattheier |editor3-first=Klaus J. |editor4-last=Trudgill |editor4-first=Peter |chapter=Greece and Cyprus |pages=1881–1889 |title=Sociolinguistics: an international handbook of the science of language and society / Soziolinguistik: ein internationales Handbuch zur Wissenschaft von Sprache und Gesellschaft |year=2006 |edition=2nd |series=Handbooks of linguistics and communication science / Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft|volume=3|location=Berlin|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=9783110184181 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LMZm0w0k1c4C}}</ref> English was the sole official language during British colonial rule and the [[lingua franca]] until 1960, and continued to be used (de facto) in courts of law until 1989 and in legislation until 1996.<ref name=Euromosaic>{{cite book |editor1-last=European Commission, Directorate-General for Education and Culture |title=Euromosaic III: Presence of regional and minority language groups in the new member states |publisher=Office for official publications of the European communities |location=Brussels |isbn=978-92-79-01291-4 |pages=19–23 |url=http://bookshop.europa.eu/en/euromosaic-iii-pbNC7406031/ |access-date=8 August 2015}}</ref> 80.4% of Cypriots are proficient in the English language as a [[second language]].<ref name="eurostat 49/2010">{{cite web |last1=Mejer |first1=Lene |last2=Boateng |first2=Sadi q Kwesi |last3=Turchetti |first3=Paolo |title=Population and social conditions |series=Statistics in Focus |issue=49/2010 |year=2010 |publisher=[[eurostat]] |url=http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/3433488/5565660/KS-SF-10-049-EN.PDF |access-date=13 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160217061503/http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/3433488/5565660/KS-SF-10-049-EN.PDF |archive-date=17 February 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Russian is widely spoken among the country's minorities, residents and citizens of post-Soviet countries, and [[Pontic Greeks]]. Russian, after English and Greek, is the third language used on many signs of shops and restaurants, particularly in Limassol and Paphos. In addition to these languages, 12% speak French and 5% speak German.<ref name="Europeans and their Languages">[http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_243_en.pdf Europeans and their Languages] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414102658/http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_243_en.pdf }}, [[Eurobarometer]], European Commission, 2006.</ref>

The everyday spoken language of Greek Cypriots is [[Cypriot Greek]] and that of Turkish Cypriots is [[Cypriot Turkish]].<ref name=Euromosaic /> These [[vernacular]]s both differ from their [[standard language|standard registers]] significantly.<ref name=Euromosaic />

===Education===
{{Main|Education in Cyprus}}
[[File:Izgled-Faneromeni shool and the Mausoleum of the Martyrs of 9 July 1821, Nicosia-2.jpg|thumb|[[Faneromeni School]] is the oldest all-girl primary school in Cyprus.]]

Cyprus has a highly developed system of primary and secondary education offering both public and private education. The high quality of instruction can be attributed in part to the fact that nearly 7% of the GDP is spent on education which makes Cyprus one of the top three spenders of education in the EU along with Denmark and Sweden.<ref>[http://www.childinfo.org/files/IND_Cyprus.pdf UNICEF, Division of Policy and Practice, Statistics and Monitoring Section] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510004016/http://www.childinfo.org/files/IND_Cyprus.pdf }} childinfo.org, May 2008.</ref>

State schools are generally seen as equivalent in quality of education to private-sector institutions. However, the value of a state high-school diploma is limited by the fact that the grades obtained account for only around 25% of the final grade for each topic, with the remaining 75% assigned by the teacher during the semester, in a minimally transparent way. Cypriot universities (like universities in Greece) ignore high school grades almost entirely for admissions purposes. While a high-school diploma is mandatory for university attendance, admissions are decided almost exclusively on the basis of scores at centrally administered university entrance examinations that all university candidates are required to take.

The majority of Cypriots receive their higher education at Greek, British, Turkish, other European and North American universities. Cyprus currently{{when}} has the highest percentage of citizens of [[Legal working age|working age]] who have higher-level education in the EU at 30% which is ahead of Finland's 29.5%. In addition, 47% of its population aged 25–34 have tertiary education, which is the highest in the EU. The body of Cypriot students is highly mobile, with 78.7% studying in a university outside Cyprus.

==Culture==
[[File:Pagkiprio High school entrance Nicosia Republic of Cyprus.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|The entrance of the historic [[Pancyprian Gymnasium]]]]

Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots share a lot in common in their culture due to cultural exchanges but also have differences. Several traditional food (such as [[souvla]] and [[halloumi]]) and beverages are similar,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hatay |first=Mete |title=The Levantine Legacy of Cypriot Culinary Culture |url=https://cyprusreview.org/index.php/cr/article/view/296/258 |journal=Cyprus Review |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=129–142 |access-date=16 April 2023 |archive-date=16 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416101814/https://cyprusreview.org/index.php/cr/article/view/296/258 |url-status=live }}</ref> as well as expressions and ways of life. Hospitality and buying or offering food and drinks for guests or others are common among both. In both communities, music, dance and art are integral parts of social life and many artistic, verbal and nonverbal expressions, traditional dances such as [[tsifteteli]], similarities in dance costumes and importance placed on social activities are shared between the communities.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fong |first1=Mary |last2=Chuang |first2=Rueyling |title=Communicating Ethnic and Cultural Identity |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-7425-1739-4 |page=286 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ue4CCUhRYa4C&pg=PA286}}</ref> However, the two communities have distinct religions and religious cultures, with the Greek Cypriots traditionally being [[Church of Cyprus|Greek Orthodox]] and Turkish Cypriots traditionally being [[Sunni Muslims]], which has partly hindered cultural exchange.<ref name="CyprusinEurope">{{cite book |title=Cyprus in Europe: Seizing the Momentum of Nice |author=Patrick R. Hugg |publisher=Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law |ssrn=2257945}}</ref> Greek Cypriots have influences from Greece and Christianity, while Turkish Cypriots have influences from Turkey and [[Islam]].

