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Venkatagiri sari

2026-05-07T00:48:19Z

CourtneySugden: New Basic Info W/ Refs...

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox geographical indication
| name = Venkatagiri Saree

| color =
| logo =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| alternative names =
| description = [[Warp and Weft]]/[[Jacquard weaving]] method of [[weaving]] a [[Saree]]
| type = [[Handicraft]]
| area = [[Venkatagiri]], [[Tirupati district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| country = India
| registered =
| material = {{plainlist|[[Fabric]]
* [[Zari]]
* [[Dye]]
}}
| official website =
}}
'''Venkatagiri Saree''' is a [[saree]] style [[woven]] in [[Venkatagiri]] of [[Tirupati district]] in the [[States and Territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It was registered as one of the [[geographical indication]] from Andhra Pradesh by ''Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Geographical Indication|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Hans/2016-01-23/Geographical-Indication/201919|access-date=26 January 2016|work=The Hans India|date=23 January 2016}}</ref><ref name="GI">{{cite web |title=Registration Details of Geographical Indications |url=http://www.ipindia.nic.in/writereaddata/Portal/Images/pdf/Registered_GI_01_04_19.pdf |website=Intellectual Property India, Government of India |access-date=14 May 2019 }}</ref> Venkatagiri sarees are known for their fine weaving.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Rajasekhar|first1=Pathri|title=Tag no help to weavers|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150614/nation-current-affairs/article/tag-no-help-weavers|access-date=26 January 2016|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=14 June 2015|location=Nellore}}</ref> These style of sarees can also be found in the villages of [[Sengunthapuram]], [[Variyankaval]], Elaiyur, Kallathur, [[Andimadam]] and Marudhur villages.<ref name=weaving>{{cite news|last1=Balaganessin|first1=M|title=Weaving a success story|url=http://www.thehindu.com/lf/2003/09/22/stories/2003092201620200.htm |work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2003-09-22|access-date=26 January 2016}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

== History ==
The history of the sari dates back to the early 1700s during the rule of Venkatagiri. They were encouraged by the [[Velugoti dynasty]] of Nellore and also by the [[Bobbili]] and [[Pithapuram]] dynasties. In those days, they were mostly weaved for queens, royal women and [[Zamindari]]s.<ref name=GI_description>{{cite web|title=Geographical Indications Journal|date=4 January 2011|volume=37|pages=29–35|url=http://www.ipindia.nic.in/girindia/journal/Journal_37.pdf|access-date=26 January 2016|publisher=Government of India}}</ref>

== Production and variety ==

The production of the Venkatagiri sari includes different stages which includes:<ref name=GI_description />

*''Raw materials'' – such as cotton in [[Hank (textile)|hank]] form, silver and gold zari{{'}}s and Naphthol and Vat dyes
*''Cotton purification'' – This process involves boiling of hank cotton to remove certain impurities, soaked overnight, rinsed and made suitable for dyeing process.
*''Dyeing'' – it involves [[Bleach|bleaching technique]] for white saris and for colored ones, [[Vat dye|Vat]] and [[2-Naphthol|Naphthol]] dyes are used.
*''Removal of excess dye'' – dyed or bleached yarn undergoes soaking in boiling water with some techniques to cut out excess dyeing.
*''Drying'' – after the above process, the yarn in hank form is dried on bamboo sticks.
*''Winding of hank yarn into warp and weft'' – [[Spinning wheel#Charkha|charka]], shift bamboo and [[bobbin]] are used to form [[Warp (weaving)|warp]]. While, the [[weft]] is made with help of a [[pirn]].
*''Street sizing'' – the warp extension, spraying of [[conjee|rice conjee]] ensures suitable weaving followed by drying.
*''Weaving process'' – involves [[Warp and Weft]] method of weaving and sometimes replaced by [[Jacquard weaving]].
*''Conception of Design'' – involves two kinds of process namely, Human element and Graph Paper Design
*''Cutting & folding'' – woven cloth undergoes cutting per the goods demand
*''Inspection of sarees'' – inspection by the master weaver to rectify flaws
*''Marketing'' – showroom display for selling the sarees

The Venkatagiri sari has different varieties like, ''Venkatagiri 100'', ''Venkatagiri-putta'' and ''Venkatagiri-silk'', with the Venkatagiri 100 being popular of all.<ref name=weaving /> The saris are made from fine cotton and the most significant is the use of [[zari]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Chowdhry|first1=Seema|title=Style – The sari warriors|url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/dHLZm4kpTZdgsqk2I0wpoO/Style--The-sari-warriors.html|access-date=26 January 2016|work=Livemint|date=14 December 2012}}</ref>

== Support ==
The [[power loom]]s have effected the sari making by the local artisans. ''Department of Handicrafts'' under ''[[Ministry of Textiles (India)]]'' oversees the issues and promotes the [[artisans]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Prasad|first1=P.V|title=GI tag fails to help Venkatagiri sari|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2015-06-29/GI-tag-fails-to-help-Venkatagiri-sari-160174|access-date=26 January 2016|work=The Hans India|date=29 June 2015|location=Nellore}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[List of Geographical Indications in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Sari}}
[[Category:Saris]]
[[Category:Tirupati district]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in Andhra Pradesh]]

Meenakshi Tirukalyanam

2026-05-01T09:40:41Z

CourtneySugden: Added Initial Stub From Scratch!

{{Short description|Annual Tamil Hindu festival in Madurai, India}}
{{Cleanup|reason=the article is not meeting English Wiki article standards and also lacks citations.|date=September 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox holiday|
| holiday_name = Meenakshi Tirukalyanam
| image = Mariage_of_Shiva_and_Parvati_(Meenakshi)_witnessed_by_Vishnu,_Meenakshi_Temple,_Madurai_(2)_(36857653813).jpg
| caption = Vishnu (left) gives away his sister and bride Meenakshi's hand into the waiting hand of groom Shiva.
| observedby = Hindu [[Tamil people|Tamils]]
| date = During the Tamil month of Chithirai
| observances = Puja in [[Meenakshi Temple]], Prayers for [[Meenakshi]]
| celebrations = car festivals, wedding festival, coronation ceremony
| type = Hindu
| longtype = Hindu
| significance = Commemoration of the wedding of Shiva and Meenakshi, coronation of Meenakshi as queen of [[Madurai]]
| scheduling = varies as per hindu calendar
| date2020 =
| date2024 = 20 April (wedding date)
| alt =
| duration = 15 day
| frequency = Annual
}}
{{Tamil Festivals}}
The '''Meenakshi Tirukalyanam festival''',<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://dravidian.me/madurai-chithirai-thiruvizha-festival/|title=Madurai Chithirai Thiruvizha, Chithirai Festival 2017 Kallazhagar - dravidian|date=2016-08-06|work=dravidian|access-date=2017-03-01|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=July 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url= http://www.madurai.com/chithira.htm
|title= Meenakshi Tirukalyanam
}}</ref> also known as '''Chithirai Tiruviḻa''' or '''Meenakshi Kalyanam''', is an annual [[Tamil Hindu]] celebration in the city of [[Madurai]] during the month of April. The festival, celebrated during the Tamil month of [[Chithirai]], is associated with the [[Meenakshi Temple, Madurai|Meenakshi Temple]], dedicated to the goddess [[Meenakshi]], a form of [[Parvati]] and her consort Sundareshvara'','' a form of [[Shiva]].

The festival lasts for one month. The first 15 days mark the celebrations of the coronation of Meenakshi as the divine ruler of Madurai<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.maduraimeenakshi.org/index.php
|title=Madurai Meenakshiamman
|access-date=2011-04-14
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110418122458/http://www.maduraimeenakshi.org/index.php
|archive-date=2011-04-18
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> and her marriage to Sundareshvara. The next 15 days mark the celebrations of the journey of Kallaḻagar or Aḻagar (a form of the god [[Vishnu]]) from [[Kallalagar temple|his temple]] to [[Meenakshi Temple|Meenakshi Amman Temple]] in Madurai.

== Legend ==
As per the legend, Meenakshi was the daughter of the [[Pandya dynasty|Pandya]] king [[Malayadhvaja Pandya|Malayadhvaja Pandyan]] and queen [[Kanchanamalai|Kanchana Malai]]. The royal couple did not have a child for a long time, so Malayadhvaja Pandyan performed special [[Pooja (Hinduism)|puja]]s and offered his prayers seek a son. During the puja, a 3-year-old girl emerged from the fire and sat on the lap of the king, bearing three breasts. At that time, a divine voice from the sky told them that this child was an incarnation of [[Parvati]] (the wife of [[Shiva]]), and Shiva himself would come to marry her at the right age. Meenakshi was trained in warfare, and she was crowned as the queen of the Pandya kingdom after her father died. She conquered the whole world with her extraordinary war skills, and at last she went to [[Kailash|Kailasha]] (the abode of Shiva) to conquer it. When Meenakshi confronted Shiva in the battlefield, she fell in love with him and realized that she was a form of Parvati. Her third breast fell upon meeting him. Shiva assured Meenakshi that he would come to Madurai to marry her. As promised, Shiva, along with all [[Deva (Hinduism)|the gods]] and [[Rishi|the sages]], came to Madurai. Shiva as Sundareshvara married Meenakshi and ruled the Pandya kingdom under the name Sundara Pandyan.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Abram |first1=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sEhJBfbhTAAC&pg=PA503 |title=South India |last2=Guides (Firm) |first2=Rough |date=2003 |publisher=Rough Guides |isbn=978-1-84353-103-6 |pages=503 |language=en}}</ref> [[Meenakshi Temple, Madurai|Their temple]] stands at the centre of Madurai.

The Aḻagar festival is associated with the [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] [[Kallalagar Temple|Kallaḻagar temple]]. Once, the sage Manduka was taking a bath in the holy waters of the [[Agaya Gangai]] in [[Alagar Kovil|Aḻagar hills]]. At that time, the short tempered sage, [[Durvasa]], came by that way. Manduka missed his arrival, which Durvasa took as an insult and cursed Manduka to become a frog and live in the river Vaigai. On Manduka's beeseaching, Durvasa told him to go to Vaigai and pray to the Aḻagar form of [[Vishnu]] to be released from the curse. Aḻagar was pleased by the prayers of Manduka, and went to the Vaigai river to lift the curse of Manduka. As per Manduka's wish, he showed him [[Dashavatara|all his ten avatars]] and blessed him.

The wedding of Meenakshi with Sundareshvara was to happen in Madurai. Aḻagar, the brother of Meenakshi, was invited. He started on a 20 km journey from his abode at Aḻagar Hills towards Madurai. Aḻagar decided to travel disguised as a robber to protect himself and his belongings. At times, he had to hide to avoid getting arrested by soldiers. This, and the dense forest of Aḻagar Hills, delayed his journey further. This delay was purposely caused by Sundareshvara, and he himself took the form of Aḻagar and performed the [[kanyadana]] (handing over a girl for marriage) of Meenakshi. This was enacted by Sundareshvara to prove that Vishnu and Shiva are one and the same. Later, when Aḻagar was crossing the [[Vaigai River|Vaigai]] river, he learned that his sister's wedding was over. This made him furious. To pacify him, Meenakshi and Sundareshvara came to the Vaigai river. Aḻagar chose to give all the gifts that he carried to Meenakshi and Sundareshvara in a [[mandapa]] in the middle of the Vaigai river, and returned to Aḻagar Hills without entering Madurai.

== History ==
[[File:Tnayak-edited.JPG|thumb|[[Tirumala Nayaka]] gave shape to the Chithirai festival.]]
Historically, the Meenakshi festival related to [[Shaivism|Shaiva]] sect was celebrated separately in the [[Masi (month)|Masi]] month and the Aḻagar festival of the [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] sect in the [[Chithirai]] month of the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil Calendar]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Branfoot |first=Crispin |date=2000 |title=Approaching the Temple in Nayaka-Period Madurai: The Kutal Alakar Temple |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3249918 |journal=Artibus Asiae |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=197 |doi=10.2307/3249918 |issn=0004-3648|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Both festivals were merged into a single event to unite the people of the two Hindu sects ([[Shaivism|Shaiva]] and [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]]) as well as to boost Madurai's economy, under the rule of [[Tirumala Nayaka]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Hindu : Festive time at the city of temples |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2000/04/21/stories/13210494.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080817053356/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2000/04/21/stories/13210494.htm |archive-date=2008-08-17 |access-date=2026-04-28 |website=www.hinduonnet.com}}</ref>

The location of culminating event of Aḻagar festival - the entering of the river by Aḻagar - was also moved from Thenur village to Madurai.<ref name=":0" />

== List of events ==
The following are the list of events in the ''Tirukalyanam'' festival.

=== ''Kodi Yetram'' ===
"''Kodi yetram''" literally means "raising the flag". During this event, the chief priest of the Meenakshi temple hoists the holy flag (''kodi'') on the [[Dwajasthambam|dhvaja stambham]] (flag pole) of the temple. This marks the beginning of the festival. The flag stays on the flag pole until the end of the festival.

=== ''Pattabhishekam'' ===

"''Pattabhishekam''" means "coronation". Meenakshi is crowned as the queen of Madurai on this day, and she is regarded to rule the Pandya Kingdom for the next four months. After this ceremony, her husband Sundareshvara is crowned as the king of Madurai for the next eight months.

=== ''Digvijayam'' ===
[[Digvijaya (conquest)|Digvijayam]] refers to the conquests of Meenakshi. After Meenakshi is crowned as the queen of the Pandya kingdom, she goes into war with all the countries in the world and conquers the whole world. Then, she goes to Kailasha (the home of Shiva in Himalayas) to conquer it. However, after seeing Shiva on the battlefield, she falls in love with him and marries him.

=== ''Meenakshi Kalyanam'' ===

Meenakshi Kalyanam is the wedding ceremony of Meenakshi and Shiva (Sundareshvara) in Madurai. On the day of Meenakshi Kalyanam, devotees get up at sunrise and reach the Meenakshi temple in Madurai. After taking a holy dip in the golden lotus pond, they wear clean clothes. Meenakshi is first worshipped using traditional methods, following which prayers are offered to ''Vibhuti Vinayakar''. On this day, devotees sing devotional songs and bhajans. It is also considered auspicious to wear the holy ash known as ''[[vibhuti]]'' while entering the temple premises. Devotees also carry fruits, coconuts and incense sticks to offer to the deities. Inside the temple, the images of the deities are decorated with silk clothes and floral garlands. There are nearly 50 priests in the Meenakshi Madurai temple who perform the puja rituals and special prayers. The main priests in the temple perform the ritualistic wedding ceremonies. At the completion of the event, images of Meenakshi and Sundareshvara are taken out in huge processions on the streets in the ''Pushpa Pallakku'' and ''Yanai Vahanam''.

=== Chariot festival ===
The Chariot festival, also known as ''Ter Tiruviḻa'' or ''Rathotsavam'', is performed the day after Meenakshi Kalyanam. The king and queen of the Pandya Kingdom, Meenakshi and Sundareshvara come to see their subjects in a well-decorated ''[[Temple car|ther]]'' (chariot). It attracts many people in the Masi streets of Madurai as viewers.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://www.tamilnadutourism.org/temples/citywisetemples/madurai.aspx?catid=020104P01
|title= Ther Tiruvizha}}</ref>

=== ''Ethir Sevai'' ===
{{Expand section|date=March 2019}}
"''Ethir sevai''" refers to a welcoming ceremony. Part of the Chithirai Tiruviḻa of [[Kallazhagar temple]] at [[Alagar Koyil|Aḻagar Koyil]], the ''Ethir Seva''<ref name=":0">{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/Drama-unfolds-on-river-bank/article14741326.ece | title=Drama unfolds on river bank | date=28 April 2011 | first=S. | last=Prabhu | newspaper=The Hindu | accessdate=11 July 2020 }}</ref> begins on the fourth day of the festival. On this day, Aḻagar changes his appearance into a Kallar man (''Kallar vedam'') to travel via Kallar Nadu (the Kallar country) and enter Madurai; the people of the city welcome him.

=== ''Alagar Vaigai Yeluntarulutal'' ===
"''Alagar Vaigai Yeluntarulutal''" literally means "Alagar blessing people in the Vaigai". A re-enactment of the scene of Vishnu refusing to enter Madurai and returning to Alagar Koil, tis event occurs in a [[Mandapa|mandapam]] in Madhichiyam in the middle of river Vaigai.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://dravidian.me/madurai-chithirai-thiruvizha-festival/|title=Madurai Chithirai Thiruvizha, Chithirai Festival 2017 Kallazhagar - dravidian|date=2016-08-06|work=dravidian|access-date=2017-03-01|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=July 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

===''Devendra Puja''===
The ''Devendra [[Puja (Hinduism)|Puja]]'' is held at the fourteenth and final day of the Chithirai festival in honour of [[Indra]] at the Meenakshi Temple at Madurai.<ref>{{cite news|date=2022-03-29|title=Devendra Pooja at Chithirai Festival|newspaper=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/chithirai-festival-from-april-4-celestial-wedding-on-april-14/article65271059.ece|access-date=2022-10-22}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Refbegin}}
{{commons category|Madurai Temple Festival}}

* [https://www.maduraimeenakshi.org/festivals.php Meenanski amman temple]

{{Refend}}

[[Category:Tamil festivals]]
[[Category:Culture of Madurai]]
[[Category:Hindu festivals in India]]

Drashti Dhami

2026-04-28T03:00:57Z

CourtneySugden: created first details more to come

{{short description|Indian actress and model (born 1985)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Drashti Dhami
| image = Drashti Dhami snapped promoting her show 'The Empire'(9).jpg
| caption = Dhami in 2021
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1985|01|10|df=yes}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/drashti-dhamis-advance-birthday-surprise-cute-date-parents-be-nakuul-mehta-jankee-photos-590422|title=Drashti Dhami's advance birthday surprise is a cute date with parents to be Nakuul Mehta & Jankee; PHOTOS|website=Pinkvilla|date=6 January 2021|access-date=7 January 2021|archive-date=6 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106125715/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/drashti-dhamis-advance-birthday-surprise-cute-date-parents-be-nakuul-mehta-jankee-photos-590422|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| education = Degree in [[sociology]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|model|dancer}}
| years_active = 2003–2019, 2021–2023
| spouse = {{Marriage|Niraj Khemka|2015}}
| children = 1
| relatives = [[Suhasi Dhami|Suhasi Goradia Dhami]] (sister-in-law)
}}

'''Drashti Dhami''' ({{IPA|hns|ˈd̪ɾəʃʈi ˈd̪ʱaːmi|pron}}; born 10 January 1985)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/happy-birthday-drashti-dhami-5-times-actress-and-her-hubby-proved-they-are-bitten-travel-bug-989757%3famp|title=Happy Birthday Drashti Dhami: 5 times the actress and her hubby proved that they are bitten by travel bug|website=Pinkvilla|access-date=10 January 2022}}{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> is an Indian actress, model and dancer who works predominantly in [[Hindi]] television.<ref name="IndiaToday DOB">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/drashti-dhami-birthday-twitter-madhubala-ek-ishq-ek-junoon-vivian-dsena-176257-2014-01-09|title=Birthday girl Drashti Dhami's fans make her trend on Twitter|work=India Today|date=10 January 2014|access-date=24 July 2016}}</ref><ref name="mb.ntdin.tv">{{Cite web|title=A dancer, an actress and a model! Happy Birthday Drashti Dhami! - NTD India|url=http://mb.ntdin.tv/en/article/english/dancer-actress-model-happy-birthday-drashti-dhami|access-date=2018-03-17|website=mb.ntdin.tv|language=en-US|archive-date=17 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317165214/http://mb.ntdin.tv/en/article/english/dancer-actress-model-happy-birthday-drashti-dhami|url-status=live}}</ref> Dhami is considered among the most popular [[List of Hindi television actresses|Hindi television actresses]], she is a recipient of several accolades including one [[Indian Television Academy Awards|ITA Award]], one [[Indian Telly Award]] and two [[Gold Awards]].

She has been part of successful shows like, ''[[Dill Mill Gayye]]'' (2007-2010), ''[[Geet – Hui Sabse Parayi|Geet]]'' (2010-2011), ''[[Madhubala – Ek Ishq Ek Junoon|Madhubala]]'' (2012-2014), ''[[Ek Tha Raja Ek Thi Rani]]'' (2015-2017) and ''[[Silsila Badalte Rishton Ka]]'' (2018). Dhami also participated into dance reality show ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa|Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 6]]'' (2013), with choreographer [[Salman Yusuff Khan]] and emerged as the winner.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-09-19|title=Sanaya Irani, Drashti Dhami dance together again|language=en-US|work=The Indian Express|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/sanaya-irani-drashti-dhami-dance-together-again/|access-date=2018-03-17|archive-date=17 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317164902/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/sanaya-irani-drashti-dhami-dance-together-again/|url-status=live}}</ref> She has also ventured into [[web series]] with period drama ''[[The Empire (web series)|The Empire]]'' (2021), portraying [[Khanzada Begum]] (2022), and [[ZEE5]] crime thriller ''[[Duranga]]'' portraying Ira Jaykar.

In addition to her acting career, she is the celebrity endorser for several brands and products. Dhami is married to businessman Niraj Khemka.

== Early life and family ==

Dhami was born on 10 January 1985 into a [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] family<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 May 2012 |title=in a Gujarati Conservative Family: Drashti Dhami |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/celebs/in-a-punjab-conservative-family-drashti-dhami-292466.html |website=Indiatimes }}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> in [[Mumbai]], where she studied. She attended [[Mary Immaculate Girls' High School|Mary Immaculate Girl's High School]] and also went to [[Mumbai|Mumbai's]] [[Mithibai College]] from where she has a degree in [[sociology]].<ref name="facts">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Drashti-Dhami-Lesser-known-facts/Drashti-Dhami-Lesser-known-facts/photostory/39955054.cms|title=Drashti Dhami: Lesser known facts|work=The Times of India|date=21 April 2015|access-date=15 August 2016|archive-date=2 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402111828/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Drashti-Dhami-Lesser-known-facts/Drashti-Dhami-Lesser-known-facts/photostory/39955054.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Before entering into modelling, Dhami was a [[dance instructor]]<ref name='Interview with ABP News'/> Dhami belongs to a conservative family. According to her interview in ''[[The Times of India]]'', she said:

{{blockquote|text=When I got [the] offer to dance in a music video ... I had to seek permission from ten different family members including my closest relatives. It was my cousin who supported me, convinced everyone and still stands by me whenever I have to take a decision on my career front. So it's not been so easy for me but my family's support is always with me."<ref name='factsbt'>{{cite web|title=Drashti Dhami: Lesser known facts bombaytimes.com|url=http://www.bombaytimes.com/tv/india/drashti-dhami-lesser-known-facts/photostory/39955212.cms|access-date=22 June 2017|work=[[Bombay Times]]|archive-date=11 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911084718/https://www.bombaytimes.com/tv/india/drashti-dhami-lesser-known-facts/photostory/39955212.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}

On 21 February 2015, Dhami married businessman Niraj Khemka in a traditional [[Hindu]] ceremony.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/Drashti-Dhami-to-tie-the-knot-on-February-21-2015/photostory/46322609.cms|title=Drashti Dhami to tie the knot on February 21, 2015|work=The Times of India|date=14 February 2015|access-date=24 July 2016|archive-date=14 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814121113/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/Drashti-Dhami-to-tie-the-knot-on-February-21-2015/photostory/46322609.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/17930.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221195513/http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/17930.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 February 2015|title=In pics: Inside 'Madhubala' actress Drashti Dhami and Neeraj Khemka's pre-wedding function|work=IBNLive|access-date=24 July 2016}}</ref> [[Suhasi Dhami]], also an actress, is married to her elder brother Jaisheel Dhami.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/news-and-gossip/Too-much-rona-dhona-can-be-nerve-wracking-Suhasi-Dhami/articleshow/18446510.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508042811/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-12/tv/37039855_1_suhasi-dhami-drashti-jaisheel-dhami|url-status=live|archive-date=8 May 2013|title=Too much rona-dhona can be nerve wracking: Suhasi Dhami|access-date=21 August 2016|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=12 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=I am very proud of my sister Drashti |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-i-am-very-proud-of-my-sister-drashti-tv/20140808.htm |website=Rediff |access-date=15 June 2017 |archive-date=8 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908200855/https://m.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-i-am-very-proud-of-my-sister-drashti-tv/20140808.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Dhami said that her in-laws are very supportive when it comes to her work.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/report/drashti-dhami-i-get-criticised-for-my-weight/20151008.htm|title=Drashti Dhami: I get criticised for my weight|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=27 May 2017|archive-date=8 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908201705/https://m.rediff.com/movies/report/drashti-dhami-i-get-criticised-for-my-weight/20151008.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> On 22 October 2024, Dhami gave birth to their first child, a girl.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-23 |title=TV star Drashti Dhami and husband Niraj Khemka welcome their baby girl after 9 years of marriage |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv-star-drashti-dhami-and-husband-niraj-khemka-welcome-their-baby-girl-after-9-years-of-marriage-644401.html |access-date=2024-10-23 |website=Indiatimes |language=en-IN |archive-date=23 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241023055839/https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv-star-drashti-dhami-and-husband-niraj-khemka-welcome-their-baby-girl-after-9-years-of-marriage-644401.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Career==
=== Career beginnings and ''Geet Hui Sabse Parayi'' (2007–2011) ===

Dhami started her career in modelling for print and television advertisements before debuting in the entertainment industry with her appearance in the music video "Saiyyan Dil Mein Aana Re" followed by "Humko Aaj Kal Hai", "Teri Meri Nazar Ki Dori" and "Nachle Soniyo Tu" and worked in advertisements like [[Colgate (toothpaste)|Colgate]], Lion Honey, Pulimoottil Silks, Vasan Eyecare, RKS Grand, [[Amul]], VIP Bags, [[Chevrolet]] and [[Reliance Communications|Reliance]].<ref name="facts" />

[[File:Drashti Dhami at Star One's 'Dill Mill Gayye' party.jpg|thumb|Dhami at ''[[Dill Mill Gayye]]''{{'s}} party in 2010]]
Dhami made her acting debut in television with [[Star One (Indian TV channel)|Star One]]'s popular show ''[[Dill Mill Gayye]]'', where she portrayed Dr. Muskaan Chadda from 2007 to 2009. In 2008, she participated in the reality show, ''[[Kaun Jeetega Bollywood Ka Ticket]]'' by [[Ekta Kapoor]]. In 2010, she appeared as the female lead in [[Star One (Indian TV channel)|Star One]]'s ''[[Geet – Hui Sabse Parayi]]'' opposite [[Gurmeet Choudhary]].<ref name="facts"/> Dhami got recognition with her portrayal of the character Geet with this role.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/madhubala-who/article3460513.ece|title=Madhubala, who?|access-date=31 May 2017|date=27 May 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=11 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911084737/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/madhubala-who/article3460513.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The show ended in December 2011 after the channel got closed.<ref>{{cite web |date=6 December 2011 |title=It's curtains for 'Geet - Hui Sabse Parayi' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/itamp39s-curtains-for-amp39geet-hui-sabse-parayiamp39/articleshow/11005652.cms |website=[[Times Of India]] |access-date=22 June 2021 |archive-date=27 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627083430/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/itamp39s-curtains-for-amp39geet-hui-sabse-parayiamp39/articleshow/11005652.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

Dhami made an appearance on [[Imagine TV]]'s reality show ''Big Money: Chota Parda Bada Game'' in 2010.<ref name="facts" /> The same year, she was also a part of another reality show, ''[[Nachle Ve with Saroj Khan]]''.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatimes.com/culture/who-we-are/drashti-dhamis-private-moments-277928.html|title=Drashti Dhami's Private Moments|date=7 August 2013|publisher=indiatimes.com|access-date=30 March 2020|archive-date=30 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330022342/https://www.indiatimes.com/culture/who-we-are/drashti-dhamis-private-moments-277928.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Recognition with ''Madhubala'' and ''Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 6'' (2012–2018) ===
[[File:Drashti Dhami on Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa.jpg|thumb|upright|Dhami on the sets of ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa (season 6)|Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 6]]'']]
In May 2012, Dhami made a guest appearance on the show ''[[Na Bole Tum Na Maine Kuch Kaha]]''. Later, she played the lead role in [[Colors TV]]'s show ''[[Madhubala – Ek Ishq Ek Junoon]]'' opposite to [[Vivian Dsena]] from 2012 to 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/drashti-dhami-vivian-dsena-complete-400-episodes-of-madhubala/1182838/|title=Drashti Dhami, Vivian Dsena complete 400 episodes of 'Madhubala'|date=15 October 2013|access-date=22 June 2021|archive-date=20 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140620162705/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/drashti-dhami-vivian-dsena-complete-400-episodes-of-madhubala/1182838/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=10 July 2014 |title=Madhubala to go off air soon? |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/madhubala-to-go-off-air-soon-tv/20140710.htm |website=Rediff |access-date=22 June 2021 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624221115/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/madhubala-to-go-off-air-soon-tv/20140710.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2013, Dhami participated in [[Colors TV]]'s popular dance reality show, ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa (season 6)|Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 6]]''<ref>{{cite web |date=28 May 2013 |title=Range of famous personalities to contest in Jhalak Dikhla Jaa |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/range-of-famous-personalities-to-contest-in-jhalak-dikhla-jaa/1121613/ |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> and emerged as the winner alongside her choreographer [[Salman Yusuff Khan]].<ref>{{cite web |date=16 September 2013 |title=Drashti Dhami wins Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 6 |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/tv-drashti-dhami-wins-jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-6/20130916.htm#:~:text=Television%20actress%20Drashti%20Dhami,choreographer%20partner%20Salman%20Yusuff%20Khan. |website=Rediff |access-date=22 June 2021 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624220756/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/tv-drashti-dhami-wins-jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-6/20130916.htm#:~:text=Television%20actress%20Drashti%20Dhami,choreographer%20partner%20Salman%20Yusuff%20Khan. |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=16 September 2013 |title=Madhubala fame actor Drashti Dhami beats Lauren Gottlieb to win Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 6 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/drashti-dhami-and-her-dance-partner-salman-yusuf-khan-wins-jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-6-211061-2013-09-15 |website=[[India Today]] |access-date=22 June 2021 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204421/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/drashti-dhami-and-her-dance-partner-salman-yusuf-khan-wins-jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-6-211061-2013-09-15 |url-status=live }}</ref> In June 2014, Dhami hosted ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa (season 7)|Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 7]]''. However, she later got replaced by [[Manish Paul]].<ref>{{cite web |date=11 June 2014 |title=Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 8: On the sets |url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/tv/behind-the-scenes/jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-8-on-the-sets/jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-7-on-the-sets/articleshow/36389318.cms |website=photogallery.indiatimes.com}}</ref> In December 2014, Dhami participated in Sony TV's ''Box Cricket League'' playing in the team Mumbai Warriors.

In 2015, Dhami played the role of Rani Gayatri in [[Zee TV]]'s ''[[Ek Tha Raja Ek Thi Rani]]'' opposite [[Siddhant Karnick]].<ref>{{cite web |date=18 June 2015 |title=Promo: Drashti Dhami in Zee Tv's Ek Tha Raja Ek Thi Rani |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/watch-promo-of-drashti-dhami-new-serial-ek-tha-raja-ek-thi-rani-zee-tv-siddhant-karnick-258222-2015-06-18 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=12 June 2015 |title=Telly stars making a comeback with interesting projects |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/telly-stars-making-a-comeback-with-interesting-projects/articleshow/48033218.cms |website=[[Times Of India]]}}</ref> While playing the role of Gayatri, Dhami said:

{{blockquote|text="I do feel a little under pressure since 'Madhubala' was such a success. But I am also looking forward to seeing my fans' reaction to my new show. Even my family and friends are very excited," "It found it difficult to speak in the dialect which people spoke at that time. That was challenging. Other than that, I did not have any issues with the role."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/marriage-has-been-a-smooth-transition-drashti-dhami/|title=Marriage has been a smooth transition: Drashti Dhami|date=20 July 2015|access-date=30 March 2020|archive-date=7 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207184650/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/marriage-has-been-a-smooth-transition-drashti-dhami/|url-status=live}}[[The Indian Express]]</ref>}} She quit the show in May 2016.<ref>{{cite web |title=Siddhant Karnick and Drashti Dhami quits Ek Tha Raja Ek Thi Rani? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/siddhant-karnick-and-drashti-dhami-out-of-ek-tha-raja-ek-thi-rani-318821-2016-04-19 |access-date=19 April 2016 |website=[[India Today]] |date=19 April 2016 |archive-date=11 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911084817/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/siddhant-karnick-and-drashti-dhami-out-of-ek-tha-raja-ek-thi-rani-318821-2016-04-19 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/drashti-dhami-reveals-why-she-quit-ek-tha-raja-ek-thi-rani/17173180|title=Drashti Dhami reveals why she quit 'Ek Tha Raja Ek Thi Rani|newspaper=[[Mid-Day]]|archive-date=14 June 2017|access-date=15 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170614100957/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/drashti-dhami-reveals-why-she-quit-ek-tha-raja-ek-thi-rani/17173180|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/shocking-ek-tha-raja-ek-thi-rani-to-go-off-air-515021|title=SHOCKING! Ek Tha Raja Ek Thi Rani to go OFF-AIR|date=10 April 2017|access-date=22 June 2021|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624210212/https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/shocking-ek-tha-raja-ek-thi-rani-to-go-off-air-515021|url-status=live}}</ref> The same year, she joined the web series ''[[I Don't Watch TV]]'' along with [[Karan Patel]], [[Nakuul Mehta]], [[Karan Wahi]], [[Disha Parmar]], [[Sanaya Irani]], [[Kritika Kamra]] and many other TV celebrities.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/WATCH-Nakuul-Mehtas-new-web-series-I-Dont-Watch-TV-IDWT/articleshow/50961945.cms|title=Web-series 'I Don't Watch TV' (IDWT)|work=The Times of India|date=12 February 2016}}</ref>

In November 2016, Dhami joined [[StarPlus|Star Plus]]'s ''[[Pardes Mein Hai Mera Dil]]'' as Naina Batra, opposite [[Arjun Bijlani]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Arjun-Bijlani-Drashti-Dhami-to-redefine-romance-on-television/articleshow/55260548.cms|title=Arjun Bijlani-Drashti Dhami to redefine romance on television|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=6 November 2016|access-date=1 July 2017|archive-date=8 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108090756/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Arjun-Bijlani-Drashti-Dhami-to-redefine-romance-on-television/articleshow/55260548.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/5-reasons-why-Drashti-Dhami-and-Arjun-Bijlanis-Pardes-Mein-Hai-Mera-Dil-looks-promising/photostory/55290965.cms|title=5 reasons why Drashti Dhami and Arjun Bijlani's Pardes Mein Hai Mera Dil looks promising - The Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India|date=7 November 2016|access-date=29 November 2016|archive-date=17 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117174049/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/5-reasons-why-Drashti-Dhami-and-Arjun-Bijlanis-Pardes-Mein-Hai-Mera-Dil-looks-promising/photostory/55290965.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The show went off air in June 2017.<ref>{{cite web |date=14 April 2017 |title=SHOCKING NEWS! PARDES MEIN HAI MERA DIL to go Off Air |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/shocking-news-pardes-mein-hai-mera-dil-to-go-off-air-516634 |website=ABP |access-date=22 June 2021 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203433/https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/shocking-news-pardes-mein-hai-mera-dil-to-go-off-air-516634 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="film1">{{cite web |date=16 December 2016 |title=The Change Trailer: Drashti Dhami-starrer Deals With Demonetisation |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/the-change-trailer-drashti-dhami-starrer-deals-with-demonetisation-1323634.html |website=News18 |access-date=22 June 2021 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204426/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/the-change-trailer-drashti-dhami-starrer-deals-with-demonetisation-1323634.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/television/drashti-dhami-i-will-never-kiss-onscreen/article_e41ab03a-a547-11e6-a3e6-777750d75be1.html|title=Drashti Dhami: I Will Never Kiss Onscreen|date=8 November 2016|access-date=23 May 2017|archive-date=2 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802213515/http://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/television/drashti-dhami-i-will-never-kiss-onscreen/article_e41ab03a-a547-11e6-a3e6-777750d75be1.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name='Interview with ABP News'>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8KeEgUmPbIY |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/8KeEgUmPbIY |archive-date=2021-12-15 |url-status=live|title=SSM team chat with Drashti Dhami|publisher=[[ABP News]] on YouTube|access-date=29 May 2017|date=11 November 2012}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name='dnaint2'>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-exclusive-here-s-what-drashti-dhami-has-to-say-about-playing-a-naagin-on-screen-2621988|title=Here's what Drashti Dhami has to say about playing a Naagin on-screen|newspaper=[[DNA India]]|archive-date=10 July 2018|access-date=21 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710133834/http://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-exclusive-here-s-what-drashti-dhami-has-to-say-about-playing-a-naagin-on-screen-2621988|url-status=live}}</ref>

From June to October 2018, she played Nandini, a victim of [[domestic violence]] who falls in love with her best friend's husband in [[Colors TV]]'s ''[[Silsila Badalte Rishton Ka]]'', opposite [[Shakti Arora]]. A critic from ''[[India Today]]'' praised her, saying that she is equally good as another television actress [[Sriti Jha]] who also played a victim of domestic violence in the past.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reviews/story/silsila-badalte-rishton-ka-review-drashti-dhami-nails-it-as-the-tormented-wife-a-good-comeback-for-the-actress-1251111-2018-06-05|title=Silsila Badalte Rishton Ka review: Drashti Dhami nails it as the tormented wife; a good comeback for the actress|magazine=[[India Today]]|access-date=18 June 2018|archive-date=18 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618025632/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reviews/story/silsila-badalte-rishton-ka-review-drashti-dhami-nails-it-as-the-tormented-wife-a-good-comeback-for-the-actress-1251111-2018-06-05|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name='itp3review'>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/silsila-badalte-rishton-ka-trailer-review-drashti-dhami-is-the-victim-of-domestic-violence-in-her-new-show-1248113-2018-06-01|title=Silsila Badalte Rishton Ka trailer review: Drashti Dhami is the victim of domestic violence in her new show|magazine=[[India Today]]|access-date=8 May 2025|archive-date=15 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915054043/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/silsila-badalte-rishton-ka-trailer-review-drashti-dhami-is-the-victim-of-domestic-violence-in-her-new-show-1248113-2018-06-01|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/videos/television/video/abhinav-shukla-talks-about-playing-drashti-dhami-s-husband-twice-on-screen-1255428-2018-06-08|title=Abhinav Shukla talks about playing Drashti Dhami's husband twice on screen|magazine=[[India Today]]|access-date=21 August 2018|archive-date=22 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822020155/https://www.indiatoday.in/videos/television/video/abhinav-shukla-talks-about-playing-drashti-dhami-s-husband-twice-on-screen-1255428-2018-06-08|url-status=dead}}</ref> She quit the show in November 2018.<ref>{{cite web |date=1 November 2018 |title=Silsila Badalte Rishton Ka: Nandini aka Drashti Dhami bids adieu to the show, here's how her track will end |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/what-s-hot/story/silsila-badalte-rishton-ka-nandini-aka-drashti-dhami-bids-adieu-to-the-show-here-s-how-her-track-will-end-1380014-2018-11-01 |website=[[India Today]] |access-date=29 December 2018 |archive-date=19 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319160014/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/what-s-hot/story/silsila-badalte-rishton-ka-nandini-aka-drashti-dhami-bids-adieu-to-the-show-here-s-how-her-track-will-end-1380014-2018-11-01 |url-status=live }}</ref>
In 2021, Drashti starred in the Web series "The Empire" based on the novel [[Empire of the Moghul]] by Alex Ruthford. Her acting was praised and she won an award in the popular actress category <ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/tv-awards/indian-television-academy-awards/2021/113 | title=Indian Television Academy Awards 2021 Winners | newspaper=The Times of India | archive-date=22 January 2024 | access-date=22 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240122191320/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/tv-awards/indian-television-academy-awards/2021/113 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/web-stories/celebrities/nakuul-mehta-drashti-dhami-and-others-celebrate-sharvari-marathes-birthday/ | title=Nakuul Mehta, Drashti Dhami and others celebrate Sharvari Marathe's birthday | date=9 March 2022 }}</ref>

===Other appearances===
In 2011, Dhami did special dance performances on shows like ''[[Chhoti Bahu - Sawar Ke Rang Rachi]]'', ''[[Sajan Re Jhoot Mat Bolo]]'' and ''[[Pyaar Kii Ye Ek Kahaani]]''. In 2012, she made a guest appearance on [[Colors TV]]'s ''Na Bole Tum Na Maine Kuch Kaha'' to promote her show ''Madhubala''.

In March 2013, she made a guest appearance on ''[[Nach Baliye#Season 5|Nach Baliye 5]]'' to support her brother Jaisheel Dhami and sister-in-law [[Suhasi Dhami]].<ref name=":2">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Drashti-Dhami-finds-a-new-sister-on-Nach-Baliye/articleshow/18255954.cms|title=Drashti Dhami finds a new sister on Nach Baliye|work=The Times of India|date=30 January 2013|access-date=15 September 2016}}</ref> In June 2014, Dhami was seen on [[Colors TV]]'s ''[[Mission Sapne]]'' and later made another appearance on ''[[Comedy Nights with Kapil]]''. In September 2015, she was seen as a guest on ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 8]]'' to support [[Sanaya Irani]].

== Other work and media image ==
Dhami was the brand ambassador for Canvironment Week 2011 and 2013 to support the cause of 'Save Our Planet'.<ref name="facts"/> In 2016, she was part of the Swachh Survekshan 2017 Initiative for an environmentally cleaner India ([[Swachh Bharat Abhiyan]]).<ref>{{cite tweet|user=PIB_India|author=PIB India|number=761808453916561408|date=6 August 2016|title=LIVE: Union Minister @MVenkaiahNaidu felicitates various artists for their contribution towards #SwachhBharat}}</ref>

Dhami was also the captain for Team 'D' Celebrity Championship 2016, where six teams comprising 78 television personalities competed to help kids in need of education and food. She won, and received an award from 'I HELP A KID.COM' Celebrity Championship.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.ihelpakid.com/episode---6-finale.html |title=I Help A Kid Celebrity Championship Results |work=ihelpakid.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914081529/http://www.ihelpakid.com/episode---6-finale.html |archive-date=14 September 2016 |access-date=14 September 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2017, Dhami became the brand ambassador of Bajaj Brahmi Amla Ayurvedic Hair oil.<ref>{{cite web |date=16 October 2017 |title=Bajaj Corp re-launches 'Brahmi Amla Hair Oil' |url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Business/2017-10-16/Bajaj-Corp-re-launches-Brahmi-Amla-Hair-Oil/333581 |access-date=18 October 2017 |website=The Hans India |archive-date=18 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018013005/http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Business/2017-10-16/Bajaj-Corp-re-launches-Brahmi-Amla-Hair-Oil/333581 |url-status=live }}</ref> In the same year, she did an advertisement for ''[[Godrej Group|Godrej Soap]]'' with [[Ragini Khanna]] and [[Ekta Kaul]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=clrCYpomV1c |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002080122/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=clrCYpomV1c&gl=US&hl=en |archive-date=2017-10-02 |url-status=dead|title=Tyooharo Ki Taiyaari, Godrej No.1, Drashti Dhami, Ragini Khanna, Ekta Kaul| website=[[YouTube]] |date=29 September 2017|access-date=30 September 2017}}</ref>

[[File:Drashti Dhami at AVBFW 2013 - Day 6.jpg|thumb|upright|Dhami at an event in 2015]]
''[[Bombay Times]]'' called her 'Numero Uno' actress on television.<ref name='factsbt'/> Dhami is also known for her style and fashion sense.<ref>{{cite news|title=Stylish TV stars you can take fashion inspiration from|url=http://indianexpress.com/photos/lifestyle-gallery/mouni-roy-nia-sharma-drashti-dhami-divyanka-tripathi-most-stylish-tv-stars-you-can-take-fashion-inspiration-from-4735309/4/|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=5 July 2017|archive-date=9 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709045709/http://indianexpress.com/photos/lifestyle-gallery/mouni-roy-nia-sharma-drashti-dhami-divyanka-tripathi-most-stylish-tv-stars-you-can-take-fashion-inspiration-from-4735309/4/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://businessofcinema.com/tele/wow-check-new-transformed-look-tv-star/318353/2|title=The New Transformed Look of This TV Star|date=6 June 2016|publisher=BusinessOfCinema.com|access-date=31 May 2017|archive-date=8 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908201304/http://businessofcinema.com/tele/wow-check-new-transformed-look-tv-star/318353/2|url-status=live}}</ref> Dhami is among the highest earning television actresses in India.<ref>{{cite news|title=11 television stars who earn more than Bollywood actors per month! |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/indian-television-actors-salary-per-month-3037560/ |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=19 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160925114453/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/indian-television-actors-salary-per-month-3037560/ |archive-date=25 September 2016 |access-date=25 September 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Cheque out! How much do your favourite television stars earn?|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/cheque-out-how-much-do-your-favourite-television-stars-earn/16617199|newspaper=[[Mid-Day]]|date=19 October 2015|access-date=2 October 2016|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225101016/https://www.mid-day.com/articles/cheque-out-how-much-do-your-favourite-television-stars-earn/16617199|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2011, she was voted the most desirable woman on television in polls conducted by TellyChakkar.com.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/the-verdict-outdrashti-dhami-the-most-desirable-woman-tv-2011|title=Drashti Dhami is the most desirable woman on TV in 2011|publisher=TellyChakkar.com|date=23 December 2011|access-date=1 July 2017|archive-date=25 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825094203/http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/the-verdict-outdrashti-dhami-the-most-desirable-woman-tv-2011|url-status=live}}</ref> She is the brand ambassador of MATRIX India's hair colour brand, SoColor.<ref>{{cite web |date=25 July 2014 |title=Drashti Dhami is MATRIX India's brand ambassador |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/drashti-dhami-is-matrix-indias-brand-ambassador/ |access-date=3 June 2017 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |archive-date=8 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908202422/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/drashti-dhami-is-matrix-indias-brand-ambassador/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="facts"/>

Dhami was included in second place on "Television's Top 10 Actresses" list by [[Rediff]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-televisions-top-10-actresses/20140702.htm |title=Television's Top 10 Actresses |publisher=Rediff |date=2 July 2014 |access-date=3 May 2017 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225091905/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-televisions-top-10-actresses/20140702.htm%20 |url-status=live }}</ref> Dhami also included in the top nine list of Indian television most stylish on-screen actress by Rediff.<ref>{{cite web|title=Top 9: TVs most stylish on-screen divas|url=http://www.rediff.com/getahead/slide-show/slide-show-1-glamour-most-stylist-on-screen-divas-television/20130308.htm#9|website=[[Rediff]]|date=8 March 2013|access-date=28 March 2017|archive-date=28 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328224623/http://www.rediff.com/getahead/slide-show/slide-show-1-glamour-most-stylist-on-screen-divas-television/20130308.htm#9|url-status=live}}</ref> The UK-based newspaper ''[[Eastern Eye]]'' placed her in their "50 Sexiest Asian Women" list. In 2012,<ref>{{cite news |title=Sexiest Asian Women (2012) List |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Priyanka-Chopra-named-worlds-sexiest-Asian-woman/articleshow/17504353.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=7 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917183429/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Priyanka-Chopra-named-worlds-sexiest-Asian-woman/articleshow/17504353.cms |archive-date=17 September 2016 |access-date=17 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> ''Eastern Eye'' placed her at twelfth position. Thereafter she remained in the top three spots for three consecutive years, listed at the third spot in 2013,<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Sexiest Asian Women (2013) List |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/katrina-kaif-named-worlds-sexiest-asian-woman-for-the-fourth-time-219742-2013-12-04 |magazine=[[India Today]] |date=5 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917184656/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/katrina-kaif-named-worlds-sexiest-asian-woman-for-the-fourth-time/1/327937.html |archive-date=17 September 2016 |access-date=17 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> the second spot in 2014,<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Sexiest Asian Women (2014) List |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/priyanka-chopra-regains-sexiest-asian-crown-in-uk-229726-2014-12-04 |magazine=India Today |date=4 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917203654/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/priyanka-chopra-regains-sexiest-asian-crown-in-uk/1/405080.html |archive-date=17 September 2016 |access-date=17 September 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> the third spot in 2015,<ref>{{cite web|title=Sexiest Asian Women (2015) List |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/meet-the-sexiest-asian-women/20151210.htm |publisher=[[Rediff]] |date=10 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917192031/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/meet-the-sexiest-asian-women/20151210.htm |archive-date=17 September 2016 |access-date=17 September 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> the fourth spot in 2016,<ref>{{cite web|title=Sexiest Asian Women (2016) List |url=http://m.rediff.com/movies/report/deepika-padukone-is-the-sexiest-asian-women/20161209.htm |publisher=Rediff |date=9 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170115005936/http://m.rediff.com/movies/report/deepika-padukone-is-the-sexiest-asian-women/20161209.htm |archive-date=15 January 2017|access-date=15 January 2017}}</ref> sixth spot in 2017,<ref>{{cite web |url =http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/priyanka-chopra-voted-sexiest-asian-for-fifth-time-nia-sharma-deepika-padukone-are-runners-up/story-JtlkhlaJWLq7pJB41rQOBK.html|access-date=7 December 2017|publisher=Hindustan Times| title=Sexiest Asian Women (2017) List |date=7 December 2017|archive-date=7 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207072921/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/priyanka-chopra-voted-sexiest-asian-for-fifth-time-nia-sharma-deepika-padukone-are-runners-up/story-JtlkhlaJWLq7pJB41rQOBK.html}}</ref> and twelfth spot in 2018.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/50-sexiest-asian-women-deepika-padukone-priyanka-chopra-5480941/lite/|title=Sexiest Asian Women (2018) List|newspaper=[[Indian Express]]|access-date=29 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181229100214/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/50-sexiest-asian-women-deepika-padukone-priyanka-chopra-5480941/lite/|archive-date=29 December 2018}}</ref> Dhami included in list of ''[[FHM India]]'' 100 Sexiest women of 2014 at tenth place.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.desiblitz.com/content/fhm-india-sexiest-women-list-2014|title=FHM India Sexiest Women List 2014|date=2 July 2014|access-date=2 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402105056/https://www.desiblitz.com/content/fhm-india-sexiest-women-list-2014|archive-date=2 April 2017}}</ref> In 2016, Dhami was nominated in "Sexiest Woman" list by ''FHM India''.<ref>{{cite web|title=100 Sexiest Women List by FHM India|url=http://www.fhmindia.com/100-sexiest-women-2016|publisher=[[FHM India]]|access-date=9 August 2016|date=4 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821011859/http://www.fhmindia.com/100-sexiest-women-2016|archive-date=21 August 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Dhami was listed eight among the "35 Hottest Actresses in Indian Television" by MensXP.com, an Indian lifestyle website for men.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mensxp.com/entertainment/celebrity-photos/23861-35-hottest-actresses-in-indian-television-p8.html |title=35 Hottest Actresses in Indian Television |publisher=MensXP.com |access-date=3 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170502202708/http://m.mensxp.com/entertainment/celebrity-photos/23861-35-hottest-actresses-in-indian-television-p8.html|archive-date=2 May 2017}}</ref> She was ranked in 38th position in [[The Times of India]]'s 2014 list of "50 Most Desirable Women".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ww.itimes.com/times-polls/times-most-desirable-women-2014? |title=Times Most Desirable Women 2014 - Results |access-date=5 June 2017 |archive-date=4 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504203639/http://ww.itimes.com/times-polls/times-most-desirable-women-2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> According to the survey in India in 2017, Dhami was voted as desirable woman opposite to [[Hrithik Roshan]] in the list.<ref>{{cite news|title=Most Indian women want a husband like Amitabh Bachchan, says study|newspaper=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/most-indian-women-want-a-husband-like-amitabh-bachchan-says-study/articleshow/57375469.cms|date=27 February 2017|access-date=2 March 2017}}</ref>

Dhami received an offer to participate in ''[[Bigg Boss]]'' but she rejected it.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/drashti-dhami-is-open-to-reality-shows-but-not-interested-in-bigg-boss/story-prlzmiCOca54M2jMwkchgM.html|title=Drashti Dhami is open to reality shows but not interested in Bigg Boss|newspaper=Hindustan Times|date=10 November 2016|access-date=11 November 2016|archive-date=11 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111020920/http://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/drashti-dhami-is-open-to-reality-shows-but-not-interested-in-bigg-boss/story-prlzmiCOca54M2jMwkchgM.html|url-status=live}}</ref> During her dance performance on ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa (season 6)|Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 6]]'', film maker [[Karan Johar]] compared Dhami to film actress [[Zeenat Aman]].<ref>{{cite news|title='Madhubala' turns sensuous like Zeenat Aman!|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/madhubala-turns-sensuous-a-la-zeenat-aman/218278|newspaper=Mid Day|date=15 June 2013|access-date=2 October 2016|archive-date=2 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002191049/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/madhubala-turns-sensuous-a-la-zeenat-aman/218278|url-status=live}}</ref> Filmmaker [[Karan Johar]] complimented Dhami by saying that she is better than [[Kareena Kapoor]] when she performed in the song "Halkat Jawani" from the film ''[[Heroine (2012 film)|Heroine]]'' on ''Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 6''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-6-tv-stars-we-want-to-see-in-bollywood-2141978|title=TV stars we want to see in Bollywood|date=5 November 2015|access-date=31 May 2017|newspaper=[[Mid-Day]]|archive-date=7 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307134208/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-6-tv-stars-we-want-to-see-in-bollywood-2141978|url-status=live}}</ref> She is also known as Madhubala from her serial ''[[Madhubala – Ek Ishq Ek Junoon]]'' and as Maaneet due to her chemistry with [[Gurmeet Choudhary]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/drashti-dhami-i-dont-have-an-issue-working-with-vivian-dsena-again/articleshow/64559792.cms|title=Drashti Dhami: I don't have an issue working with Vivian Dsena again|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
===Television===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
! Refs
|-
| 2007–2009
| ''[[Dill Mill Gayye]]''
| Dr. Muskaan Chaddha
| Debut
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="facts" />
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Kaun Jeetega Bollywood Ka Ticket]]''
| Contestant
| Finalist
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="facts" />
|-
| 2010–2011
| ''[[Geet – Hui Sabse Parayi]]''
| Geet Khurana
| Main role
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="facts" />
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Nachle Ve with Saroj Khan]]''
| Contestant
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name=":1"/>
|-
| 2012–2014
| ''[[Madhubala – Ek Ishq Ek Junoon]]''
| Madhubala Malik Kundra / Jr. Madhubala Kundra Kushwaha
| Main role
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |date=29 May 2020 |title=Madhubala Completes 8 Years: Drashti Dhami's Co-Star Vivian Dsena Says, 'The Show Was The Highlight Of My Career' |url=https://www.spotboye.com/television/television-news/madhubala-completes-8-years-drashti-dhami-s-co-star-vivian-dsena-says-the-show-was-the-highlight-of-my-career/5ed0e620aebd420e5c6d7e2c |website=Spotboye |access-date=15 August 2020 |archive-date=12 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012020356/https://www.spotboye.com/television/television-news/madhubala-completes-8-years-drashti-dhami-s-co-star-vivian-dsena-says-the-show-was-the-highlight-of-my-career/5ed0e620aebd420e5c6d7e2c |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa (season 6)|Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 6]]''
| Contestant
| Winner
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="facts" />
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2014
| ''[[Mission Sapne]]''
| Contestant
|
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Drashti-as-nimbu-mirchi-seller-for-Mission-Sapne/articleshow/35552199.cms|title=Drashti as nimbu-mirchi seller for Mission Sapne!|date=24 May 2014|work=The Times of India|access-date=21 August 2016|archive-date=17 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917012305/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Drashti-as-nimbu-mirchi-seller-for-Mission-Sapne/articleshow/35552199.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 7]]''
| Host
|
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-7-drashti-dhami-quits-the-show-15134.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622001552/http://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-7-drashti-dhami-quits-the-show-15134.html|url-status=live|archive-date=22 June 2014|title=Drashti Dhami sacked from Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 7|date=22 June 2014|work=IndiaTVNews.com|access-date=24 July 2016}}</ref>
|-
| 2014–2015
| ''Box Cricket League 1''
| Contestant
|
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.india.com/showbiz/box-cricket-league-teams-bcl-2014-team-details-with-tv-actors-names-of-celebrities-221217/|title=Box Cricket League Teams: BCL 2014 Team Details With TV Actors & Names of Celebrities|work=india.com|date=14 December 2014|access-date=13 March 2019|archive-date=10 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910025418/http://www.india.com/showbiz/box-cricket-league-teams-bcl-2014-team-details-with-tv-actors-names-of-celebrities-221217/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2015–2016
| ''[[Ek Tha Raja Ek Thi Rani]]''
| Gayatri Seth / Rani Gayatri Devi / Savitri
| Main role
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="lead">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/I-didnt-think-I-could-be-lead-Drashti-Dhami/articleshow/13867791.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130820040455/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-07/tv/32080370_1_hui-sabse-parayi-geet-drashti-dhami|url-status=live|archive-date=20 August 2013|title=I didn't think I could be lead: Drashti Dhami|date=7 June 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=29 June 2012}}</ref>
|-
| 2016–2017
| ''[[Pardes Mein Hai Mera Dil]]''
| Naina Batra
| Main role
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/First-look-of-Drashti-Dhamis-new-show-Pardes-Mai-Hai-Mera-Dil/articleshow/53734935.cms|title=First look of Drashti Dhami's new show Pardes Mai Hai Mera Dil|work=The Times of India|access-date=21 August 2016}}</ref>
|-
| 2018–2019
| ''[[Silsila Badalte Rishton Ka]]''
| Nandini Malhotra
| Main role
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="toi67">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/drashti-dhami-starts-shooting-for-silsila-badalte-rishton-ka-best-friend-nakuul-mehta-wishes-her-good-luck/articleshow/64255530.cms|title=Drashti Dhami starts shooting for Silsila Badalte Rishton Ka; best friend Nakuul Mehta wishes her good luck|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=30 November 2024|access-date=21 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130103619/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/drashti-dhami-starts-shooting-for-silsila-badalte-rishton-ka-best-friend-nakuul-mehta-wishes-her-good-luck/articleshow/64255530.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

==== Special appearances ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! Year
! Show
! Role
! Refs
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Miley Jab Hum Tum]]''
| rowspan="2"| Herself
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="facts" />
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2010
| ''Big Money: Chota Parda Bada Game''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2014/10-unknown-facts-about-drashti-dhami-madhubala-she-turns-an-year-old-129301.html |title=10 Unknown Facts of Drashti Dhami Aka Madhubala As She Turns A Year Older Today! |publisher=FilmiBeat |date=10 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006080441/http://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2014/10-unknown-facts-about-drashti-dhami-madhubala-she-turns-an-year-old-129301.html |archive-date=6 October 2016 |access-date=6 October 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Sapna Babul Ka...Bidaai]]''
| rowspan="3" | Geet Khurana
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name=":0" />
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2011
| ''[[Rang Badalti Odhani]] ''
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="facts" />
|-
| ''[[Pyaar Kii Ye Ek Kahaani]]''
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="facts" />
|-
| ''[[Chhoti Bahu - Sawar Ke Rang Rachi]]''
| rowspan="2" | Herself
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="facts" />
|-
| ''[[Sajan Re Jhoot Mat Bolo]]''
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="facts" />
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2012
| ''[[Na Bole Tum Na Maine Kuch Kaha]]''
| rowspan="3" | Madhubala
| <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Nine-cameos-in-Na-Bole-Tum-Na-Maine-Kuch-Kaha/articleshow/15017306.cms|title=Nine cameos in Na Bole Tum Na Maine Kuch Kaha - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=18 July 2012|archive-date=3 November 2017|access-date=30 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171103215656/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Nine-cameos-in-Na-Bole-Tum-Na-Maine-Kuch-Kaha/articleshow/15017306.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Balika Vadhu]]''
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="facts" />
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2013
| ''[[Sasural Simar Ka]]''
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="facts" />
|-
| ''[[Nach Baliye#Season 5|Nach Baliye 5]]''
| Herself
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name=":2"/>
|-
| ''[[Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon?...Ek Baar Phir]]''
| Herself
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="facts" />
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2014
| ''[[Beintehaa]]''
| Madhubala
| <ref>{{cite web |date=15 March 2014 |title=Colors stars' wear Jazbaat ke Rang this Holi! |url=https://www.colorstv.com/uk/gallery/colors-starsae-wear-jazbaat-ke-rang-this-holi-2/ |website=Colors Tv}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Comedy Nights with Kapil]]''
|Herself
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="facts" />
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2015
| ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa (season 8)|Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 8]]''
| Guest Contestant
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |date=22 September 2015 |title=Teen Ka Tadka on 'Jhalak' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-reloaded/teen-ka-tadka-on-jhalak/articleshow/49055306.cms |website=[[Times Of India]] |access-date=21 April 2024 |archive-date=25 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125100341/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-reloaded/teen-ka-tadka-on-jhalak/articleshow/49055306.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Jamai Raja (2014 TV series)|Jamai Raja]]''
| Gayatri
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="facts" />
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2016
| ''[[Yeh Hai Mohabbatein]]''
| rowspan="4" | Naina
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="facts" />
|-
| ''[[Saath Nibhaana Saathiya]]''
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="facts" />
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2017
| ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]''
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="facts" />
|-
| ''[[Ishqbaaz]]''
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="facts" />
|-
| ''[[Nach Baliye|Nach Baliye 8]]''
| Herself
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="facts" />
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2018
| ''[[Shakti - Astitva Ke Ehsaas Ki]]''
| rowspan=3 | Nandini
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="facts" />
|-
| ''[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin 3]]''
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |date=30 December 2018 |title=Naagin 3: Gauhar Khan, Drashti Dhami, Sanjeeda Sheikh to be part of Mahir and Vishaka's wedding celebration |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/naagin-3-gauhar-khan-drashti-dhami-sanjeeda-sheikh-to-be-part-of-mahir-and-vishakas-wedding-celebration/articleshow/67311402.cms |website=[[Times Of India]] |access-date=15 August 2020 |archive-date=2 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190102050604/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/naagin-3-gauhar-khan-drashti-dhami-sanjeeda-sheikh-to-be-part-of-mahir-and-vishakas-wedding-celebration/articleshow/67311402.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Dance Deewane]]''
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name=":3">{{cite web |date=22 February 2020 |title=Madhubala fame Drashti Dhami celebrates fifth wedding anniversary with hubby Neeraj Khemka |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/madhubala-fame-drashti-dhami-celebrates-5th-wedding-anniversary-with-hubby-niraj-khemka/articleshow/74253250.cms |website=[[Times Of India]] |access-date=15 August 2020 |archive-date=12 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012020423/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/madhubala-fame-drashti-dhami-celebrates-5th-wedding-anniversary-with-hubby-niraj-khemka/articleshow/74253250.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2019
| ''[[Gathbandhan]]''
| rowspan=2 | Herself
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abplive.in/television/silsila-badalte-rishton-ka-actress-drashti-dhami-to-have-a-special-guest-appearance-in-gathbandhan-954952|title=Drashti Dhami to make a SPECIAL guest appearance in 'Gathbandhan'|date=April 2019|publisher=abplive.in|access-date=2 April 2019|archive-date=1 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401231010/https://www.abplive.in/television/silsila-badalte-rishton-ka-actress-drashti-dhami-to-have-a-special-guest-appearance-in-gathbandhan-954952|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kumkum Bhagya]]''
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="facts" />
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! Year
! Name
! Role
! Notes
! Ref
|-
| 2016
| ''[[I Don't Watch TV (web series)|I Don't Watch TV]]''
| Herself
| Guest
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |date=11 February 2016 |title=Nakuul Mehta brings the truth behind TV actors' life in 'I Don't Watch TV' web-series, watch trailer |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/nakuul-mehta-disha-parmar-rithvik-dhanjani-i-dont-watch-tv-web-series-trailer-watch/ |access-date=1 July 2016 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |archive-date=10 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610004603/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/nakuul-mehta-disha-parmar-rithvik-dhanjani-i-dont-watch-tv-web-series-trailer-watch/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2021
| ''[[The Empire (2021 Web series)|The Empire]]''
| [[Khanzada Begum]]
|
|
|-
|2022–2023
|''[[Duranga]]''
|Ira Jaykar Patel
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Duranga: क्राइम-सस्पेंस से भरपूर है दृष्टि धामी की दुरंगा का ट्रेलर, पति के खौफनाक चेहरे से उठाएंगी पर्दा? |url=https://www.amarujala.com/entertainment/bollywood/duranga-adaptation-of-popular-korean-drama-trailer-out-web-series-will-premiere-on-zee5-0n-19th-august |access-date=2022-08-11 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi |archive-date=25 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230625082851/https://www.amarujala.com/entertainment/bollywood/duranga-adaptation-of-popular-korean-drama-trailer-out-web-series-will-premiere-on-zee5-0n-19th-august |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

=== Short films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
! Year
! Film
! Notes
! Refs
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 2016
| ''The Change''
| Short Film
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="film1" />
|}

=== Music videos ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Year
! Song
! Singer
! Notes
! Ref
|-
| 2003
| ''Saiyyan Dil Mein Aana Re''
| Sneha Panth
|
| <ref name=":0a">{{cite web |date=10 January 2017 |title=Drashti Dhami birthday: Before Madhubala, she was a music video star. Watch her throwback videos |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/drashti-dhami-birthday-before-madhubala-she-was-a-music-video-star-watch-her-throwback-videos-4467151/ |website=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=15 August 2020 |archive-date=8 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208032336/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/drashti-dhami-birthday-before-madhubala-she-was-a-music-video-star-watch-her-throwback-videos-4467151/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2004
| ''Humko Aaj Kal Hai''
| Sarnali Bhowmik
|
| <ref name=":0a" />
|-
| 2005
| ''Teri Meri Nazar Ki Dori''
|
|
| <ref name=":0a" />
|-
| 2008
| ''Nachle Soniyo Tu''
| Shael Oswal
|
| <ref name=":0a" />
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Show
! Result
|-
| 2011
|[[Gold Awards]]
| Most Celebrated Jodi (With [[Gurmeet Choudhary]])
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Geet - Hui Sabse Parayi]]''
| {{won}}<ref>{{cite web|title=4th Boroplus Gold Awards 2011|url=http://indiantelevisionawards.webs.com/boroplus-gold-awards|work=indiantelevisionawards|access-date=24 July 2016|archive-date=8 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408092834/https://indiantelevisionawards.webs.com/boroplus-gold-awards|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|2012
|[[Indian Telly Awards]]
|Best Onscreen Couple (With [[Gurmeet Choudhary]])
|{{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2013
| rowspan="2" | [[Indian Telly Awards]]
| Best Actress in a Lead Role
|rowspan="7" | ''[[Madhubala - Ek Ishq Ek Junoon]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
|Best Jodi (With [[Vivian Dsena]])
| {{won}}
|-
|[[BIG Star Entertainment Awards]]
|[[BIG Star Most Entertaining Television Actor - Female]]
|{{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2014
| [[Star Guild Awards]]
| Best Actress in a Drama Series
| {{won}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Drashti Dhami wins best actress award |author=TNN |work=The Times of India |date=2 February 2014 |access-date=24 July 2016 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Drashti-Dhami-wins-the-best-actress-award-at-Guilds-Award-for-her-performance-in-Madhubala-Ek-Ishq-Ek-Junoon/articleshow/29767252.cms? |archive-date=15 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215212930/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Drashti-Dhami-wins-the-best-actress-award-at-Guilds-Award-for-her-performance-in-Madhubala-Ek-Ishq-Ek-Junoon/articleshow/29767252.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Gold Awards]]
| Best Actress (Critics)
| {{won}}<ref>{{Cite web | title = Drashti Dhami wins best actress (critics) award at Zee TV's Gold Awards | last = Jain | first = Kiran | work = Daily Bhaskar | date = 19 May 2014 | access-date = 24 July 2016 | url = http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-TV-drashti-dhami-wins-best-actress-critics-award-at-zee-tvs-gold-awards-4618610-NOR.html | archive-date = 10 September 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140910195847/http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-TV-drashti-dhami-wins-best-actress-critics-award-at-zee-tvs-gold-awards-4618610-NOR.html | url-status = dead }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2|[[Indian Telly Awards]]
| Best Actress in a Leading Role
| {{nom}}
|-
|Best Onscreen Jodi (With [[Vivian Dsena]])
|{{nom}}
|-
|2018
|[[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
|Best Actress (Popular)
|rowspan=3|''[[Silsila Badalte Rishton Ka]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
|2018
|[[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
|Best Actress (Popular)
|{{nom}}
|-
|2019
|[[Indian Telly Awards]]
|Best Actress (Jury)
|{{nom}}
|-
|2021
|[[Gold Glam and Style Awards]]
|Fitness Icon (Female)
|{{n/a}}
|{{won}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 November 2020 |title=Gold Glam and Style Awards 2020: Hina Khan, Sidharth Shukla win big |url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/gold-glam-and-style-awards-2020-hina-khan-sidharth-shukla-win-big-7064808/ |access-date= |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=22 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922162735/https://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/gold-glam-and-style-awards-2020-hina-khan-sidharth-shukla-win-big-7064808/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2021
|[[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
|Popular Actress Web
|''[[The Empire (web series)|The Empire]]''
|{{won}}<ref>{{Cite news |date= |title=Indian television Academy awards Winners 2021 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/tv-awards/indian-television-academy-awards/2021/113 |access-date= |website=Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{wikiquote}}
* {{IMDb name|4396059}}
* {{Instagram|dhamidrashti}}

{{Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa}}
{{Navboxes
| title = Awards for Drashti Dhami
| list =
{{Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actress in a Drama Series}}
}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhami, Drashti}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Actresses from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Female models from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:Indian web series actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Gujarati people]]
[[Category:Mithibai College alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa winners]]

Na-Khowa

2026-04-27T16:20:04Z

CourtneySugden: Added A Article W/ Refs!

{{orphan|date=March 2025}}
'''Na-Khowa''' ({{langx|as|ন-খোৱা}}; pronunciation: '''''No-Khowa''''') is a traditional agrarian festival in [[Assamese people|Assamese society]]. After the paddy harvest in the month of Aghon (Agrahayana), people collectively prepare a feast using the newly harvested rice, which is known as ''Na-Khowa''. This festival is considered a symbol of the success of agricultural activities. According to folk beliefs, the Na-Khowa festival or the consumption of new rice must take place in ''Aghon'' and not in ''Kati'' or ''Puh''. However, in some regions, if people are unable to celebrate it in ''Aghon'', they observe it in ''Magh''.<ref name="aj">{{cite web | url=https://janambhumi.in/VFZSWk1FMXFTVDA9/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%98%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%B0-%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%8B%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%BE.html | title=Aghon's Na-Khowa | publisher=Janambhumi | date=12 December 2017 | accessdate=15 July 2020 | author=Bordoloi, Ajit Kumar | archivedate=15 July 2020 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715072017/https://janambhumi.in/VFZSWk1FMXFTVDA9/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%98%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%B0-%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%8B%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%BE.html | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==History and significance==

The exact origin of the ''Na-Khowa'' festival is unknown. In agrarian society, people are interdependent, and in earlier times, they had to protect their crops from animals while also helping each other in farming activities. The tradition of collectively consuming the new rice after harvesting in ''Aghon'' symbolizes mutual cooperation among farmers.<ref name="aj"/>

==Regional variations and rituals==

The ''Na-Khowa'' festival is generally a joyous occasion. Though the customs and traditions vary across regions, the fundamental purpose remains the same.<ref name="n-dhan">{{cite journal | title=Golden Harvest of Farmers and the Na-Khowa Festival | author=Talukdar, Nagen | journal=Asomiya Khabar | date=14 December 2022 | pages=5}}</ref>

Auspicious dates are chosen for ''Na-Khowa'' celebrations. Typically, it begins with a communal gathering at the ''[[Namghar]]'' (prayer hall), where people offer prayers and ''kirtan'' (devotional singing) before consuming the new rice. In the ''Namghar'', offerings include ''payas'' (rice pudding) and other prasad, but not plain rice. After the ''Namghar'' ceremony, families and neighbors enjoy the feast together at home.<ref name="aj"/>

In some regions, ''Na-Khowa'' is associated with the worship of cows. A fresh meal of newly harvested rice is placed on a banana leaf in the cowshed. Farmers clean a small area, offer raw paddy from their own fields, and then wash the legs of their main cattle with water before feeding them. Afterward, the cows are respectfully tied back in the shed. In certain areas, women sing hymns in praise of ''Goddess [[Lakshmi]]'' while ululating. Some places also observe the tradition of planting a ''banana sapling'' at the entrance of their homes as a symbol of prosperity.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://nefocus.com/?p=8877/ | title=Aghon Month and the Na-Khowa Festival Traditions | publisher=NE Focus | date=4 December 2018 | accessdate=15 July 2020 | archivedate=15 July 2020 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715194026/http://nefocus.com/?p=8877/ | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="n-dhan"/>

In ''Lower Assam'', particularly in ''[[Nalbari district]]'', there is a tradition where ''bhagin-bhagini'' (nieces and nephews) of the host must be present for the ''Na-Khowa'' meal. It is believed that failing to feed them may displease ''Goddess Lakshmi''.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.krishakbandhu.org/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%80%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%81-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D/ | title=Some Agricultural Traditions | publisher=Krishak Bandhu | accessdate=15 July 2020 | author=Medhi, Ramesh | archivedate=15 July 2020 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715113141/http://www.krishakbandhu.org/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%80%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%81-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D/ | url-status=dead }}</ref>

In ''[[Jorhat]]'', at the ''Sri Sri Ashtabhuja Devalaya'' in ''Borbheti'', a special ''Na-Logowa'' (first offering of new rice) festival is celebrated on a fixed date in ''Aghon''. Members of the ''Mayamara sect'' and other devotees participate in this festival to offer the new rice and strengthen communal bonds.<ref name="aj"/>

==See also==
* [[Nabanna]]
* [[Nuakhai]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Festivals in Assam]]

Julfikar Ahmed Bhutto

2026-04-24T17:46:10Z

CourtneySugden: put up a post needs work

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{BLP sources|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Zulfiqar Ahmed Bhutto
| office = Member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| party = [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| constituency = [[Agra]]
| term_end = 2012
| term_start = 2007
| occupation = Politician businessman
| parents =
}}

'''Julfikar Ahmad Bhutto''' is an Indian politician who was a member of the 2007–2012 [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] for the [[Agra Cantonment Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Agra Cantt Election Result 2022 LIVE: Agra Cantt MLA Election Result & Vote Share – Oneindia |url=https://www.oneindia.com/agra-cantt-assembly-elections-up-87/ |access-date=2023-06-18 |website=www.oneindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=🗳️ Julfikar Ahmed Bhutto, Agra Cantonment Assembly Elections 2007 LIVE Results {{!}} Election Dates, Exit Polls, Leading Candidates & Parties {{!}} Latest News, Articles & Statistics {{!}} LatestLY.com |url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/uttar-pradesh/2007/agra-cantonment/julfikar-ahmed-bhutto/ |access-date=2023-06-18 |website=LatestLY |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Uttar Pradesh Assembly Election Results in 2007 |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/2007-election-results.html |access-date=2023-06-18 |website=www.elections.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=JULFIKAR AHMED BHUTTO(Bahujan Samaj Party(BSP)):Constituency- AGRA CANTONMENT(AGRA ) – Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/up2007/candidate.php?candidate_id=671 |access-date=2023-06-18 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Bahujan Samaj Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2007–2012]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bhutto family]]

{{UttarPradesh-BSP-politician-stub}}

Pratibha Rani

2026-04-23T09:32:43Z

CourtneySugden: creating a stub w/ infobox - done

{{short description|Indian judge}}
{{Lead too long|date=March 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Pratibha Rani
| office = [[Judge]] of the [[Delhi High Court]]
| term_start = 17 October 2011
| term_end = 28 August 2018
| nominator = [[S. H. Kapadia]]
| appointer = [[Pratibha Patil]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1956|08|25|df=y}}
| alma_mater = [[University of Delhi]]
| honorific_prefix = Hon'ble Ms. Justice
}}
'''Pratibha Rani''' (born 25 August 1956) is a former judge of the [[Delhi High Court]], in [[Delhi]], [[India]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Former Judges: Justice Pratibha Rani|url=http://delhihighcourt.nic.in/formerjudges.asp?currentPage=2|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=[[Delhi High Court]]}}</ref>
She gained public attention after writing several controversial judicial orders, including one granting bail to political activist [[Kanhaiya Kumar]], in which she quoted [[Bollywood]] song lyrics and described surgical procedures to caution him; another order stating that women use the offence of rape as a "weapon for vengeance and personal vendetta";<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2017-08-05 |title=When relationships break, some women use law for vengeance: Delhi HC |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/when-relationships-break-some-women-use-law-for-vengeance-4783138/ |access-date=2020-11-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> and reducing sentences and granting bail to convicted offenders of child sexual abuse on the grounds that the child victim may have consented to the abuse.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2014-11-03 |title=Delhi High Court grants bail to youth accused of raping minor, says relationship was consensual |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-delhi-high-court-grants-bail-to-youth-accused-of-raping-minor-says-relationship-was-consensual-2031785 |access-date=2020-11-11 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2017-09-30 |title=Delhi High Court says 14-year-old gave consent, convict's rape term reduced |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/delhi-high-court-says-14-year-old-gave-consent-convicts-rape-term-reduced-4867789/ |access-date=2020-11-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==

=== Trial courts ===
Rani qualified into the Delhi Judicial Service and was appointed as a Metropolitan Magistrate, Civil Judge, and Labour Court judge. In 1996 she was transferred to the Delhi Higher Judicial Service. She served as a special judge for offences investigated by the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]], and for offences prosecuted under the [[Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act (India)|Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act]]. In 2011, she was appointed as a District and Sessions Judge in Delhi.<ref name=":0" />

During her tenure as a trial judge, Rani has tried a number of significant cases, including the conviction a person for providing logistical aid in the [[2005 Ram Janmabhoomi attack]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ayodhya attack: Bengal resident held guilty - Indian Express|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/ayodhya-attack-bengal-resident-held-guilty/451259/|access-date=2020-11-11|website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref> a case concerning admissions-related scams at the [[Delhi College of Engineering]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=DCE scam kingpin, accomplice surrender; sent to CBI custody|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/dce-scam-kingpin-accomplice-surrender-sent-to-cbi-custody/313635|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-11-11|website=Outlook India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2005-08-05|title=DCE scam: Custody of Dahiya, Hooda extended; new names come up|url=https://zeenews.india.com/home/dce-scam-custody-of-dahiya-hooda-extended-new-names-come-up_233293.html|access-date=2020-11-11|website=Zee News|language=en}}</ref> the closure of cases against Indian National Congress Minister [[Satish Sharma]] for his alleged involvement in the unlawful grant of licenses to operate petrol pumps during his tenure as Minister for Petroleum.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Court reprieve to Capt Satish Sharma in petrol pump scam|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/court-reprieve-to-capt-satish-sharma-in-petrol-pump-scam/336792|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-11-11|website=Outlook India}}</ref>

=== Delhi High Court ===
On 17 October 2011, Rani was appointed to the Delhi High Court as an additional judge, and was later confirmed as a permanent judge.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Three judges sworn into High Court, lawyers stay away in protest - Indian Express|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/three-judges-sworn-into-high-court-lawyers-stay-away-in-protest/861358/|access-date=2020-11-11|website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref>

As a High Court judge, Rani has made several significant rulings in the field of family law. In 2016 she wrote a judgment establishing the principle that an adult son has no legal right to reside in his parents' home without their consent.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-11-30|title=Son has no legal right in house owned by parents: Delhi High Court|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/son-right-parents-house-delhi-high-court-4402517/|access-date=2020-11-11|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> In 2012, along with Judge Pradeep Nandrajog, she established that alimony was not payable if a divorced spouse had the qualifications and ability to earn an income but chose to remain unemployed.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-09-12|title=Delhi HC denies interim maintenance to working wife|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/delhi-hc-denies-interim-maintenance-to-working-wife-3027547/|access-date=2020-11-11|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

Rani has also made significant contributions to the law governing the offence of rape in India. in 2016, along with Judge [[Reva Khetrapal]], she affirmed a trial court's sentence of the death penalty to the four adult convicts of the [[2012 Delhi gang rape and murder|2012 Delhi gangrape and murder]], in an order that was later affirmed by the Supreme Court and the convicts executed in 2020.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |title=Delhi High Court upholds death penalty of three youths for rape, murder of girl |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/delhi-high-court-upholds-death-penalty-of-three-youths-for-rape-murder-of-girl/articleshow/40917841.cms#:~:text=NEW%20DELHI:%20The%20Delhi%20High,who%20defiled%20the%20victim%27s%20body. |access-date=2020-11-11 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2014-03-13|title=Delhi gang rape: Death penalty for four men upheld|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-26557288|access-date=2020-11-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-03-20|title=Nirbhaya case: Four Indian men executed for 2012 Delhi bus rape and murder|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-51969961|access-date=2020-11-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2017-05-05|title=India court upholds 2012 Delhi gang rapists' death penalty|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-39814910|access-date=2020-11-11}}</ref> In 2016, Rani also held that the refusal of a woman to consent to sexual intercourse with her husband amounted to "mental cruelty" and was grounds for divorce.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-10-12|title=Denying sex to husband for long period ground for divorce: Delhi High Court|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/denying-sex-to-husband-for-long-period-ground-for-divorce-delhi-high-court-3078815/|access-date=2020-11-11|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> Rani has also established judicial precedent allowing the grant of bail and reduction of sentences for convicted child offenders in cases where the child victim of abuse makes a statement indicating that the abuse was "consensual". In 2014, Rani granted bail to a man accused of assaulting a 15 year old child, describing the act as "consensual."<ref name=":3" /> In 2017, Rani acquitted a man of kidnapping, and reduced his sentence for rape, after the 14 year old victim made a statement professing her "deep love" for the convict, while affirming the provisions of the [[Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act]] that indicate that children below the age of 18 are not capable of providing consent.<ref name=":4" /> In 2017, she passed an order dismissing a case of rape, and stated in her judgement that "...women use the law as a weapon for vengeance and personal vendetta,” when relationships fail.<ref name=":1" />

In 2016, Rani wrote a controversial order granting interim bail to Indian political activist (and then student) Kanhaiya Kumar, in which she included [[Bollywood]] song lyrics and references to surgical procedures, and described student protesters as "gangrene" and "infection", going on to say that in such cases, "...amputation is the only treatment".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-03-03|title=JNU row: Kanhaiya Kumar gets bail and a lesson on thoughts that 'infect… (like) gangrene'|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/kanhaiya-kumar-bail-jnu-delhi-high-court/|access-date=2020-11-11|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=IN THE COURT OF LAW: What judge said while granting bail to Kanhaiya|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/in-the-court-of-law-what-judge-said-while-granting-bail-to-kanhaiya/cid/1487817|access-date=2020-11-11|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='Like An Infection In A Limb': Court On Kanhaiya Kumar's Alleged Offence|url=https://www.ndtv.com/cheat-sheet/like-an-infection-in-a-limb-court-on-kanhaiya-kumars-alleged-offence-1283366|access-date=2020-11-11|website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-03-02|title=Kanhaiya's Bail Judgement Begins With 'Mere Desh Ki Dharti'|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/03/02/story_n_9367810.html|access-date=2020-11-11|website=HuffPost India|language=en}}</ref> The order was widely criticised, with [[Supreme court|Supreme Court]] [[senior counsel]] [[Rajeev Dhavan]] noting for the ''[[The Indian Express|Indian Express]]'' that the order did not contain sufficient reference to the law on bail,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-03-14|title=Decode this: Delhi HC must explain Kanhaiya bail order|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/decode-this-jnu-jnu-row-kanhaiya-kumar/|access-date=2020-11-11|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> legal scholar [[Usha Ramanathan]] criticizing the violent imagery of the ruling,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-05-01|title=The Necessity Of Dissent|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/the-necessity-of-dissent-4634808/|access-date=2020-11-11|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> Vice-Chancellor Faizan Mustafa of the NALSAR Academy of Law criticizing the use of "majoritarian rhetoric" in the judgment,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Strange and Arbitrary Bail Orders: Are Indian Judges Going Too Far?|url=https://thewire.in/law/judges-bail-orders|access-date=2020-11-11|website=The Wire}}</ref> and Arghya Sengupta, director of the Vidhi Center for Legal Policy, describing the order as being "in equal parts rhetorical, puerile and incomprehensible."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-03-05|title=An unseemly judicial cure: Unsound reasoning and thoughts of amputation behind Kanhaiya Kumar's bail|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/toi-edit-page/an-unseemly-judicial-cure-unsound-reasoning-and-thoughts-of-amputation-behind-kanhaiya-kumars-bail/|access-date=2020-11-11|website=Times of India Blog|language=en-US}}</ref> Following objections from Kumar's lawyers, the case was subsequently transferred to another judge.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-03-17|title=Pleas for cancellation of bail to Kanhaiya referred to HC Chief Justice|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/jnusu-kanhaiya-kumar-cancellation-of-bail-high-court-chief-justice/|access-date=2020-11-11|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

Rani retired from the Delhi High Court on 24 August 2018.<ref name=":0" />

=== Post-judicial appointments ===
In 2019, Rani was appointed by the Delhi High Court to manage the affairs and functioning of the Sai Baba Temple on Lodhi Road, in Delhi, during an ongoing case about mismanagement of temple funds by officials of the managing trust of the temple.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Staff Reporter|date=2019-10-30|title=Former judge to manage affairs of Sai Baba Temple|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/former-judge-to-manage-affairs-of-sai-baba-temple/article29826992.ece|access-date=2020-11-11|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2019-10-29|title=HC appoints retd judge as administrator to manage affairs of Lodhi Road's Sai Baba Temple|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/hc-appoints-retd-judge-as-administrator-to-manage-affairs-of-lodhi-road-s-sai-baba-temple-119102900761_1.html|access-date=2020-11-11}}</ref> In the same year, the National Green Tribunal in Delhi appointed Rani to head a committee to investigate the running of industrial units in residential areas in Delhi, in an effort to address pollution in the city. Following the submission of the committee report, the Tribunal shut down over 4000 industrial units in Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Shut down 4,774 industries in residential areas immediately, NGT directs Delhi govt|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/shut-down-4774-industries-in-residential-areas-immediately-ngt-directs-delhi-govt/1670410|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-11-11|website=Outlook India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2019-11-25|title=Shut down 4,774 industries running in residential areas: NGT to Delhi govt|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/shut-down-4-774-industries-in-residential-areas-immediately-ngt-directs-delhi-govt-119112500821_1.html|access-date=2020-11-11}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Rani completed her graduate education at the [[University of Delhi]], earning an undergraduate degree at [[Lady Shri Ram College]], and an [[Bachelor of Laws|LL.B]]. degree at the university's [[Faculty of Law, University of Delhi|Faculty of Law]].<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rani, Pratibha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Judges of the Delhi High Court]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Faculty of Law, University of Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women judges]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women judges]]
[[Category:Lady Shri Ram College alumni]]

Vinod Kumar Singh (Bagodar politician)

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{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vinod Kumar Singh
| image = File:Vinod singh profile.jpg
| office = Member of the [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 27 February 2005
| term_end1 = 23 December 2014
| constituency1 = [[Bagodar Assembly constituency|Bagodar constituency]]
| predecessor1 = [[Mahendar Prasad Singh]]
| successor1 = [[Nagendra Mahto]]
| term_start = 23 December 2019
| term_end = 23 November 2024
| constituency = [[Bagodar Assembly constituency|Bagodar constituency]]
| predecessor = [[Nagendra Mahto]]
| successor = [[Nagendra Mahto]]
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation]]
| other_party =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| spouse =
| partner =
| relations =
| children =
| father = [[Mahendar Prasad Singh]]
| education = *Intermediate course, Patna BN College
*Graduated in Sociology from Benaras Hindu University, Benaras Hindu University
*Master of Sociology, Benaras Hindu University
| occupation =
| profession = Politician
}}

'''Vinod Kumar Singh''' is an Indian politician and member of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation]]. Singh was a member of the [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Bagodar Assembly constituency|Bagodar constituency]] in [[Giridih district]] in 2005, 2009 and 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vinod Kumar Singh(CPI(ML)(L)):Constituency- BAGODAR(GIRIDIH ) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/jharkhand2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=11938 |access-date=2022-09-02 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> Vinod Singh has passed his Matric from his hometown Bagodar. Later, he went to Patna B N College for his intermediate education. He graduated in Sociology from Benaras Hindu University, Varanasi and did master in sociology from same university. He had interest in films production, so he shifted to Mumbai for his passion but after untimely demise of his father Mahendra Singh, then MLA of Bagodar who was brutally murdered by goon, Vinod Singh had to return home and he elected in 2005 By election from Bagodar Assembly seat.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Vinod Kumar}}
[[Category:People from Giridih district]]
[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2005–2009]]
[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation politicians]]

{{Jharkhand-politician-stub}}

Pansemal Assembly constituency

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CourtneySugden: creating basic pg needs work

{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Pansemal
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 189
| map_image = 189-Pansemal.svg
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Barwani district|Barwani]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Khargone Lok Sabha constituency|Khargone]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[Shyam Barde]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = Chandrabhaga Kirade
}}
'''Pansemal''' is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]].<ref name="election2013">{{cite web|title=Madhya Pradesh 2013|url=http://www.myneta.info/mp2013/index.php?action=show_candidates&constituency_id=175|website=myneta.info|publisher=National Election Watch|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="election2018">{{cite web|title=List of Assembly Constituencies|url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/se98/background/S12/ListACs-MP.html|website=eci.nic.in|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="election2018-1">{{cite web|title=Vidhansabha Seats|url=http://www.electionsinindia.com/madhyapradesh/statepc.aspx|website=electionsininda.com|publisher=Election In India|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref>

It is part of [[Barwani district]]. [[Shyam Barde]] is a current MLA of Pansemal.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Election
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|[[Bala Bachchan]]<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3739-madhya-pradesh-2008/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}]
|-
|[[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|Diwansingh Patel<ref name=election2013 name="election2013-1">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3740-madhya-pradesh-2013/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|Chandrabhaga Kirade<ref name=election2018 name="election2018-2">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| [[Shyam Barde]]<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/mp-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2023 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=26 January 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Pansemal<ref name="election2023"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Shyam Barde]]
|votes = {{formatnum:97181}}
|percentage = 48.64
|change = +8.59
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Chandrabhaga Kirade
|votes = {{formatnum:83739}}
|percentage = 41.91
|change = -12.69
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ramesh Bhangi Chouhan
|votes = {{formatnum:12950}}
|percentage = 6.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Dayaram Jamsingh Dawar
|votes = {{formatnum:2409}}
|percentage = 1.21
|change = +0.74
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3521}}
|percentage = 1.76
|change = -0.54
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:13442}}
|percentage = 6.73
|change = -7.82
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:199800}}
|percentage = 77.81
|change = -0.16
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Pathariya<ref name=election2018 name="election2018-3">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="election2018"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Chandrabhaga Kirade]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:94634}}
|percentage = 54.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Diwansingh S/O Viththal Patel
|votes = {{formatnum:69412}}
|percentage = 40.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Shreemati Durgabai Ratan Wasave
|votes = {{formatnum:1641}}
|percentage = 0.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3994}}
|percentage = 2.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:25222}}
|percentage = 14.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:173318}}
|percentage = 77.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Pansemal]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coords|21.66|74.70|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Barwani district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Taher Saifuddin

2026-04-19T17:27:35Z

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{{Short description|Da'i al-Mutlaq of Dawoodi Bohra from 1915 to 1965}}

{{Use Indian English|date=April 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2014}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| name = Syedna Taher Saifuddin
| native_name = سيدنا طَاهر سيف الدِّين
| honorific_prefix = {{smallcaps|Syedna}}
| honorific_suffix = [[List of Dai of Dawoodi Bohra|51st]] [[Da'i al-Mutlaq]] of the [[Dawoodi Bohra]]
| image =
| birth_name = Taher
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1888|08|04|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Surat]], [[British Raj]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1965|11|12|1888|08|04|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Matheran]], [[India]]
| resting_place = [[Raudat Tahera]], [[Mumbai]]
| ethnicity =
| citizenship = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| education =
| alma_mater =
| home_town = [[Mumbai]]
| net_worth =
| title = {{hlist |Syedna |Maulana |Shams al-Dua't al-Mutlaqeen}}
| office1 = [[Da'i al-Mutlaq]]
| term_start1 = 1915
| term_end1 = 1965
| predecessor1 = [[Abdullah Badruddin]]
| successor1 = [[Mohammed Burhanuddin]]
| boards =
| spouse = Husaina
| father = [[Mohammad Burhanuddin I]]
| mother = Amatullah
| religion = [[Islam]]
([[Shia Islam]])
| sect = [[Isma'ili]]
| subsect = [[Dawoodi Bohra]]
| jurisprudence = {{hlist|[[Mustaali]] |[[Tayyabi]]}}
| relatives =
| awards =
| website =
| module1 = {{Infobox person |embed=yes
| style = His Holiness
}}
| module2 = {{Infobox religious biography
|embed=yes

| office2 = Chancellor, [[Aligarh Muslim University]]
| term_start2 = 1953
| term_end2 = 1965
| predecessor2 = [[ ]]
| successor2 = [[Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin ]]
| background = #ded
}}
| signature =
| signature_size =
| signature_alt =
| footnotes =
| box_width =
| background = #ded
| image_size = 250px
}}

'''Syedna Taher Saifuddin''' (4 August 1888{{efn|name=fdobcon |Two published sources put the date of birth at 5 August 1888,{{r|dmol}}{{r|timesdir}} whilst an entry in a book published by an official Dawoodi Bohra publication puts it at 4 August 1888.{{r|dobcon}}}} – 12 November 1965{{r|farhist}}), also known as '''Taher Saifuddin''',{{r|enc}} was the 51st and longest serving [[Da'i al-Mutlaq]] of the [[Dawoodi Bohras]].<ref name=h1>{{Cite book |first1=Hozefa |last1=Mohiyuddin |title=Tufatuh ale Akhbaare Hudat |publisher=Al Jamea tus Saifiyah Publication |year=1995 |page=109}}</ref> Saifuddin adapted the modernisation in Western and European ideas, and established its benefits for the Bohras, whilst still steeped in the traditions and the culture of the community's [[Fatimid]] heritage.{{r|dmol}}{{r|farhist}}{{r|docthe}} Saifuddin laid substantial groundwork in terms of philanthropy, education, entrepreneurship, social outreach, political outreach, and community upliftment{{r|docthe}} upon which his successors continued to build,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Meeting with the Three Syednas |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/featured-blog/meeting-with-three-syednas-2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110130524/https://www.freepressjournal.in/featured-blog/meeting-with-three-syednas-2 |archive-date=10 Nov 2019 |date=10 Nov 2019 |publisher=[[The Free Press Journal]] |location=Mumbai |last1=Bubere |first1=Abdul Sami}}</ref> resulting in an unprecedented era of prosperity among the Dawoodi Bohras.<ref name=patel>{{Cite news |title=A Leader for Every Generation |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/VzViwNGpH0YraUIOW1ZycL/A-leader-for-every-generation.html |date=25 Jan 2014 |last1=Patel |first1=Aakar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140129024524/https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/VzViwNGpH0YraUIOW1ZycL/A-leader-for-every-generation.html |archive-date=29 Jan 2014 |website=livemint.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=How Bohra Muslims set themselves apart |url=https://theworld.org/stories/2016/08/02/how-bohra-muslims-set-themselves-apart |date=24 Apr 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190624182310/https://www.pri.org/stories/2011-04-24/how-bohra-muslims-set-themselves-apart |archive-date=24 Jun 2019 |last1=Ingber |first1=Hanna |url-status=live |website=pri.org}}</ref>

==Early life==
Taher Saifuddin was born to [[Mohammed Burhanuddin I]] and Amatullah Aaisaheba<ref name="hikg">{{cite book |last=His Holiness |first=Syedna Aali Qadr Mufaddal Saifuddin Saheb |year=2016 |title= رسالة اننعي المسماة - حكمة الغيبة القدسانية الابدية |location=Mumbai |author-link1=Mufaddal Saifuddin |trans-title=Forgotten Message- Hidden Wisdom of Eternal Heavens |publisher= Badri Mahal }}</ref> on 4 August 1888{{efn|name=fdobcon}} in [[Surat]], [[British India]] (present day the state of [[Gujarat]]).{{r|dmol}}<ref name=travels>{{Cite book|title=His Holiness Doctor Syedna Taher Saifuddin Saheb, Dai-ul-Mutlaq of Dawoodi Bohra |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/006279149 |archive-date=12 Jun 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612052157/https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/006279149 |via=catalog.hathitrust.org |last1=Habibullah |first1=Mulla Abdul Qaiyum |publisher=Dawoodi Bohra Book Depot |location=Mumbai}}</ref>

==Da'i al-Mutlaq==
[[File:Syedna Taher Saifuddin and King ibn Saud at Aligarh Muslim University.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Saifuddin confers honorary doctorate to [[King Saud]] in 1955 at Aligarh.]]

