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Howrah Lok Sabha constituency

2026-05-05T04:57:26Z

CoyCallaghan: added new stub.

{{short description|Lok Sabha constituency in West Bengal}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Howrah {{Small|WB-25}}
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/West Bengal/Howrah.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Howrah Lok Sabha Constituency
| incumbent_image =
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| mp = [[Prasun Banerjee]]
| party = {{Party index link|Trinamool Congress}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| assembly_cons = [[Bally Assembly constituency|Bally]] [[Howrah Uttar Assembly constituency|Howrah Uttar]] [[Howrah Madhya Assembly constituency|Howrah Madhya]] [[Shibpur Assembly constituency|Shibpur]] [[Howrah Dakshin Assembly constituency|Howrah Dakshin]] [[Sankrail Assembly constituency|Sankrail]] [[Panchla Assembly constituency|Panchla]]
| electors = 1,505,099<ref name=turnout>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm |title=Parliamentary Constituency Wise Turnout for General Elections 2014 |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702210941/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm |archive-date=2 July 2014 }}</ref>
}}

'''Howrah Lok Sabha constituency''' ({{langx|bn|হাওড়া লোকসভা কেন্দ্র}}) is one of the 543 [[Lok Sabha|parliamentary]] constituencies in [[India]]. The constituency centeres on [[Howrah]] in [[West Bengal]]. All the seven assembly segments of No. 25 Howrah Lok Sabha constituency are in [[Howrah district]].

== Overview ==

[[File:Westbengalen Wahlkreise Lok Sabha.svg|thumb|350 px|right|'''Parliamentary constituencies in West Bengal''' - 1. Cooch Behar, 2. Alipurduars, 3. Jalpaiguri, 4. Darjeeling, 5. Raiganj, 6. Balurghat, 7. Maldaha Uttar, 8. Maldaha Dakshin, 9. Jangipur, 10. Baharampur, 11. Murshidabad, 12. Krishnanagar, 13. Ranaghat, 14. Bangaon, 15. Barrackpore, 16. Dum Dum, 17. Barasat, 18. Basirhat, 19. Jaynagar, 20. Mathurapur, 21. Diamond Harbour, 22. Jadavpur, 23. Kolkata Dakshin, 24. Kolkata Uttar, 25. '''Howrah''', 26. Uluberia, 27. Serampore, 28. Hooghly, 29. Arambagh, 30. Tamluk, 31, Kanthi, 32. Ghatal, 33. Jhargram, 34. Medinipur, 35. Purulia, 36. Bankura, 37. Bishnupur, 38. Bardhaman Purba, 39. Bardhaman Durgapur, 40. Asansol, 41. Bolpur, 42. Birbhum]]

The ''Hindustan Times'' reported, “Howrah is a 500-year-old urban agglomeration on the western bank of the [[Hooghly River]] and is best known for unplanned, densely populated habitation, one of the country's biggest rail terminuses, and a rusty manufacturing sector, especially iron foundries.”<ref>{{cite web| url = https://in.news.yahoo.com/trinamool-congress-wins-howrah-lok-sabha-bypoll-183000726.html |title = Trinamul Congress wins Howrah Lok Sabha Polls| publisher = Hindustan Times, 5 June 2013 |access-date = 13 June 2014 }}</ref>

About the foundry industry ''The Times of India'' wrote, “Some have already downed their shutters. Others keep open for three days a week. A cut in wages has been accepted by the workers, mostly without even a grumble. The foundry industry of Howrah, once known as the Sheffield of India and one of the largest employers in the state, is now gasping for breath.”<ref>{{cite web| url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Sheffield-of-India-dying-an-untimely-death/articleshow/336158732.cms |title = Sheffield of India dying an untimely death | publisher = The Times of India, 20 September 2001|access-date = 13 June 2014 }}</ref>

According to ''The Hindu'', Howrah and Sreerampur constituencies have more than 25% non-Bengali voters with their roots in Rajasthan, Bihar or Uttar Pradesh.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/nonbengali-voters-could-prove-crucial-in-final-phase/article5997251.ece |title = Non-Bengali voters could prove crucial in final phase| publisher =The Hindu, 11 May 2014 |access-date = 13 June 2014 }}</ref>

== Assembly segments ==

As per order of the [[Delimitation Commission]] issued in 2006 in respect of the [[delimitation of constituencies]] in the West Bengal, parliamentary constituency no. 25 Howrah is composed of the following segments:<ref name =delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 | access-date = 2009-05-27 | work = Table B – Extent of Parliamentary Constituencies | publisher =Government of West Bengal}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! #
! Name
! District
! Member
! colspan="2" |[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026 Winner]]
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
|169
|[[Bally Assembly constituency|Bally]]
| rowspan="7" |[[Howrah district|Howrah]]
|Sanjay Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=7}}
|-
| 170
|[[Howrah Uttar Assembly constituency|Howrah Uttar]]
|Umesh Rai
|-
|171
|[[Howrah Madhya Assembly constituency|Howrah Madhya]]
|[[Arup Roy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|-
|172
|[[Shibpur Assembly constituency|Shibpur]]
|[[Rudranil Ghosh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|173
|[[Howrah Dakshin Assembly constituency|Howrah Dakshin]]
|[[Nandita Chowdhury]]
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|174
|[[Sankrail Assembly constituency|Sankrail]] (SC)
|[[Priya Paul (politician)|Priya Paul]]
|-
|175
|[[Panchla Assembly constituency|Panchla]]
|[[Gulsan Mullick|Gulshan Mullick]]
|}

Prior to delimitation, the constituency was composed of the following assembly segments:<ref>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/LS_2004/Vol_III_LS_2004.pdf | title = Statistical Report on General Elections, 2004 to the 14th Lok Sabha | access-date = 2010-10-01 | work = Volume III Details For Assembly Segments Of Parliamentary Constituencies | publisher = Election Commission of India }}</ref>

* [[Bally Assembly constituency|Bally]] (AC 161)
* [[Howrah Uttar Assembly constituency|Howrah North]] (AC 162)
* [[Howrah Madhya Assembly constituency|Howrah Central]] (AC 163)
* [[Howrah Dakshin Assembly constituency|Howrah South]] (AC 164)
* [[Shibpur Assembly constituency|Shibpur]] (AC 165)
* [[Domjur Assembly constituency|Domjur]] (AC 166)
* [[Sankrail Assembly constituency|Sankrail]] (SC) (AC 169)

== Members of Parliament ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Lok Sabha!!Duration!!Name of M.P.!!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1st Lok Sabha|First]]||1952–57||Santosh Kumar Dutta<ref name=loksabha1952>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_1_51_LS.PDF |title=General Elections, India, 1951- Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission |access-date=25 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008191615/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1951/VOL_1_51_LS.PDF |archive-date=8 October 2014 }}</ref>||{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2nd Lok Sabha|Second]]||1957–62|| rowspan="2" |[[Mohammed Elias]]<ref name=loksabha1957>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1957/Vol_I_57_LS.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1957- Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 25 May 2014}}</ref><ref name=loksabha1962>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1962/Vol_I_LS_62.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1962- Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 25 May 2014}}</ref>||{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[3rd Lok Sabha|Third]]||1962–67
|-
|[[4th Lok Sabha|Fourth]]||1967–71||K. K. Chatterjee<ref name=loksabha1967>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf |title=General Elections, India, 1967 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission |access-date=25 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718185108/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref>||{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[5th Lok Sabha|Fifth]]||1971–77|| rowspan="3" |[[Samar Mukherjee (Howrah politician)|Samar Mukherjee]]<ref name=loksabha1971>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS71.pdf |title=General Elections, India, 1971 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission |access-date=25 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718175452/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS71.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref><ref name=loksabha1977>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf |title=General Elections, 1977 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=25 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718185438/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref><ref name=loksabha1980>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf |title=General Elections, 1980 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=25 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718175926/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref>||{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[6th Lok Sabha|Sixth]]||1977–80
|-
| [[7th Lok Sabha|Seventh]]||1980–84
|-
|[[8th Lok Sabha|Eighth]]||1984–89||[[Priyaranjan Dasmunsi]]<ref name=loksabha1984>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf |title=General Elections, 1984 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=25 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718184911/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref>||{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[9th Lok Sabha|Ninth]]||1989–91|| rowspan="2" |[[Susanta Chakraborty]]<ref name=loksabha1989>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf |title=General Elections, 1989 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=25 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref><ref name=loksabha1991>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1991/VOL_I_91.pdf |title=General Elections, 1991 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=25 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183558/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1991/VOL_I_91.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref>||{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[10th Lok Sabha|Tenth]]||1991–96
|-
| [[11th Lok Sabha|Eleventh]]||1996–98||[[Priyaranjan Dasmunsi]]<ref name=loksabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1996/Vol_I_LS_96.pdf |title = General Elections, 1996 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 25 May 2014 }}</ref>||{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[12th Lok Sabha|Twelfth]]||1998–99||[[Bikram Sarkar]]<ref name=loksabha1998>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf |title=General Elections, 1998 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=25 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718181833/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref>||{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|-
| [[13th Lok Sabha|Thirteenth]]||1999–2004|| rowspan="2" |[[Swadesh Chakraborty]]<ref name=loksabha1999>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf |title=General Elections, 1999 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=25 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref><ref name=loksabha2004>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf |title = General Elections, 2004 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 25 May 2014 }}</ref>||{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[14th Lok Sabha|Fourteenth]]||2004–09
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[15th Lok Sabha|Fifteenth]]||2009–13||[[Ambica Banerjee]]<ref name=loksabha2009>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |title=General Elections, 2009 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=25 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811090059/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |archive-date=11 August 2014 }}</ref>||{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
|2013–14|| rowspan="4" |[[Prasun Banerjee]]<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/current/ByElec_WB.pdf |title = Bye election to the House of the People from The 25 Howrah Parliamentary Constituency |work = Forms 21 D & E | publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 10 June 2013}}</ref><ref name=loksabha2014>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/33%20-%20Constituency%20wise%20detailed%20result.pdf |title = General Elections 2014 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 19 June 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Howrah Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result: Candidates Profiles, Map, Total Votes, Past Results {{!}} Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/west-bengal/howrah |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[16th Lok Sabha|Sixteenth]]||2014–19
|-
|[[17th Lok Sabha|Seventeenth]]
|2019–24
|-
|[[18th Lok Sabha|Eighteenth]]
|2024–29
|-
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2024 ===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: [[Howrah]]<ref name="Howrah Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2014 - 2024">{{cite news |title=Howrah Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2014 - 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/west-bengal/howrah |accessdate=17 July 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=4 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250717114319/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/west-bengal/howrah |archivedate=17 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Howrah">{{cite news |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Howrah |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2525.htm |accessdate=17 July 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=4 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250717114330/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2525.htm |archivedate=17 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=[[Prasun Banerjee]]|votes=626493|percentage=49.26|change={{increase}}2.08}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Rathin Chakraborty|votes=457,051|percentage=35.94|change={{decrease}} 2.79}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Sabyasachi Chatterjee|votes=152,005|percentage=11.95|change={{increase}}3.31}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes=10,000|percentage=0.79|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=1,69,442|percentage=3.9|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}

{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Howrah]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=[[Prasun Banerjee]]|votes=576,711|percentage=47.18|change={{increase}}4.53}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Rantidev Sengupta|votes=473,016|percentage=38.73|change={{increase}}25.42}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate= Sumitro Adhikary|
|votes= 152005
|percentage= 8.64
|change={{decrease}}5.44}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Suvra Ghosh|votes=32,107|percentage=2.63|change={{decrease}} 2.68}}
{{Election box candidate |
|party=[[Independent politician|IND]]
|candidate= Sekhar Mondal|
|votes= 6,447
|percentage= 0.53
|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes=6,337|percentage=0.52|change=}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,03,695
|percentage = 8.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 12,22,708
|percentage = 74.83
|change = +0.04
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}

{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Howrah]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=[[Prasun Banerjee]]|votes=4,88,461|percentage=43.40|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate= [[Srideep Bhattacharya]]
|votes= 2,91,505
|percentage= 25.90
|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[George Baker (Indian actor)|George Baker]]|votes=2,48,120|percentage=22.05|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Manoj Kumar Pandey|votes=63,254|percentage=5.62 |change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes=9,929|percentage=0.88|change=}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,96,956
|percentage = 17.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 11,25,728
|percentage = 74.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}

{{Election box end}}

=== 2013 bypoll ===

{{Election box begin | title=Bye-elections 2013: Howrah}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=[[Prasun Banerjee]]|votes=4,26,387|percentage=44.68|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate= [[Srideep Bhattacharya]]
|votes= 3,99,422
|percentage=41.85
|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Sanatan Mukherjee|votes=96,743|percentage=10.14 |change=}}
{{Election box candidate |
|party=[[Independent politician|IND]]
|candidate= Ranjan Paul|
|votes= 8,921
|percentage= 0.93
|change=}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =26,965
|percentage = 2.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 9,54,850
|percentage = 65.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Howrah]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=[[Ambica Banerjee]]|votes=4,77,449|percentage=48.02|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate= [[Swadesh Chakrabortty]]
|votes= 4,40,057
|percentage=44.26
|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Polly Mukherjee|votes=37,723|percentage=3.79|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Samajwadi Party |candidate=Bijoy Uppadhya|votes=8,615|percentage=0.87|change=}}
{{Election box candidate |
|party=[[Independent politician|IND]]
|candidate=Subarna Chakraborty |
|votes= 8,180
|percentage= 0.82
|change=}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =37,392
|percentage = 3.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 9,93,958
|percentage = 73.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==

* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/west_bengal/howrah/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Howrah lok sabha constituency election 2019 result details]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}
{{Howrah topics}}

{{Coord|22.5736296|N|88.3251045|E|display=title|format=dms}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Howrah Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Howrah district]]

Monty Desai

2026-04-28T21:30:44Z

CoyCallaghan:

{{Short description|Indian professional cricket coach}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Monty Desai
| image =
| fullname = Mrugang Jagadish Desai
| nickname =
| birth_date = 28 May 1974
| birth_place = India
| batting =
| role =
| coachclub1 = [[Canada national cricket team|Canada]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-19 |title=Monty Desai appointed Canada head coach ahead of WCL Division 2 |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/1108035 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319050021/https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/1108035 |archive-date=2023-03-19 |access-date=2023-03-19 |website=[[International Cricket Council]] |language=en}}</ref>
| coachyear1 = 2019
| coachclub2 = [[Nepal national cricket team|Nepal]]
<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1635998800522117124 |user=CricketNep |title=Monty Desai, the influential cricket coach of Nepal, is urging fans to come and support the team for their crucial match against UAE in the CWCL2 tournament tomorrow at TU Cricket Ground. |author=Cricket Association Nepal |date=2023-03-15 |access-date=2023-03-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-06 |title=Desai's Nepal duty is now official |url=https://kathmandupost.com/cricket/2023/02/06/india-s-monty-desai-appointed-head-coach-of-national-cricket-team |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319050020/https://kathmandupost.com/cricket/2023/02/06/india-s-monty-desai-appointed-head-coach-of-national-cricket-team |archive-date=2023-03-19 |access-date=2023-03-19 |website=[[The Kathmandu Post]] |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mrugng Monty Desai appointed as Nepal men's team head coach |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/cricket/mrugng-monty-desai-appointed-as-nepal-mens-team-head-coach20230206175937/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319050023/https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/cricket/mrugng-monty-desai-appointed-as-nepal-mens-team-head-coach20230206175937/ |archive-date=2023-03-19 |access-date=2023-03-19 |website=[[Asian News International]] |language=en}}</ref>
| coachyear2 = 2023–2024
| coachyear3 = 2025
| coachclub3 = [[Kathmandu Gurkhas]]
| coachyear4 = 2026
| coachclub4 = [[Canada national cricket team|Canada]]<ref>https://torontosun.com/sports/other-sports/cricket-canada-inks-coach-monty-desai-crucial-league-encounters</ref>
|caption=Desai during 2023.}}

'''Monty Desai''' is an Indian professional cricket coach.

Desai began his coaching career with [[Rajasthan Royals]] as scout and coach where gave his service for 7 years from 2008 to 2015,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subrahmanyam |first=V. V. |date=2018-10-29 |title=Monty Desai: 'Vihari's India selection a catalyst for Andhra players to dream big' |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/team-andhra-ranji-trophy-coach-monty-desai-domestic-season-2018-19-preview-hanuma-vihari-ks-bharat/article25361069.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319050045/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/team-andhra-ranji-trophy-coach-monty-desai-domestic-season-2018-19-preview-hanuma-vihari-ks-bharat/article25361069.ece |archive-date=2023-03-19 |access-date=2023-03-19 |website=[[Sportstar]] |publisher=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> He also led Andhra Ranji team as Head Coach in [[2018–19 Ranji Trophy|2018–19 season]] of [[Ranji Trophy]]. Earlier, he joined [[Afghanistan national cricket team]] in Jan2018, he was part of winning team in world cup qualifiers held in Zimbabwe, later he resigned for personal reasons. After serving one full season with Andhra Cricket, he joined [[United Arab Emirates national cricket team|United Arab Emirates national team]] as a batting coach in 2019. He was also appointed as head coach of [[Canada national cricket team|Canada national team]] for [[2019 ICC World Cricket League Division Two]] on the same year.

In December 2019, Desai then joined [[West Indies national cricket team|West Indies national team]] as a batting coach, and served until 2022. He was also part of the [[Indian Premier League]] franchise [[Rajasthan Royals]] and [[Gujarat Lions]] as a performance coach and talent scout. In 2023, he was appointed head coach of Nepal national team by [[Cricket Association of Nepal]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Malik |first=Varun |date=2023-02-06 |title=India's Monty Desai appointed Nepal's head coach |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/sports/cricket/indias-monty-desai-appointed-nepals-head-coach-nepal-cricket-association-of-nepal-sandeep-lamichhane-nepal-cricket-manoj-prabhakar-2023-02-06-845112 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318220831/https://www.indiatvnews.com/sports/cricket/indias-monty-desai-appointed-nepals-head-coach-nepal-cricket-association-of-nepal-sandeep-lamichhane-nepal-cricket-manoj-prabhakar-2023-02-06-845112 |archive-date=2023-03-18 |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=[[India TV]] |language=en}}</ref> and led the team to qualify for the [[2023 Asia Cup]] and [[2023 Cricket World Cup Qualifier]] as well as to successfully retain the [[One Day International|ODI status]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 March 2023 |title=Nepal retain ODI status with a thumping win over UAE |url=https://kathmandupost.com/cricket/2023/03/12/nepal-retains-odi-status-with-a-thumping-win-over-uae |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319143430/https://kathmandupost.com/cricket/2023/03/12/nepal-retains-odi-status-with-a-thumping-win-over-uae |archive-date=2023-03-19 |access-date=19 March 2023 |website=[[The Kathmandu Post]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Oli |first=Prajwal |date=2023-03-18 |title=What's behind the swift shift in Team Nepal's batting form |url=https://kathmandupost.com/cricket/2023/03/18/what-s-behind-the-swift-shift-in-team-nepal-s-batting-form |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321060107/https://kathmandupost.com/cricket/2023/03/18/what-s-behind-the-swift-shift-in-team-nepal-s-batting-form |archive-date=2023-03-21 |access-date=2023-03-19 |website=[[The Kathmandu Post]] |language=English}}</ref> Under his coaching, Nepal has also qualified for the [[2024 ICC Men's T20 World Cup]] after a decade.

Desai was dismissed as Nepal's head coach in February 2025 as [[Cricket Association of Nepal|CAN]] decided not to renew the contract following the expiration of his tenure.<ref>{{cite web |title= CAN decides not to extend coach Desai's contract |url = https://kathmandupost.com/cricket/2025/02/02/can-decides-not-to-extend-coach-desai-s-contract |website=The Kathmandu Post |language= English |access-date = 2026-04-22}}</ref>

Desai was appointed as the head coach of the [[Kathmandu Gurkhas]] for the second edition of the [[2025 Nepal Premier League|Nepal Premier League]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-10 |title = Monty Desai appointed Head Coach of Kathmandu Gorkhas |url=https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/monty-desai-appointed-head-coach-of-kathmandu-gurkhas-23-66.html|access-date=2025-07-10|website=[[Republica]]|language=English}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Twitter|montydesai|Monty Desai}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Desai, Monty}}
[[Category:Coaches of the Canada national cricket team]]
[[Category:Coaches of the Nepal national cricket team]]
[[Category:Coaches of the West Indies cricket team]]
[[Category:Coaches of the United Arab Emirates national cricket team]]
[[Category:Coaches of the Afghanistan national cricket team]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian cricket coaches]]
[[Category:Expatriate cricket coaches]]
[[Category:Indian expatriate sportspeople in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Indian expatriate sportspeople in Canada]]
[[Category:Indian expatriate sportspeople in Nepal]]
[[Category:Indian expatriate sportspeople in the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:1974 births]]

Indian Civil Accounts Service

2026-04-28T13:47:22Z

CoyCallaghan: added info

{{Short description|Government of India Civil Service}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox
| title = Indian Civil Accounts Service (ICAS)
| image = [[File:Officialcaologo.jpg|150px|Indian Civil Accounts Service Logo]]
| caption = Indian Civil Accounts Service
| headerstyle = background:#3b444b; color:#fff;
| header1 = Service Overview
| label2 = Abbreviation
| data2 = ICAS
| label3 = Formed
| data3 = 1976
| label4 = Country
| data4 = {{Flag|India}}
| label5 = Training Ground
| data5 = [http://www.nifm.ac.in National Institute of Financial Management], [[Faridabad]] [http://www.ingaf.in Institute of Government Accounts and Finance], [[New Delhi]]
| label6 = Controlling Authority
| data6 = [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]], [[Government of India]]
| label7 = Minister Responsible
| data7 = [[Nirmala Sitharaman]]
| label8 = Legal Personality
| data8 = Governmental, [[Civil Service]]
| label9 = General Nature
| data9 = Accounting and Finance
| header10 = Service Chief
| label11 = Controller General of Accounts
| data11 = Ms. T.C.A. Kalyani, ICAS
| header12 = Head of the All India Civil Services
| label13 = [[Cabinet Secretary (India)|Cabinet Secretary]]
| data13 = [[T. V. Somanathan]], [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
}}

The '''Indian Civil Accounts Service''' ('''ICAS'''; [[Hindi]]: '''भारतीय सिविल लेखा सेवा''' ''Bharatiya Civil Lekha Seva'' ) is one of the [[Civil Services of India]]. ICAS is under the Department of Expenditure in the Union Ministry of Finance. The service was created in 1976 with the purpose of separating the Auditing and Accounting functions of the Union Government with deputation and transfer from the [[Indian Audits and Accounts Service]]. Since 1977, personnel have been selected from the [[Civil Services Examination]] conducted by the [[Union Public Service Commission]], like all other Central Civil Services.

== History ==
The Union Government introduced a major Public Financial Management reform in 1976 by separating audit and accounts functions, thereby relieving the Comptroller and Auditor General of India of the responsibility for preparing Union Government accounts and leading to the creation of the Indian Civil Accounts Service (ICAS), carved out from the Indian Audit & Accounts Service (IA&AS) through legislative changes including the Departmentalisation of Union Accounts (Transfer of Personnel) Act, 1976, which received Presidential assent on 8 April 1976 and was effective from 1 March 1976; as a result, ICAS observes 1 March as “Civil Accounts Day” every year, and the service was formally constituted in April 1977 as a specialised Group ‘A’ Central Service, marking a significant reform in modernising and strengthening financial management in the Government of India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cga.nic.in/writereaddata/ProfileOfICAS.pdf|title=Profile of ICAS|publisher=Controller General of Accounts, Government of India|access-date=28 April 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cga.nic.in/Page/History-of-Indian-Civil-Accounts-Organisation.aspx|title=History of Indian Civil Accounts Organisation|publisher=Controller General of Accounts, Government of India|access-date=28 April 2026}}</ref>

== Recruitment ==
Recruitment to the Indian Civil Accounts Service (ICAS) is primarily conducted through the [[Civil Services Examination]] held by the [[Union Public Service Commission]] (UPSC).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://upsc.gov.in/sites/default/files/Notif-IFSP-26-Engl-040226.pdf|title=Indian Forest Service Examination 2026 Notification|publisher=Union Public Service Commission (UPSC)|access-date=28 April 2026}}</ref>

== Training ==
The training structure of the Indian Civil Accounts Service (ICAS) for UPSC-selected officers is conducted in three distinct phases.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ajnifm.ac.in/programmes/probationers-training-course|title=Probationers Training Course|publisher=Arun Jaitley National Institute of Financial Management (AJNIFM)|access-date=28 April 2026}}</ref>

Followed by the three month Foundational course happens in the [[LBSNAA]], the Officer Trainees (OTs) then proceed to the following trainings:

*In the first phase, probationers are trained at the '''National Institute of Financial Management (NIFM)''' in [[Faridabad]] for about six months, which also includes an overseas exposure visit to understand global best practices in public financial management.

*The second phase takes place at the '''Institute of Government Accounts and Finance (INGAF)''' in [[New Delhi]], where officers receive advanced instruction in government accounting systems, financial rules, and related procedures.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cga.nic.in/Page/Institute-of-Government-Accounts-and-Finance-INGAF.aspx|title=Institute of Government Accounts and Finance (INGAF)|publisher=Controller General of Accounts, Government of India|access-date=28 April 2026}}</ref>

*In the final stage, officers undergo On-the-Job Training (OJT) in one of the Pay & Accounts Offices located across the country, gaining practical experience in day-to-day government accounting operations.

== Functions ==
The Controller General of Accounts (CGA), under the Allocation of Business Rules, 1961, is responsible for designing and maintaining a sound accounting system for departmentalized accounts and prescribing principles, systems, and formats of Government accounts. (S)He coordinates with the Budget Division and the Comptroller and Auditor General of India on accounting matters and issues instructions to Ministries/Departments regarding accounting procedures for receipts and payments. He also ensures accurate, comprehensive, and timely accounting information. The CGA has inspection powers to ensure proper maintenance of accounts and is the cadre controlling authority for Group ‘A’ and Group ‘B’ officers of the Indian Civil Accounts Service, responsible for cadre management and HR development.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://doe.gov.in/controller-general-accounts-cga|title=Controller General of Accounts (CGA)|publisher=Department of Expenditure, Ministry of Finance, Government of India|access-date=28 April 2026}}</ref>

Key functions include:

* Promoting management accounting systems in Ministries/Departments
* Reconciliation of [[Government of India|Union Government]] cash balances with [[Reserve Bank of India]] (RBI).
* Consolidation of monthly accounts and preparation of Appropriation and Finance Accounts
* Coordination for Group ‘C’ and ‘D’ staff administration
* Conducting departmental examinations
* Revising Treasury Rules, Account Codes, and related financial rules

Additionally, the CGA oversees the ''Central Plan Scheme Monitoring System'', tracking expenditure under Central Plan Schemes up to beneficiary level, ensuring proper fund utilization and monitoring.

== Career Progression ==
After joining the ICAS, the officer starts his/her career as an Assistant Controller of Accounts in the rank of Assistant Secretary to the Government of India. After 5 years, the first promotion takes place to the rank of Assistant Controller General of Accounts equivalent to Under Secretary. After 10 years, the officer is promoted to Controller of Accounts equivalent to Deputy Secretary. After 13 years, the officer is promoted to Senior Controller of Accounts equivalent to Director. After 19–21 years of service, the officer becomes Chief Controller of Accounts equivalent to the [[Joint Secretary]]. After 28-30 years of service, the officer attains the rank of Principal Chief Controller of Accounts equivalent to the [[Additional Secretary]]. After 34-35 years or more of service, the [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]] considers the officer for appointment to the rank of Controller General of Accounts equivalent to the rank of [[Secretary to the Government of India|Secretary]]. In ICAS, officers spend more than 25 years of their service in [[New Delhi]], as most Ministries and Departments are located there. In addition, they may have a few postings in state capitals, along with limited foreign assignments during their career.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cga.nic.in//writereaddata/file/GRAHR3201dt16022026.pdf|title=Government Receipt Accounting Head Rules / CGA Document|publisher=Controller General of Accounts, Government of India|access-date=28 April 2026}}</ref>

===Rank Structure===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+ Ranks, designations, and positions held by Indian Civil Accounts Service officers in their career
|-
! Grade / Scale (Level on Pay Matrix)
! Posting in Indian Civil Accounts Service
! Position in Government of India
! Position in [[Order of precedence in India]]
! Pay Scale (Basic Pay)
|-

| Apex Scale (Pay Level 17)
| style="text-align:center;" | Controller General of Accounts
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Secretary to the Government of India|Secretary]]
| style="text-align:center;" | {{Centre|23}}
| style="text-align:center;" | {{INRConvert|225|k|lk=on}}
|-

| Higher Administrative Grade + (Pay Level 16)
| style="text-align:center;" | Additional Controller General of Accounts
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Additional Secretary to the Government of India|Additional Secretary]]
| style="text-align:center;" | {{Centre|25}}
| style="text-align:center;" | {{INRConvert|205.4|k|lk=on}}—{{INRConvert|224.4|k|lk=on}}
|-

| Higher Administrative Grade (Pay Level 15)
| style="text-align:center;" | Principal Chief Controller of Accounts
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Additional Secretary to the Government of India|Additional Secretary]]
| style="text-align:center;" | {{Centre|25}}
| style="text-align:center;" | {{INRConvert|182.2|k|lk=on}}—{{INRConvert|224.1|k|lk=on}}
|-

| Senior Administrative Grade (Pay Level 14)
| style="text-align:center;" | Chief Controller of Accounts
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Joint secretary to the Government of India|Joint Secretary]]
| style="text-align:center;" | {{Centre|26}}
| style="text-align:center;" | {{INRConvert|144.2|k|lk=on}}—{{INRConvert|218.2|k|lk=on}}
|-

| Selection Grade (Pay Level 13)
| style="text-align:center;" | Senior Controller of Accounts
| style="text-align:center;" | Director
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" | {{INRConvert|123.1|k|lk=on}}—{{INRConvert|215.9|k|lk=on}}
|-

| Junior Administrative Grade (Pay Level 12)
| style="text-align:center;" | Controller of Accounts
| style="text-align:center;" | Deputy Secretary
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" | {{INRConvert|78.8|k|lk=on}}—{{INRConvert|209.2|k|lk=on}}
|-

| Senior Time Scale (Pay Level 11)
| style="text-align:center;" | Assistant Controller General of Accounts
| style="text-align:center;" | Under Secretary
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" | {{INRConvert|67.7|k|lk=on}}—{{INRConvert|208.7|k|lk=on}}
|-

| Junior Time Scale (Pay Level 10)
| style="text-align:center;" | Assistant Controller of Accounts
Entry-level (Probationer)
| style="text-align:center;" | Assistant Secretary
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" | {{INRConvert|56.1|k|lk=on}}—{{INRConvert|177.5|k|lk=on}}
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}
*https://cga.nic.in/writereaddata/Profilel_ICAS.pdf{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

== External links==
* [http://cga.nic.in/default.aspx Official Website of CGA's Office] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130106011434/http://cga.nic.in/default.aspx |date=6 January 2013 }}
* [http://www.Ingaf.in Official Website of INGAF]
* [https://archive.today/20110721163519/http://cpsms.nic.in/ Official Website for CPSMS]
* [http://www.slideshare.net/vivekijs/organisation-structure-cga Organization Structure]

{{Public Services of India}}
{{Civil service}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Civil Accounts Service}}
[[Category:Accounting in India]]
[[Category:Central Civil Services (India)]]

{{India-gov-stub}}

Navyug Ramlila and Dussehra Committee

2026-04-26T20:59:06Z

CoyCallaghan: new basic stub w/ infobox

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox organization
| formation = 1979
| full_name = Navyug Ramleela and Dusshera Committee
| native_name = नवयुग रामलीला एवं दशहरा कमेटी
| native_name_lang = hi
| abbreviation = NRDC
| headquarters = U.T. [[Chandigarh]], [[India]]
| secretary_general = Deepak Kumar
| leader_title = Chairman
| leader_name = Karanvir Singh
| leader_title2 = Joint Secretary
| leader_name2 = Kailash Chander
| leader_title3 = Director
| leader_name3 = Pradeep Rawat
}}

'''Navyug Ramleela and Dussehra Committee''' is one of the oldest [[Ramleela in Chandigarh|committees of Chandigarh]];<ref>{{Cite web |title=20 रामलीला कमेटियों को मिली मंचन की अनुमति |url=https://www.amarujala.com/chandigarh/20-ramlila-committees-got-permission-for-staging-chandigarh-news-pkl3908999124 |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref> established in 1979<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-20 |title=WhatsApp rehearsals, separate make-up kits, drying costumes in sun— one city Ramleela revamps itself |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/whatsapp-rehearsals-separate-make-up-kits-drying-costumes-in-sun-one-city-ramleela-revamps-itself-6800247/ |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> cater to the interests of new generation, has been organising Ramlila at Sector 7, Chandigarh. The Committee is being governed by the office bearers, elected out of dignitaries, prominent citizens, business people and other learned personalities. Keeping its existence as a reputed committee the members organises theatrical reenactment of Hindu God Rama's life, capturing his journey along with his wife [[Sita]] and brother [[Lakshmana]], as he is exiled from his kingdom, his fight and eventual victory over demon king Ravana that is retold every year around this time to celebrate the triumph of good over evil, culminating on Dussehra.<ref>{{Cite web |title=लंका दहन से गुस्साए रावण पहुंचा रणभूमि, भगवान श्रीराम ने अपनी सेना के साथ किया लंका में प्रवेश |url=https://www.jagran.com/punjab/chandigarh-azad-dramatic-club-and-navyug-ramlila-committee-dussehra-committee-staged-ramlili-20950914.html |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

[[File:An Ramlila Actor In The Role of Ravana.jpg|alt=Ravana|thumb|An Ramlila Actor In The Role of Ravana]]
In Northern India, with the advent of [[Navaratri|Navratras]] on 1st of Ashwin as per [[Hindu calendar|Hindu Calendar]], the celebrations start with staging of Ram Lila's followed by Dussehra on tenth day and Bharat Milap on 11th Day where Coronation of [[Rama|Lord Ram]] is done by performing Raj Tilak and fire works.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pioneer |first=The |title=Amid Covid-19, Ramleela undergoes major changes this year |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2020/state-editions/amid-covid-19--ramleela-undergoes-major-changes-this-year.html |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=The Pioneer |language=en}}</ref>

It is believed{{by whom|date=September 2022}} that Goswami Tulsidas started the staging of Ramleela to preserve the Indian culture and moral values. The staging of the Ram Lila is based on the [[Ramcharitmanas|''Ramacharitmanas'']], the sacred text to the glory of [[Rama]], the hero of the [[Ramayana]], was composed by [[Tulsidas]] in the sixteenth century. Ramleela, meaning "Rama's play", is a performance of the epic Ramayana in the form of a series of scenes that include song, narration, recital and dialogue.{{fact|date=March 2023}}

The performance is enhanced by hi-tech sound systems and equipment, and LED screen. However, the artists are all traditional actors.

The artists of Ramlila Committee also took participation in '''[[Swachh Bharat Mission|Swachh Bharat Abhiyan]]''', the cleanliness drive after the invitation by the Administrator of Chandigarh.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Artistes of the Navyug Ramlila Committee undertake a cleanliness drive in Sector 7, Chandigarh |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2014/20141003/chd.htm |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= |website=The Tribune}}</ref>

== Milestone ==
Committee celebrated

* Silver Jubilee in year 2004 (25''th anniversary'');
* Ruby Jubilee in year 2019 (''40th anniversary'') and continuously running since last 43 years, started from little and now it turn out to be enormous association.

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Organisations based in Chandigarh]]
[[Category:1979 establishments in India]]
[https://youtube.com/@navyug_ramleela?si=tN2gK_nNrQQC9CAv Navyug Ramleela YouTube Channel]

Bhadri (estate)

2026-04-25T15:37:49Z

CoyCallaghan:

{{Short description|Taluqdari estate in Oudh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}

'''Bhadri''' was an estate ([[taluqdari]]) of [[Oudh]], [[British India]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shukla |first=Srīlāla |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F79Uj3S3kNkC&dq=bhadri+estate&pg=PA19 |title=Bhagwati Charan Verma - Volume 209- |year=1994 |pages=19 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=9788172018290 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Reeves |first=Peter |title=Landlords and Governments in Uttar Pradesh: A Study of Their Relations Until Zamindari Abolition |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1991 |pages=162–164 |language=English}}</ref> The Taluqdari was controlled by the Bisen clan of [[Rajput|Rajputs]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lethbridge |first=Sir Roper |title=Prominent Indians of Victorian Age: A Biographical Dictionary |year=1985 |pages=479 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lorimer |first=John Gordon |title=Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf, ʻOmān, and Central Arabia: Historical. 4 v |year=1970 |pages=142 |language=English}}</ref> Now it is part of [[Pratapgarh district, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh district]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.
{{Infobox former country
| conventional_long_name = Bhadri Estate
| common_name = Bhadri
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| government_type = [[Monarchy]]
| status = [[Taluqdari|Taluqdari estate]]
| event_start =
| date_start =
| event_end = Acceded to India
| p1 = Kalakankar
| s1 = Dominion of India
| year_start = ?
| year_end = 1947
| flag_border = no
| flag_type =
| image_coat =
| image_map =
| image_map_caption =
| capital = [[Bhadri]]
| common_languages = [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]], [[Hindi]]
| currency =
| title_leader = [[Rai (title)|Rai]]
| year_leader1 = ?
| leader1 = Rai Sabal Shah ''(first)''
| year_leader2 = 1926–1947
| leader2 =[[Bajrang Bahadur Singh|Rai Bajrang Bahadur Singh]] ''(last)''
| flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
| today = [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Republic of India]]
| era = Early modern period
}}

==History==
During the time of Oudh Government, Bhadri was scene of numerous of fights, the chief of which occurred in 1798 Fasli between Mirza Jan, the [[Nazim]] and the Taluqdar [[Rai Daljit Singh]]. The Nazim who had encamped in Bhadri, demanded a higher revenue from the [[Taluqdar]], and in the dispute which followed taluqdar lost his life.
After the Battle of Manikpore (now known as [[Manikpur, Uttar Pradesh|Manikpur]] in [[Pratapgarh district, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh district]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]]), in 1748, they made their peace with the [[Delhi]] authorities through the intervention of a Ddroga of artillery; and Jit Singh, the chief of [[Bhadri]], attended a Darbar and obtained title of [[Rai (Indian)|Rai]]. In 1798 the Nazim Mirza Jan visited Bhadri; he questioned the Rai Daljit Singh about his revenue, with a view to revision, and a quarrel ensued, in which the Rai Daljit Singh was killed. His son, [[Rai Zalim Singh]], was thrown into prison in 1810 at [[Lucknow]] for non payment of the revenue and the property was taken under direct management.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Lethbridge |first=Sir Roper |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7iOsNUZ2MXgC&q=Bhadri |title=The Golden Book of India: A Genealogical and Biographical Dictionary of the Ruling Princes, Chiefs, Nobles, and Other Personages, Titled Or Decorated of the Indian Empire |date=2005 |publisher=Aakar Books |isbn=978-81-87879-54-1 |pages=480 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=H.R. Nevill |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.08574 |title=Pratapgarh: a Gazetteers being volume XIVII of the District Gazetteers of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh |date=1904 |publisher=Allahabad, Superintendent Government Press |pages=94–95}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8KQIAAAAQAAJ&q=Bhadri |title=Gazetteer of the Province of Oudh |date=1877 |publisher=Oudh Government Press |pages=304–305 |language=en}}</ref>

While husband was in prison, His wife, Sheoraj Kunwar, visited Bhadri under pretext of performing some religious rites and there she assembled the clan and boldly collected the rents. She was besieged by the Chakladar, Jagat Kishor in the fort at Bhadri for eight days until orders came from [[Lucknow]] to stop attack and the courageous lady was permitted to occupy the castle. In 1815 the Rai was released and recovered the estate.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

Again in 1833 the Nazim Ehsan Husain, who is said to have had with him 50,000 men, besieged Rai Jagmohan Singh in Bhadri, on account of refusing to pay revenue. The Bhadri fort was unsuccessfully attacked for twelve days, when a compromise was effected. In the following year the [[Nazim]] continued his exactions, and extended them to the other Bisen Rajput Taluqdars, among them was Raja Hanumant Singh of [[Kalakankar]]-Dharupur. A fight ensured at the place and the Nazim was defeated with the loss of two guns. He again attacked the Bisens at Benti with a similar result; but nothing daunted. He assembled a larger force and besieged Bhadri for second time.
There upon Rai Jagmohan Singh and his son Bishnath Singh fled across the border to British territory. At Ramchaura Ghat on the bank of [[Ganges]], they were surprised and killed by the Nazim and slain was subsequently removed from office because of this great offence and violation of [[British territory]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Taluqdars however remained loyal to British.

The fort of Bhadri was leveled in 1858 by order of government; its ruins are still to be seen, covered with picturesque clumps of bamboos.<ref name=":0" />

Bhadri was then given to Amarnath Singh, nephew and adopted son of Rai Jagmohan Singh, who was succeeded by his adopted son, [[Rai Jagat Bahadur Singh]], whose father Sheoratan Singh, was killed at [[Allahabad]]. Rai Jagat Bahadur Singh also died without issue, and adopted [[Sarabjit Singh|Rai Sarabjit Singh]], who received the hereditary title of [[Rai (Indian)|Rai]] from the [[British government]] in November 1879. His property was taken under the management of the [[Court of Wards (India)|Court of Wards]] in 1867, on account of minority and indebtedness of the owner, and released in 1878. The Bhadri taluqa was well managed by [[Rai Sarabjit Singh]], who left it practically unencumbered.<ref name=":1" /> Later estate was ruled by Rai Krishna Pratap Singh, who was succeeded by [[Bajrang Bahadur Singh|Rai Bajrang Bahadur Singh]] around 1926/1930.
After Independence of India on 15 August 1947, the Bhadri (Taluq) estate was merged in Republic of India. Rai Bajrang Bahadur Singh (1906–1973), the last ruler of Bhadri, served as [[Lieutenant Governor]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]] from 1 January 1955 to 13 August 1963. [[Bajrang Bahadur Singh|Rai Bajrang Bahadur Singh]] had no heir, after his death in 1973, his nephew Rai Uday Pratap Singh proceeded as incumbent titular of Bhadri.

Bhadri Estate, also known as Bhadri Raj, is a historically significant zamindari estate located in the region of present-day Uttar Pradesh, India. It holds an important place in the socio-political and cultural history of North India, particularly in the Awadh (Oudh) region. The estate was ruled by a lineage of powerful landholders, often associated with Rajput heritage, who played crucial roles during different phases of Indian history—from the Mughal era to British colonial rule and even during India’s struggle for independence.

The estate included numerous villages, agricultural lands, and administrative centers. Its location allowed it to maintain strong trade connections and sustain a large population dependent on farming and allied activities.[[File:Raja Bajrang Bahadur Singh of Bhadri (1905-1970).jpg|thumbnail|[[Bajrang Bahadur Singh|Rai Bajrang Bahadur Singh]] (1906–1973), with [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Jawaharlal Nehru| Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru]].]]

==List of rulers ==
The rulers of Bhadri bore the title of [[Rai (title)|Rai]]. The list of rulers is following as:<ref>{{Cite book |last=Not Available |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.63142 |title=Manual Of Titles United Provinces Of Agra Amp Oudh |date=1929 |pages=257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-05-03 |title=Bhadri (Taluq) |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/b/bhadri.html |access-date=2024-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503130057/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/b/bhadri.html |archive-date=3 May 2017 }}</ref>
* Rai Sabal Shah
* Rai Bikram Shah
* Rai Chhatar Singh
* Rai Ram Singh
* Rai Gaharwar Singh
* Rai Jit Singh fl.1748
* [[Rai Daljit Singh]] fl.1798
* [[Rai Zalim Singh]], around 1810
* Rai Jagmohan Singh fl.1833
* Rai Amarnath Singh
* [[Rai Jagat Bahadur Singh]], d.1878
* [[Rai Sarabjit Singh]], b.10 December 1853- died before 1910
* Rai Krishna Pratap Singh, died around 1926/1930
* [[Bajrang Bahadur Singh|Rai Bajrang Bahadur Singh]], b.1905, d.1973 (reign till 1947)
* Rai Uday Pratap Singh (1973–Present)

== Notable descendants ==

* [[Bajrang Bahadur Singh|Rai Bajrang Bahadur Singh]] (1906–1973), was a [[Freedom fighter]], 2nd [[Lieutenant Governor]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Vice Chancellor]] of [[Pantnagar University|Govind Ballabh Pant Nagar University of Agriculture and Technology]], founder of Hind Flying Club.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Raja Bhadri's enduring love for canines |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/himachal-tribune/raja-bhadris-enduring-love-for-canines-791511 |access-date=25 June 2024 |work=The Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Raja Bajrang Bahadur Singh |url=https://cmsadmin.amritmahotsav.nic.in/district-reopsitory-detail.htm?16916 |access-date=25 June 2024}}</ref>
* '''Rai Uday Pratap Singh''' (1933), Hindu leader associated with [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|RSS]] & [[Vishva Hindu Parishad|VHP]], Chief patron of Trilochan Pratap Singh Baugh Evam Paryavaran Sanrakshan Samiti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-04-16 |title=ये हैं राजा भैया के पिता उदय प्रताप सिंह, इनके बारे में जानकर हैरान रह जाएंगे आप {{!}} Know about raja bhaiya father udai pratap singh |url=https://www.patrika.com/varanasi-news/know-about-raja-bhaiya-father-udai-pratap-singh-1-2656793 |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=Patrika News |language=hi}}</ref>
* [[Raghuraj Pratap Singh]] alias [[Raja Bhaiya]] (1968), Incumbent [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from Kunda, [[Cabinet Minister]] for several times.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-03-10 |title=The Raja's Backyard |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/latest-news/the-rajas-backyard/ |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Bhadri]]
* [[Pratapgarh Estate]]

==References==
<references />

{{coord missing|Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Oudh State]]
[[Category:Zamindari estates]]
[[Category:Rajput estates]]
[[Category:Pratapgarh district, Uttar Pradesh]]

S. Andi Thevar

2026-04-21T02:50:26Z

CoyCallaghan: starting new post basic info

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = S. Andi Thevar
| native_name = சி. ஆண்டித் தேவர்
| image =
| image_size = 200px
| caption =
| office = Member of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly
| constituency = [[Usilampatti Assembly constituency|Usilampatti]]
| term_start = 1980
| term_end = 1984
| predecessor = [[P. K. Mookiah Thevar]]
| successor = P. K. M. Muthuramalingam
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1934|6|1|df=yes}}
| birth_place = P. Kalappanpatti, [[Madras Presidency]], British India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[All India Forward Bloc]]
| alma_mater = [[St. Xavier's College, Palayamkottai]] [[Dr. Ambedkar Government Law College, Chennai|Madras Law College]]
| profession = Lawyer
| website =
}}
'''S. Andi Thevar''' was an [[Politics of India|Indian politician]] and a former member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]. He was born on June 1, 1934, in P. Kalappanpatti.

He completed his schooling in [[Usilampatti]], pursued his collegiate education at [[St. Xavier's College, Palayamkottai]], and obtained his law degree from the [[Dr. Ambedkar Government Law College, Chennai|Madras Law College]]. A member of the [[All India Forward Bloc |All India Forward Bloc party]], he was elected to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly from the [[Usilampatti Assembly constituency]] in the [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980 general elections]].<ref>தமிழ்நாடு சட்டமன்றப் பேரவை “யார் - எவர்” 1980. சென்னை: தமிழ்நாடு சட்டமன்றப் பேரவைச் செயலகம். ஏப்ரல் 1981. p. 36-37.</ref><ref>https://www.indiavotes.com/ac/allcabdidateparty?stateac=40&emid=33&party=1364</ref>

==Electoral Performance==
===1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Usilampatti<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf| archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=S. Andi Thevar |party=All India Forward Bloc |votes=33,857 |percentage=47.67% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. K. M. Muthuramalingam |party=Independent politician |votes=21,534 |percentage=30.32% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=L. Santhana Thevar |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=15,033 |percentage=21.16% |change=+13.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. K. Karutha Pandian |party=Independent politician |votes=605 |percentage=0.85% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,323 |percentage=17.35% |change= -24.59% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=71,029 |percentage=58.73% |change= 7.26% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 122,773 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Forward Bloc |loser=All India Forward Bloc |swing= -14.28% }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thevar, S. Andi}}
[[Category:All India Forward Bloc politicians]]
[[Category:1934 births]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1980–1984]]
[[Category:Possibly living people]]

{{TamilNadu-politician-stub}}

Nacho Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:21:21Z

CoyCallaghan: new basic article first draft

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Arunachal Pradesh State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Nacho
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 22
| map_image = Nacho Assembly constituency map.svg
| state = [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| district = [[Upper Subansiri district|Upper Subansiri]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Arunachal West Lok Sabha constituency|Arunachal West]]
| established = 2004
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[Nakap Nalo]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2024
| electors = 12,385
}}
'''Nacho''' is one of the 60 [[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Arunachal Pradesh]] state in [[India]].<ref name=ceoarunachal-ACs>{{cite web |url=http://ceoarunachal.nic.in/gismaps.html |title=GIS Maps of State, Districts & ACs|website=ceoarunachal.nic.in |accessdate= 27 June 2020 |archive-date=2020-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627145610/http://ceoarunachal.nic.in/gismaps.html}}</ref> It comprises Nacho, Taksing, Limeking and Siyum circles of [[Upper Subansiri district]], and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]]. As of 2024 it is represented by [[Nakap Nalo]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1990 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || [[Tanga Byaling]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1995 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || Tarik Rava || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[1999 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || rowspan=4 | [[Tanga Byaling]]
|-
| [[2004 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| [[2009 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|-
| [[2014 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || rowspan=2 | [[Nakap Nalo]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}
== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Nacho<ref name="Nacho (ST) Constituency Election Results 2024">{{cite news |title=Nacho (ST) Constituency Election Results 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/arunachal-pradesh/constituency-show/nacho |accessdate=22 May 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=2 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250522103047/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/arunachal-pradesh/constituency-show/nacho |archivedate=22 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 - Nacho">{{cite news |title=Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 - Nacho |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGen2ndJune2024/candidateswise-S0222.htm |accessdate=22 May 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=2 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250522103004/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGen2ndJune2024/candidateswise-S0222.htm |archivedate=22 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Nacho Assembly Election Result 2024: BJP's Nakap Nalo wins">{{cite news |title=Nacho Assembly Election Result 2024: BJP's Nakap Nalo wins |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/itanagar/nacho-assembly-election-results-2024-nacho-arunachal-pradesh-elections-poll-result-winner/articleshow/110638970.cms |accessdate=22 May 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=2 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250522103058/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/itanagar/nacho-assembly-election-results-2024-nacho-arunachal-pradesh-elections-poll-result-winner/articleshow/110638970.cms |archivedate=22 May 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Nakap Nalo]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=5,415 |percentage=57.08% |change={{increase}}3.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Tanga Byaling]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,042 |percentage=42.61% |change={{decrease}}3.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=29 |percentage=0.31% |change={{decrease}}0.31 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,373 |percentage=14.47% |change= {{increase}}7.10 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,486 |percentage=76.59% |change= {{decrease}}9.70 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,385 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.90 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}3.70 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Nacho<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11675-arunachal-pradesh-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Arunachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2019 - Arunachal Pradesh - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |date= |author= |accessdate= 24 January 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Nakap Nalo]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=5,053 |percentage=53.38% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Tanga Byaling]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,355 |percentage=46.01% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=58 |percentage=0.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=698 |percentage=7.37% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,466 |percentage=86.29% |change= {{increase}}86.29 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,970 |ref = |change= {{increase}}4.49 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Nacho<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2014/Stat_Rep_Arunachal_Pradesh_2014.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813080618/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2014/Stat_Rep_Arunachal_Pradesh_2014.pdf|archive-date=13 August 2021|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=[[Tanga Byaling]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,499 |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,499 |ref = |change= {{increase}}28.24 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Nacho<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/stat_AR_Aug2009.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404184244/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/stat_AR_Aug2009.pdf|archive-date=4 April 2017|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Tanga Byaling]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,878 |percentage=70.00% |change={{increase}}18.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ajit Nacho |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,052 |percentage=15.10% |change={{increase}}7.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tapa Garam Baki |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=1,039 |percentage=14.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,826 |percentage=54.90% |change= {{increase}}27.67 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,969 |percentage=85.12% |change= {{increase}}10.61 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,187 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}3.18 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Nacho<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AR_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324145008/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AR_2004.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Tanga Byaling]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,235 |percentage=51.34% |change={{increase}}3.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tarik Rava |party=Independent politician |votes=1,519 |percentage=24.11% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tai Rai |party=Independent politician |votes=1,063 |percentage=16.87% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Taring Dui |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=484 |percentage=7.68% |change={{decrease}}25.51 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,716 |percentage=27.23% |change= {{increase}}12.57 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,301 |percentage=74.52% |change= {{increase}}0.75 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,456 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.82 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}3.48 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Nacho<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-AR99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-AR99.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Tanga Byaling]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,646 |percentage=47.86% |change={{increase}}4.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Taring Dui |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,835 |percentage=33.19% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tai Rai |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=773 |percentage=13.98% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tarik Rava |party=Arunachal Congress |votes=275 |percentage=4.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=811 |percentage=14.67% |change= {{increase}}7.69 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,529 |percentage=77.13% |change= {{decrease}}11.11 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,495 |ref = |change= {{increase}}40.57 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}4.99 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1995 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Nacho<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-AR95.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144239/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-AR95.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Tarik Rava |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,940 |percentage=42.86% |change={{increase}}7.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Tanga Byaling]] |party=Janata Dal |votes=1,624 |percentage=35.88% |change={{increase}}12.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Taring Dui |party=Independent politician |votes=962 |percentage=21.25% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=316 |percentage=6.98% |change= {{increase}}1.67 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,526 |percentage=87.36% |change= {{increase}}21.77 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,332 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}40.97 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Nacho<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statistical%20Report%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statistical%20Report%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Tanga Byaling]] |party=Independent politician |votes=2,337 |percentage=41.00% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Taring Dui |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,034 |percentage=35.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tarik Rava |party=Janata Dal |votes=1,329 |percentage=23.32% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=303 |percentage=5.32% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,700 |percentage=64.49% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,032 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Upper Subansiri district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh}}

{{coord|28.41|93.82|display=title}}

[[Category:Upper Subansiri district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:2004 establishments in Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2004]]

Syed Ahmed Qadri

2026-04-12T14:12:50Z

CoyCallaghan: new a details

{{Short description|Indian politician and MLA}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Syed Ahmed Qadri
| office = Member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 1957
| term_end = 1962
| predecessor = Ramnaresh Singh
| successor = Ram Narayan Singh Yadav
| constituency = [[Daudnagar Assembly constituency|Daudnagar]]
| birth_date = 1908
| death_date = 1983
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| education = Graduate ([[Patna University]])
| parents = Syed Qaiyum Qadri (father)
| birth_place = Munshi Muhallah, Aurangabad district, Bihar
| birth_name = Syed Ahmed
| death_place = Daudnagar, Bihar
| occupation = Politician, Agriculturist
| blank1 = Founder of
| data1 = Qadri School, Daudnagar
}}

'''Syed Ahmed Qadri''' (1908–1983) was an Indian politician and a Member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] from Daudnagar Assembly constituency. he won in the [[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]s and served till 1962. He was associated with the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Ashish |date=2020-10-03 |title=ओबरा सीट पर रहा है समाजवादियों का कब्जा, पांच बार विधायक बने रामविलास ने लगायी थी हैट्रिक |trans-title=The Obra seat has been occupied by the socialists, five-time MLA Ram Vilas had scored a hat-trick |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/bihar-election-chunav-2020/socialist-occupation-of-obra-seat-ram-vilas-a-five-time-mla-imposed-a-hat-trick-aurangabad-asj |access-date=2024-07-18 |website=Prabhat Khabar |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=मात्र 6 बार ही हुआ दाऊदनगर विधानसभा क्षेत्र में चुनाव |trans-title=Elections were held in Dawoodnagar assembly constituency only 6 times. |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/gaya-elections-were-held-in-dawoodnagar-assembly-constituency-only-6-times-21040231.html |access-date=2024-07-18 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Assembly |first=Bihar (India) Legislature Legislative |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hvYWAQAAIAAJ&q=%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0 |title=Bihar Legislative Assemby Debates: Official Report |date=1960-03-07 |publisher=Superintendent, Government Print. |language=hi}}</ref> He was the founder and convenor of Qadri School, Daudnagar.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Council |first=Bihar (India) Legislature Legislative |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7naT90P04qsC&q=%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0 |title=The Bihar Legislative Council Debates: Official Report |date=1969 |publisher=Superintendent, Secretariat Branch Press |pages=35 |language=hi}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Qadri was born to Syed Qaiyum Qadri, a local [[Zamindar]] at Munshi Muhallah, [[Aurangabad district, Bihar|Aurangabad district]] in 1908.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Utkarsh |date=2019-10-10 |title=नया उत्कर्ष: दाउदनगर को गढ़ने में था सयैद अहमद कादरी का महत्वपूर्ण योगदान |trans-title=New development: Syed Ahmed Qadri had an important contribution in shaping Daudnagar |url=https://nayautkarsh.blogspot.com/2019/10/blog-post_10.html |access-date=2024-07-18 |website=नया उत्कर्ष}}</ref>

He was admitted to Gaya Zila School and then graduated from [[Bihar National College]] of [[Patna University]].<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Qadri, Syed Ahmed}}
[[Category:1908 births]]
[[Category:1983 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Aurangabad district, Bihar]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1957–1962]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Founders of Indian schools and colleges]]
[[Category:Indian educators]]
[[Category:Patna University alumni]]

{{Bihar-INC-politician-stub}}

Anugrah Bohrey

2026-04-09T20:14:59Z

CoyCallaghan: put up

{{Short description|Indian screenwriter}}
{{BLP sources|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anugrah Bohrey
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = New Delhi
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| known_for =
| occupation = Film-maker
}}

'''Anugrah Bohrey''' is a Canada-based Indian Filmmaker.{{citation needed|date=January 2024}} He started his film career with White Hill Production Inc. as a screenwriter for [[Best of Luck (Punjabi Film)|''Best of Luck'' (2013)]]. He is currently{{When|date=November 2023}} involved with producing a sport-based film, ''Himmat Singh''. He is an alumnus of [[Vancouver Film School]] and [[London Film School]].

==Career==
Bohrey worked as an assistant director on ''[[Jatt and Juliet]]'' before his writing assignment with White Hill Production Inc. in 2011. He also worked as an assistant director in ''[[Jatt and Juliet 2]]''. Apart from [[Best of Luck (Punjabi Film)|''Best of Luck'' (2013)]] and ''Himmat Singh'', Bohrey is scripting a Bollywood project.{{When|date=November 2023}}

== Select filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Film !! Role(s)
|-
| 2014 || ''Untitled Bollywood Film'' || Writer, Director
|-
| 2013 || ''Himmat Singh<ref>{{cite news|last=Punjab|first=Cine|title=Arjan Bajwa in Baljit Singh Deo's Next|url=http://www.cinepunjab.com/2013/02/arjan-bajwa-in-baljit-singh-deos-next.html|accessdate=1 March 2013|publisher=cinepunjab.com|date=1 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160825175049/http://www.cinepunjab.com/2013/02/arjan-bajwa-in-baljit-singh-deos-next.html|archive-date=25 August 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>'' || Writer, Assistant Director
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Best of Luck (Punjabi Film)|Best of Luck (2013)]]'' || Writer
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Jatt and Juliet 2]]'' || Assistant Director
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Singh vs Kaur]]'' || Production Assistant (2nd Schedule)
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Jatt and Juliet]]'' || Assistant Director
|}
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Film
!Role(s)
|-
|2015
|Shumshaan Voraag
|Director of Photography
|-
|2014
|Last Night of a Dying fair
|Director of Photography
|-
|2013
|The Passage
|Assistant Cinematographer
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Cite web|title = SHUMSHAAN VORAAG|url = http://sub.festival-cannes.fr/SfcCatalogue/MovieDetail/a34afe9a-5aa7-467d-949e-d80e502934dd|website = sub.festival-cannes.fr|accessdate = 2015-10-27}}
* {{IMDb name|id=5110626|name=Anugrah Bohrey}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bohrey}}
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Vancouver Film School alumni]]
[[Category:Indian male dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Delhi]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Jakanachari

2026-04-05T05:48:45Z

CoyCallaghan: added new info.

{{short description|Legendary Indian sculptor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{about||the Kannada film|Amarashilpi Jakanachari (film)|the Telugu film|Amarasilpi Jakkanna}}
{{refimprove|date=September 2012}}
{{Expert needed|history
| date = October 2022
| ex2 = architecture
|talk=Expert tag}}[[File:Kaidala Temple.jpg|thumbnail|Chennakeshava temple, Kaidala]]

'''Jakanachari''' was a legendary Indian sculptor credited with building many fine temples for the [[Kalyani Chalukya]]s and [[Hoysala]]s.{{citation needed|date=November 2012}} He is popularly known by the epithet '''''Amarashilpi''''' ({{Translation|The Eternal Sculptor}}).

== His life ==
[[File:Entrance of ChannaKeshawa Temple - Kaidala.JPG|thumb|Entrance of Channakeshava Temple, Kaidala]]
[[File:Interiors of Chennakeshava Temple - Kaidala.JPG|thumb|Interior of Chennakeshava Temple, Kaidala]]

Jakanachari was born in a small village called Kaidala, 9 km from [[Tumkur]] in [[Karnataka]]. The original name of the town as per records was [[Kridapura]]. His life was one of love and dedication to art. His career began when [[Nripa Haya]] ruled as a local chieftain of the area. {{citation needed|date=November 2012}} He left home shortly after his marriage choosing utter devotion to god over family. He travelled far and wide building many temples.
[[File:Krishna Idol Carved on the Entrance of Channakeshava Temple-kaidala.jpg|thumb|Krishna in relief at the entrance of Channakeshava Temple, Kaidala]]

== Jakanachari and his son ==

Jakanachari's wife, Kalalaambe, gave birth to his child, named [[Dankanacharya]]. Dankanacharya himself grew up to become a famous sculptor and set out to find his father. At Belur, he found a job as a sculptor and noticed a flaw in a figure sculpted by the great Jakanacharya himself. Dankanacharya told Jakanacharya that the stone which he was carving had a toad living inside which was a considered to be a flaw by the sculptors. Furious at this, Jakanacharya challenged to cut off his right hand if the young sculptor was correct in his assessment of the sculpture. Dankanacharya chiselled the place where the flaw was present and a toad jumped out with a little water flowing from that spot. Upon testing the figure, the flaw was indeed revealed and Jakanacharya kept his promise and cut off his right hand but Dankanacharya insisted not to do so.<ref name=sharath>{{cite news|last1=Sharath|first1=Lakshmi|title=A Craftman's tale|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/a-craftsmans-tale/article651259.ece|accessdate=18 August 2015|newspaper=The Hindu, Newspaper|date=16 March 2009}}</ref> Eventually, the two sculptors become aware of their relationship as father and son.
[[File:Vishnu Idol adorning Entrance of ChennaKeshawa Temple Kaidala.JPG|thumb|Vishnu relief adorning entrance of Channakeshava Temple, Kaidala]]

== Chennakeshava temple ==

Subsequently, Jakanacharya received a vision to build the Chennakeshava temple in his native place Kridapura. After this was completed, legend has it that God restored his right hand. In celebration of this incident, Kridapura was henceforth called ''Kaidala''. The term ''Kai'' in [[Kannada]] means "hand".<ref name=sharath/> Local non-government organizations in the state of Karnataka have been trying to raise funds to protect the Chennakeshava temple at Kaidala.

== The Jakanchari Awards ==

The government of Karnataka confers the ''[[Jakanachari Award]]s'' to talented sculptors and craftsmen from the state every year to celebrate the contributions of this legendary architect. {{citation needed|date=November 2012}}

== Film ==

In 1964, a Kannada biographical film about him, ''Amarashilpi Jakanachari'' starring [[Kalyan Kumar]] and [[Saroja Devi]] was produced. The veteran cinematographer BS Ranga was instrumental in the making of this movie, the first Kannada colour movie.<ref name=deccan>{{cite news|last=DHNS|title=He brought colour to Kannada cinema|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/120234/he-brought-colour-kannada-cinema.html|accessdate=21 June 2012|newspaper=Deccan Herald|date=12 December 2010}}</ref> Simultaneously in 1964, a [[Telugu language|Telugu]] remake of the movie titled ''[[Amarasilpi Jakkanna]]'' starring [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] and [[Saroja Devi]] was released to popular success.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/aug92005/spectrum92548200588.asp Article on the life of Jakanachari]
*[https://archive.today/20130125144933/http://www.hindu.com/2000/01/01/stories/04012108.htm Article on Jakanachari state award]
*[https://archive.today/20130121103109/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Aug232007/state2007082320946.asp?section=updatenews Article on Jakanachari state award]

[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:People from Tumkur]]
[[Category:Kannada people]]
[[Category:Indian male sculptors]]
[[Category:Artists from Karnataka]]
[[Category:12th-century Indian artists]]
[[Category:12th-century sculptors]]

Armaan Khan (politician)

2026-04-04T03:26:39Z

CoyCallaghan: done

{{Short description|Member of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Armaan Khan
| image =
| alt = Armaan Khan
| caption =
| office1 = Member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Lucknow West Assembly constituency|Lucknow West]]
| term_start1 = March 2022
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Suresh Kumar Srivastava]]
| successor1 =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| birth_name =
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| occupation = Politician
| profession = Business
| alma_mater = [[Lucknow University]]
| spouse = Shagufta Khan
| parents = Mohd Hasan Khan (father)
}}

'''Armaan Khan''' is an Indian [[politician]] and a member of the [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly|18th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]], representing the [[Lucknow West Assembly constituency]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="on">{{cite web |title=Armaan Khan, SP MLA from Lucknow West - Our Neta |url=https://ourneta.com/neta/armaan-khan/ |access-date=16 April 2023 |publisher=ourneta.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Members of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly |url=https://uplegisassembly.gov.in/Members/main_members_en.aspx#/ElectedMembers/18 |access-date=16 April 2023 |publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Samajwadi Party]], a socialist political party in India.<ref name="mn">{{cite web |title=Armaan Khan(Samajwadi Party(SP)):Constituency- LUCKNOW WEST(LUCKNOW) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/uttarpradesh2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=2293 |access-date=16 April 2023 |publisher=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=11 March 2022 |title=SP workers rejoice as Armaan Khan conquers Lucknow West seat |work=[[Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/sp-workers-rejoice-as-armaan-khan-conquers-lucknow-west-seat/articleshow/90145393.cms |access-date=16 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=योगेश भदौरिया |date=16 March 2023 |title=Lucknow west assembly sp mla armaan khan 1 year report card know how many promises were fulfilled-Lucknow West Assembly |language=hi |work=[[Navbharat Times]] |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/metro/lucknow/politics/lucknow-west-assembly-sp-mla-armaan-khan-1-year-report-card-know-how-many-promises-were-fulfilled/articleshow/99005772.cms |access-date=16 April 2023}}</ref> Armaan Khan was born in [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], to a Muslim family of Mohd Hasan Khan.<ref name="on" /> He married Shagufta Khan.<ref name="on" /> Armaan Khan completed his graduation in 2007 from Shia Degree College, a college affiliated with [[University of Lucknow|Lucknow University]].<ref name="mn" />

== Posts held ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!From
!To
!Position
!Comments
|-
|03
|2022
|Incumbent
|Member, [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly|18th Legislative Assembly]]
|elected first time
|-
|}

== See also ==

* [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]]
* [[Lucknow West Assembly constituency]]
* [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=40em}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Armaan}}
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Bhairanpally Massacre

2026-04-02T07:23:41Z

CoyCallaghan: stub

{{Short description|1948 killing of Hindu villagers in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date = May 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date = May 2019}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = Bhairanpally Massacre
| location = Bhairanpally village in [[Warangal District]] of [[Telangana]] State, [[India]]
| target = Civilians
| date = 27 August 1948
| timezone = [[UTC+05:30]]
| type = [[Mass murder]]
| fatalities = 200
| injuries =
| perp = [[Razakars (Hyderabad)|Razakars]]
}}

The '''Bhairanpally Massacre''' was the killing of 200 Hindu villagers on 27 August 1948, by the [[Razakars (Hyderabad)|Razakar]]s in the village of Bhairanpally in present-day [[Telangana]] state of [[India]].<ref name="Hindu">{{cite news|last1=Rao|first1=Gollapudi Srinivasa|title=Elders recount Parkal massacre|accessdate=26 September 2022|work=The Hindu|date=16 September 2017|language=en-IN|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/how-bhairanpally-was-plundered/article19700819.ece}}</ref>

==Background==
[[India]] became independent from the [[British Raj]] on 15 August 1947. Soon after, the people of [[Hyderabad State]] began a civil revolt known as the [[Telangana Rebellion]]. They were agitating for a merger with India and against the authoritarian rule of the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] and also against them having to pay Jiziya (religious tax to be paid by non-muslims in an Islamic state).The Nizam's private army, the Razakars, attempted to quell the uprising of people demanding the merger of Nizam dominion into the Indian Union. They marched the length and breadth of Telangana, plundering and looting villages.<ref name="Hindu"/>

==Attack on the village and massacre==
From June 1948, the Razakars tried thrice to enter Bhairanpally village but were repelled by the villagers using slings and other traditional weapons. However, in August they gained entry from the Razakars. The villagers took refuge in the fortress in the village and were able to kill some of the Razakars.<ref name="Hans"/> However, the defenders were overwhelmed and killed, after which the Razakars went on a rampage raping women, looting their gold ornaments<ref name="Hindu"/> and even stripping the women naked and making them play [[bathukamma]] in front of the dead bodies.<ref name="DH">{{cite news|last1=Ceremilla|first1=Anudeep|title=Razakaars forced naked dance: Freedom fighter|accessdate=26 September 2022|work=Deccan Herald|date=17 September 2016|language=en-IN|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/170916/razakaars-forced-naked-dance-freedom-fighter.html}}</ref> The villagers were made to stand two to three in a line and shot with a single bullet to save bullets.
In the massacre of 27 August and the preceding days, 200 people were killed, as per historians and village elders.<ref name="Hans"/>

==Legacy==
There is a memorial on the outskirts of the village with the names of those killed engraved on it.<ref name="Hans">{{cite news|last1=|first1=|title=Brutalities of Razakars recounted|accessdate=26 September 2022|work=The Hans India|date=13 September 2013|language=en-IN|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Warangal/2013-09-14/Brutalities-of-Razakars-recounted/71806}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Parkala massacre]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Military history of Hyderabad State]]
[[Category:Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:Massacres in India]]
[[Category:Massacres in 1948]]
[[Category:Massacres of Hindus in the 1940s]]
[[Category:Warangal district]]
[[Category:Crime in Telangana]]
[[Category:Telangana Rebellion]]
[[Category:August 1948 in Asia]]
[[Category:Looting in India]]
[[Category:Rape in India]]
[[Category:Violence against women in India]]
[[Category:Persecution of Hindus]]

Ajay Kumar Jena

2026-04-02T04:11:45Z

CoyCallaghan: done

{{Short description|Indian politician (1943–2023)}}
{{refimprove|date=October 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ajay Kumar Jena
| image =
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1943|07|27}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|2023|10|24|1943|07|27}}
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation =
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| party = [[Janata Party]] [[Janata Dal]]
| office = Member of the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] for [[Brahmagiri Assembly constituency|Brahmagiri Assembly]]
| term_start = 3 March 1990
| term_end = 15 March 1995
| predecessor = {{ill|Gangadhara Mohapatra|or|ଗଙ୍ଗାଧର ମହାପାତ୍ର}}
| successor = [[Lalatendu Bidyadhar Mohapatra]]
| term_start1 = 26 June 1977
| term_end1 = 17 February 1980
| predecessor1 = {{ill|Sidheswar Panigrahi|or|ସିଦ୍ଧେଶ୍ୱର ପାଣିଗ୍ରାହୀ}}
| successor1 = Gangadhara Mohapatra
}}

'''Ajaya Kumar Jena''' ({{langx|or|ଅଜୟ କୁମାର ଜେନା}}; 27 July 1943 – 24 October 2023) was an Indian politician. A member of the [[Janata Party]] and later [[Janata Dal]], he served in the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from 1977 to 1980 and again from 1990 to 1995.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://odishaassembly.nic.in/memberprofile.aspx?img=204|title=Shri Ajaya Kumar Jena|work=Odisha Legislative Assembly}}</ref>

Jena died on 24 October 2023, at the age of 80.<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=24 October 2023|title=ବ୍ରହ୍ମଗିରିର ପୂର୍ବତନ ବିଧାୟକ ଅଜୟ କୁମାର ଜେନାଙ୍କ ପରଲୋକ|trans-title= |url=https://sambad.in/state/ex-mla-brahmagiri-passes-away-1084101/|language=Odia|work=[[Sambad]]|location= |access-date=24 October 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jena, Ajay Kumar}}
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:Orissa MLAs 1977–1980]]
[[Category:Orissa MLAs 1990–1995]]
[[Category:Janata Party politicians]]
[[Category:Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:People from Puri district]]

Indian locomotive class WCAM-2

2026-03-23T04:40:38Z

CoyCallaghan: further adjusted layout for consistency after review

{{Short description|Indian Railway class AC and DC mix electric locomotive}}
{{more footnotes|date=June 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox locomotive
| name = WCAM-2
| image = Indian Railways 21879.jpg
| caption = Valsad based WCAM-2 (now transferred to Kalyan) hauling Hazrat Nizamuddin - Pune AC SF Express.
| powertype = Electric
| gauge = {{Track gauge|66in|lk=on}}
| poweroutput = Continuous: {{convert|4715|hp|abbr=on}} AC {{convert|2916|hp|abbr=on}} DC
| tractiveeffort = {{convert|26000|kgf|abbr=on}} DC {{convert|33400|kgf|abbr=on}} AC
| builder = [[Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited]]
| builddate = 1995–1998
| serialnumber =
| operator = Indian Railways
| fleetnumbers = Starting from '''21861''' to '''21880'''
| totalproduction = '''WCAM-2:''' 20
| uicclass = Co'Co'
| electricsystem = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} [[Alternating current|AC]] 1.5 [[Volt|kV]] [[Direct current|DC]]
| maxspeed = {{convert|80|-|100|km/h|abbr=on}} DC, {{convert|120|km/h|abbr=on}} AC, Test run {{convert|135|km/h|abbr=on}}
| collectionmethod = [[Pantograph (rail)|Pantographs]] one each for AC and DC (past) (now both pantographs are AC collectors)
| nicknames = '''Balwant''' for No.-21861
| locale = [[Central Railway zone|Central Railways]] (Former [[Western Railway zone|Western Railways]])
}}

The Indian locomotive class '''WCAM-2''' is a class of dual-power AC/DC series [[electric locomotives]] that was developed in 1995 by [[Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited]] used in the [[Indian Railways]] system. They are the second locomotive from the WCAM class. The model name stands for broad gauge (W), DC Current (C), AC Current (A), Mixed traffic (M) locomotive, 2nd generation (2). They entered service in 1995. A total of 20 WCAM-2 were built at BHEL between 1995 and 1996, which made them the most numerous class of mainline dual-power AC/DC electric locomotive. They use the same motors as [[WCAM 1]] but with different circuitry and gearing. They are operational in routes around Mumbai. MU operation was possible with 3 units. WCAM-2P was the passenger-oriented version of the WCAM-2 class. However, they perform better than the [[WCAM 1]] locomotives due to higher power output of the WCAM-2 in both DC and AC configuration.