The [[Limassol Carnival Festival]] is an annual [[carnival]] which is held at [[Limassol]], in Cyprus. The event which is very popular in Cyprus was introduced in the 20th century.{{Sfn|Merin|Burdick1979|p=82}}

===Arts===
[[File:Classic aristocratic houses in Nicosia Republic of Cyprus.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Typical Cypriot architecture in old part of [[Nicosia]], Cyprus]]

The art history of Cyprus can be said to stretch back up to 10,000 years, following the discovery of a series of [[Chalcolithic]] period carved figures in the villages of [[Khoirokoitia]] and [[Lempa (Lemba)|Lempa]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.arcl.ed.ac.uk/arch/lemba/homepage.html |title=Lemba Archaeological Research Centre |publisher=Arcl.ed.ac.uk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117041553/http://www.arcl.ed.ac.uk/arch/lemba/homepage.html |archive-date=17 January 2013 |access-date=25 October 2009}}</ref> The island is the home to numerous examples of high quality religious [[icon painting]] from the [[Cyprus in the Middle Ages|Middle Ages]] as well as [[List of painted churches in Cyprus|many painted churches]]. Cypriot architecture was heavily influenced by [[French Gothic architecture|French Gothic]] and Italian [[renaissance architecture|renaissance]] introduced in the island during the era of Latin domination (1191–1571).

A well known traditional art that dates at least from the 14th century is the [[Lefkara lace]] (also known as "Lefkaratika", which originates from the village [[Pano Lefkara|Lefkara]]. Lefkara lace is recognised as an [[intangible cultural heritage]] (ICH) by Unesco, and it is characterised by distinct design patterns, and its intricate, time-consuming production process. A genuine Lefkara lace with full embroidery can take typically hundreds of hours to be made, and that is why it is usually priced quite high. Another local form of art that originated from Lefkara is the production of Cypriot Filigree (locally known as ''Trifourenio''), a type of jewellery that is made with twisted threads of silver. In Lefkara village there is government funded centre named Lefkara Handicraft Centre the mission of which is to educate and teach the art of making the embroidery and silver jewellery. There's also the Museum of Traditional Embroidery and Silversmithing located in the village which has large collection of local handmade art.

In modern times Cypriot art history begins with the painter Vassilis Vryonides (1883–1958) who studied at the Academy of Fine Arts in Venice.<ref>Chrysanthos Christou, ''A short History of Modern and Contemporary Cypriot Art'', Nicosia 1983.</ref> Arguably the two founding fathers of modern Cypriot art were Adamantios Diamantis (1900–1994) who studied at London's [[Royal College of Art]] and
Christophoros Savva (1924–1968) who also studied in London, at [[Saint Martin's School of Art]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hatjecantz.de/christoforos-savva-7519-1.html#:~:text=Christoforos%20Savva%20(1924%E2%80%931968),newly%20established%20Republic%20of%20Cyprus. |title=Christoforos Savva |publisher=www.hatjecantz.de |access-date=12 September 2021 |archive-date=19 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210919011443/https://www.hatjecantz.de/christoforos-savva-7519-1.html#:~:text=Christoforos%20Savva%20(1924%E2%80%931968),newly%20established%20Republic%20of%20Cyprus. |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1960, Savva founded, together with Welsh artist Glyn Hughes, Apophasis [Decision], the first independent cultural centre of the newly established Republic of Cyprus. In 1968, Savva was among the artists representing Cyprus in its inaugural Pavilion at the 34th Venice Biennale. English Cypriot Artist [http://glynhughesart.com/ Glyn HUGHES] 1931–2014.<ref>Ministry of Education and Culture, ''State Gallery of Contemporary Cypriot Art'' (Nicosia: MOEC,1998)</ref> In many ways these two artists set the template for subsequent Cypriot art and both their artistic styles and the patterns of their education remain influential to this day. In particular the majority of Cypriot artists still train in England<ref>Michael Paraskos, "The Art of Modern Cyprus", in ''Sunjet'', Spring 2002, 62f</ref> while others train at art schools in Greece and local art institutions such as the [[Cyprus College of Art]], [[University of Nicosia]] and the [[Frederick Institute of Technology]].

One of the features of Cypriot art is a tendency towards figurative painting although [[conceptual art]] is being rigorously promoted by a number of art "institutions" and most notably the Nicosia Municipal Art Centre. Municipal art galleries exist in all the main towns and there is a large and lively commercial art scene.

Other notable Greek Cypriot artists include [[Helene Black]], [[Kalopedis family]], [[Panayiotis Kalorkoti]], [[Nicos Nicolaides]], [[Stass Paraskos]], [[Arestís Stasí]], [[Telemachos Kanthos]], [[Konstantia Sofokleous]] and [[Chris Achilleos]], and Turkish Cypriot artists include [[İsmet Güney]], [[Ruzen Atakan]] and [[Mutlu Çerkez]].