Saifuddin became the 51st al-Dāʿī al-Mutlaq in the year 1915 at the age of 28.

During his reign, he rebuilt and repaired many monuments of the [[Fatimid]] [[Imamate (Ismailism)|Imam]]s, [[Dai al-Mutlaq|al-Dāʿī al-Mutlaq]], and other structures, and artifacts.{{vague|date=June 2020}}<ref name=enc>{{Cite encyclopedia |last1=Toorawa |first1=Shawkat M |chapter=Tahir Sayf al-Din |title= [[Encyclopaedia of Islam]] |edition=2 | editor1= P. Bearman |editor2= Th. Bianquis |editor3= C.E. Bosworth |editor4=E. van Donzel |editor5=W.P. Heinrichs |date=15 June 2020 |orig-date=2012 |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_7309 |isbn=9789004161214 |chapter-url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/tahir-sayf-al-din-SIM_7309 |via=brillonline.com}}</ref>

===Education===
Saifuddin was instrumental in setting up over 350 [[co-ed]] institutes,{{r|dmol}}<ref>{{Cite book |title=The All India Muslim Educational Conference: Its Contribution to the Cultural Development of Indian Muslims, 1886-1947 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DRFuAAAAMAAJ |year=2007 |orig-date=2001 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=9780195793758 |first1=Abdul Rashid |last1=Khan |via=books.google.com |page=277}}</ref> some of which bear his name, including but not limited to: Aljamea-tus-Saifiyah in Surat,<ref name=nbijamea>{{Cite web|title=The Jamea of Africa - A Millennium of Fatemi Learning Comes to Life in Kenya |url=https://www.thedawoodibohras.com/2018/02/02/the-jamea-of-africa-a-millenium-of-fatemi-learning-comes-to-life-in-kenya/ |archive-date=23 June 2020 |access-date=20 May 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200623093019/https://www.thedawoodibohras.com/2018/02/02/the-jamea-of-africa-a-millenium-of-fatemi-learning-comes-to-life-in-kenya/ |date=2 Feb 2018 |website=thedawoodibohras.com}}</ref> Saifee Hall in Calcutta,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Overview of the School |url=https://www.sgjskolkata.com/new_website/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200623173820/https://www.sgjskolkata.com/new_website/ |archive-date=23 June 2020 |website=sgjskolkata.com |access-date=23 Jun 2020}}</ref> Saifiyah Girls School in Karachi,<ref>{{Cite web |title=About us |url=https://www.saifiyahgirls.com/about-us |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200623180723/https://www.saifiyahgirls.com/about-us |archive-date=23 June 2020 |access-date=23 Jun 2020 |website=saifiyahgirls}}</ref> Saifi High in Mumbai,<ref>{{Cite web|title=History of School |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200623180410/http://saifihighschool.in/aboutus.aspx |access-date=23 Jun 2020 |archive-date=23 June 2020 |url=http://saifihighschool.in/aboutus.aspx}}</ref> Saifee Nursery at Saifee Mahal in Mumbai,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our History |url=http://www.saifeenursery.org/our-history/ |archive-date=23 Jun 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623190301/http://www.saifeenursery.org/our-history/ |website=saifeenursery.org |access-date=23 June 2020}}</ref> Saifee Eide Zahabi College in Karachi,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Saifee Eide Zahabi Institute of Technology|url=https://www.sezit.org/|access-date=2021-01-19|website=Saifee Eide Zahabi|language=en-US|archive-date=28 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128035053/https://www.sezit.org/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Saifee Golden Jubilee Quaderia College in [[Burhanpur]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=About the College |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200623200253/https://www.sgjqcollege.in/ |access-date=23 Jun 2020 |website=sgjqcollege |archive-date=23 June 2020 |url=https://www.sgjqcollege.in/ }}</ref> Saifee Jubilee Arts and Commerce College in [[Sidhpur]].{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} Mohammed Burhanuddin later organized the schools under the banner of [[MSB Educational Institute]]<ref name=tdbed>{{Cite web |title=Education |url=https://www.thedawoodibohras.com/2018/02/05/education/ |date=5 Feb 2018 |access-date=20 May 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200623092948/https://www.thedawoodibohras.com/2018/02/05/education/ |archive-date=23 June 2020 |via=thedawoodibohras.com}}</ref> (also known as Al Madrasa Tus Saifiya Tul Burhaniyah<ref>{{Cite web |title=Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations: List of Affiliated Schools |url=http://dise.in/Downloads/UDISE/AffilitionBooklet.pdf |website=dise.in |access-date=23 Jun 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200623182840/http://dise.in/Downloads/UDISE/AffilitionBooklet.pdf |archive-date=23 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Muntalaq Islami |language=en |url=https://msbhaidery.com/muntalaq-islami/ |access-date=25 Jun 2020 |website=msbhaidery.com |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200629105810/https://msbhaidery.com/muntalaq-islami/ |archive-date=29 June 2020}}</ref>), which are affiliated with [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education]]<ref name=idaramsb>{{Cite web |title=About MSB |url=https://idaramsb.net/front/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200623165822/https://idaramsb.net/front/ |access-date=23 June 2020 |archive-date=23 June 2020 |website=idaramsb.net}}</ref> and, as of 2011, has branches in 22 cities<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bohra spiritual head visits MSB Educational Institute |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Bohra-spiritual-head-visits-MSB-Educational-Institute/articleshow/7408168.cms |date=2 Feb 2011 |website=timesofindia.com |publisher=[[Times of India]] |archive-date=23 June 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200623173953/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/New-pipeline-to-end-water-woes-by-December/articleshow/7408172.cms}}</ref> across India, Pakistan, East Africa, and the Middle East.{{r|idaramsb}} Burhanuddin organized the numerous religious schools world-wide known as ''[[Madrasa]]s'' under the purview of the department of ''Attalim''.<ref name=tizzy>{{Cite thesis |title=Conceptual study of the Quranic education system managed under Dawoodi Bohra Spiritual leadership |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/111649/ |year=2016 |last1=Izzuddin |first1=Tasneem Saify |institution=Shri Jagdishprasad Jhabarmal Tibarewala University |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200628124801/https://sg.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/111649/10/10_chapter%203.pdf |archive-date=28 June 2020 |chapter=Chapter 3: Population and Geographical Distribution of Dawoodi Bohras |hdl=10603/111649 |chapter-url=https://sg.inflibnet.ac.in/jspui/bitstream/10603/111649/10/10_chapter%203.pdf |via=shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in}}</ref>

Saifuddin was appointed the [[Chancellor (education)|Chancellor]] of [[Aligarh Muslim University]]<ref>{{Cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516212722/http://thedawoodibohras.com/51st-Dai-Aligarh.html |archive-date=16 May 2018 |url=http://thedawoodibohras.com/51st-Dai-Aligarh.html |title=51st Dai at Aligarh |website=thedawoodibohras.com |access-date=27 Jul 2016 |url-status=usurped}}</ref> for four consecutive terms,<ref name=amufour>{{Cite web| url=https://www.amu.ac.in/pro.jsp?did=10065&lid=Chancellors |editor1-first=Rahat |editor1-last=Abrar |title=Chancellors of AMU |website=amu.ac.in |access-date=13 Jun 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517214338/https://www.amu.ac.in/pro.jsp?did=10065&lid=Chancellors |archive-date=17 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=E. Ulrich |first=Hellen |title=Competition and Modernization in South Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZMBPFm-QBb4C |orig-date=1975 |date=1 Jun 2003 |location=[[New Delhi]] |publisher=Abhinav Publications |page=158 |chapter=Competitive Modernization Within The Daudi Bohra Sect of Muslims and its Significance for Indian Political Development |isbn=9788170170235 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZMBPFm-QBb4C&pg=PA158 |via=books.google.com |oclc=566017444}}</ref> starting in 1953. Under Saifuddin's chancellorship, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], first [[Prime Minister of India]], laid the foundation of Asia's largest library, the ''Maulana Azad Library'', at AMU.<ref>{{Cite news |title=As AMU turns 100, Mumbai reflects on its historic bonds |url=https://www.siasat.com/as-amu-turns-100-mumbai-reflects-on-its-historic-bonds-2051020/ |date=22 Dec 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210310120427/https://www.siasat.com/as-amu-turns-100-mumbai-reflects-on-its-historic-bonds-2051020/ |archive-date=10 March 2021 |last1=Wajihuddin |first1=Mohammed |publisher=[[Siasat]] |location=Mumbai}}</ref>

====Aljamea-tus-Saifiyah====
{{quotebox |align=right |width=33% | salign=left
|quote=His Holiness [Taher Saifuddin] is not only the heir to [[Fatimid]] tradition of learning, but has in the course of his fifty years of office wrestled with the problems of the modern age. Literature and poetry, learning and teaching, organisation and administration, national and international harmony, commerce, industry and technology, these are the broad facets which received his diligent attention and filled every moment of his life.
|source = {{mdash}}Yusuf Najmuddin, in a foreword of his book 'A Philosophical Discourse' speaks of Saifuddin's stewardship of the Dawoodi Bohra community.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Philosophical Discourse |url=https://jameasaifiyah.edu/blog/a-philosophical-discourse/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210630133935/https://jameasaifiyah.edu/blog/a-philosophical-discourse/ |date=29 November 2017 |archive-date=30 June 2021 |website=jameasaifiyah.edu}}</ref>
}}

Saifuddin from his own personal wealth renovated ''Dars-e Saifee'', an institution of Islamic studies, founded by his predecessor [[Abdeali Saifuddin]] {{circa|1810}} in Surat,<ref>{{Cite web |title=A brief history of Aljamea-tus-Saifiyah |url=https://jameasaifiyah.edu/philosophy-history/brief-history/ |access-date=24 Jun 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200624120131/https://jameasaifiyah.edu/philosophy-history/brief-history/ |archive-date=24 June 2020 |website=jameasaifiyah.edu}}</ref> transformed it in to a university by introducing secular courses and establishing affiliations with international educational bodies, and consequently renamed it [[Aljamea-tus-Saifiyah]] ({{lit|The Saifiyah University}}).<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Realisation of Aljamea-tus-Saifiyah |url=https://jameasaifiyah.edu/philosophy-history/realisation-of-aljamea-tus-saifiyah/ |access-date=24 Jun 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200623102723/https://jameasaifiyah.edu/philosophy-history/realisation-of-aljamea-tus-saifiyah/ |archive-date=23 June 2020 |website=jameasaifiyah.edu}}</ref>

Keeping in line with tradition of his predecessor, [[Ismail Badr al-Din I]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tharīd al-Baraka at Aljamea |url=https://jameasaifiyah.edu/news-events/tharid-al-baraka-at-aljamea/ |website=jameasaifiyah.edu |date=10 Mar 2018 |archive-date=28 June 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200628111312/https://jameasaifiyah.edu/news-events/tharid-al-baraka-at-aljamea/}}</ref><ref name=jismail>{{Cite web |url=https://jameasaifiyah.edu/philosophy-history/luminaries-of-aljamea-2/al-dai-al-ajal-syedna-ismail-badruddin-ra/ |title=Al-Da'i al-Ajal Syedna Isma'il Badruddin RA |access-date=24 Jun 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200624114901/https://jameasaifiyah.edu/philosophy-history/luminaries-of-aljamea-2/al-dai-al-ajal-syedna-ismail-badruddin-ra/ |archive-date=24 June 2020 |website=jameasaifiyah.edu}}</ref> the ''talabat al-ilm'' ({{lit|seekers of knowledge}}) of the institution were provided with lodging and meals at full cost to the office of Dai al-Mutlaq.{{r|dmol}}{{r|nbijamea}}{{r|jismail}} To further inclusion and expansion, Saifuddin admitted to ''Aljamea'' its first female students.{{r|nbijamea}} As is tradition,{{r|nbijamea}} in his capacity as Dai al-Mutlaq, Saifuddin personally taught select classes at the newly renovated Academy.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Al-Jamea-tus-Saifiyah: An novel experiment in Islamic and Arabic studies |url=https://misbah.info/wp-content/themes/posts/ebook/al-jamea-tus-saifiyah/files/mobile/index.html |chapter=The Oldest Living Student of Al-Jamea-tus-Saifiyah: Shaikh Ibrahim Shaikh Mohamedali Moinuddin Al Yamani |chapter-url=https://www.misbah.info/wp-content/themes/posts/ebook/al-jamea-tus-saifiyah/files/res/mobile/page0011_i2.jpg |page=11 |year=1991 |publisher=Department of Statistics and Information, Dawate-Hadiyah |location=Mumbai |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200624114056/https://www.misbah.info/wp-content/themes/posts/ebook/al-jamea-tus-saifiyah/files/res/mobile/page0011_i2.jpg |archive-date=24 June 2020 |via=misbah.info}}</ref> Saifuddin brought about a structural and functional change at ''Aljamea'': He personally oversaw the standardization of the syllabus of each class and wrote numerous memoranda and treatises which were instilled into the curriculum.{{r|thesis}} To this day, the treatises written by Saifuddin and his successors, Mohammed Burhanuddin and Mufaddal Saifuddin, are taught through the year{{r|jsanawi}} and are central subjects of ''al-Imtihan al-Sanawi'' ({{lit|the annual exams}}),<ref name=jsanawi>{{Cite web |title=Al-Imtihān al-Sanawī: Annual Examinations |url=https://jameasaifiyah.edu/academics/al-imtihan-al-sanavi-annual-examinations/ |access-date=24 Jun 2020 |archive-date=24 June 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200624131142/https://jameasaifiyah.edu/academics/al-imtihan-al-sanavi-annual-examinations/ |website=jameasaifiyah.edu |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=An Intellectual Renaissance |url=https://www.thedawoodibohras.com/2018/04/15/an-intellectual-renaissance/ |website=thedawoodibohras.com |date=15 Apr 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200625131037/https://www.thedawoodibohras.com/2018/04/15/an-intellectual-renaissance/ |archive-date=25 June 2020}}</ref> among other religious{{r|hindunbi}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chief Minister of Gujarat visits Aljamea-tus-Saifiyah |url=https://jameasaifiyah.edu/news-events/chief-minister-of-gujarat-visits-aljamea-tus-saifiyah/ |website=jameasaifiyah.edu |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200628070906/https://jameasaifiyah.edu/news-events/chief-minister-of-gujarat-visits-aljamea-tus-saifiyah/ |archive-date=28 June 2020 |date=13 Apr 2018}}</ref> and secular subjects.{{r|hindunbi}}

After succeeding his father, Burhanuddin significantly expanded the reach of ''Aljamea'': He added [[Mahad al-Zahra]], an institute of Quranic studies {{circa|1976}}, re-renovated the Surat campus {{circa|1983}}, established campuses at Karachi {{circa|1983}}, Nairobi {{circa|2011}},{{r|nbijamea}} and Mumbai {{circa|2013}}.<ref name=hindunbi>{{Cite news |title=Studying the Koran, and also Einstein |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/dawoodi-bohra-studying-the-koran-and-also-einstein/article18447586.ece |date=13 May 2016 |last1=Shelar |first1=Jyoti |location=[[Nairobi]] |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200624134158/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/dawoodi-bohra-studying-the-koran-and-also-einstein/article18447586.ece |archive-date=24 June 2020 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref> ''Aljamea'' and its graduates have since become integral to spiritual and temporal aspects of the Dawoodi Bohra community.{{r|tdbed}}<ref name=thesis>{{Cite thesis |title=Conceptual study of the Quranic education system managed under Dawoodi Bohra Spiritual leadership |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/111649/ |year=2016 |last1=Izzuddin |first1=Tasneem Saify |institution=Shri Jagdishprasad Jhabarmal Tibarewala University |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200624120652/https://sg.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/111649/11/11_chapter%204.pdf |archive-date=24 June 2020 |chapter=Chapter 4: The Management System of Dawoodi Bohra for Maximum Literacy Rate Through Quranic Education |hdl=10603/111649 |chapter-url=https://sg.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/111649/11/11_chapter%204.pdf |via=shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in}}</ref>{{r|ummehani}}<ref>{{cite thesis |degree=Bachelor's |title=Dawoodi Bohra implementation of meaning making methods for successful establishment in Western societies |url=https://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A822240&dswid=8913 |year=2015 |location=[[Uppsala]] |institution=[[Uppsala University]] |pages=30–31 |last1=Hill |first1=Geoffrey |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200628173256/https://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2:822240&dswid=-7937 |archive-date=28 June 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Community service===
[[File:Syedna Taher Saifuddin and Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|right|Saifuddin with his son and successor [[Mohammed Burhanuddin]] {{circa|1960}}.]]
Syedna Saifuddin founded ''Bunaiyat-tul-Eidiz-Zahabi'', a volunteer-run organisation of Dawoodi Bohra Women, in the 1950s which set a precedent that led to formation of ''Burhani Women's Association'' by his son Burhanuddin; ''Happy Threads'' and ''Supermums'' by Mufaddal Saifuddin's daughter Umme Haani in {{decade|2010}},<ref name=ummehani>{{Cite web |title=International Women's Day – Bohra Women's Organisations and What They Do |work=The Dawoodi Bohras |url=https://www.thedawoodibohras.com/2018/03/15/international-womens-day-bohra-womens-organisations-and-what-they-do/ |access-date=20 May 2020 |date=15 Mar 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200623090448/https://www.thedawoodibohras.com/2018/03/15/international-womens-day-bohra-womens-organisations-and-what-they-do/ |archive-date=23 June 2020}}</ref> and ''The Radiant Arts'' by Mufaddal Saifuddin's daughter-in-law Zaenab Imaduddin.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CC6IIkUJYH-/ |author=the_radiantarts |title=Welcome to Instagram @zaenabimaduddin We are so so excited to see your personal journey with Art through this platform♡ May you shine virtually as much as you do irl ☆ Good Luck ! Lots of Love, Your Team 💐💐💐💐💐💐 |date=21 Jul 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200721200308/https://www.instagram.com/p/CC6IIkUJYH-/ |archive-date=21 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Founder's Note |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/B-bcGtopMjw/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200729201100/https://www.instagram.com/p/B-bcGtopMjw/ |archive-date=29 July 2020 |website=instagram.com |author=the_radiantarts |date=1 Apr 2020}}</ref>

In a similar vein, Saifuddin established an organisation of Dawoodi Bohra men, ''Shabab ul-Eid iz-Zahabi'', during the ''Golden Jubilee'' celebrations of his 50 years in the office of Dai al-Mutlaq,<ref name=offshabab>{{Cite web |url=http://www.daeratoshabab.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Shabab-History.pdf |title=Shabab History |access-date= 23 Jun 2020 |language=ur|archive-date= 23 June 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200623202422/http://www.daeratoshabab.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Shabab-History.pdf |website=daeratoshabab.org}}</ref><ref name=torshabab>{{Cite web |title=Shabab-ul-Eidiz Zahabi Toronto Chapter |url=http://www.torontoshabab.com/about-us |access-date=23 Jun 2020 |website=torontoshabab.com |archive-date=23 June 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200623220541/http://www.torontoshabab.com/about-us |quote=On the inauguration of the Golden Jubilee of Syedna Taher Saifuddin AQ accession to the office of Da'il Mutlaq in 1962, an organization for mumineen youth was founded. Named after the auspicious Golden Jubilee, Shabab-Ul-Eidiz-Zahabi began its operations in Karachi. This was followed by the creation of local chapters all over Bilaad Imaniyah, with Raza Mubarak of Syedna. Reorganization under Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin TUS further bolstered Shabab's reputation for khidmat and jaafeshaani, under a central body.}}</ref> exclusively for community service.{{r|offshabab}}{{r|torshabab}}<ref>{{Cite news |title=Dawoodi Bohras: Dawoodi Bohras celebrate Syedna's birthday with zeal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/dawoodi-bohras-celebrate-syednas-birthday-with-zeal/articleshow/62407196.cms |date=8 Jan 2018 |publisher=[[India Times]] |website=timesofindia.com |location=[[Nagpur]] |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200625082116/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/deteriorating-condition-of-water-bodies-force-migratory-birds-to-scout-for-safer-places/articleshow/62406679.cms |archive-date=25 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Procession to Mark 102nd Birthday of Religious Leader |url=https://udaipurtimes.com/events/procession-to-mark-102nd-birthday-of-religious-leader/c74416-w2859-cid118557-s10700.htm |last1=Goswami |first1=Vajrasar |date=28 Feb 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200625082241/https://udaipurtimes.com/events/procession-to-mark-102nd-birthday-of-religious-leader/c74416-w2859-cid118557-s10700.htm |archive-date=25 June 2020 |website=udaipurtimes.com |publisher=Udaipur Times |location=Udaipur}}</ref> Mohammed Burhanuddin would later found the Burhani Guards (for crowd-control at ''miqaats'' {{lit|religious events}}),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to Burhani Guards International |url=https://burhaniguards.com/ |access-date=23 Jun 2020 |website=burhaniguards.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623203553/https://burhaniguards.com/ |archive-date=23 Jun 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=When Karachi 'guards' helped Mumbai Police control crowds |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/when-karachi-guards-helped-mumbai-police-control-crowds/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200623220226/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/when-karachi-guards-helped-mumbai-police-control-crowds/ |archive-date=23 June 2020 |date=2 Mar 2014 |last1=Saldanha |first1=Alison |website=indianexpress.com |publisher=[[Indian Express]] |access-date=23 June 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Tolaba ul-Kulliyat il-Mumenoon'' (of college and school students),<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Tolaba |url=http://www.tolobamadras.com/about-toloba/ |access-date=25 Jun 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150625125040/http://www.tolobamadras.com/about-toloba/ |archive-date=25 Jun 2015 |website=tolabamadras.com |url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=About Tolaba ul Kulliyat il Mumenoon |url=http://tolaba.dubaijamaat.org/main/about |access-date=23 Jun 2020 |archive-date=23 June 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200623221647/http://tolaba.dubaijamaat.org/main/about |website=tolaba.dubaijamaat.org |quote=Tolaba-ul-Kulliyat-il-Mumenoon (Tolaba) is an international youth wing committee of Dawoodi Bohra Community, was founded in the year 1975, under the auspicies and the guidance of His Holiness DR. Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin Saheb (TUS). Tolaba is an international organisation and functions under the Presidentship of the Amil Saheb (representative of H.H. Dr. Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin Saheb (TUS) of the respective city/town).}}</ref> ''Burhani Medical Idara'' (of medical professionals),<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://www.burhanimedicalidara.org/Public/AboutUs.aspx |access-date=22 Jun 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222081316/http://www.burhanimedicalidara.org/Public/AboutUs.aspx |archive-date=22 Dec 2019 |website=burhanimedicalidara.org |quote=...by the Raza & Dua Mubarak of our beloved Aqa Moula Al-Hayyul Muqaddas Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin RA "BURHANI MEDICAL IDARA" was formed. On 11th Safarul Muzaffar 1424H. – worldwide Mumineen Doctor's was blessed with Sharaf of Ziyafat of Al-Hayyul Muqaddas Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin RA. On this auspicious occasion BURHANI MEDICAL IDARA was officially announced in Doctor's Ijtema in Surat.}}</ref> ''Saifee Ambulance'' in India,{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} and ''Burhani Ambulance'' in Pakistan (of paramedics and first responders).<ref>{{Cite web|title=About BGT |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200628043157/https://www.burhaniguardstrust.com/org/about-bgt/ |archive-date=28 June 2020 |url=https://www.burhaniguardstrust.com/org/about-bgt/ |access-date=20 Aug 2019 |website=burhaniguardstrust.com}}</ref> Mufaddal Saifuddin, on his first visit to [[North America]], established ''Saifee Burhani Medical Association (America)'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ashara Scholarship Grant Program |url=https://sbmedical.org/ashara-scholarship-grant-program/ |date=13 Sep 2015 |archive-date=26 July 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200726003929/https://sbmedical.org/ashara-scholarship-grant-program/ |website=sbmedical.org}}</ref> on [[14 March]] 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mission |url=https://sbmedical.org/mission/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200726000345/https://sbmedical.org/mission/ |archive-date=26 July 2020 |website=sbmedical.org |date=19 September 2015 |access-date=26 Jul 2020}}</ref>

===Rasm-e Saifee===
[[File:Syedna_taher_saifuddin_jamnagar_rasme_saifee.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|left|Saifuddin presides over a Rasm-e Saifee Nikah in Jamnagar.]]
To subsidize costs and facilitate marriages among the close knit Dawoodi Bohra, Saifuddin initiated ''Rasm-e Saifee'' ({{lit|The tradition of Saifee}})<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/348811/101-years-at-rasm-e-saifee-lucky-41-tie-the-nuptial-knot |title=101 years: At Rasm-e-Saifee, lucky 41 tie the nuptial knot |date=12 Mar 2012 |publisher=[[Tribune Pakistan]] |last1=Attarwala |first1=Fatima |location=Karachi |archive-date=13 Mar 2012 |website=tribune.com.pk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313041019/https://tribune.com.pk/story/348811/101-years-at-rasm-e-saifee-lucky-41-tie-the-nuptial-knot/}}</ref> in [[Jamnagar]] {{circa|1952}} and later institutionalised it {{circa|1963}}.{{r|rqiv}} ''Rasm-e Saifee'' is a singular occasion when multiple ''[[Nikah]]'' are solemnized at the hands of the Da'i al-Mutlaq and his representatives. Burhanuddin further organized it under ''International Taiyseer al-Nikah Committee'' (ITNC) ({{lit|International Committee for Marriage Facilitation}}),<ref name="rqiv">{{Cite web |title=Rasme Saifee |url=https://islamicvoice.com/September2006/Culture%26Traditions/ |archive-date=22 June 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200622075846/https://islamicvoice.com/September2006/Culture%26Traditions/ |website=islamvoice.com |year=2006 |last1=Raghib |first1=Qureish}}</ref> which organizes ''Rasm-e Saifee'' throughout the year at various ''miqaats'' ({{lit|(religious) gatherings}}).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to International Taiseer un Nikah Committee (ITNC) |url=https://demo.taiseerunnikah.org/ |access-date=25 Jun 2020 |website=taiseerunnikah.org |archive-date=25 June 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200625144958/https://demo.taiseerunnikah.org/}}</ref> Burhanuddin's successor, Mufaddal Saifuddin, continues to uphold the tradition.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://udaipurtimes.com/events/photos-mass-procession-organized-by-bohra-community/c74416-w2859-cid117498-s10700.htm |title=Mass procession organized by Bohra community |date=29 Dec 2013 |last1=Goswami |first1=Vajrasar |website=udaipurtimes.com |location=Udaipur |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200625142735/https://udaipurtimes.com/events/photos-mass-procession-organized-by-bohra-community/c74416-w2859-cid117498-s10700.htm |archive-date=25 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Syedna to inaugurate Masjid in Secunderabad |url=https://telanganatoday.com/syedna-to-inaugurate-masjid-in-secunderabad |date=20 Oct 2019 |archive-date=25 June 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200625142735/https://telanganatoday.com/syedna-to-inaugurate-masjid-in-secunderabad |website=teleganatoday.com}}</ref>

===Contributions to Islamic Institutions===
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| image2 = Taher Saifuddin name at Aqsa mosqe.JPG
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| image3 = Mazar e Qutbi Ahmedabad.jpg
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| footer = Top (from left): [[Al-Hussein Mosque#Ras al-Husayn|Ras al-Husayn]] ''zareeh'' ([[Islamic Cairo|Cairo]]) built by Saifuddin {{circa|1965}}; Saifuddin's name inscribed at [[Qibli Mosque|Al-Aqsa Mosque]]. Bottom: Mazar e Qutbi (Ahmedabad) and Mazar e Fakhri (Taherabad), both built by Saifuddin.
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Saifuddin contributed vast sums of money towards the refurbishment of mosques and shrines. He along with the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] were among the few Indian Muslims to contribute towards the renovation of [[Al-Aqsa|Al Aqsa Mosque]] in [[Jerusalem]]:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Muslims and Palestine waqfs |url=http://twocircles.net/2010apr28/indian_muslims_and_palestine_waqfs.html#.VPDXP0J3bBI |first1=Omar |last1=Khalidi |date=29 Apr 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517144534/https://twocircles.net/2010apr28/indian_muslims_and_palestine_waqfs.html |archive-date=17 May 2020 |access-date=13 Jun 2020 |website=twocircles.net}}</ref>

:Sultan Taher Saif al-Din is said to have come from India with one hundred and fifty of his followers...At the Jerusalem station he was welcomed by the Mufti and other Sheikhs of the Supreme Moslem Council and a number of Arab notables including Ragheb Bey Nashashibi. A troop of Arab boy scouts paraded in his honour and there were two bands from Moslem institutions...The sultan was reputed to be a man of great wealth who had made substantial contributions to the religious and political funds of the Arabs of this country.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/indian-oasis-114082201282_1.html |title=Indian oasis |first1=Navtej |last1=Sarna |archive-date=22 Mar 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180322204451/https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/indian-oasis-114082201282_1.html |date=22 Aug 2014 |access-date=13 Jun 2020 |website=business-standard.com}}</ref>

Saifuddin also gifted the internal curtains which were kept in the Kaaba for decades to [[Ibn Saud|King Abdul Aziz of Saudi Arabia]] in 1354AH, with whom he kept warm relations.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.arabnews.com/news/494566 |title=Rare Kiswa piece fetches $1 million |access-date=13 Jun 2020 |date=18 Dec 2013 |issn=0254-833X |last1=Khan |first1=Fouzia |newspaper=Arab News : Saudi Arabia's First English Language Daily : ... Political and Financial Newspaper |publisher=[[Saudi Research and Publishing Company]] |location=[[Jeddah]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170602065115/http://www.arabnews.com/news/494566 |archive-date=2 Jun 2017}}</ref>

Saifuddin constructed Ghurrat-ul Masajid ({{lit|Pride of Mosques}}),<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://thedawoodibohras.com/details-page51.html|title=The Dawoodi Bohras - al-da'i al-Mutlaq |website=thedawoodibohras.com |access-date=27 Jul 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730200622/https://www.thedawoodibohras.com/details-page51.html |archive-date=30 Jul 2018 |url-status=usurped}}</ref> also known as [[Saifee Masjid]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wikimapia.org/264352/Saifee-Masjid|title=Saifee Masjid - Wikimapia|website=wikimapia.org|access-date=2016-07-27}}</ref> in [[Mumbai]], Al-Mahal al-Saifee ({{lit|Saifee Palace}}) for pilgrims in [[Mecca]], the [[zarih]] of [[Ali Ibn Abi Talib]] in [[Najaf]] and [[Husayn ibn Ali]] in [[Karbala]] and [[Cairo]], the mausoleum of [[Qutub Khan Qutub al-Din]]<ref>{{Cite book |title=Architectural Marvels |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210310132302/https://www.misbah.info/wp-content/themes/posts/ebook/Architectural-Marvels/files/mobile/index.html%233 |url=https://www.misbah.info/wp-content/themes/posts/ebook/Architectural-Marvels/files/mobile/index.html#3 |access-date=9 Mar 2021 |year= |archive-date=10 March 2021 |location=Mumbai |publisher=Dawat-e-Hadiyah Trust |via=misbah.info |pages=1}}</ref> and [[Fakhr al-Din Shaheed]]. He also made and donated the [[kiswah]] for the [[Masjid al-Haram]].<ref name=":0" />{{when|date=June 2020}}

===The Chandabhoy Galla Case===
{{main|Chandabhoy Galla Case}}
{{trim| {{#section: Chandabhoy Galla Case|galla}} }}
{{trim| {{#section: Chandabhoy Galla Case|strangmanquote}} }}

==Family==
[[File:Syedna Taher Saifuddin Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin Syedna Aali Qadr Mufaddal Saifuddin.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|right|The 51st, 52nd, and 53rd Dai al-Mutlaq {{circa|1950}}.]]

Saifuddin married Husaina Aaisaheba, who was also from the family of the ''Du'at Mutlaqeen''.{{r|hikg}} After her death,{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} he then married Vazira Aaisaheba, Fatima Aaisaheba, and Amina Aaisaheba.<ref name=blank>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0226056767 |isbn=0226056767 |title=Mullahs on the Mainframe: Islam and Modernity Among the Daudi Bohras |first1=Jonah |last1=Blank |page=236 |year=2001 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |author-link1=Jonah Blank |via=books.google.com}}</ref>{{rp|535}}

Saifuddin had 12 sons and 8 daughters: His sons were [[Mohammed Burhanuddin]], Husain Husamuddin,{{efn|Mukasir al-Dawat to Mohammed Burhanuddin, Mazoon al-Dawat to Mufaddal Saifuddin.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Syedi Husain Husamuddin passes away |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/cmcm/syedi-husain-husamuddin-passes-away |date=8 Feb 2017 |quote=Born in Gujarat, Syedi Husamuddin was the second son of the 51st Dai al-Mutlaq, Syedna Taher Saifuddin. The 53rd head of the Dawoodi Bohra community, His Holiness Dr Syedna Mufaddal Saifuddin had appointed him to the position of the Mazoon a few months after the passing of the 52nd Dai, Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin in 2014, whom he had served as the Mukasir for a number of years. |website=freepressjournal.in |location=Mumbai}}</ref>}} Abdut Taiyeb Zakiyuddin, Yusuf Najmuddin,{{efn|Amir al-Jamea (Rector of Aljamea-tus-Saifiyah).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr Shahzada Yusuf Najmuddin QR |url=https://jameasaifiyah.edu/philosophy-history/luminaries-of-aljamea/dr-shehzada-yusuf-najmuddin-qr/ |access-date=13 Jun 2020 |date=15 Apr 2018 |website=jameasaifiyah.edu |quote=Amirul Jamea, as he was fondly referred to, was a master of words. Whether they be spoken or written, extempore or rehearsed, prose or poetry, his eloquence and the potency of his words were unmatched. At seminars and conferences, and during his community discourses and sermons, his words not only appealed to varied audiences but demonstrated how Fatimi philosophy provides pragmatic solutions to contemporary issues.}}</ref>}} Ismail Shehabuddin, Hatim Hamiduddin, [[Qasim Hakimuddin]],{{efn|Amir al-Jamea (Rector of Aljamea-tus-Saifiyah). Mukasir, and then Mazoon al-Dawat to Mufaddal Saifuddin.<ref name=qasim>{{Cite web |title=Aljamea-tus-Saifiyah Mourns the Loss of its Rector |url=https://jameasaifiyah.edu/news-events/aljamea-tus-saifiyah-mourns-the-loss-of-its-rector/ |date=15 Apr 2018 |access-date=13 Jun 2020 |website=jameasaifiyah.edu |quote=Syedna Mufaddal Saifuddin TUS appointed him as the Mukāsir, and subsequently elevated him to the position of Maʾzūn of Daʿwa, two high-ranking positions within the community underneath the dāʿī. After the passing of Amir al-Jamea al-Muqaddas Shahzada Yusuf Bhaisaheb Najmuddin in 1407/1987, Syedna Burhanuddin RA appointed in his stead four rectors for the Academy including Syedna Mufaddal Saifuddin TUS, Syedi Qasim Bhaisaheb Hakimuddin, Shahzada Abbas Bhaisaheb Fakhruddin and Shahzada Qaidjoher Bhaisaheb Ezzuddin. |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200715071540/https://jameasaifiyah.edu/news-events/aljamea-tus-saifiyah-mourns-the-loss-of-its-rector/ |archive-date=15 July 2020}}</ref>}} [[Aliasgar Kalimuddin]],{{efn|Amir al-Jamea (Rector of Aljamea-tus-Saifiyah).{{r|imtihandoc}} Mukasir,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Annual Planning Meeting of MSB Schools convened in Mumbai |url=https://www.thedawoodibohras.com/2018/02/10/annual-planning-meeting-of-msb-schools-convened-in-mumbai/ |date=10 Feb 2018 |access-date=14 Jun 2020 |location=Mumbai |quote=Mukasiro Da'watil Haq Syedi Aliasgar bhaisaheb KalimuddinDM and Shahzada Husain bhaisaheb BurhanuddinDM graced the meet with their august presence and words of inspiration and encouragement. |website=thedawoodibohras.com}}</ref> and then Mazoon al-Dawat to Mufaddal Saifuddin.<ref name=badre1440>{{Cite magazine |magazine=Badre Muneer |url=https://www.magzter.com/IN/NEELAM-PUBLICATIONS/BADRE-MUNEER/Home/341228 |lang=gu |access-date=15 Jul 2020 |date=6 April 2019 |publisher=Neelam Publications |location=Mumbai |pages=20–24 |via=magzter.com|title=BADRE MUNEER-Shaban-ul-Karim 1440 H.i Magazine - Get your Digital Subscription }}</ref>}} Shabbir Nooruddin,{{efn|Chairman, Islamic Foundation<ref>{{Cite book |title=Indian Muslims: Where Have They Gone Wrong? |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aMlKSmWRQ8cC |chapter=Fanning the Flames of Anger Again |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aMlKSmWRQ8cC&pg=PA266|page=266 |year=2004 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=9788179912010 |editor1=Rafiq Zakaria |via=books.google.com}}</ref>}} [[Abbas Fakhruddin]],{{efn|Amir al-Jamea (Rector of Aljamea-tus-Saifiyah).<ref name=abbas>{{Cite web|title=The Passing of Shahzada Fakhruddin Saheb Rector of Aljamea |url=https://jameasaifiyah.edu/news-events/the-passing-of-shahzada-fakhruddin-saheb-rector-of-aljamea/ |date=15 Apr 2018 |website=jameasaifiyah.edu |quote=Shahzada Abbas bhaisaheb Fakhruddin, son of the 51st al-Dāʿī al-Mutlaq Syedna Taher Saifuddin RA, brother to the late Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin RA, and rector of Aljamea-tus-Saifiyah for over three decades, passed away Wednesday, 14th February in Mumbai.}}</ref>}} Mohammed al-Baqir Jamaluddin, and [[Khuzaima Qutbuddin]].{{efn|Mazoon al-Dawat to Mohammed Burhanuddin. Claimant to the post of the 53rd Dai al-Mutlaq.<ref name="Huff Post">{{cite news | url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/rizwan-mawani/the-intricacies-of-succes_b_4687546.html | title=The Intricacies of Succession: Two Claimants Emerge for Dawoodi Bohra Leadership |work=[[The Huffington Post]] | date=30 January 2014 | access-date=11 February 2014 | first=Rizwan | last=Mawani |archive-date=27 Sep 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927154410/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/rizwan-mawani/the-intricacies-of-succes_b_4687546.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Uncertainty Among the Bohras |url=https://openthemagazine.com/features/uncertainty-among-bohras/ |date=3 Feb 2020 |last1=Bhutia |first1=Lhendup G |website=openthemagazine.com |archive-date=2 Mar 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302142205/https://openthemagazine.com/features/uncertainty-among-bohras/}}</ref>}} His daughters were Asma, Maryam, Khadijah, Zahra, Shireen, Banu, Fatema, and Zainab.<ref>{{Cite book|title=سيدنا طاهر سيف الدين ني حيوة طيبة ني ايك جهلك |last1=Indorewala |first1=Haider |last2=Indorewala |first2=Saifuddin |last3=Indorewala |first3=Shabbir |publisher=Anjuman e Taiyebi - Indore |year=1975 |location=[[Indore]] |page=49 |trans-title=Syedna Taher Saifuddin's Life in a Glimpse}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |agency=Press Trust of India |date=2017-02-07 |title=Dawoodi Bohra community's deputy in-command passes away |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/dawoodi-bohra-community-s-deputy-in-command-passes-away-117020700654_1.html |access-date=2022-12-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-04-05 |title=Obituary: Mazoon al-Dawat, Syedi Qasim bhaisaheb Hakimuddin |url=https://www.thedawoodibohras.com/2018/04/05/obituary-mazoon-al-dawat-syedi-qasim-bhaisaheb-hakimuddin/ |access-date=2022-12-27 |website=The Dawoodi Bohras |language=en-US}}</ref>

Saifuddin descends from the family of the early leaders of the [[Fatimid]] mission in India, [[Fakhr al-Din]] and [[Abd al-Qadir Hakim al-Din]].{{r|hikg}}

==Works==
===Rasāʾil Ramaḍāniyya (Epistles)===
Saifuddin's [[Risalah (fiqh)|Risalah]] ({{lit|epistle}}) are peculiarly titled [[Gematria|gematrically]] equivalent to the [[Islamic calendar|Hijri]] year of its publication.<ref>{{Cite book |title=ميزة مفتاح خزائن العلوم|publisher=Aljamea-tus-Saifiyah, Badri Mahal|location=Mumbai }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Traboulsi|first=Samer|year=2016|title=Transmission of Knowledge and Book Preservation in the Ṭayyibī Ismāʿīlī Tradition|journal=Intellectual History of the Islamicate World|volume=4|issue=1–2|pages=22–35|doi=10.1163/2212943X-00401004|via=Brill}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|+ {{nowrap|A list of [[Risalah (fiqh)|Rasāʾil Ramaḍāniyya]] composed by Taher Saifuddin.}}
|-
! ID
! Title
! Title (Romanticized)
! {{abbr|Orig|Original year}} ([[Islamic calendar|AH]])
! {{abbr|Pub|Publication year}} (AH)
! {{abbr|Pub|Publication year}} ([[Common Era|CE]])
|-
! colspan=6 |AH {{decade|1330}}
|-
|STS 01
|ضوء نور الحق المبين
|Ḍawʾ nūr al-ḥaqq al-mubīn
|1335
|
|
|-
|STS 02
|ثمرات علوم الهدى
|Ṯamarāt ʿulūm al-hudā
|1337
|
|
|-
|STS 03
|زهر رياض الازلية
|Zahr al-riyāḍ al-azaliyya
|1338
|
|
|-
|STS 04
|درر البشارت
|Durar al-bišārāt
|1339
|
|
|-
! colspan=6 |AH {{decade|1340}}
|-
|STS 05
|المشرب الكوثري
|Al-Mašrab al-kawṯarī
|1340
|
|
|-
|STS 06
|درر الهدى المضيئة
|Durar al-hudā al-muḍīʾa
|1341
|
|
|-
|STS 07
|روض عالم القدس
|Rawḍ ʿālam al-quds
|1342
|
|
|-
|STS 08
|غرفة جنة
|Ġurfat ǧanna
|1343
|
|
|-
|STS 09
|غرة الحق
|Ġurrat al-ḥaqq
|1344<td></td>
|
|-
|STS 10
|ثمار جنات عدن طيبة
|Ṯimār ǧannāt ʿadnin ṭayyiba
|1345
|
|
|-
|STS 11
|قطف شجرة خلدية
|Qaṭf šaǧara ḫuldiyya
|1346
|
|
|-
|STS 12
|زبدة برهان الصدق الواضح
|Zubdat burhān al-ṣidq al-wāḍiḥ
|1347
|
|
|-
|STS 13
|صبغ نور
|Ṣibġ nūr
|1348
|
|
|-
|STS 14
|غرس الجنة
|Ġars al-ǧanna
|1349
|
|
|-
! colspan=6 |AH {{decade|1350}}
|-
|STS 15
|درر اسرار اْل الكرار
|Durar asrār āl al-Karrār
|1350
|
|
|-
|STS 16
|نور روض الجنة
|Nūr rawḍ al-ǧanna
|1351
|
|
|-
|STS 17
|بحر فضل كبير
|Baḥr faḍl kabīr
|1352
|
|
|-
|STS 18
|مسرات الفتح المبين
|Masarrat al-fatḥ al-mubīn
|1353
|
|
|-
|STS 19
|الباب حظيرة القدس
|Al-Bāb ḥaẓīrat al-quds
|1354
|
|
|-
|STS 20
|كرامة العقول الوضية
|Karāmat al-ʿuqūl al-waḍiyya
|1355
|
|
|-
|STS 21
|صفحات عرفات المعارف
|Ṣafḥat ʿarafāt al-maʿārif
|1356
|
|
|-
|STS 22
|انهار رياض الجنة
|Anhār riyāḍ al-ǧanna
|1357
|
|
|-
|STS 23
|سحب بركات الخلد
|Suḥub barakāt al-ḫuld
|1358
|
|
|-
|STS 24
|ذات البركة
|Ḏāt al-baraka
|1359
|
|
|-
! colspan=6 |AH {{decade|1360}}
|-
|STS 25
|كوثر الخلد
|Kawṯar ḫuld
|1360
|
|
|-
|STS 26
|روضة فردوس
|Rawḍat firdaws
|1361
|
|
|-
|STS 27
|دلو غدير حق
|Dalw Ġadīr ḥaqq
|1362
|
|
|-
|STS 28
|مشربة تسنيم نور
|Mašrabat tasnīm nūr
|1363
|
|
|-
|STS 29
|سلسبيل حكم غدق
|Salsabīl ḥikam ġadaq
|1364
|
|
|-
|STS 30
|سرر رشد مرفوعة
|Surar rušd Marfūʿa
|1365
|
|
|-
|STS 31
|صور حوض مورود
|Ṣuwar ḥawḍ mawrūd
|1366
|
|
|-
|STS 32
|تكبير سكينة فتح مبين
|Takbīr sakīnat fatḥ mubīn
|1367
|
|
|-
|STS 33
|فلسفة فوز عظيم
|Falsafat fawz ʿaẓīm
|1368
|
|
|-
|STS 34
|تذكرة لبيب
|Taḏkirat labīb
|1369
|
|
|-
! colspan=6 |AH {{decade|1370}}
|-
|STS 35
|سلسلة نعمة عظمى
|
|1370
|
|
|-
|STS 36
|نعم الصبغة الالهية
|
|1371
|
|
|-
|STS 37
|خزائن امام المتقين
|
|1372
|
|
|-
|STS 38
|مفاتيح ياقوتة الحمراء
|
|1373
|
|
|-
|STS 39
|نهر النور الشعشعاني
|
|1374
|
|
|-
|STS 40
|بلاغ الدعاة الفاطميين
|
|1375
|
|
|-
|STS 41
|اشعة الفيض الازلي
|
|1376
|
|
|-
|STS 42
|امثال سدرة المنتهى
|Amṯāl sidrat al-muntahā
|1377
|
|1958
|-
|STS 43
|روضة دار السلام
|Rawḍat dār al-Salām
|1378
|1430
|2009
|-
|STS 44
|توحيد الملة البيضاء
|Tawḥīd al-Millah al-Bayḍāʾ
|1379
|1431
|2010
|-
! colspan=6 |AH {{decade|1380}}
|-
|STS 45
|بركات اصحاب التطهير
|Barakāt Aṣḥāb al-Taṭhīr
|1380
|1432
|2011
|-
|STS 46
|كمال النعم السابغة
|Kamāl al-Aiʿam al-Sābiġa
|1381
|1433
|2012
|-
|STS 47
|تسبيح ذهب القدس
|Tasbīḥ ḏahab al-Quds
|1382
|1434
|2013
|-
|STS 48
|شموس بركات الربانيين<ref>{{cite book|title=شموس بركات الربانيين |last=His Holiness |first=Syedna Aali Qadr Mufaddal Saifuddin Saheb |publisher=Badri Mahal |location=Mumbai |year=2015}}</ref>
|Shumūs Barakāt al-Rabbāniyīn
|1383
|1435
|2015
|-
|STS 49
|انهار فيوض الفاطميين<ref>{{cite book|title=انهار فيوض الفاطميين |last=His Holiness |first=Syedna Aali Qadr Mufaddal Saifuddin Saheb |year=2016 |publisher=Badri Mahal |location=Mumbai }}</ref>
|Anhār Fūyūz al-Fātimiyyīn
|1384
|1436
|2016
|}

==Recognition==
Saifuddin was conferred [[Doctor of Theology]] by Aligarh Muslim University on 15 April 1946,<ref name=jquote>{{cite web|url=https://jameasaifiyah.edu/philosophy-history/luminaries-of-aljamea-2/al-dai-al-ajal-syedna-taher-saifuddin-ra/ |title=His Holiness Dr Syedna Taher Saifuddin RA |website=jameasaifiyah.edu |access-date=20 May 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200623103301/https://jameasaifiyah.edu/philosophy-history/luminaries-of-aljamea-2/al-dai-al-ajal-syedna-taher-saifuddin-ra/ |archive-date=23 June 2020}}</ref> and later {{circa|1953}} accepted the chancellorship for which he was elected to for four consecutive terms.<ref name=tdbaligarh>{{Cite web |title=Aligarh's History with Du'aat |url=https://www.thedawoodibohras.com/2018/02/02/aligarhs-history-with-duaat/ |date=2 Feb 2018 |website=thedawoodibohras.com |archive-date=25 June 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200625214330/https://www.thedawoodibohras.com/2018/02/02/aligarhs-history-with-duaat/}}</ref>

Saifuddin was among the first{{r|dawndoc}} to be conferred [[Doctor of Laws]]{{r|jquote}} by Karachi University {{circa|1955}}.<ref name=dawndoc>{{Cite news |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/666863/ku-teachers-step-up-agitation-over-maliks-degree |date=17 Oct 2011 |archive-date=25 June 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200625212732/https://www.dawn.com/news/666863/ku-teachers-step-up-agitation-over-maliks-degree |title=KU teachers step up agitation over Malik's degree |publisher=[[Dawn Pakistan]] |website=dawn.com}}</ref>

Saifuddin was voted among ''100 Greatest Indian Muslims of the Twentieth Century'' in an opinion poll run by [[Milli Gazette]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=100 Greatest Indian Muslims of Twentieth Century |url=http://www.milligazette.com/mg_opinion_poll.htm |access-date=20 May 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200619145338/http://www.milligazette.com/mg_opinion_poll.htm |archive-date=19 June 2020 |website=milligazette.com |publisher=[[Milli Gazette]]}}</ref>

==Death==
[[File:Raudat Tahera Mumbai.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.75|Raudat Tahera in Mumbai, Saifuddin's final resting place, built by his son [[Mohammed Burhanuddin]], inaugurated by [[Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed]], the fifth [[President of India]], in 1975.]]

Saifuddin died on 12 November 1965 (19 [[Rajab al-Asab]] 1385H){{r|farhist}} at [[Matheran]], a hill-station in [[Maharashtra]], India.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Asian Recorder |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O3weAAAAMAAJ |editor1-first=K K |editor1-last=Thomas |page=6803 |volume=11 |orig-date=1965 |year=2006 |publisher=Recorder Press |via=[[The University of Michigan]]}}</ref> He is buried at [[Raudat Tahera]], a mausoleum opposite [[Ghurrat ul Masajid|Ghurrat-ul Masajid]] in [[South Bombay]], constructed by his successor, Mohammed Burhanuddin.<ref name=smb>{{Cite web|title=51st Da'i al-Mutlaq |url=https://www.thedawoodibohras.com/about-the-bohras/the-dai-al-mutlaq/51st-dai-al-mutlaq/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200601110405/https://www.thedawoodibohras.com/about-the-bohras/the-dai-al-mutlaq/51st-dai-al-mutlaq/ |archive-date=1 Jun 2020 |access-date=12 June 2020 |quote=His successor, Syedna Mohammed BurhanuddinRA built the magnificent Raudat Tahera in which the entire Quran-e-majeed has been engraved in marble with gold leaf. The Bismillahs have been encrusted with rubies. The entire building and its surroundings exhibit the architectural legacies of the Fatimids. |via=thedawoodibohras.com}}</ref>

==Legacy==
===The Dandi Memorial===
Saifuddin donated his home ''Saifee Villa'' in [[Dandi, Navsari]] where [[Gandhi]] stayed for ten days during his historic march from [[Sabarmati Ashram]] against the [[Dandi March|English Salt Laws]], to [[Nehru]] in 1961. It was later converted into a National Museum.{{r|saifeeit}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Syedna Taher Saifuddin's Dedication of Saifee Villa in Dandi to the Nation |url=https://www.thedawoodibohras.com/2018/08/01/syedna-taher-saifuddins-dedication-of-saifee-villa-in-dandi-to-the-nation/ |date=1 Aug 2018 |access-date=20 May 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200623084827/https://www.thedawoodibohras.com/2018/08/01/syedna-taher-saifuddins-dedication-of-saifee-villa-in-dandi-to-the-nation/ |archive-date=23 June 2020 |website=thedawoodibohras.com}}</ref> Present day, it lies adjacent to the 15-acre [[National Salt Satyagraha Memorial]] which was inaugurated by [[Narendra Modi]] in 2019.<ref name=saifeeit>{{Cite news |title=A memorial carved in Stone |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20190311-a-memorial-carved-in-stone-1467074-2019-03-02 |date=2 Mar 2018 |last1=Madhukar |first1=Uday |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200623191523/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20190311-a-memorial-carved-in-stone-1467074-2019-03-02 |archive-date=23 June 2020 |publisher=[[India Today]]}}</ref>

===Aligarh Muslim University===
[[File:Secondary_Section_Building%2C_Minto_Circle_.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|left|The Syedna Taher Saifuddin School at Aligarh.]]
The ''Syedna Taher Saifuddin School'' at Aligarh Muslim University (AMU) is named after him in his honour.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AMU Chancellor's Delegation Visits STS School |url=https://www.amu.ac.in/about3.jsp?did=5161 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200623111143/https://www.amu.ac.in/about3.jsp?did=5161 |date=22 Jan 2018 |archive-date=23 June 2020 |website=amu.ac.in}}</ref> Saifuddin was the longest serving chancellor at AMU at 12 years,{{r|amufour}} and was a patron of the ''Ali Society'' at AMU.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Extremism gives birth to separatism: Acharya Pramod |url=http://www.milligazette.com/news/14189-extremism-gives-birth-to-separatism-acharya-pramod |date=14 May 2016 |publisher=[[Milli Gazette]] |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200619145445/http://www.milligazette.com/news/14189-extremism-gives-birth-to-separatism-acharya-pramod |archive-date=19 June 2020 |website=milligazette.com |access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref>

===Hospitals===
[[Saifee Hospital]] in Mumbai, inaugurated by Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] in 2005, was dedicated to Saifuddin by his successor, Mohammed Burhanuddin, who built the hospital in social service.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Saifee Hospital - History |url=https://www.saifeehospital.com/introduction.html |access-date=20 May 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200623090802/https://www.saifeehospital.com/introduction.html |archive-date=23 June 2020 |website=saifeehospital.com}}</ref> Saifee Hospital was one of the first responders to [[2008 Mumbai Terror Attacks]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Terrorists planned to kill 5000 people |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2008/nov/26-update-terror-in-mumbai.htm |archive-date=23 June 2020 |access-date=20 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623092401/https://www.rediff.com/news/2008/nov/26-update-terror-in-mumbai.htm |website=rediff.com}}</ref> [[Saifee Hospital, Karachi|Another hospital of the same name]] was built by Mohammed Burhanuddin in Karachi and dedicated to his father.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Saifee Hospital - Karachi - About Us |url=https://www.saifeehospital.com.pk/about.html |access-date=20 May 2020 |archive-date=23 June 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200623090939/https://www.saifeehospital.com.pk/about.html |website=saifeehospital.com.pk}}</ref>

===Housing===
In 2009 Mohammed Burhanuddin founded [[Saifee Burhani Upliftment Trust]] (SBUT), a large-scale cluster redevelopment project in [[Bhendi Bazaar]] and dedicated it to his father, Saifuddin.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sbut.com/about.html |title=About the Trust |archive-date=22 June 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200622202314/http://www.sbut.com/about.html |access-date=20 May 2020 |website=sbut.com}}</ref> The [[Government of Maharashtra]] plans to develop [[Kamathipura]], one of the oldest neighborhoods of South Mumbai, after the ''cluster redevelopment'' model pioneered by SBUT.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Redevelopment of Kamathipura to be put on fast track |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/civic/redevelopment-of-kamathipura-to-be-put-on-fast-track/articleshow/74503057.cms |date=6 Mar 2020 |last1=Marpakwar |first1=Chaitanya |website=indiatines.com |publisher=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |location=Mumbai |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200628120711/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/civic/only-12k-homeless-in-city-claims-survey/articleshow/74484851.cms |archive-date=28 June 2020}}</ref>

===Remembrance===
Saifuddin's ''[[urs]]'' ({{lit|death anniversary}}) is commemorated annually<ref>{{Cite web |title=Coronavirus outbreak: Dawoodi Bohras scale down event to pay homage to religious leader |url=https://hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/coronavirus-outbreak-dawoodi-bohras-scale-down-event-to-pay-homage-to-religious-leader/story-CoDbFD2E7zGuM3J676IifO.html |last1=Kotak |first1=Yesha |date=15 Mar 2020 |website=hindustantimes.com |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200625051159/https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/no-wetlands-in-uran-under-our-jurisdiction-only-agricultural-lands-nmsez-tells-state/story-bfNuAPevmcmtJ13eiVnk9J.html |archive-date=25 June 2020}}</ref> by the Dai al-Mutlaq at Saifee Masjid, [[South Bombay]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0226056767 |isbn=0226056767 |title=Mullahs on the Mainframe: Islam and Modernity Among the Daudi Bohras |first1=Jonah |last1=Blank |year=2001 |page=98 |chapter=Rituals of the Dawoodi Bohra Year |publisher=University of Chicago Press |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r_FExBRnC3YC&pg=PA97 |author-link1=Jonah Blank |via=books.google.com}}</ref> Aljamea-tus-Saifiyah's annual examinations, ''Imtihan al-Sanawi'', commence after the Dai al-Mutlaq delivers the ''Zikra'' sermons in remembrance of Saifuddin.<ref name=imtihandoc>{{Cite video |language=ur |title=Imtihan al-Sanawi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505000000/https://livestream.com/accounts/15629517/events/9263802/videos/220398263/player |archive-date=5 May 2021 |url=https://livestream.com/accounts/15629517/events/9263802/videos/220398263/player |access-date=2 May 2021}} [https://archive.org/details/imtihan-al-sanawi-jamea-saifiyah Alt URL]</ref>

===Memorials===
[[File:Saifee Hospital Dar es Salaam.jpg|thumb|Saifee Hospital in [[Dar es Salaam]].]]
Shortly after Saifuddin's demise, on 18 March 1966 Mohammed Burhanuddin established ''His Holiness Dr. Syedna Taher Saifuddin Memorial Trust'' for educational and medicinal financial aid for institutions and individuals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=His Holiness Dr. Syedna Taher Saifuddin Memorial Foundation |url=https://stsmf.org/index.aspx |access-date=20 May 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200628182502/https://stsmf.org/index.aspx |archive-date=28 June 2020 |website=stsmf.org}}</ref>

In memory of his father Burhanuddin set up ''Matheran Memorial Hall'', a museum and lodging facility in the hill station of Matheran, where Saifuddin died.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.matheranmemorialhall.com/importance.php |title=H. H. Dr Syedna Taher Saifuddin Memorial Foundation |website=matheranmemorialhall.com |access-date=13 Jun 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227113233/http://matheranmemorialhall.com/importance.php |archive-date=27 Dec 2013 |url-status=usurped}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{noteslist}}

==References==
<references>
<ref name=farhist>{{Cite book |title=A Modern History of the Ismailis: Continuity and Change in a Muslim Community |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1mGJDwAAQBAJ |chapter=History of the Da'udi Bohra Tayyibis |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1mGJDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA305 |last1=Daftary |first1=Farhad |author-link1=Farhad Daftary |isbn=9780857723352 |location=New York|publisher=[[I.B. Tauris]] |year=2011 |pages=303–305 |via=books.google.com}}</ref>
<ref name=dobcon>{{Cite book|last=His Holiness|first=Syedna Aali Qadr Mufaddal Saifuddin Saheb |title=دفينة مفاخر ال النبي الطهر|publisher=Badri Mahal|year=2020|location=Mumbai, India |page=82}}</ref>
<ref name=timesdir>{{Cite book |title=The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who's Who |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jD8jAQAAMAAJ&q=taher+august+1888 |work=[[The Times of India]] |year=1964 |editor1-first=Stanley |editor1-last=Reed |editor1-link=Sir Stanley Reed |via=books.google.com}}</ref>
<ref name=dmol>{{Cite book |title=An Authentic Account of the Pontifical Office of Dai al-Mutlaq and its Fifty-First Incumbent His Holiness Sardar Saiyedna Taher Saifuddin Saheb |last1=Moulvi |first1=Dawood |publisher=The Times of India Press |year=1940 |location=Mumbai |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:An_Authentic_Account_of_the_Pontifical_Office_of_Dai_al-Mutlaq_and_its_Fifty-First_Incumbent_His_Holiness_Sardar_Saiyedna_Taher_Saifuddin_Saheb.pdf|via=[[Wikimedia Commons]] |type=pdf}}</ref>
<ref name=docthe>{{Cite thesis |title=Between Orthodoxy and Mysticism: The Life and Works of Shaikh Muhammad ibn Tahir al-Fattani |chapter=The religious identity of the Bohras: Sunni Islam of Shaikh al-Fattani and other contesting belief patterns in his community |chapter-url=http://uir.unisa.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10500/2468/dissertation_dockrat_mae.pdf;jsessionid=84F75039AAB7D7CC1DAC51AB36B6D5C1?sequence=3 |last1=Ebrahim Dockrat |first1=Muhammad Ashraf |publisher=[[University of South Africa]] |year=2002 |via=uir.unisa.ac.za }}</ref>
</references>

==Further reading==
*Tahera Qutbuddin and Aziz Qutbuddin.“The Intellect is the Essence of the Human”: The Arabic Poem of the Intellect (''Qaṣīdat al-ʿAql'') by the Indian Fatimid-Ṭayyibī Dāʿī l-Muṭlaq Sayyidna Taher Saifuddin (1888-1965), ''Journal of Arabic Literature'' 54 (2023), pp. 1-50.
*Tahera Qutbuddin. “Karbala Mourning among the Fāṭimid-Ṭayyibī-Shīʿa of India: Doctrinal and Performative Aspects of Sayyidnā Ṭāhir Sayf al-Dīn’s Arabic Lament, ‘O King of Martyrs’ (''Yā Sayyida l-Shuhadāʾī''),” ''Shii Studies Review'' 5 (2021), pp. 3-46.
*Tahera Qutbuddin. “The Daʾudi Bohra Tayyibis: Ideology, Literature, Learning, and Social Practice,” in ''A Modern History of the Ismailis: Continuity and Change in a Muslim Community'', ed. Farhad Daftary, London and New York: I.B. Tauris, 2011, pp. 331-54.
*Abdul Qaiyum Mulla Habibullah, ''His Holiness Syedna Taher Saifuddin Saheb, Dai-ul-Mutlaq of Dawoodi Bohra'', Dawoodi Bohra Book Depot Publications, 1953.
* {{Cite book|first1=Taher |last1=Saifuddin |title=A Philosophical Discourse |publisher=[[Al Jamea tus Saifiyah]] |year=1963}}
**{{cite web |author=Y Najmuddin |date=November 29, 2017 |orig-date=April 20, 1936 |title=A Philosophical Discourse |url=https://jameasaifiyah.edu/blog/a-philosophical-discourse/ |website=Aljamea-tus-Saifiyah}}
*''Life and Works of His Holiness Syedna Dr. Taher Saifuddin Saheb'', Leader Press Pvt. Ltd. Publications.
*Mustafa Abdulhussein, ''Al-Dai Al-Fatimi Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin: An Illustrated Biography'', [[Al Jamea tus Saifiyah]] Publications.

==See also==
*[[List of Dai of Dawoodi Bohra]]

==External links==
*{{Cite web |url=https://sfjamaat.org/sf/taher.html |title=Sheikh al Doat al Mutlaqeen: Syedna Taher Saifuddin (R.A) |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200621054704/https://sfjamaat.org/sf/taher.html |archive-date=21 June 2020 |access-date=21 June 2020 |website=sfjamaat.org |last1=Sh Saifuddin Rasheed |first1=Aliasger }}
*{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedawoodibohras.com/about-the-bohras/syedna-taher-saifuddin/|access-date=2021-03-03|title=His Holiness Dr Syedna Taher Saifuddin|website=www.thedawoodibohras.com}}

{{Sister project links | wikt=no | b=no | n=no |s=no | q=no | v=no | voy=no | species=no |d=Q7675438| display=Taher Saifuddin}}

{{s-start }}
{{s-rel|sh}}
{{s-hou| [[Dā'ī al-Mutlaq]]|| 4 August 1888||12 November 1965}}
{{Succession box
| title = 51st [[Da'i al-Mutlaq]]
| years = 1915-1965
| before = [[Abdullah Badruddin]]
| after = [[Mohammed Burhanuddin]]
}}
{{S-end}}

{{Dā'ī al-Mutlaq}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Taher Saifuddin}}
[[Category:Dawoodi Bohra da'is]]
[[Category:Vice-chancellors of Aligarh Muslim University]]
[[Category:Scholars from Gujarat]]
[[Category:1888 births]]
[[Category:1965 deaths]]
[[Category:Gujarati people]]
[[Category:People from Surat]]
[[Category:Deified men]]
[[Category:20th-century Ismailis]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Muslims]]

Antonio Vas

2026-04-18T22:07:18Z

CourtneySugden: Creating a post needs work

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1964)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Antonio Vas
| caption = Vas in 2024
| image = Antonio Vas in 2024.png
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1964|12|29|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Goa]], India
| office = [[Goa Legislative Assembly|Member of Goa Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Cortalim Assembly constituency|Cortalim]]
| term_start = 10 March 2022
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Alina Saldanha]]
| successor =
| party = [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| alma_mater = Our Lady of Perpetual Succor High School, [[Cortalim]] ([[S.S.C]])
| profession = {{hlist|Bus operator|fish trader}}
| website =
| occupation = Politician
}}

'''Antonio Vas''' (born 29 December 1964) is an Indian politician who serves as a member of the [[Goa Legislative Assembly]], representing the [[Cortalim Assembly constituency]]. He contested as an [[Independent politician|Independent]] candidate in the [[2022 Goa Legislative Assembly election]] and emerged victorious by defeating two term [[Aam Aadmi Party]] MLA, [[Alina Saldanha]] by a margin of 4,167 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cortalim Election Result 2022 LIVE: Cortalim MLA Election Result & Vote Share - Oneindia |url=https://www.oneindia.com/cortalim-assembly-elections-ga-27/ |access-date=2022-08-03 |website=www.oneindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Antonio Vas Election Result Cortalim Live: Assembly (Vidhan Sabha) Election Results 2022 Antonio Vas Cortalim Seat {{!}} CNBCTV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/assembly-elections/goa-election-result/candidates/antonio-vas-candidate-s05a027c03/ |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=www.cnbctv18.com}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Antonio Vas, INDEPENDENT MLA from Cortalim – Our Neta |url=https://ourneta.com/neta/antonio-vas/ |access-date=2022-08-03 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ANTONIO VAS Contact Number, Biography of Candidate, Email Id, Address Details Cortalim - Customer Care Number |url=https://www.customercareno.co.in/politician-contact-details/antonio-vas-contact-number-biography-of-candidate-email-id-address-details_i194422 |access-date=2022-08-03 |website=ANTONIO VAS Contact Number, Biography of Candidate, Email Id, Address Details Cortalim - Customer Care Number |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Early and personal life==
Antonio Vas was born to Mateus Vas in [[Goa]]. He completed his [[Secondary School Certificate]] from Our Lady of Perpetual Succor High School, [[Cortalim]] in 1986. He currently resides at Arvale, [[Cortalim]], Goa. He is a bus operator and fish trader by profession.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Antonio Vas(Independent(IND)):Constituency- CORTALIM(SOUTH GOA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/goa2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=71 |access-date=2022-08-03 |website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Digital |first=G. T. |title=Cortalim MLA to discuss right of way encroachment with deputy collector |url=https://www.gomantaktimes.com/news/goa/cortalim-mla-to-discuss-right-of-way-encroachment-with-deputy-collector |access-date=2022-11-19 |website=Gomantak Times |date=8 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vas, Antonio}}
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Goa MLAs 2022–2027]]

Vora State

2026-04-15T16:54:27Z

CourtneySugden: New Initial Article Added Tags

{{Short description|Princely state}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
|native_name =
|conventional_long_name =Vora State
|common_name =Vora
|nation = [[British India]]
|subdivision = [[Princely State]]
|era =
|year_start =
|date_start =
|event_start=
|year_end = 1948
|date_end =
|event_end= [[Independence of India|Accession to the Union of India]]
|event1 =
|date_event1 =
|p1 =
|s1 = India
|flag_p1 =
|flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
|image_flag =
|image_coat =
|image_map = File:Rewa_Kantha_Agency_with_all_Princely_States_Gujarat_during_British_India_1811-1937_with_labels.svg
|image_map_caption = Location of Vora
|stat_area1 =2.59
|stat_year1 =1931
|stat_pop1 =107
|footnotes =
}}
'''Vora State''' was a minor [[princely state]] during the [[British Raj]] in what is today [[Gujarat State]] India. It was initially administered by the [[Rewa Kantha Agency]]<ref name=NS266>{{cite book | title=Memoranda On Native State In India | date=1909 | page=266 | url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108717/page/n297/mode/2up}}</ref> and then by the Baroda and Gujarat States Agency, and then by the [[Baroda and Gujarat States Agency]].<ref>{{cite book | title=Memoranda On The Indian States | date=1935 | page=104 | url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.275347/page/n113/mode/2up?view=theater}}</ref> It was part of the 28 Princely States making up the [[Sankheda Mehwas]], estates dating from the fall of Pawagadh in 1484, by Rajputts settling on the south of the territory near the town of Sankheda, from which the Sankheda Mehwas derive their name.<ref name=NS272>{{cite book | title=Memoranda On Native State In India | date=1909 | page=272 | url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108717/page/n303/mode/2up}}</ref> The state had a population of 1407 and an area of 5 sq miles.<ref name=MI26>{{cite book | title=Memoranda On The Indian States | date=1939 | page=26 | url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35598/page/n35/mode/2up}}</ref>

==History==

The state of [[Baroda]] had imposed a tribute on the Sankheda Mewas, it's extraction causing British intervention in 1822, brokering an agreement where the [[Gaekwar]] received tribute from the states, while their independence was recognised by Baroda, which also promised to respect the petty states' rights.<ref name=NS272 />

==Rulers==

The Ruler had the title of Thakur.

* Thakur Motabawa Fatebawa (b. 1855) 2 July 1890-fl. 1909 <ref name=NS266 />
* Thakur Badharkhan Motabawa (b. 30 October 1901) 27 December 1911-fl. 1939 <ref name=MI26 />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Gujarat}}

[[Category:Princely states of Gujarat]]
[[Category:1948 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1948]]

Samara (2023 film)

2026-04-11T07:24:59Z

CourtneySugden:

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name =
| image = Samara poster.jpeg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Charles Joseph
| writer = Charles Joseph
| screenplay =
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* M. K. Subhakaran
* Anuj Varghese Villyadath
}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]]
* [[Bharath (actor)|Bharath]]
* Binoj Villya
}}
| cinematography = Sinu Sidharth
| editing = R. J. Pappan
| music = {{Plainlist|
* Deepak Warrier {{Small|(songs)}}
* [[Gopi Sundar]] {{Small|(score)}}
}}
| studio = Peacock Art House
| distributor = [[Listin Stephen]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2023|8|11}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Samara''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[Science fiction film|science fiction]] [[thriller film]] written and directed by Charles Joseph in his directorial debut.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/samara-first-look-poster-of-bharath-rahmans-thriller-film-out/article67086913.ece|title='Samara': First look poster of Bharath, Rahman's thriller film out|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=16 July 2023|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717013718/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/samara-first-look-poster-of-bharath-rahmans-thriller-film-out/article67086913.ece|archive-date=17 July 2023}}</ref> The film stars [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]], [[Bharath (actor)|Bharath]], Sanjana Dipu, Binoj Villya and [[Rahul Madhav]] in the lead roles.

The film was released on 11 August 2023 by [[Listin Stephen]].