==History and Technical Specifications==
The WCAM-2, introduced in 1995, had more power in both DC and AC mode than the WCAM 1 class. However, like the WCAM-1, they also performed poorly in DC mode compared to AC mode. They were used for hauling trains away from the DC section of suburban trains to the AC section and performed the same task as the WCAM-1 did. WCAM-2 locos had the same traction motors, as the WCAM-1 locos, but different circuitry and gearing. The bogies are somewhat different from those of the WCAM-1 being fabricated trimount Co-Co bogies with secondary suspension, with rated speed 105 km/h in DC mode and 120 km/h in AC mode. (In trials by [[Research Design and Standards Organisation|RDSO]] the loco is said to had been run at speeds up to 135 km/h in AC mode). Almost all of these were dual-braked, but for maintenance, they were changed to feature air brakes only.

All the WCAM-1's and -2's were homed at [[Electric Loco Shed, Valsad|Valsad]] shed in Gujarat. Many of CR's WCAM-2 locos were not used much in DC zones (exceptions were the CR / Bombay Port Trust's Wadala marshalling yard a portion of which has DC traction, and for hauling the Punjab Mail in the late 1990s) as they delivered very poor performance in DC mode and on CR's heavy grades. Although these locos have the same traction motors as the [[WAM 4]] and [[WCAM 1]], the power output from the WCAM-2 locos is higher than for the WAM-4 and WCAM-1 because in those models the traction motors were underfed (3,460 kVA transformer in contrast to the 5,400 kVA transformer for WCAM-2) and did not yield their potential maximum power. Under AC traction, the WCAM-2 locos operate with all six motors in parallel (this has been enforced by modifications to these locos), while in DC mode they also operate in the all-series and series-parallel (2S 3P, i.e., three series-pairs of motors in parallel) configurations.

Late model WCAM-2's from BHEL made in 1998, including the passenger-specific version WCAM-2P, were rated {{cvt|2916|hp|MW}} in DC mode and {{cvt|4715|hp|MW}} in AC mode (max. speed {{cvt|120|km/h|mph}} in AC mode). These were used by WR and CR for fast trains, running at maximum speed. CR had tried the WCAM-2 and WCAM-2P units but found them usable only with speed restrictions. Some WCAM-2P units had only air brakes. With the WCAM-2 locos, MU operation was possible with up to 3 (4?) units. Some (all?) of the WCAM-2 locos were originally leased to IR, ownership remaining with BHEL, the manufacturers.

In February 2012, upon conversion of Western Railway's Churchgate - Virar section from 1500 V DC to 25 kV AC, all the WCAM-2 locomotives were transferred to the Kalyan locomotive shed in the Central Railway zone.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.railwaygazette.com/passenger/mumbai-switches-from-dc-to-ac/36430.article|title= Mumbai switches from DC to AC}}</ref> Following the conversion of Central line in June 2015 from 1500 V DC to 25kV AC, the WCAM-2 locomotives had their DC equipment progressively removed which led to improved performance caused by weight reduction.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.railwaygazette.com/passenger/mumbai-network-switches-from-dc-to-ac/40979.article|title= Mumbai network switches from DC to AC}}</ref>

==Retirement==
As the WCAM-2 locomotives have approached nearly 30 years in service, several issues have cropped up with age, like power loss on incline sections of [[Thal Ghat|Mumbai-Igatpuri]] and [[Bhor Ghat|Mumbai-Pune]] lines, which has led to a few short distance trains being hauled by diesel locomotives. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-29 |title=Deccan Queen switches to diesel, sparking downgrade debate! |url=https://www.mid-day.com/mumbai/mumbai-news/article/deccan-queen-gets-a-diesel-downgrade-23530073 |access-date=2025-04-29 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref> As a result, the Central Railways began to retire some of the older locomotives. The retirement began in December 2024, with 5 locomotives withdrawn from service and scrapped. 3 more were withdrawn from service by July 2025. As of March 2026, 3 remain in operation running in inferior services. <ref name=":0" />

==Technical specifications==

Source:<ref name=IRFCA>[http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-loco-electric-dc.html#WCAM-2 WCAM-2] at Indian Railways Fan Club</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|Manufacturers
|[[Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited]]
|-
|Traction Motors
|TAO 659 ({{convert|575|kW|abbr=on}}, 750 V). Axle-hung, nose-suspended, force-ventilated.
|-
|Gear Ratio
|62:15, 58:21
|-
|Transformer
|BHEL 5,400 kVA.
|-
|Rectifiers
|Two silicon rectifier units D1800N44 (Siemens), 16 cells per bridge. 1 kV / 3.6 kA
|-
|[[Axle load]]
|{{convert|18.8|t|abbr=on}}
|-
|[[Bogie]]s
|Co-Co trimount fabricated bogies with secondary suspension.
|-
|Pantographs
|Stone India AM-12 (AC) and Stone India AM-18B (DC) (past)
|-
|Notches
|Total 32
|-
|Weight
|{{convert|113|t|abbr=on}}
|-
|Length
|{{convert|20950|mm|ftin|abbr=on|frac=8}}
|-
|Total wheelbase
|{{convert|15698|mm|ftin|abbr=on|frac=8}}
|-
|Brakes
|[[Vacuum brake|Vacuum]] (past) and/or [[Railway air brake|Air]]
|}

== Locomotive shed ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Zone !! Name !! Shed Code !! Quantity
|-
|[[Central Railway zone|Central Railway]]
| [[Electric Loco Shed, Kalyan|Kalyan]] || KYN || 12
|-
| colspan="3" |'''Total Locomotives Active as of March 2026'''<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Indian Railways Electric Loco Holding |url=https://elocos.railnet.gov.in/Holding/holding_03_26.pdf |access-date=2026-03-04}}</ref>|| 12
|}


== Trains hauled by WCAM-2/2P ==

# [[Pragati Express]]
# [[Sahyadri Express]]
# [[Jhelum Express]]
# [[Kanyakumari Mumbai Express]]
# [[Diva- Ratnagiri Passenger]]
# [[Shinhagad Express]]

==See also==

*[[Locomotives of India]]
*[[Rail transport in India]]
*[[Indian Railways]]

==References==

{{reflist}}


==External links==
{{commons category|Indian locomotive class WCAM2}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.irfca.org/apps/locos/show/9520?page=9|title=[IRFCA] Indian Railways Locomotive Roster Kalyan (KYN) WCAM-2 21861 Show|publisher=irfca.org|access-date=2014-05-30}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-loco-electric-dc.html|title=[IRFCA] Indian Railways FAQ: Locomotives -- Specific classes : DC & Dual Current Electric|publisher=irfca.org|access-date=2014-05-30}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.trainweb.org/railworld/Electric_Locos/wcam2.htm|title=WCAM2|publisher=trainweb.org|access-date=2014-05-30}}

{{Broad gauge locomotives of India |state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:WCAM-2}}
[[Category:Electric locomotives of India]]
[[Category:1500 V DC locomotives]]
[[Category:25 kV AC locomotives]]
[[Category:5 ft 6 in gauge locomotives]]
[[Category:Multi-system locomotives]]
[[Category:Co-Co locomotives]]
[[Category:BHEL locomotives]]
[[Category:Railway locomotives introduced in 1995]]

Tek Fog

2026-03-21T18:11:35Z

CoyCallaghan: slightly fixed lead for clarity further and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Social media misinformation controversy}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2022}}{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}

'''Tek Fog''' is a non-existent application that was the center of a [[The Wire (India)#Meta/XCheck controversy|2022 social media misinformation controversy]] wherein the news outlet [[The Wire (India)|''The Wire'']] accused the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) of using the application "to manipulate social media," based on evidence that was later proven to be fabricated. It also claimed that BJP's [[Amit Malviya]] had powers to remove social media posts on command.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=T. N. M. |date=2022-10-23 |title=The Wire retracts Meta stories, Tek Fog investigation to be reviewed too |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/news/wire-retracts-meta-stories-tek-fog-investigation-be-reviewed-too-169165 |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>

The story went viral in India and drew reactions from opposition politicians, as well as international media houses.

One of the two authors of the report published in the news outlet [[The Wire (India)|''The Wire'']] for the non-existant app Tek Fog was Devesh Kumar.<ref name=":1" /> After allegations emerged that Kumar had fabricated evidence in later news stories about [[Meta Platforms|Meta Platforms, Inc.]], ''The Wire'' fired Kumar, alleged that he had intended to discredit the outlet, and filed a police report.The Delhi Police registered a case against the news website following a complaint filed by Malviya.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |author=Scroll Staff |date=2022-10-30 |title='The Wire' files police complaint against researcher Devesh Kumar over Meta articles |url=https://scroll.in/latest/1036179/the-wire-files-police-complaint-against-researcher-devesh-kumar-over-meta-articles |access-date=2023-12-03 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> ''The Wire'' issued a formal apology to its readers and took down the Meta and Tek Fog reports.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The Wire Editorial: To Our Readers, an Apology and a Promise |url=https://thewire.in/media/the-wire-editorial-to-our-readers-an-apology-and-a-promise |access-date=2022-11-03 |website=The Wire}}</ref>

== Initial story ==

Alerted by a supposed disgruntled employee-turned-[[whistleblower]], the Indian news publication ''[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]'' reportedly conducted a two-year investigation and published its findings in January 2022.<ref name="Culpan bloomberg" /> This report claimed that the Tek Fog application was used "to artificially inflate the popularity of the Bharatiya Janata Party, harass its critics and manipulate public perceptions at scale across major social media platforms" and to "amplify right-wing propaganda".<ref name="Wire Tek Fog 6 Jan">{{Cite news |last1=Kaul |first1=Ayushman |last2=Kumar |first2=Devesh |date=6 January 2022 |title=Tek Fog: An App With BJP Footprints for Cyber Troops to Automate Hate, Manipulate Trends |work=The Wire |url=https://thewire.in/tekfog/en/1.html |archive-date=6 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106083630/https://thewire.in/tekfog/en/1.html |url-status=deviated }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=6 January 2022 |title=An App Called Tek Fog Helps Cyber Troops With Links to BJP Automate Hate Online, an Investigation Reveals |language=en |work=NewsClick |url=https://www.newsclick.in/An-App-Called-Tek-Fog-Helps-Cyber-Troops-Links-BJP-Automate-Hate-Online-Investigation-Reveals |archive-date=6 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106113353/https://www.newsclick.in/An-App-Called-Tek-Fog-Helps-Cyber-Troops-Links-BJP-Automate-Hate-Online-Investigation-Reveals |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Quartz">{{Cite news |last=Subramanian |first=Samanth |date=6 January 2022 |title=Right-wing Indians have their own app to manipulate Whatsapp and Twitter |language=en |work=Quartz |url=https://qz.com/india/2110005/bjp-supporters-use-tek-fog-to-manipulate-whatsapp-and-twitter/ |archive-date=6 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106135120/https://qz.com/india/2110005/bjp-supporters-use-tek-fog-to-manipulate-whatsapp-and-twitter/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

''The Wire'' investigation also claimed that the BJP, along with the private companies [[Persistent Systems]] and [[Mohalla Tech]] (which operates a service called ShareChat), were involved in deploying the app. The members of BJP's youth wing, Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha (BJYM), were said to have supervised the operators, giving them ideological directions.<ref name="Wire Tek Fog 6 Jan" /> The investigation also claimed that an unnamed internal source within Persistent Systems found 17,000 files connected to Tek Fog which were developed by Persistent Systems.<ref name="Wire Tek Fog 6 Jan" />

In January 2022, Devang Dave, head of the BJYM IT Cell, denied that he or anyone from his organisation knew about such an app.<ref name="WP" /> Persistent Systems and Mohalla Tech denied any involvement with each other or with Tek Fog.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Persistent confirms no involvement with Tek Fog, Mohalla Tech Pvt. Ltd and Sharechat |url=https://www.persistent.com/media/news/tf-statement/ |access-date=19 January 2022 |website=persistent.com |archive-date=18 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118221032/https://www.persistent.com/media/news/tf-statement/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The BJP youth wing functionary Devang Dave, who was claimed to have supervised the operation, denied the party's involvement.<ref name="Culpan bloomberg" />

On 23 October 2022, ''The Wire'' removed its Tek Fog investigation from its website, "pending the outcome of an internal review". ''The Wire'' has accused one of the story's authors of "deception" in a separate series of articles on [[Meta Platforms|Meta]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roth |first=Emma |date=2022-10-26 |title=The Wire blames retracted Meta story on 'deception' by staff member |url=https://www.theverge.com/2022/10/26/23425377/the-wire-subject-deception-member-team-meta-india |access-date=2022-10-29 |website=The Verge |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Claimed features ===
''The Wire's report'' described the app as being capable of several actions.<ref name="The Wire Care">{{Cite news |last1=Kaul |first1=Ayushman |last2=Kumar |first2=Devesh |date=7 January 2022 |title=Explainer: Here's What the Tek Fog App Can Do, and Why You Should Care |work=The Wire |url=https://thewire.in/tech/explainer-heres-what-the-tek-fog-app-can-do-and-why-you-should-care |archive-date=7 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107074250/https://thewire.in/tech/explainer-heres-what-the-tek-fog-app-can-do-and-why-you-should-care |url-status=deviated }}</ref> These capabilities purportedly included being able to hijack the '"trending"' section of social media sites, [[Twitter]] and [[Facebook]], bulk-hacking of inactive [[WhatsApp]] accounts,<ref name="Part 2 Wire">{{Cite news |date=10 January 2022 |title=Tek Fog: Morphing URLs to Make Real News Fake, 'Hijacking' WhatsApp to Drive BJP Propaganda |work=The Wire |url=https://thewire.in/tekfog/en/2.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110060404/https://thewire.in/tekfog/en/2.html |url-status=deviated }}</ref> among other functionalities.<ref name="Wire Tek Fog Part 3">{{Cite news |last1=Kaul |first1=Ayushman |last2=Kumar |first2=Devesh |date=14 January 2022 |title=Tek Fog in Action: Targeting Women Journalists, Pushing Communal Narrative on COVID, Delhi Violence |work=The Wire |url=https://thewire.in/tekfog/en/3.html |archive-date=3 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603211435/https://thewire.in/tekfog/en/3.html |url-status=deviated }}</ref><ref name="Sanghera">{{Cite news |last=Sanghera |first=Tish |title=Tek Fog: Indian government weaponises social media |language=en |work=FairPlanet|date=15 January 2022 |url=https://www.fairplanet.org/editors-pick/tek-fog-indian-government-weaponises-social-media/ |archive-date=28 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228102220/https://www.fairplanet.org/editors-pick/tek-fog-indian-government-weaponises-social-media/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Other features supposedly included promoting favourable viewpoints through misinformation targeting users perceived to be BJP party opponents.<ref name="Culpan bloomberg" /><ref name="Le Monde">{{Cite news |last=Leloup |first=Damien |date=6 January 2022 |title=Tek Fog, un vaste système pour manipuler l'opinion sur les réseaux sociaux en Inde |language=fr|trans-title=Tek Fog, a vast system to guide opinion on social networks in India |work=Le Monde |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/pixels/article/2022/01/06/tek-fog-un-vaste-systeme-pour-manipuler-l-opinion-sur-les-reseaux-sociaux-en-inde_6108420_4408996.html |archive-date=6 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106135122/https://www.lemonde.fr/pixels/article/2022/01/06/tek-fog-un-vaste-systeme-pour-manipuler-l-opinion-sur-les-reseaux-sociaux-en-inde_6108420_4408996.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Tek Fog was also alleged to have managed a huge database of Indian citizens which included specific data regarding their occupation, religion, age, gender, etc., which was then used to deliver targeted insults and criticism.<ref name="Le Monde" /><ref name="WP">{{Cite news |date=7 January 2022 |title=A cyber commission was Congress' secret weapon |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/01/07/cyber-commission-was-congress-secret-weapon/ |id={{ProQuest|2617607410}} |archive-date=7 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107125558/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/01/07/cyber-commission-was-congress-secret-weapon/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Alleged victims ===
The Delhi Union of Journalists (DUJ) released a statement condemning the app stating that women journalists were "prime targets of the app" and noting that ''The Wire'' investigation listed several women journalists who received up to one million abusive tweets between January and May 2021, including [[Rana Ayyub]], [[Barkha Dutt]], [[Nidhi Razdan]], Rohini Singh, [[Swati Chaturvedi]], [[Sagarika Ghose]], Manisha Pande, [[Faye D'Souza]], [[Arfa Khanum Sherwani]] and [[Smita Prakash]].<ref name="DUJ Statement">{{Cite news |date=11 January 2022 |title=Delhi Union of Journalists Denounces Tek Fog, Demands SC Intervention |language=en |work=NewsClick |url=https://www.newsclick.in/Delhi-Union-Journalists-Denounces-Tek-Fog-Demands-SC-Intervention |archive-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111122648/https://www.newsclick.in/Delhi-Union-Journalists-Denounces-Tek-Fog-Demands-SC-Intervention |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 9 January 2022, journalist [[Arfa Khanum Sherwani]] released a list of prominent women from several religions including Hindus whom Sherwani alleged were targeted and harassed by hackers using Tek Fog.<ref name="DW Auction">{{Cite news |date=10 January 2022 |title=India: 'Auction' of Muslim women on apps reveals widespread online abuse |publisher=Deutsche Welle |url=https://www.dw.com/en/india-auction-of-muslim-women-on-apps-reveals-widespread-online-abuse/a-60379358 |quote=Journalist Arfa Khanum Sherwani then released on Sunday a list of prominent female voices from various faiths, including Hindus, who have been targeted and threatened by Tek Fog. |archive-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111022001/https://www.dw.com/en/india-auction-of-muslim-women-on-apps-reveals-widespread-online-abuse/a-60379358 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Reactions==
The [[Editors Guild of India]] initially said ''The Wire'' investigation "laid bare an extensive and well funded network built around [the] app".<ref name="EGI Quint 11 Jan">{{Cite news |date=11 January 2022 |title='Abusive Digital Ecosystem': EGI Demands SC To Take Cognisance of Tek Fog App |language=en |work=The Quint |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/abusive-digital-eco-system-editors-guild-demands-supreme-court-to-take-cognisance-of-tek-fog-app#read-more |archive-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111080212/https://www.thequint.com/news/india/abusive-digital-eco-system-editors-guild-demands-supreme-court-to-take-cognisance-of-tek-fog-app#read-more |url-status=live }}</ref> It condemned "the continuing online harassment of women journalists" and called for "urgent steps to break and dismantle this misogynistic and abusive digital eco-system".<ref name="Newslaundry Editors Guild">{{Cite news |date=11 January 2022 |title=From Tek Fog to 'Bulli Bai', Editors Guild condemns 'online harassment of women journalists' |work=Newslaundry |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2022/01/11/from-tek-fog-to-bulli-bai-editors-guild-condemns-online-harassment-of-women-journalists |archive-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111054156/https://www.newslaundry.com/2022/01/11/from-tek-fog-to-bulli-bai-editors-guild-condemns-online-harassment-of-women-journalists |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Misogynistic abusive">{{Cite news |date=11 January 2022 |title='Misogynistic, abusive': Editors' Guild demands SC probe into Tek Fog app |language=en |work=The News Minute |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/misogynistic-abusive-editors-guild-demands-sc-probe-tek-fog-app-159735 |archive-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111105951/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/misogynistic-abusive-editors-guild-demands-sc-probe-tek-fog-app-159735 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Guild later retracted its statements after ''The Wire'' removed the original articles,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Editors Guild retracts Tek Fog remarks after 'The Wire' takes down its articles |url=https://scroll.in/latest/1036058/editors-guild-removes-references-to-articles-on-tek-fog-after-the-wire-retracts-its-investigation
|access-date=2022-11-03 |website=Scroll.in |date=28 October 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref> citing concerns about accuracy and insufficient "journalistic norms and checks".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Post Wire apology, Editors Guild retracts statement on Tek Fog, urges due diligence in reporting |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/post-wire-apology-editors-guild-retracts-statement-on-tek-fog-urges-due-diligence-in-reporting-445163
|access-date=2022-10-29 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref>

Opposition parties denounced the app as a national security threat and demanded a probe. [[Rajya Sabha]] MP [[Derek O'Brien (politician)|Derek O'Brien]] of the [[Trinamool Congress]] called for a meeting of the [[Standing Committee on Home Affairs|Parliamentary Standing Committee on Home Affairs]] to discuss the app and said it "has serious ramifications and could jeopardise national security."<ref name="Derek O’Brien">{{Cite news |date=6 January 2022 |title='Could Jeopardise National Security': Derek O'Brien Wants Standing Committee To Discuss 'Tek Fog' |work=The Wire |url=https://thewire.in/government/tmc-mp-derek-o-brien-standing-committe-home-affairs-tek-fog |archive-date=6 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106143641/https://thewire.in/government/tmc-mp-derek-o-brien-standing-committe-home-affairs-tek-fog |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="parliamentary panel meet" /> The [[Indian National Congress]] (INC), in a tweet from its official Twitter handle, called Tek Fog, "a poisonous weapon of the BJP's propaganda machinery".<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 January 2022 |title=BJP conspiring to spread hatred in India: Rahul Gandhi |work=Kashmir Media Service |url=https://www.kmsnews.org/kms/2022/01/10/bjp-conspiring-to-spread-hatred-in-india-rahul-gandhi.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111070345/https://www.kmsnews.org/kms/2022/01/10/bjp-conspiring-to-spread-hatred-in-india-rahul-gandhi.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Tribune News 7 Jan">{{Cite news |date=7 January 2022 |title=Congress accuses BJP of using 'Tek Fog' app to propagate its agenda on social media, seeks SC's intervention |language=en |work=Tribuneindia News Service |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/congress-accuses-bjp-of-using-tek-fog-app-to-propagate-its-agenda-on-social-media-seeks-scs-intervention-359136 |archive-date=7 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107170145/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/congress-accuses-bjp-of-using-tek-fog-app-to-propagate-its-agenda-on-social-media-seeks-scs-intervention-359136 |url-status=live }}</ref> Congress leader [[Rahul Gandhi]] called the app one of several "factories of [[Hate speech|hate]]" set up by the BJP.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 January 2022 |title=BJP has set up several factories of hate, Tek Fog app one of them: Rahul Gandhi |language=en |work=Deccan Herald |agency=Press Trust of India |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/national-politics/bjp-has-set-up-several-factories-of-hate-tek-fog-app-one-of-them-rahul-gandhi-1069196.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110070345/https://www.deccanherald.com/national/national-politics/bjp-has-set-up-several-factories-of-hate-tek-fog-app-one-of-them-rahul-gandhi-1069196.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

There were also multiple calls for the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] to intervene in this matter. Congress leaders requested the examination from the expert panel that was looking into the alleged [[Pegasus Project revelations in India|use of the Pegasus spyware on Indian citizens]].<ref name="Hindu 7 Jan">{{Cite news |date=7 January 2022 |title=Initiate parliamentary probe into Tek Fog app: Trinamool |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/initiate-parliamentary-probe-into-tek-fog-app-trinamool/article38179671.ece |archive-date=7 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107181051/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/initiate-parliamentary-probe-into-tek-fog-app-trinamool/article38179671.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Ministry of Home Affairs Government of Maharashtra#List of ministers of state|Minister of State for Home]] in the [[Uddhav Thackeray ministry|Maharashtra government]], [[Satej Patil]] of the INC, questioned the silence of the Government of India and Information and Technology ministry over the Tek Fog expose.<ref name="Satej Patil">{{Cite news |date=10 January 2022 |title=Satej Patil questions govt's silence on Tek Fog expose |language=en |work=Deccan Herald |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/west/satej-patil-questions-govts-silence-on-tek-fog-expose-1069918.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111054307/https://www.deccanherald.com/national/west/satej-patil-questions-govts-silence-on-tek-fog-expose-1069918.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He made a public appeal to the victims from Mumbai targeted by Tek Fog app to register a police complaint.<ref name="MoS Patil asks Victims">{{Cite news |date=12 January 2022 |title=Maharashtra: MoS Patil asks Tek Fog victims to lodge police complaint |language=en |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/maharashtra-mos-patil-asks-tek-fog-victims-to-lodge-police-complaint-7718450/ |archive-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111210726/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/maharashtra-mos-patil-asks-tek-fog-victims-to-lodge-police-complaint-7718450/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Anand Venkatnarayanan, an Indian internet security researcher, called the app a military-grade [[psychological operations]] weapon. He claimed that the capabilities that are part of Tek Fog had only been accessible to [[State action|state actors]], and that putting it in the hands of non-state actors affiliated to a political party "had never been done before".<ref name="Culpan bloomberg">{{Cite news |last1=Culpan |first1=Tim |last2=Mukherjee |first2=Andy |date=12 January 2022 |title=India's Tek Fog Shrouds an Escalating Political War |work=[[Bloomberg News]] |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2022-01-12/india-s-tek-fog-shrouds-an-escalating-political-war-against-modi-s-critics |archive-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113001224/https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2022-01-12/india-s-tek-fog-shrouds-an-escalating-political-war-against-modi-s-critics |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Investigation by Parliamentary Standing Committee on Home Affairs ===
On 10 January 2022, O'Brien wrote a second letter to convene a meeting to discuss Tek Fog, pointing out that the alleged hacking technique was formerly used by the [[Pegasus (spyware)|Pegasus spyware]]. The application, as alleged by O'Brien, could send automated messages, spread misinformation, fake news and mislead citizens.<ref name="parliamentary panel meet">{{Cite news |date=10 January 2022 |title=MP Derek O'Brien seeks parliamentary panel meet on 'Tek Fog' app |work=The Telegraph |location=India |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/mp-derek-obrien-seeks-parliamentary-panel-meet-on-tek-fog-app/cid/1846965 |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110113433/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/mp-derek-obrien-seeks-parliamentary-panel-meet-on-tek-fog-app/cid/1846965 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 12 January, Congress leader and [[Leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha|leader of the opposition in the Lok Sabha]] [[Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury]] also wrote to the [[Standing Committee on Home Affairs#Chairpersons|chairman of the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Home Affairs]], [[Anand Sharma]], asking the committee discuss the "violative software application Tek Fog" in their next meeting.<ref name="Adhir Ranjan 12 Jan">{{Cite news |date=12 January 2022 |title=After Derek O'Brien, Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury Asks Standing Committee to Discuss 'Tek Fog' |work=The Wire |url=https://thewire.in/politics/after-derek-obrien-adhir-ranjan-chowdhury-asks-standing-committee-to-discuss-tek-fog |archive-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220112085629/https://thewire.in/politics/after-derek-obrien-adhir-ranjan-chowdhury-asks-standing-committee-to-discuss-tek-fog |url-status=live }}</ref> On 12 January, ''The Hindu'' reported that Anand Sharma wrote to the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs of the Government of India]] seeking a response on questions surrounding Tek Fog.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 January 2022 |title=Parliamentary panel seeks response on Tek Fog app |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/parliamentary-panel-asks-home-secretary-to-respond-on-tek-fog-app/article38258217.ece |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113002044/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/parliamentary-panel-asks-home-secretary-to-respond-on-tek-fog-app/article38258217.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Parliamentary Standing Committee asked the Union Home Ministry to provide information about the Tek Fog app. On 12 February, responding to the request, the Minister of State for [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology|Electronics and Information Technology]] Rajeev Chandrasekhar stated, "The ministry has searched for the app on all prominent app stores and APK stores and could not find so called app in any of these online stores."<ref name="TN 12 Feb">{{Cite news |date=12 February 2022 |title=Supreme Court global leader with 1.81L virtual hearings |language=en |work=Tribuneindia News Service |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/supreme-court-global-leader-with-1-81l-virtual-hearings-369085 |archive-date=28 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228154900/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/supreme-court-global-leader-with-1-81l-virtual-hearings-369085 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Retraction and apology ==
On 23 October 2022, ''The Wire'' took down its Tek Fog story "for review" due to claims of misconduct in another investigation done by the same journalist.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2022-10-19 |title=The Wire: India website removes Meta investigation after row |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-63226111 |access-date=2022-10-24}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2022-10-23 |title=The Wire retracts Meta stories, Tek Fog investigation to be reviewed too |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/wire-retracts-meta-stories-tek-fog-investigation-be-reviewed-too-169165 |access-date=2022-10-24 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> On 27 October 2022, ''The Wire'' issued a formal apology to its readers for the publication of these stories.<ref name=":0" />

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Journalism}}
* [[The Wire (India)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Fake news in India]]
[[Category:Journalism controversies]]
[[Category:Facebook criticisms and controversies]]
[[Category:2022 in mass media]]
[[Category:2022 in Indian politics]]
[[Category:History of the Bharatiya Janata Party]]
[[Category:2022 controversies]]

Action at Tsari

2026-03-19T07:06:34Z

CoyCallaghan: put up

{{Short description|Battle during First Kashmir war}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Action at Tsari
| place = Tsari{{Efn|Tsari is situated 20 miles North west of Skardu.<ref name=":3" />|group=alpha}} near [[Skardu]], Pakistan
| coordinates = {{coord|35.4699|N|75.41393|E|display=inline,title}}
| partof = [[Kashmir conflict]] and the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948]]
| commander1 = {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Pakistani Army.svg}} [[Major (rank)|Maj]]. Ehsan Ali {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Pakistani Army.svg}} [[Lieutenant|Liet]]. Babar {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Pakistani Army.svg}} [[Captain|Capt]]. Khan Jarral
| commander2 = [[File: Flag of Jammu and Kashmir (1936-1953).svg|22px]] [[Captain|Capt]]. Krishan{{KIA}}<ref>{{Harvb|Singh|2010|p=251}}{{Harvb|Dani|1989|p=379}}</ref> [[File: Flag of Jammu and Kashmir (1936-1953).svg|22px]] [[Captain|Capt]]. Nek Alam {{small|(Later defected)}}
| units1 = {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Pakistani Army.svg}} [[Gilgit Scouts]]
* Ibex Force
** A wing
** D Wing
* Muslim Deserters
| units2 = [[File: Flag of Jammu and Kashmir (1936-1953).svg|22px]] [[Jammu and Kashmir State Forces|State forces]]
* [[File: Flag of Jammu and Kashmir (1936-1953).svg|22px]] [[Jammu and Kashmir State Forces|6 J&K Infantry]]
| combatant1 = {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Dominion of Pakistan]]
| combatant2 = {{flagicon|India}} [[Dominion of India]]
*[[File: Flag of Jammu and Kashmir (1936-1953).svg|22px]] [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
*
| strength1 = '''Initial strength:''' ~2 platoons,<ref name="Harvb|Dani|1989|p=378-379">{{Harvb|Dani|1989|p=378-379}}</ref> (250 men) '''After defection:''' ~3 platoons
| strength2 = '''Initial strength:''' ~2 platoons '''After defection:''' ~1 platoon
| casualties1 = Unknown
| casualties2 = All killed<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Harvb|Singh|2010|p=251}}</ref>
| result = Pakistani victory<ref name=":8" />
*Outposts at Tsari eliminated<ref name="Harvb|Prasad|1987|p=289">{{Harvb|Prasad|1987|p=286}}</ref>
*All State troops eliminated<ref name="Harvb|Gulati|2000|p=65">{{Harvb|Gulati|2000|p=65}}</ref>
| date = 8–12 February 1948{{Efn|The dates of the Assault on Tsari and the action differ according to various accounts suggesting different Days:

* "The attack was planned on the night of 11-12 February 1948."<ref name=":3" />

* "A platoon was left behind to tackle the enemy and Tsari, which was attacked on 9 February 1948 once it was detected."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Masud Ahmad |date=2020-09-27 |title=Surrender at Skardu—1948 |url=https://www.nation.com.pk/28-Sep-2020/surrender-at-skardu-1948 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331175610/https://www.nation.com.pk/28-Sep-2020/surrender-at-skardu-1948 |archive-date=2023-03-31 |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=The Nation |language=en-US}}</ref>

* "On the night of 8-9 February, our outposts at Tsari were attacked."<ref name=":9" />
}}
| image = [[File:Skardu map.png|302px]]
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Indo-Pakistani war of 1947-1948}}
{{Campaignbox Indo-Pakistani Wars}}
}}

The '''Action at Tsari'''<ref name=":3">{{Harvb|Dani|1989|p=379}}</ref> (also spelled '''Saari''')<ref name=":5">{{Harvb|Jaffri|2019|p=29}}</ref> occurred during the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948]] in the [[Gilgit-Baltistan]] sector at Tsari, on the banks of the [[Indus River]] near [[Skardu]], from 11 to 12 February 1948. The conflict involved the [[Gilgit Scouts]] and the [[Indian Armed Forces in Jammu and Kashmir|Jammu and Kashmir forces]]. The Ibex Force of the Gilgit Scouts, led by Major Ehsan, planned an attack on the Tsari outposts along the Indus River. These outposts had been established by [[Colonel]] [[Sher Jung Thapa]] as a defensive measure and to warn the Skardu garrison in case of an assault. Upon the arrival of the Gilgit Scouts, the [[Muslims|Muslim]] troops stationed at the state forces' outpost, including their commander, [[Captain]] Nek Alam, defected to the Gilgit Scouts.<ref>{{Harvb|Gulati|2000|p=65}}</ref><ref name=":7" />

The platoon under Captain Krishan Singh exchanged fire with the "D" wing of the Gilgit Scouts after being spotted during the assault. Captain Singh then withdrew his troops to a nearby cave that overlooked their previous position. A Muslim soldier within the Gilgit Scouts spread rumors of a large-scale assault by the state forces, causing the entire Gilgit force to withdraw, except for Bakhtawar Shah, who discovered the state forces' platoon hiding in the cave and forced them to surrender.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":10" />

After learning that they were not surrounded by a large force, Captain Singh and his [[platoon]] attempted to escape. This led to a face-to-face confrontation in which all the state troops, including Captain Singh, were killed. Since runners were the only means of [[communication]] between Skardu and Tsari, none of the state troops returned to Skardu to report the attack, leaving Colonel Thapa and his forces unaware of the arrival of the Gilgit Scouts. Assistance from the Raja of Rondu, combined with details provided by the Muslim soldiers, led to the capture of Rondu. The Gilgit Scouts then planned to secure all of Skardu, launching an assault on 11 February, with reinforcements from Tsari joining them on 12 February.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":7" />

== Background ==
Historically, Skardu was divided into [[Tehsil|tehsils]], each governed by a local jagirdar known as a Raja.<ref name=":0">{{Harvb|Gulati|2000|p=|pp=63-64}}</ref> The route through the Gilgit-Bunji area to Rondu was of particular concern to state forces, as it posed a significant threat compared to the other three directions, which were protected by the surrounding mountains and ranges.<ref name=":0" />

During the First Kashmir War, the Commander of the 6th Jammu and Kashmir Infantry, Colonel Majid Khan, was arrested during the coup staged by the Gilgit Scouts against the Gilgit Governor. Following this, Sher Jung Thapa was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant Colonel and ordered to move to Skardu from Leh on 21 November.<ref name=":1">{{Harvb|Cheema|2014|pp=85-86}}</ref> Colonel Thapa departed for Skardu on 23 November with two Sikh platoons. They arrived in Skardu on 2 December, increasing the number of platoons to four, including the two already stationed under Captain Nek Alam.<ref name=":1" /> Their mission was to prepare for the impending arrival of the Gilgit Scouts, secure Skardu, and obtain relief columns. The Gilgit Scouts only advanced to Skardu in February–March, after addressing unrest caused by the Shia community.<ref name=":7">{{Harvb|Cheema|2014|p=86}}</ref>[[File:Gilgit-Baltistan map with tehsils labelled.png|thumb|[[Roundu District|Rondu District]] on the map of modern-day Gilgit-Baltistan|left|197x197px]]The Muslim Captain Nek Alam received letters from Captain Hassan Khan, delivered by two men from the Astore region.<ref name=":2">{{Harvb|Dani|1989|p=378}}</ref> In these letters, Captain Hassan urged Captain Nek Alam to take up arms against the state forces. Captain Nek reported this to the local authorities,<ref name=":2" /> leading Colonel Thapa to establish outposts at Tsari Pass in the Rondu region to warn the forces stationed at Skardu of a potential attack.<ref name=":2" /> Meanwhile, the Ibex column, led by Major Ehsan, gathered in the village of Harmosh after advancing from Bunji to Skardu.<ref>{{Harvb|Dani|1989|p=379}} : {{Harvb|Gulati|2000|p=65}}</ref>

The Muslim troops within the Jammu and Kashmir sector defected from the state forces, where they had been serving as guides. One Muslim soldier reached Istak by floating on a swollen cow's skin and informed Major Ehsan that the Muslims on the right bank were secure, while state forces were massacring those on the left bank.<ref>{{Harvb|Suharwardy|1983|pp=153-154}}</ref> Three hundred civilians, willingly mobilized by the Raja of Rondu, were stationed on both sides of the Indus River at Wasola and Harkoya. This resulted in Rondu being freed from state troops, except in Bagicha, Garbidas, and Tongudas.<ref name=":2" /> Meanwhile, the people of Skardu refused to cooperate with the state administration, awaiting the arrival of the Gilgit Scouts. Captain Hassan Khan assured the Raja of Rondu that relief forces would arrive soon.<ref name=":2" />

== Action ==
The Ibex Force consisted of two wings: the "A" Wing, composed of 100 men led by Captain Muhammad Jarral, and the "D" Wing, consisting of 150 men led by Lieutenant Babar Khan. Major Ehsan was in overall command of the troops.<ref name=":3" /> After assembling at Harmush on 29 February, the "D" Wing followed the "A" Wing, which continued to advance.<ref name=":3" /> The Raja of Rondu remained in contact through the newly appointed political agent of Gilgit-Baltistan, Wazir Wilayat Ali.<ref name=":3" />
[[File:Warfare Map of Rondu region in Skardu (1948).png|alt=Events in Rondu 1948|thumb|270x270px|Map describing the events in the Skardu/Rondu region in 1948]]Upon learning of the Ibex Force's arrival, Colonel Thapa dispatched Captain Ganga Singh with two sections of troops toward Rondu, reaching Istak on 4 February.<ref name=":3" /> However, the Muslim members of the force monitoring the situation foiled the plan. An exchange of fire ensued, convincing Captain Ganga Singh to retreat to Skardu.<ref name=":3" /> Captain Nek Alam joined the Ibex Force and informed Major Ehsan of the state forces' situation.<ref name=":3" /> The Gilgit Scouts planned to launch an assault on Tsari, according to Author Hassan Dani the assault on Tsari was planned on the night of 11–12 February, while a platoon was sent to Qomera to intercept relief forces from Skardu.<ref name=":3" /> Meanwhile according to Mahajan the assault was launched on 8-9 February.<ref name=":9">{{Harvb|Mahajan|1973|p=54}}</ref>

Another platoon under Captain Nek Alam was stationed at Katzarah to prevent reinforcements from that direction. Simultaneously, a platoon from the "A" Wing of the Ibex Force arrived on the opposite side of the river to block the state troops' retreat<ref name=":3" /> The assault was initiated prematurely due to an error: Lieutenant Babar was supposed to receive orders to halt at Garbidas, but the orders never reached him.<ref name=":4">{{Harvb|Suharwardy|1983|p=154}} : {{Harvb|Dani|1989|p=379}}</ref> Consequently, the state forces spotted the column, and the "D" Wing launched its assault on Tsari.<ref name=":4" /> Shelling ensued between the "D" Wing and the state troops. Major Ehsan then departed for Skardu, leaving a segment of troops above Tsari village to prevent the state forces from retreating toward Skardu.<ref name=":3" />

Captain Krishan Singh and his troops quietly relocated to a rocky den.<ref name=":10">{{Harvb|Suharwardy|1983|p=154}}</ref> A Muslim soldier loyal to the state forces spread false reports among the Gilgit Scouts, claiming that a large-scale attack by the state forces was imminent.<ref name=":5" /> This caused unrest, prompting the Scouts' commander to retreat to a safer position. However, Bakhtawar Shah, suspecting the rumor was a ruse by Krishan Singh to escape, was unconvinced.<ref name=":5" /> Shah traced the state troops to their new position by following their footprints, ultimately leading to the surrender of Captain Krishan Singh and his men after they were surrounded.<ref>{{Harvb|Jaffri|2019|p=29}} : {{Harvb|Suharwardy|1983|p=|pp=154-155}}</ref>

== Aftermath ==
Captain Krishan Singh and his troops observed that the Gilgit Scouts were fewer in number than expected.<ref name=":6">{{Harvb|Suharwardy|1983|p=155}}</ref> They attempted to escape, which led to face-to-face combat in which all of the state troops, including Captain Krishan Singh, were killed.<ref name=":6" /> The commander of the "A" Wing awarded Bakhtawar Shah a merit certificate for his role in the operation.<ref name=":5" /> With the fall of Rondu to the Gilgit Scouts, the Muslim soldiers of the Skardu Garrison attempted to free themselves from the control of the state administration.<ref name=":3" /> The assistance provided to the Ibex Force contributed to the capture of all of Rondu, including Tsari.<ref name=":8">{{Harvb|Dani|1989|p=380}}</ref>

Communication between Skardu and Tsari was limited to runners, and none of the state troops returned to Skardu to report the attack. Colonel Thapa and the state forces had their last contact on 9 February.<ref>{{Harvb|Prasad|1987|p=285}}</ref> Unaware of the situation at Tsari or the arrival of the Gilgit Scouts, the state forces were left vulnerable due to the lack of warnings from outposts.<ref>{{Harvb|Gulati|2000|p=65}} : {{Harvb|Prasad|1987|p=285}}</ref><ref name=":7" />

After the assault at Tsari, the Ibex Force advanced toward Skardu.<ref name=":8" /> On 12 February, the force regrouped at Qomera under Major Ehsan and was divided into two units.<ref name=":8" /> Major Ehsan’s plan involved the main column advancing along the right bank of the river, while Captain Nek Alam and Lieutenant Babar established a foothold for the main column to cross. Havildar Sher Muhammad was tasked with gathering all available boats at an accessible location in Skardu and rallying the local Muslim population at Sondus before the assault.<ref name=":8" />

Meanwhile, a relief column led by Captain Prabhat Singh, Lieutenant Ajit Singh, and Bhagat Singh had departed from Srinagar on 13 January 1948. They arrived in Skardu on 10 February,<ref>{{Harvb|S. Bloeria|2021|loc=Chapter 2: Overall situation}}</ref> having faced numerous challenges due to the harsh winter. The relief column initially returned to Srinagar midway, warned by locals of the dangers of the journey.<ref name=":6" /> However, after receiving further instructions, they resumed their journey and reached Skardu.<ref name=":6" /> The assault on Skardu town was launched on 11 February and the Siege of Skardu began on 12th.<ref name=":11">{{Harvb|Gulati|2000|p=|pp=66-67}} : {{Harvb|Prasad|1987|p=286}}</ref>{{Block quote|text=These disparate elements were stiffened and officered by the regulars from Pak Army It speaks volumes for the organizing ability and leadership of these Pak Army officers who wielded together such a heterogeneous group of highly temperamental people into an effective and efficient fighting outfit, making sure that their potential as guerrilla fighters adept at hit and run tactics was retained in its entirety and fully exploited.<ref>{{Harvb|Gulati|2000|p=66}}</ref>|author=M.N. Gulati|title=Military Plight Of Pakistan Vol I|source=p. 66}}

== See also ==
* [[1947 Gilgit rebellion]]
* [[Siege of Skardu]]
* [[Battle of Thorgo]]
* [[Gilgit Scouts]]
* [[Gilgit-Baltistan]]
* [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)]]

== Sources ==

=== Notes ===
{{Notelist}}

=== Citations ===
{{reflist}}

=== Works cited ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Dani |first=Ahmad Hasan |author-link=Ahmad Hasan Dani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aPY8AAAAMAAJ |title=History of Northern Areas of Pakistan |publisher=National Institute of Historical and Cultural Research |year=1989 |isbn=9789694150161 |language=en |archive-url=https://archive.org/details/kululahoul0000bruc |archive-date=2024-08-04 |access-date=2024-08-04 |url-status=bot: unknown}}
* {{Cite book |last=Mahajan |first=Skumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UDodAAAAMAAJ&q=debacle%20in%20gilgit-baltistan |title=Debacle in Baltistan |publisher=sole distributors] A. K. Corporation, New Delhi |year=1973 |language=en |archive-url=https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.3432/page/54/mode/2up?q=Tsari |archive-date=2021-01-20 |access-date=2024-08-23 |url-status=bot: unknown}}
* {{Cite book |last=Cheema |first=Amar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qc25BwAAQBAJ |title=The Crimson Chinar the Kashmir Conflict : a Politico Military Perspective |publisher=United Service Institution of India |year=2014 |isbn=9788170623014 |language=en |access-date=2024-08-07}}
* {{Cite book |last=S. Bloeria |first=Dr. Sudhir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cXLOEAAAQBAJ |title=Battlefield Zojila - 1948 |publisher=VIJ Books (India) PVT Limited |year=2021 |isbn=9789388161145 |language=en |access-date=2024-08-07}}
*{{Cite journal |last=Jaffri |first=Imran Haider |date=Summer 2019 |title=BAKHTAWAR SHAH – A LEGENDRY CHARACTER OF GILGIT-BALTISTAN LIBERATION WAR |url=https://www.aimh.gov.pk/summer-2019/ |url-status=live |journal=Bugle and Trumpet |publisher=Army Institute of Military History, Pakistan |volume=I |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240727051051/https://www.aimh.gov.pk/summer-2019/ |archive-date=2024-07-27 |via=aimh.gov.pk}}
* {{Cite book |last=Palit |first=D. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KGZDnzqQj2QC |title=Jammu and Kashmir Arms: History of the J & K Rifles |publisher=Palit & Dutt |year=1972 |language=en |asin=B0006C8HKM |archive-url=https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.3425/page/n1/mode/2up?q=Rawalakot |archive-date=2000-01-20}}
* {{Cite book |last=Gulati |first=M. N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HAZuAAAAMAAJ&q=Both+the+Brigadier+and+the+Major |title=Military Plight of Pakistan: Indo-Pak War, 1947-48, Volume 1 |publisher=Manas Publications |year=2000 |isbn=9788170491231 |volume=1 |language=en |archive-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.220135/page/n67/mode/2up?q=Nurhbuchung |archive-date=2017-01-18}}
* {{citation |last=Saraf |first=Muhammad Yusuf |title=Kashmiris Fight for Freedom, Volume 2 |year=2015 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ym1uvgAACAAJ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730163101/https://books.google.com/books?id=ym1uvgAACAAJ |archive-date=2024-07-30 |location=Mirpur |publisher=National Institute Kashmir Studies |author-link=Muhammad Yusuf Saraf |orig-year=first published 1979 by Ferozsons |access-date=2024-08-04 |url-status=bot: unknown}}
* {{Cite book |last=Prasad |first=S.N |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZBwNAAAAIAAJ&q=Operations%20In%20Jammu%20Amp%20Kashmir%201947-48 |title=History of Operations in Jammu & Kashmir, 1947-48 |publisher=History Division, Ministry of Defence, Government of India |year=1987 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240804153236/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZBwNAAAAIAAJ&q=Operations%20In%20Jammu%20Amp%20Kashmir%201947-48 |archive-date=2024-08-04 |access-date=2024-08-04 |url-status=bot: unknown}}
* {{citation |last=Suharwardy |first=Abdul Haq |title=Tragedy in Kashmir |year=1983 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wjRuAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Wajidalis}}
* {{Cite book |last=Singh |first=K.Brahma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=psTeAAAAMAAJ&q=History%20of%20Jammu%20Kashmir%20rifles |title=History of Jammu and Kashmir Rifles, 1820-1956 The State Force Background |publisher=Lancer International |year=1990 |isbn=9788170620914 |language=en |format=Hardcover}}
** {{citation |last=Singh |first=K. Brahma |title=History of Jammu and Kashmir Rifles, 1820-1956: The State Force Background |year=2010 |url=http://www.brahmasingh.co.nf/books/history%20of%20jammu%20and%20kashmir%20rifles.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306195332/http://www.brahmasingh.co.nf/books/history%20of%20jammu%20and%20kashmir%20rifles.pdf |archive-date=6 March 2016 |url-status=dead |publisher=brahmasingh.co.nf |isbn=978-81-7062-091-4 |orig-date=first published Lancer International 1990}}
{{refend}}
{{Sequence
| prev = [[Meindi Ambush]]
| list = Battles of the Indo-Pakistani war of 1947
| curr = Action at Tsari
| next = [[Siege of Skardu]]
}}{{Portalbar|Pakistan|Kashmir|India}}{{Kashmir conflict}}
[[Category:Battles of the India–Pakistan war of 1947–1948]]
[[Category:Gilgit-Baltistan]]
[[Category:February 1948 in Asia]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir State Forces]]
[[Category:Skardu District]]
[[Category:Battles involving Pakistan]]
[[Category:Battles involving India]]

Muhammad Musa (general)

2026-03-19T07:04:06Z

CoyCallaghan: general updated details based on references additionally and improved wording for clarity

{{short description|4th C-in-C of the Pakistan Army}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[General (Pakistan)|General]]
| name = Muhammad Musa Khan
| office =
| order2 = 10th [[Governor of Balochistan, Pakistan|Governor of Balochistan]]
| honorific-suffix = {{small|[[Hilal-e-Pakistan|HPk]]&ensp;&ensp;[[Hilal-i-Jurat|HJ]]&ensp;&ensp;[[Civil decorations of Pakistan|HQA]]&ensp;&ensp;[[Member of the Order of the British Empire|MBE]]&ensp;&ensp;[[Indian Distinguished Service Medal|IDSM]]}}
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = Muhammad Musa Khan.jpg
| alt =
| smallimage = 
| caption = Official Military portrait {{circa|1961}}
| predecessor2 = [[Sardar Gul Mohammad Khan Jogezai|Gul Jogezai]]
| president2 = [[Ghulam Ishaq Khan]] [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq|Zia-ul-Haq]]
| primeminister2 = [[Muhammad Khan Junejo|Muhammad Junejo]] [[Benazir Bhutto]] [[Nawaz Sharif]]
| successor2 = [[Lieutenant General]] [[Khushdil Khan Afridi|K. K. Afridi]]
| order1 = 4th [[Governor of West Pakistan]]
| predecessor1 = [[Amir Mohammad Khan|Amir Mohammad]]
| president1 = [[Ayub Khan (general)|Ayub Khan]]
| party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]] [[Pakistan Muslim League]] {{small|(1985–1991)}}
| prior_term =
| successor1 = [[Yusuf Haroon]]
| birth_name = Muhammad Musa
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1908|10|20}}
| birth_place = [[Quetta]], [[Baluchistan (Chief Commissioners Province)|Baluchistan]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1991|03|12|1908|10|20}}
| death_place = [[Quetta]], [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]], Pakistan
| resting_place = [[Mashhad]]
| nationality = {{unbulletedlist|[[British Raj|British Indian]] {{small|(1908–1947)}}|Pakistani {{small|(1947–1991)}}}}
| otherparty = 
| spouse =
| partner = 
| relations = Sardar Mehdi Hassan Musa, (Minister Irrigation & Power Balochistan 2002) grandson
| children = 5
| parents = 
| residence =
| alma_mater = {{unbulletedlist|[[Indian Military Academy]]|[[Pakistan Command and Staff College|Command and Staff College]]|[[Imperial Defence College]]}}
| occupation = [[Officer (armed forces)|Military officer]] [[Politics of Pakistan|Politician]]
| profession =
| cabinet =
| committees =
| portfolio =
| website = 
| allegiance = {{unbulletedlist|{{flag|British India}} {{small|(1926–1947)}}|{{flag|Pakistan}}}} {{small|(1947–1966)}}
| branch = {{unbulletedlist|{{army|British India}}|{{army|Pakistan}}}}
| serviceyears = 1926–1966
| rank = [[File:OF-9 Pakistan Army.svg|20px]] [[General (Pakistan)|General]]
| unit = {{flagicon image|Ensign of the Royal Indian Army Service Corps.svg}} [[4th Hazara Pioneers]] [[Frontier Force Regiment]]
| commands = {{unbulletedlist|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Pakistani Army.svg}} [[Structure of the Pakistan Army#Operational structure|14th Infantry Division]]|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Pakistani Army.svg}} [[Structure of the Pakistan Army#Operational structure|8th Infantry Division]]}}
| battles =
{{tree list}}
* [[Waziristan campaign (1936–1939)|Waziristan Campaign]]
* [[World War II]]
** [[North African campaign]]
** [[Burma Campaign 1944–1945|Burma campaign]]
* [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947]]
* [[Bajaur Campaign]]
* [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]
{{tree list/end}}
| pronunciation =
| image_size = 230px
| term_start2 = 17 December 1985
| term_end2 = 12 March 1991
| term_start1 = 18 September 1966
| term_end1 = 20 March 1969
| order = 4th [[Commander in Chief (Pakistan Army)|Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army]]
| term_start = 27 October 1958
| term_end = 17 September 1966
| predecessor = [[Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan)|Ayub Khan]]
| successor = [[Yahya Khan]]
| president = [[Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan)|Ayub Khan]]
| order3 = [[Pakistan Hockey Federation#President|President]] of the [[Pakistan Hockey Federation]]
| term_start3 = 1960
| term_end3 = 1966
| predecessor3 = Naseer Ahmad
| successor3 = [[Nur Khan]]
| height = 
| mother = 
| father = [[Yazdan Khan]]
| relatives =
| education =
| mawards = [[File:Hilal-e-Pakistan (1957-86).png|50px]] {{small|[[Hilal-e-Pakistan]]}} [[File:Hilal-e-Jurat.png|50px]] {{small|[[Hilal-i-Jurat|Hilal-e-Jurat]]}} [[File:Hilal-e-Quaid-e-Azam (1957-76).png|50px]] {{small|[[Civil decorations of Pakistan|Hilal-e-Quaid-e-Azam]]}} [[File:Order of the British Empire (Military).png|50px]] {{small|[[Order of the British Empire|Order of British Empire]]}}
| military_data5 = 
}}

[[General (Pakistan)|General]] '''Muhammad Musa Khan {{post-nominals|country=GB, PK|list=[[Hilal-e-Pakistan|HPk]] [[Hilal-i-Jurat|HJ]] [[Civil decorations of Pakistan|HQA]] [[Member of the Order of the British Empire|MBE]] [[Indian Distinguished Service Medal|IDSM]]}}''' ({{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|محمد موسی خان}}}}; {{nowrap|20 October 1908 – 12 March 1991}}) was a Pakistani senior military officer who served as the 4th [[Commander in Chief (Pakistan)|Commander-in-Chief]] of [[Pakistan Army]] from 1958 to 1966, under president [[Ayub Khan (general)|Ayub Khan]]. Following his tenure as C-in-C of the Army, he later became a politician.

Gaining [[Officer (armed forces)|commission]] as a [[Second lieutenant]] in the [[British Indian Army]], Khan served with distinction in the [[Burma campaign|Burma]] and [[North African campaign]]s as part of the [[Allies of World War II|Allied effort]] in [[World War II]]. Following the [[Partition of India]] in 1947, he opted for the [[Dominion of Pakistan]], subsequently transferring his military service to the newly created Pakistan Army. He led a [[brigade]] against [[Dominion of India|India]] during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948|First Kashmir War]] in 1947–1948, and eventually ascended the ranks to become the C-in-C of the Army after the [[1958 Pakistani coup d'état|1958 coup d'état]]. Khan gained notability and public fame throughout [[Pakistan]] when he was in command of the Pakistan Army during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|Second Kashmir War]] with India in 1965.

Khan retired shortly after the 1965 war and embarked on a career in [[Politics of Pakistan|national politics]], after which he was appointed to serve as the [[Governor of West Pakistan]], a position he held from 1966 to 1969. In 1985, he was appointed as the [[Governor of Balochistan, Pakistan|Governor of Balochistan]] and remained in office until his death in 1991.

[[File:General Musa Khan, as Hockey player 1930, Hazara Pioneer.jpg|left|thumb|183x183px|Musa Khan as Hockey player in 1930]]

== Early life ==
Musa was born on 20 October 1908 in [[Quetta]], [[Baluchistan (Chief Commissioners Province)|Baluchistan]], [[British Indian Empire|British India]] to an ethnic [[Hazara people|Hazara]] family.<ref name="Imam Reza (A.S.) Network">{{cite web|last1=Staff writer|title=Dignitaries buried in the Holy Shrine of Imam Reza (A.S.)|url=http://www.imamreza.net/eng/imamreza.php?id=10847|website=imamreza.net|publisher=Imam Reza (A.S.) Network|access-date=17 October 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810210118/http://imamreza.net/eng/imamreza.php?id=10847|archive-date=10 August 2016}}</ref><ref name="Routledge">{{cite book|last1=Abbas|first1=Hassan|title=Pakistan's Drift Into Extremism: Allah, the Army, and America's War on Terror|date=26 March 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317463283|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FHKsBwAAQBAJ&q=musa+khan+Ayub&pg=PA35|access-date=17 October 2016|language=en}}</ref>

His family was ''[[sardar]]'' (lit. chief) of the [[Sang-e-Masha]] administration of [[Jaghori (Hazara tribe)|Jaghori]] Hazara tribe and Musa was the eldest son of [[Yazdan Khan]], who was the local Hazara tribal chief and himself a descendant of Sher Ali Khan, a Hazara elder from [[Jaghori]], [[Ghazni Province|Ghazni]].<ref name="Hazara The Best">{{cite web|last1=Hazara The Best|title=Great General Mussa Khan|url=http://hazarathebest.weebly.com/great-general-mussa-khan.html|website=Hazara The Best|access-date=17 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://jang.com.pk/thenews/jan2013-weekly/nos-20-01-2013/spr.htm#2|title=The first priority is security|work=The News|access-date=12 June 2023|first=Rahimullah|last=Yusufzai|authorlink=Rahimullah Yusufzai}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YhEfDAAAQBAJ|title=War and Migration: Social Networks and Economic Strategies of the Hazaras of Afghanistan|first=Alessandro|last=Monsutti|authorlink=Alessandro Monsutti|publisher=Taylor & Francis|date=2005|isbn=9781135486761|page=90|quote=Sardar Yazdan Khan and his sons, General Musa Khan, Sardar Isa Khan and Sardar Isaq Khan, who long dominated political life among the Hazaras of Quetta, also originated in that tribal section.}}</ref>
== Early military career ==
After his schooling, he was recruited to the [[British Indian Army]] as a [[Sepoy|''Jawan'']] in 1926 and eventually joined the [[4th Hazara Pioneers]] after being promoted as the [[Naik (military rank)|Naik]]{{snd}} a [[non-commissioned officer]] in the [[British Indian Army]].<ref name="Rahimullah Yusufzai">{{cite news|title=The first priority is security|url=http://jang.com.pk/|access-date=27 August 2013|newspaper=The News|date=20 January 2013|author=Rahimullah Yusufzai}}</ref> He was selected to join the [[Indian Military Academy]] (IMA) at [[Dehradun|Dehra Dun]] as a cadet in October 1932. The first batch of IMA, known as "The Pioneers", also produced India's first [[Field marshal (India)|Field Marshal]] [[Sam Manekshaw]], and [[Smith Dun]], the future commander-in-chief of the Burmese Army.<ref name="Imam Reza (A.S.) Network" /> [[File:General Musa, Circa 1935 in a British Uniform.jpg|thumb|left|Musa while in the [[British Indian Army]], {{circa}} 1935|386x386px]]
In 1935, he was commissioned from the [[Indian Military Academy|IMA, Dehradun]] following a two years and six months long military training.<ref name="Inter-Services Public Relations (ISPR)">{{cite web|last1=ISPR|title=General Muhammad Musa|url=https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContent.aspx?pId=146|website=pakistanarmy.gov.pk|publisher=Inter-Services Public Relations (ISPR)|access-date=17 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107171601/https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContent.aspx?pId=146|archive-date=7 November 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was said to be an excellent sportsman and played [[Field hockey|hockey]].<ref name="Routledge" />
In 1936, he was posted to the 6th Royal Battalion of the [[13th Frontier Force Rifles]] as a [[Platoon Commander]] and saw actions in the violent [[Waziristan campaign (1936–1939)|Waziristan campaign]] in 1936 until 1938.<ref name="Hazara The Best" /> He participated well in the [[World War II]] on the side of the United Kingdom and served well in the [[Burma Campaign]] and [[North African Campaign|North African theatre]] as part of the [[Royal Norfolk Regiment|Norfolk Regiment]] of the British Indian Army.<ref name="Imam Reza (A.S.) Network" /> In Middle East, he led the [[Company (military unit)|company]] and was listed in [[mentioned in despatches]] for "distinguished services in the Middle East during the period February to July 1941" and in the [[London Gazette]] 30 December 1941 as a Lieutenant and acting Major.<ref name="Hazara The Best" />

In 1942, his heroic action for valor won him the praise and was appointed as [[Member of the Order of the British Empire]] (MBE) for "gallant and distinguished services in the Middle East."<ref name="Imam Reza (A.S.) Network" /> In 1945, he was promoted as substantive [[Captain (land)|captain]] and substantive major in 1946 and was serving with the Machine Gun battalion, [[13th Frontier Force Rifles]] by October 1942.<ref>October 1942 MS Army List</ref>

After the [[Partition of India|partition]] of [[British Indian Empire|British India]] that followed the [[Independence of Pakistan|establishment]] of Pakistan in 1947, he [[Pakistani citizenship|opted]] for [[Pakistan]] and joined the [[Pakistan Army]] as a [[staff officer]].<ref name="Imam Reza (A.S.) Network" /> In 1947 in the acting rank of [[Brigadier]], he commanded the [[Structure of the Pakistan Army|103rd Infantry Brigade]] based in [[Sialkot]] brigade in [[Azad Kashmir|Kashmir]] and served as commander of military units in the [[Indo-Pakistan War of 1947|first war]] with India.<ref name="Imam Reza (A.S.) Network" /> In 1948, he went on to command the 52nd Infantry Brigade positioned in Quetta.<ref name="Army Museum"/>

After the war in 1948, Musa studied and graduated from the [[Pakistan Command and Staff College|Command and Staff College]] in [[Quetta]] and proceeded to attend the [[Imperial Defence College]] in United Kingdom prior to his graduation.<ref name="Army Museum">{{cite web|last1=Army Museum|title=GENERAL MUHAMMAD MUSA|url=http://www.pakarmymuseum.com/exhibits/general-muhammad-musa/|website=pakarmymuseum.com|publisher=Army Museum|access-date=19 October 2016|archive-date=20 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020104742/http://www.pakarmymuseum.com/exhibits/general-muhammad-musa/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Later military career ==

In 1950s, Musa's commanding assignments included his role as the Commandant of the [[East Pakistan Rifles]], and also having served as GOC of 14th Infantry Division in [[Dhaka]], [[East Pakistan]], in 1951.<ref name="Hazara The Best" /><ref name="Army Museum" /> In 1952, his last field assignment included his role as [[General Officer Commanding]] (GOC) of 8th Infantry Division positioned in [[Quetta]] before stationed at the GHQ.<ref name="Army Museum" /> Later, he soon became the Chief of Staff of the Pakistan Army (then the [[Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army|commander-in-chief of the army]]'s deputy) in the rank of major-general at the [[GHQ (Pakistan Army)|Army GHQ]].<ref name="Army Museum" /> His career progressed well in the [[Pakistan Army|army]] and he was ascended to [[Commander in Chief (Pakistan Army)|Commander-in-Chief]] by President [[Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan)|Ayub Khan]] in 1958 when the latter deposed President [[Iskander Mirza]] and appointed himself [[Field Marshal]].

Musa's promotion to the [[Four star rank|four-star]] appointment came with controversy in the country as many saw that his appointment was based on "dependability rather than merit."<ref name="Skyhorse Publishing, Inc.">{{cite book|last1=Cloughley|first1=Brian|title=A History of the Pakistan Army: Wars and Insurrections|date=5 January 2016|publisher=Skyhorse Publishing, Inc.|isbn=9781631440397|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JE1kCwAAQBAJ&q=musa+khan+Ayub&pg=PT70|access-date=17 October 2016|language=en}}</ref><ref>Brig A.R. Siddiqui. [http://www.dawn.com/2004/04/25/fea.htm#2 "Army's top slot: the seniority factor"] ''Dawn'', 25 April 2004</ref> His elevation also meant that he would supersede three of the most senior officers in the Pakistan Army: Gen Adam Khan, Gen [[Sher Ali Khan Pataudi]], and Gen Latif Khan, all of whom were decorated [[Royal Military Academy Sandhurst|Sandhurst]] graduates.<ref name="The News, Manzoor">{{cite news|last1=Manzoor|first1=Usman|title=Four of 13 army chiefs were senior-most when appointed|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/168018-four-of-13-army-chiefs-were-senior-most-when-appointed|access-date=23 February 2024|publisher=The News, Manzoor|date=27 November 2016}}</ref>

President Ayub delegated the military affairs to General Musa when heading the civic government.<ref name="Harvard University Press">{{cite book|last1=Shah|first1=Aqil|title=The Army and Democracy|date=21 April 2014|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674419773|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ShihAwAAQBAJ&q=general+muhammad+musa&pg=PA152|access-date=17 October 2016|language=en}}</ref> In 1960, he was appointed to serve as the President of the [[Pakistan Hockey Federation]] which he remained in the post until being retired in 1966.<ref name="Pakistan Hockey Federation">{{cite web|last1=PHF|title=Pakistan Hockey Federation|url=http://www.pakistanhockeyfederation.com/history|website=Pakistan Hockey Federation|access-date=18 October 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019081108/http://www.pakistanhockeyfederation.com/history|archive-date=19 October 2016}}</ref> It was during his stint as president when the [[Pakistan Hockey Team|Hockey Team]] won its first [[Gold Medal]] against the [[India men's national field hockey team|Indian Hockey Team]] in the [[Field hockey at the 1960 Summer Olympics|Summer Olympics]] in Rome in 1960.<ref name="ABC Publishing House">{{cite book|last1=Musa|first1=Mohammed|title=Jawan to General: Recollections of a Pakistani Soldier|date=1985|publisher=ABC Publishing House|pages=240|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=orgfAAAAMAAJ&q=general+musa+hockey+federation|access-date=18 October 2016|language=en}}</ref>

== Bajaur Campaign ==
[[File:General Musa, Circa 1935 in a British Uniform (cropped).jpg|left|thumb|193x193px|Another image of General Musa Khan while he was in the British Indian Army]]
{{Main|Bajaur Campaign}}

In September 1960, [[Afghan army|Afghan Regular Troops]] disguised as local tribesmen started border incursions into the [[North-West Frontier Province|NWFP]] (now [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]) province of Pakistan with the goal of starting a local rebellion to capture the [[pashtunistan|Pashtun Inhabited Territory]], under General Musa's leadership, Pakistani troops and Local Pashtun tribesmen along with Pakistan Airforce support pushed back the Afghans in 1961 and captured many Afghan soldiers.

== The 1965 War ==
In 1964, he became aware of [[Operation Gibraltar|covert operation]] studied by the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Pakistan)|Foreign ministry]] led by Foreign Minister [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]], and presented views against the operation due to no linkage between the covert actions and the [[Operation Grand Slam|conventional backup]].<ref name="Dawn, Haider">{{cite news|last1=Haider|first1=Retired Air Commodore Sajjad|title=Straight shooting on the 1965 war|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1204925|access-date=19 October 2016|publisher=Dawn, Haider|date=6 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="Routledge, Gates">{{cite book|last1=Gates|first1=Scott|last2=Roy|first2=Kaushik|title=Unconventional Warfare in South Asia: Shadow Warriors and Counterinsurgency|date=17 February 2016|publisher=Routledge, Gates|isbn=9781317005407|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nMSXCwAAQBAJ&q=1965+war+musa+khan&pg=PT121|access-date=19 October 2016|language=en}}</ref> General Musa also had the support from [[President of Pakistan|President]] Ayub Khan on his views; however, the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1965|war began]] in 1965.<ref name="Routledge, Gates"/> General Musa did not order the [[Pakistan Army]] without the confirmation by President Ayub Khan despite Foreign Minister [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto|Bhutto's]] urging.<ref name="Nation Books, Hiro">{{cite book|last1=Hiro|first1=Dilip|title=The Longest August: The Unflinching Rivalry Between India and Pakistan|date=24 February 2015|publisher=Nation Books, Hiro|isbn=9781568585031|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PpPCBAAAQBAJ&q=general++musa+khan&pg=PA183|access-date=19 October 2016|language=en}}</ref> After the [[Indian Army]] moved to the [[Rann of Kutch]], General Musa ordered [[GHQ (Pakistan Army)|Army GHQ]] to respond to the Indian Army by moving the 12th Division.<ref name="Nation Books, Hiro"/> After reviewing the aerial view of the area and getting directions from President Ayub to make way for Maj General [[Yahya Khan]], General Musa controversially relieved [[General Officer Commanding|GOC]] Major-General [[Akhtar Hussain Malik]] and handed over the command of the 12th Division to Major-General [[Yahya Khan]], which resulted in critical time delays of troops movements and eventual failure of the operation.<ref name="AuthorHouse, Baig">{{cite book|last1=Baig|first1=Muhammad Anwar; Ebad|title=Pakistan: Time for Change|date=20 December 2012|publisher=AuthorHouse, Baig|isbn=9781477250310|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H_A5-RABah4C&q=general++musa+khan+yahya&pg=PA24|access-date=19 October 2016|language=en}}</ref>

About the failure due to command change, General Musa justified his actions that he had not had time to select a commander or staff despite the authority given to him.<ref name="Skyhorse Publishing, Inc." /> He led and commanded the [[Pakistan Army]] in the largest [[Battle of Chawinda|tank battle]], which earned him public fame.<ref name="CrimsonChinar">{{cite book|last1=VSM|first1=Brig Amar Cheema|title=The Crimson Chinar: The Kashmir Conflict: A Politico Military Perspective|date=31 March 2015|publisher=Lancer Publishers|isbn=9788170623014|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qc25BwAAQBAJ&q=general++musa+khan+chawinda&pg=PA245|access-date=19 October 2016|language=en}}</ref> His strategy based on classical [[Trench warfare|trench method]] supported by [[Armoured warfare|armory]], [[artillery]] and [[airpower]] was tactically powerful and successful as it stopped the advancing [[Indian Army]] but politically unsuccessful due to the country being party of the [[Tashkent Agreement|peace treaty]] brokered by the [[Soviet Union|USSR]] in 1965.<ref name="CrimsonChinar"/>

General Musa's military service is unique due to the fact that he had received two extensions as a [[Commander-in-chief]] from the period of 1958 until 1966.<ref name="Taylor & Francis">{{cite book|last1=Wiarda|first1=Howard J.|title=Comparative Politics: The politics of Asia|year=2005|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9780415330954|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WXkDtR3vCecC&q=general+musa+extension&pg=PA307|access-date=20 October 2016|language=en}}</ref> Upon his retirement, General Musa did not recommend Yahya Khan's nomination as [[Commander-in-chief]] and [[Yahya Khan|Yahya's]] name was not included in the list of nominations sent to President Ayub Khan; nonetheless, General Musa was succeeded by General Yahya Khan as Commander in Chief.

About the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1965|war with India]] in 1965, General Musa provided his views and testimonies in two books written on [[Pakistani military history|military history]] of Pakistan Army: first being the '''My Version: India-Pakistan War, 1965'''<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yQhuAAAAMAAJ|title=My Version: India-Pakistan War, 1965 by General (Retd.) Mohammad Musa|isbn=9699988762|author=Mohammad Musa|year=1983|publisher=Wajidalis}}</ref> and the second being the '''Jawan to General: Recollections of a Pakistani Soldier''',<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PSosAAAAIAAJ|title=Jawan to General: Recollections of a Pakistani Soldier by General (Retd.) Mohammad Musa|isbn=9789694073552|last1=Musa|first1=Mohammad|year=1985|publisher=ABC Publishing House}}</ref> the latter was mainly his biography.