===Music===
{{Main|Music of Cyprus}}
[[File:Laghouto.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|[[Laouto]], dominant instrument of the Cypriot traditional music]]

The traditional [[folk music]] of Cyprus has several common elements with [[Music of Greece|Greek]], [[Music of Turkey|Turkish]], and [[Arabic Music]], all of which have descended from Byzantine music, including Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot dances such as the ''[[sousta]]'', ''[[syrtos]]'', ''[[zeibekikos]]'', ''[[tatsia]]'', and ''[[karsilamas]]'' as well as the Middle Eastern-inspired ''[[tsifteteli]]'' and ''arapies''. There is also a form of musical poetry known as ''chattista'' which is often performed at traditional feasts and celebrations. The instruments commonly associated with Cyprus folk music are the violin ("fkiolin"), [[lute]] ("laouto"), Cyprus flute ([[fipple flute|''pithkiavlin'']]), [[oud]] ("outi"), [[kanonaki]] and percussions (including the "[[drum|tamboutsia]]"). Composers associated with traditional Cypriot music include [[Solon Michaelides]], [[Marios Tokas]], Evagoras Karageorgis and Savvas Salides. Among musicians is also the acclaimed pianist [[Cyprien Katsaris]], composer [[Andreas G. Orphanides]], and composer and artistic director of the European Capital of Culture initiative [[Marios Joannou Elia]].

[[Popular music]] in Cyprus is generally influenced by the Greek ''[[Laïka]]'' scene; artists who play in this genre include international [[Music recording sales certification|platinum]] star [[Anna Vissi]],<ref name="Inc.1999">{{cite book |title=Billboard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eQ0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA8 |publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc. |page=8 |quote=Sony Music executives congratulate Greek artist Anna Vissi before her recent sold-out performance at the Theater at Madison Square Garden in New York the first stop in her North-American tour to promote her album Antidoto |issn=0006-2510 |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911001516/https://books.google.com/books?id=eQ0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA8 |archive-date=11 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="HellanderArmstrong2008">{{cite book |author1=Hellander, Paul |author2=Kate Armstrong |author3=Michael Clark |author4=Christopher Deliso|title=Lonely Planet Greek Islands |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4PDWSOx4lUwC&pg=PA49 |year=2008|publisher=Lonely Planet |isbn=978-1-74104-314-3 |page=49 |quote=The country's big pop and laïka stars include Anna Vissi, Notis Sfakiana- kis, Despina Vandi, Yiannis Ploutarhos, Antonis Remos, Mihalis Hatziyian- nis, heartthrob Sakis Rouvas and Greek-Swedish singer Elena Paparizou, who won Greece |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150922103814/https://books.google.com/books?id=4PDWSOx4lUwC&pg=PA49 |archive-date=22 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Inc.2001">{{cite book |title=Billboard|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_MhQEAAAAMBAJ |publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc.|page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_MhQEAAAAMBAJ/page/n70 71] |quote=The hits of platinum stars Anna Vissi, Despina Vandi and Keti Garbi are played in clubs together with the Anna Vissi international dance hits of Deep- swing, Planetfunk |issn=0006-2510 |access-date=20 June 2015}}</ref><ref name="Rhythm: Global Sounds and Ideas">{{cite book |title=Rhythm: Global Sounds and Ideas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JbA4AQAAIAAJ |year=2000 |publisher=World Marketing Incorporated |volume=9 |issue=6–11 |page=70 |quote=We have a Euro Music category with clips by the Gipsy Kings and Anna Vissi, a huge star for Sony Greece 'We also have ... |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910221009/https://books.google.com/books?id=JbA4AQAAIAAJ |archive-date=10 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Evridiki]], and [[Sarbel]]. [[Hip hop music|Hip hop]] and [[R&B]] have been supported by the emergence of Cypriot rap and the [[urban music]] scene at [[Ayia Napa]], while in the last years the [[reggae]] scene is growing, especially through the participation of many Cypriot artists at the annual [[Reggae Sunjam]] festival. Is also noted Cypriot rock music and ''[[Éntekhno]]'' rock is often associated with artists such as [[Michalis Hatzigiannis]] and [[Alkinoos Ioannidis]]. [[Heavy metal music|Metal]] also has a small following in Cyprus represented by bands such as Armageddon (rev.16:16), Blynd, [[Winter's Verge]], [[Methysos]] and Quadraphonic.

===Literature===
{{Main|Cypriot literature}}
[[File:Paolo Monti - Servizio fotografico (Napoli, 1969) - BEIC 6353768.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.75|[[Zeno of Citium]], founder of the [[Stoicism|Stoic]] school of philosophy]]

Literary production of the antiquity includes the ''[[Cypria]]'', an [[epic poetry|epic poem]], probably composed in the late 7th century BC and attributed to [[Stasinus]]. The ''Cypria'' is one of the first specimens of Greek and European poetry.<ref>"An indication that at least the main contents of the ''Cypria'' were known around 650 BC is provided by the representation of the [[Judgment of Paris]] on the [[Chigi vase]]" (Burkert 1992:103). On the [[proto-Corinthian]] [[ewer]] of c. 640 BC known as the [http://www.wisc.edu/arth/ah300/13-myth/33.image.html Chigi "vase"] {{dead link |bot=Dr.K. |fix-attempted=yes}}, Paris is identified as ''Alexandros'', as he was apparently called in ''Cypria''. {{dead link |bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The Cypriot [[Zeno of Citium]] was the founder of the Stoic school of philosophy.