== Plot ==
The film is about a possible biowar that happens in the country with people getting infected with a virus.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]] as Antony
* [[Bharath (actor)|Bharath]] as Dr. Zakir Rasa Khan
* Binoj Villya as Dr. Alan Moses
* Sanjana Dipu as Jani
* [[Rahul Madhav]] as Dr. Azad
* Vivia Santh
* Govind Krishna as Senthil IPS
* [[Mir Sarwar]] as Ramanujam
* [[Dinesh Lamba]]
* Tinij Villya as Inspector Abhay
* Veer Aryan as Milan
* Neetu Chaudhary
* Sonali Sudan as Geetha
}}

== Production ==
[[Principal photography]] took place in [[Dharamshala]], [[Kullu]], [[Manali, Himachal Pradesh|Manali]] and [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2023 |title=Release Of Malayalam Actor Rahman's Samara Postponed, Makers Drop New Poster |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/release-of-malayalam-actor-rahmans-samara-postponed-makers-drop-new-poster-8479117.html |access-date=23 October 2023 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Music ==
The film has songs composed by Deepak Warrier, while the original background score is provided by [[Gopi Sundar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 August 2023 |title=First look poster of Samara is here |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/aug/04/first-look-poster-of-samara-is-here-46257.html |access-date=23 October 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2023 |title=Samara: Nivin Pauly and Tovino Thomas release the first-look poster of Rahman's film |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/samara-nivin-pauly-and-tovino-thomas-release-the-first-look-poster-of-rahmans-film/670430a222291 |access-date=23 October 2023 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

== Release ==
The film was initially scheduled to release in Kerala on 4 August 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 August 2023 |title=Rahman's sci-fi film 'Samara' sets a new release date beyond August 4 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/rahmans-sci-fi-film-samara-sets-a-new-release-date-beyond-august-4/articleshow/102342299.cms?frmapp=yes |access-date=23 October 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> It was later postponed and released on 11 August 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 August 2023 |title=Rahman's science fiction thriller Samara to release in theatres on this date |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/rahmans-science-fiction-thriller-samara-to-release-in-theatres-on-this-date/69fc7eba97187 |access-date=23 October 2023 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> The dubbed Tamil version was released on 13 October 2023 by K.V. Shabarreesh of 2M cinemas.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 October 2023 |title=Samara: Bharath and Rahman's thriller to hit screens in Tamil on THIS date |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/samara-bharath-and-rahmans-thriller-to-hit-screens-in-tamil-on-this-date/02f930671d900 |access-date=23 October 2023 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/oct/08/bharath-and-rahman-starrer-samara-gets-release-date-48396.html|title=Bharath and Rahman-starrer Samara gets release date|work=[[The New Indian Express|Cinema Express]]|date=8 October 2023}}</ref> The film was also released in Malaysia on the same date.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=10 October 2023 |title=റഹ്‍മാന്റെ തമിഴ് സമാറ മലേഷ്യയിലും |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/actor-rahman-starrer-new-film-samaras-tamil-release-update-out-hrk-s2bajz |access-date=23 October 2023 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=ml}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Gopika Is of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film {{fraction|2|1|2}} out of 5 and stated that " The location of the film, the snow-capped mountains of Himachal Pradesh does offer the movie an aesthetic appeal."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Samara Movie Review : Poor writing dampens this film despite stunning visuals |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/samara/movie-review/102812651.cms |access-date=2023-10-16 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> ''[[Mathrubhumi]]'' critic stated that "One can get a ticket for ''Samara'' to watch a subject that Malayalam cinema has never tried on the big screen".<ref>{{Cite web |last=|date=2023-08-11 |title=ഇങ്ങനെയൊരു വിഷയം മലയാളത്തിലാദ്യം, കാലികപ്രസക്തവും വ്യത്യസ്തവുമാണ് സമാറ|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/reviews/samara-malayalam-movie-review-samara-first-review-rahman-and-charles-joseph-1.8811702 |access-date=2024-01-25 |work=[[Mathrubhumi]] |language=ml}}</ref> ''[[Asianet News]]'' critic wrote that "Charles Joseph's narration of the first film reflects the skill and maturity shown. Even though it is a film with storylines that may be unpalatable to some, it is the skill and skill of the narration that keeps the audience attached to ''Samara''".<ref>{{Cite web |last=|date=2023-08-11|title=നിഗൂഢത നിറച്ച് 'സമാറ', റിവ്യു |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/movie-reviews/actor-rahman-starrer-new-film-samara-review-hrk-rz893o |access-date=2024-01-25 |work=[[Asianet News]] |language=ml}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|15116506}}

[[Category:2023 Indian films]]
[[Category:2023 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Indian science fiction thriller films]]

Angaaray

2026-03-31T07:43:14Z

CourtneySugden:

'''Angaaray''' ({{Literal translation|Embers}} in Hindi-Urdu) may refer to these Indian films:
* [[Angaaray (1986 film)|''Angaaray'' (1986 film)]], directed by Rajesh Seth with Rajesh Khanna in the lead role
* [[Angaaray (1998 film)|''Angaaray'' (1998 film)]], directed by Mahesh Bhatt with Akshay Kumar in the lead role

==See also==
* [[Angarey (disambiguation)]]
* [[Angaar (disambiguation)]]
*''[[Angaarey]]'', 1975 Indian film

{{disambig}}

Mupparimanam

2026-03-26T19:17:57Z

CourtneySugden: Added New Info Initial Version

{{Short description|Indian Tamil romantic thriller film by Adhiroopan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mupparimanam
| image = Mupparimanam.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Poster
| director = Adhiroopan
| producer = Pollachi V. Visu Pollachi Gold V. Kumar
| writer = Adhiroopan
| starring = [[Shanthanu Bhagyaraj]] [[Srushti Dange]] [[Skanda Ashok]]
| music = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| cinematography = Rasamathi
| editing = [[Vivek Harshan]]
| studio = Shamayalaya Creations
| distributor = [[Sri Thenandal Films]]
| released = {{Film date|2017|03|03|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross =
}}

'''''Mupparimanam''''' ({{translation|Three Dimensions}}) is a 2017 Indian [[Tamil language]] [[romantic thriller]] film written and directed by Adhiroopan. The film stars [[Shanthanu Bhagyaraj]] and [[Srushti Dange]], with [[Skanda Ashok]], [[Ravi Prakash (Telugu actor)|Ravi Prakash]] and [[Thambi Ramaiah]] in supporting roles. Featuring music composed by [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] and cinematography by Rasamathi, the film began production during late 2015, and was released on 3 March 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shanthnu-Keerthi celebrate first Tamil New Year after marriage |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Shanthnu-Keerthi-celebrate-first-Tamil-New-Year-after-marriage/articleshow/51811168.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110041159/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Shanthnu-Keerthi-celebrate-first-Tamil-New-Year-after-marriage/articleshow/51811168.cms |archive-date=10 November 2017 |access-date=19 May 2020 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Shanthanu Bhagyaraj]] as Kathir
*[[Srushti Dange]] as Anusha
*[[Skanda Ashok]] as Santhosh
*[[Thambi Ramaiah]] as Boat Owner
*[[Samuthirakani]] as Siraivaasan
*[[Florent Pereira]] as Anusha's father
*[[Ravi Prakash]] as Anusha's uncle
*Mohana as Anusha's aunt
*[[Charle]] as Porchezhiyan
*[[Appukutty]] as Logu
*[[Swaminathan]] as Arivudai
*[[Lollu Sabha Manohar]] as Nambirajan
*P. V. Chandramouli as Vigneshwaran
*[[Kalyani Natarajan]] as Kathir's mother
*Rekha Suresh as Anusha's mother
*Avis Manoj Kumar as Kathir's friend
*[[Divyabharathi]] as Anusha's friend
*C. M. Bala as Police Inspector
}}
;Special appearances as themselves in the song "Let's Go Party" (in alphabetical order)
{{colbegin}}
* [[Aari Arujunan]]
* [[Aishwarya Rajesh]]
* [[Arya (actor)|Arya]]
* [[Ashok Selvan]]
* [[Bobby Simha]]
* [[Jackie Shroff]]
* [[Janani Iyer]]
* [[K. Bhagyaraj]]
* [[Kalaiyarasan]]
* Keerthi
* [[Krish (singer)|Krish]]
* [[Pandiarajan]]
* [[R. Parthiepan|Parthiban]]
* [[Poornima Bhagyaraj]]
* [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]]
* [[Prasanna (actor)|Prasanna]]
* [[Premji Amaren]]
* [[Prithvi Rajan]]
* [[Radhika Sarathkumar]]
* [[Rajendran]]
* [[Ramya Krishnan]]
* [[Sangeetha Krish|Sangeetha]]
* [[Soori (actor)|Soori]]
* [[Venkat Prabhu]]
* [[Vidharth]]
* [[Vijay Antony]]
* [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]]
{{colend}}

==Production==
[[Shanthanu Bhagyaraj]] signed on to work on the project directed by Adhiroopan, an erstwhile assistant to [[Bala (director)|Bala]], in early 2015 and stated that he hoped the film "would resurrect his career".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raghavan |first=Nikhil |date=27 June 2015 |title=Star scions |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/star-scions/article7361466.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221155548/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/star-scions/article7361466.ece |archive-date=21 December 2019 |access-date=19 May 2020 |via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> Athiroopan revealed that he was encouraged by [[Vetrimaaran]] to make his first venture and picked Shanthanu as the script required an actor who could also dance, while also revealing that the film was based on a real-life character.<ref>{{Cite web |last=K |first=Janani |date=22 July 2016 |title=Mupparimanam is a love thriller |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/220716/mupparimanam-is-a-love-thriller.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214201133/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/220716/mupparimanam-is-a-love-thriller.html |archive-date=14 December 2019 |access-date=19 May 2020 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> He also stated that it took seven years to perfect the script. Shanthanu described the film as his "comeback" and banked on the project heavily to revitalise his career as an actor after a series of unsuccessful films.<ref>{{Cite web |last=M |first=Ramakrishnan |date=2 March 2017 |title=Comeback conundrum |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/Interview-with-Shanthnu-Bhagyaraj-about-Mupparimanan/article17393733.ece |via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> Actress [[Srushti Dange]] revealed that it was the toughest role in her career, and at times, wanted to quit after being unable to sync with the director's expectations.<ref>{{Cite web |last=K |first=Janani |date=17 February 2017 |title=Srushti Dange gives it all for Mupparimanam |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/170217/srushti-dange-gives-it-all-for-mupparimanam.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721153853/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/170217/srushti-dange-gives-it-all-for-mupparimanam.html |archive-date=21 July 2022 |access-date=19 May 2020 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> The crew shot in places including Pollachi, Challakudy and Alleppey and only revealed the title of the project to the media in March 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shanthnoo's Next a Unique Take on Love |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2016/mar/12/shanthnoos-next-a-unique-take-on-love-910510.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202121230/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2016/mar/12/Shanthnoos-Next-a-Unique-Take-on-Love-910510.html |archive-date=2 February 2017 |access-date=19 May 2020 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> A song featuring several actors in guest appearances was shot for close to three months in several takes at Mohan Studios in Chennai, before finishing in June 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |title=27 Stars in 1 song at a new year's party |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2016/jun/13/27-stars-in-1-song-at-a-new-years-party-939677.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202180129/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2016/jun/13/27-Stars-in-1-song-at-a-new-years-party-939677.html |archive-date=2 February 2017 |access-date=19 May 2020 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Composer [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] worked on the film despite his acting commitments, and took fifty five days for the re-recording work.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=12 January 2017 |title=A significant film for Shanthanu |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/120117/a-significant-film-for-shanthanu.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107114941/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/120117/a-significant-film-for-shanthanu.html |archive-date=7 November 2017 |access-date=19 May 2020 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Mupparimanam
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| cover =
| border = yes
| alt =
| caption = Soundtrack album art
| released = 14 February 2017
| recorded = 2015–16
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = [[TrendMusic|Trend Music]]
| producer = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| prev_title = [[Kadavul Irukaan Kumaru]]
| prev_year = 2016
| next_title = [[Lens (film)|Lens]]
| next_year = 2018
}}
Featuring five songs from [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]], the film's soundtrack was released by actor [[Rajinikanth]] on 12 February 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 February 2017 |title=Rajinikanth's involvement for Bhagyaraj's son - Tamil News |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/superstar-rajinikanth-released-the-audio-and-trailer-of-tamil-news-179017.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224134431/http://www.indiaglitz.com/superstar-rajinikanth-released-the-audio-and-trailer-of-tamil-news-179017.html |archive-date=24 February 2017 |access-date=19 May 2020 |website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=When Superstar said 'once more' for Mupparimanam trailer |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/feb/16/when-superstar-said-once-more-for-mupparimanam-trailer-1571009.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923065457/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/feb/16/when-superstar-said-once-more-for-mupparimanam-trailer-1571009.html |archive-date=23 September 2021 |access-date=19 May 2020 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Mupparimanam' team meets superstar |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/mupparimanam-team-meets-superstar-imagegallery-kollywood-rcpnO4aijcaca.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216161546/http://www.sify.com/movies/mupparimanam-team-meets-superstar-imagegallery-kollywood-rcpnO4aijcaca.html |archive-date=16 February 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Prior to the release of the album, a promotional song titled "Let's Go Party" was unveiled by [[A. R. Rahman]] on Twitter.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mupparimanam promo song on January 30 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/mupparimanam-promo-song-on-january-30/articleshow/56832235.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528005010/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/mupparimanam-promo-song-on-january-30/articleshow/56832235.cms |archive-date=28 May 2023 |access-date=19 May 2020 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 January 2017 |title=A.R. Rahman to do it for Shantanu - GVP movie - Tamil News |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/shantanu-srushti-dange-mupparimanam-gvp-music-launch-by-a-r-rahman-tamil-news-177662.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811031937/https://www.indiaglitz.com/shantanu-srushti-dange-mupparimanam-gvp-music-launch-by-a-r-rahman-tamil-news-177662.html |archive-date=11 August 2022 |access-date=19 May 2020 |website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> Despite his busy acting commitments, G. V. Prakash Kumar had kept his word of composing music for Adhiroopan's first film, following the pair's association during the making of [[Bala (director)|Bala]]-directional ''[[Paradesi (2013 film)|Paradesi]]'' (2013).<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 January 2017 |title=G V Prakash and Shantanu Bhagyaraj team up - Tamil News |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/g-v-prakash-scores-music-for-shantanu-bhagyaraj-shrusti-dange-mupparimanam-tamil-news-176823.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224134433/http://www.indiaglitz.com/g-v-prakash-scores-music-for-shantanu-bhagyaraj-shrusti-dange-mupparimanam-tamil-news-176823.html |archive-date=24 February 2017 |access-date=19 May 2020 |website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = {{Duration|m=|s=}}
| title1 = Let's Go Party
| extra1 = [[G.V. Prakash Kumar]], Varun Parandhaman, MC Vickey
| lyrics1 = [[Na. Muthukumar]]
| length1 = 4:23
| title2 = Sokki Poraandi
| extra2 = Al Rufian, Maalavika Sundar
| lyrics2 = Na. Muthukumar
| length2 = 5:19
| title3 = Kannodu Kannodu
| extra3 = [[D. Sathyaprakash|Sathyaprakash]]
| lyrics3 = [[Kabilan (lyricist)|Kabilan]]
| length3 = 5:07
| title4 = Uyirile Uyirile
| extra4 = [[Vijay Prakash]]
| lyrics4 = [[Yugabharathi]]
| length4 = 4:36
| title5 = Yaar Ivano
| extra5 = [[Santhosh Hariharan]]
| lyrics5 = Na. Muthukumar
| length5 = 2:58
}}

==Release==
The satellite rights of the film were sold to [[Vasanth TV]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 April 2018 |title=*🌸TAMIL NEW YEAR SPECIAL MOVIES ON TV CHANNELS - D2H🌸* |url=https://www.facebook.com/SatelliteRightsTamil/posts/tamil-new-year-special-movies-on-tv-channels-d2hsuntv11am-kalakalappu-2wtp630pm-/1804066423236213/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418184942/https://www.facebook.com/SatelliteRightsTamil/posts/tamil-new-year-special-movies-on-tv-channels-d2hsuntv11am-kalakalappu-2wtp630pm-/1804066423236213/ |archive-date=18 April 2019 |access-date=12 April 2019 |website=facebook.com/SatelliteRightsTamil}}</ref> The film opened to mixed reviews from film critics, with Deccan Chronicle suggesting "the film starts in a thrilling manner but fizzles out soon".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=4 March 2017 |title=Mupparimanam review: The film starts in a thrilling manner but fizzles out soon |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/040317/mupparimanam-review-the-film-starts-in-a-thrilling-manner-but-fizzles-out-soon.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923184929/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/040317/mupparimanam-review-the-film-starts-in-a-thrilling-manner-but-fizzles-out-soon.html |archive-date=23 September 2020 |access-date=19 May 2020 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> On a positive note, Behindwoods.com stated "on the whole, director Adhiroopan definitely has what it takes to make an engaging thriller film with well-written family based emotional scenes, but he has given a lot of importance to commercial aspects like love, songs, and comedy which dilutes the impact that could have been created" and that "also, with the majority twists kept for the last few minutes, a finish with a bang is lacking and leaves the audiences with a half baked cake".<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 March 2017 |title=Mupparimanam (aka) Muparimanam review |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/mupparimanam/mupparimanam-review.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328105639/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/mupparimanam/mupparimanam-review.html |archive-date=28 March 2017 |access-date=27 March 2017 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> Sify.com called the film "yet another wasted opportunity, dished out in Kollywood", concluding it was "tiring", while TheNewsMinute.com wrote "the film has an exciting screenplay but it is mired in regressive ideas about love and relationships".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mupparimanam review - What a wasted opportunity? |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/mupparimanam-review---what-a-wasted-opportunity-review-tamil-rdelfQjdejbch.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304102624/http://www.sify.com/movies/mupparimanam-review---what-a-wasted-opportunity-review-tamil-rdelfQjdejbch.html |archive-date=4 March 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Friday, March 03, 2017 - 17:43 |date=2017-03-03 |title=Review: 'Mupparimanam', a gripping film neck-deep in misogyny from a debut director |url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/review-mupparimanam-gripping-film-neck-deep-misogyny-debut-director-58047 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328195307/http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/review-mupparimanam-gripping-film-neck-deep-misogyny-debut-director-58047 |archive-date=28 March 2017 |access-date=2020-05-19 |publisher=The News Minute}}</ref> Baradwaj Rangan of Film Companion wrote "The leads put in valiant performances, but a film with so much love and loss should have made us feel so much more. "<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |date=3 March 2017 |title=Mupparimanam Movie Review |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/mupparimanam-movie-review-baradwaj-rangan}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|6594820}}

[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:2017 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2017 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
[[Category:2010s romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:2017 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Garo people

2026-03-26T10:39:26Z

CourtneySugden: typo fix

{{Short description|Ethnic group of Indian subcontinent}}
{{Other uses|Garo (disambiguation){{!}}Garo}}
{{Multiple issues|{{Tone|date=April 2017}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2025}}}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = '''Garo'''
| native_name = A∙chik
| native_name_lang = A∙chikku
| image = GARO TRADITIONAL DRESS-9.jpg
| image_caption = A Garo couple in traditional attire
| pop = 1.1 million ({{Circa|2011}})
| popplace = [[India]]{{*}}[[Bangladesh]]
| region1 = {{flag|India}}
| pop1 = 997,716
| ref1 = <ref>{{cite web|title=A-11 Individual Scheduled Tribe Primary Census Abstract Data and its Appendix|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/ST.html|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=Government of India|access-date=28 October 2017}}</ref>
| region2 = {{*}}[[Meghalaya]]
| pop2 = 821,026
| region3 = {{*}}[[Assam]]
| pop3 = 136,077
| region4 = {{*}}[[Tripura]]
| pop4 = 12,952
| region5 = {{flag|Bangladesh}}
| pop5 = 120,000
| ref5 = <ref>{{cite web|title=Garo|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/grt|website=Ethnologue|publisher=SIL International|access-date=28 October 2017}}</ref>
| languages = [[Garo language|Garo]] (A∙chikku)
| religions = Majority ~ [[Christianity]] (90%)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://theprint.in/features/missionary-is-not-a-popular-word-in-india-but-in-the-khasi-hills-it-holds-a-different-meaning/751501/ | title=Missionary is not a very popular word in India. But in the Khasi hills, it holds a different meaning in their culture. | website=[[ThePrint]] | date=16 October 2021 }}</ref> Minority ~ [[Songsarek religion|Songsarek]], [[Hinduism]] (40% in [[Bangladesh]]),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chakma |first=Sheeladitya |title=A CASE STUDY ON THE GARO ETHNIC PEOPLE OF THE SAL (Shorea robusta) FORESTS IN BANGLADESH |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265291382}}</ref> [[Animism]]
| related = [[Bodo-Kachari peoples|Bodo-Kachari groups]]; [[Boro people|Boro]], [[Hajong people|Hajong]], [[Rabha people|Rabha]], [[Koch people|Koch]], [[Dimasa people|Dimasa]], [[Tripuri people|Tripuri]], [[Konyak people]], other [[Tibeto-Burmese|Tibeto Burman]] peoples
}}

The '''Garo people''' are a [[Tibeto-Burmese|Tibeto-Burman]] [[ethnic group]] who live mostly in the [[Northeast India]]n state of [[Meghalaya]], with a smaller number in neighbouring [[Bangladesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 October 2018 |title=5 facts you must know about the Garo Tribe of Meghalaya |url=https://thenortheasttoday.com/tntvideos/features/5-facts-you-must-know-about-the-garo-tribe-of-meghalaya/cid2513940.htm |access-date=31 December 2023 |website=thenortheasttoday.com |language=en-IN}} "The Garos are a [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]] ethnic group in Meghalaya also known as the A·chik Mande (literally hill people) or simply A·chik or Mande."</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=R. Marak |first1=Silba |last2=Sharma |first2=Dwijen |date=11 September 2023 |title=Funeral Rites of the Garos: Unveiling Cultural Assimilation Amidst Christian Influence |url=https://ejournal.uinsgd.ac.id/index.php/jcrt/article/view/354 |journal=Journal of Contemporary Rituals and Traditions |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=55–66 |doi=10.15575/jcrt.354 |issn=2988-5884 |doi-access=free}}</ref> They are the second-largest indigenous people in Meghalaya after the [[Khasi people|Khasi]] and comprise about a third of the local population. They are also found in the Mymensingh Division including Jamalpur, Sherpur, and Mymensingh districts of [[Bangladesh]].

== Etymology ==
Historically, the name Garo was used for a large number of different peoples living on the southern bank of [[Brahmaputra River]], but now refers primarily to those who call themselves '''A∙chik Mande''' (literally "[[Hill tribes of Northeast India|hill people]]," from ''A∙chik'' "bite soil" and ''mande'' "people") or simply '''A∙chik''' or '''Mande''', with the name "Garo" now being used by outsiders as an [[exonym]].<ref name=":0">[http://meghalaya.nic.in/culture/people.htm Official Homepage of Meghalaya State of India] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080308175546/http://meghalaya.nic.in/culture/people.htm |date=8 March 2008}}</ref>

==History==

According to oral tradition, the Garo people first migrated to the Garo Hills from [[Tibet]] (referred to as Tibotgre) around 400 BC, under the leadership of Jappa Jalimpa, Sukpa, and Bongepa, crossing the [[Brahmaputra River]] (Songdu Chibima) and temporarily settling in the river valley. The Garo finally settled down in Garo Hills (East-West Garo Hills), finding providence and security in this uncharted territory and claiming it as their own. Records of the tribe by expanding [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] armies and by East India Company officials in what is now Bangladesh wrote of the warlike nature of the people.
The earliest written records about the Garo date from around 1800, and were described by officials of the East India Company as follows: "... looked upon as bloodthirsty savages, who inhabited a tract of hills covered with almost impenetrable jungle, the climate of which was considered so deadly as to make it impossible for a white man to live there. The Garo had the reputation of being fierce headhunters, the social status of a man being decided by the number of heads he owned".<ref>Playfair 76-77.</ref>

[[File:Garo Women and head of Garo Boy.jpg|thumb|Garo women and a Garo boy]]
[[File:A Garo woman.jpg|thumb|A Garo woman, 1912]]
In December 1872, the Government of India dispatched a military expedition to the Garo Hills to establish control over the region. The campaign was conducted from three sides – south, east, and west. The Garo warriors (''matgriks'') confronted them at the Battle of Rongrenggre, equipped with spears, swords, and shields. Inevitably, the Garo were defeated in the battle, lacking the guns or mortars of the army.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

By the early 1900s, the [[American Baptist Mission]] was active in the area, working from [[Tura, Meghalaya]].<ref>Playfair vi.</ref>

Two early histories of the Garo people were written by [[District magistrate|deputy commissioner for Eastern Bengal and Assam]] Major A. Playfair, ''The Garos'' (1909), and by Sinha T.C., ''The Psyche of Garos'' (1955).

==Geographical distribution==

The Garo are mainly distributed over the [[Garo Hills]], [[Khasi Hills]], Ri-Bhoi districts in [[Meghalaya]], [[Kamrup Rural district|Kamrup]], [[Goalpara district|Goalpara]], [[Sivasagar]], and [[Karbi Anglong]] districts of [[Assam]], in India. In Bangladesh, lesser numbers are found in [[Tangail District|Tangail]], [[Jamalpur District|Jamalpur]], [[Sherpur District|Sherpur]], [[Mymensingh District|Mymensingh]], [[Netrokona District|Netrokona]], [[Sunamganj District|Sunamganj]], [[Sylhet District|Sylhet]] and [[Gazipur District|Gazipur]] with the highest concentration in [[Haluaghat Upazila]] and [[Dhobaura Upazila|Dhobaura]] of [[Mymensingh district]], [[Durgapur Upazila, Netrokona|Durgapur upazila]] and [[Kalmakanda Upazila|Kalmakanda upazila]] of [[Netrokona district]], [[Nalitabari Upazila|Nalitabari upazila]] and [[Jhenaigati Upazila|Jhenaigati upazila]] of Sherpur and [[Madhupur Upazila|Madhupur upazila]] of [[Tangail district]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Garo, The - Banglapedia |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Garo,_The |access-date=23 February 2024 |website=en.banglapedia.org |language=en}}</ref>
A majority of Garo village or locality names end with -''gre''. For example, Dakopgre, Cherangre, Goeragre, Simsanggre, etc. There are also names with the ending -'' para'', e.g. Salmanpara, Asipara, Marakapara, etc. ''Para'' is a corruption of -''bra'', which was the result of a census error. Similarly, the village name Asipara is a corruption of the historical place name Asibra. However, the village is listed in census and government records under the name Asipara. This replacement of original names can be seen as a threat to Garo's cultural identity.

It is estimated that the total Garo population in Meghalaya, Assam, Nagaland, Tripura, West Bengal, Canada, the US, Europe, Australia, and Bangladesh combined is more than 1 million.<ref>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/grt 'Garo'] in Lewis, M. Paul, Gary F. Simons, and Charles D. Fennig (eds.). 2013. ''[[Ethnologue]]: Languages of the World'', 17th edition. Dallas, Texas: SIL International: 889,000 in India (2001 census), 120,000 in Bangladesh (2005). Population total all countries: 1,009,000.</ref>

Garo is also found scattered in the Indian state of [[Tripura]]. The recorded Garo population was around 6,000 in 1971.<ref>Gan-Chaudhuri, Jagadis. ''Tripura: The Land and its People''. (Delhi: Leeladevi Publications, 1980) p. 10</ref>

Garo form minority groups in [[Cooch Behar district|Cooch Behar]], [[Jalpaiguri district|Jalpaiguri]], [[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling]] and [[West Dinajpur district|West Dinajpur]] of [[West Bengal]], as well as in [[Nagaland]]. The present generation of Garo forming minority groups in these states of India does not generally speak their ethnic language any longer.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}}

Garo also forms small communities in various other parts of the world including Canada, America, Australia, and the United Kingdom.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}}

==Religion==
Today, most Garos in India follow [[Christianity]]<ref>{{cite web|title=People of Meghalaya|url=http://shillong.com/content/people-meghalaya|access-date=3 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108110212/http://shillong.com/content/people-meghalaya|archive-date=8 November 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> with a few practicing the traditional Garo animist religion, [[Songsarek religion|Songsarek]]. The latter includes deities who must be appeased with rituals, ceremonies, and [[animal sacrifice]]s to ensure the welfare of the tribe.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Marak |first=Paulinus R. |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/005256265 |title=The Garo tribal religion: beliefs and practices |date=2005 |publisher=Anshah Pub. House |isbn=978-81-8364-002-2 |location=Delhi}}</ref>

[[Ramke W. Momin]] was the first Christian Garo member and was born in [[Goalpara district]] in the 1830s.{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}

In Bangladesh, 56.02% of Garos consider themselves practitioners of Christianity, while of the remaining population, most are practitioners of Songsarek.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A CASE STUDY ON THE GARO ETHNIC PEOPLE OF THE SAL (Shorea robusta) FORESTS IN BANGLADESH |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265291382 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208073028/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265291382_A_CASE_STUDY_ON_THE_GARO_ETHNIC_PEOPLE_OF_THE_SAL_Shorea_robusta_FORESTS_IN_BANGLADESH |archive-date=8 December 2024 |access-date=2025-03-21 |website=ResearchGate |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

In India, a small percentage of the Garo population practices Buddhism, estimated at 0.40%.

The term "Dakbewal" is often used to describe Garo culture.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} In 2000, the group called "Risi Jilma" was founded to safeguard the ancient Garo Songsarek religion. Seeing the Songsarek population in decline, youth from the Dadenggiri subdivision of [[Garo Hills]] felt the need to preserve the Songsarek culture. The Rishi Jilma group is active in about 480 villages in and around Garo Hills.

==Language==
{{main|Garo language}}

[[File:Garo elderly man sings traditional song 2.webm|thumb|left|Garo man singing a folk song in Garo language at [[Ramgarh Upazila|Ramgarh]], [[Khagrachhari District|Khagrachori]]]]
The [[Garo language]] belongs to the [[Tibeto-Burman]] [[language family]]. Brief lists of Garo words were compiled by [[East India Company]] officials in 1800, and Garo acquired a Latin-based writing system in the late 19th century. This system was devised by American Baptist missionaries, based on a northeastern dialect of Garo.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} A·beng or Am·beng, Matabeng, Atong, Me·gam, Matchi, Dual [Matchi-Dual], Ruga, Chibok, Chisak, Gara, Gan·ching [Gara-Gan·ching], A·we etc are few among the dialects of Garo people. The first translation of the Garo Bible was published in 1924 and the official language in schools and government offices is now [[Indian English|English]].{{citation needed|date=September 2020}}

==Social structure==
The Garo are one of the few remaining [[matrilineal]] societies in the world, and Garo individuals take their clan titles from their mothers. Traditionally, the youngest daughter (''nokmechik'') inherits [[property]] from her mother. Sons leave their parents' house at puberty and are trained in the village bachelor dormitory (''nokpante''). After getting married, the man lives in his wife's house.

In Garo tradition, the house where unmarried male youths live is called Nokpante. Traditionally, women were forbidden from entering the Nokpante, and any woman who broke this rule was considered tainted or "marang nangjok." However, this taboo is less common in the present day.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}}

Despite the matrilineal nature of Garo society, it can not accurately be described as matriarchal. While the property is owned by women, the governing of society and domestic affairs and the management of the property is carried out by men.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}}

While Garo people have traditional names,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www-personal.umich.edu/~rburling/MandeNames.html |title=An academic study about personal names in Garo villages |access-date=29 February 2008 |archive-date=1 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151101012234/http://www-personal.umich.edu/~rburling/MandeNames.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> modern Garo culture has been greatly influenced by Christianity.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}}

=== Marriage ===
In Garo society, marriage is traditionally arranged, with a strong emphasis on clan exogamy, meaning individuals marry outside their own clan. A distinctive practice among the Garo is "marriage by capture," known as "Chawarisikka," where the prospective groom is captured by the bride's family, symbolising the union. After marriage, the husband typically resides in his wife's household, reflecting the matrilineal nature of Garo society.

==Culture==
=== Clothing ===
The traditional dress of Garo Women is Dakmanda, Dakshari. But in the present day, jeans, Sari, T-shirts, and pajamas are also worn. By contrast, Garo men wear jeans, T-shirts, and shirts.
=== Ornaments ===
[[File:GARO_TRADITIONAL_DRESS-4.jpg|thumb|Garo men and women in traditional attire]]
Both men and women enjoy adorning themselves with ornaments:
*'' Nadongbi'' or ''sisa'' – made of a brass ring worn in the lobe of the ear
*'' Nadirong'' – brass ring worn in the upper part of the ear
*'' Natapsi'' – the string of beads worn in the upper part of the ear
*'' Jaksan'' – bangles of different materials and sizes
*'' Ripok'' – necklaces made of long barrel-shaped beads of cornelian or red glass while some are made of brass or silver and are worn on special occasions
*'' Jaksil'' – elbow ring is worn by rich men on Gana ceremonies

The dresses of Meghalaya worn by the Garo tribe vary depending on the place of residence of the people. Women who belong to remote villages in the Garo hills wear an eking, a small cloth worn around the waist.
*'' Penta'' – a small piece of ivory struck into the upper part of the ear projecting upwards, parallel to the side of the head
*'' Seng·ki'' – waistband consisting of several rows of conch shells, worn by women
*'' Pilne'' – head ornament wore by women during dances

=== Weapons ===
One of the principal Garo weapons is a two-edged [[sword]] called ''mil·am'' made of a single piece of iron from hilt to point. There is a cross-bar between the hilt and the blade where a bunch of ox's tail hair is attached. Other types of weapons include [[shield]], [[spear]], [[bow and arrow]], [[axe]], [[dagger]], etc.

=== Cuisine ===
The staple Garo food is [[rice]]. ''Kochu'' ([[taro]]), [[millet]], [[maize]], and [[tapioca]] are important substitutes for rice in times when it becomes scarce.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Marak |first1=Queenbala |author-link=Queenbala Marak| year=2014 |title=Food Politics: Studying Food, Identity and Difference among the Garos |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |pages=69–70 |isbn=978-1-4438-5710-9}}</ref> Other foods such as ''kochu'', dried fish, bamboo shoots, sorrell, sweet potato, pumpkin, gourd, and banana are also popular.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Marak |first1=Queenbala | author-link=Queenbala Marak |year=2014 |title=Food Politics: Studying Food, Identity and Difference among the Garos |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |pages=67–68 |isbn=978-1-4438-5710-9}}</ref>

The Garo have traditionally used a kind of potash in curries, which is obtained by burning dry pieces of [[cooking plantain|plantain]] stems or young bamboo, known locally as ''kalchi'' or ''katchi''. After these stems are burnt, the ashes are collected and dipped in water; these ashes are then strained in conical shapes in a bamboo strainer. However, [[cooking soda]] is more commonly used as a replacement for this 'ash water' by Garo nowadays.

Garo are known to ferment a special type of rice to create a liquor named "Minil Bichi". This 'country liquor' plays an important role in the life of the Garo.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}}

The sacred drink of the Garos is Chu. Garo children are given it to drink at birth, and visiting guests are traditionally offered it as well.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://travelifeweb.com/life/chu-the-holy-wine-of-garo-society/ |title=Chu: The Holy wine of Garo society | Travelife}}</ref>

==Festivals==

[[File:Wangala Dance.1.JPG|thumb|right|Garo people performing on [[Wangala]] festival]]

Most Garo festivals are based on the agricultural cycle of crops. The harvesting festival ''[[Wangala]]'' is the biggest celebration of the tribe happening in the month of October or November every year. It is the thanksgiving after harvest in honour of the god ''Saljong'', provider of nature's bounties.

Other festivals include ''Gal·mak Goa'', ''Agalmaka'', etc.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}}

=== Asanang Wangala ===
The '100-drum festival' is held in Asanang near [[Tura, Meghalaya|Tura]] in the [[West Garo Hills]], Meghalaya, India usually in October or November. Thousands of people, especially young people, gather at Asanang and celebrate Wangala. Garo girls known as ''nomil'' and boys ''(pante'') take part in 'Wangala' festivals. The ''pantes'' beat a kind of long drum called ''dama'' in groups and play bamboo flutes. The nominals with colourful costumes dance to the tune of ''dama'' and folk songs in a circle.

===Dhaka Wangala===
The Wangala festival is held by Garo in [[Dhaka]] every year, usually in November or December. It is estimated that 30,000 Garo are living in Dhaka, and this festival is one way that they can be seen to preserve Garo Culture and traditions.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} For the Wangala festival, Garo travels from every corner of the city to the Lalmatia Housing Society ground to gather and celebrate. Approximately 10,000 people attend the celebration.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} It is a vibrantly colourful rally with traditional dress, and drum performances. Speeches from special guests are also a highlight of the festival. The AMUA for Misi Saljon takes place by the original Kamal from villages. Display stalls are arranged with traditional food, dresses, and other materials. There is also amSouvenir publication from the Nokma Parishad where the Prime Minister's Message is included. It is a festival of great significance for the Garo in Dhaka.

===Christmas===
Though Christmas is a religious celebration, December is a great season of celebration in Garo Hills. In the first week of December, the town of [[Tura, India|Tura]] and all other smaller towns are illuminated with lights. This celebration features worship, dance, merry-making, grand feasts, and social visits goes on till 10 January. People from all religions and sections take part in the Christmas celebration. In December 2003 the tallest Christmas tree in the world was erected at Dobasipara, Tura by the Baptist boys of Dobasipara. Its height was 119.3 feet, covered by BBC and widely broadcast on television. The tree was decorated with 16,319 coloured light bulbs; it took about 14 days to complete the decoration.

===Ahaia Winter Festival===
The annual festival, conceptualised in 2008, is aimed to promote and brand this part of the region as a popular tourist destination by giving an opportunity for the local people to showcase their skills and expertise. The three-day fest features a gala event with a carnival, cultural show, food festival, rock concert, wine festival, angling competition, ethnic wear competition, children's fancy dress, DJ Nite, exhibitions, house, and other games. The entry forms for carnival and other events are available at the Tourist Office, [[Tura, India|Tura]].

==== Simsang Festival ====
It was first started in 2006 in Williamnagar, Meghalaya. Simsang festival was known as the Winter festival before and it promotes the talents of the local people. It also promotes the local bands and the exhibition of handcrafts made by local people. It also promotes the indigenous games of Garo.

==Notable people==
===India===
* [[Limison D. Sangma]], politician
* [[Thomas A. Sangma]], politician
* [[Rupa M. Marak]], politician
* [[Mehtab Sangma]], politician
* [[Gilbertson Sangma]], India international footballer.
* [[Agatha Sangma]], politician.
* [[Conrad Sangma|Conrad K Sangma]], politician.
* [[Numal Momin]], Deputy Speaker of the Assam Legislative Assembly since 2021.
* [[James Sangma|James Pangsang K Sangma]], politician.
* [[Martin Danggo|Martin Danggo Marak]], politician.
* [[Mukul Sangma|Mukul M. Sangma]], politician.
* [[P. A. Sangma|Purno A. Sangma]], politician.
* [[Pa Togan Sangma|Pa Togan Nengminja Sangma]], freedom fighter.
* [[Ramke W. Momin]], educationist and philosopher.
* [[S. C. Marak]], politician.
* [[Sanford Marak]], politician.
* [[Timothy Shira|Timothy D Shira]], politician.
* [[Williamson A. Sangma]], politician.
* [[Saleng A. Sangma]], politician

===Bangladesh===
* [[Jewel Areng]], politician.
* [[Debinash Sangma]], Pakistan international footballer.
* [[Maria Manda]], Bangladesh women's international footballer.
* [[Promode Mankin]], politician.
* [[Sheuli Azim]], Bangladesh women's international footballer.

==References==
===Notes===
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
*{{cite book |first=A. |last=Playfair |title=The Garos |location=London |publisher=Nutt |year=1909 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dSPTxAEACAAJ}}
*"Two new Mymensingh MPs take oath". The Independent. Retrieved 14 February 2018.
*"Awami League's Jewel Areng, Nazim Uddin win Mymensingh constituencies in by-elections". bdnews24.com. Retrieved 14 February 2018.
*"Mymensingh, a tribal Catholic elected to Parliament". asianews. it. Retrieved 14 February 2018.
*"AL nominates Jewel, Nazim for M'singh by-polls". banglanews24.com. Retrieved 14 February 2018.
* {{cite news |title=Indigenous Literature: Building a bridge between cultures |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/city/news/indigenous-literature-building-bridge-between-cultures-1703185 |work=The Daily Star |date=17 February 2019}}
*Times (2016-11-01). "Garo Icon Ramke W Momin's grave to be memorialized". Meghalaya Times. Retrieved 2019-10-14.
*Sangma, MS (15 October 2019). "Ramke W Momin A search for truth" (PDF). NEHU.
* "Congress outsmarted in Meghalaya, Conrad Sangma to be sworn on March 6". The Hindu. 4 March 2018. Archived from the original on 4 March 2018. Retrieved 5 March 2018.

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |last1=Ghosh |first1=A. |last2=Ganguly |first2=P. |date=2026 |chapter=Articulating Culture Through Oral Narratives: Documenting the Transformational Myths of the Garo Community of Tripura and Assam |editor1=S. N. Dhumal |editor2=T. V. Banekar |title=Whispers of Forgotten Tales |series=Performance Studies & Cultural Discourse in South Asia |volume=7 |publisher=Springer |location=Singapore |pages=21-32 |doi=10.1007/978-981-95-5973-2_2}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081219093032/http://www.meghalaya.nic.in/ Official site of Meghalaya State of India]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_6dV8eY-kwQ&feature=youtu.be A Garo, Mande Adivasi: Dance Performance Art in Bangladesh]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100325093712/http://eastgarohills.nic.in/district_profile/people.htm East Garo Hills District: The people]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130814105844/http://westgarohills.nic.in/people.html West Garo Hills District official website: The people - Garos]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131013132811/http://southgarohills.nic.in/Home/Profile/Culture.html South Garo Hills District official website - People and Culture ]
* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=grt Ethnologue entry for Garo]
* http://westgarohills.gov.in/culture.html
* [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0432361/ Still The Children Are Here (brief documentary of a Garo neighbourhood in Sadolpara, interior Garo Hills)]

{{Scheduled tribes of India}}
{{Hill tribes of Northeast India}}
{{Ethnic groups in Bangladesh}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Garo people}}
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Northeast India]]
[[Category:Bodo-Kachari]]
[[Category:Headhunting]]
[[Category:Tribes of Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Assam]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Mizoram]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Nagaland]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in South Asia]]
[[Category:Garo people| ]]
[[Category:Tribes of India]]

Erumeli Parameswaran Pillai

2026-03-25T11:32:17Z

CourtneySugden: created initial pg w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian (Malayalam-language) writer, teacher, scholar, and literary critic (1932–2014)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Erumeli Parameswaran Pillai
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Erumeli Parameswaran Pillai.jpg
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| pseudonym = Erumeli
| birth_name = Parameswaran Pillai
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1932|12|12}}
| birth_place = [[Erumeli]], [[Travancore]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2014|02|07|1932|12|12}}
| death_place = [[Mavelikkara]], [[Kerala]], India
| resting_place =
| occupation = Writer, teacher, scholar
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| nationality = 
| citizenship = 
| education = [[Master of Arts|MA]], [[Master of Education|MEd]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Kerala|Kerala University]] [[University of Madras|Madras University]]
| period =
| genre = Novel, short story, scholarly literature, literary criticism
| subject = 
| movement =
| notable_works =
| spouse = S. Saradamma (m.1957–2014)
| partner = 
| children = 3
| relatives =
| awards = [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| years_active =
| module =
| website = 
| portaldisp = 
}}
'''Erumeli Parameswaran Pillai''' (12 December 1932 – 7 February 2014) was a [[Malayalam]]-language writer, teacher, scholar, and literary critic from [[Kerala]], India. He wrote over forty books, including five novels, four collections of stories, 11 scholarly works, and a few one-act plays and children's literature. He is also known for the work ''Malayala Sahityam Kalaghattangaliloode'', a comprehensive history of Malayalam literature. He received the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Overall Contributions]] in 2009.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi awards announced |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/Sahitya-Akademi-awards-announced/article16300008.ece |access-date=31 January 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=12 May 2010}}</ref>

==Biography==
Pillai was born on 12 December 1932 in [[Erumeli]] in the [[Kottayam district]] as the son of Velamparampil Krishna Pillai and Lakshmikuttyamma.<ref name="Puzha">{{cite web |title=എരുമേലി പരമേശ്വരൻ പിളള |url=http://www.puzha.com/malayalam/bookstore/cgi-bin/author-detail.cgi?code=225 |publisher=Puzha.com |access-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121009054017/http://www.puzha.com/malayalam/bookstore/cgi-bin/author-detail.cgi?code=225 |archive-date=9 October 2012}}</ref> He obtained [[Master of Arts|MA]] degrees in Malayalam and Sociology from the [[University of Kerala]] and an [[Master of Education|MEd]] degree from the [[University of Madras]].<ref name="Puzha"/> He became a school teacher in 1952 and worked in Travancore Devaswom Board High Schools in Erumeli, [[Thakazhi]] and [[Tiruvalla]].<ref name="Puzha"/> He became a teacher at Farooq Training College near [[Calicut]] in 1964.<ref name="Puzha"/> In Calicut, he flourished as a writer, mainly influenced by the friendship he had with famous writers of the time [[Vaikom Muhammad Basheer]] and [[S. K. Pottekkatt]].<ref name="Manorama">Binu Thankachan (12 December 2022). [https://www.manoramaonline.com/district-news/alappuzha/2022/12/12/erumeli-parameswaran-pillai.html "ഓണാട്ടുകരക്കാരനായി ജീവിച്ചു മറഞ്ഞ എരുമേലി"]. ''[[Malayala Manorama]]''. Retrieved 31 January 2023.</ref>

He was the Secretary of [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]] (1988–91) and the first Principal of the Kottayam BEd Centre of the [[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala|Mahatma Gandhi University]].<ref name="Puzha"/> He conducted several training programmes at regional and national levels on literacy, adult education, library science, and language teaching.<ref name="Puzha"/> He was a member of the Faculties of Education and the Board of Studies of the Universities of [[University of Kerala|Kerala]] and [[University of Calicut|Calicut]].<ref name="Puzha"/> He worked as the State Secretary of [[Deshabhimani]] Study Circle and as the General Secretary and State Secretary of [[Purogamana Kala Sahitya Sangham|Progressive Arts and Literature Society]].<ref name="Puzha"/>

Pillai published his first story "Oru Nalla Manushyan" on 18 March 1956 in the weekend edition of ''Deshabandhu''.<ref name="Manorama"/> In 1974, he started a printing press called Yuvakala in Calicut after realising the high costs and delays in publishing books.<ref name="Manorama"/> In 1980, the printing press was shifted to Chettikulangara under the name Pratibha Press. He also established a publishing company called Pratibha Books in Chettikulangara, which was inaugurated by [[Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai]].<ref name="Manorama"/> Pillai closely associated with [[P. N. Panicker]] in the activities of Kerala Grandhasala Sangham.<ref name="Manorama"/> An avid book lover, Pillai had a collection of over 25,000 books in his home library.<ref name="Manorama"/>

Pillai published over forty books. His novels include ''Pennu, Nizhalukal, Lady Teacher, Oru Premathinte Katha'', and ''Malayile Manka''. ''Autographum Neela Kannukalum, Theliyatha Kalpadukal, Pazhaya Bandhavum Puthiya Vazhitharakalum'', and ''Anthivelicham'' are some of his short story collections.<ref name="Puzha"/> He published several books on education and also authored the book ''Malayala Sahityam Kalaghattangaliloode'', which is a comprehensive history of Malayalam literature over the years.<ref name="Puzha"/>

In 1957, Pillai married S. Saradamma, a native of [[Chettikulangara]] in [[Alleppey district]].<ref name="Manorama"/> Pillai who originally hailed from Erumeli lived most of his life in Chettikulangara.<ref name="Manorama"/> Pillai suffered a heart attack on 7 February 2014 and died the same day at a private hospital in [[Mavelikkara]].<ref>[https://www.madhyamam.com/literature/literature-news/2014/feb/09/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF-%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B3-%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%81 "പ്രൊഫ.എരുമേലി പരമേശ്വരന്‍പിള്ള അന്തരിച്ചു"]. ''[[Madhyamam]]''. 9 February 2014. Retrieved 31 January 2023.</ref> The Sakthi Erumeli Award given as part of the [[Abu Dhabi Sakthi Award]]s, is instituted in his memory.<ref>[https://www.dcbooks.com/abudhabi-sakthi-award-2022.html "ഡി സി ബുക്സ് പ്രസിദ്ധീകരിച്ച 'ചിലന്തിനൃത്തം', ‘വുമൺ ഈറ്റേഴ്‌സ്‌’ എന്നീ പുസ്തകങ്ങൾക്ക് അംഗീകാരം"]. [[DC Books]]. 19 October 2022. Retrieved 31 January 2023.</ref>

==Bibliography==
===Fiction===
; Novels
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
!! style=width:17em | Title
!! style=width:17em | Title in Malayalam
!! style=width:15em | Publisher
|-
| 1962
| ''Lady Teacher''
| ലേഡിടീച്ചർ
| [[Champakulam]]: B.K.M. Book Depot
|-
| 1963
| ''Malayile Manka''
| മലയിലെ മങ്ക
| [[Champakulam]]: B.K.M. Book Depot
|-
| 1964
| ''Pennu''
| പെണ്ണ്‌
| [[Kottayam]]: N.B.S.
|-
| 1966
| ''Nizhalukal''
| നിഴലുകൾ
| [[Trichur]]: Current Books
|-
| 1968
| ''Oru Premathinte Katha''
| ഒരു പ്രേമത്തിന്റെ കഥ
| [[Champakulam]]: B.K.M. Book Depot
|}

; Short story collections
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
!! style=width:17em | Title
!! style=width:17em | Title in Malayalam
!! style=width:15em | Publisher
|-
| 1962
| ''Autographum Neela Kannukalum''
| ഓട്ടോഗ്രാഫും നീലക്കണ്ണുകളും
| [[Quilon]]: Sree Rama Vilasom
|-
| 1967
| ''Theliyatha Kalpadukal''
| തെളിയാത്ത കാല്‌പാടുകൾ
| [[Kottayam]]: N.B.S.
|-
| 1967
| ''Pazhaya Bandhavum Puthiya Vazhitharayum''
| പഴയ ബന്ധവും പുതിയ വഴിത്താരയും
| [[Kottayam]]: Vidyarthi Mithram
|-
| 1976
| ''Anthivelicham''
| അന്തിവെളിച്ചം
| [[Chettikulangara]]: Jayanthi
|-
| 1998
| ''Erumeliyude Kathakal''
| എരുമേലിയുടെ കഥകള്‍
| [[Mavelikkara]]: Prathibha Books
|}

; Children's literature
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
!! style=width:17em | Title
!! style=width:17em | Title in Malayalam
!! style=width:15em | Publisher
|-
| 1965
| ''Adrishya Manushyan''
| അദൃശ്യ മനുഷ്യൻ
| [[Champakulam]]: B.K.M. Book Depot
|-
| 1968
| ''Bala Sakuntalam''
| ബാലശാകുന്തളം
| [[Kottayam]]: Vidyarthi Mithram
|-
| 1977
| ''Veera Charitangal''
| വീരചരിതങ്ങൾ
| [[Kottayam]]: Vidyarthi Mithram
|-
| 1977
| ''Kochu Komban''
| കൊച്ചുകൊമ്പൻ
| [[Chettikulangara]]: Jayanthi
|-
| 1980
| ''Uttara Rama Charitam''
| ഉത്തരരാമചരിതം
| [[Kottayam]]: N.B.S.
|}

; One-act play
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
!! style=width:17em | Title
!! style=width:17em | Title in Malayalam
!! style=width:15em | Publisher
|-
| 1965
| ''Kannuneerum Punchiriyum''
| കണ്ണുനീരും പുഞ്ചിരിയും
| [[Kottayam]]: Vidyarthi Mithram
|-
| 1991
| ''Dharmakshetre Kurukshetre''
| ധർമ്മക്ഷേത്രേ കുരുക്ഷേത്രേ
| [[Trichur]]: Current Books
|}

===Non-fiction===
; Books on education
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
!! style=width:17em | Title
!! style=width:17em | Title in Malayalam
!! style=width:15em | Publisher
|-
| 1966
| ''Malayala Bhashadhyapanam''
| മലയാള ഭാഷാധ്യാപനം
| [[Kottayam]]: Vidyarthi Mithram
|-
| 1966
| ''Vidyabhyasa Manasastram''
| വിദ്യാഭ്യാസ മനഃശാസ്‌ത്രം
| [[Kottayam]]: Vidyarthi Mithram
|-
| 1966
| ''Vidyabhyasa Tatvangalum Vidyala Ghatanayum''
| വിദ്യാഭ്യാസതത്വങ്ങളും വിദ്യാലയഘടനയും
| [[Kottayam]]: Vidyarthi Mithram
|-
| 1969
| ''Vidyabhyasavum Desiya Vikasanavum: [[Kothari Commission]] Oru Pathanam''
| വിദ്യാഭ്യാസവും ദേശീയ വികസനവും -കൊഠാരി കമ്മീഷൻ ഒരു പഠനം
| [[Kottayam]]: Vidyarthi Mithram
|-
| 1974
| ''Vidyabhyasam Puthiya Kazhchapadil''
| വിദ്യാഭ്യാസം പുതിയ കാഴ്‌ചപ്പാടിൽ
| [[Kottayam]]: S.P.C.S.
|-
| 1979
| ''Primary Vidyabhyasam: Tatvangalum Prasnangalum''
| പ്രൈമറി വിദ്യാഭ്യാസം: തത്ത്വങ്ങളും പ്രശ്‌നങ്ങളും
| [[Kottayam]]: S.P.C.S.
|-
| 1980
| ''Arogya Kayika Vidyabhyasam''
| ആരോഗ്യ കായിക വിദ്യാഭ്യാസം
| [[Kottayam]]: Auroville
|-
| 1988
| ''Vidyalaya Bharanavum Ghatanayum''
| വിദ്യാലയഭരണവും ഘടനയും
| [[Kottayam]]: Vidyarthi Mithram
|-
|
| ''Adhunika Vidyabhyasam: Prasnavum Sameepanavum''
| ആധുനികവിദ്യാഭ്യാസം, പ്രശ്‌നവും സമീപനവും
|
|-
|
| ''Vidyalaya Bharanavum Sanghadanavum''
| വിദ്യാലയ ഭരണവും സംഘാടനവും
|
|}

; Literary criticism, essays and scholarly literature
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
!! style=width:17em | Title
!! style=width:17em | Title in Malayalam
!! style=width:15em | Publisher
|-
| 1959
| ''Poya Thalamurayil Ninnu''
| പോയ തലമുറയിൽ നിന്ന്‌
| [[Alleppey]]: Southern
|-
| 1962
| ''Prathibhashalikal''
| പ്രതിഭാശാലികൾ
| [[Kottayam]]: Vidyarthi Mithram
|-
| 1966
| ''Malayala Sahityam Kalaghattangaliloode''
| മലയാളസാഹിത്യം കാലഘട്ടങ്ങളിലൂടെ
| [[Kottayam]]: Vidyarthi Mithram
|-
| 1966
| ''Sahitya Nayakanmar''
| സാഹിത്യനായകന്‍മാര്‍
| [[Kottayam]]: Vidyarthi Mithram
|-
| 1971
| ''Natakathileykk Oru Kaitiri''
| നാടകത്തിലേയ്ക്കൊരു കൈത്തിരി
| [[Kottayam]]: Vidyarthi Mithram
|-
| 1972
| ''Sameeksha''
| സമീക്ഷ
| [[Kottayam]]: Vidyarthi Mithram
|-
| 1979
| ''Sahityavalokam''
| സാഹിത്യാവലോകം
| [[Calicut]]: [[Deshabhimani]]
|-
| 1991
| ''Avar Engane Chinthikkunnu''
| അവർ എങ്ങനെ ചിന്തിക്കുന്നു
| [[Kottayam]]: N.B.S.
|-
| 1992
| ''Alochana''
| ആലോചന
| [[Kottayam]]: S.P.C.S.
|-
| 1999
| ''Akshara Deepangal''
| അക്ഷരദീപങ്ങൾ
| [[Mavelikkara]]: Prathibha
|-
|
| ''Nammude Sahityakaranmar''
| നമ്മുടെ സാഹിത്യകാരൻമാർ
|
|}

; Pen-picture (''Thoolikachitram'')
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
!! style=width:17em | Title
!! style=width:17em | Title in Malayalam
!! style=width:15em | Publisher
|-
| 1963
| ''Keralathile Ezhuthukar''
| കേരളത്തിലെ എഴുത്തുകാർ
| [[Thuravoor, Cherthala|Thuravoor]]: Narasimha Vilasom
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|1}}

==External links==
* [https://grandham.in/language/ml/authors/3c878dcf Erumeli Parameswaran Pillai] at ''Grandham'' (in Malayalam)

[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:2014 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Indian children's writers]]
[[Category:Indian literary critics]]
[[Category:Indian male essayists]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]
[[Category:Malayalam literary critics]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Writers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]

Azerbaijan–India relations

2026-03-23T17:55:52Z

CourtneySugden: minor edit

{{Infobox bilateral relations|Azerbaijan–India|India|Azerbaijan|map = India_Azerbaijan_Locator.svg|filetype = svg|envoy2 = Elchin Huseynli<ref>[https://president.az/ru/articles/view/61535 Распоряжение Президента Азербайджанской Республики О назначении Э.Н.Гусейнли чрезвычайным и полномочным послом Азербайджанской Республики в Республике Индия]</ref>
|envoy1 = Sridharan Madhusudhanan<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-19 |title=M Sridharan IFS appointed Ambassador to Azerbaijan {{!}} Indian Bureaucracy is an Exclusive News Portal |url=https://www.indianbureaucracy.com/m-sridharan-ifs-appointed-ambassador-to-azerbaijan/ |access-date=2023-08-29 |language=en}}</ref><ref>[https://president.az/en/articles/view/59820 Ilham Aliyev accepted credentials of incoming ambassador of India]</ref>|envoytitle2 = Azerbaijani Ambassador to India|envoytitle1 = Indian Ambassador to Azerbaijan|mission2 = Embassy of Azerbaijan in [[New Delhi]], [[India]]|mission1 = Embassy of India in [[Baku]], [[Azerbaijan]]}}
'''Azerbaijan–India relations''' are the bilateral relations between [[Azerbaijan]] and [[India]].

== History ==
India and Azerbaijan have age-old historical relations and shared traditions. The medieval [[Ateshgah of Baku|Ateshgah]] fire temple in the vicinity of [[Baku]], with [[Devanagari]] and [[Gurmukhi]] wall inscriptions, is a surviving proof of the age-old relationship between the two countries. The trade links with India led to renewed contacts of the Indian merchants heading towards Europe through the [[Silk Route]].<ref name="levi2002">{{Citation|author=Scott Cameron Levi|title=The Indian diaspora in Central Asia and its trade, 1550-1900|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9qVkNBge8mIC|year=2002|publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-04-12320-2|quote=''... George Forster ... On the 31st of March, I visited the Atashghah, or place of fire; and on making myself known to the Hindoo mendicants, who resided there, I was received among these sons of Brihma as a brother; an appellation they used on perceiving that I had acquired some knowledge of their mythology, and had visited their most sacred places of worship ...''}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="forster1798">{{Citation|author=George Forster|title=A journey from Bengal to England: through the northern part of India, Kashmire, Afghanistan, and Persia, and into Russia, by the Caspian-Sea|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CSkQAAAAYAAJ|year=1798|publisher=R. Faulder|quote=''... A society of [[Multan|Moultan]] Hindoos, which has long been established in Baku, contributes largely to the circulation of its commerce; and with the Armenians they may be accounted the principal merchants of Shirwan ... this remark arose from a view of the Atashghah at Baku, where a Hindoo is found so deeply tinctured with the enthusiasm of religion, that though his nerves be constitutionally of a tender texture and his frame relaxed by age, he will journey through hostile regions from the Ganges to the Volga, to offer up prayer at the shrine of his God ...''|author-link=George Forster (traveller)}}</ref>

== Political relations ==
During the period when Azerbaijan was a part of the erstwhile [[Soviet Union]], India’s ties with the then [[Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic]] were primarily through [[Moscow]]. [[List of Indian Nobel laureates|India’s Nobel Laureate]] [[Rabindranath Tagore]], [[List of presidents of India|former President]] [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan|Dr. S. Radhakrishnan]] (as [[List of vice presidents of India|Vice President]] in [[1956 in India|1956]]) and [[List of prime ministers of India|former Prime Minister]] [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] (in [[1961 in India|1961]]) visited the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic.

India recognized Azerbaijan as an [[List of sovereign states|independent country]] in December 1991, soon after it proclaimed its independence from the USSR. Diplomatic relations with Azerbaijan were established on 28 February 1992. The resident Indian Mission was opened in [[Baku]] in March 1999. Azerbaijan opened its [[Diplomatic mission|resident Mission]] in [[New Delhi]] in October 2004.

India-Azerbaijan relations remained friendly. Former [[Vice President of India]], [[Venkaiah Naidu|M. Venkaiah Naidu]], visited Baku for the [[NAM Summit]] from 24-26 October 2019, accompanied by [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Indian EAM]], [[S. Jaishankar|Dr. S. Jaishankar]]. More recently, met with [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Azerbaijan)|Azerbaijani Foreign Minister]], [[Jeyhun Bayramov]] on the sidelines of [[19th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement|19th NAM Summit]] in [[Kampala]] on 19 January 2024. Former Indian EAM, [[Sushma Swaraj]], visited Azerbaijan from 4-6 Apr 2018 for attending [[18th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement|NAM Ministerial Conference]] and for a bilateral visit. [[Prime Minister of India|Indian Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] participated in the online NAM Summit on the theme “United against COVID-19” held at the initiative of [[President of Azerbaijan|Azerbaijani President]], on 04 May 2020.

[[Anupriya Patel]], [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Minister of State from Commerce and Industry]] visited Baku for the 6th meeting of the Inter-Governmental Commission, held on 25 Oct 2023.

=== 2025 ===
In May, tourism to Azerbaijan faced boycott from Indians after the country publicly supported Pakistan amid escalating tensions following India's [[2025 India–Pakistan conflict|Operation Sindoor]] and [[2025 Pahalgam attack]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Azerbaijan backs Pakistan amid border clashes with India |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/world/azerbaijan-backs-pakistan-amid-border-clashes-with-india/3561722 |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=www.aa.com.tr}}</ref> prompting widespread calls in India to cancel travel plans. According to Indian media, [[MakeMyTrip]], cancellations led to a 60% drop in bookings over the course of a week and a 250% surge in cancellations. [[EaseMyTrip]] reported a 30% rise in cancellations for Azerbaijan, with many Indian travelers switching to alternative destinations such as Georgia, Serbia, Greece, Thailand, and Vietnam.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-15 |title=Indian tourists boycott Turkey, Azerbaijan over Pakistan support, cancellations surge 250%: Report |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indian-tourists-boycott-turkey-azerbaijan-over-pakistan-support-cancellations-surge-250-101747269238915.html |access-date=2025-05-15 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> The calls for boycott on social networks surged after 08 May 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-16 |title=Backlash for support to Pakistan: Indians cancel trips to Turkey, Azerbaijan; travel portals report big dip |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/backlash-for-support-to-pakistan-amid-india-operation-sindoor-indians-cancel-trips-to-turkey-azerbaijan-travel-ports-report-big-dip/articleshow/121178828.cms |access-date=2025-05-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Economic relations==
India's bilateral trade with Azerbaijan has been growing steadily in recent years. India has a well-established pharmaceutical industry in Azerbaijan and many Indian pharmaceutical companies operate out of Azerbaijan. Some items of direct and indirect imports from India include clothes and textiles, information technologies, food items and heavy machinery, electronic cards, steam boilers and other plant equipment.<ref>{{Cite web|title = India, Azerbaijan to explore opportunities in energy sector|url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/india-azerbaijan-to-explore-opportunities-in-energy-sector/article5726345.ece|website = The Hindu Business Line| date=25 February 2014 |access-date = 2015-11-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Department of Commerce, Government of India|url = http://commerce.nic.in/trade/international_tpp_cis_13_azerbaijan.asp|website = commerce.nic.in|access-date = 2015-11-20|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160109202304/http://commerce.nic.in/trade/international_tpp_cis_13_azerbaijan.asp|archive-date = 2016-01-09|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Azerbaijan interested in developing partnership with India|url = http://www.azernews.az/azerbaijan/89262.html|website = AzerNews| date=30 October 2015 |access-date = 2015-11-23}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://newtimes.az/az/diplomatik/4926/|title=Hindistan-Azərbaycan: əlaqələrin hazırkı vəziyyəti və inkişaf perspektivləri {{!}} Newtimes.az – Analitik-informasiya portalı|website=newtimes.az|access-date=2019-05-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014114658/http://newtimes.az/az/diplomatik/4926/|archive-date=2019-10-14|url-status=dead}}</ref>

India remained the seventh largest trading partner for Azerbaijan, with bilateral trade at US$ 1.435 billion.

The volume of trade has increased from 50 million dollars (2005) to 250 million (2015). India's main import from Azerbaijan is crude oil.<ref name=":0" />

=== Key Areas of Economic Interaction ===

* Crude Oil Exports: Crude oil is the cornerstone of Azerbaijan’s exports to India, accounting for about 98% of all Azerbaijani exports to India.<ref>{{Cite news |last=GOSWAMI |first=SWETA |title=Operation Sindoor: Crude oil rules India's trade with Azerbaijan |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/operation-sindoor-crude-oil-rules-india-s-trade-with-azerbaijan-13025024.html |access-date=2025-05-15 |work=moneycontrol.com}}</ref> In 2023, India was the third-largest buyer of Azerbaijani crude, purchasing around $944 million worth of crude petroleum.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Observatory of Economic Complexity |url=https://oec.world/en/profile/bilateral-country/aze/partner/ind |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=The Observatory of Economic Complexity |language=en}}</ref> This made up roughly 7.6% of Azerbaijan’s total exports.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Velani |first=Bhavya |date=2025-05-11 |title=India's $12 Billion Trade with Türkiye, Azerbaijan Extends Beyond Tourism |url=https://aviationa2z.com/index.php/2025/05/11/indias-12-billion-trade-with-turkiye-and-azerbaijan/ |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=Aviation A2Z |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-10 |title=Not just tourism, India has $12 billion trade with Turkiye, Azerbaijan - Not just tourism, India has $12 billion trade with Turkiye, Azerbaijan BusinessToday |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/india/story/not-just-tourism-india-has-12-billion-trade-with-turkiye-azerbaijan-475732-2025-05-10 |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref>
* Indian Exports to Azerbaijan: India’s exports to Azerbaijan are more diversified, including rice, processed tobacco, broadcasting equipment, pharmaceuticals, electronics, and machinery. Rice alone accounted for $42.3 million in exports in 2023 and made up over 80% of Azerbaijan’s total rice imports.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-28 |title=Azerbaijan Expands India Outreach Despite Strong Pakistan Ties |url=https://www.outlookbusiness.com/economy-and-policy/azerbaijan-expands-india-outreach-despite-strong-pakistan-ties |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=Outlook Business |language=en}}</ref>

===Energy Cooperation===
India and Azerbaijan have pledged to explore future prospects in the renewable energy sector, [[Efficient energy use|energy efficiency]] and various upcoming projects in oil and gas and pipelines. Indian company GAIL has also signed a [[memorandum of understanding]] with the Azerbaijani firm SOCAR to explore business opportunities in petrochemical projects.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Azerbaijan keen to meet India's energy needs: Envoy| date=16 December 2014 |url = http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/azerbaijan-keen-to-meet-india-s-energy-needs-envoy-114121600727_1.html|access-date = 2015-11-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Iran's crude oil swap supplies to India may flow via Baku, Russia's Astrakhan|url = http://tass.ru/en/economy/838030|website = TASS|access-date = 2015-11-23}}</ref>

[[ONGC Videsh|ONGC Videsh Ltd]] has invested more than US$ 1.2 billion in acquiring stakes in the [[Azeri–Chirag–Gunashli|Azeri – Chirag - Gunashli (ACG)]] oil and gas fields and the [[Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline|Baku – Tbilisi - Ceyhan (BTC)]] pipe line.

==Gazvin-Rasht-Astara railway route==
Both sides play a role in constructing the '''Gazvin-Rasht-Astara''' (Iran)-'''Astara''' (Azerbaijan) railway route as part of the [[International North–South Transport Corridor]]. Initially, it is proposed to transport about six million metric tonnes each year and more in the future through this route. It is projected to improve trade relations between Iran and Azerbaijan and at a further stage other countries including India and Russia may also benefit.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Iran interested in rapid construction of Qazvin-Rasht-Astara railway|url = http://www.azernews.az/business/88004.html|website = AzerNews| date=18 September 2015 |access-date = 2015-11-25}}</ref>

== Cultural relations ==
Cultural ties between Azerbaijan and India are close. The eminent Persian poet Nizami Ganjavi was well known from the times of Amir Khusrau, one of the famous poet and music composer in 1800s. Some other important names are Rashid Behbudov, a famous singer who was also the friend of the Indian actor Raj Kapoor. Azeri artist [[Rashid Behbudov]] also promoted Azeri music and art in both countries. Elmira Rahimova, an Azeri singer, also studied Indian dance and music while staying in India. Around 30 [[Cinema of India|Indian movies]] and advertisements have been filmed at various locations in Azerbaijan in the last 4 years.

==Agreements==
The first bilateral agreement was signed in June 1998. The agreement was the "Economic and Technical Cooperation Treaty" which led to establishment of the Indian-Azerbaijani intergovernmental commission of trade. Other treaties include:<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.indianembassybaku.gov.in/docs/1558694211Bilateral%20Brief%20-%20%20(May%202019)%20-%20website.pdf|title=BILATERAL BRIEF India-Azerbaijan Relations}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

* Economic, Scientific and Technological Cooperation (April 2007)
* Agreement on Air Communication Between the Government of the Azerbaijan and the Government of India (April 2013)
* Agreement on Legal and Judicial Assistance to Civil and Commercial Affairs Between the Republic of Azerbaijan and the Republic of India
* Treaty on Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters
* Treaty on Deliveries between the Republic of Azerbaijan and the Republic of India
* Protocol on Cooperation Between the Ministries of Foreign Affairs
* Protocol on the Ratification of the Treaty on Legal and Judicial Assistance for Civil and Commercial Affairs<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

== Tourism ==
Azerbaijan has seen a rapid rise in Indian tourist arrivals in recent years, making India one of its top source markets. In 2023, Azerbaijan received more than 115,000 [[Tourism in Azerbaijan|tourists]] from India, nearly double the number of arrivals in 2022. India is the fourth largest source of inbound tourists for Azerbaijan after [[Russia]], [[Turkey|Türkiye]] and [[Iran]]. Leaving aside the neighbours, India is the largest source of tourists for Azerbaijan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Embassy of India, Baku, Azerbaijan : Bilateral Brief |url=https://www.indianembassybaku.gov.in/page/bilateral-brief/ |access-date=2025-01-13 |website=www.indianembassybaku.gov.in}}</ref> In 2024, approximately 243,000 to 250,000 Indian tourists visited Azerbaijan, up from 60,731 in 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=FAROOQUI |first1=MARIAM |last2=KHAN |first2=YARUQHULLAH |date=May 15, 2025 |title=Around 2,000 Indian tourists pull back from Turkey, Azerbaijan; bookings slide south |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/around-2-000-indian-tourists-pull-back-from-turkey-azerbaijan-bookings-slide-south-13026094.html |access-date=2025-05-15 |work=moneycontrol.com}}</ref> The average spending by an Indian tourist in Azerbaijan is reported at 2,170 Azerbaijani Manat (AZN), which is approximately $1,276–$1,280 per visit.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-15 |title=A million-dollar hit? India's travel boycott rocks Turkey, Azerbaijan tourism industry |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/brandwagon-a-million-dollar-hit-indias-travel-boycott-rocks-turkey-azerbaijan-tourism-industry-3845462/ |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref> This puts Azerbaijan's total annual revenue from Indian tourists in 2024 roughly between $308 million to $311 million.
== Resident diplomatic missions ==
* Azerbaijan has an embassy in [[New Delhi]].
* India has an embassy in [[Baku]].
==See also==
{{Portal|Azerbaijan|India|Politics}}
* [[Foreign relations of Azerbaijan]]
* [[Foreign relations of India]]
* [[Romani people in Azerbaijan]]
* [[Armenia–India relations]]
* [[India–Turkey relations]]
==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons Category}}
* [https://mfa.gov.az/en/category/asiya-ve-okeaniya/hindistan Bilateral relations]
* [https://www.indianembassybaku.gov.in/page/bilateral-brief/ Brief on India-Azerbaijan Bilateral Relations]
* [https://www.indianembassybaku.gov.in/page/economic/ Economic and Commercial Brief]

{{Foreign relations of Azerbaijan}}
{{Foreign relations of India}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Azerbaijan-India relations}}
[[Category:Azerbaijan–India relations| ]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Azerbaijan|India]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of India]]

Central Stadium (Thiruvananthapuram)

2026-03-20T13:00:30Z

CourtneySugden: updated page

{{Short description|Multi-purpose stadium in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox Stadium
| name = Central Stadium
| nickname = Central Stadium
| image = [[File:Trivandrum Central stadium.jpg|225px]]
| fullname = Central Stadium
| location = [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| coordinates =
| broke_ground =
| built =
| opened =
| renovated =
| expanded =
| closed =
| demolished =
| owner = Kerala State Sports Council
| operator =
| surface =
| construction_cost =
| architect =
| structural_engineer =
| services_engineer =
| general_contractor =
| project_manager =
| main_contractors =
| former_names =
| tenants =
| seating_capacity = 15,000
| dimensions =
}}
'''Central Stadium''', is a [[multi-purpose stadium]] in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala State Sports Council Facilities|url=http://www.sportscouncil.kerala.gov.in/index.php/facilities|website=Kerala State Sports Council|publisher=GOK|accessdate=4 November 2017}}</ref> It is mainly used for athletics and football. The stadium also hosts the Independence day parade of Kerala <ref>{{cite news|title=In preparedness for I-Day celebrations|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2017/aug/15/in-preparedness-for-i-day-celebrations-1643299.html|access-date=4 November 2017|agency=The new Indian Express|publisher=Express News Service|date=15 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Republic Day parade in different colours at Trivandrum|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/republic-day-parade-in-different-colours-at-trivandrum-kochi-and-calicut/articleshow/56761227.cms|accessdate=4 November 2017|agency=Times of India|publisher=Anjana George, Arya UR|date=25 January 2017}}</ref> and other government functions.<ref>{{cite news|title=Central Stadium being readied for swearing-in|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/central-stadium-being-readied-for-swearingin/article8638869.ece|accessdate=4 November 2017|newspaper=The Hindu|date=12 September 2016}}</ref> The stadium hosted India's first transgender athletics meet in 2017.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kerala to organise transgender athletics meet on April 28|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/kerala-cm-to-open-transgender-sports-meet-on-april-28/articleshow/58273888.cms|accessdate=4 November 2017|agency=Times of India|date=20 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=200 trans athletes warm up in Kerala|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-200-trans-athletes-warm-up-in-kerala-2417485|accessdate=4 November 2017|agency=DNA India|date=27 April 2017}}</ref> The stadium is also one the main venues of annual [[Onam]] festival in Thiruvananthapuram.<ref>{{cite news|title=Onam rock fete at Central Stadium|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/onam-rock-fete-at-central-stadium/article6351764.ece|accessdate=4 November 2017|newspaper=The Hindu|date=24 August 2014}}</ref>
[[File:Trivandrum Central stadium Basketball.jpg|thumb|right|Basketball court in Central Stadium]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.sportscouncil.kerala.gov.in/index.php/facilities Sports Council of Kerala Website]
* [http://wikimapia.org/482/Central-Stadium WikiMapia]
{{Stadiums in Kerala |state=expanded}}
{{Thiruvananthapuram}}

{{coord missing|Kerala}}

[[Category:Sports venues in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Event venues with year of establishment missing]]

{{India-sports-venue-stub}}

Thangjam Arunkumar

2026-03-15T22:24:33Z

CourtneySugden: New A Biography Basic Info

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}

'''Thangjam Arunkumar''' (born 1967)<ref name=":0" /> is an Indian politician from [[Manipur]]. He is an [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from [[Wangkhei Assembly constituency]] in [[Imphal East district|Imphal East District]]. He won the [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]], representing the Janata Dal (United).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-09 |title=Wangkhei (Manipur) Assembly Election Results 2022 Live: Winner, Runner-up |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/wangkhei-manipur-assembly-election-results-2022-live-winner-runner-up-candidates-7809957/ |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> In September 2022, he along with four other JD (U) MLAs, joined the BJP.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Karmakar |first=Rahul |date=2022-09-02 |title=Five JD(U) MLAs join BJP in Manipur |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/five-jdu-mlas-join-bjp-in-manipur/article65842948.ece |access-date=16 August 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Arunkumar is from Lamlong, [[Lamphelpat|Lamphel]], Imphal East District, Manipur. He is the son of late Thangjam Birchandra. He married Irengbam Purnimashi Devi and they have two children, Sanarik Thangjam and Abothoi Thangjam. He completed his L. L. B. In 1992 at [[ILS Law College]], Pune after his graduation in arts at [[Christ College, Bangalore]] in 1989. Earlier, he did his Class 12 in 1985 at D. M. College of Arts, Manipur. He went to school at Tiny Tots Unique School in Imphal and passed his Class 10 in 1983.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thangjam Arunkumar |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Affidavits/AssemblyElection/2022/15/Thangjam%20Arunkumar.pdf}}</ref> He runs his own business.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Thangjam Arunkumar(Janata Dal (United)(JD(U))):Constituency- WANGKHEI(IMPHAL EAST) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/manipur2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=135 |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Arunkumar won from Wangkhei Assembly constituency representing the [[Janata Dal (United)]] in the 2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election. In 2022, he polled 11,593 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Okram Henry Singh|Okram Henry]] of the BJP, by a margin of 753 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Wangkhei, Manipur Assembly Election Results 2022 LIVE Updates: JD(U)'s Thangjam Arunkumar wins Wangkhei with 11593 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/wangkhei-manipur-assembly-election-results-2022-live-updates-1923447-2022-03-09 |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Wangkhei Election Result 2022 LIVE: JD(U)’s Thangjam Arunkumar defeats BJP’s Okram Henry - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/wangkhei-election-result-2022-live-how-to-check-wangkhei-legislative-assembly-election-vidhan-sabha-winners-losers-vote-margin-news-updates-12645382.htm |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Wangkhei Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Thangjam Arunkumar of JDU Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/wangkhei-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-4858223.html |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> He joined the BJP in September the same year.<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arunkumar, Thangjam}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Janata Dal (United) politicians from Manipur]]
[[Category:Manipur MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Imphal East district]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Manipur]]

Jaideep Malhotra

2026-03-15T18:25:44Z

CourtneySugden: put up basic pg added tags!

{{short description|Indian gynecologist}}
{{like resume|date=May 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox medical person
| name = Jaideep Malhotra
| image = JaideepMalhotraProfile.jpg
| image_width =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = 11 September 1960
| birth_place = [[Meerut]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| education = Jawaharlal Medical College
| known_for = First 100 IVF babies of Nepal & Uttar Pradesh
| profession = [[Gynecologist]], infertility specialist
| work_institutions = [[Medical Council of India]], [[Indian Medical Association]]
| specialism = [[Obstetrics]], [[Gynecology]]
| research_field =
}}

'''Jaideep Malhotra''' is an India-based [[gynecologist]], [[infertility]] specialist and an ace sonologist.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/human-embryos-smuggling-dri-expands-probe-to-more-clinics-to-carry-out-forensic-test-after-recording-statement-5634841/|title=Human embryos smuggling: DRI expands probe to more clinics, to carry out forensic test after recording statement|date=2019-03-20|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-05-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/health/to-save-cows-regulations-imposed-on-drug-that-helps-women-with-childbirth-61433|title=To save cows, regulations imposed on drug that helps women with childbirth|website=www.downtoearth.org.in|language=en|access-date=2019-05-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.allcongress.com/medical-congress/5th-congress-of-the-asia-pacific-initiative-on-reproduction-2014/|title=5th Congress of the Asia-Pacific-Initiative On Reproduction 2014|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510082832/https://www.allcongress.com/medical-congress/5th-congress-of-the-asia-pacific-initiative-on-reproduction-2014/|archive-date=10 May 2019|url-status=usurped|access-date=}}</ref> She is the founder of the Infertility Centre of Rainbow IVF and also serves as the director of the hospital.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/profile/columnist/jaideep-malhotra/|title=Jaideep Malhotra|date=2018-08-15|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-05-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.forbesindia.com/article/global-indian-business-leaders/nurturing-the-nurturers/53423/1|title=Nurturing the nurturers|website=Forbes India|language=en|access-date=2019-05-10}}</ref> Malhotra received award from Prime minister of [[Nepal]] for first 100 IVF babies of Nepal and her clinic, Rainbow IVF was first in [[Uttar Pradesh]] for successful [[IVF]], ICSI, TESA, twins and triplets.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thebms.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Dr-Jaideep-Malhotra-Detail-Biodata-Updated-on-05-01-17.pdf|title=PROF. DR. JAIDEEP MALHOTRA|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=}}</ref>

Malhotra is current president of the Indian Society for Assisted Reproduction,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://health.economictimes.indiatimes.com/fertility-conclave/delhi|title=Fertility Conclave Delhi {{!}} ET HealthWorld|last=www.ETHealthworld.com|website=ETHealthworld.com|language=en|access-date=2019-05-10}}</ref> Indian Society of Prenatal Diagnosis and Therapy, South Asian Federation of Menopause societies<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.patrika.com/agra-news/dr-narendra-malhotra-elected-international-vice-president-of-doctors-4398746/|title=दक्षिण एशिया में स्त्री रोग विशेषज्ञों की सबसे बड़ी संस्था सेफोग के उपाध्यक्ष बने डॉ. नरेन्द्र मल्होत्रा, ढाका में लहराया तिरंगा|website=www.patrika.com|date=8 April 2019 |language=hindi|access-date=2019-05-10}}</ref> and was the former president of Federation of Obstetrics & Gynaecological Societies of India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://health.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/only-10-per-cent-infertile-couples-need-ivf/68674572|title="Surrogacy is just 1 per cent of Fertility Business" - ET HealthWorld|last=www.ETHealthworld.com|website=ETHealthworld.com|language=en|access-date=2019-05-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/business-of-brands/niine-sanitary-napkins-launches-its-period-tracker-app/67586233|title=Niine Sanitary Napkins launches its period tracker app - ET BrandEquity|last=www.ETBrandEquity.com|website=ETBrandEquity.com|language=en|access-date=2019-05-10}}</ref> She is the first woman to be a member of [[International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics|FIGO]] Committee of Reproductive Medicine.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.centreforivf.in/doctor/dr-jaideep-malhotra/|title=Dr Jaideep Malhotra {{!}} Rainbow IVF|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-05-10|archive-date=2019-02-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190219190234/http://www.centreforivf.in/doctor/dr-jaideep-malhotra/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Malhotra was born on 11 September 1960 in [[Meerut]], in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. She studied medicine ([[MBBS]]) at AMU Institute Of Ophthalmology, [[Aligarh]] in 1983 and later, she completed her post doctoral studies in [[Obstetrics]] and [[Gynecology]] from the same college.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.manyataformothers.org/page/leadership_and_advisory|title=Manyata|website=www.manyataformothers.org|access-date=2019-05-10|archive-date=2019-05-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510081020/https://www.manyataformothers.org/page/leadership_and_advisory|url-status=dead}}</ref> She is the fellow of the Indian College of Obstetricians & Gynaecologists, Fellow Indian College of Maternal & Child Health, Fellow Indian Academy of Juvenile & Adolescent Gynaecology and Obstetrics and Fellow Indian College of Medical Ultrasound. She is a member of [[Medical Council of India]], [[Indian Medical Association]], Vice President Indian Menopause Society & South Asia Menopause Society, [[Federation of Obstetric and Gynaecological Societies of India]] and Asia Pacific Initiative for Reproductive Endocrinology. She has completed training in ultrasound procedures from [[Singapore]] and endoscopy from [[Germany]]. She also has been the best National Medical Sports woman during her medical career.{{fact|date=April 2023}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Malhotra, Jaideep}}
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian gynaecologists]]
[[Category:Indian women gynaecologists]]
[[Category:People from Meerut]]

Vijay Kumar (director)

2026-03-15T08:48:32Z

CourtneySugden: New Some Biography From Scratch

{{Short description|Indian actor, writer, director, lyricist and producer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vijay Kumar
| image =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = Tamil
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| birth_date = 2 April
| alma_mater = [[Government College of Engineering, Salem]]
| occupation = {{flatlist|
*[[Film director]]
*[[Actor]]
*[[Screenwriter]]
*[[Film Producer]]
}}
| years_active = 2013 - present
}}

'''Vijay Kumar''' is an Indian actor, writer, director, lyricist and producer. His directorial debut, ''[[Uriyadi]]'', a political thriller set in the 1990s, was released in 2016<ref name="the_hindu1">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/uriyadi-a-gritty-little-film-by-a-solid-filmmaker/article8659763.ece|title=Uriyadi review: A gritty little film by a solid filmmaker|last=Rangan|first=Baradwaj|date=2016-05-28|website=The Hindu|access-date=2016-06-11}}</ref><ref name="TOI">{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Uriyadi/movie-review/52475918.cms|title= Uriyadi Movie review|work=Times of India|date= 28 May 2016}}{{Rating|4|5}}</ref><ref name="fully_filmy1">{{cite web|url=http://fullyfilmy.in/blogs/fully-filmy-blog/118009156-uriyadi-review-an-unmissable-masterpiece-that-deserves-our-support|title=Uriyadi Review: An unmissable masterpiece that deserves our support!|date=2016-05-30|publisher=Fullyfilmy.in|access-date=2016-06-11|archive-date=5 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405041857/https://fullyfilmy.in/blogs/fully-filmy-blog/118009156-uriyadi-review-an-unmissable-masterpiece-that-deserves-our-support|url-status=dead}}</ref> and was lauded as one of the best political thrillers in [[Tamil cinema]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/uriyadi-director-vijay-kumar-spills-the-beans-on-his-next/story-BqzF8PqDcN4c2CWm0E6SrL.html|title=Uriyadi director Vijay Kumar spills the beans on his next|work=Hindustan Times|date=8 March 2017|access-date=6 July 2017|archive-date=6 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006223331/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/uriyadi-director-vijay-kumar-spills-the-beans-on-his-next/story-BqzF8PqDcN4c2CWm0E6SrL.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://awesomemachi.com/vijay-kumar-stuns-audience-by-his-performance-in-uriyadi/#|title=Vijay Kumar stuns audience by his performance in Uriyadi|work=Awesome Machi|date=31 July 2017}}</ref> His second project ''[[Uriyadi 2]]'' released in April 2019.

==Early life==

Vijay was born in [[Chennai]] where he spent his schooling years.<ref name="Ananda vikatan iv">{{cite web|url=http://www.vikatan.com/anandavikatan/2016-jun-15/cinema-news/120032-uriyadi-movie-director-and-technicians-interview.html|title=Uriyadi movie director and technicians interview|work=Ananda Vikatan|date=15 June 2016}}</ref> He then studied Metallurgical Engineering at the [[Government College of Engineering, Salem]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}} A software engineer by profession, he quit his career in reputed companies like [[IBM]] and [[Infosys]] to pursue his passion in [[Cinema of India|cinema]].<ref name="behindwoods1">{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-actors/vijay-kumar/uriyadi-director-vijay-kumar-interview.html|title=Uriyadi director Vijay Kumar interview|work=Behindwoods|date=2 June 2016}}</ref>

==Film career==
Vijay was a Project Lead in [[IBM]] when he quit his job to pursue his passion in filmmaking.<ref name="behindwoods12">{{cite web |date=2 June 2016 |title=Uriyadi director Vijay Kumar interview |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-actors/vijay-kumar/uriyadi-director-vijay-kumar-interview.html |work=Behindwoods}}</ref> He made a short film and applied to the first season of the ''Nalaya Iyakunar'' show in 2009.<ref name="behindwoods1"/><ref name="Ananda vikatan iv" /> He was selected and subsequently screened two short films on the show. However, he left for personal reasons.<ref name="Ananda vikatan iv" />

He moved to the [[United States]] in 2010 and began writing the script for ''Uriyadi'' in early 2011. It was initially titled ''Vidiyum Varai VinmeengalaaVom'' (V4). He spent over a year on the script, sketching more than 2500 shots for its [[storyboard]].<ref name="times_of_india">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/More-than-2000-shots-created-for-story-board/articleshow/51311789.cms |title=More than 2000 shots created for story board |newspaper=The Times of India |date=16 January 2017 |access-date=2 July 2018}}</ref>

Back in India, Vijay Kumar started his production house Souvenir Productions in April 2013.{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}} He conducted a three-month acting workshop for the actors as almost all of them were debutants.<ref name="times_of_india" />

''Uriyadi'' was released in theaters on 27 May 2016.{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}} Upon its release, ''[[The Hindu]]'' had a chat with Vijay and cited that ''Uriyadi'' is "A throwback to the 90s".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/a-chat-with-vijay-kumar-director-of-uriyadi/article8654820.ece|title=The Hindu Interview|work=The Hindu|date=28 May 2016}}</ref> [[Uriyadi 2]], produced by [[Suriya]]'s [[2D Entertainment]], directed by and starring ''Vijay Kumar'' released on 5 April 2019.

Vijay Kumar's next film was [[Fight Club (2023 film)|Fight Club]], a youth action-drama that went on floors on 16 July 2021. It stars Vijay Kumar and Monisha Menon in the lead and is produced by ''Reel Good Films''.<ref name="The Times of India">{{Cite news |date=2023-11-30 |title='Fight Club' will capture the life journey of youngsters: Abbas |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/fight-club-will-capture-the-life-journey-of-youngsters-abbas/articleshow/105612479.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-11-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The principal photography was completed on 3 July 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/jul/03/its-a-wrap-for-vijay-kumars-next-32506.html|title=It's a wrap for Vijay Kumar's next|work=Cinema Express|date=3 July 2022}}</ref> Presented by [[Lokesh Kanagaraj]]'s production company, G Squad,<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2023-11-29 |title=Vijay Kumar's next is 'Fight Club', presented by Lokesh Kanagaraj's G Squad banner |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vijay-kumars-next-is-fight-club-presented-by-lokesh-kanagarajs-g-squad-banner/article67587260.ece |access-date=2023-11-29 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> the film released on 15 December 2023 to favorable reviews.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/fight-club/movie-review/106031087.cms?from=mdr|title=Fight Club Movie Review : Filmmaking flair trumps familiarity to make Fight Club engaging|work=Times of India|date=15 Dec 2023}}</ref>

Vijay Kumar will also play the lead in ''Reel Good Films'' second production, Election.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |last1= |first1= |date=30 April 2024 |title='Election': Vijay Kumar's film with 'Seththumaan' director gets a release date |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/election-vijay-kumars-film-with-seththumaan-director-gets-a-release-date/article68124592.ece |access-date=5 May 2024 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref> The film, directed by [[Seththumaan|Thamizh]], co-stars [[Preethi Asrani]]. It also features [[Pavel Navageethan]], [[George Maryan]] and [[Dileepan]], with music by [[Govind Vasantha]]. The principal photography wrapped up on 4 September 2022 and the film will release on 17 May 2024. Vijay Kumar has also written the dialogues of the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://newcinemaexpress.com/uriyadi-vijaykumar/|title=Uriyadi Vijay Kumar raises expextations|work=New Cinema Express|date=5 Sep 2022}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width:35px;"| Year

! rowspan="2" style="width:150px;"| Film

! colspan="5" style="width:195px;" | Credited as

! rowspan="2" class="unsortable"| Role
! rowspan="2" class="unsortable"| Notes
|-
! style="width:65px;" | Writer

! Width=65 | Director

! width=65 | Actor

! width=65 | Producer

! width=65 | Background Music

|-
| 2016 || ''[[Uriyadi]]''|| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || Lenin Vijay ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-05-28 |title=Uriyadi review: A gritty little film by a solid filmmaker |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/uriyadi-a-gritty-little-film-by-a-solid-filmmaker/article8659763.ece |access-date=2024-11-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Uriyadi 2]]''|| style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{n}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{n}} || Lenin Vijay ||<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Karthik |date=5 April 2019 |title=Uriyadi 2 movie review: A political thriller that asks all the right questions |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/uriyadi-2-movie-review-a-political-thriller-that-asks-all-the-right-questions/story-5yF1trTyje4OBnQ2lwNSKO.html |url-status=}}</ref>
|-
| 2020 ||''[[Soorarai Pottru]]'' || {{partial|Dialogues}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{n}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{n}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{n}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{n}} ||style="text-align:center;" |— || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/tamil/2020/nov/12/soorarai-pottru-review-21258.html|title=Soorarai Pottru Review|website=Cinema Express|date=12 Nov 2020}}</ref>
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Fight Club (2023 film)|Fight Club]]''|| {{partial|Dialogues}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{n}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || {{partial|Creative Producer}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{n}} || Selvaa||<ref name="The Times of India"/>
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Election (2024 film)|Election]]''|| {{partial|Dialogues}} ||style="text-align:center;"| {{n}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || {{partial|Creative Producer}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{n}} || Nadarajan||<ref name=":0" />
|}

==Awards and nominations==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Award
! Category
! Notes
!Ref
|-
| rowspan="1"| 2016
| rowspan="10"|''[[Uriyadi]]''
| [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]]
| Best Debut Actor
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web |date=28 Dec 2016 |title=Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards of 2016 |url=http://www.vikatan.com/cinema/vikatanawards/news/78918-ananda-vikatan-awards-2016---ananda-vikatan-part-2.html |work=Ananda Vikatan}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="9" |2017

|[[6th South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA]]
|Best Debut Actor
|{{nom}}
|<ref name="SIIMA">{{cite web |title=Nominations list for the SIIMA 2017 announced! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/nominations-list-for-the-siima-2017-announced-news-tnpl-rgbk0Mbjijgdf.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605234542/http://www.sify.com/movies/nominations-list-for-the-siima-2017-announced-news-tnpl-rgbk0Mbjijgdf.html |archive-date=2017-06-05 |work=Sify.com}}</ref>
|-
|Tentkotta Awards
|Most Watched film of a Debutant Filmmaker
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web |date=28 Apr 2017 |title=Tentkotta Awards |url=https://twitter.com/Tentkotta/status/858140883308478465 |work=Tentkotta}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=November 2024}}
|-
|[[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards]]
|Best Production
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web |date=7 Mar 2017 |title=Norway Tamil Film Festival: Complete list of winners |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/norway-tamil-film-festival-complete-list-of-winners/articleshow/57517666.cms |work=Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2" |[[:ta:தமிழ்நாடு முற்போக்கு எழுத்தாளர்கள் கலைஞர்கள் சங்கம்|Tamil Nadu Murpoku Ezhuthalar Kalaingargal Sangam Film Awards]]
|Special Award for Production
|{{won}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref name="TNMEKS NDTV">{{cite web |date=1 Sep 2017 |title=Uriyadi gets a new recognition from Tamil literary world |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/tamil/kollywood/uriyadi-gets-a-new-recognition-1744856 |work=NDTV Tamil}}</ref><ref name="TNMEKS Ig">{{cite web |date=4 Sep 2017 |title=Visaranai, Joker, Uriyadi get valuable recognition |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/visaranai-joker-uriyadi-appa-get-tamil-nadu-murpokku-ezhuthalar-kalaigniargal-sangam-awards-tamil-news-194836 |work=Indiaglitz Tamil}}</ref>
|-
|Special Award for Writing and Direction
|{{won}}
|-
|Radio Mirchi Madurai Awards
|Best Director
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Facebook |url=https://www.facebook.com/RadioMirchiMadurai/photos/a.297522406936770.76283.157846597571019/1303277659694568/?type=3&hc_ref=PAGES_TIMELINE |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=www.facebook.com}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=November 2024}}
|-
|[[6th South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA]]
|Best Debut Director
|{{nom}}
|<ref name="SIIMA" />
|-
|[[Oneindia|Filmibeat Tamil Cinema Award]]
|Best Debut Director
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web |date=13 Jan 2017 |title=Filmibeat Tamil Cinema Awards of 2016 |url=http://tamil.filmibeat.com/awards/filmibeat-awards-2016-part-2/slider-pf53058-044259.html |work=Filmibeat}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=November 2024}}
|-
|Behindwoods Gold Medals
|Direction
|{{draw|Wall of Fame}}
|<ref>{{cite web |date=12 April 2017 |title=Behindwoods Gold Medals Wall of Fame |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/gold-medals-2017/wall-of-fame/index.html |work=Behindwoods}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|7373491}}
* {{Facebook|id=Vijaykumar.Uriyadi|name=Vijay Kumar}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Vijay}}
[[Category:21st-century Tamil male actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors from Chennai]]
[[Category:Tamil-language film directors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Chennai]]
[[Category:Film directors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:1989 births]]

Magamuni

2026-03-07T05:49:52Z

CourtneySugden: General cleanup and content improvements

{{short description|Tamil-language crime thriller film directed by Santhakumar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Magamuni
| image = Magamuni poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Santhakumar]]
| producer = [[K. E. Gnanavel Raja]]
| writer = Santhakumar
| story =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Arya (actor)|Arya]]|[[Indhuja Ravichandran]]|[[Mahima Nambiar]]}}
| music = [[S. Thaman]]
| cinematography = Arun Bathmanaban
| editing = [[V. J. Sabu Joseph]]
| studio = [[Studio Green]]
| distributor = Tarun Pictures
| released = {{film date|df=y|2019|9|6|}}
| runtime = 156 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| based_on =
}}

'''''Magamuni''''' ({{translation|The Great Sage}}) is a 2019 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action thriller film]] written and directed by [[Santhakumar]].<ref name="timesofindia" /> The film stars [[Arya (actor)|Arya]] in dual roles along with [[Indhuja Ravichandran]] and [[Mahima Nambiar]]. [[Kaali Venkat]], [[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]], [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]], and [[Ilavarasu]] play supporting roles. [[S. Thaman]] scores music for the film, and editing is handled by [[V. J. Sabu Joseph]] with cinematography handled by Arun Bathmanaban.<ref name="sify" /> [[Principal photography]] for the film commenced in November 2018.<ref name="in.com" /> It was theatrically released by Tarun Pictures on 6 September 2019<ref name="deccanrd" /> to highly positive reviews from both critics and the audience.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Magamuni Movie Review: A worthy follow-up to Santhakumar's debut film, Mouna Guru |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/magamuni/movie-review/70985448.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909095114/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/magamuni/movie-review/70985448.cms |archive-date=9 September 2019 |access-date=2019-09-20 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-06 |title=Magamuni movie review: Arya impresses in a double role in Santhakumar's story with well-crafted characters |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/magamuni-movie-review-arya-impresses-in-a-double-role-in-santhakumars-story-with-well-crafted-characters-7295501.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909041309/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/magamuni-movie-review-arya-impresses-in-a-double-role-in-santhakumars-story-with-well-crafted-characters-7295501.html |archive-date=9 September 2019 |access-date=2019-09-20 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref>
The film has won several international awards from various film festivals across the world.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 June 2021 |title=சர்வதேச விருதுகளை வென்ற ஆர்யா திரைப்படம் |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/tamil/tamil-nadu/sitara/cinema/magamuni-movie-won-9-awards/tamil-nadu20210609064522566 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316093929/https://www.etvbharat.com/tamil/tamil-nadu/sitara/cinema/magamuni-movie-won-9-awards/tamil-nadu20210609064522566 |archive-date=16 March 2022 |access-date=2021-06-09 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref>

==Plot ==
{{Long plot|date=May 2024}}
The film travels back and forth between two characters. Magadevan is a cab driver in [[Chennai]] and also works as a thug for a corrupt politician named Muthurajan. Muniraj is a [[Good Samaritan]] and organic farmer who believes in [[Swami Vivekananda]]'s teachings, thinks the world of [[Tamil literature]], and lives in a village near [[Erode]]. It is made clear that Maga is an atheist while Muni practices [[yoga]] and spreads the word of [[Hinduism]].