== Retirement and Politics ==
{{See also|Pakistan Muslim League}}
[[File:General Muhammad Musa.jpg|thumb|A portrait of Musa Khan taken near to his retirement]]
At the time of his retirement in 1966, General Musa was a famed and popular military figure which led President Ayub Khan to appoint him as the [[Governor of West Pakistan]].<ref name="Milfac">{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Ravi Shekhar Narain Singh|title=The Military Factor in Pakistan|year=2008|publisher=Lancer Publishers|isbn=9780981537894|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wCm2DFZblOYC&q=popular+musa+west+pakistan+governor&pg=PA50|access-date=20 October 2016|language=en}}</ref> News of the appointment was met with enthusiasm by the [[West Pakistanis|West Pakistani]] people.<ref name="Milfac"/> In 1967, he became Governor of West Pakistan until submitting his resignation on 2 March 1969 when General Yahya Khan imposed [[Martial law in Pakistan|martial law]] to takeover the [[Pakistani presidency|presidency]].<ref name="Harvard University Press, Jalal">{{cite book|last1=Jalal|first1=Ayesha|title=The Struggle for Pakistan: A Muslim Homeland and Global Politics|date=16 September 2014|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674744998|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=87VnBAAAQBAJ&q=general+musa+west+pakistan+governor+popular&pg=PA136|access-date=20 October 2016|language=en}}</ref>

From 1969 to 1984, he settled in [[Karachi]] while receiving a [[Pensions in Pakistan|military pension]].<ref name="Imam Reza (A.S.) Network"/> In 1985, he became active in [[Politics of Pakistan|national politics]] on a [[Pakistan Muslim League]] platform led by Prime Minister [[Mohammad Khan Junejo|M. K. Junejo]].<ref name="Imam Reza (A.S.) Network"/> He was appointed as [[Governor of Balochistan, Pakistan|Governor of Balochistan]] by the President [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq|Zia-ul-Haq]] after the [[1985 Pakistani general election|general elections]] held in 1985.<ref>name="Hazara The Best"</ref> After the [[1988 Pakistani general election|general elections]] held in 1988, Governor Musa controversially dissolved the [[Provincial Assembly of Balochistan|provincial assembly]] on the then-Chief Minister [[Zafarullah Khan Jamali]]'s advice.<ref name="Rowman & Littlefield, Burki">{{cite book|last1=Burki|first1=Shahid Javed|title=Historical Dictionary of Pakistan|date=19 March 2015|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=9781442241480|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rk-sBwAAQBAJ&q=general+musa+dissolved&pg=PR34|access-date=20 October 2016|language=en}}</ref>

However, the [[Balochistan High Court]] restored the [[Provincial Assembly of Balochistan|provincial assembly]] amid public condemnation of the Governor's move.<ref name="Rowman & Littlefield, Burki"/> The step towards dissolving the assembly was believed to have been taken with the consent of the [[President of Pakistan|President]] and [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]].<ref name="Rowman & Littlefield, Burki"/>
On 12 March 1991, General Musa died while in office and per accordance to his wishes, he was buried in [[Mashhad]], [[Razavi Khorasan Province|Razavi Khorasan]], Iran.<ref name="Hazara The Best" /> In his honour, the provincial [[Government of Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan government]] established a vocational school, the General Muhammad Musa Inter-College (GMMIC), in [[Quetta]], Pakistan in 1987.<ref name="Musa College">{{cite web|last1=Hussaini|first1=Ali Aosat|title=About College|url=http://musacollege.com/aboutcollege.html|website=musacollege.com|publisher=Musa College|access-date=20 October 2016|archive-date=21 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021070126/http://musacollege.com/aboutcollege.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>




== Post-1965 war ==
About the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1965|war with India]] in 1965, General Musa provided his views and testimonies in two books written on [[Pakistani military history|military history]] of Pakistan Army: the first being ''My Version'' and the second being ''Jawan to General: Recollections of a Pakistani Soldier'' which was also his autobiography. General Mohammad Musa, who commanded the Army in the '65 war, gave his account of how the events unfolded at GHQ, the C-in-C and the Supreme Commander Field Marshal Ayub Khan surprising India on 6 September 1965 in ''My Version: India-Pakistan War, 1965''

== Awards and decorations ==
{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
| colspan="4" |{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Hilal-e-Pakistan (1957-86).png|width=100}} {{ribbon devices|ribbon=Hilal-e-Jurat.png|width=100}} {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Hilal-e-Quaid-e-Azam (1957-76).png|width=100}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Sitara-e-Harb 1965 War Ribbon.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=War Medal 1965(Tamgha-e-Jang, A.H.1385).png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award‐star|ribbon=Pakistan Independence Medal 1947.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Republic Medal 1956 (Pakistan).png|width=130}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Order of the British Empire (Military).png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Indian Distinguished Service Medal.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=India General Service Medal (1936).png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=1939–1945 Star.png|width=130}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Africa Star 1945.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Ribbon - War Medal & MiD.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Ribbon India Service Medal.png|width=130}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=QE II Coronation Medal 1953.png|width=130}}
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|'''[[Hilal-e-Pakistan]]'''

''(Crescent of Pakistan)''

''(HPk)''
| colspan="2" |'''[[Hilal-i-Jurat|Hilal-e-Jurat]]'''
''(Crescent of Courage)''

'''[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|1965 War]]'''
|'''[[Civil decorations of Pakistan|Hilal-e-Quaid-e-Azam]]'''
''(HQA)''
|-
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Campaign / war medals|Sitara-e-Harb 1965 War]]'''
''(War Star 1965)''
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Campaign / war medals|Tamgha-e-Jang 1965 War]]'''
''(War Medal 1965)''
|'''[[Pakistan Medal|Pakistan Tamgha]]'''
''([[Pakistan Medal]])''

'''1947'''
|'''[[Awards and decorations of the Pakistan Armed Forces#Commemorative medals|Tamgha-e-Jamhuria]]'''
''(Republic Commemoration Medal)''

'''1956'''
|-
|'''[[Order of the British Empire|Member of the British Empire]]'''
'''[[Order of the British Empire|(MBE)]]'''<ref name="discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk">{{Cite book |url=https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/D7386198 |title=Recommendation for Award for Mohammad Musa Rank: Acting Major Regiment: 6... |date=1941–1944}}</ref>
|'''[[Indian Distinguished Service Medal|Indian Distinguished Service Medal]]'''
'''[[Indian Distinguished Service Medal|(IDSM)]] '''
|'''[[India General Service Medal (1936)|India General Service Medal]]'''
'''[[India General Service Medal (1936)|(1936)]]'''

'''[[Waziristan campaign (1936–1939)|North West Frontier 1937–39]] Clasp'''
|'''[[1939-1945 Star]]'''
|-
|'''[[Africa Star]]'''
|'''[[War Medal 1939-1945]]'''
''(with [[Mentioned in dispatches|MiD]] oak leaf)''
|'''[[India Service Medal]]'''
[[India Service Medal|'''1939–1945''']]
|'''[[Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal|Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal]]'''
'''(1953)'''
|}

== See also ==
* [[Mansoor Ali Khan (journalist)|Mansoor Ali Khan]], grandson
* [[List of Hazara people]]
* [[List of people from Quetta]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20171107171601/https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContent.aspx?pId=146 Official profile at Pakistan Army website]

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{succession box | title=[[Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army|Commander-in-Chief, Pakistan Army]]| before=[[Ayub Khan (Field Marshal)|Ayub Khan]]| after=[[Yahya Khan]]|years=1958–1966}}
|-
{{s-off}}
{{succession box | title=President of the [[Pakistan Hockey Federation]] | before= Naseer Ahmed| after=[[Nur Khan]]|years=1960–1966}}
{{succession box | title=Governor of [[West Pakistan]]| before=[[Amir Mohammad Khan]] ''Nawab of [[Kalabagh]]''| after=[[Yusuf Haroon]]|years=1966–1969}}
{{succession box | title=[[Governor of Balochistan]]| before=Khushdil Khan Afridi| after=[[Hazar Khan Khoso]]|years=1985–1991}}
{{s-end}}
{{Commons category|Muhammad Musa Khan Hazara}}

{{Pakistan Army Staff Chief}}
{{Governors of West Pakistan}}
{{Governor of Balochistan}}
{{Hazara nationalism}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Musa, Muhammad}}
[[Category:1908 births]]
[[Category:1991 deaths]]
[[Category:Graduates of the Command and Staff College Quetta]]
[[Category:Pakistani people of Hazara descent]]
[[Category:People from Quetta]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Karachi]]
[[Category:Hazara politicians]]
[[Category:Hazara military personnel]]
[[Category:Indian Military Academy alumni]]
[[Category:Frontier Force Regiment officers]]
[[Category:British Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:Indian Army personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Graduates of the Royal College of Defence Studies]]
[[Category:Pakistani generals]]
[[Category:Commanders-in-chief of the Pakistan Army]]
[[Category:Military personnel of the India–Pakistan war of 1965]]
[[Category:Pakistani autobiographers]]
[[Category:Pakistani memoirists]]
[[Category:Pakistan Hockey Federation presidents]]
[[Category:Governors of West Pakistan]]
[[Category:Governors of Balochistan, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Pakistan Muslim League politicians]]
[[Category:Recipients of Hilal-i-Jur'at]]
[[Category:Recipients of Hilal-i-Imtiaz]]
[[Category:Pakistani sports executives and administrators]]
[[Category:Generals of the India–Pakistan war of 1965]]
[[Category:20th-century Pakistani memoirists]]
[[Category:Burials at Imam Reza Shrine]]
[[Category:Indian Members of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Pakistan Command and Staff College alumni]]
[[Category:Pakistani recipients of the Order of the British Empire]]

Rita Lobo

2026-03-14T19:43:39Z

CoyCallaghan: starting some data more to come - done

{{Short description|Indian actress and singer (born 1944)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rita Lobo
| image = Rita Lobo in Amchem Noxib (cropped).jpg
| caption = Landers as Flavia in ''[[Amchem Noxib]]'' (1963)
| birth_place = [[Mangalore]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1944|1|2|df=y}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|singer}}
| spouse = Melville Landers
| children = 4
| known_for = ''[[Amchem Noxib]]'' (1963)
| awards = [[Tiatr Academy of Goa|TAG]]'s "Lifetime Contribution to Konkani Cinema Award" (2015)
| website = {{URL|facebook.com/rita.landers.1}}
}}

'''Rita Landers''' ([[née]] '''Lobo'''; born 2 January 1944) is an Indian former actress and singer, best known for her debut leading role in the [[Konkani cinema|Konkani]] film ''[[Amchem Noxib]]'' (1963). Having been discovered by filmmaker [[Frank Fernand]] and film director A. Salaam while singing at a restaurant, she was chosen for the [[lead role]] after impressing them with her performance. She received Lifetime Contribution to Konkani Cinema Award for her role in the film, her only acting credit before leaving the film industry.

==Career==
Landing her first role in the [[Konkani cinema|Konkani film industry]] at the age of 17, Landers made her debut in the film ''[[Amchem Noxib]]'' in 1963, although the film was not released until two years later. Initially hesitant to accept the offer due to her unfamiliarity with the [[Goan Konkani]] dialect, which differed from her [[Mangalorean Konkani|native language]] spoken in [[Mangalore]], she was persuaded by the film's producer, [[Frank Fernand]], and director, A. Salaam. Salaam personally taught her the language in order to effectively perform her scenes. ''Amchem Noxib'' remains the sole film in which Landers has acted, despite being introduced to [[Bollywood]] actor and director [[Raj Kapoor]] by Konkani comedian [[Anthony Mendes]]. Kapoor had encouraged her to learn [[Hindi]] and reach out to him, but she did not pursue the opportunity.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2015-04-25 |title=Amchem Noxib actress Rita Lobo feels flattered with accolades |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/amchem-noxib-actress-rita-lobo-feels-flattered-with-accolades/articleshow/47044707.cms |access-date=2024-02-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2020-10-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201005003430/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Amchem-Noxib-actress-Rita-Lobo-feels-flattered-with-accolades/articleshow/47044707.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Rita Lobo collage from Amchem Noxib.jpg|thumb|Landers' [[collage]] from ''[[Amchem Noxib]]'']]
Landers stood in her decision to decline subsequent film offers, noting her already established reputation as a singer when she was discovered by the producer and director of ''Amchem Noxib'' during a performance at [[Bombay]]'s Ali Baba restaurant. Impressed by her talent, they promptly offered her the leading role in the film after their previous attempts to find a suitable actress through newspaper advertisements and auditions proved fruitless. Recalling her first day on the set of ''Amchem Noxib'', Landers vividly remembers an emotional scene in which she was required to cry. The entire day was dedicated to capturing this particular [[love scene]], causing the director, Salaam, to become frustrated and reprimand her for her inability to summon tears. While the boat scene was filmed in [[Borivali]], Bombay, the remaining portions of the movie were shot in [[Goa]]. Despite the success of ''Amchem Noxib'', Landers declined numerous subsequent film offers. Viewers who watched the film lauded her performance and complimented her appearance, some even extending invitations to their homes. In response, Landers acknowledged the passage of time, stating that her appearance had naturally changed with age.<ref name=":0" />

[[File:Rita Lobo at Aqua Goa.jpg|thumb|Landers (right) at the show organised by the fisheries department in 2014]]
In 2014, Landers was invited by the fisheries department to perform at a show held in [[Navelim]], Goa.<ref name=":0" /> During the 2015 Konkani Cinema Day,<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2015-04-22 |title=Rita Lobo and Rico Rod to be conferred for Lifetime Contribution to Konkani Cinema | work=The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2015/04/22/magazines/buzz/rita-lobo-and-rico-rod-to-be-conferred-for-lifetime-contribution-to-konkani-cinema/ |access-date=2024-02-27 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227071927/https://www.navhindtimes.in/2015/04/22/magazines/buzz/rita-lobo-and-rico-rod-to-be-conferred-for-lifetime-contribution-to-konkani-cinema/ |url-status=live }}</ref> she expressed her gratitude for the love and appreciation she received for her portrayal in ''Amchem Noxib'' by singing a few lines from a traditional [[Goan]] [[Mando (music)|mando]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-04-25 |title=Plea to celebrate April 24 as Konkani Cinema Day |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/plea-to-celebrate-april-24-as-konkani-cinema-day/articleshow/47044689.cms?_gl=1*1p2pa6f*_ga*YW1wLVZSa1JjbUZONEdOWklrVTRJWGFieHZrbk93cUkzVHgtSENVYzdRX1FnczUzeU1fbzExekVfemw5Q04zRkJ5TF8.*_ga_FCN624MN68*MTcwOTAxNjM0Mi4xMzkuMC4xNzA5MDE2MzQzLjAuMC4w#_ga=2.215597847.1827339112.1708929897-amp-VRkRcmFN4GNZIkU4IXabxvknOwqI3Tx-HCUc7Q_Qgs53yM_o11zE_zl9CN3FByL_ |access-date=2024-02-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2024-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227071938/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/plea-to-celebrate-april-24-as-konkani-cinema-day/articleshow/47044689.cms?_gl=1%2A1p2pa6f%2A_ga%2AYW1wLVZSa1JjbUZONEdOWklrVTRJWGFieHZrbk93cUkzVHgtSENVYzdRX1FnczUzeU1fbzExekVfemw5Q04zRkJ5TF8.%2A_ga_FCN624MN68%2AMTcwOTAxNjM0Mi4xMzkuMC4xNzA5MDE2MzQzLjAuMC4w#_ga=2.215597847.1827339112.1708929897-amp-VRkRcmFN4GNZIkU4IXabxvknOwqI3Tx-HCUc7Q_Qgs53yM_o11zE_zl9CN3FByL_ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Personal life==
[[File:Rita Lobo in 2014.jpg|thumb|Landers (left) along with her cousin (middle), and son Clint (right), 2014]]
Rita Landers, originally known as Rita Lobo, was born on 2 January 1944, in [[Mangalore]], which was part of the [[Madras Presidency]] in [[British India]] (now located in [[Karnataka]], India). Her parents were John Lobo from the area of Thottam, [[Udupi district]], and Marceline Lobo from the [[panchayat town]] of [[Mulki, India|Mulki]]. Landers is currently married to Melville Landers and has three sons named Clint, Dan, and Dax, as well as a daughter named Claudelle. As of April 2015, she resides in the [[suburb]] of [[Andheri]], located in [[Mumbai]].<ref name=":0" />

==Awards==
[[File:Rita Lobo at Konkani Cinema Day.jpg|thumb|Landers receiving the award, 2015]]
On 24 April 2015, Landers received the "Lifetime Contribution to Konkani Cinema Award" from the [[Tiatr Academy of Goa]] (TAG) in recognition of her significant contributions to [[Konkani cinema]]. The award ceremony took place at Ravindra Bhavan in [[Margao]] and was attended by fellow filmmaker Richard Castelino from [[Mangalore]].<ref name=":1" />

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!Ref
|-
|1963
|''[[Amchem Noxib]]''
|Flavia
|Professional debut
|<ref name=":0" />
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|id=4486811}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lobo, Rita}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:Mangalorean Catholics]]
[[Category:Mangaloreans]]
[[Category:Entertainers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Musicians from Mangalore]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Konkani-language singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]

Muklawa

2026-03-08T02:51:06Z

CoyCallaghan: new initial pg w/ infobox

{{short description|2019 Indian Punjabi-language comedy-drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Muklawa
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| director = [[Simerjit Singh]]
| writer = {{Plainlist|
* Upinderpal Waraich {{small|(story)}}
* Jagjit Saini {{small|(story)}}
}}
| screenplay = Upinderpal Waraich, Jagjit Saini
| story =
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* [[Gunbir Singh Sidhu]]
* [[Manmord Sidhu]]
}}
| starring = [[Ammy Virk]] [[Sonam Bajwa]] [[Gurpreet Ghuggi]] [[Karamjit Anmol]] [[B.N. Sharma]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = Suresh Beesaveni
| editing = Rohit Dhiman
| music = Gurmeet Singh
| studio = White Hill Studios Vikrant Studio
| distributor = White Hill Studios
| released = {{Film date|2019|05|24|df=y}}
| runtime = 112 minutes
| country = India
| language = Punjabi
| budget =
| gross = {{INR|25.52 crore}}<ref>{{Cite web | title=Punjabi Films Dominate Overseas - Shadaa Ardaas Karaan Chal Mera Putt - Box Office India | url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=5287 | access-date=2025-07-17 | website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref>
}}

'''''Muklawa''''' is a 2019 Indian [[Punjabi language|Punjabi-language]], [[comedy-drama]] film<ref>{{Cite web |last=SNS |date=13 April 2019 |title=Muklawa trailer out: See Ammy Virk and Sonam Bajwa together once again |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/muklawa-trailer-see-ammy-virk-sonam-bajwa-together-1502745130.html |access-date=2022-10-22 |website=The Statesman |language=en-US}}</ref> directed by [[Simerjit Singh]] under the banner of Ammy Virk Productions. The film is produced by [[Gunbir Singh Sidhu]] and [[Manmord Sidhu]]. The film stars [[Ammy Virk]], [[Sonam Bajwa]],<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sonam Bajwa shares her first look from 'Muklawa' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/sonam-bajwa-shares-her-first-look-from-muklawa/articleshow/66119866.cms |access-date=2022-11-15 |newspaper=The Times of India |language=en | date=8 October 2018}}</ref> [[Gurpreet Ghuggi]], [[Karamjit Anmol]] and [[B. N. Sharma|B.N. Sharma]] in leading roles with [[Gurpreet Bhangu]], Sukhwinder Chahal, Rakhi Hundal, Drishtii Garewal and [[Sarbjit Cheema]] in supporting roles. Muklawa was released worldwide in cinemas on 24 May 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2019 |title=Ammy Virk-Sonam Bajwa Return with Muklawa, Other Hit Punjabi Pairs to Reunite in 2019 |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/ammy-virk-sonam-bajwa-to-reunite-for-muklawa-other-punjabi-jodis-to-hit-the-big-screen-in-2019-2143803.html |access-date=2022-10-22 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The whole film is based on the consequences of the old tradition of Punjabi culture after the wedding when a newly-wed bride is taken back to her husband's home for the first time to stay for 1 week.

== Cast ==

* [[Ammy Virk]]
* [[Sonam Bajwa]]
* [[Gurpreet Ghuggi]]
* [[Karamjit Anmol]]
* [[B. N. Sharma|B.N. Sharma]]
* [[Gurpreet Bhangu]]
* [[Nirmal Rishi]]<ref>{{Citation |last=Singh |first=Simerjit |title=Muklawa |date=24 May 2019 |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt8919396/ |type=Drama |publisher=Vikrant Studio, White Hill Studios |access-date=2022-10-22}}</ref>
* Sukhbir Singh Batth
* Sukhwinder Chahal
* Drishtii Garewal
* [[Sarbjit Cheema|Sarabjit Cheema]]
* [[Rose Sardana]]
* Rakhi Hundal
* Tarsem Paul
* Anita Shabdeesh
* Sameer Pannu
* Sahib Singh Sandhu
* Parminder Gill<ref>Parminder Gill https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%B2</ref>

== Production ==
The film is Ammy Virk's home production where he launched his banner White Hill Studios along with Vikrant Studio. The whole movie was filmed in parts of [[Sri Ganganagar]], Rajasthan, India.

== Music ==
The music of the film is composed by Gurmeet Singh<ref>{{Cite web |last=SNS |date=27 April 2019 |title=First song from Ammy Virk's Punjabi film Muklawa out |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/first-song-ammy-virks-punjabi-film-muklawa-1502749508.html |access-date=2022-10-22 |website=The Statesman |language=en-US}}</ref> and Mannat Noor,<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 March 2022 |title=I always wanted to be a playback singer, says Mannat Noor |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/mannat-noor-singer-pollywood-interview-7844784/ |access-date=2022-10-22 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Happy Raikoti, Kamal Khan and Sukhy Maan are the playback singers.
{{Track listing
| headline = Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Kala Suit
| length1 = 2:12
| lyrics1 =
| music1 = Gurmeet Singh
| extra1 = [[Ammy Virk]], [[Mannat Noor]]
| title2 = Gulabi Paani
| length2 = 2:39
| lyrics2 =
| music2 = Gurmeet Singh
| extra2 = [[Ammy Virk]], [[Mannat Noor]]
| title3 = Muklawa
| length3 = 3:34
| lyrics3 =
| music3 = Gurmeet Singh
| extra3 = Happy Raikoti, Harpi Gill
| title4 = Rabb Jaane
| length4 = 4:52
| lyrics4 =
| music4 = Gurmeet Singh
| extra4 = Kamal Khan
| title5 = Jutti
| length5 = 3:02
| lyrics5 =
| music5 = Gurmeet Singh
| extra5 = [[Ammy Virk]], [[Mannat Noor]]
| title6 = Boliyan
| length6 = 2:05
| lyrics6 =
| music6 = Gurmeet Singh
| extra6 = [[Mannat Noor]], Minda
| title7 = Dawayi
| length7 = 2:27
| lyrics7 =
| music7 = Gurmeet Singh
| extra7 = Karamjit Anmol
| title8 = Ehnu Muklawa Aakhde
| length8 = 3:05
| lyrics8 =
| music8 = Gurmeet Singh
| extra8 = Sukhy Maan, Vijay Yamla
}}

== Reception ==
The film is includes in the list of high grossing Punjabi movies across the India, Pakistan, Australia, Canada, England and United States and have been done almost $474,162 revenue gross worldwide.

== Awards ==

The Muklawa blockbuster film received 1 best PTC Punjabi Film Awards<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 June 2020 |title=Here's the full list of nominations for PTC Punjabi Film Awards 2020 |url=https://www.ptcnews.tv/ptc-punjabi-film-awards-2020-nominations-list-ptc-network-en |access-date=2022-10-22 |website=PTC News |language=en}}</ref> as an best music and 2 times nominee of this award as best film and best director.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt18919396}}

[[Category:Punjabi-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2019 Punjabi-language films]]

Paliyam Satyagraha

2026-03-04T21:46:44Z

CoyCallaghan: starting a biography and citations - done

{{Short description|Indian social movement}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox event
| title = Paliyam Satyagraha
| image =
| duration = December, 1947 to March, 1948
| location = [[Chendamangalam]], [[Cochin]]
| type =
| motive = Public access
| organisers = * [[Sree Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam (SNDP)]]
* Pulaya Mahasabha
* Communist Party of Kerala
| website = 
| outcome =
}}

The '''Paliyam Satyagraha''' (from December 1947 to March 1948) was the first organised [[Satyagraha]] in [[Kerala]] following independence of India. The satyagraha was organised to allow entry of the lower castes into the Paliam Road, which was situated next to the Palace of the [[Paliath Achan|Paliath Achan's.]]<ref name="MGU Library catalog">{{cite web | title=MGU Library catalog › Details for: PALIYAM SATYAGRAHA: A STRUGGLE FOR PUBLIC DOMAIN | website=MGU Library catalog | url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=75892 | access-date=2022-10-13}}</ref>

==Background==
The [[Paliath Achan|Paliath Achan's]] were Independent Raja's and held the hereditary prime ministership post in the Kingdom of Cochin. The Paliyam road passed through the areas surrounding the Palace of the Paliath family and even within the Palace complex. The road was however, off-limits to members of lower castes. The members of the Paliam royal family argued that certain roads leading to their residences were private roads, and, therefore they had the right to make them designated roads where they could ban movement of dalits and backward classes. They felt that the movement on the roads would disturb the ladies of the house and also pollute the sanctity of the temple in the vicinity.

On December 17, 1947 the Paliyam struggle commenced. Before that some efforts were made to avoid a struggle. On August 26, 1945 itself, the Praja Mandalam Working Committee met at Mala and decided to submit a memorandum to the Cochin Raja and set up a committee for launching direct action, if the Raja did not act. But no action was taken. On May 18, 1946 a delegation led by Kurur Nilakantan Namboodiripad met the Raja and submitted a fresh memorandum. The Raja explained the difficulties in getting the temples opened for all castes. The delegation then announced that they would be constrained to initiate a mass agitation.

A unique feature of the Paliyam struggle was the scale and variety of participation. For instance, groups of women from Ernakulam, members and activists of SNDP Yogam, Bidi Workers’ Trade Union, Yukthi Vada Sanghom (Rationalist group) Arya Mahajanasabha, Kochi Praja Mandalam, CPI unit of Anthikkad, Socialist Party of Mala, Tile Workers’ Union of Panamkulam, The Namboodiri Jatha, V.K.M. Mahasabha, Christian Youth Movement, Kerala Socialist Party and RSP participated in the struggle.<ref name="Janmabhumi 2022">{{cite web | title=പാലിയം വിളംബരം അടയാളപ്പെടുത്തുന്നത് | website=Janmabhumi | date=2022-10-13 | url=https://www.janmabhumi.in/news/editorial/editorial-27-08-2021 | access-date=2022-10-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=പാലിയം സമരം|last=പയ്യപ്പിള്ളി|first=ബാലൻ|publisher=ചിന്ത പബ്ലിഷേഴ്സ്|isbn=978-81-262-0709-1|year=2011|ref=ps11}}</ref>

Already Christians, Muslims and Jews had been permitted to use the roads selectively for rendering trade and commercial services. But by tradition and to protect the privacy of the family members, the roads had been closed to dalits. The Press tried to inform the public that the Ernakulam District Court had decreed the right of Paliyam family to decide on the use of their private roads.

The Estate Manager of the Paliyam family was the son of a maharaja from the Cochin royalty. He used that influence and brought a big contingent of police and they were allowed to open a police camp at Thekke Madhom (the present Nair Service Society(NSS) Jubilee Hall). On December 7, 1947, a special Magistrate and armed police arrived from Kodungallur and a District Court started functioning from the same venue.

After 97 days of struggle, the ban was finally lifted and lower castes were allowed to enter the roads and temple premises.

==Aftermath==

The success of this and similar movements led to the temples in Kochi being opened for all Hindus in 1948.<ref name="The New Indian Express 2020">{{cite web | title='Ultimate power of love': Malayalam poet Akkitham Achuthan Namboodiri passes away at 94 | website=The New Indian Express | date=2020-10-15 | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2020/oct/15/ultimate-power-of-love-malayalam-poet-akkitham-achuthan-namboodiripasses-away-at-94-2210518.html | access-date=2022-10-13}}</ref><ref name="രവീന്ദ്രൻ 2018">{{cite web | last=രവീന്ദ്രൻ | first=മിൽജിത‌് | title=അവർണന്റെ മാനത്തിനുവേണ്ടി ചോരചിന്തിയ പാലിയം സമരം - Special - Sunday Oct 21, 2018 | website=Deshabhimani | date=2018-10-21 | url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/special/paliyam-samaram/758932 | language=ml | access-date=2022-10-13}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{Hindu reform movements}}
{{Hinduism footer small}}
{{Reservation in India}}
{{Kerala topics}}

[[Category:Anti-caste movements]]
[[Category:Indian caste movements]]
[[Category:Hindu law]]
[[Category:Kingdom of Cochin]]
[[Category:Nonviolent resistance movements]]
[[Category:Hindu movements]]

Ponsonby Peacocke

2026-03-04T07:00:05Z

CoyCallaghan: starting a info from scratch

{{short description|English painter}}
{{about|the landscape painter|the [[British sitcom]] character Captain Peacock|List of Are You Being Served? characters}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2012}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Stephen Ponsonby Peacocke
| image = Peacocke, Capt Stephen Ponsonby.jpg
| caption = Captain Stephen Ponsonby Peacocke Jr. {{circa}} 1857
| occupation = Army officer, artist, politician
| death_date = 30 May 1872
| death_place = [[New Zealand]]
| birth_date = 1813
| birth_place = England
| parents = Stephen Peacocke Sr. and Louisa Tottenham Peacocke
| partner = Isabella Anne Louisa Brydges
| children = Georgina Elizabeth Emma Peacocke John FitzRoy Beresford Peacocke Gerald Loftus Torin Peacocke Reginald Thomas Stephen Peacocke Ponsonby John Raleigh Peacocke Ines Eva Isabel Peacocke
}}

Captain '''Stephen Ponsonby Peacocke''' (1813 – 29 May 1872) was a British officer of the [[Bombay Army]] and an artist notable for his 17 paintings of historic [[Landscape art|landscape]] views in the [[Nilgiri Hills]] in [[South India]]. Tinted [[lithograph]]s were made of these views and published in imperial folio in London by the lithographer [[Paul Gauci]] in 1847. Peacocke's lithographs reflect the romantic escape to a temperate hilly area that all [[British people]] in the plains yearned for in those days.<ref name="Swami">{{cite web | url=https://gibberandsqueak.blogspot.com/2008/12/ooty-preserved-sunlit-hillscapes-of.html | title=Ooty Preserved : The Sunlit Hillscapes of Capt Stephen Ponsonby Peacocke | publisher=V. Narayan Swami | work=Rabbiting On | date=27 January 2009 | access-date=9 February 2009 | last=Swami | first=V. Narayan}}</ref><ref name=Archer/> His career culminated as a member of the [[New Zealand Legislative Council]] from 1866 until his death in 1872.<ref name="Neville"/>

==Family==
[[File:Peacocke-Col Stephen Ponsonby Peacocke Sr George Chinnery-c.1880.jpg|thumb|250px|Col. Stephen Peacocke Sr. by George Chinnery, c.1800]]
Captain Peacocke's parents, Lieutenant Colonel Stephen Peacocke Sr. of the [[Buffs (Royal East Kent Regiment)]] (3rd Foot) and Louisa Tottenham Peacocke, were married at [[Bath, Somerset|Bath]], Somerset, in the west of England, on 11 June 1808. There is a fine miniature portrait of Stephen Peacocke Sr., ''c.'' 1800, by [[George Chinnery]].<ref>note: George Chinnery was a celebrated artist of various locations in India before he skipped leaving large debts and went on to Macau where he spent 35 years and also ran up huge debts.</ref> There is a love note from Louisa to Stephen in the back of the miniature:
<blockquote>
"My beloved, my adored, Stephen, my idolised and matchless husband, married 11 June 1808. Louisa Peacocke"<ref name="Winter">{{cite web | url=https://gibberandsqueak.blogspot.com/2009/02/ooty-well-preserved-flourishing.html | title=Ooty well preserved and flourishing | publisher=V. Narayan Swami | work=Rabbiting On | date=8 February 2009 | access-date=9 February 2009 | last=Winter | first=Mary | author2=Richard Borley}}</ref>
</blockquote>
Their eldest child, Stephen Ponsonby Peacocke Jr., the artist, was born in 1813. He was known by his middle name.{{sfn|Jackson |1972 |pp=54, 262}}{{sfn|Wilson|1985|p=161}}

Their second son, Eliott Tottenham Peacocke, was at [[Tonbridge School]] 1832–33, joined the 1st Bombay Native Infantry in 1837, was promoted to captain in the [[Grenadiers Regiment#Early history|1st Grenadiers Regiment]] in India in 1847 as Deputy Assistant Quartermaster General of the Army, and died in Bombay aged 38 on 13 July 1854. There was/is supposedly a monument there erected to his memory by his fellow officers.<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/registeroftonbri00tonb/registeroftonbri00tonb_djvu.txt ''The register of Tonbridge School, from 1820 to 1886'']</ref><ref name="Redden">{{cite web | url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~nickred/trees/peacocke.PDF | title=Peacocke family charts | date=12 December 2006 | access-date=14 February 2009 | last=Reddan | first=Nick}}</ref>

In 1837, Stephen Ponsonby Peacocke Jr. and Isabella Anne Louisa Brydges born 1815, the daughter of a baronet, were married, probably while he was on leave in England.

Stephen and Isabella Peacocke had four sons and two daughters and at least ten grandchildren. Three of the sons and one daughter were residents of Auckland, and the fourth son settled in [[New South Wales]]. They are:
:*1. Georgina Elizabeth Emma Peacocke, of [[Devonport, New Zealand|Devonport]], New Zealand, born c.1844, Poet, author of a book of verse, ''Rays from the Southern Cross'',<ref name="Georgiana">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D2wXAAAAYAAJ | title=Rays from the Southern Cross | publisher=H.S.King & co. | last=Peacocke | first=Georgiana |others=Phillip Walch (illust.) | year=1876 | edition=Original from Harvard University, Digitized 21 March 2008 | pages=with Sixteen Full-page Illustrations}}</ref> died 14 May 1892, at Devonport, NZ.
:*2. John FitzRoy Beresford Peacocke, of [[Remuera]], New Zealand, Born [[Switzerland]], ''c.'' 1847, married about 1876 at Auckland at the age of 29 to Florence Pilling, lived in New Zealand sixty years, no known occupation, died 11 June 1917 aged seventy at Woolton Road, Remuera, NZ, buried in the Roman Catholic Cemetery at Howick. Male issue living - aged 36, 33, 28, 26. Female issue living - aged 40, 38, 34, 30.
::1. Hilary m 1st Evelyn Wood 2nd Edna.
::2. Cyril Thomas DeQuincey Peacocke killed in action WW I.
::3. Noel Peacocke.
::4. Muriel Charlotte Anne Peacocke, born 1881.
::5. Egerton Francis Joseph Peacocke, born 1880, died 1960.
::6. Blanch Louisa Peacocke.
::7. Frederica Isabel Peacocke, born 1878.
::8. Paul Peacocke died in infancy.
::9. Florence Blanche Mary Peacocke, born 1876.
::10. ? Madge
:*3. Gerald Loftus Torin Peacocke, a [[Madeira]]-born English barrister, later editor of the ''New Zealand Farmer''.
::1. [[Isabel Peacocke|Inez Isabel Maud Peacocke]], born 31 January 1881, a teacher, novelist, broadcaster and poet, married George Edward Cluett on 30 June 1920 in the Holy Trinity Parish Church of Devonport, died childless 1973.<ref name="Inez">{{cite web | url=http://oldpoetry.com/oauthor/show/Inez_Isabel_Maud_Peacocke | title=Inez Isabel Maud Peacocke | work=Old Poetry | access-date=14 February 2009}}</ref><ref name="DNZB Isabel Peacocke">{{DNZB|Gilderdale|Betty|4p6|Inez Isabel Maud Peacocke|1 December 2011}}</ref>
:*4. Reginald Thomas Stephen Peacocke b 1854, went to Australia and married Elizabeth Crook.
:*5. Ponsonby John Raleigh Peacocke.
:*6. Ines Eva Isabel Peacocke, married Thomas Lindesay, of [[Howick, New Zealand]].<ref name="Neville">{{cite book | title=the Peacocke Family in New Zealand | publisher=copied for family distribution | date=c. 1980 | last=Peacocke | first=Neville | edition=copy of Mary Peacocke Winter}}</ref><ref>The William the Conqueror Database [http://www.william1.co.uk/w169.htm Conqueror 169]</ref><ref>Vol 23, page 297, C. Little records, [http://ouraucklandstuff.freeservers.com/AuckDeathsP-Q.htm Auckland Public Library]</ref>

==Career==

Peacocke joined the [[King's Own Scottish Borderers]] (25th Foot) [[infantry]] regiment as an [[Ensign (rank)#United Kingdom|ensign]] on 25 October 1833. He was in [[India]] in the 1830s with his regiment and was in Ootacamund convalescing from an illness for some time during this period. He was promoted to [[First Lieutenant#British Army|Lieutenant]] on 15 September 1837 and [[Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)|Captain]] 23 August. 1839. In October 1842, Capt. Peacock was furloughed for 3 months to Bombay.<ref name="Allen">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uhAoAAAAYAAJ&q=%2225th+Foot%22+peacocke&pg=RA1-PA68 | title=The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Miscellany for British and Foreign India, China and Australia January - April 1843 | publisher=Wm. H. Allen & Co. | series=Item notes: new series, Vol. XL | year=1843 | volume=40 | location=Leadenhall St., London | pages=68, Furloughs}}</ref> In April 1843 he was furloughed to England for nine months for the purpose of effecting an exchange or retiring, either on half-pay or by the sale of his commission.<ref name="Allen" /> By 1851 he was with the [[59th (2nd Nottinghamshire) Regiment of Foot|59th Foot]] and on 11 November 1851 received a [[Brevet (military)|brevet]] promotion to [[Major (United Kingdom)|Major]].<ref name="Watts">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=geI1AAAAMAAJ&q=Stephen+Ponsonby+Peacocke+major&pg=PA1008 | title=Bulletins and Other State Intelligence | publisher=Published by Compiled and arranged from the official documents published in the London gazette | last=Watts | first=Francis | series=Item notes: 1853 | year=1854 | edition=Original from the University of Michigan, Digitized 1 June 2007 | location=London Gazette Office, St. Martins Lane | pages=1008 Brevet}}</ref> On the same day he appears on the list of Majors who have retired by sale, by commutation, with a gratuity or by surrender of half pay, not in the reserve.<ref name="Hart">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tf0NAAAAQAAJ&q=Peacocke++furlough+medical+-peacock&pg=PA493 | title=The New Annual Army List, Militia List, Yeomanry Cavalry List, and Indian Civil Service List for 1881 | publisher=John Mueeay | last=Hart | first=H. G. | editor= | year=1881 | volume=42 | location=London | pages=611, Majors who have retired}}</ref>
In 1854–55, he appears on the retired list.<ref name=Archer>Mildred Archer and Ronald Lightbown, ''India Observed: India as viewed by British artists 1760-1860''. (London 1982), Alpine Fine Arts Collection (1984) {{ISBN|0-88168-062-1}}, {{ISBN|978-0-88168-062-1}}</ref>

==Artworks==
In the early days, only about 15 years after the founding of [[Ootacamund]], Captain Peacocke created 17 drawings of historic landscape views in the Nilgiri Hills during a medical leave spent at Ootacamund in the late 1830s. His lithographs reflect the romantic escape to a temperate hilly area that all [[British people]] in the plains yearned for in those days. It was a home away from home. Furlough was usually only every five years or so but there was the nearby refuge of the cool climate of the Indian hills to seek, especially Ooty with its downs, [[primula]]s and strawberries growing wild.<ref name="Swami"/>

In May 1847, the imperial folio ''Koondah Ranges, Western Ghauts, Madras, at & about the Stations of Ootacamund and Conoor, and the Segoor, Koondah and Conoor Passes'', with vignette title page and sixteen large ({{convert|54|cm|in|sp=us}} x {{convert|38|cm|in|sp=us}}) plates after Peacocke was executed in the best style of tinted lithography printed on [[card stock]], with added hand colouring, in contemporary half [[morocco leather]] binding with [[Gilding|gilt]] [[Spine (book)#Spine orientation and titling conventions|spine]] for the price of [[Pound sterling|£]]2, 12[[Shilling|s]]. 6[[Penny (British pre-decimal coin)|p]].<ref name="Allan"/> The set was published by the lithographer, Paul Gauci, 9 North Crescent, [[Bedford Square]], London.<ref name="Artfact">{{cite web | url=http://www.artfact.com/auction-lot/captain-stephen-ponsonby-peacocke-views-in-the-n-1-c-h77yfnlkaw | title=Lot 313: Captain Stephen Ponsonby Peacocke "Views in the Neilgherry & | publisher=Artfact Live Auctions | work=Auction Location: United Kingdom - 1995 | access-date=10 February 2009}}</ref>

There are three notable features in all the Peacocke drawings. First, the play of sunlight in the background of these landscapes is realistic and supplies the title ''the Sunlit Hillscapes'' to this series. The soft but brilliant glow of light in the South Indian hills is beautifully captured by the artist in each of the drawings. Second, the [[Perspective (graphical)|graphical perspective]] in his topographic representations is very lifelike. The elevations and distant houses are all in proportion and scale. The distant views, with scale and depth, give drama to Peacocke's landscapes. Third is attention to detail away from the central focus of the work. For example, in ''View in the Hills, Hullikkul'', one can see that the hills to top left are dotted about with houses, not apparent on a cursory glance, all perfectly positioned, topographically, and in perspective. Capt. Peacocke was trained in surveying in the Army and used this training to good effect in his Neilgherry views.<ref name="Swami"/>

Other than their 1847 publication, the lithographs are undated and the sequence of the original paintings is unknown. In an advertisement in ''Allen's Indian Mail'' the lithographs are listed in the following order:
[[File:Peacocke-Advertisement.jpg|thumb|425px|Advertisement for Peacocke lithographs, ''Allen's Indian Mail'', 1846]]
:1. Vignette title-page, with a ''view of a halting place between Avalanche and Sispara.'' (This may be [[Bangitappal]].)
:2. ''General View of Ootacamund.''
:3. ''Avalanche.''
:4. ''View amongst the Hills, near Hullikul.''
:5. ''Bearer's godown at the Avalanche''
:6. ''Toda Mund and Todas Ootacamund''
:7. ''View from the Upper Bungalow, Conoor''
:8. ''View over the Native Village, Conoor.''
:9. ''View near Hullikul with the Koondah Range and Peak''
:10. ''View of Conoor from the Oota Road''
:11. ''Traveller's Bungallow, Sispara.''
:12. ''View in the Koondhas, near Sispara.''
:13. ''Mr. Grove's House, Waterfall Kaitee.''
:14. ''Road Cut between Ootacamund and Conoor''
:15. ''View of the Low Country Conoor Pass.''
:16. ''Waterfall near Bungallow.''
:17. ''View at Ootacamuud, Nilligierries.''<ref name="Allan">{{cite news | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZBYYAAAAYAAJ&q=peacocke | title=''Koondah Ranges, Western Ghauts, Madras, at & about the Stations of Ootacamund and Conoor, and the Segoor, Koondah and Conoor Passes'' | publisher=L. Wild | work=Allen's Indian Mail, and Register of Intelligence of British & Foreign India, China, & All Parts of the East | access-date=13 February 2009 | last=Allen | first=William H. | year=1847 | pages=604}}</ref>

===Gallery of lithographs===
The following gallery of Peacocke's landscape lithographs is ordered geographically from ''the Low Country & Coonoor Pass'', up through ''General View of Ootacamund'' and continuing west up along the Sispara Ghat road past ''Avalanche'' and culminating in the most dramatic geography in the Nilgiri Hills; ''View in the Koondahs, near Sispara''. <gallery>
Image:Peacocke-View of the Low Country & Coonoor Pass -.jpg|(*) A View of the Low Country & [[Coonoor]] Pass
File:Peacocke-View of Coonoor from the Ootah Road.jpg|(*) View of Coonoor from the Ootah Road
File:Peacocke-View of the Upper Bungalow, Coonoor -.jpg|(*) View from the Upper Bungalow, Coonoor
File:Peacocke-View near Hullikul, Koondah -.jpg|(*) View Near Hullikul, Koondahs
File:Peacocke-View in the Hills, Hullikkul.jpg|(*) View in the Hills, Hullikkul
File:Peacocke-Roadcut Between Coonoor & Ootacamund.jpg|Roadcut Between Coonoor & [[Ootacamund]]
File:Peacocke-View Over the Native Village, Coonoor, Looking Towards Ootacamund.jpg|View Over the Native Village, Coonoor, Looking Towards Ootacamund
File:Peacocke-View at Ootacamund Neilgherries, Govt House.jpg|Government House View at Ootacamund, Neilgherries
File:Peacocke-General view of Ootacamund.jpg|General View of Ootacamund
File:Peacocke,Waterfall From Bungalow at Colhutty, Segoor pass.jpg|Waterfall from Bungalow at Colhutty, Segoor pass
File:Peacocke-Mr Grove's House, Waterfall, Kaitie.jpg|Mr Grove's House, Waterfall, Kaitie
File:Peacocke,Todas & Toda Munds (Habitations) -.jpg|(*) Todas Munds (Huts) & [[Toda people]]
File:Peacocke-Bearers godown at the Avalanche.jpg|(*) Bearers godown at the Avalanche
File:Peacocke-Avalanche.jpg|(*) The Avalanche
File:Peacocke-Travellers Bungalow, Sispara.jpg|(*) [[Sispara#Sispara bungalow|Travellers' Bungalow, Sispara]]
File:Peacocke-View in the Koondahs, near Sispara.jpg|View in the Koondahs, near [[Sispara#Sispara peak|Sispara]]
</gallery>
An entire set of 16, tinted and uncoloured, are part of the Raj Bhavan art collection in Ooty.<ref name="Swami"/>

In June 1996, a partial set of 14 plates was sold by [[Christie's]] at auction for £863 ($1,335).<ref name="Christie's">{{cite web | url=http://www.christies.com/LotFinder/lot_details.aspx?intObjectID=1020238 | title=Views in the Neilgherry & Koondah Ranges,.... | publisher=Christie's, London | access-date=10 February 2009 | last=Captain Stephen Ponsonby Peacocke}}</ref>

The lithos of Peacocke are not in ''Travel in Aquatint & Lithography'' by the late Maj. [[John Roland Abbey]].<ref name="Abbey">{{cite book | title=Travel in Aquatint and Lithography, 1770-1860: From the Library of J. R. Abbey; a Bibliographical Catalogue | publisher=Curwen Press (private printing) | year=1972 | orig-year=1956–1957 | last=Abbey | first=John Roland | volume=2 volumes | edition=reprint by Folkestone, Dawsons of Pall Mall | location=London | isbn=9780712905671 | oclc=605971}}</ref>

(*) On 19–31 August 2009 nine of these lithographs, from the private collection of V. Narayan Swami, were displayed in the exhibition of rare, unique and never-before-seen etchings, engravings & aquatints: "Madras: From the City to the Presidency" at the Vennirul Art Gallery, C.P. Art Centre by the C.P. Ramaswami Aiyar Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu.<ref name="Swami2">{{cite book | url=http://cprfoundation.org/madrasweek.pdf | title=Madras: From the City to the Presidency - Etchings, Engravings & Aquatints | publisher=C.P. Ramaswami Aiyar Foundation | last=Swami | first=V. Narayan | year=2009 | edition=Catalogue | location=1 Eldams Road, Alwarpet, Chennai - 600 018 | pages=19–23}}</ref>

==Later life==
[[File:Stephen Ponsonby Peacocke old.jpg|thumb|upright|Stephen Ponsonby Peacocke in New Zealand c. 1870]]
After a period in [[Madeira]], the Peacockes immigrated to New Zealand from England in 1858 and founded a strong and continuing lineage in New Zealand and Australia. After a short stay in the province of [[Canterbury, New Zealand|Canterbury]] they moved to Auckland in 1859. By 1860, Peacocke had bought some land near the Pensioner Settlement of [[Howick, New Zealand|Howick]], [[East Tāmaki]], and remained settled there for the rest of his life. In 1860–1861 he was on the [[Auckland]] jury list as a retired field officer living at East Tāmaki.<ref name="Daily">{{cite news | url=http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~sooty/akljury1860-61LY.html | title=Auckland Jury List, 1860 - 1861 L - Y | work=[[Daily Southern Cross]] | date=7 February 1860 | access-date=13 February 2009 | page=4 | volume=XVII | issue=1294}}</ref>

When the [[New Zealand Wars]] broke out in the [[Waikato]], Major Peacocke, as an ex-military officer, offered his services to the Government. He was given the rank of [[Lieutenant colonel (United Kingdom)|Lt. Colonel]] and command of the 3rd battalion of the Auckland Militia, during the [[Invasion of the Waikato]]. He commanded the district extending from [[Clevedon, New Zealand|Wairoa South]] to [[Ōtāhuhu]], a line which at the beginning of the war was practically "the front", defended by Galloway's and St. John's redoubts.<ref name="Cyclo">{{cite book | title=[[The Cyclopedia of New Zealand]] | chapter=Howick | chapter-url=http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/tei-Cyc02Cycl-t1-body1-d3-d2-d3.html | last=Cyclopedia Company Ltd. | year=1902 | volume= | edition=[[Victoria University of Wellington]], [[New Zealand Electronic Text Centre]] | location=Christchurch}}</ref>

After the war, in 1865, Colonel Peacocke (or Ponsonby as he was called) turned his attention to politics. He represented the Pensioner Settlements electorate on the [[Auckland Provincial Council]] from 2 November 1865 to 7 September 1869.{{sfn|Scholefield|1950|p=185}} He was a member of the provincial executive council in May 1867.{{sfn|Scholefield|1950|p=181}} He was called to the [[New Zealand Legislative Council|Legislative Council]] on 8 May 1866{{sfn|Wilson|1985|p=161}} and attended several sessions of [[New Zealand Parliament|Parliament]] in Wellington, where he became known as a polished and effective speaker. He served as [[Commissioner of Crown Lands (New Zealand)|Commissioner of Crown Lands]] between 1867 and 1868. He continued to be a member of the Legislative Council, but his membership lapsed due to non-attendance and his final date of membership is the same as his death date.{{sfn|Wilson|1985|p=161}}{{sfn|Jackson |1972 |p=54}}

Isabella Peacocke died on 12 March 1872 and Stephen Peacocke died just over two months later at Howick on 29 May 1872.{{sfn|Scholefield|1940|p=157}}<ref>{{cite news | url=http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=AS18720531.2.8 | title=Death | work=[[Auckland Star]] | date=31 May 1872 | access-date=30 December 2014 | volume=III | issue=742 | page=2}}</ref> They are both buried in [[All Saints Church, Howick|All Saints Churchyard, Howick]], New Zealand. The headstone over their grave reads: "In death they were not divided".<ref name="Neville"/>

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
*{{cite book |last = Jackson |first = William Keith |title = The New Zealand Legislative Council : a study of the establishment, failure and abolition of an upper house |url = https://archive.org/details/newzealandlegisl0000jack |url-access = registration |year = 1972 |publisher = University of Otago Press |location = Dunedin |isbn = 978-0-8020-1860-1 }}
*{{cite book | editor-last = Scholefield | editor-first = Guy | editor-link = Guy Scholefield | title = A Dictionary of New Zealand Biography : M–Addenda | volume = II | year = 1940 | publisher = [[Department of Internal Affairs (New Zealand)|Department of Internal Affairs]] | location = Wellington | url = https://nzhistory.govt.nz/sites/default/files/documents/dnzb-1940/scholefield-dnzb-v2.pdf | access-date =31 December 2014}}
*{{cite book |author-link = Guy Scholefield | last = Scholefield | first= Guy | title = New Zealand Parliamentary Record, 1840–1949 | edition = 3rd | orig-year=First published in 1913 | year = 1950 |publisher = Govt. Printer |location = Wellington}}
*{{cite book |last= Wilson |first= Jim | author-link=Jim Wilson (librarian) |title= New Zealand Parliamentary Record, 1840–1984 |edition= 4th |orig-year=First published in 1913 |year= 1985 |publisher=V.R. Ward, Govt. Printer |location= Wellington |oclc= 154283103}}

==External sources==
{{commons category|Stephen Ponsonby Peacocke}}
*[http://boards.ancestry.com/surnames.ponsonby/113/mb.ashx Ponsonby and Peacocke, Genealogy Message Board]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Peacocke, Stephen Ponsonby}}
[[Category:19th-century English painters]]
[[Category:English male painters]]
[[Category:English lithographers]]
[[Category:1813 births]]
[[Category:1872 deaths]]
[[Category:King's Own Scottish Borderers officers]]
[[Category:59th Regiment of Foot officers]]
[[Category:Members of the Auckland Provincial Council]]
[[Category:Members of Auckland provincial executive councils]]
[[Category:19th-century New Zealand painters]]
[[Category:19th-century New Zealand male artists]]
[[Category:19th-century English male artists]]

Awara Baap

2026-03-03T23:49:41Z

CoyCallaghan: improved article

{{Short description|Indian 1985 Hindi film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Awara Baap
| image = Awara Baap.jpg
| caption = poster
| director = Sohanlal Kanwar
| producer = Sohanlal Kanwar
| writer = Ram Kelkar
| narrator =
| starring = [[Rajesh Khanna]] [[Meenakshi Seshadri]] [[Rajan Sippy]] [[Madhuri Dixit]] [[Om Prakash]]
| music = [[R. D. Burman]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1985|11|29}}<ref>http://www.gomolo.in/Movie/Movie.aspx?mid=5767{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = [[Hindi]]
| budget =
}}

'''''Awara Baap''''' is a 1985 [[Bollywood]] film starring [[Rajesh Khanna]] in the title role, directed and produced by Sohanlal Kanwar.

==Plot==
{{Long plot|date=May 2021}}
Raj is the only son of the rich man Seth Gopal Das. His childhood and teenage years were very lonely as his mother died when he was a child. He starts drinking in his adulthood and also gradually distances himself from his father. Raj starts living in a palatial bungalow in the same city as his father and occasionally comes to the main bungalow where Seth Gopal Das lives. On a trip to a snowy mountain, Raj meets a girl named Rupa. He protects Rupa from entering into the flesh trade. Then he decides to drop her off at her home, but due to the bad condition of the roads, he is forced to stay in a cottage with her. As the weather becomes cold, Raj develops shivering, and to protect him, Rupa decides to blow air from her mouth into his and embrace him. By doing this, she manages to revive him. In the morning, Raj says she should not have done such a thing for his well-being in the night. Rupa says she was grateful to him as he had saved her from being forced to sell her body, so she didn't mind doing what she eventually did. Hearing this, Raj becomes happy and inquires who she lives with; she says she is alone in that area as she has to send money to her dad in a distant village. Raj asks her whether she would like to stay with him, and then she agrees to join him. Also, while being in love with Raj, Rupa makes him a promise that he won't take to drinking with her in his life. After he reaches his home, he gets to meet Bihari, who has come on his father's orders, to take him to his father's residence, as some guests are going to arrive. Raj agrees to come in the evening for dinner and there he notices that his father has fixed his engagement with another girl. Raj learns that Gopal Das fixed his marriage with the daughter of Jamuna Das, to get a huge amount in the form of a dowry for his son's wedding and he is in dire need of money, due to an incident in which one of his ships, not covered by insurance, sank. Raj disagrees to marry Jamuna Das' daughter. Bihari discloses to Gopal Das that the reason for Raj's refusing to marry the girl of his choice is because Raj has brought a girl to his house and is interested in marrying her. Gopal Das decides to meet Rupa personally and tells her about the financial problem he is in. He explains how Raj's marriage with the girl of his choice would help both him and Raj. Gopal asks Rupa whether she is not more concerned about Raj's welfare, and if she is, then she should not marry him and convince him to marry the other girl.

Rupa convinces Raj to get married, and then, after the wedding, commits suicide. Raj becomes disillusioned but hides the facts about Rupa from his wife. He is sad and angry at his father for doing all this. But keeping with the promise he gave to Rupa, he has a good married life with his wife. His wife soon becomes pregnant and gives birth to a boy. Due to birth complications, she died. Now Raj takes to drinking. Raj also arranges for a statue to be built in memory of Rupa in his bungalow and shifts to the residence of his dad permanently. Gopal, fed up with Raj's drinking behaviour sends the little baby boy to abroad for his schooling and college.

18 years pass by. Raj has started drinking heavily. Meanwhile, one dark night, accidentally due to heavy rains, a girl comes to Raj's residential home for help to stay in his house for one day. Raj observes the girl and realises that she looks the same as Rupa. She calls herself Deepa, and Raj allows her to stay in his house for the night. Deepa leaves his home early in the morning, forgetting her purse. Raj goes to the address mentioned on her card available in the purse, to return it to her. Deepa is a club dancer and earns by performing in that hotel. Raj starts frequenting the hotel more often. This news spreads and reaches Gopal. Although 18 years have passed since Rupa's death, Raj has still not forgiven his father. So Bihari suggests to Gopal that Deepa, being a lookalike of Rupa, should be married off to Raj. So Gopal, to resurrect Raj's boring, lonely life, ask Deepa her consent. But even before he could enter her room, he overhears a conversation between Deepa and her friend about how she has fooled Raj and how Raj has become a frequent visitor to Deepa. After hearing this, he becomes reluctant to marry off Raj to Deepa. But the same day, Gopal dies a sudden death.

Within a few days, Raj's son Vijay returns to India and joins his family business of shipping. Vijay falls in love with Barkha on a business trip to Kashmir. Vijay decides that in the future, he will marry Barkha only. But on realising that his dad is very sad and on learning that Raj is in love with Deepa, Vijay decides to declare a marriage between Deepa and his father, Raj. Deepa agrees to marry Raj only on the condition that she would be declared the owner of all assets of Gopaldas and Vijay's share would be transferred to her. Vijay prefers to think more about his dad's well-being and decides not to claim any [[right to property]] in the future. Then the marriage of Raj and Deepa takes place. Deepa starts behaving indifferently with Raj and causes many embarrassing situations for Raj. When Raj questions her as to why she is behaving indecently in the house since the time they were married to each other, Deepa says that Raj has no authority to question her. After a few months, she becomes pregnant and starts pressuring Vijay and tells him that she would not continue with Raj and bring a bad name for the family if Vijay marries off anyone and tries to become a father himself.

==Reception==
The expectations from the film were high as the director's previous film with Khanna - [[Paapi]] Pet Ka Sawaal Hai was a box office hit. But Awara Baap, was not successful film at the box office. The music became popular

==Cast==
*[[Rajesh Khanna]] as Rajkumar Gupta
*[[Meenakshi Seshadri]] as Roopa / Deepa
*[[Rajan Sippy]] as Vijay
*[[Madhuri Dixit]] as Barkha
*[[Om Prakash]] as Gopaldas
*[[Iftekhar]] as Bihari
*[[Bharat Bhushan]] as Ramnath
*[[Om Shivpuri]] as Ranjeet Ahuja
*[[Pinchoo Kapoor]] as Jamnadas
*[[Komal Mahuvakar]] as Sunita
*[[Paintal (comedian)|Paintal]] as Das Bramhachari

==Music==
*"Awara Baap Hoon" - [[Kishore Kumar]]
*"Awara Baap Hoon" (part 2) - Kishore Kumar
*"Jamuna Ke Jal Mein" - Kishore Kumar
*"Teri Umar Pachaas" - Kishore Kumar, [[Amit Kumar (singer)|Amit Kumar]]
*"Na Hoti Dosti Tumse" - [[Anuradha Paudwal]], [[Suresh Wadkar]]
*"Dil Ke Dushman Pe" - [[Asha Bhosle]]
*"Kori Kori Gagarsi Jawani" - Asha Bhosle
*"Umar Sari Humari" - Amit Kumar, Asha Bhosle

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id =|title =Awara Baap}}

[[Category:1985 films]]
[[Category:1985 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1985 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by R. D. Burman]]

{{1980s-Hindi-film-stub}}

O Premave (1999 film)

2026-03-03T22:06:26Z

CoyCallaghan: starting first article added tags

{{About||the 2018 film of the same name|O Premave (2018 film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = O Premave
| image = O Premave (1999 film).jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[Naganna]]
| writer = [[Jayanth C. Paranjee]]
| based_on = ''[[Premante Idera]]'' (1998)
| producer = [[Jai Jagadish]] [[Vijayalakshmi Singh]]
| starring = [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]] [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]] [[Srihari]] [[Srinivasa Murthy]]
| music = [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]]
| cinematography = G. S. V. Seetharam
| editing = [[Suresh Urs]]
| studio = Sri Vaibhav Nidhi Productions
| released = {{Film date|1999|11|12|df=yes}}
| runtime = 148 minutes
| language = Kannada
| country = India
}}

'''''O Premave''''' is a 1999 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[romance drama]] film directed by [[Naganna]]. The film stars [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://entertainment.oneindia.in/celebs/ravichandran/filmography.html |title=Ravichandran filmography |access-date=21 April 2014 |archive-date=9 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709131438/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/celebs/ravichandran/filmography.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> along with [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]], [[Doddanna]] and [[Srinivasa Murthy]] in prominent roles. Telugu actor [[Srihari]] made his debut in Kannada cinema with this film.<ref>[https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/movies/o-premave/cast-crew.html Cast & crew]</ref>

The film is a remake of [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''[[Premante Idera]]'' (1998) directed by [[Jayanth Paranjee]] and starred [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]] and [[Preity Zinta]]. The film was produced by [[Jai Jagadish]] and Vijayalakshmi Singh and the music was composed by [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]].

The film upon release met with very good positive response at the box-office.<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/jan/03kann.htm Hits and Misses!]</ref>

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]] as Raja
* [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]] as Prema
* [[Srinivasa Murthy]]
* [[Srihari]]
* [[Sadhu Kokila]]
* [[Doddanna]]
* Keerthi
* [[Mandya Ramesh]]
* [[Umashree]]
* Bhavyasri Rai
* [[Sanketh Kashi|Kashi]]
* [[Bank Janardhan]]
* [[Sundar Raj]]
* [[Mandeep Roy]]
{{colend}}
==Production==
A song sequence was filmed at New Zealand.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/1999/dec/08spice.htm|title=Mega bucks|website=Rediff|access-date=12 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000830075710/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/1999/dec/08spice.htm|archive-date=30 August 2000}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
All the songs are composed and scored by [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]]. The lyrics are written by [[K. Kalyan]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140422233012/http://mio.to/album/31-kannada_movie_songs/22372-O_Premave__1999_/#/album/31-kannada_movie_songs/22372-O_Premave__1999_/ O Premave songs]</ref>

{|class="wikitable"
! Sl No !! Song title !! Singer(s) || Lyrics
|-
| 1 || "Jaana Jaga Jaana" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] || [[K. Kalyan]]
|-
| 2 || "O Premave" || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || K. Kalyan
|-
| 3 || "Cheluvinoora Chendagathi" || [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Anuradha Sriram]] || K. Kalyan
|-
| 4 || "O Jambada Koli" || [[Rajesh Krishnan]], Suma Shastry || K. Kalyan
|-
| 5 || "Yaravva Ivalu Cheluve" || [[L. N. Shastry]] || K. Kalyan
|-
| 6 || "Uppu Thinda Mele" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[K. S. Chithra]] || K. Kalyan
|-
|}

==Reception==
''Indian Express'' wrote "[..] director Naganna, who is trying his hand at direction after a long gap, may not be assured of success. During the first half of the film, especially, the story moves at a snail's pace [..] The only consolation is Seetharam’s photography and Umasri, Kashi and Sunderraj’s comedic talents."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/1B2DE58D8F77D2F165256941003DC8E8 |title=Disappointing Film |website=www.cscsarchive.org:8081 |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725212302/http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/1B2DE58D8F77D2F165256941003DC8E8 |archive-date=25 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt14685160}}

[[Category:1999 films]]
[[Category:1999 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:1999 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Films scored by V. Ravichandran]]
[[Category:Films directed by Naganna]]

{{1990s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Loose Loose Arappiri Loose

2026-03-03T21:04:12Z

CoyCallaghan: update lead per standard format as per guidelines

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Loose Loose Arappiri Loose
| image =
| caption =
| director = Prassi Malloor
| producer = Jayamohan Prassi Malloor
| story = Mohankumar
| screenplay = Prassi Malloor
| starring = [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] [[Mala Aravindan]] [[Kuthiravattam Pappu]] [[Pattom Sadan]]
| music = Darsan Raman
| cinematography = V. E. Gopinath
| editing =
| studio = Bright Film Corporation
| distributor = Bright Release
| released = {{Film date|1988|06|17|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Loose Loose Arappiri Loose''''' ({{translation|Crazy Crazy Little Crazy}}) is a 1988 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[comedy film]] written, co-produced, and directed by Prassi Malloor. Starring [[Jagathy Sreekumar]], [[Mala Aravindan]], [[Kuthiravattam Pappu]] and [[Pattom Sadan]]. The film has a musical score by Darsan Raman.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=2074|title=Loose Loose Arappiri Loose|accessdate=2014-10-24|publisher=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?1244|title=Loose Loose Arappiri Loose|accessdate=2014-10-24|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/loose-loose-arappiri-loose-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020152708/http://spicyonion.com/title/loose-loose-arappiri-loose-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=20 October 2014|title=Loose Loose Arappiri Loose|accessdate=2014-10-24|publisher=spicyonion.com}}</ref>

==Plot==
{{No plot|date=July 2021}}

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Jagathy Sreekumar]] as Jagathy
*[[Mala Aravindan]] as Mala
*[[Kuthiravattam Pappu]] as Pappu
*[[Pattom Sadan]]
*[[K. P. A. C. Azeez]]
*[[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]]
*Babitha
*Bindu Ghosh
*Justin
*[[Nellikode Bhaskaran]]
*[[Sabitha Anand]]
*Vettoor Purushan as Purushan
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by Darsan Raman and the lyrics were written by [[P. Bhaskaran]].

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Chakravarthini" (Parody) || Satheesh Babu, Vincent Gomes || [[P. Bhaskaran]] ||
|-
| 2 || "Kallanmaare" || [[K. J. Yesudas]], Balagopalan Thampi, Vincent Gomes || P. Bhaskaran ||
|-
| 3 || "Vasantha Rajaneepushpam" || [[Vani Jairam]] || P. Bhaskaran ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0352529|Loose Loose Arappiri Loose}}

[[Category:1988 films]]
[[Category:1988 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language comedy films]]
[[Category:1988 Indian films]]
[[Category:1988 comedy films]]

{{1980s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Gadiyara

2026-03-03T12:14:22Z

CoyCallaghan: expanded structure as per guidelines and fixed typos for clarity

{{short description|2020 Kannada movie}}
{{Orphan|date=October 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| caption = Gadiyara
| director = Prabhik Mogaveer
| producer = Prabhik Mogaveer
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on =
| starring = Raj Deepak Sheety, Sheethal Shetty, Sharath Lohitashwa
| narrator =
| music = Raghav Subhash
| cinematography = Shyam Sindanoor
| editing =
| studio =
| distributor = Mysore Talkies Release
| released = {{Film date|2020|11|27|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Gadiyara''''' is a 2020 Indian [[Kannada]]-language thriller film directed by Prabhik Mogaveer. The film featured [[Raj Deepak Shetty]], Sheethal Shetty, [[Sharath Lohithaswa|Sharath Lohitashwa]] and [[Suchendra Prasad]] as lead characters. The music is composed by Raghav Subhash.<ref>{{Citation|title=Gadiyara Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos {{!}} eTimes|newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-details/gadiyara/movieshow/79403565.cms|access-date=2020-12-01}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|title=Sheetal Shetty starrer Gadiyara to release this week|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/sheetal-shetty-starrer-gadiyara-to-release-this-week/articleshow/79383970.cms|access-date=2021-07-14|newspaper=The Times of India|date=24 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-25|title=ಚಿತ್ರಮಂದಿರಕ್ಕೆ 'ಗಡಿಯಾರ'|url=https://www.prajavani.net/entertainment/cinema/gadiyara-kannada-movie-released-on-27th-781590.html|access-date=2020-12-01|website=Prajavani|language=kn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-28|title=ಇತಿಹಾಸದ ಅಚ್ಚರಿಗಳ ಮಹಾಪೂರ 'ಗಡಿಯಾರ'|url=https://publictv.in/kannada-movie-gadiyara-review|access-date=2020-12-01|website=Public TV|language=kn}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Professor ([[Sharath Lohithaswa|Sharath Lohitashwa]]) who conspiracy to steal treasures{{clarify|date=April 2021}} hidden in various places during the time of the[kings{{when|date=April 2021}}. Police officer ([[Raj Deepak Shetty]]) chasing the case. Students who become police guests unconsciously.{{clarify|date=April 2021}} A professor is arrested by a police officer over a report by a journalist (Sheetal Shetty) that the students in the custody.{{clarify|date=April 2021}} However, the core of the report is not left to the directors alone.{{clarify|date=April 2021}}<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-05|title=Two Kannada films break the dry spell|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/two-kannada-films-break-the-dry-spell-923587.html|access-date=2020-12-19|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref>

== Cast ==

* [[Raj Deepak Shetty]]
* Sheethal Shetty
* Yash Shetty
* [[Sharath Lohithaswa|Sharath Lohitashwa]]
* [[Suchendra Prasad]]
* [[Sangliana]]
* Mandeep Rai
* Ganesh Rao
* Pranaya Murthy
* Radha Ramachandra

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:2020 films]]
[[Category:2020 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2020 Indian films]]

{{2020s-Kannada-film-stub}}

List of villages in Ghazipur district

2026-02-24T11:44:53Z

CoyCallaghan: new some place w/ sources

{{short description|None}}
{{moresources|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}

This is an alphabetical list of villages in [[Ghazipur district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].

{{horizontalTOC|nonum=yes}}

== A–C ==
{{div col begin|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Abhaipur, Ghazipur|Abhaipur]]
* [[Amarupur]]
* [[Arangi, Ghazipur|Arangi]]
* [[Asaichandpur, Ghazipur|Asaichandpur]]
* [[Asawar]]
* [[Athahatha]]
* [[Awathahi Basant]]
* [[Bakainia]]
* [[Baksara]]
* [[Balua, Ghazipur|Balua]]
* [[Bara, Ghazipur|Bara]]
* [[Basuka, Ghazipur|Basuka]]
* [[Bhaksi]]
* [[Bhimapar]]
* [[Bhurkura]]
* [[Birpur, Ghazipur|Birpur]]
* [[Chitarkoni]]
{{div col end}}

== D–F ==
{{div col begin|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Dehriya, Ghazipur|Dehriya]]
* [[Deorhi, Ghazipur|Deorhi]]
* [[Deva Village]]
* [[Dewaitha]]
* [[Dhamupur]]
* [[Dumri, Dildarnagar|Dumri]]
* [[Faridpur, Usia]]
* [[Firozpur, Ghazipur|Firozpur]]
* [[Fufuao]]
{{div col end}}

== G–J ==
{{div col begin|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Gagran]]
* [[Gahmar]]
* [[Gaighat, Ghazipur|Gaighat]]
* [[Gaura, Ghazipur|Gaura]]
* [[Gondaur]]
* [[Gorasara]]
* [[Hasanpura, Ghazipur|Hasanpura]]
* [[Jaburna]]
* [[Jalalabad, Ghazipur|Jalalabad]]
* [[Jalalpur, Ghazipur|Jalalpur]]
* [[Jangipur, Ghazipur|Jangipur]]
* [[Jevpur]]
* [[Joga Musahib]]
{{div col end}}

== K–M ==
{{div col begin|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Kabirpur, Ghazipur|Kabirpur]]
* [[Kadirpur, Ghazipur|Kadirpur]]
* [[Kamesaradih, Dildarnagar|Kamesaradih]]
* [[Kanuan]]
* [[Karimuddinpur]]
* [[Karmahari, Ghazipur|Karmahari]]
* [[Khanpur, Ghazipur|Khanpur]]
* [[Khardiha]]
* [[Khizirpur Mathare]]
* [[Kudva]]
* [[Kundesar]]
* [[Lathudih, Ghazipur|Lathudih]]
* [[Mahali, Ghazipur|Mahali]]
* [[Mahend]]
* [[Medinipur, Ghazipur|Medinipur]]
* [[Mircha]]
* [[Mirzabad, Ghazipur|Mirzabad]]
* [[Muhammadpur T Chaudhari Azmal]]
{{div col end}}

== N–R ==
{{div col begin|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Nagsar, Ghazipur|Nagsar]]
* [[Narsinghpur, Ghazipur|Narsinghpur]]
* [[Nawali, Ghazipur|Nawali]]
* [[Nirahukapura, Dildarnagar|Nirahukapura]]
* [[Pakhanpura]]
* [[Pakri, Ghazipur|Pakri]]
* [[Palia, Dildarnagar|Palia]]
* [[Parsa, Ghazipur|Parsa]]
* [[Patakaniya, Ghazipur|Patakaniya]]
* [[Phooli]]
* [[Raipur, Ghazipur|Raipur]]
* [[Rajapur, Ghazipur|Rajapur]]
* [[Rakasaha]]
* [[Reotipur, Uttar Pradesh|Reotipur]]
{{div col end}}

== S–Z ==
{{div col begin|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Sadhopur, Ghazipur|Sadhopur]]
* [[Saraila]]
* [[Sarhuja, Dildarnagar|Sarhuja]]
* [[Semra, Ghazipur|Semra]]
* [[Sherpur, Ghazipur|Sherpur]]
* [[Sonwani]]
* [[Suhwal]]
* [[Sukhdehri]]
* [[Sultanpur, Ghazipur|Sultanpur]]
* [[Tajpur Manjha]]
* [[Tajpur, Ghazipur|Tajpur]]
* [[Taraon]]
* [[Thanaipur]]
* [[Tilwa, Ghazipur|Tilwa]]
* [[Tiyari, Ghazipur|Tiyari]]
* [[Tokawa, Ghazipur|Tokawa]]
* [[Umar Ganj, Ghazipur|Umar Ganj]]
* [[Usia, Dildarnagar|Usia]]
* [[Usra, Ghazipur|Usra]]
* [[Zabran Pur]]
* [[Zahurabad, Ghazipur|Zahurabad]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
<references />

{{Ghazipur district}}

[[Category:Villages in Ghazipur district|*]]
[[Category:Lists of villages in Uttar Pradesh|Ghazipur district]]

Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes

2026-02-24T10:21:09Z

CoyCallaghan: added references

{{Short description|Official designations given to various groups of indigenous people in India}}
{{Other uses|Dalit|Adivasi}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}

The '''Scheduled Castes''' ('''SCs'''; {{langx|hi|anusūcit jāti|label=none}})<ref name="List of SC">{{cite web |title=Scheduled Caste Welfare – List of Scheduled Castes |url=http://socialjustice.nic.in/sclist.php |publisher=Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment |access-date=16 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913050030/http://socialjustice.nic.in/sclist.php |archive-date=13 September 2012}}</ref> and '''Scheduled Tribes''' ('''STs'''; {{langx|hi|anusūcit janjāti|label=none}}) are officially designated groups of people and among the most disadvantaged socio-economic groups in [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Scheduled Castes And Scheduled Tribes|url=https://in.one.un.org/task-teams/scheduled-castes-and-scheduled-tribes/|url-status=dead|access-date=2021-11-21|website=United Nations in India|archive-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122121505/https://in.one.un.org/task-teams/scheduled-castes-and-scheduled-tribes/}}</ref> The terms are recognized in the [[Constitution of India]] and the groups are designated in one or other of the categories.<ref name=scheduledcommunities />{{Rp|3}} For much of the period of [[British Raj|British rule in the Indian subcontinent]], they were known as the Depressed Classes.<ref name=scheduledcommunities />{{Rp|2}}

{{multiple image
| align = right
| total_width = 400
| image1 = 2011 Census Scheduled Caste caste distribution map India by state and union territory.svg
| caption1 = Scheduled castes distribution in India by state and union territory according to 2011 Census.<ref name=2011Census>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-Documents/SCST%20Presentation%2028-10-2013.ppt |title=Census of India 2011, Primary Census Abstract (28 October 2013) |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923224617/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-Documents/SCST%20Presentation%2028-10-2013.ppt |date=23 September 2015 |archive-date=23 September 2015 |format=ppt |publisher=Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, Government of India }}</ref> [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] had the highest percentage of its population as SC (~32%), while [[Nagaland]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] and [[Lakshadweep]] had 0%.<ref name=2011Census />
|image2 = 2011 Census Scheduled Tribes distribution map India by state and union territory.svg
|caption2 = Scheduled Tribes distribution in India by state and union territory according to 2011 Census.<ref name="2011Census"/> [[Mizoram]] and Lakshadweep had the highest percentage of its population as ST (~95%), while [[Punjab]], [[Haryana]], [[Delhi]], and [[Chandigarh]] had 0%.<ref name=2011Census/>}}

In modern literature, many castes under the Scheduled Castes category are sometimes referred to as ''[[Dalit]]'', meaning "broken" or "dispersed".<ref name=roychowdhury>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/dalit-scheduled-caste-information-and-broadcasting-media-5341220/|title=Why Dalits want to hold on to Dalit, not Harijan, not SC|date=5 September 2018|website=[[The Indian Express]]|first=Adrija|last=Roychowdhury|access-date=29 November 2021|archive-date=29 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129082823/https://indianexpress.com/article/research/dalit-scheduled-caste-information-and-broadcasting-media-5341220/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Merriam-Webster">{{cite web |title=Dalit. |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Dalit |website=Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary |access-date=6 October 2022 |archive-date=6 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006000621/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Dalit |url-status=live }}</ref> The term was popularised by the Dalit leader [[B. R. Ambedkar]] during the independence struggle.<ref name=roychowdhury /> Ambedkar preferred the term Dalit over [[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhi]]'s term [[Harijan]], meaning "people of [[Hari]]" ({{literally|Man of God}}).<ref name=roychowdhury /> Similarly, the Scheduled Tribes are often referred to as ''[[Adivasi]]'' (earliest inhabitants), ''[[Vanvasi]]'' (inhabitants of forest) and ''Vanyajati'' (people of forest). However, the [[Government of India]] refrains from using these terms that carry controversial connotations. For example, 'Dalit', which literally means 'oppressed', has been historically associated with notions of uncleanness, carries implications of the concept of [[untouchability]]. Similarly, 'Adivasi', which means 'original inhabitants', carries implications of [[In-group and out-group|native and immigrant]] distinctions and also perpetuates the stereotypes of being [[Civilization|civilized and uncivilized]].<ref>{{Cite book | title=The Scheduled Tribes of India | first=G. S. |last=Ghurye |author-link=G. S. Ghurye | publisher=Transaction Publishers | year=1980 |edition=3rd | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9qt2e8xc-M4C | isbn=978-0-87855-692-2}}</ref> Therefore, the [[Constitution of India|constitutionally]] recognized terms "Scheduled Castes" ''(Anusuchit Jati)'' and "Scheduled Tribes" ''(Anusuchit Janjati)'' are preferred in official usage, as these designated terms are intended to address socio-economic disabilities, rather than to reimpose those [[social stigma]]s and issues.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bali |first=Surya |date=2018-10-26 |title=We are 'Scheduled Tribes', not 'Adivasis' |url=https://www.forwardpress.in/2018/10/we-are-scheduled-tribes-not-adivasis/ |access-date=2023-12-05 |website=Forward Press |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dasgupta |first=Sangeeta |date=October 2018 |title=Adivasi studies: From a historian's perspective |url=https://compass.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/hic3.12486 |journal=History Compass |language=en |volume=16 |issue=10 |article-number=e12486 |doi=10.1111/hic3.12486 |issn=1478-0542|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In September 2018, the government issued an advisory to all private satellite channels asking them to refrain from using the derogatory nomenclature 'Dalit', though rights groups have come out against any shift from 'Dalit' in popular usage.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/union-minister-stick-to-sc-avoid-the-term-dalit/articleshow/65678197.cms Union minister: Stick to SC, avoid the term 'Dalit'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022074950/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/union-minister-stick-to-sc-avoid-the-term-dalit/articleshow/65678197.cms |date=22 October 2018 }} "Union social justice minister Thawarchand Gehlot said media should stick to the constitutional term "Scheduled Castes" while referring to Dalits as there are objections to the term to the term "Dalit" – backing the government order which has significant sections of scheduled caste civil society up in arms." Times of India 5 September 2018.</ref>

The Scheduled Castes and [[List of Scheduled Tribes in India|Scheduled Tribes]] comprise about 16.6% and 8.6%, respectively, of India's population (according to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/hlo/pca/pca_pdf/PCA-CRC-0000.pdf |title=2011 Census Primary Census Abstract |website=Censusindia.gov.in |access-date=1 October 2017 |archive-date=5 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805215732/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/hlo/pca/pca_pdf/PCA-CRC-0000.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="CensusDalit">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Half-of-Indias-dalit-population-lives-in-4-states/articleshow/19827757.cms|title=Half of India's dalit population lives in 4 states|newspaper=The Times of India|date=2 May 2013|access-date=1 October 2017|archive-date=11 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111212254/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Half-of-Indias-dalit-population-lives-in-4-states/articleshow/19827757.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The ''Constitution (Scheduled Castes) Order, 1950'' lists 1,108 [[Caste system in India|castes]] across 28 [[States and territories of India|states]] in its First Schedule,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lawmin.nic.in/ld/subord/rule3a.htm|title=Text of the ''Constitution (Scheduled Castes) Order, 1950'', as amended|website=Lawmin.nic.in|access-date=1 October 2017|archive-date=19 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619082941/http://lawmin.nic.in/ld/subord/rule3a.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> and the ''Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order, 1950'' lists 744 tribes across 22 states in its First Schedule.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lawmin.nic.in/ld/subord/rule9a.htm|title=Text of the ''Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order, 1950'', as amended|website=Lawmin.nic.in|access-date=1 October 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920212634/http://lawmin.nic.in/ld/subord/rule9a.htm|archive-date=20 September 2017}}</ref>

Since the independence of India, the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes were given [[reservation in India|Reservation status]], guaranteeing political representation, preference in promotion, quota in universities, free and stipended education, scholarships, banking services, various government schemes and the Constitution lays down the general principles of [[positive discrimination]] for SCs and STs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2020/feb/17/reserved-uncertainty-or-deserved-certainty-reservation-debate-back-in-mysuru-2104413.html|title=Reserved uncertainty or deserved certainty? Reservation debate back in Mysuru|website=The New Indian Express|date=17 February 2020|first=K Shiva|last=Kumar|access-date=29 November 2021|archive-date=21 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121184123/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2020/feb/17/reserved-uncertainty-or-deserved-certainty-reservation-debate-back-in-mysuru-2104413.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=constitution>{{Cite web|url=https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/COI_1.pdf|title=THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA [As on 9th December, 2020]|website=[[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)#Legislative Department|Legislative Department]]|access-date=29 November 2021|archive-date=26 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126153125/https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/COI_1.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Rp|35,137}}

==Definition==

; Scheduled Castes
{{anchor|SC definition}}
''Article 366 (24)'' of the Constitution of India defines the Scheduled Castes as:<ref name=Articles>{{cite web|title=Chapter- II, Social Constitutional Provisions for Protection and Development of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes |url=https://ncsc.nic.in/files/ncsc/new3/201.pdf |website=ncsc.nic.in }}</ref>
{{blockquote|Such [[caste]]s, [[Race (human categorization)|races]] or [[tribe]]s or part of or groups within such castes, races or tribes as are deemed under ''Article 341'' to be Scheduled Castes for the purpose of this [Indian] constitution.}}

; Scheduled Tribes
{{anchor|ST definition}}
''Article 366 (25)'' of the Constitution of India defines the Scheduled Tribes as:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chapter III |url=https://dopt.gov.in/sites/default/files/ch-11.pdf |website=dopt.gov.in |access-date=5 December 2022 |archive-date=5 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205103652/https://dopt.gov.in/sites/default/files/ch-11.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Articles/>
{{blockquote|Such [[tribe]]s or [[tribal communities]] or part of or groups within such tribes or tribal communities as are deemed under ''Article 342'' to the Scheduled Tribes for the purposes of this [Indian] Constitution.}}

===Identification and procedures===

'''''Article 341'''''

'''''(1)''''' The [[President of India|President]] may with respect to any [[States and union territories of India|State or Union Territory]] and where it is a State after consultation with the [[Governor (India)|Governor]] thereof, by public notification specify the castes, races or tribes or parts of or groups within castes, races or tribes which shall for the purposes of this [[Constitution of India|Constitution]] be deemed to be Scheduled Castes in relation to that State or Union Territory, as the case may be.