Epic poetry, notably the "acritic songs", flourished during the [[Middle Ages]]. Two chronicles, one written by [[Leontios Machairas]] and the other by [[Georgios Boustronios]], cover the entire Middle Ages until the end of Frankish rule (4th century–1489). Poèmes d'amour written in medieval Greek Cypriot date back from the 16th century. Some of them are actual translations of poems written by [[Petrarch]], [[Bembo]], [[Ariosto]] and G. [[Sannazzaro]].<ref>Th. Siapkaras- Pitsillidés, Le Pétrarchisme en Cypre. Poèmes d' amour en dialecte Chypriote d' après un manuscript du XVIe siècle, Athènes 1975 (2ème édition)</ref> Many Cypriot scholars fled Cyprus at troubled times such as [[Ioannis Kigalas]] (c. 1622–1687) who migrated from Cyprus to Italy in the 17th century, several of his works have survived in books of other scholars.<ref name="Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1956 209-210">{{cite book |author=Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. Institut für Griechisch-Römische Altertumskunde, Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. Zentralinstitut für Alte Geschichte und Archäologie |title=Berliner byzantinistische Arbeiten, Volume 40 |publisher=Akademie-Verlag |year=1956 |pages=209–210 |quote=John Cigala (born at Nicosia 1622). He studied at the College of Saint Athanasios, Rome (1635–1642), which he graduated as Doctor of Philosophy and Theology and at which he taught Greek successfully for eight years (1642–1650) ... What has survived of his work as a number of epigrams published in books of other scholars.}}</ref>

[[File:Ioannis Kigalas (1622-1687) Cyprus.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|[[Ioannis Kigalas]] ({{Circa|1622}}–1687) was a [[Nicosia]] born [[Greek people|Greek]] Cypriot scholar and professor of Philosophy who was largely active in the 17th century.<ref name="Serena, Sebastiano 1963 495">{{cite book |author1=Serena, Sebastiano |author2=Barbarigo, Gregorio |title=S. Gregorio Barbarigo e la vita spirituale e cultuale nel suo Seminario di Padova; lettre e saggi editi dagli amici in memoria |publisher=Editrice Antenore |year=1963 |page=495 |oclc=6706000 |quote=Giovanni Cicala, greco di Cipro, prof. di Filosofia nella Università ... Al qual fine permetteva tutta la confidenza con il Cigala e con il Papadopoli, ambedue greci nativi e Lettori pubblici nell'Universita di Padova, coi quail si tratteneva, in frequenti discorsi sopra questa material, le mezze giornate intiere ...}}</ref>]]
Hasan Hilmi Efendi, a Turkish Cypriot poet, was rewarded by the Ottoman sultan [[Mahmud II]] and said to be the "sultan of the poems".<ref>Gazioğlu, Ahmet C. (1990). The Turks in Cyprus: a province of the Ottoman Empire (1571–1878), 293–295, K. Rüstem.</ref>

Modern Greek Cypriot literary figures include the poet and writer [[Costas Montis]], poet [[Kyriakos Charalambides]], poet [[Michalis Pasiardis]], writer [[Nicos Nicolaides]], Stylianos Atteshlis, [[Altheides]], Loukis Akritas<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.philatelism.com/details.php?issueid=256 |title=Cyprus Stamp Issue: Loukis Akritas |access-date=29 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511195913/http://www.philatelism.com/details.php?issueid=256 |archive-date=11 May 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and Demetris Th. Gotsis. [[Dimitris Lipertis]], [[Vasilis Michaelides]] and Pavlos Liasides are folk poets who wrote poems mainly in the [[Cypriot Greek|Cypriot-Greek]] dialect.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.philatelism.com/details.php?issueid=91 |title=Cyprus Stamp Issue: Cyprus Poets |access-date=29 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511195859/http://www.philatelism.com/details.php?issueid=91 |archive-date=11 May 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.philatelism.com/details.php?issueid=252 |title=Cyprus Stamp Issue: Centenary Birthday Anniversary of Poet Pavlos Liasides |access-date=29 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511195938/http://www.philatelism.com/details.php?issueid=252 |archive-date=11 May 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Among leading Turkish Cypriot writers are [[Osman Türkay]], twice nominated for the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]],<ref>[http://hurarsiv.hurriyet.com.tr/goster/printnews.aspx?DocID=-31947 Kozmik şiirin yazarı] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017204605/http://hurarsiv.hurriyet.com.tr/goster/printnews.aspx?DocID=-31947 }} (Hürriyet). Retrieved 31 December 2014.</ref> [[Özker Yaşın]], [[Neriman Cahit]], [[Urkiye Mine Balman]], [[Mehmet Yaşın]] and [[Neşe Yaşın]].

There is an increasingly strong presence of both temporary and permanent emigre Cypriot writers in world literature, as well as writings by second and third -generation Cypriot writers born or raised abroad, often writing in English. This includes writers such as [[Michael Paraskos]] and [[Stephanos Stephanides]].<ref>Alexander Davidian, 'A literary resilience' in ''The Cyprus Weekly'' (Cyprus newspaper), 10 January 2016</ref>

Examples of Cyprus in foreign literature include the works of Shakespeare, with most of the play ''[[Othello]]'' by [[William Shakespeare]] set on the island of Cyprus. British writer [[Lawrence Durrell]] lived in Cyprus from 1952 until 1956, during his time working for the British colonial government on the island, and wrote the book ''[[Bitter Lemons]]'' about his time in Cyprus which won the second [[Duff Cooper Prize]] in 1957.