Maga thinks the world of his wife Viji and five-year-old son Prabha. He is also trying to turn a new leaf and leave the world of crime. Muni, on the other hand, is happy living with his loving mother. He wants to be a "Nitya Brahmachari" (bachelor) and at the same time, impart knowledge to students. Deepa is a journalism student and the daughter of a local landlord named Jayaraman, who is in awe of the soft-spoken Muni. Trouble erupts for Maga when one of Muthuraj's rivals, Guru Narayanan, tries to fix him in an earlier murder case, which was planned by him for Muthuraj. Muthuraj, in order to save himself and his nephew, enters into connivance with the police and makes Maga the bad guy. At the same time, Jayaraman does not like his daughter moving around with Muni, a lower-caste man, and wants to eliminate him.

Jayaraman plans to kill Muni via a snakebite in his farm; however, Muni is saved and admitted on the hospital by Deepa. Meanwhile, Maga is framed for the murder of Guru Narayanan's brother Surya Narayanan and is wanted by the police. Maga plans to escape to [[Vizag]] with his family and lead a normal life. He requests Muthuraj to pay him his balance money so that he can start a new life. However, he does not know that Muthuraj has betrayed him by disclosing his whereabouts to the police and Guru Narayanan. While Maga is on the way to meet Muthuraj, he is chased and shot by the police. Maga, despite being severely wounded, escapes the place by boarding a goods train.

Policemen track Maga's location using his mobile phone signal and find that he is somewhere near [[Erode]]. Maga contacts Muthuraj again requesting for help. Muthuraj asks Maga to meet Jayaraman (who also is Muthuraj's friend) in Erode so that he could get some money. In the meantime, policemen search all the hospitals around Erode, suspecting Maga to be treated for his injury. Finally, the police finds Muni in a hospital (as he was admitted for his snakebite) and arrests him, mistaking him for Maga. Meanwhile, Maga goes to Jayaraman's house seeking help. There, a drunk Jayaraman gets shocked upon seeing Maga and mistakes him for Muni, who has come for revenge. Jayaraman tries to attack Maga, but Maga kills Jayaraman to safeguard himself.

Maga's friends find out the true identity of Muthuraj and inform Maga. Maga feels bad for being betrayed by Muthuraj. On the other hand, Muni is handed over to Guru Narayanan by a corrupt police inspector Devaraj. Guru Narayanan's henchmen attack Muni as a means of revenge, believing him to be Maga. Muni is critically injured and admitted in the hospital. The police also arrests Viji and her son. Viji thinks that Maga is dead and commits suicide by jumping into a well. Maga learns about Muni from his friends, and he rushes to see him in the hospital. Maga understands that Muni is his twin brother. A small flashback is shown where Maga and Muni's mother Deivanai was mentally ill, and she left the two children alone on an empty train platform and went away. Maga and Muni are separated when they were kids. Maga was grown in an orphanage, while Muni was adopted by a widow.

Maga gets furious knowing about Viji's death and decides to kill the baddies. He goes to Muthuraj's place and kills everyone including Muthuraj, Guru Narayanan, and Devaraj. As Maga was also shot by police before, he also gets admitted in the same hospital where Muni is present. Unfortunately, Muni passes away. After a few months, it is shown that Maga comes to Muni's village as he feels guilty of Muni's death and decides to follow Muni's path of literature and peace of mind. Prabha is rescued by Deepa and raised by Deivanai. In the end, when Maga is asked by a man what his name is, he says, "Magamuni."

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Arya (actor)|Arya]] in a dual role as Magadevan and Muniraj
* [[Indhuja Ravichandran]] as Viji
* [[Mahima Nambiar]] as Deepa
* [[Kaali Venkat]] as Dr. Raghu
* [[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]] as Deivanai, Muni's mother
* [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]] as Jayaraman
* [[Ilavarasu]] as Muthurajan
* [[Aruldoss]] as Guru Narayanan
* [[Bala Singh]] as KMK District President
* [[G. M. Sundar]] as Inspector Devaraj
* Krishnamurthy as Surya Narayanan
* Madhan Kumar as Aadhi Narayanan
* Jashik as Prabha, Maga's son
* [[Deepa Shankar]] as Gomathy, Muthuraj's wife
* KPY Yogi as Gopal, Muthuraj's assistant
* [[Supergood Subramani]] as Therumunai Thirumurthy
* ''Sembaruthi'' Sanjay as Deepa's brother
* Seshu as Travels Manager
* Sivaraj as Inspector
* Thangamani Prabhu as Guru Dhanapal
* Nakkalites Chella as Farmhouse Servant
{{colend}}

== Production ==
The film was announced by Santhakumar, who is known for his critically acclaimed ''[[Mouna Guru]]'', which was released in 2011.<ref name="deccanchronicle" /> The filming commenced on 14 November 2018, marking the director's second film in his career.<ref name="sify" /> The shooting held at a brisk pace and predominantly shot in [[Chennai]], [[Kanchipuram|Kancheepuram]] and [[Erode]].<ref name="in.com" /> Filmmakers roped in actor Arya to play the male lead who was signed to portray dual roles, one an assassin and another a farmer and vallalar follower.<ref name="timesnownews" />

==Release==
===Theatrical===
The film was theatrically released by Tarun Pictures on 6 September 2019.

==Box office==
In the opening weekend, Magamuni collected {{INRConvert|1|c}} at the Chennai box office.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-10 |title=Arya's Magamuni gets a good start; Prabhas' Saaho slips to 7th place at Chennai box office |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/aryas-magamuni-gets-good-start-prabhas-saaho-slips-7th-place-chennai-box-office-805160 |access-date=2019-10-20 |website=International Business Times}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The soundtrack of the film is composed by [[S. S. Thaman]], continuing his collaboration with the director after [[Mouna Guru]]. The lyrics written by Kavignar Muthulingam and Krishnamoorthy Dhanushkodi.
{{Infobox album
| name = Magamuni
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[S. S. Thaman]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2019
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack|Soundtrack]]
| length = 12:46
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = [[Divo (record label)|Divo]]
| producer = [[S. S. Thaman]]
| prev_title = [[Voter (film)|Voter]]
| prev_year = 2019
| next_title = [[Venky Mama]]
| next_year = 2019
}}
{{track listing
| total_length =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Odum Neeril Odam Pola
| lyrics1 = Kavingnar Muthulingam
| extra1 =
| length1 = 4:16
| title2 = Kazhaga Kodi Parakkuthadaa
| lyrics2 = Krishnamoorthy Dhanushkodi
| extra2 =
| length2 = 5:14
| title3 = Eppadi Eppadi
| lyrics3 = Kavingnar Muthulingam
| extra3 =
| length3 = 3:16
}}

== Reception ==
M Suganth of ''[[Times of india]]'' rated 3.5 out of 5 and stated that "Director Santhakumar intercuts these scenes of Maga with scenes featuring Muniraj (Arya), an astute lower caste person living with his mother in a village in Erode district. Muni is facing an equally life-threatening problem, thanks to Deepa (Mahima Nambiar), the forward thinking daughter of Jayaraman (Jayaprakash), a big shot in the village."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Magamuni Movie Review : A worthy follow-up to Santhakumar's debut film, Mouna Guru |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/magamuni/movie-review/70985448.cms |access-date=2024-05-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Janani K of ''[[India Today]]'' wrote that "Director Santhkumar's second film Magamuni is an excellent social commentary on casteism, discrimination, politics and spirituality. The film starring Arya is a slow burner, but will pry open your eyes." and gave 3.5 /5 stars.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-05 |title=Magamuni Movie Review: Arya shines in brilliant revenge thriller |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/magamuni-movie-review-arya-shines-in-brilliant-revenge-thriller-1595964-2019-09-05 |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Award ==
; Toronto Tamil International Film Festival 2021
*Special Jury Award for Outstanding Performance - Award for Best Supporting Actress - ''[[Mahima Nambiar]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 September 2021 |title=Mahima Nambiar wins award at Toronto Tamil International Film Festival |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/mahima-nambiar-wins-award-at-toronto-tamil-international-film-festival/articleshow/86310775.cms |access-date=28 September 2021 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
;[[9th South Indian International Movie Awards]]
*[[SIIMA Award for Best Supporting Actress – Telugu|Best Supporting Actress - Tamil]] - [[Indhuja Ravichandran]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-28 |title=Dhanush, Manju Warrier, Chetan Kumar, others: SIIMA Awards announces nominees |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/dhanush-manju-warrier-chetan-kumar-others-siima-awards-announces-nominees-154502 |access-date=2021-09-06 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="deccanchronicle">{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=2018-11-15 |title=Arya is a 'Magamuni' now |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/151118/arya-is-a-magamuni-now.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324023622/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/151118/arya-is-a-magamuni-now.html |archive-date=24 March 2019 |access-date=2019-03-22 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref>
<ref name="deccanrd">{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=2019-08-30 |title=Magamuni gets a release date |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/300819/magamuni-gets-a-release-date.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190902121429/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/300819/magamuni-gets-a-release-date.html |archive-date=2 September 2019 |access-date=2019-09-02 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref>
<ref name="in.com">{{Cite web |title=Arya's film Magamuni nears completion, here's some exciting details! |url=https://www.in.com/entertainment/regional/aryas-film-magamuni-nears-completion-heres-some-exciting-details-338715.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322104911/https://www.in.com/entertainment/regional/aryas-film-magamuni-nears-completion-heres-some-exciting-details-338715.htm |archive-date=2019-03-22 |access-date=2019-03-22 |website=in.com}}</ref>
<ref name="sify">{{Cite web |title=Arya's next titled 'Magamuni', to be directed by Shanthakumar |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/arya-s-next-titled-magamuni-to-be-directed-by-shanthakumar-news-tamil-slotkXdeaadci.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114164256/http://www.sify.com/movies/arya-s-next-titled-magamuni-to-be-directed-by-shanthakumar-news-tamil-slotkXdeaadci.html |archive-date=14 November 2018 |access-date=2019-03-22 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref>
<ref name="timesnownews">{{Cite web |date=14 November 2018 |title='Mouna Guru'- fame Santhakumar ropes in Arya to star in his next film 'Magamuni' {{!}} Entertainment News |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/south-gossip/article/mouna-guru-fame-santhakumar-joined-with-arya-and-started-his-new-movie/314003 |access-date=2019-03-22 |website=www.timesnownews.com |language=en-GB}}</ref>
<ref name="timesofindia">{{Cite news |date=19 November 2018 |title=Arya's next will be with 'Mounaguru' director |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/aryas-next-will-be-with-mounaguru-director/articleshow/66693575.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327112308/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/aryas-next-will-be-with-mounaguru-director/articleshow/66693575.cms |archive-date=27 March 2019 |access-date=2019-03-22 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

</references>

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt10370932}}

[[Category:2019 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]
[[Category:2019 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:2019 crime drama films]]
[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:Films produced by K. E. Gnanavel Raja]]
[[Category:Studio Green films]]

Unending love (poem)

2026-03-04T18:51:22Z

CourtneySugden: New Some Info W/ Infobox...

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Short description|Poem by Rabindranath Tagore}}
'''''Unending love''''' is a poem by [[Rabindranath Tagore]], originally written in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and titled '''''Ananta Prem'''''. It expresses similar thoughts about eternal love to poet [[Kālidāsa]]'s [[Shakuntala (play)|Shakuntala]], and works by [[Percy Bysshe Shelley|Shelley]] and [[John Keats|Keats]].<ref name=Matt2009>Mattawa, K., 2009. [https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/10161/1289/D_Mattawa_Khaled_a_200908.pdf?sequence=1 "When the Poet Is a Stranger: Poetry and Agency in Tagore, Walcott, and Darwish"] (Doctoral dissertation). Department of English Duke University.</ref><ref name=Martin2011>{{cite book |last1=Martin |first1=Ray |title=Ray Martin's Favourites: The Stories Behind the Legends |date=2011 |publisher=Victory Books |isbn=978-0-522-86088-7 |page=15 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hdhxSK2b30gC&pg=PA15 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=Pradhan2002>{{cite book |last1=Pradhan |first1=Gaurav |title=Rabindranath Tagore: (literary Concepts) |date=2002 |publisher=APH Publishing |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-7648-279-X |page=22 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=moR9cmHNiKUC&pg=PA22 |language=en |chapter=1. Formative influence on Tagore}}</ref><ref name=Ghose2007>{{cite book |last1=Ghose |first1=Sisirkumar |title=Rabindranath Tagore |date=2007 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-260-1994-6 |page=32 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uWYEFtuO-TgC&dq=ananta+Prem+tagore&pg=PA32 |language=en |chapter=2. Poetry}}</ref><ref name=Matt2016>{{cite book |last1=Mattawa |first1=Khaled |title=How Long Have You Been With Us?: Essays on Poetry |date=2016 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |isbn=978-0-472-05329-2 |page=53 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=POCxDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA53 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=Dodiya2000>{{cite book |last1=Kumar |first1=Gajendra |editor1-last=Dodiya |editor1-first=Jaydipsinh |title=Indian English Poetry: Critical Perspectives |date=2000 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-7625-111-9 |page=42 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7fsLY0b5aJAC&pg=PA42 |language=en |chapter=4. The poetic genius of Rabindranath Tagore}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Rabindranath Tagore |state=uncollapsed}}

[[Category:Poems by Rabindranath Tagore]]
[[Category:Love poems]]

{{Poem-stub}}

Nonviolent Soldier of Islam

2026-03-04T17:17:41Z

CourtneySugden: creating new stub first draft - done

{{Short description|2009 biography by Eknath Easwaran}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Nonviolent Soldier of Islam: Badshah Khan, a man to match his mountains
| title_orig =
| translator =
| image = NSI-Eng-1998-front.jpg
| caption = Ghaffar Khan with [[Mahatma Gandhi]] (cover of 1999 edition)
| author = [[Eknath Easwaran]]
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country =
| language = English; later translated into Arabic,<ref name=nsiarabic/> Indonesian,<ref name=nsiindonesian/> Italian,<ref name=nsiitalian90/><ref name=nsiitalian08/> Korean,<ref name=nsikorean/> and Turkish<ref name=nsiturkish/>
| series =
| subject =
| genre = [[Pushtuns]] - biography; Politicians - [[Pakistan]] - Biography
| publisher = [[Nilgiri Press]]; others
| pub_date = 1984; 1999; others
| english_pub_date =
| media_type =
| pages = 274 (1999); 240 (1984)
| isbn = 978-1888314007
| oclc =
}}
'''''Nonviolent Soldier of Islam''''' is a biography of [[Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan]] (1890-1988), an ally of [[Gandhi|Gandhi's]] in the [[Indian independence movement]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 April 2018 |title=Pashtun freedom fighter Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan: Islam's forgotten "Gandhi" {{!}} Qantara.de |url=https://qantara.de/en/article/pashtun-freedom-fighter-khan-abdul-ghaffar-khan-islams-forgotten-gandhi |access-date=21 November 2025 |website=qantara.de |language=en}}</ref> Originally written by [[Eknath Easwaran]] in English, foreign editions have also been published in Arabic<ref name="nsiarabic" /> and several other languages.<ref name="nsiindonesian" /><ref name="nsiitalian90" /><ref name="nsiitalian08" /><ref name="nsikorean" /><ref name="nsiturkish" /> The book was originally published in the United States in 1984 as '''''A Man to Match His Mountains: Badshah Khan, nonviolent soldier of Islam'''''. A second edition was published in 1999 with the title '''''Nonviolent soldier of Islam: Badshah Khan, a man to match his mountains'''''. Both editions include an afterword by Timothy Flinders. The 1999 US edition contains a new foreword by Easwaran, and an enlarged section of photographs of Khan. The book has been reviewed in magazines,<ref name="mckibben84" /><ref name="nsifrontline" /> newspapers,<ref name="mccarthy85" /><ref name="knickerbocker85" /><ref name="shojai85" /><ref name="mckibben89" /> and professional journals.<ref name="caron2009">{{cite journal
|author=James Caron
|year=2009
|title=Teaching & learning guide for: Afghanistan historiography and pashtun Islam: Modernization theory's afterimage
|journal=History Compass
|volume=7
|issue= 2
|pages= 548–553
|doi= 10.1111/j.1478-0542.2007.00402.x
|citeseerx=10.1.1.613.9178
}}</ref> The book inspired the making of the 2008 film ''[[The Frontier Gandhi|The Frontier Gandhi: Badshah Khan, a Torch for Peace]]''.<ref name=filmlatimes>Allan M. Jalon (2008, Oct. 19). "[http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/la-ca-pakidoc19-2008oct19,0,2665208.story A Gandhi-like force for peace]." ''Los Angeles Times'' (retrieved 3 April 2010)</ref>

==Topics covered==
{{Expand section|date=April 2012}}
[[File:Nv-Sol-Isl-Arabic-both-vert.jpg|thumb|left|Arabic edition (1987), published by the Palestinian Center for the Study of Nonviolence.<ref name=nsiarabic/>|120px]]
Both US editions of ''Nonviolent Soldier'' are divided into four major parts. Parts one through three tell the story of Khan's life up to Indian independence in 1947. Part four, by Flinders, contains an afterword that describes Khan's life after 1947, and also contains a chronology, as well as a glossary, bibliography, index, maps, and extensive notes on sources.

==Reviews and influence==
Reviews have appeared in the ''[[New York Post]]'',<ref name=mckibben89>[[Bill McKibben]] (21 May 1989). "A guru who offers no guarantees: Easwaran teaches a practical method of self-mastery." ''[[New York Post]]'', pp. 4-5. Review of ''Gandhi the Man'', ''A Man to Match His Mountains'', ''Meditation'', ''[[Mantram Handbook|The Mantram Handbook]]'', and ''Conquest of Mind''.</ref> the ''[[Washington Post]]'',<ref
name=mccarthy85>{{cite news
|author=Colman McCarthy
|title=On the peace path of Islam <nowiki>[review of a man to match his mountains: Badshah Khan, nonviolent soldier of Islam, by Eknath Easwaran]</nowiki>
|newspaper=Washington Post
|date=5 February 1985
|pages=E4|author-link=Colman McCarthy
}}</ref> the ''[[Christian Science Monitor]]'',<ref name=knickerbocker85>{{cite news
|author=Brad Knickerbocker
|title=Ghaffar Khan: Leader of the world's first nonviolent army <nowiki>[review of a man to match his mountains: Badshah Khan, nonviolent soldier of Islam, by Eknath Easwaran]</nowiki>
|newspaper=Christian Science Monitor
|date=20 February 1985
|pages=21}}</ref> the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'',<ref name=shojai85>{{cite news
|author=Donald Shojai
|title=A Man to Match His Mountains (review of book by Eknath Easwaran)
|newspaper=Los Angeles Times
|date=10 February 1985
|pages=Q2
|id={{ProQuest|154099927}}
}}</ref> ''[[The New Yorker]]'',<ref name=mckibben84>[[Bill McKibben]] (24 Sep. 1984). "Notes and Comment" (in "The Talk of the Town"; discusses Easwaran's ''A Man to Match His Mounts'', a biography of [[Abdul Ghaffar Khan]]). ''[[The New Yorker]]'', pp. 39-40. "A straightforward yet devoted biography.... By his example, [Khan] asks what we ourselves, as individuals made from the same stuff as he, are doing to shape history" (pp. 39-40).</ref> ''[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] (India)'',<ref name=nsifrontline>{{cite journal
|author = K. Natwar Singh
|title = A non-violent giant <nowiki>[review of A man to match his mountains: Badshah Khan, nonviolent soldier of Islam, by Eknath Easwaran]</nowiki>
|journal = [[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]
|volume = 18
|issue = 21
|date = 13-26 October 2001
|issn = 0970-1710
|access-date = 7 April 2010
|url = http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1821/18211090.htm
|url-status = usurped
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110606111905/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1821/18211090.htm
|archive-date = 6 June 2011
|author-link = K. Natwar Singh
}}</ref>
and ''Kashmir Images''.<ref name=kashmirimagesnsi>{{cite journal |last1=Shah |first1=Roshan |title=Book Review: Tale of two Gandhis |journal=Kashmir Images |date=25 September 2016 |url=http://dailykashmirimages.com/Details/120654/book-review-tale-of-two-gandhis |access-date=9 October 2016 |oclc=867751840}}; Worldcat states the journal "Provides local and regional news coverage for Srinagar, India"</ref>

In 1985, the ''Washington Post'' stated that "Eknath Easwaran's great achievement is telling an American audience about an Islamic practitioner of pacifism at a moment when few in the West understand its effectiveness and fewer still associate it with anything Islamic."<ref name=mccarthy85/> A year later, after [[Badshah Khan]] had won the [[Bharat Ratna]], India's highest civilian honor, the same paper again quoted from the book:
{{blockquote|
"Easwaran writes of the myth that the British were civilized oppressors. In the 1930s and '40s under British tyranny, the 'Pathans had to endure mass shootings, torture, the destruction of their fields and homes, jail, flogging and humiliations. Khan himself spent 15 years in British prisons. But the Pathans remained nonviolent and stood unmoved -- suffering and dying in large numbers to win their freedom.'... Easwaran believes that 'were Khan's example better known, the Western world, as well as Muslims caught in the web of violence all over the Middle East, might come to recognize that the highest religious values of Islam are deeply compatible with a nonviolence that has the power to resolve great conflicts.'"<ref name=mccarthy86>{{cite news
|author=Colman McCarthy
|title=Struggling a century for freedom
|newspaper=Washington Post
|date=9 February 1986
|pages=H2|author-link=Colman McCarthy
}}</ref>
}}

In the journal ''History Compass'', a review of resources for teaching about [[Afghanistan]] and [[Pushtu]] populations, stated that ''Nonviolent Soldier of Islam'' was a "highly readable book for the popular market [that] incorporates some of the clearest discussions of an Islamic version of something akin to liberation theology.... its explicitly Gandhian perspective might serve as a useful counterpoint to colonial perspectives" (pp. 548–549).<ref name=caron2009/>

In late 2001, the book was discussed in ''Whole Earth'' magazine, which stated that "Perhaps no time is more apt than now to study the life of Abdul Ghaffar Khan."<ref name=stone01>{{cite journal
|author=Michael K. Stone & Vijaya Nagarajan
|year=2001
|title=Nonviolent soldier of Islam (book) [review]
|journal=Whole Earth
|volume=106
|pages=83
|url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=f5h&AN=5722399&site=ehost-live
}} (NB: ''Whole Earth'' magazine, ISSN 0749-5056, was preceded by ''[[Whole Earth Review]]'' and later ''Whole Earth Magazine''; in 2003 it was superseded by the [http://www.wholeearth.com/index.php Whole Earth website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812042454/http://www.wholeearth.com/index.php |date=12 August 2013}})</ref> The book was also reviewed in ''[[Yes! (U.S. magazine)|Yes! Magazine]]'',<ref name=mcconnell08>Carolyn McConnell (2006), "[http://www.yesmagazine.org/issues/10-most-hopeful-trends/1388 Book Review: Nonviolent Soldier of Islam: Badshah Khan by Eknath Easwaran]", ''[[Yes! (U.S. magazine)|Yes! Magazine]]'', Issue 37 (Spring 2006) (ISSN 1089-6651), accessed 3 April 2010.</ref> and elsewhere.<ref>Frederic Brussat and Mary Ann Brussat (n.d.),[http://www.spiritualityandpractice.com/books/books.php?id=2071 Book Review: Nonviolent Soldier of Islam: Badshah Khan by Eknath Easwaran], at ''Spirituality and Practice''.</ref><ref name=muhammad02>Aisha Muhammed (2002). [http://paceebene.org/islam-and-nonviolence-aisha-muhammad Islam and Nonviolence], review at ''Pace e Bene'' (NB: website states also published in ''The Wolf'', Winter 2002, and also anthologized in a 2009 book)</ref><ref name=megoran02>[http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/culture/articles/eav051002.shtml Nick Megoran (11 May 2002), posted at Eurasianet.org]</ref>

[[File:Badshah Khan.jpg|thumb|left|Ghaffar Khan with [[Mahatma Gandhi]].|140px]]
{{Eknath Easwaran}}
The publisher quoted [[Mubarak Awad]], director of the [[Palestinian Centre for the Study of Nonviolence]] in Jerusalem, as stating that "This book is a must for every Muslim. The life of Khan can change and will challenge many readers in the Middle East."<ref name=awad84q>Quoted from 1984 edition, inside front cover (paperback) or front flap (hardcover).</ref>

In late 2001, the book was reviewed in ''[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] (India)'', and described as "crisply written, expertly organised and gripping.... <nowiki>[Easwaran's]</nowiki> subtle grasp of Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan's non-violent vision of humanity makes this a very exceptional and special book."<ref
name=nsifrontline/> The reviewer, who stated that "between 1969 and 1988 I was in his <nowiki>[Khan's]</nowiki> presence many times," noted that
{{blockquote|
Easwaran calls the 6'6" tall Khan, "a Muslim St. Francis". It is so apt.... The Pathan had a most moving and magnanimous understanding of his great religion. He saw no conflict in his triple identities - his Pathaniat, Hindustaniat and Insaniat (humanity) was an organic whole....<ref
name=nsifrontline/>
}}

In the ''[[National Catholic Reporter]]'', [[John Dear]] described ''Nonviolent Soldier'' as "the best introduction to [[Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan|Khan]]."<ref name=dear10>{{cite journal |author=John Dear |year=2010
|title=Pakistan's Gandhi <nowiki>[</nowiki>discussion of Abdul Ghaffar Khan, drawing largely from Nonviolent Soldier of Islam, by Eknath Easwaran<nowiki>]</nowiki>
|journal=[[National Catholic Reporter]]
|url=http://ncronline.org/blogs/road-peace/pakistans-gandhi|author-link=John Dear
}} (accessed 26 November 2010)</ref> [[John Dear|Dear]] wrote that "over the past few months, as I have struggled to pray for and think about the suffering people of [[Pakistan]], [[Afghanistan]] and [[Iraq]], I have carried around a favorite book, Nonviolent Soldier of Islam."<ref name=dear10/>

The book inspired the making of the 2008 film ''[[The Frontier Gandhi|The Frontier Gandhi: Badshah Khan, a Torch for Peace]]'', which won the top award for documentary films<ref>"MEIFF Announces Winners of 2009 Black Pearl Awards" [http://www.meiff.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/MEIFF-09-Black-Pearl-Awards_Final.pdf]{{dead link|date=February 2018|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}, retrieved 3 Apr 2010.</ref> at the 3rd [[Middle East International Film Festival]] at [[Abu Dhabi]] in 2009. The film's director, [[T. C. McLuhan]], stated that, upon receiving the book's first edition in 1987 from an acquaintance, "I looked at it and thought, 'I don't know anything about this part of the world,' and three weeks later, at about 3 in the morning, I picked it up and felt all the electrons around me shift."<ref name=filmlatimes/>

==Editions==
The original edition was published in English in 1984 by [[Nilgiri Press]], and a year later by [[Random House]]. Foreign (non-English) editions have been published in Arabic,<ref
name=nsiarabic>[[Eknath Easwaran]] (1987). ''A Man to Match His Mountains'' (1st ed.), translated into Arabic by Wadih Ibrahim Atta. Palestinian Centre for the Study of Nonviolence. ([https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=ar&u=http://www.jawdatsaid.net/index.php%3Ftitle%3D%25D9%2581%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%25D8%25B6%25D8%25A9_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25BA%25D9%2581%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586&ei=xqa3S6vYGYOisgO5voGABQ&sa=X&oi=translate&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CAwQ7gEwAQ&prev=/search%3Fq%3D%2522%25D8%25AC%25D9%2586%25D8%25AF%25D9%258A%2B%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B9%25D9%2586%25D9%2581%2B%25D9%2581%25D9%258A%2B%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A5%25D8%25B3%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%2522%2Beaswaran%26num%3D50%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26hs%3DoKV%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official link to Google-translated Arabic page], accessed 3 April 2010.
</ref> Indonesian,<ref
name=nsiindonesian>Eknath Easwaran (2008). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=-y--up6W7uwC&q=easwaran+9791227462 Badshas Khan]''(Leo S. Perwira, trans.). Yogyakarta, Indonesia: Penerbit Bentang. {{ISBN|979-1227-46-2}}</ref> Italian,<ref
name=nsiitalian90>Eknath Easwaran (1990). ''Badshah Khan. Il Gandhi musulmano'' (L. Armando, trans.). Italy: Sonda. {{ISBN|978-88-7106-024-8}} (252 pages).</ref><ref
name=nsiitalian08>Eknath Easwaran (2008). ''[http://www.libreriauniversitaria.it/badshah-khan-gandhi-musulmano-easwaran/libro/9788871065144 Il Gandhi musulmano. Un'alternativa per Bin Laden]''. Italy: Sonda. {{ISBN|978-88-7106-514-4}} (256 pages).
</ref> Korean,<ref
name=nsikorean>Eknath Easwaran (2003). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Tmi9MgAACAAJ 바드샤 칸(역사인물찾기 14) (Nonviolent Soldier of Islam)]'' (김문호 <nowiki>[gimmunho]</nowiki>, trans.). Seoul, South Korea: Silcheon Munhak (via BookCosmos). {{ISBN|89-392-0453-0}}, {{ISBN|978-89-392-0453-9}}, (452 pages)</ref> and Turkish.<ref
name=nsiturkish>Eknath Easwaran (2002). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=m5lHAAAACAAJ Badşah han: islam'ın silahsız askeri (Badshah Khan: Nonviolent Soldier of Islam)]'' (İhsan Özdemir, trans.). Istanbul, Turkey: Timaş yayınları. {{ISBN|978-975-362-671-2}}, {{OCLC|62399751}} (278 pages)</ref>

A second edition was published 1999 in the US by [[Nilgiri Press]], and English-language editions have been published in India. The US editions are:
*{{cite book
|title=Nonviolent soldier of Islam: Badshah Khan, a man to match his mountains
|last=Easwaran
|first=Eknath
|author-link=Eknath Easwaran
|year=1999
|edition=2nd
|publisher=[[Nilgiri Press]]
|location=Tomales, CA
|isbn=978-1-888314-00-7
|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Qt-5KgZa5VEC }}
*{{cite book
|title=A man to match his mountains: Badshah Khan, nonviolent soldier of Islam
|last=Easwaran
|first=Eknath
|author-link=Eknath Easwaran
|year=1985
|publisher=[[Random House]]
|location=New York
|isbn= 978-0-394-73475-0
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yIc7PgAACAA}}
*{{cite book
|title=A man to match his mountains: Badshah Khan, nonviolent soldier of Islam
|last=Easwaran
|first=Eknath
|author-link=Eknath Easwaran
|year=1984
|edition=1st
|publisher=[[Nilgiri Press]]
|location=Tomales, CA
|isbn= 978-0-915132-33-1
|url=https://archive.org/details/mantomatchhismou00easw |url-access=registration
|quote=A Man to Match His Mountains 0915132346.
}}
Indian editions:
*{{cite book
|title=The Two Gandhis
|last=Easwaran
|first=Eknath
|author-link=Eknath Easwaran
|year=2009
|edition=2
|publisher=[[Jaico]]
|location=Mumbai, India
|isbn=978-81-8495-041-0
|url=http://www.jaicobooks.com/j/j_searchtry.asp?selcat=title&keyword=The%20Two%20Gandhis}}
*{{cite book
|title=Badshah Khan: A man to match his mountains
|last=Easwaran
|first=Eknath
|author-link=Eknath Easwaran
|year=2001
|edition=2
|publisher=[[Penguin Books|Penguin]]
|location=India
|isbn= 978-0-14-100664-2
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=be_jAAAACAAJ&q=9780141006642}}

==See also==
*''[[Gandhi the Man]]'' (by same author, a biography of Gandhi)
*''[[Bapu (book)|Bapu]]'' (contains record of a visit with Khan and a Khudai Kitmatgir camp)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Pashtun nationalism}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1984 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:1999 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Biographical books]]
[[Category:Books about Islam in India]]
[[Category:Works by Eknath Easwaran]]

Mani Osai

2026-03-04T05:16:35Z

CourtneySugden: Added Initial Pg W/ Sources!

{{More citations needed|date=March 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{plot missing|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Mani Osai.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[P. Madhavan]]
| writer = Pasumani
| producer = A. L. Srinivasan
| starring = [[Kalyan Kumar]] [[M. R. Radha]] [[R. Muthuraman]] [[C. R. Vijayakumari]] [[Kumari Rukmini]]
| cinematography = [[M. Karnan]]
| editing = R. Devarajan
| music = [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
| studio = ALS Productions
| released = {{Film date|1963|01|12|df=yes}}
| runtime = 168 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Mani Osai''''' ({{translation|Bell Sound}}) is a 1963 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]], directed by [[P. Madhavan]], his directorial debut. The film was produced by A. L. Srinivasan under ALS Productions and written by Pasumani. The film, inspired by [[Victor Hugo]]'s French novel, ''[[The Hunchback of Notre-Dame]]'', stars [[Kalyan Kumar]], [[M. R. Radha]], [[R. Muthuraman]], [[C. R. Vijayakumari]], [[V. Nagayya]], [[Nagesh]], [[Pushpalatha]] and [[Kumari Rukmani]]. [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] composed the music for the film.<ref name="thehindu">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=27 October 2012 |title=Blast from the Past — Mani Osai 1963 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/mani-osai-1963/article3874020.ece |url-status=live |access-date=21 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320120735/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/mani-osai-1963/article3874020.ece |archive-date=20 March 2014}}</ref>
== Cast ==
* [[Kalyan Kumar]]
* [[M. R. Radha]]
* [[R. Muthuraman]]
* [[C. R. Vijayakumari]]
* [[Pushpalatha]]
* [[Kumari Rukmani]]
* [[V. Nagayya]]
* M. S. S. Bhagyam
* [[Nagesh]]
* Pushpamala
* "Baby" Chandrakala

== Production ==
''Mani Osai'' is the directorial debut of [[P. Madhavan]], and was inspired by French writer [[Victor Hugo]]'s 1831 novel, ''[[The Hunchback of Notre-Dame]]''. It was produced by A. L. Srinivasan under his company A. L. Productions.<ref name="thehindu" />

== Release and reception ==

''Mani Osai'' was released on 12 January 1963.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mani Osai (1963) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/mani-osai |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251220190418/https://screen4screen.com/movies/mani-osai |archive-date=2025-12-20 |access-date=2025-12-20 |work=Screen4Screen}}</ref> ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' printed a positive review.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=January 27, 1963 |title=மணி ஓசை |url=http://archive.org/details/kalki1963-01-27 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20251230105651/https://archive.org/details/kalki1963-01-27/page/n21/mode/2up |archive-date=December 30, 2025 |access-date=December 30, 2025 |work=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=21 |language=Tamil |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> The film did not perform well at the box office; according to film historian [[Randor Guy]], this was due to its lack of a handsome hero.<ref name="thehindu" />

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]], with lyrics by [[Kannadasan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mani Osai |url=http://shakthi.fm/ta/album/show/b785472a |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911012851/http://shakthi.fm/ta/album/show/b785472a |archive-date=11 September 2016 |access-date=21 June 2016 |website=shakthi.fm}}</ref> Some of the film's songs, such as "Payuthu Paayuthu", "Devan Kovil Mani Osai" and "Aattukkutti Aattukkutti Mammavai" became popular.<ref name="thehindu" />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer !! Length
|-
| "Paayuthu Paayuthu" || [[P. Susheela]] [[L. R. Eswari]] || 05:04
|-
| "Aattukkutti Aattukutti" || L. R. Eswari || 04:10
|-
| "Devan Kovil Mani Osai" || [[Sirkazhi Govindarajan]] || 04:52
|-
| "Katti Thangam Rajavukku" || [[K. Jamuna Rani]], L. R. Eswari || 04.32
|-
| "Varusham Maasam Thedi" || [[S. Janaki]] || 04:35
|-
| "Varusham Maasam" (Sad) || P. Susheela || 02:48
|-
| "Varusham Ponne" || || 03:41
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
{{P. Madhavan}}

[[Category:1963 Indian films]]
[[Category:1963 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1963 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:1963 drama films]]
[[Category:1963 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by P. Madhavan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Naanalla

2026-03-04T04:40:14Z

CourtneySugden: Added Initial Post From Scratch

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Naanalla
| image = Naanalla poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Official poster
| native_name = 
| director = [[Dinesh Baboo]]
| writer = Dinesh Baboo
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = D. B. Kumaraswamy
| starring = {{plainlist|*[[Tarun Chandra]]
*[[Shubha Poonja]]
*[[Anant Nag]]
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Suresh Bhairasandra
| editing = Sanjeeva Reddy
| music = Giridhar Diwan
| studio = Sri Gowthami Enterprises
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2011|10|21}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Naanalla''''' ({{Translation|Not me}}) is a 2011 Indian Kannada-language murder mystery film directed by [[Dinesh Baboo]] and starring [[Tarun Chandra]], [[Shubha Poonja]] and [[Ananth Nag]]. The film is inspired by the Hindi film ''[[Deewangee]]'' (2002), which itself was based on the English film ''[[Primal Fear (film)|Primal Fear]]'' (1996).

== Cast ==
*[[Tarun Chandra]] as Siddharth
*[[Shubha Poonja]] as Bhavya
*[[Anant Nag]] as Subhash Chandra Prasad
*[[Kushboo]] as Subhash Chandra Prasad's wife
*[[Rangayana Raghu]] as Prathap
*[[Sihi Kahi Chandru]] as Melmane
*[[Mukhyamantri Chandru]] as lawyer

== Production ==
Tarun Chandra took a break from his romantic films with this thriller film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/tarun-chandra-takes-the-action-route/articleshow/9684116.cms|title=Tarun Chandra takes the action route|date=16 January 2017|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{empty section|date=March 2024}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that "Director Dinesh Baboo has done a marvelous job with the script. He’s set an example of how best a thriller can be made without spoiling the story — a rarity in Kannada cinema".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/naanalla/movie-review/12198161.cms|title=NAANALLA MOVIE REVIEW|date=26 October 2015|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> A critic from the ''[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]'' wrote that "It is an engaging tale with a brilliant narration coupled with finely tuned performances".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/kannada-review-naanalla-is-an-engaging-tale-412084.html|title=Kannada Review: 'Naanalla' is an engaging tale|date=22 October 2011|work=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]|via=[[News18]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' wrote that the film "is an engrossing watch for all kinds of audience".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/nanalla-primal-fears-revealed/articleshow/21497295.cms|title=Nanalla: Primal fears revealed|date=21 October 2011|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|13906436}}

{{Dinesh Baboo}}

[[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]
[[Category:2010s mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:2011 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2011 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Dinesh Baboo]]

{{2010s-Kannada-film-stub}}
{{2010s-mystery-film-stub}}

Mahulbanir Sereng

2026-03-04T03:44:02Z

CourtneySugden: small cleanup details as per guidelines and added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mahulbonir Sereng
| image = Mahulbonir Sereng.jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[Sekhar Das]]
| producer = Sampa Bhattacharjee
| writer = [[Tapan Bandyopadhyay]]
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| music = [[Indradip Dasgupta]]
| cinematography = [[Premendu Bikash Chaki]]
| editing = Sumit Ghosh
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2004|02|13}}
| runtime = 137 minutes
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| budget = 
}}
'''''Mahulbonir Sereng''''' ({{langx|bn| মেহুলবনীর সেরেঙ্গ}} ''Songs of Mahulbonir'' or ''Tribal song Mahulbonir'') is a 2004 [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali film]] directed by [[Sekhar Das]] based on a same name story of [[Tapan Bandyopadhyay]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/812506 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526051849/http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/812506 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2009-05-26 |title=BFI | Film & TV Database | MAHULBANIR SERENG (2004) |publisher=Ftvdb.bfi.org.uk |date=2009-04-16 |access-date=2012-10-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Mahulbanir Sereng (Songs of Mahulbani) season commences in Brisbane, Australia |url=http://www.bollywooddreams.net.au/page.cfm?PageCode=Mahulbanir_Sereng&site_id=1&showArchived=0 |title=Mahulbanir Sereng (Songs of Mahulbani) season commences in Brisbane, Australia |publisher=Bollywooddreams.net.au |date=2005-09-15 |access-date=2012-10-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130409103957/http://bollywooddreams.net.au/page.cfm?PageCode=Mahulbanir_Sereng&site_id=1&showArchived=0 |archive-date=9 April 2013 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>[http://www.screenindia.com/old/archive/archive_fullstory.php?content_id=7332 Screen]{{dead link|date=November 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |agency=TNN|date=Jan 16, 2003 |title=Tolly on the tribal trail {{!}} undefined News |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/calcutta-times/tolly-on-the-tribal-trail/articleshow/34595850.cms |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=The Times of India }}</ref> This film was released at the 13th [[Brisbane International Film Festival]] 2004 and on 19 April 2005 at Filmfest DC in Washington, D.C.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050419/asp/calcutta/story_4633958.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526003038/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050419/asp/calcutta/story_4633958.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 May 2011 |title=The Telegraph - Calcutta : Metro |publisher=Telegraphindia.com |date=2005-04-19 |access-date=2012-10-26}}</ref>

==Plot==
The story is a narrative revolving around the love triangle of Aghore ([[Pijush Ganguly]]), with his wife Saheli ([[Chandrayee Ghosh]]) and Dr. Alaktak Roy ([[Silajit Majumder]]). Aghore is a police constable who works in a different place so he often stays out of his hometown. In the meantime, his wife Saheli gets close with the new young doctor of their village. When Aghore comes back, he gets news that Saheli is pregnant and becomes very happy. But all of villagemen claim that the baby is the doctor's and not Aghore's. Though Aghore tries to argue in favour of his wife and doctor but the village head calls 'Gira' by gram Panchayet (Judgement by 10 village heads). On the day of 'Gira' Saheli commits suicide and the narrator Damayanti ([[Roopa Ganguly]]) helps the doctor to run away. Another parallel story of Damayanti and Somesh Gomes ([[Sabyasachi Chakrabarty]]) is also told. Somesh is a social worker, the love interest of Damayanti who is the B.D.O. of that tribal area. Twelve years after this incident Damayanti comes back to the village of Mahulbani and finds that besides many changes the beauty and simplicity of nature still exists.

== Cast ==
*[[Sabyasachi Chakrabarty]] as Somesh Gomes
*[[Roopa Ganguly]] as Damayanti
*[[Arindam Sil]] as husband of Damayanti
*[[Aparajita Auddy]]
*[[Chandrayee Ghosh]] as Saheli
*[[Debshankar Halder]]
*[[Debesh Roy Chowdhury]]
*[[Pijush Ganguly]] as Aghore
*[[Silajit Majumder]] as Dr Alatak Roy
*[[Kunal Mitra]] as Damayanti's Senior Officer

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060103082007/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050422/asp/etc/story_4647693.asp "A Ray for a Ray; so what?s new?"] – ''The Telegraph India'' (archived 3 January 2006)

[[Category:2004 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:2004 films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films based on short fiction]]

{{2000s-Bengali-film-stub}}

Marasuru Madivala inscriptions and hero stones

2026-02-28T06:25:31Z

CourtneySugden: Added Some Info Nd Citations!

{{Short description|Village in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Coord|12.761653|N|77.723808|E|type:landmark|display=title}}
[[File:Digital Image of 9-10th Century Chamundi at Marasur Madivala.jpg|thumb|295x295px|Digital Image of 9-10th Century Chamundi at Marasur Madivala. Picture Courtesy: [[commons:File:Digital_Image_of_9-10th_Century_Chamundi_at_Marasur_Madivala.jpg|Wikimedia Commons]] ]]
'''Marasuru Madivala''' is a village in [[Anekal]] Taluk of [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]], in the Indian state of [[Karnataka]]. It is a historical settlement with a millennium-long history. Its significance lies in the discovery of a [[Hero stone|herostone]]-inscription and an ornate sculpture of [[Chamunda|Chamundi]] found in the village. It is housed in a new ''[[Mandapa|mantapa]]''. It is home to a 10th-century [[Shiva|Someshwara]] temple, and a modern-day [[Nandi (Hinduism)|Nandi]] ''mantapa'' restored with 8th-century Ganga style stone pillars, [[Sati (practice)|Sati]] stones, hero-stones and ancient [[Jainism|Jaina]] idols.

== Hero-stones ==

=== 9th-century Puniseyamma ===
The herostone inscription is in [[Kannada]]. It was dated [[Palaeography|paleographically]] to the 9th century CE, it records the death of Puniyasemma Gamunda. However, the reason for his death is not known. The inscription was discovered by the Mythic Society Bengaluru Inscriptions 3D Digital Conservation Project team.<ref name="auto">{{Cite book |last=The Mythic Society |url=http://archive.org/details/qjms-vol-113-2-2022-43-undocumented-bengaluru-inscriptions |title=Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society (QJMS) VOl 113 2 2022 43 Undocumented Bengaluru Inscriptions|date=April 2022 }}</ref>

{{Infobox artifact
| name = Puniseyamma Hero-stone
| image = Digital Image of the Marasuru Madivala 9th-century Puniseyamma Hero-stone.png
| image_size = 378
| image_caption = Digital Image of The Marasuru Madivala 9th-century Puniseyamma Hero-stone
| material = Stone
| height = {{convert|140|cm|abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|97|cm|abbr=on}}
| writing = [[Kannada script]]
| location = {{coord|12.76165278|77.72380833}}
| discovered_place = Marasuru madivala, [[Anekal]] Taluk, Bengaluru
| language = Kannada
}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Transliteration<ref>Quarterly Journal of the Mythic society and Epigraphia carnatica volume 9, Anekal inscription 21</ref>
!Line
Number
![[Kannada script|Kannada]]
![[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]
|-
|1
|ಪುಣಿಸೆಯ
|''puṇiseya''
|-
|2
|ಮ್ಮ ಗಾವು
|''mma gāvu''
|-
|3
|ಣ್ಡನು ದ.
|''ṇḍanu da.''
|-
|4
|.ಸತ.
|''sata''
|-
|5
|ರೂಗ ತೋ
|''rūga to''
|-
|6
|ರು ವದು
|ru vadu
|}

=== 10th-century Butuga "Irivabedenga" ===
{{Infobox artifact
| name = Butuga "Irivabedenga" Hero-stone
| image = Digital Image of The Marasuru Madivala 10th-century Butuga "Irivabedenga" Hero-stone.png
| image_caption = Digital Image of the Marasuru Madivala 10th-century Butuga "Irivabedenga" Hero-stone
| material = Stone
| height = {{convert|131|cm|abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|98|cm|abbr=on}}
| writing = [[Kannada script]]
| location = {{coord|12.76165278|77.72380833}}
| language = Kannada
| image_size = 378
}}

The inscription is in [[Kannada]]. It was dated paleographically to the 10th century CE. The stone has a sculpture of a hero called Irivabedenga, he holds a bow in one hand and a dagger in the other. The inscription text is worn out; its full context cannot be deciphered. The inscription mentions Butuga and Irivabedenga. Butuga was a [[Western Ganga dynasty|Ganga]] king who ruled between 938 CE-961 CE in this region. Irivabedenga was a term used for an expert warrior (vide - Kannada Sahitya Parishat Kannada Nigantu).<ref name="auto"/>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Transliteration<ref>Quarterly Journal of the Mythic society</ref>
!Line
Number
![[Kannada script|Kannada]]
![[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]
|-
|1
|ಸ್ವಸ್ತಿಶ್ರೀ ಬುತುಗನ ರಾಜ್ಯದ(ದೊ) ಳ್ .....
|svastiśrī butugana rājyada(d) l .....
|-
|2
|ವಳನ ಮಕ್ಕಳ್ ಇರಿವಬೆಡೆಙ್ಗ
|valana makkal irivabḍṅga
|-
|3
|. ಕಲತೊ
|. . kalato
|-
|4
|. ವಳ(ದ) ನು
|. vala(da) nu
|-
|5
|. ತ . .
|. ta. .
|-
|6
|. . ರು
|. .ru
|-
|7
|ಹವು
|havu
|-
|8
|ಣ(ನೊ).(ಳ್)
|ṇa(n).(l)
|-
|9
|ಲಹ
|laha
|-
|10
|. ವ(ಚ)
|. va(ca)
|-
|11
|.ಳ್ಕ ದಿ
|.lka di
|-
|12
|. ಸ
|. sa
|}

== Chamundi Sculpture ==
[[File:Digital Image Obtained by 3D Scanning of The Marasuru madivala Chamundi sculpture 04.png|thumb|307x307px|Digital Image Obtained by 3D Scanning of The Marasuru Madivala Chamundi sculpture. Picture Courtesy: [[Wikimedia Commons]] ]]The Chamundi sculpture found in Marasuru Madivala village of [[Anekal]] Taluk is one of the most ornate sculptures of the deity in south India. The goddess is depicted with an ''astabhuja (lit.'' Eight handed'')'' with a face expressing ''raudra.'' She holds a ''trishula'' (trident) that pierces a fallen demon, with her other hands holding weapons including a sword, dagger, [[ankusa]], Naga, [[Damaru]], shield, and skull cup. She wears a ''[[Yajnopavita]]'' (sacred thread) of skulls. Her breasts are held by serpents depicted with two protruding fangs. These characteristics indicate the ferocious and wild nature of the goddess. She is also depicted with a ''[[sengol]]'', ascribing royalty to the goddess as a mark of devotion and respect.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krishnakumar, DHNS |first=R. |title=Lost, found and reinstalled, 10th century idol now has a digital glint |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/lost-found-and-reinstalled-10th-century-idol-now-has-a-digital-glint-1154210.html |access-date=2024-04-20 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
{{Gallery
|width=250 | height=350
|align=center
|File:Marasuru Madivala herostones.jpg
|Marasuru Madivala herostones
|File:3D Scanning of The Marasuru Madivala 9th-century Puniseyamma Hero-stone 04.jpg
|Marasuru Madivala 9th-century Puniseyamma Hero-stone
|File:3D scanning of the Marasuru Madivala 10th-century Butuga "Irivabedenga" Hero-stone 03.jpg
|Marasuru Madivala 10th-century Butuga "Irivabedenga" Hero-stone
}}

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Inscription stones of Bengaluru]]

Murder of Samuel Paty

2026-02-22T00:11:46Z

CourtneySugden: slightly reworked article for accuracy and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|2020 murder in Éragny-sur-Oise, France}}{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = Murder of Samuel Paty
| image = SamuelPaty.jpg
| caption = Paty
| location = [[Éragny, Val-d'Oise]], Île-de-France, France
| date = {{start date|df=yes|2020|10|16}}
| coordinates = {{coord|49|0|50.08|N|2|6|55.3|E|display=inline,title}}
| time = 17:00
| timezone = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| type = [[Decapitation]], [[Islamic terrorism in Europe|Islamic terrorism]]
| fatalities =
| victim = Samuel Paty
| weapon = [[Cleaver]]
| perpetrator = Abdoullakh Anzorov
| motive = [[Jihadism]], [[Islamic extremism]]
}}
On 16 October 2020, '''Samuel Paty''' ({{IPA|fr|samɥɛl pati|lang}}), a French [[Secondary education in France#Collège|secondary school]] teacher, was attacked and killed in [[Éragny, Val-d'Oise]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Terrorisme : des interpellations après la décapitation de l'enseignant|url=https://www.liberation.fr/france/2020/10/16/terrorisme-un-enseignant-decapite-dans-les-yvelines_1802673|last=Devin|first=Willy Le|website=Libération.fr|language=fr|date=2020-10-16|access-date=2020-10-30}}</ref> Île-de-France, France, by an [[Islamic terrorism|Islamic terrorist]].

The perpetrator, Abdoullakh Abouyezidovich Anzorov, an 18-year-old Russian Muslim refugee, killed and [[Decapitation|beheaded]] Paty with a [[cleaver]], and was shot and killed by police minutes later. A social media campaign against Paty was linked to his subsequent murder.<ref name=":022">{{Cite news|date=22 October 2020|title=France teacher attack: Seven charged over Samuel Paty's killing|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-54632353|access-date=9 November 2020}}</ref> One of Paty's students had alleged that in a class on [[freedom of expression]], he had shown his students ''[[Charlie Hebdo]]''<nowiki/>'s 2012 [[Charlie Hebdo#2012 cartoons depicting Muhammad|cartoons]] [[Depictions of Muhammad|depicting the Islamic prophet Muhammad]], including an image of Muhammad naked with his genitals exposed. She later admitted that she lied about the material shown and had been absent from the class.<ref name="Wall Street Journal">{{cite news|title=Demonstrations Pay Homage to French Teacher Beheaded After Lesson on Charlie Hebdo|publisher=[[Wall Street Journal]]|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/french-officials-identify-chechen-man-as-suspect-in-teacher-beheading-11602938009|quote=According to a copy of the lesson plan described by Mr. Ricard, Mr. Paty showed the class two cartoons. The 13-year old girl who made the allegations against Paty has since confessed to lying.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=13-year-old girl lied about French teacher who was later beheaded, her lawyer says|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/samuel-paty-beheading-france-girl-lied/|access-date=2021-05-18|website=www.cbsnews.com|date=9 March 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref> Since then, ten people have been charged with conspiring with and assisting the killer, including an [[Imam]], a parent of a student, and two students at Paty's school.<ref name=":022" /><ref name=":19" />

French president [[Emmanuel Macron]] said that the incident was "a typical Islamist terrorist attack", and that "our compatriot was killed for teaching children freedom of speech". The murder was one of several [[List of terrorist incidents in France#21st century|attacks in France]] in recent years and the second terrorist attack in France during the [[January 2015 Île-de-France attacks#2020 trial|2020 trial]], at which alleged accomplices to the [[January 2015 Île-de-France attacks]] were to be arraigned for terrorism targeting the cartoons' publishers.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|date=22 October 2020|title=France teacher's killer had 'contact' with jihadist in Syria|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20201022-france-teacher-s-killer-had-contact-with-jihadist-in-syria|access-date=10 November 2020|website=France 24|language=en}}</ref> In 2015 and 2016, Islamist terror attacks killed over 200 people in France.<ref name="s603">{{cite web |last=Stradic |first=Ségolène Le |date=2024-11-04 |title=Trial Over Killing of Teacher Samuel Paty Begins in France |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/11/04/world/europe/france-paty-beheading-trial.html |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=The New York Times}}</ref> The Paty incident sparked debate in French society and [[Politics of France|politics]]. Many Muslims expressed offence at the cartoons, which were also the subject of the previous [[Charlie Hebdo shooting|''Charlie Hebdo'' shooting]].<ref name="Protests2">{{cite web |year=2020 |title=Muslim-majority countries protest, condemn France over Muhammad cartoons |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/france-protests-mideast-asia-1.5778227 |access-date=1 November 2020 |website=CBC}} Muslim countries protest.</ref> The president of the [[French Council of the Muslim Faith]] condemned the murder, as did [[Imam]]s of several [[mosque]]s.<ref name="LM-2020-10-19" /> Several Muslim-majority countries, including Iran, Jordan, Kuwait, as well as the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]], both denounced the attack and condemned the publication of the cartoons.<ref name=":11">{{Cite news|last=Willsher|first=Kim|date=26 October 2020|title=France urges end to boycott of French goods as Macron defends Muhammad cartoons|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/oct/26/france-islamic-end-boycott-french-goods-macron-muhammad-cartoons|access-date=2 November 2020|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

The response of the French government to the murder was criticized by many Muslims,<ref name=":14" /><ref>{{cite news |date=1 November 2020 |title=Muslim groups urge Macron end 'divisive rhetoric, reject hatred' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/11/1/muslim-group-calls-on-macron-to-end-assault-on-islam-muslims |work=Al Jazeera}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=France's Emmanuel Macron seeks to calm tensions with Muslims|url=https://www.dw.com/en/frances-emmanuel-macron-seeks-to-calm-tensions-with-muslims/a-55461749|quote=[Macron's] comments prompted a wave of protests and criticism from the Muslim world. }}</ref> including the [[President of Turkey|president]] [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] of the [[Turkey|Republic of Turkey]], some of whom called for a boycott of French goods.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":13">{{Cite news|date=25 October 2020|title=France recalls Turkey envoy after Erdogan says Macron needs 'mental check'|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-54678826|access-date=10 November 2020}}</ref> In November 2023, six teens went to trial on charges related to the murder.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/nov/27/samuel-paty-six-teenagers-to-go-on-trial-in-connection-with-french-teachers-beheading|title=Samuel Paty: six teenagers to go on trial in connection with French teacher's beheading|work=the guardian|date=27 November 2023 |last1=Chrisafis |first1=Angelique }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/27/six-teens-in-court-in-connection-with-beheading-of-french-teacher|title=French court opens case against teens over beheading of teacher|publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref> They were found guilty in December 2023 and given brief or suspended prison sentences.<ref name = "skyDec8">{{cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/six-teenagers-found-guilty-in-connection-with-the-beheading-of-teacher-samuel-paty-13018121|title=Six teenagers found guilty in connection with the beheading of teacher Samuel Paty|publisher=[[Sky News]]|date = December 8, 2023}}</ref>

== Background ==
{{see also|Islamic terrorism#France}}

=== Victim ===
Samuel Paty ({{IPA|fr|samɥɛl pati}}) was born on 18 September 1973 in [[Moulins, Allier]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.parismatch.com/Actu/Societe/Samuel-Paty-martyr-de-la-Republique-1709586|title=Samuel Paty, martyr de la République |website=Paris Match |date=31 October 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rtl.fr/actu/justice-faits-divers/samuel-paty-la-ville-natale-de-l-enseignant-lui-rend-hommage-7800910440|title=Samuel Paty : la ville natale de l'enseignant lui rend hommage|website=RTL.fr|date=25 October 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ramdjan|first=Tahrim|date=18 October 2020|title=Onthoofde docent Samuel Paty (1973–2020) zocht juist altijd de nuance op|url=https://www.parool.nl/gs-b11393cd|access-date=21 October 2020|website=Het Parool|language=nl-NL}}</ref> He attended Théodore de Banville High School,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr/auvergne-rhone-alpes/allier/moulins/samuel-paty-moulins-hommage-eleves-son-ancien-lycee-1890312.html|title=Samuel Paty : à Moulins, l'hommage des élèves de son ancien lycée|website=France 3 Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes|date=11 February 2020 }}</ref> [[Lumière University Lyon 2]] and the [[IUFM]], Lyon.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lyoncapitale.fr/actualite/le-professeur-decapite-etait-un-ancien-etudiant-de-l-universite-lumiere-lyon-2/|title=Le professeur décapité était un ancien étudiant de l'Université Lumière Lyon 2|first=Oriane|last=Mollaret|date=17 October 2020|website=www.lyoncapitale.fr}}</ref> Paty was a [[Secondary education in France#Collège|middle-school]] teacher of history, geography, and [[civics]] who taught for five years at the Collège Bois-d'Aulne, in [[Conflans-Sainte-Honorine]], France, a suburb {{convert|30|km|mi}} north-west of central Paris.<ref name="auto32">{{Cite web |date=18 October 2020 |title=France terror attack: Teacher decapitated in Paris suburb named as Samuel Paty |url=https://news.sky.com/story/france-terror-attack-47-year-old-decapitated-in-paris-suburb-named-as-teacher-samuel-paty-12105885 |publisher=Sky News}}</ref><ref name="auto7">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-54581827|title=France teacher attack: Suspect 'asked pupils to point Samuel Paty out'|date=17 October 2020|website=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> He lived ten minutes away from the middle school, in the small town of [[Éragny, Val-d'Oise]].<ref name="auto9">{{Cite web|url=https://alkhaleejtoday.co/international/5123512/Conflans-attack-who-was-Samuel-Paty-the-martyr-professor.html|title=Conflans attack: who was Samuel Paty, the martyr professor|date=18 October 2020|website=AlKhaleej Today}}</ref> He was married and had a five-year-old son.<ref name="auto9"/><ref>{{cite news |last=Allen |first=Peter |last2=Kitching |first2=Chris |date=17 October 2020 |title=Teacher decapitated in Paris for showing cartoon of a nude Prophet Mohammad is pictured |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/world-news/breaking-teacher-decapitated-paris-showing-22860451 |access-date=17 October 2020 |work=Mirror}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/10/17/french-police-arrest-9-18-year-old-chechen-decapitates-teacher/|title=Social media bosses summoned by French government after terrorist beheads teacher|first1=James|last1=Crisp|first2=Anna|last2=Pujol-Mazzini|date=17 October 2020|work=The Daily Telegraph}}</ref>

=== Perpetrator ===
The perpetrator, Abdoullakh Abouyezidovich Anzorov, was an 18-year-old who was born in [[Moscow]] and grew up in France.<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://www.parismatch.com/Actu/Societe/Prof-d-histoire-decapite-l-assaillant-etait-un-Russe-tchetchene-de-18-ans-ne-a-Moscou-1707848|title=Prof d'histoire décapité: l'assaillant, Abdoullakh Anzorov, était un Russe tchétchène de 18 ans |website=Paris Match|date=17 October 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://alkhaleejtoday.co/international/5120090/the-18-year-old-killer-who-was-shot-was-a-refugee.html|title=the 18-year-old killer, who was shot, was a refugee|website=Al Khaleej Today|date=17 October 2020}}</ref> In their media statements French police drew attention to the teen's [[Chechens in France |Chechen ethnicity]], one of several [[Islam in France |Muslim minority groups in France]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adamson |first=Thomas |date=17 October 2020 |title=Suspect in French teacher's beheading was Chechen teen, police say |url=https://www.foxla.com/news/suspect-in-french-teachers-beheading-was-chechen-teen-police-say |agency=Associated Press}}</ref> Anzorov moved to France with refugee status 12 years earlier as a six-year-old boy.<ref name="auto32" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ewn.co.za/2020/10/17/france-beheading-suspect-had-no-links-with-russia|title=France beheading suspect had no links with Russia|website=ewn.co.za}}</ref> He lived in the La Madeleine district of the [[Normandy]] town of [[Évreux]], about 100 km (62 miles) from the murder scene and had no apparent connection with the teacher or the school.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2020 |title=French teacher's attacker 'posted photo of severed head on Twitter' |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/world/europe/article/3105972/france-beheading-suspect-posted-claim-responsibility-and-photo |website=South China Morning Post |agency=Associated Press}}</ref><ref name="auto7" />

The Anzorov family moved from the village of [[Shalazhi]] in Chechnya. Abdoullakh's father Abuezid moved first to Moscow, and then to Paris.<ref name="thetimes" /><ref name="independent" />{{verify source | reason = these were later in the paragraph |date=March 2025}} Anzorov's half-sister joined [[ISIS]] in Syria in 2014.<ref name="thetimes" >{{Cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.com/world/europe/article/parents-hate-campaign-led-to-beheading-of-french-teacher-ltt3xfqw0|title=Parent's hate campaign 'led to beheading of French teacher'|first=Peter|last=Conradi|work=[[The Times]]}}</ref><ref name="independent" >{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-terror-attack-france-samuel-paty-teacher-death-rallies-b1129855.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/paris-terror-attack-france-samuel-paty-teacher-death-rallies-b1129855.html |archive-date=18 June 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=France mourns decapitated teacher at rallies|date=18 October 2020|website=The Independent}}</ref> In March 2020, the family had received refugee status and 10-year residency cards in France.<ref name="auto32"/><ref name="auto11">{{cite web |last=Willsher |first=Kim |date=17 October 2020 |title=Teacher decapitated in Paris named as Samuel Paty, 47 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/oct/17/teacher-decapitated-in-paris-named-as-samuel-paty-47 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017221709/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/oct/17/teacher-decapitated-in-paris-named-as-samuel-paty-47 |archive-date=17 October 2020 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> Abdoullakh was not noticed by security agencies, though he had previously been in court on minor misdemeanour charges.<ref>{{Cite news|date=17 October 2020|title=Paris: Täter lebte als Flüchtling in Frankreich|work=DIE WELT|url=https://www.welt.de/politik/ausland/article218069086/Paris-Taeter-lebte-als-Fluechtling-in-Frankreich.html|access-date=17 October 2020}}</ref><ref name="auto7" />

Before the attack, he was in communication with an unidentified Russian-speaking jihadist in Syria. According to investigators, this individual was located via IP address to [[Idlib]], Syria, the last rebel stronghold of the country which was under the control of the [[Tahrir al-Sham|Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham]] organization.<ref name="fig syrie">{{cite web|title=Professeur décapité : le meurtrier était en contact avec un djihadiste russophone en Syrie|url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/professeur-decapite-le-meurtrier-en-contact-avec-un-djihadiste-russophone-en-syrie-20201022|author=Agence-France-Presse|website=lefigaro.fr|date=22 October 2020|access-date=23 October 2020}}</ref> Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham later denied responsibility for the attack.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.liberation.fr/france/2020/10/22/le-hayat-tahrir-al-sham-parrain-syrien-d-anzorov_1803231|title=Le Hayat Tahrir al-Sham, parrain syrien d'Anzorov ?|first=Luc|last=Mathieu|date=22 October 2020|website=Libération.fr}}</ref> Immediately following the attack, Anzorov claimed responsibility in an audio message in Russian, in which he announced his readiness to be a [[martyr #Islam |martyr]], and that he would "[[Depictions of Muhammad |avenge the prophet]]" by killing Paty, who had "shown Allah in an insulting manner". In a video broadcast on [[Instagram]], he referred to the Islamic State, among other Islamic terrorist organizations.<ref>{{cite news|title=L'assassin était en contact avec un djihadiste russe|url=https://www.lematin.ch/story/lassassin-etait-en-contact-avec-un-djihadiste-russe-251586103574|newspaper=Le Matin|date=22 October 2020|access-date=23 October 2020}}</ref><ref name=":9"/>

Anzorov's family said they did not understand his actions. Anzorov had displayed signs of radicalization: on 30 August, he had posted a photo montage depicting a beheading on his [[Twitter]] account. His Twitter account had been reported to the platform {{ill|PHAROS|fr}} without being tagged for further scrutiny.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.liberation.fr/france/2020/10/20/des-echanges-entre-l-un-des-peres-de-famille-et-le-terroriste_1803001|title = Attentat de Conflans : Des échanges entre l'un des pères de famille et le terroriste}}</ref> On 13 September 2020, he made a Twitter thread denouncing "the infidelity of the Saudi state, of its leaders, as well as all those who support them", a belief which he based on "its participation in the founding of idols worshiped [sic] outside of Allah", referring to the [[United Nations|UN]], [[UNESCO]], [[WTO]], [[Gulf Cooperation Council]] and the [[Arab League]].<ref>{{Cite web|author=Oussama|date=19 October 2020|title=Attaque de Conflans: l'assaillant qui a décapité le professeur Samuel Paty aurait tweeté contre l'Arabie saoudite|url=https://www.alnas.fr/actualite/buzz/attaque-de-conflans-lassaillant-qui-a-decapite-le-professeur-samuel-paty-aurait-tweete-contre-larabie-saoudite/|access-date=19 November 2020|website=alNas.fr|language=fr}}</ref> While he was already showing signs of radicalization, Anzorov had made two requests for training in security operations through the {{ill|National Council for Private Security Activities|fr|Conseil national des activités privées de sécurité}}, the national licensing body, which were both rejected "because of his involvement in acts of violence". Investigators are uncertain as to whether his requests were made to enable him to access sensitive sites.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fansten |first=Emmanuel |last2=Le Devin |first2=Willy |date=28 October 2020 |title=Attentat de Conflans : Les ambitions ratées d'Anzorov dans la sécurité privée |url=https://www.liberation.fr/france/2020/10/28/attentat-de-conflans-les-ambitions-ratees-d-anzorov-dans-la-securite-privee_1803744 |website=liberation.fr}}</ref>

Anzorov's body was repatriated from France in December 2020; he was buried in his hometown in the [[Urus-Martanovsky District]] in Chechnya. The funeral was attended by about 200 people, some of whom shouted "[[Allahu Akbar]]".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-07|title=Chechen Who Beheaded French Teacher Buried on Home Soil – Reports|url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2020/12/07/chechen-who-beheaded-french-teacher-buried-on-home-soil-reports-a72252|access-date=2020-12-10|website=The Moscow Times|language=en}}</ref>

=== Events leading up to the murder ===
[[File:Charlie Hebdo Tout est pardonné.jpg|thumb|right|upright|One of the [[Charlie Hebdo]] drawings of [[Muhammad]] allegedly shown by Samuel Paty to his students.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2020-10-25|last=Mek|first=Amy|title=Breaking: Video that Motivated Muslim 'Refugee' in France to Behead Teacher Samuel Paty Revealed (Watch)|date=19 October 2020|url=https://rairfoundation.com/breaking-video-that-motivated-muslim-refugee-in-france-to-behead-teacher-samuel-paty-revealed-watch/}}</ref>]]

Paty taught a moral and [[civic education]] course in early October 2020 on [[freedom of expression]], in accord with the French national curriculum.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Onishi|first1=Norimitsu|last2=Méheut|first2=Constant|date=17 October 2020|title=Suspect Stalked French School Before Beheading Teacher, Officials Say|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/17/world/europe/france-beheading-teacher-paris-suburb.html|work=The New York Times}}</ref> He was alleged to have shown some of his teenage students a caricature of [[Muhammad]] from the satirical magazine ''[[Charlie Hebdo]]'' during a class discussion about freedom of speech.<ref name="Reuters Paone2">{{cite web|first=Anthony|last=Paone|date=16 October 2020|title=For a teacher in France, a civics class was followed by a gruesome death|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/france-security-school-parents-idINKBN27201Z|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017220940/https://www.reuters.com/article/france-security-school-parents-idINKBN27201Z|archive-date=17 October 2020|access-date=17 October 2020|work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref name="AP News22">{{cite web |last=Ganley |first=Elaine |date=17 October 2020 |title=French leader decries terrorist beheading of teacher |url=https://apnews.com/article/france-teacher-decapitated-eragny-f1ecd575344d171ff8fc8c33c5320f0c |access-date=17 October 2020 |work=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref><ref name="auto11"/> Before allegedly showing the caricature, Paty had invited Muslim students to leave the classroom if they wished.<ref name="auto11"/> According to one student, he had previously shown these cartoons as part of the discussion every year since the [[Charlie Hebdo shooting|''Charlie Hebdo'' shooting]] in 2015.<ref name="auto102">{{Cite web|date=18 October 2020|title=Thousands rally in France in defiance and solidarity after teacher's beheading|url=https://www.france24.com/en/france/20201018-france-to-rally-in-solidarity-of-beheaded-teacher-in-paris-suburb|publisher=France 24}}</ref> In the largest Sunni sects of Islam, any depiction of Muhammad is considered [[blasphemous]].<ref name="Reuters Paone2"/>

According to France’s antiterrorism prosecutor [[Jean-François Ricard]], Paty's lesson plan included two depictions of Muhammad, including one where he is naked with his genitals exposed.<ref name="Wall Street Journal"/><ref name="auto7" /><ref name="LeMonde2">{{Cite news|date=1 October 2020|title=Attentat de Conflans : hommage national à l'enseignant assassiné et point sur l'enquête, au lendemain du drame|language=fr|work=Le Monde|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2020/10/17/attentat-de-conflans-un-hommage-national-sera-rendu-a-l-enseignant-assassine-vendredi-annonce-l-elysee_6056408_3224.html|access-date=17 October 2020}}</ref>

Brahim Chnina,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Steinbuch|first=Yaron|date=20 October 2020|title=Suspect in French teacher beheading messaged parent who wanted to fire him|url=https://nypost.com/2020/10/20/suspect-in-french-teacher-beheading-messaged-parent-who-wanted-to-fire-him/|access-date=22 October 2020|website=New York Post|language=en-US}}</ref> a female student's father, accused Paty of disseminating [[pornography]] to students and filed a criminal complaint with the police.<ref name="times">{{cite news|title=Beheaded French teacher was threatened online for showing Mohammed cartoons|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/beheaded-french-teacher-was-threatened-online-for-showing-mohammed-cartoons/|quote=Ricard said the school received threats after the class in early October, which featured the controversial caricatures — one of the prophet naked — with the girl's father accusing Paty of disseminating “pornography”. The girl and her father lodged a criminal complaint against the teacher, who in turn filed a complaint of defamation, said Ricard.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=17 October 2020|title=Teacher decapitated in Paris named as Samuel Paty, 47|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/oct/17/teacher-decapitated-in-paris-named-as-samuel-paty-47}}</ref> Paty responded by filing a complaint of defamation.<ref name="times" /> Chnina claimed on [[YouTube]] and [[Facebook]] that Paty had displayed an image of Muhammad nude; he named Paty, and gave the school's address.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1 October 2020|title=Enthauptung eines Lehrers: Eine Hinrichtung mit Ansage|language=de|work=Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung|url=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/ausland/enthauptung-eines-lehrers-eine-hinrichtung-mit-ansage-17007774.html|access-date=17 October 2020}}</ref><ref name="auto8">{{Cite news|date=18 October 2020|title=French encouraged to take part in 'national cohesion' rallies following killing of teacher Samuel Paty|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/10/18/french-encouraged-take-part-national-cohesion-rallies-following/|work=The Daily Telegraph|agency=Agence France-Presse|last1=Chazan|first1=David}}</ref> He encouraged other parents to join him in action and mobilise against the teacher, whom he described as a thug.<ref name="auto11"/><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Causeur.fr|last2=Oukili|first2=Hala|date=1 October 2020|title=Samuel Paty, récit de la chasse à l'homme d'un hussard noir|url=https://www.causeur.fr/samuel-paty-caricatures-eragny-terrorisme-185333|access-date=17 October 2020|website=Causeur|language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=19 October 2020|title='We are not afraid': France rallies after beheading of teacher|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2020/10/19/world/france-beheading-teacher/|website=Japan Times|access-date=19 October 2020|archive-date=14 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614163724/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2020/10/19/world/france-beheading-teacher/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The ''Grande Mosque de [[Pantin]]'' published a video on its Facebook page a week before the murder. {{ill|Abdelhakim Sefrioui|fr}}, the imam of the mosque, a member of the {{lang|fr|Conseil des imams de France}}, and an [[Islamist militants|Islamist militant]] known to French anti-terrorism police,<ref name="auto102"/><ref name="FT20-102">{{cite news|last1=Mallet|first1=Victor|title=Islamist killing prompts French crackdown on militants|url=https://www.ft.com/content/acb1b83a-ea73-45a6-b6c8-8f2635acddbc|access-date=20 October 2020|website=Financial Times|date=19 October 2020}}</ref> accompanied the parent in his protest against the teacher in front of the school for showing the caricatures and demanding to meet the school's principal.<ref name="souest">{{Cite news|date=22 October 2020|title=Assassinat de Samuel Paty : que sait-on des sept suspects, dont deux mineurs, mis en examen ?|language=fr|publisher=Sud Ouest|url=https://www.sudouest.fr/2020/10/22/assassinat-de-samuel-paty-que-sait-on-des-sept-suspects-dont-deux-mineurs-mis-en-examen-7991588-6093.php|access-date=24 October 2020}}</ref> Sefrioui called the teacher a "thug" in a video (French: [[wikt:voyou|''voyou'']]<ref name=souest />), while denouncing the administration of the college. He demanded the teacher's exclusion from high school with the rectorate. The term "thug" had been repeatedly used by Chnina earlier. The videos were taken down in the hours after the murder.<ref name=":42">{{Cite web|title=Professeur décapité : Gérald Darmanin annonce la fermeture de la mosquée de Pantin|url=https://france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr/paris-ile-de-france/seine-saint-denis/professeur-decapite-gerald-darmanin-annonce-fermeture-mosquee-pantin-1886206.html|access-date=21 October 2020|website=France 3 Paris Ile-de-France|date=20 October 2020 |language=fr-FR}}</ref>

Chnina also filed a complaint with the school, and encouraged people to protest at the school.<ref name="auto7" /> A meeting was held between the head teacher, the teacher, and an official from the education authority.<ref name="auto11"/> Chnina additionally filed a legal complaint about Paty's lesson, leading the teacher to go to the local police station accompanied by the principal.<ref name="auto11"/> Paty told investigators he could not understand the complaint because Chnina's daughter was not in class on the day Paty showed the cartoon.<ref name="auto11"/>
In March 2021, Chnina's daughter, known as "Z", admitted she had been suspended from school due to truancy since the day prior to Paty showing the cartoons, and, as such, she had not been in the classroom that day. Instead, she made up the cartoon story to appease her father. According to the Paty family lawyers, however, Brahim Chnina was aware that his daughter had been suspended before the cartoon incident.<ref name="BBC Mar 21">{{cite news |title=Samuel Paty: French schoolgirl admits lying about murdered teacher |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-56325254 |access-date=10 March 2021 |work=BBC |date=9 March 2021}}</ref><ref name="Guardian Mar 21">{{cite news |title=Samuel Paty murder: how a teenager's lie sparked a tragic chain of events |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/mar/08/samuel-paty-how-a-teenagers-lie-sparked-a-tragic-chain-of-events |work=the Guardian |date=8 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

The investigation showed that Chnina spoke to Anzorov nine times by telephone in a four-day period after he published videos criticizing Paty.<ref name="France24 Dec 20">{{cite news |title=Paris court issues heavy sentences in teacher Samuel Paty's beheading trial |url=https://www.france24.com/en/france/20241220-paris-court-convicts-8-in-connection-with-beheading-of-teacher-samuel-paty |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250101160949/https://www.france24.com/en/france/20241220-paris-court-convicts-8-in-connection-with-beheading-of-teacher-samuel-paty |url-status=dead |archive-date=2025-01-01 }}</ref>

== Murder ==

[[File:Rue Buisson Moineau.jpg|thumb|175px|Rue du Buisson Moineau in [[Éragny-sur-Oise]], the place where Samuel Paty was beheaded.]]