'''''(2)''''' Parliament may by law include in or exclude from the list of Scheduled Castes specified in a notification issued under clause of any caste, race or tribe or part of or group within any caste, race or tribe, but save as aforesaid a notification issued under the said clause shall not be varied by any subsequent notification.<ref name=Articles/>

'''''Article 342'''''

'''''(1)''''' The President may with respect to any State or Union Territory and where it is a State, after consultation with the Governor thereof by public notification, specify the tribes or tribal communities or parts of or groups within tribes or tribal communities which shall for the purpose of this Constitution be deemed to be Scheduled Tribes in relation to that State or Union Territory, as the case may be.

'''''(2)''''' Parliament may by law include in or exclude from the list of Scheduled Tribes specified in a notification issued under clause any tribe or tribal community or part of or group within any tribe or tribal community, but save as aforesaid a notification issued under the said clause shall not be varied by any subsequent notification.<ref name=Articles/>

[[File:Bureaucratic_Process_for_Scheduling_Communities_as_SCST_in_India.svg|thumb|360x360px|Bureaucratic process for scheduling communities as SC/ST.]]

The castes and tribes notified under ''Articles 341'' and ''342'' of the [[Constitution of India]] are recognized as Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. For the purpose of [[social justice]], those scheduled castes and tribes are provided social security and [[Reservation in India|adequate representation]] in education, employment, and governance, facilitating their upliftment and integration into mainstream society.<ref name=SCSTBrochure>{{cite book |title=Brochure on Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in Services |edition=8th |publisher=Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions; Department of Personnel and Training, Government of India |year=1993 |url=https://dopt.gov.in/sites/default/files/BROCHURE_Reservation_SCST_In_Service_1993.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615214547/https://dopt.gov.in/sites/default/files/BROCHURE_Reservation_SCST_In_Service_1993.pdf |archive-date=15 June 2024 |url-status=live |access-date=12 August 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite report|title=Reservation Brochure|url=https://dpe.gov.in/sites/default/files/Reservation_Brochure-2.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209202017/https://dpe.gov.in/sites/default/files/Reservation_Brochure-2.pdf|archive-date=9 February 2024|access-date=12 August 2024|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Reservation Is About Adequate Representation, Not Poverty Eradication |url=https://thewire.in/law/supreme-court-bench-reservation |access-date=2024-01-26 |website=The Wire}}</ref> The process of including and excluding communities, castes, or tribes to/from the list of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes adheres to certain silent criteria and procedures established by the Lokur committee in 1965.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-01-11 |title=Office of Registrar-General of India follows 'obsolete' criteria for scheduling of tribes |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/office-of-registrar-general-of-india-follows-obsolete-criteria-for-scheduling-of-tribes/article66364958.ece |url-status=live |access-date=2023-06-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404143600/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/office-of-registrar-general-of-india-follows-obsolete-criteria-for-scheduling-of-tribes/article66364958.ece |archive-date=4 April 2023 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Centre Still Employs 'Obsolete' Criteria to Categorise Groups Under ST Lists: Report |url=https://thewire.in/government/centre-obsolete-criteria-st-lists-lokur-committee |access-date=2024-02-02 |website=The Wire}}</ref> For Scheduled Castes (SCs), the criteria involve extreme social, educational, and economic backwardness resulting from the practice of [[untouchability]].<ref name=":0" /> On the other hand, Scheduled Tribes (STs) are identified based on indications of primitive traits, distinctive culture, geographical isolation, shyness of contact with the larger community, and overall backwardness.<ref name=":0">{{Cite press release |title=Inclusion Into SC List
| publisher= Press Information Bureau, Government of India
|agency= Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment
|date= 24 February 2015|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=115783 |access-date=2023-06-17 }}</ref> The scheduling process refers back to the definitions of communities used in the [[Census in British India|colonial census]] along with modern anthropological study and is guided by ''Article 341'' and ''342''. Per the first clause of ''Article 341'' and ''342'', the list of Scheduled communities is subject to specific [[States and union territories of India|state and union territory]], with area restrictions to [[List of districts in India|districts]], [[List of subdistricts in India|subdistricts]], and [[tehsil]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FAQ : National Commission for Scheduled Tribes |url=https://ncst.nic.in/content/frequently-asked-questions |access-date=2023-06-17 |website=ncst.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bodhi |first1=Sainkupar Ranee |last2=Darokar |first2=Shaileshkumar S. |date=2023-11-09 |title=Becoming a Scheduled Tribe in India: The History, Process and Politics of Scheduling |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2455328X231198720 |journal=Contemporary Voice of Dalit |article-number=2455328X231198720 |language=en |doi=10.1177/2455328X231198720 |issn=2455-328X|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite report |url=https://archive.nyu.edu/handle/2451/36746 |title=Report on the high level committee on socio-economic, health and educational status of tribal communities of India |last=Xaxa |first=Virginius |publisher=Ministry of Tribal Affairs, Government of India|date=May 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202064504/https://archive.nyu.edu/handle/2451/36746 |archive-date=2 February 2024 |access-date=2 February 2024 |hdl=2451/36746}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Khanna |first=Gyanvi |date=2024-02-21 |title=Schedule Tribe Member Migrating To Another State/UT Can't Claim ST Status If Tribe Isn't Notified As ST In That State/UT : Supreme Court |url=https://www.livelaw.in/supreme-court/schedule-tribe-member-migrating-to-another-stateut-cant-claim-st-status-if-tribe-isnt-notified-as-st-in-that-stateut-supreme-court-250066 |access-date=2024-05-16 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref> Furthermore, members of Scheduled Communities are entitled based on religious criteria: Scheduled Castes must be adherents of [[Hinduism]], [[Sikhism]], or [[Buddhism]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-16 |title=VHP opposes SC status to religious converts who were 'historically' SCs |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/vhp-opposes-scheduled-caste-status-to-religious-converts-government-panel-reservation-2285993-2022-10-16 |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> whereas Scheduled Tribes can belong to any religion to be recognized as Scheduled.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Reservation for Dalit Christians |date=16 March 2016 |publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India; Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances & Pensions |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=138027 |access-date=2 July 2024}}</ref><ref name=SCSTBrochure/>

==History==
=== Pre-independence ===
The evolution of the lower caste and tribe into the modern-day Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe is complex. The [[Caste system in India|caste system]] as a stratification of classes in India originated about 2,000 years ago, and has been influenced by dynasties and ruling elites, including the Mughal Empire and the British Raj.<ref name="What is India's caste system">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-35650616|title=What is India's caste system?|date=20 July 2017|access-date=6 April 2019|archive-date=4 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191004042908/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-35650616|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/caste-society-and-politics-in-india-from-the-eighteenth-century-to-the-modern-age/097D56E007498073B691A17EC3441FEB|title=Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age by Susan Bayly|last=Bayly|first=Susan|date=July 1999|website=Cambridge Core|doi=10.1017/CHOL9780521264341|isbn=9780521264341|access-date=6 April 2019|archive-date=6 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406081740/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/caste-society-and-politics-in-india-from-the-eighteenth-century-to-the-modern-age/097D56E007498073B691A17EC3441FEB|url-status=live}}</ref> The Hindu concept of [[Varna (Hinduism)|Varna]] [[History of Hinduism|historically]] incorporated occupation-based communities.<ref name="What is India's caste system"/> Some low-caste groups, such as those formerly called ''[[Untouchability|untouchables]]''<ref name="EB">{{cite book |last1=Pletcher |first1=Ken |last2=Staff of EB |title=Encyclopaedia Britannica |date=2010 |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/untouchable |access-date=25 June 2021 |language=en |chapter=Untouchable - social class, India |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |archive-date=9 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609015633/https://www.britannica.com/topic/untouchable |url-status=live }}</ref> who constitute modern-day Scheduled Castes, were considered outside the Varna system.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/civil-rights|title=Civil rights {{!}} society|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=6 April 2019|archive-date=26 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326045704/https://www.britannica.com/topic/civil-rights|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://asiasociety.org/education/jati-caste-system-india|title=Jati: The Caste System in India|website=Asia Society|access-date=6 April 2019|archive-date=6 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406080240/https://asiasociety.org/education/jati-caste-system-india|url-status=live}}</ref>

Since the 1850s, these communities were loosely referred to as Depressed Classes, with the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. The early 20th century saw a flurry of activity in the [[British Raj|British authorities]] assessing the feasibility of responsible self-government for India. The [[Indian Councils Act 1909|Morley–Minto Reforms Report]], [[Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms]] Report and the [[Simon Commission]] were several initiatives in this context. A highly contested issue in the proposed reforms was the reservation of seats for representation of the Depressed Classes in provincial and central legislatures.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/gandhi-ambedkar-and-the-1932-poona-pact/story-5WuyrphB8OwtRp5lC9XQGP.html|title=Gandhi, Ambedkar and the 1932 Poona Pact|date=1 October 2019|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|first=Dhrubo|last=Jyoti|access-date=29 November 2021|archive-date=29 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129082822/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/gandhi-ambedkar-and-the-1932-poona-pact/story-5WuyrphB8OwtRp5lC9XQGP.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1935, the UK [[United Kingdom Parliament|Parliament]] passed the [[Government of India Act 1935]], designed to give Indian provinces greater self-rule and set up a national federal structure. The reservation of seats for the Depressed Classes was incorporated into the act, which came into force in 1937. The Act introduced the term "Scheduled Castes", defining the group as "such castes, parts of groups within castes, which appear to His Majesty in Council to correspond to the classes of persons formerly known as the 'Depressed Classes', as His Majesty in Council may prefer".<ref name=scheduledcommunities>{{cite web|title=Scheduled Communities: A social Development profile of SC/ST's (Bihar, Jharkhand & West Bengal)|url=http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/sereport/ser/stdy_scmnty.pdf|website=[[Planning Commission (India)]]|access-date=1 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191020195415/http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/sereport/ser/stdy_scmnty.pdf|archive-date=20 October 2019}}</ref> This discretionary definition was clarified in ''The Government of India (Scheduled Castes) Order, 1936'', which contained a list (or Schedule) of castes throughout the British-administered provinces.<ref name=scheduledcommunities />

=== Post-independence ===
After independence the [[Constituent Assembly of India|Constituent Assembly]] continued the prevailing definition of Scheduled Castes and Tribes, giving (via articles 341 and 342) the president of India and governors of the states a mandate to compile a full listing of castes and tribes (with the power to edit it later, as required). The first list of castes and tribes was created through two orders: ''The Constitution (Scheduled Castes) Order, 1950'', and ''The Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order, 1950'', containing 821 castes and 296 tribes (overlapping nature), respectively, derived from colonial lists.{{efn|The first Scheduled orders were enacted by two segments, viz, 1950 order and 1951 order, enlisting 821 castes and 296 tribes in the Presidential Scheduled list. ''The Constitution (Scheduled Castes) Order, 1950'', and ''The Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order, 1950'', listed 607 castes and 241 tribes, respectively.<ref>{{Cite report |publisher=Directorate of Printing |author=Government of India |title=Constitution (Scheduled Castes) Order, 1950 |url=https://socialjustice.gov.in/writereaddata/UploadFile/CONSTITUTION%20(SC)%20ORDER%201950%20dated%2010081950.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite report |publisher=Directorate of Printing |author=Government of India |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gazette.e.1950.314/|title=Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order, 1950 |others=Extraordinary Gazette of India, 1950, No. 314 }}</ref> Similarly, ''The Constitution (Scheduled Castes) (Part C States) Order, 1951'', and ''The Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) (Part C States) Order, 1951'', listed 214 castes and 55 tribes. The 1950 orders applied to 16 {{nowrap|Part A and B}} states: Assam, Bihar, Bombay, Madhya Pradesh, Madras, Orissa, Punjab, West Bengal, Hyderabad, Madhya Bharat, Mysore, Rajasthan, Saurashtra, and Travancore-Cochin, while the 1951 orders addressed 10 {{nowrap|Part C}} states: Ajmer, Bhopal, Coorg, Himachal Pradesh, Kutch, Manipur, Tripura, and Vindhya Pradesh.}} Subsequently, the Presidential Scheduled List was modified in 1956 by the ''Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Lists (Modification) Order, 1956'', to include other areas, [[States and union territories of India|newly formed states/UTs]], and communities that had not been considered during the adoption of the [[Constitution of India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lawmin.nic.in/ld/subord/rule3a.htm|title=THE CONSTITUTION (SCHEDULED CASTES) ORDER, 1950|work=lawmin.nic.in|access-date=28 January 2008|archive-date=19 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619082941/http://lawmin.nic.in/ld/subord/rule3a.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> and ''The Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order, 1950'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lawmin.nic.in/ld/subord/rule9a.htm|title=1. THE CONSTITUTION (SCHEDULED TRIBES)|work=lawmin.nic.in|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920212634/http://lawmin.nic.in/ld/subord/rule9a.htm|archive-date=20 September 2017}}</ref> However, the classification and maintenance of the list Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes was initially intended to be a state matter during [[Constituent Assembly of India|drafting of the constitution]], concerns over political misuse led to the centralization of authority under the Presidential Scheduled Lists. After 15 years since the order of listing Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, the government adopted updated criteria for inclusion and exclusion based on the Lokur committee report of 1965.<ref name=":1" /> Due to inclusive policies, many communities were added to the Presidential Scheduled List through amendments since the adoption of the Constitution, bringing the total to over 1,000 Scheduled Castes and over 500 Scheduled Tribes by 2018.<ref>{{Cite book |title=A Concise History of Modern India |last1=Metcalf|first1=Barbara D. |last2=Metcalf|first2=Thomas R. |publisher=Cambridge|year=2012|isbn=978-1-107-67218-5|location=New York|pages=232}}</ref>

==Demographics==
===Historical population===
{{Table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable defaultright col1center col2center col5center"
|+ Historical Populations of Scheduled Communities<ref>{{Citation |last=Maharatna |first=Arup |chapter=On the Demography of India’s Broad Social Stratification |date=2015 |title=The International Handbook of the Demography of Race and Ethnicity |pages=189–217 |editor-last=Sáenz |editor-first=Rogelio |editor2-last=Embrick |editor2-first=David G. |editor3-last=Rodríguez |editor3-first=Néstor P. |lccn=2015932854 |series=International Handbooks of Population |volume=4|place=Dordrecht |publisher=Springer Netherlands |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-90-481-8891-8_10 |isbn=978-90-481-8891-8 |url=http://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/46658/1/29.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317010449/http://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/46658/1/29.pdf |archive-date=17 March 2024 |url-status=live |access-date=2025-02-08}}</ref>
! rowspan="2" |Census
! colspan="3" | Scheduled Castes
! colspan="3" | Scheduled Tribes
|-
! Percentage !! Numbers !! {{Tooltip|±%|Percent of change in numbers over the decade}} !! Percentage !! Numbers !! {{Tooltip|±%|Percent of change in numbers over the decade}}
|-
| [[Census in British India|1881]]|| {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || 2.6% || 6,420,000 || —
|-
| [[Census in British India|1891]]|| {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || 3.3% || 9,110,000 || +41.9
|-
| [[Census in British India|1901]]|| {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || 2.9% || 8,180,000 || −10.2
|-
| [[Census in British India|1911]]|| {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || 3.2% || 9,590,000 || +17.2
|-
| [[Census in British India|1921]]|| 17.2% || 52,700,000 || —|| 3.0% || 9,070,000 || −5.4
|-
| [[Census in British India|1931]]|| 14.9% || 50,200,000 || −4.7 || 2.5% || 7,620,000 || −16.0
|-
| [[Census in British India|1941]]|| 12.6% || 48,810,000 || −2.8 || 2.3% || 8,790,000 || +15.4
|-
| [[1951 census of India|1951]]|| 14.4% || 51,340,000 || +5.2 || 5.3% || 19,110,000 || +117.4
|-
| [[1961 census of India|1961]]|| 14.7% || 64,410,000 || +25.5 || 6.9% || 30,130,000 || +57.7
|-
| [[1971 census of India|1971]]|| 14.6% || 80,000,000 || +24.2 || 6.9% || 38,010,000 || +26.2
|-
| [[1981 census of India|1981]]|| 15.8% || 104,750,000 || +30.9 || 7.8% || 51,620,000 || +35.8
|-
| [[1991 census of India|1991]]|| 16.5% || 138,220,000 || +32.0 || 8.1% || 67,750,000 || +31.2
|-
| [[2001 census of India|2001]]|| 16.2% || 166,630,000 || +20.6 || 8.2% || 84,320,000 || +24.5
|-
| [[2011 census of India|2011]]|| 16.6% || 201,370,000 || +20.8 || 8.6% || 104,540,000 || +24
|}

===Current population===
{{see also|India tribal belt}}
{{static row numbers}}{{sort under}}{{Table alignment}}{{row hover highlight}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-text defaultright col1left hover-highlight sort-under-center"
|+Population of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, by state, 2011 census<ref>{{cite web|title=Basic Population Figures of India and States, 2011 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42555/download/46181/2011-IndiaState-0000.xlsx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220510145218/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42555/download/46181/2011-IndiaState-0000.xlsx |archive-date=10 May 2022|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://socialjustice.nic.in/UserView/index?mid=76663 |title=Government of India, Ministry of Social Justice website |access-date=6 March 2021 |archive-date=5 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305124048/http://socialjustice.nic.in/UserView/index?mid=76663 |url-status=live}}</ref>
! rowspan=2|State and Union Territories || rowspan="2" |Total population of the State and Union Territories
! colspan="4" |Scheduled Castes
! colspan="4" |Scheduled Tribes
|-
! No. of [[List of Scheduled Castes|notified communities]]<ref name=addStatistics>{{cite report |title=Handbook on Social Welfare Statistics |publisher= Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, Government of India |location=New Delhi |date=September 2018 |url=https://socialjustice.nic.in/writereaddata/UploadFile/HANDBOOKSocialWelfareStatistice2018.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630165440/https://socialjustice.nic.in/writereaddata/UploadFile/HANDBOOKSocialWelfareStatistice2018.pdf |archive-date=30 June 2020}}</ref> {{nobold|(as of Oct 2017)}}
! Total population !!% of total Scheduled Castes !! % of State and UT population !! No. of [[List of Scheduled Tribes|notified communities]]<ref name=addStatistics/> {{nobold|(as of Dec 2017)}}!! Total population !! % of Total Scheduled Tribes !! % of State and UT population
|-
| [[Andhra Pradesh]] (incl. [[Telangana]]) || 84,580,777 || AP: 61 TG: 59 || 13,878,078 || 6.89 || 16.41 || AP: 34 TG: 32 || 5,918,073 || 5.66 || 7
|-
| [[Arunachal Pradesh]]|| 1,383,727 || 0 || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || 16 || 951,821 || 0.91 || 68.79
|-
| [[Assam]]|| 31,205,576 || 16 || 2,231,321 || 1.11 || 7.15 || 29 || 3,884,371 || 3.72 || 12.45
|-
| [[Bihar]]|| 104,099,452 || 23 || 16,567,325 || 8.23 || 15.91 || 32 || 1,336,573 || 1.28 || 1.28
|-
| [[Chhattisgarh]] || 25,545,198 || 44 || 3,274,269 || 1.63 || 12.82 || 42 || 7,822,902 || 7.48 || 30.62
|-
| [[Goa]] || 1,458,545 || 5 || 25,449 || 0.01 || 1.74 || 8 || 149,275 || 0.14 || 10.23
|-
| [[Gujarat]] || 60,439,692 || 36 || 4,074,447 || 2.02 || 6.74 || 32 || 8,917,174 || 8.53 || 14.75
|-
| [[Haryana]] || 25,351,462 || 37 || 5,113,615 || 2.54 || 20.17 || 0 || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}}
|-
| [[Himachal Pradesh]] || 6,864,602 || 57 || 1,729,252 || 0.86 || 25.19 || 10 || 392,126 || 0.38 || 5.71
|-
| [[Jharkhand]] || 32,988,134 || 22 || 3,985,644 || 1.98 || 12.08 || 32 || 8,645,042 || 8.27 || 26.21
|-
| [[Karnataka]] || 61,095,297 || 101 || 10,474,992 || 5.2 || 17.15 || 50 || 4,248,987 || 4.06 || 6.95
|-
| [[Kerala]] || 33,406,061 || 69 || 3,039,573 || 1.51 || 9.1 || 43 || 484,839 || 0.46 || 1.45
|-
| [[Madhya Pradesh]] || 72,626,809 || 48 || 11,342,320 || 5.63 || 15.62 || 46 || 15,316,784 || 14.65 || 21.09
|-
| [[Maharashtra]] || 112,374,333 || 59 || 13,275,898 || 6.59 || 11.81 || 47 || 10,510,213 || 10.05 || 9.35
|-
| [[Manipur]] || 2,855,794 || 7 || 97,328 || 0.05 || 3.41 || 34 || 1,167,422 || 1.12 || 40.88
|-
| [[Meghalaya]] || 2,966,889 || 16 || 17,355 || 0.01 || 0.58 || 17 || 2,555,861 || 2.44 || 86.15
|-
| [[Mizoram]] || 1,097,206 || 16 || 1,218 || 0 || 0.11 || 15 || 1,036,115 || 0.99 || 94.43
|-
| [[Nagaland]] || 1,978,502 || 0 || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || 5 || 1,710,973 || 1.64 || 86.48
|-
| [[Odisha]] || 41,974,218 || 95 || 7,188,463 || 3.57 || 17.13 || 62 || 9,590,756 || 9.17 || 22.85
|-
| [[Punjab]] || 27,743,338 || 39 || 8,860,179 || 4.4 || 31.94 || 0 || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}}
|-
| [[Rajasthan]] || 68,548,437 || 59 || 12,221,593 || 6.07 || 17.83 || 12 || 9,238,534 || 8.84 || 13.48
|-
| [[Sikkim]] || 610,577 || 4 || 28,275 || 0.01 || 4.63 || 4 || 206,360 || 0.2 || 33.8
|-
| [[Tamil Nadu]] || 72,147,030 || 76 || 14,438,445 || 7.17 || 20.01 || 36 || 794,697 || 0.76 || 1.1
|-
| [[Tripura]] || 3,673,917 || 34 || 654,918 || 0.33 || 17.83 || 19 || 1,166,813 || 1.12 || 31.76
|-
| [[Uttar Pradesh]] || 199,812,341 || 66 || 41,357,608 || 20.54 || 20.7 || 15 || 1,134,273 || 1.08 || 0.57
|-
| [[Uttarakhand]] || 10,086,292 || 65 || 1,892,516 || 0.94 || 18.76 || 5 || 291,903 || 0.28 || 2.89
|-
| [[West Bengal]] || 91,276,115 || 60 || 21,463,270 || 10.66 || 23.51 || 40 || 5,296,953 || 5.07 || 5.8
|-
| [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]|| 380,581 || 0 || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || 6 || 28,530 || 0.03 || 7.5
|-
| [[Chandigarh]]|| 1,055,450 || 36 || 199,086 || 0.1 || 18.86 || 0 || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}}
|-
| [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]|| 343,709 || 4 || 6,186 || 0 || 1.8 || 7 || 178,564 || 0.17 || 51.95
|-
| [[Daman and Diu]]|| 243,247 || 5 || 6,124 || 0 || 2.52 || 5 || 15,363 || 0.01 || 6.32
|-
| [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]|| 12,541,302 || 13 || 924,991 || 0.46 || 7.38 || 12 || 1,493,299 || 1.43 || 11.91
|-
| [[Lakshadweep]]|| 64,473
|| 0 || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{Tooltip|native pop.|All native population of the territory}} || 61,120 || 0.06 || 94.8
|-
| [[Delhi]]|| 16,787,941 || 36 || 2,812,309 || 1.4 || 16.75 || 0 || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}}
|-
| [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]|| 1,247,953 || 16 || 196,325 || 0.1 || 15.73 || 0 || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}}
|-
! India || 1,210,854,977 || {{Tooltip|1,284|This is a cumulative count of Scheduled Castes across States and Union Territories. The actual nationwide number is vague but presumed to be lower due to the considerable overlap of the same castes being notified in multiple States and Union Territories under Article 341(1).}}{{sup|*}} || 201,378,372 || 100 || 16.63 || {{Tooltip|747|This is a cumulative count of Scheduled Tribes across States and Union Territories. The actual nationwide number is vague but presumed to be lower due to the considerable overlap of the same tribes being notified in multiple States and Union Territories under Article 342(1).}}{{sup|*}} || 104,545,716 || 100 || 8.63
|}
{{Box|border size=1px|style=dotted|border color=#a0a8b0|font size=90%|header=Note |
* The census figures for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes represent selective demography, as the first clause of ''Articles 341'' and ''342'' specifies that Schedule status is specific to a state or union territory (indicating [[native people|nativeness of the region]] and the socio-economic disabilities arising therein), not to the whole country based on ethnicity or ancestry. For example, during the [[Census of India|census operation]], if a member of a notified community resides outside the state or union territory where the community isn't recognized as such, or if a member of Scheduled Castes follows religions other than Hinduism, Buddhism, or Sikhism, they are not counted as part of the Scheduled Castes or Scheduled Tribes, but rather as part of the general population.<ref name=casteEn>{{Cite journal |last=Bhagat |first=Ram B. |date=2006 |title=Census and caste enumeration: British legacy and contemporary practice in India |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29789312 |journal=Genus |volume=62 |issue=2 |pages=119–134 |jstor=29789312 |issn=0016-6987}}</ref><ref name=NongkynrihEPW>{{Cite journal |last=Nongkynrih |first=A K |date=2010 |title=Scheduled Tribes and the Census: A Sociological Inquiry |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27807000 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=45 |issue=19 |pages=43–47 |jstor=27807000 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref><ref name=PEWresearch>{{Cite web |last=Sahgal |first=Kelsey Jo Starr and Neha |date=2021-06-29 |title=Measuring caste in India |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/decoded/2021/06/measuring-caste-in-india/ |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US}}</ref>
* In the states of [[Arunachal Pradesh]] and [[Nagaland]], and the Union Territories of [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] and [[Lakshadweep]], no community is notified as Scheduled Castes; thus, there is no Scheduled Caste population.<ref name=ScheduledStateUT>{{cite report |title=Social Studies Division : works and activities (details) |website=censusindia.gov.in |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/sites/default/files/2022-05/SSDIV-ENG.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240707103634/https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/sites/default/files/2022-05/SSDIV-ENG.pdf |archive-date=7 July 2024 |url-status=live |access-date=29 July 2024 }}</ref>
* In the states of [[Punjab]] and [[Haryana]], and the Union Territories of [[Delhi]], [[Chandigarh]] and [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]], no community is notified as Scheduled Tribes; thus, there is no Scheduled Tribe population.<ref name=ScheduledStateUT/>
}}

=== Religion ===
{{static row numbers}}{{sort under}}{{Table alignment}}{{row hover highlight}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-text defaultright col1left hover-highlight"
|+State wise religion of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, 2011 census<ref name=SCSTReligion>{{multiref2|{{cite web|title=SC-14: Scheduled Caste population by religious community, 2011 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/SCST-Series/SC14.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114034553/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/SCST-Series/SC14.html |archive-date=14 November 2019}}
|{{cite web|title=ST-14: Scheduled Tribe population by religious community, 2011 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/SCST-Series/ST14.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114034625/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/SCST-Series/ST14.html |archive-date=14 November 2019}}}}</ref>
! rowspan="2"|States and Union Territories !! colspan="3"|Scheduled Caste !! colspan="8"|Scheduled Tribe
|-
! Hindu !! Sikh !! Buddhist !! Hindu !! Muslim !! Christian !! Sikh !! Buddhist !! Jain !! [[Tribal religions in India|Others]] !! Religion not stated
|-
| [[Andhra Pradesh]] (incl. [[Telangana]])|| 13,848,473 || 2,053 || 27,552 || 5,808,126 || 28,586 || 57,280 || 890 || 608 || 644 || 810 || 21,129
|-
| [[Arunachal Pradesh]] || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || 97,629 || 3,567 || 389,507 || 245 || 96,391 || 441 || 358,663 || 5,378
|-
| [[Assam]] || 2,229,445 || 1,335 || 541 || 3,349,772 || 13,188 || 495,379 || 387 || 7,667 || 424 || 12,039 || 5,515
|-
| [[Bihar]] || 16,563,145 || 1,595 || 2,585 || 1,277,870 || 11,265 || 32,523 || 150 || 252 || 123 || 10,865 || 3,525
|-
| [[Chhattisgarh]] || 3,208,726 || 1,577 || 63,966 || 6,933,333 || 8,508 || 385,041 || 620 || 1,078 || 312 || 488,097 || 5,913
|-
| [[Goa]] || 25,265 || 7 || 177 || 99,789 || 531 || 48,783 || 20 || 62 || 18 || 12 || 60
|-
| [[Gujarat]] || 4,062,061 || 1,038 || 11,348 || 8,747,349 || 34,619 || 120,777 || 1,262 || 1,000 || 1,266 || 3,412 || 7,489
|-
| [[Haryana]] || 4,906,560 || 204,805 || 2,250 || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}}
|-
| [[Himachal Pradesh]] || 1,709,634 || 15,939 || 3,679 || 307,914 || 37,208 || 275 || 294 || 45,998 || 54 || 23 || 360
|-
| [[Jharkhand]] || 3,983,629 || 669 || 1,346 || 3,245,856 || 18,107 || 1,338,175 || 984 || 2,946 || 381 || 4,012,622 || 25,971
|-
| [[Karnataka]] || 10,418,989 || 2,100 || 53,903 || 4,171,265 || 44,599 || 12,811 || 802 || 472 || 1,152 || 665 || 17,221
|-
| [[Kerala]] || 3,039,057 || 291 || 225 || 431,155 || 18,320 || 32,844 || 42 || 44 || 18 || 376 || 2,040
|-
| [[Madhya Pradesh]] || 11,140,007 || 2,887 || 199,426 || 14,589,855 || 33,305 || 88,548 || 1,443 || 1,796 || 852 || 584,338 || 16,647
|-
| [[Maharashtra]] || 8,060,130 || 11,484 || 5,204,284 || 10,218,315 || 112,753 || 20,335 || 2,145 || 20,798 || 1,936 || 93,646 || 40,285
|-
| [[Manipur]] || 97,238 || 39 || 51 || 8,784 || 4,296 || 1,137,318 || 209 || 2,326 || 288 || 11,174 || 3,027
|-
| [[Meghalaya]] || 16,718 || 528 || 109 || 122,141 || 10,012 || 2,157,887 || 301 || 6,886 || 254 || 251,612 || 6,768
|-
| [[Mizoram]] || 1,102 || 9 || 107 || 5,920 || 4,209 || 933,302 || 62 || 91,054 || 343 || 751 || 474
|-
| [[Nagaland]] || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || 15,035 || 5,462 || 1,680,424 || 175 || 4,901 || 500 || 3,096 || 1,380
|-
| [[Odisha]] || 7,186,698 || 825 || 940 || 8,271,054 || 15,335 || 816,981 || 1,019 || 1,959 || 448 || 470,267 || 13,693
|-
| [[Punjab]] || 3,442,305 || 5,390,484 || 27,390 || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}}
|-
| [[Rajasthan]] || 11,999,984 || 214,837 || 6,772 || 9,190,789 || 13,340 || 25,375 || 663 || 445 || 622 || 1,376 || 5,924
|-
| [[Sikkim]] || 28,016 || 15 || 244 || 40,340 || 369 || 16,899 || 72 || 1,36,041 || 125 || 12,306 || 208
|-
| [[Tamil Nadu]] || 14,435,679 || 1,681 || 1,085 || 783,942 || 2,284 || 7,222 || 84 || 50 || 45 || 55 || 1,015
|-
| [[Tripura]] || 654,745 || 69 || 104 || 888,790 || 2,223 || 153,061 || 250 || 1,19,894 || 318 || 768 || 1,509
|-
| [[Uttar Pradesh]] || 41,192,566 || 27,775 || 137,267 || 1,099,924 || 21,735 || 1,011 || 264 || 353 || 410 || 2,404 || 8,172
|-
| [[Uttarakhand]] || 1,883,611 || 7,989 || 916 || 287,809 || 1,847 || 437 || 364 || 1,142 || 7 || 9 || 288
|-
| [[West Bengal]] || 21,454,358 || 3,705 || 5,207 || 3,914,473 || 30,407 || 343,893 || 1,003 || 220,963 || 876 || 774,450 || 10,888
|-
| [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || 156 || 1,026 || 26,512 || 0 || 85 || 0 || 344 || 407
|-
| [[Chandigarh]] || 176,283 || 22,659 || 144 || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}}
|-
| [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] || 6,047 || 0 || 139 || 175,305 || 242 || 2,658 || 15 || 12 || 4 || 54 || 274
|-
| [[Daman and Diu]] || 6082 || 1 || 41 || 15,207 || 125 || 16 || 0 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 13
|-
| [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] || 913,507 || 11,301 || 183 || 67,384 || 1,320,408 || 1,775 || 665 || 100,803 || 137 || 1,170 || 957
|-
| [[Lakshadweep]] || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || 44 || 61,037 || 3 || 4 || 2 || 10 || 4 || 16
|-
| [[Delhi]] || 2,780,811 || 25,934 || 5,564 || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}}
|-
| [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] || 196,261 || 33 || 31 || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}}
|-
! India {{small|({{tooltip|%|Percentage of respective scheduled category}})}} || {{number and percent|189,667,132|201,378,372|2|disp=br()|size=small}} || {{number and percent|5,953,664|201,378,372|2|disp=br()|size=small}} || {{number and percent|5,757,576|201,378,372|2|disp=br()|size=small}} || {{number and percent|84,165,325|104,545,716|2|disp=br()|size=small}} || {{number and percent|1,858,913|104,545,716|2|disp=br()|size=small}} || {{number and percent|10,327,052|104,545,716|2|disp=br()|size=small}} || {{number and percent|14,434|104,545,716|2|disp=br()|size=small}} || {{number and percent|866,029|104,545,716|2|disp=br()|size=small}} || {{number and percent|12,009|104,545,716|2|disp=br()|size=small}} || {{number and percent|7,095,408|104,545,716|2|disp=br()|size=small}} || {{number and percent|206,546|104,545,716|2|disp=br()|size=small}}
|}
{{Box|border size=1px |style=dotted|border color=#a0a8b0|font size=90%|header=Note |
* The census figures for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes represent selective demography, as the first clause of ''Articles 341'' and ''342'' specifies that Schedule status is specific to a state or union territory (indicating [[native people|nativeness of the region]] and the socio-economic disabilities arising therein), not to the whole country based on ethnicity or ancestry. For example, during the [[Census of India|census operation]], if a member of a notified community resides outside the state or union territory where the community isn't recognized as such, or if a member of Scheduled Castes follows religions other than Hinduism, Buddhism, or Sikhism, they are not counted as part of the Scheduled Castes or Scheduled Tribes, but rather as part of the general population.<ref name=casteEn/><ref name=NongkynrihEPW/><ref name=PEWresearch/>
* In the states of [[Arunachal Pradesh]] and [[Nagaland]], and the Union Territories of [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] and [[Lakshadweep]], no community is notified as Scheduled Castes; thus, there is no Scheduled Caste population.<ref name=ScheduledStateUT/>
* In the states of [[Punjab]] and [[Haryana]], and the Union Territories of [[Delhi]], [[Chandigarh]] and [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]], no community is notified as Scheduled Tribes; thus, there is no Scheduled Tribe population.<ref name=ScheduledStateUT/>
}}

===Literacy===
{{static row numbers}}{{sort under}}{{Table alignment}}{{row hover highlight}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-text defaultright col1left hover-highlight"
|+Effective Literacy Rate of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, by state, 2011 census
! rowspan="2"|States and Union Territories !! colspan="3"|Scheduled Caste !! colspan="3"|Scheduled Tribe
|-
! Total !! Male !! Female !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Andhra Pradesh || 62.28 || 70.23 || 54.44 || 49.21 || 58.35 || 40.09
|-
| Assam || 76.99 || 83.17 || 70.45 || 72.06 || 78.96 || 65.1
|-
| Bihar || 48.65 || 57.97 || 38.46 || 51.08 || 61.31 || 40.38
|-
| Chhattisgarh || 70.76 || 81.66 || 59.86 || 59.09 || 69.67 || 48.76
|-
| Gujarat || 79.18 || 87.87 || 69.87 || 62.48 || 71.68 || 53.16
|-
| Haryana || 66.85 || 75.93 || 56.65 || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}}
|-
| Himachal Pradesh || 78.92 || 86.23 || 71.46 || 73.64 || 83.17 || 64.2
|-
| Jharkhand || 55.89 || 66.94 || 44.2 || 57.13 || 68.17 || 46.2
|-
| Karnataka || 65.33 || 74.03 || 56.58 || 62.08 || 71.14 || 52.98
|-
| Kerala || 88.73 || 92.64 || 85.07 || 75.81 || 80.76 || 71.08
|-
| Madhya Pradesh || 66.16 || 76.72 || 54.7 || 50.55 || 59.55 || 41.47
|-
| Maharashtra || 79.66 || 87.18 || 71.89 || 65.73 || 74.27 || 57.02
|-
| Manipur || 76.09 || 83.41 || 68.79 || 72.58 || 77.33 || 67.81
|-
| Meghalaya || 68.57 || 74.89 || 61.43 || 74.53 || 75.54 || 73.55
|-
| Mizoram || 92.43 || 93.08 || 91.04 || 91.51 || 93.59 || 89.47
|-
| Nagaland || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || 80.04 || 83.11 || 76.91
|-
| Odisha || 69.02 || 79.21 || 58.76 || 52.24 || 63.7 || 41.2
|-
| Punjab || 64.81 || 70.66 || 58.39 || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}}
|-
| Rajasthan || 59.75 || 73.77 || 44.63 || 52.8 || 67.62 || 37.27
|-
| Sikkim || 77.54 || 82.8 || 72.04 || 79.74 || 85.01 || 74.27
|-
| Tamil Nadu || 73.26 || 80.94 || 65.64 || 54.34 || 61.81 || 46.8
|-
| Tripura || 89.45 || 92.78 || 85.98 || 79.05 || 86.43 || 71.59
|-
| Uttar Pradesh || 60.89 || 71.77 || 48.87 || 55.68 || 67.08 || 43.72
|-
| Uttarakhand || 74.41 || 84.34 || 64.05 || 73.88 || 83.56 || 63.89
|-
| West Bengal || 69.43 || 77.22 || 61.23 || 57.93 || 68.17 || 47.71
|-
| Andaman & Nicobar Islands || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || 75.58 || 80.87 || 69.92
|-
| Chandigarh || 76.45 || 83.57 || 68.27 || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}}
|-
| Dadra & Nagar Haveli || 89.42 || 93.11 || 85.03 || 61.85 || 73.62 || 50.27
|-
| Daman & Diu || 92.56 || 96.79 || 88.09 || 78.79 || 86.23 || 71.23
|-
| Goa || 83.73 || 89.9 || 77.69 || 79.14 || 87.16 || 71.53
|-
| Jammu & Kashmir || 70.16 || 78.79 || 60.67 || 50.56 || 60.58 || 39.73
|-
| Lakshadweep || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || 91.7 || 95.69 || 87.76
|-
| Delhi || 78.89 || 86.77 || 70.01 || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}}
|-
| Puducherry || 77.9 || 85.22 || 71.05 || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}} || {{n/a}}
|}

== Provisions ==
To effectively implement the safeguards built into the Constitution and other legislation, the Constitution under Articles 338 and 338A provides for two constitutional commissions: the [[National Commission for Scheduled Castes]],<ref>{{cite web|title=National Commission for Schedule Castes|url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/organisation/national-commission-schedule-castes|website=Indiaenvironmentportal.org|access-date=1 October 2017|archive-date=31 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831022327/http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/organisation/national-commission-schedule-castes|url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[National Commission for Scheduled Tribes]].<ref>{{cite web|title=THE CONSTITUTION (EIGHTY-NINTH AMENDMENT) ACT, 2003|url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend89.htm|website=Indiacode.nic.in|access-date=1 October 2017|archive-date=15 September 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915093253/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend89.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The chairpersons of both commissions sit ''[[ex officio]]'' on the [[National Human Rights Commission of India|National Human Rights Commission]].

The Constitution provides a three-pronged strategy<ref>[http://nhrc.nic.in/Publications/reportKBSaxena.pdf] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070508052156/http://nhrc.nic.in/Publications/reportKBSaxena.pdf|date=8 May 2007}}</ref> to improve the situation of SCs and STs:
* '''Protective arrangements:''' Such measures as are required to enforce equality, to provide punitive measures for transgressions, and to eliminate established practices that perpetuate inequities. A number of laws were enacted to implement the provisions in the Constitution. Examples of such laws include the Untouchability Practices Act, 1955, [[Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989]], The Employment of Manual Scavengers and Construction of Dry Latrines (Prohibition) Act, 1993, etc. Despite legislation, social discrimination and atrocities against the backward castes continued to persist.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Democracy, Development, and Decentralization in India: Continuing Debates|last=Sengupta|first=Chandan|publisher=Routledge|year=2013|isbn=978-1136198489|pages=23}}</ref>
* '''Affirmative action:''' Provide positive treatment in allotment of jobs and access to higher education as a means to accelerate the integration of the SCs and STs with mainstream society. Affirmative action is popularly known as [[Reservation in India|reservation]]. ''Article 16'' of the Constitution states "nothing in this article shall prevent the State from making any provisions for the reservation of appointments or posts in favor of any backward class of citizens, which, in the opinion of the state, is not adequately represented in the services under the State". The Supreme Court upheld the legality of affirmative action and the [[Mandal Commission]] (a report that recommended that affirmative action not only apply to the Untouchables but the [[other backward class]] (OBCs) as well). However, the reservations about affirmative action were only allotted in the public sector, not the private.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A Concise History of Modern India|last1=Metcalf|first1=Barbara D.|last2=Metcalf|first2=Thomas R.|publisher=Cambridge|year=2012|isbn=978-1-107-67218-5|location=New York|pages=274}}</ref>
* '''Development:''' Provide resources and benefits to bridge the socioeconomic gap between the SCs and STs and other communities. Legislation to improve the socioeconomic situation of SCs and STs because twenty-seven percent of SC and thirty-seven percent of ST households lived below the poverty line, compared to the mere eleven percent among other households. Additionally, the backward castes were poorer than other groups in Indian society, and they suffered from higher morbidity and mortality rates.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Democracy, Development and Decentralization in India: Continuing Debates|last=Sengupta|first=Chandan|publisher=Routledge|year=2013|isbn=9781136198489|pages=23}}</ref>

=== Implementation ===
==== Scheduled Castes Sub-Plan ====
The Scheduled Castes Sub-Plan (SCSP) of 1979 mandated a planning process for the social, economic and educational development of Scheduled Castes and improvement in their working and living conditions. It was an umbrella strategy, ensuring the flow of targeted financial and physical benefits from the general sector of development to the Scheduled Castes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.planningcommission.nic.in/plans/stateplan/scp%26tsp/noteguidelinesFor.doc|access-date=1 October 2017|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226071402/http://www.planningcommission.nic.in/plans/stateplan/scp%26tsp/noteguidelinesFor.doc|archive-date=26 February 2009|website=[[Planning Commission (India)]]|title=Letter from Joint Secretary (SP) to Planning Secretaries of All Indian States/UTs|first=R|last=Sridharan|date=31 October 2005}}</ref> It entailed a targeted flow of funds and associated benefits from the annual plan of states and Union Territories (UTs) in at least a proportion to the national SC population. Twenty-seven states and UTs with sizable SC populations are implementing the plan. Although the Scheduled Castes population according to the [[2001 Census of India|2001 Census]] was 16.66 [[crores]] (16.23% of the total population), the allocations made through SCSP have been lower than the proportional population.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Mannewar: A Tribal Community in India|last=Bone|first=Omprakash S.|publisher=Notion Press|year=2015|isbn=978-9352063444}}</ref> A strange factor has emerged of extremely lowered fertility of scheduled castes in [[Kerala]], due to land reform, migrating ([[Kerala Gulf diaspora]]) and democratization of education.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://pure.iiasa.ac.at/7495/|title=A paradox within a paradox: Scheduled caste fertility in Kerala|first1=Pallikadavath|last1=S.|first2=Wilson|last2=C.|date=1 July 2005|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=40|issue=28|pages=3085–3093|access-date=1 October 2017|archive-date=1 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001214212/http://pure.iiasa.ac.at/7495/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Tribal Sub-Plan ====
{{Main|Tribal Sub-Plan}}

== Issue in policy and implementation ==
=== Constitutional history ===
In the original Constitution, Article 338 provided for a special officer (the Commissioner for SCs and STs) responsible for monitoring the implementation of constitutional and legislative safeguards for SCs and STs and reporting to the president. Seventeen regional offices of the Commissioner were established throughout the country.{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}

There was an initiative to replace the Commissioner with a committee in the 48th Amendment to the Constitution, changing Article 338. While the amendment was being debated, the Ministry of Welfare established the first committee for SCs and STs (with the functions of the Commissioner) in August 1978. These functions were modified in September 1987 to include advising the government on broad policy issues and the development levels of SCs and STs. Now it is included in Article 342.{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}

In 1990, Article 338 was amended for the National Commission for SCs and STs with the ''Constitution (Sixty fifth Amendment) Bill, 1990''.<ref name=cons>{{cite web|url=http://lawmin.nic.in/coi/coiason29july08.pdf |title=Constitution of India as of 29 July 2008 |access-date=13 April 2011 |work=The Constitution of India |publisher=Ministry of Law & Justice |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140909230437/http://lawmin.nic.in/coi/coiason29july08.pdf |archive-date=9 September 2014}}</ref> The first commission under the 65th Amendment was constituted in March 1992, replacing the Commissioner for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes and the commission established by the Ministry of Welfare's Resolution of 1989. In 2003, the Constitution was again amended to divide the National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes into two commissions: the National Commission for Scheduled Castes and the National Commission for Scheduled Tribes.

===Issue with scheduling and de-scheduling===

During the drafting of the [[Constitution of India]], the [[Prime Minister of India]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], appointed [[B. R. Ambedkar]] as the [[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Minister of Justice]]. Ambedkar and Nehru both were concerned about groups deemed oppressed and disadvantaged, referred to as [[subalterns]] in [[postcolonial studies]].<ref name="Crémin">{{cite journal|last=Crémin|first=Emilie|title=Construction de l’identité tribale et revendications territoriales des Miri-Mising au Nord-est de l’Inde|date=2020|url=https://journals.openedition.org/eps/9781#quotation|journal=Espace populations sociétés. Space populations societies|volume=2020/1-2|issue=|pages=}}</ref> In post-colonial India, one of the most disadvantaged groups included the former [[Untouchability|untouchables]], for whom Ambedkar insisted on the establishment of the category of ''depressed castes''. These subalterns, becoming aware of their subordination during political mobilisations, called themselves [[Dalits]], "the oppressed". The Government of India instituted [[affirmative action]] for the most highly disadvantaged groups to improve their socio-economic standing and well-being. The Indian government distinguished the disadvantaged populations from one another by their membership in the caste system and tribal affiliation. The “tribal” groups were identified as minorities belong to the [[oral tradition]], standing outside the [[Varna (Hinduism)|Varna]]-[[Jāti]] [[Brahmanical]] hierarchy.<ref name="Crémin"/>

The concept of Scheduled Tribes — according to the official definition — thus refers to populations lagging behind with a low level of human development, and in geographical isolation compared to the rest of Indians, and hence called "backward," a parallel concept to "[[indigenous peoples]]" in the [[Western world]]. According to Emilie Crémin, these criteria, defined in 1950, nevertheless seem outdated today, since some tribal states such as [[Nagaland]], on the contrary, have an average level of [[human development index]] (HDI) compared to the rest of India after their separation from [[Assam]].<ref name="Crémin"/>

=== Religious restriction ===
The Scheduled Castes, as a constitutional category in India, emerged from the practice of [[untouchability]] in the [[Caste system in India|caste system]] associated with Hinduism. Although the [[Constitution of India]] did not specify religious criteria, it was accepted by the [[Constituent Assembly of India|Constituent Assembly]] that only adherents of Hinduism would be entitled to Scheduled Caste status.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kumar |first=Arvind |date=2023-07-01 |title=Exclusion of Pasmanda Muslims and Dalit Christians from the Scheduled Caste Quota |journal=South Asia Research |language=en |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=192–209 |doi=10.1177/02627280231161000 |issn=0262-7280 |s2cid=258658645 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Thus, ''the Constitution (Scheduled Castes) Order of 1950'' specified as such, with the exception of certain communities in relation to [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], who could be either Hindu or Sikh. The 1956 amendment extended Scheduled Caste status to Dalit converts to Sikhism nationwide. In 1990, it was further extended to Buddhist converts, following the [[Dalit Buddhist movement|mass conversion]] led by [[B.R. Ambedkar]] to reject caste discrimination rooted in Hinduism. However, converts to [[Christianity in India|Christianity]], [[Islam in India|Islam]], or other religions not specified in the order and subsequent amendments are not entitled to Scheduled Caste status and are not counted as such in census enumeration. According to the [[Sachar Committee]] analysis, Scheduled Castes (SCs) make up 19.7% of India's total population. These SCs constitute 89.5% of the Buddhist population, 30.7% of Sikhs, 22.2% of Hindus, 9% of Christians, 0.8% of Muslims, and 2.6% belong to other religious beliefs.<ref>{{cite report |title=Social, Economic and Educational Status of the Muslim Community of India |publisher=Cabinet Secretariat, Government of India |date=November 2006 |url=https://www.minorityaffairs.gov.in/sites/default/files/sachar_comm.pdf |access-date=19 May 2022 |archive-date=3 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503115359/http://www.minorityaffairs.gov.in/sites/default/files/sachar_comm.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Similarly, according to the [[Pew Research Center|Pew Research survey]], 89% of [[Buddhism in India#Demographics|Buddhists]] identified as SCs, followed by 47% of [[Sikhism in India|Sikhs]], 33% of [[Christianity in India|Christians]], 25% of [[Hinduism in India|Hindus]], 4% of [[Islam in India|Muslims]], 3% of [[Jainism in India|Jains]], and the remaining 25% of SCs identify as the general population. Overall, estimates of the SC population in India without religious bar vary, such as 25% in ''Religion 2020'', 24% in ''Global Attitudes 2019'', and 23% in ''Global Attitudes 2017'' by the Pew Research Center. Other estimates include 22% by ''[[India Human Development Survey|IHDS (2005)]]'', 19% by ''NES (2019)'', and 21% by ''[[National Family Health Survey|NFHS (2015–2016)]]'', all of which are higher than the 16% and 17% recorded in the 2001 and 2011 Censuses of India, respectively.<ref name=PEWresearch/> The demand for extending Scheduled Caste status to adherents of religions other than Hinduism, Buddhism, and Sikhism has been rejected by the [[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India|Office of the Registrar General of India]], which became the validating authority in 1999. Before that, state recommendations and the approval of the [[National Commission for Scheduled Castes|National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] were considered for additions, deletions, or modifications to the Presidential Order through [[Parliament of India|Parliament]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lakshman |first=Abhinay |date=2022-10-05 |title=Explained {{!}} The criterion for SC status |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/explained-the-criterion-for-sc-status/article65973273.ece |access-date=2025-01-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Fazal |first=Tanweer |date=2017-02-01 |title=Scheduled Castes, reservations and religion: Revisiting a juridical debate |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0069966716680429 |journal=Contributions to Indian Sociology |language=en |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=1–24 |doi=10.1177/0069966716680429 |issn=0069-9659|url-access=subscription }}</ref> As a result, individuals converted to religions not specified by the constitutional order often either avoid disclosing their actual religious beliefs or assert their previous religious identity in official records to avail [[Welfare spending|social security and welfare benefits]] (popularly known as the [[Reservation in India|Reservation]]) provided by the government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Community-status-lapses-on-conversion-rules-Madras-High-Court/article12088388.ece|title=Community status lapses on conversion, rules Madras High Court|date=24 June 2013|website=Thehindu.com|access-date=1 October 2017|archive-date=20 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220175425/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Community-status-lapses-on-conversion-rules-Madras-High-Court/article12088388.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> Although those converted SCs fall into the [[Other Backward Class]] category, which provides similar affirmative benefits except for political reservation.

=== Area restriction ===
The classification of communities as Scheduled Castes, initially formalized by the British in the early 20th century under the term 'Depressed Classes', was geographically specific, with communities identified at the district or provincial level based on localized patterns of social disadvantage. After independence, this area-based framework was largely retained, as socio-economic disabilities were seen as regionally rooted by social structure.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aslam |first=Mohammad |date=1990 |title=Scheduled Castes: Some Unresolved Problems |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43951306 |journal=Journal of the Indian Law Institute |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=110–113 |jstor=43951306 |issn=0019-5731}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Kulkarni |first=Sharad |date=1994 |title=Identifying Scheduled Tribes: The Gowari Tragedy |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4402091 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=29 |issue=49 |pages=3073–3074 |jstor=4402091 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref>

In most states, the intrastate area restrictions are removed by the ''Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Orders (Amendment) Act, 1976''.<ref name=":3" /> However, the inter-state area restrictions per ''Article 341(1)'' and ''342(1)'' are defined by the Constitution. Accordingly, the lists of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes are specific to each state and union territory.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sáenz |first1=Rogelio |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v_bLCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA198 |title=The International Handbook of the Demography of Race and Ethnicity |last2=Embrick |first2=David G. |last3=Rodríguez |first3=Néstor P. |date=2015-06-03 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-90-481-8891-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Padmanabha |first=P. |title=Census of India 1981, Lists of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes |pages=ii |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/31288/download/34469/26667_1981_LIS.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229185913/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/31288/download/34469/26667_1981_LIS.pdf |archive-date=29 February 2024 |url-status=live |place=New Delhi |publisher=Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner for India}}</ref>

=== Subclassification ===
The notified Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes were earlier regarded as homogeneous social groups for policy implementation, which resulted in disparities where some communities accessed a disproportionate share of affirmative benefits while more marginalized sections remained excluded from adequate representation. To address this, several [[State governments of India|state governments]], notably [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], introduced sub-classification of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes for a more equitable distribution of affirmative measures. However, since the authority to maintain the list of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes rests with the central government, the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] struck down the sub-classification policy, emphasizing homogeneity in the context of the scheduling list.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2024-10-04 |title=Supreme Court dismisses review petitions against judgment allowing sub-classification of Scheduled Castes |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/supreme-court-dismisses-review-petitions-against-judgment-allowing-sub-classification-of-scheduled-castes/article68717606.ece |access-date=2025-01-12 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In 2024, a seven-judge [[Constitution bench (India)|bench]] of the Supreme Court upheld the constitutional validity of sub-classification, clarifying that while homogeneity applies to the Presidential Scheduled List, it does not restrict state's power vis-à-vis ''Article 15(4)'', ''Article 16(4)'', and other empowering provisions in policy implementation or the distribution of welfare benefits. The decision affirmed the state's power to adopt sub-classification or other policies for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes to ensure an equitable distribution of affirmative action benefits.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bakshi |first=Gursimran Kaur |date=2024-08-01 |title=Scheduled Castes Not A Homogeneous Class, Sub-classification One Of The Means To Achieve Substantive Equality: Supreme Court |url=https://www.livelaw.in/supreme-court/scheduled-castes-not-a-homogeneous-class-sub-classification-one-of-the-means-to-achieve-substantive-equality-supreme-court-265375 |access-date=2025-01-12 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* {{section link|Constitution of India|Schedules}}
** [[Scheduled Areas]]
** [[Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India|Scheduled Languages]]
* [[List of Scheduled Castes in India]]
* [[List of Scheduled Tribes in India]]
* [[Particularly vulnerable tribal group]]
* [[Nomadic tribes in India]]
* [[Other Backward Class]]es
* [[Forward caste]]
* [[Inter-caste marriages in India]]
* [[Reservation in India]]
* [[Socio Economic Caste Census 2011]]

==Footnotes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{source-attribution|Constitution of India.}}
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal |last=Mandal | first=Mahitosh |date=2022 | title=Dalit Resistance during the Bengal Renaissance: Five Anti-Caste Thinkers from Colonial Bengal, India |journal=Caste: A Global Journal on Social Exclusion |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=11–30 | doi=10.26812/caste.v3i1.367 | s2cid=249027627 |url=https://journals.library.brandeis.edu/index.php/caste/article/view/367/96|doi-access=free }}
* {{cite book |chapter=Anthropological Studies of Indian Tribes |first1=Vinay Kumar |last1=Srivastava |first2= K. |last2=Chaudhary |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Z2E1q1JLVsC&pg=PA50 |title=Sociology and Social Anthropology in India |editor-first=Yogesh singh chauhan |editor-last=Atal |publisher=Indian Council of Social Science Research/Pearson Education India |year=2009 |isbn=9788131720349}}

==External links==
* [http://www.tribal.nic.in Ministry of Tribal Affairs] – official website
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100605042409/http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/scst_main.html 2001 Census of India] – Tables on Individual Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (archived)
* [http://www.dicci.org/index.html Dalit Indian Chamber of Commerce & Industry]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030112619/http://www.dicci.org/index.html |date=30 October 2016 }}.
* [http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/maps/maps2011.html Administrative Atlas of India – 2011]

{{Reservation in India}}
{{Discrimination}}
{{Social issues in India}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Scheduled Castes And Scheduled Tribes}}
[[Category:Dalit| ]]
[[Category:Caste system in India]]
[[Category:Caste-related violence in India]]
[[Category:Discrimination in India]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of India| ]]
[[Category:Adivasi]]
[[Category:Scheduled Castes| ]]

Panpatha Wildlife Sanctuary

2026-02-24T02:53:28Z

CoyCallaghan: starting initial stub w/ refs

{{Short description|Wildlife sanctuary in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{aI-generated|date=July 2025}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=July 2025}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Panpatha Wildlife Sanctuary
| iucn_category = IV
| map = India Madhya Pradesh#India
| relief = yes
| mapframe = Yes
| map_alt = Location of Panpatha Wildlife Sanctuary in Madhya Pradesh
| map_caption = Panpatha Wildlife Sanctuary (in Madhya Pradesh)
| mapframe-zoom = 9
| location = [[Umaria district]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]
| nearest_city = [[Bandhavgarh]]
| coordinates = {{coord|23.69944|80.96194|region:IN-MP|display=inline,title}}
| coords_ref =
| area = {{convert|245.84|km2|abbr=on}}<ref name="gov">{{cite web |url=https://wii.gov.in/eia/wildlife_database/madhya_pradesh|title =Wildlife Sanctuary – Madhya Pradesh|publisher=Government of Madhya Pradesh |access-date=13 July 2025}}</ref>
| established = 1983<ref name="gov"/>
| governing_body = Forest Department, Government of Madhya Pradesh
}}

'''Panpatha''' is a [[List of wildlife sanctuaries of India|wildlife sanctuary]] located in [[Umaria district]] in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh.<ref name=envis>{{cite web |url=http://wiienvis.nic.in/Database/Madhya_Pradesh_7828.aspx |title=Protected Area Gazette Notification Database (Madhya Pradesh)|access-date= 22 December 2021}}</ref><ref name=envisWLS>{{cite web |url=http://wiienvis.nic.in/Database/wls_8230.aspx |title=Wildlife Sanctuaries |access-date= 22 December 2021}}</ref> It was established in 1983 and covers approximately 245.84 km² of dry deciduous forest adjoining [[Bandhavgarh National Park|Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve]].<ref name="gov"/>

==Flora and fauna==
{{OSM Location map|| width=280| height=270| zoom=9
|coord={{coord|23|47|N|81|00|E}}| float=left|caption=Location of '''Panpatha Wildlife Sanctuary adjacent to Bandhavgarh National Park''' in '''Madhya Pradesh''' M: municipality, NP: National Park, WLS: Wildlife Sanctuary, H: Historical place|
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|31|30|N|80|50|20|E}} | label-pos1=top|label1=Umaria| numbered1=M| mark-title1= [[Umaria]] (T) | mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #C40000||shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|41|50|N|80|59|50|E}} | label-pos2= bottom|label2=Bandhavgarh |numbered2=NP||labela2= National |labelb2= Park | mark-title2= Bandhavgarh National Park |shape-color2=Green| label-size2=13|label-color2=Green
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|50|00|N|81|02|00|E}} | label-pos3= top|label3=Panpatha |numbered3=WLS||labela3= Wildlife |labelb3= Sanctuary | mark-title3= Panpatha Wildlife Sanctuary |shape-color3=Green| label-size3=13|label-color3=Green
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|41|00|N|81|02|20|E}} | label-pos4=top|label4= Bandhavgarh | labela4= Fort| numbered4=H| mark-title4=[[Bandhavgarh Fort]] (H) | label-size4=7|label-color4=#800000| shape-color4=#AA6666
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|53|30|N|81|08|40|E}} |label5= Son |labela5= River |label-color5 = #77A1CB| label-angle5= 30| label-pos5=top| label-size5=10| mark-size5=0| mark-title5 =none
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|31|00|N|81|10|30|E}} |label6= Johilla |labela6= River |label-color6 = #77A1CB| label-angle6= -60| label-pos6=top| label-size6=10| mark-size6=0| mark-title6 =none
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|36|30|N|80|50|15|E}} |label7= Umrar |labela7= River |label-color7 = #77A1CB| label-angle7= 50| label-pos7=top| label-size7=10| mark-size7=0| mark-title7 =none
|mark-coord8={{coord|24|04|40|N|81|00|0|E}} |label8= Ban Sagar Lake |label-color8 = #77A1CB| label-angle8=-20| label-pos8=top| label-size8=10| mark-size8=0| mark-title8 =none}}

The sanctuary preserves dry deciduous and sal forest, supporting tiger (''Panthera tigris''), leopard (''P. pardus''), gaur, sambar, chousingha, nilgai, barking deer, wild boar, jackal, hyena, chital, four horned antelope and jackals.<ref name=WWF/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=O. T. |title=10 Best Places To Visit In Madhya Pradesh For Wildlife Lovers |url=https://www.outlooktraveller.com/ampstories/experiences/nature/10-best-places-to-visit-in-madhya-pradesh-for-wildlife-lovers |access-date=2025-07-13 |website=Outlook Traveller |language=en}}</ref>

A 2021 assessment by WWF‑India and the Wildlife Institute of India emphasized Panpatha's role as a critical corridor facilitating tiger movement between [[Panna National Park|Panna]] and [[Bandhavgarh National Park|Bandhavgarh]], recommending landscape-level management to preserve connectivity.<ref name=WWF>{{cite report |last=Harsh |first=S. |last2=Jena |first2=J. |last3=Dave |first3=C. |year=2015 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354543087 |title=Connecting habitat corridors for tigers in Panna Landscape - A rapid assessment of forests around Panna Tiger Reserve, WWF India, New Delhi, India |publisher=WWF India |via=ResearchGate|access-date=13 July 2025}}</ref>

==Tourism ==
In July 2025, the state government approved Eco-Sensitive Zone master plans for eight protected areas, including Panpatha, to manage development and promote sustainable tourism.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/bhopal/mp-tourism-board-develops-eco-sensitive-zone-master-plans-for-national-parks-to-boost-sustainable-wildlife-tourism |title=MP Tourism Board develops Eco‑Sensitive Zone master plans for eight parks |publisher=Free Press Journal |date=7 July 2025 |access-date=13 July 2025}}</ref>

The sanctuary, about 73 km from Khajuraho Airport and accessible via SH‑10 from Umaria, offers jeep safaris during October–June mornings and evenings.<ref name="gov"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Umaria district]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1983]]
[[Category:1983 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]

Mahaveer Prasad

2026-02-23T08:15:54Z

CoyCallaghan:

{{Short description|Indian politician (1939–2010)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mahabir Prasad
| image = The Union Minister for Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises, Shri Mahabir Prasad addressing the concluding function of Hindi Divas, in New Delhi on June 05, 2008.jpg
| caption = Mahabir Prasad (right) addressing the concluding function of Hindi Divas, in New Delhi on 5 June 2008
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1939|11|11|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Gorakhpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| residence = Gorakhpur
| death_date = {{death date and age|2010|11|29|1939|11|11|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Rajender Nagar]], [[Delhi]], [[India]]
| constituency = [[Bansgaon (Lok Sabha Constituency)|Bansgaon]]
| office1 = [[List of Governors of Himachal Pradesh|Governor of Himachal Pradesh]] {{small|(Additional charge)}}
| term1 = 23 April 1996 – 25 July 1997
| predecessor1 = [[Sheila Kaul]]
| successor1 = [[V. S. Ramadevi]]
| term2 = 18 September 1995 – 16 November 1995
| predecessor2 = [[Sudhakarrao Naik]]
| successor2 = [[Sheila Kaul]]
| office3 = [[List of Governors of Haryana|Governor of Haryana]]
| term3 = 14 Jun 1995 - 18 Jun 2000<ref>https://haryanarajbhavan.gov.in/former-head/shri-mahabir-prasad/</ref>
| predecessor3 = [[Dhanik Lal Mandal]]
| successor3 = [[Babu Parmanand]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| spouse = Late Udasi Devi
| children = 2
| website =
| footnotes =
| date = 22 September
| year = 2006|
| source = https://web.archive.org/web/20071030105327/http://164.100.24.208/ls/lsmember/biodata.asp?mpsno=2782
}}

'''Mahaveer Prasad''' ({{langx|hi|महावीर प्रसाद}}) (11 November 1939 – 28 November 2010) was an Indian politician. He stood for the [[2004 Indian general election|2004 Lok Sabha elections]] on the [[Indian National Congress]] ticket and until his death was a Member of Parliament for [[Bansgaon (Lok Sabha Constituency)|Bansgaon]]. He was the [[Ministry of Small Scale Industries (India)|Union Cabinet Minister of Small Scale Industries]] and [[Ministry of Agro and Rural Industries (India)|Agro and Rural Industries]].<ref name=Sketch>[http://164.100.24.208/ls/lsmember/biodata.asp?mpsno=2782 Official biography from Parliament of India records] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071030105327/http://164.100.24.208/ls/lsmember/biodata.asp?mpsno=2782 |date=30 October 2007 }}.</ref>

Prasad was a member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from 1974 to 1977. He was elected to the [[7th Lok Sabha]] in 1980 and to the [[8th Lok Sabha]] in 1984. He was Union Deputy Minister of Railways from February 1988 to July 1989 and Minister of State for Mines and Steel in the Department of Mines from July 1989 to December 1989. He was elected to the [[9th Lok Sabha]] in 1989 and served as [[Governor of Haryana]] from 14 June 1994 to 1999. While he was Governor of Haryana, he also served as [[Governor of Himachal Pradesh]] from 18 September 1995 to 16 November 1995 and again from 23 April 1996 to 26 July 1997. He was elected to the [[14th Lok Sabha]] in 2004, and following the election he became Union Cabinet Minister of Small Scale Industries and Agro & Rural Industries on 22 May 2004.<ref name=Sketch/>

Prasad was from Chamar caste of village Ujjarpar, P/O Ujjarpar, Dist Gorakhpur Uttar Pradesh.
He was oldest among his brothers, Lt. Prabhunath Prasad and Lt. Chhavilal Prasad. His nephews (brother's sons) are Vijay Kumar, Raj Kumar, Baijnath Kumar who currently live in Gorakhpur and doing well in their career.