===Mass media===
{{Main|Media of Cyprus}}
{{Main|Television in Cyprus|Radio in Cyprus|Cinema of Cyprus}}
In the 2015 Freedom of the Press report of [[Freedom House]], the Republic of Cyprus and [[Northern Cyprus]] were ranked "free". The Republic of Cyprus scored 25/100 in [[press freedom]], 5/30 in Legal Environment, 11/40 in Political Environment, and 9/30 in Economic Environment (the lower scores the better).<ref>[https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2015/cyprus Freedom House] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216211325/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2015/cyprus }}, 2015 report Cyprus</ref> [[Reporters Without Borders]] rank the Republic of Cyprus 24th out of 180 countries in the 2015 World Press Freedom Index, with a score of 15.62<ref>[https://index.rsf.org/#!/index-details/CYP RSF] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419161741/http://index.rsf.org/ }}, Cyprus</ref>

The law provides for [[freedom of speech]] and [[Freedom of the press|press]], and the government generally respects these rights in practice. An independent press, an effective judiciary, and a functioning democratic political system combine to ensure freedom of speech and of the press. The law prohibits arbitrary interference with privacy, family, home, or correspondence, and the government generally respects these prohibitions in practice.<ref name="USDOS-CRHRP-Cyprus-2012">[https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204274 "Cyprus"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328020122/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2012&dlid=204274 }}, ''Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2012'', Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, U.S. Department of State, 22 March 2013. Retrieved 7 January 2014.</ref>

Local television companies in Cyprus include the state owned [[Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation]] which runs two television channels. In addition on the Greek side of the island there are the private channels ANT1 Cyprus, Plus TV, Mega Channel, Sigma TV, Nimonia TV (NTV) and New Extra. In Northern Cyprus, the local channels are [[Bayrak|BRT]], the Turkish Cypriot equivalent to the Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation, and a number of private channels. The majority of local arts and cultural programming is produced by the Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation and BRT, with local arts documentaries, review programmes and filmed drama series.

===Cinema===
{{Main|Cinema of Cyprus}}
The most worldwide known Cypriot director, to have worked abroad, is [[Michael Cacoyannis]].

In the late 1960s and early 1970s, George Filis produced and directed ''Gregoris Afxentiou'', ''Etsi Prodothike i Kypros'', and ''The Mega Document''. In 1994, Cypriot film production received a boost with the establishment of the Cinema Advisory Committee. In 2000, the annual amount set aside for filmmaking in the national budget was [[Cypriot pound|CYP£]]500,000 (about €850,000). In addition to government grants, Cypriot co-productions are eligible for funding from the [[Council of Europe]]'s [[Eurimages]] Fund, which finances European film co-productions. To date, four feature films on which a Cypriot was an executive producer have received funding from Eurimages. The first was ''I Sphagi tou Kokora'' (1996), followed by ''Hellados'' (unreleased), ''To Tama'' (1999), and ''O Dromos gia tin Ithaki'' (2000).<ref>"[http://www.filmbirth.com/cyprus.html Film Birth – History of Cinema – Cyprus] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924012748/http://www.filmbirth.com/cyprus.html }}".</ref>

===Cuisine===
{{Main|Cypriot cuisine}}
[[File:Vin et gastronomie chypriotes.jpg|thumb|left|Cypriot ''[[meze]]'']]

During the medieval period, under the French Lusignan monarchs of Cyprus an elaborate form of courtly cuisine developed, fusing French, Byzantine and Middle Eastern forms. The Lusignan kings were known for importing Syrian cooks to Cyprus, and it has been suggested that one of the key routes for the importation of Middle Eastern recipes into France and other Western European countries, such as blancmange, was via the Lusignan Kingdom of Cyprus. These recipes became known in the West as ''vyands de Chypre'', or foods of Cyprus, and the food historian William Woys Weaver has identified over one hundred of them in English, French, Italian and German recipe books of the Middle Ages. One that became particularly popular across Europe in the medieval and early modern periods was a stew made with chicken or fish called ''malmonia'', which in English became mawmeny.<ref>William Woys Weaver, 'Poland in the Middle Ages' in Maria Dembinska (ed.) ''Food and Drink in Medieval Poland: Rediscovering a Cuisine of the Past'' (Philadelphia: University of University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999) pp. 41–46</ref>

Another example of a Cypriot food ingredient entering the Western European canon is the cauliflower, still popular and used in a variety of ways on the island today, which was associated with Cyprus from the early Middle Ages. Writing in the 12th and 13th centuries the Arab botanists [[Ibn al-'Awwam]] and [[Ibn al-Baitar]] claimed the vegetable had its origins in Cyprus,<ref name=AggieHorticulture>{{cite web |title=Cabbage Flowers for Food|url=http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/archives/parsons/publications/vegetabletravelers/broccoli.html |website=Aggie Horticulture |publisher=Texas AgriLife Extension Service, Texas A&M System |access-date=12 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812232947/http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu//archives/parsons/publications/vegetabletravelers/broccoli.html |archive-date=12 August 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Fenwick |first=G. Roger |author2=Heaney, Robert K. |author3=Mullin, W. John |author4=VanEtten, Cecil H. |title=Glucosinolates and their breakdown products in food and food plants |journal=CRC Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition |volume=18| issue=2 |pages=123–201 |doi=10.1080/10408398209527361 |pmid=6337782}}</ref> and this association with the island was echoed in Western Europe, where cauliflowers were originally known as Cyprus cabbage or ''Cyprus colewart''. There was also a long and extensive trade in cauliflower seeds from Cyprus, until well into the sixteenth century.<ref>Jon Gregerson, ''Good Earth'' (Portland: Graphic Arts Center Publishing Company, 1990) p.41</ref>

Although much of the Lusignan food culture was lost after the fall of Cyprus to the Ottomans in 1571, a number of dishes that would have been familiar to the Lusignans survive today, including various forms of tahini and houmous, zalatina, skordalia and pickled wild song birds called ambelopoulia. [[Ambelopoulia]], which is today highly controversial, and illegal, was exported in vast quantities from Cyprus during the Lusignan and Venetian periods, particularly to Italy and France. In 1533 the English traveller to Cyprus, John Locke, claimed to have seen the pickled wild birds packed into large jars, of which 1200 jars were exported from Cyprus annually.<ref>David Bannerman and Mary Bannerman ''Birds of Cyprus'' (London: Oliver and Boyd, 1958) p. 384</ref>