On 16 October 2020, a week and a half after Paty's freedom-of-speech class, Anzorov was driven to Paty's school by an alleged accomplice and waited outside the gates of the school. He asked a number of students to point out the teacher.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|date=17 October 2020|title=Terror in the Republic: the beheading of Samuel Paty|url=https://spectator.us/terror-republic-beheading-samuel-paty/|website=Spectator USA|access-date=18 October 2020|archive-date=18 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018044658/https://spectator.us/terror-republic-beheading-samuel-paty/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="auto7" /> He paid two students, aged 14 and 15, around €300 to identify Paty; the two then waited with Anzorov for two hours until they sighted Paty leaving.<ref name=":12">{{Cite news|date=21 October 2020|title=France teacher attack: Students 'paid €300' to identify Samuel Paty|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-54625270|access-date=9 November 2020}}</ref> A Friday, it was the last schoolday before a two-week holiday.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|date=2 November 2020|title=France's schools reopen with national homage to slain teacher Samuel Paty|url=https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20201102-france-s-schools-reopen-with-national-homage-to-slain-teacher|access-date=10 November 2020|website=France 24|language=en}}</ref> Anzorov had told them he intended to "hit" and "humiliate" Paty, according to Jean-François Ricard, in order to "make him apologise for the cartoon of the Prophet Muhammad".<ref name=":12" />

Anzorov then followed Paty as he left the school.<ref name=":02" /><ref name="auto7" /> Using a knife {{convert|30|cm|in}} long, Anzorov killed Paty and beheaded him in the Rue du Buisson Moineau in [[Éragny-sur-Oise]]<ref>{{cite web|title=RÉCIT. "J'entends des coups de feu !" : le soir où un terroriste a décapité un professeur, plongeant Conflans-Sainte-Honorine dans l'effroi|url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/faits-divers/terrorisme/antiterrorisme/recit-j-entends-des-coups-de-feu-le-soir-ou-un-terroriste-a-decapite-un-professeur-plongeant-conflans-sainte-honorine-dans-l-effroi_4145465.html|website=Franceinfo|language=fr|date=2020-10-17|access-date=2020-10-29}}</ref> near the school where Paty taught, at approximately 5:00 p.m.<ref name="auto7" /><ref name="auto11"/><ref name="auto22">{{Cite web|title=Conflans attack: A teacher at 'the very heart' of his profession|url=https://uk.news.yahoo.com/conflans-attack-teacher-very-heart-123428441.html|publisher=Yahoo! News}}</ref> In addition to decapitating Paty, Anzorov inflicted a number of wounds to his head, abdomen, and upper limbs.<ref name="auto11" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Guenfoud|first=Ibtissem|date=16 October 2020|title=Suspect dead, 9 in custody following beheading of teacher in Paris suburb|url=https://abc7news.com/7079793/|website=ABC7 San Francisco}}</ref> Witnesses told police they heard the killer shout "''Allahu Akbar''" (the ''[[Takbir]]'') during the attack.<ref name="auto32"/><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Chazan|first1=David|last2=Jalil|first2=Jannat|last3=Samuel|first3=Henry|date=16 October 2020|title=Teacher beheaded in Paris suburb after showing cartoons of Prophet Mohammed to class|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/10/16/man-dies-stabbed-paris-suburb-police-shoot-attacker/|work=The Daily Telegraph}}</ref>

Minutes after the murder, an account named @Tchetchene_270 ({{Langx|fr|Chechen 270|links=no}}), identified by prosecutor Jean-François Ricard as belonging to Abdoullakh Anzorov, posted on Twitter an image of Paty's severed head. The photo was accompanied by the message: "[[Basmala|In the name of Allah, the most gracious, the most merciful]], ... to [[Emmanuel Macron|Macron]], leader of the [[infidel]]s, I executed one of your hellhounds who dared to belittle Muhammad, calm his fellow human beings before a harsh punishment is inflicted on you."<ref name="auto11" /><ref name="LeMonde2"/><ref name="auto42">{{Cite web|author1=Thierry Chiarello|author2=Sybille de La Hamaide |date=17 October 2020|title=Teenager asked pupils to identify French teacher before beheading him|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-france-security-idUSKBN2720BE|work=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=17 October 2020|title=French authorities detain 11 in connection with teacher's beheading|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/france-teacher-beheading-9-arrests/|website=Politico}}</ref> The image was seen by many of Paty's students.<ref name=":9"/>

Minutes later, Anzorov was confronted by police about {{Convert|600|m|yd|abbr=}} from the scene in [[Éragny, Val-d'Oise|Éragny]], near [[Conflans-Sainte-Honorine]], and the police tried to arrest him.<ref name="auto32" /><ref name="auto22" /><ref name="auto42" /> Anzorov shot at the police with an [[air rifle]] and tried to stab them with a knife.<ref name="auto102"/> In response, the police shot him nine times, killing him.<ref name="auto11" /><ref name="auto102" /> On Anzorov's phone, they found a text claiming responsibility and a photograph of Paty's body.<ref name="auto32" /><ref name="auto42" />

== French government response ==
[[File:Charlie Hebdo, No. 1057, 19 September 2012, page 16 - Muhammad cartoons.jpg|thumb|''Charlie Hebdo'', No. 1057, page 16, showing [[Charlie Hebdo#2012 cartoons depicting Muhammad|cartoons]] republished in response to violent Islamist [[Reactions to Innocence of Muslims|reactions to ''Innocence of Muslims'']] in 2012, which included the [[2012 Benghazi attack]] and the death of the [[US Ambassador to Libya]], [[J. Christopher Stevens]]. In 2015, the [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]] perpetrated the [[Charlie Hebdo shooting|''Charlie Hebdo'' shooting]] in retaliation, killing the magazine's cartoonists [[Charb]], [[Cabu]], [[Philippe Honoré (cartoonist)|Honoré]], [[Tignous]] and [[Georges Wolinski|Wolinski]].]]
President Macron visited the school where Paty had worked, and said that the incident was "a typical Islamist terrorist attack".<ref name="AP News22"/><ref>{{Cite web|date=1 October 2020|title=France: Teacher beheaded in Paris; Macron calls it 'Islamist terrorist attack'|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/world/france-teacher-beheaded-killed-macron-islamist-terror-attack-6758335/|access-date=18 October 2020|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Willsher|first=Kim|date=1 October 2020|title=Macron speaks of 'existential' fight against terrorism after teacher killed in France|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/oct/16/french-police-shoot-man-dead-after-knife-attack-near-paris-school|access-date=18 October 2020|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> He also said: "our compatriot was killed for teaching children freedom of speech".<ref>{{Cite web|title='Our compatriot was killed for teaching children freedom of speech': French president Macron over beheading of teacher|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/world/our-compatriot-was-killed-for-teaching-children-freedom-of-speech-french-president-macron-over-beheading-of-teacher|access-date=18 October 2020|website=Free Press Journal|language=en}}</ref> French [[Education Minister of France|Education Minister]] [[Jean-Michel Blanquer]] called the killing an "attack on the French nation as a whole".<ref>{{Cite web|date=1 October 2020|title=Police detain nine people over beheading of French teacher in Paris suburb|url=https://www.france24.com/en/france/20201017-nine-people-detained-over-beheading-of-french-teacher-in-paris-suburb|access-date=17 October 2020|publisher=France 24|language=en}}</ref> Jean-Rémi Girard, president of the secondary school teaching union, said teachers were "devastated" but would not be cowed.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Willsher|first=Kim|date=1 October 2020|title=French teachers vow to 'teach difficult subjects' after colleague's murder|language=en-GB|work=The Observer|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/oct/17/we-will-still-teach-difficult-subjects-french-teachers-defiant-after-of-colleague|access-date=18 October 2020|issn=0029-7712}}</ref> France's anti-terrorist prosecutor said the teacher had been "assassinated for teaching," and the attack was an assault on the principle of freedom of expression.<ref name="auto11" />

Sixteen people<ref name="BBC Fatwa2">{{cite news|date=20 October 2020|title=France teacher attack: Pupil's father 'exchanged texts with killer'|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-54613565}}</ref> were later taken into custody for investigation.<ref>{{Cite web|date=18 October 2020|title=France teacher attack: Rallies held to support beheaded Samuel Paty|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-54589241|publisher=BBC}}</ref><ref name="auto7" /><ref name="auto62">{{Cite web|date=17 October 2020|title=Suspect in teacher's beheading in France was Chechen teen|url=https://apnews.com/article/russia-shootings-chechnya-paris-western-europe-e91953f5c9fa0a4d52e51327d11a47fb|website=AP News}}</ref> They included Anzorov's grandparents, parents, and 17-year-old brother.<ref name="auto7" /><ref name="auto62" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=The 18-year-old killer, who was shot, was a refugee {{!}} En24 World|url=https://www.en24news.com/2020/10/the-18-year-old-killer-who-was-shot-was-a-refugee.html|access-date=18 October 2020|language=en-US|archive-date=19 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019061419/https://www.en24news.com/2020/10/the-18-year-old-killer-who-was-shot-was-a-refugee.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=1 October 2020|title=French police arrest nine after teacher beheaded in street|url=https://nationalpost.com/pmn/news-pmn/crime-pmn/french-police-arrest-nine-after-teacher-beheaded-in-street|access-date=17 October 2020|website=National Post|quote=Four relatives of the attacker, including a minor, were detained}}</ref> Also arrested were Sefrioui,<ref name="auto102" /><ref name="FT20-102"/> Chnina, who was suspected of issuing a ''[[fatwa]]'' against Paty, and four students<ref name="BBC Fatwa2" /> who were suspected of taking money from the killer in exchange for identifying the teacher.<ref name="BBC Court2">{{cite news|date=21 October 2020|title=France teacher attack: Seven people to attend court over Samuel Paty's death|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-54625270}}</ref>

French police announced that there were more than 80 messages on social media from French people supporting the attacker.<ref>{{Cite web|date=18 October 2020|title=Professeur décapité : que sait-on des onze personnes en garde à vue ?|url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/faits-divers/terrorisme/enseignant-decapite-dans-les-yvelines/professeur-decapite-qui-sont-les-onze-personnes-en-garde-a-vue_4146801.html|access-date=18 October 2020|website=France Info|language=fr}}</ref> The French [[Minister of the Interior (France)|Minister of the Interior]], [[Gérald Darmanin]], ordered that the ''Grande Mosque de [[Pantin]]'' was to be closed for six months.<ref name=":42"/> The mosque, which has about 1,500 worshippers situated just north of Paris, was ordered closed for having published videos inciting violence against Samuel Paty. Its imam, Sefrioui, is under investigation and remains under arrest. The mosque removed the posts after the murder and expressed "regret" over publishing the videos and published instead an announcement condemning the "savagery" of the teacher's killing.<ref name="WP-2020-10-21">{{Cite news|last=McAuley|first=James|title=France mourns teacher Samuel Paty as government mobilizes against Muslim groups|language=en-US|newspaper=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/samuel-paty-teacher-beheading/2020/10/21/b94fe7fe-123e-11eb-a258-614acf2b906d_story.html|access-date=2020-12-12|issn=0190-8286}}</ref>

Two days after the murder, a defence council ordered the deportation of 231 foreign citizens who were known to security services in the [[Fiche S]] register. Of those, 180 were in prison and the rest were to be arrested.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mort de Samuel Paty : des opérations de police en cours et une cinquantaine d'associations contrôlées, annonce le ministre de l'Intérieur Gérald Darmanin|url=https://www.lindependant.fr/2020/10/19/mort-de-samuel-paty-des-operations-de-police-en-cours-et-une-cinquantaine-dassociations-controlees-annonce-le-ministre-de-linterieur-gerald-darmanin-9149359.php|access-date=19 October 2020|website=lindependant.fr|language=fr}}</ref> The [[Minister of the Interior (France)|interior minister]] [[Gérald Darmanin]] demanded dissolution of two Islamic NGOs: [[Collective Against Islamophobia in France]] (CCIF) and [[Barakacity]], which he described as "enemies" of the state. Both NGOs were accused by Darmanin of taking part in a social media campaign against the teacher, launched by the father of one of his pupils.<ref name ="euronews-2020-10-19">{{cite web|title=France beheading: Minister wants to dissolve Islamic NGOs after murder of teacher Samuel Paty|url=https://www.euronews.com/2020/10/19/france-beheading-minister-wants-to-dissolve-islamic-ngos-after-murder-of-teacher-samuel-pa|access-date=19 October 2020|website=Euronews|date=19 October 2020}}</ref> The CCIF denied participating in such a harassment campaign and stated it was taking legal action against the minister.<ref name="WP-2020-10-21"/> Despite criticism by [[Amnesty international]], [[European Network Against Racism]], [[Human Rights Watch]] and [[Human Rights League (France)]], the [[Council of Ministers of France]] dissolved the CCIF at the beginning of December.<ref name="amnesty">{{Cite web|title=France: shutting down anti-racist organisation risks freedoms|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2020/11/france-shutting-down-antiracist-organisation-risks-freedoms/|access-date=2020-12-05|date=2020-11-20|website=[[Amnesty International]]|language=en}}</ref><ref name="euronews-2020-10-19" />The public inquiry into the killing did not sustain the theory that the CCIF was implicated in Paty's death in any way.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Polloni|first=Camille|title=Le CCIF dissous et re-dissous|url=https://www.mediapart.fr/journal/france/021220/le-ccif-dissous-et-re-dissous|access-date=2020-12-07|website=Mediapart|date=2 December 2020 |language=fr|quote=Sans surprise, le gouvernement est allé jusqu’au bout de la démarche entamée mi-octobre, quand Gérald Darmanin avait qualifié le CCIF d’« ennemi de la République ». Le ministre ajoutait même que l’association était « manifestement impliquée » dans l’assassinat de Samuel Paty. L’enquête judiciaire n’a pas retenu cette hypothèse.}}</ref>

On 21 October a national memorial for Paty, prepared in consultation with his family,{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}} was held at the [[Sorbonne (building)|Sorbonne]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=21 October 2020|title=France teacher attack: Students 'paid €300' to identify Samuel Paty|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-54625270|access-date=21 October 2020}}</ref><ref name="ParisMatchSorbonne2">{{cite magazine|last1=Lechevallier|first1=Anne-Sophie|display-authors=etal|date=21 October 2020|title=L'hommage national à Samuel Paty en images|trans-title=The national tribute to Paty in images|url=https://www.parismatch.com/Actu/Societe/Suivez-l-hommage-national-a-Samuel-Paty-en-images-et-en-direct-1708440|magazine=[[Paris Match]]|language=fr}}</ref> President Macron awarded the {{lang|fr|[[Légion d'honneur]]}} posthumously to Paty.<ref name="ParisMatchSorbonne2" /><ref name="GuardianSorbonne2">{{cite journal|last1=Henley|first1=Jon|date=21 October 2020|title=Samuel Paty posthumously awarded French Légion d'honneur: Two teenage pupils charged with complicity in terrorist murder as slain teacher given France's highest civilian award|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/oct/21/samuel-paty-attack-two-pupils-among-seven-facing-terror-charges|journal=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> Texts read at the ceremony included [[Jean Jaurès]]'s ''Lettre aux instituteurs et institutrices'' ({{literal translation|letter to the teachers}}).<ref name="ParisMatchSorbonne2" /><ref name="LibérationSorbonne2">{{cite magazine|last1=Auffray|first1=Alain|date=22 October 2020|title=Hommage de Macron à Samuel Paty: 'Nous continuerons, professeur'|trans-title=Tribute of Macron to Paty: 'We will continue professor'|url=https://www.liberation.fr/politiques/2020/10/22/hommage-de-macron-a-samuel-paty-nous-continuerons-professeur_1803133|magazine=[[Libération]]|language=fr}}</ref> In an address of around 15 minutes, Macron described Paty as "a quiet hero" and stated that "we will not give up cartoons".<ref name=":9"/><ref name="GuardianSorbonne2" /><ref name="LibérationSorbonne2" /> Macron also announced that the "Sheikh Yassin Collective" founded by Sefrioui to support [[Hamas]] would be dissolved, as having been "directly implicated" in the murder.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|date=21 October 2020|title=France honours beheaded teacher as judge questions suspects|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20201021-france-honours-beheaded-teacher-as-judge-questions-suspects|access-date=10 November 2020|website=France 24|language=en}}</ref> The government was reported to be preparing to dissolve a further fifty organizations connected with radical Islam.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":9"/>

On 23 October, the [[Bibliothèque nationale de France]] published an introduction to Jaurès's letter, linking to a digitized version of its entire content.<ref>{{cite web|last=Sandras|first=Agnès|date=23 October 2020|title=La lettre 'aux Instituteurs et Institutrices' de Jean Jaurès (1888)|trans-title=The letter 'to the teachers' by Jean Jaurès (1888)|url=https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/10211|publisher=[[Bibliothèque nationale de France]]|doi=10.58079/pms3 |language=fr}}</ref> ''[[La Dépêche du Midi|La Dépêche]]'', the newspaper in which the letter had originally been published in 1888, republished the text a few days later.<ref name="DépêcheLetter2">{{cite magazine|last1=Marcelle|first1=Sébastien|date=2 November 2020|title=Laïcité à l'école: la "Lettre aux instituteurs et institutrices" de Jean Jaurès avait été publiée dans La Dépêche en 1888|trans-title=Secularity at school: the "Letter to the teachers" by Jean Jaurès was published in ''La Dépêche'' in 1888|url=https://www.ladepeche.fr/2020/10/25/laicite-a-lecole-la-lettre-aux-instituteurs-et-institutrices-de-jean-jaures-avait-ete-publiee-dans-la-depeche-en-1888-9162912.php|magazine=[[La Dépêche du Midi|La Dépêche]]|language=fr}}</ref> Meanwhile, minister Blanquer had selected the letter to be read in schools when pupils would return there after a two-week holiday (Paty had been murdered at the start of that holiday shortly after lessons had finished).<ref name="DépêcheLetter2" /> The fact that only [[Expurgation|bowdlerized]] versions of Jaurès's letter had been distributed to the schools was criticised, for example in an article published in ''[[Libération]]'', which prompted the minister to make the entire letter available, just in time for the commemorations for Paty which were held in schools all over France at 11:00 on Monday 2 November.<ref>{{cite magazine|last1=York|first1=Joanna|date=2 November 2020|title=12 million French students remember teacher Samuel Paty|url=https://www.connexionfrance.com/French-news/12-million-French-students-remember-teacher-Samuel-Paty-today-in-tribute|magazine=[[The Connexion]]}}</ref><ref name="LibérationLetter2">{{cite magazine|last1=Souchay|first1=Grégoire|date=2 November 2020|title=Hommage à Samuel Paty: l'étrange tripatouillage de la lettre de Jean Jaurès|trans-title=Tribute to Paty: strange shenanigans with Jean Jaurès's letter|url=https://www.liberation.fr/france/2020/11/01/hommage-a-samuel-paty-l-etrange-tripatouillage-de-la-lettre-de-jean-jaures_1804167|magazine=[[Libération]]|language=fr}}</ref> That Monday was the first schoolday since the attack and the [[Prime Minister of France]], [[Jean Castex]], attended the commemoration at Paty's school, the Collège Bois-d'Aulne, which itself did not open to its pupils until the following day.<ref name=":7" /> During the commemorative ceremony on 2 November across France, more than 400 incidents of threats and interruptions were recorded; several youths were arrested.<ref name=":19" />

Although the French government promised to reinforce security in schools, another teacher, Dominique Bernard, was killed three years later in the [[2023 Arras school stabbing]], a similar incident.<ref name="s603" />

=== Prosecutions ===
By 22 October seven people had been charged, of which five were in police custody (the two schoolchildren were legal minors).<ref name=":022"/> Three of Anzorov's friends were charged with abetting in the crime: Naim Boudaoud and Azim Epsirkhanov were accused of "complicity in a terrorist murder" and Chnina of "terrorist association".<ref name=":022"/><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2024-12-20 |title=Paris court issues heavy sentences in teacher Samuel Paty's beheading trial |url=https://www.france24.com/en/france/20241220-paris-court-convicts-8-in-connection-with-beheading-of-teacher-samuel-paty |access-date=2025-04-25 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref> One of the pair accused of complicity was alleged to have assisted Anzorov in acquiring a weapon, while the other drove him to the scene of the crime.<ref name=":022"/> Chnina was accused of communicating by text message with Anzorov and of organising the campaign of hate against Paty; he had made videos insulting the teacher and demanding his suspension.<ref name=":022"/> Sefrioui, who also appeared in videos castigating Paty, was himself in custody, and Gérald Darmanin told radio station [[Europe 1]] that Chnina and Sefrioui had issued a ''[[fatwa]]'' condemning Paty.<ref name=":022"/> The schoolgirl was charged with [[Defamation|slander]].<ref name="BBC Mar 21" /><ref name="Guardian Mar 21" />

By 6 November, 10 people were being prosecuted, including another 18-year-old of Chechen origin, a French 18-year-old, and a 17-year-old girl, all charged with "criminal terrorist conspiracy" having been arrested in eastern France, far from either Paris or Évreux.<ref name=":19">{{Cite news|date=6 November 2020|title=Three teens charged in French teacher's beheading|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20201106-three-teens-charged-in-french-teacher-s-beheading|access-date=19 November 2020|website=France 24|language=en}}</ref>

In [[Pontoise]], an Algerian man was convicted of glorifying terrorism and sentenced to six months in custody for calling the murderer a martyr; he was to be deported at the end of the sentence and banned from France for a decade.<ref name=":19" /> Three people between the ages of 15 and 17 were arrested and charged on Friday, 6 November with "supporting terrorism", having made threats during the national commemorations of Paty's life that Monday.<ref name=":19" /> Further prosecutions were planned in around a dozen of the more serious incidents of over 400 interruptions of the commemoration that took place on the same day according to the education minister [[Jean-Michel Blanquer]].<ref name=":19" />

In December 2023, six teenagers were found guilty and sentenced in connection with the murder. They were all given brief or suspended prison sentences, with provisions to stay in school or work during their terms and undergo regular medical checkups.<ref name = "skyDec8"/>

On 20 December 2024, eight people were convicted for the role in Paty's murder.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eight convicted over beheading of teacher Samuel Paty in Paris |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/dec/20/eight-convicted-over-beheading-of-teacher-samuel-paty-in-paris |access-date=21 December 2024 |website=The Guardian |date=20 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Boudaoud and Epsirkhanov received sentences of 16 years, while Chnina was given a 13-year sentence. Sefrioui was sentenced to 15 years.<ref name=":4" />

=== Law against Islamist extremism ===
After the murder of Paty, a bill was put forward to fight Islamist extremism and separatism to fight the roots of jihadist violence. It was approved by the [[National Assembly (France)|National Assembly]] in February 2021.<ref name=France-24-2021>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-16|title=French MPs approve bill to combat Islamist extremism|url=https://www.france24.com/en/france/20210216-french-mps-approve-bill-to-combat-islamist-extremism|access-date=2021-02-17|website=France 24|language=en}}</ref>

A new bill was introduced, which makes it unlawful to threaten a public servant in order to gain an exception or special treatment which carries a penalty of up to five years in prison. The legislation expands the powers of authorities to close places of worship and religious organisations when they promote "hate or violence". The law requires religious funds from abroad exceeding €10,000 to be declared and the relevant accounts to be certified, so as to regulate the donations from countries such as Turkey, Qatar and Saudi Arabia. Millions of euros in funding had previously reached France from countries such as Turkey, Morocco and Saudi Arabia.<ref name=France-24-2021 /><ref name=":8" />

It provides stricter rules for allowing home-schooling in order to prevent parents taking children out of school in order to let them pursue their education in underground Islamist institutions. Doctors performing [[virginity test]]s would be subject to fines or prison sentences. These changes were prompted by a number of cases of Muslim men trying to have their marriages annulled by accusing their spouse of having had sex before marriage.<ref name=":8" /> Authorities will have to refuse residency documents to applicants who practise [[polygamy]].<ref name=France-24-2021 /><ref name=":8">{{Cite news|date=2020-12-09|title=Islamismus in Frankreich: Neue Gesetze verbieten "Jungfräulichkeits-Atteste"|work=DIE WELT|url=https://www.welt.de/politik/ausland/article222139560/Islamismus-in-Frankreich-Neue-Gesetze-verbieten-Jungfraeulichkeits-Atteste.html|access-date=2021-02-17}}</ref> Forced marriage, which The French ministry of the interior states affects 200,000 women in France,<ref>{{cite web |title=PROTÉGER les femmes des pratiques traditionnelles néfastes |url=https://federationgams.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/guide-mariages-forces-septembre-2021.pdf |publisher=Ministère de l'Intérieur |access-date=20 January 2024}}</ref> was likewise required to be combated with greater scrutiny from registrars.<ref name=":8" />

== Other reactions ==
[[File:2020-10-21 12-05-53 rassemblement-Belfort.jpg|thumb|Memorial to Paty at demonstration outside the Hôtel de ville of [[Belfort]], 21 October 2020]]
[[File:Rassemblement collège conflans 17 10 20 - fleurs 1.jpg|thumb|Flower arrangement in honor of Samuel Paty in front of the Bois-d'Aulne college, in [[Conflans-Sainte-Honorine]]]]
[[File:Hôtel de ville de Lille - drapeaux et affiche "Je suis enseignant" (Samuel Paty).jpg|thumb|''Je suis enseignant'' sign outside the [[Hôtel de Ville, Lille|Hôtel de ville de Lille]]]]
[[File:Square Samuel Paty, Paris, 5e arrondissement.jpg|thumb|[[Square Samuel-Paty]] in 2021]]
The [[hashtag]]s {{em|#JeSuisProf}} and {{em|#JeSuisEnseignant}}, both meaning "I am a teacher", were launched in support of the victim and in support of freedom of expression.<ref>{{Cite web|date=1 October 2020|title="Je suis prof": après l'horreur, une vague d'hommages au professeur assassiné dans les Yvelines|url=https://actu.orange.fr/france/je-suis-prof-apres-l-horreur-une-vague-d-hommages-au-professeur-assassine-dans-les-yvelines-magic-CNT000001ubIyX.html|access-date=18 October 2020|website=Orange Actualités|language=fr}}</ref> The name alludes to the hashtag [[Je suis Charlie|#JeSuisCharlie]], launched as a token of solidarity in the aftermath of the 2015 Islamist attack on the satirical magazine ''[[Charlie Hebdo]]'', which had published cartoons depicting Muhammad.<ref>{{Cite web|title=France terror attack: Beheading of teacher heightens debate about Islamist terrorism and freedom of speech|url=https://news.sky.com/story/france-terror-attack-beheading-of-teacher-heightens-debate-about-islamist-terrorism-and-freedom-of-speech-12106578|access-date=18 October 2020|publisher=Sky News|language=en}}</ref> ''Charlie Hebdo'' issued a statement expressing its "horror and revolt" and extending its support to the family and friends of Paty.<ref>{{Cite web|date=1 October 2020|title=Decapitated professor – The satirical magazine Charlie Hebdo expresses its feeling...|url=https://alkhaleejtoday.co/international/5120782/Decapitated-professor-%E2%80%93-The-satirical-magazine-Charlie-Hebdo-expresses-its-feeling.html|access-date=18 October 2020|website=AlKhaleej Today|language=ar}}</ref> ''Charlie Hebdo'' caricatures were displayed on regional authority buildings ({{Langx|fr|Hôtels de région|links=no}}) in [[Toulouse]] and [[Montpellier]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Montpellier : 6 unes de Charlie Hebdo sur la façade de l'hôtel de Région|url=https://www.lindependant.fr/2020/10/21/montpellier-6-unes-de-charlie-hebdo-sur-la-facade-de-lhotel-de-region-9154692.php|access-date=21 October 2020|website=lindependant.fr|language=fr}}</ref>

Rallies in protest against the murder, and criticising the government's ineffective response to [[radical Islam]], took place in [[Place de la République]] in Paris, and in other cities across France.<ref>{{Cite news|agency=AFP|date=1 October 2020|title=French encouraged to take part in 'national cohesion' rallies following killing of teacher Samuel Paty|language=en-GB|work=The Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/10/18/french-encouraged-take-part-national-cohesion-rallies-following/|access-date=18 October 2020|issn=0307-1235}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/france-terror-attack-thousands-gather-in-paris-to-honour-murdered-teacher-12107538|title=France terror attack: Thousands gather in Paris to honour murdered teacher|publisher=Sky News}}</ref> The demonstrators held various placards with statements such as "Je suis Samuel" and "Schools in mourning" written on them.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Henley|first=Jon|date=1 October 2020|title=Thousands rally across France in tribute to murdered schoolteacher|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/oct/18/thousands-rally-across-france-in-tribute-to-dead-schoolteacher|access-date=19 October 2020|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> The demonstrators also chanted "Freedom of expression, freedom to teach", or sang "[[La Marseillaise]]," the French national anthem.<ref name=":0" /> Politicians, academics, and envoys joined the demonstrations across France.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title='We are not afraid': France rallies after teacher beheaded|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/10/19/we-are-not-afraid-france-rallies-after-teacher-beheaded|access-date=19 October 2020|publisher=Al Jazeera|language=en}}</ref> In [[Lyon]] around 12,000 joined the demonstrations, in [[Toulouse]] approximately 5,000 turned out, and hundreds more assembled in [[Nice]].<ref name=":1" />

The [[French Council of the Muslim Faith]] (CFCM), the main interlocutor of the public authorities on Islam, condemned the assassination and on Thursday, 22 October provided the Imams of France with a text that they could use as inspiration for their Friday prayers in response to the attack. In it, CFCM noted that "The horrible assassination ... reminds us of the scourges that sadly mark our reality: that of the eruption in our country of radicalism, violence and terrorism claiming to be Islam, claiming victims of all ages, all conditions and all convictions." "No, we Muslims are not persecuted in France," the authors continued. "We are sometimes targets of anti-Muslim acts, but others are also victims of hostile acts. In the face of these provocations, we must remain decent, serene and clear-sighted."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Attentat à Conflans : Le CFCM propose un prêche aux imams de France|url=https://www.20minutes.fr/societe/2891475-20201022-attentat-conflans-cfcm-propose-preche-imams-france|date=22 October 2020|access-date=23 October 2020|language=fr|website=20 Minutes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Mansouri|first1=Fethi|last2=Barton|first2=Greg|title=For French Muslims, every terror attack brings questions about their loyalty to the republic|url=http://theconversation.com/for-french-muslims-every-terror-attack-brings-questions-about-their-loyalty-to-the-republic-149151|date= 30 October 2020|access-date=7 November 2020|website=The Conversation|language=en}}</ref>

On 1 November 2020, the CFCM organized a meeting to discuss the training of religious executives and a plan to fight radicalization.<ref>{{Cite web|title=CFCM : plan anti-radicalisation et formation des imams au programme après Conflans|url=https://www.leparisien.fr/societe/cfcm-plan-anti-radicalisation-et-formation-des-imams-au-programme-apres-conflans-24-10-2020-8404774.php|date=24 October 2020|access-date=7 November 2020|website=leparisien.fr|language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Le culte musulman veut avancer sur la formation des imams et la prévention de la radicalisation|url=https://www.ouest-france.fr/societe/religions/le-culte-musulman-veut-avancer-sur-la-formation-des-imams-et-la-prevention-de-la-radicalisation-7036854|date=1 November 2020|website=Ouest France|language=fr}}</ref> Various avenues are studied, in particular "carrying out theological work on the misguided concepts of the Muslim religion" and "carrying out collegial work on the Friday sermon in order to disseminate a strong word from religious executives carried by imams".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Le culte musulman s'est réuni sur la formation des imams et la prévention de la radicalisation|url=https://www.bfmtv.com/societe/le-culte-musulman-s-est-reuni-sur-la-formation-des-imams-et-la-prevention-de-la-radicalisation_AD-202011010163.html|date=1 November 2020|access-date=7 November 2020|website=BFMTV|language=fr}}</ref> Other Muslims in France accused the government of a "heavy-handed clampdown" on their communities in the aftermath of the murder.<ref name=":14" />

Many Muslims and religious leaders in France condemned the act.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Paris Beheading: Muslims in France condemn teacher's killing|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/world/paris-beheading-muslims-in-france-condemn-teachers-killing|date=18 October 2020|access-date=18 October 2020|website=Free Press Journal|language=en}}</ref><ref name="LM-2020-10-19"/> In a tweet, [[Chems-Eddine Hafiz]], rector of the [[Grand Mosque of Paris]], called on the imams of his federation to dedicate their preaching the following Friday to the memory of Samuel Paty and to the fight against Islamist terrorism.<ref>{{Cite web|date=19 October 2020|title=Enseignant décapité : le recteur de la Grande mosquée de Paris demande aux imams de consacrer le prêche de vendredi à Samuel Paty|url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/faits-divers/terrorisme/enseignant-decapite-dans-les-yvelines/enseignant-decapite-le-recteur-de-la-grande-mosquee-de-paris-demande-aux-imams-de-consacrer-le-preche-de-vendredi-a-samuel-paty_4148323.html|access-date=7 November 2020|website=Franceinfo|language=fr-FR}}</ref> According to [[Europe 1]], "almost everywhere in France", imams respond to the rector's call, paying homage to the murdered history teacher.<ref>{{Cite web|title=L'hommage à Samuel Paty dans les mosquées : "L'islam se désavoue de ces fanatiques"|url=https://www.europe1.fr/societe/professeur-decapite-une-semaine-apres-lhommage-a-samuel-paty-dans-les-mosquees-4000763|access-date=7 November 2020|website=Europe 1|date=23 October 2020 |language=fr}}</ref> In a press release, the Rhône Mosques Council ({{Langx|fr|Conseil des Mosquées du Rhône|links=no}}) condemned "blind hatred" and "murderous madness" and affirms that the religion of which the terrorist "proclaims himself does not recognize itself in him". The signatories of the press release, who come from around thirty mosques, declare that they are committed "to strengthening the study of the ideological foundations of extremist thought and the fight against those who feed it, feed it and finance it". The website ''{{Interlanguage link|Saphirnews|lt=|fr||WD=}}'' published a joint statement of 30 imams calling on "Muslim youth to go to qualified imams and theologians, in their spiritual quest, so as not to fall into [[obscurantism]]".<ref name="LM-2020-10-19">{{Cite news|date=19 October 2020|title=Après l'attentat de Conflans, de nombreux imams condamnent l'assassinat de Samuel Paty|language=fr|work=Le Monde.fr|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2020/10/19/apres-l-attentat-de-conflans-de-nombreux-imams-condamnent-l-assassinat-de-samuel-paty_6056566_3224.html|access-date=7 November 2020}}</ref>

The attack on Paty polarised French people and politicians alike and led to a public debate on how Islam should be integrated or assimilated into French secular society. One theme of the debate concerned the education of imams which in part come from abroad.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Balmer|first=Rudolf|date=26 October 2020|title=Debatte über Islamismus in Frankreich: Ins Wespennest der Laizität|language=de|work=Die Tageszeitung: taz|url=https://taz.de/!5720820/|access-date=1 November 2020|issn=0931-9085}}</ref> The terrorist attack also highlighted the problems France faced with integrating [[Immigration to France|foreigners into the French society]] in a country which was becoming increasingly [[Ethnic diversity|racially and ethnically diverse]] and the political establishment formed a consensus that two or three generations of "newcomers" had struggled to integrate.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Onishi|first1=Norimitsu|last2=Méheut|first2=Constant|date=27 October 2020|title=A Teacher, His Killer and the Failure of French Integration|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/26/world/europe/france-beheading-teacher.html|access-date=29 October 2020|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> An opinion poll carried out by [[Institut français d'opinion publique]] (Ifop) found that 87% of the respondents considered the secularist society in France ({{langx|fr|link=no|[[Laïcité]]}}) was under threat and 79% agreed that Islamism had declared war on France and the French Republic. The poll found that 89% of the respondents thought the threat of terrorism was high, 38% of which said it was very high. This was a significant increase when compared with the data of the previous month, though the statistic had exceeded the 50% mark during the spate of Islamist attacks in France during 2015.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Le regard des Français sur la menace terroriste et l'islamisme|url=https://www.ifop.com/publication/le-regard-des-francais-sur-la-menace-terroriste-et-lislamisme/|date=22 October 2020|access-date=28 October 2020|website=IFOP|language=fr-FR}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="200">
File:Hommage Samuel Paty Saint-Denis 17 octobre 2020.jpg|Tribute to Paty, in front of the town hall in [[Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis|Seine-Saint-Denis]]
File:2020-10-18 14-58-10 rassemblement-Belfort.jpg|Gathering at the [[Place de la République]], in [[Belfort]], paying tribute to Paty
File:Rassemblement Samuel Paty le 18 oct 2020 Place de la République Paris un imam.jpg|[[Islam in France|French Muslims]] in attendance at a tribute for Paty, in [[Place de la République]]
File:Rassemblement Samuel Paty le 18 oct 2020 Place de la République Paris.jpg|Gathering in homage to Samuel Paty, at [[Place de la République]] in Paris
File:Rassemblement interreligieux Samuel Paty Strasbourg 22 octobre 2020.jpg|Interfaith gathering at [[Strasbourg Cathedral]]
</gallery>

=== Turkey; Erdoğan–Macron dispute ===
[[File:Meeting between the leaders of Russia, Turkey, Germany and France (cropped, Macron and Erdogan).jpg|thumb|[[Emmanuel Macron]], right, and [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] in Istanbul in 2018]]
The position which was taken by Macron was condemned by the [[Justice and Development Party (Turkey)|AK Party]], Turkey's ruling party; the [[Nationalist Movement Party]]; the [[Republican People's Party]], the party which represents the secular opposition; and the [[Good Party]], but one opposition party, the [[Peoples' Democratic Party (Turkey)|Peoples' Democratic Party]], did not sign the joint declaration which condemned Macron's words.<ref>{{Cite news|date=30 October 2020|title=Turkish parliament condemns remarks by France's Macron in cartoon row|language=en|website=Reuters|url=https://ca.reuters.com/article/idUSKBN27C2HP|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028053554/https://ca.reuters.com/article/idUSKBN27C2HP|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 October 2020|access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref>

Following actions and statements by Macron, such as his description of Islam as a religion "in crisis" worldwide, [[President of Turkey|Turkish President]] [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] questioned Macron's mental health<ref>{{Cite news|title=France reacts after Erdogan questions Macron's mental health|language=en|website=ABC News|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/france-reacts-erdogan-questions-macrons-mental-health-73808092|access-date=27 October 2020}}</ref><ref name=":13" /> and called for a boycott of French goods.<ref>{{Cite news|author1=Caroline Alexander|author2=Zainab Fattah|date=27 October 2020|title=Muslim world faces divide after Erdogan takes on France for its crackdown on radical Islam|language=en-US|website=ThePrint|url=https://theprint.in/world/muslim-world-faces-divide-after-erdogan-takes-on-france-for-its-crackdown-on-radical-islam/531449/|access-date=27 October 2020}}</ref><ref name=":15">{{Cite news|date=26 October 2020|title=Turkey's Erdogan urges French goods boycott amid Islam row|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-54692485|access-date=10 November 2020}}</ref> Erdoğan claimed that Muslims in France were being "subjected to a lynch campaign similar to that against Jews in Europe before World War II", and he also stated that "European leaders should tell the French president to stop his hate campaign".<ref name=":15" /> Erdoğan asked "What's the problem of the individual called Macron with Islam and with the Muslims?" and "What else can be said to a head of state who does not understand freedom of belief and who behaves in this way to millions of people living in his country who are members of a different faith?"<ref name=":13" />

In response to Erdoğan's remarks, France recalled its ambassador to Turkey, and a spokesperson for Macron said: "President Erdogan's{{Sic}} comments are unacceptable. Excess and rudeness are not a method. We demand that Erdogan change the course of his policy because it is dangerous in every respect."<ref name=":13" /> In support of Macron, German government spokesman [[Steffen Seibert]] said of Erdoğan's behaviour: "They are defamatory comments that are completely unacceptable, particularly against the backdrop of the horrific murder of the French teacher Samuel Paty by an Islamist fanatic", while the [[Minister for Foreign Affairs (Germany)|Minister for Foreign Affairs]], [[Heiko Maas]], said Erdoğan's insulting language was "a particular low point".<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":13" /> The [[Prime Minister of Italy]], [[Giuseppe Conte]], wrote that "personal insults do not help the positive agenda that the EU wants to pursue with Turkey", and the [[Prime Minister of the Netherlands]], [[Mark Rutte]], stated that his country "stands firmly with France and for the [[Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union|collective values of the European Union]]".<ref name=":13" /> The [[President of the European Commission]], [[Ursula von der Leyen]], was also supportive of Macron's position.<ref name=":11" />

In response to Erdoğan's insults, Macron published a message on Twitter in English, French, and Arabic, stating: "Our history is one of a battle against tyranny and fanaticisms. We will continue, … we respect all differences in a spirit of peace. We will never accept hate speech and we defend reasonable debate. We will continue. We hold ourselves always on the side of human dignity and universal values".<ref name=":11" />

In response to Erdoğan's position, ''Charlie Hebdo'' published a cartoon which mocked the Turkish president on the front page of its magazine on 27 October. On Twitter, [[Fahrettin Altun]], Erdoğan's press secretary, wrote that "We condemn this most disgusting effort by this publication to spread its [[cultural racism]] and [[hatred]]".<ref name=":14" />

===Other countries===
After President Macron defended the publication of cartoons in a tribute to Paty, there were calls in some Muslim countries to boycott French products.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Salem|first1=Mostafa|last2=Bairin|first2=Pierre|last3=Liakos|first3=Chris|last4=Schmidt|first4=Nadine|last5=Dean|first5=Sarah|date=27 October 2020|title=Calls to boycott French products grow in Muslim world after Macron backs Mohammed cartoons|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/10/26/europe/france-boycott-muslim-countries-macron-intl/index.html|website=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/10/1076452 |title=UN strongly condemns knife attack inside Nice church which left three dead |date=29 October 2020 |website=UN News |publisher=[[United Nations]] }}</ref> Egyptian President [[Abdel Fattah el-Sisi]],<ref>{{Cite news|date=28 October 2020|title=Egypt says freedom of expression 'stops' when Muslims offended|website=Reuters UK|url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/france-security-boycott-egypt-int-idUSKBN27D18K|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028141743/https://uk.reuters.com/article/france-security-boycott-egypt-int-idUSKBN27D18K|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 October 2020|access-date=28 October 2020}}</ref> the Malaysian government,<ref>{{Cite news|date=30 October 2020|title=Malaysia condemns 'provocative acts', defamation of Islam as anger over French cartoon mounts|language=en|website=The Straits Times|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/malaysia-condemns-provocative-acts-defamation-of-islam-as-anger-over-french-cartoon|access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref> and the Foreign Ministry of [[Morocco]]<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kasraoui|first=Safaa|date=25 October 2020|title=Morocco Condemns Cartoons Insulting Islam, Prophet Muhammad|language=en-US|website=Morocco World News|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2020/10/323690/morocco-condemns-cartoons-insulting-islam-prophet-muhammad/|access-date=31 October 2020}}</ref> said that freedom of expression does not apply to insulting Islam or Muslims, and [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]] [[Imran Khan]] said that Macron was promoting [[Islamophobia in France|Islamophobia]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Hashim|first=Asad|title=Pakistan says Macron 'encourages Islamophobia', summons envoy|language=en|website=www.aljazeera.com|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/10/26/pakistan-accuses-macron-of-encouraging|access-date=27 October 2020}}</ref> Some French goods were removed from shops in Jordan, Kuwait, and Qatar,<ref name=":14">{{Cite news|last=Willsher|first=Kim|date=27 October 2020|title=Muslim backlash against Macron gathers pace after police raids|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/oct/27/muslim-backlash-against-macron-gathers-pace-after-police-raids|access-date=10 November 2020|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref name=":18">{{Cite news|date=25 October 2020|title=France urges Arab nations to prevent boycotts over Macron's cartoons defence|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-54683738|access-date=16 November 2020}}</ref> and hundreds of travel agencies in Kuwait suspended booking flights to France.<ref name=":11" /> Protests were also held in Bangladesh, Iraq, and Libya against Macron and his defense of the caricatures.<ref name=":14" /><ref name=":18" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite news|last=Alam|first=Julhas|title=Thousands in Bangladesh protest against French cartoons|language=en|website=ABC News|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/iran-summons-french-diplomat-macrons-remarks-73850026|access-date=28 October 2020}}</ref>

The [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Egypt)|Egyptian Foreign Ministry]], the Indian [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]], the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Saudi Arabia)|Saudi Arabia Foreign Ministry]], and the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Turkey)|Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] condemned the murder,<ref>{{Cite news|title=Egypt expresses 'utmost condemnation' of beheading of French teacher in Paris suburb – Politics – Egypt|language=en|website=Ahram Online|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/388585/Egypt/Politics-/Egypt-expresses-utmost-condemnation-of-beheading-o.aspx|access-date=18 October 2020}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite news|title=Press Statement on personal attacks in unacceptable language on French President Emmanuel Macron|website=www.mea.gov.in|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/33150/Press_Statement_on_personal_attacks_in_unacceptable_language_on_French_President_Emmanuel_Macron|access-date=28 October 2020}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=26 October 2020|title=Condolences from Turkey to Samuel Paty's relatives from October 17|url=https://thecanadian.news/2020/10/26/condolences-from-turkey-to-samuel-patys-relatives-from-october-17/|access-date=21 November 2020|website=The Canadian|language=en-US}}</ref> with the Indian ministry also condemning personal attacks against Macron.<ref name=":5" />

[[Prime Minister of Canada]] [[Justin Trudeau]] said that freedom of expression has limits, citing the example of [[shouting fire in a crowded theatre]]. Trudeau's remarks were criticized in Canada and in France. Trudeau subsequently clarified his position to reaffirm the importance of defending freedom of expression.<ref name=":20">{{Cite news|date=6 November 2020|title=Trudeau and Macron speak after cartoon remark controversy|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-54774813|access-date=19 November 2020}}</ref>

In Iran, the French delegation was summoned to protest what the government described as France's permission of "hatred against Islam under the guise of support for freedom of expression".<ref name=":6" /> Clerics at the [[Shia Islam|Shia]] holy city of [[Qom]] denounced Macron and the ''Charlie Hebdo'' cartoons, calling for economic sanctions against France from Iran and the wider Islamic world.<ref name=":14" />

In Qatar, a week of French cultural events at [[Qatar University]] was postponed on account of what described as "deliberate attack on Islam and its symbols".<ref name=":11" />

[[Ramzan Kadyrov]], [[Head of the Chechen Republic|Head]] of the [[Chechen Republic]], one of the [[federal subjects of Russia]], criticized Macron's position on free speech.<ref name=":16">{{Cite news|date=27 October 2020|title=Chechen leader says Macron stance on cartoons inspires terrorists|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-france-security-boycott-chechnya-idUKKBN27C28T|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101000212/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-france-security-boycott-chechnya-idUKKBN27C28T|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 November 2020|access-date=11 November 2020}}</ref> He wrote: "You are forcing people into terrorism, pushing people towards it, not leaving them any choice, creating the conditions for the growth of extremism in young people's heads. You can boldly call yourself the leader and inspiration of terrorism in your country".<ref name=":16" /> Kadyrov, once a rebel in the [[First Chechen War]], had recently supported Russia in the military suppression of the Islamist [[insurgency in the North Caucasus]] and sought to minimize the significance of the killer's place of birth by pointing to his upbringing in France.<ref name=":16" /> He wrote on Instagram that showing cartoons of Muhammad was not to be labelled free speech.<ref name=":16" /> According to French news magazine ''[[Marianne (magazine)|Marianne]]'', the Chairman of the Parliament of the Chechen Republic [[Magomed Daudov]] glorified the murderer of Samuel Paty.<ref>{{cite web|date=28 October 2021 |language=fr |title=Assassinat de Samuel Paty : le père du tueur se dit "satisfait" de son fils |url=https://www.marianne.net/societe/terrorisme/assassinat-de-samuel-paty-le-pere-du-tueur-se-dit-satisfait-de-son-fils |website=[[Marianne (magazine)|Marianne]]}}.</ref> On September 22, 2021, he affirmed, in a video broadcast live on his Instagram account, that the murderer of Samuel Paty was a “young person, killed because he opposed the caricature of the Prophet” and “that he died in jihad”.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=11 December 2021 |date=23 September 2021 |language=ru |title=Спикер Чечни упрекнул ичкерийцев в отсутствии поддержки убийце учителя во Франции |url=https://www.kavkazr.com/a/spiker-chechni-upreknul-ichkeriytsev-v-otsutstvii-podderzhki-ubiytse-uchitelya-vo-frantsii/31474495.html |website=kavkazr.com}}.</ref>

An independent member of the [[Assembly of the Representatives of the People]] of Tunisia, {{Interlanguage link|Rached Khiari|lt=|fr||WD=}}, who was initially elected on a religious right-wing platform with {{Interlanguage link|Coalition de la dignité|lt=al-Karama|fr||WD=}}, justified the attack on Facebook.<ref name=":17">{{Cite web|title=Tunisian MP probed for allegedly glorifying beheading of French teacher|url=https://www.dw.com/en/tunisian-mp-probed-for-allegedly-glorifying-beheading-of-french-teacher/a-55314597|date=18 October 2020|access-date=11 November 2020|website=Deutsche Welle|language=en-GB}}</ref> The public prosecution service in Tunisia opened an investigation into his comments; the spokesman of the {{Interlanguage link|Droit tunisien#Tribunaux de première instance|lt=Court of First Instance|fr||WD=}} in Tunis and deputy public prosecutor said the comments were classifiable as a crime of terrorism, as [[anti-terrorism legislation]] punishes the glorification or praise of terrorist attacks with a sentence of up to five years in prison.<ref name=":17" />

=== International organisations ===

Leaders of the 27 member states of the [[European Union]] released a joint statement condemning the attack on Samuel Paty and the [[2020 Nice stabbing]] encouraging dialogue and understanding between societies and religions. They called the attacks an assault on their values.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Paaske|first=Claus|date=30 October 2020|title=EU's stats og regeringschefer fordømmer terrorangreb i Frankrig|url=https://politiken.dk/nyhedsbreve/mine/nyhedsbreve_politiken_morgen/art7977727/EUs-stats-og-regeringschefer-ford%C3%B8mmer-terrorangreb-i-Frankrig|access-date=1 November 2020|website=Politiken|language=da-DK}}</ref>

Sheikh [[Muhammad bin Abdul Karim Issa]], Secretary General of the [[Muslim World League]], said "acts of violence and terrorism [were] crimes in all religions," suggesting further that such situations might be avoided by "refrain[ing] from stirring hatred by insulting religion." He made an appeal against the unnecessary incitement of violence through the circulation of incendiary literature.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|date=1 October 2020|title=Saudi Arabia leads Arab and Muslim world in condemning terrorist murder of French teacher|language=en|website=Arab News|url=https://arab.news/r3vfb|access-date=19 October 2020}}</ref>

The [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] said that although it denounced "all acts of terror in the name of religion", it would continue to oppose the "continued publication" of "blasphemous cartoons".<ref name=":11" /> It added that it was the "suggestions of certain French leaders … that risk submerging French–Muslim relations".<ref name=":11" />

In a press statement released on 17 October 2020, [[Miguel Ángel Moratinos]], High Representative of the [[United Nations Alliance of Civilizations]] (UNAOC), strongly condemned the murder, saying that "such heinous crime is unjustifiable whenever, wherever and by whomsoever committed".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Saad|first1=Nihal|date=17 October 2020|title=Press Statement on Decapitating a French Teacher in a Paris Suburb|agency=[[United Nations Alliance of Civilizations]]|url=https://www.unaoc.org/2020/10/press-statement-on-the-decapitation-of-a-french-teacher-in-a-paris-suburb/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=18 October 2020|title=UNAOC decries beheading of French teacher: The UNAOC chief stressed that togetherness, peace and tolerance are rooted in religions across the faith spectrum|agency=Asian Lite News|url=https://asianlite.com/news/world-news/unaoc-decries-beheading-of-french-teacher/}}</ref>

== Media coverage ==
According to researcher Liam Duffy, some anglophone media reporting in Britain and the United States received criticism in France for misrepresenting the attack and presenting France as the villain. Of the two most influential newspapers, ''[[The New York Times]] ''and ''[[The Washington Post]]'', neither used the term ''[[jihadism]]'' in their reports according to expert {{ill|Hugo Micheron|fr}}. In other American reporting, information on the problems caused by Islamic extremism was largely absent while there were numerous warnings of rising nationalism and a French "crackdown on Islam". The criticism did not encompass the ''[[Financial Times]]'', which was instead praised for having interviewed teachers in France.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-29|title=Why is the Anglo media portraying France as the villain?|url=https://unherd.com/2020/10/why-is-the-anglo-media-portaying-france-as-the-villain/|access-date=2020-12-12|website=UnHerd|language=en-GB}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2020 Nice stabbing]]
* [[2022 Muhammad remarks controversy]]
* [[2023 Arras school stabbing]]
* [[Islam and blasphemy]]
* [[Islam and violence]]
* [[Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy|''Jyllands-Posten'' Muhammad cartoons controversy]]
* [[Satanic Verses controversy|''Satanic Verses'' controversy]]
* [[List of Islamist terrorist attacks]]
* [[Square Samuel-Paty]] in Paris

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
{{external media
| width = 210px
| float = left
| video1 = [https://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2020/oct/18/thousands-gather-in-paris-in-memory-of-murdered-teacher-samuel-paty-video-report "Thousands gather in Paris in memory of murdered teacher Samuel Paty – video report"], ''The Guardian'', 18 October 2020
}}
{{Islamic terrorism in Europe}}
{{Depictions of Muhammad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Paty, Samuel}}
[[Category:2020 murders in France]]
[[Category:2020s in Île-de-France]]
[[Category:Conflans-Sainte-Honorine]]
[[Category:Deaths by person in France]]
[[Category:History of Yvelines]]
[[Category:Islamism-related beheadings]]
[[Category:Murder in Île-de-France]]
[[Category:October 2020 crimes in Europe]]
[[Category:October 2020 in France]]
[[Category:Stabbing attacks in 2020]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in France involving knife attacks]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in France in 2020]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in Île-de-France]]
[[Category:2020s murders in Paris]]
[[Category:Persecution of Christians by Muslims]]
[[Category:France–Turkey relations]]
[[Category:Violence against men in France]]
[[Category:Islamic terrorism in France]]
[[Category:Islamic terrorist incidents in 2020]]
[[Category:Incidents of violence against men]]

Shah Jahan Begum of Bhopal

2026-02-17T19:09:45Z

CourtneySugden: New Some Data V1

{{Short description|Begum of Bhopal (1838–1901)}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Sultan Shah Jahan
| image = Sultan Shah Jahan, Begum of Bhopal, 1872.jpg
| caption = Shah Jahan Begum in 1872
| succession = [[Begum of Bhopal]]
| reign = 1844–1860
| regent = [[Sikandar Begum]] (1844–1860)
| reign-type = First reign
| predecessor = Jahangir Mohammed Khan
| successor = [[Sikandar Begum|Sikandar Begum I]]
| reign1 = 30 October 1868 – 16 June 1901
| reign-type1 = Second reign
| predecessor1 = [[Sikandar Begum|Sikandar Begum I]]
| successor1 = [[Sultan Jahan, Begum of Bhopal|Sultan Jahan I]]
| coronation =
| native_lang1 = [[Urdu]]
| native_lang1_name1 = {{Nobold|{{lang|ur|{{Nastaliq|سلطان شاہ جہاں بیگم}}}}}}
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1838|7|29}}
| birth_place = [[Islamnagar, Bhopal|Islamnagar]], [[Bhopal State]], now [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]])
| death_date = 16 June 1901 (aged 62)
| death_place = [[Bhopal State]], now [[India]]
| spouse = Baqi Muhammad Khan [[Siddiq Hasan Khan]]
| issue = [[Sultan Jahan, Begum of Bhopal|Sultan Jahan I, Nawab Begum of Bhopal]]
| royal house = [[Nawab of Bhopal|Bhopal]]
| father = Jahangir Mohammed Khan
| mother = [[Sikandar Begum|Sikandar Begum I, Nawab Begum of Bhopal]]
| religion = [[Sunni Muslim]]
|module = {{infobox military person|embed =yes
|allegiance = {{flagicon image|Drapeau Bhopal.svg}} [[Bhopal State]]
|serviceyears = 1844–1860 1868–1901
}}
}}

'''Shahjahan Begum''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|GCSI|CI}} (29 July 1838 – 16 June 1901) was the [[Nawab Begum of Bhopal]] (the ruler of the [[Islamic state|Islamic]] [[princely state|principality]] of [[Bhopal State|Bhopal]] in [[central India]]) for two periods: 1844–60 (her mother acting as regent), and secondly during 1868–1901.

== Biography ==
[[File:Begum of Bhopal.png|thumb|An 1878 picture of Sultan Shah Jahan Begum (or possibly, her daughter). The photo was misidentified as that of [[Rani Laxmibai]] in the 1909 book ''[[The Indian War of Independence (book)|The Indian War of Independence]]''.<ref>A misidentified photograph: according to family historian Allen Copsey it is either (1) Sultan Jahan Begum of Bhopal (1838–1901) who in 1872 was created a Grand commander of the Most Exalted Order of the Star of India; or (2) her daughter Sultan Jahan Begum of Bhopal (1858–1930) who in 1904 received the Grand Commander of the Indian Empire and in 1910 the Grand Commander of the Star of India. [http://www.copsey-family.org/~allenc/lakshmibai/kb-Rani1.jpg 1910 commemorative postcard]</ref><ref>[http://www.copsey-family.org/~allenc/lakshmibai/savarkar.html Savarkar and the Rani's photo] – That she wears two collars of orders indicates that it is the former Begum, about 1878.</ref>]]
Born in [[Islamnagar, Bhopal|Islamnagar]], near [[Bhopal]], Shahjahan was the only surviving child of Sikandar Begum of Bhopal, sometime [[Nawab of Bhopal]] by correct title, and her husband Jahangir Mohammed Khan. She was recognised as ruler of Bhopal in 1844 at the age of six; her mother wielded power as regent during her minority. However, in 1860, her mother Sikandar Begum was recognised by the [[British Raj|British]] as ruler of Bhopal in her own right, and Shahjahan was set aside. Shahjahan succeeded her mother as [[Begum of Bhopal]] upon the death of the latter in 1868.

Having been groomed for leadership of the state, Shahjahan improved the tax revenue system and increased state income, raised the salaries of her soldiers, modernised the military's arms, built a dam and an artificial lake, improved the efficiency of the police force and undertook the first census after the state suffered two plagues (the population had dropped to 744,000). To balance her budget deficit, she commissioned the cultivation of opium.<ref>[[Shaharyar Khan]], ''The Begums of Bhopal: a history of the princely state of Bhopal'', p. 120. London: [[I.B. Tauris]], 2000. {{ISBN|1-86064-528-3}}</ref>

She has been credited with the authorship of several books in [[Urdu]]. Among them are the ''Gauhar-i-Iqbal'', which describes the major events between the 1st and 7th years of her regime and the socio-political conditions of Bhopal at that time. ''An Account of My Life'' is the English translation of Sultan Jahan Begum's autobiography, ''Gauhar-e-Iqbal''. It was written by C. H. Payne, who was the education advisor to the Begum. She wrote the ''Akhtar-i-Iqbal'' which is the second part of ''Gauhar-i-Iqbal''. In 1918 she wrote the ''Iffat-ul-Muslimaat'', where she describes the notions of purdah and hijab in customs in Europe, Asia, and Egypt.

She was instrumental in initiating the construction of one of the largest mosques in India, the [[Taj-ul-Masajid]], at Bhopal. The construction however remained incomplete at her death and was later abandoned; work was resumed only in 1971. She also built the [[Taj Mahal, Bhopal|Taj Mahal palace]] at Bhopal. While Shahjahan had desired to perform the [[Hajj|Muslim pilgrimage]] to [[Mecca]], frail health and her phobia of shipwrecks prevented her from ever doing so.<ref name=khan143>Khan, pg. 143.</ref>

Shahjahan Begum made sizeable donations towards the building of a [[Shah Jahan Mosque, Woking|mosque]] at [[Woking]], Surrey in the UK. She also contributed generously towards the founding of the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College at [[Aligarh]], which developed into the [[Aligarh Muslim University]]. She also subsidised the cost of a railway to be constructed between [[Hoshangabad]] and Bhopal.<ref>[http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/t/019pho0000002s3u00001000.html The Begum of Bhopal, GCSI, Nov.1872.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023201519/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/t/019pho0000002s3u00001000.html |date=23 October 2021 }} [[British Library]].</ref>

In 1855, Shahjahan Begum married Baqi Muhammad Khan, a nobleman of middle rank of Bhopal, as his third wife. He died in 1867. Four years later, Shahjahan married [[Siddiq Hasan Khan]] of [[Kannauj]] in the then [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]]. The second marriage was childless. In addition to the deaths of two husbands, Shahjahan also experienced the deaths of two granddaughters.

Shahjahan Begum's final years were spent in leadership of a reasonably well-run state.<ref name=khan143/> In 1901, she was afflicted with cancer of the mouth; shortly thereafter, a message was published for the people of Bhopal asking forgiveness if Shahjahan had wronged any of her subjects, causing public grief over the illness of a popular ruler. Shahjahan was visited for one last time by her daughter Sultan Jehan, with whom Shahjahan had not spoken for thirteen years as Shahjahan had blamed her daughter for the death of her first granddaughter; even at this final meeting, Shahjahan refused to forgive her daughter. Shahjahan died shortly thereafter on 6 June 1901, and Sultan Jehan assumed the throne.<ref>Khan, pg. 146.</ref>

===Postal services===

During her reign the first postage stamps of the Bhopal state were issued. In 1876 and 1878, there were issues of half and quarter anna stamps. Those of 1876 have text "HH Nawab Shahjahan Begam" in an octagonal frame; the 1878 stamps the same text in a round frame and the Urdu form of the Begum's title. The last stamps bearing her name were issued in 1902 with inscription: "H.H. Nawab Sultan Jahan Begam".<ref>Stanley Gibbons Ltd. ''Stanley Gibbons' Simplified Stamp Catalogue''; 24th ed., 1959. London: Stanley Gibbons Ltd.' p. 153</ref> (The state postal service of Bhopal issued its own postage stamps until 1949; from the second issue of stamps in 1908 official stamps were issued until 1945 and these had the inscriptions "Bhopal State" or "Bhopal Govt." In 1949 two surcharged stamps were issued, the last of Bhopal's own stamps.)<ref>Stanley Gibbons Ltd. ''Stanley Gibbons' Simplified Stamp Catalogue''; 24th ed., 1959. London: Stanley Gibbons Ltd.' pp. 154–55</ref>
<gallery>
File:Bhopal postage - HH Nawab Shahjahan Begam.png|1876 stamp issued during the Begum's reign
File:Bhopal Stage Postage and Revenue - 1 anna.png|1908 one anna stamp of Bhopal State
</gallery>

==Publications (selected)==
* ''[https://www.rct.uk/collection/1198705/the-taj-ul-ikbal-tarikh-bhopalnbspthe-history-of-bhopal-by-shahjahan-h-h-the The Taj-ul Ikbal Tarikh Bhopal], Or, The History of Bhopal'', by Shah Jahan Begum, [[iarchive:in.ernet.dli.2015.181209|translated from Urdu by H. C. Barstow]]. Calcutta: Thacker, Spink, 1876.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
*''The Begums of Bhopal: A Dynasty of Women Rulers in Raj India'', by Shahraryar M. Khan. Published by I. B.Tauris, 2000. {{ISBN|1-86064-528-3}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=jq-g5YF1QzEC&pg=PA68&dq=Nawab+Bhopal&lr=#PPP11,M1 Excerpts]

==Further reading==
*''Hayat-i-Shahjehani: Life of Her Highness the late Nawab Shahjehan Begum of Bhopal''; translated by B. Ghosal. Bombay : Times Press, 1926.
* Siobhan Lambert-Hurley ''Muslim Women, Reform and Princely Patronage: Nawab Sultan Jahan Begam of Bhopal''. Routledge, 2007. {{ISBN|0-415-40192-5}}.
* Chopra, R. M., "Eminent Poetesses of Persian ", Iran Society, Kolkata, 2010.

==External links==
*[http://www.wokingmuslim.org/ Woking Mosque and the Woking Muslim Mission]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sultan Shah Jahan}}
[[Category:1838 births]]
[[Category:1901 deaths]]
[[Category:Begums of Bhopal]]
[[Category:Muslim monarchs]]
[[Category:Muslim writers]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Crown of India]]
[[Category:Queens regnant in Asia]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian women philanthropists]]
[[Category:Writers from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Women writers from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian royalty]]
[[Category:Indian women historians]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:19th-century women monarchs]]
[[Category:Women educators from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Educators from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian philanthropists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:19th-century women philanthropists]]
[[Category:Indian monarchs]]

Kumaradhara River

2026-02-12T03:15:58Z

CourtneySugden: add page further and added references

{{Short description|River in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
[[File:Mallalli Falls.jpg|thumb|Mallalli falls of the river]]
The '''Kumaradhara River''' is a west-flowing river in the state of [[Karnataka]], [[India]]. One of the two major rivers of [[Sullia]], it merges with the [[Netravati River]] at [[Uppinangadi]] before flowing to the [[Arabian Sea]].<ref>{{cite book | title=The imperial gazetteer of India, Volume 5| author=Sir William Wilson Hunter| pages=471}}</ref> The merging of the rivers is a major event for the local villagers, as they crowd the river banks to watch what they call the "Sangama", which is a Sanskrit word for [[confluence]].

This river is the chief tributary of [[Netravati river|Netravathi]]. Kumaradhara originates in [[Pushpagiri Wildlife Sanctuary]] in [[Kodagu district]], at an elevation of {{convert|1600|m|ft}} above mean sea level. Along its course it creates the [[Mallalli falls]]. It passes through lush evergreen forest of [[Bisle Reserve Forest|Bisle Valley]], fed by numerous smaller streams.
It merges into Netravati at Uppinangadi in [[Dakshin Kannada]] at an elevation of 40 metres above the [[Mean Sea Level|MSL]]. The total length of river is about 80 kilometres.

The river passes through two major towns; Kukke Subrahmanya and Uppinangadi.

== Practise ==
It is believed that pilgrims visiting the [[Kukke Subrahmanya Temple]] in [[Subramanya, Karnataka|Subramanya]] must cross the Kumaradhara River, taking a holy bath in it before they go on to the temple to have [[Darśana]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Hydrology of Karnataka|state=expanded}}

{{coord|13.8333|N|76.0833|E|source:kolossus-cawiki|display=title}}

[[Category:Rivers of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Geography of Dakshina Kannada district]]

{{Karnataka-geo-stub}}
{{India-river-stub}}

Gorakhpur Municipal Corporation

2026-02-07T20:41:01Z

CourtneySugden: Made redirect

#REDIRECT [[Gorakhpur]]

Arya Borse

2026-02-07T07:44:24Z

CourtneySugden: Creating new details w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian sport shooter (born 2002)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}

{{Infobox sportsperson
| full_name = Arya Rajesh Borse
| birth_date = {{Birth-date and age|2 December 2002}}
| birth_place = [[Nashik]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| sport = [[Shooting sports|Shooting]]
| event = [[ISSF 10 meter air rifle|10 m air rifle]]
| medaltemplates = {{Medal|Sport|Women's [[ISSF 10 meter air rifle|10 m air rifle shooting]]}}[[File:Shooting pictogram.svg|30px]]
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Shooting Championships|Asian Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2026 Asian Rifle/Pistol Championships|2026 New Delhi]]|[[2026 Asian Rifle/Pistol Championships#Women|Team]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[ISSF World Cup|World Cup]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2025 ISSF World Cup|2025 Munich]]|[[2025 ISSF World Cup#Rifle events|Mixed team]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2025 ISSF World Cup|2025 Lima]]|[[2025 ISSF World Cup#Rifle events|Mixed team]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2025 ISSF World Cup|2025 Buenos Aires]]|[[2025 ISSF World Cup#Rifle events|Mixed team]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[ISSF Junior World Cup|Junior World Cup]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[ISSF Junior World Cup|2022 Suhl]]|[[ISSF Junior World Cup|Team]]}}
}}
'''Arya Rajesh Borse''' (born 2 December 2002) is an Indian [[sport shooter]] who competes in the [[ISSF 10 meter air rifle|10 m air rifle]] discipline.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arya Borse- International Shooting Sport Federation |url=https://www.issf-sports.org/athletes/SHINDW0212200201 |access-date=2025-11-25 |website=www.issf-sports.org}}</ref>
== Early life ==
Arya was born on 2 December 2002 in [[Nashik]]. Her mother, Madhavi, is an English teacher; while Rajesh, her father previously worked in a bank. She developed an interest in sports during her school years and was enrolled in a pistol shooting club at Ashoka Universal School under coach Abhay Kamble, before switching to rifle shooting. Arya currently trains at the National Centre of Excellence (NCOE) in [[Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sejwal |first=Ritu |date=2025-06-17 |title=An innocent question and a mother's grit: The Arya Borse story |url=https://thebridge.in/shooting/arya-borse-shooting-story-53567 |access-date=2025-11-25 |website=thebridge.in |language=en}}</ref>
== Career ==
At the [[ISSF Junior World Cup|Junior World Cup]] in [[Suhl]] in 2022, Arya was part of the Indian women's air rifle team that won the gold medal.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2022-05-13 |title=Shooting: India picks up four more gold at Junior World Cup |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/shooting-india-picks-up-four-more-gold-at-junior-world-cup-7916225/ |access-date=2025-09-17 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> She later competed at senior level. At the [[2025 ISSF World Cup|2025 World Cup]] in [[Munich]], she partnered with [[Arjun Babuta]] in the 10 m air rifle mixed team event to win the gold medal, defeating the reigning Olympic champions from China.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-14 |title=Shooting World Cup: India's Arya Borse, Arjun Babuta stun Olympic champions from China; clinch gold in 10m air rifle mixed team event |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/shooting/shooting-world-cup-indias-arya-borse-arjun-babuta-stun-olympic-champions-from-china-clinch-gold-in-10m-air-rifle-mixed-team-event/articleshow/121850480.cms |access-date=2025-11-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> She also won silver medals in the same discipline at the [[2025 ISSF World Cup|2025 World Cups]] in [[Lima]] and [[Buenos Aires]] with [[Rudrankksh Patil]].<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-04-21 |title=Arya and Rudrankksh win silver medal in shooting World Cup |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/arya-and-rudrankksh-win-silver-medal-in-shooting-world-cup/article69474619.ece |access-date=2025-09-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2025-04-09 |title=ISSF World Cup, Buenos Aires 2025: Rudrankksh-Arya win 10m air rifle mixed team silver medal |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/shooting/issf-world-cup-buenos-aires-2025-rudrankksh-balasaheb-patil-arya-borse-silver-medal-10m-air-rifle-mixed-team-final/article69432313.ece |access-date=2025-09-17 |website=sportstar.thehindu.com |language=en}}</ref>
== References ==
{{reflist}}
== External links ==
* [https://www.issf-sports.org/athletes/SHINDW0212200201 Arya Borse at ISSF]
{{India-sportshooting-bio-stub}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Borse, Arya}}
[[Category:2002 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian female sport shooters]]
[[Category:ISSF rifle shooters]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:People from Nashik]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Nashik]]
[[Category:Sport shooters from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

Dr. D Y Patil Medical College, Kolhapur

2026-02-02T11:01:20Z

CourtneySugden: enhance structure and corrected details for consistency

#REDIRECT [[Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Kolhapur]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Islampur, Uttar Dinajpur

2026-01-23T06:02:19Z

CourtneySugden: cleanup section also and cleaned formatting after review

{{About|the municipal city in West Bengal, India|its namesake community development block|Islampur, Uttar Dinajpur (community development block)|its namesake assembly constituency|Islampur, Uttar Dinajpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Its namesake subdivision|Islampur subdivision}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Islampur
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 300
| image_style =
| perrow = 2/2/2/2/2/2
| image1 =Islampur_Government_Polytechnic_1.jpg{{!}}Islampur Government Polytechnic, 2021
| image8 =Kshudirampally_Sukanta_Smriti_Bidyapith,_Islampur,_Uttar_Dinajpur,_West_Bengal,_India_IMG_20210624_111428,.jpg{{!}}Kshudirampally Sukanta Smriti Bidyapith, which is a school in Islampur Division, 2021
| image9 =Islampur_Shri_Ramakrishna_Ashram.jpg{{!}}Hindu temple in Islampur, Uttar Dinajpur, West Bengal, 2024
| image10 =NBSTC_Islampur_Bus_Terminus_Photo_by_Sandipan_Jalpaiguri.jpg{{!}}NBSTC Islampur Bus Terminus, 2018
}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption = '''From top, left to right:''' the polytechnic, a school, Hindu temple, bus terminus
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, Indian
| coordinates = {{coord|26.26|N|88.18|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Emblem of West Bengal (Banglarmukh) before 2018.png}}
[[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[North Dinajpur|Uttar Dinajpur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Municipality
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|title=Islampur Info|url=https://www.islampurmunicipality.org/history.php}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 11.40
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 53
| population_total = 54,340
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], English, [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 733202
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 03526
| registration_plate = WB-91/WB-92
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Raiganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raiganj]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Islampur, Uttar Dinajpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Islampur]]
| website = {{URL|uttardinajpur.nic.in/}} {{URL|www.islampurmunicipality.org/}}
| footnotes =
| official_name =
| population_blank1_title = Male
| population_blank1 = 28,227 (52%)
| population_blank2_title = Female
| population_blank2 = 26,113 (48%)
}}

'''Islampur''' is a town and a municipality in [[Uttar Dinajpur district]] in the Indian [[States and Territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It is the headquarters of the [[Islampur subdivision]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/westbengal/railways/uttardinajpur.htm | title = Uttar Dinajpur Rail Network Map | access-date = 2008-02-02 | publisher = Maps of India }}</ref>

==History==
A portion of the erstwhile Kishanganj subdivision comprising Goalpokhar, Islampur and Chopra thanas (police stations) and parts of Thakurganj thana, along with the adjacent parts of the erstwhile Gopalpur thana in Katihar subdivision were transferred from [[Purnia district|Purnea district]] in Bihar to West Bengal in 1956, and were formally incorporated into [[Raiganj subdivision]] in West Dinajpur district. On 21 March 1959, Islampur subdivision was inaugurated by [[Bidhan Chandra Roy|Dr. Bidhan Chandra Roy]], Chief Minister of West Bengal, at the newly constructed administrative building of the S.D.O., Islampur.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | title = District Human Development Report | work = Uttar Dinajpur. Pages 2-5: Administrative History of Uttar Dinajpur | publisher = Department of Planning, Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 6 January 2019 | archive-date = 19 January 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180119150840/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.islampurmunicipality.org/history.php | title = Islampur Municipality | work = History | publisher = IM | access-date = 6 January 2019 | archive-date = 3 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190103112955/http://www.islampurmunicipality.org/history.php | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=350| height=400| zoom=9
| coord={{coord|25|55|33|N|88|11|50|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in the Uttar Dinajpur district''' M: municipal city/ town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, T: tourist centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|25|37|25|N|88|7|12|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1=Raiganj | numbered1=M| mark-title1= [[Raiganj]] (M)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=13| mark-size1=13|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#800000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|26|13|12|N|88|11|0|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2=Islampur| numbered2=M| mark-title2= Islampur, Uttar Dinajpur (M)|shape-color2=black| label-size2=14|label-color2=black 
|mark-coord3={{coord|25|37|48|N|88|19|12|E}} | label-pos3=bottom|label3=Kaliaganj| numbered3=M| mark-title3= [[Kaliaganj]] (M)
|mark-coord4={{coord|25|53|33|N|87|50|20|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4=Dalkhola| numbered4=M| mark-title4= [[Dalkhola]] (M)
|mark-coord5={{coord|26|22|23|N|88|18|27|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5=Chopra | numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[Chopra, Uttar Dinajpur]] (CT)|shape-color5=#A40000
|mark-coord6={{coord|26|8|57|N|88|2|12|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6=Hanskunda | numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Hanskunda]] (CT)|shape-color6=#A40000
|mark-coord7={{coord|26|6|30|N|88|8|33|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7=Goalpokhar| numbered7=R| mark-title7= [[Goalpokhar]] (R)| shape-color7=#C42222
|mark-coord8={{coord|26|1|16|N|87|57|9|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8=Chakulia| numbered8=R| mark-title8= [[Chakulia, Uttar Dinajpur]] (R)| shape-color8=#C42222
|mark-coord9={{coord|25|50|3|N|87|55|6|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9=Karandighi| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Karandighi, Uttar Dinajpur]] (R)| shape-color9=#C42222
|mark-coord10={{coord|25|39|56|N|88|13|14|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10=Hemtabad| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Hemtabad, Uttar Dinajpur]] (R)| shape-color10=#C42222
|mark-coord11={{coord|25|35|56|N|88|6|0|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11=Nachhratpur|labela11= Katabari | numbered11=CT| mark-title11= [[Nachhratpur Katabari]] (CT)|shape-color11=#A40000
|mark-coord12={{coord|25|34|8|N|88|6|43|E}} | label-pos12=bottom|label12=Kasba | numbered12=CT| mark-title12= [[Kasba, Uttar Dinajpur]] (CT)|shape-color12=#A40000
|mark-coord13={{coord|25|27|31|N|88|10|20|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13=Itahar | numbered13=CT| mark-title13= [[Itahar, Uttar Dinajpur]] (CT)|shape-color13=#A40000
|mark-coord14={{coord|25|38|38|N|88|26|22|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14=Radhikapur|labela14=checkpoint| numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[Radhikapur]] (R)| shape-color14=#C42222
|mark-coord15={{coord|25|39|13|N|88|6|15|E}} | label-pos15=top|label15=Raiganj|labela15=Wildlife Sanctuary| numbered15=T|shape-color15=green| mark-title15= [[Raiganj Wildlife Sanctuary]] (T)
|mark-coord16={{coord|25.9613|88.0524}}| label16=India| label-color16 = black| label-angle16=-70| label-pos16=bottom| label-size16=10| mark-size16=0| mark-title16 =none
|mark-coord17={{coord|25.9513|88.1224}}| label17=Bangladesh| label-color17 = black| label-angle17=-70| label-pos17=bottom| label-size17=10| mark-size17=0| mark-title17 =none
|mark-coord18={{coord|25.7273|87.9392}}| label18=Bihar| label-color18 = black| label-angle18=40| label-pos18=bottom| label-size18=10| mark-size18=0| mark-title18 =none
|mark-coord19={{coord|25.7773|88.0162}}| label19=West | labela19= Bengal| label-color19 = black| label-angle19=40| label-pos19=bottom| label-size19=10| mark-size19=0| mark-title19 =none
|mark-coord20={{coord|26.2554|88.0234}}| label20=Mahananda River| label-color20 = #77A1CB| label-angle20=-40| label-pos20=top| label-size20=10| mark-size20=0| mark-title20 =none
}}

===Police station===
Islampur police station under West Bengal police has jurisdiction over Islampur municipal area and [[Islampur, Uttar Dinajpur (community development block)|Islampur]] community development (CD) block. It is 110 km from the district headquarters and covers an area of 331.20 km2. Islampur Town Out Post and Ramganj Out Post are functioning under this PS.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2013 Uttar Dinajpur |work = Table 2.1, 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 6 January 2019 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://uttardinajpurpolice.co.in/islampur-police-station/ | title = Uttar Dinajpur District Police | work = Islampur Police Station | publisher = District Police | access-date = 6 January 2019 | archive-date = 31 August 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170831113038/http://uttardinajpurpolice.co.in/islampur-police-station/ | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===CD block HQ===
The headquarters of Islampur CD block is at Islampur town.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1904_PART_A_DCHB_UTTAR%20DINAJPUR.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Uttar Dinajpur, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Map of Uttar Dinajpur district on the fifth page |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | access-date = 6 January 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in/node/2100 | title = BDO Offices under Uttar Dinajpur District | work = Department of Mass Education Extension & Library Services, Government of West Bengal | publisher = West Bengal Public Library Network | access-date = 6 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190119063429/http://wbpublibnet.gov.in/node/2100 | archive-date = 19 January 2019 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

In the map alongside, all places marked on the map are linked in the full screen version.

==Official language==
As per the West Bengal Official Language (Amendment) Act, 2012, which came into force from December 2012, Urdu was given the status of official language in areas, such as subdivisions and blocks, having more than 10% Urdu speaking population.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbcmo.gov.in/achieve.aspx?dept=7 |title = Minority Affairs and Madrasah Education |publisher= Chief Minister’s Office, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 14 January 2019 }}</ref> In Uttar Dinajpur district, Goalpokhar I and II blocks, Islampur block and Islampur municipality were identified as fulfilling the norms set<ref>{{cite web| url = http://zeenews.india.com/news/west-bengal/bengal-gives-second-language-status-to-urdu_756587.html |title = Bengal gives second language status to Urdu |publisher= Zee News, 4 February 2012 | access-date = 14 January 2019 }}</ref> In 2014, Calcutta High Court, in an order, included Dalkhola municipality in the list.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://indiankanoon.org/doc/87425337/ |title = Santosh Chowdhury and Ors Vs State of West Bengal and ors |publisher= Indian Kanoon | access-date = 14 January 2019 }}</ref>

==Demographics==
As per the [[2011 Census of India]], Islampur had a total population of 54,340, of which 28,227 (52%) were males and 26,113 (48%) were females. Population below 6 years was 6,852. The total number of literates in Islampur was 38,540 (80.70% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census3-2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 6 January 2019 }}</ref>

{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2011: Data from the 2011 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2015-03-27|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Islampur had a population of 52,766. Males constitute 54% of the population and females 46%. Islampur has an average literacy rate of 63% (less than the national average of 74.04%): male literacy is 68%, and female literacy is 57%. In Islampur, 15% of the population is under 6 years of age.
===Religion===
{{ Pie chart
| thumb=right
| caption=Religious Demographic in Islampur Town (2011)
| label1=[[Hinduism]]
| value1=67.63
| color1=darkorange
| label2=[[Islam]]
| value2=31.30
| color2=green
| label3=[[Jainism]]
| value3=0.44
| color3=pink
| label4=[[Christianity]]
| value4=0.40
| color4=blue
| label5=Others
| value5=0.23
| color5=black
}}
===Languages===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Languages spoken in Islampur Town (2011)<ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16T/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-2000.XLSX 2011 census data] censusindia.gov.in</ref>
|label2 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|value2 = 18.38
|color2 =red
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|value1 =65.55
|color1 = blue
|label3 = [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
|value3 = 8.91
|color3 = green
|label4 = [[Surjapuri language| Surjapuri]]
|value4 =5.34
|color4 =yellow
|label5 = [[Santali language| Santali]]
|value5= 0.72
|color5 = black
|label6 = Others
|value6= 0.72
|color6 = white
}}

==Transport==
[[Aluabari Road Junction railway station]] on the [[Howrah–New Jalpaiguri line]] and [[Barauni-Guwahati line]] serves Islampur.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/malda-town-new-jalpaiguri-passenger-55711/14042/441/444#st | title= 55711/ Malda Town-New Jalpaiguri Passenger| work= Time Table |publisher= indiarailinfo | access-date = 6 January 2019}}</ref>

[[National Highway 27 (India)|National Highway 27]] passes through Islampur town.<ref>Google maps</ref>

==Education==
[[Islampur College]] was established in 1973. Affiliated to the [[University of North Bengal]], it offers honours courses in Bengali, English, Urdu, political science, history, philosophy, geography, mathematics and accountancy, and general courses in arts, science and commerce. It has separate hostel facilities for boys and girls.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.collegedekho.com/colleges/islampur-college |title = Islampur College |publisher= College Dekho | access-date = 6 January 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.collegeadmission.in/IslampurCollege/Islampur_College.shtml |title = Islampur College |publisher= College Admission | access-date = 6 January 2019 }}</ref> [[Islampur Government Polytechnic]] is a polytechnic affiliated to the West Bengal State Council of Technical Education.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-06-27|title=WB|url=http://wbscte.net/info/list-of-politichnic.html|access-date=2020-11-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170627082310/http://wbscte.net/info/list-of-politichnic.html|archive-date=27 June 2017}}</ref>

[[Islampur High School]] is a boys only Bengali-medium higher secondary school. Established in 1958, it has facilities for teaching from class VI to XII. Housed in a government building, it has 25 computers, a library and a playground.{{fact|date=June 2025}}

[[Islampur Girls High School]] is a girls only Bengali-medium higher secondary school. Established in 1964, it has facilities for teaching from class VI to XII. Housed in a government building, it has 22 computers, a library and a playground.{{fact|date=June 2025}}

==Healthcare==
Islampur subdivisional hospital (with 136 beds) is a major medical facility at Islampur.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/ | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 12 January 2019 | archive-date = 28 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211028134305/https://qphs.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-99a499ee367f0c1530476c81086270c8 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|3}}

{{Uttar Dinajpur District}}
{{Uttar Dinajpur topics}}
{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Uttar Dinajpur district]]
[[Category:Cities in West Bengal]]

Bapudham Motihari – Anand Vihar Terminal Amrit Bharat Express

2026-01-22T05:36:38Z

CourtneySugden: Creating new details initial version

{{short description|Amrit Bharat Express train route in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = FF7220
| name = Bapudham Motihari – Anand Vihar Terminal Amrit Bharat Express
| logo =
| logo_width =
| image = Bapudham Motihari Anand Vihar AB.jpg
| image_width = 300
| image_alt =
| alt =
| caption =
| type = [[Amrit Bharat Express]], [[Express trains in India|Mail/Express]]
| locale = [[Bihar]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Delhi]]
| first = {{start date|2025|07|18|df=y}} (Inaugural) {{start date|2025|07|29|df=y}} (Commercial)
| last =
| operator = [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railways (ECR)]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Bapudham Motihari}} '''''(BMKI)'''''
| stops = 16
| end = {{stnlnk|Anand Vihar Terminal}} '''''(ANVT)'''''
| distance = {{convert|978|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 22h 10m
| frequency = Bi-Weekly
| trainnumber = 15567 / 15568
| line_used = *[[Muzaffarpur–Gorakhpur main line|Bapudham Motihari–Narkatiaganj line]]
*[[Narkatiaganj–Bhikhna Thori branch line|Narkatiaganj–Kaptanganj line]]
*[[Lucknow–Gorakhpur line|Gorakhpur–Lucknow Charbagh line]]
*[[Lucknow–Moradabad line|Lucknow Charbagh –Bareilly–Moradabad line]]
*[[Delhi–Moradabad line|Moradabad–Ghaziabad–Anand Vihar Terminal line]]
| class = Sleeper Class '''''(SL)'''''
General Unreserved '''''(GS)'''''
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack = Upper
| catering = E-catering, On-board, Pantry Car
| observation = Saffron-Grey
| entertainment = {{Hlist|[[AC power plugs and sockets: British and related types#Indian IS 1293|Electric Outlets]]|Reading lights|Bottle Holder}}
| baggage =
| otherfacilities = {{Hlist|[[Closed-circuit television|CCTV cameras]]|[[Future of rail transport in India#Bio-toilets in all trains|Bio-Vacuum Toilets]]|[[Tap water|Foot-Operated Water Taps]]|[[Passenger information system]]}}
| stock = [[Amrit Bharat (trainset)|Modified LHB Coaches]]
| gauge = [[5 ft 6 in gauge railway|Indian gauge]] {{track gauge|1676mm|allk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| el =
| speed = {{convert|44|km/h|abbr=on}} (Avg. Speed)
| trainlength = {{Cvt|23.54|m}} (each) and 22 coaches
| owners = [[Indian Railways]]
| maintenance = [[East Central Railway zone|Muzaffarpur Jn (MFP)]]
| sharing = No
| map = {{Bapudham Motihari - Anand Vihar Terminal AB Express Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| electrification = [[25 kV 50 Hz AC]] Overhead line
}}

The 15567/15568 '''Bapudham Motihari – Anand Vihar Terminal Amrit Bharat Express''' is [[India]]'s 7th Non-AC [[Express trains in India|Superfast]] [[Amrit Bharat Express]] train. It connects [[Motihari]], the headquarters of the [[East Champaran district]] in [[Bihar]] with national capital, [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=India TV News |last2=News |first2=India TV |date=2025-07-18 |title=Four new Amrit Bharat Express trains launched in Bihar: Check route, schedule, other details |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/business/news/four-new-amrit-bharat-express-trains-launched-in-bihar-check-route-schedule-ticket-fare-2025-07-18-999429 |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref>

This [[Express trains in India|express train]] was inaugurated on July 18, 2025 by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=15567/15568 बापूधाम मोतिहारी-आनन्द विहार टर्मिनल-बापूधाम मोतिहारी अमृत भारत द्वि-साप्ताहिक एक्सप्रेस का संचलन|url=https://ner.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=1&id=0,4,268&dcd=5129&did=175290987893787D88E79DEF215A2951E14B53F22D40B|date=2025-07-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-18 |title=Patna-Delhi Amrit Bharat Express train: PM Modi inaugurates new route in Bihar today; check schedule, fare and more |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/infrastructure/patna-delhi-amrit-bharat-express-train-pm-modi-inaugurates-new-route-in-bihar-today-check-schedule-fare-and-more/articleshow/122734556.cms |access-date=2025-07-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Rakes==
The train uses a dedicated [[Amrit Bharat (trainset)|Amrit Bharat 2.0 trainset]], the locomotives of which are designed by [[Chittaranjan Locomotive Works|Chittaranjan Locomotive Works (CLW)]] in [[Chittaranjan]], [[West Bengal]] and the coaches are designed and manufactured by the [[Integral Coach Factory]] at [[Perambur]], [[Chennai]] under the [[Make in India]] initiative.

The rake has 22 coaches, out of which 2 are Seating cum Luggage (SLR) coaches, 11 are General Unreserved (GS) coaches, 8 are Sleeper Class (SL) coaches and 1 is a Pantry Car (PC) coach. The primary maintenance of the rake is executed at {{rws|Muzaffarpur Junction}}.

==Service==
* The 15567 Bapudham Motihari – Anand Vihar Terminal Amrit Bharat Express leaves {{rws|Bapudham Motihari}} at 08:00 hrs every Tuesday and Friday and reaches {{rws|Anand Vihar Terminal}} the next day at 06:10 hrs. It covers its journey in 22 hrs 10 min, averaging at {{Cvt|44|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web|title=15567 time table|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/268369|date=2025-07-20}}</ref>
* The 15568 Anand Vihar Terminal – Bapudham Motihari Amrit Bharat Express leaves {{rws|Anand Vihar Terminal}} at 14:00 hrs every Wednesday and Saturday and reaches {{rws|Bapudham Motihari}} the next day at 10:40 hrs. It covers its journey in 20 hrs 40 min, averaging at {{Cvt|47|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web|title=15568 time table|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/268370/7322/7505|date=2025-07-20}}</ref>
* The maximum permissible speed of this train is {{Cvt|110|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}.

== Route and halts ==
The halts for this Amrit Bharat Express will is given below:
{{columns-list|# '''{{stnlnk|Bapudham Motihari}} (start) '''
# {{stnlnk|Sagauli Junction}}
# {{stnlnk|Bettiah}}
# {{stnlnk|Chanpatia}}
# {{stnlnk|Narkatiaganj Junction}}
# {{stnlnk|Harinagar}}
# {{stnlnk|Bagaha}}
# {{stnlnk|Siswa Bazar}}
# {{stnlnk|Kaptanganj Junction}}
# {{stnlnk|Gorakhpur Junction}}
# {{stnlnk|Basti}}
# {{stnlnk|Mankapur Junction}}
# {{stnlnk|Gonda Junction}}
# {{rws|Lucknow Charbagh}}
# {{stnlnk|Bareilly Junction}}
# {{stnlnk|Moradabad Junction}}
# {{stnlnk|Ghaziabad Junction}}
# '''{{rws|Anand Vihar Terminal}} (end)'''|colwidth=15em}}

== See also ==

* [[Amrit Bharat Express]]
* [[Vande Bharat Express]]
* [[Tejas Express]]
* [[Gatimaan Express]]
* [[Bapudham Motihari railway station]]
* [[Anand Vihar Terminal railway station]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Amrit Bharat Express}}

[[Category:Amrit Bharat Express trains]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Higher-speed rail]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Electric multiple units of India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]
[[Category:Transport in Bihar]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Transport in Delhi]]

Muhammad Salim Qasmi

2026-01-10T13:03:54Z

CourtneySugden: Added Basic Bio W/ Infobox!