Mahaveer Prasad died on 28 November 2010 at the [[Sir Ganga Ram Hospital (India)|Sir Ganga Ram Hospital]] in [[Delhi]] after a long illness.<ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Former-Union-minister-Mahavir-Prasad-dies/717439 Former Union minister Mahavir Prasad dies], Press Trust of India, 30 November 2010.</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Governors of Haryana}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prashad, Mahaveer}}
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:2010 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politicians from Gorakhpur]]
[[Category:India MPs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:Members of the Cabinet of India]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Governors of Haryana]]
[[Category:Governors of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:India MPs 1980–1984]]
[[Category:India MPs 1984–1989]]
[[Category:India MPs 1989–1991]]
[[Category:People from Gorakhpur district]]

Dipankar Banerjee (metallurgist)

2026-02-07T18:50:56Z

CoyCallaghan: new a info

{{Short description|Indian physical metallurgist and materials engineer (born 1952)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Dipankar Banerjee
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1952|2|15}}
| birth_place = [[West Bengal]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Physical metallurgy]] | [[Material engineering]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[IIT Madras]] | [[Indian Institute of Science]] | [[Carnegie Mellon University]] }}
| work_institutions = {{ublist | [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]] | [[General Electric Research Laboratory]] | [[Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory|Defence Research & Development Organization]] }}
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Studies on [[Titanium alloys]]
| awards = {{ublist| 1987 [[Indian Institute of Metals|IIM]] [[National Metallurgists' Day (NMD) Awards|National Metallurgist's Day Award]] | 1987 [[Defence Research and Development Organization|DRDO]] Scientist of the Year Award | 1993 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] | 2001 MRSI Superconductivity Prize | 2003 [[IIT Madras|IITM]] Distinguished Alumnus Award | 2005 [[Padma Shri]] | 2008 [[Defence Research and Development Organization|DRDO]] Technology Leadership Award | 2011 [[Indian National Academy of Engineering|INAE]] Professor Jai Krishna Memorial Award | 2014 [[Defence Research and Development Organization|DRDO]] Life time Achievement Award }}
}}

'''Dipankar Banerjee''' (born 15 February 1952) is an Indian physical metallurgist, materials engineer and a former chief controller of R&D at the [[Defence Research and Development Organization]] (DRDO). Known for his studies on [[titanium alloys]], Banerjee is an elected fellow of all the three major Indian science academies namely [[Indian Academy of Sciences]], [[Indian National Science Academy]] and [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] as well as the [[Indian National Academy of Engineering]]. The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards for his contributions to Engineering Sciences in 1993.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Long link - please select award year to see details}} He received the fourth highest Indian civilian honour of [[Padma Shri]] from the Government of India in 2005.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref>

== Biography ==
[[File:IISc Main Building.jpg|thumb|left|[[Indian Institute of Science|IISc]] - Main Building]]
Born on 15 February 1952,<ref name="Fellow profile - Dipankar Banerjee">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Banerjee,_Prof._Dipankar |title=Fellow profile - Dipankar Banerjee |date=18 December 2017 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences |access-date=2017-12-18}}</ref> Dipankar Banerjee graduated in [[Metallurgy|metallurgical engineering]] from the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Madras]] in 1974.<ref name="Indian fellow - Dipankar Banerjee">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail/N95-1170 |title=Indian fellow - Dipankar Banerjee |date=18 December 2017 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=2017-12-18}}</ref> After gaining a master's degree, he pursued his doctoral studies at the [[Indian Institute of Science]] (IISc) to earn a PhD in 1979. His post-doctoral work was at the Aeronautical Research and Development Board of India of the [[Defence Research and Development Organization]] (DRDO) as a research fellow and after completing the work, he started his career at the [[Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory]] (DMRL) of DRDO in 1979.<ref name="Faculty profile - Dipankar Banerjee">{{Cite web |url=http://materials.iisc.ernet.in/~dbanerjee/group-leader.html |title=Faculty profile - Dipankar Banerjee |date=18 December 2017 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences |access-date=2017-12-18 |archive-date=25 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171225061916/http://materials.iisc.ernet.in/~dbanerjee/group-leader.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> He became the director of DMRL in 1996 and held the position until 2003 when he was appointed as the chief controller of research and development of DRDO, overseeing the aeronautical and materials programs of the organization. In 2010, he returned to his alma mater, the IISc, as a professor at the Department of Materials Engineering<ref name="NASI fellows">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=B |title=NASI fellows |date=2016 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315111634/http://nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=B |archive-date=15 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and heads the ''Processing, Structure and Properties of Materials Laboratory'' (PSPM) as its group leader.<ref name="Home - PSPM">{{Cite web |url=http://materials.iisc.ernet.in/~dbanerjee/ |title=Home - PSPM |date=18 December 2017 |website=materials.iisc.ernet.in |language=en-US |access-date=2017-12-18}}</ref> During this period, he had several stints on research assignments in the US which included those at the Carnegie Mellon University, the [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]] and the [[General Electric Research Laboratory]]. He is a former chair of the research council of the [[National Institute of Interdisciplinary Science and Technology]] and the incumbent chair of the research council of Central Glass and Ceramics Research Institute of CSIR and the Gas Turbine Materials (GTMAP) program of the Aeronautics Research and Development Board of DRDO.<ref name="GTMAP-Aeronautics Research and Development Board">{{Cite web |url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/boards/ardb/contact.htm |title=GTMAP-Aeronautics Research and Development Board |date=18 December 2017 |website=www.drdo.gov.in |access-date=2017-12-18}}</ref> He is a former president and the incumbent member of the council of the [[Indian Institute of Metals]]<ref name="Indian Institute of Metal- About Us">{{Cite web |url=http://www.iim-india.net/national-council |title=Indian Institute of Metal- About Us |date=18 December 2017 |website=www.iim-india.net |access-date=2017-12-18}}</ref> and sits in the governing board of the Indian Institute of Technology, Madras.<ref name="Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Governing Board">{{Cite web |url=https://www.iitm.ac.in/board |title=Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Governing Board |date=18 December 2017 |website=www.iitm.ac.in |language=en |access-date=2017-12-18}}</ref> The memberships of the board of governors of [[Mishra Dhatu Nigam]] and the strategic advisory committee of the Mining and Metallurgical Society of America were some of his other past assignments.

== Legacy ==
[[File:MAUD-MTEX-TiAl-hasylab-2003-Liss.png|thumb|235px|Pole figures displaying crystallographic texture of gamma-TiAl in a rolled sheet of alpha2-gamma alloy, as measured by high energy X-rays<ref name=Liss>{{ cite journal |vauthors=Liss KD, Bartels A, Schreyer A, Clemens H |title=High energy X-rays: A tool for advanced bulk investigations in materials science and physics |journal=Textures Microstruct. |year=2003 |volume=35 |issue=3/4 |pages=219–52 |doi=10.1080/07303300310001634952 |doi-access=free |url=http://tubdok.tub.tuhh.de/handle/11420/1569 }}</ref>]]
Banerjee, whose research has been focusing on the structure and properties of [[titanium alloy]]s, is known to have made significant contributions in the field of the physical metallurgy of [[titanium aluminide]]s and his studies are reported to have assisted in developing alloy systems for high-temperature applications such as those in [[gas turbine engines]].<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{Cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/Detail.aspx?AID=391 |title=Brief Profile of the Awardee |date=18 December 2017 |publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize |access-date=2017-12-18}}</ref> The group led by him employed advanced [[electron microscopy]] techniques to study the physical metallurgy of the alloys and was successful in discovering the Ti2AlNb phase which eventually helped other scientists in developing a new generation of alloys.<ref name="Indian fellow - Dipankar Banerjee" /> During his days at DMRL, he contributed to initiating programs like the development of special naval steels for use in aircraft carriers and titanium alloys for aircraft engines. Later, at the research and development division of DRDO, he was instrumental in introducing programs in airborne electronic warfare, unmanned vehicle and airborne early warning systems.<ref name="Faculty profile - Dipankar Banerjee" /> His studies have been documented in a number of articles;{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Selected bibliography'' section}}<ref name="Browse by Fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/view/fellows/Banerjee=3ADipankar=3A=3A.html |title=Browse by Fellow |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref> [[Google Scholar]] and [[ResearchGate]], online repositories of scientific articles, have listed 141<ref name="On Google Scholar">{{Cite web |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=jbL6K-kAAAAJ&hl=en |title=On Google Scholar |date=18 December 2017 |publisher=Google Scholar |access-date=2017-12-18}}</ref> and 109 of them respectively.<ref name="On ResearchGate">{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Dipankar_Banerjee4 |title=On ResearchGate |date=18 December 2017 |access-date=2017-12-18}}</ref>

== Awards and honors ==
Banerjee received the [[National Metallurgists' Day (NMD) Awards|Metallurgist of the Year Award]] of the [[Indian Institute of Metals]]<ref name="Metallurgist of the Year Award">{{Cite web |url=http://www.iim-india.net/uploads/publication/f936853255879e8428467bd1d8577771.pdf |title=Metallurgist of the Year Award |date=18 December 2017 |website=Indian Institute of Metals |access-date=2017-12-18 |archive-date=28 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328103105/http://www.iim-india.net/uploads/publication/f936853255879e8428467bd1d8577771.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the Scientist of the Year award of the Defence Research and Development Organization in 1987.<ref name="Faculty profile - Dipankar Banerjee" /> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], one of the highest Indian science awards in 1993.<ref name="Engineering Sciences">{{Cite web |url=http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Engineering_SCIENCES.htm |title=Engineering Sciences |date=2016 |publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923211647/http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Engineering_SCIENCES.htm |archive-date=23 September 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> He received the Superconductivity Prize of the Materials Research Society of India in 2001,<ref name="MRSI Medal">{{Cite web |url=http://www.mrsi.org.in/awardshonours.php |title=MRSI Medal |date=18 December 2017 |publisher=Materials Research Society of India |access-date=2017-12-18}}</ref> followed by the Distinguished Alumnus Award of the Indian Institute of Technology, Madras in 2003.<ref name="Dipankar Banerjee (B.Tech –1974; DAA – 2003)">{{Cite web |url=https://mme.iitm.ac.in/?page_id=128 |title=Dipankar Banerjee (B.Tech –1974; DAA – 2003) |date=18 December 2017 |website=IIT Madras |access-date=2017-12-18}}</ref> The Government of India awarded him the fourth highest civilian honor of the [[Padma Shri]] in 2005<ref name="Padma Awards" /> and three years later, he received the Technology Leadership Award of the DRDO in 2008.<ref name="Indian fellow - Dipankar Banerjee" /> The [[Indian National Academy of Engineering]] selected him for the Professor Jai Krishna Memorial Award in 2011<ref name="Faculty profile - Dipankar Banerjee" /> and he was chosen for the Lifetime Achievement Award of the DRDO in 2014.<ref name="DRDO Lifetime Achievement Award: Prof. Dipankar Banerjee">{{Cite web |url=http://materials.iisc.ac.in/tag/prof-dipankar-banerjee/ |title=DRDO Lifetime Achievement Award: Prof. Dipankar Banerjee |date=2014 |website=Indian Institute of Science |access-date=2017-12-18}}</ref>

Banerjee, who has held the J. C. Bose National Fellowship of the [[Science and Engineering Research Board]], was elected by the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] as their fellow in 1992.<ref name="Fellowship - Indian Academy of Sciences">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/listing/fellows/B |title=Fellowship - Indian Academy of Sciences |date=18 December 2017 |website=www.ias.ac.in |language=en |access-date=2017-12-18}}</ref> The [[Indian National Science Academy]] followed suit in 1995 with an elected fellowship<ref name="INSA Year Book 2016">{{Cite web |url=http://www.insaindia.res.in/pdf/YearBook_2016.pdf |title=INSA Year Book 2016 |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=18 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104001952/http://www.insaindia.res.in/pdf/YearBook_2016.pdf |archive-date=4 November 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the third of the major Indian science academies, the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] elected him as a fellow in 2001.<ref name="NASI Year Book 2015">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasi.org.in/Year%20Book%202015.pdf |title=NASI Year Book 2015 |date=2016 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806211716/http://www.nasi.org.in/Year%20Book%202015.pdf |archive-date= 6 August 2015 }}</ref> In between, he also received the elected fellowship of the Indian National Academy of Engineering in 1999.<ref name="INAE fellows">{{Cite web |url=https://inae.in/search-for-fellow/ |title=INAE fellows |date=18 December 2017 |publisher=Indian National Academy of Engineers |access-date=2017-12-18}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Long link - please search for ''Dipnakr Banerjee'' to see details}}

== Selected bibliography ==
* {{Cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=A. |last2=Jayakumar |first2=T. |last3=Raj |first3=B. |last4=Banerjee |first4=D. |date=21 January 2008 |title=A new methodology for identification of β-transus temperature in α + β and β titanium alloys using ultrasonic velocity measurement |journal=Philosophical Magazine |volume=88 |issue=3 |pages=327–338 |doi=10.1080/14786430701837015 |bibcode=2008PMag...88..327K |s2cid=135513991 |issn=1478-6435}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Gogia |first1=A. K. |last2=Baligidad |first2=R. G. |last3=Banerjee |first3=D. |date=1 June 2003 |title=Toughening and creep in multiphase intermetallics through microstructural control |journal=Sādhanā |language=en |volume=28 |issue=3–4 |pages=677–693 |doi=10.1007/bf02706453 |s2cid=53991984 |issn=0256-2499}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Mohandas |first1=T |last2=Banerjee |first2=D |last3=Rao |first3=V.V Kutumba |title=Microstructure and mechanical properties of friction welds of an α+β titanium alloy |journal=Materials Science and Engineering: A |volume=289 |issue=1–2 |pages=70–82 |doi=10.1016/s0921-5093(00)00914-x|year=2000 }}

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Intermetallics]]
* [[Superalloy]]
{{div col end}}
{{portal|India|Engineering}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hxQxlM1EB68 |title=Eureka with Dipankar Banerjee |date=11 July 2016 |publisher=Rajya Sabha TV |format=YouTube video |access-date=2017-12-18}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-VMDLT4UlnM |title=TEDxYouth@MAIS - The Nature of Science |last=Banerjee |first=Dipankar |date=11 July 2016 |publisher=TEDxYouth |format=YouTube video |access-date=2017-12-18}}

{{2000s Padma Shri Award Recipients in Science & Engineering}}
{{SSBPST recipients in Engineering Science}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Banerjee, Dipankar}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Engineering Science]]
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Indian metallurgists]]
[[Category:Scientists from West Bengal]]
[[Category:20th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:21st-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian materials scientists]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Academy of Engineering]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering]]
[[Category:IIT Madras alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Science alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Indian Institute of Science]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Minerals, Metals & Materials Society]]

Balasore

2026-02-06T07:43:45Z

CoyCallaghan: adjusted layout further and fixed typos as per guidelines

{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Balasore
| official_name =
| other_name = Baleswar
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
|photo1a = Emami Jagannath Temple, Balasore, Odisha.jpg
|photo1b = Khirachora Gopinatha Temple.jpg
|photo2a = Chandipur.jpg
|photo2b = QRSAM tested on 23 December 2019.jpg
|photo3a = Balasore Rail Station.JPG
|photo3b =
|spacing = 1
|color_border = white
|color = white
|size = 280
|text = From Top; Left to Right: Emami Jagannatha Temple, Khirachora Gopinatha Temple, Chandipur Sea Beach, DRDO Integrated Testing Range and Balasore Railway Station
}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nicknames =
| mapframe = yes
| pushpin_map = India Odisha#India#Asia
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Odisha, India
| coordinates = {{Coord|region:IN-OR_type:city(144,000)|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Orissa Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Odisha]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Balasore district|Balasore]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Nagar Palika|Municipality]]
| governing_body = Balasore Municipality
| leader_title1 = [[Balasore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Member of Parliament]]
| leader_name1 = [[Pratap Chandra Sarangi]] ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])
| leader_title2 = [[Balasore (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Member of Legislative Assembly]]
| leader_name2 = [[Manas Kumar Dutta]] ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name='balasoremunicipality'>{{cite web |title=Welcome to Balasore Municipality |url=http://balasoremunicipality.in/ |access-date=22 November 2020 |archive-date=27 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127142642/http://balasoremunicipality.in/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 17.48
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 16
| population_total = 144373
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census2011Gov"/>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_metro = 177557
| population_rank = [[List of cities in India by population|India 409th]], [[List of cities in Odisha by population|Odisha 7th]]
| population_demonym = Baleswaria
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Odia language|Odia]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web |title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |website=nclm.nic.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]] |access-date=6 January 2019 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 756001–756xxx
| area_code = 06782
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = OD – 01 (previously OR – 01)
| blank_name_sec1 = [[UN/LOCODE]]
| blank_info_sec1 = IN BLS
| website = {{URL|http://baleswar.nic.in}}
}}

'''Balasore''', also known as '''Baleswar''',<ref>{{cite web |title=Baleswar |url=http://baleswar.nic.in |website=Government of Odisha |access-date=18 June 2023 }}</ref> is a city in the state of [[Odisha]], about {{cvt|215|km|mi|0}} from the state capital [[Bhubaneswar]] and {{cvt|240|km|mi|0}} from [[Kolkata]], in [[eastern India]]. It is the administrative headquarters of [[Balasore district]] and the largest city as well as health and educational hub of northern Odisha. It is best known for [[Chandipur, India|Chandipur]] beach.<ref>{{Cite web |title=THE TALE OF CHANDIPUR BEACH BEYOND THE VANISHING SEA |url=https://odishatourism.gov.in/content/tourism/en/blog-details/the-tale-of-chandipur-beach-beyond-the-vanishing-sea.html |access-date=20 March 2025 |website=odishatourism.gov.in |language=en}}</ref> It is also called 'missile city'.<ref>{{cite news |title=Missile city Balasore is karmabhoomu of Kalam: Modi |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/National/2016-06-02/Missile-city-Balasore-is-karmabhoomu-of-Kalam-Modi/232295 |access-date=10 June 2023 |work=[[The Hans India]] |agency=ANI |date=2 June 2016 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Profile: Balasore or Baleswara |url=https://sujogportal.odisha.gov.in/balasore/city/history/ |website=sujogportal.odisha.gov.in |access-date=10 June 2023 |archive-date=5 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605160327/https://sujogportal.odisha.gov.in/balasore/city/history/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme]]'s Integrated Test Range is located 18 km south of Balasore.

==History==
Excavation at villages near Balasore has given evidence for three distinct cultural phases of human settlements, viz., [[Chalcolithic]] (2000–1000 BCE), [[Iron Age in India|Iron Age]] (1000–400 BCE) and early historic period (400–200 BCE).<ref>{{cite news |last=Barik |first=Satyasudar |date=3 July 2021 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/4000-year-old-settlement-found-during-odisha-excavation/article35109780.ece |title=4,000-year-old settlement found during Odisha excavation |work=The Hindu |access-date=1 March 2022 |archive-date=6 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106154023/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/4000-year-old-settlement-found-during-odisha-excavation/article35109780.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>

Baleswara district was part of the ancient [[Kalinga (historical kingdom)|Kalinga]] kingdom which later became a territory of [[Utkala Kingdom|Utkal]], till the death of [[Mukunda Deva]]. It was annexed by the [[Mughal Empire]] in 1568 and remained as a part of their suzerainty up until the 1700s.

The British [[East India Company]] (EIC) established a [[Factory (trading post)|factory]] at Balasore in 1633. In 1719, the [[Austrian East India Company|Trieste Company]] merchants established a trading post there.<ref>
Klemens Kaps, ''Mercantilism as private-public network: The Greppi Marliani company – a successful Habsburg Central European player in global trade (1769–1808)'' In: ''Mediterranean doubts Trading Companies, Conflicts and Strategies in the Global Spaces (XV-XIX Centuries)'' Edited By Daniele Andreozzi, New Digital Press, Palermo 2017. p. 90.
[https://www.academia.edu/33435780/Mediterranean_doubts_Trading_Companies_Conflicts_and_Strategies_in_the_Global_Spaces_XV-XIX_Centuries_Edited_By_Daniele_Andreozzi_New_Digital_Press_Palermo_2017?auto=download 50.]
</ref> As [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] rose in importance, Balasore became the center for [[maritime pilot|river pilot]] services for vessels seeking to ascend the [[Hooghli River|Hooghly River]]. The city was bombarded by forces of the [[East India Company]] during the [[Anglo-Mughal War (1686–1690)|Anglo-Mughal War]] in 1686, however, the company was repulsed by the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] forces.

The old [[Pipili]] port was located near Baliapal, north of Balasore, along the coast near river [[Subarnarekha port|Subarnarekha]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Datta |first=Ansu |title=From Bengal to the Cape: Bengali Slaves in South Africa from 17th to 19th Century |publisher=Xlibris |year=2013 |isbn=978-1479773251 |location=USA |pages=42 |language=English}}</ref> The Portuguese arrived for trade and commerce, exporting Orissa products like rice, cotton and butter from [[Malaysia]] to [[Borneo]], and bringing Chinese products and spices from [[Indonesia]]. Balasore gave its name to a type of cotton muslin.<ref>{{cite web |title=Balasore - Bandoleer Dictionary of Traded Goods and Commodities 1550-1820 |url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/no-series/traded-goods-dictionary/1550-1820/balasore-bandoleer |website=British History Online |publisher=University of Wolverhampton, 2007 |access-date=29 May 2025}}</ref>

The [[Marathas]], then occupied this part of [[Odisha]] and it became a part of the dominion of the [[Bhonsle]] [[Maratha]] Rajas of [[Nagpur]]. They ceded this part through the [[Treaty of Deogaon]] in 1803 and it became a part of [[United Kingdom|British]] [[Bengal Presidency]] until 1912.

Balasore as a separate district was created in October 1828 under the [[Bengal Presidency]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Balasore District |url=https://balasore.odisha.gov.in/about-district/history#:~:text=Balasore%2C%20as%20a%20separate%20District,is%20the%20Lord%20Chandaneswar%20Shrine.}}</ref> On 7 November 1845, all of [[Danish India]] was sold to the British to form a part of [[British India]].

With the creation of [[Bihar Province]], Odisha, along with Balasore district, was transferred from Bengal to Bihar. But with the creation of Odisha as a separate state on 1 April 1936, Balasore became an integral part of Odisha State.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Balasore |url=https://balasore.odisha.gov.in/about-district/history#:~:text=Balasore%2C%20as%20a%20separate%20District,is%20the%20Lord%20Chandaneswar%20Shrine.}}</ref> The [[Indian independence movement|national movement of independence]] surged ahead with the visit of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] in 1921. Similarly, [[Praja mandala movement|Praja Andolan]] was initiated against the ruler of [[Nilagiri State]]. The state of Nilagiri merged with state of Odisha in January 1948 and became a part of Balasore district. On 3 April 1993, [[Bhadrak district|Bhadrak]] sub-division became a separate district and from this day, Balasore remains a district of Odisha with two Sub-divisions namely Balasore and Nilagiri having eight [[Tehsils of India|Tehsils]], namely Balasore, Soro, Simulia, Nilagiri, Jaleswara, Basta, Baliapal and Remuna and 12 blocks namely Bhograi, Jaleswar, Baliapal, Basta, Balasore, Remuna, Nilagiri, Oupada, Khaira, Soro, Simulia and [[Bahanaga]]. The name of the district is being derived from the name of the town.

Balasore is where the famous Indian independence activist Jatindranath Mukherjee, also known as [[Bagha Jatin]], was injured and died fighting the British.<ref>{{cite news |date=9 September 2018 |title=Bagha Jatin: Bagha Jatin's man-eater slaying 'kukri' to be on display on Sunday |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/bagha-jatins-man-eater-slaying-kukri-to-be-on-display-on-sunday/articleshow/65739351.cms |last=Dasgupta |first=Priyanka |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=13 April 2020 |archive-date=14 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914090113/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/bagha-jatins-man-eater-slaying-kukri-to-be-on-display-on-sunday/articleshow/65739351.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Geography==
===Climate===
Balasore has a tropical climate characterised by high humidity and hot temperatures throughout the year. The summers, which last from March to May, are particularly hot, with temperatures often reaching up to 40 °C. May is typically the hottest month of the year in Balasore. The winter season, which runs from December to February, is relatively cooler with an average temperature range of 16 °C to 27 °C. Monsoon season starts in June and lasts until September, bringing heavy rainfall to the city. Balasore's proximity to the Bay of Bengal makes it vulnerable to cyclonic storms during the monsoon season. The average rainfall in the district is around 1568.4 mm, which is largely due to the monsoon season.{{cn|date=June 2025}}

{{Weather box
| location = Balasore (1991–2020, extremes 1901–2012)
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| width = auto
| Jan record high C = 35.6
| Feb record high C = 38.7
| Mar record high C = 41.6
| Apr record high C = 46.0
| May record high C = 46.7
| Jun record high C = 46.1
| Jul record high C = 39.9
| Aug record high C = 36.7
| Sep record high C = 36.2
| Oct record high C = 36.1
| Nov record high C = 34.8
| Dec record high C = 33.6
| year record high C = 46.7
| Jan record low C = 7.2
| Feb record low C = 6.7
| Mar record low C = 11.7
| Apr record low C = 16.6
| May record low C = 18.4
| Jun record low C = 20.0
| Jul record low C = 20.0
| Aug record low C = 21.3
| Sep record low C = 20.3
| Oct record low C = 15.5
| Nov record low C = 8.9
| Dec record low C = 6.7
| year record low C = 6.7
|Jan high C = 26.9
|Feb high C = 30.2
|Mar high C = 33.9
|Apr high C = 36.0
|May high C = 35.8
|Jun high C = 34.1
|Jul high C = 32.4
|Aug high C = 31.9
|Sep high C = 32.3
|Oct high C = 31.9
|Nov high C = 30.3
|Dec high C = 27.5
| year high C = 32
|Jan low C = 14.0
|Feb low C = 17.7
|Mar low C = 21.9
|Apr low C = 24.6
|May low C = 25.8
|Jun low C = 26.1
|Jul low C = 25.7
|Aug low C = 25.6
|Sep low C = 25.2
|Oct low C = 23.2
|Nov low C = 18.8
|Dec low C = 14.6
| year low C = 22.0
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 19.3
| Feb rain mm = 28.8
| Mar rain mm = 31.9
| Apr rain mm = 65.0
| May rain mm = 154.5
| Jun rain mm = 262.5
| Jul rain mm = 293.7
| Aug rain mm = 313.4
| Sep rain mm = 299.0
| Oct rain mm = 206.3
| Nov rain mm = 29.7
| Dec rain mm = 6.7
| year rain mm = 1710.7
| Jan rain days = 1.1
| Feb rain days = 1.6
| Mar rain days = 1.8
| Apr rain days = 4.6
| May rain days = 6.7
| Jun rain days = 10.6
| Jul rain days = 14.3
| Aug rain days = 15.1
| Sep rain days = 12.2
| Oct rain days = 6.7
| Nov rain days = 1.5
| Dec rain days = 0.6
| year rain days = 76.7
|time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 63
| Feb humidity = 61
| Mar humidity = 63
| Apr humidity = 68
| May humidity = 70
| Jun humidity = 74
| Jul humidity = 78
| Aug humidity = 79
| Sep humidity = 79
| Oct humidity = 76
| Nov humidity = 71
| Dec humidity = 65
|year humidity = 71
|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref name=IMDnormals>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240408025145/https://www.imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| archive-date = 8 April 2024
| url = https://www.imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| title = Station: Balasore Climatological Table 1991–2020
| work = Climatological Normals 1991–2020
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| access-date = 17 July 2024}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>
{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf |archive-date=5 February 2020 |url=https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf |title=Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012) |publisher=India Meteorological Department |date=December 2016 |page=M159 |access-date=10 January 2021}}</ref>
}}Balasore has been ranked 7th best “National Clean Air City” under (Category 3 population under 3 lakhs cities) in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2024 |title=Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024 |url=https://prana.cpcb.gov.in/ncapServices/robust/fetchFilesFromDrive/Swachh_Vayu_Survekshan_2024_Result.pdf |website=Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{Historical populations
|1872|18263
|1881|20265
|1891|20775
|1901 |20880
|1911 |21362
|1921 |17037
|1931 |17843
|1941 |19405
|1951 |22851
|1961 |33931
|1971 |46239
|1981 |65779
|1991 |101829
|2001 |127358
|2011 |140000
|source = [[Census of India]]<ref>{{citation|title=Census of India 1901 vol.6-A (Lower Probinces of Bengal and their leudatoties); pt.2 (Imperial tables) |date=1902 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.30991/page/n7/mode/1up |page=16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title = Population growth of ULBs in Orissa (1901 – 2001) |url=http://rcueslucknow.org/states/Compendium%20of%20Urban%20Data%20(Orissa)/_21_%20POPULATION%20GROWTH%20OF%20ULBs%20IN%20ORISSA%20_1901-2001_.pdf
|website=The Regional Centre for Urban & Environmental Studies (RCUES)}}</ref>}}
According to [[2011 Indian Census]], Balasore (municipality + overgrowth) had a total population of 144,373, of which 73,721 were males and 70,652 were females. Population within the age group of 0 to 6 years was 14,773. The total number of literates in Balasore was 113,418, which constituted 78.6% of the population with male literacy of 81.7% and female literacy of 75.3%. The effective literacy rate of 7+ population of Balasore was 87.5%, of which male literacy rate was 91.0% and female literacy rate was 83.8%. The [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] population was 15,812 and 9,291 respectively. Balasore had 30460 households in 2011.<ref name="Census2011Gov">{{cite web |title=Census of India: Balasore |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=441206 |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |access-date=16 January 2020 |archive-date=28 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928125058/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=441206 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Religion===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religious Demographic in Balasore Municipality (2011)<ref>{{cite web |title=C-01: Population by religious community |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11387/download/14500/DDW21C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=25 June 2024}}</ref>
|label1 = [[Hinduism]]
|value1 = 83.01
|color1 = orange
|label2 = [[Islam]]
|value2 = 14.97
|color2 = green
|label3 = [[Christianity ]]
|value3 = 1.64
|color3 = blue
|label4 = Others
|value4 = 0.38
|color4 = black
}}

===Languages===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Languages spoken in Balasore Municipality (2011)<ref>{{cite web |title=C-16 City: Population by mother tongue (town level) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10247/download/13359/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-2100.XLSX |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=25 June 2024}}</ref>
|label1= [[ Odia language| Odia]]
|value1= 72.39
|color1 = saddlebrown
|label2= [[Urdu]]
|value2 = 13.56
|color2 = green
|label3 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|value3 = 5.65
|color3 = pink
|label4 = [[Santali language|Santali]]
|value4 = 3.85
|color4 = Turquoise
|label5 = [[Hindi]]
|value5 = 3.66
|color5 = orange
|label6= Others
|value6= 0.89
|color6 = Black
}}
The official language of Balasore is [[Odia language|Odia]] which is also the most commonly spoken language of the city. It is followed by [[Urdu]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Santali language|Santali]] and [[Hindi]] in the descending order per the number of speakers.<ref>{{cite web |title=C-16 Population By Mother Tongue – Town level |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16T/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-2100.XLSX |website=census.gov.in |access-date=30 August 2020 |archive-date=8 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208012827/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16T/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-2100.XLSX |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Government and politics==
The [[Member of parliament (India)|MP]] from Balasore Parliamentary Constituency is [[Pratap Chandra Sarangi]] of [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]], who won the seat in the Indian general elections of 2019. The [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|MLA]] from Balasore Vidhan Sabha Constituency is [[Manas Kumar Dutta]] of BJP, who won the seat in the [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024 legislative election]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Balasore Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Manas Kumar Dutta of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/balasore-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8916659.html |work=News18 |date=4 June 2024 |access-date=30 October 2024}}</ref> Previous MLAs from this seat were [[Swarup Kumar Das]] (BJD), who won in the 2020 bye-elections; [[Madanmohan Dutta]] (BJP), who won the seat in 2019; Jiban Pradip Das ([[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]), who won this seat in 2009, Arun Dey ([[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPM]]) in 2004, [[Gopa Narayan Das]] of [[Indian National Congress|INC]] in 1985 and Kartik Chandra Rout of [[Janata Party|JNP]] in 1977.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/March2004/pollupd/ac/states/s18/Partycomp14.htm |title=State Elections 2004 – Partywise Comparison for 14-Balasore Constituency of Orissa |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=23 September 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080217040021/http://archive.eci.gov.in/March2004/pollupd/ac/states/s18/Partycomp14.htm |archive-date=17 February 2008 }}</ref> Balasore is part of [[Balasore (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2000/background/S18/Orissa_AC_Dist_PC.pdf |title=Assembly Constituencies – Corresponding Districts and Parliamentary Constituencies of Odisha |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=23 September 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051108040424/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2000/background/S18/Orissa_AC_Dist_PC.pdf |archive-date=8 November 2005}}</ref>

===Civic Utility / Amenities / Services===
==== Healthcare ====
Balasore government hospital was the city's first hospital. Also, it has a newly established Government Medical College at Remuna named after Fakir Mohan Senapati (FM Medical College).<ref>{{cite news |title=State's 7th Government medical college opens in Balasore |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2018/sep/04/states-7th-government-medical-college-opens-in-balasore-1867326.html |access-date=3 June 2023 |work=The New Indian Express |date=4 September 2018 |archive-date=9 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109073251/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2018/sep/04/states-7th-government-medical-college-opens-in-balasore-1867326.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Economy==
Balasore is the main city in the District of Balasore. The district has four major revenue sources – industries, agriculture, fishing and tourism with its base in Chandipur.<ref name="Chandipur.">{{Cite news |publisher=www.ucnews.in |title=In Orissa: Chandipur, the retreating sea and river mouth |date=26 September 2016 |access-date=16 February 2017 |url=http://www.ucnews.in/news/2401-3185852062547426/in-orissa--chandipur--the-retreating-sea-and-river-mouth.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217061731/http://www.ucnews.in/news/2401-3185852062547426/in-orissa--chandipur--the-retreating-sea-and-river-mouth.html |archive-date=17 February 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Many small and large scale industries are located both within the city limits as well as the outskirts. Balasore Alloys Limited,<ref name="Balasore Alloys Ltd.">{{Cite news |title=Balasore Alloys Limited |date=30 November 2015 |access-date=16 February 2017 |url=http://www.business-standard.com/company/balasore-alloys-811.html |work=[[Business Standard]] |archive-date=16 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216221053/http://www.business-standard.com/company/balasore-alloys-811.html |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Emami]] Paper Mills,<ref name="Emami Paper Mills">{{Cite news |last=Laha Roy |first=Tasmayee |date=30 November 2015 |title=Emami Paper Mills now forays into packaging board trade |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/paper-/-wood-/-glass/-plastic/-marbles/emami-paper-mills-now-forays-into-packaging-board-trade/articleshow/49978372.cms |work=Economic Times |access-date=16 February 2017 |archive-date=16 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216213510/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/paper-/-wood-/-glass/-plastic/-marbles/emami-paper-mills-now-forays-into-packaging-board-trade/articleshow/49978372.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Oriplast]], and [[Birla Tyres]] are some of the major industries based in Balasore. It is one of the richest cities of Odisha. The main markets of Balasore are Nua Bazara, Motiganj, FM Square, Vivekananda Marga, Station Square, ITI Chhaka, Kachehri Road, Town Hall and Nua Shahi.

===Industry===
In an effort to bring industry, trade and commerce to a common meaningful platform, the [[Confederation of Indian Industry]], with local chambers like North Orissa Chamber of Commerce and Industry,<ref name="North Orissa Chamber of Commerce and Industry">{{Cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/integrated-textile-park-proposed-in-the-odisha-114070801220_1.html |title=North Orissa Chamber of Commerce and Industry |first=Nirmalya |last=Behera |date=8 July 2014 |work=[[Business Standard]] |access-date=16 February 2017 |archive-date=16 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216212526/http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/integrated-textile-park-proposed-in-the-odisha-114070801220_1.html |url-status=live}}</ref> serve as an interface to fight for the rights and issues concerning the industrial scenario so as to contribute to the development of the state as a whole. Members from both public and private sectors work closely with the government for the expansion of business opportunities, enhancing efficiency and competitiveness and to work on policy issues. Located in Januganj, Balasore, NOCCI is essentially a business park with a massive exhibition hall, a separate residential block with hotel and restaurant facilities and an extended building called the industry facilitation center<ref name="Industry Facilitation Center">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nocci.in/industryfacilitation.html |title=North Orissa Chamber of Commerce and Industry |website=www.nocci.in |access-date=16 February 2017 |archive-date=10 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310010237/http://www.nocci.in/industryfacilitation.html |url-status=live}}</ref> specifically for industrial training. NOCCI comprises about 100 member units and six affiliated associations of the industrial units. NOCCI is instrumental in the promoting the initiative of the Department of Industrial Promotion and Policy, Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India (GoI)<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=nocci.in |title=NOCCI Balasore Infrastructure Company |access-date=16 February 2017 |url=http://nocci.in/noccinew/about_iius.html |archive-date=3 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103000909/http://nocci.in/noccinew/about_iius.html |url-status=live}}</ref> through a scheme of Industrial Infrastructure Upgradation.

The [[Indian Ballistic Missile Defense Program]]'s Integrated Test Range is located 18 km south of Balasore. The [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] developed many different missiles such as [[Nag (missile)|Nag]], [[BrahMos]], [[Agni (missile)|Agni Missile]] among others here.

==Culture/Cityscape==
{{More citations needed section|date=June 2023}}
Balasore culture is a blend of traditional festivals, food, and music. The city offers a cosmopolitan and diverse lifestyle with a variety of food, entertainment, available in a form and abundance comparable to that in other cities. Balasore residents celebrate both Western and Indian festivals. [[Diwali]], [[Holi]], [[Muslim holidays|Eid]], [[Christmas]], [[Navaratri]], [[Good Friday]], [[Vijayadashami|Dussehra]], [[Muharram]], [[Ganesha Chaturthi]], [[Durga Puja]], [[Raja (festival)|Raja]] and [[Maha Shivaratri]] are some of the popular festivals in the city. The akhada Arts Festival during durga puja is a unique culture of Balasore. Wedding ceremony of Lac Coated Dolls (also known as Jaukandhei) which has a rich ethical and ritual values in maintaining peaceful conjugal relationship in the family while bringing the health, wealth and prosperity to an individual's home is an important part of Balasore's folk culture.

===Festivals===
*[[Durga Puja|Durga puja]], the festival of goddess Durga, is very popular in Balasore. Idols are worshipped in many streets and localities. In this city, Durga puja is famous for its idols, with localities trying to outsmart each other by constructing more attractive idols. Indeed, the whole city comes to a standstill on [[Ashtami]], [[Navami]] and on [[Dashami]], burning of effigy of the demon [[Ravana]] (the eighth, ninth and tenth days of Durga puja), as people travel all over the city appreciating all the idols, is put forth by the neighbourhoods.
*[[Kali Puja]], Just after Durga puja gets over, Balasore gears up with all it's vigour to celebrate Kali puja on the auspicious day of Diwali, amidst the bursting of [[firecrackers]].
*Kartikeshwara/Kumara puja: [[Murugan|Kartikeshwara/Kumara]] is the eldest son of [[Lord Shiva]].
*Kite-flying is also celebrated with much enthusiasm and energy in the city. Kite-flying culminates with the [[Makara Sankranti]], with kite-flying competitions being held all over the city.
*All the other regular Indian festivals like [[Ganesha Chaturthi]], [[Vasanta Panchami]], [[Holi]], [[Eid ul-Fitr]], [[Good Friday]], [[Ratha Yatra]], [[Diwali]], [[Christmas]] and the numerous Hindu festivals are also celebrated.

===Places of interest===
[[File:AAD Launch Crop.jpg|thumb|200px|Missile launch in [[Abdul Kalam Island]], Chandipur]]
[[Chandipur-on-sea]] is a seaside resort famous for its mile long beach. It is a unique beach – the tide comes to the shore only four times a day, at fixed intervals. At a distance of 30 km south-west is [[Panchalingeshwar]], a temple and scenic spot high on a mountain. The presiding deity there, Shiva, cannot be seen. One has to touch and feel the statue as it is behind (submerged under) a waterfall. About 33 km south-west of Balasore, the town Santaragadia has the Bisweswara temple situated on a hill. The town is surrounded by hills on all sides. Nearby is Khulia village, a settlement of aboriginals. Around 30 km south-east of Balasore is a port named Dhamara.
*[[Kshirachora Gopinatha Temple]], situated at Remuna, approximately 7 km from the main town of Balasore, was built by King [[Narasingha Deva I|Langula Narasimha Deva]], who also built the famous temple at [[Konark]]a. Khirochora Gopinatha Temple is notable for its mythological story about how it was built there. The prashad of Krishna – the khira – is famous.
*The [[Biranchinarayana Temple, Palia]], AstaDurga, and Bhudhara Chandi are some other temples located in the region.
*Jagannatha Temple, Remuna is a newly built temple in the area, the architecture of which is influenced by the famous Jagannatha Temple of Puri. It is the recent favourite tourist spot concerning the region.
[[File:Jagannatha Temple Nilagiri.JPG|thumb|200px|Jagannatha Temple Nilagiri]] [[File:Bhusandeswara Temple Chandaneswara Baleswara.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Bhusandeswara Temple]]
*There is a Jagannatha Temple in [[Nilagiri]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://baleswar.nic.in/history_culture.htm |title=Balasore Official Website |access-date=13 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721165338/http://baleswar.nic.in/history_culture.htm |archive-date=21 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> which is one of the prominent Jagannatha temples of [[Odisha]]. Lord [[Jagannath]]a, [[Balabhadra]] and [[Subhadra]] are worshipped here. Every year, [[Ratha Yatra]] is performed with all the deities.
*[[Panchalingeswar Temple]] is a temple near a picnic spot in [[Balasore district|Baleswar]]a which is located 30 km from Balasore.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.orissa-tourism.com/bsore.html |title= Orissa-Tourism.com :: DESTINATIONS :: BALASORE |access-date=13 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726211824/http://www.orissa-tourism.com/bsore.html |archive-date=26 July 2011}}</ref> There is a state tourism Pantha Nivas in Panchalingeswara for tourists. Panchalingeswara is surrounded by hills and forests.
{|
|- valign="top"
|[[File:Pancalingeswara Temple Nilagiri.JPG|thumb|800px|Panchalingeswara Temple]]
|}
*[[Bhujakhia Pir]], situated at sunhat at the heart of the city is the tomb of Sufi saint Aasthana Sharif Hazrat Pir named as Bhujakhia Pir. The most interesting thing is that both Muslims and Hindus jointly worship pir baba.
*[[Baba Bhusandeswar Temple]] is one of the largest Shiva Lingams in the World is in [[Bhograi|Bhogarai
]] village of Balasore district, Odisha which is located 100 km from Balasore. The 12 feet long and 14 feet width lingam is carved out on a black granite and only half of the lingam is visible. The other half has remained buried for years. The diameter of the lingam is 12 feet and has three parts. The middle portion of the lingam is octagonal in shape, about 12 feet in diameter and nearly four feet in height. The Lingam slightly leans towards the right side.
*Mitrapur Jagannath Mandir is known as second Puri temple in Odisha.{{citation needed|date=June 2022}}
*Dublagadi Sea Beach is a recently explored gem near the city where one can observe a magnificent dawn turning the white sands of the beach, red. In winter time, especially after or before two days of the new moon, you can watch the fluorescent sea waves under the bright open sky. Recently, many camps have been opened in this area by the local villagers to enjoy a stay in the lap of mother nature. The villagers maintain the area's cleanliness and the well-being of the environment.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://odishatourism.gov.in/content/tourism/en/blog-details.html?url=bagda-dublagadi-beach-an-off-beat-weekend-destination |title= BAGDA-DUBLAGADI BEACH AN OFF-BEAT WEEKEND DESTINATION :: DESTINATIONS :: Dublagadi |access-date=15 October 2022 |archive-date=15 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015135824/https://odishatourism.gov.in/content/tourism/en/blog-details.html?url=bagda-dublagadi-beach-an-off-beat-weekend-destination |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Transport==
[[File:Balasore Rail Station.JPG|thumb|206x206px|Balasore railway station]]

===Air===
The nearest airport is [[Biju Patnaik Airport]] in [[Bhubaneswar]] which is 200 km from Balasore. [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport]] in [[Kolkata]] is 254 km from Balasore.

===Rail===
[[Balasore railway station]] is an important station on the [[Howrah-Chennai main line]] of the [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railway]]. The distance to Kolkata is approximately 254 km, while the distance to Bhubaneswar is about 206 km. A branch line to [[Baripada]] starts from [[Rupsa, India|Rupsa]], near Balasore. Balasore is connected to different parts of India through trains. There are frequent trains to Bhubaneswar, Cuttack, Rourkela, Brahmapur, Kolkata, New Delhi, Chennai, Guwahati, Bangalore, Puri, Pondicherry, Ernakulam.
[[File:BLS station n GZB WAP-7.jpg|thumb|221x221px|Balasore Railway station and Rajdhani express]]

===Road===
Balasore has well developed roadways. National Highway 16 and National Highway 18 pass through the city. A part of the [[Golden Quadrilateral]] project, this highway runs from [[Chennai]] to [[Kolkata]]. Intra-city transport comprises [[cycle rickshaw]]s and [[auto rickshaw]]s. City bus services commenced in Balasore on 15 August 2017. The bus terminus is at Sahadev Khunta and thousands of private buses ply to hundreds of destinations every day. Many luxurious A.C buses ply to Bhubneswar, Kolkata and other nearby cities daily.

==Education==
[[File:Statue of Fakir Mohan Senapati.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Statue of [[Fakir Mohan Senapati]]]]
Balasore is the main education hub of Northern Odisha with many engineering schools and colleges and the [[Fakir Mohan University]], named after novelist [[Fakir Mohan Senapati]] who hails from this town of Odisha. [[Fakir Mohan Medical College and Hospital]] was established in 2018 to boost the medical facility in Balasore and Northern Odisha.

===Technical colleges/institutions===


*[[Balasore College of Engineering and Technology]]

===Universities/colleges===


*[[Balasore Law College]]
*[[Fakir Mohan Medical College and Hospital]]
*[[Fakir Mohan University]]
*[[Jhadeswar Institute of Engineering & Technology, Balasore|Jhadeswar Institute of Engineering & Technology]]
*[[Sagar College of Science]]

===Schools===


*[[D.A.V. Public School]], Samalpur, Balasore <ref>{{cite news |title=Photos: Doodling India's Women |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-SJB-12823 |access-date=13 April 2022 |work=Wall Street Journal |date=15 November 2013 |archive-date=13 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413112124/https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-SJB-12823 |url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Maharishi Vidya Mandir]]
*[[Modern Public School]], Kuruda

==Sports and entertainment==
{{unreferenced section|date=June 2023}}
Cricket is the most popular sport in the city. The city is also represented by the Balasore Baghas in the Odisha Premier League. Apart from cricket, people here love the game of football, volleyball and other sports.

=== Permit Field ===
It is a mini stadium located in front of District Hospital in the heart of the town known to host District and State level Cricket and Football matches. Many people come here for an early morning walk or doing yoga. This place has given birth to many sports personalities of Balasore. This place is maintained by Balasore Athletic Association.

=== Reserved Police Line Ground ===
It is a big ground which belongs to the Balasore Police Department and is maintained by them. It is used as a parade ground during various occasions. Many athletes come here for training purpose. General Public is allowed for morning walk.

=== Zilla School Stadium ===
It is a mini stadium which is situated near the Balasore Zilla School and is known to host various events such as Trade Fairs, District's Annual Fest and games like Cricket or Football. The stadium remains open for general public and is a popular spot for locals to engage in outdoor activities such as jogging, walking and playing cricket.

=== ITI Field ===
It is a very popular ground which is widely known for hosting mega events such as the famous EXPO and Pallishree Mela Balasore, which are popular events in the town. In addition to these events, ITI Field also plays host to several other government-sponsored events throughout the year. One of the standout features of ITI Field is its cleanliness and well-maintained appearance, which has helped to establish it as a go-to place for outdoor events in Balasore. With its versatile facilities and prime location, ITI Field is poised to continue as one of the town's most popular event venues for years to come.

=== Entertainment ===
Balasore has several cinemas playing films in Odia, Hindi, and English languages.

==Notable people==


*[[Gopanarayan Das]] (1948–2022), MLA
*[[Manoj Das]] (1934-2021), novelist, short story writer and [[Padma Bhushan]] awardee
*[[Reela Hota]], [[Odissi]] dance performer, educator and producer
*[[Radhanath Ray]], Odia poet
*[[Fakir Mohan Senapati]], Odia writer and poet
*[[Ibrahim Suhrawardy]], writer and linguist

==See also==
{{Portal||India|Denmark}}
*[[Rocket launch site]]s
*[[Indian Space Research Organisation]]
*[[Thumba|Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station]]
*[[Chandipur, Odisha|Chandipur]]
*{{Wikivoyage inline|Chandipur}}
*{{Wikivoyage inline|PanchaLingeswar}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Balasore}}
{{EB1911 poster|Balasore}}

*[http://balasorecity.com/ Online Information Center of Balasore]
*[http://baleswar.nic.in/ Baleswar District website]

{{Odisha}}
{{Balasore district}}
{{Industrial hubs in Odisha |state=collapsed}}
{{Danish overseas empire}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Balasore| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Balasore district]]
[[Category:Port cities and towns in India]]
[[Category:Danish India]]
[[Category:Hindu–German Conspiracy]]

Pan-Asianism

2026-02-03T21:49:05Z

CoyCallaghan:

{{Short description|Ideology that promotes Asian unity}}
[[file:Asia satellite orthographic.jpg |thumb|Satellite photograph of Asia in [[orthographic projection]].]]
'''Pan-Asianism''' (also known as '''Asianism''' or '''Greater Asianism''') is an ideology aimed at creating a political and economic unity among [[Asian people|Asian]] peoples. Various theories and movements of Pan-Asianism have been proposed, particularly from [[East Asia|East]], [[South Asia|South]] and [[Southeast Asia]]. The motive for the movement was in opposition to the values of [[Western imperialism in Asia|Western imperialism]] and [[colonialism]], and that [[Asian values]] were superior to [[European values]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Szpilman |first1=Christopher W. A. |last2=Saaler |first2=Sven |title=Pan-Asianism as an Ideal of Asian Identity and Solidarity, 1850–Present |journal=The Asia-Pacific Journal |date=25 April 2011 |volume=9 |issue=17 |url=https://apjjf.org/2011/9/17/Christopher-W.-A.-Szpilman/3519/article.html }}</ref>

The concept of Asianism in [[Japan]] and China has changed during the early 20th century from a foreign-imposed and negatively received, to a self-referential and embraced concept, according to historian Torsten Weber.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Weber |first=Torsten |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OyVUwAEACAAJ |title=Embracing 'Asia' in China and Japan: Asianism Discourse and the Contest for Hegemony, 1912-1933 |date=2019-06-04 |publisher=Springer International Publishing |isbn=978-3-319-87960-4 |language=en}}</ref>

==Japanese Pan-Asianism==
[[File:Greater East Asia Conference.JPG|thumb|230px|[[Greater East Asia Conference]] in November 1943, the participants were (L–R): [[Ba Maw]], representative of [[Burma]], [[Zhang Jinghui]], representative of [[Manchukuo]], [[Wang Jingwei]], representative of [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|China]], [[Hideki Tōjō]], representative of [[Empire of Japan|Japan]], [[Wan Waithayakon]], representative of [[Thailand]], [[Jose P. Laurel|José P. Laurel]], representative of the [[Commonwealth of the Philippines|Philippines]], [[Subhas Chandra Bose]], representative of [[British india|India]]]]
The concept of a unified Asia under Japanese leadership had its roots dating back to the 16th century. For example, [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]] proposed to make China, Korea, and Japan into "one". Moreover, Hideyoshi had further planned to expand into India, the Philippines, and other islands in the Pacific.{{sfn|Turnbull|2008|p=6}}<ref name=":Ma&Kang">{{Cite book |last1=Ma |first1=Xinru |title=Beyond Power Transitions: The Lessons of East Asian History and the Future of U.S.-China Relations |last2=Kang |first2=David C. |date=2024 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |isbn=978-0-231-55597-5 |series=Columbia Studies in International Order and Politics |location=New York}}</ref>{{Rp|page=99-100}}

Originally, Japanese Pan-Asianism believed that Asians shared a common heritage and must therefore collaborate in defeating their Western colonial masters. However, Japanese Asianism mostly focused on East Asian territories, with occasional references to South East Asia and West Asia.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Weber |first=Torsten |chapter=Pan-Asianism |date=2020 |title=The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Imperialism and Anti-Imperialism |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-319-91206-6_259-1 |pages=1–11 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-91206-6_259-1 |isbn=978-3-319-91206-6 |s2cid=240929911 |via=Springer Link}}</ref>

The first lasting pan-Asianist organisation started in Japan. In 1877, inspired by [[Ōkubo Toshimichi]]'s promise to Chinese statesman [[Li Hongzhang]] to promote Chinese-language schools in Japan as a channel of mutual understanding, a Pan-Asianist body was established in Japan known as Shin'akai (Promoting Asia Society), followed by the more successful Kōakai (Raising Asia Society) in 1880. Both focused on the promotion of mutual understanding through providing language education, setting up schools in Japan for teaching Chinese and Korean languages, as well as branches in Korean and Chinese cities. China's envoys to Japan and Korean reformers held membership, and even two diplomats from the Ottoman Empire. The Society used Classical Chinese as the common language of East Asian Pan-Asianists. Japanese Pan-Asianism before 1895 was characterized by an egalitarian view on relations between China, Korea and Japan; in order to avoid the accusation that Japan sought to 'lead' Asia, the Kōakai changed its name to the "Asia Association."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Christopher W. A. Szpilman, Sven Saaler |title=Pan-Asianism: 1850-1920 |date=2011 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9781442205987 |pages=53–57}}</ref>

Pan-Asianist ideologues included Tokichi Tarui (1850–1922) who argued for equal Japan-[[Korea]] unionization for cooperative defence against the European powers,<ref>Tarui, Tokichi (1893) ''Daito Gappo-ron''{{page needed|date=February 2023}}</ref> and [[Kentaro Oi (politician)|Kentaro Oi]] (1843–1922) who attempted to push social reforms in Korea and establish a constitutional government in Japan.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}} Pan-Asian thought in Japan was further popularized following the defeat of [[Russian Empire|Russia]] in the [[Russo-Japanese War]] (1904–1905). This sparked interest from Indian poets [[Rabindranath Tagore]] and [[Sri Aurobindo]] and Chinese politician [[Sun Yat-sen]].{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}
[[File:OKAWA Shumei.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Japanese Pan-Asian writer [[Shūmei Ōkawa]]]]

The growing official interest in broader Asian concerns was shown in the establishment of facilities for Indian Studies. In 1899, [[University of Tokyo|Tokyo Imperial University]] set up a chair in [[Sanskrit]] and [[Kawi language|Kawi]], with a further chair in [[comparative religion]] being set up in 1903. In this environment, a number of Indian [[student]]s came to Japan in the early twentieth century, founding the [[Oriental Youngmen's Association]] in 1900. Their anti-[[United Kingdom|British]] political activity caused consternation to the Indian Government, following a report in the [[London]] ''[[The Spectator|Spectator]]''.

[[Okakura Kakuzō]], a scholar and art critic, also praised the superiority of Asian values upon Japanese victory of the Russo-Japanese War:<ref>{{Cite book |last=Harper |first=Tim |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eXoWEAAAQBAJ |title=Underground Asia: Global Revolutionaries and the Assault on Empire |date=2021-01-12 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-72461-7 |pages=40 |language=en}}</ref>

<blockquote>
The [[Himalayas]] divide, only to accentuate, two mighty civilisations, the Chinese with its [[communism]] of [[Confucius]], and the Indian with its [[individualism]] of the [[Vedas]]. But not even the snowy barriers can interrupt for one moment that broad expanse of love for the Ultimate and Universal, which is the common thought-inheritance of every Asiatic race, enabling them to produce all the great religions of the world, and distinguishing them from those maritime peoples of the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] and the [[Baltic Sea|Baltic]], who love to dwell on the Particular, and to search out the means, not the end, of life.''<ref>Okakura, Tenshin (1904) ''[http://www.sacred-texts.com/shi/ioe Ideal of the East]''</ref>''
</blockquote>

In this, Kakuzō was utilising the Japanese concept of ''sangoku'', which existed in [[Culture of Japan|Japanese culture]] before the concept of Asia became popularised. ''Sangoku'' literally means the "three countries": ''[[Honshu]]'' (the largest island of Japan), ''[[Tang dynasty|Kara]]'' (China) and ''[[Tianzhu (India)|Tenjiku]]'' (India).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bialock |first1=David |title=Eccentric Spaces, Hidden Histories: Narrative, Ritual, and Royal Authority from The Chronicles of Japan to The Tale of the Heike |date=2007 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-6764-4 |page=186}}</ref>

However, Japanese Pan-Asianism evolved into a more nationalist ideology that prioritized Japan's interests. This was evident by the growth of secret societies such as [[Genyōsha|Black Ocean Society]] and the [[Black Dragon Society]], which committed criminal activities to ensure the success of Japanese expansionism. Exceptionally, [[Ryōhei Uchida]] (1874–1937), who was a member of the Black Dragon Society, was a Japan-Korea unionist and supported [[Philippine Revolution|Filipino]] and [[Xinhai Revolution|Chinese revolution]]s. In addition, Asian territories were seen as reservoirs of economic resources<ref name="UNE">{{cite journal |author1=Brian Dollery |author2=Zane Spindler |author3=Craig Parsons |date=2003 |title=Nanshin: Budget- Maximising Behavior, The Imperial Japanese Navy And The Origins Of The Pacific War |url=http://www.une.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/67850/econ-2003-8.pdf |journal=Working Paper Series in Economics |publisher=University of New England School of Economics |pages=4 & 12 |accessdate=27 July 2015}}</ref><ref name="Kos">{{cite news |last=Flank |first=Lenny |date=25 Nov 2014 |title=Khalkhin Gol: The Forgotten War Between Japan and the USSR |newspaper=Daily Kos |url=http://www.dailykos.com/story/2014/11/25/1329459/-Khalkhin-Gol-The-Forgotten-War-Between-Japan-and-the-USSR |access-date=28 July 2015}}</ref> and outlets for the Emperor's "glory" to be displayed. These were evident in government policies such as the [[Hakkō ichiu]] and [[Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere]] agendas.<ref>[[Herbert P. Bix]], ''[[Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan]]'' p 11 {{ISBN|0-06-019314-X}}</ref> Even Kakuzō was critical of Japan's expansionism after the Russo-Japanese War, viewing it as no different than Western expansionism. He expected other Asians to call them "embodiments of the White Disaster".<ref name="Okakura 1904">{{cite book |last1=Okakura |first1=Kakuzō |url=https://archive.org/details/awakeningjapan04okakgoog |title=The Awakening of Japan |date=1904 |publisher=The Century Co. |location=New York |pages=107}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Okakura |first=Kakuzo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QIfb0_tTFugC |title=The Book of Tea |date=2008 |publisher=Applewood Books |isbn=978-1-4290-1279-9 |pages=7 |language=en}}</ref>

Historian Torsten Weber compares these contradictions to the [[Monroe Doctrine]], which opposed European imperialism to foster the unimpeded growth of American imperialism.<ref name=":0" />

Japanese pan-Asianism had strong connections to [[Pan-Islamism|pan-Islamist]] circles in a mutual anti-Western frame work from the early 20th century, with the Japanese being seen as key force against Western imperialism after the [[Russo-Japanese War]]. Key figures in this include Russian Tatar [[Abdurreshid Ibrahim|Abdürreshid Ibrahim]] and Japanese figures like [[Hasan Hatano Uho]]. It included advocacy groups and papers, such as the [[Agia Gikai]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Esenbel |first=Selcuk |date=2004 |title=Japan's Global Claim to Asia and the World of Islam: Transnational Nationalism and World Power, 1900-1945 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/530752 |journal=The American Historical Review |volume=109 |issue=4 |pages=1140–1170 |doi=10.1086/530752 |issn=0002-8762|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Chinese Pan-Asianism==
[[File:Sun Yat-sen,Tōten Miyazaki.jpg|thumb|Sun Yat-sen with friends in Japan, 1897. Sun had close relations with numerous Japanese pan-Asianists throughout his life.<ref name=duyue/>]]
First president of the Republic of China [[Sun Yat-sen]] was a proponent of Pan-Asianism. He said that Asia was the "cradle of the world's oldest civilisation" and that "even the ancient civilisations of the West, of Greece and Rome, had their origins on Asiatic soil." He thought that it was only in recent times that Asians "gradually degenerated and become weak."<ref>{{cite book |title=Pan-Asianism A Documentary History, 1920–Present |date=2011 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |page=78}}</ref> Sun Yat-sen considered Japan and China to be both members of the "Yellow race" and equally threatened from imperialists, and urged Japan to assist China in repealing the Unequal Treaties. In the Russo-Japanese War, Sun had interpreted the Japanese victory as a victory for Asians; as early as 1913, he had attempted to form a pan-Asian alliance with Japanese Prime Minister Katsura Tarō to counter Anglo-Saxon and French imperialism, which he considered to be the principal threats in the world.<ref name=duyue>{{cite journal |last1=Du |first1=Yue |title=Sun Yat-sen as Guofu: Competition over Nationalist Party Orthodoxy in the Second Sino-Japanese War |journal=Modern China |date=2019 |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=201–235|doi=10.1177/0097700418787519 }}</ref> For Sun, "Pan-Asianism is based on the principle of the Rule of Right, and justifies the avenging of wrongs done to others." He advocated overthrowing the Western "Rule of Might" and "seeking a civilisation of peace and equality and the emancipation of all races."<ref>{{cite book |title=Pan-Asianism A Documentary History, 1920–Present |date=2011 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |page=85}}</ref> Sun, despite his consistent praise of Japan as a cultural partner,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ihara |first1=Kichinosuke |date=July 1983 |title=My Thirty-three Years' Dream by Miyazaki Toten (Book Review) |journal=Japan Quarterly |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=316 |id={{ProQuest|1304281243}}}}</ref> questioned whether they would follow the path of exploitation like Western powers in the future in his final years.<ref>[[s:Sun Yat Sen's speech on Pan-Asianism|1924 speech on Greater Asianism]]</ref>

From a Chinese perspective, Japanese Pan-Asianism was interpreted as a competing ideology to [[Sinocentrism]] as well as rationalization of Japanese imperialism (cf. [[Twenty-One Demands]]).<ref name=":0" /> Nonetheless, Chinese Pan-Asianism emerged and was equally as self-centered as its Japanese counterpart. Its success was limited by China's political instability and weak international status.<ref name=":0" />

[[File:Wang Hui 2022.jpg|thumb|Chinese Pan-Asian thinker [[Wang Hui (intellectual)|Wang Hui]]]]

Since the 2000s, Chinese scholars have a more nuanced view of Pan-Asianism, especially those of the Japanese variety. Historian Wang Ping proposed an evaluation system based on chronology: co-operative Classical Asianism (until 1898), expansive Greater Asianism (until 1928), and the invasive Japanese ‘Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere’ (until 1945).<ref name=":0" />

Slovenian philosopher [[Slavoj Žižek]] stated that China has been following pan-Asianism for over a century. He regarded Chinese thinker [[Wang Hui (intellectual)|Wang Hui]] as the main promoter of a [[communist]] pan-Asianism. Wang Hui advocated that if [[social democracy]] is grounded in Asian civilizational traditions, it renders it possible to avoid the Western type of [[Multi-party system|multi-party democracy]] and enact a social order with much stronger people's participation.<ref>{{cite web|title=[Column] The trouble with Wang Hui's pan-Asianism|url=https://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/english_editorials/1091857.html|date=2023-05-15|author=Slavoj Žižek|work=[[The Hankyoreh]]}}</ref>

== Indian Pan-Asianism ==
{{See also|Greater India|Act East policy}}
Ties between [[British India]] and Japan were pursued by some as a way of pushing against British rule, with revolutionaries such as [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] meeting with Japanese leaders, though British intelligence services sought to limit these interactions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=L |first=Aaron |date=2011-04-25 |title=Pan-Asianism as an Ideal of Asian Identity and Solidarity, 1850–Present アジアの主体性・団結の理想としての汎アジア主義−−１８５０年から今日まで |url=https://apjjf.org/2011/9/17/christopher-w-a-szpilman/3519/article |access-date=2024-08-08 |website=The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus |language=en-US}}</ref>

The 1951 founding of the [[Asian Games]], now the second-largest sporting event behind the [[Olympic Games]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is Asian Games? Definition of Asian Games, Asian Games Meaning |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/definition/asian-games |access-date=2023-09-04 |website=The Economic Times |language=en}}</ref> was partially inspired by a newly independent India's vision for Asian solidarity and the emergence of the post-colonial world order.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mehta |first=Nalin |date=2014-09-18 |title=The story of how an Asiad remade a city |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/the-story-of-how-an-asiad-remade-a-city/articleshow/42754181.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-09-04 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-11-12 |title=How India gave Asia its Games |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/asian-games-history/how-india-gave-asia-its-games/articleshow/6911333.cms |access-date=2023-09-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> However, Indian pan-Asianism faded away after the fallout of the [[1962 India-China War]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Doddi |first=Chandu |date=2023 |title=Book review: Tansen Sen and Brian Tsui (eds.), Beyond Pan-Asianism: Connecting China and India, 1840s–1960s |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00094455231209107 |journal=China Report |language=en |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=475–478 |doi=10.1177/00094455231209107 |issn=0009-4455|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== Turkish Pan-Asianism ==
Pan-Asianism in [[Turkey]] has not yet been fully explored,<ref>{{cite web|access-date=21 March 2022|archive-date=18 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418012737/https://www.insightturkey.com/tags/pan-asianism|title=pan-Asianism {{!}} Insight Turkey|url=https://www.insightturkey.com/tags/pan-asianism|work=www.insightturkey.com}}</ref> it is not known how many people hold this ideology and how widespread it is. However, [[Turkish people|Turks]] who supported Japan in the [[World War II|Second World War]] and have the Pan-Asianism ideology use a redesigned Turkish flag based on Japan's flag in the Second World War.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Telli̇el |first1=Yunus Doğan |title=Cemil Aydın, The Politics of Anti- Westernism in Asia: Visions of World Order in Pan-İslamic and Pan-Asian Thought |journal=Osmanlı Araştırmaları |date=1 June 2011 |volume=37 |issue=37 |pages=249–253 |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/oa/issue/10941/130795 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=24 March 2022|archive-date=18 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418012914/https://www.otuken.com.tr/panislamizmden-buyuk-asyaciliga|language=tr-TR|title=Ötüken Kitap {{!}} Panislamizmden Büyük Asyacılığa A. Merthan Dündar|url=https://www.otuken.com.tr/panislamizmden-buyuk-asyaciliga|website=otuken.com.tr}}</ref>

==Pan-Asianism and Asian values==
The idea of "[[Asian values]]" is somewhat of a resurgence of Pan-Asianism.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}} One foremost enthusiast of the idea was the former Prime Minister of [[Singapore]], [[Lee Kuan Yew]]. In [[India]], [[Ram Manohar Lohia]] dreamed of a united socialist Asia.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Imlay |first=Talbot Charles |date=21 June 2021 |title=Defining Asian Socialism: The Asian Socialist Conference, Asian Socialists, and the Limits of a Global Socialist Movement in 1953 |journal=International Review of Social History |language=en |volume=66 |issue=3 |pages=415–441 |doi=10.1017/S0020859021000250 |s2cid=237902320 |issn=0020-8590|doi-access=free }}</ref> A number of other Asian political leaders from [[Sun Yat-sen]] in the 1910s and 20s to [[Mahathir Mohamad]] in the 1990s similarly argue that the political models and ideologies of [[Europe]] lack values and concepts found in Asian societies and philosophies.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}}

==See also==
*[[Greater East Asia Conference]]
*[[Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere]]
*[[Asiacentrism]]
*[[ASEAN]] (1967 to the present)
**[[History of ASEAN]]
*[[Asia Council]]
*[[Asian Development Bank]]
*[[Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank]]
*[[Asian Monetary Fund]]
*[[Asian Relations Conference]]
*[[Afro-Asia]]
**[[Bandung Conference]] (1955)
*[[Belt and Road Initiative]]
*[[East Asian Community]]
*[[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation]]
*[[Asia Cooperation Dialogue]]
*[[Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership]]
*[[Pan-nationalism]]
*[[Fusao Hayashi]]
*[[Shumei Okawa]]
*[[Iwane Matsui]]
*[[Greater Europe]], a similar movement in Europe
*[[Pan-European identity|Pan-Europeanism]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* {{cite book
| last = Chen
| first = Jian
| title = China's Road to the Korean War: The Making of the Sino-American Confrontation
| year = 1994
| publisher = Columbia University Press
| location = New York
| isbn = 978-0-231-10025-0
}}

== Bibliography ==
* Saaler, Sven and [[J. Victor Koschmann]], eds., ''Pan-Asianism in Modern [[History of Japan|Japanese History]]: [[Colonialism]], [[Regionalism (international relations)|Regionalism]] and Borders.'' London and New York: Routledge, 2007. {{ISBN|0-415-37216-X}}
* Saaler, Sven and C.W.A. Szpilman, eds., ''Pan-Asianism: A Documentary History,'' Rowman & Littlefield, 2011. two volumes (1850–1920, 1920–present).{{ISBN|978-1-4422-0596-3}} (vol. 1), {{ISBN|978-1-4422-0599-4}} (vol. 2)
* {{cite book |doi=10.4324/9781315746678-3 |chapter=Japan and Asia |title=Routledge Handbook of Modern Japanese History |year=2017 |last1=Szpilman |first1=Christopher W. A. |pages=25–46 |isbn=978-1-315-74667-8 |editor-first1=Sven |editor-last1=Saaler }}
* {{citation|last=Turnbull|first=Stephen|year=2008|title=The Samurai Invasion of Korea 1592–98|publisher=Osprey Publishing Ltd |isbn=9781846032547|oclc=244583893}}

==Further reading==
{{Wikisource|Sun Yat-Sen's speech on Pan-Asianism}}
* [[Niraj Kamal|Kamal, Niraj]] (2002) ''Arise [[Asia]]: Respond to [[White Peril]].'' New Delhi: Wordsmith {{ISBN|81-87412-08-9}}.
*[[Niraj Kumar|Kumar, Niraj]] (2015). 'Asia in Post - Western Age." New Delhi: KW Publishers{{ISBN|978-9383649242}}
* [[Roy Starrs|Starrs, Roy]] (2001) ''Asian [[Nationalism]] in an Age of [[Globalization]].'' London: RoutledgeCurzon {{ISBN|1-903350-03-4}}.
* Starrs, Roy (2002) ''[[Nations]] under Siege: Globalization and Nationalism in Asia.'' New York: Palgrave Macmillan {{ISBN|0-312-29410-7}}.
* {{cite book |doi=10.1355/9789814345477-007 |chapter=Sun Yat-Sen's Idea of Regionalism and His Legacy |title=Sun Yat-Sen, Nanyang and the 1911 Revolution |year=2011 |pages=44–60 |isbn=9789814345477 }}

{{Pan-nationalist concepts}}
{{Asia topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Pan-Asianism| ]]
[[Category:Japanese propaganda during World War II]]
[[Category:Colonialism]]
[[Category:Nationalist movements in Asia]]
[[Category:Far-right politics in Asia]]
[[Category:Regionalism (international relations)]]
[[Category:Political movements in Asia]]
[[Category:Political ideologies]]
[[Category:Politics and race]]
[[Category:Kokkashugi]]
[[Category:Axis powers]]

Satish Dua

2026-02-01T14:05:15Z

CoyCallaghan: small changes

{{Short description|Indian Army}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Lieutenant General]]
| name = Satish Dua
| honorific_suffix = [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal|PVSM]], [[Uttam Yudh Seva Medal|UYSM]], [[Sena Medal|SM]], [[Vishisht Seva Medal|VSM]]
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| branch = {{army|India}}
| serviceyears = December 1979 – October 2018
| rank = [[File:Lieutenant General of the Indian Army.svg|22px]] Lieutenant General
| servicenumber = IC-38311X
| unit = [[Jammu and Kashmir Light Infantry|8 Jammu and Kashmir Light Infantry]]
| commands = [[File:Ids india.png|20px]] [[Integrated Defence Staff]] [[XV Corps (India)|XV Corps]] [[File:Assam Rifles LOGO.svg|20px]] [[Assam Rifles#Organization|IGAR (East)]] [[File:Jammu and Kashmir Light Infantry Insignia (India).svg|20px]] [[Jammu and Kashmir Light Infantry|8 Jammu and Kashmir Light Infantry]]
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| module =
}}
[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] '''Satish Dua''', [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal|PVSM]], [[Uttam Yudh Seva Medal|UYSM]], [[Sena Medal|SM]], [[Vishisht Seva Medal|VSM]] is a retired [[General Officer]] of [[Indian Army]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mynation.com/news/lt-gen-satish-dua-example-motorcycle-retirement-philwi|title=Lt Gen Satish Dua sets an example, goes home on motorcycle after retirement|date=2018-11-01}}</ref> He served as [[Chief of Integrated Defence Staff]] to the [[Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee]] (CISC) of the [[Indian Armed Forces]] and the Former 15 Corps [[XV Corps (India)|(XV Corps)]] in Kashmir. The General Officer was the Kashmir Corps Commander during the 'surgical strike' in September 2016. He was the Colonel of [[Jammu and Kashmir Light Infantry]] Regiment.

== Early life and education ==
Dua has attended Higher Command Course at [[Army War College, Mhow|Army War College]], [[Mhow]]; [[Defence Services Staff College]], Wellington; and [[National Defence College (India)|National Defence College]], Delhi.{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}}

== Career ==
Dua was commissioned into [[Jammu and Kashmir Light Infantry|8 Jammu and Kashmir Light Infantry]] (Siachen) in December 1979.{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}} He has held various command, staff and Instructor appointments during his career. He has commanded a battalion and a brigade in counter terrorism operations in Jammu and Kashmir and the [[XV Corps (India)|XV Corps]] (Srinagar) (2015-2016).{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}} As a Major General in [[Assam Rifles]] he was involved in raising a new formation termed IGAR (East) in [[Northeast India]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}} He has held various staff appointments including Colonel MS (Complaints) in Military Secretary Branch; Brigade Major of Kargil Brigade; Brigadier General Staff (Operations) of [[XVI Corps (India)|XVI Corps]] (Nagrota); Deputy Director General in Weapon Equipment Directorate; Additional Director General (Procurement) in Master General of Ordnance Branch. He has also served as a commando instructor and a Defence Attaché to Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos (2005-2008).<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=» Lt General Satish Dua|url=http://www.spsmilitaryyearbook.com/profile/lt-general-satish-dua/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213082933/http://www.spsmilitaryyearbook.com/profile/lt-general-satish-dua/|archive-date=2017-12-13|access-date=2017-12-13|website=www.spsmilitaryyearbook.com}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Lt Gen Satish Dua takes over as CISC|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=153225|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209100013/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=153225|archive-date=2017-12-09|access-date=2017-12-13|website=pib.nic.in}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|date=2016-11-03|title=Former 15 Corps commander Lt Gen Satish Dua takes over as CISC chief|language=en-US|work=Firstpost|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/former-15-corps-commander-lt-gen-satish-dua-takes-over-as-cisc-chief-3087048.html|url-status=live|access-date=2017-12-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213082337/http://www.firstpost.com/india/former-15-corps-commander-lt-gen-satish-dua-takes-over-as-cisc-chief-3087048.html|archive-date=2017-12-13}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|title=Lt Gen Satish Dua takes over as CISC chief - Times of India|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Lt-Gen-Satish-Dua-takes-over-as-CISC-chief/articleshow/55231152.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2017-12-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213085009/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Lt-Gen-Satish-Dua-takes-over-as-CISC-chief/articleshow/55231152.cms|archive-date=2017-12-13}}</ref> He was Colonel of [[Jammu and Kashmir Light Infantry]] Regiment.

Lieutenant General Satish Dua was the founding Member Secretary of Defence Planning Committee.

As member of Defence Acquisition Council, he played a pivotal role in force modernisation & inter se prioritisation between Army, Navy & Air Force. He worked actively in the field of Humanitarian Assistance & Disaster Relief. As a member of National Crisis Management Group, coordinated the efforts of Army, Navy & Air Force in National Crises & Disaster situations.