Also familiar to the Lusignans would have been [[Halloumi]] cheese, which some food writers today claim originated in Cyprus during the Byzantine period<ref>{{cite book |author1=Goldstein, Darra |author2=Merkle, Kathrin |author3=Parasecoli, Fabio |author4=Mennell, Stephen |author5=Council of Europe |title=Culinary cultures of Europe: identity, diversity and dialogue |publisher=Council of Europe |year=2005 |page=121 |isbn=978-92-871-5744-7 |quote=Most culinary innovations in the Cypriot cuisine occurred during the Byzantine era ... Experimentation with dairy products resulted in the now-famous halloumi and feta cheese.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Robinson, R. K. |author2=Tamime, A. Y. |title=Feta and Related Cheeses |publisher=Woodhead Publishing |year=1991 |page=144 |isbn=978-1-85573-278-0 |quote=Halloumi is a semi-hard to hard, unripened cheese that traditionally is made from either sheep's or goat's milk or a mixture. Although the cheese has its origins in Cyprus, it is widely popular throughout the Middle East, and hence many countries have now become involved with its manufacture.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Murdoch Books Pty Limited |title=Essential Mediterranean |publisher=Murdoch Books |year=2005 |page=21 |isbn=978-1-74045-539-8 |quote=HALOUMl Originating in Cyprus, this salty, semi-hard sheep's milk cheese is a popular table cheese}}</ref> although the name of the cheese itself is thought by academics to be of Arabic origin.<ref name="P. Papademas 2006 p.117">P. Papademas, "Halloumi Cheese" in A.Y. Tamime (ed.), ''Brined Cheeses'' (Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2006) p.117</ref> There is no surviving written documentary evidence of the cheese being associated with Cyprus before the year 1554, when the Italian historian [[Florio Bustron]] wrote of a sheep-milk cheese from Cyprus he called ''calumi''.<ref name="P. Papademas 2006 p.117"/> Halloumi (Hellim) is commonly served sliced, grilled, fried and sometimes fresh, as an appetiser or [[meze]] dish.

[[File:Halloumislice zoom.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Cypriot [[Halloumi]]]]
[[File:Cafes in a stoa small path in Nicosia Republic of Cyprus.JPG|thumb|upright=0.75|Cypriot style café in an arcade in [[Nicosia]]]]

Seafood and fish dishes include squid, octopus, [[red mullet]], and [[European seabass|sea bass]]. Cucumber and tomato are used widely in salads. Common vegetable preparations include potatoes in olive oil and parsley, pickled cauliflower and beets, asparagus and [[taro]]. Other traditional delicacies are meat marinated in dried coriander seeds and wine, and eventually dried and smoked, such as ''lountza'' (smoked [[pork loin]]), charcoal-grilled lamb, [[souvlaki]] (pork and chicken cooked over charcoal), and [[sheftalia]] (minced meat wrapped in [[mesentery]]). ''Pourgouri'' ([[bulgur]], cracked wheat) is the traditional source of carbohydrate other than bread, and is used to make the delicacy [[Kibbeh|koubes]].

Fresh vegetables and fruits are common ingredients. Frequently used vegetables include courgettes, green peppers, [[okra]], green beans, artichokes, carrots, tomatoes, cucumbers, lettuce and grape leaves, and pulses such as beans, broad beans, peas, black-eyed beans, chick-peas and lentils. The most common fruits and nuts are pears, apples, grapes, oranges, [[mandarin orange|mandarines]], nectarines, [[medlar]], blackberries, cherry, strawberries, figs, watermelon, melon, avocado, lemon, pistachio, almond, chestnut, walnut, and hazelnut.

Cyprus is also well known for its desserts, including ''lokum'' (also known as [[Turkish delight]]) and [[Soutzoukos]].<ref name=giant>"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3753928.stm Cyprus villagers make giant sweet]", ''BBC News'', 18 October 2004</ref> This island has [[Protected geographical indications in the European Union#General regime|protected geographical indication (PGI)]] for its ''lokum'' produced in the village of [[Geroskipou]].<ref name=PGI>{{cite news |title=Turks riled as Cyprus set to win EU trademark on Turkish Delight | date=13 December 2007 |agency=Associated Press |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/12/13/europe/EU-GEN-Cyprus-Turkish-Delight.php |work=International Herald Tribune |access-date =14 December 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202125809/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/12/13/europe/EU-GEN-Cyprus-Turkish-Delight.php |archive-date=2 December 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://cyprus-mail.com/2016/07/04/agros-rose-preserve-included-protected-geographical-indication-list/ |title=Agros rose preserve included in protected geographical indication list |last=Andreou |first=Evie |work=Cyprus Mail |access-date=19 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180120070241/http://cyprus-mail.com/2016/07/04/agros-rose-preserve-included-protected-geographical-indication-list/ |archive-date=20 January 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Sports===
[[File:Spyros Kyprianou Athletic Center 11.JPG|thumb|[[Spyros Kyprianou Athletic Center|Spyros Kyprianou Athletic Centre]] in [[Limassol]]]]
Sport governing bodies include the [[Cyprus Football Association]], [[Cyprus Basketball Federation]], [[Cyprus Volleyball Federation]], [[Cyprus Automobile Association]], Cyprus Badminton Federation,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cyprusbadminton.com |title=Cyprus Badminton Federation |publisher=Cyprusbadminton.com |access-date=27 March 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090403054924/http://www.cyprusbadminton.com/ |archive-date=3 April 2009}}</ref> [[Cyprus Cricket Association]], [[Cyprus Rugby Federation]] and the Cyprus Pool Association.