{{Short description|Indian Muslim scholar and academic (1926–2018)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox religious biography
|religion= [[Islam]]
|honorific_prefix = {{small|Khatīb al-Islām, Mawlānā}}
|name =Muhammad Salim Qasmi
|birth_date = 8 January 1926
|birth_place = [[Deoband]], [[United Provinces of British India|United Provinces]], British Raj
|death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2018|04|14|1926|01|09}}
|death_place = Deoband, Uttar Pradesh, India
|resting_place = [[Mazar-e-Qasmi]], Deoband
|father = [[Muhammad Tayyib Qasmi]]
|image = Muhammad Salim Qasmi gravestone (cropped) (cropped).jpg
|caption = Gravestone
|region = India
|denomination = [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]
|jurisprudence = [[Hanafi]]
|creed = [[Maturidi]]
|movement = [[Deobandi]]
|main_interests = [[Ilm al-Kalam]], [[Islamic Philosophy]]
|alma_mater = [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]
|notable_works = Mabaadi al Tarbiyat al Islami (Arabic)
|office1 = Chief-Rector of [[Darul Uloom Waqf]]
|term_start1 = 25 March 1982
|term_end1 = 3 September 2014
|successor1 = [[Muhammad Sufyan Qasmi]]
|disciple_of =
|founder = Darul Uloom Waqf
}}

'''Muhammad Salim Qasmi Siddiqi''' (8 January 1926 — 14 April 2018) was an Indian [[Ulama|Muslim scholar]] who co-founded the [[Darul Uloom Waqf, Deoband|Darul Uloom Waqf]] in [[Deoband]], [[India]] and served as its first rector. He was an alumnus of [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]. He received the fourth Shah Waliullah Award and was honoured with the Mark of Distinction from the [[Al-Azhar University]] in [[Cairo]], [[Egypt]].<ref name="obituary" />

==Birth and education==
Muhammad Salim Qasmi was born on 8 January 1926 at [[Deoband]], [[India]] into the [[Siddiqi family of Nanauta]].<ref name="obituary">{{cite web |title=Obituary: Maulana Muhammad Salim Qasmi, an ocean of knowledge |url=http://twocircles.net/2018apr28/422881.html |website=TwoCircles.net |date=28 April 2018 |access-date=2 June 2019}}</ref> He was the eldest son of [[Muhammad Tayyib Qasmi]].<ref name="life1">{{cite book |author1=Mohammad Shakaib Qasmi |author2=Sheikh Ghulam Nabi Qasmi |title=The Life and Times of Hakimul Islam Mawlana Qari Muhammad Tayyib |publisher=Hujjat al-Islam Academy |location=[[Darul Uloom Waqf, Deoband]] |page=194|language=en}}</ref> He graduated from [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] in 1948 where his teachers included [[Hussain Ahmad Madani]], [[Izaz Ali Amrohi]], [[Ibrahim Balyawi]] and Fakhrul Hasan Moradabadi.<ref name="obituary"/> He studied ''Mizan'', a book of Arabic grammar with [[Ashraf Ali Thanwi]].<ref name="obituary"/>

==Career==
Qasmi was appointed as a teacher at Darul Uloom Deoband in 1949.<ref name="fikreinqelab1">{{cite journal |editor1-last=Mahtab |editor1-first=Ahsan |title=Urdu Ke Farogh Mai Ulama-e-Deoband Ka 150 Saala Kirdar |journal=Fikr-e-Inqelab |date=16-31 January 2017 |volume=5 |issue=112 |page=289 |trans-title=150 year role of the scholars of Darul Uloom Deoband in the propagation of Urdu |publisher=All India Tanzeem Ulma-e-Haque Trust |language=ur}}</ref> In 1982, alongside [[Anzar Shah Kashmiri]], he co-founded [[Darul Uloom Waqf]] and was appointed its chief rector.<ref name="ilmgate">{{cite web |author1=Muhammadullah Khalili Qasmi |title=Mawlana Anzar Shah Kashmiri: A Tribute to His Life and Services |url=http://www.ilmgate.org/mawlana-anzar-shah-kashmiri-a-tribute-to-his-life-and-services/ |website=IlmGate.org |date=28 October 2010 |access-date=22 May 2019}}</ref><ref name="rising">{{cite web |title=Deoband rector Maulana Salim Qasmi no more |url=http://risingkashmir.com/news/deoband-rector-maulana-salim-qasmi-no-more |website=RisingKashmir.com |access-date=2 June 2019 |archive-date=24 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724012921/http://risingkashmir.com/news/deoband-rector-maulana-salim-qasmi-no-more |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="seminar">{{cite book |author1=M. Burhanuddin Qasmi |title=MAULANA MOHAMMAD SALIM QASMI AND HIS CONTRIBUTION THROUGH ALL INDIA MUSLIM PERSONAL LAW BOARD (AIMPLB) |url=https://www.academia.edu/37182650 |access-date=2 June 2019}}</ref>

Qasmi served as the vice-president of the [[All India Muslim Personal Law Board]] and as the president of [[All India Muslim Majlis-e-Mushawarat]]. He was a member of the [[Aligarh Muslim University]]'s Court, member of [[Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama]]'s advisory board and Managing Committee, and member of the [[Mazahir Uloom]]'s advisory board. He was a permanent member of the Fiqh Council of the [[Al-Azhar University]].<ref name="obituary" /> He patronised several institutions including Kul Hind Rabta Masajid and [[Islamic Fiqh Academy, India]].<ref name="ifa">{{cite book |title=A Brief Report (Islamic Fiqh Academy) Year 1989-2014 |publisher=[[Islamic Fiqh Academy, India]] |url=http://www.ifa-india.org/download.php?f=download/Brief_Report.pdf |access-date=2 June 2019 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="obituary" />

==Literary works==
He began his writing journey with ''[[Da'watul Haq]]''.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Qamruzzaman |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/57789 |title=Maulavi Wahiduzzaman Karanvi his contribution to Arabic language and literature in India |publisher=Aligarh Muslim University |year=2001 |p=112 |location=India |language=ar |hdl=10603/57789 |degree=PhD}}</ref> His works include:<ref name="chiefrector">{{cite web |title=Hazrat Maulana Muhammad Salim Qasmi (RA) |url=https://dud.edu.in/index.php/en?id=10 |website=dud.edu.in |access-date=2 June 2019}}</ref>
*''Mabaadi al Tarbiyat al Islami'' (Arabic)
*''Jaizah Tarjama Quran Karim''
*''Taajdar e Arze Haram ka Paigham''
*''Mardaan-e-Ghaazi''
*''Ek Azeem Tarikhi Khidmat''
*''Safar Nama Burma''
*''Khutbat e Khatibul Islam'' (collection of his speeches) has been published in 5 volumes.

==Awards and recognition==
Qasmi received the Nishan-e-Imtiyaz (Mark of Distinction) from the Government of Egypt for being a distinguished scholar of the Indian subcontinent.<ref name="obituary" /> He was conferred with the fourth Shah Waliullah Award and the Imam Muhammad Qasim Nanautawi Award in 2014.<ref name="waliullah">{{cite web |title=Waliullah Award presented to Maulana Salim |url=http://www.milligazette.com/news/11367-waliullah-award-presented-to-maulana-salim |website=MilliGazette.com |access-date=2 June 2019}}</ref><ref name="imamqasim">{{cite web |title=Imam Muhammad Qasim Nanotwi award to Maulana Salim Qasmi |url=http://www.milligazette.com/news/9927-imam-muhammad-qasim-nanotwi-award-to-maulana-salim-qasmi |website=MilliGazette.com |access-date=2 June 2019}}</ref>

==Death and legacy==
Muhammad Salim Qasmi died on Saturday 14 April 2018 in [[Deoband]], aged 92.<ref name="rising" /><ref name="ummid">{{cite web |title=Rector Darul Uloom Waqf, Deoband Maulana Mohammad Salim Qasmi dies at 92 |url=https://www.ummid.com/news/2018/April/14.04.2018/muhammad-salim-qasmi-passes-away.html |website=Ummid.com |access-date=2 June 2019}}</ref> [[Darul Uloom Waqf, Deoband#Hujjatul Islam Academy|Hujjatul Islam Academy]] held a 3 days international seminar in August 2018 on ''The Life and Achievements of Qasmi''.<ref name="seminar" /> His son [[Muhammad Sufyan Qasmi]] has been the rector of [[Darul Uloom Waqf, Deoband]] since 3 September 2014.<ref name="dud">{{cite web |title=Maulana Mohammad Sufyan Qasmi, The Rector, Jamia Islamia Darul Uloom Waqf, Deoband |url=https://dud.edu.in/index.php/en?id=12 |website=dud.edu.in |access-date=28 March 2020}}</ref>
[[Jamiatul Qasim Darul Uloom Al-Islamiah]] organized a one-day seminar in collaboration with the Islamic Studies department of [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] on Qasmi's life and works. The seminar was held in the Ansari Auditorium of the [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] and was attended by [[Akhtarul Wasey]].<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://newsinkhabar.com/maulana-salim-qasmi-was-flag-bearer-of-unity/| title=مولانا محمد سالم قاسمی اتحاد امت کے عظیم پیامبر تھے: مقررین| date=3 March 2019| access-date=24 May 2020| archive-date=29 March 2020| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329001725/http://newsinkhabar.com/maulana-salim-qasmi-was-flag-bearer-of-unity/| url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Qasmi family}}
{{Darul Uloom Deoband}}
{{Hanafi scholars}}
{{Maturidi}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:1926 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Al-Azhar University]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Darul Uloom Deoband]]
[[Category:Burials at Qasmi Cemetery]]
[[Category:Darul Uloom Deoband alumni]]
[[Category:Deobandis]]
[[Category:Hanafis]]
[[Category:Maturidis]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Qasmi family]]

Pazhayakoottukar

2025-12-20T03:49:39Z

CourtneySugden: creating the article w/ sources - done

{{Short description|Historical Indian Christian denomination}}

{{Nasrani people}}
{{Christianity in India sidebar}}
The '''''Paḻayakūṟ''''' ('''''Pazhayakoor'''''; [[English language|English]]: "Old Allegiance"), also known as '''Romo-Syrians'''<ref name="MS">{{cite book |last= |first= |title=The Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society. Vol.3 |date=1911 |publisher=Mythic Society |page=141 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4JtEAQAAMAAJ |language=en |quote=This incident marks an epoch in the history of the Syrian Church, and led to a separation of the community into parties, namely the Pazhayakuru (the Romo-Syrians) who adhered to the Church of Rome according to the Synod at Diamper; and the Puttankuru, the Jacobite Syrians, who after the oath of the Coonan Cross got Mar Gregory from Antioch, acknowledged the spiritual supremacy thereof. The former owed its foundation to the Archbishop Menezes and the Synod at Diamper in 1599 and its reconciliation after the revolt to the Carmelite Bishop Father Joseph of St.Mary whom the Pope appointed in 1659.}}</ref> or '''Syrian Catholics of Malabar''', are the [[Saint Thomas Christian]]s who use the [[East Syriac Rite]] and claim apostolic origin from the Indian mission of [[Thomas the Apostle]] in the 1st century AD.

The Saint Thomas Christians were originally in full communion with the [[Church of the East]] in Persia, from whom they inherited the East Syriac liturgical rite. Through the [[Schism of 1552]], a faction of the Church of the East entered the [[Catholic Church]]. Following the 1599 [[Synod of Diamper]], they were placed under the [[Latin Church]]'s ''[[Padroado]]'' missionaries, who took over the jurisdiction of [[India (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)|Angamaly]].{{sfnp|Koonammakkal|2013}}{{sfnp|Malekandathil|2013}}{{efn|"In the travelogue [[Varthamanappusthakam]] (dated to 1790) written by [[Paremmakkal Thoma Kathanar]], the author uses the terms ''Malankara Pallikkar'', ''Malankara Idavaka'', ''Malankara Sabha'' etc. to refer the Syrian Catholic community.<ref name="VP-OIRSI">{{cite book |last=Thoma Kathanar|first=Paremmakkal |title=Varthamanappusthakam (Translation of John Malieckal) |date=2014|publisher=Oriental Institute of Religious Studies India Publications, Vadavathoor|page= |isbn=978-93-82762-15-7}}</ref> In modern day ecclesiastic language “Malankara” denote the West Syriac rite of the “Malankra Orthodox”, “Malankara Jacobite”, “Malankara Mar Thoma” and “Syro Malankra”. The “ Malabar” denote the East Syriac rite of the “ Syro Malabar Church”.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nasrani.net/2010/08/23/the-varthamanappusthakam-cathanar-paremmakkal/|website=nasrani.net|access-date=23 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130427073541/http://nasrani.net/2010/08/23/the-varthamanappusthakam-cathanar-paremmakkal/|archive-date=27 April 2013 |title="THE VARTHAMANAPPUSTHAKAM" written by Cathanar Thomman Paremmakkal |url-status=live|quote=The Author mostly uses the term ‘Malankara’ in Varthamanappusthakam to represent Catholics of those times. It has been rendered in translation as “Malabar”. Both “ Malankara” and “Malabar” stands for the same region. In today’s ecclesiastic language “ Malankara” denote the West Syriac rite of the “Malankra Orthodox”, “Malankara Jacobite”, “Malankara Mar Thoma” and “Syro Malankra”. The “ Malabar” denote the East Syriac rite of the “ Syro Malabar Church”.}}</ref>}} After the [[Coonan Cross Oath]] of 1653, which constituted a secession from the ''Padroado'', the ''Paḻayakūṟ'' quickly returned to the Catholic Church as East Syriac Catholics under Archbishop [[Palliveettil Chandy]].{{sfnp|Perczel|2013|p=417}}

Chandy's followers eventually became the [[Syro-Malabar Church]], an [[Eastern Catholic Churches|Eastern Catholic Church]] in full communion with the [[Holy See]]. Another group within the ''Paḻayakūṟ'' returned to the traditions of the Church of the East and became the [[Chaldean Syrian Church]], now part of the [[Assyrian Church of the East]].{{sfnp|Perczel|2013|p=435-436}}

==Origin==
===Early history of Christianity in India===
Traditionally, Thomas the Apostle is credited for the establishment of Christianity in India. He is believed to have come to [[Muziris]] on the [[Malabar coast]], which is in [[Kerala]], in AD 52.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/how-christianity-came-to-india-kerala-180958117/|title=The Surprisingly Early History of Christianity in India|first=Lynn Johnson, Paul|last=Zacharia|website=Smithsonian Magazine}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://stthoma.com/|title=Thomas The Apostole|date=8 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110208073816/http://stthoma.com/|archive-date=8 February 2011}}</ref><ref name="Erwin Fahlbusch">{{cite book|last1=Fahlbusch|first1=Erwin|author-link1=Erwin Fahlbusch|last2=Bromiley|first2=Geoffrey William|author-link2=Geoffrey W. Bromiley|last3=Lochman|first3=Jan Milic|author-link3=Jan Milic Lochman|title=The Encyclodedia of Christianity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lZUBZlth2qgC|year=2008|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|isbn=978-0-8028-2417-2|page=285}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4970452.stm|title= Search for India's ancient city|date= 11 June 2006}}</ref>

The Jewish community in India are known to have existed in Kerala in the 1st century AD,<ref name="Orpa Slapak">{{cite book|author=Israel Museum|author-link=Israel Museum|title=The Jews of India: A Story of Three Communities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qhKGPprbQaYC|year=1995|publisher=UPNE|isbn=978-965-278-179-6|page=27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Bayly|first=Susan|author-link=Susan Bayly|title=Saints, Goddesses and Kings: Muslims and Christians in South Indian Society, 1700–1900|year=2004|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521891035|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fxqtx8SflEsC|page=244}}</ref> and it was possible for an [[Aramaic]]-speaking [[Jew]], such as St. Thomas from [[Galilee]], to make a trip to Kerala then.<ref name="Puthiakunnel">{{cite encyclopaedia|first=Thomas|last= Puthiakunnel|year=1973|title=Jewish colonies of India paved the way for St. Thomas|encyclopaedia=The Saint Thomas Christian Encyclopedia of India|editor=George Menachery|volume= II|location=Trichur}}</ref> The earliest known source connecting the Apostle to India is the ''[[Acts of Thomas]]'', likely written in the early 3rd century, perhaps in [[Edessa, Mesopotamia|Edessa]].{{efn|{{sfn|Frykenberg|2008|p=99}}<ref>{{cite book |title= The Acts of Thomas: Introduction, Text, and Commentary |last= Klijn |first= Albertus Frederik Johannes |year= 2003 |publisher= BRILL |isbn= 90-04-12937-5 |page= 15 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=MuVHh60YC4UC}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |first=Jeff W. |last=Childers|title=Thomas, Acts of. |encyclopedia=Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage: Electronic Edition |editor1=Sebastian P. Brock |editor2=Aaron M. Butts |editor3=George A. Kiraz |editor4=Lucas Van Rompay |url=https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Thomas-Acts-of |publisher=Gorgias Press|year=2011|access-date=22 September 2016}}</ref>{{sfnp|Medlycott|1912}}}}
The tradition of origin of the Christians in Kerala is found in a version of the Songs of Thomas or ''Thomma Parvam'',<ref>{{Cite book|last=Frykenberg|first=Robert E.|title=Christianity in India: From Beginnings to the Present|year=2008|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780198263777|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mXgSDAAAQBAJ}}</ref><ref name="Ramban">"The Song of Thomas Ramban" in Menachery G (ed); (1998) "The Indian Church History Classics", Vol. I, The Nazranies, Ollur, 1998. {{ISBN|81-87133-05-8}}</ref> in which, Thomas is described as arriving in or around [[Maliankara]] and founding Seven Churches, or ''[[Ezharappallikal|Ezharapallikal]]'': [[Kodungallur]], [[Kottakkavu Mar Thoma Syro-Malabar Church, North Paravur|Kottakavu]], [[St. Thomas Syro-Malabar Church, Palayoor|Palayoor]], [[St. Thomas Church, Kokkamangalam|Kokkamangalam]], [[St. Thomas Church, Angamoozhy|Nilackal]], [[St. Mary's Church, Niranam|Niranam]] and [[Kollam]].<ref>{{cite book |last= Whitehouse |first= Thomas |title=Lingerings of light in a dark land: Researches into the Syrian church of Malabar|date=1873 |publisher=William Brown and Co. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ie4CAAAAQAAJ |language=en|pages=23–42}}</ref> Some other churches, namely [[Thiruvithamcode Arappally]] (a "half church"),<ref>{{cite book | title = The pastoral care of the Syro-Malabar Catholic migrants | author = James Arampulickal | publisher = Oriental Institute of Religious Studies, India Publications | year = 1994 | page = 40 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title = Orientalia christiana periodica: Commentaril de re orientali ...: Volumes 17–18 | publisher = Pontificium Institutum Orientalium Studiorum | year = 1951 | page = 233 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book| author = Adrian Hastings| title = A World History of Christianity| date = 15 August 2000| publisher = Wm. B. Eerdmans| isbn = 978-0-8028-4875-8| page = 149 }}</ref> [[St. Thomas Syro-Malabar Church, Malayattoor|Malayattoor]] and [[St. George's Syro-Malabar Catholic Forane Church, Aruvithura|Aruvithura]] are often called ''Arappallikal''.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Department of Tourism|title=Seven and half Churches (Ezhara Pallikal)|url=https://www.keralatourism.org/christianity/seven-half-churches/7}}</ref> The ''Thomma Parvam'' further narrates St Thomas's mission in the rest of South India and his martyrdom at [[Mylapore]] in present-day [[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu.{{sfn|Frykenberg|2008|p=99}}{{sfn|Mundadan|Thekkedath|1982|pp=30–32}}

===Church of the East in India===
An organized Christian presence in India dates to the arrival of [[East Syriac Rite|East Syriac]] settlers and missionaries from [[Persia]], members of what would become the [[Church of the East]], in around the 3rd century.{{sfnp|Medlycott|1912}} Saint Thomas Christians trace the further growth of their community to the arrival of Jewish-Christians from the region of Mesopotamia led by [[Thomas of Cana|Knāi Thoma]], which is said to have occurred in 345.{{sfnp|Medlycott|1912}} However, most experts believe that the arrival of Knai Thoma must have occurred in the ninth century.{{sfnp|Perczel|2018}} The subgroup of the Saint Thomas Christians known as the [[Knanaya]] or Southists trace their lineage to Thomas of Cana, while the group known as the [[Northists]] claim descent from the early Christians evangelized by Thomas the Apostle.{{sfnp|Perczel|2018}} [[Byzantine]] traveller [[Cosmas Indicopleustes]] wrote of Syrian Christians he met in India and [[Sri Lanka]] in the 6th century.<ref name="Indicopleustes2010">{{cite book|author=Cosmas Indicopleustes|editor=J. W. McCrindle|title=The Christian Topography of Cosmas, an Egyptian Monk: Translated from the Greek, and Edited with Notes and Introduction|date=24 June 2010|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cp9S9o5lj5oC&pg=PA119|access-date=3 November 2012|edition=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-108-01295-9|pages=48, 119–120, 365–366}}</ref>
<blockquote>Even in Taprobané [Sri Lanka], an island in Further India, where the Indian sea is, there is a Church of Christians, with clergy and a body of believers, but I know not whether there be any Christians in the parts beyond it. In the country. called Malé [Malabar],' where the pepper grows, there is also a church, and at another place called [[Kalyan|Calliana]] there is moreover a bishop, who is appointed from Persia.</blockquote>
Until the seventh century, the Saint Thomas Christians were included in the [[Fars (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)|Metropolitanate of Persia]]. The metropolitan of [[Rev Ardashir]], the head of the province, used to consecrated bishops for the Diocese of India. Patriarch [[Ishoyahb III]] (650-660) criticises [[Shemʿon of Rev Ardashir|Shemʿon]], metropolitan of Rev Ardashir:
<blockquote>"As far as your province is concerned, from the time you showed recalcitrance against ecclesiastical canons, the episcopal succession has been interrupted in India, and this country has since sat in darkness, far from the light of divine teaching by means of rightful bishops: not only India that extends from the borders of the Persian empire, to the country which is called Kaleh, which is a distance of one thousand and two hundred [[parasang]]s, but even your own Persia."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Neill|first=Stephen|author-link=Stephen Neill|title=A History of Christianity in India: The Beginnings to AD 1707|year=2004|orig-year=1984|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521548854|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RH4VPgB__GQC|page=45}}</ref></blockquote>
The port at [[Kollam]], then known as Quilon, was founded in 825 by Maruvān Sapir Iso, a Persian Christian merchant, with sanction from Ayyanadikal Thiruvadikal, the king of the independent [[Venad]] or the State of Quilon, a feudatory under [[Sthanu Ravi Varma]] ''[[Chera Perumals of Makotai|Perumal]]'' of the [[Chera dynasty|Chera]] kingdom.{{sfnp|Perczel|2018}} Sapir Iso was the East Syriac Christian merchant who led the East Syriac bishops [[Mar Sabor and Mar Proth]] to the Christians of Malabar. The two bishops were instrumental in founding many Christian churches with Syrian liturgy along the Malabar coast and were venerated as ''[[Kantheesangal|Qandishangal]]'' (saints) since then by the Thomas Christians.{{sfnp|Perczel|2018}} It was during this period that Christians disappeared from the [[Coromandel Coast]].{{sfnp|Perczel|2018}}

===Chaldean metropolitans and the Portuguese===
Following the [[schism of 1552]] in the Church of the East, when Monk [[Yohannan Sulaqa]] and his followers joined the Catholic Church, forming the [[Chaldean Catholic Church]], both the traditional and the Chaldean Catholic factions sent bishops to India.{{sfnp|Baum|Winkler|2003|pp=106–111}} The first of the Chaldean Catholic bishops in India was [[Yawsep Sulaqa]], the brother of Yohannan Sulaqa.{{sfnp|Takahashi|2011a}} Another bishop, [[Abraham of Angamaly|Abraham]], arrived in India as a traditionalist bishop but later joined the Catholic faction.{{sfnp|Brock|2011a}}

==Synod of Diamper and Coonan Cross Oath==
Abraham was to become the last Chaldean bishop to govern the undivided Saint Thomas Christian community. Following his death in 1597, the Portuguese missionaries, who had arrived along with the [[Portuguese Empire|colonial]] traders to India, started a vigorous and comprehensive process of [[Latinisation of liturgy|Latinisation in liturgy]] and discipline among the local Christians and prevented other East Syriac bishops from reaching Malabar.{{sfnp|Takahashi|2011a}} These efforts culminated in the so-called [[Synod of Diamper]] (1599), the local clergy was forced to reject the Chaldean Catholic [[Patriarch of Babylon for the Chaldeans|patriarch of Babylon]], who in fact was in full communion with Rome at that time, as a [[Nestorianism|Nestorian]] heretic and schismatic.{{sfn|Winkler|2018|pp=130}}{{sfnp|Takahashi|2011a}} The Portuguese, who controlled the maritime routes to India at that time, continued to block the arrival of eastern bishops. They occupied the diocesan administration of the Saint Thomas Christians and deprived the [[Archdeacon of India|archdeacon]] of his traditional rights.{{sfnp|Neill|2004|pp=208–210}} The wait of Syrian Christians for a Syrian bishop to restore their past ecclesiastical dignity and autonomy seemingly came to an end in the arrival of [[Ahatallah|Ahattalla]], a West Syriac bishop. But the Portuguese prevented Ahattalla from entering Malabar, despite the prayers of Archdeacon [[Thoma I|Thoma Parambil]] and the local Christians in 1653. This provoked a strong reaction from the local Christians, led by the archdeacon, in the form of the [[Coonan Cross Oath]].{{sfnp|Neill|2004|pp=316–319}}{{sfnp|Brock|2011a}} Although the exact wording of the oath is disputed, its effect was the severing of the relationship between the local Christians and the Portuguese and the proclamation of the archdeacon as their new metropolitan with the title 'Mar Thoma'.<ref name=Gazette>{{cite book |title=Census of India (1961: Kerala)|year=1965 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0JCaAAAAIAAJ|language=en|page=111}}</ref>{{sfnp|Neill|2004|p=319}}

==Schism==
Following the [[Synod of Diamper]] held in 1599 and organised by [[Aleixo de Menezes]], the [[Patriarchate of the East Indies|Primate of East Indies]] and [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Goa and Daman|Archbishop of Goa]], many traditions and numerous Syriac books of the native Saint Thomas Christians were condemned. Although the Synod proposed a highly Latinised form of liturgy, it was resisted by most of them.{{sfnp|Perczel|2013|p=415}} [[Francisco Ros]], the Latin Jesuit bishop who was appointed to the now downgraded [[Archdiocese of Cranganore|bishopric of Angamaly]], openly renounced the Synod of Diamper and called for a new synod at Angamaly to substitute it.<ref name=Shalom/> This [[second Synod of Angamaly]] implemented a Latinised form of the Chaldean Rite among the Saint Thomas Christians.<ref name=Shalom>{{cite web |url=http://in.sundayshalom.com/?p=1814 |title=മരിച്ചാലും മരിക്കാത്ത മാർ അബ്രഹാം | IN Sunday Shalom |access-date=2015-10-24|language=ml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035831/http://in.sundayshalom.com/?p=1814 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Being, a highly skilled Syriacist, this new Syriac liturgy was introduced by Roz himself. The text of the new liturgy largely consisted of translations from the Latin and intended to re-place the original East Syriac (Chaldean) rite of the local Christians.

===Reunion with Rome ===
In 1656, Pope sent an Italian '[[Discalced Carmelites|Disclaced' Carmelite]] priest named [[Giuseppe Maria Sebastiani]] with the aim of bringing back the Saint Thomas Christians who had separated themselves from the jurisdiction of the existing Catholic bishop through the Coonan Cross Oath.{{sfnp|Mundadan|Thekkedath|1982|pp=96–100}} In 1659, Sebastiani was appointed as [[Apostolic vicar of Malabar]] with the faculty of appointing a new bishop from the native Christians replacing the Portuguese bishop. He consecrated [[Palliveettil Chandy|Chandy Parambil]] as the local bishop in 1663, after the [[Dutch East India Company|Dutch]], having defeated the Portuguese, banned other Europeans from operating in [[Malabar Coast|Malabar]].{{sfnp|Brock|2011d}}{{sfnp|Fenwick|2009|p=131}}

===Liturgical change and schism===
With the presence of another local and validly appointed bishop, Thoma's authority increasingly began to be questioned and people abandoned him. With this, Thomas wrote letters seeking help from non-Eastern churches.{{sfnp|Fenwick|2009|p=131—132}} In response, a [[Syriac Orthodox]] bishop named [[Gregorios Abdal Jaleel|Gregorios Abdal Jalīl]] arrived in Malabar in 1665 and regularised Thoma's episcopacy.{{sfnp|Brock|2011a}} Succeeding Thoma, senior priests in his [[Pakalomattam family|Pakalōmaṯṯam]] dynastic line took over as the leaders of the faction that remained aligned to him. They too maintained strong relations with the Syriac Orthodox Church. Over time, they adopted the West Syriac Rite instead of the old East Syriac Rite. Thus the split in the Saint Thomas Christian community solidified and those who descend from Thoma's faction came to be called {{lang|ml|[[Puthankoottukar]]}} ({{transliteration|ml|Puttankūṯṯukāṟ}} or 'those of the new allegiance') and those of Chandy came to be called {{lang|ml|Pazhayakoottukar}} ({{transliteration|ml|Paḻayakūṯṯukāṟ}} or 'those of the old allegiance').{{sfnp|Perczel |2013| p= 425}}{{sfnp|Fenwick|2009|p=136—137}}

The ''Puthankoottukar'' gradually shifted to West Syriac Rite and Miaphysitism. However, the majority among the ''Pazhayakoottukar'' also resisted the latinisation and a long struggle began for maintaining the Chaldaean rite and the contact with both the patriarchates of the Church of the East while identifying themselves Catholic in communion with the Holy See of Rome.{{sfnp|Perczel|2013|p=415}}

==''Propaganda'' rule==
Bishop [[Palliveettil Chandy]] tried to consecrate [[Thoma II]], the leader of the ''Puthenkoor'', as his successor, in an attempt to reunify both the ''Puthenkoor'' and the ''Pazhayakoor'' under a common Catholic hierarchy. However, this attempt was spoiled by the missionaries. Meanwhile, the missionaries assured Chandy that his successor will be a native. Hence, Chandy held his archdeacon as his rightful successor. But after Chandy's death, the missionaries appointed a half-Indian Portuguese, Raphael Figueredo ({{circa|d. 1695}}) as the [[Vicar Apostolic of Malabar]] for Saint Thomas Christians.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nasrani.net/2007/01/14/saint-thomas-christians-history-of-divisions-churches/|title=Division and rite of churches|date=14 January 2007}}</ref> This appointment shook the confidence they had in the ''propaganda'' Carmelites and quarrels started to escalate. Many churches protested against the move and some even joined Thoma II.{{sfnp|Mundadan|1984|p=53}} Soon, Bishop Raphael Figueredo also lost the favour of the Carmelites and he was replaced with [[Custodio do Pinho|Custodius de Pinho]] ({{circa|d. 1697}}) as the Vicar Apostolic of Malabar. Chandy died in 1687 and with him the initial attempts for reunification of both factions also died out.{{sfnp|Mundadan|1984|p=53}}

==East Syriac attempts to Reunion==
===Metropolitan Shemʿon and his mission in Malabar===
During this time, Metropolitan Shemʿon of ʿAda (d. {{circa}} 1720)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bdomins.html|title=Archbishop Simon Dominicus [Catholic-hierarchy]}}</ref> arrived in India. He was originally sent by Patriarch [[Eliya IX|Eliah IX Yohannan Augen]] of the [[List of Patriarchs of the Church of the East#Patriarchal lines from the schism of 1552 until 1830|'Eliah' Patriarchate]] of the Church of the East and was previously his representative in Rome to discuss Church union.{{sfnp|Perczel|2013|p=428}} He travelled to India in a Portuguese ship and reached Goa. However he was arrested and deported. Later he approached the 'Josephite' Patriarchate and made a Catholic profession of faith. He was consequently appointed as Metropolitan by Patriarch [[Joseph II (Chaldean Patriarch)|Joseph II]] for the faithful in India.<ref>{{cite journal|editor-last=Samir|editor-first=K.|title=La Relation du Voyage en Inde en 1701 du Métropolite chaldéen Simon (†16 Août 1720)|url=http://documents.irevues.inist.fr/handle/2042/35114|journal=Parole de l'Orient |date=1979|volume=IX|pages=277–303|language=French|access-date=2010-11-24}}</ref> He travelled to India once again and reached [[Surat]].{{sfnp|Perczel|2013|p=428}} There, he was detained in a ''[[Franciscans|Capuchin]]'' monastery. He informed that he was a Catholic bishop sent from the Chaldean Patriarch.{{sfnp|Perczel|2013|p=428}} Moreover, during the same time the Rome wanted to curtail the ''Padroado'' authority in India, through the ''propaganda'' administration.{{sfnp|Perczel|2013|p=428}} Rome had appointed Angelo Francisco Vigliotti, a Carmelite missionary, to be the future bishop of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Verapoly|Verapoly]]. This plan would enable Rome to surpass the ''Padroado'' administration in India. Fearing about these plans and reluctant to share authority, the ''Padroado'' declined the request to consecrate the newly appointed bishop-elect.{{sfnp|Perczel|2013|p=428}} Therefore, the missionaries accepted Shemʿon's Catholic faith just in order to make him consecrate the Carmelite bishop. On 22 May 1701, Shemʿon was escorted to [[Alangad]], where he was made to consecrate Angelo Francisco at midnight.{{sfnp|Neill|2002|p=60}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bastaf.html|title=Bishop Angelo Vigliotti [Catholic-hierarchy]}}</ref>{{sfnp|Perczel|2013|p=428}} The Carmelites took every precaution so that he could not meet anyone from the Saint Thomas Christians. He was then secretly deported to [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]].{{sfnp|Perczel|2013|p=428}} There he lived in home custody until his death on 16 August 1720.{{sfn|Samir|1979}}{{sfnp|Perczel|2013|p=428}} Although all these happened in utmost secrecy, a letter that he sent from the Capuchin monastery of Surat to the Saint Thomas Christians, was preserved and his memory was cherished by them. Shemʿon's dead body was found in a well near where he was detained in Pondicherry and thus the Saint Thomas Christians believed that he was murdered by the missionaries.{{sfnp|Perczel|2013|p=428-429}} His tragedy inspired them and he was hailed as a martyr for the efforts to maintain the Church of the East's jurisdiction and East Syriac Rite among them.{{sfnp|Perczel|2013|p=428-429}}

[[File:Alangad Syro-Malabar Church.jpg|thumb|St. Mary's Syro-Malabar Church, Alangad]]

An excerpt from the letter of Metropolitan Shemʿon addressed to the Saint Thomas Christians in MS Mannanam Mal 14, 46r-45v folios:
<blockquote>After praying that you be in spiritual peace and enquiring about your condition I let it know to your graceful love that I came from Mar Eliah, Patriarch of the East; let his glorious see be fortified! Amen. First I went to Jerusalem and from there I went to the great Rome and to Spain and to the land of Portugal; from there I came to the land of India, to the city of Anjuna and asked about you and he [whom I asked] told me: “Those people are not here, the people whom you seek, but go to the city of Surat, there you will find them.” I went to Surat and did not see anybody from among you, but I saw a Jew and a book [letter] of yours was with him. I took it from him, kissed it and read, rejoiced very much and asked him: “Where would be these Christians?” - and he told me: “In the land of Kochi.”.....</blockquote>

===Metropolitan Gabriel and his temporary success===
[[File:Mar Gabriel of Ardishai.jpg|thumb]]
By 1705, another East Syrian bishop was working in Southern Malabar, sent by the Catholicos of the East, Patriarch [[Eliya X|Eliah X Augen]].{{sfnp|Perczel|2013|p=429}}<ref>{{Cite book|last=Brown|first=Leslie W.|title=The Indian Christians of St Thomas: An Account of the Ancient Syrian Church of Malabar|year=1956|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H9gYAAAAIAAJ|pages=115–117}}</ref>{{sfn|Mooken|1977|p=50-51}} His mission was roughly coterminous with that of Shemʿon of ʿAda, however much more fruitful.<ref name=Neill>{{Cite book|last=Neill|first=Stephen|author-link=Stephen Neill|title=A History of Christianity in India: 1707-1858|year=2002|orig-year=1985|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xi-tvrYbYxMC|pages=62–65|isbn=9780521893329}}</ref> He was Gabriel of Ardishai, the Metropolitan of Azerbaijan.{{sfnp|Perczel|2013|p=429}}{{sfn|Mooken|1983|p=25-26}}
Unlike Metropolitan Shem˓on, Gabriel neither explicitly claim to be Chaldean Catholic bishop nor was he interested in a friendship with the Latin missionaries.{{sfnp|Perczel|2013|p=429-430}} However, he implicitly presented himself as a Catholic bishop sent from the Chaldean Patriarchate.{{sfnp|Perczel|2013|p=430}} Previously he was in Rome and he had interactions with the ''Propaganda'' in an aim to get approval as the bishop for Saint Thomas Christians.{{sfnp|Perczel|2013|p=430}} In 1704, he wrote profession faith to be examined. However it was rejected by the ''Propaganda'' as they found it unsound to Catholic doctrine. He was asked to make necessary corrections, which he did not and without getting Rome's approval, he made his journey to Malabar.{{sfnp|Perczel|2013|p=430}}

However, in one of his two letters preserved in the Saint Joseph's Monastery at Mannanam, dated 1708, he makes a perfect Catholic confession of "the Lady Mary the Mother of God and Ever virgin Mary" and sent it to Angelo Francisco.{{sfnp|Perczel|2013|p=430}} Gabriel then declares that he is the “Metropolitan of all India of the Syrians”. The second letter is written in 1712 and is entitled
"Letter of Gabriel Metropolitan of all India". In it, Gabriel answers an inquiry from the ''Paḻayakūṟ'' faithful concerning his faith: “If you ask me about my faith, my faith is like the faith of the holy Lord Pope”.{{sfnp|Perczel|2013|p=430}}

[[File:Cathedral Changancherry.jpg|thumb|Changanassery church]]
Meanwhile, Giuseppe Sagribanti, Prefect of the ''Propaganda'' and writing in the name of Pope [[Pope Innocent XIII|Innocent XIII]], rejects his claims by saying that Gabriel has no authority from the Pope.{{sfnp|Perczel|2013|p=430}} In 1712, the ''Propaganda'' sent him another letter, ordering him to retreat from Malabar to his flock in Azerbaijan.{{sfnp|Perczel|2013|p=430}} Meanwhile, Gabriel ignored the letters of the ''Propaganda'' and instead of making a new confession of faith to be sent to Rome, he made the aforementioned confession of faith in a letter addressed to Angelo Francisco in order to make peace with him and with the Carmelites residing in Malabar.{{sfnp|Perczel|2013|p=430-431}} Gabriel was then residing near the [[St. Mary's Metropolitan Cathedral, Changanassery|church in Changanassery]]. In the letter, it is also declared among other things that Gabriel was celebrating the Eucharist with unleavened bread.{{sfnp|Perczel|2013|p=431}} However, it is clear that he used both leavened and unleavened bread opportunistically.{{sfnp|Perczel|2013|p=431}}
Meanwhile, Angelo Francisco received the letter of Giuseppe Sagribanti that alerted the Carmelites.{{sfnp|Perczel|2013|p=431}} They were successful in persuading the natives and thereby ousting Gabriel from the [[Changanassery]]. Gabriel then found residence in [[St. Mary's Malankara Orthodox Church, Kottayam|Kottayam Minor church]]. This church was then used by both factions of Saint Thomas Christians.{{sfnp|Neill|2002|p=62}} Individuals and families belonging to both factions had close relationships and the allegiance to the faction to which one belonged often owed more to local reasons than to faith. Opposition and rivalries was more personal than theological.{{sfnp|Neill|2002|p=62}}

[[File:Kottayam Cheriapally.jpg|thumb|Kottayam Minor Church]]

During this period, the leader of the ''Puthenkur'' was Thoma IV ({{circa|d. 1728}}).{{sfnp|Neill|2002|p=62}} Gabriel opposed him and was successful in winning back a number of churches and faithful from his faction.{{sfnp|Neill|2002|p=62}} Many churches from the ''Paḻayakūṟ'' also joined him. He claimed to have secured about 44 churches in his leadership.{{sfnp|Visscher|1862|p=109}} Thoma IV was by this time a supporter of Miaphysitism, brought by the Syriac Orthodox prelates, and he regarded Gabriel as a Nestorian heretic.{{sfnp|Neill|2002|p=62}} In 1709, he wrote a letter to the Syriac Orthodox Patriarch, pleading that bishops be sent to aid him in countering Gabriel's arguments.{{sfnp|Neill|2002|p=62}}

Gabriel strongly opposed the Portuguese but sought the support of the Dutch. His letter to [[:nl:Jacobus Canter Visscher|Jacobus Canter Visscher]], a Dutch chaplain at Kochi,{{sfnp|Neill|2002|p=62}} gives an apologetic detail of the history of Christianity in India and expresses staunch opposition to the Portuguese missionaries. Following is an excerpt from the letter, entitled "The antiquity of the Syrian Christians, and Historical events relating to them", addressed to Visscher:
<blockquote>And in the days of this persecution, the upright, God-fearing, justice-loving, and peaceable Dutch were sent to Malabar by the inspiration of Almighty God and by order of the East India Company, under the command of the noble Lord Admiral Ryklop van Goens, and like as the heathen were driven out of the land of Isso Biranon Kinan [Canaan] so have they driven the worse than heathen Portuguese out of Cochin and other cities and fortresses of Malabar; and through Divine Providence the Syrian christians have been from that time forward protected and defended from them, and their pastors have again visited this country without let or hindrance.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Letters from Malabar, Tr.: To Which is Added an Account of Travancore, and Fra Bartolomeo's Travels in That Country. By H. Drury|editor=Heber Drury|author-link=:nl:Jacobus Canter Visscher|last=Visscher|first=Jacobus Canter|year=1862|title=Letter XVI|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LDUBAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA105|pages=105–109}}</ref></blockquote>
Gabriel received certain amount of support and favour from the Dutch and he remained in India until his death in 1731.{{sfnp|Neill|2002|p=62}} Visscher gives the following account of Metropolitan Gabriel:
<blockquote>Mar Gabriel, a white man, and sent hither from Bagdad, is aged and venerable in appearance, and dresses nearly in the same fashion as the Jewish priests of old, wearing a cap fashioned like a turban, and a long white beard. He is courteous and God-fearing, and not at all addicted to extravagant pomp. Round his neck he wears a golden crucifix. He lives with the utmost sobriety, abstaining from all animal food ... He holds the Nestorian doctrine respecting the union of the two natures in our Saviour's person.{{sfnp|Neill|2002|p=62}}</blockquote>

Under the protection of the Dutch, he was able to mount a strong resistance against the Carmelite missionaries and also Thoma IV, the Syriac-Orthodox-leaning Puthenkoor leader, until his death. However he failed to establish a continuous line of succession in India and his followers had to return to their previous allegiances after his death.

==Indigenous attempts for reunification==
Following the arrival of West Syriac prelates in 1751, [[Dionysius I, Metropolitan of Malankara|Thoma VI]], the leader of the ''Puthenkūr'' was troubled by their increasing influence among his faction.<ref name=Fenwick/> Therefore, in order to reunite his faction with the ''Paḻayakūṟ'' and thus to prevent the West Syriac prelates, he initiated efforts to submit to the Pope and profess the Catholic creed.{{sfnp|Neill|2002|p=68 – 69}} However, the Carmelite missionaries working among the ''Pazhayakūr'' were reluctant to reciprocate to his efforts fearing that the indigenous bishop would take away their authority and influence over the faction after the proposed reunification of the Saint Thomas Christians was fulfilled.{{sfnp|Malekandathil|2013}} [[Baselios Sakralla III of Aleppo|Baselios Shakrallah Qasabgi]], the head of the Syriac Orthodox delegation, consecrated Kurian Kattumangat as Bishop Abraham Koorilose in 1764.<ref name=Fenwick>{{cite encyclopedia |first=John R. K.|last=Fenwick |title=Malabar Independent Syrian Church |encyclopedia=Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage: Electronic Edition |editor1=Sebastian P. Brock |editor2=Aaron M. Butts |editor3=George A. Kiraz |editor4=Lucas Van Rompay |url=https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Malabar-Independent-Syrian-Church |publisher=Gorgias Press|year=2011|access-date=22 September 2016}}</ref> These West Syriac bishops were skeptical about the validity of Sacraments administered by Thoma VI.{{sfnp|Malekandathil|2013}} They often re-ordained priests who were already ordained by him.{{sfnp|Malekandathil|2013}} Very often they appointed their own candidates as priests without even consulting the native bishop. They were in a process of replacing the Latinised East Syriac Rite and traditions of the ''Putthenkūṟ'' with a separate West Syriac identity.{{sfnp|Malekandathil|2013}} They insisted on removing from the churches of ''Putthenkur'' crucifixes and statues of saints and Mary, which were kept and venerated in these churches ever since the onset of Portuguese influence among them.{{sfnp|Malekandathil|2013}} This led to frequent conflicts between the adherents of new rite and those following the old.{{sfnp|Malekandathil|2013}} This led to eventual division of churches between ''Paḻayakūṟ'' and the ''Putthenkūṟ'' fractions of the St.Thomas Christians.{{sfnp|Malekandathil|2013}} By 1770, the prelates forced Thoma VI to be reconsecrated as 'Dionysios I'.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |first=Thomas|last=Joseph|title=Malankara Syriac Orthodox Church|encyclopedia=Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage: Electronic Edition |editor1=Sebastian P. Brock |editor2=Aaron M. Butts |editor3=George A. Kiraz |editor4=Lucas Van Rompay
|url=https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Malankara-Syriac-Orthodox-Church |publisher=Gorgias Press|year=2011|access-date=22 September 2016}}</ref><ref name=Fenwick/> Thoma VI had to receive all orders of priesthood from the tonsure to the episcopal consecration.{{sfnp|Neill|2004|p=67 – 68}} Thoma VI received support from ''Pazhayakūr'' leaders, who informed him of the ill-treatment and discrimination that they faced from the missionaries.{{sfnp|Malekandathil|2013}} In 1773, the leaders and representatives of the Paḻayakūṟ community assembled at the Great church in Angamāly to discuss the church union. This general meeting at Angamaly was dominated by strong emotions against the colonial religious missionaries and the ''Padroado'' and ''Propaganda'' bishops working then in Kerala.{{sfnp|Malekandathil|2013}} The representatives from the Edappally church narrated the way how the European missionaries put their parish priest to death.{{sfnp|Malekandathil|2013}}
<blockquote>On the feast-day of Theresa of Avila there was a 40 hours adoration at Verapoly. Puthenpurackal Jacob Kathanar, the parish priest of Edappilly church also went for the adoration and returned to his parish church along with other people. The European Carmelite missionaries forgot to lock the church after dinner and on the next day the gold monstrance was found to be missing. Suspecting Jacob Kathanar to be the thief he was taken by force to Verapoly by the missionaries and was denied food for several days. He fell ill and died. His last request before death for receiving Holy Communion too was denied. He was also denied a church burial, as his body was wrapped up in a mat and buried near a pond.<ref>{{cite book|title=[[Varthamanappusthakam]]|first=Thomas|last=Paremmakkal}}</ref></blockquote>
Consequently, they selected two priests: [[Kariattil Iousep]] and [[Paremmakkal Thoma Kathanar|Paremmakkal Thoma]] to meet the Pope to convey the message of Thoma VI and to negotiate the union of the dissident ''Putthenkūṟ'' faction.{{sfnp|Perczel|2013|p=431}}{{sfnp|Malekandathil|2013}} They also decided to meet the [[Portuguese monarch]], who was in charge of the ''Padroado Real''.{{sfnp|Malekandathil|2013}} This movement was led by the instigation and the financial backing of a rich Christian merchant and the first Christian minister of the King of [[Travancore]], [[Thachil Matthoo Tharakan]].{{sfnp|Perczel|2013|p=432}} Other members of the community contributed by selling or pawning their jewellery and property.{{sfnp|Malekandathil|2013}} Kariattil was previously a student at the school of the ''Propaganda'' in Rome and had earned a doctoral degree there.{{sfnp|Perczel|2013|p=432}} Kariyattil Iousep, accompanied by Paremmakkal Thoma and two other deacons, made the trip from Kerala in 1778.{{sfnp|Malekandathil|2013}} Meanwhile, the ''Propaganda'' missionaries, who had already achieved the trust of the pope, managed to spoil the efforts at Rome.{{sfnp|Malekandathil|2013}} But, the Portuguese Queen, who was impressed with Kariyattil Iousep for his sincere effort and knowledge, decided to bestow the title of Archbishop of Cranganore upon him using her Padroado rights.{{sfnp|Malekandathil|2013}} He was thus consecrated as the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cranganore|Archbishop of Cranganore]] in 1782,<ref name=Brock>{{cite encyclopedia |first=Sebastian P. |last=Brock|author-link=Sebastian Brock |title=Malabar Catholic Church |encyclopedia=Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage: Electronic Edition |editor1=Sebastian P. Brock |editor2=Aaron M. Butts |editor3=George A. Kiraz |editor4=Lucas Van Rompay |url=https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Malabar-Catholic-Church |publisher=Gorgias Press|year=2011|access-date=22 September 2016}}</ref> effectively making him the Metropolitan of the united Malankara Church.{{sfnp|Perczel|2013|p=432}} However, Kariattil died in unclear circumstances in [[Goa]].{{sfnp|Malekandathil|2013}}{{sfnp|Perczel|2013|p=432}} Thus the efforts drastically failed and planned Church reunion could not be realised.{{sfnp|Perczel|2013|p=432}}<ref name=Brock/>{{sfnp|Malekandathil|2013}} Following this, the ''Paḻayakūṟ'' was led by Thomas Paremmakkal who took charge as the administrator of the Archdiocese of Cranganore.{{sfnp|Perczel|2013|p=432}} The ''Padroado'' authorities in Goa and the ''Propaganda'' missionaries in Malabar recognised his authority in the fear of protest from the ''Paḻayakūṟ'' Christians.{{sfnp|Malekandathil|2013}} Following this in 1787, representatives from the eighty-four ''Pazhayakūr'' churches assembled at Angamaly and drew up the ''[[Angamaly Padiyola|Angamāly Padiyōla]]'' against the colonial Latin hegemony, declaring their allegiance to the Paremmakkal Thoma and urged for the reinstatement of their native East Syriac hierarchy.<ref name = "basilica">{{cite web|title=Padiyola|publisher=St.George's Basilica, Angamāly|url=http://angamalybasilica.com/template.php?id=36&page=15&catid=36|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723194912/http://angamalybasilica.com/template.php?id=36&page=15&catid=36 |archive-date=2012-07-23}}</ref>{{sfnp|Malekandathil|2013}} ''[[Varthamanappusthakam]]'', written by Thoma Kathanar in 1785, provides the detail of this journey until the death of the archbishop.<ref name=Brock/>{{sfnp|Malekandathil|2013}}

Thomas Paremmakkal, supported by Thachil Matthoo Tharakan, continued the negotiations with Dionysius I.{{sfnp|Perczel|2013|p=432}} In 1796, they sent a delegation to the [[Chaldean Patriarchate|Chaldean Catholic Patriarchate]].{{sfnp|Perczel|2013|p=432}} The delegation was led by Paulose Pandari, a ''Paḻayakūṟ'' priest.{{sfnp|Perczel|2013|p=432}} They met Patriarch [[Yohannan VIII Hormizd|Yohannan VII Hormizd]] at the [[Rabban Hormizd Monastery|Monastery of Rabban Hormizd]] and requested him to send East Syriac bishops to India.{{sfnp|Perczel|2013|p=432}} The Patriarch consecrated Paulose Pandari as Metropolitan of Malabar under the episcopal name Mar Abraham and sent him to India.{{sfnp|Perczel|2013|p=432}} It was symbolic gesture from the Chaldean Patriarchate presenting the Metropolitan as the episcopal successor of [[Abraham of Angamaly|Abraham]], the last East Syriac Metropolitan of the undivided Church of the East in India. In 1799, Dionysius I paid obedience at the Thathampally Church in [[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]].{{sfnp|Perczel|2013|p=432}} However, Metropolitan Abraham Pandari soon became sick.{{sfnp|Perczel|2013|p=432}} According to the diary of [[Kuriakose Elias Chavara]], he grew mad and thus proved to be unable to administer the Church.{{sfnp|Perczel|2013|p=432}} There were other attempts in 1799 to bring a new bishop to replace Pandari.{{sfnp|Perczel|2013|p=432}} However, none of those attempts materialised. Thus this short lived reunion failed.{{sfnp|Perczel|2013|p=432-433}}

An excerpt from the letter of Patriarch Yohannan VII Hormizd addressed to the faithful in Malabar gives a detail of the attempts for restoration of the East Syriac hierarchy.
<blockquote>After duly enquiring about your spiritual well-being and asking about your condition, we let it be known to your beloved kindness that from the day when we sent Priest Joseph and Priest Hormizd, there came to us no reply from you, until now. Now we have sent Reader Abdisho, who will go to your place of residence to find out about your condition and will come and let us know about your condition. He will let you know about our condition; he will let you know everything about our activity now that we are asking our Lord and are soliciting the abundant ocean of His mercy that He may bless you with all
heavenly blessing and take away and make depart from you the sufferings and the affliction and that He may liberate you from the temptations and the rebellion and the evil scandals, by the prayer of the Apostles and the Fathers, so that during your lifetime you may remain healthy and be preserved in the sign of the living Cross of the Lord. Yes and Amen.</blockquote> One of the reasons for weakening of their vigour was Thachil Matthu Tharakan's misfortune.{{sfnp|Perczel|2013|p=433}} Thachil Matthoo Tharakan was troubled by [[Velu Thampi Dalawa|Veluthampy Dalava's]] rising influence in the royal court of Travancore. His properties were confiscated and he was imprisoned.<ref name=Deepika/> Although the King later repented for the indiscriminate actions of the Dalava,<ref name=Deepika>{{cite news|title=Swarnacheviyude utama: Thachil Mathoo Tharakan|url=https://epaper.deepika.com/m5/2665611/Deepika-Kottayam/Deepika-09-May-2020#page/14/1|newspaper=[[Deepika (newspaper)|Deepika]]|language=ml|archive-date=2021-09-17|access-date=2021-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917124533/https://epaper.deepika.com/m5/2665611/Deepika-Kottayam/Deepika-09-May-2020#page/14/1|url-status=dead}}</ref> the church union movement had already lost its powerful economic backing.{{sfnp|Perczel|2013|p=433}}

==Correspondence with the Chaldean Patriarchate==

It was only in the 19th century that correspondence with the East Syriac patriarchate was revived. Protests against the Latin Carmelite missionaries were strong among the Pazhayakoottukar. The Carmelite missionaries who had taken over their administration were reluctant to admit the native Christians into their monastic order. The missionaries only allowed their membership in their third order, which had no rights of authority. In this situation, some priests interested in monasticism established independent monasteries. Anthony Kudakkachira, the founder of Pḻāṣanāl monastery, was among those monastic priests. When Bernardinos Beccinelli became the Vicar Apostolic of Verapoly, he halted ordinations of those training at Pḻāṣanāl and attempted to suppress the monastery altogether. As such activities became widespread, Kudakkachira stepped forward to take the lead in the local resistance. Denha bar Yona, a Chaldean priest sent by the patriarch to Malabar, inspired them to go to Baghdad and meet Chaldean patriarch Yawsep VI Audo. Consequently in 1852, a group of Syrians, led by Monk Anthony Kudakkachira, went to Baghdad to meet the patriarch and to request bishops to be appointed to the Chaldeans in Malabar. The patriarch gifted them a golden chalice and sent them back asking to collect signatures for their petition since Rome had strongly opposed the sending of Chaldean Catholic bishops to Malabar. Kudakkachira, having fulfilled the requirement, travelled towards Baghdad but died on his way and was buried in Baghdad. Anthony Thondanatt, one of the priests who had accompanied him, took up the cause, and met with the patriarch. Patriarch Yawsep VI, without waiting for permission from Rome, sent Metropolitan Thoma Rokkos as his representative to Malabar in 1861. Most Catholic Thomas Christians, overjoyed with the arrival of a Chaldean bishop, shifted their allegiance towards him. This compelled Bishop Beccinelli to appoint a Pazhayakoor priest, namely, Kuriakose Elias Chavara, as his Vicar general for the Syrian Chaldeans under his vicariate. Pope Pius IX issued an ultimatum to Yawsep VI to recall Rokkos from India or face excommunication. Meanwhile Chavara persuaded Rokkos to withdraw in 1862. The churches that had followed Rokkos were reluctant to submit to Beccinelli and hence many of these in the Kingdom of Cochin shifted to Padroado jurisdiction under the Archdiocese of Cranganore while those in Travancore had to return to the jurisdiction of Verapoly. Anthony Thondanatt followed Metropolitan Rokkos to Baghdad in 1862 in an attempt to persuade the patriarch to consecrate a native priest of Malabar to the episcopacy but the patriarch, who was facing increasing threats from Rome, declined to do so. Instead, the patriarch advised Thondanatt to seek the help of the independent East Syriac patriarch in Qudshanis. According to this suggestion, Thondanatt approached the Assyrian Patriarch Shimun XVIII who consecrated Thondanatt as metropolitan with the title Abdisho. But on returning to Malabar, he found himself unacceptable to the natives as he was consecrated by the Assyrian Patriarch rather than the Chaldean. Chavara allowed Thondanatt to function as the vicar of a parish church in Vilakkumadam near Pala.{{sfnp|Podipara|1970|p=192}}

A decade later, the Pazhayakoottukar who were under the padroado again pleaded for a bishop from the patriarch. By then, the pope had suppressed the Archdiocese of Cranganore and its Chaldean Syrian rite Christians were to be brought under the Archdiocese of Verapoly administered by the Carmelites. This was totally unacceptable to them and this risk encouraged them to seek the patriarch's intervention. In response, Patriarch Yawsep VI sent Metropolitan Elias Mellus to Malabar in 1874. The main motivator behind this was Philip Azziz, a Chaldean priest sent by the patriarch as his representative in Malabar. Mellus had previously tried, along with Patriarch Yawsep VI, though without success in the First Vatican Council, to re-establish Chaldean jurisdiction in India. In his journey to Malabar, he was accompanied by Corebishop Michael Agustinos and soon followed by Bishop Philip Yaqov Abraham. He made Thrissur, a newly established metropolis in the Kingdom of Cochin, his headquarters while Bishop Philip Yaqov travelled to the south into Travancore. Most of the Syrian churches under the padroado and some of the churches under Verapoly submitted to Mellus. Meanwhile, Bishop Philip Yaqov was forced to return to the ptriarch due to the strong opposition in the south, largely led by Priest Mani Nidhirikkal. Pope Pius IX issued excommunication against Patriarch Yawsep VI and Metropolitan Elias Mellus, for the patriarch's unauthorised intervention in Malabar. To relieve himself from the pope's excommunication, the patriarch was left with no other option than to recall the metropolitan from Malabar, which he reluctantly did in 1882.{{sfnp|Podipara|1970|p=192}} These upheavals in the Church of Malabar made Rome change its mind. Pope Leo XIII officially overturned the latinising policy and separated the Pazhayakoottukar from the Apostolic vicariate of Verapoly permanently. This decision paved way for the foundation of the Modern Syro-Malabar Church.

==Chaldean Syrian Church==
Meanwhile, Metropolitan Mellus entrusted his followers (or 'Mellusians') to his assistant Corebishop Michael Agustinos and, revealing to him about Bishop Abdisho Thondanatt who was living as a parish priest in Travancore, advised him to find the bishop for satisfying episcopal requirements. Abdisho Thondanatt was finally brought to Thrissur and recognised as a bishop, however Augustinos never handed over the administration of the church to him. Most of the followers of Mellus eventually returned to Roman obedience after the Syro-Malabar Church was established by separating the Chaldean Rite Pazhayakoottukar from the Carmelites of Verapoly, their professed rivals. However a significant minority remained steadfast to the East Syriac cause.

Abdisho Thondanatt died in 1900, leaving the followers of Mellus without a bishop till 1908, when the Assyrian patriarch finally sent a new bishop to Malabar. Corebishop Agustinos had been trying to bring a bishop from the Chaldean patriarch, but he was not willing to do so as he had strict orders from Rome not to take any such steps. Hence they approached the Assyrian patriarch, and he appointed Abimalech Timotheus as Metropolitan of India. Abimalech, influenced by Anglican Protestant thought, started a process of iconoclasm among the Mellusians. He pulled down the raredos of the churches and destroyed the statues and images. He also started a programme of replacing the old Malabar usage of the East Syriac Rite liturgy with the Rite of the Assyrian patriarchate. This created a new division among the Mellusians. Those, who opposed the radical stance of Metropolitan Abimlech organised themselves under Corepiscopus Augustine, and were known as Independents and those who stood with Abimalech were called Surays. The two factions engaged in legal suits, which the Independents finally lost, and the independents ultimately joined the Syro Malabar Church. Abimalech was succeeded by Thoma Darmo in 1952. In the 1960s, Darmo and Patriarch Shemʿon XXI engaged in a bitter rivalry and in 1968, Darmo was elected as a rival patriarch, thus forming the Ancient Church of the East. He consecrated two Indian bishops, including Aprem Mooken who became his successor as Metropolitan in Trichur.{{sfnp|Podipara|1970|p=192}} In 1971 Patriarch Shemʿon XXII consecrated a rival Metropolitan for Malabar, paving way to full blown schism in Indian church. In 1995, Metropolitan Aprem achieved full union of the two rival factions in India and the Chaldean Syrian Church in India became united with the Assyrian Church of the East led by Patriarch Dinkha IV.

==Syro-Malabar Church==
The rising tensions between the {{lang|ml|Pazhayakoottukar}} and the Carmelite missionaries forced Rome to change its policy as it realised that granting true autonomy and self-government to the {{lang|ml|Pazhayakoottukar}} was the only feasible solution.{{sfn|Winkler|2018|pp=131-132}}{{sfnp|Perczel|2013|p=435—436}} In 1887, the Syrian Catholics were formally separated from the Vicariate of Verapoly, which was left for the Latin Catholics, and two new apostolic vicariates were established for the Syrians based in [[Kottayam]] and [[Thrissur]]. In 1896, they were reorganized into three vicariates namely, [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Trichur|Trichur]], [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Major Archeparchy of Ernakulam–Angamaly|Ernakulam]], and [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Changanacherry|Changanacherry]], under the guidance of native bishops.{{sfnp|Brock|2011d}} This paved the way for the foundation of the modern Syro-Malabar Church.{{sfnp|Perczel|2013|p=435—436}} In 1911, [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Kottayam|a new vicariate]] was founded for the {{lang|ml|Pazhayakoor [[Tekkumbhagar|Thekkumbhagar]]}} ({{transliteration|ml|Tekkumbāgaṟ}} or Southists or {{lang|syr|Knanaya}}) based in Kottayam, following a similar event among the {{lang|ml|Puthenkoor Thekkumbhagar}} in 1910.{{sfn|Winkler|2018|pp=131-132}}{{sfnp|Brock|2011d}} In 1923, Rome established a complete Syro-Malabar Catholic hierarchy with the Archbishop of Ernakulam as the head. In 1992, the church was declared a [[major archiepiscopal church]].{{sfnp|Brock|2011d}}

==See also==
* [[Latin Catholics of Malabar]]
*[[Syro-Malankara Catholic Church]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==Sources==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{Refbegin|2}}
* {{Cite book|last=Bayly|first=Susan|author-link=Susan Bayly |title=Saints, Goddesses and Kings: Muslims and Christians in South Indian Society, 1700–1900|year=2004|location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521891035 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fxqtx8SflEsC}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Baum|first1=Wilhelm|author-link1=Wilhelm Baum (historian)|last2=Winkler|first2=Dietmar W.|author2-link=Dietmar W. Winkler |title=The Church of the East: A Concise History |year=2003|location=London-New York|publisher=Routledge-Curzon |isbn=9781134430192 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CnSCAgAAQBAJ}}
*{{cite journal|last=Koonammakkal|first=Thomas|author-link=Thomas Koonammakkal|editor1=Peter Bruns|editor2=Heinz Otto Luthe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KDoyEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA259|title=Syro-Malabar History and Traditions|journal=Orientalia Christiana: Festschrift für Hubert Kaufhold zum 70. Geburtstag; pp. 259-276|publisher=Harrassowitz Verlag|location=Wiesbaden|year=2013|isbn=9783447068857}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |first=Pius |last=Malekandathil|author-link=Pius Malekandathil|title=Nazrani History and Discourse on Early Nationalism in Varthamanapusthakam |encyclopedia=NSC Network |url=https://www.nasrani.net/2013/01/28/nazrani-history-and-discourse-on-early-nationalism-in-varthamanapusthakam/|year=2013|access-date=28 January 2013}}
*{{Cite encyclopaedia|last=Medlycott|first=A|author-link=Adolph Medlycott|title=St. Thomas Christians|encyclopedia=The Catholic Encyclopedia |year=1912|location=New York|publisher=Robert Appleton Company|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14678a.htm|access-date=4 July 2021}}
*{{Cite book|last=Menachery|first= George|author-link= George Menachery|title=Thomapedia|year=2000|publisher=Thomapedia|isbn=81-87132-13-2|oclc=56405161}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Mingana|first=Alphonse|author-link1=Alphonse Mingana|title=The Early Spread of Christianity in India|journal=Bulletin of the John Rylands Library|year=1926|volume=10|number=2|pages=435–514|doi=10.7227/BJRL.10.2.7|url=https://www.escholar.manchester.ac.uk/api/datastream?publicationPid=uk-ac-man-scw:1m1200&datastreamId=POST-PEER-REVIEW-PUBLISHERS-DOCUMENT.PDF}}
* {{Cite book|last=Mooken|first=Aprem|author-link=Aprem Mooken|title=Mar Abimalek Timotheus: A Biography|year=1975|location=Trichur|publisher=Mar Narsai Press|url=https://archive.org/details/marabimalektimot0000mara}}
* {{Cite book|last=Mooken|first=Aprem|author-link=Aprem Mooken|title=The Chaldean Syrian Church in India|year=1977|location=Trichur|publisher=Mar Narsai Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QwkuAAAAYAAJ}}
* {{Cite book|last=Mooken|first=Aprem|author-link=Aprem Mooken|title=The Chaldean Syrian Church of the East|year=1983|location=Delhi|publisher=National Council of Churches in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HMoP4lsmGXoC}}
* {{Cite book|last=Mooken|first=Aprem|author-link=Aprem Mooken|title=Mar Abdisho Thondanat: A Biography|year=1987|location=Trichur|publisher=Mar Narsai Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6ZxKAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{cite book|author1-last=Mundadan|author1-first=Anthony Mathias|author2-first=Joseph|author2-last=Thekkedath|author1-link=Mathias Mundadan|year=1982|title=History of Christianity in India|volume=2|location=Bangalore|publisher=Church History Association of India}}
* {{Cite book|last=Mundadan|first=Anthony Mathias|author-link=Mathias Mundadan|title=Indian Christians: Search for Identity and Struggle for Autonomy|year=1984|location=Bangalore|publisher=Dharmaram College|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VdXUAAAAMAAJ}}
*{{cite journal|last= Perczel|first=István|author-link=István Perczel|title=Some New Documents on the Struggle of the Saint Thomas Christians to Maintain the Chaldaean Rite and Jurisdiction|url=https://www.academia.edu/5266468|editor1=Peter Bruns|editor2=Heinz Otto Luthe|journal=Orientalia Christiana: Festschrift für Hubert Kaufhold zum 70. Geburtstag; pp. 415-436|publisher=Harrassowitz Verlag|location=Wiesbaden|year=2013}}
*{{cite book|last= Perczel|first=István|author-link=István Perczel|title=Syriac Christianity in India|series=The Syriac World|editor=Daniel King|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e-GEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA653|isbn=9781317482116|publisher=Routledge|pages=653–697|year=2018}}
* {{cite book |last=Podipara |first=Placid J. |date=1970 |title=The Thomas Christians |place=London |publisher=Darton, Longman and Todd|isbn=978-0-232-51140-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/thomaschristians0000podi}}
* {{Cite book|last=Wilmshurst|first=David|title=The Ecclesiastical Organisation of the Church of the East, 1318–1913|year=2000 |location=Louvain |publisher=Peeters Publishers|isbn=9789042908765 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jB8ir0ek8bgC}}
{{Refend}}

[[Category:Saint Thomas Christians]]

City Central Library, Hyderabad

2025-12-18T14:50:56Z

CourtneySugden: created a place v1

{{Short description|Library in Hyderabad, Telangana, India}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox library
| name = City Central Library Hyderabad
| logo =
| image = City Central Library.JPG
| caption = City Central Library main building
| country = India
| location = [[Chikkadpally]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]
| coordinates = {{coord|17.404280665832573|78.4927091776999}}
| type = [[City library]]
| num_branches =
| established = 1960
| items_collected = [[book]]s, [[Academic journal|journals]], [[newspaper]]s, [[magazine]]s, and [[manuscript]]s
| collection_size =
| legal_deposit = Yes
| req_to_access = Open
| budget =
| director =
}}
The '''City Central Library''' ({{langx|te|నగర కేంద్ర గ్రంథాలయం}} ) is located in [[Chikkadpally]], [[Hyderabad]], and is the second largest library (after the [[State Central Library, Hyderabad|State Central Library]]), with 1000 students and 500 readers visiting the library every day.

== History ==
It was established in 1960.

== Working Hours ==
It works on all days (except public holidays and Mondays) from 8am to 8pm .<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/hyderabad-city-central-library-chikadpally-4575337/|title=Day in the life of city central library ground at Chikadpally in Hyderabad: Silence, please|date=2017-03-19|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-10-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/travel/to-an-era-of-timelessness-city-central-library/article20499263.ece|title=To an era of timelessness: City Central Library|last=Nadadhur|first=Srivathsan|date=2017-11-17|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-10-10|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Book Details ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto;width:50%;"
|+ Distribution of the 183,826 books present in the library as of 1.4.2004 based on language<ref>http://www.dli.ernet.in/UDL-Talks-May2004/Venkamma%20%20CCL.pdf.</ref>
|-
! Language !! Number of Books
|-
| [[Telugu Language|Telugu]] || style="text-align:right;" |63801
|-
| [[English Language|English]]|| style="text-align:right;" |67282
|-
| [[Urdu Language|Urdu]]|| style="text-align:right;" |15876
|-
| [[Hindi Language|Hindi]]|| style="text-align:right;" |24647
|-
| [[Tamil Language|Tamil]]|| style="text-align:right;" |2954
|-
| [[Kannada Language|Kannada]]|| style="text-align:right;" |3515
|-
| [[Marathi Language|Marathi]]|| style="text-align:right;" |3226
|-
| [[Sanskrit]]|| style="text-align:right;" |2525
|}

As of April 2010, 14,343 Telugu books are available in the digital library of India.

== Facilities ==
It also has an auditorium to conduct motivational speeches and inspiring lectures from dignitaries in different field of expertise.
<ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/396972895_Environmental_Awareness_Through_Public_Libraries_A_Case_Study_Of_City_Central_Library_Hyderabad</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Culture of Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Libraries in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:1960 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Libraries established in 1960]]

{{library-stub}}
{{India-struct-stub}}

Nolini Kanta Gupta

2025-12-17T11:40:16Z

CourtneySugden: improve content per sources and added references to improve readability

{{refimprove|date=January 2024}}
{{EngvarB|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Sri Aurobindo}}
[[File:Nolini-Kanta-Gupta-01.jpg|thumb|Nolini Kanta Gupta]]
'''Nolini Kanta Gupta''' (13 January 1889 – 7 February 1984) was a revolutionary, linguist, scholar, critic, poet, philosopher and yogi, and the most senior of [[Sri Aurobindo]]'s disciples.{{sfn|Mohanty|2008|p=36}} He was born in [[Faridpur District|Faridpur]], East Bengal, to a cultured and prosperous Vaidya-Brahmin family. While in his teens, he came under the influence of Sri Aurobindo, then a well known revolutionary fighting for independence against the British. When in his fourth year at [[Presidency College, Kolkata|Presidency College, Calcutta]], he left a promising academic career and rejected a lucrative government job to join a small revolutionary group under Sri Aurobindo. In May 1908 he was among those arrested for conspiracy in the [[Alipore bomb case]]. Acquitted a year later, after having spent a year in jail, he worked as a sub-editor for the ''Dharma'' and the ''Karmayogin'', two of Sri Aurobindo's Nationalist newspapers, in 1909 and 1910.

He was taught Greek, Latin, French and Italian by Sri Aurobindo himself and was among the four disciples who were with Aurobindo in 1910 at [[Pondicherry (city)|Pondicherry]]. When the [[Sri Aurobindo Ashram]] was founded in 1926, he settled permanently in Pondicherry, serving the Mother and Sri Aurobindo as secretary of the ashram and later as one of its trustees. A prolific writer on a wide range of topics, he has about 60 books to his credit of which about 16 are in English and 44 in Bengali, as well as many articles and poems in English, Bengali and French.

Nolini Kanta Gupta died at the Sri Aurobindo Ashram on 7 February 1984.

==Bibliography==
* ''Collected Works of Nolini Kanta Gupta'' (8 volumes), Sri Aurobindo Ashram, [[Pondicherry (city)|Pondicherry]]
::1. The Coming Race
::2. Essays on Poetry and Mysticism
::3. The Yoga of Sri Aurobindo
::4-5. Light of Lights (poems)
::6-7. Sweet Mother
::8. Vedic Hymns
* ''Reminiscences'' (with K. Amrita)
* ''Evolution and the Earthly Destiny''
* ''About Woman'' (a compilation, ed. by Sacar)
* ''Tributes to Nolini Kanta Gupta'' ed. by [[Nirodbaran]]
* ''Nolini: Arjuna of our Age'' by Dr. V.M. Reddy
* ''Lights from Nolini Kanta Gupta''

== References ==

== Citations ==
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
*{{cite book |title=Sri Aurobindo: A Contemporary Reade |last = Mohanty|first=Sachidananda |edition= 1 |year= 2008 |publisher= [[Routledge]] |location= New Delhi |isbn= 978-0-415-46093-4}}

==External links==
* [https://sri-aurobindo.co.in/workings/other/nolini-a_commentary_on_the_first_six_suktas_of_rigveda_e.htm A Commentary on the First Six Suktas of Rigveda]
* [https://sri-aurobindo.co.in/workings/other/nolini_k_g-an_introduction_to_the_vedas_e.htm An Introduction to the Vedas]
* [https://sri-aurobindo.co.in/workings/other/nolini-yama-nachiketas_e.htm Yama A commentary on the Katha Upanishad]
* [http://sriaurobindoashram.info/works/worksofnolinikantagupta/index.htm Nolini Kanta Gupta] including [http://sriaurobindoashram.info/works/worksofnolinikantagupta/Volume-1/HTML/Life-sketch.htm a brief life-sketch]
* [http://intyoga.online.fr/nolini.htm Nolini page]
* [https://sri-aurobindo.co.in/images/other/item_00057_e.htm NOLINI KANTA GUPTA PHOTO COLLECTION]

{{Integral Yoga|state=expanded}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gupta, Nolini Kanta}}
[[Category:Presidency University, Kolkata alumni]]
[[Category:Sri Aurobindo|Nolini Kanta Gupta]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:1984 deaths]]
[[Category:1889 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:20th-century Hindu religious leaders]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:Revolutionaries of Bengal during British Rule]]
[[Category:People from Faridpur District]]
[[Category:20th-century translators]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of British India]]

{{India-poet-stub}}

Calcutta Chord link line

2025-12-11T21:08:30Z

CourtneySugden:

{{short description|Suburban railway system in Kolkata}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox rail line
| box_width = 28em
| name = [[File:Indian Railways Suburban Railway Logo.svg|50px]] Calcutta Chord link line {{small|(incl. A.C.C. link branch line)}}
| color = {{rcr|Kolkata Suburban Railway|Chord link}}
| logo =
| logo_width =
| image = File:Dankuni railway station in Howrah 01.jpg
| image_width =
| caption = Dankuni railway station, terminal station in Chord Link line
| type = Commuter rail
| system = [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]]
| status = Operational
| locale = [[West Bengal]]
| start = {{rws|Sealdah}}
| end = {{rws|Dankuni Junction}}
| stations = {{Unbulleted list|Total stations:15|Interchange stations: 8}}
| routes =
| daily_ridership = 0.291 Million
| open = {{Start date and age|1932}}
| close =
| owner = [[Indian Railways|Indian Railway]]
| operator = [[Eastern Railway Zone (India)|Eastern Railway]]
| character = At grade, elevated
| depot = [[Sealdah railway station|Sealdah]]
| stock =
| linelength = {{convert|22|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}
| tracklength =
| tracks = 2
| gauge = {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| old_gauge =
| minradius =
| racksystem =
| electrification = 25 kV overhead line
| speed = up to 100 km per hour
| elevation =
| website = {{url|http://www.er.indianrailways.gov.in|Eastern Railway}}
| map = {{Calcutta Chord link line|collapse=no|inline=1}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

The '''Calcutta Chord link''' '''line''', also known as the '''C.C. link line''', is a {{Convert|22|km|mi|abbr=on}} long branch line of the [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]] which comes under the jurisdiction of [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]'s [[Sealdah railway division|Sealdah Division]] & [[Howrah railway division|Howrah Division]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=Howrah Division System Map|url=https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1597666548026-Howrah_System%20map%202020.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=11 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710083710/https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1597666548026-Howrah_System%20map%202020.pdf |archive-date=2021-07-10 }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web|title=Sealdah Division System Map|url=https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1597667046291-Sys%20Map%20SDAH%202020.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=11 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527131003/https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1597667046291-Sys%20Map%20SDAH%202020.pdf |archive-date=2021-05-27 }}</ref>

The line directly connects the [[Sealdah railway station]] (erstwhile Calcutta railway station) on the east bank of the [[Hooghly River]] with the [[Howrah–Bardhaman chord]] line at the [[Dankuni Junction railway station|Dankuni Junction]] on the west bank of the [[Hooghly River]] via the [[Vivekananda Setu]]. The '''Andul Calcutta Chord link branch line''' (known as the '''A.C.C.L. branch line''') is a {{Convert|9|km|mi|abbr=on}} long branch line from [[Dankuni Junction railway station|Dankuni Junction]] which connects C.C. link line with the [[Santragachi–Amta branch line]] and [[Andul railway station|Andul]] on the [[Howrah–Kharagpur line]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Kharagpur Division System Map|url=https://ser.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1626946580682-KGP.jpg|url-status=live|access-date=11 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111040504/https://ser.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1626946580682-KGP.jpg |archive-date=2021-11-11 }}</ref>

== Services ==
The C.C link line serves as a vital link for the city of [[Kolkata]] to the rest of the country providing a shorter route through the [[Howrah–Bardhaman chord|Howrah–Bardhaman chord line]] rather than the longer route through the [[Howrah–Bardhaman main line|Howrah-Bardhaman main line]] via the [[Sealdah–Ranaghat–Gede line|Naihati–Bandel branch line]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> The line is used by major long distance express services such as the [[Sealdah Rajdhani Express]], [[Darjeeling Mail]], [[Padatik Express]], and [[Ananya Express]] amongst many others, originating from the [[Sealdah railway station|Sealdah]] and [[Kolkata railway station|Kolkata]] railway stations, to the rest of [[India]]. The line is also a part of the [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]] and is served by 46 Daily and 40 Sunday [[Electric multiple unit|EMU]] services running between [[Sealdah railway station|Sealdah]] and [[Dankuni Junction railway station|Dankuni]] and 2 [[Electric multiple unit|EMU]] services between [[Sealdah railway station|Sealdah]] and [[Baruipara railway station|Baruipara]].<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=Details of Operating Department: Sealdah Division, Eastern Railway |url=https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,6,442,462,471 |url-status=live |access-date=30 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110530164450/http://www.er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,6,442,462,471 |archive-date=2011-05-30 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Operating Department - Howrah Railway division, Eastern Railway |url=https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,6,441,721,733,1793 |url-status=live |access-date=4 March 2022 |website=[[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417121352/https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,6,441,721,733,1793 |archive-date=2021-04-17 }}</ref> These suburban services are provided by 9-car [[Electric multiple unit|EMU]] rakes from the Narkeldanga EMU Carshed.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Highlights of TRS Organisation, Sealdah division, Eastern Railway |url=https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,6,442,462,468 |url-status=live |access-date=30 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200419104135/https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,6,442,462,468 |archive-date=2020-04-19 }}</ref>

The line also acts as an important link for freight commodities coming in and out of the [[Port of Kolkata|Kolkata Port]] connecting it with the rest of the country. The A.C.C.L branch line was primarily built and used for diverting freight trains of the [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railway]] from the [[Howrah–Kharagpur line]] towards [[Chitpur railway station|Chitpur]] and [[Port of Kolkata|Kolkata docks]].<ref name=":2" /> With increasing public demand, some long-distance passenger trains were started in this section directly from [[Sealdah railway station|Sealdah]] to connect to the [[Howrah–Kharagpur line]], like the [[Sealdah–Puri Duronto Express]].<ref name=":4" /> More recently the line has been used by many long distance passenger trains such as the [[Kaziranga Express]], [[Thiruvananthapuram–Silchar Superfast Express|Aronai Express]] and others from the [[Howrah–Kharagpur line]] to completely bypass the congested sections near [[Howrah railway station|Howrah]] while using [[Dankuni Junction railway station|Dankuni]] or Bhattanagar stations as commercial stoppages instead.<ref>{{Cite news |title=SCR to run two summer special trains between Secunderabad-Guwahati |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/scr-to-run-two-summer-special-trains-between-secunderabad-guwahati/articleshow/46916755.cms |access-date=2022-03-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=NF Railway announces seven more special trains; Silchar - Kanpur on Nov 14 one of them |url=https://www.barakbulletin.com/en_US/nf-railway-announces-seven-more-special-trains-silchar-kanpur-on-nov-14-one-of-them/ |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=Barak Bulletin |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-12 |title=ECoR to run Holi special trains between Kolkata, Puri |url=https://www.orissapost.com/ecor-to-run-holi-special-trains-between-kolkata-puri/ |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=Odisha News, Odisha Latest news, Odisha Daily - OrissaPOST |language=en-US}}</ref>

==History==
The [[Howrah-Bardhaman chord|Howrah-Bardhaman Chord]], a shorter link to [[Barddhaman Junction railway station|Bardhaman]] from [[Howrah railway station|Howrah]] than the [[Howrah–Bardhaman main line|Howrah-Bardhaman Main Line]], was constructed in 1917. In 1932, the Calcutta Chord Link Line was built over the Willingdon Bridge (now known as [[Vivekananda Setu]]) joining [[Dum Dum Junction railway station|Dum Dum]] with [[Dankuni Junction railway station|Dankuni]] and opened for freight traffic, thus forming a direct link from Calcutta (now known as [[Sealdah railway station]]) to [[Dankuni Junction railway station|Dankuni]] on the [[Howrah-Bardhaman chord|Howrah-Bardhaman Chord]], thus earning the line its name.<ref>{{cite web|title=HOWRAH DIVISION : HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE - THE FIRST JOURNEY|url=https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,6,441,737|url-status=live|access-date=21 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200419094810/https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,6,441,737 |archive-date=2020-04-19 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=US Archive .org pdf download of 'History Of Indian Railways, constructed and in progress', 31 March 1937 by 'The Government of India - Railway Department' page 70 pdf 95|url=https://ia801605.us.archive.org/30/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.36650/2015.36650.India-Railway-Board-History-Of-Indian-Railways-Constructed-And-In-Progress.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=28 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031013137/https://ia801605.us.archive.org/30/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.36650/2015.36650.India-Railway-Board-History-Of-Indian-Railways-Constructed-And-In-Progress.pdf |archive-date=2020-10-31 }}</ref>

By 1950–51, [[Santragachi Junction railway station|Santragachi]] was heavily congested causing delays in arrival for trains bound to [[Howrah railway station|Howrah]].<ref name=":2">{{cite web|title=Estimates Committee - Ninety First Report (Third Lok Sabha) - Ministry of Railways - South Eastern Railway|url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/4970/1/ec_3_91_1966.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=11 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111183121/https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/4970/1/ec_3_91_1966.pdf |archive-date=2021-11-11 }}</ref> Two major reasons identified for the congestion were its railway yard outstripping its capacity and passing of freight trains of the [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railway]] from [[Kharagpur Junction railway station|Kharagpur]] towards [[Chitpur railway station|Chitpur]] and [[Port of Kolkata|Kolkata docks]] taking the circuitous route via [[Tikiapara railway station|Tikiapara]], [[Liluah railway station|Liluah]], [[Belanagar railway station|Belanagar]] and then finally taking the Calcutta Chord link line to Calcutta.<ref name=":2" />

To resolve the congestion problem, [[Indian Railways]] sanctioned the remodeling of the Santragachi railway yard in November 1962 and sanctioned the building of a direct link from [[Andul railway station|Andul]] on the [[Howrah–Kharagpur line]] to the Calcutta Chord link line in the railway budget of 1959–60. This was to reduce the distance between Andul and the Calcutta Chord from {{Convert|27.5|km|mi|abbr=on}} to {{Convert|13|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref name=":2" />

The work of building the line however progressed slowly due to land acquisition problems and was finally completed in December 1968.<ref name=":2" /> The electrification of the line was started subsequently and was completed by 1971–72.<ref>{{cite web|title=Speech of Dr. Ram Subhag Singh Introducing Railway Budget for 1969-70, on 19th February, 1969|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/finance_budget/Previous%20Budget%20Speeches/1969-70.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=11 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415063519/http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/finance_budget/Previous%20Budget%20Speeches/1969-70.pdf |archive-date=2015-04-15 }}</ref><ref name=":3" />

The ACCL branch line was primarily used by freight trains to bypass the congested sections near Howrah and directly connected the [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern railway]] and South Eastern railway zones. However, with increasing public demand, some long-distance passenger trains were started in this section directly from [[Sealdah railway station|Sealdah]] like the [[Sealdah–Puri Duronto Express]] in 2012.<ref name=":4">{{cite web|title=SEALDAH-PURI DURONTO TO BE INTRDUCED|url=https://eastcoastrail.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&dcd=497&id=0,4,268|url-status=live|access-date=21 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522161745/http://www.eastcoastrail.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&dcd=497&id=0,4,268 |archive-date=2014-05-22 }}</ref>

== Tracks and electrification ==
The Dum Dum-Dankuni section was electrified in 1964–65. The Andul-Dankuni section was electrified in 1971–72.<ref name=":3">{{cite web|title=History of Electrification|url=https://irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html|url-status=live|access-date=21 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060506180114/http://irfca.org:80/docs/electrification-history.html |archive-date=2006-05-06 }}</ref>

The doubling of the Dankuni-Bhattanagar section of the ACCL line was sanctioned on 2013.<ref>[http://www.er.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1425364489081-Brief%20Status%20of%20Projects-Feb-15.pdf New Projects of Eastern Railway], ''Eastern Railway'', 10 December 2018</ref> The track doubling of the Andul–Baltikuri section was completed & commissioned on 25 January 2020.<ref>{{cite web|title=South Eastern Railway PROGRESS OF WORKS UNDER DEMAND 16 (As of May'21)|url=https://st2.indiarailinfo.com/kjfdsuiemjvcya4/0/9/4/5/4990945/0/1624011374707mcdo586502.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=11 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111183120/https://st2.indiarailinfo.com/kjfdsuiemjvcya4/0/9/4/5/4990945/0/1624011374707mcdo586502.pdf |archive-date=2021-11-11 }}</ref> With the completion of the track doubling of Baltikuri–Bhattanagar section in October 2021, the entire ACCL branch line was doubled. This removed a critical bottleneck affecting interchange of trains between [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]] and [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railway]].<ref>{{cite web|title=ER commissions doubling of Bhattanagar -Baltikuri section|url=https://www.railpost.in/er-commissions-doubling-of-bhattanagar-baltikuri-section/|url-status=live|access-date=7 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028163915/https://www.railpost.in/er-commissions-doubling-of-bhattanagar-baltikuri-section/ |archive-date=2021-10-28 }}</ref>

==Routes and stations==

=== Calcutta Chord link line ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:55%;"
|-
! colspan="6" | '''Calcutta Chord link line'''
|-
! style="width:1%;" |#
! style="width:1%;" |Distance from Sealdah Main and North (km)
! style="width:5%;" |Station name
! style="width:1%;" |Station code
! style="width:5%;" |Connections
! style="width:1%;" |Station Category<ref name=":15">{{Cite web |title=Category of stations - Eastern Railway |url=https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1624521405374-.4%20Category_wise%20Stations%20ZZZ.pdf |url-status=live |access-date=24 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211224060418/https://er.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1624521405374-.4%20Category_wise%20Stations%20ZZZ.pdf |archive-date=2021-12-24 }}</ref>
|-
| 1 || 0 || '''{{rws|Sealdah}}''' || SDAH || [[Eastern line (Kolkata Suburban Railway)|Sealdah South section]]
|NSG-1
|-
|2
|2
|Kankurgachi Road Junction
|KGK
|{{rcb|Kolkata Suburban Railway|Circular|croute}}
|HG-3
|-
| 2 || 5 ||{{rws|Bidhannagar Road}}||BNXR || Circular line
|SG-2
|-
| 3 || 7 || '''{{rws|Dum Dum Junction}}''' || DDJ || [[Sealdah–Bangaon line|Sealdah–Bangaon]]/ [[Sealdah–Ranaghat–Gede line|Sealdah–Ranaghat line]] / {{ric|Kolkata Metro|blue}} [[Dum Dum metro station|Dum Dum]] / {{rcb|Kolkata Suburban Railway|Circular|croute}}
|SG-2
|-
| 4 || 12 ||{{rws|Baranagar Road}}|| BARN ||{{ric|Kolkata Metro|blue}} [[Baranagar metro station|Baranagar]]
|SG-3
|-
| 5 || 13 ||{{rws|Dakshineswar}}|| DAKE ||{{ric|Kolkata Metro|blue}} [[Dakshineswar metro station|Dakshineswar]]
|SG-3
|-
| 6 || 15 ||{{rws|Bally Ghat}}|| BLYG || –
|SG-3
|-
| 7 || 16 || {{rws|Bally Halt}} || BLYH || –
|HG-3
|-
| 8 || 17 || {{rws|Rajchandrapur}} || RCD || –
|HG-3
|-
| 9 || 22 || '''{{rws|Dankuni Junction}}''' || DKAE || [[Howrah–Bardhaman chord|Howrah–Barddhaman chord line]]
|SG-3
|}

=== Andul Calcutta Chord Link branch line (ACCL branch line) ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:55%;"
|-
! colspan="6" | '''Andul Calcutta Chord Link branch line (ACCL branch line)'''
|-
! style="width:1%;" |#
! style="width:1%;" |Distance from Dankuni (km)
! style="width:5%;" |Station name
! style="width:1%;" |Station code
! style="width:5%;" |Connections
! style="width:1%;" |Station Category<ref name=":15" />
|-
| 1
|0|| '''{{rws|Dankuni Junction}}''' || DKAE || [[Howrah–Bardhaman chord|Howrah–Barddhaman chord line]]
|SG-3
|-
| 2
|6|| {{rws|Bhattanagar}} || BTNG || –
|HG-3
|-
| 3
|9|| {{rws|Baltikuri}} || BALT || [[Santragachi–Amta branch line]]
|HG-3
|-
| 4
|11|| {{rws|Bankranayabaz}} ||BKNM || [[Santragachi–Amta branch line]] / [[Howrah–Kharagpur line]]
|SG-3
|-
| 5
|14|| '''{{rws|Andul}}''' || ADL || [[Howrah–Kharagpur line]]
|SG-3
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kolkata Suburban Railway, Chord link}}
{{Railways in Eastern India}}

[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]
[[Category:1853 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Kolkata Suburban Railway lines]]

Banu Khuza'ah

2025-11-23T19:55:24Z

CourtneySugden: expand information further and fixed typos

{{Short description|Arab tribe prominent in Western Arabian}}
{{About|an Arabian tribe|the town in the Gaza Strip|Khuzaʽa, Khan Yunis}}
{{Infobox tribe
| name = Banū Khuzāʿah
| local name = بنو خزاعة
| type = [[Qahtanite]] Arabs
| nisba = Al-Khuzaʽi
| location = [[Mecca]], [[Arab world]]
| descended = [[Amr ibn Luhay|Amr ibn Luḥay al-Khuzāʽī]]
| ethnicity = Arab
| religion = [[Islam]]
| image = Banu Khuza'a Flag (28).png
| caption = Banner of Banu Khuzaʽa at the [[Battle of Siffin]]
| image_size = 160px
}}
[[File:Pre_Islamic_Arabian_Tribes_(Harold_Dixon).svg|thumb|310x310px|Map of the [[Arabian Peninsula]] in 600 AD, showing the various Arab tribes and their areas of settlement. The [[Lakhmid kingdom|Lakhmids]] (yellow) formed an Arab monarchy as clients of the [[Sasanian Empire]], while the [[Ghassanids]] (red) formed an Arab monarchy as clients of the [[Roman Empire]] A map published by the British academic Harold Dixon during [[World War I]], showing the presence of the Arab tribes in [[West Asia]], 1914]]
The '''Banū Khuzāʿah''' ({{langx|ar|بنو خزاعة}}, singular {{lang|ar|خزاعيّ}} ''Khuzāʿī'') are an [[Azd]]ite, [[Qahtanite]] tribe, one of the main ancestral [[tribes of Arabia]]. They ruled [[Mecca]] and were the Kings of [[Hejaz]] for 500 years, before the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]], and many members of the tribe now live in and around that city.<ref name=":0" /> Others are also present in significant numbers in countries such as [[Iraq]], [[Palestine]], and [[Jordan]], but can also be found across the Middle East.