Lieutenant General Satish Dua co-chaired the INDO-U.S. Military Cooperation Group (2016-2018)

During his career, he has been awarded the [[Vishisht Seva Medal]], [[Sena Medal]], the [[Uttam Yudh Seva Medal]] (2017) and [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]] (2018) for his service.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=157683|title=398 Republic Day Gallantry and other Defence Decorations Announced|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=2017-12-13|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007121219/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=157683|archive-date=2017-10-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pib.nic.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1517875|title=Press Information Bureau|website=www.pib.nic.in|language=en|access-date=2018-01-26}}</ref>

After retirement, General Dua has authored a book titled 'India’s Bravehearts'. This book tells first hand experiences and gripping stories of death-defying operations and daring surgical strikes, the intense training soldiers have to undergo to become battle-fit, what life is really like on the LoC and the lives of the young men who made the ultimate sacrifice for their country.

== Honours and decorations ==
{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|colspan="5"|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Param Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}} {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Uttam_Yudh_Seva_Medal_ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|-
|colspan="4"|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Sena Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}} {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}} {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND Special Service Medal Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND_Operation_Vijay_medal.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND Operation Parakram medal.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND Sainya Seva Medal Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND High Altitude Medal Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 50th Anniversary Independence medal.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 30 Years Long Service Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 20YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 9YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|width=106}}
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|-
|colspan="2"|[[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
|colspan="2"|[[Uttam Yudh Seva Medal]]
|-
| colspan="1"|[[Sena Medal]]
| colspan="2"|[[Vishisht Seva Medal]]
| colspan="1"|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Special Service Medal]]
|-
|[[Awards and Decorations of the Indian Armed Forces|Operation Vijay Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Operation Parakram Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Sainya Seva Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|High Altitude Service Medal]]
|-
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|50th Anniversary of Independence Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|30 Years Long Service Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|20 Years Long Service Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|9 Years Long Service Medal]]
|}

== Bibliography ==
*{{Cite book|title= India's Bravehearts : Untold Stories from the Indian Army|last= Dua|first=Satish|publisher = Juggernaut (4 December 2020); HarperCollins India Private Limited, A-75, Sector 57, Noida, Uttarpradesh - 201301, Tel no : 0120-4044800|year=2020|location=Noida, Uttarpradesh, India|pages=224}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{commons category-inline}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{Succession box
| title = [[Chief Of Integrated Defence Staff]]
| years = 31 October 2016 – 31 October 2018
| before = Air Marshal P P Reddy
| after = Lt Gen [[P S Rajeshwar]]}}
{{succession box
| title = [[General Officer Commanding]] [[XV Corps (India)|XV Corps]]
| years = 26 November 2015 – 30 October 2016
| before = [[Subrata Saha (general)|Subrata Saha]]
| after = [[Jaswinder Singh Sandhu (general)|Jaswinder Singh Sandhu]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dua, Satish}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian generals]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Uttam Yudh Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sena Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:National Defence College, India alumni]]
[[Category:Military attachés for India]]
[[Category:Army War College, Mhow alumni]]
[[Category:Defence Services Staff College alumni]]

Best Bakery case

2026-01-25T13:20:27Z

CoyCallaghan: details

{{Short description|2002 legal case in Gujarat, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}

The '''Best Bakery case''' was a [[legal case]] involving the burning down of the Best Bakery, a small outlet in the Hanuman Tekri area in [[Vadodara]], Gujarat, India, on 1 March 2002. During the incident, a mob targeted the Sheikh family who ran the bakery and had taken refuge inside, resulting in the deaths of fourteen people<ref name="chronR">{{Cite web |date=2006-02-24 |title=Chronology of events in Best Bakery case |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2006/feb/24gujarat1.htm |website=Rediff |agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref> (11 Muslims including family members and 3 Hindu employees<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/best-bakery-case-bombay-hc-acquits-5-uphol/972133/|title=Best Bakery case: Bombay HC acquits 5, upholds life term to 4|date=9 July 2012}}</ref> of the bakery<ref name = raps>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3102864.stm Court raps Gujarat over riot case]</ref>). This case has come to symbolize the carnage in [[2002 Gujarat riots]] that followed the [[Godhra train burning]]. All the 21 accused were [[Acquittal|acquitted]] by the court due to shoddy [[police work]] and issues with evidence.<ref name = whyimportant/>

==Background==
On 1 March 2002, communal frenzy enveloped Vadodara.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20050117100058/http://www.tehelka.com/story_main10.asp?filename=ts010105best_bakery_case.asp Best Bakery case file]. Tehelka</ref> The Best Bakery, a small outlet in the Hanuman Tekri area of Vadodara,<ref name = whyimportant>[http://in.rediff.com/news/2006/feb/24best.htm [https://cafeuppercrust.com/ Best Bakery]: Why it is so important]</ref> was attacked by a mob, which burned down the bakery, killing 14 people.<ref name = BBC1>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3679878.stm Murder charges in Gujarat trial]. Wednesday, 22 September 2004. BBC</ref> This attack was part of the 2002 Gujarat riots. As per a televised interview by Zaheera Shaikh, one of the survivors who had witnessed the entire saga, a large mob surrounded the bakery in the evening, around 8 pm. They first stole all the goods that were kept in the bakery including sacks of flour. Thereafter they set fire to the bakery and the people inside, most of them Zaheera's [[Kinship|relatives]], shouting that ''no one should escape alive from it''.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Sharma|first1=Pankaj|title=Televised interview - Zaheera Sheikh|publisher=Doordarshan}}</ref>

[[Amnesty International]] reports that in many cases of the [[2002 Gujarat riots|Gujarat violence]], police recorded complaints in a "defective" manner, failed to collect witnesses' statements as well as [[Corroborating evidence|corroborative evidence]] and did not investigate the responsibility of eminent suspects. The Best Bakery case was seen by human rights organizations in India as a test case given that what Amnesty calls "strong evidence" against the accused existed,<ref name="amnesty">{{Cite web |date=2003-07-08 |title=India: Best Bakery case – concerns for justice |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/ASA20/018/2003/en/ |access-date=2025-08-10 |publisher=Amnesty International}}</ref> but the victims gained little justice.<ref name = BBC1/>

==Case in 2003 and acquittal==
The case was tried at a fast court by the Vadodara sessions court judge Hemantsinh U Mahida. It lasted less than two months (9 May to 27 June 2003).<ref name="original"/>

The case hinged on the first hand evidence presented in two [[First information report|first information reports]] (FIR) that had been presented{{Spaced en dash}}that of Raizkhan Amin Mohammed Pathan and of Zaheera Sheikh. In addition, evidence was provided by a large number of witnesses whose evidence was secondary (indirect or hearsay).<ref name="original"/>

The day after the attack, Zaheera Sheikh filed the first informant complaint.<ref name = chronR/> Zaheera, a 19-year-old during the incident, was a key and notable witness. She stated that she saw a large mob set fire to their bakery and saw them burn her family members to death. When the mob gathered, shouting [[Communal violence|communal]] [[slogan]]s, her family fled to the terrace and some locked themselves in a first-floor room. The Sheikh family lived in a house directly above the bakery. The mob set the bakery on fire and killings continued from 6 pm to 10 am the next day, a period of sixteen hours. Her statements were recounted for many publications.<ref name = whyimportant/> However, as per documents presented to the court, Zaheera's FIR was registered by the Gujarat Police|police on 4 March 2002, leading the defence to oppose its use and the judge to suspect its validity and the possibility of it having been doctored by the police to implicate innocent people at the expense of the guilty perpetrators. The defence purported that only the FIR that was registered on FIR of 1 March 2002 (by Raizkhan Amin Mohammed Pathan) should be admissible under Section 60 of the [[Indian Evidence Act]].<ref name="original">{{Cite web|title=Session Case No. 248 / 2002|url=http://www.cjponline.org/best/vadjudgement.pdf|website=www.cjponline.org|publisher=Vadodara Sessions Court|access-date=6 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312160441/http://www.cjponline.org/best/vadjudgement.pdf|archive-date=12 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Further, in court on 23 March 2003, as many as 37 of the 73 witnesses, including Sheikh, turned [[hostile witness|hostile]].<ref name = whyimportant/><ref name="The skull beneath the skin">{{Cite news |last1=Sen |first1=Antara Dev |title=The skull beneath the skin |url=http://www.littlemag.com/ghosts/antaradevsen.html |access-date=14 June 2017 |publisher=The Little Magazine |volume=IV |issue=4}}</ref> It was later alleged by their former mentors that they had received threats to their lives, including from [[Shrivastav Madhubhai Babubhai|Madhu Shrivastav]]. Other witnesses gave garbled and self-contradictory witness account, strikingly at variance with the lucid, grammatical and logical written affidavits which had previously been filed in their name. The prosecution claimed that these witnesses had suffered head injuries and were not in a mental state to give an accurate account of their experiences, but could not explain the lucidity of the affidavits. The state government pointed to the lapses by the [[Gujarat Police]] in "registering and recording of FIR" and on the part of the prosecution in "recording of evidence" of witnesses in the Best Bakery case.<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/dec/22godhra.htm Gujarat govt admits lapses in Best Bakery case], 23 December 2003.</ref>

As a result of all these, the prosecution's case collapsed in court and all of the 21 accused were acquitted. The judgment was delivered on 27 June 2003 by additional sessions judge [[Hemantsinh U Mahida]] of the Vadodara fast track court.<ref name = BBC1/><ref name=CJP>[http://www.sabrang.com/cjp/best/factfile.htm Best Bakery Factfile] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513144045/http://www.sabrang.com/cjp/best/factfile.htm |date=13 May 2008 }}</ref><ref>"[http://www.newindpress.com/NewsItems.asp?ID=IEH20041222230113&Page=H&Title=Top+Stories&Topic=0& Best Bakery case: MLA now claims Zaheera was paid off a year ago]." [http://www.newindpress.com Newindpress.com] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080301225246/http://www.newindpress.com/|date=1 March 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=38613 |title=Zaheera's second brother also does a U-turn |access-date=8 September 2010 |archive-date=10 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010043430/http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=38613 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The judgment said, "It was proved beyond doubt that a violent mob had attacked the bakery and killed 12 persons. However, there was no legally acceptable evidence to prove that any of the accused presented before the court had committed the crime." The judgment was critical of the police for delay in registering FIR and for not investigating the incident properly and harassing innocent people, including the accused.<ref name="cjp">{{Cite web|title=CJP's Rebuttal on Media Coverage of Supreme Court Proceedings, April 13, 2009|url=http://www.cjponline.org/cjprebuttal.htm|website=www.cjponline.org|publisher=Citizens for justice and peace|access-date=6 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119120047/http://www.cjponline.org/cjprebuttal.htm|archive-date=19 January 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Reactions==
A large section of the press expressed outrage for a prolonged period at the acquittals.{{Who|date=February 2023}} It was reported that key witnesses in the case had lied in court out of fear for their lives as they had been given [[death threat]]s. Key witnesses in the case include the wife and daughter of the bakery owner. They accused [[Bharatiya Janata Party|party politicians]] of threatening and harassing them into withdrawing their testimony.<ref>[http://www.sabrang.com/cjp/best/factfile.htm Citizens for Justice and Peace (CJP)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513144045/http://www.sabrang.com/cjp/best/factfile.htm |date=13 May 2008 }}</ref> According to their testimony to the police and the [[National Human Rights Commission (India)|National Human Rights Commission]], 500 people had attacked the bakery. Amnesty International criticized the judgment as "the lack of government commitment to ensuring justice to victims of the [[communal violence]] in Gujarat."<ref name = amnesty/> India's [[National Human Rights Commission]] described it as a "miscarriage of justice" and, along with other petitioners, argued that the case should be investigated by an independent agency. The [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme court]] expressed displeasure at the acquittal.<ref>Majumder, Sanjoy. "[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3104280.stm Gujarat and the judges' anger]," 12 September 2003. BBC news</ref>

The Gujarat government responded by pointing out many other cases where the guilty were left unpunished. Solicitor General [[Mukul Rohatgi]] cited the [[1984 Anti-Sikh riots|anti-Sikh riots]] of 1984 and said many of the accused are still free.<ref name = raps/>

==Re-trial and hostile witnesses==
Soon after the sessions court judgement, Zaheera and her mother gave interviews to the media stating that they had lied in court. On 5 July 2003, Zaheera and her mother told ''The Sunday Express'' that Zaheera had lied in court because she had received death threats. On 7 July 2003, Zaheera told the media that [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bhartiya Janta Party]] (BJP) MLA [[Madhu Srivastava]] and his cousin, [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] councilor [[Chandrakant Srivastava]] were behind the threats, hence she sought a [[re-trial]] ''outside'' Gujarat. Due to this, media coverage and protests by several citizens groups, the
[[National Human Rights Commission of India|National Human Rights Commission]] (NHRC) visited Vadodara on 8 July to examine documents related to the case. The NHRC moved a [[Special Leave Petitions in India|Special Leave Petition]] in the Supreme Court on 31 July 2003 asking for a [[retrial]] outside Gujarat.<ref name="telegraph">{{Cite news|last1=Rawat|first1=Basant|title=Bakery judge skirts job row|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1040609/asp/nation/story_3349119.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119062151/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1040609/asp/nation/story_3349119.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 January 2018|access-date=6 July 2017|publisher=Telegraph|date=8 June 2003}}</ref>

Aware of media outrage, three [[Supreme court judges|Supreme Court judges]] ordered the head of Gujarat police and the [[chief secretary of Gujarat]] to appear before the court in order to [[Explanation|explain]] their actions in the incident.<ref name = raps/> [[Chief Justice of India|Chief Justice]] [[VN Khare]] said he had "no confidence" in the [[Gujarat government]], while the [[Supreme court of India|Indian Supreme Court]] criticized the government and ordered a retrial. The Supreme Court ordered that the retrial be moved out of Gujarat after accusing the state government of [[Judiciary|judicial]] [[failure]]s on 12 April 2004 in [[Maharashtra]]. The orders were passed by Justice [[Doraiswamy Raju]] and Justice [[Arijit Pasayat]].<ref name="rediff2">{{Cite news|title=Zahira turns hostile|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2004/dec/21best.htm|access-date=6 July 2017|publisher=Rediff|date=5 December 2004}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Judgement of the Gujarat High Court in BEST Bakery Case (12 January 2004)|url=http://www.cjponline.org/best/hcjudgement.pdf|website=www.cjponline.org|publisher=HIGH COURT OF GUJARAT AT AHMEDABAD|access-date=6 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313024746/http://www.cjponline.org/best/hcjudgement.pdf|archive-date=13 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On 24 September 2004, charges were framed by Judge [[Abhay Thipsay]] in [[Mumbai]] and the retrial began on 4 October 2004. During the first few weeks, the formal prosecution witnesses were examined and witnesses to the Best Bakery massacre began to testifying on 27 October 2004 as part of the proceedings of Case 315 of 2004 at the [[Sessions Court|Greater sessions court]] at [[Mazgaon]], Mumbai.<ref name="originalsessions">{{Cite web|title=Final judgement (693 pages) - Case 315 of 2004|url=http://www.indiajudgments.com/resources/Best%20Bakery-Mazagaon%20Court%20Judgment.PDF|website=www.indiajudgments.com|publisher=Sessions court, Mazgaon (Government of India)|access-date=6 July 2017|archive-date=14 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221214110342/http://www.indiajudgments.com/resources/Best%20Bakery-Mazagaon%20Court%20Judgment.PDF|url-status=dead}}</ref> These witnesses included Tufel Ahmed, Raees Khan Pathan and Shehzad Khan, who worked at the bakery and witnessed the events.<ref name="telegraph"/>

However, on 3 November 2004, Zaheera filed an affidavit at the High Court stating, "If we don't lie as instructed by Teesta, then these people will get me and my family members killed," Zaheera said with regard to [[Teesta Setalvad]], a journalist and activist who was assisting to obtain justice for the riot victims.
Further, she said that "after the fast track court had acquitted the 21 accused, two Muslims had barged into her house and told her that to change her statement in the interest of the community. Thereafter she along with brother were taken to Mumbai to Teesta Setalvad." Her statements were vague, often self-contradictory, but she insisted that she had been kept captive by Setalvad who had made her sign some legal papers. She further said that the matter was taken to Supreme Court against her wishes.<ref name="outlook">{{Cite news|title=Court hearings in Best bakery case|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/best-bakery-hc-to-hear-appeals-from-march-5/750582|access-date=6 July 2017|publisher=Outlook India}}</ref><ref name="originalsessions"/>

In June 2005, the investigating officer [[P.P. Kanani]] was cross examined. Kanani had taken over as investigating officer from [[Himmatsinh Baria]] of Panigate Police Station on 10 March 2002. On 29 August 2005, a committee appointed by the Supreme Court of India|Supreme court indicted Zaheera Sheikh as a "liar" and criticized her series of "flip-flop statements".<ref name="originalsessions"/> The Government of Gujarat filed an amended appeal in the [[Gujarat High Court]] seeking a retrial of the case and the appeal was admitted by the Gujarat High Court. After being indicted by the [[Supreme Court of India]], the police registered a case against [[Shrivastav Madhubhai Babubhai]] for intimidating witnesses to the incident.<ref name="cct">{{Cite web |title=Crime against humanity : a comprehensive report on the Gujarat riots |url=http://www.sabrang.com/tribunal/ |access-date=6 July 2017 |website=www.sabrang.com |publisher=Concerned Citizens Tribunal |archive-date=15 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115112215/https://www.sabrang.com/tribunal/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="originalsessions"/>

The [[government of Gujarat]] admitted that there were lapses on the part of the Gujarat Police|police in registering and recording FIR in the case and on the part of the prosecution in recording the evidence of witnesses. It said that the police had attempted to help the accused by not submitting names of the accused. Meanwhile, Zahira Sheikh, admitted lying in court and not testifying against the accused. She said she had been threatened by senior figures in the local organisation of Gujarat's ruling party, the [[Hindutva|Hindu]] right-wing [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. Thus 17 of the accused charged with murdering 14 people were retried in the case beginning in 2004.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3712574.stm Gujarat riot murder retrial opens]</ref>

==Perjury==
A serious dent to Best Bakery case key witness Zaheera Sheikh's credibility, a Supreme Court-appointed committee has indicted her as a "self-condemned liar" falling to "inducements" by "certain persons" to give "inconsistent" statements during the trial of the case. A bench comprising Justice Arijit Pasayat and Justice [[H. K. Sema|H K Sema]] opened the sealed report and read out the three main conclusions of the committee headed by [[Supreme Court Registrar General]] [[B M Gupta]]. At the same time, the committee gave a clean chit to social activist [[Teesta Setalvad|Teesta Setalavad]] of the charges of inducement levelled against her by Zahira.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2005/aug/29best.htm|title=Supreme Court panel calls Zahira a liar|website=www.rediff.com|access-date=11 November 2019}}</ref>

On 10 January 2005, the court referred the matter for inquiry on being faced with the flip-flops of Zahira much to the embarrassment of her one time protector and social activist Setalavad. The bench, after glancing through the over 150-page report, said that the committee has come to the conclusion that there was inducement given to Zahira by certain persons and that there were inconsistencies in her statements. The court made it clear that it has not accepted the report and sought the opinion of the counsel for both Zahira and Setalavad in regard to 'acceptability' of the report.<ref name=":0" />

===Allegation of false depositions===
Mother of prime witness in the Best Bakery case Zahira Sheikh, was on Thursday held guilty of contempt of court by the special court conducting the re-trial here. The court imposed a fine of Rs 100 on Sehrunnisa after reading her reply to a show-cause notice issued to her earlier in the day. Sehrunnisa was taken into custody after the trial court initiated contempt proceedings against her for her defiant attitude during her deposition as a witness. While tendering evidence, she frequently looked at Raes Khan, an NGO activist, who was sitting in the court.
Even after the judge told her to address the court and not to look at others she continued to look at Raes. The judge warned her that she could be held for contempt, to which Sehrunnisa replied: "Please take action against me." Sehrunnisa said Raes was gesturing at her and hence, she was looking at him.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2004/dec/16best.htm|title=Court fines Zaheera's mother|website=www.rediff.com|access-date=11 November 2019}}</ref>

==Life sentences==
In February 2006, a court in India convicted nine of the 21 people of murder, sentencing them to life imprisonment. It acquitted 8 others, while issuing warrants for the arrest of four missing persons.<ref name = BBCLife>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4745926.stm Life sentences in India riot case]. [[BBC News]].</ref> Of the nine convicted for life by the trial court, Bombay High Court acquitted five for want of evidence, but upheld the sentence in respect of the remaining four.<ref>{{Cite news| url= http://www.indianexpress.com/news/best-bakery-case-bombay-hc-acquits-5-upholds-life-term-to-4/972133/| title= Best Bakery case: Bombay HC acquits 5, upholds life term to 4| date= 9 July 2012}}</ref>

The judgment, called "landmark" by [[BBC]] journalist [[Sanjoy Majumder]], brought the case to an end. The case has the legacy of being "one of the country's most controversial and high profile trials."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Majumder |first=Sanjoy |date=2006-02-24 |title=Landmark judgement raises hope |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4747082.stm |website=BBC News}}</ref>

==2012 Bombay High Court==
On 9 July 2012, the [[Bombay High Court]], upheld the life sentences of four accused, Sanjay Thakkar, Bahadursingh Chauhan, Sanabhai Baria and Dinesh Rajbhar on the basis of four eyewitness accounts, who were injured bakery employees and identified the accused. It acquitted five accused, Rajubhai Baria, Pankaj Gosavi, Jagdish Rajput, Suresh alias Lalo Devjibhai Vasava and Shailesh Tadvi, for lack of evidence.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Best Bakery case: 5 let off, 4 nailed |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/Best-Bakery-case-5-let-off-4-nailed/Article1-885843.aspx |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=9 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712003626/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/Best-Bakery-case-5-let-off-4-nailed/Article1-885843.aspx |archive-date=12 July 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Best Bakery case: 5 acquitted, life term for four upheld |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/other-states/article3620604.ece |work=The Hindu |date=9 July 2012 |access-date=10 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120711231002/http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/other-states/article3620604.ece |archive-date=11 July 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Gulbarg Society massacre]]
*[[Naroda Patiya massacre]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.sabrang.com/tribunal/ Detailed Report on the Godhra riots by the Concerned Citizens Tribunal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115112215/https://www.sabrang.com/tribunal/ |date=15 January 2020 }}
* [http://www.indiajudgments.com/resources/Best%20Bakery-Mazagaon%20Court%20Judgment.PDF 693 page judgement by the Sessions court Mazgaon on Best bakery case - case 315 of 2004] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221214110342/http://www.indiajudgments.com/resources/Best%20Bakery-Mazagaon%20Court%20Judgment.PDF |date=14 December 2022 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080706155454/http://www.supremecourt.manupatra.com/ Free Supreme Court Judgements]
* [http://home.gujarat.gov.in/homedepartment/downloads/godharaincident.pdf Report By The Commission of Inquiry Consisting of Mr. Justice G.T. Nanavati And Mr. Justice Akshay H. Mehta] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130316134832/http://home.gujarat.gov.in/homedepartment/downloads/godharaincident.pdf |date=16 March 2013 }}
* {{Cite news |title= What is Best Bakery Case? |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/what-is-best-bakery-case/270274-3.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712151335/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/what-is-best-bakery-case/270274-3.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 July 2012 |publisher=[[CNN-IBN]] |date=9 July 2012 }}

{{2002 Gujarat Violence}}

[[Category:2002 Gujarat riots]]
[[Category:2002 riots]]
[[Category:2002 murders in India]]
[[Category:Attacks on bakeries]]
[[Category:Bakeries of India]]
[[Category:Looting in India]]
[[Category:Indian case law]]
[[Category:Attacks on buildings and structures in 2002]]
[[Category:2002 in case law]]
[[Category:2002 in Indian law]]
[[Category:Persecution by Hindus]]
[[Category:Building and structure arson attacks in India]]
[[Category:March 2002 in India]]
[[Category:Arson in 2002]]
[[Category:2002 fires in Asia]]
[[Category:Attacks on shops in India]]
[[Category:Family murders]]

Bharatpedia:WikiProject Education in India

2026-01-24T12:18:04Z

CoyCallaghan: new a page - done

{{wikiproject status|inactive}}
{{Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Navigation}}
{{Shortcut|WP:INEI}}
Some [[Wikipedia:Wikipedians|Wikipedian]]s have formed a [[Wikipedia:WikiProject|project]] to improve organisation and standardised look and feel of articles related to the [[Education in India]].

If you would like to help, please inquire on the [[{{NAMESPACE}} talk:{{PAGENAME}}|talk page]] and see the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Education in India/to do|to-do list]] there.

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==Scope==
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<categorytree>Education in India</categorytree>

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==Parentage==
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject India]]
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Education]]

==Descendant WikiProjects==
No descendant WikiProjects have been defined.

==Similar WikiProjects==

==Portal==
*[[Portal:Indian Education]]

== Discussion ==
*[[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Education in India]]

==Naming conventions==
*[[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Indic)]]

==Structure==
Refer to :

== WikiProject Education in India notice ==

Place this WikiProject notice {{tl|WP India}} at the top of an article's Talk page to direct editors to the WikiProject Education in India for guidelines.

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at the top of an article's Talk page.
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{{WP India|education=yes|category=no}}

==Stubs==
* For stubs about the Indian education, use '''{{tl|India-school-stub}}'''. This will go into the [[:Category:Indian school stubs]] category.
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[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Education in India\Invite]]

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{{WikiProject cleanup listing}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Education in India}}
[[Category:WikiProject Education in India| ]]
[[Category:WikiProjects participating in Wikipedia 1.0 assessments]]

Presbyterian Church of India

2026-01-20T23:00:31Z

CoyCallaghan: enhance article also and added references

{{Short description|Protestant church}}
{{Infobox Christian denomination
| name = Presbyterian Church of India
| image = Presbyterian Church of India Logo.png
| main_classification = [[Protestantism|Protestant]]
| orientation = [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterian]]
| theology = [[Reformed Christianity#Theology|Reformed]]
| polity = [[Presbyterian polity|Presbyterian]]
| scripture = [[Protestant Bible]]
| founder = {{hlist | Thomas Jones | D. E. Jones}}
| founded_date = {{start date and age|1841}}
| founded_place = [[India]]
| separated_from =
| leader_title = Moderator
| leader_name = Rev. Raldosanga
| branched_from = [[Presbyterian Church of Wales]] formerly [[Welsh Calvinistic Methodist Church]]
| associations = [[World Communion of Reformed Churches]], [[Council for World Mission]], [[National Council of Churches in India]]
| merger =
| area = [[India]]
| congregations = 4,054 (2025)
| members = 1,605,423 (2025)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pcishillong.org/|title= STATISTICS 2022 - 2024}}</ref>
}}
The '''Presbyterian Church of India''' ('''PCI''') is a [[mainline Protestant]] church based in India, with over 1.6 million adherents, mostly in [[Northeast India]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cwmission.org/churches/presbyterian-church-of-india.html |title=Council for World Mission web site. |access-date=2010-03-14 |archive-date=2010-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301203047/http://www.cwmission.org/churches/presbyterian-church-of-india.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is one of the largest [[Christian denomination]]s in that region.<ref name="EC"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.christiantoday.co.in/article/presbyterian-church-of-india-decide-not-to-join-wcc/7268.htm|title= Presbyterian Church of India decide not to join WCC |website=www.christiantoday.co.in}}</ref>

== Origin and history ==
In 1799, Serampore was a protectorate of Denmark. The early British rulers of India were not in favour of Christian missionaries being active in India, but William Carey (1761–1834) established a mission at Serampore in 1799 which became known as the cradle of Modern Missions. Two Khasi were converted through the ministry of Krishna Chandra Pal, who was deputised by William Carey in 1813, and worked at the trading outpost of Pandua, situated in the Sylhet Plains. The same year a mission station was opened at Jowai in the Jaintia Hills.
William Carey, heartened by the efforts of Krishna Pal, began a translation of the Bible into Khasi using Bengali script. In 1832 Carey sponsored Alexander B. Lish as a missionary at Sohra. Lish stayed six years, learning the language, opening schools, and translating the New Testament into Khasi, using Bengali script. This script was unknown to the Khasi at that time, which perhaps accounts, in part, for Lish's lack of converts.
So began the history of the missionary efforts of the Welsh in Khasiland. The Secretary of the Welsh Mission, the Reverend John Thomas Jones from Aberriw in Wales who had a strong desire to work in India had applied to the LMS on medical grounds. Reverend Jones managed to obtain support from his congregation and incorporated The Welsh Missionary Society and they sent him to work in the Khasi Hills<ref>http://www.mundus.ac.uk/cats/51/1042.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011231223/http://www.mundus.ac.uk/cats/51/1042.htm |date=2013-10-11 }} (created 5 Jan 2012 - viewed 5 Jan 2012).</ref>

The Foreign Missions enterprise of the Welsh Calvinistic Methodist Church (later known as the Presbyterian Church of Wales) began at Liverpool in 1840. Earlier this church had supported the work of the London City Missionary Society both in terms of home support and also in overseas agency—four Calvinistic Methodists were sent out by the LMS in the years up to 1840. However, there arose a feeling among Welsh Calvinists, especially those in North Wales, that the Welsh Calvinists were not being sufficiently represented in the LMS and that, moreover, the Methodist Churches had not done what they ought to have done in evangelising the Heathen world.
A former London City Missionary by the name of Jacob Tomlin had toured the Khasi Hills before 1840 and recommended that the Welsh Calvinists adopt this area as its first mission.
The area had been brought under British domination with a military station at Sohra. In 1874 the Khasi and Jaintia Hills and the plains of Assam were designated the Province of Assam. The first missionary, Rev. Thomas Jones, left with his wife for Sohra in November 1840. They arrived at the reputedly rainiest plain on earth in June 1841. The Rev. Jones learned the Khasi language and after one year opened schools with his publication: First Khasi Reader. The Reverend was aided by a number of other Welsh missionary workers and the first two converts to the Christian faith from Khasiland were baptised in March 1846.
<ref>Khasi and Jaintia Hills Missionary Minute Book 1869–1913, Fonds - 2 Volumes: University of Wales Bangor, Department of Manuscripts and Archives Reference - code: GB 0222 BMSS KJ</ref>

The Presbyterian Church in India was founded in 1841.<ref name="EC">Erwin Fahlbusch and Geoffrey William Bromiley, ''The Encyclopedia of Christianity'', Volume 4, Eerdmans, 2005, {{ISBN|0-8028-2416-1}}, p. 538.</ref> by missionaries from the [[Presbyterian Church of Wales]] (formerly the [[Calvinistic Methodists|Calvinistic Methodist]] Church).<ref name="REC">{{Cite web|url=http://recweb.org/index.php?section=18|title=recweb.org|website=recweb.org}}</ref> Rev Thomas Jones and his wife arrived in [[Sohra]] and from the town, this work spread to [[Sylhet]] today known as [[Bangladesh]] and [[Cachar Plains]], [[Assam]], [[Mizoram]], [[Manipur]] and [[Tripura]]. But before this around 1813 the Serampore Mission stated working in at the foot of the Khasi Hills. This mission closed in 1838, the Welsh missionaries revived this effort. Rev. William Pyrse arrived to strengthen this work. The first Presbytery was formed in 1867 in [[Khasi Hills]], and 5 presbyteries were established in 1895, resulting in 1896 in what was then called the Assembly. Work was started in 1896 in Sylhet and Cachar, and later another Assembly was formed in there. In 1947 India and Pakistan were divided, the greater part of the area came under [[Pakistan]], the Pakistan Assembly discontinued. In India the Welsh reached Mizoram, and was strengthen by another missionaries, and the work developed since 1897.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.reformiert-online.net/|title=reformiert online|website=www.reformiert-online.net}}</ref> By the end of the 1890s the church grew in membership and character, this was the [[Wales|Welsh]] religious revival, and includes today the whole population. Various tribes in north Cachar Hills who had been evangelizedby missionaries and local workers were organised as an Assembly, but this assemblies were just regional, not the whole Presbyterian denomination was included. The [[Synod]] of the Presbyterian Church of Assam was created in 1926.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pciga.org/sub.php?sub=aboutus.php |title=www.pciga.org/sub.php?sub=aboutus.php |access-date=2013-02-27 |archive-date=2013-10-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005013556/http://www.pciga.org/sub.php?sub=aboutus.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> The highest church court, the Synod was renamed to Assembly in 1956. In 1968 the name Presbyterian Church in Assam was changed to the Presbyterian Church in North-East India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pciga.org/sub.php?sub=aboutus.php|title=The Realization of a Dream|access-date=2013-02-27|archive-date=2013-10-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005013556/http://www.pciga.org/sub.php?sub=aboutus.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> Geographical spread and the merger of several (though not all) Presbyterian groups made the original denominational names obsolete,<ref>Shaji Joseph Puykunnel, ''Christianity and Change in Northeast India'', Concept Publishing Company, 2009, {{ISBN|81-8069-447-X}}, p. 150.</ref> and the name 'Presbyterian Church of India' (PCI) was adopted as an official name in 1992, the Assembly was renamed to [[General Assembly (presbyterian church)|General Assembly]] by the highest court of the church in 2002.<ref>[http://www.pciga.org www.pciga.org]</ref>

== Structure ==
[[File:Jowai Presbyterian Church.JPG|thumb|[[Jowai]] Presbyterian Church, India]]
PCI is an [[Umbrella organization|apex body]] comprising thirteen synods:
* Biateram Presbyterian Synod
* Cachar Hill Tribes Presbyterian Synod
* Karbi Anglong Presbyterian Church Synod
* Khasi Jaintia Presbyterian Synod Mihngi
* Khasi Jaintia Presbyterian Synod Sepngi
* Manipur Presbyterian Church Synod
* Meitei Presbyterian Singlup Synod
* [[Mizoram Presbyterian Church Synod]]
* Ri Bhoi Presbyterian Synod
* [[Tripura Presbyterian Church Synod]]
* [[Zou Presbyterian Church Synod]]
* Khasi Jainta Presbyterian Church Synod Pdeng
* Tangphai Presbyterian Church Synod

== Doctrine and theology ==
The PCI subscribes to the [[Westminster Confession of Faith]] and maintains relationships with related denominations such as the [[Presbyterian Church of Korea (TongHap)]], the [[Uniting Church in Australia]], the [[Presbyterian Church in Taiwan]] and the Presbyterian Church in Singapore.<ref name="REC"/> It has a cordial relationship with its parent church, the Presbyterian Church of Wales.<ref name="Rees">D. Ben Rees, ''Vehicles of Grace and Hope: Welsh Missionaries in India, 1800-1970'', William Carey Library, 2002, {{ISBN|0-87808-505-X}}, p. 173.</ref> Locally, it has ties with the [[Council of Baptist Churches in North-East India]] (CBCNEI) and the [[Church of North India]].<ref name="Rees"/>

==Founders==
Rev. & Mrs. Thomas Jones from the Welsh Presbyterian Church arrived in the [[Khasi Hills]] on 22 June 1841. By 1901 there were over 15,000 Christians in this area.<ref name="Davies">Noel Davies and Martin Conway, ''World Christianity in the Twentieth Century'', Hymns Ancient & Modern Ltd, 2008, {{ISBN|0-334-04043-4}}, p. 131.</ref> The Rev. D.E Jones began working among [[Mizo people|Mizo]] people in 1897,<ref name="Davies"/> and a century later, over 85% of people in [[Mizoram]] were Christian.<ref name="Davies"/>

Many other Presbyterian missionaries also served in India, for example [[Samuel H. Kellogg]], translator of the Bible into Hindi.

== Recent issues ==
The PCI began a partnership with the [[Presbyterian Church (USA)]] in 1999. This cooperation was dissolved in 2012 when the PC(USA) voted to ordain openly gay clergy to the ministry.<ref>{{Cite web
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/Mizoram-Presbyterian-church-snaps-US-ties-over-gay-stand/articleshow/14042660.cms |title=Mizoram Presbyterian church snaps US ties over gay stand - Times of India |access-date=2014-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111174231/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-12/guwahati/32194538_1_gay-priests-usa-church-church-employees |archive-date=2014-01-11 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=12 June 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> However, since PC(USA) is listed as a partner church on the PCI homepage, it is presumed that they are still cooperating at the PCI level.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=PCI partner churches |url=http://pcishillong.org/partner-churches/ |access-date=12 February 2025 |work=[[Presbyterian Church in India]]}}</ref>

==Membership and statistics==
According to 2018 statistics, the Presbyterian Church of India had a total strength of 1,467,529 members (856,094 communicants) and 3,269 local churches, 11 synods and 137 presbyteries and 1,089 ministers and more than 3,046 mission field workers.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pcishillong.org/statistics.php |access-date=2017-07-06 |archive-date=2017-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114202147/http://www.pcishillong.org/statistics.php |url-status=dead |title=The Official Site of the Presbyterian Church of India (PCI) }}</ref> The [[Mizoram Presbyterian Church]] Synod is the largest with 611,241 members in 54 presbyteries, which has its headquarters in [[Aizawl]], India. This Synod has 14 departments and 560 active ministers.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.mizoramsynod.org/about-us/| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180702150702/https://www.mizoramsynod.org/about-us/| archive-date = 2018-07-02| title = About Us – Mizoram Synod}} </ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pciga.org/sub.php?sub=mizoram.php |title=www.pciga.org/sub.php?sub=mizoram.php |access-date=2013-02-27 |archive-date=2013-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213713/http://www.pciga.org/sub.php?sub=mizoram.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>
The [[Khasi Jaintia Presbyterian Synod Sepngi]] has 381,808 members in 780 churches and 28 presbyteries.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.kjpss.org/sub.php?sub=aboutus.html| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100212234028/http://www.kjpss.org/sub.php?sub=aboutus.html| archive-date = 2010-02-12| title = Synod Sepngi}} </ref>

{| class = "wikitable"
|-
! Sl. No. || Synod || Churches || Members
|-
| 1. || [[Mizoram Presbyterian Church Synod]] || 1,266 || 611,241
|-
| 2. || Khasi Jaintia Presbyterian Synod Sepngi || 854 || 370,764
|-
| 3. || Khasi Jaintia Presbyterian Synod Mihngi || 576 || 294,320
|-
| 4. || Ri Bhoi Presbyterian Synod || || 70,013
|-
| 5. || Cachar Hill Tribes Presbyterian Synod || || 34,153
|-
| 6. || Karbi Anglong Presbyterian Church Synod || 62 || 22,952
|-
| 7. || [[Tripura Presbyterian Church Synod ]] || 325 || 22,277
|-
| 8. || Biateram Presbyterian Synod || 70 || 18,971
|-
| 9. || Manipur Presbyterian Church Synod || 110 || 15,571
|-
| 10. || [[Zou Presbyterian Church Synod]] || 82 || 12,029
|-
| 11. || Meitei Presbyterian Singlup Synod || 85 || 8,785
|}

In 2020, the denomination reported having 1,576,830 members, 4,013 churches, and 1,245 ministers.<ref name=STAT2020>{{cite web|url=http://pcishillong.org/|title=Statistics of Presbyterian Church of India|publisher=Presbyterian Church of India|access-date=March 21, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321192055/http://pcishillong.org/|archive-date=March 21, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Affiliations==
* [[National Council of Churches in India]] (NCCI) : A member.
* [[Council for World Mission]] (CWM) - a member.
* [[World Communion of Reformed Churches]] (WCRC) - a member<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wcrc.ch/node/164 |title=Member churches | Bringing together 80 million Reformed Christians worldwide |access-date=2013-08-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808192417/http://www.wcrc.ch/node/164 |archive-date=2012-08-08 }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[North East India Christian Council]]
* [[Council of Baptist Churches in Northeast India]]
* [[List of Christian denominations in North East India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://pcishillong.org/ General Assembly, Presbyterian Church of India]
* [https://www.kjpss.org/ Khasi Jaintia Presbyterian Synod]
* [https://www.mizoramsynod.org/ Mizoram Presbyterian Synod]
* [https://zousynod.org Zou Presbyterian Synod]

{{Churches in India}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Presbyterian Church Of India}}
[[Category:Religious organizations established in 1841]]
[[Category:Presbyterian denominations established in the 19th century]]
[[Category:Presbyterianism in India]]
[[Category:Presbyterian denominations in Asia]]
[[Category:Members of the World Communion of Reformed Churches]]
[[Category:1841 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:Affiliated institutions of the National Council of Churches in India]]

Syed Mahmood Khundmiri

2026-01-20T03:08:44Z

CoyCallaghan: new article - done

{{Short description|Urdu writer (1938–2011)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Syed Mahmood Talib Khundmiri
| image = Late Mr. Talib Khundmiri.jpg
| imagesize =
| pseudonym = Talib Khundmiri ({{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq| طالب خوندمیری }}}})
| birth_date = {{birth date|1938|2|14|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bidar, Karnataka]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|2011|1|16|1938|2|14|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Lonavla, Maharashtra]], India
| occupation = Architect, poet, artist
| period = 20th century
| genre = [[Ghazal]] and [[Nazm]]
| subject = Love, philosophy, religion
}}

'''Syed Mahmood Khundmiri''' ({{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|سید محمود خوندمیری}}}}) (known popularly by his ''[[Urdu poetry#Pen names (Takhallus)|takhallus]]'' Talib) was an Indian [[Urdu language]] poet, humorist, architect, artist, orator, and one of the [[List of Indian poets|leading Urdu poets]] of the 20th and 21st centuries. He concentrated on humorous poetry, and was considered among the elite of Urdu humor.<ref name=Yahind>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.yahind.com/hindustani-bazm-e-urdu-paid-tribute-to-talib-khundmiri_11785.html
|title=Hindustani Bazm-e-Urdu Paid Tribute to Talib Khundmiri
|work=YaHindi
|date=23 January 2011
|accessdate=19 May 2011
}}</ref> He died of cardiac arrest on 16 January 2011, in [[Pune, Maharashtra]], India)<ref>
{{cite news
|title=Noted poet Mahmood passes away
|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-18/hyderabad/28378424_1_poet-humour-urdu
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606144142/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-18/hyderabad/28378424_1_poet-humour-urdu
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=6 June 2012
|accessdate=19 May 2011
|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]
|date=18 January 2011
}}</ref>

Khundmiri was born 14 February 1938 in Donegal [[Bidar, Karnataka]], India. In addition to his own writing career, he was involved in many organizations. He was one of the senior most member of Zinda Dalaan-E Hyderabad<ref>{{cite web|last=Organization|first=Urdu poetry|title=Mushaira|url=http://www.shugoofa.com/}}</ref> (a grass-roots arts and humor group) and served on its executive board from 1963 to 2011. He also served on the executive board of ''Shugoofa'',<ref>{{cite web|last=Magazine|first=Urdu|title=Magazine|url=http://www.shugoofa.com/}}</ref> an Urdu periodical, for more than 40 years. Talib, a pseudonym given to him by his peers, combined poetry with both sarcasm and humor.<ref name=Yahind/> Known for his elevated style and tone in the world of [[Urdu literature]], he combined life experiences with his artistic gifts as a versatile poet and architect.<ref>Many people around the world believe that he could be in the genius book of world record for designing over 500 mosques.
{{cite news
|title=Obituary
|url=http://www.siasat.com/urdu/news/int17-18
|work=[[The Siasat Daily]]
|language=Urdu
|date=17 January 2011
}}</ref>

==Family==

Khundmiri married Syeda Ayesha Khundmiri, and they had six children: Syeda Salma Khundmiri, Syed Zeeshan Khundmiri, Syed Irfan Khundmiri, Syed Faizan Khundmiri, Afreen Suroor Khundmiri ,<ref>{{cite web|last=Afreen|first=Khundmiri|title=Daughter|url=https://open.spotify.com/episode/7jIBe5XPlmnXmtzR6VfTDI?si=RmyGY72QTFG50raoNmIIgg}}</ref> and Syeda Yasmeen Khundmiri.

==Early life==
===Childhood===
Khundmiri's grandfather, Syed Miran, was his mentor and the most ardent supporter. Khundmiri spent most of his childhood with his grandfather who was an accomplished [[home construction|home builder]]. Miran sahab inspired him to become an architect and in 1963 Khundmiri earned his Architectural degree.<ref>{{cite web|last=FIIA|first=Architects|title=Indian Institution of Architects|url=http://www.iia-india.org/}}</ref> He recited his first poem about his grandfather when he was 12 years old and upon his grandfather's encouragement started writing poems. He was a talented man just like his grandfather. He participated in many competitions during his school and college days and won many awards.

===Education===
Khundmiri attended school in [[Musheerabad]] where he lived for 16 years before moving to [[Chanchalguda]] on 31 May 1963. He was a versatile man and participated in many extra-curricular activities during his academic career. He also played football with his senior school mate,<ref>{{cite news|last=Nayeemuddin|first=Syed|title=Former Indian football player|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/keyword/syed-nayeemuddin|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922083213/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/keyword/syed-nayeemuddin|url-status=dead|work=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=2012-09-22}}</ref> [[Syed Nayeemuddin]], who was a former Captain and a couch of [[India national football team]]. He enrolled in the [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] Fine Arts and Architecture University<ref>{{cite web|last=Jawaharlal|first=Nehru|title=Architectural school Hyd|url=http://www.jnafau.ac.in/}}</ref> in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] and earned his architecture degree with the License No 35. He was also elected as " FELLOW OF [[Indian Institute of Architects|INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS]]"<ref>{{cite web|last=FIIA|first=Architects|title=Fellowship|url=http://www.iia-india.org/}}</ref> on 16 May 1992 by INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS with the Registered serial No 1716.

==Career==
===Writings===
Khundmiri's poetry and writing career started when he was 12 years. In his college days he and his few friends started a magazine and organization called<ref>{{cite web|last=Urdu|first=Forum|title=Bazm-e-Urdu|url=http://www.yahind.com/hindustani-bazm-e-urdu-paid-tribute-to-talib-khundmiri_11785.html}}</ref> Bazm-E-Urdu and won Basheerunnissa basher memorial ruling trophy. He was a gifted writer and a poet. He has written many articles in<ref>{{cite web|last=weekly|first=colu mn| title=Munsif Daily Indian Newspaper|url=http://www.indiapress.org/gen/news.php/Munsif_Daily/400x60/0}}</ref> Munsif Urdu daily newspaper weekly column called Turfa tamasha. He has also written a book called Sukhan Ke Parde Mein and now this book is used as a [[curriculum]] in Shimoga<ref>{{cite web|last=University|first=Shimoga|title=University in Karnataka|url=http://www.shimoga.net/}}</ref> university of [[Karnataka]]. When Khundmiri was seventeen, one of his close relatives, Alam Khundmiri,<ref>{{cite web|last=Khundmiri |first=Alam |title=Dynamic Writer |url=http://www.gmpublications.com/product_info.php?products_id=10377}}</ref> (an important intellectual figure and a dynamic writer of his time) anticipated that he would be an amazing poet and a writer in the future.<ref>{{cite web|last=Urdu Organization|first=Hindustani|title=Bazm-e-Urdu|url=http://www.yahind.com/hindustani-bazm-e-urdu-paid-tribute-to-talib-khundmiri_11785.html}}</ref>

{| class="toccolours" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; font-size: 85%; background:#c6dbf7; color:black; width:23em; max-width: 35%;" cellspacing="5"
| style="text-align: top right;" |
'''Dua-e-siyah (Gazal)'''

Yeh dua hai tujhse mere khuda,

meri khak itni ujaal de

Ke agar ana ki ramaq bhi ho,

mere jism-o-jaan se nikaal de

Meri baat kya, meri zaat kya,

yeh nafs hai kya yeh hayaat kya

Yeh toh mushte-khaak hai jab talak,

tera aks isme na daal de

Mujhe ijazz deke badha bana,

tera khauf deke khara bana

Woh mizaaj mujh ko bhi kar ata,

ke faqeeri jiski misaal de

Tera zikr mera libaas ho,

tu hamesha mere hi paas ho

Na toh koi aur hi sonch de,

na toh aur koi khayal de

Mein toh ek banda pur qatah,

meri larzishon ka shumaar kya

Ke khadam jamake rahun khada,

koi aisa mujh me kamaal de

Kabhi itna soz-e-daroon badha,

kabhi itna josh-e-junoon badha

Ke tujhi se tujhko hi maang loon,

woh talb woh zarf sawaal de

Tera kabse TALIB-e-deed hoon,

tera shiftah bhi shadeed hoon

Ke umeed war-e-navee hoon,

mujhe khaali haath na tal de!!!! 
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | Talib Khundmirii
|}

Khatmalon ki faryaad is one of his famous Nazms which was translated in English. The verses are as follows:
{{Verse translation|
<ref>{{cite web|title=Khundmiri reciting Nazm |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KecfiWNiv7Y}}</ref>
Ek din ek jonk se kuch khatmalon ne yeh kaha
Dijiye khala hame bhi koi aisa mashwara
Ab Bajaye khoon koi aur hi shaey pi sakein
Admi se door rehkar ham Khushi se jee sakein
Kyunki iss me khoon ab kam kam hi paya jaye hai
Ab na choosa jaye hai isko na chaata jaye hai
Iski sheeryanon me yu toh khoon milta hi nahi
Mil bhi Jata hai toh iss me zayqa kuch bhi nahi
Kaun jaane kya bala khane laga hai admi
Kis milawat ki ghiza khane laga hai admi
Hum Jo peete hain usey khoon maannaa bekaar hai
Kyunki iska rang bhi pehchanna dushwaar hai
Isme surqi se zyada hai safedi aajkal
Khoon ki surat hogayi hai doodh ki si aajkal
Ek zamana tha ke hamne khoon ke darya bhi piye
Aaj Ghanton choostey hain ek khatre ke liye
Kya kahein khala hamari pyaas bhujti hi nahi
Isse pehle yeh girani khoon ki thi hi nahi
Ab haseeno ki rago mein bhi ab lahu bakhi nahi
Inki mehfilon mein bhi koi khoon bhara sakhi nahi
Pehle Inka khoon hua karta tha manind sharab
Yu mahekta tha rago me jaise gulshan me gulab
Choostey hi inko apna bhi nikharta tha shabab
Ek nayi karvat badalta tha badan me aztarab
Booye khono se mast ho kar jhoomne lagte they hum
Apni apni khatmaliyo ko choomne lagte they hum
Hogaye hain aajkal woh naujawaan bhi badmazaa
Jinki sheeryano mein behti thi kabhi joo-ye tila
Jinka khoon peete hi aksar mauj me aate the hum
Moo lagte hi jinhe sar-shar hojate they hum
Ab unhi ko choos kar bimar padjate hai hum
Sukh jatey hain, sukad jatey hain, sad jatey hain hum
Ab kahan tak hum karein apne ghamo ka tazkera
Kuch Dino pehle hamare saath aisa bhi hua
Phoot Nikli thi hamare jism se gaanje ki boo
Peeliyaa tha bhool kar humne Jo hippi ka lahoo
Kya kahein kya kya balaa, kya khahar unke khoon me hai
Tiktweenty se zyada zehar unke khoon me hai
Apni sari chashni khone laga hai admi
Haye! Kitna be-maza hone laga hai admi
Sun chuki hai khatmalon ki dastani tishnagi
Ek adaaye khoon chakaan se jonk yeh kehne lagi
Aaj tak tune piya hai sirf janta ka lahu
Ab Zara pi kar toh dekho ek neta ka lahu
Ab toh mera bhi guzara hai inhi ke khoon par
Kya bataoon mai ke isme zaiqa hai kis qadar
Unka khoon pikar bahot maqmoor hojati hoon Mai
Aam jonko ke ghamo se door ho jati hoon Mai
Mu lagte hi unhe chalaak hojati hoon Mai
Be-zarurat hi sahi be-bak hojati hoon mai
Unki har shiryaan hoti hai khazana khoon ka
Ek ek neta hai goya karkhana khoon ka
Kis qadar Khush zaiqa hota hai un sab ka lahu
Bhooki janta ka lahu bhi kuch lahu hai, aakh! Thoo!
Ek bhi khatrra kisi Neta ka Jo paa jayega
Usko janta ke lahu ka bhi maza aajayega!!
|
One day some bugs asked a leech
Aunty what alternative do you suggest
So that instead of blood we could have something else
That would keep us away from the humans
Because now very little blood flows in his veins
Neither can we suck nor lick
We can hardly find any blood in them
Even if it is, it is so tasteless
Who knows what man has begun to eat
What adulterated food is he taking
What we drink cannot be called blood
Because, we can’t make out even its color
It’s rather white than red
It is more like milk than blood
There was a time we drank rivers of blood
Today we suck for hours just for a pint
What to say aunty our thirst doesn’t quench at all
In fact, earlier the blood was not so dear.
Now there is no blood even in the veins of the damsels
In their gathering indeed there is no cup-bearer
Earlier their blood was like wine
That used to fill veins with sweet smell like roses blooming in garden
The moment we sucked them we felt younger again
Our restlessness took a new turn in our body
Its fragrance used to take us into trance
And we used to kiss madly our mate-bugs in ecstasy
Nowadays those youngsters have also become tasteless
In whose veins used to flow a stream of gold
Sucking them we used to get excited
And used to be enraptured by a mere kiss
Now we fall ill sucking them
We become withered, Shrunk and rotten
How far shall we describe about our sorrows
Some days ago it so happened
Foul smell had burst out from our body
For we had sucked, by chance, the blood of a hippy
What to say what the hell is in their blood
It’s more poisonous than tick twenty
Man has been losing all his flavors
Oh! How much tasteless has he become
When the woeful story of the thirsty bugs was over
The leech opened out with its bleeding mouth
Till today you have been sucking the blood of the people
Now try a little the blood of a leader
Now I too live on their blood
Oh! I can’t say how tasty it is
It makes me intoxicated
And keeps me away from the common leeches.
The moment I touch them with my mouth I become shrewd
And uncalled for, I become dauntless
Every vein of theirs is a pool of blood
Verily every leader is its factory
Oh! How tasty is their blood
Is the blood of the starving poor any blood, pooh?
He who could suck the blood of a leader
Would as well savour people’s blood}}

===Poetry===
[[File:The bollywood actor, Dileep Kumar in the audience.jpg|thumb|left|[[Dilip Kumar|Dileep Kumar]] and [[Saira Banu]] in the audience]]

Classical poetry, at that time was entirely in [[Persian language|Persian]]. Eager to learn Persian, Khundmiri assisted with household chores for an elderly Persian teacher in return for lessons. Many of his poems were published in newspapers of Hyderabad such as Munsif, [[The Siasat Daily|Saisat]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Newspaper|first=Siasat|title=Newspaper of Hyderabad|url=http://www.siasat.com/english/latest-news/Hyderabad|newspaper=Siasat}}</ref> [[Deccan Chronicle]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Deccan|first=Chronicle|title=English Newspaper of Hyderabad|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/}}</ref> and [[Times of India]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Newspaper|first=Indian|title=Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/defaultinterstitial.cms|work=The Times Of India}}</ref> In the 1970s and 80s, he was also invited in many Urdu mushairas and Sham-e-qhazals on

Doordarshan.<ref>{{cite web|last=Channel|first=Television|title=Doordarshan|url=http://www.ddsaptagiri.tv/progmProd.html}}</ref> As he grew older, Khundmiri started participating in [[Urdu poetry]] competitions and forums and quickly rose to be one of the most acclaimed poets of Zinda Dalaan-E Hyderabad.<ref>{{cite web|last=Channel|first=Tv|title=Doordarshan|url=http://www.ddsaptagiri.tv/progmProd.html}}</ref> Many celebrities such as [[Zail Singh]], [[Dilip Kumar|Dileep Kumar]], [[Ajith Kumar|Ajit Kumar]], [[Kaifi Azmi]] and many other celebrities have attended his Mushairas.

As a poet, Khundmiri was recognized on the<ref>{{cite web|last=Riyadh|first=International|title=Urdu Mushaira|url=http://archive.arabnews.com/?page=10&section=0&article=10114&d=28&m=10&y=2001}}</ref> international level, attending and receiving recognition at several [[mushaira]]s.<ref>
{{cite news
|url=http://www.thepeninsulaqatar.com/qatar/12220-frogh-presents-annual-global-awards-wows-lovers-of-urdu-poetry.html
|title=Frogh presents annual global awards, wows lovers of Urdu poetry
|date=7 January 2010
|author=Staff
|work=The Peninsula
|location=[[Qatar]]
}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web
|publisher=Sada-e-Watan
|location=[[Sydney, Australia]]
|title=International Mushaira
|url=http://www.sadaewatansydney.com/Poet-striptokiamabeach.htm
}}</ref>

He was also one of the eminent participants and general secretary of World Humor Conference held in February 1985<ref>{{cite web|last=World Conference|first=Urdu|title=Zinda dilane Hyderabad|url=http://www.shugoofa.com/rppages_src/zinda_dilane-hyderabad.html}}</ref> at [[Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium, Hyderabad|Lal Bahadur stadium]], Hyderabad. His poetry has been compared to that of the legendary poet, [[Mirza Ghalib]].

===Architect===
Khundmiri began his career as an architect in BHEL from 1964 to 1976. He started his own firm called S.M Associates at [[King Kothi]], Hyderabad in 1976 and designed over 500 [[masjid]]s around the world.{{citation needed|date=September 2012}} Since he was a modest and genuine man he never showed off his work. [[File:One of Talib Khundmiri's design back.JPG|thumb|right|One of Talib Khundmiri's design Masjid-e-Hassa, located at Hafiz Babanagar [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]].]] He never profited from his designs as he considered this to be religious philanthropy. He never advertised his work or put any kind of holding with his name on it, on any project. Apart from religious designs, he designed high rises, commercial buildings, hospitals and family homes. His architectural marvels have been compared to that of [[Mimar Sinan]].<ref name=Yahind/>

===Artist===


His artistic talent combined architectural abilities with his ability to connect with people thru his poetry. He has made hundreds of paintings and calligraphies thru his life. Many of his artworks were bought by Muslim families when they were exhibited in Chicago.
He also designed many title covers for books for other writers. Parvez Yadullah Mehdi's<ref>{{cite web|last=Pervez|first=Yadullah|title=Urdu writer|url=http://mahdavia.com/component/content/64.html?task=view}}</ref> book cover page is one of the example of his design.

===Tribute===

The Standing Committee of the Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation has approved the proposal submitted by Malakpet MLA Ahmed Bin Abdullah Balala, of renaming the Chanchalguda-Malakpet road as "Talib Khundmiri road" to give him a tribute. Hz. Talib Khundmiri Sahab touched many in a positive way through his poetry, calligraphy and his architecture. With humor he brought us together and through his designs allowed us to experience art and culture.

==See also==

{{portal|Poetry}}

* [[List of Urdu poets]]
* Chanchalguda
* [[Kaifi Azmi]]
* [[Urdu literature]]
* [[Urdu poetry]]
* [[List of Indian poets]]
* [[List of poets]]

==Articles on Talib Khundmiri==

* Talib Khundmiri: Humorous poet Talib Khundmiri passes away - Wajid, The Saisat Urdu News paper, Monday,<ref>{{cite news|last=Reporter|first=Wajid|title=News|url=http://www.siasat.com/english/news/humorous-poet-talib-khundmiri-passes-away}}</ref> 17 Jan 2011.
* Talib Khundmiri: A tribute paid to Talib Khundmiri - By Dr Mujahid Ghazi, Pakistan Link, Chicago, Monday, Jan<ref>{{cite news|last=Ghazi|first=Dr Mujahid|title=Tribute to Talib Khundmiri|url=http://pakistanlink.org/Community/2011/Feb11/18/02.HTM}}</ref> 17 2011.

==References==

{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://www.talibkhundmiri.com}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khundmiri, Syed Mahmood}}
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Indian humorous poets]]
[[Category:Urdu-language poets]]
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:2011 deaths]]
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Tribes of Arabia

2026-01-08T07:09:29Z

CoyCallaghan:

{{Short description|Tribes originating in the Arabian Peninsula}}
[[File:Map_of_Arabia_600_AD.svg|thumb|300x300px|Map of the [[Arabian Peninsula]] in 600 AD, showing the various Arab tribes and their areas of settlement. The [[Lakhmid kingdom|Lakhmids]] (yellow) formed an Arab monarchy as clients of the [[Sasanian Empire]], while the [[Ghassanids]] (red) formed an Arab monarchy as clients of the [[Roman Empire]].]]
{{About|2=a list of the tribes of pre-Islamic Arabia|3=List of tribes in pre-Islamic Arabia}}The '''tribes of Arabia''' ({{Langx|ar|القبائل العربية|rtl=yes}}) have inhabited the [[Arabian Peninsula]] for thousands of years and traditionally trace their ancestry to one of two forefathers: [[Adnan]], whose descendants originate from [[Hejaz|West Arabia]], [[Syrian Desert|North Arabia]], [[East Arabia]], and [[Najd#History|Central Arabia]]; or [[Qahtanite|Qahtan]], whose descendants originate from [[South Arabia]].<ref name="Routledge">{{Cite book |last=Retso |first=Jan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9RN6gE8z40C&dq=adnan+and+qahtan&pg=PA30 |title=The Arabs in Antiquity: Their History from the Assyrians to the Umayyads |date=2013-07-04 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-87282-2 |pages=30 |language=en |access-date=2022-08-25 |archive-date=2022-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826054219/https://books.google.com/books?id=a9RN6gE8z40C&dq=adnan+and+qahtan&pg=PA30 |url-status=live }}</ref> Further, it is held in the [[Abrahamic religions]]—particularly [[Islam]]—that the [[Arab people]] are descended from [[Abraham]] through his son [[Ishmael]].

From the 7th century onward, concurrent with the [[spread of Islam]], many of these tribes' members began migrating and settling in the various regions that were subdued during the [[early Muslim conquests]], including the [[Arab migrations to the Levant|Levant]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bierwirth |first=Henry Christian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fS1qAAAAMAAJ&q=arab+tribes+migrated+to+the+levant |title=Like Fish in the Sea: The Lebanese Diaspora in Côte D'Ivoire, Ca. 1925-1990 |date=1994 |publisher=University of Wisconsin--Madison |pages=42 |language=en |access-date=2022-08-25 |archive-date=2022-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826054246/https://books.google.com/books?id=fS1qAAAAMAAJ&q=arab+tribes+migrated+to+the+levant |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Arab conquest of Mesopotamia|Mesopotamia]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lane-Pool |first=Stanley |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5fDgAwAAQBAJ |title=Mohammadan Dyn:Orientalism V 2 |date=2014-06-23 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-85394-7 |pages=109 |language=en |access-date=2022-08-21 |archive-date=2022-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826054221/https://books.google.com/books?id=5fDgAwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Arab conquest of Egypt|Egypt]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=al-Sharkawi |first=Muhammad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kEUlDwAAQBAJ&dq=arab+tribes+migrated+to+egypt&pg=PA180 |title=History and Development of the Arabic Language |date=2016-11-25 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-317-58864-1 |pages=180 |language=en |access-date=2022-08-25 |archive-date=2022-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826054220/https://books.google.com/books?id=kEUlDwAAQBAJ&dq=arab+tribes+migrated+to+egypt&pg=PA180 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Muslim conquest of Khuzestan|Khuzestan]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Arjomand |first=Saïd Amir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nzSlAwAAQBAJ&dq=arab+tribes+migrated+to+khuzestan&pg=PA411 |title=Social Theory and Regional Studies in the Global Age |date=2014-05-19 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-1-4384-5161-9 |pages=411 |language=en |access-date=2022-08-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826054221/https://books.google.com/books?id=nzSlAwAAQBAJ&dq=arab+tribes+migrated+to+khuzestan&pg=PA411 |archive-date=2022-08-26 |url-status=live}}</ref> the [[Arab migrations to the Maghreb|Maghreb]],<ref>{{Cite book |last1=O'Connell |first1=Monique |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xlcjDAAAQBAJ&dq=arab+tribes+migrated+to+the+maghreb&pg=PA52 |title=The Mediterranean World: From the Fall of Rome to the Rise of Napoleon |last2=Dursteler |first2=Eric R. |date=2016-05-23 |publisher=JHU Press |isbn=978-1-4214-1901-5 |pages=52 |language=en |access-date=2022-08-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826054221/https://books.google.com/books?id=xlcjDAAAQBAJ&dq=arab+tribes+migrated+to+the+maghreb&pg=PA52 |archive-date=2022-08-26 |url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Islamization of the Sudan region|Sudan]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Inc |first=IBP |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a1utDwAAQBAJ&dq=arab+tribes+migrated+to+sudan&pg=PA33 |title=Sudan (Republic of Sudan) Country Study Guide Volume 1 Strategic Information and Developments |date=2017-06-15 |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-1-4387-8540-0 |pages=33 |language=en |access-date=2022-08-25 |archive-date=2022-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826054246/https://books.google.com/books?id=a1utDwAAQBAJ&dq=arab+tribes+migrated+to+sudan&pg=PA33 |url-status=live }}</ref> This phenomenon triggered a process of [[Arabization]] that significantly influenced demographic shifts across most of [[West Asia and North Africa]], culminating in the [[Demographics of the Arab world|growth of the Arab population]] far beyond the Arabian Peninsula.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jenkins |first=Everett Jr. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xBIkCQAAQBAJ&dq=arab+tribes+demographic+changes&pg=PA205 |title=The Muslim Diaspora (Volume 1, 570-1500): A Comprehensive Chronology of the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe and the Americas |date=2015-05-07 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-1-4766-0888-4 |pages=205 |language=en |access-date=2022-08-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826054222/https://books.google.com/books?id=xBIkCQAAQBAJ&dq=arab+tribes+demographic+changes&pg=PA205 |archive-date=2022-08-26 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Today, these regions collectively comprise what is known as the [[Arab world]], excluding Khuzestan, which, although home to a considerable Arab minority, is part of the [[Iranian world]]. The Arab tribes' migrations played a vital role in ethnically, culturally, linguistically, and [[Genetic history of the Arab world|genetically Arabizing]] these regions' populations.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nebel |first=Almut |date=June 2002 |title=Genetic Evidence for the Expansion of Arabian Tribes into the Southern Levant and North Africa |journal=American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=70 |issue=6 |pages=1594–1596 |doi=10.1086/340669 |pmid=11992266 |pmc=379148 }}</ref>[[File:خريطة قبائل الجزيرة العربية لمستشرق أنجليزي قبل مئة سنة وضعها المستشرق هارولد ديكسون.jpg|thumb|332x332px|A map published by the British academic Harold Dixon during [[World War I]], showing the presence of the Arab tribes in [[West Asia]], 1914]]

== Genealogical tradition ==
The general consensus among 14th-century Arab genealogists is that Arabs are of three kinds:

* [[Extinct Arabs|Al-Arab al-Ba'ida]] ({{langx|ar|العرب البائدة|links=no}}), "The Extinct Arabs", were an ancient group of tribes in [[pre-Islamic Arabia]] that included the [[ʿĀd|‘Ād]], the [[Thamud]], the [[Tasm and Jadis|Tasm and the Jadis]], thelaq (who included branches of [[Banu al-Samayda]]), and others. The Jadis and the Tasm are said to have been exterminated by [[genocide]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=?abar? |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G0OmtSNFPAQC&pg=PA152 |title=The History of al-Tabari Vol. 4: The Ancient Kingdoms |date=1987-01-01 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-0-88706-181-3 |pages=152 |language=en |access-date=2022-08-25 |archive-date=2022-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826054222/https://books.google.com/books?id=G0OmtSNFPAQC&pg=PA152 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Quran]] says that the disappearance of the 'Ad and Thamud came about due to their decadence. Recent{{When|date=January 2025|reason=Not clear when "recently" is.}} archaeological excavations have uncovered inscriptions that reference '[[Iram of the Pillars|Iram]], once a major city of the 'Aad.
* ''Al-Arab al-Ariba'' ({{Langx|ar|العرب العاربة|links=no}}), "The Pure Arabs", came from [[Qahtanite|Qahtanite Arabs]].<ref name="gen">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O69zjVnjL10C&pg=PA72|title=Journeys in Holy Lands: The Evolution of the Abraham-Ishmael Legends in Islamic Exegesis|author=Reuven Firestone|date=1990|page=72|publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=9780791403310|access-date=2016-01-07|archive-date=2016-06-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603205056/https://books.google.com/books?id=O69zjVnjL10C&pg=PA72|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Ibn García's Shuʻūbiyya Letter: Ethnic and Theological Tensions in Medieval al-Andalus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QJ8EpN0232IC&q=adnan+arabization&pg=PA170|author=Göran Larsson|date=2003|page=170| publisher=BRILL |isbn=9004127402|access-date=2020-10-29|archive-date=2022-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513145716/https://books.google.com/books?id=QJ8EpN0232IC&q=adnan+arabization&pg=PA170|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''Al-Arab al-Mustarabah'' ({{Langx|ar|العرب المستعربة|links=no}}), “The Arabized Arabs”, also known as the [[Adnanites|Adnanite Arabs]], were the progeny of [[Ishmael|Ismail]], the firstborn son of the patriarch [[Abraham]].
[[File:Banu Adnan.png|thumb|300x300px|A family tree of the [[Adnanites]], depicting the ancestors of [[Muhammad]] back to the traditional patriarch [[Adnan]].]]
The [[Hawazin]] tribe and the [[Quraysh]] tribe are considered [[‘Adnani Arabs]]. Much of the lineage provided before [[Ma'ad ibn Adnan|Ma'ad]] relies on [[Biblical genealogies|biblical genealogy]], so questions persist concerning the accuracy of this segment of Adnanite Arab genealogy.<ref>in general: W. Caskel, Ġamharat an-Nasab, das genealogische Werk des Hišām Ibn Muḥammad al-Kalbī, Leiden 1966.</ref> Adnanites are believed to be the descendants of Ishmael through Adnan but the traditional Adnanite lineage does not match the biblical line exactly. According to Arab tradition, the Adnanites are called Arabised because it is believed that Ishmael spoke [[Aramaic]] and [[Egyptian language|Egyptian]] then learnt Arabic from a Qahtanite Yemeni woman that he married. Therefore, the Adnanites are descendants of Abraham. Modern historiography "unveiled the lack of inner coherence of this genealogical system and demonstrated that it finds insufficient matching evidence".<ref>{{cite book |title=Citizenship in the Arab World: Kin, Religion and Nation-State |last=Parolin |first=Gianluca P.|year=2009 |isbn=978-9089640451 |page=30|publisher=Amsterdam University Press }} "The ‘arabicised or arabicising Arabs’, on the contrary, are believed to be the descendants of Ishmael through Adnan, but in this case the genealogy does not match the Biblical line exactly. The label ‘arabicised’ is due to the belief that Ishmael spoke Aramaic and Egyptian until he married a Yemeni woman and learnt Arabic. Both genealogical lines go back to Sem, son of Noah, but only Adnanites can claim Abraham as their ascendant, and the lineage of Mohammed, the Seal of Prophets (khatim al-anbiya'), can therefore be traced back to Abraham. Contemporary historiography unveiled the lack of inner coherence of this genealogical system and demonstrated that it finds insufficient matching evidence; the distinction between Qahtanites and Adnanites is even believed to be a product of the Umayyad Age, when the war of factions (al-niza al-hizbi) was raging in the young Islamic Empire."</ref>

== Pre-Islamic history ==
{{further|Pre-Islamic Arabia|History of the Arabs|Bedouin}}

=== Earliest known activity ===
The tribes of Arabia were engaged in [[nomadic herding]] and agriculture by around 6000 BCE. By about 1200 BCE, a complex network of settlements and camps was established. Kingdoms in the southern region of Arabia began to form and flourish. The earliest Arab tribes emerged from [[Bedouins]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Chatty |first=Dawn |url=https://ehrafworldcultures.yale.edu/document?id=mj04-000 |title=Culture Summary: Bedouin |date=2009 |website=Human Relations Area Files |access-date=2022-08-21 |archive-date=2020-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417052330/https://ehrafworldcultures.yale.edu/ehrafe/citation.do?method=citation&forward=browseAuthorsFullContext&id=mj04-000 |url-status=live }}</ref> A major source of income for these people was the taxation of caravans, as well as tributes collected from non-Bedouin settlements. They also earned income by transporting goods and people in caravans pulled by domesticated camels across the desert.<ref>{{cite web |last=Beckerleg |first=Susan |title=Hidden History, Secret Present: The Origins and Status of African Palestinians |url=http://members.tripod.com/~yajaffar/african.html |publisher=London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine |access-date=2022-08-21 |archive-date=2020-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519221342/http://members.tripod.com/~yajaffar/african.html/ |url-status=live }} Translated by Salah Al Zaroo.</ref> Scarcity of water and of permanent pastoral land required them to move constantly.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}

=== Identities, settlements, and languages ===
The [[Nabataeans]] and [[Qedarites]] were Arabian tribes on the edges of the fertile Crescent who expanded into the Southern Levant by the 5th century BCE, causing the displacement of [[Edomites]]. Their inscriptions were predominantly in [[Aramaic]], but it's assumed their native spoken language was a variant of [[Old Arabic]], one of many [[Ancient North Arabian]] languages, which is attested in inscriptions as early as the 1st century {{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}, the same period in which the [[Nabataean alphabet]] slowly evolved into the [[Arabic script]] by the 6th century.{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}} This is attested by [[Safaitic]] inscriptions (beginning in the 1st century BCE) and the many Arabic personal names in other Nabataean inscriptions. From about the 2nd century BCE, a few inscriptions from [[Qaryat al-Faw]] reveal a dialect no longer considered ''proto-Arabic'', but ''pre-classical Arabic''. Five [[Syriac language|Syriac]] inscriptions mentioning Arabs have been found at [[Sumatar Harabesi]], one of which dates to the 2nd century CE.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}

The [[Ghassanids]], [[Lakhmids]] and [[Kindites]] were the last major migration of pre-Islamic Arabs out of Yemen to the north. The Ghassanids increased the Arabian presence in the [[Syria (Byzantine province)|Syria]], They mainly settled in the [[Hauran]] region and spread to modern-day [[Lebanon]], [[Israel]], [[Palestine]], and [[Jordan]].{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}

=== Interaction with Jewish tribes ===
{{further|Jewish tribes of Arabia}}
Around the 4th century CE, there developed a dominant [[Judaism in pre-Islamic Arabia|Jewish presence in pre-Islamic Arabia]], with many Jewish clans and tribes settling around the [[Red Sea]] coast. At the mid to the end of the fourth century, the [[Himyarite Kingdom]] adopted [[Judaism]], thus spreading it in the region even further. The German Orientalist [[Ferdinand Wüstenfeld]] believed that the Jews established a state in northern Hejaz.<ref>Wolfensohn, Israel. "Tarikh Al-Yahood Fi Belad Al-Arab". Al-Nafezah Publication. Cairo. 2006. page 68</ref> The Quran details early encounters between early Muslim tribes and Jewish tribes in major cities in western Arabia, with some clans like [[Banu Qurayza]] and [[Banu Nadir]] being described as having a seat of power in the region.

== Rise of Islam and the Arab conquests ==
Following the [[early Muslim conquests]] in the 7th and 8th centuries, the tribes of Arabia begun migrating beyond the Arabian Peninsula in large numbers into different lands and regions across the Middle East and North Africa.