Notable sports teams in the Cyprus leagues include [[APOEL FC]], [[Anorthosis Famagusta FC]], [[AC Omonia]], [[AEL Lemesos]], [[Apollon Limassol FC|Apollon FC]], [[Nea Salamis Famagusta FC]], [[Olympiakos Nicosia]], [[AEK Larnaca FC]], [[AEL Limassol B.C.]], [[Keravnos B.C.]] and [[Apollon Limassol B.C.]] Stadiums or sports venues include the [[GSP Stadium]] (the largest in the Republic of Cyprus-controlled areas), [[Tsirion Stadium]] (second largest), [[Neo GSZ Stadium]], [[Antonis Papadopoulos Stadium]], [[Ammochostos Stadium]] and [[Makario Stadium]].

In the 2008–09 season, [[Anorthosis Famagusta FC]] was the first Cypriot team to qualify for the [[UEFA Champions League]] Group stage. Next season, [[APOEL FC]] qualified for the UEFA Champions League group stage, and reached the last 8 of the [[2011–12 UEFA Champions League]] after finishing top of its group and beating French [[Olympique Lyonnais]] in the Round of 16.

The [[Cyprus national rugby union team]] known as ''The Moufflons'' currently holds the record for most consecutive international wins, which is especially notable as the [[Cyprus Rugby Federation]] was only formed in 2006.

Tennis player [[Marcos Baghdatis]] was ranked 8th in the world, was a finalist at the Australian Open, and reached the [[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]] semi-final, all in 2006. High jumper [[Kyriakos Ioannou]] achieved a jump of 2.35 m at the 11th [[IAAF World Championships in Athletics]] in [[Osaka]], Japan, in 2007, winning the bronze medal. He has been ranked third in the world. In motorsports, [[Tio Ellinas]] is a successful race car driver, currently racing in the [[GP3 Series]] for Marussia [[Manor Motorsport]]. There is also mixed martial artist [[Costas Philippou]], who competes in the [[Ultimate Fighting Championship]] promotion's middleweight division. Costas holds a 6–3 record in UFC bouts, and recently defeated "The Monsoon" [[Lorenz Larkin]] by a knockout in the first round.

Also notable for a Mediterranean island, the siblings [[Christopher Papamichalopoulos|Christopher]] and [[Sophia Papamichalopoulou]] qualified for the [[2010 Winter Olympics]] in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. They were the only athletes who managed to qualify and thus represented [[Cyprus at the 2010 Winter Olympics]].

The country's first ever Olympic medal, a silver medal, was won by the sailor [[Pavlos Kontides]], at the [[2012 Summer Olympics]] in the [[Sailing at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's Laser class|Men's Laser class]].

==See also==
*[[Ancient regions of Anatolia]]
*[[Index of Cyprus-related articles]]
*[[Outline of Cyprus]]
*[[List of Cypriots|List of notable Cypriots]]