The Banu Khuza'ah acted as the [[Custodian of the Kaaba|Custodians of Mecca]] before the [[Quraysh]]. The ruling royal family of the tribe were the kings of the [[Kingdom of Khaza'il|Kingdom of Khaza'il (Khuza'ah)]], known as the [[Kingdom of Khaza'il|Kingdom of the Middle and Lower Euphrates]] by Britain, from 1534 to 1921.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Batatu|first=Hanna|title=The Old Social Classes and the Revolutionary Movements of Iraq}}</ref>

==The Lineage of Banu Khuza'ah==
Most traditionalists trace the origins of the tribe to [[Amr ibn Luhay]], and agree that, with the other branches of the Azd, they at some point, left [[Yemen]] and moved north. Amr ibn Luhay and his clan settled themselves around [[Mecca]]. A date of around the 5th century can be set for that settlement, although traditionalists place it at an earlier date by giving particularly long lives to some of its leaders.<ref name=":2" />

The opinions of genealogists vary concerning the ancestry and origins of the Banu Khuza'a; some say that they were descended from [[Qahtanite|Qahtan]] and others say they are from [[Adnan]]. We will present both opinions here:

=== The first group ===
Al-Mubarrid held the opinion that Khuza'a are descendants of Amr bin Rabiah, and he was known as Luhay and belonged to the [[Azd]];<ref name="Mubarrid 22">{{cite book |author=[[Al-Mubarrad|Muḥammad b. Yazīd al- Mubarrad]]|title=''Nasab 'Adnān wa Qaḥṭān''|publisher=Laǧnat at-ta'līf|year=1936|page=22|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lOiOtgAACAAJ}}</ref> Ibn al-Athīr al-Jazarī agrees with him, saying: "They were called Khuza'a because they broke away from the Azd when they all left Yemen at the time of the flood of ˁIram" (the breach of the [[Marib Dam|Marib dam]]).<ref>'Izz al-Dīn Ibn al-Athīr al-Jazarī: ''Al-Lubāb fi Tahdhīb al-Ansāb''. Vol.1; pg. 439. Dār Sādir, Beirut 1983.</ref> Yāqūt al-Ḥamawī says the same, but states that they are Qahtanites.<ref>Yāqūt bin 'Abdullāh al-Hamawī: ''Al-Muqtaḑab min Kitāb Jamharat al-Nasab''. 1st ed. Pg. 230. Ed. Nājī Ḥasan, Iraq 1987.</ref> Al-Qalqashandī states: "Khuza'a are a tribe from the Azd, from the Qahtanites."<ref name=":0">Abū al-'Abbās Aḥmad al-Qalqashandī: ''Nihāyat al-Adab fī Ma'rifat Ansāb al-'Arab''. Vol 2. Pg. 244. Ed. Ibrāhīm al-Abyārī. Beirut 1980</ref>

Ibn 'Abd al-Birr states that [[Hisham Ibn Al-Kalbi|Ibn al-Kalbi]] held the opinion that: "Amr bin Luhay, for Luhay was his name, is Rabiah ibn Ḥārithah bin Amr; and he is Mā' al-Samā' ibn Ḥārithah bin Imra' al-Qays bin Tha'labah bin Māzin bin al-Azd bin Ghawth bin al-Nabit bin Mālik bin Zayd bin Kaḥlān bin Saba' bin Yashjab bin Ya'rab bin Qaḥṭān, so he is the ancestor of all of Khuza'a, and they broke away from him."<ref name=":2">Ibn 'Abd al-Birr: ''Al-Anbāh 'ala Qabā'il al-Ruwāh''. Pg. 82.</ref> It is suggested that one of the strongest proofs for this is that the Khuza'a themselves used to say: "We are the sons of Amr ibn Rabiah from the Yemen."<ref>Ibn Hishām, Al-Sīrat al-Nabawīyah, Pt.1, pg. 91.</ref> Arabs linguists tended towards the opinion that the name of Khuza'a came from the phrase: khaza'a 'an aṣḥābihi (خزع عن أصحابه ), which means "he has lagged behind his companions (when they are walking)"; so they were called this because they were behind their people when they came from Marib.<ref>Ismā'īl ibn Ḥammād al-Jawharī: ''Al-Siḥḥāḥ''. Vol. 3, pg. 1203. Edited by Aḥmad bin 'Abd al-Ghafūr 'Attār, 3rd ed. 1402.</ref>

[[Murtaḍá al-Zabīdī|Al-Zabīdī]] mentions what 'Awn ibn Ayūb al-Ansārī stated:<ref>Al-Sayyid Muḥammad Murtaḑā al-Zabīdī: ''Tāj al-'Arūs''. Kuwait edition. Vol. 20, pg. 504. Edited by 'Abd al-Karīm al-Qarbāwī, 1983.</ref>
فَلَمَّا هَبَطْنَا بَطْنَ مُرٍّ تَخَزَعَتْ خُزَاعَةٌ عَنّا فِيْ حُلُوْلِ كَرَاكِرَ (''Fa-lammā habaṭnā baṭna murrin takhazza'at'' ''khuzā'atun 'annā fī ḥulūli'' ''Karākira'' : "And when we dismounted at Baṭn Murr Khuza'a had already stayed behind in the camp at Karākir.") It is said that ascribing Khuza'a to Qaḥṭān also agrees with this etymology of the name, whereas to say that they are descendants of 'Adnān makes such an etymology of the name meaningless.<ref>Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad al-Fa'sī: ''Al-'Iqd al-Thamīn fi Tārikh al-Balad al-Amīn''. Vol.1, pg. 142. Ed. By Muḥammad Ḥāmid al-Faqī. Beirut, 2nd ed. 1986.</ref>

===The second group===
[[Ibn Ishaq|Ibn Iṣḥaq]] is of the opinion that Khuza'a are the descendants of Amr ibn Luhay bin Qum'ah bin Ilyās bin Muḑar bin Nazār bin Ma'd bin 'Adnān;<ref>Hishām bin Muhammad al-Sā'ib al-Kalbī: ''Jamharat al-Nasab''. Pg. 17. Ed. Naji Ḥasan 1st ed. Beirut 1407.</ref> they would therefore be Muḑarites rather than Qaḥṭanites. Al-Muṣ'ab al-Zubayri also agrees with Ibn Iṣḥaq, saying that Qum'ah is 'Umayr, father of Khuza'a.<ref>Al-Muṣ'ab bin 'Abdullāh al- Zubayrī: ''Nasab Quraysh'', pg. 7. Ed. E. Levi-Provençal. 3rd ed. Dār al-Ma'ārif, Cairo, Egypt.</ref> This is supported by the opinion of [[Ibn Hazm|Ibn Ḥazm]], who related four prophetic traditions ([[Hadith]]) substantiating that Khuza'a were from Muḑar and not from Qaḥṭān:<ref>Ibn Ḥazm al-Andalusī: ''Jamharat Ansāb al-'Arab''. Vol.1, pg. 233.</ref>

Hadith 1: From [[Abu Hurayrah|Abū Hurayrah]] that Muhammad said: "'Amr ibn Luhay bin Qum'ah bin Khandaf is the father of Khuza'a."<ref>Ibn Ḥajar: ''Fatḥ al-Barī''. Ḥadīth No. 3520; vol. 6; pg. 632.</ref>

Hadith 2: The statement of Muhammad: "I saw Amr bin Luhay bin Qum'ah bin [[Khindif|Khandaf]] the father of those sons of Kaab, and he was dragging his intestines through hellfire."<ref>Ibn Ḥazm: ''Jamharat Ansāb'' ''al-'Arab''. Vol. 1 Pg.234.</ref> And those sons of Kaab are the ones about whom Ibn 'Abbās said: "The Quran was sent down in the dialect of Kaabs: Kaab bin Kaab bin Lu'ayy and Kaab bin Amr bin Luhay."<ref>Muḥammad bin Abū Bakr al-Tilimsānī: ''Al-Jawharah fī Nasab al-Nabī wa Aṣḥābih''. Vol.1, pg. 200. Ed. By Muḥammad Altūnjī, Riyadh 1983.</ref>

Hadith 3: The narration of Aktham ibn Abī Ḥabbūn al-Khuza'i, when Muhammad said to him, "O Aktham! I saw Rabiah ibn Luhay bin Qum'ah bin [[Khindif|Khandaf]] dragging his intestines in the fire, and I have never seen any man more like him than you; nor more like you than him." Aktham asked: "Are you afraid that being like him will harm me, o Messenger of Allah?" And he replied: "No, you are a believer and he was an unbeliever …"<ref>Ibn Kathīr: ''Tafsīr Ibn Kathīr'', vol. 3; pg. 107.</ref> And al-Muṣ'ab al-Zubayrī stood by this hadith saying that whatever Muhammad said was the truth.<ref>Al-Muṣ'ab al-Zubayrī: Nasab Quraysh, pg. 8.</ref> This is also supported by [[Ibn Khaldūn]], who reiterates the statement of [[Qadi Ayyad|Qādi 'Ayyāḑ]]: "What is well known about this Khuza'a is that he is Amr bin Luhay bin Qum'ah bin Ilyās.<ref>Ibn Khaldūn: ''Al-'Ibar wa Dawrān al-Mubtada' wa al-Khabar fī Ayyām al-'Arab wa al-'Ajm wa al-Barbar wa man 'Āṣirahum''. Vol. 2, Pg. 332; Beirut 1982.</ref>

Hadith 4: The hadith of [[Salamah ibn al-Akwa|Salamah ibn al-Akwā']], who said: "The Messenger of Allah (SAW) passed by a group of people from the tribe of Aslam who were practicing archery." And he said to them: "Throw Banī Ishmael, for your father was an archer, and I am with the sons of such-and-such a one …"<ref>Ibn Ḥajar: ''Fatḥ al-Bārī'', vol.6, pg. 107. Ḥadith No. 2899.</ref> Ibn Ḥazm said: "Now as for the first, the third and the fourth hadiths, they are all extremely authentic and reliable, and they cannot be rejected for the statements of the genealogists and others; and on the basis of these Khuza'a was one of the sons of Qum'ah bin Ilyās bin Muḑar.<ref name="Ḥazm_235" />

Al-Suhaylī said that the hadith of Salamah was a strong proof for those who considered Khuza'a to be one of the sons of Qum'ah ibn Ilyās.<ref>Al-Suhaylī: ''Al-Rawḑ al-Anf''. Vol. 1, pg. 19.</ref> And there is not the slightest doubt that the difference between the different genealogists stems from the fact that Salamah mentioned in the fourth hadith are the brothers of Khuza'a.<ref name="Ḥazm_235" /> And among the some more modern scholars who prefer to regard Khuza'a as one of the descendants of 'Adnān is 'Allāmah 'Abd al-Raḥmān bin Yaḥyā al-Mu'allamī al-Yamānī.<ref>[[Ibn al-Samʿānī|Al-Sam'ānī]]: ''Al-Ansāb'', vol. 5; pg. 108.</ref>

==Phratries (''buṭūn'')==
In ancient times the tribe of Khuza'a was subdivided into a number of [[phratries]] ({{transliteration|ar|buṭūn}}):<ref name="Ḥazm_235" />

{{div col}}
*Banū Kalb bin 'Amr
**Banū Salūl bin 'Amr
***Banū Ḥabshah bin Salūl
****Banū Qumayr bin Ḥabshah
****Banū Ḑāṭar bin Ḥabshah
****Banū Ḥalīl bin Ḥabshah
****Banū Kulayb bin Ḥabshah
***Banū ˁAddī bin Salūl
****Banū Ḥabtar bin ˁAddī
****Banū Haynah bin ˁAddī
**Banū Ḥabshah bin Ka'b
***Banū Ḥarām bin Ḥabshah
***Banū Ghāḑirah bin Ḥabshah
**Banū Sa'd bin Ka'b
**Banū Māzin bin Ka'b
*Banū ˁAddī bin 'Amr
*Banū Malīḥ bin 'Amr: It is said that among them was [[Quraysh tribe|Quraysh]], one of the sons of al-Ṣalt bin Mālik bin al-Naḑar bin Kinānah"<ref>Ibn Ḥazm: ''Jamharat Ansāb al-'Arab''. Vol. 1, Pg.238.</ref>
*Banū 'Awf bin 'Amr
**Banū Naḑr bin 'Awf
**"Banū Jufnah bin 'Awf; and they were in al-Ḥīrah.<ref>Al-Qalqashandī: ''Nihāyat al-Arab''. In MS, Q. 25.</ref>
*Banū Sa'd bin 'Amr
**Banū al-Muṣṭaliq bin Sa'd;the name of al-Muṣṭaliq was Judhaymah.
**Banū al-Ḥayā' bin Sa'd; and the name of al-Ḥayā' was 'Amr
{{div col end}}

And Banu al-Muṣṭaliq and Banu al-Ḥayā' belong to the tribes who formed the Ḥalaf of Ḥabābish in Mecca.<ref name="Ḥazm_235">Ibn Ḥazm: ''Jamharat Ansāb al-'Arab''. Vol. 1, pg. 235.</ref>

==Camp sites and settlements==
Geographical and historical works mention the locations that Khuza'a used to inhabit before and after the coming of Islam, since they were either [[Makkah|Mecca]], or adjoining it or in the mountains, watering holes and wadis around it. A number of other Arab tribes used to share these places with them, such as the Quraysh in Mecca, and Kinanah in Jabal al-Abwā' and Murr al-Ẓahrān and Qudayd. The Arab tribes in general often used to move from one area to another in search of water, something that sometimes led to tribes sharing certain spots. And among the campsites of Khuza'ah were:

{{div col|colwidth=12em}}
* Murr al-Ẓahrān
* 'Asifān
* Qudayd
* Al-Watīr
* Al-Maraysī'
* Khalīṣ
* Ghazzāl
* Ghaḑūr
* Ghalā'il
* Al-Ghurābāt
* Ghadīr Khumm
* Muhaymah (al-Juḥfah)
* Al-Abwā'
* Muḥammar
* Shanā'iq
* Shaqrā
* Al-Shabbāk
* Dawrān
* Khayf Salām
* Khayf al-Ni'am
* Nadā
* Nashāq
* Al-Mashqar
* Amaj
* Shahad
* 'Abab
* Shamnaṣīr
* Harshī
* Bayyin<ref>Yaḥyā 'Iṣmat 'Adal 'Azīz Hayh: Dawr Khuzā'ah fī Nashr al-Islām min Fajr al-Islām ilā Nihāyat al-'Aṣr al-Amawī. Magisterial theseis, pp 17-28, University of Umm al-Qurā, Makkah.1409.</ref>
{{div col end}}

==Rule of the Banu Khuza'ah over Mecca==
After [[Hagar in Islam|Hagar]] and her son [[Isma'il|Ishmael]] had settled in [[Mecca]], the tribe of [[Jurhum]] happened to pass through there and agreed with Hagar that they should remain there, as a new spring of fresh water had emerged at that location.{{Citation needed|date=March 2019}} They settled in Mecca and in the area around. Once Ishmael had become a youth, he married a woman of the tribe of Jurhum.<ref>Abū Ja'far Muḥammad bin Jarīr al-Ṭabarī: ''Tārikh al-Rusul wa al-Mulūk''. Vol. 1, pg. 258. Edited by Muḥammad Abū Faḑl Ibrāhīm, 4rd{{Clarify|date=July 2013|reason=Should this be '3rd' or '4th' or something else?}} ed. Dār al-Ma'ārif, Cairo, Egypt.</ref> Ishmael was the custodian of the [[Kaaba]], and after he died he made his son Nabit his successor. After Nabit, the job was given to his uncles from Jurhum, and with them were the descendants of Ishmael. Then Mudadh ibn Amr al-Jurhamī assumed the burden of the affairs of the Sacred House.<ref>Ibn Hishām: ''Al-Sīrat al-Nabawīyah''. Part 1, pg.111.</ref>

Jurhum's custodianship of the Sanctuary lasted for some time, but they then started to become weaker in faith, putting the continuing sanctity of the Sacred House in peril. They considered all the funds collected at the Sanctuary to be their property, and started to perform sinful acts within its precincts. It came to the point where a man and a woman, called Asaf and Na'ilah, performed coitus in the Sacred House, and according to the Muslim sources Allah turned them into two stones to punish them for this sacrilegious act.<ref>Ibn Hishām: ''Al-Sīrat al-Nabawīyah''. Part 1, pg. 82.</ref> Their aggression against the sanctity of the Sanctuary was the catalyst that made the Banu Bakr bin 'Abd al-Manāf bin Kinanah, descendants of Ishmael, join with Khuza'a in fighting Jurhum, and they expelled them from Mecca.<ref>'Abd al-Malik bin al-Qurayb al-Aṣma'ī: ''Tārīkh al-'Arab Qabl al-Islām''. Pg. 96. Edited by Muḥammad Ḥasan Āl Yāsīn, 1st. ed. Baghdad 1379 AH.</ref>

After the Jurhumites had fled, Khuza'a became custodians of the Sacred House, passing the duty on from father to son for a long time, five hundred years it is said.<ref name="Ḥazm_235" /> The first one of Khuza'a to govern the Sacred House was Amr bin Rabiah (Luhay) who travelled to Syria-Palestine (al-Shām) to seek a cure for a disease he was suffering from; he found the people there worshiping idols, and he liked this religion, so he brought back an idol called [[Hubal]] back to Mecca and called on the people to worship it. Hubal had the figure of an old man with a long beard and was made of carnelian. Its right hand had been cut off but the [[Quraysh]] would later provide it with a hand made of gold. Amr ibn Rabi'ah was the first to change the religion of the Arabs. Muslims historians consider that the people of Mecca were following the monotheistic religion of Ibrāhīm and Ismā'īl up to this point (see [[Hanif]]), when polytheism was introduced. Amr ibn Luhay became very famous among the other Arab tribes, because he fed all the pilgrims to the Sacred House, and distributed Yemeni cloaks to them. Many of the tribes started to visit Mecca on pilgrimage, and took their own idols with them, placing them around the Kaaba to worship.<ref>Al-Azraqī: Akhbār Makkah. Vol.1, Pg. 100.</ref>

It is narrated that Banu Qays Aylan bin MuDar coveted the Sacred House and they came one day in a great mass, accompanied by some other tribes, intending to seize it. At that time the leader of Banu Qays Aylan was Amr ibn al-Zarb al-'Udwānī. Khuza'a went out to fight them, and a battle ensued, and finally the Banu Qays Aylan fled.<ref>''Al-Aghāni'': Vol. 1, pg. 146.</ref>

Similarly, a group of the Hawāzin also launched a raid on the Banu Datir bin Habshah, one of the Banu Khuza'a, just after the Hawāzin had attacked the Banu Malūḥ (who belonged to Kinanah); then the Banu Datir and a group of Khuza'a raided the Hawāzin and killed many men.<ref>''Al-Aghānī''. Vol. 14, pg. 145.</ref> On another occasion the Hawazin raided Khuza'a, and they fought at al-Mahsab near Mina; they succeeded in beating the Banu 'Unqa' and some of the Banu Datir from Khuza'a.<ref>''Al-Aghāni''. Vol. 14, Pg. 148.</ref> During this time the Khuza'a tribe controlled the region from the West of Medina to the Red Sea.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rogerson |first=Barnaby |title=The Heirs Of The Prophet Muhammad: And the Roots of the Sunni-Shia Schism |year=2006}}</ref>

===Passing control of Mecca to Quraysh===
Quraysh, the descendants of Al-Nadr bin Kinanah, were dispersed at that time throughout Mecca and the surrounding area. This changed when Qusay bin Kilab got betrothed to Hubay bint Halil bin Habshah bin Salul bin Kaab bin Amr al-Khuza'i; he married her and at that time her father was in charge of the Kaabah, so Quṣay was later able to take over the custody of the Sanctuary. There are three different versions of the story of how Quṣay managed to seize this custody:

1. Ibn Isḥaq states that Quṣay became wealthy, his sons were dispersed all over Mecca, and he was held in great respect. After the death of Ḥalīl, Qusay thought he had more right to govern Mecca than Khuzā'a since the tribe of Quraysh were the cream of the sons of Ishmael son of Ibrāhīm and he was their pure descendant. The sons of Kinanah and Quraysh joined to help him to expel Khuza'a and Banu Bakr from Mecca. He sent a message to his stepbrother, Razah bin Rabiah, asking him to assist, and he did indeed come. Razah rushed to Mecca with his tribe from Quda'a, to help his brother in the war against Khuza'a.

2. Al-Azraqī mentions that Ḥalil liked Quṣay, and gave him his daughter's hand during his lifetime. Quṣay became the father of Abd al-Dar, Abd Manaf and Abd al-Uzza among others. Now when Ḥalīl became old he used to give the key of the Kaabah to his daughter, and she would pass it to her husband to open up the Sacred House. When Ḥalīl was dying he considered the fact that Quṣay had so many offspring and that they were well established, and he bequeathed him control of the Sanctuary, giving him the key. Now when Khuza'ah found out about this they refused to give the control of the Sacred House to Quṣay, and they took the key from Hubay. Now Quṣay quickly went to his people the Quraysh and Banu Kinanah and sought their help against Khuza'a, and he also sent for his brother to come from the territory of Quḑa'ah to assist.

3. Abu Hilāl al-'Askerī relates that when Ḥalīl became old, he passed control of the Sacred House to Abū Ghabshān Salīm bin Amr al-Khuza'i, and one day he and Quṣay were drinking together; now when he became drunk Quṣay bought the control of the Sacred House from him for a skinful of wine and a young camel. As a result there was a saying: "More damaging than the transaction of Abū Ghabshān."
These individual accounts, when collated show that Qusay was getting ready to seize the Sacred House from Khuza'ah, and Khuza'ah set out to fight Quṣay, Quraysh, Kinanah and his allies from Quḑaa'ah. There was a fierce battle which was known as "The Day of Abṭaḥ" (''Yawm Abṭaḥ''); there were many casualties on both sides but the army of Quṣay was victorious. Finally both sides decided that they should seek a ruling about what to do; they consulted the leader of Banu Kinanah, Ya'mar bin 'Awf bin Kaab bin 'Āmir bin Layth bin Bakr bin 'Abd Manāt bin Kinanah, and he decide that Quṣay should forget all the injuries sustained by him and his men, and that in recompense for the blood of Khuza'a spilled by Quṣay's army blood money was due; but Khuza'ah should pass on the rule of Mecca to Quṣay.<ref>Ibn Ḥazm: ''Jamharat'' ''Ansāb al- 'Arab'', vol. 1, P. 35-38.</ref> This event occurred in the 5th century CE.

The Khuza'a remained allies of the Quraysh, and in 570, the [[Year of the Elephant]], took part in the battle against [[Abraha]]h.

In 630, the Khuza'a were attacked by the [[Banu Bakr ibn Abd Manat|Banu Bakr]], allies of the Quraysh. Since the Khuza'a had recently formed an alliance with Muhammad (referred to in the [[Qur'an|Quran)]],<ref>Chapter Al-Tawba (Repentance): 14.</ref> this attack constituted a breach of the [[Treaty of Hudaybiyya|Treaty of Ḥudaybīyah]] of 628, that had brought about a truce between the Muslims and the Quraish and forbade hostilities between the two groups and their respective allies. This led to the [[conquest of Mecca]] by the Muslim armies, which occurred without a battle. The Banu Mustaliq was a branch of Banu Khuza'a. They occupied the territory of Qudayd on the [[Red Sea]] shore between [[Jeddah]] and [[Rabigh|Rābigh]].{{citation needed|date=May 2025}}

==During Muhammad's era==
{{Campaignbox Campaigns of Muhammad}}
{{Main|List of battles of Muhammad|Battle of the Trench}}

The Banu Khuza'a fought in the [[Battle of the Trench]]. The Banu Nadir began rousing the nomads of [[Najd]]. The Nadir enlisted the [[Ghatafan|Ghatafan confederacy]] by paying them half of their harvest.<ref name="Nomani368">Nomani, ''Sirat al-Nabi'', p. 368-370.</ref><ref name="Watt35-6">Watt, ''Muhammad at Medina'', pp. 34-37.</ref> This contingent, the second largest, added a strength of about 2000 men and 300 horsemen led by Unaina bin Hasan Fazari. The [[Banu Asad (tribe)|Banu Assad]] also agreed to join, led by Tuleha Asadi.<ref name="halabi1">al-Halabi, ''al-Sirat al-Halbiyyah'', p. 19.</ref> From the [[Banu Sulaym]], the Nadir secured 700 men, though this force would likely have been much larger had not some of its leaders been sympathetic towards Islam. The [[Banu 'Amir|Banu Amir]], who had a pact with Muhammad, refused to join.<ref name="trenchLing">Lings, ''Muhammad: his life based on the earliest sources'', pp. 215f.</ref>

Other tribes included the [[Banu Murra]], with 400 men led by Hars ibn Auf Murri, and the [[Banu Shuja]], with 700 men led by Sufyan ibn Abd Shams. In total, the strength of the Confederate armies, though not agreed upon by scholars, is estimated to have included around 10,000 men and six hundred horsemen. At the end of March 627 the army, which was led by Abu Sufyan, marched on Medina.<ref name="Rodinson 208">Rodinson, ''Muhammad: Prophet of Islam'', p. 208.</ref> In accordance with the plan the armies began marching towards [[Medina]], Meccans from the south (along the coast) and the others from the east. At the same time, horsemen from the Banu Khuza'a left to warn Medina of the invading army.<ref name="trenchLing" />

==Connection with the genealogy of Muhammad==
The genealogy of Muhammad is connected to that of Khuza'a in two ways: firstly by way of his third great-grandfather Abd Manaf bin Qusay;<ref>Ibn Ḥazm: ''Jamharat Ansāb al-'Arab''. Vol.1, pg. 43.</ref> and also through his marriage to the 'Mother of the Believers' Juwayrīyah, daughter of al-Ḥārith al-Khuza'i.<ref>Muḥammad bin al-Ḥasan Zabālah: ''Azwāj al-Nabī (Ṣalallāhu 'alaihī wa sallam)''. Edited by Akram Ḑiyā' al-'Umrī. 1st ed. Al-Madīnah 1401 AH.</ref>

==Role in the conquest of Mecca==
At the time of the Truce of Hudaybiya, one of the conditions set down was: "Whoever wishes to enter into an agreement with Muhammad and into his covenant, then he should enter it; and whoever wishes to enter into an agreement with the Quraysh and into their covenant then he should enter it."<ref>Nazār 'Abd al-Laṭīf: ''Ṣulḥ al-Hudaybīyah in Mujallat al-Adab. Baghdad University, 1979, pg. 395.''</ref> And Khuza'a leaped up with enthusiasm, saying: "We are in agreement with Muhammad and in his [SAW] covenant!" While the Banu al-Di'l bin Bakr jumped up saying: "We are in agreement with the Quraysh and in their covenant!"<ref>Ibn Hishām: ''al-Sīrat al-Nabawīyah''. Part 2, pg. 318.</ref>

===Quraysh break the truce===
Now while the truce was still holding, the Banu al-Di'l bin Bakr took advantage of it, and wanted to take blood revenge from Khuza'a for something that had happened in the Pre-Islamic period; they surprised them at a watering hole belonging to Khuza'a at al-Watīr to the south of Mecca, and they killed twenty of their men. They were helped in this attack by Quraysh who supplied men and weapons; and Khuza'a were driven into the Sacred Territory (Ḥaram), where they were unable to continue fighting.<ref>Al-Wāqidī:Al-Maghāzī. Vol. 2, Pg. 742.</ref>

=== Khuza'ah seeks the aid of Muhammad ===

Amr bin Salim al-Khuza'i set out with forty mounted men of Khuza'a to inform Muhammad about what had happened to them. When Muhammad was among the people in the mosque, Amr recited a poem to him about the agreements and affiliations between them and Khuza'a.<ref>Ibn Hishām: Al-Sirat al-Nabawīyah. Part 2, pg. 394.</ref>

===Muhammad assists Khuza'ah and conquers Mecca===

Then Muhammad said: "You have our help, O Amr ibn Salim!" He looked towards a cloud in the sky, saying: "This will make the victory of the Banu Kaab easy!"<ref>Ibn Hishām: ''Al-Sīrat al-Nabawīyah'', part 2, pg. 395.</ref>

Nawfil ibn Mu'awiyah al-Di'li al-Kinani apologized for his people saying: "The riders are lying to you." But Muhammad said: "Never mind about the riders. We have nobody, whether close relatives or not close, in [[Tihamah]] who has been better with us than Khuza'a!" Then he continued: "I would not receive succour if I failed to assist Banu Kaab from the very thing in which I need help."<ref>Al-Wāqidī: ''Al-Maghāzī''. Vol. 2, pg.791.</ref> Muhammad coordinated a large coalition force including Muslims and some of the Bedouin tribes and they went to Mecca and conquered it. This was towards the end of January 630 CE (8 AH).<ref>Philip K. Hitti: ''History of the Arabs.'' Pg. 118. Revised 10th ed. 2002.</ref>

== Creation of Abbasid Empire ==
The Khaza'il played a substantial role in the establishment of the [[Abbasid Caliphate]] with some of the most senior positions under the [[Caliphs of Baghdad|Caliphs]] being held by members of the tribal family. This includes the [[Vizier]] to the Caliph, Master of Post, the holder of the Royal Seal, Governors of the Abbasid provinces and the Head of the Abbasid Armies among others.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Crone |first=Patricia |title=Slaves on Horses: The evolution of the Islamic polity |date=1980 |publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref>

== Kingdom of Khaza'il ==
{{Further|Kingdom of Khaza'il}}The Kingdom of Khaza'il ([[Arabic]]: مملكة الخزاعل, [[Romanization|romanized]]: Mamlakat al-Khaza'il)''',''' also known as the Emirate of Khaza'il ([[Arabic]]: إمارة الخزاعل, [[Romanization|romanized]]: Imārat al-Khaza'il) to the Arabs and officially as the Kingdom of the Middle and Lower Euphrates '''('''[[Arabic]]: مملكة الفرات الأوسط والأسفل, [[Romanization|romanized]]: Mamlakat al-Furāt al-Awsaṭ wa-al-Asfal) by Britain,<ref>{{Cite book |title=Reports of administration for 1918 of divisions and districts of the occupied territories in Mesopotamia |date=1919 |publisher=British Administration |volume=1 |pages=66}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mann |first=James Saumarez |title=An Administrator In The Making: James Saumarez Mann, 1893–1920 |date=1921 |publisher=Longmans, Green, & Co |pages=201}}</ref> was an autonomous [[Monarchy|kingdom]] in present-day Iraq that resisted [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] colonial rule from the early 16th century to the early 20th century. Ruled by the Khaza'il Royal family, also known as the Banu Khuza'ah [[Sheikh]]ly dynasty, the Kingdom exercised military, economic, and political sovereignty, particularly in the Middle and Lower [[Euphrates]] region.
[[File:Khaza'il Emirate Map.svg|thumb|[[Kingdom of Khaza'il]] shaded in Green showing its territorial boundaries at its peak during the late 17th to late 19th century from [[Anah]] to [[Basra]].]]
At the height of their power in the 17th, 18th and 19th century, the Khaza'il ruled from the northern city of [[Anah]] to [[Basra]], including the southern outskirts of [[Baghdad]] and all cities along both sides of the [[Euphrates|Euphrates River]], controlling all cultivatable land and tribal forces in their territory.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book |last=Nieuwenhuis |first=Tom |title=Politics and Society in Early Modern Iraq: Mamlūk Pashas, Tribal Shayks and Local Rule Between 1902 and 1831 |date=1982 |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers |isbn=90-247-2347-7}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Güngörürler |first=Selim |title=Diplomacy and Political Relations Between the Ottoman Empire and Safavid Iran, 1639–1722 |date=2016 |publisher=Georgetown University |pages=373}}</ref> The [[Emir]]s of Khaza'il were known for their fierce armed resistance to Ottoman imperial authority lasting several centuries, vast land ownership, and their immense wealth established through the creation of [[Silk Road]] taxation mechanisms and agricultural monopoly.<ref name=":12" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Fernea |first=Robert |title=Irrigation and Social Organization Among the El Shabana; A Group of Tribal Cultivators in Southern Iraq |date=1959 |publisher=University of Chicago}}</ref> They are also known for establishing the dominance of [[Shia Islam|Shiism]] in [[Mesopotamia]] and ending 383 years of Ottoman Empire rule in Iraq.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Husain |first=Faisal |title=The Tigris–Euphrates Basin Under Early Modern Ottoman Rule, c. 1534–1830 |date=2018 |publisher=Georgetown University |location=Washington D.C.}}</ref>

==Modern day==

Many descendants of the tribe still live in their original homeland, in the [[Kingdom of Saudi Arabia]], but members of the tribe also live in other countries, such as [[Palestine]], [[Iraq]], [[Qatar]], [[Bahrain]] and [[Jordan]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.altahreernews.com/inp/view.asp?ID=6269 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2012-11-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319160818/http://altahreernews.com/inp/view.asp?ID=6269 |archive-date=2016-03-19 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Family Branches==
=== Iraq ===
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* Al Kazale (another way of spelling Khazāˁil)
* Al-Khazāˁil
**Āl Ṣaqar
**Āl Ḥāj 'Abdullāh
**Āl Shabīb bin Salmān
**Āl Ḥāj Muḥsin bin Salmān
**Āl Dāwūd bin Salmān
**Āl Ghānim bin Salmān
**Āl Karnūṣ bin Salmān
**Āl Darwīsh bin Salmān
**Āl Danyūs bin Salmān
**Āl 'Ajrash bin Salmān
**Āl Kahw bin Salmān
**Āl Jassās bin Salmān
*'Ashīrahs of Āl Ḥamd bin 'Abbās al-Khuzā'ī.
**Albū Ḥamd
**Albū Muḥammad
**Albū Jaffāl
**Āl 'Abbās
**Āl 'Abdullāh
**Āl Ḥusayn
**Āl Sa'dūn
**Āl Suwayd
*The 'Ashirahs of Salmān al-Awwal al-Khuzā'ī
**Āl Ḥamūdī
**Āl Hilāl
**Āl Ya'qūb
* 'Ashīrahs of Āl Mihnā including al-Ḥays bin Salmān al-Awwal
**Āl Mihnā
**Albū al-Dīn
**Albū Khazˁal
**Albū Khuḑayr
**Āl Qadarī
**Āl Shams
**Āl Rashīd
* 'Ashīrahs of Āl Māni' Maqṭa' al-Ru'ūs bin Muḥsin bin Jundayl
**Albū Ḥalīl
**Albū Kandaj
**Albū 'Ibādī
*'Ashīrahs of Āl Ramaḑān bin Salmān al-Awwal
**Al-Ramaḑān: and they live mainly in the countries of the [[Persian Gulf]].
**Āl 'Imrān al-Ramaḑān (living in [[Baghdad]])
* The 'Ashīrah of the Āl Juwaykh bin Salmān al-Awwal al-Khuzā'ī
**Āl Juwaykh in [[Nasiriya|al-NāSiriyah]]
* The 'Ashīrah of Āl Fāris bin Salmān al-Awwal al-Khuzā'ī.
**Āl Marzah (living in [[Najd]] and Baghdad)
* The 'Ashīrah of al-Ḥamāḥimah, descendants of Ḥāmī bin Muḥammad bin Mahnā bin Ismā'īl bin Salmān al-Awwal al-Khuzā'ī.
**Āl Dāwūd
**Āl Shāhir
**Abū Shakīlah
**Āl Lāyadh
{{div col end}}

=== Saudi Arabia ===
* '''Khuza'a in the Holy city of Mecca''': in Wādī Fāṭimah and what used to be known as Wādī Ẓahrān):
**Dhawī al-Mafraḥ
**Dhawī al-Harazi
**Dhawī Maddah
**Dhawī Mahdī
**Dhawī Ḥāmid
**Dhawī Muhammad
* '''Khuza'a of the open country (Wādī Malkān)'''
{{div col}}
*Al-Talḥah, and they are subdivided into:
**Āl Sirāj
**Āl 'Awwāḑ (al-Maṭrān and Āl Turkī)
**Al-Ḥanashah
**(Āl Radād) al-Sawālimah
**Al-Qawāsiyah
* Āl Mash'āb (and they are the sons of ibn Sadaqah)
**Āl bin Rashīd
* Al-Shimārīn, and they are divided into:
**Āl Ghaṭaysh
**Āl Mubārak (among them are Āl Marzūq)
**Āl 'Awād
**Āl 'Āyad
**Āl 'Alī (al-Ghuraybah)
{{div col end}}
* '''Khuza'a of the Sea (Baḥrah)'''
**Al-Saqāriyah

'''Khuza'a of [[Tihama]]h [[Asir|'Asīr]]'''<ref>''Al-Imtāj''. Vol.1, pg. 41.</ref><ref>''Mu'jam Qabā'il al-Mamlakah.'', pg. 127.</ref>
* Al-Munjiḥah (al-Munjiḥī) (their homes are in al-Qumḥah on the coast of Tihamah, between al-Barq and Shaqīq; among their villages are in al-Khashāfah, Dhahbān and al-Fattāḥ; and one of their watering places (mawārid) is al-Qu'r.) They include:
**Amkharīṣ (Kharīṣ)
**Al-'Abdīyah
**Āl Zayd
**Umm Muḥāwish (Muḥāwish)
**Āl Saryāḥ
**Al-Ma'yūf
**Al-Shahbī
**Wuld Islām
**Umm Muḥmaḑī
**Am'awaḑ
**Al-Raws
**Amqub'ah
* Al-Rīsh: and their dwellings are in Tihamah, north-east of Maḥayal 'Asīr.
*Khuza'a of [[Al-Ahsa Governorate|Al-Aḥsā]] Province.
**Al-Ramaḑān
**Āl 'Abd al-Salām
**Āl Ḥawāj(al-Ḥawāj)

=== Jordan ===
* Al-Rousān
* Al-Duwayk (Al Duwek or Al Doweik)
* Al-Khuzāˁilah in the central and northern deserts (bādiyah).
* Al-Khuza'i
* Al-Buṣūl in northern Jordan
* [[Ibrahim al-Kufahi|Al-Kufahi]] in the area of al-Bāriḥah
* Al-Farihat, and among them is the Shaykh Rāshid al-Khuza'i
* Āl Harfush (al-Harafishah)
* Āl Harfush (al-Harafishah) in Wādī al-Sarḥān
* Āl Harfush (al-Harafishah) in [[Mafraq|al-Mafraq]].

=== In Palestine ===
* Āl Quydayḥ, among them:
** Āl 'Alī
**Āl Subḥ
**Āl Ruḑwān
**Āl Rajīlah
**Āl Rūk
* Al-Duwaykāt
* Āl Najjār
**Āl Shanīnū
**Āl Jāmūs
* Āl Harfush: al-Harafishah, and among them are Ṣāfī and Zayd and 'Īsā 'Nakhlah', sons of the Emir Salām bin Harfush, originally from the village of Bayt Nabālah.
**Abū Raydah
**Al-Qarrā
**Āl Harfush - al-Harafishah ( [[Kharbatha al-Misbah|Kharbatā al-Miṣbāḥ]]).
**Āl Harfush – al-Harafishah (al-Maghār)

=== In Other Countries ===
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* '''Bahrain'''
** Āl Ramaḑān
** Āl 'Abd al-Salām
** Āl Ḥawāj (al-Hawāj)
** Al-Ṭawwāsh
** Bin '
** Al-Qaṭṭārah (al-Qaṭarī)
** Al-Khuzā'ī
* '''Qatar'''
** Bin 'Abbās
** Al-Khuzā'ī
* '''Egypt'''
** Āl Ḥarfūsh – al-Ḥarāfishah ([[Banha|Banhā]])
** Āl Ḥarfūsh – al-Ḥarāfishah (Al-Bakātūsh, [[Kafr el-Sheikh|Kafar al-Shaykh]])
* '''Kuwait'''
* Bayt al-'Arīsh
** Āl 'Abd al-Salām
** Āl Ramaḑān
** Āl Hawāj (al-Hawāj)
* '''Lebanon'''
** [[Harfush clan|Āl Ḥarfūsh]] – Al-Ḥarāfishah ([[Baalbek]])
* '''Syria'''
** Albū 'Ājūz in Aleppo, they came from Iraq to Syria and all have their written family trees leading back to 'Amr bin Luḥay.
* '''America'''
** There is a large network of members of Khuzā'ah, belonging to the Āl Ḥarfūsh – al-Ḥarāfishah, dating back to the 1920s.
{{div col end}}

== Ruling Family ==
The leading royal family of the Khuza'ah have been based in Iraq since their migration from modern day Saudi Arabia. Most recently, the [[Kingdom of Khaza'il|Kingdom of the Middle and Lower Euphrates]] was ruled as a [[monarchy]] by the Khaza'il Royal Family, leaders of the Banu Khuza'ah tribe. The Khaza'il Emirate was different to other Arabian Emirates in that it far more closely resembled a fixed state ruled by a Monarchy. As Middle Eastern History scholar Tom Nieuwenhuis writes:<blockquote>"They were tighter, more hierarchical and less latent in existence – though the riverain confederations were far from being stable political units. Of them the Khaza'il confederation and its leadership were clearly more settled than the others, and in certain aspects resembled sedentary political institutions. Their 17th century center, Imam Hamzah, took more and more the shape of a sedentary community. The shaykhs of the Khaza'il were also more bound to landed interests than most other aristocracies. According to Longrigg, the army of the Khaza'il shaykh 'was not a horde' and 'the rudiments of an administration marked his rapid expansion'. The other shaykhly aristocracies of the riverain areas usually preferred a nomadic style of life."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nieuwenhuis |first=Tom |title=Politics and Society in Early Modern Iraq: Mamlūk Pashas, Tribal Shayks and Local Rule Between 1902 and 1831 |date=1982 |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers |pages=144–145}}</ref></blockquote>Although the ruler of the Khaza'il Kingdom was internationally referred to as a [[King]], within Arab society, he was referred to as an [[emir]] and styled as [[sheikh]]. This dual title reflected both his tribal leadership and the more structured monarchical nature of the state.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Royal Succession Table
!No.
!Name
!Reign Start
!Reign End
!Notes
!Family
|-
|1
|'''[[Nasir bin Muhanna Al Khuza'i]]'''
ناصر بن مهنا الخزاعي
|1604
|1622
|King from Najaf to Fallujah
|[[House of Khaza'il|House of Khuza'ah]]
|-
|2
|[[Muhanna bin Ali Al Khaza'i|'''Muhanna bin Ali Al Khuza'i''']]
مهنا بن علي الخزاعي
|1622
|1640
|Khan of the Middle Euphrates (from Hit to Al Arjah)
|[[House of Khaza'il|House of Khuza'ah]]
|-
|3
|'''[[Muhammad bin Muhanna Al Khuza'i]]'''
محمد بن مهنا الخزاعي
|1640
|Unknown
|Leader of the Khuza'ah tribe
|[[House of Khaza'il|House of Khuza'ah]]
|-
|4
|[[Al Abbas bin Muhammad Al Khuza'i|'''Al-Abbas bin Muhammad Al Khuza'i''']]
العباس بن محمد الخزاعي
|Unknown
|1693
|Leader of the Khuza'ah tribe
|[[House of Khaza'il|House of Khuza'ah]]
|-
|5
|[[Salman bin Al Abbas Al Khaza'i|'''Salman bin Al-Abbas Al Khuza'i''']]
سلمان بن العباس الخزاعي
|1693
|1724
|King of the Middle and Lower Euphrates
|[[House of Khaza'il|House of Khuza'ah]]
|-
|6
|[[Hamad bin Al Abbas Al Khaza'i|'''Hamad bin Al-Abbas Al Khuza'i''']]
حمد بن العباس الخزاعي
|1724
|Unknown
|King of the Middle and Lower Euphrates
|[[House of Khaza'il|House of Khuza'ah]]
|-
|7
|[[Muhammad bin Hamad Al-Khaza'i|'''Muhammad bin Hamad Al Khuza'i''']]
محمد بن حمد الخزاعي
|Unknown
|1747
|King of the Middle and Lower Euphrates
|[[House of Khaza'il|House of Khuza'ah]]
|-
|8
|'''[[Hamud bin Hamad Al Khuza'i]]'''
حمود بن حمد الخزاعي
|1747
|1778
|King of the Middle and Lower Euphrates
|[[House of Khaza'il|House of Khuza'ah]]
|-
|9
|'''[[Hamad bin Hamud Al Khuza'i]]'''
حمد بن حمود الخزاعي
|1778
|1799
|King of the Middle and Lower Euphrates
|[[House of Khaza'il|House of Khuza'ah]]
|-
|10
|'''[[Sebti bin Muhsin Al Khuza'i]]'''
سبتي بن محسن الخزاعي
|1799
|1813
|King of Middle and Lower Euphrates; died by drowning
|[[House of Khaza'il|House of Khuza'ah]]
|-
|11
|'''[[Muhsin bin Ghanim Al Khuza'i]]'''
محسن بن غانم الخزاعي
|1799
|1810
|Emir of Jazirah; rivaled Emir Sebti bin Hamud. This conflict arose after Emir Hamad bin Hamud redistributed land to the Al Salman branch cousins
|[[House of Khaza'il|House of Khuza'ah]]
|-
|12
|[[Salman bin Muhsin bin Ghanim Al Khaza'i|'''Salman bin Muhsin bin Ghanim Al Khuza'i''']]
سلمان بن محسن بن غانم الخزاعي
|1813
|1818
|King of Middle and Lower Euphrates
|[[House of Khaza'il|House of Khuza'ah]]
|-
|13
|'''[[Ghanim bin Salman Al Khuza'i]]'''
غانم بن سلمان الخزاعي
|1818
|1821
|King of Middle and Lower Euphrates
|[[House of Khaza'il|House of Khuza'ah]]
|-
|14
|[[Khanjur bin Hamad bin Hamud Al Khaza'i|'''Khanjur bin Hamad bin Hamud Al Khuza'i''']]
خنجر بن حمد بن حمود الخزاعي
|1818
|1823
|King of Middle and Lower Euphrates
|[[House of Khaza'il|House of Khuza'ah]]
|-
|15
|[[Dhirb bin Mughamis Al Khaza'i|'''Dhirb bin Mughamis Al Khuza'i''']]
ذرب بن مغامس الخزاعي
|1823
|1850
|King of Middle and Lower Euphrates; assassinated by Ottoman Empire in Najaf
|[[House of Khaza'il|House of Khuza'ah]]
|-
|16
|[[Kuraidi bin Dhirb Al Khaza'i|'''Kuraidi bin Dhirb Al Khuza'i''']]
كريدي بن ذرب الخزاعي
|1850
|1851
|King of Middle and Lower Euphrates
|[[House of Khaza'il|House of Khuza'ah]]
|-
|17
|[[Mutlaq bin Kuraidi Al Khaza'i|'''Mutlaq bin Kuraidi Al Khuza'i''']]
مطلق بن كريدي الخزاعي
|1851
|1864
|King of Middle and Lower Euphrates; exiled to Constantinople and forced to fight against Russia in Ottoman-Russia War where he was killed in battle. His son, Prince Mit'ab was poisoned by Ottoman Empire in Mosul
|[[House of Khaza'il|House of Khuza'ah]]
|-
|18
|[[Sharmahi bin Muhammad Al Khaza'i|'''Sharmāhi bin Muhammad Al Khuza'i''']]
شرماهي بن محمد الخزاعي
|Unknown
|1935
|Final King of Middle Euphrates; between Emir Mutlaq and Emir Sharmāhi, there was a rivalry before the Kingdom was dissolved. The region was later integrated into modern Iraq. His son Abdul-Aziz Al Khuza'i later became a member of the Iraqi Senate
|[[House of Khaza'il|House of Khuza'ah]]
|-
|19
|'''[[Salman bin Sharmāhi Al Khuza'i]]'''
سلمان بن شرماهي الخزاعي
|1935
|1976
|Leader of Banu Khuza'ah
|[[House of Khaza'il|House of Khuza'ah]]
|-
|20
|'''[[Abdul Aziz bin Sharmāhi Al Khuza'i]]'''
عبدالعزيز بن شرماهي الخزاعي
|1976
|1980
|Leader of Banu Khuza'ah and member of the Iraqi Senate
|[[House of Khaza'il|House of Khuza'ah]]
|-
|21
|'''[[Hadi bin Sharmāhi Al Khuza'i]]'''
هادي بن شرماهي الخزاعي
|1980
|2003
|Leader of Banu Khuza'ah
|[[House of Khaza'il|House of Khuza'ah]]
|-
|22
|'''[[Mohammed bin Abdul Aziz Al Khouzai|Mohammed bin Abdul Aziz bin Sharmāhi Al Khuza'i]]'''
محمد بن عبدالعزيز بن شرماهي الخزاعي
|2003
|Present
|Leader of Banu Khuza'ah and former Prime Ministerial candidate of Iraq
|[[House of Khaza'il|House of Khuza'ah]]
|}
Following the death of Emir Mutlaq, the Khaza'il territories split with individual Sheikhs of the main clans (branches) ruling their respective districts.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Al-Saadi |first=Hamoud |title=دراسات عن عشائر العراق: الخزاعل |date=1974 |publisher=Al-Adab Press |trans-title=Studies on the Tribes of Iraq: Al-Khaza'il}}</ref> Between Emir Mutlaq and Emir Sharmāhi, several cousins from the Al Salman branch of the Khaza'il rivalled for leadership of the Khaza'il Emirate over the Albu Hamad branches; these include the militarily powerful Chassàb Al Hammàdi, Salman and Muhammad Al Abtan who had received favour from the British Empire. However, Salman Al Abtan, having been very wealthy and powerful during the late 19th century, had ended impoverished due to the Ottoman distribution of Khaza'il land to rival tribes and sayyids.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mann |first=James Saumarez |title=An Administrator In The Making: JAMES SAUMAREZ MANN, 1893–1920 |date=1921 |publisher=Longmans, Green, & Co. |pages=203}}</ref> A similar fate of impoverishment affected much of the Al Salman branch, whereas the Albu Muhammad branch retained its wealth. This was partly due to the Ottoman Empire's limited ability to integrate rival tribes into its provinces. As a result, the Khaza'il remained a unified tribal confederation, continuing to function as an Emirate into the early 20th century.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jones |first=Scott |title=Occupation and resistance in southern Iraq: a study of Great Britain's civil administration in the Middle Euphrates and the Great Rebellion, 1917–1920 |date=2018 |publisher=DePaul University |pages=51}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Atiyyah |first=Ghassan |title=Iraq: 1908–1921, a Socio-Political Study. |date=1973 |publisher=The Arab Institute for Research and Publishing |location=Beirut |pages=257}}</ref> Emir Sharmāhi of the Albu Hamad branch, having retained vast sums of wealth, was able to uphold the traditional role of an open-house Sheikh, maintaining authority over all Sheikhs of the Khaza'il confederation. This allowed him to remain the final ruler of the Kingdom before its integration into the modern Iraqi state. After the Emirate's dissolution, Emir Sharmāhi's sons, His Highnesses Salman and later Abdul-Aziz, succeeded him as paramount leaders of the Khaza'il tribe. Abdul-Aziz later became a member of the Iraqi Senate, further solidifying the family's influence within the new state structure. Today, the current leader of the Khuza'ah tribe is [[Mohammed bin Abdul Aziz Al Khouzai|His Highness Sheikh Mohammed Al-Khouzai (Khuza'i)]], the son of Sheikh Abdul-Aziz.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2022-02-24 |title=Could Alkhouzai be Iraq's next Prime Minister? {{!}} Iraq Business News |url=https://www.iraq-businessnews.com/2022/02/24/could-this-be-iraqs-next-prime-minister/ |access-date=2025-02-20 |language=en-GB}}</ref>[[File:Sheikhly_House_of_Khaza'il_Genealogy_(but_includes_errors).png|thumb|[[Arab Bureau]]-produced genealogical table of the Khaza'il (Khuza'ah) Sheikhly House - authors admit errors in terms of relationships between individuals and certain names omitted<ref>{{Cite book |title=Arab Tribes of the Baghdad Wilayet |publisher=Arab Bureau |year=1918 |pages=152}}</ref>]]
[[File:Sheikh_Abdul-Aziz_Al-Khaza'il,_son_of_last_King_of_the_Middle_and_Lower_Euphrates_Emir_Sharmāhi_Al-Khaza'il,_meeting_King_Faisal_II_of_Iraq.jpg|thumb|Pictured is His Highness Sheikh Abdul-Aziz bin Sharmāhi Al-Khuza'i (3rd from right), Leader of the Khuza'ah tribe and son of the final King of the Middle and Lower Euphrates, His Majesty Emir Sharmāhi Al-Khuza'i, meeting the Iraqi [[Faisal II|King Faisal II]], following the Khaza'il submission of sovereignty to the Iraq monarchy in 1921.]]

==Notable Members==
*[[Hulail ibn Hubshiyyah]]
*[[Hubba bint Hulail|Hubbah bint Hulail]]
*[[Umm Anmaar]]
*[[Abu al-Futuh al-Razi]]
*[[Sulayman ibn Surad|Sulayman ibn Surad al-Khuza'i]]
*Abdulla Abbas Abdulla Abbas Ali Hussain Al-Khayat
*[[Malik ibn al-Haytham al-Khuza'i]]
*[[Thabit ibn Nasr|Thabit ibn Nasr al-Khuza'i]]
*[[Talha ibn Abd Allah al-Khuza'i]]
*[[Muhammad ibn al-Ash'ath al-Khuza'i]]
*[[Muhammad ibn Abdallah ibn Malik al-Khuza'i]]
*[[Abdallah ibn Malik al-Khuza'i]]
*[[Muttalib ibn Abdallah ibn Malik|Muttalib ibn Abdallah ibn Malik al-Khuza'i]]
*[[:ar:أحمد بن محمد بن سلطان الحرفوش|Emir Ahmad al-Harfush]]
*Hamid bin Hamoud al-Khuzai
*[[Khodair al-Khozaei]]
*[[Mohammed bin Abdul Aziz|Mohammed bin Abdul Aziz Al-Khuzai]]

== See also ==
*[[Tribes of Arabia]]

==References==
{{Reflist|32em}}

==External links==
*http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Articles/companion/04_abu_bakr.htm
* Al-Maqhafī, 'Awwād: ''Qabā'l Wa Butūn Al-'Arab''
* Al-Mas'ūdī, 'Abd al-'Azīz: ''Tārikh Qabā'il Al-'Arab''

{{Historical Arab tribes}}
{{Arab tribes in Saudi Arabia}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Banu Khuza'ah}}
[[Category:Azd]]

2022 Odisha Open

2025-11-09T06:02:11Z

CourtneySugden: Creating a info v1 - done

{{short description|2022 badminton tournament in Odisha}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox badminton event
|name = {{nowrap|2022 Odisha Open}}
|image =
|caption =
|dates = 25–30 January
|number_edition =
|level = G2L6
|prize_money = 75000
|other =
|venue = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium (Cuttack)|Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium]]
|location = [[Cuttack]], [[Odisha]], India
|MS = [[Kiran George]]
|country_MS = IND
|WS = [[Unnati Hooda]]
|country_WS = IND
|MD1 = [[Nur Mohd Azriyn Ayub]]
|country_MD1 = MAS
|MD2 = [[Lim Khim Wah]]
|country_MD2 = MAS
|WD1 = [[Gayatri Gopichand]]
|country_WD1 = IND
|WD2 = [[Treesa Jolly]]
|country_WD2 = IND
|XD1 = [[Sachin Dias]]
|country_XD1 = SRI
|XD2 = [[Thilini Hendahewa]]
|country_XD2 = SRI
|previous =
|next = [[2023 Odisha Masters|2023]]
}}
{{TOC-right}}
The '''2022 Odisha Open''' was a [[Badminton World Federation|BWF]] Super 100 tournament that took place at the [[Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium (Cuttack)|Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium]], [[Cuttack]], [[Odisha]], India from 25 to 30 January 2022. It had a total prize pool of US$75,000.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}

==Tournament==
The 2022 Odisha Open was the third tournament and the first Super 100 tournament of the [[2022 BWF World Tour]]. It was the first edition of the [[Odisha Open]]. The tournament was organized by the [[Badminton Association of India]] with sanction from the [[Badminton World Federation]].<ref name="pros">{{cite web |title=Prospectus Odisha Open 2022 |url=https://extranet.bwfbadminton.com/docs/events/4428/docs/Odisha%20OPEN%202022%20-%20Prospectus.pdf |publisher=[[Badminton World Federation]] |access-date=2 January 2022 |archive-date=14 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214010624/https://extranet.bwfbadminton.com/docs/events/4428/docs/Odisha%20OPEN%202022%20-%20Prospectus.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Venue===
This international tournament was held at the Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium in [[Cuttack]], [[Odisha]], India.<ref name="pros"/>

=== Point distribution ===
Below is the point distribution table for each phase of the tournament based on the [[BWF World Ranking|BWF points system]] for the [[BWF Tour Super 100]] event.<ref>{{cite web |title=World Ranking System |url=https://system.bwfbadminton.com/documents/folder_1_81/folder_1_82/New-Regulations-2018/5.3.3.1%20World%20Ranking%20System.pdf |publisher=Badminton World Federation |access-date=24 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510005434/https://system.bwfbadminton.com/documents/folder_1_81/folder_1_82/New-Regulations-2018/5.3.3.1%20World%20Ranking%20System.pdf |archive-date=10 May 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! width="75" | Winner
! width="75" | Runner-up
! width="75" | 3/4
! width="75" | 5/8
! width="75" | 9/16
! width="75" | 17/32
! width="75" | 33/64
! width="75" | 65/128
! width="75" | 129/256
|-
| 5,500 || 4,680 || 3,850 || 3,030 || 2,110 || 1,290 || 510 || 240 || 100
|}

=== Prize money ===
The total prize money for this tournament was US$75,000. The distribution of the prize money was in accordance with BWF regulations.<ref name="pros"/>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; text-align:center"
|-
| width="104px" | '''Event'''
| width="68px" | '''Winner'''
| width="68px" | '''Finalist'''
| width="68px" | '''Semi-finals'''
| width="80px" | '''Quarter-finals'''
| width="68px" | '''Last 16'''
|-
| bgcolor="#dfe2e9" | '''Singles'''
| $5,625 || $2,850 || $1,087.50 || $450 || $262.50
|-
| bgcolor="#dfe2e9" | '''Doubles'''
| $5,925 || $2,850 || $1,050 || $543.75 || $281.25
|}

== Men's singles ==
=== Seeds ===
{{colbegin}}
#{{flagicon|IND}} [[Parupalli Kashyap]] ''(withdrew)''
#{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sourabh Verma]] ''(withdrew)''
#{{flagicon|IND}} [[Subhankar Dey]] ''(quarter-finals)''
#{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ajay Jayaram]] ''(withdrew)''
#{{flagicon|FIN}} [[Kalle Koljonen]] ''(withdrew)''
#{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Xiaodong Sheng]] ''(second round)''
#{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Cheam June Wei]] ''(third round)''
#{{flagicon|AZE}} [[Ade Resky Dwicahyo]] ''(withdrew)''
{{colend}}

=== Finals ===
{{4TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD-shade = #A8D3FF
| RD1=Semi-finals
| RD2=Final
| team-width=175

| RD1-seed1= 
| RD1-team1={{flagicon|IND}} [[Kaushal Dharmamer]]
| RD1-score1-1=17
| RD1-score1-2=14
| RD1-score1-3=
| RD1-seed2=
| RD1-team2='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Priyanshu Rajawat]]'''
| RD1-score2-1='''21'''
| RD1-score2-2='''21'''
| RD1-score2-3=

| RD1-seed3= 
| RD1-team3='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kiran George]]'''
| RD1-score3-1=19
| RD1-score3-2='''21'''
| RD1-score3-3='''21'''
| RD1-seed4=
| RD1-team4={{flagicon|IND}} [[Ansal Yadav]]
| RD1-score4-1='''21'''
| RD1-score4-2=12
| RD1-score4-3=14

| RD2-seed1= 
| RD2-team1={{flagicon|IND}} [[Priyanshu Rajawat]]
| RD2-score1-1=15
| RD2-score1-2='''21'''
| RD2-score1-3=18
| RD2-seed2=
| RD2-team2='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kiran George]]'''
| RD2-score2-1='''21'''
| RD2-score2-2=14
| RD2-score2-3='''21'''
}}

=== Top half ===
==== Section 1 ====
{{16TeamBracket-Tennis3-Byes
| RD1=First Round
| RD2=Second Round
| RD3=Third Round
| RD4=Quarter-finals
| team-width=250

| RD1-seed3=
| RD1-team3={{flagicon|SRI}} [[Buwaneka Goonethilleka|B Goonethilleka]]
| RD1-score3-1=18
| RD1-score3-2='''21'''
| RD1-score3-3=19
| RD1-seed4=PFQ
| RD1-team4='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Abhyansh Singh|A Singh]]'''
| RD1-score4-1='''21'''
| RD1-score4-2=17
| RD1-score4-3='''21'''

| RD1-seed7=PFQ
| RD1-team7={{flagicon|IND}} [[Naren Shankar Iyer|N S Iyer]]
| RD1-score7-1=12
| RD1-score7-2='''21'''
| RD1-score7-3=19
| RD1-seed8=PFQ
| RD1-team8='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Tukum Laa|Tu Laa]]'''
| RD1-score8-1='''21'''
| RD1-score8-2=19
| RD1-score8-3='''21'''

| RD1-seed11=
| RD1-team11='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kaushal Dharmamer|K Dharmamer]]'''
| RD1-score11-1='''21'''
| RD1-score11-2='''21'''
| RD1-score11-3=
| RD1-seed12=
| RD1-team12={{flagicon|IND}} [[S.Sankar Muthusamy Subramanian|S S M Subramanian]]
| RD1-score12-1=13
| RD1-score12-2=16
| RD1-score12-3=

| RD1-seed15=PFQ
| RD1-team15='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ajay Satish Kumar Nair|A S K Nair]]'''
| RD1-score15-1=w
| RD1-score15-2=/
| RD1-score15-3=o
| RD1-seed16=Q7
| RD1-team16={{flagicon|}}
| RD1-score16-1=
| RD1-score16-2=
| RD1-score16-3=

| RD2-seed1=PFQ
| RD2-team1={{flagicon|IND}} [[Arunesh Hari|A Hari]]
| RD2-score1-1=21
| RD2-score1-2=10
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=PFQ
| RD2-team2='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Abhyansh Singh|A Singh]]'''
| RD2-score2-1='''23'''
| RD2-score2-2='''21'''
| RD2-score2-3=

| RD2-seed3=
| RD2-team3='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Abhishek Saini|A Saini]]'''
| RD2-score3-1=12
| RD2-score3-2='''21'''
| RD2-score3-3='''21'''
| RD2-seed4=PFQ
| RD2-team4={{flagicon|IND}} [[Tukum Laa|Tu Laa]]
| RD2-score4-1='''21'''
| RD2-score4-2=18
| RD2-score4-3=13

| RD2-seed5=PFQ
| RD2-team5={{flagicon|IND}} [[Gurusai Dutt|Gurusaidutt R. M. V.]]
| RD2-score5-1=13
| RD2-score5-2=17
| RD2-score5-3=
| RD2-seed6=
| RD2-team6='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kaushal Dharmamer|K Dharmamer]]'''
| RD2-score6-1='''21'''
| RD2-score6-2='''21'''
| RD2-score6-3=

| RD2-seed7=
| RD2-team7='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kiran Kumar Mekala|K K Mekala]]'''
| RD2-score7-1='''21'''
| RD2-score7-2=12
| RD2-score7-3='''21'''
| RD2-seed8=PFQ
| RD2-team8={{flagicon|IND}} [[Ajay Satish Kumar Nair|A S K Nair]]
| RD2-score8-1=14
| RD2-score8-2='''21'''
| RD2-score8-3=11

| RD3-seed1=PFQ
| RD3-team1='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Abhyansh Singh|A Singh]]'''
| RD3-score1-1=18
| RD3-score1-2='''21'''
| RD3-score1-3='''21'''
| RD3-seed2=
| RD3-team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Abhishek Saini|A Saini]]
| RD3-score2-1='''21'''
| RD3-score2-2=17
| RD3-score2-3=18

| RD3-seed3=
| RD3-team3='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kaushal Dharmamer|K Dharmamer]]'''
| RD3-score3-1='''21'''
| RD3-score3-2='''21'''
| RD3-score3-3=
| RD3-seed4=
| RD3-team4={{flagicon|IND}} [[Kiran Kumar Mekala|K K Mekala]]
| RD3-score4-1=15
| RD3-score4-2=6
| RD3-score4-3=

| RD4-seed1=PFQ
| RD4-team1={{flagicon|IND}} [[Abhyansh Singh|A Singh]]
| RD4-score1-1='''21'''
| RD4-score1-2=18
| RD4-score1-3=18
| RD4-seed2=
| RD4-team2='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kaushal Dharmamer|K Dharmamer]]'''
| RD4-score2-1=14
| RD4-score2-2='''21'''
| RD4-score2-3='''21'''
}}

==== Section 2 ====
{{16TeamBracket-Tennis3-Byes
| RD1=First Round
| RD2=Second Round
| RD3=Third Round
| RD4=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed3=
| RD1-team3={{flagicon|IND}} [[Sathish Karunakaran|S Karunakaran]]
| RD1-score3-1=w
| RD1-score3-2=/
| RD1-score3-3=o
| RD1-seed4=Q4
| RD1-team4= 
| RD1-score4-1=
| RD1-score4-2=
| RD1-score4-3=

| RD1-seed7=PFQ
| RD1-team7={{flagicon|IND}} [[Dhruv Rawat|D Rawat]]
| RD1-score7-1=19
| RD1-score7-2=14
| RD1-score7-3=
| RD1-seed8=Q3
| RD1-team8='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Pranav Rao Gandham|P R Gandham]]'''
| RD1-score8-1='''21'''
| RD1-score8-2='''21'''
| RD1-score8-3=

| RD1-seed11=Q8
| RD1-team11='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Eshwar Sukumar|E Sukumar]]'''
| RD1-score11-1='''21'''
| RD1-score11-2='''21'''
| RD1-score11-3=
| RD1-seed12=Q1
| RD1-team12={{flagicon|ZAM}} [[Chongo Ezra Mulenga|C E Mulenga]]
| RD1-score12-1=11
| RD1-score12-2=4
| RD1-score12-3=

| RD1-seed15=
| RD1-team15='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kartikey Gulshan Kumar|K Gulshan Kumar]]'''
| RD1-score15-1='''21'''
| RD1-score15-2='''21'''
| RD1-score15-3=
| RD1-seed16=PFQ
| RD1-team16={{flagicon|IND}} [[Hemanth M. Gowda|H M Gowda]]
| RD1-score16-1=7
| RD1-score16-2=17
| RD1-score16-3=

| RD2-seed1=PFQ
| RD2-team1={{flagicon|IND}} [[Vishal Vasudevan|V Vasudevan]]
| RD2-score1-1=7
| RD2-score1-2='''23'''
| RD2-score1-3=9
| RD2-seed2=
| RD2-team2='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sathish Karunakaran|S Karunakaran]]'''
| RD2-score2-1='''21'''
| RD2-score2-2=21
| RD2-score2-3='''21'''

| RD2-seed3=
| RD2-team3='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Priyanshu Rajawat|P Rajawat]]'''
| RD2-score3-1=18
| RD2-score3-2='''21'''
| RD2-score3-3='''21'''
| RD2-seed4=Q3
| RD2-team4={{flagicon|IND}} [[Pranav Rao Gandham|P R Gandham]]
| RD2-score4-1='''21'''
| RD2-score4-2=14
| RD2-score4-3=13

| RD2-seed5=7
| RD2-team5='''{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Cheam June Wei|Cheam J W]]'''
| RD2-score5-1='''21'''
| RD2-score5-2='''21'''
| RD2-score5-3=
| RD2-seed6=Q8
| RD2-team6={{flagicon|IND}} [[Eshwar Sukumar|E Sukumar]]
| RD2-score6-1=15
| RD2-score6-2=15
| RD2-score6-3=

| RD2-seed7=
| RD2-team7='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mithun Manjunath|M Manjunath]]'''
| RD2-score7-1=15
| RD2-score7-2='''21'''
| RD2-score7-3='''21'''
| RD2-seed8=
| RD2-team8={{flagicon|IND}} [[Kartikey Gulshan Kumar|K Gulshan Kumar]]
| RD2-score8-1='''21'''
| RD2-score8-2=17
| RD2-score8-3=15

| RD3-seed1=
| RD3-team1={{flagicon|IND}} [[Sathish Karunakaran|S Karunakaran]]
| RD3-score1-1=13
| RD3-score1-2=12
| RD3-score1-3=
| RD3-seed2=
| RD3-team2='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Priyanshu Rajawat|P Rajawat]]'''
| RD3-score2-1='''21'''
| RD3-score2-2='''21'''
| RD3-score2-3=

| RD3-seed3=7
| RD3-team3={{flagicon|MAS}} [[Cheam June Wei|Cheam J W]]
| RD3-score3-1=11
| RD3-score3-2=18
| RD3-score3-3=
| RD3-seed4=
| RD3-team4='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mithun Manjunath|M Manjunath]]'''
| RD3-score4-1='''21'''
| RD3-score4-2='''21'''
| RD3-score4-3=

| RD4-seed1=
| RD4-team1='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Priyanshu Rajawat|P Rajawat]]'''
| RD4-score1-1=13
| RD4-score1-2='''21'''
| RD4-score1-3='''21'''
| RD4-seed2=
| RD4-team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Mithun Manjunath|M Manjunath]]
| RD4-score2-1='''21'''
| RD4-score2-2=14
| RD4-score2-3=8
}}

=== Bottom half ===
==== Section 3 ====
{{16TeamBracket-Tennis3-Byes
| RD1=First Round
| RD2=Second Round
| RD3=Third Round
| RD4=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1=PFQ
| RD1-team1='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Rithvik Sanjeevi|R Sanjeevi]]'''
| RD1-score1-1='''21'''
| RD1-score1-2='''21'''
| RD1-score1-3=
| RD1-seed2=Q5
| RD1-team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Shashwat Dalal|S Dalal]]
| RD1-score2-1=10
| RD1-score2-2=16
| RD1-score2-3=

| RD1-seed5=
| RD1-team5='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Chirag Sen|C Sen]]'''
| RD1-score5-1='''21'''
| RD1-score5-2='''21'''
| RD1-score5-3=
| RD1-seed6=
| RD1-team6={{flagicon|IND}} [[Varun Kapur|V Kapur]]
| RD1-score6-1=18
| RD1-score6-2=15
| RD1-score6-3=

| RD1-seed9=
| RD1-team9={{flagicon|ZAM}} [[Kalombo Mulenga|K Mulenga]]
| RD1-score9-1=15
| RD1-score9-2=9
| RD1-score9-3=
| RD1-seed10=
| RD1-team10='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Shreyansh Jaiswal|S Jaiswal]]'''
| RD1-score10-1='''21'''
| RD1-score10-2='''21'''
| RD1-score10-3=

| RD1-seed13=PFQ
| RD1-team13={{flagicon|IND}} [[Astitva Kale|A Kale]]
| RD1-score13-1=20
| RD1-score13-2=11
| RD1-score13-3=
| RD1-seed14=PFQ
| RD1-team14='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Jagadeesh Kalaga|J Kalaga]]'''
| RD1-score14-1='''22'''
| RD1-score14-2='''21'''
| RD1-score14-3=

| RD2-seed1=PFQ
| RD2-team1={{flagicon|IND}} [[Rithvik Sanjeevi|R Sanjeevi]]
| RD2-score1-1=18
| RD2-score1-2=18
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=
| RD2-team2='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kiran George|K George]]'''
| RD2-score2-1='''21'''
| RD2-score2-2='''21'''
| RD2-score2-3=

| RD2-seed3=
| RD2-team3='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Chirag Sen|C Sen]]'''
| RD2-score3-1='''21'''
| RD2-score3-2='''21'''
| RD2-score3-3=
| RD2-seed4=PFQ
| RD2-team4={{flagicon|IND}} [[Ravi (badminton)|Ravi]]
| RD2-score4-1=14
| RD2-score4-2=19
| RD2-score4-3=

| RD2-seed5=
| RD2-team5={{flagicon|IND}} [[Shreyansh Jaiswal|S Jaiswal]]
| RD2-score5-1=8
| RD2-score5-2=14
| RD2-score5-3=
| RD2-seed6=
| RD2-team6='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Rahul Yadav Chittaboina|R Y Chittaboina]]'''
| RD2-score6-1='''21'''
| RD2-score6-2='''21'''
| RD2-score6-3=

| RD2-seed7=PFQ
| RD2-team7={{flagicon|IND}} [[Jagadeesh Kalaga|J Kalaga]]
| RD2-score7-1=18
| RD2-score7-2=10
| RD2-score7-3=
| RD2-seed8=3
| RD2-team8='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Subhankar Dey|S Dey]]'''
| RD2-score8-1='''21'''
| RD2-score8-2='''21'''
| RD2-score8-3=

| RD3-seed1=
| RD3-team1='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kiran George|K George]]'''
| RD3-score1-1='''21'''
| RD3-score1-2='''21'''
| RD3-score1-3=
| RD3-seed2=
| RD3-team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Chirag Sen|C Sen]]
| RD3-score2-1=12
| RD3-score2-2=13
| RD3-score2-3=

| RD3-seed3=
| RD3-team3={{flagicon|IND}} [[Rahul Yadav Chittaboina|R Y Chittaboina]]
| RD3-score3-1=16
| RD3-score3-2=14
| RD3-score3-3=
| RD3-seed4=3
| RD3-team4='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Subhankar Dey|S Dey]]'''
| RD3-score4-1='''21'''
| RD3-score4-2='''21'''
| RD3-score4-3=

| RD4-seed1=
| RD4-team1='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kiran George|K George]]'''
| RD4-score1-1='''21'''
| RD4-score1-2=10
| RD4-score1-3='''21'''
| RD4-seed2=3
| RD4-team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Subhankar Dey|S Dey]]
| RD4-score2-1=16
| RD4-score2-2='''21'''
| RD4-score2-3=19
}}

==== Section 4 ====
{{16TeamBracket-Tennis3-Byes
| RD1=First Round
| RD2=Second Round
| RD3=Third Round
| RD4=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1=PFQ
| RD1-team1={{flagicon|IND}} [[Bhargav S]]
| RD1-score1-1=19
| RD1-score1-2=19
| RD1-score1-3=
| RD1-seed2=PFQ
| RD1-team2='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Talar Laa|Ta Laa]]'''
| RD1-score2-1='''21'''
| RD1-score2-2='''21'''
| RD1-score2-3=

| RD1-seed5=Q6
| RD1-team5={{flagicon|}}
| RD1-score5-1=
| RD1-score5-2=
| RD1-score5-3=
| RD1-seed6=
| RD1-team6='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Siddharth Pratap Singh|S Pratap Singh]]'''
| RD1-score6-1=w
| RD1-score6-2=/
| RD1-score6-3=o

| RD1-seed9=
| RD1-team9={{flagicon|IND}} [[Harsheel Dani|H Dani]]
| RD1-score9-1=12
| RD1-score9-2=3r
| RD1-score9-3=
| RD1-seed10=Q2
| RD1-team10='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Tharun Mannepalli|T Mannepalli]]'''
| RD1-score10-1='''21'''
| RD1-score10-2='''9'''
| RD1-score10-3=

| RD1-seed13=
| RD1-team13='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Meiraba Luwang Maisnam|M L Maisnam]]'''
| RD1-score13-1='''21'''
| RD1-score13-2='''21'''
| RD1-score13-3=
| RD1-seed14=PFQ
| RD1-team14={{flagicon|IND}} [[Saharsh Mohan|S Mohan]]
| RD1-score14-1=14
| RD1-score14-2=6
| RD1-score14-3=

| RD2-seed1=PFQ
| RD2-team1={{flagicon|IND}} [[Talar Laa|Ta Laa]]
| RD2-score1-1=16
| RD2-score1-2=18
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=
| RD2-team2='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ansal Yadav|A Yadav]]'''
| RD2-score2-1='''21'''
| RD2-score2-2='''21'''
| RD2-score2-3=

| RD2-seed3=
| RD2-team3='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Siddharth Pratap Singh|S Pratap Singh]]'''
| RD2-score3-1='''21'''
| RD2-score3-2='''21'''
| RD2-score3-3=
| RD2-seed4=6
| RD2-team4={{flagicon|CAN}} [[Xiaodong Sheng|XD Sheng]]
| RD2-score4-1=17
| RD2-score4-2=4
| RD2-score4-3=

| RD2-seed5=Q2
| RD2-team5='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Tharun Mannepalli|T Mannepalli]]'''
| RD2-score5-1=10
| RD2-score5-2='''21'''
| RD2-score5-3='''21'''
| RD2-seed6=PFQ
| RD2-team6={{flagicon|IND}} [[Siddhanth Gupta|S Gupta]]
| RD2-score6-1='''21'''
| RD2-score6-2=14
| RD2-score6-3=19

| RD2-seed7=
| RD2-team7='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Meiraba Luwang Maisnam|M L Maisnam]]'''
| RD2-score7-1='''21'''
| RD2-score7-2='''21'''
| RD2-score7-3=
| RD2-seed8=PFQ
| RD2-team8={{flagicon|IND}} [[Sai Vishnu Pullela|S V Pullela]]
| RD2-score8-1=15
| RD2-score8-2=19
| RD2-score8-3=

| RD3-seed1=
| RD3-team1='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ansal Yadav|A Yadav]]'''
| RD3-score1-1=17
| RD3-score1-2='''21'''
| RD3-score1-3='''21'''
| RD3-seed2=
| RD3-team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Siddharth Pratap Singh|S Pratap Singh]]
| RD3-score2-1='''21'''
| RD3-score2-2=18
| RD3-score2-3=12

| RD3-seed3=Q2
| RD3-team3='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Tharun Mannepalli|T Mannepalli]]'''
| RD3-score3-1='''21'''
| RD3-score3-2='''21'''
| RD3-score3-3=
| RD3-seed4=
| RD3-team4={{flagicon|IND}} [[Meiraba Luwang Maisnam|M L Maisnam]]
| RD3-score4-1=18
| RD3-score4-2=17
| RD3-score4-3=

| RD4-seed1=
| RD4-team1='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ansal Yadav|A Yadav]]'''
| RD4-score1-1='''21'''
| RD4-score1-2='''23'''
| RD4-score1-3=
| RD4-seed2=Q2
| RD4-team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Tharun Mannepalli|T Mannepalli]]
| RD4-score2-1=15
| RD4-score2-2=21
| RD4-score2-3=
}}

== Women's singles ==
=== Seeds ===
{{colbegin}}
#{{flagicon|IND}} [[Saina Nehwal]] ''(withdrew)''
#{{flagicon|THA}} [[Supanida Katethong]] ''(withdrew)''
#{{flagicon|IND}} [[Aarkarshi Kashyap]] ''(withdrew)''
#{{flagicon|MYA}} [[Thet Htar Thuzar]] ''(withdrew)''
#{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ashmita Chaliha]] ''(semi-finals)''
#{{flagicon|SGP}} [[Jaslyn Hooi]] ''(withdrew)''
#{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mugdha Agrey]] ''(withdrew)''
#{{flagicon|USA}} [[Disha Gupta]] ''(second round)''
{{colend}}

=== Finals ===
{{4TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD-shade = #A8D3FF
| RD1=Semi-finals
| RD2=Final
| team-width=175

| RD1-seed1= 
| RD1-team1='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Smit Toshniwal]]'''
| RD1-score1-1='''21'''
| RD1-score1-2=10
| RD1-score1-3='''21'''
| RD1-seed2=5
| RD1-team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Ashmita Chaliha]]
| RD1-score2-1=19
| RD1-score2-2='''21'''
| RD1-score2-3=17

| RD1-seed3=PFQ
| RD1-team3='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Unnati Hooda]]'''
| RD1-score3-1='''24'''
| RD1-score3-2='''24'''
| RD1-score3-3=
| RD1-seed4=
| RD1-team4={{flagicon|IND}} [[Malvika Bansod]]
| RD1-score4-1=22
| RD1-score4-2=22
| RD1-score4-3=

| RD2-seed1= 
| RD2-team1={{flagicon|IND}} [[Smit Toshniwal]]
| RD2-score1-1=18
| RD2-score1-2=11
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=PFQ
| RD2-team2='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Unnati Hooda]]'''
| RD2-score2-1='''21'''
| RD2-score2-2='''21'''
| RD2-score2-3=
}}

=== Top half ===
==== Section 1 ====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1=PFQ
| RD1-team1={{flagicon|IND}} [[Neha Pandit|N Pandit]]
| RD1-score1-1=20
| RD1-score1-2='''21'''
| RD1-score1-3=10
| RD1-seed2=
| RD1-team2='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Smit Toshniwal|S Toshniwal]]'''
| RD1-score2-1='''22'''
| RD1-score2-2=18
| RD1-score2-3='''21'''

| RD1-seed3=PFQ
| RD1-team3='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ananya Praveen|A Praveen]]'''
| RD1-score3-1='''21'''
| RD1-score3-2='''21'''
| RD1-score3-3=
| RD1-seed4=
| RD1-team4={{flagicon|IND}} [[Gadde Ruthvika Shivani|Gadde R S]]
| RD1-score4-1=12
| RD1-score4-2=8
| RD1-score4-3=

| RD1-seed5=PFQ
| RD1-team5='''{{flagicon|USA}} [[Ishika Jaiswal|I Jaiswal]]'''
| RD1-score5-1='''21'''
| RD1-score5-2=10
| RD1-score5-3='''21'''
| RD1-seed6=PFQ
| RD1-team6={{flagicon|IND}} [[Aditi Bhatt|A Bhatt]]
| RD1-score6-1=19
| RD1-score6-2='''21'''
| RD1-score6-3=13

| RD1-seed7=PFQ
| RD1-team7='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Deepshikha Singh|D Singh]]'''
| RD1-score7-1='''21'''
| RD1-score7-2='''21'''
| RD1-score7-3=
| RD1-seed8=Q2
| RD1-team8={{flagicon|IND}} [[Janani Ananthakumar|J Ananthakumar]]
| RD1-score8-1=18
| RD1-score8-2=15
| RD1-score8-3=

| RD2-seed1=
| RD2-team1='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Smit Toshniwal|S Toshniwal]]'''
| RD2-score1-1='''21'''
| RD2-score1-2='''21'''
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=
| RD2-team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Ananya Praveen|A Praveen]]
| RD2-score2-1=12
| RD2-score2-2=17
| RD2-score2-3=

| RD2-seed3=PFQ
| RD2-team3='''{{flagicon|USA}} [[Ishika Jaiswal|I Jaiswal]]'''
| RD2-score3-1=18
| RD2-score3-2='''27'''
| RD2-score3-3='''21'''
| RD2-seed4=PFQ
| RD2-team4={{flagicon|IND}} [[Deepshikha Singh|D Singh]]
| RD2-score4-1='''21'''
| RD2-score4-2=25
| RD2-score4-3=18

| RD3-seed1=
| RD3-team1='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Smit Toshniwal|S Toshniwal]]'''
| RD3-score1-1=8
| RD3-score1-2='''21'''
| RD3-score1-3='''21'''
| RD3-seed2=PFQ
| RD3-team2={{flagicon|USA}} [[Ishika Jaiswal|I Jaiswal]]
| RD3-score2-1='''21'''
| RD3-score2-2=9
| RD3-score2-3=14
}}

==== Section 2 ====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1=PFQ
| RD1-team1={{flagicon|IND}} [[Kriti Bharadwaj|K Bharadwaj]]
| RD1-score1-1=
| RD1-score1-2=
| RD1-score1-3=
| RD1-seed2=Q4
| RD1-team2='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Nikki Rapria|N Rapria]]'''
| RD1-score2-1=w
| RD1-score2-2=/
| RD1-score2-3=o

| RD1-seed3=PFQ
| RD1-team3={{flagicon|IND}} [[Tanishq Mamilla Palli|TM Palli]]
| RD1-score3-1=13
| RD1-score3-2=7
| RD1-score3-3=
| RD1-seed4=PFQ
| RD1-team4='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Rhucha Sawant|R Sawant]]'''
| RD1-score4-1='''21'''
| RD1-score4-2='''21'''
| RD1-score4-3=

| RD1-seed5=5
| RD1-team5='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ashmita Chaliha|A Chaliha]]'''
| RD1-score5-1='''21'''
| RD1-score5-2=12
| RD1-score5-3='''21'''
| RD1-seed6=
| RD1-team6={{flagicon|IND}} [[Sai Uttejitha Rao Chukka|S U R Chukka]]
| RD1-score6-1=12
| RD1-score6-2='''21'''
| RD1-score6-3=17

| RD1-seed7=
| RD1-team7='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Anupama Upadhyaya|A Upadhyaya]]'''
| RD1-score7-1='''21'''
| RD1-score7-2='''21'''
| RD1-score7-3=
| RD1-seed8=Q1
| RD1-team8={{flagicon|IND}} [[Yashica Jakhar|Y Jakhar]]
| RD1-score8-1=12
| RD1-score8-2=12
| RD1-score8-3=

| RD2-seed1=Q4
| RD2-team1={{flagicon|IND}} [[Nikki Rapria|N Rapria]]
| RD2-score1-1=14
| RD2-score1-2=16
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=PFQ
| RD2-team2='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Rhucha Sawant|R Sawant]]'''
| RD2-score2-1='''21'''
| RD2-score2-2='''21'''
| RD2-score2-3=

| RD2-seed3=5
| RD2-team3='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ashmita Chaliha|A Chaliha]]'''
| RD2-score3-1='''21'''
| RD2-score3-2='''21'''
| RD2-score3-3=
| RD2-seed4=
| RD2-team4={{flagicon|IND}} [[Anupama Upadhyaya|A Upadhyaya]]
| RD2-score4-1=17
| RD2-score4-2=16
| RD2-score4-3=

| RD3-seed1=PFQ
| RD3-team1={{flagicon|IND}} [[Rhucha Sawant|R Sawant]]
| RD3-score1-1=17
| RD3-score1-2=15
| RD3-score1-3=
| RD3-seed2=5
| RD3-team2='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ashmita Chaliha|A Chaliha]]'''
| RD3-score2-1='''21'''
| RD3-score2-2='''21'''
| RD3-score2-3=
}}