=== West Asia ===

==== Migrations into the Levant ====
{{Main|Arab migrations to the Levant|}}

On the eve of the [[Rashidun Caliphate]]'s [[Muslim conquest of the Levant|conquest of the Levant]], 634 AD, Syria's population mainly spoke Aramaic; Greek was the official language of administration.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}} [[Arabization#The Levant|Arabization]] and [[Islamization]] of Syria began in the 7th century, and it took several centuries for Islam, the Arab identity, and language to spread;<ref>{{Cite book |title=Science and technology in Islam |date=2001 |publisher=UNESCO Pub |others=Aḥmad Yūsuf Ḥasan, Maqbul Ahmed, A. Z. Iskandar |isbn=92-3-103830-3 |location=Paris |pages=59 |oclc=61151297 }}</ref> the Arabs of the caliphate did not attempt to spread their language or religion in the early periods of the conquest, and formed an isolated aristocracy.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schulze |first=Wolfgang |title=Symbolism on the Syrian Standing Caliph Copper Coins |url=https://www.academia.edu/6817057 |url-status=live |journal= |pages=19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220417205331/https://www.academia.edu/6817057 |archive-date=2022-04-17 |access-date=2022-08-21}}</ref> The Arabs of the caliphate accommodated many new tribes in isolated areas to avoid conflict with the locals; caliph [[Uthman]] ordered his governor, [[Muawiyah I]], to settle the new tribes away from the original population.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kennedy |first=Hugh |title="The Impact of Muslim Rule on the Pattern of Rural Settlement in Syria," in La Syrie de Byzance à l'Islam, edd. P. Canivet and J.P. Rey-Coquais (Damascus, Institut français du Proche orient 1992) pp. 291–7. |url=https://www.academia.edu/21780273 |url-status=live |journal= |pages=292 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220417205331/https://www.academia.edu/21780273 |archive-date=2022-04-17 |access-date=2022-08-21}}</ref> Syrians who belonged to [[Monophysitism|Monophysitic]] denominations welcomed the peninsular Arabs as liberators.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Barker |first=John W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LiJljEXvwAoC&pg=PA244 |title=Justinian and the Later Roman Empire |date=1966 |publisher=Univ of Wisconsin Press |isbn=978-0-299-03944-8 |pages=244 |language=en |access-date=2022-08-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220417222114/https://books.google.com/books?id=LiJljEXvwAoC&pg=PA244 |archive-date=2022-04-17 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Migrations into Mesopotamia ====
{{See also|Arab tribes of Iraq}}
The migration of Arab tribes to [[Mesopotamia]] began in the seventh century, and by the late 20th century constituted about three quarters of the population of [[Iraq]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Shultz |first1=Richard H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NswzCgAAQBAJ&dq=Arab+tribes+migration+to+Mesopotamia&pg=PA204 |title=Insurgents, Terrorists, and Militias: The Warriors of Contemporary Combat |last2=Dew |first2=Andrea J. |date=2009 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-12983-1 |pages=204 |language=en |access-date=2022-08-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826054258/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Insurgents_Terrorists_and_Militias/NswzCgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Arab+tribes+migration+to+Mesopotamia&pg=PA204&printsec=frontcover |archive-date=2022-08-26 |url-status=live}}</ref> A large Arab migration to Mesopotamia followed the [[Muslim conquest of Persia|Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia]] in 634, which saw an increase in the culture and ideals of the Bedouins in the region.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shultz |first=Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gRdFAAAAQBAJ&dq=Arab+tribes+migration+to+Mesopotamia&pg=PT21 |title=The Marines Take Anbar: The Four Year Fight Against al Qaeda |date=2013-03-18 |publisher=Naval Institute Press |isbn=978-1-61251-141-2 |language=en |access-date=2022-08-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826054258/https://books.google.com/books?id=gRdFAAAAQBAJ&dq=Arab+tribes+migration+to+Mesopotamia&pg=PT21 |archive-date=2022-08-26 |url-status=live}}</ref> The second Arab tribal migration to [[Upper Mesopotamia|northern Mesopotamia]] was in the 10th century when the [[Numayrid dynasty|Banu Numayr]] migrated there.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Smet |first1=D. De |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sk6tAUL5ZWYC&dq=Arab+tribes+migration+to+Mesopotamia&pg=PA104 |title=Egypt and Syria in the Fatimid, Ayyubid and Mamluk Eras IV: Proceedings of the 9th and 10th International Colloquium Organized at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven in May 2000 and May 2001 |last2=Vermeulen |first2=Urbain |last3=Steenbergen |first3=J. van |last4=Hulster |first4=Kristof d' |date=2005 |publisher=Peeters Publishers |isbn=978-90-429-1524-4 |pages=104 |language=en |access-date=2022-08-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826054302/https://books.google.com/books?id=Sk6tAUL5ZWYC&dq=Arab+tribes+migration+to+Mesopotamia&pg=PA104 |archive-date=2022-08-26 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Migrations into Persia ====
{{Main|History of the Arabs in Iran|Iranian Arabs|Khuzestani Arabs}}

After the [[Muslim conquest of Persia|Arab conquest of Persia]] in the 7th century, many Arab tribes settled in different parts of Iran, notably [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]] and [[Ahwaz]], it is the Arab tribes of [[Khuzestan province|Khuzestan]] that have retained their identity in language and culture to the present day while other Arabs especially in Khorasan were slowly Persianised. Khorasani Arabs were mainly contingent from Nejdi tribes such as [[Banu Tamim]].

There was a great influx of Arab tribes into Khuzestan from the 16th to the 19th century, including the migration of the [[Banu Ka'b]] and [[Banu Lam]] from the [[Arabian Desert|Arabian desert]].<ref>{{cite web |last=FRYE |first=Richard Nelson |author-link=Richard Nelson Frye |date=May 2, 2006 |title=PEOPLES OF IRAN |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-v1-peoples-survey |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517075943/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-v1-peoples-survey |archive-date=2019-05-17 |access-date=2008-12-14 |publisher=[[Encyclopaedia Iranica]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=RamHormozi |first=H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qzUGDAAAQBAJ&dq=Arab+tribes+migrated+to+Khuzestan&pg=PT43 |title=Averting An Iranian Geopolitical Crisis: A Tale of Power Play for Dominance Between Colonial Powers, Tribal and Government Actors in the Pre and Post World War One Era |date=2016-04-22 |publisher=FriesenPress |isbn=978-1-4602-8066-9 |language=en |access-date=2022-08-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826054303/https://books.google.com/books?id=qzUGDAAAQBAJ&dq=Arab+tribes+migrated+to+Khuzestan&pg=PT43 |archive-date=2022-08-26 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Tribalism]] is a significant characteristic of Arab population in Khuzestan.<ref>{{citation |last=Elling |first=Rasmus Christian |title=Minorities in Iran: Nationalism and Ethnicity after Khomeini |page=37 |year=2013 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US |doi=10.1057/9781137069795 |isbn=978-1-137-06979-5}}</ref>

Subsequent Arab migrations into Iran, primarily across the Gulf, involved movements of Arabs from eastern Saudi Arabia and other Gulf States into the Hormozgan and Fars provinces after the 16th century. These include Sunni [[Huwala]] and [[Achomi people]], who compromise of both fully Arab and mixed Arab-Persian families. The Arabs on the Iranian side of the Gulf tend to speak a dialect much closer to [[Gulf Arabic]] opposed to the [[Khuzestani Arabic]] which is closer to [[Iraqi Arabic]].

=== North Africa ===

==== Migrations into Egypt ====
[[File:Map of expansion of Caliphate.svg|thumb|300x300px|Map showing the territory seized during all stages of the [[Arab conquests]], 622 AD to 750 AD]]
Ancient Bedouins and nomadic groups inhabited the [[Sinai Peninsula]],<ref>{{citation|url=https://ancientneareast.tripod.com/Sinai_Peninsula.html|title=The Sinai Peninsula}}</ref> located in [[Asia]], ever since ancient times.
Prior to the [[Muslim conquest of Egypt]], Egypt was under [[Greco-Roman world|Greek and Roman influence]]. Under the [[Umayyad Caliphate]], Arabic became the official language in Egypt rather than [[Coptic language|Coptic]] or [[Greek language|Greek]]. The [[caliphate]] also allowed the migration of Arab tribes to Egypt.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Appiah |first1=Anthony |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TMZMAgAAQBAJ&dq=arab+tribe+migration+to+egypt&pg=RA1-PA511 |title=Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience |last2=Gates (Jr.) |first2=Henry Louis |date=2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-517055-9 |pages=511 |language=en |access-date=2022-08-25 |archive-date=2022-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826054222/https://books.google.com/books?id=TMZMAgAAQBAJ&dq=arab+tribe+migration+to+egypt&pg=RA1-PA511 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimid]] era was the peak of Bedouin Arab tribal migrations to Egypt.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Suwaed |first=Muhammad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P8yhCgAAQBAJ&dq=arab+tribe+migration+to+egypt&pg=PA77 |title=Historical Dictionary of the Bedouins |date=2015-10-30 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4422-5451-0 |pages=77 |language=en |access-date=2022-08-25 |archive-date=2022-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826054222/https://books.google.com/books?id=P8yhCgAAQBAJ&dq=arab+tribe+migration+to+egypt&pg=PA77 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Migrations into the Maghreb ====
{{Main|Arab migrations to the Maghreb}}

The first wave of Arab immigration to the Maghreb began with the [[Muslim conquest of the Maghreb|conquest of the Maghreb]] in the 7th century, with the migration of sedentary and nomadic Arabs to the Maghreb from the Arabian Peninsula.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Miller |first1=Catherine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R_aSAgAAQBAJ&dq=arab+tribe+migration+to+the+maghreb&pg=PA217 |title=Arabic in the City: Issues in Dialect Contact and Language Variation |last2=Al-Wer |first2=Enam |last3=Caubet |first3=Dominique |last4=Watson |first4=Janet C. E. |date=2007-12-14 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-97876-1 |pages=217 |language=en |access-date=2022-08-25 |archive-date=2022-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826054223/https://books.google.com/books?id=R_aSAgAAQBAJ&dq=arab+tribe+migration+to+the+maghreb&pg=PA217 |url-status=live }}</ref> Arab tribes such as [[Banu Muzaina]] migrated, and the Arab Muslims in the region had more impact on the culture of the Maghreb than the region's conquerors before and after them.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=el-Hasan |first=Hasan Afif |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zr2XDwAAQBAJ&dq=arab+tribe+migration+to+the+maghreb&pg=PA82 |title=Killing the Arab Spring |date=2019-05-01 |publisher=Algora Publishing |isbn=978-1-62894-349-8 |pages=82 |language=en |access-date=2022-08-25 |archive-date=2022-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826054223/https://books.google.com/books?id=Zr2XDwAAQBAJ&dq=arab+tribe+migration+to+the+maghreb&pg=PA82 |url-status=live }}</ref> The major migration to the region by Arab tribes was in the 11th century when the tribes of [[Banu Hilal]] and [[Banu Sulaym]], along with others, were sent by the Fatimids to defeat a [[Berbers|Berber]] rebellion and then settle in the Maghreb.<ref name=":2" /> These tribes advanced in large numbers all the way to [[Morocco]], contributing to a more extensive ethnic, genetic, cultural, and linguistic Arabization in the region.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Nelson |first=Harold D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pqxf5uJMBvkC&dq=arabic+spread+to+the+countryside+morocco&pg=PA14 |title=Morocco, a Country Study |date=1985 |publisher=Headquarters, Department of the Army |pages=14 |language=en |access-date=2022-08-25 |archive-date=2022-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826054257/https://books.google.com/books?id=Pqxf5uJMBvkC&dq=arabic+spread+to+the+countryside+morocco&pg=PA14 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Arab tribes of [[Maqil]] migrated to the Maghreb a century later and even immigrated southwards to [[Mauritania]]. [[Beni Ḥassān|Beni Hassan]] defeated both Berbers and Black Africans in the region, pushing them southwards to the [[Senegal River|Senegal river]] while the Arab tribes settled in Mauritania.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lombardo |first=Jennifer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sn9eEAAAQBAJ&dq=char+bouba+war&pg=PA27 |title=Mauritania |date=2021-12-15 |publisher=Cavendish Square Publishing, LLC |isbn=978-1-5026-6305-4 |pages=27 |language=en |access-date=2022-08-25 |archive-date=2022-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826054257/https://books.google.com/books?id=sn9eEAAAQBAJ&dq=char+bouba+war&pg=PA27 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Arab descendants of the original Arabian settlers who continue to speak Arabic as a first language currently form the single largest population group in North Africa.<ref name="Shoup">{{cite book |last=Shoup |first=John |title=Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia |date=2011 |publisher=ABC-CLIO, Publishers |isbn=978-1598843620 |location=Santa Barbara |page=16}}</ref>[[File:Migration of Arabs into Sudan.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Migration of Arab tribes into [[Sudan (region)|Sudan]], 14th–15th centuries AD]]

==== Migrations into Sudan ====
In the 12th century, the Arab [[Ja'alin tribe]] migrated into [[Nubia]] and Sudan and formerly occupied the country on both banks of the [[Nile]] from [[Khartoum]] to [[Abu Hamad]]. They trace their lineage to [[Abbas ibn 'Abdul Muttalib|Abbas]], uncle of the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]]. They are of Arab origin, but now of mixed blood mostly with [[Nilo-Saharan languages|Nilo-Saharans]] and [[Nubians]].<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Jā'alin |volume= 15 | page = 103 |short= 1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ireland |first=Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSDBkKgNgx8C&q=jaalin&pg=PA16 |title=Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland |date=1888 |publisher=The Institute |pages=16 |language=en |access-date=2022-08-25 |archive-date=2022-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530103830/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSDBkKgNgx8C&q=jaalin&pg=PA16 |url-status=live }}</ref> Other Arab tribes migrated into Sudan in the 12th century and intermarried with the indigenous populations, forming the [[Sudanese Arabs]].<ref name=":1" /> In 1846, many Arab [[Rashaida people|Rashaida]] migrated from [[Hejaz]] in present-day Saudi Arabia into what is now [[Eritrea]] and north-east Sudan after tribal warfare had broken out in their homeland. The Rashaida of Sudan and Eritrea live in close proximity with the [[Beja people]]. Large numbers of [[Bani Rasheed]] are also found on the Arabian Peninsula. They are related to the [[Banu Abs]] tribe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |title=Eritrea: The Rashaida People |url=http://www.madote.com/2010/02/eritrea-rashaida-people.html |access-date=2022-08-21 |website=Madote |archive-date=2017-07-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170720050233/http://www.madote.com/2010/02/eritrea-rashaida-people.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== The Great Skulls of Arabia ==
According to Arab traditions, tribes are divided into different divisions called Arab skulls ({{Script|Arab|جماجم العرب}}), which is a term given to a group of tribes of the Arabian Peninsula, which are described in the traditional custom of strength, abundance, victory, and honor. A number of them branched out, which later became independent tribes (sub-tribes). They are called "Skulls" because it is thought that the skull is the most important part of the body, and the majority of Arab tribes are descended from these major tribes.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Al Aqid Al Fareed|last=Al Andulsi|first=Ibn Abd Rabuh|year=939}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=North of Hejaz|last=Al-Qthami|first=Hmood|publisher=Dar Al Bayan|year=1985|location=Jeddah|pages=235}}</ref><ref name="المفصل فى تاريخ العرب قبل الإسلام2">{{cite web|url=http://islamport.com/w/tkh/Web/2300/2310.htm|title=A Detailed Account of the History of Arabs Before Islam|last1=Ali Phd|first1=Jawad|date=2001|website=Al Madinah Digital Library|publisher=Dar Al Saqi|access-date=2020-09-11|archive-date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304201846/http://islamport.com/w/tkh/Web/2300/2310.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Taj Al Aroos min Jawahir Al Qamoos|last=Al Zibeedi|first=Murtathi|year=1965}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Al Mahbar|last=Al Hashimi|first=Muhammed Ibn Habib Ibn Omaya Ibn Amir|publisher=Dar Al Afaaq|year=859|location=Beirut}}</ref>

They are:<ref name="المفصل فى تاريخ العرب قبل الإسلام2"/>
*[[Banu Bakr|Bakr]], has descendants in [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]] and [[Iraq]].<ref>Trudy Ring, Noelle Watson, Paul Schellinger. 1995. International Dictionary of Historic Places. Vol. 3 Southern Europe. Routledge. p.190.</ref>
*[[Kinana]]h, has descendants in [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]], [[Iraq]], [[Egypt]], [[Sudan]], [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]], [[Tunisia]], [[Morocco]], and [[Syria]] and [[Yemen]].<ref name="Brill">{{cite book |title=E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913-1936, Volume 4 |year=1993 |isbn=9789004097902 |editor=M. Th. Houtsma |pages=1017–1018 |chapter=Kinana|publisher=Brill }}</ref>
*[[Hawazin]], has descendants in [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]], [[Libya]], [[Algeria]], [[Morocco]], [[Sudan]], and [[Iraq]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-02-26 |title=نهاية الأرب في معرفة أنساب العرب • الموقع الرسمي للمكتبة الشاملة |url=http://shamela.ws/browse.php/book-31382/page-229 |access-date=2022-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180226213159/http://shamela.ws/browse.php/book-31382/page-229 |archive-date=2018-02-26 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-03 |title=موسوعة تاريخ المغرب العربي - ʻAbd al-Fattāḥ Miqlad Ghunaymī, عبد الفتاح مقلد الغنيمي - كتب Google |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IbVIAAAAMAAJ&q=%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%8A+%D8%B3%D8%B9%D8%AF+%D8%A8%D9%86+%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8 |access-date=2022-08-21 |archive-date=2022-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826054305/https://books.google.com/books?id=IbVIAAAAMAAJ&q=%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%8A+%D8%B3%D8%B9%D8%AF+%D8%A8%D9%86+%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-17 |title=موسوعة العشائر العراقية - Thāmir ʻAbd al-Ḥasan ʻĀmirī - كتب Google |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bBBO1pj5XCAC&q=%D8%B3%D8%B9%D8%AF+%D8%A8%D9%86+%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82 |access-date=2022-08-21 |archive-date=2022-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826054305/https://books.google.com/books?id=bBBO1pj5XCAC&q=%D8%B3%D8%B9%D8%AF+%D8%A8%D9%86+%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Banu Tamim|Tamim]], has descendants in [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]], [[Iraq]], [[Iran]], [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]], [[Algeria]], and [[Morocco]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-02 |title=ص204 - كتاب الأعلام للزركلي - يعلى بن أمية - المكتبة الشاملة الحديثة |url=https://al-maktaba.org/book/12286/7605 |access-date=2022-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211002101301/https://al-maktaba.org/book/12286/7605 |archive-date=2021-10-02 }}</ref>
*[[Azd]], has descendants in [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]], [[Iraq]], [[Levant]], and [[North Africa]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=الموسوعة الشاملة - قلائد الجمان في التعريف بقبائل عرب الزمان|url=http://islamport.com/w/nsb/Web/489/27.htm|access-date=2022-08-21|archive-date=2018-03-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324041246/http://islamport.com/w/nsb/Web/489/27.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Ghatafan]], has descendants in [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]] and the [[Maghreb]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Fück |first=J. W. |title=G̲h̲aṭafān |date=2012-04-24 |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/ghatafan-SIM_2476?s.num=0&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-2&s.q=Gha%E1%B9%ADaf%C4%81n |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition |publisher=Brill |language=en |access-date=2022-08-21 |archive-date=2022-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314181616/https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/ghatafan-SIM_2476?s.num=0&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-2&s.q=Gha%E1%B9%ADaf%C4%81n |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Madhhij]], has descendants in [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]], [[Syria]] and [[Iraq]].<ref name="عشائر العراق - عباس العزاوي">عشائر العراق - عباس العزاوي</ref><ref name="عشائر الشام-وصفي زكريا">عشائر الشام-وصفي زكريا</ref>
*[[Abd al-Qays]], has descendants in [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]].
*[[Qays|Al Qays]], has descendants in [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]], [[Syria]] and [[Iraq]].<ref name="عشائر العراق - عباس العزاوي"/><ref name="عشائر الشام-وصفي زكريا"/>
*[[Quda'a]], has descendants in [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]], [[Syria]], and [[North Africa]].

==See also==
*[[Tribes of Yemen]]
*[[Arab tribes of Iraq]]
*[[Arab tribes of Algeria]]
*[[Arabian tribes that interacted with Muhammad]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://archive.org/details/diewohnsitzeundw00wsuoft The dwelling places and wanderings of the Arabian tribes, by Heinrich Ferdinand Wüstenfeld, in German]

{{Arab tribes}}

[[Category:Tribes of Arabia]]
[[Category:Arab people]]
[[Category:Arab ethnic groups]]
[[Category:Yemeni tribes]]

Oath of office ceremony of Narendra Modi

2026-01-02T18:33:56Z

CoyCallaghan:

[[Narendra Modi]] has taken oath as the Prime Minister of India three times:
*[[First oath of office ceremony of Narendra Modi]] (2014)
*[[Second oath of office ceremony of Narendra Modi]] (2019)
*[[Third oath of office ceremony of Narendra Modi]] (2024)

==See also==
*[[Modi (disambiguation)]]
*[[Modi ministry (disambiguation)]]

{{disambig}}

Limaye's day gecko

2025-12-16T04:01:06Z

CoyCallaghan: new a post needs work

{{Short description|Species of lizard}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Cnemaspis limayei Limaye’s Day Gecko.jpg
| genus = Cnemaspis
| species = limayei
| authority = Sayyed, Pyron, & DiLeepkumar, 2018
| synonyms =
}}
'''Limaye's day gecko''' ('''''Cnemaspis limayei''''') is a species of [[gecko]] found in [[India]].<ref name="The Reptile Database">{{cite web|url=http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Cnemaspis&species=limayei&search_param=%28%28search%3D%27Cnemaspis+limayei%27%29%29|title=Cnemaspis limayei|website=The Reptile Database|accessdate=2018-12-17}}</ref>

==References==
* Sayyed, A., Pyron, R.A. & Dileepkumar, R. (2018) Four new species of the genus Cnemaspis Strauch, (Sauria: Gekkonidae)
from the northern Western Ghats, India. Amphibian & Reptile Conservation, 12 (e157), 1–29.
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q63847979}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Limaye's day gecko}}
[[Category:Endemic reptiles of India]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 2018]]

{{gecko-stub}}

Pekeru

2025-12-09T18:19:54Z

CoyCallaghan: starting the page with sources

{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pekeru
| settlement_type = [[Town]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Pekeru
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{Coord|16.6882|N|81.7459|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[West Godavari district|West Godavari]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Panchayat
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 534320 <ref>https://www.indiapost.gov.in/VAS/Pages/LocatePostOffices.aspx</ref>
| registration_plate = AP-39 (formerly AP-37)
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest town
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Tanuku]]
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in India|Telephone code]]
| area_code = +91–08819
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Pekeru''' is a [[census town]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reclassification |url=https://oudaap.in/Admin8745ouda6974ooda/assets/planning_gos_pdf/0e438af366G.O%20215.PDF }}</ref> in [[West Godavari district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India. It is located west of the [[Godavari River]] beside [[Eletipadu]] and [[Ayithampudi]].

== Demographics ==
As of the [[2011 Census of India]], it had a population of 4,436 across 1,270 households.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pekeru Village Population - Iragavaram - West Godavari, Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/588662-pekeru-andhra-pradesh.html |access-date=2023-06-11 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref> Historically, Pekeru's main industry is agriculture, small business, rice mills and educational institutions. It is part of [[Tanuku Assembly constituency]] and [[Narasapuram Lok Sabha constituency]]. It also shares border with [[East Godavari District]].

== Community development ==
Kunuku Hemakumari, the sarpanch of Pekeru in West Godavari district, Andhra Pradesh, was nominated by the [[Ministry of Panchayati Raj]] (MoPR) to participate in a side event at the 57th [[Commission on Population and Development]] (CPD) of the [[United Nations Economic and Social Council]] (ECOSOC). The event took place in [[New York City|New York]], [[USA]], on May 3, 2024.

Hemakumari works to promote self-reliance among women in the fields of health and education by organizing regular medical camps and health awareness sessions. She also collaborates closely with local families to boost the enrollment of girls in schools. “Empowerment lies in fostering self-reliance and confidence, encouraging informed decisions about health, education, and livelihoods,” she emphasizes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian women leaders in the spotlight at CPD57|url=https://india.un.org/en/269474-indian-women-leaders-spotlight-cpd57 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in West Godavari district]]

{{WestGodavari-geo-stub}}

Paul Chohan

2025-12-05T16:08:53Z

CoyCallaghan:

{{short description|Canadian field hockey player}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{MedalTableTop | medals =
{{MedalSport | Men's [[field hockey]] }}
{{MedalCountry | {{CAN}} }}
{{MedalCompetition | [[Pan American Games]] }}
{{MedalSilver | [[1975 Pan American Games|1975 Mexico City]] | [[Field hockey at the 1975 Pan American Games|Team]] }}
{{MedalSilver | [[1979 Pan American Games|1979 San Juan]] | [[Field hockey at the 1979 Pan American Games|Team]] }}
{{MedalGold | [[1983 Pan American Games|1983 Caracas]] | [[Field hockey at the 1983 Pan American Games|Team]] }}
{{MedalGold | [[1987 Pan American Games|1987 Indianapolis]] | [[Field hockey at the 1987 Pan American Games|Team]] }}
{{MedalSilver | [[1991 Pan American Games|1991 Havana]] | [[Field hockey at the 1991 Pan American Games|Team]] }}
{{MedalSilver | [[1995 Pan American Games | 1995 Mar Del Plata]] | [[Field hockey at 1995 Pan American Games| Team]] and Flag bearer }}
}}
'''Paul Satinder "Bubli" Chohan''' (born 2 July 1957 in [[Ludhiana]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]]) is an Indian-born Canadian former [[field hockey]] player who represented [[Canada]] 317 times in international competition. This includes 3 World Cups and 3 Olympic Games (Montreal 1975, Los Angeles 1984, Seoul 1988) on top of the 6 PanAm games.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fieldhockey.ca/inductee/paul-bubli-chohan/ |title=Paul "Bubli" Chohan (Athlete) |work=fieldhockey.ca |access-date=23 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.panamhockey.org/en/news-73-paul-bubli-chohan-a-canadian-hockey-legend |title=Paul "Bubli" Chohan, a Canadian Hockey Legend |work=PAHF |access-date=23 May 2022}}</ref>

==International senior competitions==
* 1975 – [[1975 Pan American Games|Pan American Games]], Mexico (2nd)
* 1976 – [[Hockey at the 1976 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]], Montreal (10th)<ref name="SR">{{cite Sports-Reference |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/si/paul-singh-chohan-1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104055556/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/si/paul-singh-chohan-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-11-04 |title=Paul Singh Chohan}}</ref>
* 1978 – [[1978 Men's Hockey World Cup|World Cup]], Buenos Aires (11th)
* 1979 – [[1979 Pan American Games|Pan American Games]], San Juan (2nd)
* 1981 – [[1981 Men's Hockey World Cup Qualifier|World Cup Qualifier]], Kuala Lumpur (9th)
* 1983 – [[1983 Pan American Games|Pan American Games]], Caracas (1st)
* 1984 – [[Hockey at the 1984 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]], Los Angeles (10th)<ref name="SR"/>
* 1985 – [[1985 Men's Hockey World Cup Qualifier|World Cup Qualifier]], Barcelona (4th)
* 1986 – [[1986 Men's Hockey World Cup|World Cup]], London (10th)
* 1987 – [[1987 Pan American Games|Pan American Games]], Indianapolis (1st)
* 1988 – [[Hockey at the 1988 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]], Seoul (11th)<ref name="SR"/>
* 1989 – [[1989 Men's Hockey World Cup Qualifier|World Cup Qualifier]], Madison, USA (2nd)
* 1990 – [[1990 Men's Hockey World Cup|World Cup]], Lahore (11th)
* 1991 – [[1991 Pan American Games|Pan American Games]], Havana (2nd)
* 1995 – [[1995 Pan American Games|Pan American Games]], Mar del Plata (2nd)
* 1996 – [[1996 Men's Hockey Olympic Qualifier|Olympic Qualifier]], Barcelona (6th)
* 1996 – World Cup Preliminary, Sardinia (2nd)
* 1997 – [[1997 Men's Hockey World Cup Qualifier|World Cup Qualifier]], Kuala Lumpur (5th)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{International Hockey Federation|12388|Satinder Chohan}}
* {{Field Hockey Canada|342|Bubli Chohan}}
* {{COC|paul-bubli-chohan|Paul (Bubli) Chohan}}
* {{Olympics.com|satinder-chohan|Satinder Chohan}}
* {{Olympedia}}

{{Canada FH Squad 1975 Pan American Games}}
{{Canada FH Squad 1979 Pan American Games}}
{{Canada FH Squad 1983 Pan American Games}}
{{Canada FH Squad 1987 Pan American Games}}
{{Canada FH Squad 1991 Pan American Games}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chohan, Paul}}
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Canadian field hockey coaches]]
[[Category:Canadian male field hockey players]]
[[Category:Olympic field hockey players for Canada]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 1976 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 1984 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 1988 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Pan American Games gold medalists for Canada in field hockey]]
[[Category:Pan American Games silver medalists for Canada in field hockey]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 1975 Pan American Games]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 1979 Pan American Games]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 1983 Pan American Games]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 1987 Pan American Games]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 1991 Pan American Games]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Ludhiana]]
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[[Category:Indian emigrants to Canada]]
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[[Category:Naturalized citizens of Canada]]
[[Category:1978 Men's Hockey World Cup players]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1975 Pan American Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1979 Pan American Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1983 Pan American Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1987 Pan American Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1991 Pan American Games]]

{{Canada-fieldhockey-bio-stub}}

Srikrishna Committee

2025-11-30T06:38:22Z

CoyCallaghan: formatting fix

{{Short description|Indian committee to look into the demand for the statehood of Telangana}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Telangana movement}}
'''Srikrishna Committee on Telangana''' or the '''Committee for Consultations on the Situation in Andhra Pradesh''' (CCSAP) was a committee headed by Justice [[B. N. Srikrishna]] (former judge of [[Supreme Court of India]] and chief justice of [[Kerala High Court]]) that looked into the demand for separate statehood for [[Telangana]] or keeping the State united in the present form, as [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zeenews.com/news674748.html |title=Srikrishna committee on Telangana to submit report on Dec 30 |publisher=Zee News |date=15 December 2010 |access-date=12 October 2011 |archive-date=3 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110303224244/http://www.zeenews.com/news674748.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The committee was constituted by the [[Government of India]] on 3 February 2010 and submitted its report on 30 December 2010 to the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]].

The Srikrishna Committee solicited suggestions and views from political parties, social organisations, and other stakeholders. The committee received over 60,000 petitions by the deadline of 10 April. The committee began personal interactions with the various stakeholders, including the political parties on 16 April.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/02/19/stories/2010021962041500.htm |title=Sri Krishna Committee solicited suggestions/views |access-date=16 August 2013 |archive-date=5 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105081318/http://www.hindu.com/2010/02/19/stories/2010021962041500.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2010-02-19 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/Date-for-response-from-stakeholders-on-Telangana-extended/Article1-521907.aspx |title=Date for response from stakeholders on Telangana extended |access-date=16 August 2013 |archive-date=25 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100325030800/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/Date-for-response-from-stakeholders-on-Telangana-extended/Article1-521907.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/04/09/stories/2010040962890700.htm |title=Srikrishna panel hearing from April 16 |access-date=16 August 2013 |archive-date=5 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105081259/http://www.hindu.com/2010/04/09/stories/2010040962890700.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2010-04-09 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The committee met with the leaders of TRS,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Srikrishna-panel-meets-TRS-in-first-consultation-with-political-party/articleshow/5822483.cms |title=Srikrishna panel meets TRS in first consultation with political party |access-date=16 August 2013 |archive-date=4 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104084953/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-04-17/india/28134429_1_srikrishna-panel-srikrishna-committee-telangana |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live }}</ref> PRP, [[Communist Party of India|CPI]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/04/23/stories/2010042360941300.htm |title=SKC with PRP and CPI leaders |access-date=16 August 2013 |archive-date=5 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105081233/http://www.hindu.com/2010/04/23/stories/2010042360941300.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2010-04-23 |url-status=dead }}</ref> MIM,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/05/11/stories/2010051159790400.htm |title=SKC with MIM leaders |access-date=16 August 2013 |archive-date=5 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105081235/http://www.hindu.com/2010/05/11/stories/2010051159790400.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2010-05-11 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
TDP,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/05/11/stories/2010051156610400.htm |title=SKC with Seema-Andhra TDP leaders |access-date=16 August 2013 |archive-date=5 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105081322/http://www.hindu.com/2010/05/11/stories/2010051156610400.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2010-05-11 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/05/12/stories/2010051257830600.htm |title=SKC with Tenagana TDP leaders |access-date=16 August 2013 |archive-date=5 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105081307/http://www.hindu.com/2010/05/12/stories/2010051257830600.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2010-05-12 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20120714023531/http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?681739 Outlook: SKC with Telangana TDP leaders]</ref>
and various organisations from throughout Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/05/13/stories/2010051357780400.htm |title=SKC with TDP Samaikhya-Andhra forum and Telangana frredom fighter forum |access-date=16 August 2013 |archive-date=30 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030044900/http://www.hindu.com/2010/05/13/stories/2010051357780400.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2010-05-13 |url-status=dead }}</ref> On 6 July, Telangana congress legislators and ministers met with the Srikrishna committee and made arguments in favour of the [[Formation of Telangana|formation of Telangana state]].<ref>[https://archive.today/20130816192356/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-07/hyderabad/28287659_1_telangana-region-telangana-state-telangana-congressTelangana congress legislators and ministers met SKC and ask for Telangana state]</ref>

It toured all the regions of state extensively and invited people from all sections of the society to give their opinion on the statehood. It received over a hundred thousand petitions and representations from political parties, organisations, NGOs and individuals. It also held consultations with political parties and the general public, factoring in the impact of recent developments on different sections of society such as women, children, students, minorities, [[Other Backward Class|Other Backward Classes]], as well as [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]].<ref>{{cite news |author=PTI |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/andhra-pradesh/article948053.ece |title=States / Andhra Pradesh : Justice Srikrishna panel to visit Hyderabad to meet leaders |work=The Hindu |date=12 December 2010 |access-date=12 October 2011 |location=Chennai, India |archive-date=15 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101215012851/http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/andhra-pradesh/article948053.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

The report was released to the public on the internet on 6 January 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The options listed by Srikrishna Committee report |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/the-options-listed-by-srikrishna-committee-report-444177 |access-date=2023-03-18 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

==Members==
* [[B. N. Sri k |Justice Srikrishna]]
* Professor (Dr.) Ranbir Singh, vice-chancellor, [[National Law University, Delhi]]
* Dr. Abusaleh Shariff, senior research fellow, [[International Food Policy Research Institute]], Delhi
* Dr. (Ms.) Ravinder Kaur, professor, Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, [[IIT Delhi]]
* [[Vinod K. Duggal]], former [[Home Secretary (India)|Home Secretary]], who also functioned as its member-secretary.

==Terms of reference==
There are seven [[terms of reference]] for the committee.

# To examine the situation in the State of Andhra Pradesh with reference to the demand for a separate State of Telangana as well as the demand for maintaining the present status of a united Andhra Pradesh.
# To review the developments in the State since its formation and their impact on the progress and development of the different regions of the State.
# To examine the impact of the recent developments in the State on the different sections of the people such as women, children, students, minorities, other backward classes, scheduled castes and scheduled tribes.
# To identify the key issues that must be addressed while considering the matters mentioned in items (1), (2) and (3) above.
# To consult all sections of the people, especially the political parties, on the aforesaid matters and elicit their views; to seek from the political parties and other organisations a range of solutions that would resolve the present difficult situation and promote the welfare of all sections of the people; to identify the optimal solutions for this purpose; and to recommend a plan of action and a road map.
# To consult other organisations of civil society such as industry, trade, trade unions, farmers' organisations, women's organisations and students' organisations on the aforesaid matters and elicit their views with specific reference to the all round development of the different regions of the State.
# To make any other suggestion or recommendation that the Committee may deem appropriate.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://netindian.in/news/2010/02/11/0005303/govt-announces-terms-reference-srikrishna-committee-telangana-issue |title=Govt. announces Terms of Reference of Srikrishna Committee on Telangana issue | Latest Headlines |publisher=Netindian.in |access-date=12 October 2011 |archive-date=23 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823034602/http://netindian.in/news/2010/02/11/0005303/govt-announces-terms-reference-srikrishna-committee-telangana-issue |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Reactions==
; [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
: February 2010: TRS president K Chandrasekhar Rao called the terms of reference as "baseless, meaningless"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/message-board_will-the-bn-srikrishna-committee-be-able-to-resolve-the-telangana-issue-or-is-a-separate-state-the-only-solution_1347768 |title=Will the BN Srikrishna committee be able to resolve the Telangana issue? Or is a separate state the only solution? |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=14 February 2010 |access-date=12 October 2011 |archive-date=30 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120930011343/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/message-board_will-the-bn-srikrishna-committee-be-able-to-resolve-the-telangana-issue-or-is-a-separate-state-the-only-solution_1347768 |url-status=live }}</ref>

; [[Praja Rajyam]]
: December 2010: Party president Chiranjeevi said he would stick to Srikrishna Committee report on Telangana.<ref>[http://www.deccanchronicle.com/karimnagar/chiru-abide-srikrishna-report-t-404 Chiru to abide by Srikrishna report on T | Deccan Chronicle | 13 December 2010]{{dead link|date=June 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

==Options suggested==
The Sri Krishna Committee submitted a comprehensive 461-page report after their detailed across the state which included consultations with various political as well as social groups.

The committee's report suggested 6 options of which options 1 through 4 were advised to be not feasible. The Fifth option is to bifurcate the State into Telangana with Hyderabad as its capital and Seemandhra which is to have a new capital city. The Committee noted that "Separation is recommended only in case it is unavoidable and if this decision can be reached amicably amongst all the three regions." (Page 454) The Sixth and the option that the Committee recommended as the "way forward" is to keep the state and "establishment of a statutory and empowered Telangana Regional Council with adequate transfer of funds, functions and functionaries in keeping with the spirit of [[Gentlemen's Agreement of 1956]]" (Page 454)

The six options presented in the report were as follows:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/summary-srikrishna-report-on-telangana/139628-53.html |title=IBN Live Report |publisher=CNN IBN |date=12 January 2011 |access-date=12 October 2011 |archive-date=20 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320025409/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/summary-srikrishna-report-on-telangana/139628-53.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
#Maintaining Status Quo – Keeping the Andhra Pradesh State as it is with no change in the Telangana, Rayalaseema and [[Coastal Andhra]] regions.
#Bifurcating the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] into Seemandhra and Telangana regions with both of them developing their own capitals in due course of time. [[Hyderabad]] to be converted to a [[Union territory]] – This proposal was similar to the [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]-[[Haryana]]-[[Chandigarh]] model.
#Dividing Andhra Pradesh into two states – One of Rayala-Telangana with Hyderabad as its capital and second one of the Coastal Andhra Pradesh
#Dividing Andhra Pradesh into Seemandhra and Telangana with enlarged Hyderabad Metropolis as a separate [[Union territory]] that will be linked geographically to district [[Guntur]] in coastal Andhra via [[Nalgonda district]] in the southeast and via Mahboobnagar district in the south to [[Kurnool]] district in Rayalaseema
#Bifurcation of the State into Telangana and Seemandhrâ as per existing boundaries with Hyderabad as the capital of Telangana and Seemandhra to have a new capital.
#Keeping the State united and providing for creation of a statutorily empowered Telangana Regional Council for socio-economic development and political development of Telangana region.

==Findings==
#The SKC remarked that "It is a fact that most of the economic and developmental parameters show that Telangana (excluding Hyderabad) is either on par with or a shade lower than coastal Andhra; but once Hyderabad is included, the situation in Telangana is far better." (2.15.03 on Page 119)
#In comparison with the Rayalaseema region, the SKC remarked that "Thus, on the whole, it would appear that the deprived region is Rayalaseema not Telangana" (2.15.03 on Page 119)
#Overall, in spite of 50-plus years of policy protected planning and execution, one finds regional variations in the economic development of AP. The rate of growth in the development parameters summed up below is found to be robust both in Telangana (even after excluding Hyderabad) and coastal Andhra. (p. 118).
#The SKC noted that the Planning Commission had notified as backward nine of the ten Telangana districts, with the exception of Hyderabad, and resources have been allocated under its Backward Region Grant Fund (BRGF). These districts contain, as the SKC says, 87% of the population of Telangana. (p. 81)
#Considering the allegation that "Telangana has lower [[per capita income]], lower access to employment, lower business opportunities and low access to education and so on", SKC says, "At the outset, some or all such allegations appear true when absolute amounts, numbers and percentages are reviewed" (p. 117).
#"The implementation of G.O. 610 during 1975 to 2005 was, at best, tardy, which remains a grievance of Telangana employees. This issue continues to be highly contentious even today (p.48)." Girglani Report on GO. 610 estimated 140,000 Telangana jobs diverted to Seemandhra persons.{{citation needed|date=October 2013}}{{original research inline|date=October 2013}} However SKC noted in para 5.29.01, only 18,856 employees are identified in total by Girglani commission and 14,784 employees are already repatriated to their native Zones. Most of the violations are in education and health departments due to shortage of qualified people from the local zones. There are also violations from zone 6 to zone 5 and vice versa which are part of Telangana area.
#"However, the data received from the State Government shows (Appendix 3.16) that the combined amount released to government and aided colleges together is Rs. 930 million in Telangana while it is 2.24 billion in coastal Andhra (with college-going population similar to that in Telangana) and 910 million in Rayalaseema (with population share being less than half that in Telangana)" (p. 153).
#"The real income of the agricultural wage labourers has declined considerably in Telangana whereas it has increased considerably in coastal Andhra region. Similarly, the SCs, STs and minorities in Telangana region have suffered a decline in income during the past about decade or more, whereas these communities have gained substantially in Coastal Andhra (p.119)".
#"Although as a sub-regional movement, the Telangana movement does not pose a threat to national unity" (p. 344).
#"The Telangana movement can be interpreted as a desire for greater democracy and empowerment within a political unit. As stated earlier, sub-regionalism is a movement, which is not necessarily primordial but is essentially modern – in the direction of a balanced and equitable modernisation. Our analysis shows that cutting across caste, religion, gender and other divisions, the Telangana movement brings a focus on the development of the region as a whole, a focus on rights and access to regional resources and, further, it pitches for a rights-based development perspective whereby groups and communities put forth their agendas within a larger vision of equitable development" (p. 415).
#"However, given the long-standing history of the demand for a separate State, the deep penetration of the sense of grievance and the widespread emotion around the issue, unless genuine steps are taken to address both real and perceived disparities, the demand is unlikely to go away permanently even if it is subdued temporarily" (p. 417).
#"Thus, from the point of view of sheer size of economy, Telangana as a new State can sustain itself both with and without Hyderabad. The other combination of regions – coastal Andhra and Rayalaseema together can also sustain themselves as a State; in fact, they can also sustain themselves separately" (p. 121).
#"In view of the complex background of the situation and the rather serious and sensitive emotional aspects involved, the Committee is of the unanimous view that it would not be practical to simply maintain the status quo in respect of the situation" (p. 442).
#"Given the above first hand observations of the Committee during its tours of the regions, the Committee feels that the issue of sentiment has to be considered only as one among several factors to be evaluated. While not discounting people's wishes or sentiments, the overall implications of bifurcation (or trifurcation as the case may be) have to be carefully delineated to arrive at a responsible recommendation"(p. 352–353).
#"The Committee is of the view that given the long history of the demand for a separate Telangana, the highly charged emotions at present and the likelihood of the agitation continuing in case the demand is not met (unless handled deftly, tactfully and firmly as discussed under option six), consideration has to be given to this option. The grievances of the people of Telangana, such as non-implementation of some of the key decisions included in the Gentleman's Agreement (1956), certain amount of neglect in implementation of water and irrigation schemes, inadequate provision for education infrastructure (excluding Hyderabad), and the undue delay in the implementation of the Presidential order on public employment, etc., have contributed to the felt psyche of discrimination and domination, with the issue attaining an emotional pitch. The continuing demand, therefore, for a separate Telangana, the Committee felt, has some merit and is not entirely unjustified" (p. 453).
#"Therefore, after taking into account all the pros and cons, the Committee did not think it to be the most preferred, but the second best, option. '''Separation is recommended only in case it is unavoidable and if this decision can be reached amicably amongst all the three regions" (p. 453).'''
# The delay in the formation of Telangana will create Political crisis and the [[Maoist insurgency|Maoist movement]] is likely to get a fillip in such a situation(page 411)

==Criticism==
Telangana leaders rejected the recommendations of the Sri Krishna committee report and insisted on the formation of a different Telangana State with Hyderabad as its capital.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/separate-telangana-state-only-solution-kcr-77677%20 |title=Separate Telangana state only solution: KCR |publisher=Ndtv.com |date=7 January 2011 |access-date=12 October 2011 |archive-date=7 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007225553/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/separate-telangana-state-only-solution-kcr-77677 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/clashes-continue-in-osmania-university-protests-rock-telangana/articleshow/7237260.cms Clashes continue in Osmania University, protests rock Telangana] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110113230331/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/clashes-continue-in-osmania-university-protests-rock-telangana/articleshow/7237260.cms |date=13 January 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Telangana-Cong-MPs-ultimatum-to-Sonia/articleshow/7238926.cms |title=Telangana Cong MPs' ultimatum to Sonia |date=8 January 2011 |access-date=12 October 2011 |archive-date=11 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110911061453/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-08/hyderabad/28378728_1_telangana-bill-upa-government-telangana-cong-mps |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/TDP-to-launch-agitations-across-T-from-next-week/articleshow/7238294.cms |title=TDP to launch agitations across T from next week |date=8 January 2011 |access-date=12 October 2011 |archive-date=6 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106002352/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-08/hyderabad/28374225_1_telangana-region-srikrishna-committee-rayalaseema |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live }}</ref>

Pro-Telangana student protesters set an [[APSRTC]] bus and a police vehicle on fire, and broke windowpanes of at least eight buses. They hurled stones, forcing police to use teargas to disperse the mobs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_students-protest-continue-at-osmania-university-for-2nd-day_1491671 |title=Students' protest continue at Osmania University for 2nd day |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=7 January 2011 |access-date=12 October 2011 |archive-date=12 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110112150959/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_students-protest-continue-at-osmania-university-for-2nd-day_1491671 |url-status=live }}</ref> The stone throwing resulted in injuries to many policemen, including an Additional DCP (District Commissioner of Police).<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article1038456.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=Violence on Osmania University campus | date=6 January 2011 | access-date=9 October 2011 | archive-date=9 September 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110909052514/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article1038456.ece | url-status=live }}</ref> Some activists also damaged the statue of [[Potti Sriramulu]] at Vanasthalipuram junction in Hyderabad after alleged remarks by [[Ongole]] MP on KCR.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.siasat.com/english/news/potti-sriramulu-statue-damaged-city |title=Potti Sriramulu statue damaged in city |publisher=Siasat |date=17 February 2011 |access-date=12 October 2011 |archive-date=28 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928050044/http://www.siasat.com/english/news/potti-sriramulu-statue-damaged-city |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hyderabadcircle.com/hyderabad-news/telangana-activists-destroy-potti-sriramulu-statue-5855 |title=This website is currently unavailable |publisher=Hyderabadcircle.com |access-date=12 October 2011 |archive-date=4 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120404194957/http://www.hyderabadcircle.com/hyderabad-news/telangana-activists-destroy-potti-sriramulu-statue-5855 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Criticism of the Sri Krishna Committee report includes that it compared regions (Seema-Andhra vs Telangana), not people (Seema-Andhrites vs Telanganites). The State government did not or could not provide all the data the committee asked for; they had only 10 years worth of data.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.andhrajyothy.com/mainshow.asp?qry=2010/feb/26/main/26main3 |title=Govt to SKC: It has only 10 years data |publisher=Andhrajyothy.com |access-date=12 October 2011 |archive-date=2 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002102028/http://www.andhrajyothy.com/mainshow.asp?qry=2010%2Ffeb%2F26%2Fmain%2F26main3 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hardnewsmedia.com/2011/01/3798 |title=The Srikrishna Committee Report: A Waste of Time |publisher=Hardnewsmedia.com |access-date=12 October 2011 |archive-date=28 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928135606/http://www.hardnewsmedia.com/2011/01/3798 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Telangana JAC steering committee, comprising experts from different fields,<ref>{{cite journal|title= Large and small dams|journal= International Journal of Water Resources Development |volume=5 |issue=2 |date=2 May 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/22/stories/2006092216570300.htm | location=Chennai, India | title=Agitation threat by Telangana employees' union | date=22 September 2006 | access-date=18 February 2011 | archive-date=29 June 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629023042/http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/22/stories/2006092216570300.htm | work=[[The Hindu]] | url-status=dead }}</ref> studied the Sri Krishana Committee report and came to the conclusion that the report was a " bunch of lies",<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Experts-to-nail-Srikrishna-lies/articleshow/7288692.cms |title=Telangana JAC Experts to nail Srikrishna 'lies' |date=15 January 2011 |access-date=12 October 2011 |archive-date=4 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104203437/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-15/hyderabad/28369147_1_srikrishna-committee-telangana-jac |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live }}</ref> while proponents of the United State Movement, including Samaikhya Andhra JAC and the Praja Rajyam party, welcomed the recommendations of the committee.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.andhraheadlines.com/special/skc-report-the-facts-and-false-claims-13-77651.html |title=SKC Report: The Facts and False Claims |publisher=Andhraheadlines.com |access-date=12 October 2011 |archive-date=7 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707140955/http://www.andhraheadlines.com/special/skc-report-the-facts-and-false-claims-13-77651.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/samaikyandhra-jac-endorses-6th-option/article1065119.ece | location=Vijayawada | work=The Hindu | title=Samaikyandhra JAC endorses 6th option | date=8 January 2011 | access-date=5 August 2013 | archive-date=6 October 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006201539/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/samaikyandhra-jac-endorses-6th-option/article1065119.ece | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=707640 |title=PRP Welcomes Srikrishna Panel Recommendations |publisher=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |date=7 January 2011 |access-date=12 October 2011 |archive-date=26 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426182941/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=707640 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Economist and former Planning Commission member [[C. H. Hanumantha Rao]] said that the Srikrishna Committee's recommendations are at variance with its own analysis. He said the committee did not study the reasons for the failures of earlier protections, and how future protections will do justice to Telangana. He said that even while the committee's own analysis and data supports the formation of an independent Telangana, it only recommended this as the second-best option.<ref>[http://epw.in/epw/uploads/articles/15660.pdf Srikrishna Committee on Telangana: Recommendations at Variance with the Analysis – C. H Hanumanth Rao]{{Dead link|date=November 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Protests in Telangana continue in the form of strikes, hunger strikes, suicides, giving petitions and roses to public officials, and the boycotting of public events.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Its-Gandhigiri-all-the-way/articleshow/7300104.cms |title=It's Gandhigiri all the way |date=16 January 2011 |access-date=12 October 2011 |archive-date=4 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104085228/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-16/hyderabad/28354253_1_mp-post-telangana-congress-leaders-srikrishna-committee-report |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Sabita-runs-into-T-wall-/articleshow/7279775.cms |title=Sabita runs into T wall |date=14 January 2011 |access-date=12 October 2011 |archive-date=4 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104085232/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-14/hyderabad/28357198_1_telangana-activists-ku-campus-protesters |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/article410639.ece |title=Rachabanda: Resistance continues in Warangal |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=26 January 2011 |access-date=12 October 2011 |archive-date=6 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106095530/http://newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/article410639.ece |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/article412433.ece |title=Rachabandha: Officials greeted with stones, eggs |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=30 January 2011 |access-date=12 October 2011 |archive-date=6 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106095506/http://newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/article412433.ece |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/01/28/stories/2011012858650100.htm |title=Commotion at Kiran's Rachabanda |date=28 January 2011 |access-date=12 October 2011 |location=Chennai, India |archive-date=22 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110922073551/http://www.hindu.com/2011/01/28/stories/2011012858650100.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/article393580.ece |title=Amid protests and a bandh call by TRS, Kiran participates in Rachabanda in Telangana |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=6 February 2011 |access-date=12 October 2011 |archive-date=6 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106095519/http://newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/article393580.ece |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Andhra-CM-to-hold-Rachchabanda-in-Telangana-amidst-heavy-security/articleshow/7456015.cms |title=Andhra CM to hold Rachchabanda in Telangana amidst heavy security |date=9 February 2011 |access-date=12 October 2011 |archive-date=13 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013182226/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-09/india/28541567_1_rachchabanda-andhra-cm-jac |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-02/india/28352188_1_rachchabanda-suicide-formation-of-t-state |title=Student commits suicide for Telangana |date=2 February 2011 |access-date=12 October 2011 |archive-date=17 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110917184623/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-02/india/28352188_1_rachchabanda-suicide-formation-of-t-state |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Auto-driver-commits-suicide-for-Telangana/articleshow/7381911.cms|title=Auto driver commits suicide for Telangana|date=29 January 2011|access-date=5 August 2013|archive-date=4 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104084915/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-29/hyderabad/28373683_1_auto-driver-telangana-state-suicide|work=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=live}}</ref> The state government's RacchaBanda program (which promises social benefits for everyone) in Telangana has been obstructed by protesters and had to be conducted by using the police, who used preventative arrests and other measures. In some areas, the programme had to be cancelled due to uncontrollable protests. Telangana proponents boycotted this program, saying it was intended to dilute the pro-Telangana agitation.<ref>{{cite news |author=PTI |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/andhra-pradesh/article1119005.ece |title=TRS Chief calls for boycott of 'Rachchabanda' programme |work=The Hindu |date=23 January 2011 |access-date=12 October 2011 |location=Chennai, India |archive-date=27 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110127113238/http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/andhra-pradesh/article1119005.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Kiran-Reddy-faces-T-womens-wrath/articleshow/7471416.cms |title=Kiran Reddy faces T women's wrath |date=11 February 2011 |access-date=12 October 2011 |archive-date=4 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104085117/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-11/india/28544995_1_jai-telangana-slogans-rachchabanda-trs-activists |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/news/shutdown-in-andhra-districts-against-chief-minister-s-visit-news-national-lckq4gjiijf.html |title=Shutdown in Andhra districts against chief minister's visit |website=[[Sify]] |date=10 February 2011 |access-date=12 October 2011 |archive-date=13 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110213020537/http://www.sify.com/news/shutdown-in-andhra-districts-against-chief-minister-s-visit-news-national-lckq4gjiijf.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/node/220858 |title=CM faces T wrath in Warangal |access-date=9 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110214134911/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/node/220858 |archive-date=14 February 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=DC WARANGAL |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/karimnagar/congress-leaders-blame-police-817 |title=Congress leaders blame police |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=11 February 2011 |access-date=12 October 2011 |archive-date=15 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815205024/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/karimnagar/congress-leaders-blame-police-817 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Warangal--Karimnagar-shut-down-over-CM-s-visit/748750 |title=Warangal, Karimnagar shut down over CM's visit |work=The Indian Express |date=11 February 2011 |access-date=12 October 2011}}</ref> KCR, in a meeting in Hyderabad, said "Sherwani, qubani (a sweet made of dates) and biryani are what we in Hyderabad have known for ages. People from Andhra who came here without even footwear are claiming that they have taught us how to make biryani" and allegedly remarked that Andhra Biryani tasted like cow dung. This triggered protests across the state.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/KCRs-remarks-trigger-biryani-war/articleshow/7411639.cms | work=The Times of India | title=KCR's remarks trigger 'biryani' war | access-date=9 October 2011 | archive-date=7 February 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110207044212/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/KCRs-remarks-trigger-biryani-war/articleshow/7411639.cms | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/02/02/stories/2011020262350500.htm | location=Chennai, India | title=Saying it with biryani! | date=2 February 2011 | access-date=9 October 2011 | archive-date=8 February 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110208052411/http://www.hindu.com/2011/02/02/stories/2011020262350500.htm | work=[[The Hindu]] | url-status=dead }}</ref>

A movie called ''[[Jai Bolo Telangana (2011 film)|Jai Bolo Telangana]]'' based on the Telangana movement received censor clearance only after protests by Telangana supporters.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-shankar/20110203.htm |title=Jai Bolo Telangana is a realistic film |work=Rediff.com |date=3 February 2011 |access-date=12 October 2011 |archive-date=6 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110906125615/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-shankar/20110203.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Serish Nanisetti |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article1159438.ece |title=Everything for a cause – Jai Bolo Telangana |work=The Hindu |date=5 February 2011 |access-date=12 October 2011 |location=Chennai, India |archive-date=8 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110208000606/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article1159438.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/article487366.ece |title='Jai Bolo Telangana' gets censor clearance |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=28 January 2011 |access-date=12 October 2011 |archive-date=6 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106095514/http://newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/article487366.ece |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Journalist [[Kuldip Nayar]] said that if the state is divided, development will take a back seat. He remarked that Andhra Pradesh could achieve rapid economic growth only if it remains united.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/article455706.ece |title='Creation of small states will hamper growth' | The New Indian Express |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=14 March 2011 |access-date=12 October 2011 |archive-date=6 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106095527/http://newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/article455706.ece |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yoga guru [[Swami Ramdev|Baba Ramdev]] supported the demand for a separate Telangana state and warned the centre that the movement may turn violent if there is a delay in the formation of the state. Another Hindu guru, [[Chinna Jeeyar Swamy]], supported the Telangana demand when his stance was sought by some students.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/regions/karimnagar/ramdev-tells-centre-expedite-formation-t-233 |title=Ramdev tells Centre to expedite formation of T |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=15 March 2011 |access-date=12 October 2011 |archive-date=18 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110318044457/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/regions/karimnagar/ramdev-tells-centre-expedite-formation-t-233 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==8th Chapter of Sri Krishna committee Report==
In January, a petition was filed pleading to declare the Committee Report as 'invalid' since it did not make public the contents of the eighth chapter of its report, which deals with the law and order situation. The Attorney General of India arguing the case said that the Report was only a committee submitting its advice and the Union government was not obliged to act on its recommendation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/article395056.ece |title=Decision on SKC's L&O report on February 17 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=10 February 2011 |access-date=12 October 2011 |archive-date=6 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106095524/http://newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/article395056.ece |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://fullhyderabad.com/hyderabad-news/8th-chapter-of-srikrishna-committee-report-concealment-case-3549 |title=Hearing on the case to reveal concealed Chapter of SKC Report |publisher=Fullhyderabad.com |date=9 February 2011 |access-date=12 October 2011 |archive-date=16 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816211207/http://fullhyderabad.com/hyderabad-news/8th-chapter-of-srikrishna-committee-report-concealment-case-3549 |url-status=live }}</ref> The central government submitted that the contents would not be made public since it was a privileged document under Sections 123 and 124 of the Indian Evidence Act of 1872.<ref>{{cite web |author=DC Hyderabad |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/hyderabad/t-report-will-be-secret-centre-hc-480 |title=T report will be secret: Centre to HC |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=4 March 2011 |access-date=16 September 2011 |archive-date=15 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815225521/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/hyderabad/t-report-will-be-secret-centre-hc-480 |url-status=dead }}</ref> On 17 February, the justice hearing this case said "It is unfortunate that this report and its related exercise was presided over by a former judge of the Supreme Court... this committee has spent Rs 400 million of public money for preparing its report. Any person with a semblance of faith in the system of democracy would lose faith in it. The report prepared by the front office of an MP would have been more sensible than this report. Even the high command of a political party would have hesitated to prepare such a report"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://i51.tinypic.com/a26h4m.jpg |title=High court Justice criticises SKC report |date=17 February 2011 |access-date=12 October 2011 |archive-date=17 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717061957/http://i51.tinypic.com/a26h4m.jpg |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eenadu.net/panelhtml.asp?qrystr=htm%2Fpanel4.htm |title=Eenadu paper |access-date=6 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110219034956/http://www.eenadu.net/panelhtml.asp?qrystr=htm%2Fpanel4.htm |archive-date=19 February 2011 |url-status=dead|df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://i54.tinypic.com/mn0h2.jpg |title=High court Justice criticises SKC report (Sakshi news paper February 17, 2011) |access-date=12 October 2011 |archive-date=23 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110923030214/http://i54.tinypic.com/mn0h2.jpg |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Srikrishna-report-full-of-blatant-lies-HC-judge/articleshow/7518697.cms |title=Srikrishna report full of blatant lies: HC judge |newspaper=The Times of India |date=18 February 2011 |access-date=26 March 2011 |archive-date=21 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110221234724/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/City/Hyderabad/Srikrishna-report-full-of-blatant-lies-HC-judge/articleshow/7518697.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 23 March, Justice L Narasimha Reddy of Andhra Pradesh high court ordered central government to make public the contents of 8th chapter of Sri Krishna Committee, which was submitted in a sealed secret cover to the centre.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-23/india/29177945_1_telangana-state-srikrishna-committee-telangana-area | title=Srikrishna panel was anti-Telangana | date=23 March 2011 | access-date=8 December 2011 | archive-date=5 November 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105222214/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-23/india/29177945_1_telangana-state-srikrishna-committee-telangana-area | work=[[The Times of India]] | url-status=dead }}</ref> Justice in his [http://164.100.12.10/hcorders/orders/2011/wp/wp_1569_2011.html 60 page judgement] said "The Committee went beyond the terms of reference in its endeavour to persuade the Union of India not to accede to the demand for Telangana". SKC secret report as quoted in paras 68–72, argued against Telangana state while discussing communal violence, Maoist violence and social tensions. The supplementary note to secret report has three parts, ..

*"'''a) Political management:''' Action also needs to be initiated for softening the TRS to the extent possible .. Inputs indicate that this agitation can be tackled if Congress Leaders do not give an impression indicating any covert / overt support to it. Hence the Congress MPs / MLAs need to be taken into confidence and asked not to lend any form of support to the agitation. The Congress High Command must sensitise its own MPs and MLAs and educate them about the wisdom for arriving at an acceptable and workable solution. With the ruling party and main opposition party (for Telangana demand) being brought on the same page, the support mechanisms have a higher probability of becoming successful."(para 75)
*"'''b) Media Management''': ..Andhra Pradesh has got about 13 Electronic Channels and 5 major local Newspapers which are in the forefront of moulding the public opinion. Except for two Channels (Raj News & hmtv), the rest of them are supporters of a united Andhra Pradesh. The equity holders of the channels except the above two and the entire Print Media are with the Seemandhra people. The main editors/resident and sub-editors, the Film world etc. are dominated by Seemandhra people. A coordinated action on their part has the potential of shaping the perception of the common man. ..In the Print Media all major Newspapers are owned by Seemandhra people and the Regional contents published by them play a vital role. .. The editorial opinions, the banner headlines, the Regional content, the District editions need to be managed .." (para 80). "The print media is hugely dependent on the Government for advertisement revenue and if carefully handled can be an effective tool to achieve this goal". (para 91)
* '''c) Full preparedness:''' As under each of the options there is a high possibility of agitational backlash, notwithstanding the actions taken in advance as suggested in (a) and (b) above, an appropriate plan of deployment grid of police force (both Central and State) with full technical support needs to be immediately drawn up. ..The likely troubled spots (e.g. Osmania, Kakatiya, Krishna Devraya Universities etc.) and the trouble creators in the three regions must be identified in advance and suitable action plan prepared. In my discussions with Chief Secretary and DGP, the kind of equipment and weaponry to be used were also discussed and it was agreed that weaponry used should be such as not to cause fatal injuries, while at the same time effective enough to bring the agitationists quickly under control. "(para 94)

Justice said (in para 96) "If the committee has suggested use of arsenal of lesser degree, it is not because there is any pity or sympathy towards the agitators. Obviously, it is to avoid the wrath of the human rights agencies". The justice further said(in para 103) "The maneuver suggested by the Committee in its secret supplementary note poses an open challenge, if not threat, to the very system of democracy. If the source of inputs that gave rise to this is the Government, it (the Government) owes an explanation to the citizens. If, on the other hand, the origin of inputs is elsewhere, the Government must move in the right earnest to pluck and eradicate such foul source and thereby prove its respect for, and confidence in, the democracy."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hc.ap.nic.in/orders/wp_1569_2011.html |title=Judgement on 8th Chapter of SKC report (para 75, 80,94,96, 103) |publisher=Hc.ap.nic.in |access-date=12 October 2011 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929171622/http://hc.ap.nic.in/orders/wp_1569_2011.html |archive-date=29 September 2011 }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-23/india/29177945_1_telangana-state-srikrishna-committee-telangana-area |title=Srikrishna panel was anti-Telangana |date=23 March 2011 |access-date=12 October 2011 |archive-date=5 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105222214/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-23/india/29177945_1_telangana-state-srikrishna-committee-telangana-area |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/03/24/stories/2011032463370100.htm |title=Make chapter 8 of Srikrishna report public: High Court |date=24 March 2011 |access-date=12 October 2011 |location=Chennai, India |archive-date=24 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110824133113/http://www.hindu.com/2011/03/24/stories/2011032463370100.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead }}</ref> Telangana JAC and Telangana leaders from all political parties demanded prosecution of Sri Krishna Committee members.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=716164 |title=Telangana JAC Seeks Prosecution of Srikrishna Panel |work=Outlook |date=23 March 2011 |access-date=12 October 2011 |archive-date=6 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606155637/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=716164 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/news/telangana-leaders-demand-srikrishna-committee-s-prosecution-news-national-ldyuEkbabih.html |title=Telangana leaders demand Srikrishna committee's prosecution |website=[[Sify]] |date=24 March 2011 |access-date=12 October 2011 |archive-date=21 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021222435/http://www.sify.com/news/telangana-leaders-demand-srikrishna-committee-s-prosecution-news-national-ldyuEkbabih.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

On 26 April, a [[division bench]] comprising the Chief Justice of the AP high court has stayed the order of Justice L Narasimha Reddy who had directed the centre to make public the secret Chapter.<ref>{{cite web |author=DC Correspondent Hyderabad |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/hyderabad/secret-t-report-sealed-cover-157 |title=Secret T-report in sealed cover |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=26 April 2011 |access-date=12 October 2011 |archive-date=29 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429034814/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/hyderabad/secret-t-report-sealed-cover-157 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=DC Correspondent Hyderabad |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/hyderabad/hc-bench-keeps-t-report-secret-164 |title=HC bench keeps T-report secret |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=26 April 2011 |access-date=12 October 2011 |archive-date=26 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110426232733/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/hyderabad/hc-bench-keeps-t-report-secret-164 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|India}}
*{{Cite book|url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/others/2011/jan/d2011010502.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015120218/http://pib.nic.in/archieve/others/2011/jan/d2011010502.pdf|archive-date=2011-10-15|year=2010|title=Committee for consultations on the situation in Andhra Pradesh Report |url-status=dead}}
*[http://mha.nic.in/BNKrishnaRpt Ministry of Home Affairs link with the Report, Appendices and Corrigendum for the ''Committee for consultations on the situation in Andhra Pradesh (CCSAP)'']
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110603071445/http://mha.nic.in/pdfs/CCSAP-REPORT-060111.pdf Final Report submitted to the Ministry of Home Affairs]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110603065830/http://mha.nic.in/pdfs/CCSAP-Appendix-060111.pdf Appendix to Final Report submitted to the Ministry of Home Affairs]
*[http://164.100.12.10/hcorders/orders/2011/wp/wp_1569_2011.html AP High Court Judgment Full Notes on Sri Krishna Committee's Chapter 8]
*[http://www.telangana.org/SKCreportInjustice.asp How SKC Report tried to suppress truth and deceive Telangana – Published by TDF]

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
|title=[[Telangana movement]]
|years='''Srikrishna committee's involvement'''
|before=[[2004-2010 Telangana protests]]
|after=[[Early 2011 Telangana protests]]}}
{{S-end}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:2010 in India]]
[[Category:Government agencies of India]]
[[Category:Manmohan Singh administration]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Telangana movement]]

Amrita Sher-Gil Self-Portrait 7 (1930)

2025-11-25T02:32:58Z

CoyCallaghan: pg

{{Short description|1930 painting by Amrita Sher-Gil}}
{{Infobox artwork
| title =
| other_language_1 =
| other_title_1 =
| other_language_2 =
| other_title_2 =
| wikidata =
| image = Amrita Sher-Gil Self-portrait.jpg
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
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| year = 
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}}
'''''Self-Portrait 7''''' is a [[self-portrait]] by Hungarian-Indian artist [[Amrita Sher-Gil]], one of several of her self-portraits completed in 1930 in Paris.<ref name="Sundaram2010.798">Sundaram, p. 798</ref> It shows her as a "vivacious and jovial" character.<ref name=Shaw2021>{{Cite thesis |title=Why Now?: The Euro-U.S. Canon Adopts Tarsila do Amaral and Amrita Sher-Gil Almost 90 Years Later |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/64k1h1vj |publisher=UC Davis |date=2021 |language=en |first=Amanda |last=Shaw-Johnson}}</ref> In the portrait, Sher-Guil's hair falls freely and she is wearing a dress that reveals her shoulders.<ref name="Dalmia2013.5">Dalmia, p.54</ref> She appears leaning forward towards the viewer, and looks seductive.<ref name="Shaw2021" /> It has been likened to [[Pierre-Auguste Renoir|Renoir's]] ''portrait of the Actress Jeanne Samary'' (1877), and [[Raja Ravi Varma]]'s late 19th century painting, ''Lady Holding a Fruit''.<ref name="Shaw2021" /> It is one of her 19 known self-portraits created in Europe.<ref name="Sundaram2010.412">Sundaram, pp. 412-413</ref>

== Exhibition history ==
''Self-Portrait 7'' has been showcased in several significant exhibitions, including:

* ''Amrita Sher-Gil: The Passionate Quest'' at the National Gallery of Modern Art, New Delhi
* Amrita Sher-Gil Birth Centenary Celebrations at UNESCO, Paris
* ''Amrita Sher-Gil – An Artist Family in the 20th Century'' in Munich, Germany (2006–2007)
* ''Amrita Sher-Gil'' at Tate Modern, London (2007)<ref>{{cite web |title=Self Portrait (7) - Amrita Sher-Gil |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/self-portrait-7-amrita-sher-gil/cAGsbot8N1HHpw?hl=en |access-date=April 15, 2025 |website=Google Arts & Culture}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of paintings by Amrita Sher-Gil]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{Cite book |last=Dalmia|first=Yashodhara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mj3mlgEACAAJ |title=Amrita Sher-Gil: A Life |date=2013 |publisher=Penguin Books |location=Gurugram |isbn=978-0-14-342026-2 |language=en}}
*{{cite book |last1=Sundaram |first1=Vivan |title=Amrita Sher-Gil: A Self-Portrait in Letters and Writings |date=2010 |publisher=Tulika Books |location=New Delhi |volume=1|pages=1–417|isbn=978-81-89487-59-1}}
*{{cite book |last1=Sundaram |first1=Vivan |title=Amrita Sher-Gil: A Self-Portrait in Letters and Writings |date=2010 |publisher=Tulika Books |location=New Delhi |volume=2|pages=418–821|isbn=978-81-89487-59-1}}

{{Amrita Sher-Gil}}

[[Category:Paintings by Amrita Sher-Gil]]
[[Category:1930 paintings]]
[[Category:Self-portraits]]
[[Category:Portraits of women]]
[[Category:20th-century portraits]]

{{India-culture-stub}}

Kanakumbi

2025-11-22T14:29:59Z

CoyCallaghan: small changes

{{use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Short description|Village in Karnataka, India}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kanakumbi
| other_name = Kanakumbi
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Belagavi district|Belagavi]]
| established_title = 
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| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = [[Khanapur]]
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| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}

'''Kanakumbi''' is a village in [[Belagavi district]] in [[Karnataka]], India.<ref>[http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/List_of_Villages/List_of_Villages_Alphabetical.aspx?cki=&ComboState_Code=29 Village Directory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722033752/http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/List_of_Villages/List_of_Villages_Alphabetical.aspx?cki=&ComboState_Code=29 |date=22 July 2011 }}, 2001 Census of India</ref> It is situated on the border of [[Sattari taluka|Satteri taluka]], Goa. Nearby cities are [[Belgaum|Belagavi]] city 45 km, [[Mapusa]] 65 km, and [[Panaji]] 71 km.

This village is located at the Karnataka and Goa border. Kannada, [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and [[Konkani language|Konkani]] are the commonly used languages; Kannada is the official language.

It is surrounded by a number of tourist spots. Lush green and numerous waterfalls is how this place looks during monsoon.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}

The Maadaayi (Maha Tayi or Great Mother in Kannada) stream originates from this village and so does the Malaprabha river.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Settlements in Belgaum district}}

{{coord missing|Karnataka}}

[[Category:Villages in Belagavi district]]

{{Khanapur-geo-stub}}

2021 in Meitei culture

2025-10-30T04:24:37Z

CoyCallaghan: put up

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Short description|none}}
{{About|the overview of events directly related to [[Meitei culture]], occurred in both outside and inside of [[Manipur]]|the overall aspects of events in Manipur|2021 in Manipur}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}

[[File:Northern view of the classical colossal statues of Kanglasha, the Meitei mythical Dragon Lion God, located inside the Kangla Fort in Imphal.jpg|thumb|250px|The metal rods between the jaws of the two statues of [[Kangla Sha]] dragon lions were removed by the [[:en:Government_of_Manipur|Government of Manipur]] in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rods between jaws of Kangla Sha was to support structure from future damages|url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Arts_and_Culture.Rods_between_jaws_of_Kangla_Sha_was_to_support_structure_from_future_damages|access-date=2024-09-23|website=e-pao.net}}</ref>]]

[[2021]] in [[Meitei culture]], including but not limited to [[Meitei architecture]], [[:en:Meitei_cinema|Meitei cinema]], [[Meitei cuisine]], [[:en:Meitei_dances|Meitei dances]], [[Meitei festivals]], [[Meitei language]], [[Meitei literature]], [[:en:Music_of_Manipur|Meitei music]], [[Meitei religion]], [[Meitei script]], etc.