==Notes==
{{notelist|2}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |author=Charalambous, Giorgos |title=Party-Society Relations in the Republic of Cyprus |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2015 |isbn= 978-1-317386-56-8}}
* {{cite book |author=Brewin, Christopher |title=European Union and Cyprus |publisher=Eothen Press |year=2000 |isbn= 978-0-906719-24-4}}
* Clark, Tommy. ''A Brief History of Cyprus'' (2020) [https://www.amazon.co.uk/Brief-History-Cyprus-Tommy-Clark/dp/1527268527/ excerpt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326034636/https://www.amazon.co.uk/Brief-History-Cyprus-Tommy-Clark/dp/1527268527/ }}
* {{cite book |editor=Dods, Clement|title=Cyprus: The Need for New Perspectives |publisher=The Eothen Press |year=1999 |isbn= 978-0-906719-23-7}}
* {{cite book |author=Durrell, Lawrence |title=Bitter Lemons |publisher=Faber and Faber |year=1957 |isbn=978-0-571-20155-6 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/bitterlemonsofcy0000durr }}
* {{cite book |author1=Faustmann, Hubert |author2=Nicos Peristianis |title=Britain and Cyprus: Colonialism and Post-Colonialism, 1878–2006 |publisher=Bibliopolis |year=2006 |isbn= 978-3-933925-36-7}}
* {{cite book |author=Gibbons, Harry Scott |title=The Genocide Files |publisher=Charles Bravos Publishers |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-9514464-2-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/genocidefiles00gibb }}
* {{cite book |author=Hannay, David |title=Cyprus: The Search for a Solution |publisher=[[I.B.Tauris]] |year=2005 |isbn= 978-1-85043-665-2}}
* {{cite book |author=Hitchens, Christopher |title=Hostage to History: Cyprus from the Ottomans to Kissinger |publisher=Verso |year=1997 |isbn=978-1-85984-189-1}}
* {{cite book |author=Ker-Lindsay, James |title=EU Accession and UN Peacemaking in Cyprus |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-4039-9690-9}}
* {{cite book |author1=Ker-Lindsay, James |author2=Hubert Faustmann |title=The Government and Politics of Cyprus |publisher=Peter Lang |year=2009 |isbn= 978-3-03911-096-4}}
* {{cite book |author=Mallinson, William |title=Cyprus a Modern History |publisher=I.B.Tauris |year=2005 |isbn= 978-1-85043-580-8}}
* {{cite book |last1=Merin |first1=Jennifer |last2=Burdick |first2=Elizabeth B. |title=International directory of theatre, dance, and folklore festivals: a project of the International Theatre Institute of the United States, inc |url=https://archive.org/details/internationaldir00meri |url-access=registration |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=978-0-313-20993-2 }}
* {{cite book |author=Mirbagheri, Farid |title=Cyprus and International Peacemaking |publisher=Hurst |year=1989 |isbn=978-1-85065-354-7 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/cyprusinternatio0000mirb }}
* {{cite book |author=Nicolet, Claude|title=United States Policy Towards Cyprus, 1954–1974 |publisher=Bibliopolis |year=2001 |isbn= 978-3-933925-20-6}}
* {{cite book |author=Oberling, Pierre|title=The Road to Bellapais |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=1982 |isbn= 978-0-88033-000-8}}
* {{cite book |author1=O'Malley, Brendan |author2=Ian Craig|title=The Cyprus Conspiracy |publisher=I.B.Tauris |year=1999 |isbn= 978-1-86064-737-6}}
* {{cite book |author=Palley, Claire |title=An International Relations Debacle: The UN Secretary-General's Mission of Good Offices in Cyprus, 1999–2004 |publisher=Hart Publishing |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-84113-578-6}}
* {{cite book |author=Papadakis, Yiannis|title=Echoes from the Dead Zone: Across the Cyprus Divide |publisher=I.B.Tauris |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-85043-428-3}}
* {{cite book |author=Richmond, Oliver|title=Mediating in Cyprus |publisher=Frank Cass |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-7146-4431-8}}
* {{cite book |editor=Richmond, Oliver |editor2=James Ker-Lindsay |title=The Work of the UN in Cyprus: Promoting Peace and Development |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-333-91271-3}}
* {{cite book |author=Richter, Heinz |title=A Concise History of Modern Cyprus 1878–2009 |publisher=Rutzen |year=2010 |isbn=978-3-447-06212-1}}
* Sacopoulo, Marina (1966). ''Chypre d'aujourd'hui''. Paris: G.-P. Maisonneuve et Larose. 406 p., ill. with b&w photos. and fold. maps.
* {{cite book |author=Tocci, Nathalie |title=EU Accession Dynamics and Conflict Resolution: Catalysing Peace or Consolidating Partition in Cyprus? |publisher=Ashgate |year=2004 |isbn= 978-0-7546-4310-4}}
* {{cite book |author1=Yiorghos, Leventis |author2=Murata Sawayanagi Nanako |author3=Hazama Yasushi |title=Crossing Over Cyprus |publisher=Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA) Tokyo University of Foreign Studies (TUFS) |year=2008 |isbn=978-4-86337-003-6}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
'''General Information'''
* [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cyprus/ Cyprus]. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[Central Intelligence Agency]].
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1021835.stm Timeline of Cyprus by BBC]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080727022814/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/cyprus.htm Cyprus] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs''
* [https://2009-2017.state.gov/p/eur/ci/cy/ Cyprus] information from the [[United States Department of State]] includes Background Notes, Country Study and major reports
* {{curlie|Regional/Middle_East/Cyprus}}
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17217956 Cyprus profile] from the [[BBC News]]
* [http://www.unficyp.org/ The UN in Cyprus]

'''Government'''
* [http://www.cyprustrade.co.uk/ Cyprus High Commission Trade Centre – London]
* [http://www.cyprus.gov.cy/portal/portal.nsf/citizen_en?OpenForm&access=0&SectionId=citizen&CategoryId=none&SelectionId=home&print=0&lang=en Republic of Cyprus – English Language]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061003102510/http://www.kypros.org/Constitution/English/index.htm Constitution of the Republic of Cyprus]
* [https://www.pio.gov.cy/en/ Press and Information Office – Ministry of Interior]
* [https://www.cystat.gov.cy/en/ Cyprus Statistical Service]

'''Tourism'''
* [http://www.visitcyprus.com/ Read about Cyprus on visitcyprus.com] – the official travel portal for Cyprus
* [http://www.cyprus.com/ Cyprus informational portal and open platform for contribution of Cyprus-related content] – www.Cyprus.com
* {{osmrelation-inline|307787}}
'''Cuisine'''

* [https://publications.gov.cy/assets/user/publications/2022/2022_040/HTML/ Gastronomical map of Cyprus]

'''Archaeology'''

* [http://triarte.brynmawr.edu/PRT212?sid=336967&x=32613387&x=32613388 Cypriot Pottery, Bryn Mawr College Art and Artifact Collections]
* [http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15324coll10/id/162840 ''The Cesnola collection of Cypriot art : stone sculpture''], a fully digitised text from The Metropolitan Museum of Art libraries
* [http://cypernochkreta.dinstudio.se The Mosaics of Khirbat al-Ma]

'''Official publications'''
* [https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200405/cmselect/cmfaff/113/11302.htm The British government's Foreign Affairs Committee report on Cyprus].
* [http://www.moi.gov.cy/moi/pio/pio.nsf/All/BD477C55623013C5C2256D740027CF98?OpenDocument Legal Issues arising from certain population transfers and displacements on the territory of the Republic of Cyprus in the period since 20 July 1974] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080928053046/http://www.moi.gov.cy/moi/pio/pio.nsf/All/BD477C55623013C5C2256D740027CF98?OpenDocument }}
* [http://www.hri.org/news/cyprus/cna/2004/04-04-08.cna.html#01 Address to Cypriots by President Papadopoulos (FULL TEXT)]
* [http://www.hri.org/docs/annan/ Annan Plan]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20041217052134/http://www.greekembassy.org/Embassy/content/en/Article.aspx?office=1&folder=44&article=86 Embassy of Greece, USA – Cyprus: Geographical and Historical Background]

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2011 Indian census

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Creator0077: Generated a fresh page.

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