=== Bottom half ===
==== Section 3 ====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1=
| RD1-team1={{flagicon|IND}} [[Shruti Mundada|S Mundada]]
| RD1-score1-1=
| RD1-score1-2=
| RD1-score1-3=
| RD1-seed2=PFQ
| RD1-team2='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Unnati Hooda|U Hooda]]'''
| RD1-score2-1=w
| RD1-score2-2=/
| RD1-score2-3=o

| RD1-seed3=
| RD1-team3={{flagicon|IND}} [[Prerana Neeluri|P Neeluri]]
| RD1-score3-1=
| RD1-score3-2=
| RD1-score3-3=
| RD1-seed4=8
| RD1-team4='''{{flagicon|USA}} [[Disha Gupta|D Gupta]]'''
| RD1-score4-1=w
| RD1-score4-2=/
| RD1-score4-3=o

| RD1-seed5=
| RD1-team5='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Samiya Imad Farooqui|S I Farooqui]]'''
| RD1-score5-1='''21'''
| RD1-score5-2='''21'''
| RD1-score5-3=
| RD1-seed6=
| RD1-team6={{flagicon|IND}} [[Vaidehi Choudhari|V Choudhari]]
| RD1-score6-1=19
| RD1-score6-2=19
| RD1-score6-3=

| RD1-seed7=
| RD1-team7='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Anjana Kumari|A Kumari]]'''
| RD1-score7-1=w
| RD1-score7-2=/
| RD1-score7-3=o
| RD1-seed8=3
| RD1-team8={{flagicon|IND}} [[Aakarshi Kashyap|A Kashyap]]
| RD1-score8-1=
| RD1-score8-2=
| RD1-score8-3=

| RD2-seed1=PFQ
| RD2-team1='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Unnati Hooda|U Hooda]]'''
| RD2-score1-1='''21'''
| RD2-score1-2='''21'''
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=8
| RD2-team2={{flagicon|USA}} [[Disha Gupta|D Gupta]]
| RD2-score2-1=6
| RD2-score2-2=9
| RD2-score2-3=

| RD2-seed3=
| RD2-team3='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Samiya Imad Farooqui|S I Farooqui]]'''
| RD2-score3-1='''21'''
| RD2-score3-2='''21'''
| RD2-score3-3=
| RD2-seed4=
| RD2-team4={{flagicon|IND}} [[Anjana Kumari|A Kumari]]
| RD2-score4-1=11
| RD2-score4-2=13
| RD2-score4-3=

| RD3-seed1=PFQ
| RD3-team1='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Unnati Hooda|U Hooda]]'''
| RD3-score1-1='''21'''
| RD3-score1-2='''21'''
| RD3-score1-3=
| RD3-seed2=
| RD3-team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Samiya Imad Farooqui|S I Farooqui]]
| RD3-score2-1=10
| RD3-score2-2=15
| RD3-score2-3=
}}

==== Section 4 ====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1=PFQ
| RD1-team1='''{{flagicon|IND}} T Mir'''
| RD1-score1-1=13
| RD1-score1-2='''21'''
| RD1-score1-3='''21'''
| RD1-seed2=
| RD1-team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Keyura Mopati|K Mopati]]
| RD1-score2-1='''21'''
| RD1-score2-2=14
| RD1-score2-3=19

| RD1-seed3=
| RD1-team3='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Malvika Bansod|M Bansod]]'''
| RD1-score3-1='''21'''
| RD1-score3-2='''21'''
| RD1-score3-3=
| RD1-seed4=PFQ
| RD1-team4={{flagicon|IND}} [[Srivedya Gurazada|S Gurazada]]
| RD1-score4-1=16
| RD1-score4-2=11
| RD1-score4-3=

| RD1-seed5=
| RD1-team5='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Tanya Hemanth|T Hemanth]]'''
| RD1-score5-1=w
| RD1-score5-2=/
| RD1-score5-3=o
| RD1-seed6=
| RD1-team6={{flagicon|IND}} [[Kanika Kanwal|K Kanwal]]
| RD1-score6-1=
| RD1-score6-2=
| RD1-score6-3=

| RD1-seed7=Q3
| RD1-team7='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Vijetha Harish|V Harish]]'''
| RD1-score7-1='''21'''
| RD1-score7-2='''21'''
| RD1-score7-3=
| RD1-seed8=PFQ
| RD1-team8={{flagicon|IND}} [[Samayara Panwar|S Panwar]]
| RD1-score8-1=11
| RD1-score8-2=17
| RD1-score8-3=

| RD2-seed1=PFQ
| RD2-team1={{flagicon|IND}} T Mir
| RD2-score1-1=13
| RD2-score1-2=15
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=
| RD2-team2='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Malvika Bansod|M Bansod]]'''
| RD2-score2-1='''21'''
| RD2-score2-2='''21'''
| RD2-score2-3=

| RD2-seed3=
| RD2-team3='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Tanya Hemanth|T Hemanth]]'''
| RD2-score3-1='''21'''
| RD2-score3-2='''21'''
| RD2-score3-3=
| RD2-seed4=Q3
| RD2-team4={{flagicon|IND}} [[Vijetha Harish|V Harish]]
| RD2-score4-1=7
| RD2-score4-2=17
| RD2-score4-3=

| RD3-seed1=
| RD3-team1='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Malvika Bansod|M Bansod]]'''
| RD3-score1-1='''21'''
| RD3-score1-2=16
| RD3-score1-3='''21'''
| RD3-seed2=
| RD3-team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Tanya Hemanth|T Hemanth]]
| RD3-score2-1=13
| RD3-score2-2='''21'''
| RD3-score2-3=17
}}

== Men's doubles ==
=== Seeds ===
{{colbegin}}
#{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Vladimir Ivanov (badminton)|Vladimir Ivanov]] / [[Ivan Sozonov]] ''(withdrew)''
#{{flagicon|IND}} [[Manu Attri]] / [[B. Sumeeth Reddy]] ''(withdrew)''
#{{flagicon|IND}} [[Arjun M. R.]] / [[Dhruv Kapila]] ''(withdrew)''
#{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Man Wei Chong]] / [[Tee Kai Wun]] ''(withdrew)''
#{{flagicon|IND}} [[Krishna Prasad Garaga]] / [[Vishnuvardhan Goud Panjala]] ''(quarter-finals)''
#{{flagicon|SGP}} [[Terry Hee]] / [[Loh Kean Hean]] ''(withdrew)''
#{{flagicon|NOR}} [[Torjus Flåten]] / [[Vegard Rikheim]] ''(withdrew)''
#{{flagicon|IND}} [[Tushar Sharma]] / [[Vinay Kumar Singh]] ''(quarter-finals)''
{{colend}}

=== Finals ===
{{4TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD-shade = #A8D3FF
| RD1=Semi-finals
| RD2=Final
| team-width=175

| RD1-seed1= 
| RD1-team1={{flagicon|IND}} Vasantha Kumar Hanumaiah Ranganatha {{flagicon|IND}} Ashith Surya
| RD1-score1-1=12
| RD1-score1-2='''21'''
| RD1-score1-3=18
| RD1-seed2=
| RD1-team2='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[P. S. Ravikrishna]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sankar Prasad Udayakumar]]'''
| RD1-score2-1='''21'''
| RD1-score2-2=18
| RD1-score2-3='''21'''

| RD1-seed3= 
| RD1-team3={{flagicon|SRI}} [[Sachin Dias]] {{flagicon|SRI}} [[Buwaneka Goonethilleka]]
| RD1-score3-1='''21'''
| RD1-score3-2=18
| RD1-score3-3=17
| RD1-seed4=
| RD1-team4='''{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Nur Mohd Azriyn Ayub]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Lim Khim Wah]]'''
| RD1-score4-1=15
| RD1-score4-2='''21'''
| RD1-score4-3='''21'''

| RD2-seed1= 
| RD2-team1={{flagicon|IND}} [[P. S. Ravikrishna]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sankar Prasad Udayakumar]]
| RD2-score1-1='''21'''
| RD2-score1-2=14
| RD2-score1-3=16
| RD2-seed2=
| RD2-team2='''{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Nur Mohd Azriyn Ayub]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Lim Khim Wah]]'''
| RD2-score2-1=18
| RD2-score2-2='''21'''
| RD2-score2-3='''21'''
}}

=== Top half ===
==== Section 1 ====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1=PFQ
| RD1-team1={{flagicon|IND}} [[Jashwanth Dandu|J Dandu]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[T. Hema Nagendra Babu|T H N Babu]]
| RD1-score1-1=w
| RD1-score1-2=/
| RD1-score1-3=d
| RD1-seed2=Q3
| RD1-team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Arjun Vaman Fallary|A V Fallary]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Nikunj Pandey|N Pandey]]
| RD1-score2-1=w
| RD1-score2-2=/
| RD1-score2-3=d

| RD1-seed3=Q4
| RD1-team3= 
| RD1-score3-1=
| RD1-score3-2=
| RD1-score3-3=
| RD1-seed4=PFQ
| RD1-team4={{flagicon|IND}} [[Vikramaditya Chaufla|V Chaufla]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vikrant Chawat|V Chawat]]
| RD1-score4-1=w
| RD1-score4-2=/
| RD1-score4-3=d

| RD1-seed5=PFQ
| RD1-team5='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ayush Makhija|A Makhija]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Venkat Gaurav Prasad|V G Prasad]]'''
| RD1-score5-1=w
| RD1-score5-2=/
| RD1-score5-3=o
| RD1-seed6=Q1
| RD1-team6=
| RD1-score6-1=
| RD1-score6-2=
| RD1-score6-3=

| RD1-seed7=
| RD1-team7='''{{flagicon|IND}} V K Hanumaiah Ranganatha {{flagicon|IND}} A Surya'''
| RD1-score7-1='''21'''
| RD1-score7-2='''21'''
| RD1-score7-3=
| RD1-seed8=PFQ
| RD1-team8={{flagicon|ZAM}} [[Chongo Ezra Mulenga|C E Mulenga]] {{flagicon|ZAM}} [[Kalombo Mulenga|K Mulenga]]
| RD1-score8-1=18
| RD1-score8-2=15
| RD1-score8-3=

| RD2-seed1=
| RD2-team1=
| RD2-score1-1=
| RD2-score1-2=
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=
| RD2-team2=
| RD2-score2-1=
| RD2-score2-2=
| RD2-score2-3=

| RD2-seed3=PFQ
| RD2-team3={{flagicon|IND}} [[Ayush Makhija|A Makhija]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Venkat Gaurav Prasad|V G Prasad]]
| RD2-score3-1=
| RD2-score3-2=
| RD2-score3-3=
| RD2-seed4=
| RD2-team4='''{{flagicon|IND}} V K Hanumaiah Ranganatha {{flagicon|IND}} A Surya'''
| RD2-score4-1=w
| RD2-score4-2=/
| RD2-score4-3=o

| RD3-seed1=
| RD3-team1=
| RD3-score1-1=
| RD3-score1-2=
| RD3-score1-3=
| RD3-seed2=
| RD3-team2='''{{flagicon|IND}} V K Hanumaiah Ranganatha {{flagicon|IND}} A Surya'''
| RD3-score2-1=w
| RD3-score2-2=/
| RD3-score2-3=o
}}

==== Section 2 ====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1=PFQ
| RD1-team1='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Vazid Ali|V Ali]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vikas Chauhan|V Chauhan]]'''
| RD1-score1-1=w
| RD1-score1-2=/
| RD1-score1-3=o
| RD1-seed2=PFQ
| RD1-team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Sandeep Choudhary (badminton)|S Choudhary]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Jigyashu Pant|J Pant]]
| RD1-score2-1=
| RD1-score2-2=
| RD1-score2-3=

| RD1-seed3=
| RD1-team3={{flagicon|IND}} [[Kathiravun Concheepuran Manivannan|K Concheepuran Manivannan]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Santhosh Gajendran|S Gajendran]]
| RD1-score3-1=14
| RD1-score3-2=10
| RD1-score3-3=
| RD1-seed4=
| RD1-team4='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[P. S. Ravikrishna]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sankar Prasad Udayakumar|S P Udayakumar]]'''
| RD1-score4-1='''21'''
| RD1-score4-2='''21'''
| RD1-score4-3=

| RD1-seed5=PFQ
| RD1-team5='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Shyam Prasad|S Prasad]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[S. Sunjith Jr.]]'''
| RD1-score5-1=w
| RD1-score5-2=/
| RD1-score5-3=o
| RD1-seed6=PFQ
| RD1-team6={{flagicon|IND}} [[Himanshu Khatana|H Khatana]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shubham Patel|S Patel]]
| RD1-score6-1=
| RD1-score6-2=
| RD1-score6-3=

| RD1-seed7=
| RD1-team7={{flagicon|IND}} [[Ketan Chahal|K Chahal]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ankit Malik|A Malik]]
| RD1-score7-1=
| RD1-score7-2=
| RD1-score7-3=
| RD1-seed8=PFQ
| RD1-team8='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bhavya Chhabra|B Chhabra]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Garv Sahni|G Sahni]]'''
| RD1-score8-1=w
| RD1-score8-2=/
| RD1-score8-3=o

| RD2-seed1=PFQ
| RD2-team1={{flagicon|IND}} [[Vazid Ali|V Ali]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vikas Chauhan|V Chauhan]]
| RD2-score1-1=8
| RD2-score1-2=4
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=
| RD2-team2='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[P. S. Ravikrishna]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sankar Prasad Udayakumar|S P Udayakumar]]'''
| RD2-score2-1='''21'''
| RD2-score2-2='''21'''
| RD2-score2-3=

| RD2-seed3=PFQ
| RD2-team3='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Shyam Prasad|S Prasad]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[S. Sunjith Jr.]]'''
| RD2-score3-1='''21'''
| RD2-score3-2='''21'''
| RD2-score3-3=
| RD2-seed4=PFQ
| RD2-team4={{flagicon|IND}} [[Bhavya Chhabra|B Chhabra]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Garv Sahni|G Sahni]]
| RD2-score4-1=14
| RD2-score4-2=8
| RD2-score4-3=

| RD3-seed1=
| RD3-team1='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[P. S. Ravikrishna]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sankar Prasad Udayakumar|S P Udayakumar]]'''
| RD3-score1-1='''21'''
| RD3-score1-2='''21'''
| RD3-score1-3=
| RD3-seed2=PFQ
| RD3-team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Shyam Prasad|S Prasad]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[S. Sunjith Jr.]]
| RD3-score2-1=18
| RD3-score2-2=18
| RD3-score2-3=
}}

=== Bottom half ===
==== Section 3 ====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1=PFQ
| RD1-team1='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Achutaditya Rao Doddavarapu|A R Doddavarapu]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Venkata Harsha Vardhan Ra Veeramreddy|V H V R Veeramreddy]]'''
| RD1-score1-1=19
| RD1-score1-2=11
| RD1-score1-3=
| RD1-seed2=
| RD1-team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Manjit Singh Khwairakpam|M S Khwairakpam]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Dingku Singh Konthoujam|D S Konthoujam]]
| RD1-score2-1='''21'''
| RD1-score2-2=10r
| RD1-score2-3=

| RD1-seed3=PFQ
| RD1-team3={{flagicon|IND}} [[Aravind Kongara|A Kongara]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Venkatesh Prasad (badminton)|V Prasad]]
| RD1-score3-1=
| RD1-score3-2=
| RD1-score3-3=
| RD1-seed4=5
| RD1-team4='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Krishna Prasad Garaga|K P Garaga]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vishnuvardhan Goud Panjala|V G Panjala]]'''
| RD1-score4-1=w
| RD1-score4-2=/
| RD1-score4-3=o

| RD1-seed5=
| RD1-team5='''{{flagicon|SRI}} [[Sachin Dias|S Dias]] {{flagicon|SRI}} [[Buwaneka Goonethilleka|B Goonethilleka]]'''
| RD1-score5-1=18
| RD1-score5-2='''21'''
| RD1-score5-3='''21'''
| RD1-seed6=
| RD1-team6={{flagicon|IND}} [[Ishaan Bhatnagar|I Bhatnagar]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[K. Sai Pratheek]]
| RD1-score6-1='''21'''
| RD1-score6-2=18
| RD1-score6-3=14

| RD1-seed7=
| RD1-team7='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Senthil Vel Govindarasu|S V Govindarasu]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Gobinath Venkadeshwaran|G Venkadeshwaran]]'''
| RD1-score7-1=w
| RD1-score7-2=/
| RD1-score7-3=o
| RD1-seed8=PFQ
| RD1-team8={{flagicon|IND}} [[Chayanit Joshi|C Joshi]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mayank Rana]]
| RD1-score8-1=
| RD1-score8-2=
| RD1-score8-3=

| RD2-seed1=PFQ
| RD2-team1={{flagicon|IND}} [[Achutaditya Rao Doddavarapu|A R Doddavarapu]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Venkata Harsha Vardhan Ra Veeramreddy|V H V R Veeramreddy]]
| RD2-score1-1=12
| RD2-score1-2=17
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=5
| RD2-team2='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Krishna Prasad Garaga|K P Garaga]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vishnuvardhan Goud Panjala|V G Panjala]]'''
| RD2-score2-1='''21'''
| RD2-score2-2='''21'''
| RD2-score2-3=

| RD2-seed3=
| RD2-team3='''{{flagicon|SRI}} [[Sachin Dias|S Dias]] {{flagicon|SRI}} [[Buwaneka Goonethilleka|B Goonethilleka]]'''
| RD2-score3-1='''21'''
| RD2-score3-2='''21'''
| RD2-score3-3=
| RD2-seed4=
| RD2-team4={{flagicon|IND}} [[Senthil Vel Govindarasu|S V Govindarasu]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Gobinath Venkadeshwaran|G Venkadeshwaran]]
| RD2-score4-1=16
| RD2-score4-2=14
| RD2-score4-3=

| RD3-seed1=5
| RD3-team1={{flagicon|IND}} [[Krishna Prasad Garaga|K P Garaga]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vishnuvardhan Goud Panjala|V G Panjala]]
| RD3-score1-1='''23'''
| RD3-score1-2=17
| RD3-score1-3=15
| RD3-seed2=
| RD3-team2='''{{flagicon|SRI}} [[Sachin Dias|S Dias]] {{flagicon|SRI}} [[Buwaneka Goonethilleka|B Goonethilleka]]'''
| RD3-score2-1=21
| RD3-score2-2='''21'''
| RD3-score2-3='''21'''
}}

==== Section 4 ====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1=
| RD1-team1={{flagicon|IND}} [[Prem Singh Chouhan|P S Chouhan]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rajesh Verma (badminton)|R Verma]]
| RD1-score1-1=
| RD1-score1-2=
| RD1-score1-3=
| RD1-seed2=
| RD1-team2='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ravi (badminton)|Ravi]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Chirag Arora|C Arora]]'''
| RD1-score2-1=w
| RD1-score2-2=/
| RD1-score2-3=o

| RD1-seed3=Q2
| RD1-team3={{flagicon|IND}} [[Arya Thakore|A Thakore]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Dhruv Thakore|D Thakore]]
| RD1-score3-1=
| RD1-score3-2=
| RD1-score3-3=
| RD1-seed4=8
| RD1-team4='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Tushar Sharma|T Sharma]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vinay Kumar Singh|V K Singh]]'''
| RD1-score4-1=w
| RD1-score4-2=/
| RD1-score4-3=o

| RD1-seed5=
| RD1-team5='''{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Nur Mohd Azriyn Ayub|N M Azriyn A]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Lim Khim Wah|Lim K W]]'''
| RD1-score5-1='''21'''
| RD1-score5-2='''21'''
| RD1-score5-3=
| RD1-seed6=
| RD1-team6={{flagicon|IND}} [[Shashwat Dalal|S Dalal]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Satinder Malik|S Malik]]
| RD1-score6-1=16
| RD1-score6-2=18
| RD1-score6-3=

| RD1-seed7=PFQ
| RD1-team7='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Hruitvik Ambekar|H Ambekar]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Apoorva Javadekar|A Javadekar]]'''
| RD1-score7-1=w
| RD1-score7-2=/
| RD1-score7-3=d
| RD1-seed8=PFQ
| RD1-team8={{flagicon|IND}} [[Thamarai Selvam Andavar|T S Andavar]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Chandramouleeshwar Govindarajan|C Govindarajan]]
| RD1-score8-1=w
| RD1-score8-2=/
| RD1-score8-3=d

| RD2-seed1=
| RD2-team1={{flagicon|IND}} [[Ravi (badminton)|Ravi]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Chirag Arora|C Arora]]
| RD2-score1-1=20
| RD2-score1-2=14
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=8
| RD2-team2='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Tushar Sharma|T Sharma]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vinay Kumar Singh|V K Singh]]'''
| RD2-score2-1='''22'''
| RD2-score2-2='''21'''
| RD2-score2-3=

| RD2-seed3=
| RD2-team3='''{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Nur Mohd Azriyn Ayub|N M Azriyn A]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Lim Khim Wah|Lim K W]]'''
| RD2-score3-1=w
| RD2-score3-2=/
| RD2-score3-3=o
| RD2-seed4=
| RD2-team4=
| RD2-score4-1=
| RD2-score4-2=
| RD2-score4-3=

| RD3-seed1=8
| RD3-team1={{flagicon|IND}} [[Tushar Sharma|T Sharma]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vinay Kumar Singh|V K Singh]]
| RD3-score1-1=18
| RD3-score1-2=16
| RD3-score1-3=
| RD3-seed2=
| RD3-team2='''{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Nur Mohd Azriyn Ayub|N M Azriyn A]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Lim Khim Wah|Lim K W]]'''
| RD3-score2-1='''21'''
| RD3-score2-2='''21'''
| RD3-score2-3=
}}

== Women's doubles ==
=== Seeds ===
{{colbegin}}
#{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ashwini Ponnappa]] / [[N. Sikki Reddy]] ''(withdrew)''
#{{flagicon|THA}} [[Benyapa Aimsaard]] / [[Nuntakarn Aimsaard]] ''(withdrew)''
#{{flagicon|IND}} [[K. Ashwini Bhat]] / [[Shikha Gautam]] ''(withdrew)''
#{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Vivian Hoo]] / [[Lim Chiew Sien]] ''(withdrew)''
#'''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Gayatri Gopichand]] / [[Treesa Jolly]] (champions)'''
#{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Anna Cheong]] / [[Teoh Mei Xing]] ''(withdrew)''
#{{flagicon|IND}} [[Pranjal Prabhu Chimulkar]] / [[Akshaya Warang]] ''(withdrew)''
#{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sanyogita Ghorpade]] / [[Shruti Mishra]] ''(final)''
{{colend}}

=== Finals ===
{{4TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD-shade = #A8D3FF
| RD1=Semi-finals
| RD2=Final
| team-width=175

| RD1-seed1=8
| RD1-team1='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sanyogita Ghorpade]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shruti Mishra]]'''
| RD1-score1-1=10
| RD1-score1-2='''21'''
| RD1-score1-3='''21'''
| RD1-seed2=
| RD1-team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Srivedya Gurazada]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Ishika Jaiswal]]
| RD1-score2-1='''21'''
| RD1-score2-2=18
| RD1-score2-3=17

| RD1-seed3=5
| RD1-team3='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Gayatri Gopichand]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Treesa Jolly]]'''
| RD1-score3-1='''21'''
| RD1-score3-2='''21'''
| RD1-score3-3=
| RD1-seed4=
| RD1-team4={{flagicon|IND}} [[Arul Bala Radhakrishnan]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Nila Valluvan]]
| RD1-score4-1=9
| RD1-score4-2=6
| RD1-score4-3=

| RD2-seed1=8
| RD2-team1={{flagicon|IND}} [[Sanyogita Ghorpade]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shruti Mishra]]
| RD2-score1-1=12
| RD2-score1-2=10
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=5
| RD2-team2='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Gayatri Gopichand]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Treesa Jolly]]'''
| RD2-score2-1='''21'''
| RD2-score2-2='''21'''
| RD2-score2-3=
}}

=== Top half ===
==== Section 1 ====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1=PFQ
| RD1-team1={{flagicon|IND}} [[Megha Morchana Bora|M M Bora]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Leela Lakshmi Rachapalli|L L Rachapalli]]
| RD1-score1-1=w
| RD1-score1-2=/
| RD1-score1-3=d
| RD1-seed2=Q1
| RD1-team2=
| RD1-score2-1=
| RD1-score2-2=
| RD1-score2-3=

| RD1-seed3=
| RD1-team3={{flagicon|MAS}} [[Low Yeen Yuan|Low Y Y]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Valeree Siow|V Siow]]
| RD1-score3-1=
| RD1-score3-2=
| RD1-score3-3=
| RD1-seed4=PFQ
| RD1-team4='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Atmajayita Ray Barman|A R Barman]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Samiaa Shah|S Shah]]'''
| RD1-score4-1=w
| RD1-score4-2=/
| RD1-score4-3=o

| RD1-seed5=8
| RD1-team5='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sanyogita Ghorpade|S Ghorpade]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shruti Mishra|S Mishra]]'''
| RD1-score5-1='''21'''
| RD1-score5-2='''21'''
| RD1-score5-3=
| RD1-seed6=
| RD1-team6={{flagicon|IND}} [[Sri Sai Sravya Lakkamraju|S S S Lakkamraju]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Swetaparna Panda|S Panda]]
| RD1-score6-1=18
| RD1-score6-2=12
| RD1-score6-3=

| RD1-seed7=PFQ
| RD1-team7={{flagicon|IND}} [[Akshaya Arumugam|A Arumugam]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Prerana Neeluri|P Neeluri]]
| RD1-score7-1=
| RD1-score7-2=
| RD1-score7-3=
| RD1-seed8=
| RD1-team8='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mehreen Riza|M Riza]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Arathi Sara Sunil|A S Sunil]]'''
| RD1-score8-1=w
| RD1-score8-2=/
| RD1-score8-3=o

| RD2-seed1=
| RD2-team1=
| RD2-score1-1=
| RD2-score1-2=
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=PFQ
| RD2-team2='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Atmajayita Ray Barman|A R Barman]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Samiaa Shah|S Shah]]'''
| RD2-score2-1=w
| RD2-score2-2=/
| RD2-score2-3=o

| RD2-seed3=8
| RD2-team3='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sanyogita Ghorpade|S Ghorpade]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shruti Mishra|S Mishra]]'''
| RD2-score3-1=17
| RD2-score3-2='''21'''
| RD2-score3-3='''21'''
| RD2-seed4=
| RD2-team4={{flagicon|IND}} [[Mehreen Riza|M Riza]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Arathi Sara Sunil|A S Sunil]]
| RD2-score4-1='''21'''
| RD2-score4-2=18
| RD2-score4-3=17

| RD3-seed1=PFQ
| RD3-team1={{flagicon|IND}} [[Atmajayita Ray Barman|A R Barman]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Samiaa Shah|S Shah]]
| RD3-score1-1=5
| RD3-score1-2=7
| RD3-score1-3=
| RD3-seed2=8
| RD3-team2='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sanyogita Ghorpade|S Ghorpade]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shruti Mishra|S Mishra]]'''
| RD3-score2-1='''21'''
| RD3-score2-2='''21'''
| RD3-score2-3=
}}

==== Section 2 ====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1=4
| RD1-team1={{flagicon|MAS}} [[Vivian Hoo|V Hoo]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Lim Chiew Sien|Lim C S]]
| RD1-score1-1=
| RD1-score1-2=
| RD1-score1-3=
| RD1-seed2=
| RD1-team2='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Haritha Manazhiyil Harinarayanan|H M Harinarayanan]] {{flagicon|IND}} A Roy'''
| RD1-score2-1=w
| RD1-score2-2=/
| RD1-score2-3=o

| RD1-seed3=
| RD1-team3='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Srivedya Gurazada|S Gurazada]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Ishika Jaiswal|I Jaiswal]]'''
| RD1-score3-1=w
| RD1-score3-2=/
| RD1-score3-3=o
| RD1-seed4=PFQ
| RD1-team4={{flagicon|IND}} [[Tina Nahar|T Nahar]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Anushka Yadav|A Yadav]]
| RD1-score4-1=
| RD1-score4-2=
| RD1-score4-3=

| RD1-seed5=PFQ
| RD1-team5='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Palak Arora|P Arora]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Unnati Hooda|U Hooda]]'''
| RD1-score5-1=w
| RD1-score5-2=/
| RD1-score5-3=o
| RD1-seed6=Q2
| RD1-team6=
| RD1-score6-1=
| RD1-score6-2=
| RD1-score6-3=

| RD1-seed7=
| RD1-team7={{flagicon|IND}} [[Tanisha Crasto|T Crasto]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rutaparna Panda|R Panda]]
| RD1-score7-1=
| RD1-score7-2=
| RD1-score7-3=
| RD1-seed8=PFQ
| RD1-team8='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Nikki Rapria]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Nishu Rapria]]'''
| RD1-score8-1=w
| RD1-score8-2=/
| RD1-score8-3=o

| RD2-seed1=
| RD2-team1={{flagicon|IND}} [[Haritha Manazhiyil Harinarayanan|H M Harinarayanan]] {{flagicon|IND}} A Roy
| RD2-score1-1=21
| RD2-score1-2=16
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=
| RD2-team2='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Srivedya Gurazada|S Gurazada]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Ishika Jaiswal|I Jaiswal]]'''
| RD2-score2-1='''23'''
| RD2-score2-2='''21'''
| RD2-score2-3=

| RD2-seed3=PFQ
| RD2-team3='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Palak Arora|P Arora]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Unnati Hooda|U Hooda]]'''
| RD2-score3-1='''21'''
| RD2-score3-2='''21'''
| RD2-score3-3=
| RD2-seed4=PFQ
| RD2-team4={{flagicon|IND}} [[Nikki Rapria]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Nishu Rapria]]
| RD2-score4-1=12
| RD2-score4-2=8
| RD2-score4-3=

| RD3-seed1=
| RD3-team1='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Srivedya Gurazada|S Gurazada]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Ishika Jaiswal|I Jaiswal]]'''
| RD3-score1-1='''21'''
| RD3-score1-2=16
| RD3-score1-3='''21'''
| RD3-seed2=PFQ
| RD3-team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Palak Arora|P Arora]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Unnati Hooda|U Hooda]]
| RD3-score2-1=8
| RD3-score2-2='''21'''
| RD3-score2-3=14
}}

=== Bottom half ===
==== Section 3 ====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1=
| RD1-team1={{flagicon|IND}} [[Radhika Sharma|R Sharma]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ridhi Kaur Toor|R K Toor]]
| RD1-score1-1=w
| RD1-score1-2=/
| RD1-score1-3=d
| RD1-seed2=PFQ
| RD1-team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Deethya Jagadish G|D Jagadish G]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sujith P Krishnapriya|S P Krishnapriya]]
| RD1-score2-1=w
| RD1-score2-2=/
| RD1-score2-3=d

| RD1-seed3=PFQ
| RD1-team3={{flagicon|IND}} [[Manidipa Dey|M Dey]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Uthsava Palit|U Palit]]
| RD1-score3-1=3
| RD1-score3-2=6
| RD1-score3-3=
| RD1-seed4=5
| RD1-team4='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Gayatri Gopichand|G Gopichand]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Treesa Jolly|T Jolly]]'''
| RD1-score4-1='''21'''
| RD1-score4-2='''21'''
| RD1-score4-3=

| RD1-seed5=PFQ
| RD1-team5='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Vaishnavi Khadkekar|V Khadkekar]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ellora Koner|E Koner]]'''
| RD1-score5-1='''21'''
| RD1-score5-2=19
| RD1-score5-3='''21'''
| RD1-seed6=
| RD1-team6={{flagicon|IND}} [[Deeksha Choudhary|D Choudhary]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Yashica Jakhar|Y Jakhar]]
| RD1-score6-1=18
| RD1-score6-2='''21'''
| RD1-score6-3=15

| RD1-seed7=
| RD1-team7={{flagicon|IND}} [[Ashritha Kandula|A Kandula]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Anagha Aravinda Pai|A A Pai]]
| RD1-score7-1=w
| RD1-score7-2=/
| RD1-score7-3=d
| RD1-seed8=3
| RD1-team8={{flagicon|IND}} [[K. Ashwini Bhat|K A Bhat]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shikha Gautam|S Gautam]]
| RD1-score8-1=w
| RD1-score8-2=/
| RD1-score8-3=d

| RD2-seed1=
| RD2-team1=
| RD2-score1-1=
| RD2-score1-2=
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=5
| RD2-team2='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Gayatri Gopichand|G Gopichand]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Treesa Jolly|T Jolly]]'''
| RD2-score2-1=w
| RD2-score2-2=/
| RD2-score2-3=o

| RD2-seed3=PFQ
| RD2-team3='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Vaishnavi Khadkekar|V Khadkekar]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ellora Koner|E Koner]]'''
| RD2-score3-1=w
| RD2-score3-2=/
| RD2-score3-3=o
| RD2-seed4=
| RD2-team4=
| RD2-score4-1=
| RD2-score4-2=
| RD2-score4-3=

| RD3-seed1=5
| RD3-team1='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Gayatri Gopichand|G Gopichand]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Treesa Jolly|T Jolly]]'''
| RD3-score1-1='''21'''
| RD3-score1-2='''21'''
| RD3-score1-3=
| RD3-seed2=PFQ
| RD3-team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Vaishnavi Khadkekar|V Khadkekar]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ellora Koner|E Koner]]
| RD3-score2-1=7
| RD3-score2-2=3
| RD3-score2-3=
}}

==== Section 4 ====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1=Q3
| RD1-team1=
| RD1-score1-1=
| RD1-score1-2=
| RD1-score1-3=
| RD1-seed2=Q4
| RD1-team2=
| RD1-score2-1=
| RD1-score2-2=
| RD1-score2-3=

| RD1-seed3=
| RD1-team3='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Rudrani Jaiswal|R Jaiswal]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Jamaludeen Anees Kowsar|J A Kowsar]]'''
| RD1-score3-1=w
| RD1-score3-2=/
| RD1-score3-3=o
| RD1-seed4=6
| RD1-team4={{flagicon|MAS}} [[Anna Cheong|A Cheong]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Teoh Mei Xing|Teoh M X]]
| RD1-score4-1=
| RD1-score4-2=
| RD1-score4-3=

| RD1-seed5=
| RD1-team5={{flagicon|IND}} [[Janani Ananthakumar|J Ananthakumar]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Divya R.Balasubramanian|D R.Balasubramanian]]
| RD1-score5-1=
| RD1-score5-2=
| RD1-score5-3=
| RD1-seed6=
| RD1-team6='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Arul Bala Radhakrishnan|A B Radhakrishnan]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Nila Valluvan|N Valluvan]]'''
| RD1-score6-1=w
| RD1-score6-2=/
| RD1-score6-3=o

| RD1-seed7=
| RD1-team7='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Poorvi Singh|P Singh]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Anisha Wase|A Wase]]'''
| RD1-score7-1=w
| RD1-score7-2=/
| RD1-score7-3=o
| RD1-seed8=PFQ
| RD1-team8={{flagicon|IND}} [[Suhana Mansoori|S Mansoori]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Krati Saraswat|K Saraswat]]
| RD1-score8-1=
| RD1-score8-2=
| RD1-score8-3=

| RD2-seed1=
| RD2-team1=
| RD2-score1-1=
| RD2-score1-2=
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=
| RD2-team2='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Rudrani Jaiswal|R Jaiswal]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Jamaludeen Anees Kowsar|J A Kowsar]]'''
| RD2-score2-1=w
| RD2-score2-2=/
| RD2-score2-3=o

| RD2-seed3=
| RD2-team3='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Arul Bala Radhakrishnan|A B Radhakrishnan]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Nila Valluvan|N Valluvan]]'''
| RD2-score3-1='''21'''
| RD2-score3-2='''21'''
| RD2-score3-3=
| RD2-seed4=
| RD2-team4={{flagicon|IND}} [[Poorvi Singh|P Singh]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Anisha Wase|A Wase]]
| RD2-score4-1=5
| RD2-score4-2=7
| RD2-score4-3=

| RD3-seed1=
| RD3-team1={{flagicon|IND}} [[Rudrani Jaiswal|R Jaiswal]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Jamaludeen Anees Kowsar|J A Kowsar]]
| RD3-score1-1=11
| RD3-score1-2=3
| RD3-score1-3=
| RD3-seed2=
| RD3-team2='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Arul Bala Radhakrishnan|A B Radhakrishnan]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Nila Valluvan|N Valluvan]]'''
| RD3-score2-1='''21'''
| RD3-score2-2='''21'''
| RD3-score2-3=
}}

== Mixed doubles ==
=== Seeds ===
{{colbegin}}
#{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Callum Hemming]] / [[Jessica Pugh]] ''(withdrew)''
#{{flagicon|IND}} [[Venkat Gaurav Prasad]] / [[Juhi Dewangan]] ''(withdrew)''
#{{flagicon|IND}} [[Dhruv Kapila]] / [[N. Sikki Reddy]] ''(withdrew)''
#{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ishaan Bhatnagar]] / [[Tanisha Crasto]] ''(withdrew)''
#{{flagicon|IND}} [[Tarun Kona]] / [[Rutaparna Panda]] ''(withdrew)''
#{{flagicon|IND}} [[Raju Mohamed Rehan]] / [[Jamaludeen Anees Kowsar]] ''(second round)''
#{{flagicon|IND}} [[Saurabh Sharma]] / [[Prajakta Sawant]] ''(withdrew)''
#{{flagicon|SGP}} [[Terry Hee]] / [[Tan Wei Han]] ''(withdrew)''
{{colend}}

=== Finals ===
{{4TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD-shade = #A8D3FF
| RD1=Semi-finals
| RD2=Final
| team-width=175

| RD1-seed1= 
| RD1-team1='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Arjun M. R.]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Treesa Jolly]]'''
| RD1-score1-1='''21'''
| RD1-score1-2='''21'''
| RD1-score1-3=
| RD1-seed2=
| RD1-team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Balkeshari Yadav]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Swetaparna Panda]]
| RD1-score2-1=9
| RD1-score2-2=9
| RD1-score2-3=

| RD1-seed3= 
| RD1-team3={{flagicon|IND}} [[Mauryan Kathiravan]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Kuhan Balashri]]
| RD1-score3-1=8
| RD1-score3-2=17
| RD1-score3-3=
| RD1-seed4=
| RD1-team4='''{{flagicon|SRI}} [[Sachin Dias]] {{flagicon|SRI}} [[Thilini Hendahewa]]'''
| RD1-score4-1='''21'''
| RD1-score4-2='''21'''
| RD1-score4-3=

| RD2-seed1= 
| RD2-team1={{flagicon|IND}} [[Arjun M. R.]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Treesa Jolly]]
| RD2-score1-1=16
| RD2-score1-2=20
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=
| RD2-team2='''{{flagicon|SRI}} [[Sachin Dias]] {{flagicon|SRI}} [[Thilini Hendahewa]]'''
| RD2-score2-1='''21'''
| RD2-score2-2='''22'''
| RD2-score2-3=
}}

=== Top half ===
==== Section 1 ====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1=
| RD1-team1={{flagicon|IND}} [[Sathish Karunakaran|S Karunakaran]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ramya Venkatesh Chickmenhalli|R V Chickmenhalli]]
| RD1-score1-1=w
| RD1-score1-2=/
| RD1-score1-3=d
| RD1-seed2=
| RD1-team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[T. Hema Nagendra Babu|T H N Babu]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Srivedya Gurazada|S Gurazada]]
| RD1-score2-1=w
| RD1-score2-2=/
| RD1-score2-3=d

| RD1-seed3=PFQ
| RD1-team3={{flagicon|IND}} [[Satinder Malik|S Malik]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Nikki Rapria|N Rapria]]
| RD1-score3-1=13
| RD1-score3-2=16
| RD1-score3-3=
| RD1-seed4=PFQ
| RD1-team4='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Nazeer Khan Abu Bakkar|N K A Bakkar]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Nila Valluvan|N Valluvan]]'''
| RD1-score4-1='''21'''
| RD1-score4-2='''21'''
| RD1-score4-3=

| RD1-seed5=6
| RD1-team5='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Raju Mohamed Rehan|R M Rehan]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Jamaludeen Anees Kowsar|J A Kowsar]]'''
| RD1-score5-1=w
| RD1-score5-2=/
| RD1-score5-3=o
| RD1-seed6=
| RD1-team6={{flagicon|IND}} [[H. V. Nithin]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[K. Ashwini Bhat|K A Bhat]]
| RD1-score6-1=
| RD1-score6-2=
| RD1-score6-3=

| RD1-seed7=
| RD1-team7='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Arjun M. R.]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Treesa Jolly|T Jolly]]'''
| RD1-score7-1='''24'''
| RD1-score7-2='''21'''
| RD1-score7-3=
| RD1-seed8=
| RD1-team8={{flagicon|IND}} [[Dingku Singh Konthoujam|D S Konthoujam]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Priya Konjengbam|P Konjengbam]]
| RD1-score8-1=22
| RD1-score8-2=10
| RD1-score8-3=

| RD2-seed1=
| RD2-team1=
| RD2-score1-1=
| RD2-score1-2=
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=PFQ
| RD2-team2='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Nazeer Khan Abu Bakkar|N K A Bakkar]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Nila Valluvan|N Valluvan]]'''
| RD2-score2-1=w
| RD2-score2-2=/
| RD2-score2-3=o

| RD2-seed3=6
| RD2-team3={{flagicon|IND}} [[Raju Mohamed Rehan|R M Rehan]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Jamaludeen Anees Kowsar|J A Kowsar]]
| RD2-score3-1=18
| RD2-score3-2=5
| RD2-score3-3=
| RD2-seed4=
| RD2-team4='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Arjun M. R.]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Treesa Jolly|T Jolly]]'''
| RD2-score4-1='''21'''
| RD2-score4-2='''21'''
| RD2-score4-3=

| RD3-seed1=PFQ
| RD3-team1={{flagicon|IND}} [[Nazeer Khan Abu Bakkar|N K A Bakkar]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Nila Valluvan|N Valluvan]]
| RD3-score1-1=12
| RD3-score1-2=7
| RD3-score1-3=
| RD3-seed2=
| RD3-team2='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Arjun M. R.]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Treesa Jolly|T Jolly]]'''
| RD3-score2-1='''21'''
| RD3-score2-2='''21'''
| RD3-score2-3=
}}

==== Section 2 ====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1=4
| RD1-team1={{flagicon|IND}} [[Ishaan Bhatnagar|I Bhatnagar]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Tanisha Crasto|T Crasto]]
| RD1-score1-1=
| RD1-score1-2=
| RD1-score1-3=
| RD1-seed2=
| RD1-team2={{flagicon|IND}} A Surya {{flagicon|IND}} [[Pranjal Prabhu Chimulkar|P Prabhu Chimulkar]]
| RD1-score2-1=w
| RD1-score2-2=/
| RD1-score2-3=o

| RD1-seed3=
| RD1-team3={{flagicon|IND}} [[Balkeshari Yadav|B Yadav]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Swetaparna Panda|S Panda]]
| RD1-score3-1=w
| RD1-score3-2=/
| RD1-score3-3=o
| RD1-seed4=PFQ
| RD1-team4={{flagicon|IND}} [[Arya Thakore|A Thakore]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mahek Nayak|M Nayak]]
| RD1-score4-1=
| RD1-score4-2=
| RD1-score4-3=

| RD1-seed5=PFQ
| RD1-team5={{flagicon|IND}} [[Rahul Kumar Shah|R Kumar Shah]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rudrani Jaiswal|R Jaiswal]]
| RD1-score5-1=w
| RD1-score5-2=/
| RD1-score5-3=o
| RD1-seed6=Q3
| RD1-team6=
| RD1-score6-1=
| RD1-score6-2=
| RD1-score6-3=

| RD1-seed7=
| RD1-team7={{flagicon|IND}} [[Kashish Sharma|K Sharma]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Saruni Sharma|S Sharma]]
| RD1-score7-1=w
| RD1-score7-2=/
| RD1-score7-3=o
| RD1-seed8=PFQ
| RD1-team8={{flagicon|IND}} [[Venkrish Reddy Pagilla|V R Pagilla]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Poojitha Goudicherla|P Goudicherla]]
| RD1-score8-1=
| RD1-score8-2=
| RD1-score8-3=

| RD2-seed1=
| RD2-team1={{flagicon|IND}} A Surya {{flagicon|IND}} [[Pranjal Prabhu Chimulkar|P P Chimulkar]]
| RD2-score1-1='''21'''
| RD2-score1-2=13
| RD2-score1-3=19
| RD2-seed2=
| RD2-team2='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Balkeshari Yadav|B Yadav]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Swetaparna Panda|S Panda]]'''
| RD2-score2-1=12
| RD2-score2-2='''21'''
| RD2-score2-3='''21'''

| RD2-seed3=PFQ
| RD2-team3='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Rahul Kumar Shah|R Kumar Shah]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rudrani Jaiswal|R Jaiswal]]'''
| RD2-score3-1='''21'''
| RD2-score3-2='''21'''
| RD2-score3-3=
| RD2-seed4=
| RD2-team4={{flagicon|IND}} [[Kashish Sharma|K Sharma]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Saruni Sharma|S Sharma]]
| RD2-score4-1=11
| RD2-score4-2=15
| RD2-score4-3=

| RD3-seed1=
| RD3-team1='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Balkeshari Yadav|B Yadav]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Swetaparna Panda|S Panda]]'''
| RD3-score1-1='''21'''
| RD3-score1-2='''21'''
| RD3-score1-3=
| RD3-seed2=PFQ
| RD3-team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Rahul Kumar Shah|R Kumar Shah]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rudrani Jaiswal|R Jaiswal]]
| RD3-score2-1=12
| RD3-score2-2=12
| RD3-score2-3=
}}

=== Bottom half ===
==== Section 3 ====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1=
| RD1-team1={{flagicon|IND}} [[Mauryan Kathiravan|M Kathiravan]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Kuhan Balashri|K Balashri]]
| RD1-score1-1=w
| RD1-score1-2=/
| RD1-score1-3=o
| RD1-seed2=Q1
| RD1-team2=
| RD1-score2-1=
| RD1-score2-2=
| RD1-score2-3=

| RD1-seed3=Q4
| RD1-team3=
| RD1-score3-1=
| RD1-score3-2=
| RD1-score3-3=
| RD1-seed4=PFQ
| RD1-team4={{flagicon|IND}} [[Pruthvi Koka|P Koka]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Muskaan Khan|M Khan]]
| RD1-score4-1=w
| RD1-score4-2=/
| RD1-score4-3=o

| RD1-seed5=PFQ
| RD1-team5={{flagicon|IND}} [[Ayush Makhija|A Makhija]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Deeksha Chourhary|D Choudhary]]
| RD1-score5-1=w
| RD1-score5-2=/
| RD1-score5-3=o
| RD1-seed6=Q2
| RD1-team6=
| RD1-score6-1=
| RD1-score6-2=
| RD1-score6-3=

| RD1-seed7=
| RD1-team7='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Chirag Arora|C Arora]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Nishu Rapria|N Rapria]]'''
| RD1-score7-1=w
| RD1-score7-2=/
| RD1-score7-3=o
| RD1-seed8=3
| RD1-team8={{flagicon|IND}} [[Dhruv Kapila|D Kapila]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[N. Sikki Reddy|N. S Reddy]]
| RD1-score8-1=
| RD1-score8-2=
| RD1-score8-3=

| RD2-seed1=
| RD2-team1='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mauryan Kathiravan|M Kathiravan]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Kuhan Balashri|K Balashri]] '''
| RD2-score1-1=23
| RD2-score1-2='''21'''
| RD2-score1-3='''21'''
| RD2-seed2=PFQ
| RD2-team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Pruthvi Koka|P Koka]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Muskaan Khan|M Khan]]
| RD2-score2-1='''25'''
| RD2-score2-2=15
| RD2-score2-3=11

| RD2-seed3=PFQ
| RD2-team3='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ayush Makhija|A Makhija]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Deeksha Chourhary|D Choudhary]]'''
| RD2-score3-1='''21'''
| RD2-score3-2='''21'''
| RD2-score3-3=
| RD2-seed4=
| RD2-team4={{flagicon|IND}} [[Chirag Arora|C Arora]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Nishu Rapria|N Rapria]]
| RD2-score4-1=5
| RD2-score4-2=16
| RD2-score4-3=

| RD3-seed1=
| RD3-team1='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mauryan Kathiravan|M Kathiravan]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Kuhan Balashri|K Balashri]]'''
| RD3-score1-1=w
| RD3-score1-2=/
| RD3-score1-3=o
| RD3-seed2=PFQ
| RD3-team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Ayush Makhija|A Makhija]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Deeksha Chourhary|D Choudhary]]
| RD3-score2-1=
| RD3-score2-2=
| RD3-score2-3=
}}

==== Section 4 ====
{{8TeamBracket-Tennis3
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Second round
| RD3=Quarter-finals
| team-width=160

| RD1-seed1=
| RD1-team1='''{{flagicon|SRI}} [[Sachin Dias|S Dias]] {{flagicon|SRI}} [[Thilini Hendahewa|T Hendahewa]]'''
| RD1-score1-1=w
| RD1-score1-2=/
| RD1-score1-3=o
| RD1-seed2=PFR
| RD1-team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Vikas Yadav (badminton)|V Yadav]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Lydia Barreto|L Barreto]]
| RD1-score2-1=
| RD1-score2-2=
| RD1-score2-3=

| RD1-seed3=
| RD1-team3='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Dhruv Rawat|D Rawat]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shikha Gautam|S Gautam]]'''
| RD1-score3-1='''21'''
| RD1-score3-2='''21'''
| RD1-score3-3=
| RD1-seed4=PFQ
| RD1-team4={{flagicon|IND}} [[Saketh Ramamgouni|S Ramagouni]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ashritha Kandula|A Kandula]]
| RD1-score4-1=10
| RD1-score4-2=18
| RD1-score4-3=

| RD1-seed5=
| RD1-team5='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[S. Sunjith Jr.]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mehreen Riza|M Riza]]'''
| RD1-score5-1='''21'''
| RD1-score5-2='''21'''
| RD1-score5-3=
| RD1-seed6=PFQ
| RD1-team6={{flagicon|IND}} [[Garv Sahni|G Sahni]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sri Sai Sravya Lakkamraju|S S S Lakkamraju]]
| RD1-score6-1=15
| RD1-score6-2=18
| RD1-score6-3=

| RD1-seed7=
| RD1-team7='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sanjai Srivatsa Dhanraj|S S Dhanraj]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Pooja Dandu|P Dandu]]'''
| RD1-score7-1=w
| RD1-score7-2=/
| RD1-score7-3=o
| RD1-seed8=PFQ
| RD1-team8={{flagicon|IND}} [[Chayanit Joshi|C Joshi]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Anagha Aravinda Pai|A A Pai]]
| RD1-score8-1=
| RD1-score8-2=
| RD1-score8-3=

| RD2-seed1=
| RD2-team1='''{{flagicon|SRI}} [[Sachin Dias|S Dias]] {{flagicon|SRI}} [[Thilini Hendahewa|T Hendahewa]]'''
| RD2-score1-1='''21'''
| RD2-score1-2='''21'''
| RD2-score1-3=
| RD2-seed2=
| RD2-team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Dhruv Rawat|D Rawat]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shikha Gautam|S Gautam]]
| RD2-score2-1=11
| RD2-score2-2=14
| RD2-score2-3=

| RD2-seed3=
| RD2-team3='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[S. Sunjith Jr.]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mehreen Riza|M Riza]]'''
| RD2-score3-1=15
| RD2-score3-2='''21'''
| RD2-score3-3='''21'''
| RD2-seed4=
| RD2-team4={{flagicon|IND}} [[Sanjai Srivatsa Dhanraj|S S Dhanraj]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Pooja Dandu|P Dandu]]
| RD2-score4-1='''21'''
| RD2-score4-2=9
| RD2-score4-3=17

| RD3-seed1=
| RD3-team1='''{{flagicon|SRI}} [[Sachin Dias|S Dias]] {{flagicon|SRI}} [[Thilini Hendahewa|T Hendahewa]]'''
| RD3-score1-1='''21'''
| RD3-score1-2='''22'''
| RD3-score1-3=
| RD3-seed2=
| RD3-team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[S. Sunjith Jr.]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mehreen Riza|M Riza]]
| RD3-score2-1=11
| RD3-score2-2=20
| RD3-score2-3=
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://bwf.tournamentsoftware.com/sport/tournament.aspx?id=F7868A5D-665C-4901-8BE0-5157C6A3D6B8 Tournament Link]

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| before = [[2022 Syed Modi International]]
| title = [[2022 BWF World Tour|BWF World Tour]] [[2022 BWF season]]
| years =
| after = [[2022 German Open (badminton)|2022 German Open]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{2022 BWF World Tour}}
{{Odisha Open}}

[[Category:Odisha Masters]]
[[Category:2022 BWF World Tour|Odisha Open]]
[[Category:2022 in Indian sport|Odisha Open]]
[[Category:January 2022 sports events in India|Odisha Open]]
[[Category:Sports competitions in Odisha]]

Poush

2025-10-27T09:00:07Z

CourtneySugden: enhanced layout to improve readability to improve readability

#REDIRECT [[Pausha]]

Diocese of Miao

2025-10-03T01:34:22Z

CourtneySugden: created some entry added tags

{{Short description|Roman Catholic diocese in Arunachal Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox diocese
| jurisdiction = Diocese
| name = Miao
| latin = Dioecesis Miaoensis
| local = मियाओ के सूबा
| image =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| coat =
| coat_size =
| coat_alt =
| coat_caption =

| country = {{flag|India}}
| territory =
| province = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Guwahati|Guwahati]]
| metropolitan = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Guwahati|Guwahati]]
| deaneries =
| headquarters =
| coordinates = 

| area_km2 = 43,955
| area_sqmi = 
| area_footnotes =
| population = 508,000
| population_as_of = 2020
| catholics = 98,600
| catholics_percent = 19.40
| parishes = 30
| churches = 
| congregations = 
| schools = 
| members = 

| denomination = [[Catholic Church|Catholic]]
| sui_iuris_church = [[Latin Church]]
| rite = [[Roman Rite]]
| established = 7 December 2005
| dissolved =
| cathedral = Cathedral of Christ the Light in [[Miao, Changlang|Miao]]
| cocathedral =
| patron = Christ the Light
| patron_title = 
| priests = 

| pope = {{Incumbent pope}} 
| bishop = George Palliparampil
| bishop_title = 
| metro_archbishop = John Moolachira
| coadjutor =
| suffragans = 
| auxiliary_bishops = 
| apostolic_admin =
| vicar_general =
| episcopal_vicar =
| judicial_vicar =
| archdeacons = 
| emeritus_bishops = 

| map =
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =

| website = {{Official website|http://www.miaodiocese.in/|miaodiocese.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Roman Catholic Diocese of Miao''' ({{langx|la|Dioecesis Miaoensis}}) is a [[diocese]] in the [[ecclesiastical province]] of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Guwahati|Guwahati]]. It is located in [[Miao, Changlang|Miao]] in [[India]].

It was created on 7 December 2005, by splitting it from the [[Diocese of Dibrugarh]]. Its first [[bishop]] is [[George Palliparampil]]. The Christ the Light Shrine in Miao is the cathedral of the diocese. The cathedral was built and blessed in 2011.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}

The diocese covers 8 districts of the state of [[Arunachal Pradesh]] - Tirap, [[Changlang district|Changlang]], [[Lohit district|Lohit]], Longding, Anjaw, Namsai, Dibang Valley and [[Lower Dibang Valley District]]s. Neighboring dioceses are [[Diocese of Itanagar|Itanagar]] and Dibrugarh to the west. To the north and northeast is [[China]], to the south and southeast [[Myanmar]].{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}

The diocese covers an area of 31,445 km2. As of 2005, 59,030 of the 420,000 people in the area are members of the Catholic Church. The diocese is subdivided into 31 [[parishes]].{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}

==Saints and causes for canonisation==
* Servants of God Fr. Nicolas-Michel Krick, MEP and Fr. [[Augustin-Etienne Bourry]], MEP<ref name="CCBI">{{Cite web|url=http://ccbi.in/saints-blessed/|title=Saints & Blessed – CCBI|accessdate=17 October 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://miaodiocese.in/ Miao Diocese official website]
*[http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/miao0.htm GCatholic.org]
*[http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dmiao.html Catholic-hierarchy.org]
*[http://www.fides.org/aree/news/newsdet.php?idnews=6341&lan=eng Vatican press release on the creation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310142819/http://www.fides.org/aree/news/newsdet.php?idnews=6341&lan=eng |date=10 March 2007 }}

{{coord|27.4846|N|96.2077|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Miao}}
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses in India]]
[[Category:Christianity in Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Christian organizations established in 2005]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 21st century]]
[[Category:2005 establishments in Arunachal Pradesh]]

{{ArunachalPradesh-geo-stub}}
{{India-RC-diocese-stub}}

M. Anwar Hossain

2025-09-26T08:56:23Z

CourtneySugden: improved article

{{Short description|Bangladeshi scientist, writer, and politician}}
{{about||the Bangladesh Navy officer|M. Anwar Hossain (admiral)}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox scientist
|name = M Anwar Hossain
|native_name=মো. আনোয়ার হোসেন
|native_name_lang=bn
|birth_place = [[Sylhet]], [[East Bengal]], [[Dominion of Pakistan|Pakistan]]
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1949|08|20}}
|alma_mater = [[University of Dhaka]] [[Kyoto University]]
|workplaces = University of Dhaka Kyoto University [[Kyoto Prefectural University]] [[Purdue University]] [[Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology]] [[Jahangirnagar University]] [[North South University]]
}}

'''M Anwar Hossain''' (born 20 August 1949) is a Bangladeshi [[Botany|scientist]], writer, and politician. He is a professor at the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of University of Dhaka and a member of the Standing Committee of the [[Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.du.ac.bd/academic/department_item_details/faculty/BCH|title=Faculty Members List: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.daily-sun.com/arcprint/details/245228/Inu-for-concerted-effort-to-end-politics-of-conspiracy/2017-08-03|title=Inu for concerted effort to end politics of conspiracy|work=The Daily Sun|access-date=16 February 2018|language=en|archive-date=16 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216090326/http://www.daily-sun.com/arcprint/details/245228/Inu-for-concerted-effort-to-end-politics-of-conspiracy/2017-08-03|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.newsbangladesh.com/english/details/19358|title='JSD built strategic unity with Zia on 7th Nov' - Politics|work=News Bangladesh|access-date=16 February 2018|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216084950/http://www.newsbangladesh.com/english/details/19358|archive-date=16 February 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.banglanews24.com/national/news/bd/532688.details|script-title=bn:‘যারা পক্ষে সাফাই গাইছে তারাই চিহ্নিত জঙ্গি’|work=banglanews24.com|date=12 November 2016 |language=bn|access-date=16 February 2018}}</ref> He was the 14th vice chancellor of [[Jahangirnagar University]] and the former president of the Dhaka University Teachers' Association (DUTA) and Bangladesh Society of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.<ref>{{Cite web|title = University of Dhaka - the highest echelon of academic excellence|url = http://www.du.ac.bd/academic/department_item_details/faculty/BCH|website = www.du.ac.bd|access-date = 30 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title = New Executive Committee-2015 |url = http://www.bdsbmb.org/committee.htm |website = Bangladesh Society for Biochemistry & Molecular Biology |access-date = 30 December 2015}}</ref> Hossain was a freedom fighter of the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] of 1971 during which he served as a staff officer of sector 11. Hossain has been detained and imprisoned twice by military rulers of Bangladesh and has been described by [[Ted Kennedy|Senator Edward Kennedy]] as a 'prisoner of conscience'.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2007/11/2/senator-criticizes-academic-arrests-senator-edward/|title=Senator Criticizes Academic Arrests |work=The Harvard Crimson|language=en|access-date=12 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pamphleteerspress.com/keynote-speech-by-lawrence-lifschultz/|title=Keynote Speech by Lawrence Lifschultz|website=The Pamphleteer's Press|language=en-US|access-date=12 February 2018}}</ref>

==Family and early life==
Hossain was born in the Juri Station of [[Sylhet]] on 20 August 1949 to his parents Mohiuddin Ahmed and Begum Ashrafunnessa. Mohiuddin who began his career as an apprentice of the British Railway was serving as station master of Juri when Anwar was born. Anwar had three sisters and eight brothers. Eight of the eleven brothers and sisters actively participated in the [[Liberation War of Bangladesh]] in 1971. Four of Anwar's brothers, Lt. Colonel [[Abu Taher]], Abu Yusuf Khan, Shakhawat Hossain Bahar and [[Waresat Hussain Belal]], were awarded the Bir Uttam, Bir Bikram, Bir Protik and Bir Protik respectively.

==Career==

=== Academic ===
Anwar obtained his bachelor's and master's from the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at the University of Dhaka in 1971 and 1972 respectively. He did his MSc thesis under the supervision of Kamaluddin Ahmad.<ref>{{Cite web |title = Ahmad, Kamaluddin |url = http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Ahmad,_Kamaluddin|website = Banglapedia|access-date = 30 December 2015}}</ref> Anwar joined Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at the University of Dhaka as a lecturer on 1 January 1975. In 1982 Anwar was awarded a [[Monbukagakusho Scholarship]] with which he pursued doctoral studies at [[Kyoto University]], Japan under the supervision of Kozi Asada. His Ph.D. thesis was titled "Photosynthesis: Plant's Defence Mechanism Against Photo-Oxidative Damage” and was awarded the degree in 1985. He became an assistant professor at 1985 and associate professor at 1990. From 1994 to till date he is working as a selection grade professor in the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka. He was Chairman of the Department from 2001 to 2003. Hossain was elected as Dean of the Biological Sciences and the Founding Project Director of Dhaka University's Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://geb.du.ac.bd/about/history/|title=History – DU-GEB|website=geb.du.ac.bd|language=en-US|access-date=10 February 2018|archive-date=11 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180211131214/http://geb.du.ac.bd/about/history/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Currently he is also teaching in Biochemistry and Microbiology Department in North South University. He has, in the past, served as the elected General Secretary and President of the Dhaka University Teachers' Association (DUTA) for multiple terms.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://bdnews24.com/politics/2010/12/29/pro-al-panel-sweeps-duta|title=Pro-AL panel sweeps DUTA|work=bdnews24.com|access-date=10 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6959779.stm|title=High stakes in Bangladesh protests|date=23 August 2007|access-date=10 February 2018|language=en-GB}}</ref> Hossain was elected as the vice-chancellor of [[Jahangirnagar University]] (JU) on 17 July 2012, a position which he served till January 2014.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news/embattled-ju-vcs | title=Embattled JU VCs | work=The Daily Star | date=28 August 2013 | access-date=11 September 2016 | author=Alim, Syed Fattahul}}</ref>

===Research===
Hossain has conducted research with world renowned plant scientists, among whom are Joseph C. Arthur Distinguished Professor of Plant Physiology and Emeritus Professor of Botany and Plant Pathology of [[Purdue University]] Thomas K Hodges, Japanese plant physiologist and Professor Emeritus of Kyoto University Kozi Asada, former president of the [[Australian Academy of Science]] [[Jim Peacock]] and Professor Kamaluddin Ahmad. With over 1400 citations, Hossain is one of the most cited plant scientists in Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite web|title = M Anwar Hossain – Google Scholar Citations|url = https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=ln6TTI0AAAAJ&hl=en|website = scholar.google.com|access-date = 30 December 2015}}</ref> His works have appeared in premier scientific journals including the [[Journal of Biological Chemistry]], [[Plant Physiology (journal)|Plant Physiology]], Plant Molecular Biology and Plant and Cell Physiology.<ref>{{Cite journal|url = http://www.jbc.org/content/260/24/12920.full.pdf|title = Monodehydroascorbate Reductase from Cucumber Is a Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide Enzyme|last = Hossain|first = M Anwar|date = October 1985|journal = Journal of Biological Chemistry| volume=260 | issue=24 | pages=12920–12926 | doi=10.1016/S0021-9258(17)38813-0 | pmid=4055727 |access-date = 30 December 2015| doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title = Sequence of a cDNA from Oryza sativa (L.) Encoding the Pyruvate Decarboxylase 1 Gene|url = http://www.plantphysiol.org/content/106/2/799|journal = Plant Physiology|date = 1 October 1994|issn = 1532-2548|pmid = 7991697|pages = 799–800|volume = 106|issue = 2|doi = 10.1104/pp.106.2.799|first1 = M. A.|last1 = Hossain|first2 = E.|last2 = Hug|first3 = T. K.|last3 = Hodges|pmc=159595}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title = Nucleotide Sequence of a Rice Genomic Pyruvate Decarboxylase Gene That Lacks Introns: A Pseudo-Gene?|url = http://www.plantphysiol.org/content/106/4/1697|journal = Plant Physiology|date = 1 December 1994|issn = 1532-2548|pmid = 7846174|pages = 1697–1698|volume = 106|issue = 4|doi = 10.1104/pp.106.4.1697|first1 = M. A.|last1 = Hossain|first2 = J. D.|last2 = McGee|first3 = A.|last3 = Grover|first4 = E.|last4 = Dennis|first5 = W. J.|last5 = Peacock|first6 = T. K.|last6 = Hodges|pmc=159721}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title = Characterization of pyruvate decarboxylase genes from rice|journal = Plant Molecular Biology|date = 1 July 1996|issn = 0167-4412|pages = 761–770|volume = 31|issue = 4|doi = 10.1007/BF00019464|first1 = M. Anwar|last1 = Hossain|first2 = Enamul|last2 = Huq|first3 = Anil|last3 = Grover|first4 = Elizabeth S.|last4 = Dennis|first5 = W. James|last5 = Peacock|first6 = Thomas K.|last6 = Hodges| pmid=8806407 | bibcode=1996PMolB..31..761H | s2cid=5553342 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title = Inactivation of Ascorbate Peroxidase in Spinach Chloroplasts on Dark Addition of Hydrogen Peroxide: Its Protection by Ascorbate|url = http://pcp.oxfordjournals.org/content/25/7/1285|journal = Plant and Cell Physiology|date = 1 October 1984|issn = 0032-0781|pages = 1285–1295|volume = 25|issue = 7|first1 = M. Anwar|last1 = Hossain|first2 = Kozi|last2 = Asada |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.pcp.a076837|url-access = subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title = Monodehydroascorbate Reductase in Spinach Chloroplasts and Its Participation in Regeneration of Ascorbate for Scavenging Hydrogen Peroxide|url = http://pcp.oxfordjournals.org/content/25/3/385|journal = Plant and Cell Physiology|date = 1 April 1984|issn = 0032-0781|pages = 385–395|volume = 25|issue = 3|first1 = M. Anwar|last1 = Hossain|first2 = Yoshiyuki|last2 = Nakano|first3 = Kozi|last3 = Asada|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.pcp.a076726|url-access = subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title = Purification of Dehydroascorbate Reductase from Spinach and Its Characterization as a Thiol Enzyme|url = http://pcp.oxfordjournals.org/content/25/1/85|journal = Plant and Cell Physiology|date = 1 January 1984|issn = 0032-0781|pages = 85–92|volume = 25|issue = 1|first1 = M. Anwar|last1 = Hossain|first2 = Kozi|last2 = Asada|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.pcp.a076700|url-access = subscription}}</ref> Hossain serves in the Editorial Board of ''[[Bioresearch Communications]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Bioresearch Communications|url = http://www.bioresearchcommunications.com/editorial-board.htm#.VoQHJ5OLSCQ|website = www.bioresearchcommunications.com|access-date = 30 December 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160123162639/http://www.bioresearchcommunications.com/editorial-board.htm#.VoQHJ5OLSCQ|archive-date = 23 January 2016|url-status = dead}}</ref> After his PhD he returned to Bangladesh for 2–3 years, and then again went to Kyoto Prefectural University as a part of a Biotechnology Career Fellowship Program (1987–1990). This time he studied plant genetic engineering.

From 1991 to 1994 and 1995–1996 he worked at Purdue University, USA and Kyoto University, Japan respectively as visiting scientist (full-time professor) during which he worked for developing submergence (flood) tolerant rice.

After the fall of the Sheikh Hasina led Awami League government, Hossain was assaulted outside Shahjalal International Airport on 9 August 2024.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |title=Former JU VC Anwar Hossain attacked near Dhaka airport, family alleges right-wing involvement |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/df2965ad4c52 |access-date=2025-05-02 |website=[[bdnews24.com]] |language=en}}</ref> The attackers allegedly said, "You spoke against Jamaat. We're going to slit your throat."<ref name=":0" /> In May 2025, an attempted murder case was filed against him over a student of Alia Madrasa getting injured in [[Old Dhaka]] during protests against former Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina in August 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-02 |title=হত্যাচেষ্টা মামলায় মামুনুর রশীদ, চঞ্চল, শাওনসহ ২০১ জন আসামি |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/osw2z68z9p |access-date=2025-05-02 |website=Prothomalo |language=bn}}</ref>

==Awards==
# Japanese Monbusho Scholarship in 1982
# University Grants Commission (UGC) Award 1985 for the research paper entitled, 'Monodehydroascorbate reductase from cucumber is a flavin adenine dinucleotide enzyme' which was adjudged as the best publication in 1985 in fundamental research in the field of Biological Sciences in Bangladesh.
# The Rockefeller Foundation Biotechnology Career Fellowship in 1987.
# The Rockefeller Foundation Visiting Scientist Fellowship in 1991.
# Justice Ibrahim Gold Medal for the year 1993 for outstanding research in Biological Sciences.
# Visiting professorship in Kyoto University, Japan in 1995.

==Literature==
Hossain's columns have appeared in leading national dailies such as [[Bdnews24.com|bdnews24]], ''[[Janakantha]]'', ''Kaler Kantho'', and ''[[Samakal]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://opinion.bdnews24.com/bangla/archives/author/d-m-anwar_hosen |script-title=bn:ড মো আনোয়ার হোসেন |work=bdnews24.com |type=Opinion |language=bn |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202191211/http://opinion.bdnews24.com/bangla/archives/author/d-m-anwar_hosen |archive-date=2 February 2016 |access-date=11 January 2016}}</ref> He has written four books.

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hossain, M Anwar}}
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Dhaka]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi scientists]]
[[Category:21st-century biochemists]]
[[Category:Biotechnologists]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Jahangirnagar University]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi politicians]]
[[Category:Mukti Bahini personnel]]
[[Category:Mymensingh Zilla School alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century biochemists]]

Daulatnagar

2025-08-20T15:11:09Z

CourtneySugden: created new entry basic info - done

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Daulatnagar
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.3241|N|87.8404|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Malda district|Malda]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 13235
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 732125
| area_code_type = Telephone/ [[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD]] code
| area_code = 03513
| registration_plate = WB
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Maldaha Uttar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Maldaha Uttar]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Harishchandrapur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Harishchandrapur]]
| website = {{URL|malda.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Daulatnagar''' is a village and a [[gram panchayat]] in the [[Harishchandrapur II]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Chanchal subdivision]] of [[Malda district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

== Geography ==
{{OSM Location map
| width=370| height=320| zoom=9
| coord={{coord|25|8|0|N|88|8|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in the northern portion of Malda district (including Chanchal subdivision and Old Malda, Habibpur, Bamangola and Gazole CD blocks)''' M: municipal town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, F: Facility, H: historical centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|25|23|34|N|87|59|44|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1= Chanchal | numbered1=CT| mark-title1=[[Chanchal]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|24|57|46|N|88|13|55|E}} | label-pos2=left|label2= Aiho| numbered2=CT| mark-title2=[[Aiho]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|24|56|40|N|88|14|52|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3= Baksinagar| numbered3=CT| mark-title3=[[Baksinagar]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|25|12|58|N|88|12|4|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4= Bandhail| numbered4=CT| mark-title4=[[Bandhail]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|25|0|2|N|88|9|15|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5= Chhatinamor| numbered5=CT| mark-title5=[[Chhatinamor]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|25|2|46|N|88|9|50|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6= Jhangra| numbered6=CT| mark-title6=[[Jhangra, Malda]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|25|0|10|N|88|16|12|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7= Kachu Pukur| numbered7=CT| mark-title7=[[Kachu Pukur]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|24|58|59|N|88|14|51|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8= Kendua| numbered8=CT| mark-title8=[[Kendua, West Bengal]] (CT)
|mark-coord9={{coord|25|12|36|N|88|10|35|E}} | label-pos9=left|label9= Rangabhita| numbered9=CT| mark-title9=[[Rangabhita]] (CT)
|mark-coord10={{coord|24|58|55|N|88|8|25|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10= Sahapur| numbered10=CT| mark-title10=[[Sahapur, Malda]] (CT)
|mark-coord11={{coord|25|1|15|N|88|8|35|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11= Malda| numbered11=M| mark-title11=[[Malda, West Bengal]] (M) | shape-color11= #800000
|mark-coord12={{coord|25|4|5|N|88|8|31|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Old Malda| numbered12=M| mark-title12=[[Old Malda]] (M) | shape-color12= #800000
|mark-coord13={{coord|24|57|55|N|88|15|40|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13= Bulbulchandi| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Bulbulchandi]] (R) |shape-color13=#C40000
|mark-coord14={{coord|25|1|36|N|88|17|9|E}} | label-pos14=top|label14= Habibpur| numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[Habibpur, Malda]] (R) |shape-color14=#C40000
|mark-coord15={{coord|25|10|50|N|88|9|15|E}} | label-pos15=right|label15= Hatimari| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[Hatimari]] (R) |shape-color15=#C40000
|mark-coord16={{coord|25|12|33|N|88|23|37|E}} | label-pos16=top|label16= Maheshpur| numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[Maheshpur, Malda]] (R) |shape-color16=#C40000
|mark-coord17={{coord|25|7|31|N|88|22|3|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Pakuahat| numbered17=R| mark-title17= [[Pakuahat]] (R) |shape-color17=#C40000
|mark-coord18={{coord|24|54|45|N|88|17|23|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Singhabad| numbered18=R| mark-title18= [[Singhabad]] (R) |shape-color18=#C40000
|mark-coord19={{coord|25|7|2|N|87|59|17|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19= Araidanga| numbered19=R| mark-title19= [[Araidanga]] (R) |shape-color19=#C40000
|mark-coord20={{coord|25|19|26|N|87|50|45|E}} | label-pos20=left|label20= Daulatnagar| numbered20=R| mark-title20= Daulatnagar (R)|shape-color20=black| label-size20=13|label-color20=black 
|mark-coord21={{coord|25|24|30|N|87|51|59|E}} | label-pos21=bottom|label21= Harishchandrapur| numbered21=R| mark-title21= [[Harishchandrapur]] (R) |shape-color21=#C40000
|mark-coord22={{coord|25|26|15|N|87|51|27|E}} | label-pos22=right|label22= Khanta| numbered22=R| mark-title22= [[Khanta]] (R) |shape-color22=#C40000
|mark-coord23={{coord|25|25|12|N|88|4|12|E}} | label-pos23=right|label23= Kharba| numbered23=R| mark-title23= [[Kharba]] (R) |shape-color23=#C40000
|mark-coord24={{coord|25|20|36|N|88|0|54|E}} | label-pos24=left|label24= Malatipur| numbered24=R| mark-title24= [[Malatipur, Malda]] (R) |shape-color24=#C40000
|mark-coord25={{coord|25|19|0|N|87|55|22|E}} | label-pos25=right|label25= Mashaldaha| numbered25=R| mark-title25= [[Mashaldaha]] (R) |shape-color25=#C40000
|mark-coord26={{coord|25|27|30|N|87|52|37|E}} | label-pos26=right|label26= Pipla Kasimpur| numbered26=R| mark-title26= [[Pipla Kasimpur]] (R) |shape-color26=#C40000
|mark-coord27={{coord|25|8|47|N|88|1|2|E}} | label-pos27=left|label27= Pukhuria| numbered27=R| mark-title27= [[Pukhuria]] (R) |shape-color27=#C40000
|mark-coord28={{coord|25|11|30|N|87|55|38|E}} | label-pos28=left|label28= Ratua| numbered28=R| mark-title28= [[Ratua]] (R) |shape-color28=#C40000
|mark-coord29={{coord|25|16|33|N|88|0|18|E}} | label-pos29=left|label29= Samsi| numbered29=R| mark-title29= [[Samsi, Malda]] (R) |shape-color29=#C40000
|mark-coord30={{coord|25|13|48|N|88|11|21|E}} | label-pos30=top|label30= Gazole| numbered30=R| mark-title30= [[Gazole Town]] (R) |shape-color30=#C40000
|mark-coord31={{coord|25|9|24|N|88|10|0|E}} | label-pos31=right|label31= Pandua | mark-title31= [[Pandua, Malda]] (H)| numbered31=H |shape-color31=#AA6666
|mark-coord32={{coord|25|2|52|N|88|25|13|E}} | label-pos32=top|label32= Jagjivanpur | mark-title32= [[Jagjivanpur]] (H)| numbered32=H |shape-color32=#AA6666
|mark-coord33={{coord|25|17|30|N|88|4|20|E}}|label33=Mahananda|labela33= River| label-color33 = #77A1CB| label-angle33=100| label-pos33=top| label-size33=10| mark-size33=0| mark-title33 =none
|mark-coord34={{coord|25|11|30|N|87|46|30|E}}|label34= Ganges River| label-color34 = #77A1CB| label-angle34=90| label-pos34=top| label-size34=10| mark-size34=0| mark-title34 =none
|mark-coord35={{coord|25|4|0|N|88|14|0|E}}|label35= Tangon River| label-color35 = #77A1CB| label-angle35=-60| label-pos35=top| label-size35=10| mark-size35=0| mark-title35 =none
|mark-coord36={{coord|25|18|0|N|88|29|0|E}}|label36= Punarbhaba |labela36= River| label-color36 = #77A1CB| label-angle36=-75| label-pos36=top| label-size36=10| mark-size36=0| mark-title36 =none
|arc-coordA={{coord|25|6|0|N|88|29|0|E}}|arc-textA= BANGLADESH| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=70| arc-gapA=4.0| arc-radiusA=0.35
|arc-coordB={{coord|25|21|0|N|87|43|0|E}}|arc-textB= BIHAR| arc-text-colorB=hard grey| arc-angleB=-100| arc-gapB=3.5| arc-radiusB=0.35
|arc-coordC={{coord|24|54|0|N|87|46|0|E}}|arc-textC= JHARKHAND| arc-text-colorC=hard grey| arc-angleC=-130| arc-gapC=5.5| arc-radiusC=0.25}}

===Location===
Daulatnagar is located at {{coord|25.3241|N|87.8404|E|display=inline}}.

Daulatnagar is a [[gram panchayat]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = Malda district - Revised in March 2008 | publisher= Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 18 August 2021}}</ref>

===Area overview===
The area shown in the adjacent map covers two physiographic regions – the ''[[Barind Tract|Barind]]'' in the east and the ''tal'' in the west. The eastern part is comparatively high (up to 40 metres above mean sea level at places) and uneven. The soils of the eastern region are "hard salty clays of a reddish hue and the ground is baked hard as iron." It lies to the east of the [[Mahananda River]]. The area lying to the west of the Mahananda River, the ''tal'', is a flat low land and "is strewn with innumerable marshes, [[Beel|bils]] and [[oxbow lake]]s." The ''tal'' area is prone to flooding by local rivers.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1906_PART_A_DCHB_MALDAH.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Maldah, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Census of India 2011, Pages 13-15: Physiography |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | accessdate = 9 November 2018}}</ref> The total area is overwhelmingly [[Rural area#India|rural]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Malda |work = Table 2.1, 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |accessdate = 9 November 2018 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 9 November 2018}}</ref> There are two important historical/ archaeological sites in the area – [[Pandua, Malda|Pandua]] and [[Jagjivanpur]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1906_PART_A_DCHB_MALDAH.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Maldah, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Census of India 2011, Page 98: Brief Description of Places of Religious, Historical or Archaeological Importance and Places of Tourist Interest of the District |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | accessdate = 9 November 2018}}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the area. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Daulatnagar had a total population of 13,235, of which 6,937 (52%) were males and 6,298 (48%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 2,080. The total number of literate persons in Daulatnagar was 6,284 (56.33% of the population over 6 years).<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1906_PART_B_DCHB_MALDAH.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Maldah, Series 20, Part XII B| work= Rural PCA-C.D. blocks wise Village Primary Census Abstract, location no. 312126, page 110-111|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations West Bengal | access-date = 18 August 2021}}</ref>

==Education==
Daulat Nagar High School is a [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-medium coeducational institution established in 1965. It has facilities for teaching from class V to class XII. It has a playground, a library with 400 books, and 5 computers for teaching and learning.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Malda District}}

[[Category:Villages in Malda district]]

Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam University

2025-08-09T22:22:18Z

CourtneySugden: created initial details v1

{{Short description|Private university in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox university
| image =
| name = Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam University
| native_name =
| latin_name =
| motto = "Nurturing talents to success"
| established = 2016
| type = [[Private university|Private]]
| endowment =
| staff =
| faculty =
| president =
| provost =
| principal =
| rector =
| chancellor = Shruti Kumari
| vice_chancellor = Deepika Pathak
| dean =
| head_label =
| head =
| students =
| undergraduate =
| postgraduate =
| doctoral =
| city = [[Indore]]
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| country = [[India]]
| campus =
| free_label =
| free =
| athletics =
| colors = Red and White
| mascot =
| nickname =
| affiliations = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]
| footnotes =
| website = {{URL|http://aku.ac.in/}}
| address =
| logo =
| coor = {{coord|22.7973|75.9276|type:edu_region:IN-MP|display=inline, title}}
}}
'''Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam University''' is a private university in [[Indore]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.ugc.ac.in/uni_contactinfo.aspx?id=rxDvAKNG0REfb6sSMEyP1A==| title=Private University Madhya Pradesh | publisher=[[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]]}}</ref> It is named after [[A.P.J. Abdul Kalam]], the former President of India.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/indore/Flaunting-pvt-varsity-status-med-colleges-find-way-to-fill-PG-seats/articleshow/51804538.cms | title=Education hub Indore to see more pvt varsities in 2016 | publisher=[[The Times of India]] | work=Ashish Gaur | date=10 January 2016 | access-date=2 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/indore/students-to-make-apj-statue-using-used-polythene-bags/852245 | title=Students to make APJ statue using used polythene bags | publisher=Free Press Journal | date=19 May 2016 | access-date=2 October 2017}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Education}}
*[[List of universities in India]]
*[[List of institutions of higher education in Madhya Pradesh]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official|http://aku.ac.in/}}

{{Universities in Madhya Pradesh}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Private universities in India]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2016]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Indore]]
[[Category:2016 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Memorials to A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]

Siddhānta Shiromani

2025-07-12T14:55:25Z

CourtneySugden: cleaned up article as per guidelines and fixed typos

{{Short description|Book by Bhaskara II}}
{{italic title}}
[[File:Page from Lilavati, the first volume of Siddhānta Śiromaṇī. Use of the Pythagorean theorem in the corner.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Page from ''Lilavati'', the first volume of ''Siddhānta Śiromaṇī''. Use of the Pythagorean theorem in the corner. 1650 edition]]
'''''Siddhānta Śiromaṇi''''' ([[Sanskrit]]: सिद्धान्त शिरोमणि, "Crown of treatises"){{sfn|Kim Plofker|2009|p=71}} is the major treatise of Indian mathematician [[Bhāskara II]].<ref>{{citation|first=David M.|last=Burton|title=The History of Mathematics: An Introduction|edition= 7th|year=2011|publisher=McGraw Hill|isbn=978-0-07-338315-6}}</ref> He wrote the ''Siddhānta Śiromaṇi'' in 1150 when he was 36 years old. The work is composed in Sanskrit Language in 1450 verses.<ref>{{cite web|title=khagol Maandal|url=http://www.khagolmandal.com/index.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=45&limitstart=1}}</ref>

==Parts==

===Līlāvatī===
{{Main|Līlāvatī}}

The name of the book comes from his daughter, Līlāvatī. It is the first volume of the ''Siddhānta Śiromaṇi''. The book contains thirteen chapters, 278 verses, mainly [[arithmetic]] and [[measurement]].

===Beejagaṇita===
{{Main|Bijaganita}}

It is the second volume of ''Siddhānta Śiromaṇi''. It is divided into six parts, contains 213 verses and is devoted to [[algebra]].

=== ''Gaṇitādhyāya'' and ''Golādhyāya'' ===

''Gaṇitādhyāya'' and ''Golādhyāya'' of ''Siddhānta Śiromaṇi'' are devoted to astronomy. All put together there are about 900 verses.<ref>{{cite web|title=BHASKAR'S ASTRONOMY|url=http://www.khagolmandal.com/index.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=45&limitstart=2}}</ref> (''Gaṇitādhyāya'' has 451 and ''Golādhyāya'' has 501 verses).

== Translations ==

In 1797, Safdar Ali Khan of [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]] translated the ''Siddhanta Shiromani'' into Persian as ''Zij-i Sarumani''. The translation is now a [[Lost literary work|lost work]], and is known only from a mention in Khan's other work - ''Zij-i Safdari''.<ref>{{cite book |author=S. M. Razaullah Ansari |chapter=Persian translations of Bhāskara's Sanskrit texts and their impact in the following centuries |editor1=K. Ramasubramanian |editor2=[[Takao Hayashi]] |editor3=Clemency Montelle |title=Bhāskara-prabhā: Sources and Studies in the History of Mathematics and Physical Sciences |series=Sources and Studies in the History of Mathematics and Physical Sciences |publisher=Springer |year=2019 |isbn=9789811360343 |doi=10.1007/978-981-13-6034-3_18 |page=386 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=K. Ramasubramanian |chapter=The Last Combinatorial Problem in Bhāskara’s Līlāvatī |title=Gaṇitānanda |year=2019 |publisher=Springer |doi=10.1007/978-981-13-1229-8_30 |isbn=9789811312298 |page=291 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AEe9DwAAQBAJ }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{ref begin}}
* {{cite book |author=Kim Plofker |author-link=Kim Plofker |title=Mathematics in India |title-link= Mathematics in India (book) |year=2009 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9780691120676}}
{{ref end}}

==External links ==
* [https://archive.org/details/SiddhantaSiromaniSanskrit Scan of reprint] [https://archive.org/stream/siddhntairomai00bhskuoft#page/n3/mode/2up A 1917 edition]

{{Indian mathematics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Siddhanta Shiromani}}
[[Category:Indian mathematics]]
[[Category:Social history of India]]
[[Category:Science and technology in India]]
[[Category:History of algebra]]
[[Category:1150s books]]
[[Category:Indian astronomy texts]]
[[Category:12th-century Sanskrit literature]]

{{Math-hist-stub}}

C. Arumugam

2025-05-19T08:56:10Z

CourtneySugden:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
'''Maduranthakam C. Arumugam''', popularly known as '''Madhuranthagathar''', was an Indian politician and former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He was the founder member of Dravida Munetra Kazhagam. He was a member of the General Committee with [[C. N. Annadurai|C.N.Annadurai]] in the Chengai Anna District. He was elected to the [[Tamil Nadu legislative assembly]] from [[Maduranthakam (State Assembly Constituency)|Maduranthakam constituency]] as a [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] candidate in 1971, 1977, and 1984. He was also [[Chingleput District (Madras Presidency)|Chengalpattu District]] secretary for [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] from 1971 to 1993. He was a close associate of [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|Dravida Munetra Kazhagam]] chief Thiru [[M. Karunanidhi|M.Karunanidhi]] and he was a member of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|Dravida Munetra Kazhagam]] Trust.<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf 1971 Tamil Nadu Election Results, Election Commission of India]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf 1977 Tamil Nadu Election Results, Election Commission of India]</ref> He fought hard and won the 1984 Assembly elections against 90 people, then protested against Hindi imposition, burnt the copy of the Constitution of India. He was jailed for 45 days and was disqualified from Tamil Nadu Legislative assembly. He died on June 2, 2005.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arumugam, C.}}
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1971–1976]]
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1977–1980]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1980–1984]]
[[Category:People from Chengalpattu district]]

{{DMK-politician-stub}}