== Events ==
* '''4 February''': At the [[Rajya Sabha]], [[Member of Parliament]] [[Leishemba Sanajaoba]] moved a Special Motion on the 7th day of the Parliament session to declare "[[Kangla]]" a [[World Heritage Site]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Declare Kangla a world heritage site : Leishemba Sanajaoba at RS|url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2021/2/5/By-Our-Staff-ReporterIMPHAL-Feb-4-Rajya-Sabha-MP-Leishemba-Sanajaoba-today-moved-a-Special-Motion-on-the-7th-day-of-the-Parliament-session-to-declare-Kangla-the-ancient-capital-of-the-kingdom-.amp.html|access-date=2024-09-23|website=www.thesangaiexpress.com|language=en}}</ref>
* '''6 February''': A [[Meitei language]] novel ''"Churachand Maharajgi Imung"'' written by [[MK Binodini Devi]], was published in [[Meitei script]] [[transliteration]] in [[Imphal]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=MK Binodini Devi's Churachand Maharajgi Imung published in meitei mayek - Imphal, 6th February 2021|url=https://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=reviews.books.MK_Binodini_Churachand_Maharajgi_Imung_published_in_meitei_mayek}}</ref>
* '''13 February''': In the zero hour of parliament budget session in the [[Rajya Sabha]], [[Member of Parliament]] [[Leishemba Sanajaoba]] told about the inclusion of the [[Meitei language]] in [[Meitei script]] in the [[Indian currency]] notes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-13 |title=Manipuri language must be included in Indian currency notes: MP Sanajaoba in Parliament |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/breaking-news/story/manipuri-language-must-be-included-indian-currency-notes-says-mp-sanajaoba-parliament-417663-2021-02-13 |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=India Today NE |language=hi}}</ref>
* '''22 February''': The [[government of Manipur]] on IMLD 2021 ([[International Mother Language Day]] 2021) said that [[Meitei Mayek]] was to replace [[Bengali script]] within 10 years in [[Manipur]] state.<ref>{{Cite web|title=IMLD 2021: Meetei Mayek to replace Bengali script within 10 years in Manipur|url=https://www.ifp.co.in/5739/imld-2021-meetei-mayek-to-replace-bengali-script-within-10-years-in-manipur|access-date=2024-09-23|website=Imphal Free Press|language=en}}</ref>
* '''6 March''': The ruling [[Chief Minister of Manipur]] became the president of [[Lainingthou Sanamahi Temple Board]] (LSTB) for the first time in its history.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CM takes over as Sanamahi Temple president |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2021/3/6/By-Our-Staff-ReporterIMPHAL-Mar-6-For-the-first-time-in-the-history-of-Manipur-the-incumbent-Chief-Minister-was-sworn-in-as-the-president-of-Laining-thou-Sanamahi-Temple-Board-LSTB-on-Friday-.html |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=www.thesangaiexpress.com |language=en}}</ref>
* '''25 March''': All Manipur Ethnical Socio-Cultural Organisation (AMESCO) demanded deletion of the prologue to [[:simple:Hijam_Anganghal|Hijam Anganghal]]’s epic poetry [[Khamba Thoibi Sheireng|Khamba Thoibi]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Prologue to Khamba Thoibi draws flak|url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2021/3/26/By-Our-Staff-ReporterIMPHAL-Mar-25-The-All-Manipur-Ethnical-Socio-Cultural-Organisation-AMESCO-has-demanded-deletion-of-the-prologue-to-Hijam-Anganghal-s-epic-poetry-Khamba-Thoibi-Speaking-to-m.html|access-date=2024-09-23|website=www.thesangaiexpress.com|language=en}}</ref>
* '''18 June''': Metal rods between the jaws of the two statues of [[Kangla Sha]] dragon lions were removed by the [[:en:Government_of_Manipur|Government of Manipur]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rods between jaws of Kangla Sha was to support structure from future damages|url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Arts_and_Culture.Rods_between_jaws_of_Kangla_Sha_was_to_support_structure_from_future_damages|access-date=2024-09-23|website=e-pao.net}}</ref>
* '''21 June''': [[And That Is Why . . . Manipuri Myths Retold]] was released by the [[:en:Penguin_Books|Penguin Books]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=And That is Why Retellings from Manipuri mythology Book Launch|url=https://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Folks.And_That_is_Why_Retellings_from_Manipuri_mythology_Book_Launch|access-date=2024-09-23|website=www.e-pao.net}}</ref>
* '''20 August''': The [[Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Manav Sangrahalaya]] (IGRMS) showed ''"Umang Laigi Laikon: Sacred Groves Of Manipur"'' of [[Meitei nature worship]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sacred groves of Manipur on display at IGRMS|url=https://www.thehitavada.com/Encyc/2021/8/20/Sacred-groves-of-Manipur-on-display-at-IGRMS.html|access-date=2024-09-23|website=www.thehitavada.com|language=en}}</ref>
* '''20 August''': An annual celebration day of [[Meitei language]] was organised in [[Imphal]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Laithangbam|first=Iboyaima|date=2021-08-18|title=Manipuri Language Day to be observed in Imphal|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/manipuri-language-day-to-be-observed-in-imphal/article35977680.ece|access-date=2024-09-23|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* '''10 September''': [[Meitei language]] poet Raghu Leishangthem died.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Condolences pour in for renowned poet and writer, Raghu Leishangthem|url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2021/9/10/IMPHAL-Sep-10Renowned-poet-and-writer-of-Manipur-Raghu-Leishangthem-passed-away-today-due-to-a-p.html|access-date=2024-09-23|website=www.thesangaiexpress.com|language=en}}</ref>
* '''15 September''': The [[government of India]] released a sum of 18 crore rupees for the development of [[Meitei language]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Laithangbam|first=Iboyaima|date=2021-09-15|title=Centre has released ₹18 crore for promotion of Manipuri language, says State Education Minister|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/centre-has-released-18-crore-for-promotion-of-manipuri-language-says-state-education-minister/article36466705.ece|access-date=2024-09-23|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* '''24th-28 September''': [[Meitei language]] short film ''"The Tainted Mirror"'' ({{langx|mni|Motsinlaba Mingsel}}), directed by [[Romi Meitei]], was awarded the ''"Best Short Film Award"'' during The Himalayan Film Festival 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2021-10-01|title=Manipuri Short Film 'The Tainted Mirror' Awarded At The Himalayan Film Festival 2021 {{!}} Ukhrul Times|url=https://ukhrultimes.com/manipuri-short-film-the-tainted-mirror-awarded-at-the-himalayan-film-festival-2021/|access-date=2024-09-23|language=en-US}}</ref>
* '''20 October''': [[Mera Hou Chongba]] festival was celebrated by the indigenous communities of Manipur in the [[Sanamahi Temple|Lainingthou Sanamahi Temple]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spirit of oneness stressed on Mera Houchongba |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2021/10/21/Imphal-Oct-20-DIPR-Mera-Houchongba-the-festival-which-exemplifies-oneness-and-brotherhood-amon.amp.html |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=www.thesangaiexpress.com |language=en}}</ref>
* '''26 October''': There was political and religious tension regarding the construction of a Hindu temple at a sacred place of [[traditional Meitei religion]] ([[Sanamahi religion]]) in the [[Sana Konung]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=NEWS |first=NE NOW |date=2021-10-26 |title=Manipur Congress slams BJP government over construction of Hindu temple at ‘sacred’ place of Meitei Sanamahi religion |url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/manipur/manipur-congress-bjp-hindu-temple-meitei-sanamahi.html |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=NORTHEAST NOW |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=EastMojo |first=Team |date=2021-10-26 |title=Manipur: BJP govt accused of targeting Meitei indigenous religion |url=https://www.eastmojo.com/manipur/2021/10/26/manipur-bjp-govt-accused-of-targeting-meitei-indigenous-religion/ |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=EastMojo |language=en-US}}</ref>
* '''4 November''': A music composition of the ''"Rhythms of Manipur"'' for the year 2021-22 entitled ''Surgee Leichal'' ({{langx|mni|{{Script|Mtei|ꯁꯨꯔꯒꯤ ꯂꯩꯆꯜ}}|}}) was shown at the Manipuri Jagoi Marup Golden Jubilee Stage.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rhythms of Manipur's composition 'Surgee Leichal' premiered|url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2021/11/5/IMPHAL-Nov-4The-latest-music-composition-of-the-Rhythms-of-Manipur-for-the-year-2021-22-entitled.html|access-date=2024-09-23|website=www.thesangaiexpress.com|language=en}}</ref>
* '''21 December''': Maniwood actor Wahengbam Somoraj died.<ref>{{Cite web|last=NewsDesk|first=T. N. M.|date=2021-12-21|title=Manipur actor Wahengbam Somoraj no more; MSFDS mourns death of actor|url=https://thenewsmill.com/2021/12/manipur-actor-wahengbam-somoraj-no-more-msfds-mourns-death-of-actor/|access-date=2024-09-23|website=thenewsmill.com|language=en-US}}</ref>
* '''29 December''': Manipur State Film Development Society honoured 31 pioneers of [[Meitei language]] cinema.<ref>{{Cite web|last=NEWS|first=NE NOW|date=2021-12-29|title=Manipur State Film Development Society to felicitate 31 pioneers of Manipuri cinema|url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/manipur/manipur-state-film-development-society-manipuri-cinema.html|access-date=2024-09-23|website=NORTHEAST NOW|language=en-US}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{portal|2020s|Current events|India|Bangladesh|Myanmar|Asia}}
* [[:en:2021 in art|2021 in art]]
* [[:en:2021 in film|2021 in film]]
* [[:en:2021 in literature|2021 in literature]]
* [[:en:2021 in music|2021 in music]]
* [[:en:2021 in philosophy|2021 in philosophy]]
* [[:en:2021 in religion|2021 in religion]]
* [[:en:2021 in science|2021 in science]]
* [[:en:2021 in American television|2021 in American television]]
* [[:en:2021 in hip hop music|2021 in hip hop music]]
* [[:en:2021 in sports|2021 in sports]]
* [[:en:2021 in video games|2021 in video games]]
* [[:en:2021 in Philippine television|2021 in Philippine television]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2021 in India]]
[[Category:Meitei culture]]

Coke Studio Bharat

2025-10-05T13:09:13Z

CoyCallaghan:

{{Short description|Indian music series}}
{{For|other versions|Coke Studio (disambiguation){{!}}Coke Studio}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Coke Studio Bharat.png
| image_size = 150
| starring = [[#Featured artists|Featured Artists]]
| country = [[India]]
| num_seasons = 3
| num_episodes = 20
| list_episodes = List of Coke Studio (Indian TV program) episodes#Coke_Studio_Bharat
| executive_producer = [[Universal Music India]]
| location = [[India]]
| camera = Multi-camera
| runtime = 3–6 minutes
| company = {{ubl|Colosceum|EO2 EXP}}
| network = {{ubl
|[[YouTube]]|
[[JioCinema]]}}
| first_aired = {{Start date|2023|2|7}}
| last_aired = present
| related = [[Coke Studio Tamil]]
}}
'''''Coke Studio Bharat '''''is an Indian music series that's part of the international franchise, Coke Studio. It features live studio recordings by various artists, showcasing a diverse range of music. This includes classical genres from [[India]] like [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani]], [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]], [[Indian folk music|Indian folk]], alongside [[Hip hop music|hip hop]], [[Rock music|rock]], and [[Pop music|pop]] music.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dr Vineeta Agrawal & Dr Piali Haldar |date=8 May 2023 |title=Fascinating Saga of A Beverage Giant THE COKE STORY |work=Pune Mirror |url=https://punemirror.com/pune/others/fascinating-saga-of-a-beverage-giant-the-coke-story/cid1683501418.htm |access-date=10 May 2023}}</ref>

The first season premiered on 7 February 2023, and concluded its run on 9 October 2023.<ref name="WION">{{Cite news |date=3 February 2023 |title=India gets its own version of Coke Studio, to promote 50 independent artists |url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/india-gets-its-own-version-of-coke-studio-to-promote-50-independent-artists-558598 |access-date=11 May 2023 |work=WION}}</ref> Ankur Tewari helmed the curation, alongside the collaboration of poet and lyricist [[Kausar Munir]] and music producer [[K. J. Singh]].<ref>{{Cite news |author=Mansvini Kaushik |date=18 May 2023 |title=Coke Studio returns with a renewed approach to put India's musical prodigies in the limelight |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/lifes/coke-studio-returns-with-a-renewed-approach-to-put-indias-musical-prodigies-in-the-limelight/85005/1 |access-date=27 May 2023 |work=Forbes India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author=Anurag Tagat |date=29 October 2023 |title=COVER STORY: Ankur Tewari's Multi-facetted Musical Life |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/cover-story-ankur-tewaris-multi-facetted-musical-life/ |access-date=4 January 2024 |work=Rolling Stone India}}</ref> The second season began airing on 9 February 2024. Ankur Tewari serves as the season's curator, while music supervision is handled by [[Universal Music India]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Agrima Tikader |date=6 February 2024 |title=Coke Studio Bharat Season 2 to open with Diljit Dosanjh's electric performance of Magic; watch teaser here |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/coke-studio-bharat-season-2-to-open-with-diljit-dosanjhs-electric-performance-of-magic-watch-teaser-here/cid/1998743 |access-date=22 May 2024 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)]]}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=18 February 2025 |title=‘Coke Studio Bharat’ Season 3 Lineup Announced |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/coke-studio-bharat-season-3-songs-artist-lineup/ |access-date=21 February 2025 |work=Rolling Stone India}}</ref> The first track of Season 3 dropped on 21 February 2025, following the departure of ‘creative architect’ and curator Ankur Tewari after the first two seasons; the A&R team at [[Universal Music India]] took over the curation of Season 3.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |author=Yatamanyu Narain |date=15 February 2025 |title=Coke Studio Bharat Season 3: Vishal Mishra, Malini Awasthi And More Join Iconic Line-Up, Details Inside |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/coke-studio-bharat-season-3-vishal-mishra-malini-awasthi-and-more-join-iconic-line-up-details-inside-9228807.html |archive-date= |access-date=21 February 2025 |work=[[CNN-News18|News18]]}}</ref>

== Origins ==
Eight years after its last season aired on [[MTV (Indian TV channel)|MTV India]], Coke Studio returned to the Indian music scene in February 2023. Spearheaded by [[Coca-Cola India]], this revival was named Coke Studio Bharat. The reintroduction hinted at a shift towards celebrating India's diverse musical heritage.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Ratna Bhushan |date=6 February 2024 |title=Coca-Cola brings back Coke Studio in brand push |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/coca-cola-brings-back-coke-studio-in-brand-push/articleshow/97628019.cms?from=mdr |access-date=25 March 2024 |work=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> Coke Studio Bharat aimed to contemporize the show by facilitating fresh collaborations among various artists. Unlike its previous partnership with MTV India, this edition focused exclusively on digital platforms, with individual songs released instead of full episodes.<ref>{{cite news |author=Sandeep Goyal |date=17 February 2023 |title=Will a new, improved Coke Studio succeed? |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/will-a-new-improved-coke-studio-succeed-123021701256_1.html |access-date=6 March 2023 |work=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref> Despite these format changes, Coke Studio Bharat stayed true to the show's essence—showcasing unique artist pairings accompanied by a house band and additional musicians.<ref>{{cite news |author=Maliha Rehman |date=2 October 2016 |title=The making of Coke Studio: The 120-person crew, a wannabe Deepika and other fun facts |url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1176349 |access-date=6 March 2023 |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author=Shreyas Kulkarni |date=3 February 2023 |title=Coca-Cola's Arnab Roy on Coke Studio Bharat, his lack of worry about its rivals, and the decreasing relevance of 30-second ads |url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/mktg/coca-colas-arnab-roy-on-coke-studio-bharat |access-date=1 June 2023 |work=AFAQS}}</ref>

== Featured artists ==

=== Season 1's vocalists ===
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
* [[Aditya Gadhvi]]
* [[Achint Thakkar]]
* Aashima Mahajan
* Alif
* Amira Gill
* Bombay Brass
* Burrah
* Deveshi Sahgal
* Donn Bhat
* Jasleen Royal
* Kanwar Grewal
* Mahan
* Mansa
* [[Maithili Thakur]]
* Noor Mohammad
* Osho Jain
* [[Prabh Deep]]
* Prassannakumar Hegde
* [[Ravi Kishan]]
* Rashmeet Kaur
* Sakur Khan
* Sanjith Hegde
* Savera Mehta
* Seedhe Maut
* [[Shillong Chamber Choir]]
* Tajdar Junaid
* Vijay Yamla Jatt
{{div col end}}

=== Season 2's vocalists ===
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
* Chotu Khan
* Cyli Khare
* digV
* [[Diljit Dosanjh]]
* Kamala Devi
* Mahan
* [[Maithili Thakur]]
* MC Square
* Mohito
* [[Neha Kakkar]]
* [[Ravi Kishan]]
* [[Seedhe Maut]]
* [[Shashwat Sachdev]]
* [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
* Srushti Tawade
* [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
* [[Swanand Kirkire]]
{{div col end}}

=== Season 3's vocalists ===
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
* [[Anuv Jain]]
* [[Aditya Gadhvi]]
* Dhanda Nyoliwala
* Gulab Sidhu
* Jassa Dhillon
* [[Madhubanti Bagchi]]
* [[Malini Awasthi]]
* Prateeksha Srivastava
* [[Shalmali Kholgade]]
* Shankuraj Konwar
* Siddharth Amit Bhavsar
* Thanu Khan
* [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]]
* Xvir Grewal
{{div col end}}

== Songs ==
=== Series overview ===
{{Series overview
| color1 = #B50000
| link1 = #Season 1 (2023)
| episodes1 = 8
| start1 = {{Start date|2023|2|7}}
| end1 = {{End date|2023|10|9}}
| network1 = [[YouTube]]
| color2 = #4b498f
| link2 = #Season 2 (2024)
| episodes2 = 6
| start2 = {{Start date|2024|2|9}}
| end2 = {{End date|2024|10|24}}
| network2 = [[JioCinema]] & [[YouTube]]
| color3 = #F17618
| link3 = #Season 3 (2025)
| episodes3 = 6
| start3 = {{Start date|2025|2|21}}
| end3 = present
| network3 = [[YouTube]]
}}

<onlyinclude>

=== Season 1 (2023) ===
{{Episode table |background=#B50000 |overall= |season= |title= |aux1= |writer= |aux2= |airdate= |country=India |titleT=Song Title |aux1T=Artist (s) |writerT=Lyricist (s) |aux2T=Composer (s) |episodes={{Episode list/sublist|Coke Studio Bharat season 1
| EpisodeNumber = 1
| EpisodeNumber2 = 1
| Title = Udja
| Aux1 = Burrah, [[Jasleen Royal]] & Savera Mehta
| WrittenBy = Burrah & [[Kausar Munir]]
| Aux2 = OAFF & Savera
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|2|7}} <ref>{{Cite news |author=Express News Service |date=21 December 2023 |title=Mics on for a music marvel |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2023/dec/21/mics-on-for-a-music-marvel-2643368.html |access-date=28 December 2023}}</ref>
}}

{{Episode list/sublist|Coke Studio Bharat season 1
| EpisodeNumber = 2
| EpisodeNumber2 = 2
| Title = Holi Re Rasiya
| Aux1 = Mahan, [[Maithili Thakur]], Seedhe Maut & [[Ravi Kishan]]
| WrittenBy = [[Kausar Munir]] & Seedhe Maut
| Aux2 = Mahan Sehgal & Ankur Tewari
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|2|21}} <ref>{{cite news |author=Sonal Verma |date=24 February 2023 |title=Exclusive: Desi Rappers Seedhe Maut Open Up On Their Struggle, Recall How 'People Used To Make Fun Of Us...' |work=[[Zee News]] |url=https://zeenews.india.com/people/exclusive-desi-rappers-seedhe-maut-open-up-on-their-struggle-recall-how-people-used-to-make-fun-of-us-2576659.html |access-date=24 February 2023}}</ref>
}}

{{Episode list/sublist|Coke Studio Bharat season 1
| EpisodeNumber = 3
| EpisodeNumber2 = 3
| Title = Taqdeer
| Aux1 = Donn Bhat, Rashmeet Kaur, [[Prabh Deep]] & Sakur Khan
| WrittenBy = [[Bulleh Shah]], [[Prabh Deep]] & [[Sindhi music|Sindhi Folk]]
| Aux2 = Donn Bhat, Rashmeet Kaur & [[Prabh Deep]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|3|24}} <ref>{{cite news |author=Sharon D'silva|date=29 March 2023|title=Coke Studio Bharat's 'Taqdeer' Taps Into The Magic Of Fate Itself |work=Femina |url=https://www.femina.in/life/music/coke-studio-bharats-taqdeer-taps-into-the-magic-of-fate-261558.html |access-date=7 April 2023}}</ref>
}}

{{Episode list/sublist|Coke Studio Bharat season 1
| EpisodeNumber = 4
| EpisodeNumber2 = 4
| Title = Das Main Ki Pyaar Vichon Khatteya
| Aux1 = Amira Gill, Deveshi Sahgal, Kanwar Grewal, Tajdar Junaid & Vijay Yamla Jatt
| WrittenBy = [[Kausar Munir]] & Lal Chand Yamla Jatt
| Aux2 = Tajdar Junaid
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|5|9}} <ref>{{Cite news |author=Priyamvada Rana |date=13 May 2023 |title=Coke Studio Bharat's 'Das Main Ki Pyaar Vichon Khatteya' is a fitting tribute to displacement and longing |work=Indulge Express |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2023/may/13/coke-studio-bharatsdas-main-ki-pyaar-vichon-khatteya-tribute-displacement-49006.html |access-date=26 May 2023}}</ref>
}}

{{Episode list/sublist|Coke Studio Bharat season 1
| EpisodeNumber = 5
| EpisodeNumber2 = 5
| Title = Kya Karie Korimol
| Aux1 = [[Alif (Indian band)|Alif]], Aashima Mahajan & Noor Mohammad
| WrittenBy = [[Alif (Indian band)|Alif]]
| Aux2 = [[Alif (Indian band)|Alif]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|5|25}} <ref>{{Cite news |author=Prateek Lidhoo |date=26 May 2023 |title=Kya Karie Korimol: Alif Celebrates & Critiques a Kashmiri Wedding |work=The Quint |url=https://www.thequint.com/podcast/coke-studio-bharat-india-kya-karie-korimol-review-alif-kashmiri-music |access-date=26 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author=Riya Ashok Madayi |date=27 July 2023 |title=Unravel the Mesmerising Fusion of Cultures in Coke Studio Bharat's Newest Musical Gem, Kya Karie Korimol |url=https://www.news18.com/lifestyle/unravel-the-mesmerising-fusion-of-cultures-in-coke-studio-bharats-newest-musical-gem-kya-karie-korimol-8441593.html |access-date=26 May 2024 |work=[[CNN-News18]]}}</ref>
}}

{{Episode list/sublist|Coke Studio Bharat season 1
| EpisodeNumber = 6
| EpisodeNumber2 = 6
| Title = Geejaga Hakki
| Aux1 = [[Sanjith Hegde]] & Prassannakumar Hegde
| WrittenBy = Nagarjun Sharma & [[Sanjith Hegde]]
| Aux2 = [[Sanjith Hegde]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|6|8}} <ref>{{Cite news |date=9 June 2023 |title='Geejaga Hakki' from Coke Studio is inspired by tales of king Harishchandra |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/geejaga-hakki-from-coke-studio-is-inspired-by-tales-of-king-harishchandra/articleshow/100878474.cms?from=mdr |access-date=18 June 2023}}</ref>
}}

{{Episode list/sublist|Coke Studio Bharat season 1
| EpisodeNumber = 7
| EpisodeNumber2 = 7
| Title = Khalasi
| Aux1 = [[Aditya Gadhvi]] & [[Achint Thakkar]]
| WrittenBy = [[Saumya Joshi]]
| Aux2 = [[Achint Thakkar]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|7|5}} <ref>{{Cite news |author=Vaishali Rathod |date=7 July 2023 |title=Singers Aditya Gadhavi, Achint, and Dhruv Viswanath open up on the new song 'Khalasi'—exclusive! |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/music/singers-aditya-gadhavi-achint-and-dhruv-viswanath-open-up-on-the-new-song-khalasiexclusive/articleshow/101547009.cms |access-date=8 July 2023}}</ref>
}}

{{Episode list/sublist|Coke Studio Bharat season 1
| EpisodeNumber = 8
| EpisodeNumber2 = 8
| Title = Maria
| Aux1 = Mansa, Osho Jain, Bombay Brass & [[Shillong Chamber Choir]]
| WrittenBy = [[Javed Akhtar]] & [[R. D. Burman]]
| Aux2 = Arijit Datta & Rhys Sebastian
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|10|9}} <ref>{{Cite news |author=Sruthi Darbhamulla|date=13 February 2023 |title=Behind the scenes of 'Coke Studio Bharat': Meet the artists|work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/behind-the-scenes-of-coke-studio-bharat-meet-the-artists/article66483172.ece|access-date=28 February 2024}}</ref>
}}
}}

=== Season 2 (2024) ===
{{Episode table |background=#4b498f |overall= |season= |title= |aux1= |writer= |aux2= |airdate= |country=India |titleT=Song Title |aux1T=Artist (s) |writerT=Lyricist (s) |aux2T=Composer (s) |episodes={{Episode list/sublist|Coke Studio Bharat season 2
| EpisodeNumber = 9
| EpisodeNumber2 = 1
| Title = Magic
| Aux1 = [[Diljit Dosanjh]] & [[Quick Style|The Quickstyle]]
| Aux2 = Inderpal Moga
| WrittenBy = Chani Nattan
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|2|9}} <ref>{{Cite news |author=HT Entertainment Desk |date=9 February 2024 |title=Coke Studio Bharat 2: Diljit Dosanjh debuts new song about falling in love, also features The Quick Style. Watch |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/music/coke-studio-bharat-2-diljit-dosanjh-debuts-new-song-also-features-quick-style-watch-101707482594849.html |access-date=18 February 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author=Sanghamitra Chatterjee |date=9 February 2024 |title=Diljit Dosanjh's song Magic featuring Quick Style opens Coke Studio Bharat Season 2 |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/diljit-dosanjhs-song-magic-featuring-quick-style-opens-coke-studio-bharat-season-2/cid/1999362 |url-status= |access-date=22 May 2024 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)]]}}</ref>
}}

{{Episode list/sublist|Coke Studio Bharat season 2
| EpisodeNumber = -
| EpisodeNumber2 = -
| Title = Holi Re Rasiya
| Aux1 = Mahan, [[Maithili Thakur]], Seedhe Maut & [[Ravi Kishan]]
| WrittenBy = [[Kausar Munir]] & Seedhe Maut
| Aux2 = Mahan Sehgal & Ankur Tewari
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|3|7}} <ref>{{cite news |author=Zee Media Bureau|date=19 March 2024|title=Holi Re Rasiya's Fresh Rendition Elevates The Spirited Artistry Of Maithili Thakur, Seedhe Maut And Ravi Kishan|work=[[Zee News]] |url=https://zeenews.india.com/music/holi-re-rasiyas-fresh-rendition-elevates-the-spirited-artistry-of-maithili-thakur-seedhe-maut-and-ravi-kishan-2732153.html|access-date=27 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author=Aakanksha Ahire |date=19 March 2024 |title=Coke Studio Bharat returns with season 2 to redefine the cultural essence of Holi |url=https://www.mid-day.com/lifestyle/culture/article/coke-studio-bharat-returns-with-season-2-to-redefine-the-cultural-essence-of-holi-2024-23340626 |access-date=22 May 2024 |work=[[Mid-Day]]}}</ref>
}}

{{Episode list/sublist|Coke Studio Bharat season 2
| EpisodeNumber = 10
| EpisodeNumber2 = 2
| Title = Chirmathi
| Aux1 = MC Square & Mohito ft. [[Karsh Kale]]
| WrittenBy = MC Square & Mohito
| Aux2 = Hashbass, MC Square & Mohito
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|4|2}} <ref>{{Cite news |author=Riya Sharma |date=23 April 2024 |title=MC Sqaure talks about composing Chirmathi for Coke Studio Bharat: 'It is very close to my heart' {{!}} Exclusive |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-mc-sqaure-talks-about-composing-chirmathi-for-coke-studio-bharat-it-is-very-close-to-my-heart-exclusive-3086584 |access-date=23 April 2024 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA]]}}</ref>
}}

{{Episode list/sublist|Coke Studio Bharat season 2
| EpisodeNumber = 11
| EpisodeNumber2 = 3
| Title = Sonchadi
| Aux1 = digV, [[Neha Kakkar]] & Kamala Devi
| WrittenBy = Lavraj, [[Kausar Munir]] & [[Swanand Kirkire]]
| Aux2 = digV
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|5|8}} <ref>{{Cite news |author=Namita Singh|date=14 May 2024 |title=Uttarakhand: Folk singer Kamala Devi sings 'Sonchadi' in coke studio, three million viewership in six days |url=https://www.news9live.com/india/uttarakhand-folk-singer-kamala-devi-sings-sonchadi-in-coke-studio-three-million-viewership-in-six-days-2536394|access-date=22 May 2024 |work=News9Live}}</ref>
}}

{{Episode list/sublist|Coke Studio Bharat season 2
| EpisodeNumber = 12
| EpisodeNumber2 = 4
| Title = Leta Jaijo Re
| Aux1 = Chotu Khan, [[Shashwat Sachdev]] & [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
| WrittenBy = [[Music of Rajasthan|Rajasthani Folk]] & [[Kausar Munir]]
| Aux2 = [[Shashwat Sachdev]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|6|26}} <ref>{{Cite news |author=Urvashi Bhattacharya|date=27 June 2024 |title=Sunidhi Chauhan enthralls all with ‘Leta Jaijo Re’ on Coke Studio Bharat|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/try-this/listen/rajasthani-culture-gets-revived-in-coke-studio-bharats-leta-jaijo-re-by-shashwat-sachdev-sunidhi-chauhan-and-chotu-khan/cid/2029837|access-date=29 June 2024 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|Coke Studio Bharat season 2
| EpisodeNumber = 13
| EpisodeNumber2 = 5
| Title = Bayo
| Aux1 = Cyli Khare, Komorebi & Srushti Tawade
| WrittenBy = Cyli Khare
| Aux2 = Komorebi
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|8|12}} <ref>{{Cite news |author=Urvashi Bhattacharya|date=19 October 2024 |title=Check out this BTS footage of the making of Coke Studio Bharat’s ‘Bayo’|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/try-this/listen/a-bts-of-the-making-of-coke-studio-bharats-bayo-sung-by-cyli-khare-srushti-tawade-and-komorebi/cid/2044203|access-date=29 August 2024|work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref>
}}

{{Episode list/sublist|Coke Studio Bharat season 2
| EpisodeNumber = 14
| EpisodeNumber2 = 6
| Title = Re Mann
| Aux1 = [[Kanishk Seth (musician)|Kanishk Seth]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]] & Swanand Kirkire
| WrittenBy = [[Swanand Kirkire]]
| Aux2 = Swanand Kirkire
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|10|15}} <ref>{{Cite news |author=Pooja Mitra |date=19 October 2024 |title=An ode to the many firsts — Shreya’s ‘Re Mann’ |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/try-this/listen/tune-in-to-shreya-ghoshal-and-swanand-kirkires-re-mann/cid/2056631 |access-date=5 March 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref>
}}
}}

=== Season 3 (2025) ===
{{Episode table |background=#F17618 |show_caption=y |overall= |season= |title= |aux1= |writer= |aux2= |airdate= |country=India |titleT=Song Title |aux1T=Artist (s) |writerT=Lyricist (s) |aux2T=Composer (s) |episodes={{Episode list/sublist|Coke Studio Bharat season 3
| EpisodeNumber = 15
| EpisodeNumber2 = 1
| Title = Holi Aayi Re
| Aux1 = [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]], [[Malini Awasthi]] & Prateeksha Srivastava
| WrittenBy = Kaushal Kishore & [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]]
| Aux2 = [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|2|21}} <ref>{{Cite news |author=Neha Saini |date=2 March 2025 |title=Queen of the folk studio |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/arts/queen-of-the-folk-studio/ |access-date=5 March 2025 |work=[[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]]}}</ref>
}}

{{Episode list/sublist|Coke Studio Bharat season 3
| EpisodeNumber = 16
| EpisodeNumber2 = 2
| Title = Holo Lolo
| Aux1 = Shankuraj Konwar & [[Shalmali Kholgade]]
| WrittenBy = Himanshu Sutiya Saikia (Assamese) & Shloke Lal (Hindi)
| Aux2 = Shankuraj Konwar
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|2|26}} <ref>{{Cite news |author=Puja Mahanta |date=28 March 2025 |title=Shankuraj debuts on Coke Studio with Assamese song, 12 years after Papon's 'Jhumoor' |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/entertainment/story/a-tribute-to-assams-history-and-im-grateful-how-shankuraj-blends-assamese-folk-with-modern-beats-in-holo-lolo-1189616-2025-03-28 |access-date=17 April 2025 |work=India Today NE}}</ref>
}}

{{Episode list/sublist|Coke Studio Bharat season 3
| EpisodeNumber = 17
| EpisodeNumber2 = 3
| Title = Punjab Vekh Ke
| Aux1 = Gulab Sidhu, Jassa Dhillon, Raaginder & Thiarajxtt
| WrittenBy = Jassa Dhillon & Mehak Sidhu
| Aux2 = Mehak Sidhu
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|4|23}}
}}

{{Episode list/sublist|Coke Studio Bharat season 3
| EpisodeNumber = 18
| EpisodeNumber2 = 4
| Title = Ishq Bawla
| Aux1 = Dhanda Nyoliwala & Xvir Grewal
| WrittenBy = Dhanda Nyoliwala
| Aux2 = Dhanda Nyoliwala
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|6|18}}
}}

{{Episode list/sublist|Coke Studio Bharat season 3
| EpisodeNumber = 19
| EpisodeNumber2 = 5
| Title = Arz Kiya Hai
| Aux1 = [[Anuv Jain]] & [[Lost Stories (DJs)|Lost Stories]]
| WrittenBy = [[Anuv Jain]]
| Aux2 = [[Anuv Jain]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|8|19}} <ref>{{Cite news |author=Anurag Tagat|date=26 August 2025 |title=Anuv Jain Leans on Humility and Harmonium for New Song ‘Arz Kiya Hai’ |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/anuv-jain-arz-kiya-hai-song-coke-studio-bharat/|access-date=6 September 2025 |work=Rolling Stone India}}</ref>
}}

{{Episode list/sublist|Coke Studio Bharat season 3
| EpisodeNumber = 20
| EpisodeNumber2 = 6
| Title = Meetha Khaara
| Aux1 = [[Aditya Gadhvi]] & [[Madhubanti Bagchi]]
| WrittenBy = [[Aditya Gadhvi]]
| Aux2 = Siddharth Amit Bhavsar
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|9|9}}
}}
}}</onlyinclude>

== Production ==

=== Season 1 (2023) ===
The first season was curated by Ankur Tewari, who collaborated with poet and lyricist [[Kausar Munir]] and music producer [[K. J. Singh]].<ref name="WION"/><ref>{{Cite news |last=Anurag Tagat |date=29 October 2023 |title=COVER STORY: Ankur Tewari’s Multi-facetted Musical Life |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/cover-story-ankur-tewaris-multi-facetted-musical-life/ |access-date=4 January 2024 |work=Rolling Stone India}}</ref> Colosceum Media Pvt Ltd managed the visual aspect of the production, while Misfits Inc oversaw audio production. [[Universal Music India]] served as the season's executive producer and official distributor.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sruthi Darbhamulla |date=13 February 2023 |title=Ankur Tewari, Kausar Munir on conceptualising 'Coke Studio Bharat' and the indie music scene in the country |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/ankur-tewari-kausar-munir-on-creating-coke-studio-bharat-and-the-indie-music-scene-in-india/article66479321.ece |access-date=11 May 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=7 February 2023 |title=Coke Studio Bharat releases its first song Udja. Watch here |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/coke-studio-bharat-releases-first-song-udja-watch-8430047/ |access-date=9 February 2023 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

=== Season 2 (2024) ===
The second season was conceived and produced by Ankur Tewari, with the support of a think tank team comprising [[Kausar Munir]], [[Swanand Kirkire]], and [[K. J. Singh|K.J. Singh]]. Mr. Singh additionally served as the Sound and Technical Supervisor.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kashvi Raj Singh |date=8 February 2024 |title=Diljit Dosanjh To Kick Off Coke Studio Bharat Season 2 Tomorrow, Ankur Tewari Says 'Let The Music...' |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/diljit-dosanjh-to-kick-off-coke-studio-bharat-season-2-tomorrow-ankur-tewari-says-let-the-music-8771527.html |access-date=22 May 2024 |work=[[CNN-News18]]}}</ref> Additional [[Artists and repertoire|A&R]] support was provided by Misfits Inc. [[Universal Music India]] was responsible for music supervision, marketing, distribution, and overall production management. Video production was managed by Colosceum, with Lalit Prem Sharma as the producer.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Yatamanyu Narain |date=12 February 2024 |title=Ankur Tewari REVEALS Coke Studio Bharat Is About Folk 2.0: 'The Idea Is To Collapse Walls' {{!}} Exclusive |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/ankur-tewari-reveals-coke-studio-bharat-is-about-folk-2-0-the-idea-is-to-collapse-walls-exclusive-8772450.html |access-date=22 May 2024 |work=[[CNN-News18]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=8 February 2024 |title=We celebrate diversity: Ankur Tewari on new season of 'Coke Studio Bharat' |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/we-celebrate-diversity-ankur-tewari-on-new-season-of-coke-studio-bharat-2885982 |access-date=22 May 2024 |work=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Priyanka Roy |date=9 February 2024 |title=Coke Studio Bharat Season 2 premieres today: 'Everyone can make music together' |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/coke-studio-bharat-season-2-premieres-today-everyone-can-make-music-together/cid/1999347 |access-date=25 May 2024 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)]]}}</ref>

== Reception ==
The first season's music has generated a spectrum of critical and audience reception. [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Narendra Modi]] praised singer [[Aditya Gadhvi]] for his chart-topping song "Khalasi," which had gained widespread acclaim since its release by Coke Studio Bharat in July 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Bhavya Sukheja |date=3 November 2023 |title="Winning Hearts": PM Modi Praises Singer Aditya Gadhvi For His Chartbuster Song 'Khalasi' |url=https://www.ndtv.com/feature/pm-modi-praises-singer-aditya-gadhvi-for-his-chartbuster-song-khalasi-4543340 |access-date=26 May 2024 |work=[[NDTV]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author=Prachi Arya |date=25 October 2023 |title=Coke Studio's ‘Khalasi’ takes internet by storm. Know more about the viral song |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/music/story/coke-studios-khalasi-takes-internet-by-storm-know-more-about-the-viral-song-2453601-2023-10-25 |access-date=26 May 2024 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=3 November 2023 |title=PM Modi says 'Khalasi' is 'topping the charts', praises singer Aditya Gadhvi |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/music/story/pm-narendra-modi-says-khalasi-is-topping-the-charts-praises-singer-aditya-gadhvi-2457784-2023-11-03 |access-date=26 May 2024 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref> Industrialist [[Harsh Goenka]] also expressed his admiration for "Khalasi" despite not understanding the lyrics, highlighting the song's universal appeal.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Shubhi Mishra |date=27 November 2023 |title='Music has no language': Harsh Goenka on superhit Coke Studio song 'Khalasi'. Composer responds |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/music-has-no-language-harsh-goenka-on-superhit-coke-studio-song-khalasi-composer-responds-11815411.html |access-date=26 May 2024 |work=Moneycontrol}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author=Trisha Sengupta |date=26 November 2023 |title=‘I didn’t understand the words but…’: Harsh Goenka reacts to Coke Studio's Khalasi |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/trending/i-didn-t-understand-the-words-but-harsh-goenka-reacts-to-coke-studios-khalasi-101700980665588.html |access-date=26 May 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> The song's popularity even led to a Hindi version being created by musician Jesus Mehta.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Saumya Agrawal |date=31 October 2023 |title=Hindi version of Coke Studio Bharat’s Khalasi goes viral – Watch video |url=https://www.news9live.com/videos/viral-videos/khalasi-in-hindi-lyrics-coke-studio-2335962 |access-date=26 May 2024 |work=News9Live}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Coke Studio Tamil]]
*[[Coke Studio Bangla]]
*[[Coke Studio Pakistan]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb episodes|32317691|season=1}}
* {{Instagram|id=cokestudiobharat}}
* {{YouTube|channel=UCXuO_AmrcE16fDoNiq9JZZg}}
{{Coke Studio (Indian series)}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Coke Studio Bharat]]
[[Category:Coke Studio (Indian TV program)]]

List of international cricket five-wicket hauls at Brabourne Stadium

2025-09-15T09:50:36Z

CoyCallaghan: new initial article nd citations

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
[[File:Cricket_Club_Of_India_Bombay.jpg|thumb|Bowlers have taken thirteen five-wicket hauls in Tests and one fifer in One Day International matches played at Brabourne.|alt=Brabourne Stadium in Mumbai. Image shows the playing field, part of west stand and the art-deco pavilion. Floodlight tower stands next to pavilion on the left.]]
[[Brabourne Stadium]] is a [[cricket ground]] in [[Mumbai]], [[India]]. It is the home of the [[Cricket Club of India]] and has played host to [[Ranji Trophy]] matches (including seventeen finals)<ref name="ca">{{cite web
| url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/14/1140_f.html
| title=First-Class Matches played on Brabourne Stadium, Mumbai
| access-date=28 August 2012
| publisher=CricketArchive
}}</ref> and [[Indian Premier League]] matches,<ref name = "IE1">
{{cite news
|title=IPL matches from March 13, cops finalise security plans
|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/ipl-matches-from-march-13-cops-finalise-security-plans/588115/
|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]
|date= 8 March 2010
|access-date=29 March 2012
}}</ref> as well as being a [[Test cricket|Test]], [[One Day International]] (ODI) and [[Twenty20 International]] (T20I) venue. It has a capacity of 20,000 spectators. The ground has hosted 18 Test matches, the first in 1948 when [[India national cricket team|India]] played the [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]]. It has also staged nine ODI matches, the first of which was in 1989 when [[Australian national cricket team|Australia]] lost to [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]] by 66 runs. One T20I has been played at the ground when India beat Australia by seven wickets in 2007. This was also the first T20I to be played in India.<ref name="cricinfo">
{{cite web
| url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/ground/58317.html
| title=ESPNcricinfo Ground Profile
| access-date=29 March 2012
| publisher=ESPNcricinfo
}}</ref><ref name="1stodi">{{cite web
| url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65921.html
| title=MRF World Series (Nehru Cup) – 7th match – Australia v Pakistan
| access-date=29 March 2012
| publisher=ESPNcricinfo
}}</ref><ref name=dna1>{{cite news
|title=First day, first show
|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/sport/report_first-day-first-show_1128697
|last=Pandey|first=Ankita
|access-date=29 March 2012|
newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis]]
|date=20 October 2007
}}</ref> Of the nine ODIs played at the stadium, five matches (including the [[2006 ICC Champions Trophy Final|final]]) were staged during the [[2006 ICC Champions Trophy|ICC Champions Trophy]] in 2006.<ref name="bbc1">
{{cite news
| url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/other_international/india/4950424.stm
| title=Tough Trophy schedule for England
| access-date=29 March 2012
| date=27 April 2006
| work=[[BBC Sport]]
}}</ref>

In [[cricket]], a five-wicket haul (also known as a "five-for" or "fifer")<ref name=tct07>{{cite web
|url=http://www.canberratimes.com.au/news/local/sport/cricket/pigeons-almost-perfect-sendoff/160581.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080815122142/http://www.canberratimes.com.au/news/local/sport/cricket/pigeons-almost-perfect-sendoff/160581.aspx |archive-date=15 August 2008
|title=Pigeon's almost perfect sendoff
|author= Greg Buckle
|work=[[The Canberra Times]]
|date=30 April 2007
|access-date=30 August 2012}}</ref><ref name=ts08>{{cite news
|title=Swinging it for the Auld Enemy – An interview with Ryan Sidebottom
|url=http://www.scotsman.com/news/swinging-it-for-the-auld-enemy-an-interview-with-ryan-sidebottom-1-1436381
|access-date=29 March 2012
|newspaper=[[The Scotsman]]
|date=16 August 2008
}}</ref> refers to a [[Bowler (cricket)|bowler]] taking five or more [[wicket]]s in a single [[Innings#Cricket|innings]]. This is regarded as a notable achievement.<ref>{{cite book
|last=Pervez
|first=M. A.
|title=A Dictionary of Cricket
|publisher=Orient Blackswan
|year=2001
|page=31
|isbn=978-81-7370-184-9
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VwYsHe-F-IUC&pg=PA31
}}</ref> The first bowler to take a five-wicket haul in a Test match at Brabourne Stadium was [[Prior Jones]] in 1949, for the West Indies against India. The first Indian to take a five-wicket haul in a Test at the Brabourne was [[Vinoo Mankad]], who did so in a game against Pakistan in 1952. [[B. S. Chandrasekhar]] is the only bowler to have taken two five-wicket hauls in Test matches at the ground, doing so against the West Indies in 1966 and against [[England national cricket team|England]] in 1973.<ref name=ESPNcricinfobbitest>
{{cite web
|title = Records / Brabourne Stadium, Mumbai / Test matches / Best bowling figures in an innings
|url = http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/best_figures_innings.html?class=1;id=393;type=ground
|publisher = [[ESPNcricinfo]]
|access-date = 29 March 2012
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161122212612/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/best_figures_innings.html?class=1%3Bid%3D393%3Btype%3Dground
|archive-date = 22 November 2016
}}</ref> Chandrasekhar is also the only bowler to have taken [[ten wickets in a match]] at Brabourne, he took eleven wickets against the West Indies in 1966.<ref name=ESPNcricinfoten>
{{cite web
|title = Records / Brabourne Stadium, Mumbai / Test matches / Most ten-wickets-in-a-match
|url = http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_10wm_career.html?class=1;id=393;type=ground
|publisher = [[ESPNcricinfo]]
|access-date = 29 March 2012
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://archive.today/20130122155611/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_10wm_career.html?class=1;id=393;type=ground
|archive-date = 22 January 2013
}}</ref> Twelve bowlers have taken thirteen five-wicket hauls at the ground.<ref name=ESPNcricinfotestmost>
{{cite web
|title = Records / Brabourne Stadium, Mumbai / Test matches / Most five-wickets-in-an-innings
|url = http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_5wi_career.html?class=1;id=393;type=ground
|publisher = [[ESPNcricinfo]]
|access-date = 29 March 2012
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304092008/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_5wi_career.html?class=1%3Bid%3D393%3Btype%3Dground
|archive-date = 4 March 2016
}}</ref> [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]]n bowler [[Farveez Maharoof]]'s five wicket haul against the West Indies in 2006, is the only one achieved during an ODI.<ref name=ESPNcricinfobbfodi>
{{cite web
|title = Records / Brabourne Stadium, Mumbai / One–Day Internationals / Best bowling figures in an innings
|url = http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/best_figures_innings.html?class=2;id=393;type=ground
|publisher = [[ESPNcricinfo]]
|access-date = 29 March 2012
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://archive.today/20130122222257/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/best_figures_innings.html?class=2;id=393;type=ground
|archive-date = 22 January 2013
}}</ref><ref name=bbcct>
{{cite news
| url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/6047274.stm
| title=Maharoof shines in Sri Lanka romp
| access-date=29 March 2012
| date=14 October 2006
| work=[[BBC Sport]]
}}</ref> [[Khaleel Ahmed]]'s three wickets for thirteen runs in an ODI versus [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]] in 2018 are the best figures by an Indian at the ground in the fifty over format.<ref name=ESPNcricinfobbfodi/> The best bowling figures in the only T20I staged at the ground featuring India and Australia in 2007 are [[Irfan Pathan]]'s two wickets for thirty-four runs.<ref name=ESPNcricinfot20>
{{cite web
|title = Records / Brabourne Stadium, Mumbai / Twenty20 Internationals / Best bowling figures in an innings
|url = http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/best_figures_innings.html?class=3;id=393;type=ground
|publisher = [[ESPNcricinfo]]
|access-date = 29 March 2012
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://archive.today/20130122154117/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/best_figures_innings.html?class=3;id=393;type=ground
|archive-date = 22 January 2013
}}</ref>

==Key==
[[File:Zaheer Khan.jpg|thumb|180px|[[Zaheer Khan]] is one of the twelve bowlers who have taken a five-wicket haul at the Brabourne Stadium in Test matches.|alt=Indian fast-bowler Zaheer Khan walking up to his run-up in the middle of an over. Khan is a dark skinned person, wearing a white shirt. The cricket field can be seen in the background.]]
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Symbol
! Meaning
|-
|{{dagger}}
|The bowler was [[Man of the match#Cricket|man of the match]]
|-
|{{double-dagger}}
|10 or more wickets taken in the match
|-
|§
|One of two five-wicket hauls by the bowler in the match
|-
|'''Date'''
|Day the [[Test cricket|Test]] started or [[One Day International|ODI]] was held
|-
|'''Inn'''
|[[Innings#Cricket|Innings]] in which five-wicket haul was taken
|-
|'''Overs'''
|Number of [[Over (cricket)|overs]] bowled
|-
|'''Runs'''
|Number of [[Run (cricket)|runs]] conceded
|-
|'''Wkts'''
|Number of [[Wicket#Dismissing a batsman|wickets]] taken
|-
|'''Econ'''
|[[Cricket statistics#Bowling statistics|Runs conceded per over]]
|-
|'''Batsmen'''
|[[Batting (cricket)|Batsmen]] whose wickets were taken
|-
|'''Result'''
|[[Result (cricket)|Result]] of the match
|}

==Tests==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 100%"
|+ Five-wicket hauls in Test matches at Brabourne Stadium
|- align=center
! scope="col" width="38"|No.
! scope="col" width="145"|Bowler
! scope="col" width="220"|Date
! scope="col" width="120"|Team
! scope="col" width="120"|Opposing team
! scope="col" width="60"|Inn
! scope="col" width="82"|Overs
! scope="col" width="70"|Runs
! scope="col" width="60"|Wkts
! scope="col" width="70"|Econ
! scope="col" width="160" class="unsortable" |Batsmen
! scope="col" width="70"|Result
|- align=center
|scope="row"| 1 || {{sortname|Prior|Jones}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1949|02|04}} || {{cr|West Indies}} || {{cr|India}} || {{nts|4}} || {{nts|41}} || {{nts|85}} || {{sort|05115|5}} || {{nts|2.07}} || align=left |
*[[Syed Mushtaq Ali]]
*[[Vijay Hazare]]
*[[Vinoo Mankad]]
*[[Shute Banerjee]]
*[[Hemu Adhikari]]
|| Match drawn<ref name=test311>{{cite web|title=West Indies tour of India, 1948/49 / Scorecard|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/62694.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=29 March 2012}}</ref>
|- align=center
|scope="row"| 2 || {{sortname|Vinoo|Mankad}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1952|11|13}} || {{cr|India}} || {{cr|Pakistan}} || {{nts|3}} || {{nts|65}} || {{nts|72}} || {{sort|05128|5}} || {{nts|1.10}} || align=left |
*[[Hanif Mohammad]]
*[[Waqar Hasan]]
*[[Abdul Kardar]]
*[[Maqsood Ahmed]]
*[[Wazir Mohammad]]
|| India<ref name=test357>{{cite web|title=Pakistan tour of India, 1952/53 / Scorecard|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/62743.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=29 March 2012}}</ref>
|- align=center
|scope="row"| 3 || {{sortname|Subhash|Gupte}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1955|12|02}} || {{cr|India}} || {{cr|New Zealand}} || {{nts|4}} || {{nts|32.4}} || {{nts|45}} || {{sort|05155|5}} || {{nts|1.37}} || align=left |
*[[Bert Sutcliffe]]
*[[John Guy (New Zealand cricketer)|John Guy]]
*[[Tony MacGibbon]]
*[[Alex Moir]]
*[[Jack Alabaster]]
|| India<ref name=test417>{{cite web|title=New Zealand tour of India, 1955/56 / Scorecard|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/62803.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=29 March 2012}}</ref>
|- align=center
|scope="row"| 4 || {{sortname|Bapu|Nadkarni}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1960|01|01}} || {{cr|India}} || {{cr|Australia}} || {{nts|4}} || {{nts|51}} || {{nts|105}} || {{sort|06095|6}} || {{nts|2.05}} || align=left |
*[[Colin McDonald (Australian cricketer)|Colin McDonald]]
*[[Gavin Stevens]]
*[[Neil Harvey]]
*[[Les Favell]]
*[[Wally Grout]]
*[[Richie Benaud]]
|| Match drawn<ref name=Test484>{{cite web|title=Australia tour of India, 1959/60 / Scorecard|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/62870.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=29 March 2012}}</ref>
|- align=center
|scope="row"| 5 || {{sortname|Mahmood|Hussain|Mahmood Hussain (cricketer)}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1960|12|02}} || {{cr|Pakistan}} || {{cr|India}} || {{nts|2}} || {{nts|51.4}} || {{nts|129}} || {{sort|05071|5}} || {{nts|2.49}} || align=left |
*[[Vijay Manjrekar]]
*[[Polly Umrigar]]
*[[Chandu Borde]]
*[[Bapu Nadkarni]]
*[[Ramakant Desai]]
|| Match drawn<ref name=test497>{{cite web|title=Pakistan tour of India, 1960/61 / Scorecard|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/62883.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=29 March 2012}}</ref>
|- align=center
|scope="row"| 6 || {{sortname|Ramakant|Desai}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1965|03|12}} || {{cr|India}} || {{cr|New Zealand}} || {{nts|1}} || {{nts|25}} || {{nts|56}} || {{sort|06144|6}} || {{nts|2.24}} || align=left |
*[[Graham Dowling]]
*[[Bev Congdon]]
*[[Barry Sinclair]]
*[[Victor Pollard]]
*[[John Richard Reid|John Reid]]
*[[Bruce Taylor (New Zealand cricketer)|Bruce Taylor]]
|| Match drawn<ref name=test582>{{cite web|title=New Zealand tour of India, 1964/65 / Scorecard|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/62967.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=29 March 2012}}</ref>
|- align=center
|scope="row"| 7 || {{sortname|Bruce|Taylor|Bruce Taylor (New Zealand cricketer)}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1965|03|12}} || {{cr|New Zealand}} || {{cr|India}} || {{nts|2}} || {{nts|7.3}} || {{nts|26}} || {{sort|05174|5}} || {{nts|3.46}} || align=left |
*[[ML Jaisimha]]
*[[Salim Durani]]
*[[Chandu Borde]]
*[[Hanumant Singh]]
*[[S Venkataraghavan]]
|| Match drawn<ref name="test582"/>
|- align=center
|scope="row"| 8 || {{sortname|B. S.|Chandrasekhar}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1966|12|13}} {{double-dagger}} || {{cr|India}} || {{cr|West Indies}} || {{nts|2}} || {{nts|61.5}} || {{nts|157}} || {{sort|07043|7}} || {{nts|2.53}} || align=left |
*[[Robin Bynoe]]
*[[Rohan Kanhai]]
*[[Basil Butcher]]
*[[Clive Lloyd]]
*[[David Holford]]
*[[Jackie Hendriks]]
*[[Charlie Griffith]]
|| West Indies<ref name=test610>{{cite web|title=West Indies tour of India, 1966/67 / Scorecard|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/62996.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=29 March 2012}}</ref>
|- align=center
|scope="row"| 9 || {{sortname|Bishen Singh|Bedi}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1969|09|25}} || {{cr|India}} || {{cr|New Zealand}} || {{nts|4}} || {{nts|30.5}} || {{nts|42}} || {{sort|06158|6}} || {{nts|1.36}} || align=left |
*[[Bob Cunis]]
*[[Bev Congdon]]
*[[Brian Hastings]]
*[[Mark Burgess (cricketer)|Mark Burgess]]
*[[Bruce Taylor (New Zealand cricketer)|Bruce Taylor]]
*[[Hedley Howarth]]
|| India<ref name=test659>{{cite web|title=New Zealand tour of India, 1969/70 / Scorecard|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63045.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=29 March 2012}}</ref>
|- align=center
|scope="row"| 10 || {{sortname|Graham|McKenzie}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1969|11|04}} || {{cr|Australia}} || {{cr|India}} || {{nts|1}} || {{nts|29}} || {{nts|69}} || {{sort|05131|5}} || {{nts|2.37}} || align=left |
*[[Dilip Sardesai]]
*[[Farokh Engineer]]
*[[Ashok Mankad]]
*[[Chandu Borde]]
*[[Syed Abid Ali]]
|| Australia<ref name=test664>{{cite web|title=Australia tour of India, 1969/70 / Scorecard|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63051.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=29 March 2012}}</ref>
|- align=center
|scope="row"| 11 || {{sortname|E. A. S.|Prasanna}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1969|11|04}} || {{cr|India}} || {{cr|Australia}} || {{nts|2}} || {{nts|45}} || {{nts|121}} || {{sort|05079|5}} || {{nts|2.46}} || align=left |
*[[Bill Lawry]]
*[[Keith Stackpole]]
*[[Ian Chappell]]
*[[Graham McKenzie]]
*[[John Gleeson (cricketer)|John Gleeson]]
|| Australia<ref name="test664"/>
|- align=center
|scope="row"| 12 || {{sortname|B. S.|Chandrasekhar}} || {{dts|format=dmy|1973|02|06}} || {{cr|India}} || {{cr|England}} || {{nts|2}} || {{nts|46.1}} || {{nts|135}} || {{sort|05065|5}} || {{nts|2.92}} || align=left |
*[[Graham Roope]]
*[[Alan Knott]]
*[[Tony Greig]]
*[[Jack Birkenshaw]]
*[[Geoff Arnold]]
|| Match drawn<ref name=test711>{{cite web|title=England tour of India, 1972/73 / Scorecard|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63093.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=29 March 2012}}</ref>
|- align=center
|scope="row"| 13 || {{sortname|Zaheer|Khan}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2009|12|02}} || {{cr|India}} || {{cr|Sri Lanka}} || {{nts|4}} || {{nts|21}} || {{nts|72}} || {{sort|05128|5}} || {{nts|3.42}} || align=left |
*[[Kumar Sangakkara]]
*[[Mahela Jayawardene]]
*[[Thilan Samaraweera]]
*[[Nuwan Kulasekara]]
*[[Rangana Herath]]
|| India<ref name=test1937>{{cite web|title=Sri Lanka tour of India, 2009/10 / Scorecard|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/430883.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=29 March 2012}}</ref>
|}

==One Day Internationals==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 100%"
|+ Five-wicket hauls in One Day Internationals at Brabourne Stadium
|- align=center
! scope="col" width="38"|No.
! scope="col" width="145"|Bowler
! scope="col" width="220"|Date
! scope="col" width="120"|Team
! scope="col" width="120"|Opposing Team
! scope="col" width="60"|Inn
! scope="col" width="82"|Overs
! scope="col" width="70"|Runs
! scope="col" width="60"|Wkts
! scope="col" width="70"|Econ
! scope="col" width="160" class="unsortable" |Batsmen
! scope="col" width="70"|Result
|- align=center
|scope="row"| 1 || [[Farveez Maharoof]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2006|10|14}} {{dagger}}|| {{cr|Sri Lanka}} || {{cr|West Indies}} || {{nts|1}} || {{nts|9}} || {{sort|0124|14}} || {{sort|06188|6}} || {{nts|1.55}} || align=left |
*[[Brian Lara]]
*[[Wavell Hinds]]
*[[Dwayne Bravo]]
*[[Marlon Samuels]]
*[[Dwayne Smith]]
*[[Carlton Baugh]]
|| Sri Lanka<ref name=ESPNcricinfoodimah>{{cite web|title=ICC Champions Trophy, 2006/07 / Scorecard|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/249744.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=29 March 2012}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{International cricket five-wicket hauls by ground}}

{{featured list}}

[[Category:Lists of international cricket five-wicket hauls by ground|Brabourne Stadium]]
[[Category:India cricket-related lists]]

Dahej Daasi

2025-09-01T02:39:15Z

CoyCallaghan: new details

{{short description|Indian drama television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Dahej Daasi.jpg
| image_upright = 1.2
| caption =
| alt_name =
| genre = [[Drama]] [[Social issue]]
| creator =
| based_on = [[Dowry#Babylon|Dowry]] 
| developer =
| screenplay =
| story = Shashwat Rai '''Dialogues''' Pramendar Shekhawat
| director = Mithesh Chithaliya
| starring = Jhanvi Soni Rajat Verma [[Sayantani Ghosh]] Raghav Thakur
| theme_music_composer =
| open_theme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi Rajastani
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 311 
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer = Rivindra Gautham Raghuveer Shekhawat
| producer = Anju Rivindra
| cinematography = Rajan Singh
| editor = Janak Chauhan Surya Singh Pradeep Singh
| camera = Multi-camera 
| runtime = 25-26 minutes
| company = Mustang Films
| network = [[Nazara TV|Nazara]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2024|02|12|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2025|04|11|df=y}}
}}
'''''Dahej Daasi''''' ({{translation |Dowry Maid}}) is an Indian Hindi social drama television series produced by Mustang Films, which premiered on 12 February 2024 on [[Nazara TV|Nazara]].<ref>{{Cite web |date= 11 February 2024|title=Dahej Daasi Actor Sayantani Ghosh Reveals Why It's Challenging To Play A Rajasthani Character |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/dahej-daasi-actor-sayantani-ghosh-reveals-why-its-challenging-to-play-a-rajasthani-character-article-107594578 |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref> It formerly starred [[Sayantani Ghosh]] as Vindhya Devi, Jhanvi Soni as Chunri and Rajat Verma as Jay as the first generation leads. From February 2025, it starred Jhanvi Soni as Jhumki and Raghav Thakur as Arjun as the second generation leads.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Exclusive - Simran Sharma opens up about new show Dahej Daasi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-simran-sharma-opens-up-about-new-show-dahej-daasi-says-getting-into-vedikas-shoes-has-been-a-feeling-of-uniqueness-excitement-and-fun/articleshow/107561018.cms |access-date=2024-02-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sayantani Ghosh: It's Challenging To Pull Off A Rajasthani Character |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/sayantani-ghosh-its-challenging-to-pull-off-a-rajasthani-character |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=Outlook India |date=10 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

==Plot==
This story revolves around a girl named Chunri, who accompanies the bride as a maid as part of the bride's dowry.
==Cast==
===Main===
*[[Sayantani Ghosh]] as [[double role]]
** Vindhya Devi Gaurawat aka Aamna; Vijendra's wife; Sandhya's twin sister; Jay and Ranvijay's Masi; Yash and Sunaina's stepmother; Saransh's aunt; Durga and Jhumki's grandmother; Vansh's grandmother; Yash, Neelima, Samrat, Jay, Chunri, Saheli, Anju and Rashi's murderer; Jhumki and Arjun's rival (2024-2025) (Dead)
*** Kanika; Vindhya Devi's reincarnation (2024)
** Sandhya Devi Thakur aka Saamna; Vindhya Devi's twin sister; Amrendra's wife; Jay and Ranvijay's Mother; Jhumki and Durga's grandmother (2025)
* Rajat Varma as [[double role]]
** Jay Singh Gaurawat aka Kunwar Sahab/Laxman; Rajkumar; Sandhya and Amrendra's elder son; Vindhya Devi and Vijendra's Nephew; Ranvijay's twin brother; Sunaina and Yash's cousin; Saransh's cousin; Anusha's ex-fiance; Sanjana's ex-love interest; Chunri's husband; Durga's Uncle; Vansh's Uncle; Jhumki's father; Arjun's father-in-law (2024–2025) (Dead)
*** Shyam; Jay's reincarnation (2024)
** Ranvijay Singh Gaurawat aka Ram; Sandhya and Amrendra's younger son; Vindhya Devi and Vijendra's Nephew; Jay's twin brother; Sunaina and Yash's cousin; Saransh's cousin; Sandhya's husband; Vansh and Jhumki's Uncle; Durga's father; Veer's father-in-law (2024) (Dead)
* Jhanvi Soni as [[double role]]
** Chunri Devi Thakur; Rajkumari; Meera and Sumer's elder daughter; Anusha's elder sister; Jay's wife; Vansh's aunt; Durga's aunt; Sandhya Devi and Amrendra's elder daughter-in-law; Jhumki's mother; Arjun's mother-in-law (2024–2025) (Dead)
*** Tej Pratap Singh (fake) (2024)
*** Rajkumari Chandralekha; Chunri's reincarnation (2024)
** Jhumki Arjun Pratap Singh (néé Jay Thakur); Rajkumari; Chunri and Jay's daughter; Vansh's cousin; Durga's cousin; Sandhya Devi and Amrendra's granddaughter; Arjun's wife (2025)
*** Riddhi Sharma as young Jhumki (2025)
* Raghav Thakur as Arjun Pratap Singh aka Kunwar Sahab;Rajkumar Saheli and Anju's elder son; Dadi's elder grandson; Veer and Avantika's elder brother; Jhumki's husband; Chunri and Jay's son-in-law (2025)

===Recurring===
=== Season 1===

==== The Singh Thakur family 1====
* Unknown as Amrendra Singh Thakur; Sandhya Devi's husband; Jai and Ranvijay's biological father; Jhumki and Durga's biological grandfather (2025)
* Yukta Upadhyay as Sandhya Ranvijay Thakur; Ranvijay's wife; Sandhya Devi and Amrendra's younger daughter-in-law; Durga's mother; Veer's mother-in-law (2024) (Dead)
* Aayushi Bhatnagar as Durga Veer Pratap Singh (néé Ranvijay Thakur); Sandhya and Ranvijay's daughter; Rashi and Saransh's daughter-figure; Jhumki's cousin; Vansh's adopted cousin; Sandhya Devi and Amrendra's granddaughter; Veer's wife; Arjun and Avantika's sister-in-law (2025)
** Navya Rathod as young Durga (2025)
** Devyani Wadekar as child Durga (2024-2025)

==== The Singh Gaurawat family 2====
* Ajay Dhansu as Thakur Vijendra Pratap Singh Gaurawat; Aravind's elder brother; Vindhya Devi's husband; Sunaina and Yash's father; Ranvijay and Jay's uncle; Jhumki and Durga's grandfather; Vansh's grandfather; Ranvijay's murderer (2024)
** Vaarisa alias Ranjit Thakur (2024)
* Vicky Singh Kashyap as Yash Singh Gaurawat; Vindhya Devi and Vijendra's elder son; Jay and Ranvijay's cousin; Sunaina's brother; Saransh's cousin; Vedika 's husband; Jhumki and Durga's uncle; Vansh's uncle (2024) (Dead)
* Simran Sharma as Vedika Gaurawat; Ram Thakur's daughter; Yash's widow; Jhumki and Durga's aunt; Vansh's aunt; Chunri's best-friend; Vindhya Devi and Vijendra's elder daughter-in-law (2024-2025)
* Shamik Abbas as Aravind Singh Gaurawat; Vijendra's younger brother; Mandira's husband; Saransh's father; Sunaina and Yash's uncle; Jay and Ranvijay's uncle; Vansh's granduncle (2024-2025)
* Puja Sahu as Mandira Gaurawat; Aravind's wife; Saransh's mother; Sunaina and Yash's aunt; Jay and Ranvijay's aunt; Vansh's grand-aunt (2024–2025)
* Anuj Kohli as Saransh Singh Gaurawat; Aravind and Mandira's son; Sunaina and Yash's cousin; Jay and Ranvijay's cousin; Rashi's widower; Durga's father-figure; Jhumki's uncle; Vansh's uncle (2024–2025)
* Hina Bajpai as Rashi Gaurawat; Saransh's wife; Durga's mother-figure; Jhumki's aunt; Vansh's aunt (2024-2025) (Dead)

====The Singh family 3====
* Jatin Suri as Abhir Singh; Sunaina's husband; Vindhya Devi and Vijendra's son-in-law; Vansh's father; Jhumki and Durga's uncle (2024)
* Komal Rajput as Sunaina Singh; Vindhya Devi and Vijendra 's younger daughter; Jay and Ranvijay's cousin; Yash's sister; Abhir's wife; Vansh's mother; Jhumki and Durga's Bua (2024–2025)
* Het Makwana as Vanshaj Singh aka Vansh; Sunaina and Abhir's son; Jhumki and Durga's cousin; Vindhya Devi and Vijendra's grandson (2025)

==== Other recurring cast ====
* Shashank Sharma / Saurabh Gumber as Dr.Smrat; Jay's childhood friend; Chunri's ex-lover (2024)
* Vijay Kumar as Anand (2024)
* Neha Pandey as Sanjana; Jay's ex-love interest; Chunri's rival (2024)
* Achal Tankwal as Agni aka Kaalika; Kanika's son; Ranvijay's reincarnation (2024)
* Nishikant Dixit as Ram Thakur; Vedika's father (2024)
* Pawan Mahendru as Veteran Sajarat; Pushpa 's father; Chunri's uncle (2024) (Dead)
* Meena Mir as Shravani Sajarat; Pushpa 's mother; Chunri's aunt (2024) (Dead)
* Jaynishaa Nayak as Pushpa Sajarat; Chunri's cousin (2024)
* Kamaal Malik as Sumer Singh Suryavat; Meera's widower; Chunri and Anusha's father; Jhumki's grandfather (2024)
* [[Shandana Gulzar Khan]] as Meera Singh Suryavat; Sumer's wife; Vindhya Devi's friend; Chunri and Anusha's mother; Jhumki's grandmother (2024) (Dead)
* Anvi Tiwari as Anusha Singh Suryavat; Meera and Sumer's younger daughter; Chunri's younger sister and rival; Jay's ex-fiance (2024)
* Jyoti Mangilal Ramawat as (2025)

=== Season 2===
==== The Pratap Singh family 4 ====
* Unknown as Thakur Anju Pratap Singh; Saheli's husband; Arjun Veer and Avantika's father (2025) (Dead)
* Unknown as Saheli Devi Pratap Singh; Anju's wife; Arjun Veer and Avantika's mother (2025) (Dead)
* Geeta Dhirendra Udeshi as [[double role]]
** Mrs. Thakur; Ram's wife; Vedika's mother (2024)
** Dadi Pratap Singh; Anju's mother; Arjun Veer and Avantika's grandmother (2025)
* Bharat Narang as Veer Pratap Singh; Saheli and Anju's younger son; Dadi's younger grandson; Arjun and Avantika's younger brother; Durga's husband; Sandhya and Ranvijay's son-in-law (2025)
* Anshika Pandey as Avantika Pratap Singh aka Kritika; Saheli and Anju's daughter; Dadi's elder granddaughter; Arjun and Veer's sister; Samrat's widow (2025)
* Rudra Singh Rajput as Samrat Singh; Avantika's husband (2025) (Dead)
* Kajal Tiwari as Neelima Pratap Singh aka Preet; Arjun's love interest (2025) (Dead)

==Production==
Janvi Soni, Rajat Verma were signed as the lead. The first promo was released in January 2024 featuring Janvi Soni and [[Sayantani Ghosh]]. Show released on 13 February 2024.{{cn|date=September 2025}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|31242689}}
*[https://www.epicon.in/tv-shows/dahej-dasi ''Dahej Daasi''] on ''[[Epic On]]''
{{Portal bar|India|Television}}

[[Category:2024 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]

Banbirpur

2025-07-31T00:39:03Z

CoyCallaghan: done

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Banbirpur
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Lakhimpur Kheri district|Lakhimpur Kheri]]
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]] and [[Nyaya panchayat]]
| founder =
| registration_plate = UP- 31
| population_total =
| settlement_type = Village
| population_as_of =
| government_type = [[Sarpanch]] (Pradhan)
| coordinates = {{coord|28.4091|N|80.9785|E| display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| pushpin_label_position = Right
| official_name =
| image_shield =
| translit_lang1 =
| website = {{URL|https://kheri.nic.in/}}
| established_date =
| native_name_lang = Hindi
| extinct_date =
| established_title =
| extinct_title =
| established_title1 =
| established_title2 =
| established_date1 =
| established_date2 =
| established_date3 =
| established_title3 =
| other_name =
| native_name =
}}

'''Banbirpur''' also spelled as '''Banveer Pur''' is a village near [[Tikunia]] in [[Lakhimpur Kheri district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.<ref name="PTI 3 Oct">{{cite news |title=Eight dead in violence during farmers' protest in UP's Lakhimpur Kheri |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/eight-dead-in-violence-during-farmers-protest-in-up-s-lakhimpur-kheri-121100300878_1.html |access-date=4 December 2021 |work=Business Standard India |agency=Press Trust of India |date=3 October 2021}}</ref>

== History ==
On 3 October 2021 a [[2021 Lakhimpur Kheri violence |series of violent incidents]] occurred on the Tikonia-Banbirpur road near Banbirpur village in the [[Tikunia]] area.<ref name="Forensic report">{{cite news |title=Forensic report confirms that weapons seized from MoS Ajay Mishra's son were fired |url=https://theprint.in/india/forensic-report-confirms-that-weapons-seized-from-mos-ajay-mishras-son-were-fired/763937/ |access-date=4 December 2021 |work=ThePrint |date=10 November 2021}}</ref><ref name="Tikonia-Banbirpur road">{{cite news |title=8 dead in violence during farmers’ protest in UP’s Lakhimpur Kheri |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/8-dead-in-violence-during-farmers-protest-in-ups-lakhimpur-kheri-319626 |access-date=4 December 2021 |work=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en |archive-date=4 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204111405/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/8-dead-in-violence-during-farmers-protest-in-ups-lakhimpur-kheri-319626 |url-status=dead }}</ref> There was a [[vehicle-ramming attack]] and [[mob lynching]] incident during a [[2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest|farmers’ protest]] against the [[2020 Indian agriculture acts|three farm laws]] passed by the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] led [[Union Government of India|Union Government]].<ref name="Hindustan Times Eight killed">{{cite news |title=Eight killed in violence during protest against ministers in UP’s Lakhimpur Kheri: Police |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/eight-dead-in-up-s-lakhimpur-kheri-after-jeep-runs-over-protesting-farmers-101633273679900.html |access-date=13 October 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=3 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref> It caused the deaths of eight people and injuries to 10 others. Four protesters and a journalist were run over by a vehicle, three others were killed in the subsequent violence.<ref name="Ashish Mishra BBC">{{cite news |title=Ashish Mishra: India minister's son arrested over Lakhimpur violence |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-58839296 |access-date=13 October 2021 |work=BBC News |date=11 October 2021}}</ref><ref name="Trauma">{{cite news |title=Lakhimpur Kheri: 15-Year-Old Still In Trauma After Seeing Father Being Crushed Under The Wheel |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-lakhimpur-kheri-violence-15-year-old-still-in-trauma-after-seeing-father-being-crushed-under-the-wheel/397489 |access-date=13 October 2021 |work=outlookindia.com/ |language=en|quote=The father and son were walking together along with hundreds of other farmers to their houses when the jeep came from behind and ran over many of them. In quick succession, two other vehicles, a Scorpion and Fortuner, followed it crushing all those who were already seriously injured and lying on the ground.}}</ref> Two [[first information report]]s on the incident were filed at the Tikunia police station.<ref name="Eyewitnesses Newslaundry">{{cite news |last1=Saxena |first1=Nidhi Suresh,Shivangi |title=Lakhimpur Kheri violence: Eyewitnesses recall what they saw on October 3 |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2021/10/05/lakhimpur-kheri-violence-eyewitnesses-recall-what-they-saw-on-october-3 |access-date=13 October 2021 |work=Newslaundry}}</ref>

==Demographics==
===Population===
The town had a population of 5,578 in 2011. Male population of 2,952 and 2,626 females. There were 1101 households in the village.<ref name="2011 Census">{{cite web |title=2011 Census data |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=156060 |access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref>

==Administration and politics==
The village is part of the [[Nighasan Assembly constituency]]. [[Shashank Verma]] of the Bharatiya Janata Party is the member for the constituency since the [[Nighasan (Assembly constituency)#Bypoll 2019|2019 bye polls]].

===Services===
Tikunia police station serves the area.<ref name="Eyewitnesses Newslaundry" />

==Transport==
Tikonia-Banbirpur road connects the village with [[Tikunia]] [[nagar panchayat]].<ref name="PTI 3 Oct" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Lakhimpur Kheri district}}

[[Category:Villages in Lakhimpur Kheri district]]

{{LakhimpurKheri-geo-stub}}